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SMITHSONIAN

MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS.

VOL. XXIII.

“EVERY MAN IS A VALUABLE MEMBER OF SOCIETY WHO BY HIS OBSERVATIONS, RESEARCHES,
AND EXPERIMENTS PROCURES KNOWLEDGE FOR MEN.”—SMITHSON.

WASHINGTON:
PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

1882.

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Department of the Bnferior:

U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM.

BULLETINS

OF THE

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

We Oe ern iE n EL.
(Nos. 11-15. )

PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1882.

ADVE Ens EME NT.

The present series, entitled ‘“* Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections,”
is intended to embrace all the publications issued directly by the Smith-
sonian Institution in octavo form; those in quarto constituting the
‘‘Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge.” The quarto series in-
cludes memoirs, embracing the records of extended original investiga-
tions and researches, resulting in what are believed to be new truths, and
constituting positive additions to the sum of human knowledge. The
octavo series is designed to contain reports on the present state of our
knowledge of particular branches of science; instructions for collecting
and digesting facts and materials for research; lists and synopses of
species of the organic andinorganic world; museum catalogues; reports
of explorations; aids to bibliographical investigations, etc., generally
prepared at the express request of the Institution, and at its expense.

The assignment of a work to one or the other of the, two series will
sometimes depend upon whether the required illustrations can be pre-
sented more conveniently in the quarto or the octavo form.

In the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, as well as in the
present series, each article is separately paged and indexed, and the
actual date of its publication is that given on its special title page, and
not that of the volume in which it is placed. Im many cases works
have been published, and largely distributed, years before their combi-
nation into volumes.

While due care is taken on the part of the Smithsonian Institution to
insure a proper standard of excellence in its publications, it will be
readily understood that it cannot hold itself responsible for the facts
and conclusions of the authors, as it is impossible in most cases to verify
their statements.

S. F. BAIRD,
Secretary S. I.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Article I.—Bibliography of the Fishes of the Pacific Coast of the United States to
the end of 1879. By THEODORE GILL. 1882. 8vo.,pp.78. Bulletin of the Na-
tional Museum, No. 11.

Article II.—Contributions to North American Ichthyology, based primarily on the
collections of the United States National Museum. (Part III.) A.—On the Dis-
tribution of the Fishes of the Alleghany Region of South Carolina, Georgia, and
Tennessee, with descriptions of new or little known species. By Davin S.
JORDAN and ALEMBERT W. BRAYTON. B.—A Synopsis of the Family Catosto-
mide. By Davip 8. JORDAN. 1878. 8vo., pp. 237. Bulletin of the National
Museum, No. 12.

Article III.—The Flora of St. Croix and the Virgin Islands. By Baron H. F. A.
Ea@Gers. 1879. 8vo., pp. 1386. Bulletin of the National Museum, No. 13.
Article IV.—Catalogue of the Collection to Illustrate the Animal Resources and the
Fisheries of the United States, exhibited at Philadelphia in 1876 by the Smith-
sonian Institution and the United States Fish Commission, and forming a part
of the United States National Museum. Prepared under the direction of G.
BROWN GOODE. 1879. 8vo., pp. 367. Bulletin of the National Museum, No. 14.

Article V.—Contributions to the Natural History of Arctic America, made in con-
nection with the Howgate Polar Expedition, 1877/78. By Lupwia KUMLIEN.
1879. 8vo., pp. 179. Bulletin of the National Museum, No. 15.

CONTENTS.

KUMLIEN, L. Ethnology, mammals, and birds.
BEAN, T. H. Fishes.
VERRILL, A. E. Annelides, molluscoids, and radiates.
Dat, W. H. Mollusks.
INSECTS :

Epwarps, W. H. Diurnal lepidoptera.

Scupper, S. H., and others. Hymenoptera, nocturnal lepidoptera, diptera, cole-

optera, neuroptera, and arachnida.

Gray, A. Plants.

TUCKERMAN, E. Lichens.
Fartow, W.G. Algie.

Department of fhe Bnterior:

U. 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.

BULLETIN

OF THE

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Iie. oot.

PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

Wears EN. GLOW:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1882.

ADVERTISEMENT.

This work is the eleventh of a series of papers intended to illus-
trate the collections of natural history and ethnology belonging to the
United States, and constituting the National Museum, of which the
Smithsonian Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of
August 10, 1846.

It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and printed by
authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior.

S. F. BAIRD,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,
Washington, February, 1882.

BrpLIOG RAPHY

OF THE

FISHES OF THE PACIFIC COAST

OF THE

Ceri SsraArT is

THE END OF 1879.

BY

EREODORE GiLk.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1882.

SEB EIOG RAP HY

OF

THE FISHES OF THE PACIFIC UNITED STATES.

Ball. N. M. No. 11—1 1

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The scientific literature relative to the fishes of the western coast of
North America is of unusually recent, as well as rapid, growth. Noth-
ing exact was kuown till the present century had far advanced, for the
accounts of the earlier writers, such as Venegas, intead of enlightening
the reader, convey absolutely false ideas respecting the character of
the ichthyic fauna. L[xclusive of incidental notices, the beginnings of
an ichthyography of the northwest coast were tirst published in 1831
(but printed in 1811) in thé “ Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica” of Pallas;
afew species from British Columbia were described by Richardson in
1836, while the fishes of California remained absolutely unknown till 1839,
when a glimpse, but an entirely inadequate one, was furnished by Lay
and Bennett in their notes and account of species collected during the
voyage of the English vessel Blossom. A long silence then supervened,
and, with the exceptions thus signalized, and the addition by Storer
of a single species of Syngnathus in 1846, west-coast ichthyography
commenced in 1854 with the announcement, by Professor Agassiz, of
the discovery of the remarkable family of Embiotocoids. This was
speedily followed by numerous communications, by Dr. Gibbons, Dr.
Girard, and Dr. Ayres, on new species of fishes, mostly from the Cali-
fornian waters, but partly from the Oregonian ones. As early as 1853,
nearly 200 species had been made known, and the descriptions of most
were collected in a general report by Dr. Girard. The main features
of the ichthyology of the Pacific slope were then already known; but
more recent laborers have not only extended largely our knowledge
of species, but added a number of entirely new forms, and thrown much
light on the relations of the fish-fauna of that region to others.

The following bibliography is a nearly complete enumeration, in
chronological order, of the memoirs and articles of all kinds that have
been published on the fishes of the region in question. The chrono-
logical order has been determined by the date of reading of the articles

>
v

4

communicated to learned societies. In cases of question of priozity,
the right depends, of course, on the period of publication; but this
is sometimes with great difliculty ascertainable, and motives of con-
venience have dictated the sequence adopted.

Perhaps some will be disposed to believe that the compiler has sinned
in redundaney rather than deficiency in this bibliography. The evils
of the former are, however, easily remedied, while those of the latter
must leave the consulter in more or less doubt. Many popular works
have been catalogued where original information of even slight value
was contained, and when such works were among the earliest published
on the regions in question. Besides those enumerated, works on Cali-
fornia, too numerous to mention, contain incidental information (very
rarely of any original value, however) respecting the fishes and fisheries
of that State; and a number on the British possessions belong to the
same category. Among those relative to British Columbia and Van-
couver’s Island worthy to be mentioned, Wut not to be particularized,
are the volumes of Wm. Carew Hazlitt (1858), J. Desford Pemberton
(1860), Duncan George Forbes Macdonald (1862), Capt. C. E. Barrett
Lennard (1862), Alexander Rattray (1862), Com. R. C. Mayne (1862),
G. M. Sproat (1868), Francis Poole (1872), and Capt. W. F. Butler
(1873).

The titles of the Government publications are taken from a manu-
script compilation embracing notices of all the reports published by
the General and State governments ou scientific explorations, and
intended to be more particular than the present work. ‘They are
retained with the bars ( | ), indicating the distribution on the title-
pages of the lines, ete.

Several societies have, or have had, the custom of publishing com-
munications, sometimes of an elaborate and extended nature, without
any titles. This strange and senseless ‘mode of procedure seems to
have originated in some freak or affectation of modesty on the part of
authors, perhaps, rather than a deliberate intention to shirk labor or
confuse matters. Confusion and trouble to others are nevertheless the
result of this vicious negligence, and a consequence is an ignoring of
the papers thus unentitled or an irreconcilable variation of titles in
different bibliographies. Whether the custom originates with authors
or not, the assumption of it is discreditable to the editor or editors of
the publications adgpting it. A number of the papers here recorded
belong to this category of the unentitled or disentitled: the titles tol

5

lowing preceded by an asterisk (*) are selected from the remarks pre-
fatory to the paper in the proceedings, and those preceded by a
dagger (t) have been composed by the present writer, since nothing
intelligible precedes the papers themselves. It is to be hoped that the |
senseless and causeless sin in question may speedily be discontinued.
There is no reason why any one should be compelled to read the whole
of an article (as is sometimes necessary) to obtain an idea of what the
paper relates to; and the ‘Catalogue of Scientific Papers (1800-1863
compiled and published by the Royal Society of London” shows how a
bibliography edited under the best auspices may be involved in grave
errors by the negligence adverted to.

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1757—Noticia de la California, y de su conquista temporal y espiritual hasta el
tiempo presente. Sacada de la historia manuscripta, formada en Mexico
ano de 1739. por el Padre Miguel Venegas, de la Compaiia de Jesus; y de
otras Noticias, y Relaciones antiguas, y modernas. Anadida de algunos mapas
particulares, y uno general de la America Septentrional, Asia 6riental, y
Mar del Str intermedio, formados sobre las Memorias mas recientes, y exactas,
que se publican juntamente. Dedicada al Rey N.t:° Senor por la Provincia
de Nueva-Espana, de la Compafia de Jesus. Tomo primero [—Tomo ter-
cero ].—Con licencia. En Madrid: En la Imprenta de la Viuda de Manuel
Fernandez, y del Supremo Consejo de la Inquisicion. Ato de M.D.CCLVII.
[8°, 3 vols.]

[Translated as follows :—]

4 Natural and Civil History of California: containing an accurate descrip-
tion of that country, its soil, mountains, harbours, lakes, rivers, and seas}
its animals, vegetables, minerals, and famous fishery for pearls. The cus-
toms of the inhabitants, their religion, government, and manner of living,
before their conversion to the Christian religion by the missionary Jesu-
its. Together with accounts of the several voyages and attempts made for
settling California, and taking actual-surveys of that country, its gulf, and
coast of the South-Sea. Illustrated with copperplates, and an accurate
map of the country and adjacent seas. Translated from the original Span-
ish of Miguel Venegas, a Mexican Jesuit, published at Madrid 1758.—In
two volumes.—Vol. I[—II].—=London: printed for James Rivington and
James Fletcher, at the Oxford Theatre, in Pater-Noster-Row. 1759. [89,
vol, i, 10 1., 455 pp., 1 pl.; vol. ii.]

(The only references to fishes are as follows (v. i, pp. 47-48) :—‘‘ But if the soil of Cali-
fornia be in general barren, the scarcity of provisions is supplied by the adjacent sea; for
both in the Pacifick ocean and the Gulf of California, the multitude and variety of fishes
are incredible. Father Antonio de la Ascencion, speaking of the bay of San Lucas
[Lower California], says, ‘ With the nets which every ship carried, they caught a great
quantity of fish of different kinds, and all wholesome and palatable: particularly holy-
buss, salmon, turbots, skates, pilchards, large oysters, thornbacks, mackerel, barbels,
bonetos, soals, lobsters, and pearl oysters.’ And, speaking of the bay of San Francisco,
on the western coast, he adds: ‘ Here are such multitudes of fish, that with a net, which
the commodore had on*board, more was caught every day than the ship’s company could
make use of: and of these a great variety, as crabs, oysters, breams, mackerel, cod, bar-
bels, thornbacks, &c.’ And in other parts he makes mention of the infinite number of
sardines, which are left on the sand at the ebb, and so exquisite that those of Laredo in
Spain, then famous for this fish, do not exceed them. Nor aro fish less plentiful along tho
gulf {of California], where to the above mentioned species Father Picolo adds, tunnies,
anchovies, and others. Even in the rivulets of this peninsula are found barbels and cray-
fish: but the most distinguished fish of both seas are the whales; which induced the
ancient cosmographers to call California, Punta de Balenas, or Cape Whale: and these fish
being found in multitudes along both coasts, give name to a channel in the gulf, and a
bay in the South sea”’ (v. i, pp. 47-48).]

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1772—Voyage en Californie pour observation du passage de Vénus sur le disque du
soleil, le 3 juin 1769; contenant les observations de ce phénoméne et la dis-
cription historique de la route de auteur & travers le Mexique. Par feu M.
Chappe d’Auteroche,... Rédigé et publié par M. de Cassini fils...
A Paris: chez Charles-Antoine Jombert. MDCCLXXII. [4°, half-title,
title, 170 [2] pp., plan, and 2 pl.—Sabin. ]

{Translated as follows:—]

A Voyage to California, to observe the Transit of Venus. By Mons. Chappe
d@’Auteroche. With an historical description of the author's route
through Mexico, and the natural history of that province. Also, a voyage
to Newfoundland and Sallee, to make experiments on Mr. Le Roy’s time
keepers. By Monsieur de Cassini. London: printed for Edward and Charles
Dilly, In The Poultry. MDCCLXXVIII. [8*°, 4 p. 1. 315 pp., with “plan
of City of Mexico”. ]

Extract of a letter from Mexico addressed to the Royal Academy of Sci-

ences at Paris, by Don Joseph Anthony de Alzate y Ramyrez, now
a correspondent of the said academy, containing some curious partica-
lars relative to the uatural history of the country adjacent to the City
of Mexico. pp. 77-105.

(It is undoubtedly this work that is meant in the statement that has so largely gone the
rounds of the periodical press, to the effect that the Californian viviparous fishes were ob-
served during the voyage for the observation of the transit of Venus to Lower California,
1769. A perusal of the accounts given, however, renders it evident that the fishes in ques-
tion were not Embiotocids but rather Cyprinodontids, probably of the genus Mollienesia.
The account by Don Alzate (pp. 89-91) is as follows:—

‘*T send you some viviparous scaly fishes, of which I had formerly given you an account.
What I have observed in them this year is—‘ If you press the belly with your fingers, you
force out the fry before their time, and upon inspecting them through the microscope you
may discern the circulation of the blood, such as it is to be when the fish is grown up.’ If
you throw these little fishes into water, they will swim as well as if they had been long
accustomed to live in that element. The fins and tail of the males are larger and blacker
than those of the females, so that the sex is easily distinguished at first sight. These fish
have a singular manner of swimming; the male and the female swim together on two par-
allel lines, the female always uppermost and the male undermost; they thus always keep
at a constant uniform distance from each other, and preserve a perfect parallelism. The
female never makes the least motion, either sideways or towards the bottom, but directly
the male does the same.”

To this account is added a foot-note (p. 90) containing the following additional informa-
tion:—

“Don Alzate bas sent those fishes preserved in spirits; their skin is covered with very
amall scales; they vary in length from an inch to eighteen lines, and they are seldom above
five, six, or seven lines in the broadest part. They have a fin on each side near the gills,
two small ones under the belly, a single one bebind the anus, which lies between the fin
and the single one; the tail is not forked; lastly, this fish has a long fin on the back, a
little above the fin, which is under the belly.

“We know of some viviparous fishes in our seas, such as loach, &c, most of these have
asmooth skin without any scales. The needle of Aristotle is viviparous, and yet covered
with broad and hard scales, I have caught some that had young ones still in their womb.
As to these viviparous fishes, it is a particular and new sort, and we are obliged to Don
Alzate for making us acquainted with it. It breeds im a lake of fresh water near the City
of Mexico.”

This is, so far as known, the earliest notice of the viviparity of Cynrinodontids. The
mode of consorting together (exaggerated in the account) is common to a number of rep-
resentatives of the family, and is alluded to by Prof. Agassiz in a name (Zygonectes, i. e.
swimming in pairs) conferred on oneof the genera of the family.]

18$08—Piscium Camtschaticorum [Terpuk] et [ Wachnja]. Descriptiones et icones
auctore [W. G.] Tilesio. D. 26 Octobri 1808, Conventui exhib. die 2 Nov.
1808, < Mém. Acad. Sci. Pétersb., v. 2, pp. 335-375, 1810, viz :—
I. Hexagrammos Stelleri, Rossis Terpue dictus novum genus piscium
Camntschaticorum. pp. 335-340, tab, 15.

g

II. Dimensiones piscis, beato Stellero Hexagrammos asper dicti, Rossis
Teerpuk [ Terpuk] i. e. lima (captus d. 20 Maij 1741 in portu Divi Petri
et Pauli pondebat pondere medicinali duas usque ad sex uncias). pp.
340-341.

III. Hexagrammos Stelleri, quenam genera sit interponendus cuinam
classi ordinique systematico sit inserendus. Labrax Pallassii (vid. ¢j.
Monograph.). pp. 342-343.

IV. Descriptio Stelleri anno 1741 concepta. pp. 343-347

V. Observationes anatomice. pp. 347-349.

VI. Wachnja Camtschatica est Gadus dorso tripterygio, Callariis spe-
ciatim Lusco affinis. pp. 350-353, tab. 16, 17.

VII. Wachnizw Camtschatice altera species, (Gadus gracilis mihi,) que ab
indigenis Camtschaticis acque Uachal, Rossis Wachnja [ WVachnja] dicitur,
dimensionibus illustrata. pp. 354-356, tab. 18. ;

VIII. Stelleri Descriptio piscis ovos sive asini antiquorum. Turneri ad
Gesnerum aselli 3 sivi Aglefini Rondelet et Gesneri. A glefini Bellonii,
Anglorum Hadok, Russis Wachnja [ Wachnja] dicti corrupta voce Itael-
mannica, in qua Uakal audit. pp. 356-359.

IX. Observationes anatomicx. pp. 360-363.

X. Observationes ex aliorum individuorum ejusdem speciei dissectionibus,

_ pp. 363-364.

XI. Ad historiam Gadi dorso tripterygio ore cirrato caudo equali fere cum
radio primo spinoso (Kabeljau vel Cabiljan Belgarum) (Gadus morrhua
L. Bloch. tab. 64), adhue annotata sequentia. pp. 364-370.

XII. Annotationes anatomice. pp. 370-371.

XIII. Tabularum explicatio. pp. 372-375.

1809—Labraces, novum genus piscium, oceani orientalis, auctore.P. S. Pallas.
Conventui exhib. die 5 Julii 1809. < Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersb., v. 2
pp. 382-398, 1810. ;

[N. sp. L. decagrammus, L. superciliosus, L. monopterygius. |

’

Description de quelques poissons observés pendant son voyage autour du
monde. Par W.G. Tilesius. < Mém. Soc. Imp. des Naturalistes de Moscon.
* t. 2, pp. 212-249, with 5 pl., 1809.

388 8—Iconumet Descriptionum piscium Camtschaticorum continuatio tertia tenta-
men monographize generis Agoni Blochiani sistens. Auctore [W. G.] Tile-
sio. Cum tabulis vi eneis.—Conventui exhibita die 11 Decembris 1811.
< Mém. Acad. Sci. Pétersb., v. 4, pp. 406-478, 1812, viz:

De noyvis piscium generibus, Agono Blochii et Phalangiste cel. Pallasii,
propter synonymiam conjugendis. pp. 406-454,

Appendix de Cyprino rostrato et cultrato, Trachino trichodonte et Epene-
phelo ciliato. pp. 454-457.

Descriptio Cyprini rostrati Tangusis ad Covymam fluv. Tschukutscham et
Jucagiris Onatscha dicti. pp. 457-474, tab. xy, fig. 1-5.

Epinephelus ciliatus Camtschaticus et Americanus. pp. 474-478, tab. xvi,
fig. 1-6.

Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, sistens Omnium Animalium in extenso imperio
Rossico et adjacentibus maribus observatorum Recensionem, Domicilia,
Mores et Descriptiones, anatomen atque Icones plurimorum. Auctore

10 é

Petro Pallas, Eq. Aur. Academico-Petropolitano.—Volumen tertium.—Petro-
poli in Officina Caes. Academia Scientiaruam Impress. M.DCC,CXI. Edit.
MDCCCXXXI. [4°, vii, 428, exxv pp., 6 pl.J

{As indicated on the title-page, the “ Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica” was not regularly
published till 1831, but was printed in 1811, and was only detained by the loss of the cop-
per-plates. The letter-press was, however, to a slight extent, distributed before the reg-
ular publication of the edition, and a copy was possessed by Cuvier, who has given a
summary of the third volume in the Histoire Naturelle des Poissons (t. 1, pp. 200-201).

Describes species of which specimen had been obtained from the Russian possessions
in Northwestern America. The following are published as if new, although several had
previously been described ;— :

Phalangistes acipenserinus (p. 110, pl. 17).

Cottus polyacanthocephalus (p. 133, pl. 23).

Cottus platycephalus (p. 155, pl. 24).

Cottus trachurus (p. 138, pl. 25).

Cottus pistilliger (p. 143, pl. 20, f. 3, 4).

Blennius dolichogaster (p. 175, pl. 42, f. 2).

Blennius anguillaris (p. 176, pl. 42, f. 3).

Gadus wachna (p. 182, pl. 44).

Gadus pygmaeus (p. 199).

Gadus fimbria (p. 200).

Ammodytes hexapterus (p. 226).

Ammodytes septipinnis (p. 227, pl. 48, f. 3).

Trachinus trichodon (p. 235, pl. 50, £1).

Trachinus cirrhosus (p. 237, pl. 59, f. 2).

Perca variabilis (p. 241).

Labraz decagrammus (p. 278, pl. 62, f. 2).

Labrax superciliosus (0. 279, pl. 63, f. 1).

Labrax monopterygius (p. 281, pl. 63, f. 4).

Labrax octogrammus (p. 283, pl. 64, f. 1).

Salmo lagocephalus (p. 372, pl. 77, f. 2).

Salmo proteus (p. 376, pl. 78, f. 2, p!. 79).

Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus (p. 422).

Plewronectes cicatricosus (p. 424).

The plates referred to were never published,

The only other species signalized as inhabitants of the American waters are the fol-
lowing :—

Raja batis (p. 57).

Salmo socialis (p. 389, pl. 81, f. 2).

Pleuronectes stellatus (p. 416).

Pleuronectes hippoglossus (p. 421).J

2844—History | of | the expedition | under the command of | Captains Lewis and

Clark, | to | the sources of the Missonri, | thence | across the Rocky Mount-
ains | and down the | River Columbia to the Pacific Ocean. | Performed
during the years 1804-5-6. | By order of the | Government of the United
States. | Prepared for the press | by Paul Allen, Esquire. | In two volumes.
| Vol. 1{—II]. | Philadelphia: | Published by Bradford and Inkskeep; and |
Abm. H. Inskeep, Newyork. | J. Maxwell, Printer. | 1814. [8°, vol. i, lxxviii,
470 pp., maps; vol. ii, ix, 522 pp., maps. ]

(Vol. ii, chap. vii, contains ‘‘A general description of the beasts, birds, and plants,
&o., found by the party in this expedition” (pp. 148-201). Incidental allusions and quasi-

descriptions of a popular kind are given of some fishes, but nothing of an ex ct nature is
made known.

** An account of the various publications relating to the travels of Lewis and Clarke,

with a commentary on the zoological results of their expedition’’, has been published by
Dr. Elliott Coues, U.S. A. (Bull. U.' S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v. 1, pp. 417-444, Feb.
8, 1876).)

1820—Relation d’un voyage A la céte du nord-ouest de ’Amérique septentrionale

dans les années 1810-1814. Par Gabriel Franchére. [Rédigé par Michel
Bibaud.}] Montréal, 1820. (8°, 244 pp.—Sabin.]

ea

11

{Translated as follows:—]

Narrative of a voyage to the northwest coast of America in the years 1811,
1812, 1813, and 1814, | or the first American settlemeat on the Pacific | By
Gabriel Franchere | Translated and edited by J. V. Huntington | — | Red-
field | 110 and 112 Nassau street, New York | 1854. [12°, 376 pp., 3 pl.]

(The salmon is noticed in chapter 18.]

2822—Voyage pittoresque autour du monde, avec des portraits de sauvages d’Amé-
rique, d’Asie, d’Afrique, et des iles du grand océan; des paysages, des vues
maritimes, et plusieurs objets @’histoire naturelle; accompagné de descrip-
tions par M. Je Baron Cuvier, et M. A. de Chamisso, et d’observations sur les
cranes humains par M. le Docteur Gall. Par M. Louis Choris, Peintre.—
Paris, de Vimprimerie de Firmin Didot, ... 1822. [Fol.,2p.1., vi pp.+[i],
12 pl., 17 pp.-++Lii], 10 pl., 20 pp.-+-Liii], 14 pl., 10,3 pp.+[Liv], 18 pl., 24 pp.+-
[v], 19 pl., 22 pp. + [vi], 23 pl., 28 pp. + [vii], 7 pl., 19 pp.]
[Partie vi.] Chapeau de bois, sur lequel sont peintes divers animaux ma-
rins. Planche vy. Par G. Cuvier. pp. 21-22.
{Cuvier considers that one of the figures (h) represents a Diodon, and such seems to be
the case; but no species of that type has been found so far northward as UnaJashka,
where the hat was obtained. (‘En h, est un Diodon ou orbe épineuxs, qui est pris ala

ligne tandis que les grands cétacés du reste de ce tableau sont poursuivis avec des lances”
(p. 22).]

£823—Account | of | an expedition | from | Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, |
performed in the years 1819 and ’20, | by order of | the Hon. J. C. Calhoun,
See’y of War: | under the command of | Major Stephen H. Long. | From
the notes of Major Long, Mr. T. Say, and other gen- | tlemen of the exploring

party. | — | Compiled | by Bdwin James, | botanist and geologist for the
expedition. | — | In two vols.—With an atlas. | Vol. II. | — | Philadelphia: |

H.C. Carey and J. Lea, Chesnut st. | 1823. [2v.,8°. Vol.i,2p.1.,503 pp.;
vol. ii, 3 p.1., 442 pp.]

1828—Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, par M. le B°" Cuvier, ... ; et par M. Valen-
ciennes, .... Tome premier. A Paris, chez F. G. Levrault,...,

1828.* [8° ed. xvi, 574 pp., 1 1.; 4° ed. xiv, 422 pp., 1 1—pl. 1-8 (double). ]
Livre premiér.—Tableau historique des progres de Vichthyologie, depuis

. son origine jusqw’a nos jours.
Livre deuxiéme.—Idée générale de la nature et de organisation des pois-
sons.

{Pallas’ *‘ Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica’’ noticed at pp. 200-201. ]

Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, par M.]e B™ Cuvier, ...; et par M. Valen-
ciennes,...*. Tome deuxitme. A Paris, chez F. G. Levrault,...
1828. [8° ed. xxi, (1 1.), 490 pp.; 4° ed. xvii, (1 1.), 371 pp.—pl. 9-40.]

Livre troisitme.—Des poissons de la famille des Perches, ou des Percoi-
des. [Par Cuvier. ]

[No west-coast species specified. ]

#£829—Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, par M. le B= Cuvier, ... ; et. par M. Valen-
ciennes,.... Tome troisiime. A Paris, chez F. G. Levrault,...,
1829. [8° ed. xxviii, 500 pp., 11.; 4° ed. xxii, (11.), 368 pp.—pl. 41-71.]
Livre troisitme.—Des poissons de la famille des Perches, ou des Percoides.
os [Par Cuvier. ]

(N. sp. name, Trichodon Stelleri, based on Trachinus trichodon Pallas. ]

12

1829 —Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, par M. le B°™ Cuvier, . . . ; et par M. Valen-
ciennes,.... Tome quatriéme. A Paris, chez F. G. Levrault,...

1829. [8° ed xxvi,(11.), 518 pp.; 4° ed. xx, (1 1.), 379 pp.—pl. 72-99, 97 bis.

Livre quatriéme.—Des Aecanthoptérygiens & jone cnirassée. [Par Cavier.]

2
4

(N. sp. Cottus ventralis, Hemilepidotus Tilesti.]

Zoologischer Atlas, enthaltend Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neuer Thier-
arten, wiihrend des Flottcapitains von Kotzebue zweiter Reise um die
Welt, auf der Russisch-Kaiserlichen Kriegsschlupp Predpriatié in den
Jahren 1823-1826 beobachtet von Dr. Friedr. Eschscholiz, Professor und
Director des zoologischen Museums an der Universitit zu Dorpat, Mitglied
mebrerer gelehrten Gesellschaften, Russ. Kais. Hofrathe und Ritter des
Qrdens des heil. Wladimir. Drittes Heft—Berlin, 1829. Gedruckt und
verlegt bei G. Reimer. [Fol., title, 18 pp., pl. 11-15.]

[N. sp. Blepsias ventricosus (p. 4, pl. 13), on which was subsequently based the genus
Temnistia of Richardson.)

1830—Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, par M. le Bo Cuvier, .. . ; et par M, Valen-
ciennes,.... Tome cinquiéme. A Psris, chez F. G. Levrault, ... ,
1830. [8° ed. xxviii, 499 pp., 21.; 4° ed. xx, 374 pp., 2 1.—pl. 100-140.]
Livre cinquiéme.—Des Sciénoides. [Par Cuvier.]

[No west-coast species noticed.]}

Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, par M. le Be Cuvier, . . . ; et par M. Valen-
ciennes,.... Tome sixitme. A. Paris, chez F. G. Levrault,...,
1830. [8° ed. xxiv, 559 pp.,3 1.3; 4° ed. xviii, (3 1.), 470 pp.—pl. 141-169, 162
bis, 162 ter, 162 quater, 167 bis, 168 bis. ] i

Livre sixitme.—(Partie I—Des Sparoides. Partie II.—Des Ménides.)
[Par Cuvier et Valenciennes. ]

[No west-coast species noticed]

183 1—Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, par M. le Be" Cuvier, . . . ; et par M. Valen-
ciennes,.... Tome septieme. A Paris, chez F. G. Levrault,...,
1831. [8° ed. xxix, 531 pp., 31.; 4° ed. xxii, (3 1.), 399 pp.—pl. 170-208. ]
Livre septiéme.—Des Squamipennes. [Par Cuvier ?] '
Livre huitiéme.—Des poissons 4 pharyngieus labyrinthiformes. [Par
Cuvier ?]

[No west-coast species noticed.)

Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, par M. le B™ Cuvier, ... ; et par M. Valen-
ciennes,.... Tome huitisme. A Paris, chez F. G. Levrault,...,
IB31. [8° ed. xix, (21.), 509 pp.; 4° ed. xv, (2 1.), 375 pp.—pl. 209-245. ]

Livre neuviéme.—Des Scombéroides. [Par Cuvier et Valenciennes. ]

[No west-coast species noticed. ]

Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica. See 1811.

18$33—Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, par M. le B™ Cuvier, ... ; et par M. Valen-
ciennes,.... Tome neuviéme. A Paris, chez F. G. Levrault,...,
1833. [8° ed. xxix, 512 pp., 1 1.3 4° ed. xxiv, (1 1.), 379 pp.—pl. 246-279.)
Livre neuviéme.—Des Scombéroides. (Par Cuvier et Valenciennes. }

[No west-coast species noticed.]

13

4835-— Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, par M. le B™ Cuvier, .. . ; et par M. Valen-
ciennes, .... Tome dixitme. A Paris, chez F. G. Levrault,...,
1835. [8° ed. xxiv, 482 pp., 11.; 4° ed. xix, (1 1.), 358 pp.—pl. 280-306. ]
Suite du livre neuviéme—Des Scombéroides. [Par Cuvier ect Valen-
ciennes ?]
Livre dixiéme.—De la famille des Teuthies. [Par Cuvier et Valenciennes? ]
Livre onziéme.—De la famille des Tenioides. [Par Cuvier et Valen-
ciennes ? |
Livre douziéme.—Des Atherines. [Par Cuvier et Valenciennes? |

[No west-coast species noticed. ]

1836—Fauna Boreali-Americana; or the Zoology of the Northern Parts of British
America: containing descriptions of the objects of Natural History collected
on the late northern land expeditions under command of Captain Sir John
Franklin, R.N. Part third. The Fish. By John Richardson, M.D.,F.R.
S., F. L.8., Member of the Geographical Society of London, and Wernerian
Natural History Society of Edinburgh; Honorary Member of the Natural
History Society of Montreal, and Literary and Philosophical Society of Que-
bec; Foreign Member of the Geographical Society of Paris; and Correspond-
ing member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; Surgeon
and Naturalist to the Expeditions.—Illustrated by numerous plates.—Pub-
lished under the authority of the Right Honourable the Secretary of State
for Coloniel Affairs.—London: Richard Bentley, New Burlington street,
MDCCCXXXVI. [4°, pp. xv, 327 (+1) pp., 24 pl. (numbered 74-97). ]

[N. g. and n.sp. Temnistia (n. g., 59), Cyprinus (Leuciseus) gracilis (120), Salmo Scoulert
(158, 223), Salmo quinnat (219), Salmo Gairdneri (221), Salmo paucidens (222), Salmo tsup-
pitch (224), Salmo Clarkii (225,307), Salmo (Mallotus?) pacificws (226), Acipenser transmon-
tanus (273), Petromyzon tridentatus (293); (ADDENDA:) Cottus asper (295,313), Cyprinus
(Abramis) balteatus (301), Cyprinus (Leuciscus) caurinus (304), Cyprinus (Leuciscus) orego-
nensis (305).]

Report on North American Zoology. By John Richardson, M. D., F. BR. S.
< Rep. 6th meeting Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Aug. 1836, =v. 5, pp. 121-224, 1837.

Pisces, pp. 202-223.

Astoria, or anecdotes of an enterprise beyond the Rocky Mountains. By
Washington Irving. [1st ed.] In two volumes. Vol.I [—II]. Phil-
adelphia: Carey, Lea & Blanchard. 1836. [2 vols., 8°. Vol. -i,285 pp.;
vol. ii, 279 pp., L map folded. ]

{The fishes and fisheries, especially salmon, are noticed in vol. 2, chapters 9 and 14.]

Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, par M. le B™ Cuvier, ... .; et par M. Valen-
ciennes,.... Tome onzitme. A Paris, chez F. G. Levrault, .
1636. [8° ed. xx, 506 pp., 11.; 4° ed. xv, (L1.), 373 pp.—pl. 307-343. ]

Livre troisitme.—Des Mugiloides.
Livre quatorziéme.—De |a famille des Gobioides.
rl [No west-coast species noticed. ]

siti 9g

1837—Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, par M. le Bo Cuvier, . . .; et par M. Valen-
ciennes,... Tome dvouzitme. A Paris, chez F. G. Levrault, .. . , 1837.
[8° ed. xxiv, 507-++ 1 pp.; 4° ed. xx, 377 pp., 1 1.—pl. 344-368. ]
Suite du livre quatorziéme.—Gobioides,
Livre quinziéins.—bes Acanthoptérygiens 4 pectorales pédiculées.

1839 —Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, par M. le B°™ Cuvier, . . .; et par M. Valen-
ciennes, ... Tome troisitme. A Paris, chez Pitois-Levrault et O2,...,
1839; [82 ed. xix, 505 pp., 1 1.: 4° ed. xvii, 370 pp.—pl. 369-388. ]
Livre seiziéme—Labroides.
[No west-coast species noticed.]

14

1839—Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, par M. le B°" Cuvier, . . .; et par M. Valen-
ciennes,... Tome quatorziéme. A Paris,chez Pitois-LevraultetCe,... ,

1839. [8° ed. xxii, 464 pp., 3 1.; 4° ed. xx, 344 pp., 3 1.—pl. 389-420.]
{

Suite du livre seiziéme.—Labroides.
Livre dix-septiéme.—Des Malacoptérygiens. Des Siluroides.

{No west-coast species noticed. }

The Zoology of Captain Beechey’s Voyage; compiled from the collections and
notes made by Captain Beechey, the officers and naturalist of the Expe-
dition, during a Voyage to the Pacific and Behring’s straits performed in
his Majesty’s Ship Blossom, under the command of Captain F. W. Beechey,
R.N., F.R.S., &e., &c. in the years 1825, 26,27, and 28. By J. Richardson,
M. D., F. R.8., &c.; N. A. Vigors, Esq., A. M., F. R. S., &c.; G. T. Lay, Esq. ;
E. T. Bennett, Esq., F. L. 8., &c.; the Rev. W. Buckland, D. D., F. RB. §.,
F.L.S., F,G.S8., &e. and G. B. Sowerby, Esq.—Illustrated with upwards of
fifty finely coloured plates, by Sowerby.—Published under the authority of
the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. London: Henry G. Bohn, 4,
York Street, Covent Gardeon.—_MDCCCXXXIX.

Fishes; by G. T. Lay, Esq., and E. T. Bennett, Esq., F.L.S.,&c. pp.
41-75, pl. 15-23.
[N. sp. Chimera colliet (p. 71, pl. 23).

This volume is interesting as being the first publication in which any attempt has been
made to scientifically indicate the fishes of the coast. The ‘‘naturalist” of the expedition
was, however, incompetent for the task, and the notes taken evince that he was not
sufliciently versed in the rudiments of ichthyology to know what to observe. Neverthe-
less, the notes have an interest, if not of importance, enough to transcribe what reletes
to the regions in question :—

“Of Saint Lawrence Island was caught,in the dredge a fish apparently allied to the
genus Liparis, Art. It had the ‘ventral fins placed before the pectorals, but united and
continuous with them; aflat, raised, and rongh tubercle, of nearly the diameter of an
English sixpence, was seated forward between the pectorals, its anterior part reaching as
far as the ventrals; this may be of usein copulation: its ceca were pretty numerous.’—C.
The roughness of this tubercle renders it diflicult to refer the fish to any known species;
bat it is probably nearly related to the Cyclopterus gelatinosus, Pall.,a Lipuris which is
known to inbabit the seas in which this was obtained. The existence of ceca removes it
from Lepadogaster, Gouan.

“Kotzebue Sound afforded a specimen of a new species of Ophidiwm, L., the Oph. stigma.

* On the coast of California, a little to the northwards of the harbour of San Francisco,
an Orthagoriscus was met with, apparently the Orth. mola., Bl. They swam about the
ship with the dorsal fin frequently elevated above the surface.” (p. 50.)

“On the coast of California, at Monterey, Mr. Collie’s notes mention the occurrence of
(1] a species of Sparus, of two Scombri, and of a Clupea. [2] The first of the Scombride is
apparently a Scomber, Cuv.; it was ‘smaller than the mackerel; it was marked on the
back with cross waved narrow bands of black and greenish blue; its first dorsal fin had
nine spines, and there were four small pinnules behind the second dorsal and the anal: it
had a simple air-bladder of moderate size, and an immense number of c@ea, with a stomach
extending the whole length of the abdomen, narrow, tapering to the posterior part, and
covered throughout nearly its whole length with the milt.? Its internal membrane forms
longitadinal folds; the intestines have three convolutions.’—C. This fish oceurred in
shoals, (3) Tho second species was met with but once. It is a Caranz, Cuv., of which
‘the teeth in the upper maxillary are scarcely to be felt: the pectorals reach neariy to op-
posite the anus: a double narrow stripe of deeper blue than the general surface rans back-
wards on each side of the first dorsal fin to opposite its termination, the two parts being
separated by a broad line of dirty white, which haa‘a narrow, dark-coloured line along its
middle: there are no distinct divisions in the anal and second dorsal fins: the air-bladder
is simple, and small, and extends from the fauces to the anus; the stomach is much shorter
than in the preceding species; the ca@ca, although numerous, are less so than in it, and the
intestine is folded in the same manner.'—C. From the nature of the colouring of this fish,
as described by Mr.Gollie, there can be little doubt of its constituting a distinct species.

15

[4] Along with the firs species of Scomber, there occurred in shoals a small species of
Clupea, L., ‘without teeth; with the dorsal fin a little before the ventral; and with the back
dark greenish blue, and having one line and part of another of rounded black spots on
_each side nearly on a level with the eye: the gill membranes contain six rays, and overlap
each other at their lower part; the stomach resembles that of the first Scomber; it has also
numerous ceca; the air-bladderis small and tapering.’.—C. The other fishes observed at
Monterey were [5] a new species of Chimera, Cuv., differing essentially from the Chimera
of the Atlantic, and approaching somewhat in the position of its second dorsal fin to the
Callorhynchus, Cuv.; [6] a species of Torpedo, Dum.; and [7] a Raia” (pp. 54-55).]

1839 —Narrative of a Journey across the Rocky Mountains, to the Columbia River,
and a Visit to the Sandwich Islands, Chili, &c. With a Scientific Appendix.
By John K. Townsend, Member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia. Philadelphia: Henry Perkins, 134 Chestnut street. Boston:
Perkins & Marvin.—1839. [8°, 352 pp.]

{A few incidental popular notices of salmon and trout are given.]
[Reprinted in England under the following title :—]

Sporting Excursions in the Rocky Mountains, including a Journey to the
Columbia River, and a Visit to the Sandwich Islands, Chili, &c. By J. K.
Towshend [sic!], Esq. In two volumes. Vol. 1[—II]. London: Henry
Colburn, Publisher, Great Marlborough Street. 1840. [8°. Vol.i, xii [+i],
312 pp., 1 pl.; vol. ii, xii, 310 pp., 1 pl.]

[In vol. i, chap. 7, are given details respecting salmon and the mode of catching them,
and the frontispiece illustrates a native woman “spearing the salmon ”’.}

1840—Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, par M. le B™ Cuvier, . . .; et par M. Valen-
ciennes, ... Tome quinziéme. A Paris, chez Ch. Pitois, éditeur, .. . ,
1840. [8° ed. xxxi, 540 pp., 11.5; 4° ed. xxiv, 397 pp.—pl. 421-455, ]
Suite du livre dix-septiéme.—Siluroides.
{No west-coast species noticed.]

Narrative of a whaling voyage round the globe, from the year 1833 to 1836,
comprising sketches of Polynesia, California, the Indian Archipelago, ete.
with an account of Southern Whales, the Sperm Whale Fishery, and the
Natural History of the climates visited. By Frederick Debell Bennett,
Esq., F. R. G. S., Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, London. In
two volumes. Vol. I [—II]. London: Richard Bentley, New Burling-
ton stfeet, publisher in ordinary to her Majesty.—1840. [8°, vol. i, xv, 402
pp., 1 pl., 1 map; vol. ii, vii, 396 pp., 1 pl.]

"1842—Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, par M.le Bo Cuvier, . .. , et par M. Valen-
ciennes,.... Tome seizidme. A Paris, chez P. Bertrand, ... , 1842.
[8° ed. xx, 472 pp., 1 1.; 4° ed. xviii, 363 pp., 1 1.—pl. 456-487. ]
Livre dix-huiti¢me.—Cyprinoides.

Zoology of New-York, or the New-York Fauna; comprising detailed descrip-
tions of all the animals hitherto observed within the State of New-York,
with brief notices of those occasionally found near its borders, and accom-
panied by appropriate illustrations—By James B. DeKay.—Part IV.—
Fishes. Albany: Printed by W. & A. White and I. Visscher. 1842. [4°,
xiv [1, errata], 415 pp.; atlas, 1 p. 1., 79 pl.J

(The letterpress of the Reptiles and Fishes, each separately paged, forms one volume,
and the plates, each separately numbered, another. Eight of the northwest-coast Malaco-
pterygian species (Abramis balteatus, Leuciscus caurinus, Leuciscus oreqonensis, Salmo
quinnat, Salmo Gairdnerii, Salmo Scouleri, Salmo tsuppitch, and Salmo nitidus) and the
Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) enumerated by Richardson (1836) are briefly indicated
as ‘“‘extra-limital’’.]

16

1844—lHistoire Naturelle des Poissons, par M. le Be Cuvier, . . .; et par M. Valen-
ciennes,.... Tome dix-septidme. A Paris, chez P. Bertrand, ... , 1844.
[8° ed. xxiii, 497 pp., 1 1.; 4° ed. xx, 370 pp. 1 1—pl. 487 (bis)-519.]
Suite du livre dix-huitiéme.—Cy prinoides.

1845—Description of a new species of Syngnathus, brought from the western coast of
California by Capt. Phelps. By Dr. D. H. Storer. < Proc. Boston Soe.
Nat. Hist., v. 2, p. 73, December, 1845.
(N. sp. Syngnathus californiensis.]

1846—A Synopsis of the Fishes of North America. By David Humphreys Storer,
M.D.,A.A.8., .-.. < Mem. Am. Acad. Arts anid Sci., new series, vol.
ii, pp. 253-550, Cambridge, 1846.
(739 nominal species from all North America, including the West Indies, are described.
The descriptions, however, are most inaptly compiled and entirely insuflicient.]

A Synopsis of the Fishes of North America. By David Humphreys Storer,
M. D., A.A.S., ... . Cambridge: Metcalf and Company, Priuters to the
University. 1846. [4°, 1 p. 1. (title), 298 pp.]

{A reprint, with separate pagination, title-page, and index, of the preceding.

According to Dr. Storer (Mem. Acad., p. 260; Syn. p.8), “the following species inhabit
the northwestern coast of America :—

Trichodon stelleri. , Salmo salar.

Cottus pistilliger. Salmo quinnat.

Cottus polyacanthocephalus. Salmo Gairdnerii.

Cottus asper. Salmo paucidens.
Aspidophorus acipenserinus. - Salmo Scouleri.
Hemilepidotus Tilesii. Salmo tsuppitch.

Blepsias trilobus. Salmo nitidus.

Sebastes variabiiis. « Mallotus pacifieus.
Oyprinus balteatus. ; Cyclopterus ventricosus.
Leuciscus caurinus. Acipenser transmontanus.”’ |

Teuciscus oregonensis.

Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, par M. le B™ Cuvier, . . . ; et par M. Valen-
ciennes,.... Tome dix-huitisme. A Paris, chez P. Bertrand, ...,
1846. [8° ed. xix, 505 pp., 21.5; 4° ed. xviii, 375 pp., 2 1.—pl. 520-553. ]

Suite du livre dix-huitisme.—Cy prinoides.
Livre dix-neuviéme.—Des Esoces ou Lucioides.

Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, par M. le B™ Cuvier, ... ; ot par M. Valen-
ciennes,.... Tome dix-neuvidme. A Paris, chez P. Bertrand, ... , 1846.
[8° ed. xix, 544 pp., 31.3; 4° ed. xv, 391 pp., 2 1.—pl. 554-590. J

Suite du livre dix-nenviime.—Brochets ou Lucioides.
Livre vingtiéme.—De quelques familles* de Malicoptérygiens, intermé-
diaires entre les Brochets et les Clapes.

[No west-coast species described.)

Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, par M. le Be" Cuvier, .. . ; et par M. Valen-

ciennes,.... Tome vingtitme. A Paris, chez P. Bertrand, .., ; 1846.

[8° ed. xviii, i, 472 pp., 11.3; 4° ed. xiv, 346 pp. L 1.—pl. 591-606. ]
Livre vingt et nuiéme.—De la famille des Clupévides.
1848—Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile segun documentos adquiridos en esta re-
piblica durante doce afios de residencia ef ella y publicada bajo los aus-
picios del Supremo Gobierno, Por Claudio Gay, ciudadano Chileno, indi-

° The families refe rred to are: —Chirock entres (with the genus Ohirocentrus); 2 Alepocéphales (with Ale-
pocephalus) ; Lutodeires (with Ohanos and Gonorhynchus) ; Mormyres (with Mormyrus); Hyodontes (with
Osieoglorsum, Inchnosoma, and Hyodon); Batirins (with Albula= Butirinus); Blopieus (with Blops and
Megatops); Amics (with Amia) ; Vastres ou Amies? ( Vastres) ; famille particuliére, ou Amies? ( Heterotis) ;
Erythroides (with Erythrinus,Macrodon, Lebiasina, and Pyrrhulina); and Ombres (with Umbra).

17

viduo de varias sociedades cientificas nacionales y etrangeras. Zoologia.
Tomo segundo. Paris, en casa del autor. Chile, en el Museo de Historia
Natural de Santiago. MDCCCXLVIII. [Text, 8°; atlas, fol.]

{Peces, pp. 137-370 and index.—In this work are described several species afterward
discovered along the coast of California.]

1848—Thirtieth Congress—first session. | = | Ex. Doc. No. 41. | — | Notes of a mili-
tary reconnoissance, | from | Fort Leavenworth, in Missouri, | to | San Di-
ego, in California, | including part of the | Arkansas, Del Norte, and Gila
Rivers. | — | By Lieut. Col. W. H. Emory. | Made in 1846-7, with the
advanced guard of the “Army of the West.” | — | February 9, 1848 —Or-
dered to be printed. | February 17, 1848.—Ordered, That 10,000 extra copies
of each of the Reports of Lieu- | tenant Emory, Captain Cvoke, and Lieu-
tenant Abert, be printed for the use of the House; | and that of said num-
ber, 250 copies be furnished for the use of Lieutenant Emory, Captain |
Cooke, and Lieutenant Abert, respectively. | Washington: | Wendell and
Van Benthuysen, printers. |::::| 1848. [x°, 614 pp., 50 lith. pl. not num-
bered, 14 numbered, 2 sketch-maps, and 3 maps folded. ]

(This work has been so badly edited that the following analysis may prove useful, and
will facilitate the understanding of the work:—].

CONTENTS.

Notes | of { a military reconnoissance, | from | Fort Leavenworth, in Mis-
souri, to San Diego, | in California, | including | part of the Arkansas,
Del Norte, and Gila Rivers. | pp. 5-126, 26 lith. pl., 2 sketch-maps.

Appendix No. 1. [Letter on Indians by Albert Gallatin, and reply by
W.H. Emory.] pp. 127-134., 1 pl.

Appendix No. 2. [Report on botany. ]
[i. Phanerogams and ferns. By John Torrey. pp. 135-155, pl. 1-12. ]
[2. Cactacea. By G. Engelmann. pp. 155-159, 14 lith. pl., 2 not

numbered. ]

Appendix No. 3. Table of meteorological observations. pp. 160-174.

Appendix No. 4. Table of geographical positions. pp. 175-178.

Appendix No. 5. Table of astronomical observations. pp. 179-385.*

Appendix No. 6. [Report on natural history. By J. W. Abert. ]
pp. 36-414.

Appendix No.7. [Itinerary of Sonora, Mexico. By P. St. Geo. Cooke. ]
pp. 415-416.

Report of Lieut. J. W. Abert, | of his | examination of New Mexico, | in
the years 1846—47. pp. 417-546, 22 lith. pl., 1 map folded.

Notes concerning the minerals and fossils, collected by Lieutenant J.
W. Abert, while engaged in the geographical examination of New
Mexico, by J. W. Bailey, professor of chemistry, mineralogy, and
geology, at the United States Military Academy. pp. 547-548, 2
lith. pls.

Report of Lieut. Col. P. St. George Cooke.| of | his march from | Santa Fé,
New Mexico, | to | San Diego, Upper California. pp. 549-563, 2 maps
folded.

Journal | of | Captain A. R. Johnston, | First Dragoons. pp. 565-614.

{A species of Gila is noticed at p. 62, and illustrated by a poor plate opposite the text.
It is said:—‘‘ We heard the fish playing in the water, and soon those who were disen-
gaged were after them. At first it was supposed they were the mountain trout, but, being
comparatively fresh from the hills of Maine, I soon saw the difference.’’]

Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, par M.le Bo" Cuvier, ...; et par M. Valen-
ciennes, . . . Tome vingt et unisme. A Paris, chez P. Bertrand, . . . , 1848.
[8° ed. xiv, 536 pp.; 4° ed. xiii (+ iii), 391 pp.-— pl. 607-633. ]
; * Pages 289-304 misnumbered 209-224.

Bull. N. M. No. 11—2

18

Suite du livre vingt et uniéme et des Clupéoides.”
Livre vingt-deuxiéme.—De la famille des Salmonoides.
{No west-coast species described.)

1849—Frank Forrester’s Fish and Fishing of the United States and British Provinces
of North America. Illustrated from nature by the author. By Henry
William Herbert, author of “ Field Sports,” ‘‘ Warwick Woodlands,” etc.
New York, Stringer & Townsend, 222 Broadway, 1849. 8°,

Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, par M. le B°® Cuvier, . . . ; et par M. Valen-
ciennes, . . . Tome vingt-deuxiéme. A Paris, chez P. Bertrand,. . . , 1849.
[5° ed. xx, 532, (index) 91 (-|-1) pp.; 4° ed. xvi, 395, (index) 81 (+ 1) pp.—pl.
634-650.] ; ;

Suite du livre vingt-deuxiéme.— Suite de la famille des Salmonoides.
{No west-coast species described.)

A Monograph of the Fresh water Cottus of North America. By Charles Gi-
rard. Aug. 1849. < Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., v. 2, pp. 409-411, 1850.

On the genus Cottus Auct. By Charles Girard. Oct.17,1849. < Proc. Bost.
Soc. Nat. Hist., v. 3, pp. 183-190, 1849.

1850—Some additional observations on the nomenclature and classification of the
genus Cottus. By Charles Girard. June 19,1850. < Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist., v. 3, pp. 302-305, 1850.

1858—On a new genus of American Cottoids. By Charles Girard. Feb. 5, 1851.
< Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., v. 4, pp. 18-19, 1851.

Révision du genre Cottus des auteurs, Par Charles Girard, de |’Association
américaine pour Pavancement des sciences, membre de la Société d histoire
naturelle de Boston. [1851. 4°, 28 pp] <(N. Denksebr. allg. Schweizer.
Gesell. gesammt, Naturw., B. 12, 1852.

Smithsonian Contributious to Knowledge. = Contributions to the Natural His-
tory of the Fresh Water Fishes of North America. By Charles Girard. I.
A Monograph of the Cottoids. Accepted for publication by the Smithson-
ian Institution, December, 1850. [Smithsonian Contributions to Kuowledge, ]
vol. iii, art. 3. (49, 80 pp., 3 pl.] ,

Description of a new form of Lamprey from Australia, with a Synopsis of the
Family. By J. B. Gray, Esq., F. R. S., W. P. Z. S., etc. < Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, part xix, pp. 235-241, plates, Pisces, iv, v, 1851.

List of the specimens of Fish in the collection of the British Museam.—Part
1.—Chondroptery gii.—Printed by order of the trustees. London, 1551. [12°,
x, [1], 160 pp., 2 pl.]

{ Tbe name of the compiler is not pablished on the title-page. In the usual introduction,
Mr. Gray states:—‘'The characters of the genera of Sharks and Rays, with their sy-
nonyms, have priveipally been derived from the work of Professors Miiller and Henle.
The specimens which were not named by those authors when engaged in their work, or
by Dr. Andrew Smith, have been determined by Mr. Edward Gerrard.’ The responsi-
bility of the compilation, however, apparently devolves on JOHN EDWARD GRAY.
The diagnoses of the groups, and, for the most part, the synonymy of the species, are, in
fact, translated or transeribed from Miller and Henle’s great work on the Plagiostomes,
entitled «8 follows:—Sy-tematiscbe Beschreibung der Plagiostomen vou Dr. J. MULLER,
o, 6, Professor der Avatomie und Phys ologie, und Director des anatomisches Theaters
und Museums in Berlin, und Dr, J. “ENLE, o. 6. Professor der Anatomie und Director
des anatomischen Theaters und Museums in Ziirich. Mit seobzig Steindrucktafeln.
Berlin, Verlag von Veit und Comp —1s4l. [Polio, xxii, 200 pp., 2 1, 60 pl, mostly colored,
unnumbered.) Anepoch-markins, work, but with vo notices of Western Ametican species.)

~The Notoptéres are differentiated from the Clupevides as a very distinct family (uve famille trés-
dlistincte). '

19

£851—Supplement to Frank Forrester’s Fish and Fishing of the United States and
British Provinces of North America. By William Henry Herbert, author
of the “ Field Sports of North America,” “ Frank Forrester and his Friends,”
etc. New York, Stringer & Townsend, 222 Broadway, 1851. pp. 1-86.

£853—Descriptions of some new Fishes from the River Zuni. By S. FP. Baird and
Charles Girard. June 28,1853. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 6, pp. 368-369,
June, 1853.
[N. g. and sp. Gila (n. g. 3638), Gila robusta (369), Gila elegans (369), Gila gracilis (369).]
Descriptions of New Species of Fishes collected by Mr. John H. Clark, on the
U.S. and Mexican Boundary Survey, under Lt. Col. Jas. D. Graham. By
Spencer F. Baird and Charles Girard. August 30, 1853. < Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., v. 6, pp. 887-390, August, 1853.
(N. sp. Catostomus latipinnis (388), Gila Emoryi (388), Gila Grahami (389), Oyprinodon
maculariue (389), Heterondria afinis (390), Heterondria occidentalis (390). |

32d Congress, | 2d session. } Senate. § Executive | No. 59. | — | Report of an Ex-
pedition | down the | Zuni and Colorado Rivers, | by | Captain L. Sit-
greaves, | Corps Topographical Engineers. | — | Accompanied by maps,
sketches, views, and illustrations. | — | Washington: | Robert Armstrong,
public printer. | 1853. [8°, 190 pp., 11., 24 pl. of scenery (pl. 1 folded), 6 pl. of
mammals, 6 pl. of birds, 2 pl of reptiles, 3 pl. of fishes, 21 pl. of botany, 1
folded map, all at end.]

Title. p. 1.

Report of the Secretary of War, communicating, [etc.] p. 3.

{Sitgreaves’s report.}] pp. 4-29.

Report | on | the natural history | of the | country passed over by the
exploring expedition | under the command of Brevet Captain L. Sit-
greaves, | U. S. Topographical Engineers, during the year 185t. | By S.
W. Woodhouse, M. D., | surgeon and naturalist to the expedition. | pp.
31-40.

Zoology. | — | Mammals and Birds, by 8S. W. Woodhouse, M. D. | Reptiles,
by Edward Hallowell, M. D. | Fishes, by Prof. S. FP. Baird and Charles
Girard. | pp. 41-152.

Mammals. By 8. W. Woodhouse, M.D. pp. 43-57, 6 pl. (1-6).

Birds. By 8S. W. Wosdhouse, M. D. pp. 58-105, 6 pl. (1-6).

Reptiles. By Edward Hallowell, M. D. pp. 106-147, 21 pl. (l-20+

10'a).

Fishes. By Spencer F. Baird and Charles Girard. pp. 148-152,
3 pl. (1-3).

Botany. | — | By Professor John Torrey. pp. 153-178, 21 pls. (1-21).

Medical Report. | — | By S. W. Woodhouse, M.D. pp. 179-185.

List of illustrations. pp. 187-190.

Table of contents. [1 1.]

Extraordinary Fishes from California, constituting a new family, described by
L. Agassiz. < Am. Journ. Sci.and Arts, (2), v. 16, pp. 380-390, Nov. 1853;
also reprinted in Edinburgh New Phil. Journ., v.57, pp. 214-227; translated
in Archiv fiir Natnrgeschichte (Berlin), Jahbrg. 20, B. 1, pp. 149-162, 1853.

[Family named ‘‘ Family Holconoti or Embiotocoida” (p. 383). N. g. and n. sp. Zmbiotoca
(n. g., 3e6) :—1. Lmbiotoca Jacksoni (387); 2. Lmbiotoca Caryi (389).]
{This article was translated into German as follows:—]

Ueber cine neue Familie von Fischen aus Californien. Von L. Agassiz.
Aus Silliman’s Amer. Journ, vol. xvi. p. 380 iibersetzt. Vom Herausgeber
[F. H. Troschel]. < Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, 20, Jabrg., B. 1, pp. 149-
162, 1854.

20

[This translation was followed by the following original communication, in which the
systematic relations of the family were definitely determined:—]

Ueber die systematische Stellung der Gattung Embiotoca. Bemerkung zur

vorigen Abhandlung. Vom Herausgeber (Dr. P. H. Troschel]. < Archiv
fiir Naturgeschichte, 20. Jabrg., B. 1, pp. 163-168, 1854.

2854—The Zoology of the Voyage of H. M.S. Herald, under the command of Cap-
tain Henry Kellett, R. N., C. B., dur.ng the years 1845-51.—Published under
the Authority of the Loros Commissioners of the Admiralty.—Edited by
Professor Edward Forbes, F. R. 8. Vertebrals, incluging Fossil Mammals.
By Sir John Richardson, Kut.,C. B., M. D., F. R. S.—London: Lovell
Reeve, 5, Henrietta street, Covent Garden.--1854. (4°, xi, vi, [1], 171[+1]
pp., 32 pl.J

Vish. pp. 156-171, and pl. xxviii, pl. xxxiii.

[Describes Platessa stellata, mouth of Coppermine River (164, pl. 32, f. 1-3); Platessa
glacialis, Bathurst's Inlet (166, pl. 32); S2lmo consuetus, Yukou River (167, pl. 32); Salme
dermatinus, Yukon River (169, pl. 33, £. 3-5).)

Notice of a collection of Fishes from the sonthern bend of the Tennessee
River, in the State of Alabama. By L. Agassiz. < Am. Journ. Sci. and
Arts, (2), v. 17, pp. 297-308, Mar. 1854; v. 17; pp. 353-369, May, 1854.

Appendix.—Additional notes on the Holeonoti. pp. 365-369, May, 1854.

[N. g. and n. sp. Embiotoca lateralis (366), Rhacochilus (n. g.) toxotes (367), Amphistichus
(n. g.) argenteus (367), Holconotus (n. g., 367) rhodoterus (368).)

{Translated as follows :—]

Nacbtriigliche Bemerkungen tiber die Holeonoti. Von Prof. L. Agassiz. Aus
Silliman Amer. Journ. xvii. p. 365. Uebersetzt vom Herausgeber (J. H.
Troschel]. < Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, 21. Jahrg., B. 1, pp. 30-34, 1855.

Description of four new species of Viviparous Fisbes from Sacramento River
and the Bay of San Francisco. Read before the California Academy of Nat-
ural Sciences, May 15, 1854. By W. P. Gibbons, M.D. June 27, 1854.
< Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., v. 7, pp. 105-106, 1854.

(N. sp. Hysterocarpus Traskit (105), Hyperprosopon argenteum (105) and var. a. punctatum
(106), Cymatogaster aggregatus (106), Cymatogaster minimus (106).)

Description of new Species of Viviparous Marine anit Fresh-water Fishes, from
the Bay of San Francisco, and from the River and Lagoons of the Sacramento.
By W. P. Gibbons, M. D. [Read before tke California Academy of Nat-
ural Sciences, Jan. 9th and May 15th, 22d, and 29th, 1854.] July 25, 1854,
< Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., v. 7, pp. 122-126, July, 1854.

(N. g. and n. sp. Holconotus (122), H. Agassizii (122), I. Gibbonsii, “ Cal. Acad. of N.S." (122),
H. fuliginosus (123), Cymatogaster (n. g.), O. Larkinsti (123), OC. pulehetlus (123), C. ellipticus
(124), Hysterocarpus (n. g.), HI. Traskii (124), Hyperprosopon (n. g ), H. argenteus (125), H.
arcuatus (125), Micrometrus (un. g¢.), ML. aggregatus (125), M. minimus (125), Mytilophagus (n
g.), M. faeciatus (125), Pachylabrus (o. g.), P. variegatus (126).] 4

(Translated as follows :—]

Beschreibung neuer Fische aus der Familie Holconoti aus dem Busen von
San Francisco, aus dem Sacramento-Fluss und dessen Lagunen. Von W.
P.Gibbons. Aus den Proceedings of the Acad. of nat. se. of Philadelphia
vol. vii, 1854. p. 122. iibersetzt vom Herausgeber [I’. H. Troschel]. < Ar-
chiv fiir Naturgeschichte, 21. Jabrg., B. 1, pp. 331-341, 1855.

Descriptions of new Fishes, collected by Dr. A. L. Heermann, Naturalist at-
tached to the survey of the Pacific Railroad Route, under Lieut. R. 8. Wil-
liamson, U.S.A. By Charles Girard. Aug. 29, 1854. < Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., v.7,pp. 129-140, 1854.

[N. g. and n. sp, :—1. Centrarchus interruptus (129), 2. Cottcpsis gulosus (129), 3. Aspicottus
(n. g.) bison (130), 4. Leptocottus (n. g., 130) armatus (131), 5. Scorpanichthys (n. g.) marmo-
ratus (131), 6. Sebastes auriculatus (131), 7. Chirus pictus (132), 8. Ohirus guttatus (132), 9.

21

Ophiodon (n g.) elongatus (133), 10. Gasterosteus Williamsonti (133), 11. Gasterosteus micro-
cephalus (133), 12. Atherinopsis (n. g.) californiensis (124), 13. Gobius gracilis (134), 14. Embi-
otoca lineata (134), 15. Amphistichus similis (135),16. Amphistichus Heermanni (135), 17. Gila
conocephala (135), 18. Pogonichthys ineequilobus (136), 19. Pogonichthys symmetricus (136), 20.
Lavinia (n, g.) exilicauda (137), 21. Lavinia crassicauda (137), 22. Lavinia conformis (137),
23. Leucosomus occidentalis (137), 24. Olupea mirabilis (138), 25. Meletta carulea (138), 26.
Engraulis mordax (133), 27. Platichthys (un. g.) rugosus (139), 28. Pleuronichthys (n. g.) caeno-
sus (139), 29. Parophrys (n. g., 139) vetulus (140), 30. Psettichthys (n. ¢.) melanostictus (140).]

£k854—Enumeration of the species of marine Fishes, collected at San Francisco, Cali-
fornia, by Dr. C. B. R. Kennerly, naturalist attached to the survey of the
Pacific R. R. Route, under Lient. A.W. Whipple. By Charles Gira:d. Aug.
29, 1854. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Puila., v. 7, pp. 141-142, Aug. 1854.
(N. g. and n. sp:—1. Chirus constellatus (141), 3. Porichthys (n. g.) notatus (141), 8. Gadus
prozimus (141), 10. Psettichthys sordidws (142).§

QObservatiens upon 2a collection of Fishes made on the Pacilic coast of the
U. States, by Lieut. W. P. eee U. S. A., for the Museum of the
Smithsouian eases! y Charles Girard. Aug. 29, 184. < Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, v. 7, pp. 142-156, 1854.

IN. g g. and pn. sp.:—1. Labrax ape etre 2) = 2. Labrax clathratus (143), 3. Heterostichus (n. ¢ )
rostratus (143), 4. Sphyreena argentea (144), 5. Cottopsis parcus (144), 8. Scorpeenichths late-
ralis (145), 9. Scorpeena guttata (145), ces rosaceus (146), 12. Sebastes fasciatus (146), 15.
Gasteresteus plebeius (147), 16. Gasterosteus inopinatus (147), 17. Umbrina undulata (142), 18.
Glyphisodon rubicundys (148), 19. Belone exilis (149), 20. Blennius gentilis (149), 21. @unnellus
ornatus (149}, 22. Apodichthys (n. g.) favidus (150), 23. Apodichthys viclaceus (150), 24. Anar-
vhichas felis (150), 26. Julis modestus (151), 29. Embiotoca lineata (151), 30. Embiotoca Cas-
eidyt (151), 32. Holconetus Trowbridgti (152), 33. Holconotus megalops (152), 31. Phanerodon
in. g.) furcatus (153), 36. Pogonichthys argyreiosus (153), 37. Fundulus parvipinnis (154), 42.
Hngraulis delicatissimus (154), 43. Argentina pretiosa (150), 44. Pleuronectes maculosus (155),
48. Lepadogaster reticulatus (155), 49. Syngnathus breviroetris (156), 50. Syngnathus lepto-
rhynches (156).}

¢ Descriptions of two species of fish, believed to be new. Sept. 4, 1854. By
Wm. O. Ayres. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 3-4, 1854; 2d ed., pp. 3-4,
1873.
(N. sp. Labrus pulcher, Hemitripterus marmoratus.}

t Descriptions of two new species of Sebastes. Sept. 11, 1854. By Wm. O.

Ayres. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v.1, pp. 5-6, 1854; 2d ed., pp. 5-6, 1873.
[N. sp. S. nebulosus, S. paucispinis.]

t Descriptions of new species of fish. Sept. 18, 1854. By Wm. O. Ayres,
M.D. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 7-8, 1854; 2d ed., pp. 7-8, 1873.

{N. sp. Sebastes ruber, Sebastes ruber var. parvus, Sebastes variabilis, Centratchus macu-
losus.}

* Observations on the development of Anableps Gronovii, a viviparous fish

oe from Surinam. By Prof. Jeffries Wyman. Sept. 20,1854. < Proc. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist., v. 5, pp. 80-81, Dec. 1854.*

“Remarks in relation to the Mode of Development of Embiotocoide. By

Charles Girard. Sept. 20,1454. < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., v. 5, pp.
81-82, Dec. Lhd.

“Two new fishes, Morrbua californica and Grystes lineatus. By Wm. O.
Ayres. Oct. ra 1854. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 9-10, 1854; 2d ed.,
pp- 8-10, 1873

{N. sp. Morrhua californica, Grystes lineatus.}

*Sec, also, Oise rrations cn the development of Anableps Gronovii (Cuv. and Val.). By Jeffr iesWyman,
M.D. Read Sept. 20, 1854. < Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., v. 6, pp. 432-443, pl. 17, Nov. 1854.

22

1854—| Descriptions of a new species of cottoid fish, and remarks on the American
Acanthocotti. By Wm. O. Ayres, M.D. Oc:.9, 1854. < Proce. Cal. Acad.
Sci., v. 1, p. 11, 1854; 2d ed., p. 11, 1573.
[N. ap. Clypeocottus robustus (= Aspicottus bison Grd.).}
t Descriptions of two new species of fish. By Wm. O. Ayres, M.D. Oct.
23, 1854. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 13-14, 1854; 2d. ed., pp. 12-13,
1873.
[N. sp. Brosmius marginatus, Syngnathus griseolineatus.}

New species of Californian Fishes, by William O. Ayres, M.D. Nov. 1, 1854.
< Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., v. 5, pp. 94-103, Dec. 1054, aud Feb. 1855.

[N. sp. Sebastes paucispinis (94), Sebastes nebulosus (96), Sebastes ruber (97), Sebastes ruber

var. parvus (98), Centrarchus maculosus (99), Morrhua californica (100), Labrus pulcher (101).}

* Descriptions of the Sturgeons [ Acipenser] found in our [Californian] waters.
By Wm. O. Ayres, M.D. Nov. 27, 1854. < Proc. Cai. Acad. Sei., v. 1, p.
15, Dee. 1554; 2d ed., pp. 14-15. 1873.

[N. sp. A. acutirostris, A. medirostris, A. brachyrhynchus.}

Characteristics of some Cartilaginous Fishes of the Pacific coast of North Am-
erica. By Charles Girard. Nov. 28, 1854. < Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
y. 7, pp. 196-197, 1854.

[N. sp.:—l. Cestracion franciset (196). 2. Triakis semifasciatum (196), 3. Spinax (Acanthias)
Suckleyi (196), 5. Raja binoculata (196).}

Abstract of a Report to Lieut. Jas. M. Gilliss, U.S.N., apon the Fishes col-
jected during the U. S. N. Astronomical Expedition to Chili, By Charles
Girard. Nov. 23,1854. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., v. 7, pp. 197-199, 1854.

(Genus Atherinopsis noticed, and the Meletta caerulea of Aug. 29, 1854, v. 7, p. 138, rede-
scribed as a new species, under the namo Alosa musica. }

+ Descriptions of two new species of fish. By Wm. O. Ayres, M.D. Dee. 4,
1854. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pe. 17-18, 1854; 2d ed., pp. 16-17, 1873.

[N. sp. Osmerus elongatus, Mustelus felis }

}Deseriptions of two new s%ecies of Cyprinoids. By Wm. O. Ayres, M. D.
Dee. 11, 1854. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 18-19, 1854; 2d ed., pp. 17-15,
1873.

[N. sp. Catostomus occi.entalis, Gila grandis.}

* Descriptions of two new Cyprinoid fish. By Wm. 0. Ayres, M.D. Dec. 15,

1854. < Proce. Cul, Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 20-21, 1854; 2d ed., pp. 19-20, 1873.
(N. sp. Lavinia gibbosa, L. compressa. }

“Description of a new Cyprino.d fish. By Wm. O. Ayres, M.D. Dee. 25,
1854. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 21-22, 1854; 2d ed., pp. 20-21, 1873.
[N. sp. Gila microlepidota.)
A list of the Fishes collected in California, by Mr. E. Samuels, with descri®
tions of the new species. By Charles Girard, M. D. [1854.] < Boston
Journ. Nat. Hist., v. 6, pp. 583-544, pl. 24-26, 1857.

4855—Synopsis of the Ichthyological Fanna of the Pacific Slope of North America,
cbiefly from the collections made by the U. 8. Exp. Exped. under the eom-
mand of Capt. C. Wilkes, with recent addit:ons and comparisons with east-
ern types. By Louis Agassiz. < Am. Journ. Sci. and.Arts, y, 19, pp. 71-99,
Jan., 1855; v. 19, pp. 215-231, March, 1855.
{N. g. and n. sp. Catostomus occidentalis (94), Acrocheilus (n. g., 96) alutaceus (99), Ptycho-
cheilus (n. g., 227), Ptychocheilus gracilis (229), Ptychocheilus major (229), Mylocheilus (n. g.
229) lateralis 231),)

23

1855—* On two species of Liparis. By Wm. O. Ayres, M.D. Jan. 8, 1855. < Proc
Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 23-24, Feb. 1, 1855; 2d ed., pp. 21-23, 1873.
[N. sp. D. pulchellus, L. mucosus.}

¢ Description of a new genus (Leptogunellus) and two new species of fishes.
By Wm. O. Ayres, M.D. Jan. 22, 1855. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp.
25-27, 1855; 2d ed., pp. 24-25, 1873.

[N. sp. Leiostomus Vineatus, Leptogunelius gracilis.}

¢ Description of a Lamprey, from the vicinity of San Francisco. By Win. O.
Ayres, M.D. Feb. 5, 1855. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, p. 28, Feb. 19,
1855; 2d ed., p. 27, 1873.

{N. sp. Petremyzon plumbeus.]

“Remarks on the fetal Zygena (Hammer-headed Shark). By Jeffries Wy-
man. Feb. 21, 1855. < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., v. 5, p. 157, March,
1859.

t Description ef a new generic type among fishes. Ry Wm. O. Ayres, M.
D. Feb. 26, 1855. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sei., v. 1, pp. 31-52, 1855; 2d ed., pp.
30-31, 1873.

{N. sp. Ararrhichthys ocellatus.]

fDeseription of a new species of Catastomus. By Wm. O. Ayres, M. Dd.
March 5, 1855. < Proe. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 32-33, 1855; 2d ed., pp. 31-
32, 1873.

{N. sp. Catostomus labiatus.]

“Deseription of a new ichthyic type. By Wm. O. Ayres, M.D. March 12,

1855. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 33-35, 1855; 2d ed., pp. 32-34, 1873.
{N. g. and n. sp. Mylopkarodon (n. g ) robustus.]

© Description of a new Trout. By W.P.Gibbons. Murch 19,1855. ~< Proc.

Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 36-37, 1855; 2d ed., pp. 35-36, 1873.
{N. sp. Salme iridea.}

“On specimens of Gasterosteus plebeius, Gir., brought from San José by the
Rev. Mr. Douglas. By Wm. O. Ayres, M.D. April 2, 1855. < Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci., v. 1, p. 40, 1855; 2d ed., p. 39, 1873.

¢ Deseription of a new Platessa, and remarks on the Flatfish of the San Fran-
cisco markets. By Wm. O. Ayres, M. D. April 2, 1855. < Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 39-40, 1855; 2d ed., pp. 39-40, 1873.
{N. sp. Pletessa dilineata.]

¢ Description of a new Salmo and a new Petromyzon. By Wm. O. Ayres.
April 16, 1855. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 43-45, 1855; 2d ed., pp.
42-44, 1873.

{N. sp. Salme rivularis, Petromyzon ciliatus.}

Notice upon the Viviparous Fishes inhabiting the Pacific coast of North Amer-
ica, with an enumeration of the species observed. By Charles Girard.
April 24, 1855. < Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., v. 7, pp. 318-323, 1755.

{N. g. and n. sp. :—3. Bmbéiotoca Webbi (320),5 Embiotoca ornata (321), 6. Embiotaca perspica-
bilig (321), 7. Damalichthys (n. g.) vacca (321), 9. Abeona (un. g.) Trowbridgti (322), 11. Bnnich-
thys (n. g., 322), Ennichthys megalops (323), 12. Ennichthys Heermanni (323).

{Translated into German by Dr. Troschel as follows :—}

Ueber die lebendig gebirenden Fische an der Westkiiste von Nordamerika.
Von Charles Girard. (Proceedings of the Academy of nat. sc. of Phila-
delphia April 1855.) Uebersetzt vom Herausgeber [Prof. Dr. Troschel].
<Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, 21. Jahrg., B. 1, pp. 342-3854 [numb. 344],
1859.

24

£855 —+t Description of a Gasterosteus believed to be new, and on the American spe-

cies of the genus. By Wm. O. Ayres. April 30, 1855. < Proc. Cal. Acad.
Sci., v. 1, pp. 47-48, 1855; 2d ed., pp. 46-47, 1873.

[N. sp. Gasterosteus serratus ; name Gasterosteus dekayi proposed for Gasterosteus biacu-
leatus DeKay.]

+ Description of a new species of Apodichthys. By William O. Ayres, M. D.
May 21, 1855. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 55-56, 1855; 2d ed., pp. 54-
55, 1873.

[N. sp. Apodichthys virescens.)

t Description of a new generic type of Blennoids. By William O. Ayres, M. D
June 4, 1855. < Proce. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 58-59, 1855; 2d ed., pp. 58-59,
1873.

{N. sp. Cebedichthys cristagalli.}

t Description of a new Carangoid fish. By William O. Ayres, M.D. July
2, 1855. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 62-63, 1865; 2d ed., p. 64, 1873.

LN. sp. Caranx symmetricus.)

t Description of a new species of Whiting. By William O. Ayres, M. D.
July 16, 1855. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, p. 64, 1855; 2d ed., pp. 65-66,
18733.

(N. sp. Meriangus produetus.]

* Description of a fish, representing a type entirely new to our waters. By
Wm. O. Ayres, M.D. Aug.6, 1855. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 66-67,
13855; 2d ed., p. 69, 1873.

[N. sp. Saurus lucioceps.]

* Description of a new species of Cramp fish. By William O. Ayres, M. D.
Sept. 10, 1855. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 70-71, 1855; 2d ed., pp. 74-75,
1873.

[N. sp. Torpedo californica.)

tOn a viviparous fish from Japan. By Louis Agassiz. Sept. 11, 1855.
< Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sei., v. 3, p. 204, 1855.

“A Flying Fish, Bxocetus fasciatus Le Sueur, from the Pacific Ocean, lat. 30°
06/ N., long. 113° 02’W. [Gulfof California], preseuted by Dr. Lanszweert.”’
Sept. 24, 1855. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 71-74, 1855.

+ Description of a Shark of new generic type. By Wm. O. Ayres, M. D.
Oct. 3, 1855. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 72-73, 1855; 2d ed., pp.
76-77, 1873.

LN. sp. Notorhynchus maculatus.)

"Remarks concerning a collection of fishes made by Lieut. W. P. Trowbridge
at or near Cape Flattery, W. T. By Wm. O. Ayres, M.D. Oct. 22, 1855.
< Proc, Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, p. 74, 1855; 2d ed., p. 79, 1873.

[10 species enumerated.)

tOn a supposed new genus of Cottoids. By Wm. O. Ayres, M. D. Dee. 24,
1455. < Proe. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 75-77, 1855; 2d ed., pp. 81-82, 1873.
[N. sp. Calycilepidotus spinosus, Scorpenichthys lateralis Grd. Calycilepidotus lateralis.

25

4856 —Contributions to the Ichthyology of the Western Coast of the United States,
from specimens in the Museum of Smithsonian Institution. By Charles
Girard, M.D. June 24, 1856. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., v. 8, pp.
131-137, 1855.

[N. g. and n. sp. Paralabrax (n. g., 131), Homalopomus (n. g.) Trowbridgii (132), Oligo-
cottus (n. g., 132) maculosus (133), Leiocottus (n. g.) hirundo (133), Artedius (a. g., 134), Arte-
dius notospilotus (134), Sebastes melanops (135), Oplopoma (n.g.) pantherina (135), Gaste-
rosteus intermedius (125), Gasterosteus pugettt (135), Gobius Newberryt (136), Lmbioteca argy-
rosoma (136), Coregonus Williamsoni (136), Platichthys umbrosus (136), Plewrcnichthys guttu-
latus (137), Ammodytes personatus (137), Rhinoptera vespertil.o (137).]

Researches upon the Cyprinoids inhabiting the fresh water Vishes of the United
States of America, west of the Mississippi Valley, from specimens in the
Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. By Charles Girard, M.D. Sept.
30, 1856. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., v. 8, pp. 165-213, 1856.

[N. g. and n. sp. Mylocheilus fraterculus (169), Catostomus (Acomus, n. 8. £.) generosus
(174), Catostomus macrocheilus (175), Catostomus bernardini (175), Algansea (n. &.), Algan-
sea bicolor (183), Algansea obesa (183), Algansea formosa (183), Lavinia harengus (1e4),
alrgyreius nubilus (186), Argyreus osculus (186), Argyreus notabilis (186), Agosia (n. g.), Agosia
chrysogaster (187), Agosia metallica (187), Meda (n. g.) fulyida (192), Ieichardsonius (n. g.)
lateralis (202), Tiaroga (n. g.) cobitis (204), Tigoma (a. g.), Tigoma bicolor (206), Tigoma pur-
purea (206), Tigoma intermedia (206), Tigoma obesa (206), Tigoma Humbolati (206), Tigoma
lineata (206), Tigoma gracitis (206), Tigoma nigrescens (207), Tigomma crassa (207), Cheonda
(n. g.), Oheonda Oooperi (207), Cheonda cerulea (207), Siboma (n. g.) atraria (208), Ptychochei-
lus rapax (209), Ptychocheilus lucius (209), Ptychocheilus vorax (209).]

Notice upon the Species of the Genus Salmo of authors, observed chiefly in
Oregon and California. By Charles Girard, M.D. Oct. 28, 1856. < Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., v. 8, pp. 217-220, 1856.

[N. sp. Salmo spectabilis (212), Fario aurora (218), Fario argyreus (218), Fario stellatus
(219), Salar Lewisi (219), Salar vi. ginavis (220).] ’

33d Congress, | 2d Session. } House of Representatives. } Ex. Doe: || No.97. | = |
Narrative | of | the Expedition of an American Squadron | to | the China
Seas and Japan, | performed in the years 1852, 1853 and 1854, | under the
command of | Commodore M.C. Perry, United States Navy, | by | erderofths
Governmentof the United States. |— | Volume II. With illustrations. | —
| Washington: | A. O. P. Nicholson, printer. | 1856. [4°, 4p. 1., 414 pp.;
[Treaty,] 2p. 1.; 14 pp.; [Index,] iii-xi pp., 1 1.]

Notes on some figures of Japanese Fish, taken from recent specimens by
the artists of the U. 8S. Japan Expedition. By James Carson Bre-
voort. (pp. 253-256, pl. ili-xii.)

{Cohtains notice of Ditrema and first notice of the recognition of the aflinity between

the Embiotocoids of*California and the Japanese genus. ]

33d Congress, 2d Session. Senate. § Tix. Doc. No. 78. | = | Reports | of | Explo-
rations and Surveys, | to | ascertain the most practicable and economical route
for arailroad | from the | Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean | made under
the direction of the Secretary of War, | in 1853-4, | according to acts of Con-
gress of March 3, 1853, May 31, 1854, and August 5, 1854. | — | Volume V. | — |
Washington: | Beverley Tucker, Printer. | 1855.

Explorations and Surveys for a railroad route from the Mississippi River
to the Pacific Ocean. | War Department. | = | Routesin California, tocon-
nect with the routes near the thirty-fifth and thirty-second | parallels,
explored by Lieut. R. S. Williamson, Corps Topographical Engineers, in
1853. | — | Geological report, | by | William P. Blake, | Geologist and
Mineralogist of the Expedition. | [With appendix.] | — | Washington,
DCS Meat

Appendix.—Article I. Notice of the fossil fishes.—By Professor Louis
Agassiz.—(pp. 313-316, and 1 plate (‘ Fossils plate V’) )

26

1856—330 Congress, | 2d Session. } Senate. { Ex. Doe. | No. 78. Reports | of | Explo-
rationsand Surveys, | to | ascertain the most practicable and economical route
fora railroad | from the | Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean | made under
the direction of the Secretary of War, in | 1853-4, | according to acts of Con-
gress of March 3, 1853, May 31, 1854, and August 5, 1854. | -— | Volume
1V. | — | Washington: | Beverley Tucker, Printer. | 1856.

Explorations and surveys for a railroad route from the Mississippi River
to the Pacific Ocean. | War Department. | = | Route near the thirty-fifth
parallel, explored by Lieut. A. W. Whipple, Topographical | Engineers,
in 1853 and 1854. | — | Report on the zoology of the expedition. | — |
Washington, D. C. | 1856. =[17 pp., 11.)

No. 1,.—Field notes and explanations.—By C. B. R. Kennerly, M. D.,
Physician and Naturalist to the Expedition.—pp. 5-17.

1857—The Northwest Coast; or, Three Years’ Residence in Washington Territory.
By James G. Swan. [Fl igure of terr. seal.] With numerous illustrations.
New York: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, Franklin Square. 1857. [12°,

435 pp. (incl. 26 figs. and pl.), frontispiece, 1 map. ]
{Popular notices of fishes—especially salmon and fishing for salmon—are given in chap-

ters 3, 7,9, and 14.]

* Account of some observations on the development of Anableps Gronovii, as
compared with that of the Embiotocas of California. By Jeffries Wyman.
Nov. 18, 1857. < Proc. Boston S.c. Nat. Hist., v. 6, p. 294, Jan. 1858.

Notice upon new Genera and new Species of Marine and Fresh-water Fishes
from Western North America. By Charles Girard, M. D. Nov. 24, 1857.
< Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., v. 9, pp. 200-202, Nov. 1857.

[N. g. and n. sp. Chiropsis (n. g., 201), Oligocottus analis (201), Oligocottus globiceps (201),

Zaniolepis (v. g.) latipinnis (202), Blepsias oculofasciatus (202).]

33d Congress, | 2d Session, ‘Senate. { Ex. Doc. | No. 738. | = | Reports | of | Ex-
plorations and Surveys, | to | ascertain the most practicable and economical
route for a railroad | from the | Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. |
Made under the direction of the Secretary of War, in | 1854-5, | according to
Acts of Congress of March 3, 1853, May 31, 1854, and August 5, 1854. | — |
Volume VI. | — | Washington: | Beverley Tucker, Printer. | 1857.
Explorations and Surveys for a Railroad Route from the Mississippi River
to the Pacific Ocean. | War Department. | = | Routes in California and
Oregon explored by Lieut. R. 8. Williamson, Corps of Topographical |
Eogineers, and Lieut. Henry L. Abbot, Corps of Topographical Engin-
eers, in 1855. | — | Zovlogical Report.— | Washington, D. C. | 1857. | =
No.1. Report apon Fishes collected on the Survey.—By Qharles
Girard, M. D.—pp. 9-34, with plates xxii a, xxii b, xxv a, xxv b, xl
a, xlvi, lxii, Ixvi) lxviti, xx, lxxiv.
Report on the fauna and medical topography of Washington Territory. By
Geo. Suckley, M.D. May, 1857. < Trans. Am. Med. Assoc., y. 10, pp. 181-
217, 1857.

[Fishes noticed at pp. 202-203. ]

1858—Description of several new species of Salmonidw from the north-west coast
of America. By George Suckley, M.D. Read December 6, 1858. < Ann.
Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, v. 7, pp. 1-10, 1862.
[N. sp. Salmo Gibbsii (1), Salmo truncatus (3), Salmo gibber (6), Salmo conjluentus (8),
Salmo canis (9).)
Ichthyological Notices, by Chas. Girard, M.D. Dee. 28,1858. < Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 10, pp. 223-225, Dec. 1858.
[§ 1-4, n. sp. * Faria Newberrii, or else Salmo Newberrii" (225).)

a}

£858—Denkwiirdigkeiten einer Reise nach dem russischen Amerika, nach Mikro-

nesien and durch Kamtschatka. Von F. H. v. Kittlitz.—Erster Band
{—Zweiter Band].—Gotha. Verlag von Justus Perthes. 1858. [°, vol.i,
Xvi, 383 pp., 2 pl.; vol. ii, 2 p. 1., 463 pp., 2 pl.]

£859—3d Congress, | 2d Session. i Senate. § Ex. Doc. | No. 78. | = | Reports | of | Ex-

* General Report upon the Zoology of the several Pacific Railroad Routes.

plorations and Surveys, | to | ascertain the most practicable and economical
route for a railroad | from the | Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. |
Made under the direction of the Secretary of War, in | 1853-6, | according to
Acts of Congress of March 3, 1853, May 3i, 1854, and August 5, 1854. | — |
Volume X. | — | Washington: | Beverley Tucker, Printer. | 1859.
Explorations and Surveys for a railroad route from the Mississippi River
to the Pacific Ocean. | War Department. | =| Fishes: by Charles Gi-
rard, M. D. | — | Washington, D.C. | 1858.* =[xiv, 400 pp., with plates
Vii—vili, Xiii-Xiv, xvil, Xvili, xxii ¢, XXVjJ, XXixX, XXX, xXxxiv, Xxxvii,
SVT iti li. te Ixiiv, Ive Tscxt]

[N. g. and n. sp. Oligocottus globiceps (58), Nautichthys (n. g., 74), Amblodon saturnus (98),
Pelamys lineolata (106), Trachwrus boops (108), Ephippus zonatus (110), Neoclinws (n. ¢., 114),
Neoclinus Blanchardi (114), Xiphidion (n. g., 119), Xiphidion mucosum (119), Ophidion Tay-
lori (138), Paralichthys (n. g., 146), Tigoma egreyia (291), Thaleichthys (n. g., 325), Thaleichthys
Stevensti (325), BE: graulis naxus (335), Engraulis com pressus (336), Tetraodon politus (340),
Hippocampus ingens (342), Syngnathus Abboti (346), Syngnathus arundinaceus (346), Raja
Coopert (372), Petromyzon lividus (379), Petromyzon astori (380), Ammoceetes cibarius (383).t

As this report brings up our knowledge of the fish fauna of the Pacific coast slope of
the United States to the time of its publication, and ma ks a1 epoch in the ichthyography
of the region in question, the species described are hereinbelow enumerated. Of the
several columns, (1) the first contains the family name, (2) the second the generic, (3) the
third the specific, and (4) the right hand one, the page where the species are described :—

Order I.—ACANTHOPTERI.

Percidse Ambloplites interruptus 10
Paralabrax nebulifer 33 '

clathratus 34

Trachinidz Heterostichus rostratus 36

Sphyrenide Sphyrena argentea 39

Heterolepididse Chiropsis constellatus 42

pictus 43

guttatus 44

nebulosus 45

Oplopoma pantherins 46

Ophiodon elongatus 48

Cottidss Cottopsis asper 51

gulosus 53

parvus “4

Oligocottus macnlosus 56

analis 57

globiceps 58

Leptocottus armatus 60

Leiocottus hirundo 62

Scorpxnichthys marmoratus 64

Aspicottus bison 66

Hemilepidotus spinosus 68

Artedius laterals 70

Part IV.

+ Dionda grisea (230), ‘from twenty miles west of Chectaw agency”’, is the only other new vpecies

described.

28

Order I.—ACAN THOPTERI—Continued.

Cottide

Scorpenida

Gasterosteidx

Sciwnida

Atherinids
Scombridz

Squamipennes
Blennidee

Gobides
Cyclopteridxe

Batrachide

Ophidide

Gadide

Pleuronectide

Artedius
Zaniolepis
Nanutichthys
Scorpena
Sebastes

Gasterosteus

Amblodon
Leiostomus
Umbrina
Atherinopsis
Scomber
Pelamys
Tracburus

Epbippus
Blennius
Neoclinus
Guunellus
Apodichthys

Xiphidion
Cebidichthys
Lumpenus
Anarrhichthys
Gobius

Lepadogaster
Cyclogaster
Porichthys

notospilotus
latipinnis
oculo-fasciatus
guttata
rosaceus
fasciatus
auriculatus
melanops
paucispinis
plebeius
serratus
intermedius
inopinatus
microcephalus
pugetti
Williamsonii
saturnus
lineatus
undulata
californiensis
diego
lineolata
symmetricus
boops
zonatus
gentilis
Blanchardi
ornatus
flavidus
virescens
mucosus
violaceus
anguillaris
felis

lepidus
Newberri
meandricus
pulchellus
notatus

Order Il.—ANACANTHINI.

Suborder L—APoveEs.

Ophidion
Ammodytes

Brosmius
Merlangus
Morrhua
Homalopomus
Platessa
Paralichthys
Platichthys

Pleuronichthys

Pacophrys
Psettichthys

~ Taylori

personatus

Suborder I1.—THoracict

marginatus
productus
proxima
Trowbridgii
bilineata
maculosus
rugosus
umbrosus
copnosus
guttulatus
vetulus
melanostictus

- sordidas

90

9L

92

93

98

99
101
103
105
106
107
108
110
113
1l4
116
117
118
119
121
123
125
127
128
130
132
14

(38
139

141
141
142
144
146
147
148
149
151
152
153
154

29

Order ITI.—PHARYNGOGNATHI.

Scomberesocida

Belone

Suborder I.—MALACOPTERYGH.

exilis

Suborder Il.—ACANTHOPTERYGII.

Pomacentride
Lab ids

Embiotocoide

Glyphisodon
Labrus
Julis
Embiotoca

Damalichthys
Phanerodon
Abeona
Rhacochilus
Hysterocarpus
Holconotus
Ennicthys

Amphistichus

rubicundus
pulcher
modestus
Jacksoni
Cassidii
Webbi
lineata
ornata
perspicabilis
argyrosoma
vacea
fureatus
Trowbridgii
toxotes
Traskii
rhodoterus
megalops
Heermanni
argenteus
similis

Order IV.—PHYSOSTOMI or MALACOPTERi.

Uyprinide

Tribe of Cyprini.

Mylocheilus

Mylopharodon

Suborder II.—ABDOMINALEs,

caurinus
lateralis
fraterculus
conocephalus
robustus

Tribe of Catostomi.

Acomus
Catostomus

generosus
occidentalis
labiatus
macrocheilus

Tribe of Ohondrostomi.

Orthodon microlepidotus

Algansea bicolor
obesa
formosa

Lavinia exilicauda
harengus

Tribe of Pogonichthi.

Argyreus dulcis
nubilus

Pogonichthys inzequilobus
symmetricus
argyreiosus

communis

161

162
16°
169

171

173
174
176
178
120
182
184
186
188
190
193
197
199
201
203

2% 2 2%
D> wo
=

M2
a
on

237
238
239
239
241

242

30

Order 1V.—PH YSOSTOMI or MALACOPTERI—Continued.

Cyprinids

Cyprinodontide
Salmonida

Scopelida
Clupeida

Tribe of Alburni.

Cyprinella

Richardsonius
Luxilus

Gila

Tigoma

Chionda
Siboma

Ptychocbeilus

Fundulus
Salmo

Fario

Salar

Osmerus
Thaleichthys
Coregonus

Laurus (Laurida)

Clapea
Meletta
Engraulis

Gunnisoni
lugubris
ludibunda
balteatus
lateralis
occidentalis
robusta
elegans
gracilis
contormis
bicolor
obesa
humboldti
egregia
lineata
gracilis
crassa
Cooperi
cerulea
crassicauda
atraria
oregonensis
grandis
rapax
vorax
parvipinnis
Scouleri
quinnat
apectabilis
aurora
tsuppitch
argyreus
Gairdneri
Clarkii
stellatus
virginalis
iridea
pretiosus
Stevensi
Williamsoni
lucioceps
mirabilis
cerulea
mordax
nanus
delicatissimus
compressus

Order V.—PLECTOGNATHI.

Balistidse
Gymnodontide

Hippocampida
Syngnathid»

Balistes a
Tetraodon politus
Order VI.—LOPHOBRANCHII.

Hippocampus ingens

Syngnathus californiensis
brevirostris
leptorhynchus
Abboti
araundinaceus

267
271
271
278
279
280
285
286
287
289
289
290
291
291
292
293
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
303
305
306
307
308
310
312
313
314
316

321
S24
325
326
328
329
330

335
335
335

338
340

342
344
345
345
346
346

dl

Order VII.—GANOIDEI.

Sturionids Acipenser brachyrhynchus 355
transmontanus 355
acutirostris 355
medirostris 356
Order VIIT.—HOLOCEPHALIT.
Chimeridze Chimera Jolliei 360

Order IX.—PLAGIOSTOMI.
®
Suborder I.—SQUALI.

Scylliodontidx Triakis semifasciatus 362
Mustelida Mustelus felis 364
Cestraciontidx Cestracion francisci 365
Notidanidz Heptanchus maculatus 367
Spinacide Acanthias Sucklii 368
Suborder IT.—RaJz.
Rhinobatidz Rhinobatius productus 370
Turpedinidx Narcine californica 371
Raiidxw Raja ; cooperi 372
Uraptera binoculata 373 ;
Myliobatids Rhinoptera vespertilio 375

Order X.—DERMOPTERI.
Suborder MARSIPOBRANCHII s. CYCLOSTOMI.

Petromyzontida Petromyzon tridentatus 377
ciliatus 378

lividus 379

plumbeus 380

astori 380

Ammocetes cibarius 383

Explorations and Surveys for a Railroad route from the Mississippi River
to the Pacific Ocean. | War Department. | == | Route near the 8ch and
39th parallels, explored by Captain J. W. Gunnison, and near the 41st |
parallel, explored by Lieutenant E. G. B-ckwith. | — | Zoological Re-
port.! | — | Washington, D.C. | 1857. | = | ! The report to which the pres-
ent article belongs will be found in Vol. II of the series.

No. 4. Report on Fishes collected on the Survey.—By Charles
Girard, M. D.—(pp. 21-27, with pl. xxiii, xlix, liv, lvi, Ixxiii, xxv.)

Explorations and surveys for a railroad route from the Mississippi River
to the Pacific Ocean. | War Department. | = | Route near the thirty-
filth parallel, explored by Lieutenant A. W. Whipple, Topographical |
Engineers, in 1853 and 1854. | — | Zoological Report. | — | Washington,
D. C. | 1859. | =

No. 5. Report upon Fishes collected on the Survey.—By C. Girard,
M. D.—pp. (47-59, with pl. iii-vi, ix, x, XxXi, XXIV, XXV, XXXy,
x1 b, lii, lvii, lviii.)

Explorations and Surveys for a Railroad Route from the Mississippi River
to the Pacific Ocean. | War Department. | =| Routes in California, to
connect with the routes near the thirty-fifth and thirty-secend | parallels,
explored by Lient. R. S. Williamson, Corps of Top. Eng., in 1853. | — |
Zoological Report. | — | Washington, D.C. | 1359. =

No. 4. Report on Fishes collected on the Survey.—By Charles Girard,
M. D.—(pp. 83-91, with pl. ii, xii, xxii, xxvii, xxviii, xxxi, xxxvi,
XXXVili, xxxix, xlvii.)

32

1859—On some unusual modes of gestation in Batrachians and Fishes. By Jeffries
Wyman. < Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, (2), v. 27, pp. 5-18, Jan., 1859; re-
printed < Can. Nat., v. 5, pp. 42-49, 1860; Zoologist, v. 15, pp. 7173-7179,
1860.

Ichthyological Notices. By Charles Girard, M.D. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1859.
§ 5-27, Feb. 22, 1859, v. 10; pp. 56-58, 1859.
§ 28-40, March 29, 1859, v. 10, pp. 100-104, 1859.
§ 41-59, April 26, 1459, v. 10, pp. 113-122, 1859. sg
§ 60-77, May 31, 1859, v. 10, pp. 157-161, 1859.
[N. sp. Neoclinus satiricus (§ 5, p. 56), Myrichthys tigrinus (§ 6, p. 58).)

tOn new tishes of the Californian coast. By Wm O. Ayres, M. D. Oct.
17, 1859. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 2, pp. 25-32, 13859.
[N. sp. Sebastes nigrocinetus, Sebastes heluvomaculatus, Sebastes elongatus, Anoplcpoma (n.g.)

merlangus, Stereolepis (n. g ) gigas, Squatina californica, Hippoglossus californicus, Murena
mordaz, Orthagoriscus analis, Julis semicinctus.]

Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. By Albert Giinther,....
Volume first. London: printed by order of the trustees, 1859. [August. ]

At first only entitled:—Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fishes in the
collection of the British Museum. By Dr. Albert Giinther. Volume first.
Gasterosteidx, Berycide, Percida, Aphredoderidie, Pristipomatida, Mullide,
Sparidw. London: printed by order of the Trustees. 1859. [Genera] title
+ xxxix, 524 pp.—10s.]

£860—Salmon Fishery on the Sacramento River. By C. A. Kirkpatrick. < Hutch-
ings’s California Magazine, v. 4, pp. 529-534, June, 1860.

t Notes on Fishes previously described in the Proceedings, with figures of seven.
By Wm. O. Ayres, M.D. July 2, 1860. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 2, pp.
52-59, 1860.

{N. g. Halias for Brosmius marginatus. ]

Beitriige zar Kenntniss der Gobioiden. Von Franz Steindachner. (Mit 1
Tafel.) <Sitzungsb. mathem.-naturw. Classe [K. Akad. Wisseuseh.] vom
12. Juli 1860, xlii. Band, No. 23, Sitzung vom 18. October 1860, pp. 283-292.

* Description of new fishes. By Wm. 0. Ayres, M.D. Aug. 6, 1860. <Proe.
Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 2, pp. 60-64, 1860.
(N. sp. Trichodon lineatus, Osmerus thaleichthys, with figures. }

Catalogue of tbe Fishes in the British Museum. By Albert Gunther, . .

Volume second. London: printed by order of the trustees. 1860. [Sept.]

At first only entitled :—Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fishes in the
collection of the British Museum. By Dr. Albert Giinther,.... Volume
second, Squamipinnes, Cirrbitide, Triglidw, Trachinida, Scizenidw, Polyne-
mide, Sphyriwnide, Trichiurida, Scombridw, Carangidw, Xiphiidw. Lon-
don: printed by order of the Trustees. 1860, [General title + xxi, 548 pp.
—8x. 6d. ]

(Nov. loc. Naucrates ductor (374), Echeneis remosa (378), Echeneis naucrates (384). N. sp.
Cottus criniger (522), Aspidophoroides inermis (524).]

Reports of Explorations and Surveys to ascertain the most practicable and
economical route for a Railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific
Ocean, made under the direction of the Secretary of War, in 1553-6, &e.
Vol. X. Washington, 1859. Fishes; by Charles Girard, M.D. Washing-
ton, D.C., 1858. [Review, by Theodore Gill.] < Am. Journ. Sci. and
Arts, 2d series, vol. 30, pp. 277-281, Sept. 1860.

33

B860-—36th Congress, 1s‘ Session. } Senate. f Ex. Dac. | = | Reports | of | Explorations

and Surveys | to | ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a
railroad | from | the | Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Made under
the direction of the Secretary of War, in 1853-5, according to act of Congress
of March 3, 1853, May 31, 1854, and August 5, 1854. | —Volume XII. | Book
II. | Washington: | Thomas H. Ford, Printer. 1860.

Explorations and Surveys for a Railroad route from the Mississippi River
to the Pacific Ocean. | War Department. | = | Route near the forty-
seventh and forty-n nth parallels, explored by I. I. Stevens, | Governor
of Washington Territory, in 1853-55. [pp. 9-353, 70 pl.] Zoological
report.—Washington, D. C., 1850. [viii, (1), 399 pp., 47 pl.]

No. 5.—Report upon the fishes collected on the survey.—By Dr. G.
Suckley, U.S.A. (pp. 307-368, with pl. i, Xi, XV, Xvi, Xix, XX, XXxit,
XXXili, xlil, xliii, xliv, 1, li, lv, Ix, ]xiii, xvii, Ixix, Ixxii, lxxv, viz:

Chapter I. Report upon the Salmonide. pp. 307-349.)
Chapter II. Report upon the Fishes exclusive of tho Salmonide.
pp. 350-368.
UN. sp. Salmo Masoni (345).]

(This volume alsg appeared wi h tho following title-page and modifications :—]

The Natural History of Washington Territory, with much relating to Minne-
sota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oregon and California, between the thirty-sixth and
forty-ninth parallels of Latitude, being those parts of the final Reports on
the Survey of the Northern Pacific Railroad Route, containing the Climate
and Physical Geography, with full Catalogues and Descriptions of the Plants
and Animals collected from 1353 to 1857. By J. G. Cooper, M. D., and Ds.
G. Suckley, U.S. A., Naturalists to the Expedition. This edition contains a
new preface, giving a sketch of the explorations, a classified table of con-
tents, and the Jatest additions by the authors. With fifty-five new plates
of scenery, botany, and zoology, and an isothermal chart of the route—New
York: Bailli¢re Brothers, 440 Broadway. [etc.] 1859. [4°. xvii, 26-+--72+
viii, 399 pp. ( +1-4 pp. betw. 363 and 369), 61 pl., 1 map. ]

t Descriptions of the Califortiian Atherinidz, with figures of the species. By
Wm. O. Ayres, M.D. Oct.1, 1860. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 2, pp. 73-
77, 1860.

{N. sp. Atherinopsis afinis, Atherinopsis tenuis, with figures. ]

t Descriptions of two new Scinoids, with figures. By Wm. O. Ayres, M. BD.
Nov. 5, 1860. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 2, pp. 77-81, 1860.
(N. g. and sp. Johnius nobilis, Seriphus (n. g.) politus.]
t Description of new Californian fishes, with figures. By “Wm. 0. Ayres, M.
D. Dec. 3, 1860. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v.2, pp. 82-86, April, 1862.

{N. g. and sp. Camarina (n. g.) nigricans, Poronotus simillimus.]

1868—Observations on the genus Cottus, and description of two new species
(abridged from the forthcoming report of Capt. J. H. Simpson), by Theo-
dore Gill. March 20,1861. < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., v. 8, pp. 40-42.
ApriJ, 1861.
[N. g. 00d n. sp. Potamocottus (n. g. 40), Potamoc: ttus punctulatus.]

Description of a new species of the genus Tigoma of Girard (abridged from
the forthcoming report of Capt. J. H. Simpson), by Theodore Gill. March
20,1851. < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., v. 8, p. 42, April, 1861.

[N. sp. Tigoma squamuta. ]

Bull. N. M. No. 11 3

34

ESGL—Notes on the described species of Holconoti, found on the western coast of
North America. By Alexander Agassiz. March 20, 1861. < Proc. Bos-
ton Soc. Nat. Hist., v. 8, pp. 122-134, 1861.
(The number of species is reduced to 15, which are grouped under 9 genera. N.g.
Teniotoca > Embiotoca lateralis ; n. sp. Hyperprosopon analis,—neither described.)

+ Communication on several new generic types of fishes, i. e., Podothecus,
Hoplopagrus, and Stephanolepis. By Theodore Gill. April 16, 1861.
< Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 13], pp. 77-78, 1861.

(N. g. and sp. Podothecus (n. g.).]

Revision of the genera of North American Sciw#nina. By Theodore Gill.
April 30,1861. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 13], pp. 79-89, 1861.

LN. g. Rhinoscion (85) for Amblodon saturnus Gra., Genyonemus (87) for Leiostomus line-
atus Ayres. ]

On the Liostominz. By Theodore Gill. April 30, 1861. < Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., [v. 13], pp. 89-93, 1861.

(Remarks on Leiostomus lineatus (92).]

Salmonidxw of Frazer River, British Columbia. By C. Brew. < Edinburgh
New Philos. Journ., v. 13, p. 164, 1861.

On the Haploidonotinw. By Theodore Gill. May 28,1861. < Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., [v. 13], pp. 100-105, 1861.

(Remarks on Amblodon saturnus (105).)

Notices of Certain New Species of North American Salmonide, chiefly in tho
Collection of the N. W. Boundary Commission, in charge of Archibald
Campbell, Esq., Commissioner of the United States, by Dr. C. B. R. Kennerly,
Naturalist to the Commission. By George Suckley, M. D., late Assistant
Sargeon, U.S.Army. Read beforethe New York Lyceum of Natural History,
June, 1861. < Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, v. 7, pp. 306-313, 1862.

[N. g. and sp. Salmo Kennerlyi (307), Salmo brevicauda (308), Salmo Warreni (308), Salmo
Bairdii (309), Salmo Parkei (309), Oncorhynchus (n. g., 312), Salmo Campbelli (313).]

Notes on some genera of fishes of the western coast of North America. By
Theodore Gill. July 30,1861. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 13], pp.
164-168, 1861.

(N. g. Atractoperca (164), Archoplites (165), Parephippus (165), Hypsypops (165), Sebastodes
(165), Acantholebius (166), Pleurogrammus (166), Grammatopleurus (166), Megalocottus (166).

Olinocottus (166), Blennicottus (166), Anoplagonus (167), Brosmophycis (168), Hypsagonus.
(167), * Paragonus (167).)

On new types of Aulostomatoids, found in Washington Territory. By Theo-
dore Gill. July 30,1861. < Proce Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 13], pp. 168-170,
1861.

[N. g. and sp. Aulorhynchus (n. g., 169) flavidus (169).|

On the genus Podothecus. By Theodore Gill. Sept. 24, 1861. < Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 13], pp. 258-261, Sept. 1861.

Description of a new generic type of Blennoids. By Theodore Gill. Sept.
24,1861. < Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 13], pp, 261-263, Sept. 1861.

(N. g.andsp. Anoplarchus (n. g., 261) purpurescens (262).)

35

L$6i—Catalogue of the Tishes in the British Museum. By Albert Gunthe1
Volume third. London: printed by order of the trustees. 1861. [Oct. ]

At first only entitled:—Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fishes in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. Albert Giinther. Volume
third. Gobiidaw, Discoboli, Oxudercide, Batrachide, Pediculati, Blennidee,
Acanthoclinidwe, Comephoridx, Trachypterida, Lophotida, Teuthidide, Acro-
nuridx, Hoplognathidw, Malacanthidw, Nandidw, Polycentride, Labyrin-
thici, Luciocephalida, Atherinide, Mugilide, Ophiocepbalidx, Trichonotide,
Cepolidw, Gobiesocidz, Psychrolutide, Centriscidie, Fistulariid#, Masta-
cembelidxw, Notacanthi. London: printed by order of the Trustees. 1861.
[Published in Oct. 8°. General title + xxv, 586 + x* pp.—10s. 6d.]

[N. g. and n. sp. Cyclopterus orbis (158), Liparis cyclopus (163), Centronotus crista-galli
(289) = Anoplarchus crista-galli (564), Psychrolutes (n. g.) paradoxus (516).]

* Description of a new ichthyic form from the coast of Lower California. By
Wm. O. Ayres, M. D. Dec. 1, 1861. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, pp.
156-158, 1862.

[N. sp. Cynoscion parvipinnis.]

Analytical synopsis of the order Squali and revision of the nomenclature of
the genera. By Theodore Gill. Dec. 16,1861. < Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist.,
N. Y., v. 7, pp. 368*-370*-+ 371-408, 1862.

Squaloruni generum novorum descriptiones diagnostice. Theodore Gill, auc-
tore. Dec. 16, 1861. < Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., v. 8, pp. 409-413, 1862.

1862—Description of a new species of Hemilepidotus, and remarks on the group
(Temnistia#) of which it is a member. By Theodore Gill. Jan. 28, 1862.
<Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 14], pp. 13-14, 1862.
[N. sp. Hemilepidotus Gibbsii (13).]

On the subfamily of Argentinine. By Theodore Gill. Jan. 28, 1862.
< Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 14], pp. 14-15, 1862.

LN. g. Mesopus (14) or Hypomesus (15).]

Note on the Sciwnoids of California. By Theodore Gill. Jan. 28, 1862.
< Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 14], pp. 16-18, 1862.

[5 species enumerated.)

t Notice of fresh water Fishes taken in the Bay of San Francisco. By Wm.
O. Ayres, M. D. Feb. 3, 1862. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 163,
Sept. 1862.

[8 sp. specified. ]

On the limits and arrangement of the family of Scombroids. By Theodore
Gill. March 25, 1862. <Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 14], pp. 124-127,
1862.

Description of new species of Alepidosauroidze. By Theodore Gill. March
25, 1862. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 14], pp. 127-132, 1862.

[N. sp. Alepidosaurus (Caulopus) borealis (128), Alepidosaurus (Caulopus) serra (129).]

Catalogue of the fishes of Lower California in the Smithsonian Institution,
collected by Mr. J. Xantus. By Theodore Gill. Part I. March 25, 1862.
< Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 14], pp. 140-151, 1862.

On a new genus of fishes allied to Aulorhynchus, and on the affinities of the
family Aulorhynchoide to which it belongs. By Theodore Gill. April 29,
1862. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 14], pp. 233-261, 1862.

36

1862—Catalogue of the Fishes of Lower California, in the Smithsonian Institution,
collected by Mr. J. Xantus. By Theodore Gill. Part II. April 29, 1862.
< Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 14], pp. 242-246, 1862.

Catalogue of the Fishes of Lower California, in the Smithsonian Institution,
collected by Mr. J. Xantus. By Theodore Gill. Part III. May 27, 1862.
< Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 14], pp. 249-262, 1862.

Notice of a collection of the Fishes of California presented to the Smithsonian
Institution by Mr. Samuel Hubbard. By Theodore Gill. June 24, 1862.
< Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 14], pp. 274-282, 1862.

(N. g. and sp. Hypocritichthys (n. g., 275) analis (275), *Brachyistius (n. g., 275) frenatus (275),
Hyperprosopon Agassizii (276), Oxylebius (n. g., 277) pictus (278), Apodichthus sangwineus (279),
*Apodichthys inornatus (279), Parophrys Hubbardii (231), Alausa californica (281), Isoplag-
todon sp. (282).]

Synopsis of the species of Lophobranchiate Fishes of Western North America.
By Theodore Gill. June 24, 1862. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 14],
pp. 282-284, 1862.

(N. g. and sp. Dermatostethus (n. g., 283) punctipinnis (283), Syngnathus dimidiatus (283
284).]

Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museam. By Albert Ginther, ....
Volume fourth. London: printed by order of the trustees. 1862.

Also entitled:—Catalogue of the Acanthopterygii pbaryngognathi and
Anacanthini in the collection of the British Museum. .. . London: printed
by order of the Trustees. 1862. [8°. General title + xxi, 534 pp.—&s. 6d.]

[N. sp. Ditrema brevipinne (248), Plewronectes Franklinii (442), Pleuronectes digrammus
(445), Parophrys Ayresit (456).] ¢

Notes on the family of Scombroids. By Theodore Gill. July 29,1862. < Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 14], pp. 328-329, 1862.

Note on some genera of Fishes of Western North America. By Theodore Gill.
July 29, 1862. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 14], pp. 329-332, 1862.

[N. g. and sp. Ducyclogobius (n. g., 330), Caularchus (n. g., 330), Lumicrotremus (n. g , 330)
Hypsifario (v. g., 330), Lepidopsetta (n. g., 330), Hypsopsetta (n. g., 330), Orthopsetta (n. g.,
330), Uropsetta (n. g., 330), Hydrolagus (n. g., 331), Gyropleurodus (n. g., 331), Holorhinus
(n. g., 331), Entosphenus (n. g., 331). 42 genera are stated to have been added to the Cali-
fornian fauna, either as entirely new or in substitution for others erroneously identified,
since the publication of Girard’s work. ]}

On the classification of the families and genera of the Squali of California.
By Theodore Gill. Oct. 28, 1862. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 14],
pp. 483-501, 1862.

[N. g. and sp. Rhinotriacis (n. g., 486) Henlei (486).]

{Statement in regard to Sebastes rosaceus and S. ruber. By Wm. O. Ayres,
M.D. Nov.3,1862. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 2, p. 207, January, 1863.

* Description of Fishes believed to be new. By Wm. O. Ayres. M. D.
Nov. 3, L862. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 2, pp. 209-211, January, 1863.
(N. ap. Sebastodes Jlavidus, Sebastodes ovalis.]
* Remarks in relation to the fishes of California which are included in Cuvier’s

genus Sebastes. By Wm. O. Ayres, M. D. Nov. 3, 1862. < Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci., v. 2,.pp. 211-218, January, 1863.

9
oa

1862 —Notices of certain new species of North American Salmonide, chiefly in the
- collection of the N. W. Boundary Commission. By George Suckley, M.D.
See 1861, June.

1863—The Resources of California, comprising Agriculture, Mining, Geography, Cli-
mate, Commerce, etc., ete. and the past and future development of the State.
By John’S. Hittel.—San Francisco: A. Roman & Company. New York:
W. J. Middleton. 1663. [129, xvi, 464 pp.]
(Zoology, chap. vi (pp. 140-146); fishing (pp. 313-317).]}

List of the Fishes sent by the Mnseum [of Comparative Zoology ]} to different
Institutions, in exchange for other specimens, with Annotations. By FP. W.
Putnam. < Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. 1, = v. I, pp. 2-16, March 1, 1863.

®
* Remarks in relation to the genus Notorhynchus. By Wm. O. Ayres, M. D.
March 2, 1863. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 3, p. 15, April, 1863.

Catalogue of the Fishes of Lower California, in the Smithsonian Institution,
collected by Mr. J. Xantus. By Theodore Gill. Part 1V. March 31, 1263.
< Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 15], pp. 80-88, 1863.

Descriptions of some new species of Pediculati, and on the classification of
the group. By Theodore Gill. March 31, 1863. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., [v. 15], pp. 88-92, 1863.

On an unnamed generic type allied to Sebastes [Sebastoplus, Gill]. By
Theodore Gill. August 25, 1863. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 15],
pp. 207-209, 1863.

(Contains reference to Ayres’s views on the Californian Sebastoids.]

*Remarks on ichthyic types new to the California Coast. By Wm. O. Ayres,
M.D. Sept. 7, 1863. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 3, p. 66, Nov. 1363.

(N. sp. ( undescribed) Scomberesox n. sp., Alopias n. sp.)

Synopsis of the Pomacentroids of the Western Coast of North and Central
America. By Theodore Gill. Sept. 29, 1863. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., [v. 15], pp. 213-221, 1863.

Notes on the Labroids of the Western Coast cf North America. By Theodore
Gill. Sept. 29, 1863. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 15], pp. 221-224.
1863.

Synopsis of the North American Gadoid Fishes. By Theodore Gill. Sept. 29,
1863. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 15], pp. 229-242, 1863.

Descriptious of the genera of Gadoid and Brotuloid Fishes of Western North
America. By Theodore Gill. Sept. 29, 1863. < Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.
[v.15], pp. 242-254, 1863.

Synopsis of the family of the Lycodoide. By Theodore Gill. Sept. 29, 1863,
< Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 15], pp. 254-262, 1863.

Descriptio ns of the Gobioid genera of the Western Coast of Temperate North
America. By Theodore Gill. Sept. 29, 1863. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., [v.15], pp. 262-267, 1863.

[N. g. and sp. Coryphopterus (n. g., 262) glaucofrenwm (263).]

On New Genera and Species of California Fishes.—No. I. By J. G. Cooper,
M. D. Nov. 3, 1863. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., v. 3, pp. 70-77, Nov. 1863.

[N. g. and n. sp. Dekaya (n. g.) anomala, Ayresia (n. g.) punctipinnis, Orcynus pacificus. |

38

1863—Notes on the Sebastoid Fishes occurring in the Coast of California. By Wim.
O. Ayres, M.D.,C.M.D.S. Nov. 10,1863. < Proe. Zool. Soc. London —,
pp. 390-402, 1863.

On New Genera and Species of California Fishes.—No. II. By J. G. Cooper, M.
D. Nov. 16, 1863. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., v. 3, pp. 93-97, Dec. 1863.
{N. sp. Bxocaetus californicus, Urolophus Halleri.} ; :

Description of the genus Stereolepis Ayres. By Theodore Gill. Noy. 24,
1863. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v.15], pp. 329-330, 1863.

Description of the genus Oxyjulis Gill. By Theodore Gill. Nov. 24, 1863.
< Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 15], pp. 330-331, 1863.

e
1864 - Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. By Albert Giinther, .. .
Volume fifth. London: printed by order of the trustees. 1864.

Also entitled:—Catalogue of the Physostomi, containing the families
Siluride, Characinidw, Haplochitonidw, Sternoptychidw, Scopelidw, Sto-
miatidw, in the collection of the British Museum. ... London: published
by order of the Trustees. 1864. [8°. (Including general title) xxii, 455 pp. ]

Beschreibung des Heterodontus Phillipii Bl. (Cestracion Phillipii Cuv.) mit
Riicksicht auf seine fossilen Verwandten. Von Johannes Striiver (Git-
tingen). Dresden, 1864, [4°., 32 pp, 2 pl.] <Verhandl. K. Leopold-Carol.
Akad. der Naturf., v. 31.

On new Genera and Species of Californian Fishes.—No, III. By J. G. Cooper,
M.D. Jan. 4, 1864. <Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., v. 3, pp. 108-114, 1864.
[N. g. and sp. Myxodes (or Gibbonsia, n. g.) elegans, Gillichthys (n.g.) mirabilis, Pteropla-
tea marmorata.}

Description of a new Labroid genus allied to Trochocopus, Gthr. By Theo-
dore Gill. Mar. 29, 1464. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v.16], pp. 57-59,
1864.

[N. g. Pimelometopon (58), Sebastomus (59), Sebastosomus (59).)

Note on the nomenclature of Genera and Species of the family Echeneidoid.
By Theodore Gill. Mar. 29, 1864. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 16],
pp. 59-61, 1864.

Critical remarks on the genera Sebastes and Sebastodes of Ayres. By Theo-
dore Gill. May 31,1864. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v.16], pp. 145-147
1864.

(N. sp. Sebastosomus pinniger (147), Sebastosomus simulans (147).)

Second contribution to the Selachology of California. By Theodore Gill.
May 31, 1864. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 16], pp. 147-151, 1864.
[N. sp. Mustelus californicus (148), Notorhynchus borealis (150).]

tSeveral points in Ichthyology and Conchology, viz: Pereopsis Hammondii,
n.sp., Paralepidoids and Alepidosauroids, Gymnotoids, and Campeloma vice
Melantho. By Theodore Gill. June 7, 1864. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., [v.16], pp. 151-152, 1864.

tAyresia punctipinnis named Chromis punctipinnis fide Gill. By J. G.
Cooper, M.D. July 18, 1864. < Proc, Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 3, p. 160, 1964,

39

1864—Note on the Paralepidoids and Microstomatoids, and on some peculiaritiss of
Arctic Ichthyology. By Theodore Gill. Sept. 27, 1864. < Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 16], pp. 187-189, 1864.

Synopsis of the Cyclopteroids of Eastern North America. By Theodore Gill.
Sept. 27, 1864. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 16], pp. 189-194, 1864.

Synopsis of the Pleuronectoids of Californian and North-western America. By
Theodore Gill Sept. 27, 1864. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 16], pp.
194-198, 1264.

Description of a new generic type of Pleuronectoids in the Collection of the
Geological Survey of California. By Theodore Gill. Sept. 6,1864. < Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 16], pp. 198-199, 1864.

[N. g. and sp. Wetoponops (n. g., 198) Cooperi (199).]

Note on the family of Stichwoids. By Theodore Gill. Sept. 7, 1864.

< Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 16], pp. 208-211, 1¢64.

1865—Note on the family of Myliobatoids, and on a New species of Atobatis. By
Theodore Gill. April 3,1865. < Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, v. 8, pp.
135-138, May, 1865.
[N. sp. Myliobatis californicus (137), Atobatis laticeps (137).|

On the Genus Caulolatilus. By Theodore Gill. April 25,1865. < Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 17], pp. 66-62, 1865.

On the Cranial Characteristics of Gadus [Microgadus] proximus, Grd. By
Theodore Gill. April 25, 1865. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila,, [v. 17], p.
69, 1865.

[N. g. Microgadus.]

Note on several Genera of Cyprinoids. By Theodore Gill. April 25, 1865.
< Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 17], pp. 69-70, 1865.

Some remarks on Labrus pulcher (Ayres). By Albert Giinther, M.A., M. D.,
Ph. D. May 30, 1865. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 17], p.77, 1865.

On a new Generic type of Sharks. By Theodore Gill. Sept. 26, 1865. < Proe.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 17], p. 177, 1865.
{N. g. and sp. Micristodus (n. g., 177) punctatus (177).]
4

Histoire naturelle des Poissons ou Ichthyologie générale par Aug. Duméril
Professeur-administrateur au Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris.—Ou-
vrage accompagné de planches.—Tome premier [.] Elasmobranches [i. e.}
Plagiostomes et Holocéphales ou Chiméres.—Premiére partie [-Seconde
partie]. . . . Paris. Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret, . . . . 1865,
[Text, 2 p. 1., pp. 1-352; seconde partie, 2 p.1., pp. 353-720.] [8°; atlas
larger 8°, pl. 1-14, pp. 1-8.]

Vancouver Island and British Columbia. Their History, Resources, and Pros-
pects. Hy Matthew Macfie, F’. R. G.S., five years resident in Victoria, V.
I. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green, 1865. [8°, xx
pp. (including blank leaf and frontispiece), 1 1., 574 pp., 2 maps. ]

Chapter V. General Resources of Vancouver’s Island. pp. 181-171.
Fisheries. pp. 163-171.

40

1866—Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. By Albert Giinther, ....
Volume sixth. London: printed by order of the trustees. 1866.
_ Also entitled :—Catalogue of the Physostomi, containing the fawilies Sal-
monidw, Percopsidie, Galaxidw, Mormyride, Gymuarchide, Esocide, Um-
bride, Scombresocida#, Cyprinodontide, in the collection of the British
Museum. ... London: printed by order of the Trustees. 1866. [8° xv,
368 pp. J

LN. sp. Salmo lordii (148).}

The Naturalist in Vancouver Island and British Columbia. By John Keast
Lord, I’. Z. 8., Naturalist to the British North American Boundary Com-
mission. [Vignettes.] In two volumes. Vol]. I[—II]. London: Richard
Bentley, New Burlington Street, publisher in ordinary to Her Majesty. 1866.
(2 vols., 12°. Vol. i, xiv (incl. frontisp.), 2, 358 pp., 8 pl.; vol. ii, vai (incl.
frontisp.), 2, 375 pp., 5 pl.

Volume i.

Chapter I1.—Victoria—The Salmon: its haunts and habits. pp. 36-61.

Chapter III.—Fish Harvesting. pp. 62-96.

Chapter I1V.—The Round-fish, Herrings, and Viviparous Fish. pp. 97-120

Chapter V.—Sticklebacks and their Nests—The Bullhead—The Rock-
cod—The Chirus—Flatfish. pp. 121-141.

Chapter VI.—Halibut Fishing—Dogfish—A trip to Fort Rupert—Ransom-
ing a Slave—A promenkde witha Red skin—Bagging a Chief’s head—
Queen Charlotre’s Islanders at Naniamo. pp. 142-174.

Chapter VII.—Sturgeon-spearing—Man-sucker—Clams. pp. 175-198.

Volume ii.

Appendix.

Li-t of Fishes collected in the Salt and Fresh Waters of Vancouver
Island and British Columbia. pp. 351-356.

{In the list are ennmerated species which almost certainly were not “collected” in the

waters iu question. }

Hr. W. Peters machte eine Mittheilung iiber Fische ( Protoplerus, Auliseops,
Labrax, Labracoglossa, Nemotocentris, Serranus, Scorpis, Opisthognathus, Scom-
bresox, Acharnes, Anguilla, Gymnomurena, Chilorhinus, Ophichthys, Helmich-
thys). <Monatsberichte dgr Koénigl Akademie der Wissenschaften zu
Berlin, 1866, pp. 509-526, 1 pl.

[N. g. and sp. Auliscops (n. g., 510) epinescens (510), Scon. bresox brevirostris (521).)

8867—On the identity of the genus Alepisaurus Lowe with Plagyodus Steller. By
Dr. Albert Giinther. < Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (4), v. 19, pp. 185-157.

On the nourishment of the foetus in the Embiotoco’d Fishes. By James
Blake, M. D., F. R.C.8. Jan. 21, 1867. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., v. 3,
pp. 314-317, Sept. 1867.

On the organs of Copulation in the Male of the Embiotocoid Fishes. By
James Blake, M.D.,F.R.C.8. Nov. 4, 1867. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
v. 3, pp. 371-372, May, 1868.

E868—Some Recent Additions to the Fauna of California. By J. G. Cooper, M. D.
Jan. 13, 1868. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 4, pp. 3-13, Nov. 1863.
(The number of fishes is stated (p.3) to be 196 in 1868, against 133 known in 1862.)

Nourishment of the Fatus in Embiotocoid Fishes. By James Blake, M. D.,
Lond., F. R.C. S.. < Journ, Anat. and Physiol., v. 2, pp. 280-282.

41

1868 — On the anal fin appendage of Embiotocoid Fishes. By James Blake, M. D., F.
R. C. S., Professor of Obstetrics in Tolard Medical College, St. Francisco,
California. < Journ. Anat. and Physiol., v. 3, pp. 30-32, pl. 2, figs. 1 and 2,
Nov. 1868.

The Natural Wealth of California. Comprising early history; geography,
topography, and :cenery ; climate; agriculture and commercial products ;
geology, zoology, and botany; mineralogy, mines, and mining processes ;
manufactures; steamship lines, railroads, and commerce; immigration,
population and society ; educational institutions and literature; together
with a detailed description of each county; its topography, scenery, cities
and towns, agricultural advantages, mineral resources, and varied produc-

tions. By Titus Fey @ronise. San Francisco: H. H. Bancroft & Com-
pany. 1868. [8°, xvi, 696 pp. ]}
Chapter VII. Zoolegy. pp. 434-501.
Vishes. [By J. G. Cooper, M.D.] pp. 487-498.
Chapter XIII. Miscellaneous Subjects. pp. 668-684.
Fisheries. p. 680.

[Tho list of fishes was evidently prepared by Dr. J. G. Cooper, although only gereral
acknowledgment for assistance was rendered in the preface. It was acknowledged by
Dr. Cooper, as author, in the communication to the California Academy of Sciences, indi-
cated above. Inasmuch as this was intended to be acomplete enumeration of the fishes of

California, tho names are reproduced here.] :

———$__—. _——__—

BONY FISHES.

Percidas Stereolepis gigas / 38 1
Paralabrax nebulifer 487 2
Atractoperca elathrata 487 3*
Archoplites interruptus 437 3*

Latiloide Caulolatilus anomalus 487 4
Scizenida Rhinoscion saturnus 488 5
Leiostomus lineatus 485 6

Umbrina undulata 488 7

Atractoscion nobile 488 8

Seriphus politus 488 9

Chetodonida Parephippus zonatus 488 10
Girella nigricans 488 il

Pomacentrida Glyphidodon rubicundus 438 12
Chromis punctipinnis 488 13

Embiotocoide Hystvrocarpus Traskii 489 14
Embiotoca Jacksoni 489 15

argyrosoma 489 146

Taenioioca lateralis 439 17

Hypsurus Caryi 489 18

Damalichthys vacca 489 19

Phanerodon - furcatus 489 20

Cymatogaster aggregatus 4389 21

Rhachocheilus toxotes 489 22

Amphistichus argenteus 489 23

Holconotus 1hodoterus 489 24

pulchellus 489 25

Hyperprosopon argenteum 439 26

arcuatum 489 27

punctatum 489 28

Hypocritichthys analis 489 29

Brachyistius frenatus 489 30

Abeona minima 489 31

Labrids Trochocopus pulcher 489 32
Oxyjulis modostus 489 33

Coryphenidss Poronotus simillimus 429 34
Scombridx Scomber diego 469 35

* Repeated.

18s68—

Scomberesocidie
Sphyrepide
Atherinids

Exocetidw
Chirida

Gasterosteide

Scorpxnide

Cottidx

Blennida

Blennidw

Batrachidw
Gobidw

42

BONY FISHES—Continued.

Pelamys
Orcynus
Halatractus
Trachurus
Paratractus
Alepidosaurus
Belone
Sphyrwna
Chirostoma

Exoce tus
Chirus

Acantholebius
Oplopoma
Anoplopoma
Gasterosteus

Scorpwzna
Sebastes

Trichodon
Blepsias
Cottopsis

Leptocottas
Oligocottus

Leiocottus
Scorpe@nichthys
Aspicottus
Hemilepidotus

Calycilepidotus
Anarrichthys
Xiphidion
Lumpenus
Apod.cbhtbys
Cebedichthys

Gunnellus
Blennius
Neoclinus
Pterognathus
Heterostichus
Gibbonsia
Porichthys
Lepidogobias

lineolata
pacificus
dorsalis
symmetricus
boops

serra

exilis
argentea
californiensis
affinis
tenuis
californicus
constellatus
pictus
guttatus
nebulosus
pantherina
merlangus
serratus
plebius
microcephalus
Williamsonii
guttata
nigrocinctus
nebulosus
auriculatus
ruber
ocellatus
elongatus
paucispinis
ovalis
flavidus
melanops
rosaceus
lineatus
trilobus ?
gulosus
parvus
armatus
maculosus
analis
globiceps
hirundo
marmoratus
bison
spinosus
Gibbsii
notospilotus
lateralis
ocellatus
mucosum
anguillaris
flavidus
cristagalli
violaceus
ornatus
gentilis
Blanchardi
satiricus
rostratus
elegans
notatus
gracilis

489
439
490
490
490
490
490
490
490
490
490
480
491
491
491
491
491
491
491
491
491
491
491
491
491
491
491
491
491
491
491
491
491
491
491
491
492
492
492
492
492
492
492
492
492
492
492
492
492
492
492
492
492
492
492
492
492
492
492

492
492
492

SSSRLBESLSSRRRAE

Cyclopterids

Pleuronectidx

Gadidaz

Ophidiida
Salmonidaw

Scopelidsa
Clupeida

Cyprinodontids

Mureenids

Cyprinidx

43

BONY FISHES—Continued.

Eucyclogobius
Gillichthys
Caularchus
Liparis

Hippoglossus

Platichthys
Parophys
Parophrys ?
Platessa?
Paralichthys
Pleuronichthys

Hypsopsetta
Psettichthys

Metoponops
Merlucius
Brosmophycis
Gadus
Ammodytes
Ophidion
Salmo

Coregonus
Hypomesus
Osmerus
Synodus
Alausa
Clupea
Meletta
Engraulis

Cyprinodon
Fundulus

Murzena
Ophidiurus
Catostomus

Acomus
Mylopharodon

Mylocheilus
Ptychocheilus

Gila

Luxilus
Tigoma

Siboma
Orthodon
Algansea
Lavinia

new berrii
mirabilis
reticulatus
pulchellus
mucosus
californicus
valgaris
stellatus
vetulus
Ayresii
bilineata
maculosus
ccenosus
Hubbardii
guttulata
melanostictus
sordidus
cooperi
productus
marginatus
proximus
personatus
Taylori
quinnat .
Scouleri
Masoni
stellatus
iridea
Williamsonii
pretiosus
thaleichthys
lucioceps
californica
mirabilis
cxrulea
mordax
delicatissimus
compressus
nanus
californiensis
parvipinnis

9
mordax
californiensis
occidentalis
labiatus
generosus?
robustus
conocepbilus
fraterculus
grandis
lucius

rapax
robusta
elegans
occidentalis
conformis
crassa
crassicauda
microlepidotus
formosa
exilicauda
harengus

492
492
493
493
493
493
493
493
493
493
493
493
493
493
493
493
493
493
493
493
493
493
493
494
494
494
494
494
494
494
494
495
495
495
495
495
495
495
495
495

99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161

dd

1s6s8s— BONY FISHES—Continued.
Pogonichthys ingzequilobus 496 162
symmetricus 496 163
argyreiosus 496 164

CARTILAGINOUS FISHES.*
—_— Orthagoriscus analis 497 \ 165
od Gastrophysus politus 497 166
—— Hippocampus ingens 497 167
a Syngnathus californiensis 497 168
griseolineatus 497 169
leptorhynchus 497 170
dimidiatus 497 lil
arundivaceus 497 172
Dermatostethus punctipinnis 497 173
——— Antaceus brachyrbynchus 497 174
, acutivostris 497 175
medirostris 497 176
oe Hydrolagus Colliei 497 liz
on Notorhynchus maculatus 498 178
—- Isoplagiodon Henlei 498 179
Triacis semifasciatus 498 180
—— Gyropleurodus Francisci 498 181
— Acanthias Suacklii 498 182
(a Sphyra malleus 498 183
oo Alopias vulpes 498 184
a Rbina californica 498 185
—— Rhinobatas productus 498 186
—— Rhinoptera vespertilio 493 187
——— Uraptera binoculata 498 188
a Torpedo californica 493 189
--— Urolophus Halleri 498 190
Pteroplatea marmorata 493 191
Trygon ? 498 192
a Lampetra plumbea 492 193
Entosphenus epihexodon 498 104
ciliatus 498 195
— Branchiostoma 1 498 196

1868—Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. By Albert Giinther, .. .

1868.

Also entitled :—Catalogue of the Physostomi, containing the families Hete-
ropygii, Cyprinids, Gonorlhyncbidw, Hyodontide, Osteoglossidx, Clupeidie,
Chirocentrida, Alepocephalidie, Notopterida, Halosauride, in the collection
of the British Museum. . . . London: printed by order of the Trustees.
1868. [8°, xx, 512 pp.]

Volume seventh.—London: printed by order of the trustees.

i870—Alaska and Its Resources. By William H. Dall, Director of the Scientitic
Corps of the late Western Union Telegraph Expedition. Boston: Lee and
Shepard. 1870. [8°, xii, 628 pp, 15 pl., 1 map.]

Part IL.
Chapter VI. Fisheries, Fur Trade, and other resources not previously
mentioned. pp. 481-505.
Appendix.

Appendix G. Natural History.
List of the fishes of Alaska.
Marine Fishes, p. 579.
l’resh-water fishes of the Yukon.
[The list is very imperfect.)

pp. 576-594,
p. 579.

p. 579.

*No families are recognized among the so-called cart ilaginons fishes, These are indicated by the
present writer by the lines in the family column.

45

1870—Mackerel-catching. [By John C. Cremony.] < Overland Monthly, v. 4,
pp- 161-168, Feb. 1870.

The Pacific Coast Cod-fishery. [By Capt. C. M. Scammon.] < Overland
Monthly, v. 4, pp. 436-440, May, 1870.

Catalogue of Fishes in the British Museum. By Albert Giinther,...
Volume eighth. London: printed by order of the trustees. _ 1870.

Also entitled: —Catalogue of the Physostomi, containing the families Gym-
notide2, Symbranchide, Murznide, Pegasidw, and of the [orders] Lopho-
branchii, Plectognathi, [and subclasses] Dipnoi, Ganoidei, Chondropterygii,
Cyclostomata, Leptocardii, in the British Museum. . .. London: printed
by order of the Trustees. 1870. [38°, xxv, 549 pp.]

[Sp. new to coast:—G@aleus canis (379). N. g. Ichthyomyzon (506).]

Uber einige Pleuronectiden, Salmoniden, Gadoiden und Blenniiden aus der
Decastris-Bay und voa Viti-Levu. Von Franz Steindachner und weil.
Prof. Dr. Rudolph Kner. < Sitzb. K. Akad. Wissensch., B. 61, Abth. i,
pp. 421-447, pl. 1, 1870.

(7 species identified as common to Decastris Bay and the American coast. ]

Histoire naturelle des Poissons ou Ichthyologie générale par Aug. Duméril [, ]
Membre de I’Institut [,] professeur-administrateur au Muséum d’ Histoire Na-
turelle de Paris.—Ouvrage accompagné de planches.—Tome second [.] Ga-
noides, Dipnés, Lophobranches.... . 1870.—Paris [,] Librairie Ency- -
clopédique de Roret,.... 1870. [4 juin.—Text, 8°, 2 p.1., 624 pp.; Atlas,
larger 5°, pl. 15-26, pp. 9-12, with haif title.]

1871—The Food Fishes of Alaska. By William Healy Dall. < Rep.Comm. Agric.,
1870, pp. 375-392, 1871.

(14 species specified: no new species described. ]

t Remarks on the mode of attack of the Thrasher Shark. By George David-
son. July 11, 1870. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 4, p. 127, April, 1871

1% 72—Notice of an apparently new marine animal from the Northern Pacific. By
P. L. Sclater, M.A., Ph. D., F. R.S., Secretary of the Zoological Society of
London. < Rep. 42d meeting Brit. Assoc. Adv. Se., Aug. 1872, Tr. Sec., pp.
140-141.

Notice of a supposed new marine animal from Washington Territory, north-
west America. [By P. L. Sclater.] < Nature, v.i, p. 436, Sept. 26, 1872.
[The supposed new animal was represented by ‘‘several specimens which at first sight

apprared to resemble long thin peeled white willow-wand more than anything else.” Mr.
Sclater, in the first instance, ‘* was inclined to regard them as possibly boues of one of the
gigantic rays,” and afterwards (when he had been told what they were !) ‘‘as the hardened
notochord of a low organized fish.’’ They were, in truth, the axial skeletons of Pennatulid
zoophytes! !!

Uber eine neus Gattung von Fischen aus der Familie der Cataphracti Cuv.,
Scombrocottus salmoneus, von der Vancouvers-Insel. Von W. C. H. Peters.
< Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, pp. 568-570, 1872.

(N. g. and sp. Scombrocottus (n. g., 568) salmoneus (569). }
Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries of the State of California for the

years 1870 and 1871. Sacramento: T. A. Springer, State printer. 1872.
(8°, col. title, 24 pp.]

46

187 2—Arrangement of the families of Fishes, or classes Pisces, Marsipobranchii, and
Leptocardii. Prepared for the Smithsonian Institution. By Theodore
Gill, M. D., Ph. D. Washington: published by the Smithsonian Institn-
tion. November, 1872. (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 247.) [k&°,
xlvi, 49 pp. ]

42d Congress, 2d session. | Senate. | Ex. Doc. No. 34. | Message | from the |
President of the United States, | communicating, | in complianee with a
resolution of the 19th of January, 1869, information | in relation to the
resources and extent of the fishing-grounds of the North | Pacific Ocean,
opened to the United States by the treaty of Alaska. [Washington: Goy-
ernment Printing Office. 1872.—8°, 85 pp.]
On p. 2 entitled “The Fisheries and Fishermen of the North Pacific.” By
Richard D. Cutts.

Preliminary Report of the United States Geological Survey of Wyoming, and
portions of contiguous Territories, (being a second [really fourth] annual
report of progress,) conducted under authority of the Secretary of the In-
terior, by F. V. Hayden, United States Geologist Washington: Govern-
ment Printing Office. 1572. [8°, 511 pp.]

Part IV. Special Reports.

VII. On the Fishes of the Tertiary Shales of Green River, Wyoming
Territory. By Prof. E.D. Cope. pp. 425-431.

VIII. Recent Reptiles and Fishes. Report on the Reptiles and Fishes,
obtained by the Naturalists of the Expedition. By B.D. Cope, A. M.
pp. 432-442.

Preliminary Report of the United States Geological Survey of Montana, and
portions of adjacent Territories; being fifth annual report of progress.
By I’. V. Hayden, United States Geologist.—Conducted under authority of
the Secretary of the Interior—Washington: Government Printing Office.
1872. [8°, i-vi, 3-538 pp. (with 64 fig.), 2 pl., 5 maps folded. }

Part IV. Zoology and Botany. _

VI. Report on the Recent Reptiles and Fishes of the Survey, collected
by Campbell Carrington and C. M. Dawes. By E. D. Cope, A. M.
pp. 467-476.

1873—A contribution to the Ichthyology of Alaska. By E. D. Cope. Jan. 17, 1873.
< Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila., v. 13, pp. 24-32, 1873. (Extras, March 11,
1873. }

{17 species enumerated: n. sp. Salmo tudes, Spratelloides bryoporus, Xiphidium cruoreum,
Centronotusletus, Uhirus balias, Chirus ordinatus, Chirus trigrammus, Ammodytes alascanus,
Gadus periscopus, Gadus auratus, Bathymaster signatus, Pleuronectes arcuatus.)

Note on the Scombrocottus salmoneus of Peters, and its identity with Anoplo-
poma fimbria. By Theodore Gill, M.D. March 17, 1873. < Proe. Cal.
Acad. Sci., v. 5. pp. 56-57, 1873 (April); reprinted. < Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist., (4), v. 12, pp. 74-75, Sept. 1873.

*The first shad (Alausa prestabilis DeKay) caught in the waters of Califor-
nia. By S.R. Throckmorton. May 5, 1873. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 5,
p- 85, May, 1873.

*On the introduction of exotic Food Fishes into the waters of California. By
S. R. Throckmorton. May 5, 1873. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vy. 5, pp. 86-
88, May, 1573.

United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries.—Part I—Report on the
condition of the sea-fisheries of the south coast of New England in 1871 and
1872. By Spencer F. Baird, Commissioner.—With supplementary papers.—
Washington: Government Printing Office. 1873. [8°, xlvii, 852 pp., 40 pl.,
with 33 1. explanatory (to pl. 1-38), lb folded map. }

47

1873—

Notes on Liparis and Cyclopterus. By F.W. Putnam. August, 1873. < Pro-
ceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, vol.
22, B, pp. 335-340, June, 1874.

t873—Annual Record of Science and Industry for 1872. Edited by Spencer F.
Baird, with the assistance of eminent men of science.—New York: Har-
per & Brothers, Publishers, Franklin Square. 1873. [12°.]

I. Pisciculture and the Fisheries.
Fish Culture in California, pp. 407, 408.
Report of California Fish Commissioners, p. 408, 409.
Stocking California waters with Trout, p. 409.
Transporting Black Bass to California, p. 409.
Transferring Shad to the Sacramento River, p. 430.
Stocking California with Shad, p. 430.
Oil-works on Unalaschka, p. 426.
Spawning of Cod-fish in Alaska, p, 436.
Cod-fishing in the Shumagin Islands, p. 436.
Salmon Fisheries in the Columbia River, p. 440,
Capture of Sacramento Salmon with the Hook, p. 441.
Fisheries of the Shumagin Islands, p. 444.
Peculiarities of Reproduction of California Salmon, pp. 445, 446.
Alleged Discovery of Young Shad in the Sacramento River, p. 447.

Report on the Prybilov Group or Seal Islands of Alaska. By Henry W.
Elliott, Assistant Agent Treasury Department. Washington: Government
Printing Office. 1873. [4to, 163 folios, not paged, with text parallel with
back, and extending from bottom to top, 50 phot. pl.]
Chapter VIII. Fish and Fisheries.
See, also, 1875. 5
$74—* Note on Subterranean Fishes in California. By A. W. Chase. <Am.,
Journ. Sc. and Arts (3), v. 7, p.74, Jan., 1874; Forest and Stream, v. 2,
p. 70, March 12, 1874.

+ On the edible qualities of the Sacramento Salmon. By Livingston Stone.
<Forest and Stream, v.1, p.331, Jan. 1, 1874.

Preparing Salmon on the Columbia River. By Charles Nordhoff. < For-
est and Stream, v. 1, p. 397, Jan. 29, 1874. (From Harper’s New Monthly
Magazine. )

Salmon-fishing on the Novarro. [By Thomas Bennett. ] < Overland Monthly,
v. 12, pp. 119-124, Feb., 1874; Forest and Stream, v. 2, p. 29, Feb. 19, 1874.

Is the Yellow Perch ( Perea flavescens) a good fish to introduce into California?
[By Livingston Stone] < Forest and Stream, v.2, p.84, March 19, 1874.

On the Plagopterine and the Ichthyology of Utah. By Edward D. Cope,
A.M. Read before the American Philosophical Society, March 20, 1874.
<Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila., v. 14, pp. 129-139, 1874.

(N. g. and n.sp. Plagopterus (n. g., 130), argentissimus (130), Lepidomeda (n. o., 131);
Lepidomeda vittata (131), Lepidomeda jarrovii (132), Clinostomus tenia (183), Rhinich-
thys henshavii (133), Hybopsis timpanogensis (134), Minomus platyrhynchus (134), Mino-
mus jarrovii (135), Ceratichthys ventricosus (136), Myloleucus parovanus (136), Clinostomus
phlegethontis (137), Uranidea vheeleri (138). ]

Geographical and Geological Explorations and surveys west of the 100th
Meridian. First Lieutenant G. M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, U.S. A., in
charge.

On the Plagopterinz and the Ichthyology of Utah. By Edward D. Cope,

A. M.—Reprinted from the Proceedings of American Philosophical So-
ciety of Phila. Philadelphia: McCalla & Stavely, Prs., 237-9 Dock
street. 1874. [8°, 14 pp.]

48

£87 4—The Introduction of Eastern Fish into the waters of the Pacific Slope, together
with an account of operations at the United States Salmon breeding Es-
tablishment on the McClond River, California. [By Livingston Stone. }
< Forest and Stream, v. 2, pp. 100-102, March 26, 1874 (52 ¢.).

On the Speckled Trout of Utah Lake.—Salmo virginalis, Girard. By Dr. H. C.
Yarrow, U.S.A. < Am. Sportsman, v. 4, pp. 68,69, May 2, 1874,

Shad in California. [By S. R. Throckmorton.] < Forest and Stream, vy. 3,
p. 229, May 21, 1874.

California Salmon[: its rapidity of growth. By Livingston Stone. ]
< Forest and Stream, v. 2, p. 260, June 4, 1874.

Sports in California.— No. II.—Trout fishing at Humboldt Bay. [By Mon-
mouth.] < Forest and Stream, v. 2, pp. 273, 274 (5 ¢.), June 11, 1874.

Will the Columbia Salmon take the fly? [Anon.] < Am. Sportsman, v.
4, p. 166, June 138, 1874.

The Salinon Fisheries of Oregon. [By A.] < Forest and Stream, v. 2, p. 290,
June 18, 1874.

Sacramento Salmon vs. Eastern Salmon. [By Livingston Stone.] <Am.
Sportsman, v. 14, p. 198, June 27, 1874.

Ou the use of Giant Powder (Dynamite) for obtaining Specimens of Fish at
Sea. By A. W. Chase, U.S. Coast Survey. July 6, 1874. < Proce. Cal.
Acad. Sci., v. 5, pp. 334-337, Dec., 1874.

Ichthyic Fauna of Northwestern America. [By Mortimer Kerry, pseudon,
J. M. Murrny.] < Forest and Stream, v. 2, pp. 356,357 (4 col.), July 16,
1874.

The Salmonide of the Pacific. [By Mortimer Kerry, pseudon. J. M. Mur-
PHY.] < Forest and Stream, v. 2, pp. 369, 370 (6 ¢.), July 23, 1874.

Salmo Quinnat and Salmo Salar. [By Charles G. Atkins.] < Forest and
Stream, v. 2, pp. 388, 389 (2 c.), July 30, 1874.

Eastern Fish in California, What they are and what was done with them.
{From ‘Sacramento Record.”] < Am. Sportsman, v. 4, p. 358, Sept. 5, 1874.

Oregon Salmon Fisheries. [From ‘Portland Oregonian.” ] <Am. Sportsman,
v. 4. p. 378, Sept. 12, 1874.

United States Fish Hatching in California. [Editorial.] < Forest and
Stream, v.3, p. 84 (3 col.), Sept. 17, 1874.

Salmon Fisheries on the Columbia. <Am. Sportsman, v. 4, p. 412, Sept. 26,
1574.

The Salmon Fisheries of Oregon. < Forest and Stream, v. 3, pp. 155, 172,
Oct. 15, 22, 1874.

Annnal Record of Science and Industry for 1873. Edited by Spencer F.
Baird, with the assistance of eminent men of science.—New York: Harper
& Brothers, Publishers, Franklin Square. 1874. [12°.]

Shipments eastward of California Salmon, p. 433.
Shad in the Sacramento River, p. 449.

Shad in California waters, p. 449.

Pacific Cod-fisheries of 1873, p. 458.

Taking California Salmon with the Hook, p, 464.

Révision des especes du groupe des Epinoches. Par M. BH. BE. Sauvage.
< Nouv. Arch. Mus, d’Hist. Nat., t. 10, pp. 5-32, pl. 1, 1874,

49

18 74—Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries of the State of California for the
years 1872 and 1873.—San Francisco: Francis & Valentine, printers and
engravers, 517 Clay street; 1874. [8°, 28 pp.]

United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Part IJ.—Report of the
Commissioner for 1872 and 1873. A—Inquiry into the decrease of the Food-
Fishes. B—The propagation of Food-Fishes in the waters of the United
States. With supplementary papers. Washington: Government Printing
Office. 1874. [8°,5 p.1., cii, (1), 808 pp., 38 pl., 3 maps folded. ]

Report of the Commissioner. pp. i-xcii.
Appendix B.—The Salmon and the Trout, (species of Salmo). pp. 89-384.

III.*—On the North American species of Salmon and Trout. By George
Suckley, Surgeon, United States Army. (Written in 1861.) pp.
91-160.

VI.—Report of operations during 1872 at the United States Salmon-
Hatching Establishment on the M’Cloud River, and on the California
Salmonide generally; with a list of specimens collected. By Liv-
ingston Stone. pp. 168-215.

XII.—On the Speckled Trout of Utah Lake, Salmo virginalis, Girard.
By Dr. H. C. Yarrow, U.S.A. Lete.]. pp. 363-368.

XIII.—Miscellaneous notes and correspondence relative to Salmon and
Trout. (pp. 369-379), viz:—

D—On the edible qualities of the Sacramento Salmon. [By S. R.
Throckmorton.] pp. 373-374.
E—On the Salmon-Fisheries of the Sacramento River. By Living-
ston Stone.] pp. 374-379.

1875—Salmon- hatching on McCloud River. [By Wm. M. Turner.] <Overland

Monthly, v. 14, pp. 79-85, Jan. 1875.

horte Bidrag til nordisk Ichthyographie.—I. Forelobige Meddelelser om nor-
diske Ulkefske. Af Dr. Chr. Liitken. (Meddelt den 3lte Marts og 19de
Maj 1875.) <Videnskabelige fra den Naturhistoriske Forening Kjobenhavn,
1876, pp. 355-388; Fr. trans., pp. 72-98, 1876.

Ichthyologische Beitrige (II). Von Franz Steindachner. 29. April 1875.
<Sitzb. Kk. Akad. Wissensch., B. 71, Abth. i, pp. 443-480, 1875.

(4 Californian species mentioned.]

Ichthyologische Beitriige (III). Von Franz Steindachner. 17. Juni 1875.
<Sitab. K. Akad. Wissensch., B. 72, Abth. i, pp. 29-96, 1875.

{<2 Californian species particularized: n. sp. Xenichthys californiensis, Scorpis califor-
niensis, Corvina stearnsii, Otolithus californiensis, Atherinops n. g. or n. 8. g. >Atherinopsis
ajinis Ayres. |

Description of a New Species of Trout from Mendocino County. [Typical
specimen in the collection of California Academy of Natural Sciences.] By
W. R. Gibbons, Alameda. June 22, 1875. <Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 6
pp. 142-144.

{n. sp. Salmo mendocinensis. |

California Fishplanting. [Signed E. J. Hooper.] <Forest and Stream, v.
5, pp. 19,20, Aug. 19, 1875.

?

Trouting in Colorado. [Signed ‘ Warren.”] < Forest and Stream, vy. 5,
p. 35, Aug. 26, 1875.

Edible Fish of the Pacific. [Signed E. J. Hooper.] < Forest and Stream,
v. 5, p. 36, Aug. 26, 1875.

Salmon Fishing east and west—How they take them in California. [Signed
Horace D. Dunn. } < Forest and Stream, v. 5, p. 38, Aug. 26, 1875.

* These numbers are continuous through the volume and not subordinated to the parts.

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 11 4.

50

1875—California Salmon. When to take them with a fly. [Signed ‘‘Podgers.”]
< Forest and Stream, y.5, pp. 53,54, Sept. 2, 1875.
Salmon Scores from the McCloud River. [By Sir Rose Price.] < Forest and
Stream, v.5, p.54, Sept. 2, 1875.

Fishing in Montana. [Signed A. B.Keeler.] < Forest and Stream, v.5, p.
54, Sept. 2, 1°75.

The Speckled Beauties [Salmo fontinalis] in Colorado. [From ‘Denver
News.”] <Rod and Gun, v. 6, p. 348, Sept. 4, 1875,

Fishing in the McCloud River. [By Sir Rose Price.] < Rod and Gun, vy,
6, p. 362, Sept. 11, 1875.

Carp in California. [By E. J. Hooper.] < Forest and Stream, y. 5, p. 115,
Sept. 30, 1875.

California Angling. [By E. J. Hooper.] < Forest and Stream, v.5, p. 133,
Oct. 7, 1875.

Floraand Fauna of California. [By W. M. Hinckley.] < Forest and Stream,
v. 5, p. 146, Oct. 14, 1875.

Lake Tahoe, Cal. Its Scenery and Trout Fishing. [By E. J. Hooper. ]
< Forest and Stream, v.5, p.151, Oct. 14, 1875.

Shipments of California Salmon eggs. [By Livingston Stone.] < Forest
and Stream, y.5, p. 179, Oct. 28, 1875.

Sea and Bay Fishing in California.—Wonders of the deep. [By EB. J. Hooper. ]
< Forest and Stream, v.5, pp. 197, 198, Nov. 4, 1875.
IWegal traffic in Salmon. < Forest and Stream, v. 5, p. 217, Nov. 11; 1875.
(From San Francisco Daily Evening Post.)

Progress of Fish-cnlture in California. [By E. J. Hooper.] < Forest and
Stream, v.5, pp. 19.—227, Nov. 18, 1875.

The Oregon Salinon Fisheries. [Anon.] < Forest and Stream, v.5, p. 230,
Nov. 18, 1875.

Comparative size of Trout in Europe and America. [By S. C. C. i. e.
Clarke.] < Forest and Stream, v.5, p.230, Nov. 18, 1875.

On what do Salmon Feed? [Editorial from E. J. Hooper's observations. }
< Forest and Stream, v. 5, p. 280, Dec. 9, 1875.

Distribution of California Ova. < Forest and Stream, v. 5, p. 291, Dee. 16,
1875.

Ichthyologische Beitriige (IV). Von Franz Steindachner. 16. December,
1875. <Sitbz. K. Akad. Wissensch., B72, Abth. i, pp. 551-616, 1875.
(2 west-coast species described. ]

Truckee River Trout. [Anon.] <Forest and Stream, v. 5, p. 308, Dec. 23, 1875.
What do Salmon eat? [By R. Tallant.] < Forest and Stream, v. 5, p. 308,

Dec, 23, 1875.

Annnal Record of Science and Industry for 1874. Edited by Spencer F.
Baird, with the assistance of eminent men of science.—New York: Harper
& Brothers, Publishers, Franklin Square. 1875, [12°.]

J. Pisciculture and the Fisheries, pp. 419-428,
Alaska Cod-fisheries in 1873. p. 424,
Stocking a pond in Utah with Eels. p. 428,
Destruction of Fish on the Oregon coast with nitro-glycerine, p. 428.

51

1875 —A report on the condition of affairs in the Territory of Alaska. By Henry W.
Elliott, special agent of the Treasury Department.—Washington : Govern-
ment Printing Office. 1875. [8°, 277 pp.]

Chapter VIII.—Fish and Fisheries. The Fisheriesof Alaska. pp. 165-167.
[This is essentially a second edition of the report of Mr. Elliott, published in 1873.)
Department of the Interior.—Bulletin of the United States Geological and

Geographical Survey of the Territories. F. V. Hayden, United States
Geologist-in-Charge. 1874 and 1875. Vol 1.—Washington: Government

¢ Printing Office. 1875. [8°, xiii pp.+28 pp.+77 pp.+499 pp.4-19 ll. un-
paged, 26 pl., 3 maps, 1 woodcut. }

[Consisting of the separately paged Bulletins Nos. 1, 2, ‘‘ First Series,’ and of the con-
tinuously paged Bulletins Nos. 1 to 6 inclusive, ‘t Second Series,”’ furnished with xiii pp.
extra (title, table of contents, ete.). The aistinction ‘‘Series” is not maintained after
No. 6, which completes vol. 1.]

First Series, 1874.

INOS 2 eas ap pes Le)

Review of the Vertebrata of the Cretaceous Period, found west of the
Mississippi River. By Edward D. Cope, A. M. pp. 5-48.

Supplementary Notices of Fishes from the Freshwater Tertiaries of the
Rocky Mountains. [By Edward D. Cope, A. M.] pp. 49-51.

Second Series, 1875-1876.
INGOs ESS: Adeppesl

On the Fishes of the Tertiary Shales of the South Park [Colorado].

By EH. D. Cope, A. M. pp. 3-5.

La Chasse aux animaux marins et les pécheries chez les Indigénes de la céte
nord-ouest d’Amérique, par m. Alph. Pinart.—Boulogne-sur-mer, Imp. de
Charles Aigre, 4, Rue des Vieillards. 1875. [8°, 15 pp.]

Engineer Department, United States Army.—Report upon Geographical and
Geological Explorations and Surveys west of the One Hundredth Meridian,
in charge of First Lieut. G. M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army,
under the direction of Brig. Gen. A. A. Humphreys, Chief of Engineers,
U.S. Army. Published by authority of Hon. Wm. W. Belknap, Secretary
of War, in accordance with acts of Congress of June 23, 1874, and Febru-
ary 15, 1875. In six volumes, accompanied by one topographical and one
geological atlas.—Vol. V.—Zoology.—Washington: Government Printing
Office. 1875. [4°.]

Chapter VI.—Report | upon | the collections of Fishes | made in portions
of | Nevada, Utah, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, |
during | the years 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874. | By | Prof. BE. D. Cope
and Dr. H. C. Yarrow.—pp. 635-703, pl. 26-32.

Appendix.—Description of a Mugiloid Tish from the Mesozoic Strata

of Colorado [Sylliemus latifrons, Cope J, pp. 701-703.
[N. sp. Apocope couesii, Yarrow (p. 648, pl. 27, f. 2), Gila nigra, Cope (p. 663, pl. 30,f. 3),
Gila seminuda, Cope and Yarrow (p. 666, pl. 31, f. 1), Tyborhynchus siderius, Cope (p. 670,

pl. 31, f. 6,) Gila ardesiaca (p. 660, pl. 30, f. 1), Gila seminuda (p. 666, pl. 31, f. 1), Pantosteus,
Cope (n. g., p. 673), Catostomus fecundus (p. 678, pl. 32, f. 1).

“The most extended list is that of the Colorado basin” (p. 699) :—

Cyprinids Plagopterus argentissimus 640
Meda fulgida 642

Lepidomeda vittata 642

jarrovii 643

Ceratichthys squamilentus 000

oseula 647

Apocope couesii 648

yentricosa 648

52

1875—
Gila egregia 662
nigra 663
robusta 663
elegans 664
gracilis 665
grabamii 665
nacrea 666
seminuda 666
emorii 667 e
Hyborhynchus siderius 670
Catostomidx Pantostens bardus 673
delphinus 673
Catostomus insigne 676
discobolus 677
Ptychostomus congestus 680
Coregonidx Coregonus villiamsonii 682
Salmonidze Salmo pleuriticus 693
Cyprinodontide Girardinus sonoriensis 695
Cottidx Uranidea vheelerii 696

“The following species are those of the basin of Utah, whether from tributaries of the
Great Salt Lake or not” (p. 700) :—

Cyprinids Apocope carringtonii 645
henshavii 645

vulnerata 646

Ceratichthys biguttatus 651

Hybopsis timpanogensis 654

bivittatus 000

Gila phlegethontis 657

° montana 657

hydrophlox 658

tenia 658

egregia 662

Siboma atraria 667

Myloleucus pulverulentus 669

parovanus 669

Catostomidss Pantosteus platyrhynchus 73
jarrovii 674

Catostomus fecundus 678

Coregonidx Coregonus villiamsonii 682
Salmonidie Salmo virginalis 685
pleuriticus 693

Cottida Uranidea vheelerii 696
punctulata 697

{In both of the preceding lists the enumeration is in the order of the descriptions, and
not of the lists, which deviate considerably from the former.]

1876.—Salmon Fishing on the Mayo River, California. [Anon.] < Forest and
Stream, v. 5, p. 267, 1876.

California Salmon for New Hampshire. < Forest and Stream, v. 5, p. 339,
Jan. 6, 1876.

The McCloud River Reservation. [Editorial.] < Forest and Stream, v. 5,
p. 355, Jan, 13, 1876,

Habits of Pacific Salmon. [By Livingston Stone.] < Forest and Stream,
v. 5, p. 372, Jan. 20, 1876,

California Shad. [Anon.] < Forest and Stream, v. 5, p. 372, Jan. 20, 1876.
(6 lines.)

Angling for Eastern Salmon (Salmo salar) in California waters. [Anon.]
< Forest and Stream, y. 5, p. 390, Jan. 27, 1876,

53

1876—The Fisheries and Sea Lions of California. [Anon.] < Forest and Stream,
v. 6, p. 387, Feb. 24, 1876.

The Natural and Economic History of the Salmonide—geographical distribu-
tion and artificial culture. By Philo-Ichthyos. < Forest and Stream, pp.
68-69 (No. 3), 106 (No. 4), 116 (No. 5), 131 (No. 6), 147 (No. 7), 164 (No. 8),
179 (No. 9).

Check List of the Fishes of the Fresh Waters of North America. By David
S. Jordan, M. 8., M. D., and Herbert E. Copeland, M.S. March 3, 1876.
< Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, v. 2, pp. 133-164,
1876,

Viviparous Perch: [their abundance at Santa Barbara, By H. C. Yarrow. ]
< Forest and Stream, v. 6, p. 132, April 6, 1876.

Angling for Smelts in California. [By E. J. Hooper.] < Forest and Stream,
v. 6, p. 166, April 20, 1876, ‘

A Viviparous Perch. [Editorial.] < Forest and Stream, v. 6, p. 180, with
fig., April 27, 1876.

Noget om Slegten Soulv (Anarrhichas) og dens nordiske Arter. Af Proffessor
Japetus Steenstrup. Med en Tavle. < Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra
den Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjobenhavn, 1876, pp. 159-202, tav. 3.

Salmon Fisheries on the Columbia River. [Anon. By Barnet Phillips.—
From Appleton’s Journal.] < Rod and Gun, v. 8, pp. 131-132 (5 col.), May
27, 1876, with 2 figs.

Remarks on the Various Fishes [of the family of Scorpzenidz] known as Rock
Cod. By W.N. Lockington. July 17, 1876. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 7,
pp. 79-82.

{N. sp. Sebastes Ayresti proposed as a substitute for S. rosaceus of Ayres, but not of
; Girard.

Notes on Some California Marine Fishes, with description of a new species.
By W. N. Lockington. July 17, 1876. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 7, pp.
83-88.

[N. sp. Argyreiosus Pacificus, Magdalena Bay.|]

Ichthyologische Beitriige (V.) Von Franz Steindachner. 20. Juli 1876.
< Sitzb. K. Akad. Wissensch., B.74, Abth. i, pp. —, 1876.

{13 west-coast species elucidated: n. sp. Artedius pugetensis, Siphagonus barbatus,
Hypsagonus Swanii, Blakean. g. < Myxodes elegans Cooper.]|

Lake Fishing in California. [By E. J. Hooper.] < Forest and Stream, v.7,
p. 5, Aug. 10, 1876.

Fishing this Season [summer of 1876] in California. [By E. J. Hooper. }
< Forest and Stream, v. 7, p. 21, Aug. 17, 1876.

Notes on Californian Fishes. By W. N. Lockington. September 4, 1876.
< Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 7, pp. 108-110.

[N. sp. Centropomus viridis (provisionally named on p. 100) from Asuncion Island, Lower
California. |

Connecticut River Shad for California. [By S. F. Baird.] < Forest and

Stream, v. 7, pp. 66-67, Sept. 7, 1876.

California Shad. [Anon.] < Forest and Stream, v. 7, p. 83, Sept. 14, 1876.

The Big Fish [Salmon weighing 100 pounds] of Alaska, [Anon.] < Forest
and Stream, v.7, pp. 213-214, Nov. 9, 1876.

54

1876—Annual Record of Science and Industry for 1875. Edited by Spencer PF.
Baird, with the assistance of éminent men of science. New York: Harper
& Brothers, Publishers, Franklin Square. 1876. [12°.]

J. Pisciculture and the Fisheries. pp. 405-440,
Salmon in the San Joaquin. pp. 430-431.
Salmon Trade of the Columbia River. pp. 431-432.
Salmon in the Sacramento River. p. 432.
United States Salmon-hatching Establishment, pp. 434-435.

Engineer Department, U. 8S. Army.= Report of explorations across the Great
Basin of the Territory of Utah for a direct wagon-route from Camp Floyd
to Genoa, in Carson Valley, in 1559. By Captain J. H. Simpson, Corps of
Topographical Engineers, U. 8. Army [now colonei of engineers, bvt. brig.
gen., U.S.A.]. Made by authority of the Secretary of War, and under in-
structions from Bvt. Brig. Gen. A. 8. Johnston, U. 8. Army, commanding the
Department of Ut2h. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1576.

Explorations across the Great Basin of Utah.= Appendix L.—Report on
ichthyology. By Prof. Theo. Gill. pp. 383-431, 8 pl., with 8 1. explan-
atory.

[This chapter was written in 1861, and not subsequently revised.]

United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Part III.—Report of the
Commissioner for 1873-4 and 1874-5. A—Inqniry into the decrease of the
Food-Fishes. B—The propagation of Food-Fishes in the waters of the
United States. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1876. [8°, li,
777 pp. ]

Report of the Commissioner. pp. vii-xlvi.
; Appendix A.—Sea fisheries and the fishes and invertebrates used as food.
pp. 1-319. \

V.—Account of the fisheries and seal-hunting in the White Sea, the
Arctic Ocean, and the Caspian Sea. By Alexander Schultz. pp.

Appendix B.—The river fisheries. pp. 321-540.
XX.—Report of operations in California in 1873. By Livingston
Stone. pp. 377-429.

A—Clear Lake. pp. 377-381.

B—Sacramento River. pp. 382-385.

C—California aquarium-car. pp. 385-390.

D—Overland journey with live shad. pp: 390-402,

E—The McCloud River station. pp. 402-423.

F—Catalogue of collections sent to the Smithsonian Institution
in 1873. pp. 424-427.

G—A list of McCloud Indian words supplementary to a list con-
tained in the report of 1872. pp. 428-429.

XXI.—Hatching and distribution of California salmon. ;

A—Report on California salmon-spawn hatched and distributed.
By J. H. Slack, M. D. pp. 431-434,

B—Hatching and distribution of California salmon in tributaries
of Great Salt Lake. By A. P. Rockwood, Superintendent of
Fisheries in Utah Territory. pp. 434-435.

XXII.—Report of operations during 1874 at the United States salmon-
hatching establishment on the McCloud River, California. By Liv-
ingston Stone. pp. 437-472.

XXIII.—Correspondence relating to the San Joaquin River and its
fishes. pp. 479-453,

59

1877—The Trout of Washington Territory. < Forest and Stream, v. 7, p. 413, Feb.
ee aidis
Canned Salmon. [Anon.] < Forest and Stream, v. 8, p. 32, Feb. 22, 1877.

On the Genera of North American Fresh-water Fishes. [By David S. Jor-
dan and Charles H. Gilbert. Feb. 27, 1877. <Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc.
Phila., v.—, pp. 83-104, April 17, 1877.

The Oregon Fisheries. [Anon. From ‘Pacific Life.”] < Forest and Stream,
v. 8, p. 49, March 1, 1877.

Fish Culture in California. < Forest and Stream, v. 8, pp. 16, 81, 207, 224.
1877. .

Annnal Reeord of Science and Industry for 1876. Edited by Spencer F.
Baird, with the assistance of eminent men of science.—New York: Harper
& Brothers, Publishers, Franklin Square. 1877. [12°.]

I. Pisciculture and the Fisheries, pp. 385-410.
Biennial Report of the California Fish Commission [abstract]. pp,
401-403.
Cultivation of Carp in California. p. 403.

Department of the Interior: U.S. National Museum.—Bulletin of the United
States National Museum.—No. 7.—Published under the direction of the
Smithsonian Institution. Washington: Government Printing Office.
1S7@. {822

No. 7.—Contributions to the Natural History of the Hawaiian and Fan-
ning Islands and Lower California. By Thos. H. Streets, M. D.

‘
Trout Fishing in Southwestern Colorado, < Forest and Stream, v. 8, pp. 189,
190, May 3, 1877.

California Salmon Spawn for Shipment. < Forest and Stream, v.8, p. 191,
May 3, 1877.

Fishing in Lakes San Andreas and Pilercitas, California. [By E. J. Hooper. j
<_ Forest and Stream, v. 8, p. 270, May 31, 1877.

Contributions to North American Ichthyology. Based Primarily on the Col-
lections of the United States National Museum.

A. Notes on the Cottidwe, Etheostomatide, Percide, Centrarchid:e,
Aphododeride, Dorysomatidxe, and Cyprinide. With Revisions of
the Genera and Descriptions of New or Little-known Species.—B. Sy-
nopsis of the Siluridze of the Fresh Waters of North America. by Da-
vid S. Jordan. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1877. [2°,
2 title-pages, 120 pp., 45 plates. ]

(Bulletin of the U.S. National Museum, No. 10. )

M’Cloud and Sacramento River Trout. [From ‘San Francisco Pacific Life.” }
< Forest and Stream, v. 8, p. 299, June 14, 1877.

Stocking the Barren Waters of the Great Divide. [By J.W.B.] < Forest
and Stream, v. 8, p. 400, July 19, 1877.

California Salmon in Lake Ontario. [By Sam. Wilmot.] < Forest and
* Stream, v. 8, p. 419, July 26, 1877.

tCalifornia Salmon in the James River, Va. < Forest and Stream, v. 8, p,
400, July 19, 1877.

Hatching on the Columbia. < Forest and Stream, v. 8, p. 420, July 26, 1877.

56

1877—The Long-Jawed Goby. By W. N. Lockington. <The American Natut-

alist, v.11, pp. 474-475, Aug., 1877.

[An interesting account of some peculiarities in the habits of Gillichthys mirabilis. |

The Coregoni—Their natural history, native waters, economic value, and
implements connected with their production. [Anon.] <Forest and
Stream, v.8, pp. 439,440. 1577.

The Coregoni. No. Part 2. < Forest and Stream, v.9, pp.3, 4, Aug. 3, 1877.

A Contribution to the knowledge of Ichthyological Fauna of the Green River
Shales. By E. D. Cope. < Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terrs., v. 3,
pp. 807-819, Aug. 15, 1477.

California Salmon. [By Emery D. Potter.] < Forest and Stream, v.9, p.
63, Aug. 30, 1879.

Notice of the Utah Trout in Provo rising to the fly. By W.V.S. < Forest
and Stream, v.9, p. 88, Sept. 6, 1877.

Canning Salmon. < Forest and Stream, v.9, p.88, Sept.6, 1877.

Operations of the McCloud River (Cal.) Fish Hatching Establishment.
< Forest and Stream, v.9, p. 206, Oct. 13, 1877.

The Salmon Fisheries of California. < Forest and Stream, v.9, p. 233, Oct.
25, 1877. ‘

Salmon Trout on the Pacific Coast. < Forest and Stream, v.9, p. 247, Nov.
1, 1877.

More about McLeod River Trout. < Forest and Stream, v. 9, p. 247, Nov. 1,1877.

The Sportsman’s Gazetteer and General Guide. The Game Animals, Birds
and Fishes of North America: their habits and various methods of capture.
Copious Instructions in Shooting, Fishing, Taxidermy, Woodcraft, ete. To-
gether with A Directory to the Principal Game Resorts of the Country; il-
lustrated with maps. By Charles Hallock, Editor of *‘Forest and
Stream”; Author of the ‘“‘ Fishing Tourist”; ‘‘Camp Life in Florida,” ete.
New York: “Forest and Stream” Publishing Company, American News
Company, agents. 1877. [12°, 668 pp., + 208 pp., 3 maps, 1 portrait.

Part I.—Game Animals of North America. Fishes of the Northwest, pp.
339-353. Pacific Coast Fishes, pp. 354-369. ;
1878—Beneficial Results of Salmon Hatching on the Sacramento River. [Editorial.]
< Forest and Stream, v.10, p. 18, Feb. 14, 1878.

Trout Fishing at Lake Bigler, California. [dAnon.] < Forest and Stream, vy.
10, p. 28, Feb. 14, 1878.

California Salmon Fishing and the Game Laws. [Signed EB. J. Hooper. ]
<_ Forest and Stream, v.10, p. 47, Peb. 21, 1878.

[Price of first four Shad of the season in San Francisco=$10 each.) < Forest
and Stream, vy. 10, p.67, Feb, 28, 1878.

Birds and Salmon in California. [Anon.] << Forest and Stream, v. 10, p-
95, March 14, 1578.

Spawning of California Salmon. [Signed B. B. Redding.] < Forest and
Stream, v. 10, p. 155, April 4, 1878.

Red Trout, or Redfish of Oregon and Idaho. [By Charles Bendire, U.S. A. ]
< Forest and Stream, v.10, p. 156, April 4, 1878,

Carp in San Franéisco. [From “ Pacitie Life.”] < Forest and Stream, v.
10, p. 174, April 11, 1578.

57

187S8—The Norway Trout of the Yellowstone. [Anon.] < Forest and Stream, v.
10, p.175 [195], April 11, 1878.

Prof. Jordan on Characteristics of Trout. [Signed D.S. Jordan.] < Forest;
and Stream, v. 10, p. 196, April 11, 1878.

(Contains suggestion that the original Redfish is Hypsifario kennerlyi.]

Manual of the Vertebrates of the Northern United States, including the Dis-
trict east of the Mississippi River and north of North Carolina and Tenn-
essee, exclusive of marine species. By David Starr Jordan, Ph. D., M.
D., Professor of Natural History in Butler University. Second Edition, re-
vised and enlarged.—Chicago: Jansen, McClurg & Company, 1878. [12°.
407 pp., pub. May I6.]

(Contains synopsis of the American Salmonine and Coregonine. |

California Fishing Prospects. [Signed B. J. Hooper.] < Forest and Stream,
v.10, p. 239, May 2, 1878.

Notes on a Collection of Fishes from the Rio Grande, at Brownsville, Texas.
By David S. Jordan, M. D. <Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Sury. Terr. v.
4, [pp. 397-406, May 3;] v. 4, pp. 663-667, July 29, 1879.

[Specimens of Hysterocarpus Traskii indicated as an unknown Labroid form at p. 399,
and described as the type of a new genus and sp. at p. 667. The specimens had been
probably misplaced. }

A Catalogue of the Fishes of the Fresh Waters of North America. By David
S. Jordan, M. D. <Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v. 4, pp.
407-442, May 3, 1878.

[A simple nominal list of the fresh-water species north of the Mexican region. ]

Spawning of California Brook Trout in New York. [By James Annin, jr.,
Caledonia, N. Y.]. <(Chicago Field, v. 9, p. 182, May 4, 1878. [F.M.]

California Salmon on Long Island, success of. By a member of the South
Side Club. <Chicago Field, v. 9, p. 182, May 4, 1878. [F.M.]

Trout Hybrids. [Possibility of intercrossing Eastern and Californian Trouts.
Editorial.] <Forest and Stream, v. 10, p. 255, May 9, 1878-

California. [Notice of distribution of land-locked Salmon and Eastern Trout
by Fish Commissioners.] <Forest and Stream, v. 10, p. 255, May 9, 1878.

The heaviest American Salmon. [Notice of one weighing 82 pounds caught
at the mouth of the Columbia River. By John Goudy.] <Forest and
Stream, v. 10, p. 265, May 9, 1878.

Salmon canning on Frazer River. [By Fred. Mather.] <Chicago Field,
v. 9, p. 196, May 15, 1878. [F.M.]

wea —A. On the Distribution of the Fishes of the Allegheny Region of South
Carolina, Georgia, and Tennessee. With Descriptions of New or Little-
known Species. By David 8. Jordan and Alembert W. Brayton.—B.
Synopsis of the Family Catostomide. By David 8. Jordan. Washington:
Government Printing Office. 1873. (8vo, 237.)

Run of Salmon in California. Note by A.R. <Chicago Field, v. 9, p. 229,
May 25, 1878. [F.M.]

Shad in California. Announcement of two taken in San Francisco Bay May 1.
Note by B. B. Porter. <Chicago Field, v. 6, p. 229, May 25, 18738. [F.M.]

California Salmon. [Notice of their ascent up the McCloud and Sacrar ento
rivers in May.] <Forest and Stream, v, 10, p. 350, June 6, 1878.

Salmon canning in Oregon and California. [Editorial. With three wood-
cuts.] <Forest and Stream, v. 10, p. 398, June 27, 1878.

58

1878—Another shipment of Shad to California. Notice by Fred. Mather. <Chi-

cago Field, v. 9, p. 308, July 6, 1878. [F.M.]

California Salmon in Lake Ontario. [By John J. Robson.] <(Forest and
Stream, v. 10, p. 482, July 25, 1878.

Salmon canning in Alaska. An account of the objections of the Indians to
the landing of a lot of Chinese fish canners. From Alaska Cor. ‘N. Y.
Sun.” <Chicago Field, v. 9, p. 371, July 27, 1878. [F.M.]

Notes on a Collection of Fishes from Clackamas River, Oregon. By David
S. Jordan, M.D. <Proc. U. 8. Nat. Museum, y. 1, pp. 69-85, Aug., 1878.

The Labrador and Columbia River Fisheries. [From the ‘‘New York Sun.”]
< Forest and Stream, v. 10, p. 507, Aug. 1, 1878.

The Mysterious Salmon. A quotation from the “Astorian” on the subject of
the salmon taking the artificial fly, with editorial comment by Fred. Ma-
ther. < Chicago Field, v. 9, p. 387, Aug. 3,1878. [F.M.]

The McCloud River Hatchery. [By K. B. Pratt.] < Forest and Stream, v.
11, p. 2, Aug. 8, 1878.

Fish Gossip: Abundance of Salmon in the McCloud River, and their annoy-
ance to anglers when fishing for Trout. [Item from ‘‘San Francisco Chron-
icle,” with editorial comment by Fred. Mather. < Chicago Field, v. 9,
p. 403, Aug. 10,1878. [F.M.]

Gameness of the Quiynat Salmon. [By Tarleton H. Bean.] < Chicago
Field, v.10, p. 4, Aug. 17,1878. [F.M.]

The Fraser River Salmon Season. [From the ‘‘New York World.”] < For-
est and Stream, v. 11, p. 50, Ang. 22, 1878.

Fishing in Northern California. [By E. J. Hooker.] < Forest and Stream,
v.11, p. 51, April 22, 1873.

Trout Fishing in Truckee River. Correspondent of the ‘Sacramento Union.”
< Chicago Field, v. 10, p. 20, Aug. 24,1878. [F.M.]

Trouting in Nevada. Catching them in the water-works at Gold Hill and
Virginia City. [From “ Virginia City Chronicle.”] <Chicago Field, y.
10, p.—. Sept. 14,1878. [I. M.]

Good News from California. [Anaccount of fish-ladders in the Truckee River,
from the “Truckee Republican.”] < Chicago Field, v. 10, p.84, Sept. 21,
1878.

Salmon One Cent Each. [Item from Frazer River, from California paper, with

editorial comment by F. Mather.] < Chicago Field, v, 10, p. 101, Sept. 28,
1878. [F.M.]

Salmon Canning on Columbia River. An account of the process, with statis-
tics. By Pred. Mather. < Chicago Field,v.10,p. 101,Sept. 28,1878. [F.M.]

Note on the Sanrus Incioceps of Ayres. [By W. N. Lockington.] < Ann.
& Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), v. 2, pp. 348, 349, Oct., 1878.

McCloud River Hatching Station. Daily Record of Salmon taken, [Signed
Livingston Stone.] < Forest and Stream, v. 11, p. 203, Oct. 10, 1878.

California Troutin New York. [By Seth Green.] < Forest and Stream, v.
11, p. 203, Oct. 10, 1878.

McClond River Hatchery. [Table of Distribution of Salmon Eggs during
1878.] <Forestand Stream, v. 11, p. 222, Oct. 17, 1878. *

59

1878—Land-locking the Quinnat Salmon. Experiment of H. G. Parker, Commis-

sioner on Fisheries for Nevada, in Pyramid and Walker Lakes. < Chicago
Field, v. 10, p. 165, Oct. 26,1878. [F.M.]

The Yellowstone as a Trout stream. [Anon.] < Forest and Stream, v.11, p.
263, Oct. 31, 1878.

Another Devil Fish Story. Account of devil-fish (Ceratoptera) interfering
with a submarine diver, from California paper. < Chicago Field, v. 10,
p. 181, Nov. 2, 1878. [F.M.]

Walks around San Francisco. By W. N. Lockington. No- III.—Lake
Honda and Seal Rock. <Am. Nat., v.12, pp. 786-793, Dec., 1878.
[N. Sp. Bdellostoma Stoutii, p. 793.)
Note.—‘‘No. I.—The Ocean Beach” (v. 12, pp. 347-354) and [No. II.—]
“The Bay Shore” (v. 12, pp. 505-512) have nothing relative to fishes.

Salmo quinnat in France. [By Fred. Mather.] < Forest and Stream, v.11,
p. 360, Dec. 5, 1878. [See, also, pp. 339, 340, Nov. 28, 1878. ]

On the occurrence of Sticheus punctatus, (Fabr.) Kroyer, at St. Michzl’s,
Alaska. By Tarleton H. Bean. < Proc. U. 8. Nat. Museum, vy. 1, pp. 279-
281, Dec. 17, 1878,

Report on the collection of Fishes made by Dr. Elliott Coues, U.S. A., in Da-
kota and Montana during the seasons of 1873 and 1874. By David S.
Jordan, M.D. < Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Sury. Terr., v. 4. pp. 777-799,
Dee. 11, 1878.

Note.—[ Contains an ‘‘analysis of the genera of American Cyprinidae, and reference of
Pacific slope genera to European types, at pp. 785-790. |

California Salmon in Holand. [Editorial.] < Forest and Stream, v. 11, p.

420, Dee. 2&. 1878.

45th Congress, 3d session. b House of Representatives. } Ex. Doc. 1, pt. 2. Vol.
II. | =| Annual Report | of the | Chief of Engineers | to the | Secretary
of War | for the | year 1878. | — | In three parts. | — | Part III. | — | Wash-
ington: | Government Printing Office. | 1878. |

Appendix NN. | — | Annual Report of Lieutenant George M. Wheeler, |
Corps of Engineers, for the fiscal year ending | June 380, 1878. [pp.
1421—

Appendix K. | Report npon the Fishes collected during the years 1875, 1576,
and 1877, in | California and Nevada, by Prof. David S. Jordan and H.
W. Henshaw. [pp. 1609-1622, pll. 1-4.]

Appendix K 1. | List of Marine Fishes collected on the coast of California
near Santa ; Barbara in 1875, with notes by Dr. H. C. Yarrow, Acting
Assistant Surgeon | U.S. A.,and H. W. Henshaw. [pp. 1623-1627. ]

P. 1610, pl. 1,2, Catastomus tahoensis Gill and Jordan.

P. 1610, pl. 3, Catastomus arewopus Jordan.
P. 1619, pl. 4, Salmo Henshawi Gill and Jordan.

The Sportsman’s Gazetteer and General Guide. The Game Animals, Birds,
and Fishes of North America: Their Habits and Various Methods of Cap-
ture, Copious Instructions in Shooting, Fishing, Taxidermy, Woodcratt,
ete. Together with maps. By Charles Hallock, Editor of ‘‘ Forest and
Stream”; Author of the ‘ Fishing Tourist,” ‘‘Camp Life in Florida,” ete.
Fourth Edition. New York: Forest and Stream Publishing Co. 1878.
(12mo.)

60

1878—Manual of the Vertebrates of the Northern United States, Including the Dis-
trict East of the Mississippi River, and North of North Carolina and Ten-
nessee, exclusive of Marine Species. By David Starr Jordan, Ph. D., M.
D., Professor of Natural History in Butler University. Second Edition, Re-
vised and Enlarged. Chicago: Jansen, McClurg & Co. 1878. (12mo,
407 pp.)

The Californian Salmon. With an Account of its Introduction into Victoria.
By Sir Samuel Wilson, Member of the Legislative Council of Victoria.
Melbourne: Sands & McDougall, Printers, Collins street West. 1873.

1879.—The Nevada Fish-hatchery. [From Carson City ‘“‘Appeal.”] <Chicago
Field, v. 10, p. 332, Jan. 4, 1879. [I. M.]

Capture of a Devil-fish [Ceratoptera]. From California paper. <Chicago
Field, v. 10, p. 395, Feb. 1, 1879. [F. M.]

The Fisheries and Other Resources of Alaska. By H.A.R. <Chicago Field,
v. 10, p. 395, Feb. 1, 1879. [F.M.]

Viviparous Pereh [Embiotocide. By Charles Hallock. From ‘Sportsman’s
Gazetteer.”] < Forest and Stream, v. 11, p. 512, Jan. 23, 1879.

Fish and Fishing ef Oregon. [By Wm. Lang.] < Forest and Stream, v. 12,
p. 35, Feb. 13, 1879.

Report of the Nevada Fish Commission. [Notice by Fred. Mather.] <Chi-
cago Field, vy. 11, p. 3, Feb. 15, 1879.

Rapid growth of the Californian Salmon. [Anon.] <Forest and Stream, v.
12, p. 55, Feb. 20, 1879.
{An abstract from the ‘‘Germar Fishing Gazette.”]
Eastern Trout on the Pacific Slope. [By H. H. Holt, Kaloma, W.T. <For-
est and Stream, v. 12, p. 105, March 13, 1879.

Rearing Whitefish in confinement. [By B. B. Redding.] < Chicago Field,
v. 11, pp. 67,68, March 15, 1879.

Interesting Facts from Washington Territory. [By Chs. Bendire.] < For-
est and Stream, v. 12, p. 154, March 27, 1879.
| Refers to ‘Salmo Kennerlyi’’, &c.]
The Flounders of our Markets. Read by W. M. Lockington before the San
Francisco Acad. of Sciences, March 17, 1879. <CScientifie Press Supple-
ment, April, 1879; Mining and Scientific Press, April 12 and 19, 1879.

Salmon Fishing in Oregon. [By H. B.] < Forest and Stream, y. 12, p. 174,
April 3, 1879.

Traits of Rocky Mountain Trout. [By W.N. Byers.] < Forest and Stream,
v. 12, p. 174, April 3, 1879.

[Notice of a “ ‘Devil Fish’ recently taken on the Pacific coast whose body °
was four feet long, with a spear-shaped tail and tentacles seven feet long,”
i. e., a species of Ceratoptera. From the “ Santa Barbara Press.”] <Chi-
cago Field, v. 11, p. 148, April 19, 1879.

Description of a species of Lycodes (1. Turneri) from Alaska, believed to be
undescribed. By Tarleton H. Bean. <Proc. U. 8. Nat. Museum, vy. 1,
pp. 463-466, April 25, 1879.

The Fishes and Birds of the Pacific Coast. [By Calamink, pseudon of John
L. Wilson. <Chicago Field, y. 11, p. 163, April 26, 1879.

[Note relative to the Fisheries of British Columbia. Notice of Report to
House of Commons.] <Chicago Field, v. 11, p. 165, April 26, 1879.

61

18 279—Notes on some Fishes of the Coast of California, No. I. By W. N. Loclkr-
ington. < Am. Nat., v. 13, pp. 299-308, May, 1879.

California Moyntain Trout in Eastern Waters. [By Seth Green.] < Forest
and Stream, v. 12, p. 264, May 8, 1879.
[See, also, v. 12, p. 288.]

Trout and Salmon Season in California. [Anon.] < Forest and Stream, v.
12, p. 277, May 8, 1879.

Anglingin California. [Abstract from “ Pacific Life.”] < Chicago Field, v.11,
pp. 198, 196, May 10, 1879.

[Catfish in California.] < Chicago Field, v. 11, p. 196, May 10, 1879.

Pacific Trout [Salmo iridea] in Eastern Waters. [Note signed H. W. De Long,
with description appended from Hallock’s Sportsman’s Gazetteer.] << Tor-
est and Stream, v. 12, p. 288, May 15, 1879.

Does the Western Salmon die after spawning? [By MaJor, pseudon.] < Chi-
cago Field, v. 11, p. 221, May 17, 1879.

California Salmon do not all die after spawning. [By B. B. Redding.]
< Chicago Field, v. 11, p. 236, May 24, 1879.

The Roe of the Salmon the Indian’s Bait. [By Jonas C., Portland, Oregon. ]
< Chicago Field, v. 11, p. 237, May 24, 1879.

California News. [Notice of expected consignment of eggs from U. S. Com-
mission Fish and Fisheries. Anon. From Sacramento ‘ Record-Union.”}
< Chicago Field, v. 11, p. 244, May 31, 1879.

On a new Genus of Scombride. By W. N. Lockington. < Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila. [v. —], pp. 133-135.
[N. g. and sp. Chriomitra (p. 153) concolor, p. 134.]

Who branded the Salmon? [Notice of capture of four salmon branded with
W. at Westport, Oregon. By Geo. H. Heather.] < Chicago Field, y. 11,
p. 260, June 7, 1879. :

Lake Tahoe. [Anon. From ‘Philadelphia Press.” ] < Chicago Field, v. 11,
p. 260, June 7, 1879.

Grand Success of Shad and Salmon Culture. [By B. B. Redding.] < Chi-
cago Field, v. 11, p. 277, June 14, 1879.

Salmon at the Antipodes, being an account of the successful introduction of
Salmon and Trout into Australian waters. By Sir Samnel Wilson, Mem-
ber of the Legislative Council of Victoria, [ete.]; author of a work on the
Angora Goat, and papers on the Ostrich, the Chinese Yam, ete. London:
Edward Stanford, 55, Charing Cross, 8. W., 1879. [3d ed., 12°, viii, 252 pp.,
1 phot. pl., 1 map folded. ]

Partial Contents.
Chap. V. The first introduction of Californian Salmon Ova. pp. 24-25.
Chap. VII. The second importation of Californian Salmon Ova. pp. 29-38.
Chap. VIII. The Californian Salmon. pp. 39-58.
Chap. IX. Is the Californian Salmon suitable to the Murray River? pp.

59-66.

Chap. XIX. The Growth and Development of the Salmonid. pp. 160-172.
Chap. XXII. The Distribution and Liberation of the Californian Salmon

Fry. pp. 193-244.

{Introduction dated June 16, 1879.

‘“The substance of this work, in a slightly different form, under the title of ‘Tho
Californian Salmon,’ was originally published in the Transactions of the Zoological and
Acclimatization Society of Melbourne for the year 1878, and a second small edition was
reprinted in Victoria.”"—From ‘‘ Preface to the third edition.’’-—See 1878]

62

1879—The Chinese and other Fishermen of California. [Condensed froin San Fran-
cisco “Chronicle” by Fred. Mather.] < Chicago Field, y. 11, p. 291, June
2151579:

On the Occurrence of Hippoglossus vulgaris, Flem., at Unalashka and St.
Michael’s, Alaska. By Tarleton H. Bean. < Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, y.
2, pp. 63-66, July 1, 1879,

Pacific Coast Shad. [By William Lang.] < Forest and Stream, vy. 12, p.
487, July 24, 1879.

Notes on New and Rare Fishes. Read before the California Acad. Science
by W.N.Lockington.] < Scientific Press Supplement, July, 1879; Mining
‘ and Scientific Press, Aug. 2 and 16, 1879.

Fish Notes from the Pacific Coast. [By Robt. E. C. Stearns.] < Chicago
Field, v. 11, p. 389, Aug. 2, 1879.
[Extract from ‘‘ American Naturalist.”]
Curious Facts about Trout [i.e., jumping from flume into water below. By
B.B.R., i.e. B.B.Redding.] < Chicago Field, v. 11, p. 404, Aug. 9, 1879.

Alaska iu Summer.—Second Paper. [By ‘‘PIsEco,” i. e. Lester Beardslee. ]
< Forest and Stream, v. 13, p. 553, Aug. 14, 1879.

(Refers, inter alias, to capture and curins of salmon at Port Hunter.]

Largest Salmonon Record. [Anon.] < Forest and Stream, v. 13, p. 557, Aug.
14, 1879.

{‘‘ Vicrorta, June 26.—A salmon that weighed 98 pounds when caught has been received
here from the Skeena River Fishery by Mr. Turner, Mayor of Victoria. Its length is 5
feet 11 inches from nose to tail.”’]

Shad in the Columbia. [By ‘‘S.”] < Forest and Stream, v. 13, p. 585, Aug. 28,
1879.

{Refers probably to Pomolobus.]

.

Trolling for Salmon. [dnon.] < Forest and Stream, v. 13, p. 588, Aug. 28, 1879.

{Relates to Columbia River.)

Oregon. [Record of a trout-fishing expedition. By William Lang.]
< Forest and Stream, v.13, p. 589, Aug, 28, 1879.

The McCloud River Fishery. [Anon.] < Forest and Stream, v. 13, p. 604,
Sept. 4, 1879.

Salmon a Nuisance to Trout Fishers. [Anon. By Fred. Mather.] < Chicago
Field, v. 12, p. 52, Sept. 6, 1879.

The North Pacifie Cedfishery. [By W. N. Lockington. Reprinted from
“Pacific Life.” ] <Chieayo Field, v. 12, p. 53, Sept. 6, 1879.

[Notice of Trout passing through flume under pressure of 376 pounds to the
square inch. Anon.] < Chicago Field, y. 12, p. 53, Sept. 6, 1879.

[Notice of Catfish—Amiurus albidus ?’—5 to 15 inches long, taken in Sausal
Lagoon, where planted three years before. Anon.] < Chicago Field, v.
12, p. 53, Sept. 6, 1879.

The Pacific Salmon Fisheries. [Anon.] < Chicago Field, v. 12, p. 69, Sept. 13,
1879.

[Notice of Catfish—Amiurus albidus?—taken in MeCloud’s Lake, Stockton.
Anon.] < Chicago Field, vy, 12, p. 69, Sept. 138, 1879.

The Trans-Continental Expedition of the California Fish Commissioners.
[By H. A. L.] < Forest and Stream, v. 13, p. 645 (3 col.), Sept. 18, 1879.

63

1879—Review of Was Pleuronectide of San Francisco. By W. N. Lockington.

< Prév. U.S. Nat. Museum, v. 2, pp. 69-96, July 2—Sept. 19, 1879.
[N. sp. HippoglossoidesJordani, p. 73; Glyptocephalus Pacijicus, p. 86; Cp eh s 2c hee
rus, p. 88.

[Notice of Catfish for Susan River and Eel Lake. <Anon.] < Chicago Field,
v. 12, p. 85, Sept. 20, 1879.

The first biennial report of the Nevada Commission. [Notice by Fred. Ma-
ther.] < Chicago Field, v. 12, p. 85, Sept. 20, 1879.

Habits of California River Salmon. [Anon. Extract from ‘‘Sacramento
Bee.”] < Chicago Field, v. 12, p. 100, Sept. 27, 1879.

Fish Culture Operations in California. [By Livingston Stone.] < Forest
and Stream, v. 13, p. 685, Oct. 2, 1°79.
{Refers to Salmon. ]
Why Salmo Quinnat does not take the Fly. [Anon. by Charles Hallock,
<Forest and Stream, v. 13, p. 685, Oct. 2, 1879.

Washington Territory. [By ‘‘ MULTNOMAH,” pseudon. ] sebiorest and Stream,
v. 13, p. 687, Oct. 2, 1879.

{Relates to ashing in ‘‘the great Spokane country.’’]

Salmon Fishing on the Pacific. [Incomplete. By C. R.] <Forest aud
Stream, v. 13, p. 689, Oct. 2, 1879.

The Fishery of Mr. A. P. Rockwood [near Salt Lake City. Anon. From ‘The
Juvenile Instructor.”] <(Chicago Field, v. 12, p. 115, Oct. 4, 1879.

Do Fish hear? [By W.N. Lockington. From “ Pacific Life.”] <(Chicago
Field, v. 12, p. 116, Oct. 4, 1879.

Trout in the Truckee. [Anon. From ‘Sacramento Bee.”] <Chicago Fie]4,
v. 12, p. L17, Oct: 4, 1879:

California, [Record of good Grilse-fishing in September.] By B. B. Redding
<lorest and Stream, v.u13, p. 715, Oct. 9, 1878.

The Game and Fish of Alaska. [By ‘‘ PisEco,” i. e. Lester Beardslee, U.S.
N.] <Forest and Stream, v. 13, pp. 723-724, Oct. 16, 1879.

Salmon Eggs from the Pacific. [By Livingston Stone.] <Forest ard
Stream, v. 13, p. 725, Oct. 16, 1879.

California Fishing. [By E. J. Hooper.] <Forest and Stream, v. 138, p. 72
Oct. 1€, 1879.

Wyoming Territory. [Note on Trout-fishing. By ‘‘MULTNOMAH,” pseudon. ]
< Forest and Stream, v. 13, p. 728, Oct. 16, 1879.

Spawn in off season [of Californian Trout. By E. C. Tallant. With edito-
rial note.] <Forest and Stream, v. 13, p. 744, Oct. 23, 1879.

The Redfish of the Northwest. [By Ch. Bendire. With editorial note. ]
<Forest and Stream, v. 13, p. 745, Oct. 23, 1879.

Rocky Mountain Trout. [By FLyFIsHEr, pseudon., J. J. Stranahan, Chagrin
Falls, O.] <(Chicago Field, v. 12, p. 164, Oct. 25, 1879.

“Mountain Trout”.—(Salmo virginalis). [By Gordon Lamb.] <Chicago
Field, v. 12, p. 164, Oct. 25, 1879.

Fishing in Gray’s Harbor [i. e. Salmon-fishery. Anon. From ‘ Olympia
(Washington Terr.) Transcript.” <(Chicago Field, v. 12, pp. 164, 165, Oct.
25, 1879.

64

1879—Codfishing in the Pacific. [Anon.] From ‘San Francisco Alta.”) <Chicago
Field, v. 12, p. 165, Oct. 25, 1879. &

California Trout in New York State. [By Clarence A. Farnum.] < Forest
and Stream, y. 13, p. 765, Oct. 30, 1579.

Salmon Fishing on the Pacific. [By C. R.] < Forest and Stream, v. 13, p.
767, Oct. 30, 1879.

Why Salmo Quinnat does not take the Fly. [Editorial.] < Forest ond
Stream, v. 13, p. 770, Oct. 30, 1879.

Notes on Pacific Coast Fishes and Fisheries. By W. N. Lockington. < Am.

. Nat., v. 13, pp. 684-687, Nov., 1879.

Notes on some undescribed Fishes of the Pacific Coast. By W. N. Locking-
ton. < Scientific Press Supplement, v. —, p. 76, Nov., 1879.

Carp Breeding in California. [ Anon. From *‘Sonoma Index.”] < Chicago
Field, v. 12, p. 180, Nov. 1, 1879.

Trout Culture in Nevada. [Anon. From ‘ Virginia City Enterprise.” ] < Chi-
cago Field, v. 12, p. 180, Nov. 1, 1879.

Fishin Washington Territory. [Anon. From the ‘‘Experiment.”] < Chicago
Field, v. 12, p. 180, Nov. 1, 1879.

Washington Territory. [Abundance of Trout. By MULTNOMAH, pseudon.]
< Forest and Stream, v. 13, pp. 795-796, Nov. 6, 1879.

The Redfish of Idaho. By Charles Bendire. < Forest and Stream, v. 13,
p. 806, with fig., Nov. 13, 1879.

(The figure appears te represent Hysifario kennerlyi.)

California Notes. (From the ‘San Francisco Bee.”) < Chicago Field, v. 12,
p. 213, Nov. 15, 1879.

Some Fishes of Oregon. By C. J. Smith. < Forest and Stream, v. 13, p.
26, Nov. 20, 1879.

The Trout of Utah. [Notice of its rising to a fly.] Fy C. B. Western
< Forest and Stream, v. 13, p. 826, Nov. 20, 1879.

California Fishing Notes. [From ‘‘Sacramento Bee.”] < Chicago Field, v. 12,
p. 229, Nov. 22, 1879.

California Fishes. By B. B. Ree@dirg. < Forest and Stream, v. 13, p. 847
Nov. 27, 1879.

Mountain Trout.—Salmo virginalis. By Gordon Land. < Chicago Field, v.
12, p. 245, Nov. 29, 1879.

The Fishes of Klamath Lake, Oregon. By BE. D. Cope. < Am. Nat., v. 13,
pp. 784-785, Dece., 1879.

[N. sp. Chasmistes luxatus (p. 784) ; Chasmistes brevirostris (p. 785) ; ? Mylopharodon sp.
(785).}

Annual Record of Science and Industry for 1878. | Edited by Spencer F.
Baird with the assistance of eminent men of science. | New York: | Har-
per & Brothers, Publishers, Franklin Square, 1879. [12°.]

The North American Trout and Salmon, pp. 467-470.

Ichthyologische Beitriige (VIII). Von Dr. Franz Steindachner. < Sitzb.
K. Akad. Wissensch., B. 20, Abth. i, pp. . (*‘Juli-heft.”) [Anthor’s extra,
received by mail Oct. 22, 1579. ]

[N. sp. Corvina (Johnius) Jacobi, San Diego, p. 3; n. g. and sp. Typhlogobius califor-
niensis, San Diego, p. 24; and Gobius Newberrit, p. 17, Engraulis ringens, p. 62, also com-
mented upon.)

°

TON EX.

Page.

A.
AME eee a aacine basis slefeewaleiaisincicisic(aciexisic.s.« 48
Abbot, Lieut. Henry L ....................- 26
PANE ON Spcemtce ans scisa cccpcnaciccisce nana satateciss 23
Abeona minima ...............-2c2c0--- eee 41
PTO DLIG SU Ye octecemlasletcseisn ne .-i-inia~ « 23, 29
IADOLG daWice=sesacee cae eee clea nctors(se'etciate 17
Abramis balteatus -.-...................... 15
SCAN GMISS SUG KY oc wsenieinaicicaiele <neiniein= = 81, 44
PCN Gis DUG DLO ta eet eicliacisiclarsiniess sists /sicininisier= 34
Acantholebius nebulosus........--.-------- 42
FA CHAIN GS pan eet seiatcicie’a ajsiamr=apaemtnieloi= 1a) << 40
Acipenser acutirostrig ............-...--... 22, 31
brachyrhynchus.....<<--..<-.-.. 22, 31
MEGIFOSUIAS ec aet. craa Seca ooceicis'e 22, 31
transmontanus .........---- 13, 15, 16, 31
PA COMIUS eet eats aacinass serena co RS arlsiisiecta slain 25
ECOMITISIE ONOLOSUS taeicle oimimciersieemiciaie inate mile 29, 43
PNCTOCDOMUUS acronis teinie eielanislenisioie cie'a'asie siaie 22
Acrocheilus alutaceus.............. sehet eae 22
PETODAISIAtICEPS -<oc.-cemensaeisccweccisecce 39
Agassiz, Alexander .......... Seems eee 34
PANDAS ala cia noes sive isis o's sfemiewre 19, 20, 22, 24, 25
AI PARSIZ e PTOLGRAOD <:cacin's wshicinwocasewiaisetices 3,8
Agonus ....... Sesaeee ease oe aeeae eens 9
EOS A etait loletnin niaia oa ein eloials cleieliaa'=pleloeeieiam’= 25
chrysogaster .............. Selereraisielers 25
ABCA LG Spe ete wala late ate oie a sletaieleietalolsl iste 25
Alaska ibie Salmon! Of} .c%siaisice'slewieos'<'e(cleecle 53
AISLOMIEA Ol s:42)<=\c'selctesiect velclstoia\sleielels 51
TCHON VOLO LY OF cao acre n eleineininl> «ine imie 46
REPOT OW) senses ease cee sialaaisloiitsiate 51
PAN RAAT ORs < oeaisciascuiclacinisaideinelslesenc le 44
food fishes ...-........------------ 45
SATAN GAUTOLDICA 4 <n )2 sei wiede cela loow'sn'm\ 36, 43
BAN It Spe sepia aloe =, fo aitteine'ciactole/sicise cia is 16
PAE PIC OSSULOIOAG = = acs osc meieme rie cmclem:s w'cluicle 38
Alepidosaurus (Caulopus) borealis ......--- 35
BOLT Bis em cie a nie oreo 35, 42
SABIE INATIC UN te tne eeisie aimlelsi Sate alaieiatctel = ctelels = = 40
PMILSHOCEN MANS eccesciiscel cee cicic sacmnnicek iss C 16
SUE eM oe atte tata ae ial etnias em eo’ wieilel steiete mc oler cle 25
PAL MS CANDICOLOL sce cpcsceinws<aesio emcee alm sie 25, 29
TOPMOBET te epee centewe scieans 25, 29, 43
DGS Renee a weeerekt cm ealaa tees aaa 25, 29
PBT AI ore Sane dace aumedmes deelaams ys oe 10
PRN ESL eee Seow oa ataia ws alelpl leisl ein wali leteks 87
SEE FGH le tate ato ae eine ese tae aie 44
LOSS INVISION = b= se daisa aad co mwolseitcls ciel ciasin one 22
Mest Di se se nape an see awe ae ee ee 46
PALO OMlyocis's sti Sao 2 cia'sx/omare nih oan oe vac 8
PAMEDLOMOU BAtUINUS 6c +c secc ccc cmaciemmnce 27, 28, 34
Ambloplites interruptus .-—..........-.--- 27

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 11——5

Page

AMI Ase scelnccecsass cee ences scree asesesee 16
AMNIATUS! MU DIGUS = astea nna aee Sees lclcarc sects 62
JAmMOocmtes: CiDaTLUS!= << <.c0 jcc acne cqsane cists 27, 31
Ammodytes alascanus...............-.-.--. 46
INOXAPLELUS ecm occ sctc ee neo a 10
PELSONALUS ss. ee = a= ciaee 25, 28, 43

SOPLLPINN Spas seiei asco ee ees 10°
Amphistichus argenteus ............--..- 20, 29, 41
EVGOrmMann esses sesicease ae 21

SEMIS yea we ciseee cones cece 21, 29’
Anableps! Gronovil sas cissooee cacwine- = -5-== 21, 26
Anlerrhichas!-ccss~>-2-ie ss ecessace faeces a 53
LOB Y sa stta si Ios elas ccs cecee 21, 28
Amnarrhichthys\ 22-5 setciscrcie el sienels see aces 23
feligvsssaccasense st eesoeeeece 28
OCeM Abus so. onwecce eset eee 23, 42
Ampuillah sss oesnace sosccaccsce tesla Cesisatetne 40
ATININ AMES Files sccacsesmsiencesectciecscs 7
“ANON sss ssacee sot ctotatctcialeaiiefateics cleelealatee 48, 50
ANOPAZONUS as naan ns sae walclowslnsinneeetae 34
PATIO PLAT ONUS cz ctatatsisatalaiai sia aia\sloleweie ssitetectalel='s 34
crista-pallis ose jsccacih- nee 35
purpurescens|.<.<.6---52...... 34
PATI OPlOPOM Aer scesee ce ac sewer ce er eee taae 32
AiMPVIRI=s Sass csc soe ce Iseos 46
MOLIAN CUS! ssascas cecisesese se 32, 42
Antaceus acutirostris .............--.------ 44
brachyrhynchus’...........0-...- 44
MEMITOS MUS tesa esece ese ee eee 44
Apocope carringtonii....................--- 52
COMPS nes aceaciamimenice semana seals 51
Nenshiaivill\sseesvessse nee cies 52
VERULICOSM ne aaceisse cise sate sineeicics dL
Vin NOVataiae ssacisinece see seaaa a 52
PA DOCICHUNYS saeaeeees lesen seeecme deems 21
Aavidus tees steeeesscsee se 21, 28, 42
INOVMALUSH sass ese aaa ar 36
SAN PMINOUSis sc. ser cele seceee == 36
WIOIACEUS eam ceceniameaneice sams 21
WANOR COUN ae seme sao anne sane 24, 28
CAN aie eee een sees NSS a aeina A aiaaleatamm nites xie'= 57
PATONG PLCC R ne enn seam ccmiesnciiea aeeicicsieterta 34
ANGELL PUUS neice eieiaceleinsaraste ie erare 4}
ATO EN iIMAMTOMOSA: seer sila cee s Seale. '<n cian 21
ADOVIPIOSUB PACLUCUN i: a2 2neaanenccices cco se 53
EL GCRONS AUICISeer so teas eece asia seeeniane ae 29
TG ist PIO LE eee ia eee ian ain aimee ete 25
MOMS eho Asoo tones see cadce cee 25, 29
OXOWIGS!ses te aoeanentaatereasde secs 25
PANUOOING i eeiemancn nese ceena sce neecenaaciacin 25
NALOLALIS eiceie a5 coe. ate selec cicntacainn 27
MOLOSPUOUUS enc ein wamelnecem clan aen 25, 28
DIZ SUCOSIS aein' tasinacielteiscas anlssi 53

66 INDEX.
r Page. Page.
Aspicottns'--.. cn tceeenecener aes tenn cern 20 | California, natural wealth of .............-. 41
WISO0 suse eee was eas 20, 22, 27, 42 BOW LONG). ccevenese eee sees 53
Aspidophoroides inermis..-...-..-----.---- 32 | Californian fish culture .............--..... 47
Aspidophorus acipenserinus .-.-....---.--- 16 SALMON oe phe ans ae ee pe eee 60
ASHEMINOPAn pe atnweks senna oe cone aca neon 21; 22,40: | Gallorhynolius”.s-.-2+-2.4-2--s-cmeaepe=aner 15
BUINIE scene tae aoe oe ee 88,49) | Calyallepidotus’ -0..5-.-.c2-- oes ov ewccaseene 24
californiensis .-....-<.-<s<«-=« 21, 28 lateralin :22c.% .5sceseene see 24, 42
PUGS osteo eae cea ees 33 SPINOSUR tenes wee oe eee 24
Aticins:; Charles G:...cccscesc-es-+scuraavaes) | 48 |) CAMBYING feos cameo es nee een fen 33
PAETROLODEEON <2 2 -.c nce nani fo cccansiene ao mens TU TIGONE on - semen wen ne) ao sne =) ee
OClLAthTAtals-c cn smenccaner sy 41 .|°“Campbell; Archibald =o esc cana nae aneeny 34
Atractoscion nobile .......-.....-.2-+----- AL” | (COTANES Henn cecae seu ceee ane see acne eames 14
PAMIUIBQODE oe an ee «cea bem eae eae 40 SWWMMCLICUN eee wee ae ee 24
BPIMNEHCANA se soe eee te 40 | Carrington: Campbell .....:........--...-.. 46
AOL AVNCRUS cnnmae se aneenr seeee = ses B& || (CECOBTOMIO SS ool eae ee eee 57
PAVIOUS epee ce hem ence ele 84 | Catostomus armopus)--- 22.52 e Scene ee eee 59
Ayres, Dr. Wm.0..3, 21, 22, 23, 24, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38 Dermardint 02 Steen see 25
AVVCRIR Atta ee caneeee nana ceesn ctaweeeaai = 37 discobulns'-<2-cs-cesesane eee 52
UMC PINMIRa- =. oocen ee near ene 37, 38 fecundus:~.-5 nae eee o eee 51, 52
B (Acomus) generosus ..-......-. 25
Panag le AV ce ak. < op ee 7 ts ce aa sSeebhk
Baird, Spencer F ..-... 19, 46, 47, 48, 50, 53, 54, 55, 64 Nein ae RAI wee ee
Balistes : 30 latin inns. oleore eee 19
Bathymaster signatns -..---- bw cenopwaresee 46 eee ae a dru ty Aneesh 99 ea
Bdellostoma Stoutii .....................- 59 hws hn Sakai a mast 59
Bean, Tarleton H .............0-0++2. 58, 59, 60, 62 RN a eee
Canlircnvig. st eet ty sceeese ene eee aeeeee 36
Bearaslee, ester... <<... gece. sncmanens omens 62, 63 ticulat 43
Beckwith, Lieut. E. G ........--.0---0+-+ 31 ee ae
Caulolatilust.7-o 2222 oe eee oes 39
Beechay, Capiy Lo W << .ccccenewee> ceenae 14 SG 41
IBEIONGIGRING -c-c0< sc escccpseene as cee 21, 29, 42 Cebedichth ose ee ar yee re he tr ee 24. 49
Bendire, Charles ...........--ecese--0+ BO BOER. | cee ee eee ee
Pee een Ue ces a= oc oe eer s awe 14 fs ViclNGOUS ‘va=-+~=s-Wecenasnms 2s, 8
Bennett, Frederick Debell ........-......- 15 Goninencrins Rae eo) at ae 9 ot
Bennett, Thomas..........-..00+.seeece+- 47 itd eads ae ao
ite eee he eames 53 Centronotus crista-galli .................... 35
TBC. red HAM OR iets ow caine > oop wena ecenetdne ea 40, 41 Cent ae fe is eto perpen >
lake ‘walllem'. 28.20): bacseniueniu sce 25 en eee oe IS. - +22 ew eee eee ewe eeeene
. Ceratichthys biguttatus.................... 52
Blennicotus) onc.) ap th daebas pean te =< 34 al 51
Blennius anguillaris -<. — <<<. osseeeeme eden 10 ee en eee
Golichogaster <.- 5... setiwenanuens 10 equamilentus A Rata Mia tat Aas ol
penta t weno ie ae, 21, 28, 42 VN ae =
Blepsias oculofasciatus ...................- 26 sane wo 0) St Dain ae | = -
Sellibue oon. ee ee MAB seat tc anna, ee 2, 81
WONUNLCOSUS scm cc conan eee tem ee 12 Chan pee eS ee eee a
eaieitine <0 dit ee SMOG As owe aa. see ene
a ale ate ae Chappe d’Auteroche, M .......<........-... 8
Brachyistius frenatus .........-.-.00--..s-- 36, 41
‘ . Chas As Wie Res os sce ee erate 47, 48
Branchiostoma Vion sian dee oreeaaee neta 44 Ch catia Teeeaeeatel : 64
Brayton, Alembert W......-«---..+-i---- 57 asmis rue oe TIS dese tosnes as en seat a
Brevoort, James Carson.............-...- 25 saat > dale tata (cae oh tn
OheOn dey x0: wn PC cw cstncearapanaae 25
IBXOWy ssa aue tetas cern nis aekn here Sees eee 34 1 o5
British Columbia............-.+--------+e- 39, 40 pigchamcigaik oabh eben es
P : Gooperl jac ies nine ieerewen 25
Brosmius marginatus............-.-.-.---. 22, 28 : :
ae Chilorhinus-.-i. 32 eee eee pee 40
BYOSMOPH YOR) -on we saape dn ae een een ae sen 34 é R
. Obimprer es. os. ol eet adeeen ee eae 15
MDATPINBUUS <c5<nescanenans 43 liei 14,31
Brotwloid fished caceckcctlecgne dtecees aacine BT || cy sata cantien beet a
ookland, Rev; Wssccasucenh <s atatuneers 14 ee a ws eh i Cnn 30
Bull heal «<i asuen caution veecemeeeenaes 40,1 nies yee se
Butiri Ghiroocenttrmiitnaiie 2 der cecenetese Ree 16
RLEATIDIUS (5 on ts cin eau nnn ounce meres hae ors 16 Chi : 26
GEM, | Cant, Wi. sky wom = web wheat 4 SO PANS 24 Saat eee ee ete nee
Se WON. 60 consteliatue & :25sasss200. <2 2028. 27
ca RAM Sie) ao ote ag ae ee re guttabue’ 2. oscssa0s-5e- a eee
C. MODWIORUE Es aha diexaeasode nee enee 27
Oalemiinkes ois seencigu snus seceeuse eee eee 60 plotussesves2025- Sas eh
California fisheries ......... Mas ans She nwond 63 1’ Chirostoms afiinis <<<22scc.sce-cereuene-taen 42
Commissioner’sreporton 49 californiensis ........ eezsetacee 42

INDEX. 67
Page Pace
Chirostoma tenuis.......-.--...------------- 42 | Cyprinella ludibunda ....................-- 30/
CUIRMS Yan cnn sae sae seis winlniniw'e= = esicioni = 40 jupobrisyesascas. sacs eee aeee 30’
DGLAS eee oe ocean wales ou ebeeaeiee 46 | Cyprinodon californiensis ...........-...... 43
CONALEMACUSia tes eee eo cote eneunicts 21, 42 | MACIIARIUS | cesia=islsaace See ene 19
guttatus -..- 2.2.2.0 ..2-5- 6-5 esena=- 20,42 | Cyprinus (Abramis) balteatus.......-....-. 13
ITCUTT ETL eee one eee cece aelewmoee 46 DSILGRUMS soca osccne crac Sone eee ee 16
PICU eee ae eee ee cies) sane saci 20, 42 (Leuciscus) caurinus............. 13
trigrammus.......-..--- Ree eiiceees 46 cultratus'.......-.-. wale sees 9
GNGTISCMOUIN senescence 2 cece anos eel 11 (Geuciscus) ‘eracilist2-=.-2--..-2- 13
MGlTIOMTGR a esse ca societies sos = eed sie weeeios 61 (Leuciscus) oregonensis........-. 13
CONCOLOR as see eet ace ea 61 TOSEPALUS soseieac cei e ess) cicwieisre2.0 9
Chromis punctipinnis ................------ 38, 41 D
PIT See eae see nae sore oe wise nies solar eaele 40 ;
Glan; CAptalll as .-c6 vee secisces tos see alan JOM PO a WalliamNHt.. cae ec no a-so=3-rsesieectce 44,45
GNA SA Oe wccecteic le aie sae ita Sania imine sia ats OOM Dam alich thy 5 Ac ca1a- slaiate aime ase gees 23
OINOCOUMNA semana os sigan ease eens earels oleic 34 VACOMe necswee es hist one Cena 23, 29, 41
Clinostomus phlegethontis ........-.------- AUD AVvidsSONns GeOLGO sa. .e's ene cls cae aoe 45
ASOT eos eo alate Meese s cle sssinis 47 | Dawes, C. M..... BoA ace cco a as eS 46
Olunedeaseeee eee eaece cae: Sees yecciee= <1 TS LOM OCU Ay: J AMER PMG seals sips ccc cicicien cece aise 15
META DIS ees oce sleesiers enclose od Sl 4310 PDOKAV A ee eris tee pecerasase sso seecbecsletcine 37
Clypeocottus robustus ........-.-.--------- 22 aNoMalae oe he eee ee ee eee 37
Codfishery, Pacific .-..-.....-5...---...%2-- £04 PDO LONG klaWis esas sce cena. siteeieaiae eons 61
WooKkome a ste GeO) «ance ate elesie'aln «ate eines '= a no'ni> Lal ea DON VOLANGWSiy-acacisislsom sista ese sists cine = 50
Cooney Giee-ce ose. 2-6 = {5 mio == 33; 30, 00405 4104| BD ermatostethus)ae- -e- oscmsasniese nee som = ell 36
GEN a eee etctnrals ata ctelsinielnic's ene misc 46, 47, 51, 56, 64 punctipinnis ¢-$.2-.--.-.-- 36, 44
Copeland, Herbert E .................--.--- 534 | SWeyal fish, =!o5.2-ce s-n0cs 2 e0 seas eeeteene ace 60
SOLO OMe emereeaaeio cesses sa eenn ace scence 5Og | PWi0d Oe sc ci ccceineseleselen c Sercasactecscleeniee ll
AS ORE LOMITA) eceecte «lanl slew alaeieeleinini ai -In junc = =i Siisl|eDionds)\ eriseal..2. 22s eeseecerteon see. 2-7 - 27
Coregonus Williamsoni..-............-. 263043. ogg MMItPeMa tno sac ee cea seers ose eee e esas 25
Corvina (Johnius) Jacobi.........-..-...... 64 brevipinne).: s22s---.222-senseceues 36
stearnsii ........-----...---------- eel Oyster ees SUeneRBacatecacHepedacEs 40
Coryphopterus -.............---.-.---.----< Sit SD GM Crily AG er a asicine <setsaee see aaeie ele 39, 45
Coryphopterus glaucofrenum ......--...--- Sie Dunn HoOracell)=c-cesisces see ace ERASE histone 49
Cobtoids .2 eo -necnn= << --n oonncn-----0/000=50 18 | Dynamite, for fishing..............---...--- 48
MOULODSIS HSPOlsossos nose snes adacseaeeeiset 27
PEUGeR eC oe RAT adc 20, 27, 42 E.
VEL eres et toietorenife cia eine Oli om ME GheneidOld ee .ch ccc cce cs cek< cs cece tenes 38
SOULS meets we ee aaielele salesman elaine aisle 18 | Echeneis naucrates........--...------2----- 32
ORISA D Olea stones acne vacecee = sseeates 13, 16 TOIMOTS yas es ee Bae ao 32
criniger......--.-----------+--+-++-- S20 SE lioth, Elenny Wisc ctcesssssees eae se eee = 47, 51
ISG Pelee sem tee ee ce eee setae 10 F164 EH lopsye ccmcy: sts CeeTe LG eeaeaee ce eee ees 16
platycephalus ....-.--..........---- LOWE MmibiOtGGal=-c.2\ccn cease seca neste ee eee 19, 20
polyacanthocephalus ..........-.--- 10, 16 ALL YNOSOMA= «shee ee ee eee 25, 29, 41
TRAC IUTUS tats eracine seta sisieiisse ac mos 10 @aryin)scce. 2 Seese eee ee ee 19
WOMLUR ALIS See aetete ciate atte aie ae alae nian t= 12 Cassidii= 2.252205 eee 21, 29
Cones; Drs HMiot nese senso. --s-nec em ea=- =) 10 Tacksoniec: eee 19, 29, 41
Creme sata wie ala eaiaicie aimee oe = mein tee = nian 63, 64 lateralisyeeseerce cic eee 20, 34
OTEMO Mya OMIM Cece cm anes eo<ig)eicicisici=iom 45 lineatar-ereer Lee oo Lee 21, 29
Cronisey EIvUsNOyra.. vesesea cence ct ic aemis= 41 OLGA ee Pee Ee eae ey. 23, 29.
Cota PR IGhardeD)=necssittecrenes= cm nsssa55 46 PeLrspicabiuiskesss see cee esas 23, 29
Cuvier & Valenciennes. ...11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 Wiebke oe a ee TE ot a fe 23, 29
Cyclogaster pulchellus ..................--. 25h bio tOCOld se aoe ee ee ere eee s eke 21
Cyclopteroids, synopsis of........----.----- Bos BEM DIOL COS ates aaeee ace teseciect eases cee 3
CPGLO DOLLS = rata ate ae otatatnle eel a aia ataa|oaniete rota Ale aWmonyluiouts Col. aWr-kLc --2cceeee U- seesae <= 17
ZOAMNOSUS) mcs semana tos PAM RUT CN ARTY Gre fapael hai-farn) interne eeeieieeet <ieleacie)- 17
OE aie seeeieesaeeeme na seein 35 Engraulis compressus ........-.---------- 27, 30, 43
ViENURICOSUS ace non ame 16 delicatissimus ...-.......----- 21, 31, 43
WVMALO QASLOr She scons we ra coe wu ete ieee 20 MOYORK Eo clean seek Lee SES 21, 30, 43
ALLTOLAUUG ooo nos coe ccc cacaam 20, 41 NANUAE on weke alee ewieeieselee eee 27, 30, 43
GU Tin Ga an ecagaacncetadanas 20 ITD NS ala alealatetatale eee ae aaa 64
arkinsil Goer eae OMEN Ohh y Sconces eh akeawar nee so see 23
MUINIMNNS) 2 kaso ns eee aes 20 TIGOLMALIN Nees. cone omen tae Jee 2B 29)
mulohellusiec. seen == eee 20 MOP AIOUSacicenec ence ee joece nc 23, 29
PaLvipiimMise.) ssn 5 aes BDU PUN LOSPNENUS <c -miccinn «ics ccic we solte's we ewe Shee 36
Cyprinolla gunnisoni ................---..--< 30 Cllidhiaepee esate cen =< ssi 44

68 INDEX. ‘
Page. Page.
Entosphenus epihexodon ........-.---..---. $4 | (Gila. 42 -sc tees. code ss ows euoeenn eae reees 17,19
Ephippus zonatus .......----------e----e--+ 27, 28 AVUORBOR ss ested Jean ra wd aiden eat 51
Epinephelus ciliatus ...........--..-..---.- 9 conocephalassss.J.<0- ss sess ses eee 21
IP VONTINUB a inv ons smn ee ae yeas Cae walN an ain ne 16 OSTOM scarce te cade tA) d eae see wien 52
Bachacholts,; Dr. Priedr.<-..< <<.cccssenecuss 12 Qlevans Anime t scdes oe oate eee 19, 30, 43, 52
ION OTR a5 o ta mes ot 36 FOMO0Y issn 25 cawtee dasa eae 19, 52
NOW DALUis ds ater iowa «pm pee ae 43 STOOMIS 2723S dt os oa See 19, 30, 52
MOUITIONOREEUO UB Ne nosso dam dele dase aes 36 Grahanl oi. iis. .widdadsc eel ee pene 19, 52
Exocotus californious .-.-.....--...2-..-..- 38, 42 QVGNMISs osc Fe os aoe sa sein deew deat 22
TAROIAIUS 0255 tac eee sac ue seen n = 24 hydrophlox:<< 25-242 gcse ece soe eee 2
F microlepidota rcs 2/si-- ent ne acaaee 22
i WOMANS tits eeicee eee eee nee 52
MOMOIANE VIOUS, coed a <caan ca Mone uermneneenee 25, 30 NACTOR sss oecater ers danaseeas eee 52
RULOLO cas owe wec-e'nsmince aera eee ae 25, 30 Di prae = Ses ateawss ose seca eee 51, 52
Qa oon occ nw na sninern weet neens 30 phloegethontin:<23.02- sosesee soca 52
Gairdrert oa cecewa cn seee er aeeneeees 30 robusta ........ a sdde deo ee 19, 30, 43, 52
IN QW DOIEIL feo ester v'e nip viclaa deel ae aio 26 Beminuda ss.62052.0 022 acess s bene 51, 52
UCLA TG mean mma eine to ae oe Pain te 25, 30 TUL = ste ctor ae Renae eee 52
CBOD DGC) oe ns enn wee temnie le ene a wad 80.) (Gilbert, Oharles H:< 22.2225 2eccccaustoenaeee 55
Parnum: Clarenog (A «- 4.2. <<.c0euearemm anne 64 |) Gill’ Wheodore, -.<4sc5-252scceess oe 32, 39, 46, 54
Fish, eastern, in California..............-.. 48) || Gillichthys:::.:22ec52-:2s 2.tee se ee 38
Fisheries of North Pacific .-......-.-....... 46 miranilibi<2<t20- ace ene eee 38, 43, 56
Misherios, Oregon: << --.- 2 sansecn ese ene 55) || Gillies, dient, dias. Mic. sta. Monsees ee 22
Wishes iol Wyoming)... 2.0 55.2 ce decanwe oes 46 | Girard, Dr. Charles . .3, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27,
subterranean, in California. ......-.. 47 31, 32
ROQGUANY Si ns naw stentaae tdaseenenee GL Girard Mdwardisssec5s2 625 ee eens eee 18
MOR Ge BS ocn cob wis cece ciel tte cin ata oe te ae 40 | Girardinus sonoriensis ...........--.--.---- 52
of San Francisco..2.........:-...-. 23'] ‘Givella nigricans -..c:.--2-6-s- -c4c.05cneee 41
Flounders of San Francisco .......-.....--- 60 | Glyphisodon rubicundus ..............--- 21, 29, 41
Mores; Kd ward) <<<. <<<. sactsnenew seeees 20 | Glyphtocephalus pacificus .......--...-.--. 63
ranchdre, Gabriel’. ...2..<cssans oeeseoee 10, 11 2achins icc. nccennoee eee 63
Fundulus Vain imevielaewaw ame meer 43 | Gobioid genera.............. Se ene eee 37
DALvApIINIS).. casoea eee eee 21/80/48") Gobins praciligh. 522252220... -.- see 21
G fopinduB ees teeke co teeeeaee as eee 28
; WNeowhbortyl sects she =s spices eons 25, 28, 64
Gadoid fishes, synopsis of .............-.... $7 | (Gonorltynolins!sesscn.c/ ep eenee -e ee eeu eee 16
PONETS ..-.. 222.20. .ce eee neneennenee POPOST | Gond yam Onn. .sskee sents goon ee te ene 57
Gadus auratus .........-..-..-0essereneee-s 46° |'Grammatoplenras’s +: .s2e seen seen none cee a4
dorsotriptery gia; .<<.<...ceeenwee ce 9) (Grey doe ae ee ae) ee 18
fim brig ote cac wcudccaa cece oe eee eee 10 Grean, Seti. ) acces ees 58, 64
PraAGis. ccdos cs. scvaseves sees see 9 | Grystes lineatus............ ee epee ties 21
MOCTNUA bevy ee ccccadn apo eeneee 9 | Gunnellus ornatus ................-....-. 21, 28, 42
Periscopus 2s... =svcsctusmpereeeenee 46") ‘Gunnison; Capt Js We-ccehsce cee eaeeee ee 31
PTOLIMUS |... 5s. nee serkeeseks sons 21,43 | Giinther, Albert.......... 82, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 44, 45
PYSMMUS ...--. 12.22. e eee eee eee 10')} “Gyinnomurema.:: 2.222552. caceceeeneeenawe 40
PACH) on cSea von sn ews sere eee nese 107) Giymnotolde seeecsce ccc ook cee e eee at 38
SXMABUM CANIG et oc acct <crascude heen AD: “oro ptenrodud':. a2 55.005 entee ele nsoe eee 36
APMREIN, ALDOIG. sooo. cknk oo caaene eee 17 franaisetc.2 8202 3-c eee eae 44

. Gasterosteus biaculeatus ................... 24
Hi.
CARRYL So ekdansuteewoee cues 2

Inopinatus: ...5.< oc'oss oS 21,28 | Halatractus dorsalis.....................-.- 42
intermedi i. .: <2. c.ubseses 26528) :|\ Baling, < ocpuks wtanuncbe eed cp nace sone eee 32
microcephalus. ............. 31, 28; 42 | Halibut fishing: 222-225. 0-.c0nasn ence 40
MISDRIUA de cckl eecea ey 21, 28, 28,42 | Hallock, Charles ....:.2:.2.......0.0.. 56, 59, 60, 63
TROL Ce Bae tb ok eine Se 26,23 | ‘Hallowell: Wittwand): .0.¢f2.-c08-c-eeucte new 19
MERTAGOR, sinned Fide seus oS 24, 98, 43 | EE A Tyas sen sheees cna eae cutee eee corms er 2
WIM arn BO sai sa ce. sess 5k 21, 28, 42°) OM, AUR. caustic cccadbene shockaesecumecemen 60
Gastrophysus politus ...................... 46 | Hayden: Ruivrcsicosnsteesccumteew es Seas 46, 51
IRS, MOR ape xenkcre has aas sku meet lc cee 16 | Hazlitt, William Carey ...-.............-... 4
AFORCOUEIINA cnr vons snarns Ade naeeiewiEs coce 64° | H. B... .. cee ease ceatudes op eeeen aaaaes . 60
APD DOME say ct neu wate ors pees ee 8 | Heather, George Fi. .<i<ks228sc poets dann cous 61
PO DONG, Wacky eg xs hex nov pode a take ie ica 20,23 | ‘Heermanny) As Tiscedeacsseres cess seake aed 20
CUD DONE W 2p casseniwsa un Saeeeeaas scree 49.) Helmichthys:(s<. siksstae- see ees = See a 4c
READINBUNS cho unigtaudns cee cw es greene eaceeee 38 | Hemilepidotus Gibbsii ..................... 35, 42
GIDGANS stub nvanaatatecsaanencies 38,42 | notospilotus .............2,. 42

INDEX. 69
Page. Page
Hemilepidotus spinosus ..-.---.---.--------- Rae ELDER Yi PODS saciaete wcic cicic'vicisin'slsielciv wmcicls.aocuse 34
PSU eee ae aca pe nine wrenie minions TO LG WV SLOLOCALPUS) <\-<nj- nace seacemneaanccecccce 20
MANMOTAGUA. 2. c~ tes esos 21 PTA SIMs cc <isieienie piace ess 20, 29, 41, 57
PEPOTIN Ema seis slaw scam iceinioiw oo) vae tiniste soe 59 1
Heptanchus maculatus....................- 31 ;
Henbert, William Henry. -.-....-..-.-.....- TS et Om LC HEN VOM YZON! ces <ccccm se ces cess scams cs cine 45
PEPE ON Elects cae sin inlela aes a cicere Eminence 406 Minvin ee WiaSHINCCON. <<.cccmsccesccenconscies 13
Heterandria affinis. -........-...-----...--- HOM PUB CHMOSOM NU ersten = ociascccwia< sicicoain'a'e ste. 12 16
occldentalist:.-.os--ccse- cen TOM ESO DIADIORMONY. stereo cicie sielsccecies/ssaisicc(<eina ee = 36
Heterodontus philipii ..........-.....-.-:-. 38 Henle sccssosecoeche cece s 2-6 44
Heterostichus.............--- At Se sialeieaicin eins 21 J
TOSULALUSS Seas c, ccs eee 21, 27, 42 i
MRGUGLO UA ame e reds cone cao wceeece seams IGG A dlamMes eMdiwankn1\.ccssac cece cacaariacs es etccs 11
PE KAOTAMMNUBS hs a:c/sa)aia)siniaicisiaicla\= siacinrnce slats sais OB Rio hMins ODS \ar1octase-a\stoueise wissen p-leleine sr ele 33
asper .---------------------- 9 | Johnston, Capt. A.R ................-- selene 17
Bpellonicesa=sce= cease eicies= Oa PONAGA Cesta ee se ito cols cic sind s ste ate wie sieiniciis 61
PING ROM WV pes a= Jae cne sien si aGhan aoleeleie =a SUA WOR aes Sheers os one aats secu 53, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60
Hippocampus ingens ..----- See ae tet alalet= 2130 n4220 @ JMlisMMOGERbUSHan se caalececc. chececncccosees 21, 29
Hippoglossoides Jordani ..-....-.--.------- 63 SOMICINCLUSU esos ee enous cones cenione 32
Hippoglossus californicus........-.-------- ayaa | VES one ce ene L ee einics sae: ie bisteicine cote 55
WIR PARIS 2 <ceisieencla se sere ---- 43, 62
PUTER RCH ee eee 37 K.
ES ECOG ere ra ia ol Seine ins eisieieisia'sisiejn'= s\a/eiarel= 20M Keeelen\ Avbiccscc sc ondsteces | sciesteccwes ces 50
Holconotus A gassizii..............---..---- Z0n ekennerlysDreCn Bakes cctseseclene cee 21, 26, 34
PULP INOSUSE meme eew< vais ela ara =r 20 Rory aNTOnGINOR a -.cia sale eines ee ate 48
Gibbons. -- A. <a = <0cn-nnn oe 20m Roark patrick Cs Avseswoceuseac itorercsee sacs 32
megalops ..----- fee sieci-aeieinntete ce ale Kat bliva tower csieineacicse assesses secs 27
UCN E MU So = oeielte aces sieciclnlsie ees 419) Kener Drehudolphicesossecsciceseosn ee Sciam eO
WHOGOCOLIE sae stes <iclelataialct<atesce 20, 29, 41
Trowbridgii .........--.------- 21 L.
PI GRMENMS hence atec Cesc cee cioseem esses 364 | PADEACOSe. poet eee eee 9
PE eT ORDA Coe tore see saciels tise clasts lacs ces GOS | Mabracoplossaves- 1 4-scc- cies cies ce eee fe a> 40
IGUAL OPOINUSE ee seicieis = sin seiwinwieioe = cee ns = LOM MGA DTAK ae Saas = selene seas nee cee 9, 40
DOW DUIS. os scene clos ce 25, 28 Clathratushassces-seedosoencosecnees 21
TOG DON plaid eetare cic) <isiniai-iae 49, 50, 58, 55, 56, 57, 58, 63 decaPrammus\'--seccesiseoeee esses 9,10
BELO DOM SOM terete cereminacelalenit sleet ieis.ciere nas 34 MONO PLENV CUS 4 sececccecccese see 9, 10
LU VSI SALOMON ce ae a lsmisintaniciceeiesis cio = =)5= 36 NEVUMOL Poss speeeee eee ae ee 21
PEPEET AN HMR Aa Ate cm cates apeicie-nvielenn'aielc/nelsi === 51 OCLOPTUMMURS esac coe soccee steerer 10
LUT EIN EGON, ot Vice mala sci se <.a\cvesieisins alse s=. 11 SUpPGrciliosus aa. ocess acs eee sees 9, 10
ENV DOPRISIDIVITLALUS 2. 0c6 = cose cnase ce ecle=2 S2i|\ MabnoidS)-sece cc csc cctascnesiae ssacine cee: 37
timpanogensis ...........--...-.. 4 oz MN ADIUS PULCNEL s =. -\vsciscsocle store: 21, 22, 29, 39
Hyborhynchus siderius .--..-.............. lose) Moam De CrOLGON anne testes = orn intents cele einer 63, 64
ENYA LOLA TS aan see -eese meee cca ac <= 36 | Lampetra plumbea ..........5...--2..------ 44
Wollieitmese seen cet aascinete cis = =i SG) ILD OV ALLA cu esol ersten since eiate ea cicina sea alae 60, 62
ENV OM ON reer race aac tiaiste pete mace cciciae ic cere’ R1Gy | isanazweenrt, DE ccc. cceo- see eee ceca teesaces 24
ELV PELPULOSOPONs - = se mmc eats s atic aicleisisie/« ties 20M Gavinity coos scwan eee acces aeanee enema 21
PAP RBS Zao eweiere (lao inane oin'=i 36 | COMPLeSSAle ssa wcee se esteee sce ae ne 22
ANALG semesters se aiaiaret= ss 3d CONLORMIN cenaeiccin cine cieie'aieeiefaaie so 21
AMCTIAUUL Mss = ae sees se eens 41 CLABSICR UO an acsowaei em sinclee ein sis ef-i-1- 21
ArCUMbUSesseeeaa sere sso se 20 OXMICRNA Ma netee aces sec caama ce ses 21, 29,
APSeOntenM oes - cece snc =< - 20, 41 NALCNGUS) -sose een ecceccicsacer = 1-20) 29) 43
argenteum var. apunctatum 20 ND DOS aie eesti staeie eee male ler scrote 22
SUC CNUCN Baa seas ciae eee ZU a algayen Crepe enaictane ses sinaicicicirers netssincee ee 14
punctatum..-... fina isie area site 1g | WMO DIASIN Misses een ties sees lccice scanner rains 16
RO GTUULCIUILY Siete a(ters lesen a ae wicione cia cei(-)~e BOM Me MLOCOMUUB Nae eo csmne cece ececa cic soceete 25
analigces ese cae ese eee Persie at HinUndOsts escent ee 25, 27, 42
DER OO LOR LG hes eae ania a leeinle otalcleara aioe s 2 = 35 Vinkea cuss cecacst acs caens set 28, 28, 34, 41
DLOHOSU Se. oe steer ool nes oe ale 435) DEnciseus CANTINUS <2 2... ---3.<-ncacce--—-~ 15, 16
EMU RAP ONUS ee nsade ki coe secminee sbaliaeetis 34 OEP ONeNGISs ac cnaseecma sees eaeniae 15, 16
SWAooe secant ch er setae eee 53 | Leucosomus occidentalis ................... 21
AE TILE LO eet oe oleae i tnteiainio tata lesen erafereiaina 386 | Lennard, Capt. C. E. Barratt............-.-. 4
Kennerlyi s.---..--.---.-.-....-- STV OLs UG pAdOPaSter <<-- cc. nce eres cc cmcecc cen =n 14
REV PSO DROUL Mes ae iociis ance swa1= c/o Soci 36 MIOAMUMIOUS ee es acne sence 28
DULGULADA open crea acces aene 43 TOWMOUMMUB ce menee eee see see 21
UMS NTIS Riva one incase aie arec = sees 410) aepidogopins PTACWIs) o-oo. cose canes = noms 42

70 INDEX.
Page. lage.
LOMIGOMIGUS Go caves ante vamomk nan en send ae ase 47 | Mylocheilus lateralis................---.--. 22, 29
ABITOWI <2 se xo ono apts em 47,51 | Myloleucus parovanus ........-.-.-.--.---- 47, 52
WILE co cones tans caine aeieres 47, 51 pulverulentus..-..2.-........., 52
Lepidopsetta ...... Esha wieets an nee pieacerom oe 86 | Mylopharodon .............. ris Oe eo 23, 64
AIO COUN coum neice asco wen «Wiehe ee eerie 20 conocephalus .............-. 29, 45
OPVMBWIS sco sake eee nve ames eee 20, 27, 42 PODUStUS cues eee es eeu ees 23, 29, 43
Leptogunnellus gracilis ......-.--.-.---.--- 93 |’ Myrichthys tigrinus, ---2-2yo022- eh nee 32
TA WISAORTPAN Ge s5s<ar52- os sees canemenanee™ 10.) Miptilophaeus oo... eee e sence senate eee 20
EOQIB copes anes ewe a cn hes anew mna neste es 14, 47 PRCIBUUS 5-503 -Caesen ak 20
Lipatis Cyolopun ...<<<+- <aps'saneasasueewnr= 35 | Myxodes elegans......--..--..--..--------- 38, 53
MOUGOBUB = somarsckaaaseeenne anaes 23, 43 | N
puUlohellug (22. oe eaees ese ne eee et ae ; . ‘:
Lockington, W. N...--. 53, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63,64 | Narcine californica............--2.---ese-0- 32
Long, Maj. Stephen H <0 -.. ss eneatge =e LI ||) Waneorates da0tor-s.sscs-+ -cscew esas oe 32
Tord JOD K.Gaat << <6 pesaeencetensetenaeane 40 | Nautiohthvans soe sen accaee eee hae eaeenee 27
Lumpenus auguillaris..........--.<-------- 28, 42 oculo-fasciatus ............-... 28
Ditken reGhr 26! bo. et eee oe 49 || Nematacentris -...c---55 oes s- 2eeeee eee 40
Luxilus occidentalis.............---.--«--<- 80/43 | NOOGHNUS ..0..02 22 sce eae s ee eee omer 27
TxVGOCGA MEN INOLI ns own s~ eg ene camtaninces ap 60 BIGNCHALGL: . ccesee ct remne sees 27, 28, 42
TyOOd OSG). oo. co aes cone cece wee cnssemneemns 37 BOtINIGUB-.u-. coscs-ceunene renee 32
Nevada fish hatchery ................-.:..- 60
M. Nor@hott, Charlos,..2........0-cesceeonctees 47
McDonald, Duncan George Forbes ......--. 4 | Notorhynchus......-..---.----+++++++++++-- 37
Macfie, Matthew: .-<-.. -<<cc-scccaneaseosees 39 borealis -....-----+-+-+-+++++ 38
Mackerel catching *...--) #-.-<.sncsedensss 45 maculatus -..-..--.-.---+-+- 24, 44
IMACTODOMN c22 55 <-ocs nea caos case nae seat beens 16 0
MONOD) a 25S sic ncn se heaton te Fae ee ee aoe 61 :
Mallotusé pacifious: .. -. 555. css cance. sase DG ROMPOCOtnIB hace - ac sence ne aeeee asec eae 25
MS-BORON fc. 5 jcian owe teu soca dene ei 40 STIGMA Sees a eee eee 26, 27, 42
MAther eR TOW 2. ca.coic ower cae sa 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63 @lobiGeNs ea. ne.2--<-- eos eee 26, 27, 42
Mayne, Com: Rs Oi ..5 150...506 seen snneeee ee 4 TMNACULOSUS Scanned 3s cane ae en 25, 27, 42
POU Eyes os ccWitscbisac ce careewae rama OB | OMOOTD San CHUB 2 ets mentale = ana a eee 34
fal Piel. eos ies eeta aa ats 25,01 || QpDIGhtR YR t aoc aesSoae ae c aeons Pees Ae Be 40
Moegalocottus < 22.24 j-cssue wasn eee eee ef | OphidionsRaglor. oe. 2 sue aswocee ee enone 27, 28, 43
IMGCAIODE 2-25 cc. =< sss osname tee ee enna nme 1G), Opiitolinim ew eece tac eect aes oat eee 14
Meletta cosrulea. ............0.- 2220s 21, 22, 30, 43 PUOME nonce tas etan acl aoe 14
Merlangus productus .........-.-.---.... 24, 28,43 | Ophidiurus californiensis.-........-........- 43
IMGBOpUs See 3.6 = a octociswne oslo ea tamper 85 li OpliodOnjeac.ces-eor neaaeeeehee Genero ene 21
MGLOPONODS 42 cee ae acwco se e'one eames 89 GLONEG WIS ae tees eee ee 21, 27
Coopert <2. sn seve een eee wens $9)43' | (Ophisthopnawhus | ..o 3 ween cerca eee nnn eae 40
MICTIBLOCUD 25 tases stv aon euen dp ewiwariemes 89) | (Oplopoma ee - 6. foo cans ek ae eae 25
PUNCTAUG \<0'6 6 seeewaseee ease 39 pantheripa (5720-5... nee een 25, 27, 42
PATOPO ROU so (25 a's an since ticle oie olen un Seal 89\ | Orcynus pacifions .-~. 5... ..6 sca nanenenays 37, 42
PLOXMMNUS (650 50s eres aneeees 89 | Orthagorisous....... .....6..d0.suuuneveeneee 14
MTICKOMOGIUB Vo so pcncawanwiswasbevcokcueseoes 20 DNAHG Sins von nmin ob Woes 82, 44
Aggrogatus ....-...2...s-ceves 20 THOUD son nis se cc ace eee 14
WANTS 5:00 w ehscete tsk paler 20 | Orthodon microlepidotus .............-...-. 29, 43
Microstomatoids, note on........--..----.-- 309 | Orthopsetta .........-...---2+- 2+. +e aan aes 36
MAISON JATTOVAL Cans i cna nse ns ody eecuee nets 47 | Osmerus elongatus ....-......-- Biaisdeadacs's 22
platyrhynchus 2.5 .6n -cenenw amen 47 PICLOBUB. 6. scene een ewes ene 30
LOUUIGNGRIG fic fas Com avs vs Ow avinkw vena nes : 8 thaleichth ys... .<..<6=n0na-Snnenee 32,43
BAOTNO UGE tevioes Seb a tae ocn daa acian Sapa s 48 | Osteoglosaam 620.6 cows can sasscaceasnnacens 16
Mormyras .. -..-----..-22--.seeessece5--e- 16 | Otolithus californiensis. .....-. nouns peienalme 49
Morrhua californica................--.+ oan ei D123. OXVIGHOB owen gtendasoekwe nde pane eeee ene 36
PROKIDID Sa cavann~nes chugenen=scene 28 DIGEOR » oo 65 ncn as ec deen wnnwapes 36
PAIS ie FLOUIG ei pin wea dish a nabpew dawns ts 18 | Oyj Glis wns Sone. nts dene ween eee ee eee 38
PASILESSOTIUAIL a ORR e ee ab cls diane comet 2 63, 64 | MOUSER. -.aoavasnscpemecancPnass it
Murena mordax ......... Renewed acme wcaws 32,43 | Pr
ARIST a 5 chen neat ae ea aa aoe 48 | ;
Mustelus califormious .... ..0«s-n-sncncens0s 88 |) PachyIabyis)..... cocs cawane nae cannons nee 20
WOU catcuav ann weccnaheucnnsxeane ae, OL variegatus ..... SOs coc aeeere 20
Myliobatis californicus..........-...--...-. 89 | Pallas 22... ck ccc cunedemnsaeirn Renter ae cused 3
MA CIOCH ENING 5. wn cnn wa owutc ap riee teen en amen 22 | Pallas, Petro ..2 nice ¢sncucpnneues «= aanemns 10
caurinus ........ ea ee 99 |) Pallas \P. Boca iaseasattess eden ce nee 9
fraterculus .....- ee 26, 20,43 | Pantosteus ..:.scasnndershannonenctvecnany a i

36

INDEX. Cl
Page Page.
Pantosteus bardus .........-.-..--.000- ames Pe OSG le TOULONICHGD YS so sccceac ce ccctereciespaasic 21
delphinus .......... ca sieialsicieisintn 52 COONOBSUS vcd eecs cisisteehic elec 21, 28, 43
MALTOW Naa ctean teases miaesisecnce 52 SMEUIATUB -<. 2.2 lao genes === 25, 28
platyrhynchus .............-... 52 Hubbardilyccseccss eens ces 43
ESO US ee teetetal otes etaiiercieslefatetelatate sjealatapmrcisfala|« Sar ePeOO POPS es at cnn civic wyetclee sicie sles ciscisin ee sanisierc 50
a LDL OK Se eens ena ctes\ccvecanclcciessia'os Pom PE OCOUNECUBL cece jaasacccsscctescstece een bat 34
CIALDFAUUS ecesicscowecesceceoses 27 | Pogonichthys argyreiosus..............- 21, 29, 44
NG DULG Mes ncince la cinice'slteca cers 27, 41 COMMMUNIShsssaeyeccccciececese 29
paralenigOlus ge seme 6 nisicieineticicelee ate cie 38 ingquilobus .............. 21, 29, 44
TOUCHY BSGGSOOHOUOOREBOOSOOL 39 symmetricus ...........-- 21, 29, 44
RATAN CNULVANs coeceisaacieaccecicceclececeseaes Zi PE OMBCONtTOIGS) «cece asonoesesescicnaacsicenece 37
MBCUIOSUBl co aWenecicigivcciscsinics 287430 VPOMOLODUBi ac cawcseccesicecesc ccucccccoscoscs 62
PATATTAGUIS) DOODS'-.-- - sccceccecanasjncosesese 42M SR OOLG SE VANCIS |= << cicenicascciciiews osine cee cejeene 4
ALG DUS toca iainta ia cinta visto. oes alate eee 34m PROTICD ED YS). asctasiiscncica cit clee soceee sane 21
ZONGUUSE selinsiaisicivicw cieicieiaiaj- saa = 41 MIOCAUTS ere aan ni ai\eiciesoineieieicieicieiers 21, 28, 43
BEG V Ge 35 BCS See one secanecEgonteoEseodge 59) Boronotus!simillimus®s << 5.c0ceccccremeeaesee 33, 41
PALO DEY Ste eee terse ceiaas seieeces ate See mine Ak ODEON, Wes. aiais eleisiste clove ainle'sleinaia's ayeiclsien cls scien 57
PALOPOVYR AVPOSM seas scceccceesancisiniaessce 36,483), Portland Oregonian) - <<... .cc<cctinesco=-== 48
IPD DarAle semen. <ciss Sena <n.<\a1 SOMME OLAMOCOUUS ca secece cntcincciccaaacle ce cisnisices 33
WLM Sfowasaetssmemeisteecincecc 21, 28, 43 punctulatuss..< tc--ccedeccems = 33
Pediquiatinesasere sans = cssece a sssecnle=is-/s Sie Lotter merry, Des. emcosecccccccceceesacees - 56
Pelamys lineolata ................. eons 228) 42 Ce ratity eB ilnan cai seleciccinc ale\siclaeeisloecacninsice ¢ 58
Pemberton, jd Westord . <0 .cacqssjecnsn5-n0 AiG (ETICON SITAR OSC acaeicicicttccic's cis < seciee sae cits 50
IRGTOSMAVOSCENS! s<jnict toce cleiancidcjeccioc'se ATA ZETOtOPLOLUS) 52) cisscccsc\.jn vantioccsemetaccis = 40
WANIADIUIS |: sas ei aicica ais cons sin ceisveo ace 109 sBsettichthy si 5 2. secec seae soe siercte maeeuimacee 21
Or cChavivipaloussen=c.0 occacie cinco’ saa sais 53 | Psettichthys melanostictus .............. 21, 28, 43
Percopsis Hammondii .....-.-..........\---- 38 BOLCICUs ese sccasciece doe stsi-c 21, 28, 43
Perry COM: MeO iewneceledoccciissacsseis- i. Zon eESYChrOlutesitias aos. sectwse se esecinenectascses 35
POLAT SW s oon stam teiolam sl ainie ele miniare sieiesasys eis 40 PATADOXUS)As<i<;- clos sceseciclsces 35
PROLErs Wis) Oc lifecniacia inc Sis (ariniaeinisiscisiasisniaci's 45 | Pterognathus satiricus -...........----:.-:- 42
IPBtrominyZON AStOLie =. <)ocis << cies cnninieietstsielsie =.-< 27,31 |. Pteroplatea marmorata.......2.0.cnc-accce- 38, 44
CAGUG hace ss oa 0's 5s nina a= = nie 23a lel a tychocheilussa-ccncs o-ceete cece cosecate 22
LiviGUs secs socicsace tices uecee ace 27, 31 PTACIIGS So oaidecs actos eessis eee 22
plumbeusye ack << 01s cs csisieciias ss 23, 31 STAN CIS ancistecscchseosaeasees 30, 43
cridentatuss-.caseceecnsttencee 13, 31 MICINS sas alsiastase ssc si eetanase 25, 43
Pal an PIs tes \aeec sa = se a nenasia-nicemiaasis-4> = 9 M13 Ole seacteseaasen lesencaee 22
acipenserinus ...............- 10 OFOLONENSIS: ~ <5 .<0.-c-ceie <iee= 30
PPNANCTOCOM cs Hoh cee oc ociaseiccie secs seer sininnne 21 Tapax <<... 65 BER OCOSe enor 25, 30, 43
farcatuB\as cscs acto aceneee 21, 29, 41 WODAK «seas scnsisnscies Wosases 25, 30
PPM pS BAINOU i. so seces-eedewessscenss ssa: 53 | Ptychostomus congestus .............--...- 52
Ph O-UGHGNY O08) 2 codes siete se nesjee ere Sane Sef UNAM HAN Greate caulia sie sclsewclenitecem cite 37, 47
Pimelometopon........---. ec S8n PE VERDUN onc sels cate ainieisisecleleln sinonieseieelal= 16
RIT ap a ED Meme ccees ce cae scleeciseeccs aires aa 51
in eee een let iers 62, 63 R.
FP ODLOLUS eeiaeinciseisanatecainere= se oieieiomeaicinls AT) Rat gies 6268 5. o.oo aoe be Say. 15
argentissimus .........---.--.- STF OlalgRiaj ai batignssesse so neaeeteseeeeree |e aeenee 10
Plagyodus........---. +--+. s--e-+--------- 40 binoculatiay’ «4.5: 22s0.029- beeen 22
Platessa bilineata ..............-.--.0---. 23, 28, 43 Coopert assesses aeos esc te see eee: 27, 31
Glacialis .... ----.---+---+---+2+--- 20/i| tRattray;Alexandersccsccacs-- eae esueaae .
Stellata..-...----+-+--++++---+--+--- 20; Redding y Bs Byasa- ene con ctuc ae 56, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64
Platichthys --.---.-------++--++++e+eeeeee ee 21 | Reptiles of Wyoming .............2.s.0000. 46
TUZOSUS - - +--+ +22 eee e ee eee eens 21,28 | Rhachocheilus toxotes .............---.---- 41
stellatus -.-..-...-.---+++.- x of 43°) Rbscochilus toxotes,........c-0.-Jaucdeese. 20, 29
umMbrosus ..-.--.--------+-- - 29,28 | Rhinichthys henshavii..................--. 47
PONTO PY ATOMS alee ate = els amas alee iale siete = = S4)\(SRhinaiealiformica... oo2c-cceoseweeled). 44
Pleuronectes arcuatus ............-...-.-0<5 46 | Rhinobatus productus............-...-.---- 31, 44
Cicatricosus..----...-+-..--.-- 10 | Rhinoptera vespertilio................--- 25, 31, 44
GISTAMIMUG = «a lneiet ~einin b oiatlate BOM MEANINORCION 2 Mee ae okt 34
AMINA sons <isiere cinieic'e on male 36 SOPTTNUS pars foresee de Aa 4]
hippoglossus..........-------. LOM aehinotriacisuseasceas soe ete too oe sc. ee
AN ACHION USiins vias nisacis erciee etand 21 Penletlt ste sek eer es. 36
quadrituberculatus ........... LOR RICH EaTORON Voce no A mn Sch tie Ons aco oe 3
Stelaiis . 42 occ ss- 4 ieawke eee HURL CHAT OS ONLUS seer cas -. an sess te ance. 25
Pleuronectide of San Francisco ............ 63 Haltegtnsy sensoo -seedeatss 4 30
Pleuronectoids, synopsis of.......-....-..-. 39 lateraliswesseseet csc tene.. 25, 30

72 INDEX.
Page. | Page.
Richardson, J ...-....... etna wild oe antes ears 14} Sauvage, HN. <3. oo. cose eae iets eaeered 44
Richardson, John .....-... mare ena wa orate ates 18,20) | SRY, cL) <-ccccetesrane nea seenet eer se= kee 1!
TION OTN tena oo date aie mae eee ee ee a 58 | Scammon, Capt: ©. M <... 632 7.o ee. coca 45
PERI CONL ete th e ctardiem tee x eraiaulate eee 40°53' | Schultz, Alexander — ...--... -.s-cencoeame i
OCR ta inane. onan map ote sa nd nee mmo 64,63 | Sclater, P. L.......... aa ae Oe Ree wan niet atx ae 45
MEOUMO TB hese ates e wera cee ane pea an nme 40' | SCompen vrssaaneneceauve tease encase eee 14,15
s PCOM DER QIGEG oor = ons onwan odes aenme y= epeseee 28, 41
A HOUMUGKOHOK n-ne cap eaee enorme eed 37
Renter ae ndate= . osba aaa wacads were sia ae 62)! SCOMULESOR on aoa as neee open ee area eaodaee 40
Sacramento record ....--...------..-0.---.- 48 DRUOVSPOB UG ctecscs ane saee an 40
SRIMON = cscade> cess cose stan ees 30) ||: SCOMDIOCOLIUM 2+... sae emesc css cscseeee sae 45
Ralar AMUGA tt soca screens anus ale use eet anne 30 PANOMEDE tenn see seca 45, 46
POWislocc ces sstens seccc dee tease mee 2D || SCOLPMeNe PUULALW .n-- 0. sc cesbndnmenewes 21, 28, 42
WAT PNAS ccna aon ao oe sametan per meets 25°30) | SeOLpmMCnth yh. -a-- asses. cor oe- ese aaeee 20
Salmo -. <2. -2--0iecccenscosccnsnnacnseen-> 49 _ lateralis .-..-. .----2s-06 21, 24
BRING cco cnc anteawe seer samara ne 34 marmoratus ............ 20, 27, 42
brevicauda) cece once cote are sen ee ee eh. ||) Scorprmuttte: 7c es sate ce ee eee ee eee 53
GANIPDElice see nome eae ee ee S87 | (OUR DIR eee cca nee Sek eee oe ene 40
CONS Sooo rece eeatercts coaneeen poaseen 26 CRITTOXTUGNISIB | wees panes ama conse 49
Olaricii oats se ee aces ceoccs eo. oes ae 13 | Seal Islands of Alaska, report on ........-. 47
conflucntus.<<<2225-.-e4e<n<n~e wena 260 OHBBLOS cies. <lanemaaecust one sonar a mcmaem 36, 37, 38
CODSMGGUS Se fer ecas nea cea an oes 20 PUCUIAUUS wisn nae On none ane 20, 28, 42
Germatinug’-<2.cosecene-se ne basaaaes 20 PASVIIGHLL Ran ae cerns eee eee 53
fontinalis’) 5. os. cdernestemeneesne sens 50 PLOUPALUA se ohne enc ence keen 82, 42
Gairdneri® > co sscss ees cne see re 13, 15, 16 PRRCIREDN ete ete acon ae ee 21, 28
Gibbet :-22f2-cseeseenne eee enews 26 TLV IOUS setae era ae ale a eee 42
Gibbail 025: esa tessee ce ccsmusveeeses 26 helvomaculatus .........-...--.--- 32
Henshit wi) sce otcesee sc ces cease eae ce 59 MGI ANOS praca s ahincee as oe erat 25, 28, 42
Irideasic2-c22.n eases eo ecnaee 23, 43, 61 nebulosus..... Sere cba ewe ne 21, 22, 42
Fkennerlyits jaasaanesca cee tet ww eme a= 34, 60 NIPTOCINODUS so. acuwece ns eee eee ee 32, 42
lagooephalus cc.csasnacactusucacacece 10 Ocellatus i-..-.-csperseee cue ceeeeee 42
lordilictcscscsceccuscuenee es eecceneete 40 OVAUS pees esee nae eee eee 42
Manon: cs esas seen deena exes eee ee ss 33, 43 PAUGIBPINIS beens enon es = - ees 21, 22, 28, 42
mendocinensis --st-=u asc nueeecese esse 49 TORMOGME Sans aycuRneeh sone 21, 28, 36, 42, 53
IN GW DORTIL cus nccsew ee cee eiames sweet 26 TUDOR es acee sees see cee See 21, 22, 36, 42
mitidus o 2252s Ace ee ence ween 15, 16 TUDGY VAL PRYVUS)-.--2<.-:----55ns 21, 22
(Mallotus?) pacificus ................ 13 'VANICILIEM Gnas nec wela aac oa wanakaal 16, 21
paucideus:--se eee soca eee eee ce eee 16,16 | Sebastodea.. iawn. ee edavet bh cuee ered 34, 38:
Parkel cats. Scccesetesereeecws wesc as 34 ARVICUE WS cote epee ate eenent 36.
pleuritious 2.22 {cence Sen ees eee 52 OVila) 7.22522 Vacasccueeeeeeraes 36:
Proteus: 3224s seas et ecu seen aee 10.'| Bbaatoid Ashes -2-54seeas. =e ween 38
Qninnat ose wcsete ae 13, 15, 16, 30, 43, 48, 63,64 | Sebastoids........... Oi cciet cca. as 37
TIVOIAVIB Jo. senteaccunseanexeeeeneunee 99, |) PODABLOMUN o-oo eons a dnc wea sous eee ee 38
BAIR ow cce sont s sas aneeueneteeene 16, 48,52 | Sebastoplus ........... sien ca alewncn nieuwe ke 387
NOOUIEEL:. 5... tn Se sawecteaieurt 18, 15, 16, 30,43 | Sebastosomus............2..--.es-seeeeene fo SS
BOOAUE coins uaccuavegnnemesedweeene 10 pinniger® usiveeudeeuksn ashe as 38
ppectabilia. 5. .20. ceca venaacweauemeed 25, 30 RIMMIANG «55 Seaew eee te 38
BUGUGENS 5 oo occ o we ow onion moe, 43, | SOxpHOS nic hos Si a eeen eee acest 33:
SPONORUUB yin. dv ewedacuw tte eaetnenaen 26 POMS S553 oeicdassk see snete neue aes 33, 4):
PRD Ai len ele nincala ls nletecapracine tee 18,15, 16 | Serranus .......------------22----- 2-2 -neeee 40
CHOON oxen tannccudansechpcsduaewee enone 46 | Shad, California. — 2... 0.50..cususes 46, 48, 52, 53, 57
WAMEURD c oso pace Hoes tahd 48, 49, 52, 63, 64 first Califormia .......-++..+++++-+0-++ 46
WF RXDOUEL ii pra udanie nxn Goce Senos OL | BIbOM Re. 2. fcener ned eenaeeoeenas aka 25
PAIMON as aerate cw wcicn nos chose eee 40 | ae J teosteen atte ren & 25, 30, 52
SRTULTID bs cm ntcnnaade. cagseakeneee 50, 57 GYASHIGRUGG <<. ce aeuiiwas saacnusene 30, 43
GATINIOD) sank sora non ddeusecsdapane uty 55 | Simpson, Capt. J. H ..............----0---- 33, 54
Salmon fisheries, Oregon .................. : 48 | Siphagonus barbatus ................--....- 53
Salmon-fishing ............- VOLS dass SS 26 | Sitgreaves, Capt. L...............- Oe taut 19
Salmon, heaviest American ................ 67 | Black, J. HH. 60 0deiewecdecteesveuaboueksasat 54
DANOMUN sevccs reso onan dawiceacenwaducws 33, 49,57 | Smelts, California ...........---.----+.--2-- 53
PHMGOLS UcOns Ol enks cals wnakn wake 68 | Smith, 0.0... oc. eccvdewi idee pat sw ccennaw 64
North American ................ 37 Dr, Andrew sis. sense= Ob evewb sana 18
QL AOUIS isduwgudsoreacubalicdss 48 | Sowerby, G.B . 2... cccccscesccnccccnnccncncs M4
Saurus lucioceps .....--..--- Be isenccaaus 24,58 | Sparus ......-.....ceecenccecsscccssccncces =

(Saurida) lucioceps ..............--. 30 | Sphyranaargentea........... ets “4-21, 27,42
*

INDEX. (3
Page. Page.
Bpliyreen sa MaANOUs ac ea scce ea. cles een 1) Be | DOW USeD A te OM coe eiciciraiciersiacastaiaraieoe ses 15
Spinax (Acanthias) suckleyi-.--...-..--..-.-. 22) Trachinus cirrhosus...........--.--.-.-.s0: 10
Spratelloides bryoporus .............---.--- 46 GLICK OC OMe asa ae seinen cece wero 9, 10, 11
SSUTOA Ue Cree necawalceleaielatelnetalercl=a\ssieaie(o=)(5\< aoe Drachurns POODS. = <ccreane faeer ssccete 27, 28
DSOMALV Sy UODSIS Olesen ate aaa cance ssn sae = 35 SYMMOWICUS. owners ee ssinee soe 28, 42
Squatina californica ........-........------- 32); Triacis semifasciatus.....-..--.--essesse-=- 44
SUBANMNS LO DOD MH. Ge sc aes a aiotann caic'o tice == 62 | Triakis semifasciatum ..................--. 22, 31
Steenstrup; Japetus:.......-...2...6..s.6.5 Jo einichodonilineatusmes-sceeseacecoe aacee ae. 32, 42
Steindachner, Franz..-.....-..--- 32, 45, 49, 50, 53, 64 Steller essen shee descr eee ee 11, 16
Stephanodlepis ---6.- - ~~ a c<---- ene nenenen=- BaF ME rOenGCOpusys-so-kce see pcan esac od tes woe 38
SUELE OLS DIS rier sem creidaeaale aisiarelnistie elec oes 32, 38 pulcheng. case sees cine cence 41
PUP OS cece earsaitoeemrecioneetnee el So AL Mroschels: Diesen ees no Sete ieeceae) 128
BUG ONG ye eee ctore alo) atalnloisielo sein sieierae teens Som etrosehelig Ms Hite pas eeise tees ccneea aoee 20
LIGHSAOIGS) MOLE! OM) == a acie'ceicisis swee cen clam « Soe Trowbridge: Lieut Wi c-22- sees 21, 24
Stichzeus punctatus ................0.0.---- 59 | Trygon Pancha eet aa ea es ot inaene ee 44
LICE ODACK Bs sete alataiiatnrsinlesamslelseleieieniclni = i= 405 |'amier, WalliamvN). 2-.2------2-..-.cssuee. 49
Stone, Livingston..-...-.... 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 58, 63 | Typhlogobius californiensis ........-------- 64
SLOG setters oat see nin ee win toe ceiciota'sissle 3 U.
Storer, David Humphreys.................. GS Ui braver see ee ee em ee, eC he neta 16
Stranahan, J.J .....-...--.---------------- 63 | Umbrina undulata .................-...- -21, 28, 41
NURSES UNOS: HE ean clan aie een niminimia minim ale 59 | United States Fish Commissioner's report.. 49, 54
Striiver, Johannes............... Fe sielnnieise = 38 | Uranidea punctulata ...............---.---- 52
UUreCOn SPearIN Gre ccscscicscmis lec mee si= lata 40 Vinee lerivssee ses eae eS 47, 52
Suckley, Geo., M. D............-.--. 26, 33, 34, 37,49 | Uraptera binoculata...............--.-.---- 31, 44
SUVRSUI We AMNES | Cele eelern a (eee selcle m= ielainfeicieesane 267 UrolophustHallenicsses s cesasee eee 38, 44
Syllzmus latifrons .....---:..-----.-------- Ole Uropsetiaees-nete econ tome een ee ae 36
SIMULA UR Us ta /ste a /aicia lols alatailolaiajssieetaeice=.s'e 3
ADDO bl Sees sasee asec esissaias- oe di | eVancouversIslandie sees 0 ese cect eeeeen ee 39, 40
arundinaceus.......----».---- Zi NSO aay VASE TES ieee anne eee tees ue sceceucoe anaes 16
DECVALOSOLIS ia crctn -winiesta=in o's a's aT OM Venogase ses. se tes cre ae cae seek een anaes 3
Californiensis):'. 2<-22.05----=- 16, 30, 44 IMT UGE ote seteicteieeisaietclet once fi
dimigiagtussecsecmiesssaseesese ss 86,44 | Vertebrata, Cretaceous.......-..--------.<- 51
griseolineatus’....-..........--: 22 AE VELO OLS SIN Ate tia onana naan See nec ee 14
leptorhynchus.....-.........- 21,042) Vaiwiparous £8! 2.2522. sscetieds esses 6-520) 24040
Synodus lucioceps..----- .---<-< ce sencen ase 43 fishstrom) Sapam os-sesess seen 24
7. fishes, notice upon -.--.-....... 23
PISSING UO COU = iteraniate notes aielataciaeiasielenarsiniceisie ac = 34 DELCD emacteaan se ac aan seneeeeecee 60
Paherahigreclesccess cosine sae eee 41 Ww.
Tallant, E. C ...---..-------------+-+------- 63 | Wachnija Camtschatica ............2..2.02. 9
Tallant, R......-...----22--2-2-.00- 2222 OU ean erage aD ee eels fone Sr Me i = 49
AR GYMS GIB) 1 o.clalsinia(asaminlole c.cie'cistotsjeloc ce weaite 2 OM eWies tern yO. :Binoicsee-- e sate fe eae 64
PRELLOCON VOL bOS oceiseeca ania) misicm\eoeain-ie/aoe 27,30 | Wheeler; Lieut. G.M.........------...-- 47, 51, 59
Thaleichthys..-...--.-...----------------.. 27) || Whipple, ient..A..W .2-25-/-2.255.0----... 26/31
NGO VCMGUM a ateietaie te cit iota sfalaiasclelete 27,30 | Williamson, Lieut. R.S..-...-.....--. .20, 25, 26, 31
Thrasher shark, attack of ........-.......-- 45) \ ReWWall ni Of Garilee ae eer oe Ree ee ee ee 55
DAKOCEMOLON) WS. Wi ean = ote sa sciences 5 = AG TA5 729) IN yilsone OHM aan eee sete 60
SEES OR eee eta ore etal ata oan] nlatole mie atsialeicio\sio sia 25 Siri Sameer esate cece oe 60, G1
COMB meet oem ieteiee =)-I=fare' <6) oloinlo ais 2574 |S VVOOUHOUSC SMe ete co eee ee eee eee 19
GON YN) Shrestha ate siete votetai ste ee lear stare CONE WEE Somes eee cee oe me, seerea ew haley LT 56
DICOLOM emanate sie sine sno aisisias 29, 30 | Wyman, Jeffries ............/......-- 21, 23, 26, 35
COMEOHTOIB arate aie arstelnta oe ei aiorse neem oe 36, 43 x.
CLAS aan wink mnie viv ww sla ae seein aia 25, 30, 43 PANTS sca ss s8 seme cots ce cena ee 36, 37
TO MM ear ated oe a ee a wale att --- 27,30 | Xenichthys californiensis ......... 49
gracilis .....-..--------.--..------. DORBOM | PEND ACO aaa a Secioe Seen Soest eee 27
PETIMID OGG os om ieee eterna eee 25, 30 MUCOSUM) SaNeks eek cckaew ease cee 27, 42
intermedia .......--..---- . 25 MNUCOSUB): crcse eases cena te ones 28
DTC AIG Bere elmira ee eee 29,30 | Xiphidium cruoreum................--.---- 46
MUP LOSCON Ser wai aislacs sewn aera ae 25 Y.
QU Ede eee eet aee ote eee eee aa = ALA || PATE: (0h cS Ek @ et ee a a 48, 49, 51, 53, 59
PULP ONOMS ame raimpammn omic eiaislefaie neler. ic = 20s Yoni Cn HANS: sca. escae tees nese 44
BO DAM ALG sete nina clot oceans See eee 33 Z.
PEER G RTA NV Gutcch os Giicieid cin s seo reteteren ws oieye/oe SRO eM ANIOLS DIS inetanim sem Aa e store tena see tees 26
BEIGE ere ett toto ne nico sis isola wine eletm ete Sela 15 aT LTS preeere ere ee alae was n2's 26, 28
CHUILO MICA ce sare ce ctament sake ce se 24,44 | Zygena, remarks on the foetal ...-.......-- 23
SROUEON GU ODN scion teaneaau vacouldcviesiss access (GELB Mery EON GCLOR ee tee c gtenite te aca e Raa geees 8

©

Department of the Snterior:

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.

BULLETIN

OF THE

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

rN Gre de

PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
ES:0S.

ADVERTISEMENT.

This «work is the twelfth of a series of papers intended to illustrate.
the collections of Natural History and Ethnology belonging to the United
States and constituting the National Museum, of which the Smithsonian
Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of Augast 1),
1846,

It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and printed by
authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior.

JOSEPH HENRY,
Sccretury of the Smithsonian Institution.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,

Washington, May, 1878.

“eo

CONTRIBUTIONS

TO

NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY.

BASED PRIMARILY ON TIE

COLLECTIONS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ie

A.—On the Distribution of the Fishes of the Alleghany Region of South Carolina,
Georgia, and Tennessee, with Descriptions of New or Little Known Species.
BY
DAVE 3s. JORDAN.

AND

ATI NB ERE W... BRAY TON:

B.—A Synopsis of the Family Catostomide.
BY

DAVID S. JORDAN.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1878.

a} [ , At ope © ia

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page,
A.—On the distribution of the fishes of the Alleghany Region of South Carolina,
Georgia, and Tennessee, with desciiptions of new or little known

SC CLG Se setae le oe lace Nees aia wisiate sinters claret iereietaieliialem srekers siete 7
WIShomstureamsarvoxallin 6dia= eee esa ase soccer <= sae a sicleine eis ae elias rie face 8
Clea SNE Ss Seo Genes Soe coe red eens Gann Con aroccorso roses Borocckocoose il
SavannahyBasineecaso tess. s is - Gennes Le fee cha ca tne eee ee cp ese ees 29
PAN TAMIAMI LS IM ee epee ene crcl >» cic eaveee arsenic a cicicetsierse rainy oe 0 a yaysie eee 34
Clathanoocheer a aeinhas sees se er) Seee ce cmisis co rice ais aia es fe ore sis aka stole 39
Aa es AGI er sees Se enone ciofe oom site tae sises celamre Ca See ieee 44
RENMESSCOe BASIN steele sis oe teeta mcio etoin soja te See eae ieee eae 56

Cumberland Basin...--.. Sea fer aisiey eminte Srese a See ates apie Guat ae eee ae arses 7
PREC APU SOLOW ese et ets eee a ncaa sinine le a et ste ein cle nia, siete islntel a shelts el = i= &2
Maple showine the: distribution Of Species! s.42 as o6 eon eet oleic see = 82
DNS HAT DONT ONe fea oY th ESS Soomeeeemosesasosees “Gepepad ue SGodoepabodor 88
Conclusions acer eee sae cers oars ieee este eine ane, wae Sethe ee et See reratel Sieteeiee = OL
B.—Synopsis of the family Catostomide .......---- ------ ---- 222+ 2-25 ees eee 97
{GNHOS LOIN Sosa te se aera eens eres at eta eres elec sn ler /= claps tam fee) ane is ee 98
Wy ClenuMee sashes sasha eo apa aeioeitice cia. Reha ebiaee solos era naneee 98
IE UU) 2 Et fa ys 1a eee eee ata a ateke 2 alae ciapete on cli ic notte a east fi 99
WisimOtenomin ales PeCles ees ese eel mcs cco naan ce = epereyeri- ea mteais =e 100
Parana OGRE DOT Nae aoe as os hak ok Peed seed ee ee eee 10:
Genus GQ Usssilall tose easton sees ser ae eee a oo eee elaa ase et ey csieeatsee 104
@oassil alae aCeLabereet ae ance esos cape a sea seen vs eeiae ke eaMe=e 106
Genus lac iaryinxs sees pee tae lee Penne sees cba aeetcatoicinena sisi 107
Pla cophacyn xa Canibus sess os se teloees= oasis =) 1a = steiaiwnsjereis oer eee 108
Genuse My xOStOm area ene sate seat cone ee saicee sale ofsies > seeder ee eeariar = 110
MigimORGOMIAN CALINO= Mase steers bso Wcce nace lace ace os ~ cosine hinan) setae Mie 118
Miy:xOStoma CML OpDSia- 2s)-s-e6)- so s=<1seio chs 2 2) Sree big leieloer Ree Re aeee 119
Myxostoma macrolepidotum’ ---...---. .--s62 <2 -=n0 oom sins esis aie == == a 20
Diy OShOM A QULCOLUMMe see eras se icinelese ici ome Selenite settee aa 124
MipsxOsGOmanCrassilaD Tels eet tome aets= sineist eis oo aie lemetatet= lem ialal= abs ni 126
INOS GO ONO) COMMS perme ooo sane ein or wisi oa ain Sno hoe a el eet str lola atin’ Imi] 126
My KOStOM WANISUT Mee see sack = os os a cite sons nese erases eie =e Sia ie 126
Mv OSGONN Sep OSCINUND weer ary mee lao am ah = ernie nee ieee ieee inle da aietetn <i 128
MVC OS HOMME SLND CU ee ae oie Sesame ie erate ata oc slain aol mma fiat 129
MivsxOStOnl SCOR VIM UN Yes ete a cise aieteaerae iaa ein, 1a intelli a went whimlota’e 29
iy MOSGONN cuisWl DD CD rare ears ate 7 ners eee rele ota a font? eta el Stieiat din, eimider stapeinial 130
Muxostomarthalassimuimios === semi sempetnieiam a= nine 3 sn! = = an\nl= cw wo weieomioien 131
Meliss ONO 01 Sui VO) Ve UO eee ee ened ee re mee oie ice oraiefala Ss wim salsa cic sie) wl wate aie Mint ieloe
Miv SOR CONIA KC ONG'CS b User aie en yea posinie, ciaia (elarehainidl s arsinlivinie ryeialais 153
MOS hOM WiLL CDS C= anit atetsi Resets a) ieisia oleic ails isis cial sini lein|=imiais) = ele om =m an ~ 135
Myx GSUGMIa COLTS COMMS ee teele aint sian aisie a) a'sisie mole wiel= = (ieee! om nina a 134
Mcp SeG RHO gp Sup ULOSWMieaey eaters etalite eteraleloi= ois) elnialalig m2 nian lela wlmicslele mem 134
Genus Minytrema ........---...- eae iy ate ern REI au, sea eto ml wi ce he rele 136
Minytrema melanops ...... ..... Bate ete erties Se aalate wel walt efelets(=\e <1" 138

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Genus NrimyZon cece c she wowan nus gelsac eet dee oes = menos ee eee eee
Erimyzon sucetta ...-..-.---..-- Win a ee a iat i ee ene ee ee
Erimyzon Poodel .-- 2-2 scccacacen Be yon aoe ee Be

GenusiCatostomps: .. <2. .2< cos enon ac Seoaieen oe cow ad bial cas ae ee
Catostomus) D1 STiCGD8~-5.05 2 062s 5 eho eae ice poe eb ae ee eee
Catostomus olapkl.:-.4.-2:5< 2-0. cae o dp iaashe eee eee Eee eee
Catostomus insignis - - 6.62656 52 ooo. na cis sone ee ee eee ee
Gatostomus ‘teress. 000.2222 Soe ed os 5 Joe crane nee aes eee ere
Catostomus macrodhilag’.. 2) ooo Ce heen eed eae eee ee
Catostomus occidentalis 22%: 2.0 Soe) ot tet ee eee eae ee eee ee
Gatostomus labiatus 0-4 -665.oe 8 ee eee Se ea a eee
Catostemus:an@opus':<=--2.5-<"s-s- |: acto ena Won see ae ee ee ee
Catostomug taboensis :+~ 2222-282). caee come ee eee cee ecco eee eee eee
Catostomug»rostratus.- 22-4. occ sees meee eee ein eee oe eee an eee
Catostomusonmirestris 2-52. soe ee eee eee en oa ee ee
Catostonmius retropinnis:. 22: <.24-7 seestetecee ene eee nee ees access eee eee
Catestomus latipianis <<.:.- cite: tat sess eee eens awe ace eee
Catostomus idiscobolus:<s%:.. 24 csio2t ce See me See out eeas oe tame = <eenee

Genus! Pantostens | .-.c-.0. 2.2 ese kee eee eee eee see eres
Pantosteus virescens 222245 t See eee ee eree seaet en te ee rate oon ae
Pantostens platyrhynchnst.5-2-24.52 -e2=s) ee cr see ete er een ae cease
Pantosteus penerogus -22255 - sneaks caren ee ee we ene eee eee nee
Pantosteus'plebeius...: 22... 22st o8 e525. seme ee ote pee oe ee oe ee

Genus: Gycleptne:. cit access 5 cemne eerie eee nr re ee eee eres ee
Cycleptus:elongatas::-+-sserss252 tae ss posses Sateen eee nt eee

Genus: Carpiodes 2 =.222.).22 2s csee esos coher ea ek ae eee ee eee nee eee
Garpiodes; diffornvis: -2= 22.5).2-% -222 8 cee Grete eect ee cece cee ee eee
Garpiedes cutisanserinus: .:025% sctiisc.ass font so cce eee ee meeeemcaeea ee
Carpiodes-velifer:.c.-222-< ss coccsck suet that ed, cebeoe oe cee pee nee aon
Carpiodes- bison «:.52<,--accsspsee ks kee S tes Seeker an ee mene: eee
Carpiodes-thompsonl = <222).2525. cock tone se pe en onan pee eee
Garpiodes:oyprinus):: .2<5 25222 225685 se ao sep shes en eee enon eee ne ee
Carpiddes Ganplor. 2 se see> 25 rece s goeees Reema ee oe aes ere ene eee

Genus Babalichthys::.-=~25 sacs: ehrece shee cers hee che cea ee eee
Bobaliehthys' bubalus ~... .cef:zc.h ceten leek ie Se eee
Bubalichthys‘urus;-.3-22/.<5222.-2 set eats cent eae denen eee
Bobalichthys meridionalis -: 2:22 seahacecceee ete eesece ase a eee ee

Genus Ichthyobae «.. 5s... chs eee sere cee eee ee eee
Ichthyebus bubalos s ... «cess sakenitae dened ced on Geese cee eensmeaoeeaae

Genus: Myxoopprinus |. = 5: .<.2-8 us Soe e eee eee eee = nea ee nee
Myxooyprinus-asioticus..<.5: ..2..% seluceteuas Ee Sts we ois a ee eee
ADGDONG GU té ns ds wadian sac cascducas Sees Sete eae eee een eee 4

PD MOOLWON Vorew asa causcu wowace skae speed oeee nee chal case ee annem nee

PRR GLs spcebuekuae Wier ensateu cen Seas eeteeee a osteo hate Ja aan an hn netaee enc

CONTRIBUTIONS:

NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY.

ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FISHES OF THE ALLEGHANY
REGION OF SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, AND TENNESSEE,
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN SPECIES,

By Davin S. JORDAN AND ALEMBERT W. BRAYTON.

This paper is based primarily on the collections made by the present
writers, assisted by Mr. C. H. Gilbert, and a party of students from
Butler University, during the past summer (1877), in various streams of
South Carolina, Georgia, and Tennessee. For the purpose of a more
complete discussion of questions of geographical distribution, the au-
thors have brought together, witb their own observations, those previ-
ously made on the fish-faunz of the same streams by other writers,
especially the observations on the fishes of the Tennessee Basin by
Protessor Agassiz ;* those on the fishes of the basins of the Santee t
(Catawba), Tennessee,t and Cumberland, || by Professor Cope, and on
the fishes of the Cumberland, Tennessee, Alabama, and Altamaha

* Notice of a Collection of Fishes from the Southern Bend of the Tennessee River, in
the State of Alabama. By L. Agassiz. < American Journal Sci. Arts, 1°54, pp. 297-
308 and 353-365,

+ Partial Synopsis of the Fishes of North Carolina. By E.D.Cope. < Proc. Am. Philos.
Soc. Phila. 1870, pp. 448-495.

t On the distribution of Fresh- water Fishes in the Alleghany Region of South-western
Virginia. By E. D, Cope, A.M. < Journal Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. new series, vol. vi,
part iii, January, 1869, pp. 207-247.

|| On some Etheostomine Perch from Tennessee and North Carolina. By E. D. Cope,
< Pree. Am. Philos. Soc. 1870, pp. 261-270.

4

§ CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

basins by Professor Jordan.* The purpose of this paper is to give a
résumé of all that is certainly known in regard to the ichthyology of
the seven hydrographic basins embraced in its scope, viz, the Santee,
Savannah, Altamaba, Chattahoochee, Alabama, Tennessee, and Cum-
berland. For purposes of comparison, a table of distribution of species
is added, which includes, in addition, what is known of the fish-faunz
of the James, Roanoke, Neuse, Great Pedee, and Ohio.

The following is a classified list of the streams which have been ex-
amined in each water-basin included in this paper, with a word or two
suggestive of the character of each stream. The collections in every
case were made by one or both of the present writers, unless otherwise

stated.
LIST OF STREAMS EXAMINED.
°
I.—SANTEE BASIN.
1, Catawba River and tributaries in North Carolina. (Cope, 1869.)

2. Ennoree Itiver, near Chick Springs, S.C. (Deep, muddy, and rapid.)
3. Reedy River, at Greenville Court-House, 8. C. (Muddy.)
4. Saluda River, at Farr’s Mills, west of Greenville. (Clear and rapid;

a fine seining-ground.)

IIL.—SAVANNAH BASIN.

1. Tugaloo River, Habersham County, Ga., just below mouth of Panther.
(Clear, broad rapids.)

2. Panther Creek, north of Toccoa City, Ga. (Clear mountain-stream.)

3. Toccoa Creek, below Toccoa Falls, Ga. (Clear, coid mountain-
stream ; contains little besides Hydrophlox rubricroceus.)

4. Toxaway and Chatuga Rivers and tributaries about the foot of White-
side Mountain. (Clear mountain-streams, abounding in Trout.)

IIIl.—ALTAMAHA BASIN.

1, Oconee River, at Sulphur Springs and Fuller’s Mills, Hall County,
Georgia. (Clear.)

2. Ocmulgee River, Reed’s Fish-pond, south of Atlanta, Ga. (Head-
waters; clear.)

4. Ocmulgee River, South Fork, Flat Rock, De Kalb County, Georgia.
(Partly clear ; a small falls, and a deep basin worn in granite rock ;
a fine stream for seining.)

* A Partial Synopsis of the Fishes of Upper Georgia; with Supplementary Papers on
Vishes of Tennessee, Kentucky and Indiana. By David Starr Jordan, M. D., Ph. D

~ oO

< Annals N, Y. Lyceum Naf. Hist. vol. xi, 1877, pp. 307-377.

bo

oe gs

Go

oS Ct

omy

12:
15.
14,

ON THE FISHES OF THE ALLEGHANY REGION. 9

- Ocmulgee River, Macon, Ga. (Collection of Dr. T. H. Bean and

other members of the United States Fish Commission.)

IV.—CHATTAHOOCIIEE BASIN.

. Chattahoochee River at Shallow Tord, northwest of Gainesville, Ga.

(Broad, shallow, rapid; water moderately clear.)
Suwannee Creek, near Suwannee, Gwinnett County, Ga. (Deep,
muddy, and very cold. Contains chiefly Codoma eurystoma.)
Peach Tree Creek, just north of Atlanta. (Deep and muddy.)
Nancy’s Creek, northwest of Atlanta. (Clear and rapid.)
Flint River, in Taylor County. (Collection of Dr. Hugh M. Neisler
in United States National Museum.)

V.—ALABAMA BASIN.

A.—Htowah River.

. Pettis Creek, near Cartersville, Ga. (Clear, rocky.)
. Silver Creek, near Rome, Ga. (Clear, rapid; a fine stream for col-

lecting.) —

. Dyke’s Creek and Pond, near Rome, Ga. (Clear and cold.)

B.—Oostanaula River.

. Rocky Creek, near Floyd Springs, Ga. (A fine, clear stream.)
. John’s Creek, near Floyd Springs. (Clear.)
. Lovejoy’s Creek, near Floyd Springs. (A smal] sandy stream, full

of fishes.) |
Big Armuchee Creek, above Rome. (Clear.)

. Big Dry Creek, near Rome. (A succession of weedy rock-pools.)
. Little Dry Creek, near Rome. (Like the preceding.)

10.
it,

Waters’s Creek, above Rome. (Muddy and rocky.)
Lavender Creek, in Texas Valley, Ga. (A small clear stream.)

C.—Coosa River.

Beech Creek, near Rome. (Muddy.)

Horse-leg Creek, near Rome. (Rocky, clear.)

Little Cedar Creek, at Cave Spring, Ga. (A fine, clear, cold stream.
One of the best for the collection of fishes. Abounds in Xenisma
stelliferum, Hydrophlox chrosomus, Codoma callistia, and other
beautiful species.)

D.— Alabama iver, near Montgomery, Ala. (Collection of Dr. Bean and

others, 1876.)

10 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

Co F- © bo

1

10.

ai.

VI.—TENNESSEE BASIN.

A.—Upper Course.

. Clinch River, tributaries in Southwestern Virginia. (Cope, 1868.)

. Powell’s River, near Cumberland Gap. (Clear.)

. Indian Creek, near Cumberland Gap. (Clear.)
. Station Creek, near Cumberland Gap. (Clear.)
. Holston River, various tributaries in Southwestern Virginia.

(Cope, 1868.)

. French Broad River, at Newport, Tenn. (Rather deep and muddy.)

French Broad River, about Warm Springs, N. C., Asheville, N. C.,
and elsewhere.) (Cope, 1869.) (Rapid, rocky, and generally
clear.)

. Big Pigeon River, at Cliffton, Tenn. (Rather clear.)
. Swannanoa River, at foo of Black Mountain. (Clear, cold mount-

ain Stream, with trout.)

B.—Lower Course.

Chickamauga River, at Ringgold, Ga. (Rather clear and very
rocky.)
Tributaries of Tennessee River, about Huntsville, Ala. (Agassiz;

Newman’s collection, 1853.)

. Tributaries of Tennessee River, about Florence, Ala. (Storer, 1845.)
3. Elk River and tributaries, at Estill Springs, Tenn. (Clear, rocky,

and cold.)
VII.— CUMBERLAND BASIN.

» Round-Store River, Rock Castle County, Kentucky. (Clear.)

» Rock Castle River, Livingston, Ky. (Clear and rocky.)

. Big Laurel River, Laurel Coanty, Kentucky. (Clear.)

» Cumberland River, about Pineville, Ky. (Clear, rocky.)

. Yellow Creek, near Cumberland Gap. (Rather muddy.)

. South Fork of Cumberland River, in Tennessee. (Cope, 1869.)

. Cumberland River and tributaries, near Nashville. (Winchell, 1876.)

. Stone River, Murfreesboro’, Tenn. (Clear and rocky.)

It will be noticed that alinost without exception the above mentioned

localities are in the mountainous or upland parts of the different water-

basins. Of the fishes inhabiting distinctively the lowland courses of

most of the streams, little is yet definitely known.

FISHES OF THE SANTEE BASIN. 11

The Santee, Savannah, Altamaha, and Chattahoochee have been
examined only in that part of their course which flows over metamor-
phic rocks. The three western streams have been studied chiefly in the
limestone regions. The lithological character of the bed of a stream
has a certain influence on its fish-fauna, as will be seen hereafter. Gen-
erally limestone streams are richer in species than those with granitic
bottoms.

The types of the new species described below are deposited in the
United States National Museum at Washington, and in bbe Museum of
Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana.

I.—SANTEE BASIN.

Thirty-uine species are ascertained to occur in the headwaters of the
Santee River, thirty-three having been obtained by Professor Cope in
the Catawba River in North Carolina, and thirty by the present writers
in the Saluda and Ennoree in South Carolina. Of these thirty nine
species, ten are not as yet kuown from any other hydrographic
basin. These are: Alvordius crassus, Nothonotus thalassinus, Ceratichthys
labrosus, Ceratichthys zanemus, Codoma pyrrhomelas, Codoma chloristia,
Photogenis niveus, Alburnops chlorocephalus, Alburnops saludanus, and
Myavstoma album. The apparent absence of Luxilus cornutus in the
Great Pedee, Santee, Savannah, Altamaha, and Chattahoochee Basins is
remarkable, as that species is abundant in the tributaries of the Neuse on
the east and the Alabama on the west, as in all streams northward to
Minnesota and New England.

The species most abundant as to individuals, in the Saluda at least,
is probably Notropis photogenis. Next to this come Codoma pyrrhome-
lasand Ceratichthys biguttatus. Of the Catostomida, Myxostoma cervinum
seems to be the predominant species; of the Siluride, Amiurus brun-
neus, and of the Centrarchida, Lepiopomus auritus. The chief food-
fishes at Greenville, S. C., are the “ Mud Cats” (Amiurus brunneus and
platycephalus), the ‘ Fine-scaled Sucker” (Catostomus commersoni), the
Kel (Anguilla vulgaris), the “Spotted Sucker” (Jinytrema melanops), the
* Perch” (Lepiopomus auritus), the “ War-mouth Perch ” (Chanobryttus
viridis), the “Jack” (Lsow reticulatus), and the “Jump Rocks” (My.xo-
stoma cervinum).

12 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III

ETHEOSTOMATIDA.
Genus ALVORDIUS Girard.

1, ALVORDIUS CRASSUS, sp. nov.

Etheostoma maculatum var. Corr, Proc. Am. Philos, Soc. 1870, 361, 262, and 449. (Not
Hadropterus maculatus Girard.)

A species bearing considerable resemblance to A, aspro, but less
distinctly marked and more heavily built, the form being less graceful
than that of the other members of the genus. Body considerably com-
pressed, the depth 44 times in length to origin of caudal (as in all cases
in this paper). Head comparatively short, 34 in length; the snout
medium, not acuminate as ip A. phoxccephalus, nor especially obtuse.
Eye moderate, as long as snout, 4in head. Mouth rather small for the
genus, nearly horizontal, the upper jaw but little the longer: upper
jaw not projectile: maxillary reaching anterior margin of eye.

Cheeks naked: opercles with afew scales above: back and breast
naked: middle line of belly in some specimens naked: in others with
enlarged plates. Scales on the body rather larger than usual, about
7-55-7.

Fins moderately developed: dorsal XII-I, 10, varying to XI-I, 11;
an increase in the number of the spines, as usual, accompanying a
decrease in the number of soft rays, a rule apparently not hitherto
noticed, and perhaps not of general application. The two dorsal fins
are well separated, the first being longer than the second, but consider-
ably lower.

Anal fin shorter, but higher than second dorsal, II, 9; the two spines
well developed. Caudal fin deeply lunate, almost furcate. Pectorals
and ventralis large, their tips about equal.

Coloration rather plain. General hue olivaceous; the back marked
with darker, as in the other species of the genus. Sides with a series
of dark olive, rounded blotehes, connected along the lateral line by a
narrow, dark band; a dark streak forward, and one downward from the
eye. First dorsal with a dark spot in front, and another on its last
rays. Second dorsal, caudal, and pectorals barred with dark spots.
Anal and ventrals uncolored.

Length of longest specimens observed, 3 inches.

Habitat—Saluda, Ennoree, and Reedy Rivers, in rapid water, espe-
cially abundant in the Saluda at Farvr’s Mills. Also recorded by Cope
from the Catawba.

creel tate

FISHES OF THE SANTEE BASIN. La

Genus BOLEOSOMA Dekay.
2. BOLEOSOMA MACULATICEPS Cope.

Boleosoma maculaticeps Corr (1870), Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 269 and 450. (Catawba
R.)—JORDAN & COPELAND (1976), Check List (Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist.),
163. (Name only.)

Arlina maculaticeps JORDAN (1877), Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. x, 15. (Name only.)

Boleosoma olmstedi JORDAN (1877), Ann. N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist. 368. (Ocmulgee River.)

A single specimen taken in the Saluda River at Farr’s Mills answers
closely to Professor Cope’s description. The upper part of the cheeks
have, however, a few scattering scales. This species is atrue Bolecosoma.
Although the type of Boleosoma has but a single anal spine and B. efful-

‘gens and B. maculaticeps have two anal spines, the essential character of

those spines is the same in both cases, and the genus Arlina, based on
B. effulgens, is a synonym of Boleosoma. In Boleosoma, the spines are
all weak and flexible, and those of the anal especially so. In most or
all of the other genera of L’theostomatide, the anal spines are stiff and
long, and, with scarcely an exception, the first spine is the longer of the
two. In the species of Boleosoma, with two anal spines, the two spines
are unequal, the second the longer, both extremely slender and flexible;
not at all ‘“‘spine”-like, except that they are not inarticulate. This
feeble condition of the spines seems to constitute the chief generic
character of Boleosoma.

Two of the species provisionally referred by Professor Jordan (Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus. x) to “Arlina”, viz, Arlina stigm@a Jor. and A. atripin-
nis Jor., have the anal spines well developed, as usual in Htheostomatida.
These two species and their congefers apparently constitute a distinct
genus, differing from Diplesium in the toothed vomer and from Notho-~
notus in the protractile upper jaw. For this genus, the name of
Ulocentra (Jordan) has been suggested (Man. Vert. ed. 2d, p. 223), in
allusion to the development of the spines.

Genus NOTHONOTUS Agassiz
3. NOTHONOTUS THALASSINUS, sp. nov.

A handsome species, differing from the others now referred to this
genus in tie entire nakedness of the head.

Body rather stout, the depth about 5 times in the length, com.
pressed behind, the back somewhat arched. Head large, 4 in length,
the snout rather blunt and convex in profile; a pretty decided angle

14 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

opposite the eye. Eyes large, high up, longer than the muzzle, 34
in head: interorbital space rather narrow, the eye having some upward
range. Mouth moderate, slightly oblique, the maxillary reaching to
orbit. Upper jaw slightly longer than the lower, not protractile. Head
entirely naked, both cheeks and opercles being destitute of scales.

Seales large, 5-45-5. Belly scaled: throat naked: neck anteriorly
naked, but scaly in front of the dorsal : lateral line complete.

Tins all large: D, X-I, 10, or LX-I, 11, the membrane of the first dor-
sal continued to the base of the second: longest dorsal spine a little
over half the length of the head, scarcely shorter than the soft rays;
the base of the spinous dorsal a little longer than that of the soft dor-
sal. Anal II, 8, rather smaller than second dorsal, the first spine longer
and larger than the second. Caudal fin deeply lunate, aluiost forked,
Pectoral and ventral fins large; the former reaching nearly to the vent,
the latter somewhat shorter.

Color, in spirits: Olive, closely mottled and tessellated above with
dark green; this color extending down the sides, formiug six or eight
irregular dark green bars. Head dark green; a dark green line down-
ward from eye and another forward. Fius in males nearly plain, the
spinous dorsal with a black edge; females with all the tins except the
ventrals closely barred or speckled with dark green. Two pale crange
spots at the base of the caudal.

Life-colors: The colors of a male specimen in life ave as follows: Body
dark olive and blotehed above: sides with nine dark blue-green vertical
bars, the five next tbe last most distinct, and reaching down nearly to
the anal. Spinous dorsal reddishgat base, then with a broad black
band, the uppermost third being of a bright ferruginous orange-red :
second dorsal blackish at base, reddish above: caudal with two orange
blotches at base, black mesially, pale orange externally. Anal fin of a
brilliant blue-green color at base, pale at tip. Pectorals barred, the
middle of the fin grass-green. Ventrals dusky mesially, with a green
shade. Opercular region more or less grass-green: streaks about eye
blackish-green.

Length of largest specimens taken, 24 inches.

Habitat—-Very abundant in all the streams seined, especially so in
the rocky shoals of Reedy River in the city of Greenville.

This handsome little fish may be easily known from its congeners by
the smooth head, and by the general greenness of its coloration, which
resembles somewhat that of the species of Diplesium.

FISHES OF THE SANTEE BASIN. LS

Genus ETHEOSTOMA Rajfinesque.
4, ETHEOSTOMA FLABELLARE Jaf.
(Catonotus jlabellatus Auct.)

Three specimens doubtfully referred to this species were obtained by

Professer Cope in the Catawba River.

4
CENTRARCHID A.
Genus MICROPTERUS Lacépeéde.
5, MICROPTERUS PALLIDUS (Rafinesque) Gill & Jordan.

Professor Cope obtained this species in the Catawba. We collected
none in the Saluda or Ennoree, but we were told that “ Trout”, as the
. Species of Micropterus are universally called in the South, are frequently
taken there.

Genus CHAZENOBRYTTUS Gill.

6. CHAZNOBRYTTUS VIRIDIS (Cuv. & Val.) Jordan.

The War-mouth Perch occurs in abundance in the Saluda, and appar-
ently in all the South Atlantic streams. Cope says that it is exceedingly
common in all the streams of Eastern North Carolina, and that it is
known as the Red-eyed Bream on the Catawba. This species is very
closely related to C. gulosus, differing chiefly in the color and in the
somewhat less robust form. It may be only a variety.

Genus LEPIOPOMUS Rajinesque.
7. LEPIOPOMUS AURITUS (Linnaeus) Raf.

All my specimens of this species from the Saluda have a dusky blotch
or bar at the base of the soft dorsal, a feature of coloration not shown by
my Northern specimens. This isa widely diffused species, and, like most
such, is quite variable.

Genus EUPOMOTIS Gill & Jordan.
8. EUPOMOTIS AUREUS (Walbaum) Gill & Jordan.

Professor Cope obtained this species in Catawba River. We have
never collected it in the Southern States. It is probably chiefly con-
fined to the lowland regions.

16 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—1MII.

ESOCID.
Genus ESOX Linneus.
9, ESoX RETICULATUS Le Sueur.

Very common. We are unable to distinguish the Southern form

(phaleratus Say, affinis Holbrook) as even varietally distinct from the

Northern reticulatus. °

10. ESoX RAVENELI Holbrook.

Obtained by Professor Cope in the Catawba. Its specific distinction
from FE. americanus Gmelin appears questionable.

SA LMONID As.
Genus SALVELINUS Richardson.
11. SALVELINUS FONTUNALIS (Mitchill) Gill & Jordan.

This species was found by Professor Cope in the headwaters of the
Catawba River.

CYPRINIDZ.
Genus CAMPOSTOMA Agassiz.

12. CAMPOSTOMA ANOMALUM (faf.) Ag.
Subspecies prolixum (Storer) Jor.

A few specimens from Saluda River. Also in the Catawba (Cope).

Genus HYBOGNATHUS Agassiz.
13. HYBOGNATHUS ARGYRITIS Girard.
A few specimens were obtained in Saluda River, not distinguishable

from others from Ohio River and others (types of JZ. osmerinus Cope)

from New Jersey. Professor Cope found it abundant in Catawba River.

Genus ALBURNOPS Girard.
14, ALBURNOPS SALUDANUS, sp. nor.

Hybopsis amarus, “ variety from the Catawba,” Copr (1°70), Proe. Am, Philos, Soc, 460.

A species belonging to “J/ybopsis, Group A”, of Cope, which is equi-
I ging 1} l , I q

FISHES OF THE SANTEE BASIN, We

valent to the subgeneric section of Alburnops or “ Hybopsis”, called
Hudsonius by Girard.

Body elongate, but compared with its immediate relatives, hudsonzus,
anarus, and storerianus, short and thick; moderately compressed, the
depth 42 in length: caudal peduncle shortened, 43 in length : head large,
4 times in length, relatively heavy and gibbous forward, the snout
rounded in profile, as in A. hudsonius. Eye large, rather wider than
interorbita] space, about equal to snout, 354 in head.

Mouth moderate, subinferior, the maxillary not reaching to eye.

Seales large, thin, and loose, 5-39-3, about twelve in front of the dor-
sal fin. Lateral line somewhat decurved in front.

Fins moderately developed. Dorsal beginning in advance of ventrals,
I, 8; its first ray nearer snout than caudal. Anal I, 8, rather small.
Pectorals not reaching to ventrals, the latter not to vent.

Color clear olivaceous, nearly white, like the rest of the group, some
specimens showing a faint plumbeous lateral line.

Teeth 1, 4-4, 1, two or three of the principal row obtuse, not hooked ;
only one or two of the teeth usually showing a masticatory face.

Habitat—Abundant in Saluda River, where it reaches a length of
about four inches. Also obtained by Professor Cope from the Catawba.

The peculiar characters of this species have been noticed by Pro-
fessor Cope, who, however, was disposed to consider it a variety of
Hl. amarus. It differs from our specimens of what we consider to be
the latter species (from Ocmulgee River) in the smaller eye, the thicker
head, shorter, deeper body, more decurved front, and shorter caudal
peduncle. In amarus, the eye is 3 in head, the head 43 in length, and
the caudal peduncle 34.

We have been disposed to unite, under the generic name Luvilus, a
large number of species forming a series the extremes of which bear
little resemblance to each other or to the means, but which form a chain
so unbroken that it is difficult to draw any generic lines among them.
That this group may ultimately be broken up into natural genera is verv
probable, but the groups thus far proposed have not received very
satisfactory definition.

These species agree (a) in the absence of any special modifi¢ation,
either of mouth, fins, or alimentary canal; (b) in the dentition, the
teeth being in one or two rows, always four in the principal row of
_ the raptorial type, and some or all of them provided with a grinding
surface ; often, and in some species always, one edge of the masticatory

Bull. N. M. No, 12—-2

18 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

surface is more or less crenate, especially in young individuals; (e) the

anal fin is always short, containing from seven to nine rays; (d) the

dorsal fin is never inserted very far behind the ventrals; (e) the lateral
line is developed and continuous,

The species differ much among themselves in size, nuptial dress, and
general appearance, notably in the squamation, the scales of the typical
species of Luzvilus being closely imbricated and much higher than long,
while in the group called Hudsonius the two dimensions of the scales are
nearly equal. The scales themselves, in Hudsonius, are thin and loosely
imbricated. Within certain limits, the position of the dorsal varies also.
In Hudsonius, its first ray is in advance of the insertion of the ventrals;
in Luvxilus and Alburnops, usually directly opposite; in Photogenis and
Hydrophlox, distinetly posterior. The form of the mouth varies largely :
in L.coecogenis, it is wide and oblique, the lower jaw projecting. In
the typical species of Alburnops and Hudsonius, the mouth is small and
_ more or less inferior.

The species may be provisionally grouped as follows, under five groups,
four of which may be considered as distinct genera. Those species
whose position is doubtful are indicated by a mark of interrogation :—
A.—LuxiLus Rafinesque. (Scales very closely imbricated, much deep-

er than long: teeth 2, 4-4, 2, entire: dorsal fin inserted directly op-
posite ventrals: mouth terminal: size large: nuptial dress
peculiar; type Cyprinus cornutus Mit.)

cornutus Mit. coccogenis Cope.

selene Jor.

B.—PHOTOGENIS Cope. (Seales pretty closely imbricated, deeper than
long: teeth 1, 4-4, 1, more or less crenate (rarely one-rowed ?):
dorsal fin behind ventrals, always with a black spot on the last
rays behind: males in spring tuberculate, the lower fins and the
tips of the vertical fins filled with satin-white pigment in spring:
mouth terminal, the upper jaw longest: size medium; type P.
spilopterus Cope == Cyprinella analostana).

analostanus Girard. niveus Cope.
galacturus Cope. tris Cope (?).
leucopus J. & B.

C.—Hyproru.ox Jordan. (Scales less closely imbricated, somewhat
deeper than long; teeth usually 2, 4-4, 2, often more or less
crenate: dorsal fin distinctly behind ventrals, unspotted : breed-
ing-dress peculfar, the ma’es almost always red: mouth terminal,

FISHES OF THE SANTEE BASIN. 19

oblique, the upper jaw usually slightly the longer: size very
small; type Hybopsis rubricroceus Cope.)

roseus Jordan. chrosomus Jor.
rubricroceus Cope. xenocephalus Jor.
lutipinnis J. & B. plumbeolus Cope.
chilitieus Cope. bivittatus Cope.
chalybeus Cope. lacertosus Cope.

D.—ALBURNOPS Girard. (Scales rather loosely imbricated: teeth
4-4, or 1, 4-4, 1: dorsal fin inserted over ventrals, unspotted :
sexes alike: mouth more or less inferior, horizontal or oblique:
size small; type Alburnops blennius Grd.)

microstomus Rat. timpanogensis Cope.
volucellus Cope. chlorocephalus Cope.
spectrunculus Cope. JSrctensis Cope.
procne Cope. nubilus Forbes.
stramineus Cope. blennius Grd.
tuditanus Cope (?). shumardi Grd.
missuriensis Cope. illecebrosus Grd.

scylla Cope.

Ii.—Hupsonivs Girard. (Scales thin and loosely imbricated: teeth 1,
4-4, 1 or 2, the grinding surtace often distcrted: dorsal inserted
in advance of ventrals: colors silvery: sexes alike: mouth in-
ferior: body elongate, the head comparatively short: size
medium; type Clupea hudsonia Clinton.)

saludanus J. & B. amarus Girard.
hudsonius Clinton. storerianus Kirtland.

We have substituted the name Alburnops Grd. for the earlier name
Hybopsis, as we think that the latter genus was founded on a species of
Ceratichthys.

15. ALBURNOPS CHLOROCEPHALUS (Cope) J. & B.
Hybopsis chlorocephalus Copr (1870), Proc. Am. Philos, Soc. 461.

This beautiful little fish is abundant in the clear rapid waters of the
Saluda. It resembles H. rubricroccus, but is smaller and stouter-bodied,
with smaller mouth. The scales in front of the dorsal are fewer (about
16) in number. The teeth are 1, 4-4, 1 (2, 4-4, 2, in rubricroceus). The
male specimens are profusely tuberculate on the snout and ante-dorsal
region. Professor Cope found this species abundant in the clear waters
of the tributaries of the Catawba.

20 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—IIL. ’

Genus PHOTOGENIS Cope.

16. PHOTOGENIS NIVEUS (Cope) J. & B.
Hybopsis niveus Cope (1870), Pree. Am. Philos. Soe. 461.

A very pale species, related to Photogenis analostanus and P. galacturus,
rather than to the species of ‘ Hybopsis”, to which genus Professor Cope
referred it. My specimens are all very white, with a narrow biuish
stripe along the caudal peduncle, which sometimes forms a faint spot
at base of caudal. In male specimens, the snout and ante-dorsal region
are covered with small tubercles. In males, the dorsal fin is considerably
elevated. In color, the dorsal fin is largely dusky on the last rays, the
most of the fin somewhat creamy-tinted. The tip of the dorsal fin and
the tips of the caudal are filled with milk-white pigment, as in the
related species. The anal fin is entirely milky. The teeth are 1, 4—4, 1,
provided with a narrow masticatory surface.

Photogenis niveus is abundant in the Saluda River. It was first dis-
covered by Professor Cope in the Catawba River.

17. POHOTOGENIS ANALOSTANUS (Girard) Jordan.

We did not find this species in the Saluda, although Professor Cope
states that it is abundant in the Catawba. It is perhaps possible that
Professor Cope mistook our Codoma chloristia, a species which resem-
bles it very much, except iu dentition, for the true analostanus. The
‘ Oyprinella analostana” has been a stumbling-block in the classification
of these fishes, as to the masticatory surface of Duvrilus it adds the cre-
nations of Cyprinella. We are inclined to think that Cyprinella should
be restricted to those species whose teeth are without grinding surfaces
and are permanently crenate. The relations of Luvxilus analostanus,
spilopterus, galacturus, leucopus, and nireus ave much more intimately with
the species of Codoma than with Luzilus, but the development of grind-
ing surfaces on the teeth renders it necessary to refer them to the latter
genus, unless Photogenis be admitted as a distinct genus.

Genus CODOMA Girard.
(Subgenus EROGALA Jordan.)

oor

Photogenis JORDAN (1877), Ann, Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 335. (Not of Cope, whose type,
P. spilopterus, proves to be a species closely related to L, analostanus, if not
identical with it.)

Examination of a lange number of specimens supposed to be Photogenis
spilopterus, from Saint Joseph’s River, in Northern Indiana, Professor

FISHES OF THE SANTEE BASIN. 21

Cope’s original locality, has convinced us that the spilopterus, the type of
the genus Photogenis, does not belong to the group of colored species for
which Professor Jordan lately adopted the latter name. The genus Pho-
togenis (Jordan) being thus left without a name, that of Hrogala has been
suggested (7, spring-time; 7dda, milk, in allusion to the milk-white pig-
ment with which the male fishes are ornamented in the nuptial season):

Codoma Grd. differs from Hrogala in the form of the head, which is
short, blunt, and rounded, as in Pimephales. We do not now think that
the two are distinct as genera, and prefer to consider Hrogala as a sub-
genus of Codoma.

The type of Hrogala is Photogenis stigmaturus Jordan. This subgenus
is remarkable for its geographical distribution. All of the species thus
far known belong to the Southern States, and each of the Southern
river-basins probably has from two to four species of the genus; nota
single species, so far aS known, being common to two different river-
basins. :

The distribution of the species of Hrogala is as follows :—

Santee Basin: pyrrhomelas Cope.
chloristia J. & B.

Savannah Basin :_none known.

Altamaha Basin: xenura Jor.

3 callisema Jor.
Chattahoochee Basin: eurystoma Jor.
Flint River: formosa Putn.
Alabama Basin: cailistia Jor.

trichroistia J. & G.
cerulea Jor.
stigmatura Jor.

Farther west their place is taken by the species of Cyprinella having
serrated teeth, and farther north by the species of Luzilus, section Pho-
togenis, having teeth with developed grinding surfaces.

The species of Codoma are remarkable for their exquisite coloration,
most of them being adorned with bright red in addition to the milky
pigment. The black dorsal spot is present in all the species.

18. CODOMA CHLORISTIA, sp. nov.

Body short and deep, strongly compressed, the form elliptical,
resembling that of C. pyrrhomelas, but rather deeper, the depth of adults’
being 33 to 4 in length. Head rather small and pointed, 44 in length.

22 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—HIIL.

Lye moderate, less than snout, 4 in head. Mouth rather small, quite
oblique, the maxillary not attaining the line of the orbit, the upper jaw
projecting beyond the lower, especially in spring males. The head and
mouth considerably resemble those parts in P. analostanus.

Scales much deeper than long, very closely aud smoothly imbricated,
more or less dark-edged above. 5-37-3. Lateral line decurved.

Fins moderately developed: dorsal distinctly behind ventrals, its first

ray about midway between nostrils and the base of the caudal. Dorsal
1,8. Anal 1, 8.
Nuptial tubercles in the male greatly developed, covering rather
sparsely the top of the head and the region anterior to the dorsal. In
addition, similar tubercles cover the caudal peduncle and the whole sides
of the body, except the space below the lateral line and in front of the
ventrals. The tubercles on the body are considerably smaller than
those on the head, and smaller than in venura or pyrrhomelas, but they
cover a much larger area than in any of the latter species of the genus.
Chin tuberculate. —

Teeth 1; 4-4, 1, entire, without masticatory surface.

Coloration, in life: General color a dark steel-blue, a very distinct
blue stripe along each side of the caudal peduncle, as in C. cw@rulea, but
fainter: sides of body with fine steely-purple lustre: back clear green:
head clear brownish: iris white: cheeks of a pale violet color: lower
part of sides becoming rather abruptly milky-white: dorsal fin with
the usual large black spot on the last rays well developed, and the
usual milk-white pigment in the tips: lower part of the dorsal fin with
pigment of a fine clear green color, somewhat as in analostanus, but
unusually bright: caudal fin chiefly dusky, its tips milky and the base
somewhat so; the middle of the fin has a slight reddish tinge: anal
fin entirely milky, a faint dusky spot on its last rays, resembling tbat
on the dorsal: ventral fins milky.

Ilemale and young specimens are more slender, and the bright colors
are usually wanting or obscured.

Size small; length of largest specimens less than three inches.

In form, this species resembles C. pyrrhomelas, but the short anal
(eight rays instead of ten) will always distinguish the species. The
coloration of the male is different, being much less brilliant, although
perhaps more delicate. (. chloristia resembles in color C. cwrulea most,
but the latter species has a mach more slender form.

Habitat—ADundant in the clear waters of Saluda River, with C.

FISHES OF THE SANTEE BASIN. 23

pyrrhomelas, Photogenis niveus, Alburnops chlorocephalus, and other hand-
some species.

19. CODOMA PYRRHOMELAS (Cope) Jor.

Photogenis pyrrhomelas Corr (1870), Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 463.

This species, the most ornate of the genus, and one of the most bril-
liant of Cyprinidae, is extremely abundant in the clear rapid waters of
the Saluda and its tributaries. The general color of the males is dark
steel-blue above, with the scales darker-edged, the belly abruptly milky-
white. The head is pale reddish; the snout, the tip of lower jaw, and
the iris above and below are scarlet; the dorsal fin is dusky at base,
has a large black spot on the last rays, is red in front, and broadly milk-
white at tip. The tips of the caudal fin are milk-white; next to this
cotnes a dusky crescent; a wide bright scarlet crescent lies inside of the
black and extends into the two lobes of the fin. The base of the fin is
pale.

The top of the head and the region in front of the dorsal are covered
with small pale tubercles. The sides of the caudal peduncle are pro-
vided with rather larger tubercles, arranged in rows along the series of
scales.

This is the most abundant fish in the waters of Catawba River, accord-

ing to Professor Cope.

Genus NOTROPIS Rajfinesque.

(Minnilus Rafinesque; Alburnellus Girard.)

20. NOTROPIS PHOTOGENIS (Cope) Jordan.
Squalius photogenis Cork (1864) Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. 280.
Photogenis leucops Cork (1866), Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 379, and elsewhere.

My specimens differ considerably from the typical forms of this spe-
cies, but correspond to Professor Cope’s *“var.aaaaa” from the Ca-
tawba. It is the most abundant species in the Saluda waters, especially
in more sluggish tributaries. Two forms, perhaps varieties, perhaps
different sexes, occur, the one pale, with deep, compressed body; the
other darker, with the scales dark-edged and the body much more elon-
gate. It is difficult to distinguish the latter form from JN. telescopus
(Cope). The pale form has the head above and under jaw covered with
small pointed tubercles.

24 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—IIT.

Genus GILA Baird & Girard.
(Subgenus CLINOSTOMOUS Girard.)
21. GILA VANDOISULA (Cuv. & Val.) Jor.
Leuciscus vandoisulus C. & V. (1844), Hist. Nat. Poiss. xvii, 317.
Clinostomus afinis GIRARD (1856), Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. 212.

This species is common in the Saluda waters, as in the Catawba,
Yadkin, and other Southern streams. It seems to prefer still, or even
muddy waters, as we found it more ebundant in the Reedy River than
in either Saluda or Ennoree. Our specimens were greenish or bluish
in color, the back mottled with scales of a different hue, as usual in this
genus. In the males, the region behind the head and above the pee-
torals and extending backward to the anal are of a bright rosy-red,
brightest just behind the head. There is no distinet dark lateral band.
Noue of our specimens were noticed to be tubereulate. The characters
distinguishing this species from the more northerly Gila (Clinostomus)
Junduloides have been well given by Professor Cope (Journ. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila. 1868, 228).

Genus NOTEMIGONUS Rajinesque.

22, NOTEMIGONUS AMERICANUS (Linn.) Jordan.

Notemigonus ischanus JORDAN (1877), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. p. 364.

This is the true Cyprinus americanus of Linnzus, as has been else-
where shown. We obtained but a single specimen in the Reedy River.
Professor,Cope found it abundant in the sluggish waters of the Catawba.
The long anal, more compressed body, larger eye, and peculiar breeding
colors distinguish this species from the Northern and Western N.
chrysoleucus.

Genus CERATICHTHYS Baird.
23, CERATICHTITYS ZANEMUS, sp. nov.

A small, peculiar species, allied to C. labrosus (Cope), but apparently
differing in the longer barbel, smaller scales, and in the coloration.

Body long and slender, not much compressed, the depth about 44 (54
in young) in length. Head rather long, narrow, and pointed, 44 ia
length, very slender in young specimens, stouter in adults: snout de-
curved in profile, with an angle in front of the nostrils. Eye moderate,

FISHES OF THE SANTEE BASIN. 25

rather shorter than the long muzzle, placed nearly midway in head,
about 34 iu head.

Month rather large, inferior, the lips much thickened, Sucker-like ;
upper jaw extremely protractile; the lower with a conspicuous internat
fringe of papille.

Barbels extremely long, probably longer than in any other of our
Cyprinoids; their length 2 to 3 the diameter of the eye.

Scales moderate, pretty closely imbricated, 5-40-3 ; 15 or 16 in front
of dorsal. Lateral line continuous, slightiy deflected forward.

Fins rather small, high, and short. Dorsal 1, 8, originating slightly
behind the base of the ventrals, as in C. /abresus and C. monachus. Anal
1,7. Candal deeply forked, its peduncle long and slender. |

Coloration, in spirits, quite pale; a small, round, black spot at base
of caudal: dorsal scales dark-edged: some dark points along caudal
peduncle, forming a dark st.cak: muzzle punctate. Large specimens
with a large dark patch on the last rays of dorsal, as in C. moaachus
and the species of Codoma: base of dorsal fin with dark points. Cheeks
and opercles silvery.

In the spring, the male fishes are profusely tuberculate on the head
and neck, and the fins are flushed with crimson. Teeth 1, 4-4, 1, hooked,
without masticatory surface.

The largest specimens taken were nearly three inches long, but most
were less than two.

This species is abundant in Satuda River. It appears to be distinet
from C. labrosus, that species having larger scales and some other points
of difference. C. labrvsus, monachus, and zanemus differ from their con-

“geners in the backward position of the dorsal and in the greater devel-
opment of the lips.

24. CERATICHTHYS LABROSUS Cope.
Ceratichthys labrosus Cope (1870), Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 458.

Professor Cope found this species not uncommon in the upper waters
of the Catawba. We did not find it in the Saluda or the Ennoree.

25, CERATICHTHYS HYPSINOTUS Cope.
Ceratichthys hypsinotus Copr (1870), Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 458.

This species is not uncommon in the Saluda. Breeding males are
violet-tinted, and the fins are quite red. The head is more or less rosy
and tuberculate above. This species has a very small barbel, and might
easily be taken for a Hydrophlowx of the rubricroceus type.

26 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—IIL.
26. CERATICHTHYS BIGUTTATUS (Itirt.) Baird.

The common Horned Chub is very abundant in all the tributaries of
the Saluda.

Genus SEMOTILUS Rajinesque.
27. SEMOTILUS CORPORALIS (J/it.) Putn.

This common species occurs in the tributaries of the Saluda.

CATOSTOMID A.

Genus MYXOSTOMA Rafinesque.

(Moxostoma and Teretulus Raf. ; Ptychostomus Ag.)
28. MYXOSTOMA CERVINUM Cope.
Teretulus cervinus Corr (1868), Journ. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 235.
Ptychostomus cervinus COPE (1870), Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 478.

This little Sucker is exceedingly abundant in the Saluda, Reedy, and
Ennoree. It abounds in rapids and rocky shoals, and is popularly known
as ‘* Jump-rocks”, from its habit of leaping from the water. Itis not much
valued, except by negroes, small boys, and naturalists. The black outer
margin of the dorsal is a characteristic color-mark.

29. MYXOSTOMA PAPILLOSUM (Cope) Jor.

Ftychostomus papillosus Corr (1870), Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, 470.
A tew specimens of this peculiar species were taken in Saluda River.
Professor Cope found it abundant in the Catawba and Yadkin Rivers.

30, MYXOSTOMA VELATUM (Cope) Jordan.
Ptychostomus collapsus Cope (1870), Proc. Am, Philos, Soe. 471.

We obtained no specimens of this widely diffused species in any of
the Southern rivers. Professor Cope found it in the Neuse, Yadkin,
and Catawba.

31. MYXOSTOMA COREGONUS (Cope) J. & B.

Ptychostomus coregonus Corr (1870), Proc. Am. Phil. Soe. 472.
The “ Blue Mullet” was found very abundant in the Catawba and
Yadkin Rivers. We did not take it in the Saluda.

FISHES OF THE SANTEE BASIN. 27
32. MYXOSTOMA ALBUM (Cope) J. & B.

Ptychostomus albus Corr (1870), Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 472.

The species—the ‘‘ White Mullet”—was found by Professor Cope in
the Catawba River only. We obtained no specimens from the Saluda,
which is perhaps due to the fact that our collections were not made

during the season of the migrations.

Genus ERIMYZON Jordan.

(Moxostoma Agassiz, but not of Raf.)
33. ERIMYZON SUCETTA (Lac.) Jordan.

Cyprinus sucetta LACKPEDE.
Cyprinus oblongus MITCHILL.

This species is moderately abundant in the Saluda River. Professor
Cope found neither this species, nor the next, in the Catawba.

Genus MINYTREMA Jordan.
34, MINYTREMA MELANOPS (faf.) Jor.

Catostomus melanops RAFINESQUE, KIRTLAND, ete.
Moxostoma victorie GIRARD.
Erimyzon melanops JORDAN.

This widely diffused species is abundant in the mill-ponds, etc., of the
Saluda River, and is known as the Striped Sucker. It is considerably
valued as a food-fish. Many specimens were taken at Bannister’s Mills,
on the Ennoree, the proprietor of the mill, Mr. Bannister, having
kindly drawn off the water from his pond, in order to enable us better
to examine its fishes. Our specimens seem to be precisely like the ordi-
nary melanops from the Ohio River and the Great Lakes.

Genus CATOSTOMUS Le Sueur.

35. CATOSTOMUS COMMERSONI (Lac.) Jor.

The Fine-scaled Sucker is common in the Saluda, as in nearly every
stream east of the Rocky Mountains. It is especially abundant in mill-
pouds.

28 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

SILURID Ai.
Genus AMIURUS Rajfinesque.

36. AMIURUS BRUNNEUS Jordan.

Amiurus platycephalus Corr (1670), Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 485. (Not Pimelodus platy-
cephalus Grd.)
Amiurus brunneus JORDAN (1870), Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. 366.

This is the common cat-fish of the Saluda, and is known as the Mud
Cat. Adult specimens reach a length of abont LS inches, and bear little
resemblance to the young, from which the species was first described.
The adults are extremely elongate, nearly terete behind, with flat, thin,
broad heads. In color, they are of a more or less clear yellowish-green,
more distinctly green than is apy other species. The name * brunneus”
only applies well to the young. The species may be known from the
related A. platycephalus by the more elongate form, the shorter anal fin
(16 to 18 rays instead of 20), aud by the mouth, which is somewhat ~
inferior, the lower jaw being much the shorter, while in A. platycephalus
the jaws are equal. The color is also different in the two species. A.
platycephalus is yellowish, dark above, and more or less marbled on the
sides with darker, resembling, in that respect, A. marmoratus. In A. |
brunneus, the caudal fin is usually unequal, the upper lobe being the
longer, and the rudimentary caudal rays are unusually numerous. A
specimen nearly a foot long had the alimentary canal four times the
length of the body, and filled with Podostemon ceratophyllum. The
stomach contained eight adult males of Codoma pyrrhomelas.

As Professor Cope counted 17 anal rays in his * plutycephalus”, it is
likely that he had this species instead of Girard’s, which has pretty uni-
formly 20 or 21 rays. Both Amiurus brunneus and platycephalus are
valued as food.

37. AMIURUS PLATYCEPHALUS (Girard) Gill.

Pimelodus platycephalus Girard (1859), Proe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila, 160,

Many specimens of this spevies were taken in Bannister’s mill-poud,
on the Ennoree. The fishermen confound it with the preceding under
the vame of Mud Cat, but the species may be readily distinguished by
the characters given above.

A “Blue Cat” is said to occur in the Saluda, but we obtained no
specimens.

FISHES OF THE SAVANNAH BASIN. 29

Genus NOTURUS Rafinesque.

38, NOTURUS INSIGNIS (Richardson) Gill & Jor.

Noturus marginatus BArRD.
This species is abundant in the rock-pools of Reedy River. It prob-
L oJ
ably occurs in ail the Atlantic streams as far north as Pennsylvania.

ANGUILLID At.
Genus ANGUILLA Thunberg.
39. ANGUILLA VULGARIS Fleming.

The common Eel is abundant in all the streams of the Southern States |
thus far explored.

LEPIDOSTEIDAL.
Genus LEPIDOSTEUS Lacépede.
40. LEPIDOSTEUS OSSEUS (L.) Ag.
This fish is said to occur in the Saluda, but we obtained no specimens.

IL.—WATER-BASIN OF TUE SAVANNAH RIVER.

Fifteen species are ascertained to occur in the water-basin of the
Savannah. Of these, two species are recorded from specimens in the
United States National Museum; one on the authority of Professor.
A gassiz, the others from our collections in the Tugaloo River and in Toce-
coa Creek. .None of these species are peculiar to the Savannah Basin.
The common Cyprinide are all of Tennessee River types; the others are
either species of general distribution, or else are shared with other
Southern streams.

In seining the Tugaloo River, two rather unexpected features were
made manifest: first, the very smail number of small fishes, both Cypri-
nide and Etheostomatide inhabiting the river. There seem to be very
few species present, and these few are represented by very few individ-
uals. Although the islands below the mouth of Panther Creek fcrnish
a most excellent seining-ground, yet our fishing was a series of “ water-
hauls”. <A single draw of the seine in the Saluda or the Etowah would
often yield more species and more individuals than were secured in
the Tugaloo in a whole day.

30 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

The second peculiarity of the Tugaloo fauna is that its characteristic
fishes are all of types abundant in the Tennessee River, but not known
from any other of the Atlantic streams. Of these may be mentioned
Photogenis galacturus, Luxilus coceogenis, Hydrophlox rubricroceus, and
Catostomus nigricans. The close proximity of the sources of the Tugaloo
and the Little Tennessee, War Woman Creek and Little Tennessee River
rising on opposite sides of Rabun Gap, and of the Tallulah and the

Hiawassee, may perhaps help to explain this anomaly of distribution.

ETHEOSTOMATID Ai.

Genus HADROPTERUS Agassiz.
1, HADROPTERUS NIGROFASCIATUS Ag.

A single large specimen was taken in Toccoa Creek, near Toccoa
Falls.

CENTRARCHIDA.
Genus MICROPTERUS Lacépéde.

2. MICROPTERUS SALMOIDES (Lac.) Gill.

(Var. salinoides.)

The small-moutbed Black Bass or “ Trout” of the Southern streams
(i. e., Savannah, Altamaba, Chattahoochee, Alabama) differs so con-
stantly from Northern representatives of the same species that the two
forms may be taken as geographical varieties of one species, and it is
probably worth while to distinguish each by name. The Labrus salmoi-
des of Lacépede was collected by Bose near Charleston, S. C. It was
therefore presumably the Southern variety, which should be designated
as var. salmoides. The oldest name known to apply to the Northern
form is that of Bodianus achigan Raf. The Northern form may there-
fore be designated as Micropterus salmoides var. achigan, whenever it is
deemed desirable to call attention to these variations.

The body is appreciably longer and slenderer in var. salmoides than
in var. achigan, the head being about 34 in length instead of about 2}.
The anal rays in salmoides are usually 10 instead of 11; the dorsal
formula X, I, 12, instead of X, 1,13. The seales are larger in salmoides,
there being about 70 in the lateral line instead of 77. The coloration of
salinvides is uniformly unlike that of achigan. The lower part of the sides

FISHES OF THE SAVANNAH BASIN. on

is marked by pretty regular lines of dark olive-green spots along the
series of scales. The lower fins are usually more or less red, and the
black, yellow, and white coloration of the caudal fin, so conspicuous in
young specimens of the Northern form—in the Western States, at least—
is not noticeable in the Southern variety.

This species is abundant in the tributaries of the Savannah, where it
is Known as the * Trout”.

Genus XENOTIS Jordan.
3. XENOTIS SANGUINOLENTUS (Agassiz) Jordan.
JORDAN (1877), Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. 318.

A single specimen of this beautiful fish is in the National Museum
from Augusta, Ga. It is identical with my specimens from the Etowah,
mentioned in the paper above cited, but it is possibly not the species
to which Agassiz gave the name of sanguinolentus. The species of the
genus Xenotis are extremely difficult either to define or to recognize.

CYPRINODONTID A.
Genus ZYGONECTES Agassiz.

4. ZYGONECTES NOTTI Agassiz.

A * Zygonectes guttatus” is recorded by Professor Agassiz from the
Savannah near Augusta. Professor Putnam informs me, from the ex-
amination of the type-specimens, that the species is ideutical with Z.
nottii Ag.

SALMONID At.
Genus SALVELINUS Richardson.

5. SALVELINUS FONTINALIS (Jitch.) Gill & Jor.

The common Brook Trout is very abundant in the clear tributaries of
the Chatuga and Toxaway Rivers, at the foot of the Blue Ridge. This
is very near the southern limit of the species, although it is said to oceur
in certain tributaries of the Upper Chattahoochee, farther west.

CYPRINIDA.
Genus LUXILUS Rajinesque.

6. LUXILU®S COCCOGENIS (Cope) Jordan.
This beautiful species is common in the Tugaloo. The numerous
specimens were all pale, and showed only traces of the distinctive red

markings.
a

32 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

Genus PHOTOGENIS Cope.

7. PHOTOGENIS GALACTURUS (Cope) J. & B.
Hypsilepis galaciurus Copr (1870), Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. 160
The most abundant fish in the Tugaloo. Our specimens were very
pale and dull colored, but they are not otherwise different from speci-

mens of P. galucturus from the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers.

Genus HYDROPHLOX Jordan.

8. HyDROPHLOX RUBRICROCEUS (Cope) J. & B.
Hybopsis rubricroceus Corr (1868), Journ. Ac. Nat. Se. 251.

This surpassingly beautifal Jittle fish abounds in the rock-pools of the
smaller tribataries of the Tugaloo. In Toccoa.Creek, it is very abun-
dant, far outnumbering all other species. We obtained many speci-
mens from the pool at the foot of Toccoa Falls.

The lfe-colors are as follows: Dark steel-blue; a dark lateral band of
coaly punctulations, which is usually distinct on the anterior half of
body, and passes through the eye around the snout. All the fins of a
rich clear red; the dorsal rather crimson, the caudal pink, the lower fins
full bright scarlet. Tead all pale searlet-red, the lower jaw flushed, as
if bloody, a lustrous streak along the sides, below which is a distinct
silvery lustre. Eyes silvery, somewhat flushed with red. In high
coloration, the entire body becomes more or less red. This red pig-
ment becomes more evident when a fish is first placed in alcohol. First
ray of dorsal dusky on anterior edge.

Top of head and whole ante-dorsal region in males dusted with fine
white tubereles.

Female specimens are pale olivaceous or silvery.

Teeth 2, 4-4, 2, with masticatory surface, the edge of which is usually
crenate,

This species avd the preceding were hitherto known only from the

headwaters of the Tennessee River.

Genus CERATICUTHYS Baird.
9, CERATICHTHYS RUBRIFRONS Jordan.
Nocomis rubrifrons JORDAN (1877), Ann, N. Y. Lyceum Nat. Hist. 330.
A few specimens of this species were taken. They were brighter in
color than the original types from the Ocmulgee. The muzzle was in
“ e .
the males br ght ved, and the fins somewhat rosy.

FISHES OF THE SAVANNATL BASIN. ae

This species is related to C. hypsinotus (Cope), but has a less elevated
dorsal region and longer barbels.

10. CERATICHTHYS BIGUTTATUS (Kirtland) Girard.

The *“ Horny Head” is abundant in all the small streams falling inte
the Tugaloo. It furnishes much harmless sport for the amateur anglers
who yearly visit the beautiful Tallulah region.

CATOSTOMID A.
Genus MYXOSTOMA Rafinesque.

11. MYxXosTOMA CERVINUM (Cope) Jor.
The little “ Jump Rocks” occurs in some abundance in the Tugaloo
and its tributaries.
Genus CATOSTOMUS Le Sueur.
(Hylomyzon Agassiz.)
12. CATOSTOMUS NIGRICANS Le 8.

The Hog-sucker occurs in rapid waters of the Tugaloo and Toccoa.
It is pot known to occur in any other of the Atlantic streams south of
the Potomac.

SILURID A.
Genus AMIURUS Rajinesque.
13. AMIURUS PLATYCEPHALUS (Girard) Gill.

The original types of this species in the Smithsonian Institution were
from a tributary of the Savannah at Anderson, S. C.

Genus ICHTHASLURUS Rafinesque.
14. ICHTHASLURUS PUNCTATUS (faf.) Jor.

The common * Channel Cat” is found in some abundance in the Tu-
galoo River.

ANGUILLID A.
Genus ANGUILLA Thunberg.

'15. ANGUILLA VULGARIS Fleming.

The common [el is an inhabitant of the waters of the Tugaloo.
Bull. N. M. No. 12—3

34 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—ITI.
IIL.—WATER-BASIN OF THE ALTAMAHA RIVER.

Twenty-three species are known to oceur in the water-basin of the
Altamaha, exclusive of the Shad (Alosa sapidissima), which ascends all
the Southern rivers until prevented by thedams Of these twenty-three,
four are known only from the Oconee and Oecmulgee, viz, Nothonotus
inseriptus, Hydrophlox lutipinnis, Codoma callisema, and Codoma xenura.
The others are chiefly species of general distribution. Five species were
obtained by the writers in the headwaters of the Oconee River, viz,
Nothonotus inscriptus, Micropterus salmoides, Hydrophlox lutipinnis, Cerat-
ichthys rubrifrons, and Ceratichthys biguttatus. The other species men-
tioned below are from the Oemulgee.

ETHEOSTOMATID AL.
Genus HADROPTERUS Agassiz.

1. HADROPTERUS NIGROFASCIATUS Agassiz.

Taken at the Flat Shoals in the South Fork of the Ocmulgee.

Genus BOLEOSOMA Dekay.
2. BOLEOSOMA MACULATICEPS Cope.

A specimen, apparently of this species, from the Oemulgee River at
Macon, Ga.

Genus NOTHONOTUS Agassiz.
3. NOTHONOTUS INSCRIPTUS, sp. nov.

Body rather stout and deep, pretty strongly compressed behind, less
so anteriorly : depth 43 in length: caudal peduncle rather deep.

Head large, 43 in length, rather obtuse, the profile quite gibbous:
a considerable angle formed opposite the eyes, which are high up and
rather close together.

Eye about equal to snout, 34 in head. Mouth moderate, slightly ob-
lique, the maxillary reaching eye, the upper jaw the longer. Cheeks
and opercles entirely scaleless, as in N. thalassinus. Region in tront of
dorsal scaly: breast naked. Belly covered with ordinary scales. Scales
rather large, closely imbricated, the lateral line continuous and nearly
straight. Scales 5-46-5.

Tins well developed» The spinous dorsal larger than the soft dorsal,

FISHES OF THE ALTAMAHA BASIN. aD

which is somewhat larger than the anal; the two dorsal fins connected
by membrane. Dorsal XI-I, 11. Anal IT, 8.

Dorsal spines a little more than half the length of head. Pectorals
and ventrals well developed.

Color, in spirits: Olive, with an orange spot on on each scale, these
forming continuous lines along the rows of scales. These lines are quite
conspicuous, as in Xenisma catenatum. Three dark blotches across the
back: one in front of dorsal, forming a black spot on the anterior dor-
sal spines; one between the two dorsal fins, forming a similar black
spot on the last part of the spinous dorsal; and one on the caudal pedun-
cle, behind the second dorsal.

Sides with about six irregular dark olive blotches just below the
lateral line. Second dorsal, caudal, and pectoral extensively dusky-
shaded. Anal unicolor. Head dusky above, a dark line downward, and
one forward from eye.

A female specimen takeu lacked the lines of orange spots, and it was
more distinctly blotched on the sides. In life, the male specimen had
the entire anal fin, the cheeks, opercles, and a bar below the eye bright
blue. The extreme edge of the spinous dorsal was blackish; below this
bright orange red, and a dusky bar at the base. The colored lines of
spots were ferruginous, or scarlet-red, rather than orange.

Length 24 inches.

Two specimens only were taken, in the upper waters of the Oconee
River, at Sulphur Springs, in Hail County, Georgia.

This is one of the most beautiful of this interesting genus. In the
smooth head, it resembles N. thalassinus, and differs from the others
known. The entirely dissimilar coloration separates it at once from J.
thalassinus.

CENTRARCHID A.
Genus MICROPTERUS Lacépede.
4, MICROPTERUS SALMOIDES (Lac.) Gill.
Var. salmoides.
Abundant in the Oconee and Ocmulgee.
Genus CHAANOBRYTTUS Gill.

5. CHANOBRYTTUS VIRIDIS (C. & V.) Jordan.

The “ War-mouth Perch” is abundant in the Oemulgee.

36 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

Genus LEPIOPOMUS Rajinesque.

6. LEPIOPOMUS AURITUS (L.) Raf.

Common in the Ocmulgee River.

Genus CENTRARCHUS Cuvier & Valenciennes.
7. CENTRARCHUS MACROPTERUS (Lacépéde) Jordan.

Several specimens of the large-finned Centrarchus are in the United
States National Museum, from the Ocmalgee River, near Macon, Ga.
The characters distinguishing this species from C. trideus are given in

Sulletin No. 10 of the National Museum, p. 31.

ESOCID i.
Genus ESOX Linneus.

8. ESOX RETICULATUS Le Sueur.

Found in the Ocmulgee River.

CY PRINID AL.

Genus ALBURNOPS Girard.
* (Subgenus HUDSONIUS Grd.)
9, ALBURNOPS AMARUS (@rd.) Jordan.
Hybopsis hudsonius var. amarus JORDAN (1877), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 362.

Very abundant in the South Fork of the Oecmulgee. This is possibly
not Girard’s amarus, but at present I think that it is. Leuciseus spir-
lingulus O. & V. seems to be A. hudsonius.

Genus HYDROPHLOX Jordan.

10. HYDROPHLOX LUTIPINNIS, sp. nov.

A brilliantly colored little fish allied to H. rubricroceus.

Body stout and rather strongly compressed, the depth 44 in length,
the dorsal region somewhat elevated, the outline of the back sloping
each way from the base of the dorsal fin.

Head short and rather deep, 4 to 44 in length, broad and flattish

FISHES OF THE ALTAMAHA BASIN. 37

above, the muzzle moderately rounded. Eye rather large, nearly as
long as the muzzle, 34 to 3? in head.

Mouth large, quite oblique, the maxillary reaching to orbit, the man-
dible included.

Seales medium, 6-40-3, rather closely imbricated, about 21 in front
of the dorsal. Dorsal nearer caudal than muzzle, distinctly behind the
ventrals. Dorsal I,8. AnalI,8. Pectorals not reaching nearly to ven-
trals, the latter not to vent.

Color, in spirits: Clear olive; a dark, burnished, plumbeous lateral
band, which extends through the eye and up the caudal fin: whole
body bright crimson: fins yellow.

Colors, in life: Clear olive above, with very intense green dorsal
aud vertebral lines; an intense metallic blackish band along sides;
below this the sides bright silvery, in the males bright, clear red, the
color of red berries; the whole body more or less flushed with red, the
belly especially bright : iris crimson,

Fins all bright golden-yellow: silvery space below eye strongly
marked: tip of lower jaw black.

Teeth 2, 4-4, 2, with masticatory surface developed.

Length 24 to 3 inches.

This species is extremely abundant in the headwaters of the Oconee,
in clear rapid streams. It is one of the most brilliant of the genus.

Hydrophlox lutipinnis is deeper-bodied than H. rubricroceus. It has
also a smaller mouth and different coloration, especially of the fins. From
A. chlorocephalus, it differs in the larger mouth, larger size, and smaller
scales: the pectoral and ventral fins are also usually shorter. The
teeth, also, are 2, 4, instead of 1, 4.

Genus CODOMA Girard.
11. CODOMA XAZNURA Jordan.
Minnilus (Photogenis) cenurus JORDAN (1877), Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 79.
This beautiful fish is the most abundant species in the rapids of the
Ocmulgee at Flat Shoals.
12. CODOMA CALLISEMA Jordan.
Episema callisema JORDAN (1877), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. 363.

This species, one of the most elegant of the genus, is very abundant
in the South Fork of the Ocmulgee. It differs from the other species of

08 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—IILL.

the genus in the presence of a single row of teeth and in the more ante-
rior position of the dorsal, which is searcely at all posterior to the ven-
trals. It is, however, rather a Codoma than an Episema,
Genus NOTEMIGONUS Rajinesque.
13, NOTEMIGONUS AMERICANUS (L.) Jor.

Notemigonus ischanus JORDAN (1877), Aun. Lyc. Nat. Hist. 364.

Very abundant everywhere in the Ocmulgee in still or deep waters.
Adult specimens have the lower fins yellow, tipped with scarlet.

Genus CERATICHTHYS Baird.
14. CERATICHTHYS RUBRIFRONS Jordan.

Nocomis rubrifrons JORDAN (1877), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 330.
This handsome little fish was first described from the Ocmulgee River,
where it is abundant. It is also common in the Oconee.

15. CERATICHTHYS BIGUTTATUS (Kirt.) Girard.

Abundant in the Oconee; not noticed in the Ocmulgee.

Genus SEMOTILUS Rajinesque.
16, SEMOTILUS CORPORALIS ( Mit.) Putnam.

From a small brook, tributary to the Ocmulgee. In the South, this
species is almost confined to the smaller creeks and spring runs.

CATOSTOMID A.
Genus MYXOSTOMA Rajinesque.

17. MYXOSTOMA CERVINUM (Cope) Jordan.

The little “Jump Rocks” is very abundant at the Flat Shoals of the
Ocmulgee.
18. MYXOSTOMA PAPILLOSUM (Cope) Jordan.

Common in the Ocmulzgee.
Genus ERIMYZON Jordan.
19. ERIMYZON SUCETTA (Lac.) Jordan.

From the Ocmulgee.

FISHES OF THE CHATTAHOOCHEE BASIN. ao

SILURID A.
Genus ICHTHALURUS Rajinesque.

20. ICHTHALURUS PUNCTATUS (Rafinesque) Jordan.

Very common in the Ocmulgee.

Genus AMIURUS Rafinesque.
21. AMIURUS MARMORATUS (Holbrook) Jordan.

A single specimen is in the National Museum, collected by Dr. Hol-
brook in the Altamaha River. The species occurs in abundance in the
streams and sloughs of Southern [liinois.

22. AMIURUS BRUNNEUS Jordan.

Very abundant in the Ocmulgee, from which river it was first de-
scribed.

ANGUILLID A.
Genus ANGUILLA Thunberg.

23. ANGUILLA VULGARIS Fleming.
Eels occur in all the larger tributaries of the Oconee and Ocmulgee.
1V.—WATER-BASIN OF THE CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER.

Our collections in the Chattahoochee Basin have been rather unsatis-
factory, as only twenty-one species have been obtained. Of these, three
seem to be characteristic of the river, and have not yet been obtained else-
where: Semotilus thorgauianus, Photogenis leucopus, and Codoma eury-
stoma. The other species taken are found also either in the Altamaha
or Alabama, or both.

The Chattahoochee is noteworthy as being, so far as is at present
known, the easternmost limit in the Southern States of the Rock Bass
(Ambloplites rupestris) and the Red Horse (Myxostoma duquesnii), as the
westernmost limit of the range of the “ Green Cat” (Amiurus brunneus),
the War-mouth Perch (Chanobryttus viridis), and the “ Jump Rocks”
(Myxostoma cervinum). It is also the westernmost of the series of riv-
ers—Great Pedee, Santee, Savannah, Altamaha, and Chattahoochee—
in which Luvilus cornutus does not occur.

4() CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

Four of the species here mentioned were collected several years
ago by Dr. Hugh M. Neisler at some point in Georgia, the record of the
locality not certainly preserved, but supposed to be Flint River, and are
now in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. These are Campo-
stoma anomalum, Semotiius thoreauianus, Codoma Jormosa (* grandipin-

nis”), and Aphododerus sayanus (*‘Asternotremia mesotrema ”).

ETHEOSTOMATIDA.
Genus HADROPTERUS Agassiz.
1. HADROPTERUS NIGROFASCIATUS Agassiz.

Abundant at the Shallow Ford of the Chattahoochee near Gaines-
ville, Ga. :

CENTRARCHIDA.
Genus MICROPTERUS Lacépéde.

2. MICROPTERUS PALLIDUS (Raf.) G. & J.
Not very abundant.
3. MICROPTERUS SALMOIDES (Lac.) Gill.

Very common.

Genus AMBLOPLITES Rajinesque.

4, AMBLOPLITES RUPESTRIS (Ra/f.) Gill.
Abundant.

Genus LEPIOPOMUS Rajinesque.

5. LEPIOPOMUS PALLIDUS (Mit.) G. & J.

(Ichthelis incisor Holbrook.)
A few specimens taken in Peach Tree Creek near Atlanta.
6, LEPIOPOMUS AURITUS (L.) Raf.

Abundant at the Shallow Ford of the Chattahoochee. My specimens
are more elongate than those from the Saluda, and they differ some-
what in coloration and squamation. The dark blotches at the base
ef the dorsal are wanting. I am not, however, disposed to consider
them as specifically distinct.

FISHES OF THE CHATTAHOOCHEE BASIN. 41

APHODODERID A.
Genus APHODODERUS Le Sueur.
7. APHODODERUS SAYANUS (Gill) Dek.
The specimen described in Bulletin No. 10, U. S. Nat. Mus., as Aster-

notremia mesotrema Jor., doubtless belongs to this species. The ‘* genus”
Asternotremia is probably an immature stage of Aphododerus.

CYPRINIDA.
Genus PHOTOGENIS Cope.
8. PHOTOGENIS LEUCOPUS, sp. nov.

A slender, rather plain species, closely resembling, Photogenis niveus
from the Saluda.

. Body elongate, compressed, tapering toward the snout and the long
caudal peduncle. Depth 44 in length. Head moderate, 44 in length,
larger than in P. niveus, rather pointed, wide on top. Snout rather
long and somewhat pointed. Mouth large, quite oblique, the intermax-
illaries on the level of the pupil: upper jaw slightly longest. LEye
moderate, rather less than snout, 34 in head. Scales moderate, rather
closely imbricated, but less so than in P. analostanus, 6-39-35.

Fins moderate, D. I, 8, A. I, 8, the dorsal evidently behind the ven-
trals. Pectorals not reaching nearly to ventrals, the latter not quite to
vent. Neither dorsal nor anal specially elevated.

Teeth 1, 4-4, 1, hooked, with narrow grinding surfaces and usually
somewhat crenate.

Color olivaceous, the sides bright silvery: a rather inconspicuous
dark blotch on last rays of dorsal, as in related species. A round black
spot, nearly as large as eye, at base of caudal, precisely as in Codoma
eurystoma. In life, the coloration is pale; the dorsal fin is chiefly of a
clear yellowish-green color, as thoagh yellowish pigment were mixed
with white; the upper part is of a pale ferrugineous-red and the extreme
tip milky-white. The caudal fin is ferrugineous, with miik-white tips.
The lower fins, especially the ventrals, are milk-white. The snout in
males is tuberculate, and very minute prickles occur on the sides of the
caudal peduncle. Length 53 to 4 inches.

Very abundant in the Chattahoochee River at the Shallow Ford; not
noticed elsewhere,

42 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

Compared with P. niveus, P. leucopus has a different form, the dorsal
region is less elevated, and the nuchal region less depressed. The mouth
is larger, the maxillary extending to nearly opposite the eye, instead of
falling short. The eye is larger and the mouth is less inferior in P. leu-
copus. The coloration is somewhat different.

Photogenis leucopus also resembles Codoma eurystoma, but that species
has a heavier head, larger eye, stouter body, and different dentition and
coloration.

Genus CODOMA Girard.

9. CODOMA EURYSTOMA Jordan.

Photogenis eurystomus JORDAN (1877), Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. 356.

This is the most abundant Cyprinoid in the tributaries of the Chat-
tahoochee River. It frequents especially the cold streams, but does not
seem to be adverse to mud. In Suwannee Creek, a deep, cold, muddy
stream flowing tbrough the woods, this was almost the only species
obtained.

Its life-colors are as follows: General color of Lucilus cornutus on body,
but the sides with considerable coppery lustre. Dorsal fin with asharp,
black, horizontal bar about half-way up. In young fishes, this bar is
red. The fin above is somewhat milky; below, it is pale. There isa
small, but distinet, round, black, caudal spot. The caudal fin is chiefly
ot a rather dull ferruginous red. The base of the fin is pale, the tips
rather milky. The anal fin is unmarked. There are gilt lines along the
back and sides! A dark humeral bar is usually present, and the upper
edge of the pectoral fin is largely black.

The teeth of this species are usually 1, 4-4, 1, as at first described,
but we have found several individuals 1, 4-4, 2. This species resembles
somewhat Phocogenis leucopus, but it is stouter every way, with deeper
body, larger head, and much larger eye.

10. CODOMA FORMOSA (Putnam) Jordan.

Alburnus formosus Putnam, Leuciscus hypselopterus Giinther, Photogenis grandipinnis
’ YI I ’ '}
Jordan.)

The typical specimens of P. grandipinnis are supposed to have beer
collected in Flint River. Leuciscus hypselopterus of Giinther is doubtless
the same species. We follow Giinther in identifying Alburnus formosus
Putnam as the same, aithough there is little in the very imperfect orig-
inal description to warrant it.

FISHES OF THE CHATTAHOOCHEE BASIN. A3

Genus CAMPOSTOMA Agassiz.
11. CAMPOSTOMA ANOMALUM (faf.) Ag.

Specimens in Dr. Neisler’s collection, supposed to have been taken in °

_the Flint River, in Taylor County, Georgia.

Genus SEMOTILUS Rajinesque.
12. SEMOTILUS THOREAUIANUS Jordan.
The types are in Dr. Neisler’s collection, probably from Flint River,
Genus CERATICHTHYS Baird.
13. CERATICHTHYS BIGUTTATUS (Kiriland) Girard.

Very abundant in the Chattahoochee.

CATOSTOMIDA.
Genus MYXOSTOMA Rajfinesque.

14. MYXOSTOMA DUQUESNII (Le Sueur) Jordan.

A species which we are unable to distinguish from the common * Red
Horsé” of the Ohio is abundant in the Chattahoochee.

15. MYXOSTCMA CERVINUM Cope.
A few specimens taken in the Shallow Ford.

Genus ERIMYZON Jordan.

16. ERIMYZON SUCETTA (Lac) Jor.
From Peach Tree Creek near Atlanta.

SILURID A.

Genus ICHTHASLURUS Rafinesque.
17. ICHTHALURUS PUNCTATUS (Raf.) Jor.

The Channel Cat is exceedingly abundant in the Chattahoochee.

44 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

Genus AMIURUS Rajinesque.

18. AMIURUS BRUNNEUS Jordan.

This is the most abandant edible fish in the Chattahoochee. We
secured upwards of forty large specimens in two hours’ seining at the
Shallow Ford. It grows to the length of about 18 inches, and is much
valued as food. It is usually known as the Mud Cat.

Genus NOTURUS Rajinesque.
19. NOTURUS LEPTACANTHUS Jordan.
Noturus leptacanthus JORDAN (1877), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 352.

This species was originally described from a single specimen taken iu
Silver Creek, a tributary of the Etowah. <A second specimen. similar
to the first, was taken by us at the Shallow Ford during the past sum-
wer, and since then a third, at the same locality as the first. In color,
this species is of a rich pale transparent brown, very slightly mottled
with darker.

LEPIDOSTEIDA.
Genus LEPIDOSTEUS Lacépede.
20. LEPIDOSTEUS OSSEUS (I.) Ag.

Taken at the Shallow Ford.

1

ANGUILLIDA.
Genus ANGUILLA Yhunberg.
21. ANGUILLA VULGARIS Fleming.

Kels, of course, abound in the Chattahoochee.

V.—WATER- BASIN OF THE ALABAMA RIVER.

The fish-fauna of the Alabama River is now better known than that
of any other of the Southern streams. Tifty-five species are now known
as inhabitants of that river and of its great tributaries, the Etowah,
Oostanaula, and Coosa. <A slight examination of any suitable tributary
of the Alabama is sufficient to show that it is much richer in species
than are any of the rivers lying to the eastward of if.

Of these fifty-six species, thirteen are as yet only known from the

FISHES OF THE ALABAMA BASIN. 45

Alabama Basin. These are: Xenisma stelliferum, Zygonectes guttatus,
Zygonectes hieroglyphicus, Hydrophlox xenocephalus, Hydrophlox chroso-
mus, Codoma callistia, Codoma trichroistia, Codoma coerulea, Codoma
stigmatura, Notropis stilbius, Phenacobius catostomus, Catostomus nigri-
cans etovanus, and Myxostoma euryops. 1 exclude from this enumeration
one or two species recorded from the Black Warrior River, as it is
likely that the fauna of that stream will prove, in part at least, different.

Certain common Northern or Western types, apparently absent in the

streams hitherto noticed, make their appearance in the waters of the
Alabama. Among these are Luzilus cornutus, Notemigonus chrysoleucus,
Chenobryttus gulosus, Hyodon, Phenacobius, ete.

ETHEOSTOMATIDA.
Genus PERCINA Haldeman.

1. PERCINA CAPRODES (haf.) Grd.

Abundant: precisely like Northern specimens.

Genus HADROPTERUS Agassiz.

2. HADROPTERUS NIGROFASCIATUS Agassiz.

Abundant: first described from near Mobile.

Genus ULOCENTRA Jordan.

3. ULOCENTRA STIGMA Jordan.

Boleosoma stigme@a JORDAN (1877), Aun. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 311.

Common in clear water. This species also occurs in the streams of
Louisiana.

Genus BOLEICHTHYS Girard.
4, BOLEICHTHYS ELEGANS Girard.

Abundant in clear, weedy ponds. This may not be identical with
Girard’s species, which was originally described from Texas.

PERCIDA.
Genus STIZOSTETHIUM Rafinesque.

5. STIZOSTETHIUM SALMONEUM Rafinesque.

In the river-channels of the Oostanaula. We have had no opportu-
nity to examine specimens, and we are not sure that the Alabama fish
is the original salmoneum.

46H CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

CENTRARCHIDA.
Genus MICROPTERUS Lacépéde.
6. MICROPTERUS PALLIDUS (Raf.) G. & J.
Abundant.

7. MIGROPTERUS SALMOIDES (Lace.) Gill.
(Var. salmoides.)

Abundant, but less so than the preceding. The two species are
known indiscriminately as ‘ Trout”.

Genus CHAANOBRYTTUS Gill.
8. CHANOBRYTTUS GULOSUS (0. & V.) Gill.
From the Alabama River at Montgomery.
Genus AMBLOPLITES Rafinesque.
9, AMBLOPLITES RUPESTRIS (Raf.) Gill.
From the Etowah and Costanavla; rather common.
Genus LEPIOPOMUS Rafinesque.
10. LEPIOPOMUS PALLIDUS (Mit.) G. & J.
Abundant in the Etowah and Oostanaula.
11. LEPIOPOMUS OBSCURUS (Agassiz) Jor.
Not rare in the Etowah and Oostanaula.
Genus XENOTIS Jordan.
12, XENOTIS INSCRIPTUS (Agassiz) Jor.
From the Oostanaula,
13, XENOTIS SANGUINOLENTUS (Agassiz) Jor.
Very abundant in the Etowah and Oostanaula.
Genus KEUPOMOTIS Gill & Jordan.
14, EUPOMOTIS PALLIDUS (Agassiz) G. & J.

Specimens from the Alabama River near Montgomery. This species

and the three preceding were first described from the Tennessee River
in Alabama.

FISHES OF THE ALABAMA BASIN. AT

Genus CENTRARCHUS Cuvier & Valenciennes.

15. CENTRARCHUS IRIDEUS (Lac.) C. & V.

Specimens from Alabama River, at Montgomery, similar to others
from the Neuse and from about Charleston. This species has been
found by Prof. S. A. Forbes in Southern Illinois.

Genus POMOXYS Rafinesque.

16. POMOXYS NIGROMACULATUS (Le 8S.) Girard.
Specimens from the Alabama River at Montgomery.
17. POMOXYS ANNULARIS Raf.

From Round Lake near Montgomery.

SCIANIDA.
Genus HAPLOIDONOTUS Rajinesque.

18. HAPLOIDONOTUS GRUNNIENS Rafinesque.

Abundant in the Oostanaula.

COTTID A.
Genus POTAMOCOTTUS Gill.

19, POTAMOCOTTUS MERIDIONALIS (Girard) Gill.
Potamocottus caroline GILL (1861), Proce. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.
Potamocottus zopherus JORDAN (1877), Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 320.

Exceedingly abundant in all the clear and cold tributaries of the
Etowah, Oostanaula, and Coosa. Manyspecimens from the cold waters
of the Cave Spring Creek. We are unable to satisfactorily distinguish
the forms called zopherus, carolina, and meridionalis, and, believing them
specifically identical, we unite them under the oldest name.

APHODODERID A.
Genus APHODODERUS Ze Sueur.

(Aphredoderus Le 8.3; Sternotremia Nelson.)
20, APHODODERUS SAYANUS (Gilliams) DeKay.
Specimens from Alabama River near Montgomery. The fish de-
scribed by Professor Jordan from Flint River, under the name of As-
ternotremia mesotrema, is undoubtedly a variation of this species.

48 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

‘

CYPRINODONTID A.
Genus XENISMA Jordan.

21. XENISMA STELLIFERUM Jordan.
Xenisma stellifera JORDAN (1877), Aun. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 322.

This most exquisitely colored fish is very abundant in all the clear
tributaries of the Etowah, Oostanaula, and Coosa. It prefers cold
waters, and ascends the “ spring-runs” to their fountain-heads.

Genus ZYGONECTES Agassiz.
22. ZYGONECTES NOTTIL Agassiz.

Many specimens in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia, from near Mobile. This and the next belong to the
group of short-bodied species called Micristius by Professor Gill.
grouy l ?

23. ZYGONECTES GUTTATUS Agassiz.

Recorded by Professor Agassiz from near Mobile.

24. ZYGONECTES HIEROGLYPHICUS Agassiz.

Recorded by Prolessor Agassiz from near Mobile. We have never
seen either this or the preceding, and doubt if any one will ever recog-
nize them from the published descriptions.

ESOCIDA.
Genus ESOX Linneus.

25. ESOX RETICULATUS Le Sueur.
Abundant in tributaries of the Etowab.
26. ESOX RAVENELI Holbrook.

A few specimens in the United States National Museum from the
Alabama River.

HYODONTID A.
Genus HYODON Le Sueur.

27. HYODON SELENOPS Jordan & Bean.
Hyodon selenops JORDAN & BEAN (1877), Bulletin U. 8. Nat. Mus. x. 65.
A single specimen in the National Museum from the Alabama River
at Montgomery.

FISHES OF THE ALABAMA BASIN. 49

DOROSOMATIDA.
Genus DOROSOMA Rajinesque.

28. DoROSOMA CEPEDIANUM (Lace.) Gill.

(Var. heterurum Raf.)
Specimens in the United States National Museum from Round Lake
at Montgomery, Ala.

CYPRINIDA.
Genus CAMPOSTOMA Agassiz.

29. CAMPOSTOMA ANOMALUM (Raf.) Ag.
Var. prolixum (Storer).

Abundant in the Etowah and Oostanaula.

Genus LUXILUS Rafinesque.
30. LUXILUS CORNUTUS (Mit.) Jor.

Very abundant in all the tributaries of the Etowah, Oostanaula, and
Coosa Rivers.

My specimens do not obviously differ from those from New York and
the Northwest.

Genus HYDROPHLOX Jordan.

31. HYDROPHLOX CHROSOMUS Jordan.

Hybopsis chrosomus JORDAN (1877), Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 333.

Very abundant in the clear tributaries of the Oostanaula, Coosa, and
Etowah. In Cedar Creek, at Cave Spring, it is the commonest species
occurring in the clear, cold waters, with Codoma callistia and Xenisma
stelliferum. None of our Cyprinide excel Hydrophlox chrosomus in deli-
cacy of coloration. It is of a clear hyaline-green above; clear silvery
below: a scarlet band straight from upper edge of opercle to caudal:
dorsal, anal, and caudal each with a searlet bar. In this species, the
mouth is rather less terminal than is usual in the group called Hydrophlox.

32. HYDROPHLOX XASNOCEPHALUS Jordan.
Hybopsis renocephalus JORDAN (1877), Ann. Lye. Nat, Hist. 334.
With the preceding, but rather less common. This species bears some

resemblance to the young of Codoma callistia.
Bull. N. M. No, 12—4

50 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY-—III,

Genus CODOMA Girard.

33. CODOMA STIGMATURA Jordan.

Photogenis stigmaturus JORDAN (1877), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 337.

This elegant species is very abundant in the tributaries of the Eto-
wah, Oostanaula, and Coosa. In those streams which are neither very
clear and cold nor very muddy, itis usually the most abundant species.

34. CODOMA CALLISTIA Jordan.

Photogenis callistius JORDAN (1877), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 337.

A large, ornate species, more brilliantly colored than the preceding,
but less graceful in form. Female specimens are dull dark olive, with
the dorsal fin brick-red. This species occurs with the preceding, but is
rather less abundant.

39. CODOMA TRICHROISTIA Jordan & Gilbert, sp. nov.

A small, slender species, graceful in form and elegant in coloration.
It is most nearly related to C. callistia, but may be readily distinguished.

Body rather slender, considerably compressed, the depth 44 in length.
Head rather slender and pointed, 44 in length. Eye of moderate size,
34 in head. Mouth quite large, very oblique, the maxillary extending
to opposite the anterior margin of the eye, and the premaxillaries
being on a level with the middle of the pupil, the mouth thus being
similar to that of the species of Notropis. In C. callistia, the mouth is
much more interior, nearly horizontal; the maxillaries do not extend to
the eye, and the premazillaries are entirely below the level of the orbit.

Seales rather closely imbricated, 6-42-3; lateral line considerably
decurved, usually witb an abrupt angulation between pectorals and ven-
trals; 18 or 19 scales before dorsal fin (15 or 16 in C. eallistia).

Fins moderately developed: dorsal well behind ventrals, rather nearer
caudal than muzzle. Dorsal 1,7. Anal I, 9. YPectorals falling some-
what short of ventrals; the latter reaching beyond-vent nearly to base
of anal.

Color: Bright steel-blue above: sides bright silvery ; in males, more
or less milky. A large black spot at base of caudal, precisely as in C.
callistia, not nearly so distinct as in OC. stigmatura. Head silvery; above
bluish. Dorsal fin with a broad, dusky, horizontal band at base; the
membrane of the last rays above jet-black, blacker than in the other
species; the tip of the fin milk-white.. The rest of the dorsal fin, espe-

FISHES OF THE ALABAMA BASIN. 51

cially the anterior part, is of a bright pale vermillion-red. The caudal
fin is chiefly rosy, the tips milk-white. The anal is milky, with a decided
flush of rose-color. The ventrals are milky.

Female specimens are duller, but the black fin-markings and the cau-
dal spot are similar in all. In the female of C. callistia, the dorsal mark-
ings are obliterated.

In the males, in spring, the head and anterior dorsal region are rather
sparsely tubereulate. The caudal peduncle and the space below the
lateral line as far forward as the ventrals are covered with similar
tubercles.

Teeth 1, 4-4, 1, of the usual type, hooked and sharp-edged. Maxi-
mum length 2? inches. C. callistia reaches a length of 4 inches.

Codoma trichroistia is very abundant in the clear tributaries of the
Etowah and Oostanaula. Specimens were taken by Messrs. Jordan and
Gilbert in 1876, but the species was at first confounded by us with C.
callistia, which it much resembles in coloration. The entirely different
mouth will distinguish the two species at once.

36. EROGALA CZRULEA Jordan.

Photogenis ceruleus JORDAN (1877), Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 338.

This most delicate and graceful fish has thus far been only found in
the Oostanaula River and its tributary, Rocky Creek. It prefers clear
waters.

37. CODOMA FORMOSA (Putnam) Jordan.

The typical specimens of Alburnus formosus Putnam and of Leuciscus
hypselopterus Giinther were obtained from near Mobile. The species
therefore belongs to the fauna of the Alabama Basin. Giinther’s
description applies well to ““Photogenis grandipinnis Jor.”, and Alburnus
Jormosus is probably the same.

The following is an analysis of the characters of the species of the
subgenus Hrogala at present known :—

Section I. Anal fin elongate, its rays J, 10,or I,11: teeth 1, 4-4, 1.

a. Dorsal fin entirely posterior to ventrals, its rays, in males, longer than head, reach-
ing nearly to the base of the caudal: body sbort, much compressed: back
elevated; depth 4 in length: head 4}: mouth large, very oblique, the
jaws equal: black dorsal blotch very distinct: a distinct black caudal
spot: coloration and tubercles unknown: size small; length 24 in-
CHES mea aie nce seat cee pla ema ddalecie <ivciste scans ema ce eae FORMOSA, l.

aa. Dorsal fin slightly posterior to ventrals, its longest rays, in males, shorter than
the head, and not reaching nearly to base of caudal: caudal peduncle
tuberculate: fins with much red: size medium; length 3} inches.

52 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—IIL.

b. Body deep, compressed; depth 34 to 3} in length: fins all greatly elevated; the
height of the dorsal five-sixths the length of the head :,muzzle, anterior
part of dorsal fin, and a bioad crescent in the middle of the caudal fin
bright scarlet: posterior margin of caudal blackish; no black spot at
base, of caudal s: .2<%\e-- <-> 022- sss ageeeen a eoe aes PYRRHOMELAS, 2.

bb. Body more elongate, less compressed, its depth 4 to 44 in length: fins all rather
low, the longest dorsal ray scarcely % length of head; dorsal, anal, and
caudal fins chiefly bright crimson: no definite dark margin to caudal:
a faint: black caudal ‘spot <-2 ses. eae ass eas = eee XZENURA, 3.

Section II. Anal fin short, its rays I, 8, or I, 9.

* Teeth one-rowed, 4-4. Dorsal fin scarcely at all posterior to ventrals, its first ray
nearer snout than base of candal: body elongate, compressed: mouth
smnallish, oblique, rather inferior: dorsal fin greatly clevated, the longest
ray, in males, longer than the head: black dorsal blotch well marked:
dorsal, anal, and caudal fins chiefly of a bright ferruginous-orange ;
a blue streak along sides: size small; length 2? inches...CALLISEMA, 4.

** Teeth two-rowed, 1, 4-4, 1 (often 1, 4—4, 2, in C. eurystoma).

ce. Black markings of the dorsal fin not in the form of a horizontal bar across the
fin.

d. Adult males without red markings on the fins.

e. No distinct black or dark blue spot at base of caudal: body short and deep,
strongly compressed: fins not greatly elevated, the dorsal largely of a
bright lustrous pale green: black dorsal markings distinct: a bluish
streak along sides: males with the whole body tuberculate, except the
space anterior to the ventrals and below the lateral line: head pointed:
mouth oblique, the upper juw projecting: size small; length 3 in-
QHES Ah nck: a eeek seme a yee ered See ee ere ee eee CHLORISTIA, 5.

ee. A rather faint dark blue caudal spot, preceded by a very distinct lateral
band of clear blue: sides chiefly blue and silvery: fins clear yellow, the
black markings obscure: body slender: mouth small: fins not greatly

elevated: size small; length 2? inches .............-....- CARULEA, 6.
eee. A large, very conspicuous jet-black spot at base of caudal: body elongate,
moderately compressed : color pale olivaceous or bluish: sides silvery:

fin-markings rather obscure: fins rather low: mouth oblique, the lower
jaw the shorter : scales large; size large: length 4 inches... STIGMATURA, 7.

dd. Adult males with the vertical fins chiefly red: a well-marked black caudal
spot, less Gistinet than in C. stigmatura.

f. Mouth large, quite oblique, the jaws about equal, the maxillary reach-
ing to opposite the eye and the premazillaries antiriorly on the level of
the pupil: body slender, compressed: dorsal fin dusky at base, jet-black
on last rays, the fin otherwise, as well as the anal and caudal pale ver-
million: caudal peduncle tuberculate: dorsal markings usually distinet
in both sexes: size small; length 2} inches .. .........TRICHROISTIA, 8.

ff. Mouth nearly horizontal, overlapped by the heavy snout, the maxillary
not reaching to the eye, and the premaxillaries anteriorly below the level
of the orbit: dorsal fin dusky at the base and on the last rays, the greater
part of the fin, as well as of the éaudal, bright carmine: coloration of
body qnite dark, blue in males, olive in females: dorsal markings obscure
in the latter: body stout, not greatly compressed, the back somewhat
elevated: size large; length 4 inches ...-- 2 opiniadnb ieee Luan

co. Black markings of the dorsal fin in the form of a horizontal bar across the fin
midway: body stont and deep, not greatly compressed: head heavy :
mouth large, oblique, with equal jaws: eye very large; asmall but dis-
tinct black caudal spot: fins with pa’e red: teeth sometimes 1, 4-4, 2:
size large; length 4 inches: appearance of Luzilus.....2uRYsToMA, 10,

FISHES OF THE ALABAMA BASIN. 53

e Genus NOTROPIS Rajinesque.

38. NOTROPIS LIRUS Jordan.

Nototropis lirus JORDAN (1877), Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 342.

Common in tributaries of the Etowah, Oostanaula, and Coosa in still,
deep waters. This species is not, by any means, a typical member of
the genus. In form, coloration, squamation, and nuptial tubercles, it
resembles the species of Lythrurus, from which it is technically separated
by the want of masticatory surface on the teeth. Notropis matutinus
approaches it in the small size of its scales.

39. NOVROPIS STILBIUS Jordan.
Nototropis stilbius JORDAN (1877), Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 343.

Abundant in the water-basin of the Alabama. The species of this

genus greatly need revision.

Genus NOTEMIGONUS Rajinesque.
‘

40. NOTEMIGONUS CHRYSOLEUCUS (Mit.) Jor.

(Stilbe americana of most writers; not Cyprinus americanus Linneeus, which is a Southeast-

ern species—Notemigonus ischanus Jor.)

This familiar species is very abundant in bayous and weedy streanis
in the basin of the Alabama.

Genus PHENACOBIUS Cope.

41. PHENACOBIUS CATOSTOMUS Jordan.
Phenacobius catostomus JORDAN (1877), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 332.

This strongly marked species was found in abundance in two clear
streams, Silver Creek and Cedar Creek, tributaries respectively to the
Etowah and the Coosa. This is a much stouter species than P. uranops
Cope; it has less developed lips and is in various other ways dissimilar.

Genus CERATICHTHYS Baird.

42, CERALICHTHYS WINCHELLI (Girard) Jordan.
Hybopsis winchelli GrrARD (1856), Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 1856, 211.
Ceratichthys hyalinus Corr (1868), Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 1868, 236.

Very common in the Alabama Basin. C. biguttatus was not obtained
by us in any of the tributaries of the Alabama. It seems, however, to
have been described by Girard, from the Black Warrior, under the name
of Nocomis bellicus.

54 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

Genus SEMOTILUS Rafinesque.

43. SEMOTILUS CORPORALIS (Mit.) Putnam.

Common in the smaller streams.

Genus RHINICHTHYS Agassiz.
44, RHINICHTHYS OBTUSUS Agassiz.

Very common in the spring-runs tributary to the Etowah and Oosta-
naula.

CATOSTOMIDA. '
Genus MYXOSTOMA Rajinesque.

45. MYXOSTOMA MACROLEPIDOTUM DUQUESNII (Le 8.) Jordan.

The “ Red Horse” is common in the Etowah and Oostanaula. Var.
lachrymale (Cope) also occurs.
46, MYXOSTOMA EURYOPS Jordan.
Myxostoma euryops JORDAN (1877), Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 348.
From Lovejoy’s Creek, a tributary of the Oostanaula. The type-speci-

men of this singular species still remains unique.

Genus CATOSTOMUS Le Sueur.

47. CATOSTOMUS NIGRICANS ETOWANUS Jordan.
Catostomus nigricans var. etowanus JORDAN (1877), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y.

The Hog Mullet, or Crawl-a-bottom, is very abundant in all rapid
streams in the Alabama Basin. The characters separating var. etowa-
nus from nigricans seem to be pretty constant. I do not, however,
think them distinct species.

Genus ERIMYZON Jordan.

48. ERIMYZON SUCETTA (Lac.) Jordan,

This species, known locally as the May Sucker, is abundant in the
water-basin of the Alabama.

Genus MINYTREMA Jordan.

49. MINYTREMA MELANOPS Jordan.

The “Sand Sucker” is abundant in the waters of the Alabama.

FISHES OF THE ALABAMA BASIN. 55

Genus CARPIODES Rafinesque.

50. CARPIODES CYPRINUS (Le 8.) Ag.
A single specimen from Round Lake near Montgomery, Ala., appa-
rently identical with Pennsylvania examples.

Genus BUBALICHTHYS Agassiz.

51. BUBALICHTHYS (TAURUS) Agassiz.

Recorded by Professor Agassiz from the Alabama. Other species of
* Buffalo Fish” doubtless occur in the Alabama, but the species have
never been studied.

SILURID A.
Genus ICHTHAXLURUS Rafinesque.

02. ICHTHALURUS PUNCTATUS (Raf.) Jor.
Abundant in the basin of the Alabama.
Genus AMIURUS Rajinesque.
53, AMIURUS NATALIS ANTONIENSIS (Grd.) Jor.
Abundant in muddy tributaries of the Etowah and Coosa.
Genus NOTURUS Rajinesque.
54, NOTURUS LEPTACANTHUS Jordan.

Two specimens, taken in Silver Creek, and a third specimen, from the
Chattahoociee, are all that are at present known of this curious little
species.

ANGUILLID At.
Genus ANGUILLA Thunberg.

5d. ANGUILLA VULGARIS Fleming.
Abundant.

LEPIDOSTEID A.
Genus LEPIDOSTEUS Lacépede.
56. LEPIDOSTEUS OSSEUS (L.) Ag.

From the Oostanaula; probably common.

56 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—IIL.
VI.—WATER-BASIN OF THE TENNESSEE RIVER.

The fish-fauna of the Tennessee River has been pretty fully studied,
especially as to its Cyprinidae. Thirty-seven species were obtained by
Professor Cope in the French Broad, thirty-four in the Holston, and
twenty-five by Professor Jordan in tributaries of the Clinch and French
Broad, making in all some sixty different species known to inhabit the
upper waters of the Tennessee. In the lower course of the river, thirty-
four species are recorded by Professor Agassiz from thé Tennessee
River at Huntsville, Ala.; twenty species were obtained by the writers
from the Chickamauga River at Ringgold, Ga., and seventeen species
from Elk River at Estill Springs in Tennessee. About sixty-eight spe-
cies are therefore known to occur in the lower course of the river. In
all, eighty-two different species are known to inhabit the waters of the
Tennessee. To this number many species of large fishes inhabiting the
Ohio at the mouth of the Tennessee might, with certainty, be added;
but it is not the province of this paper to record guesses. Torty-six
species are therefore certainly common to the upper and lower courses
of the Tennessce River. ‘

The species at present known in the Tennessee Basin, only from the
upper course,—the Clinch, Holston, and French Broad Rivers,—are the
following :—

Hadropterus aurantiacus. Hydrophlox rubricroceus.
Diplesium simoterum, Hydrophlox lacertosus.
Nothonotus zoualis. Episema leucioda.
Nothonotus vulneratus. Notropis micropteryx.
Nothonotas ruafilineatus. Notropis atherinoides.
Etheostoma flabellare. Hemitremia vittata.
Salvelinus fontinalis. Placopharynx carinatas.
Alburnops spectranculus. Noturus eleutherus.

In all, sixteen species.

. ‘
From the Jower course of the river only, the following are known :—

(“ Etheostoma”) cinerea. | Xenotis inscriptus.
(**Etheostoma”) tessellata, | [sox (crassus).
Peecilichthys jessiz. Hyodon selenops.

Chenobryttus gulosus. | Pomolobus chrysochloris.
Lepiopomus obscurus. | Dorosoma cepedianum heterurum.
(Lepiopomus) bombifrons, | Notropis lirus.

Eupomotis pallidus. - Phoxinus flammeus.

FISHES OF THE TENNESSEE BASIN. 57

Gila estor. Bubalichthys urus.
Quassilabia lacera. Amia Calva.
Carpiodes bison. Acipenser maculosus.

In all, twenty species.

Increased knowledge will considerably modify these lists. It is
probable that the sixteen species in the first list, with the probable
exceptions of Noturus eleutherus and Salvelinus fontinalis, will be found
to inhabit the lower part of the river-basin, if sought for in suitable
localities. It is likely that the tributaries of the Tennessee having their
source in the Cumberland Mountains in Alabama have the same fish-
fauna as similar streams rising in the Cumberland Mountains in Virginia.

About twelve species are at present known only from. the Tennessee
River and its tributaries. These are :— .

Hadropterus aurantiacus. (Lepiopomus) bombifrons.
(Etheostoma) cinerea. Alburnops spectrunculus.
(Etheostoma) tessellata. Hydrorhlox lacertosus.
Nothonotus vulneratus. Phoxinus flammeus.
Nothonotus rufilineatus. Episema leucioda.
Pecilichthys jessizx. Ceratichthys monachus.

As we go from the Alabama to the Tennessee, we note an increased
resemblance in the fish-fauna to that of the Ohio ard Upper Mississippi
region. The following are some of the Northern or Western types
added :—

Diplesium, Etheostoma, Pecilichthys, Labidesthes, Zygonectes (proper),
Episema, Hemiiremia, Chrosomus, Phoxinus, Placopharynx, Quassilabia.

COTTID A.
Genus POTAMOCOTTUS Gil.
1. POTAMOCOTTUS MERIDIONALIS (Girard) Gill.

From Chickamauga River. Also a single specimen from the Cave
Spring at Cumberland Gap. Abundant in the French Broad River
(Cope) and in the Holston.

ETHEOSTOMATID A.
Genus PERCINA Haldeman.
2. PERCINA CAPRODES (kaf.) Grd.

Generally abundant in clear streams.

58 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY —IIl.

Genus ALVORDIUS Girard.

3. ALVORDIUS MACULATUS Girard.

(? Alvordius maculatus Grd.; Hadropterus maculatus Grd.; Etheostoma blennioides Agassiz,
etc.; Alvordius aspro Cope & Jor.)

From the Clinch and French Broad Rivers. Also abundant in the
Chickamauga at Ringgold.

Genus HADROPTERUS Agassiz.

4. HADROPTERUS AURANTIAGCUS (Cope) Jordan.

French Broad River (Cope).

Genus DIPLESIUM Rajinesque.
5. DIPLESIUM BLENNIOIDES (Raf.) Jor.

Holston and I'rench Broad Rivers. Also from Chickamauga River.
Described by Professor Agassiz from Huntsville, Alabama, under the
name of Hyostoma newmani.

6. DIPLESIUM SIMOTERUM (Cope) Copeland.

From the Clinch and Holston Rivers.

Genus BOLEOSOMA Dekay.
7. BOLEOSOMA MACULATUM Agassiz.
(B. brevipinne Cope.)

Abundant in the Holston River.

Genus NOTHONOTUS Agassiz.
8. NOTHONOTUS ZONALIS (Cope) Jordan.
Holston and French Broad Rivers (Cope).
9, NOTHONOTUS VULNERATUS (Cope) Jor.
French Broad River at Warm Springs.
10, NOTHONOTUS RUFILINEATUS (Cope) Jor.

French Broad River. We have not examined this species and the
preceding. One or both of them may perhaps belong to Pacilichthys.

FISHES OF THE TENNESSEE BASIN. 59

Genus POLKCILICHTHYS Agassiz.
11. PG@&CILICHTHYS JESSL& Jor. & Brayt.
Jordan, Man. Vert. E. U.S. ed. 2d, 1878, 227.

Body fusiform, rather deep and compressed, the depth 5 to 54 in length,
the form of the body similar to that of P. spectabilis.

Head rather large, moderately pointed, 4 in length. Mouth rather
large, terminal, the upper jaw slightly longest, not protractile. Eye
pretty large, high up, 3$in head, about equal to snout.

Cheeks naked, scaly above: opercles scaly: throat naked: neck
above scaly: scales medium, 6-45 to 50-7. Lateral line incomplete, but
extending farther than in P. variatus and P. spectabilis, on about 35
scales, or nearly to the end of the second dorsal.

Fins moderate. Dorsal, XIIl—about 12. Anal II, 9.

Color, iu spirits, olivaceous, with about nine squarish, bar-like blotches
along the sides, and about five dark cross-blotches on the back. Dorsal
and caudal fins faintly barred.

In Jife, the fish is chestnut-colored above, and the squares on the sides
are bright dark blue: the fins are mottled with chestnut. A dark yel-
low or orange band across the dorsal. Second dorsal and anal with dark
and golden specklings.

Several specimens, each about two inches long, taken in Chickamauga
River at Ringgold. The specimens are certainly not fully grown, and
the coloration of the adult male is doubtless much more brilliant. It
will be at once distinguished from P. variatus and P, spectabilis by the
scaliness of the upper part of the cheeks, by the greater development
of the lateral line, the more numerous dorsal spines, and the coloration.
This species is named for Mrs. Jessie D. Brayton.

Genus ETHEOSTOMA Rajinesque.
12. ETHEOSTOMA FLABELLARE La/finesque.

Abundant in the upper waters of the Tennessee in clear rapid

streams. fe
Genus ?

13. (ETHEOSTOMA) CINEREA Storer.

Described from Florence, Ala. The description has reference chiefly
to the coloration, Neither this species nor the next have been rec-
ognized by any author subsequent to their description.

14. (ETHEOSTOMA) TESSELLATA Storer,

From the Tennessee River at Florence, Ala.

60 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—IIL.

PERCIDA.
Genus STIZOSTETHIUM $Rajinesque.
15, STIZOSTETHIUM VITREUM (Cuv. & Val.) Jor. & Copel.
Found by Professor Cope in the French Broad.
16. STIZOSTETHIUM SALMONEUM Ray.

Species of this genus occur throughout the Tennessee Basin. Pro-
fessor Cope ascribes this species and the preceding to the French
Broad. As we have seen no specimen, we follow his identifications.

CENTRARCHIDA.
Genus MICROPTERUS Lacépeéde.
17, MICROPTERUS PALLIDUS (Raf.) Gill & Jordan,
Not uncommon in the Tennessee Basin.
18. MICROPTERUS SALMOIDES (Lac.) Gill.
Very common in the Tennessee River.
Genus AMBLOPLITES Rajinesque.
19. AMBLOPLITES RUPESTRIS (faf.) Gill.
Common in the Tennessee Basin.
Genus CHASNOBRYTTUS Gill.
20. CHASNOBRYTTUS GULOSUS (C. & V.) Gill.
Lower Tennessee River; probably common.
Genus LEPIOPOMUS Rajinesque.
21. LEPIOPOMUS PALLADUS (Mitch.) Gill & Jor.
Very common in the Tennessee Basin.
. 22, LEPLOPOMUS OBSCURUS (Agassiz) Jordan.
Described by Professor Agassiz from Huntsville, Ala.
23. (LEPIOPOMUS) BOMBIFRONS (Agassiz).

Only the type-specimens of this species are yet known. They were

FISHES OF THE TENNESSEE BASIN. 61
from Huntsville, Ala. We are unable to decide, from the description
and a MS. drawing kindly forwarded by Professor Bliss, whether this
species is a Lepiopomus or a Xenotis.

Genus XENOTIS Jordan.

24, XENOTIS SANGUINOLENTUS (Agassiz) Jordan.
Originally described from the Tennessee River at Huntsville. We
bave seen no specimens from that locality, and are unable to decide
whether Agassiz’s species is the one to which we have applied the name
sanguinolentus, or whether it be one of the forms of the Northern X.

megalotis.
25. XENOTIS INSCRIPTUS (Agassiz) Jor.

Originally described from the Tennessee River at Huntsville. Also
found by Professor Cope in the upper waters of the same river.

Genus EUPOMOTIS Gill & Jordan.

26. EUPOMOTIS PALLIDUS (Agassiz) G. & J.

Originally described from Huntsville, Ala.

Genus XYSTROPLITES Jordan.
27. XYSTROPLITES NOTATUS (Agassiz).

Originally described from Huntsville, and later found by Professor
Cope in the upper waters of the Tennessee. This species may be
a Hupomotis instead of a Xystroplites. It much resembles the Texan
AXystroplites heros B. & C.

SCLAINID At.
Genus HAPLOIDONOTUS Lafinesque.
28. HAPLOIDONOTUS GRUNNIENS Kaf.

Abundant in the Tennessee Basin. The form called by Professor
Agassiz Amblodon concinnus needs re-examination before it can be admit-
ted as a species.

ATHERINIDA.
Genus LABIDESTHES Cope.
29. LABIDESTHES SICCULUS Cope.

Found by Professor Cope in Coal Creek, a tributary of the Clinch
River.

62 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—IIL.

CYPRINODONTID A.
Genus XENISMA Jordan.

30, XENISMA CATENATUM (Storer) Jordan.

Originally described from Florence, Ala. It is abundant in the Elk,
Clinch, and Holston in clear waters.

Genus ZYGONECTES Agassiz.
31. ZYGONECTES NOTATUS (Raf.) Jor.
Described by Dr. Storer from Florence, Ala., under the name of Pecilia

olivacea. This species prefers still, deep waters..

ESOCID A.
Genus ESOX Linneus.

32, ESOX (CRASSUS Agassiz).

A species is recorded by Professor Agassiz under the name of Lsox
crassus. ‘The description is insufficient and the species is at present

unrecognized. L

HYODONTID 2.
Genus HYODON Le Sueur.
33. HYODON SELENOPS Jordan & Bean.

The original type of this species came from the Tennessee River at
Chattanooga. Hyodon tergisus doubtless also occurs in the lower course
of the river.

CLUPEIDA.
Genus POMOLOBUS Rafinesque.

34. POMOLOBUS CHRYSOCHLORIS Raf.

Abundant in the channel of the Lower Tennessee,

FISHES OF THE TENNESSEE BASIN. 63

DOROSOMATID A.
Genus DOROSOMA Rajinesque.

35. DOROSOMA CEPEDIANUM HETERURUM (fa/f.) Jor.

The “ Gizzard Shad” is abundant in the Lower Tennessee.

SALMONIDA.
Genus SALVELINUS Richardson.

36. SALVELINUS FONTINALIS (Mitechill) Gill & Jor.

This species occurs in abundance in Swannanoa River, at the foot of
Black Mountain, and in all clear tributaries of the French Broad in West-
ern North Carolina. In Southwestern Virginia, it occurs in certain trib-
utaries of the Holston. In Rabun County, in Northeastern Georgia, it
abounds in the headwaters of the Little Tennessee. Professor Cope
states, on the authority of Dr. Hardy, of Asheville, that it ‘occurs in the
headwaters of the Chattahoochee, on the south slope of the Alleghanies,
in Georgia”.

CYPRINIDAL.
Genus CAMPOSTOMA Agassiz.

37. CAMPOSTOMA ANOMALUM (ftaf.) Ag.
Var. prolixum Storer.

Everywhere abundant. In the clear pools of the Swannanoa River,
at the foot of Black Mountain, this fish is extremely abundant, and the
large specimens are brilliantly colored, so that they appear to be lumi-
nous or phosphorescent as one looks down on them through the erystal
water.

Genus HYBORHYNCHUS Agassiz.
38. HYBORHYNCHUS NOTATUS (faf.) Agassiz.

Numerous specimens from the Chickamauga River. These are nar-
rower-headed than the common Western form (H. superciliosus Cope)
and want the barbel, which is usually distinct on the latter. It is not
improbable that we have two distinct species.

64 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

Genus LUXILUS Rajinesque.
39. LUXILUS CORNUTUS (Mitch.) Jor.
Abundant in every stream examined.
40, LUXILUS COCCOGENIS (Cope) Jor.
Abundant in every stream examined. .
Genus PHOTOGENIS Cope.
41. PHOTOGENIS GALACTURUS (Cope) Jor.

Abundant in every stream examined.

Genus HY DROPHLOX Jordan.
42, HYDROPHLOX RUBRICROCEUS (Cope) Jor.

Described by Professor Cope from tributaries of the Holston. It pre-
fers boisterous mountain-streams.

43, HYDROPHLOX LACERTOSUS (Cope) Jor.

Described from the Holston.

Genus ALBURNOPS Girard.

44, ALBURNOPS MICROSTOMUS (Laf.) Jor.
Minnilus microstomus Rar.

Hybopsis longiceps Corr.
Obtained by Professor Cope in tributaries of Clinch River.
45, ALBURNOPS SPECTRUNCULUS (Cope) Jor.
Obtained by Professor Cope in the Holston and French Broad,
Genus Episema Cope d: Jordan.
46. KPISEMA LEUCLODA Cope.

Found by Professor Cope in the Holston and French Broad.

Genus NOTROPIS Rajinesque.
(Notropis et Minnilus Raf, ; Alburnellus Girard.)
47. NOTROPIS ATHERINOIDES Raf.

From tributaries of Clinch River.

FISHES OF THE TENNESSEE BASIN. 65
48, NOTROPIS MICROPTERYX (Cope) Jor.
From tributaries of the Holston and Clineh.
49, NOTROPIS PHOTOGENIS (Cope) Jor.
(Squalius photogenis Cope; Photogenis leucops Cope.)
Abundant in the French Broad River.

50. NOTROPIS TELESCOPUS (Cope) Jor.

Holston and French Broad Rivers (Cope). Also abundant in Elk
River. If our specimens are correctly identified, this is a true Notropis.
We find it not easily distinguishable from NV. photogenis.

51. NOTROPIS LIRUS Jordan.

This little species abounds in both the Elk and the Chickamauga.
Genus HEMITREMIA Cope.

52. HEMITREMIA VITTATA Cope.

Described from the Holston River near Knoxville.

Genus CHROSOMUS Rafinesque.
03. CHROSOMUS ERYTHROGASTER Raf.

Recorded by Professor Agassiz from Huntsville, Ala. We have seen
no specimens from the Tennessee River.

Genus PHOXINUS Rajinesque.

04, PHOXINUS FLAMMEUS Jordan & Gilbert.
Jordan, Man. Vert. IE. U.S. ed. 2d, p. 303.

A very distinct species, resembling “ Gila” margarita (Cope). but with
the short lateral line of P. neogaus Cope.

Body stout, rather more slender and more compressed than in P.
neogeus, the form being nearly that of G.margarita. Depth 4 in length,
about equal to the length of the head.

Head short and deep, smaller than in neogeus, the upper outline
rounded, the muzzle quite blunt and rather short. Eye rather large,
32 in head, longer than snout. Mouth small, oblique, the lower jaw
projecting, the intermaxillary in front on the level of the pupil, and the
maxillary extending to opposite the front of the orbit.

Scales much larger than in P. neogeus, but still quite small, in appear-
Bull. N. M. No. 12—5

66 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

ance similar to those of the species of Gila ; dorsal and ventral regions
scaled ; 7-43-5. Lateral line short, decurved, not reaching to base of
ventrals, on only 14 scales.

Teeth 2, 4-5, 2, as in P. neogeus, without masticatory surface.

Fins small: dorsal well behind ventrals: pectorals reaching nearly
to ventrals, the latter to vent. D.1I, 8, A.1, 8; the latter fin rather high.

Coloration that of the species of Clinostomus, especially C. margarita
(which species, having the lateral line wanting on the last three to eight
scales, might perhaps with propriety be referred to Phoxinus).

Back dark, the scales profusely punctate: a dusky band formed of
dark specks along the sides: cheeks pearly: space below lateral line
silvery ; in the type-specimen flushed with rich scarlet-red.

Length of type 24 inches. :

A single specimen taken in Elk River, at Estill Springs, in company
with Gila estor, which species it much resembles in color. Phovinus
jlammeus bears the same relation to P. neogaus that Gila estor does to
the small-scaled Gila elongata.

Genus GILA Baird & Girard.
(Subgenus CLINOSTOMUS Girard.)

55, GILA ESTOR Jordan & Brayton.
Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, p. 300,

A large and handsome species, related to G. elongata and G. proriger,
but well distinguished from both.

30dy elliptical-elongate, rather deep and compressed; the caudal
peduncle lung. Greatest depth 44 in length. Head very long and large,
3% in length; flattish above, but not wide. Mouth exceedingly large,
very oblique, the premaxillaries anteriorly on the level of the pupil, the
maxillary extending to opposite the middle of the orbit, and the length
of the gape of the mouth a little mere than half the length of the bead.
Lower jaw decidedly the longer.

Kye quite large, less than snout, 4 in head.

Scales small, but large for the genus, their outlines well defined, espe-
cially above, 8-50-5. Lateral line strongly decurved ; about 23 scales
on the back anterior to the dorsal fin, :

Fins high. Dorsal I, 8, well behind ventrals, its first ray nearer the
caudal than the snout. Anal I, 8, short and high. Pectorals falling
just short of ventrals, the latter just short of vent.

Teeth 2, 4-5, 2.

FISHES OF THE TENNESSEE BASIN. 67

Color dark olive above, with a bluish lustre, many scales darker, as
is usual in this genus. Sides somewhat silvery. No dark lateral band.
A broad shade of deep rose color along the sides, below which most of
the belly is bright crimson, the red colors brightest anteriorly.

Length of largest specimens about 4 inches. Numerous specimens
from the Elk River at Estill Springs, and from Stone River at Mur-
freesboro’. This striking species resembles most G. elongata and G. pro-
riger. Both those species have much smaller scales (70 to 75 in the
lateral line in elongata, 60 to 65 in proriger). The coloration is likewise
different, the two latter species having a dusky band along the sides,
the anterior half of which in elongata is red in spring. G. elongata is
much more elongate, as is also G. proriger. The mouth appears largest
in G. estor. The distinction between G. proriger and G. elongata is per-
haps questionable.

Genus NOTEMIGONUS Rajinesque.
56. NOTEMIGONUS CHRYSLOLEUCUS (J/it.) Jor.

Common in still waters in the Tennessee Basin. ‘

Genus PHENACOBIUS Cope.
57. PHENACOBIUS URANOPS Cope.

Rather common in the Elk and Chickamauga Rivers. A few speci-
mens from the French Broad. Originally described from the Holston
in Virginia.

Genus RHINICHTHYS Agassiz.

58. RHINICHTHYS OBTUSUS Agassiz.
(Rhinichthys lunatus Cope.)

This species is abundant in all clear rocky brooks and in outlets of
springs.

Genus CERATICHTHYS Baird.
59. CERATICHTHYS MONACHUS Cope.

Abundant in Chickamauga River. Originally described from the
Holston.
60. CERATICNTHYS DISSIMILIS (Atirt.) Cope.

Obtained in Elk River.

68 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—HII.

61. CERATICHTHYS WINCHELLI (Girard) Jordan.
(Ceratichthys hyalinus Cope.)

Everywhere abundant in Tennessee River. This is probably Hybopsis
gracilis Ag., the original type of the genus Hybopsis. In that case, it
will be necessary to substitute the specific name gracilis for winchelli.

62. CERATICHTHYS BIGUTTATUS (Kirtland) Girard.

Everywhere very abundant.

Genus SEMOTILUS Rafinesque.

63. SEMOTILUS CORPORALIS (Mit.) Putn.

Tributaries of the Clinch and French Broad; chiefly in small mount-
ain-streams.

CATOSTOMID A.
; Genus QUASSILABIA Jordan & Brayton.

64. QUASSILABIA LACERA Jordan & Brayton.

Lagochila laccra JORDAN & BRAYTON (1877), Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila.

Two specimens of this singular fish were taken in the Chickamauga
tiver at Ringgold and one specimen in Elk River at Estill Springs. In
the Chickamauga, we were told that it is quite common, and that it is
much valued for food. It is usually known as the “ Hare-lip” or ‘ Split-
mouth Sucker”. We have lately received a fine specimen taken in the
Scioto River, Ohio, by Mr. J. H. Klippart, where it is well known to the
fishermen under the name of ‘* May Sucker”.

Genus MYXOSTOMA Rajinesque.

65. MYXOSTOMA VELATUM (Cope) Jor.
(Ptychostomus collapsus Cope.)
Obtained by Professor Cope in Clinch River, and by us in the Chick-
amauga.

66. MYXOSTOMA MACROLEPIDOTUM DUQUESNII (Le 8.) Jor.

From the Holston, Clinch, French Broad, and Chickamauga. Proba-
bly generally abundant.

-

FISHES OF THE TENNESSEE BASIN. 69

Genus PLACOPHARYNX Cope.
67. PLACOPHARYNX CARINATUS Cope.

This large species is the common “ Red Horse” of the French Broad.
It much resembles the preceding, but has a much larger mouth and
lips, besides the different dentition.

Genus ERIMYZON Jordan.
68. ERIMYZON SUCETTA (Lac.) Jor.
Obtained in Clinch River.
Genus MINYTREMA Jordan.
69. MINYTREMA MELANOPS (Ra/.) Jor.

Obtained by Professor Agassiz at Huntsville, Ala.

Genus CATOSTOMUS Le Sueur.
a 0. CATOSTOMUS NIGRICANS Le S.
Very abundant throughout the Tennessee Basin.
71. CALOSTOMUS COMMERSONI (Lae.) Jor.

Generally abundant.

Genus CARPIODES Rafinesque.
72. CARPIODES BISON Agassiz.

Lower Tennessee River (Cope.) The Bubalichthyine of the Tennessee
tiver are as yet unstudied.

Genus BUBALICHTHYS Agassiz.
73. BUBALICHTHYS URUS Agassiz.

Recorded by Professor Agassiz from the Tennessee River.

SILU RIDA.
Genus ICHTH AZ LURUS Rajinesque.

74, ICHTHASLURUS PUNCTATUS (faf.) Jor.

Very abundant in the Tennessee River.

70 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTIYOLOGY—II.

Genus AMIURUS Rafinesque.
75. AMIURUS NATALIS (Le 8.) Gill.
Var. cupreus (Raf.).

Rather abundant in Tennessee River. Other species of this genus
are doubtless common; but they have not been distinguished.

Genus PELODICHTHYS Rajfinesque.

76, PELODICHTHYS OLIVARIS (faf.) Gill & Jor.

Abundant in the channels of the larger streams. Several specimens
from the French Broad.

This species probably occurs in the channels of all the streams men-
tioned in this paper; but, from its habits, it is not easily taken with a
small net.

Genus NOTURUS Rajfinesque.

77. NOTURUS ELEUTHERUS Jordan.

Noturus cleutherus JORDAN (1877), Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 372.

The type-specimen of this species was from Big Pigeon River, in
Cocke County, Tennessee, near its junction with the French Broad.
Many other specimens have since been obtained in Tar River, North

Carolina.

ANGUILLID 4.
Genus ANGUILLA Thunberg.

78. ANGUILLA VULGARIS Fleming.

Eels occur in Tennessee River, though rather less abundantly than in

the streams farther south.

AMIIDAs.

Genus AMIA Linneus.
79. AMIA CALVA JZ.

Recorded by Professor Agassiz from Huntsville, Ala.

FISHES OF THE CUMBERLAND BASIN. Tal

LEPIDOSTEIDA.
Genus LEPIDOSTEUS Lacépéde.

80. LEPIDOSTEUS OSSEUS (L.) Ag.
Generally abundant.
81. LEPIDOSTEUS PLATYSTOMUS Raf.

From Huntsville, Ala. (Agassiz).

ACIPENSERID A.
Genus ACIPENSER Agassiz.

2. ACIPENSER MACULOSUS Le Sueur.
Huntsville, Ala. (Agassiz).
83. ACIPENSER RUBICUNDUS Le Sueur.

From Uuntsville, Ala. (Agussiz).

POLYODONTID A.
Genus POLYODON Lacépéde.

84. POLYODON FOLIUM “ Lac.”
Abundant in the river-channels.
VII. WATER-BASIN OF CUMBERLAND RIVER.

Sixty-five species are known to occur in the waters of the Cumberland
River. Of these, forty-seven have been obtained in the lower course of
the river, 7. ¢., in the vicinity of Nashville, by Professor Winchell, and
in Stone River, at Murfreesboro’, by the present writers. In the upper
course of thestream, thirty-three species have been obtained by Professor
Cope in the South Fork of the Cumberland in Tennessee and by Professor
Jourdan at the Falls and in the Rock Castle, Round Stone, Big Laurel, and
other tributaries in Kentucky. Only fifteen species are, therefore, known
to be common to both the upper and lower courses of the stream. The
actual differences between the upper and lower faunze are, however,
probably very small, if similar streams are compared. The differences
really existing are probably chiefly due to the fact that the large fishes
inhabiting the lower part of the river are unable to ascend above the
falls of the Cumberland.

Comparing the Cumberland River with the Tennessee, the disappear-

72 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

ance of one or two Southern types will be noticed, as will be the appear-
ance of certain forms abundant in the basin of the Ohio. Of these latter
may be noticed Pecilichthys variatus, Apomotis, Lythrurus, and Pimepha-
les. But two species, both Darters, are at present known only from the
Cumberland River. These are Ulocentra atripinnis and Nothonotus san-
guifluus.

The National Museum is indebted to the kindness of Professor Win-
chell for the following interesting—

List of Fishes of Nashville, as given by a Fisherman, Daniel A. Birchett, to
A. Winchell.

‘PERCH TRIBE.”

Sun Perch.

Coon Pereh.
White Perch.
Black Perch.

Red Perch.
Speckled Perch.
Brama Perch.
Bass or Rock Bass.

“PROUT TRIBE.”

White Trout.
Black Trout.
‘SUCKER TRIBE.”

White Sucker.
Spotted Sucker.
Hog Sucker.

Red Horse, creeks and river.

Black Horse.
Carp, creeks and river.
Mullet.

‘“ BUFFALO TRIBE.”

White Buffalo.
Blue Butfalo.

“OAT TRIBE.”

Yellow Cat.
Blue Cat.

Nigger-lip Cat.
Chisel-head Cat.
Kerkin Cat.
Shovel-bill Cat.
“MINNOW TRIBE.”

Silver Side.
Stone Toter.
Horny Head.
White Roach.
Creek Mullet.
Steel Back.

MISCELLANEOUS.
Thunder Head.
Drum.
Jack.
Chover.

White Chover.
Gizzard Shad.
Skip Jack.
Tooth Herring.
Sand Pike.
Pike.

Top Water (several species).
Gar.

Sturgeon.

Fel.

Lamprey Eel.

FISHES OF THE CUMBERLAND BASIN. 73

COTTIDA.
Genus POTAMOCOTTUS Gill.

1. POTAMOCOTTUS MERIDIONALIS (Grd.) Gill.

From Cumberland River at Nashville.

ETHEOSTOMATID Ai.
Genus PERCINA Haldeman.

2, PERCINA CAPRODES (fa/f.) Grd.

Abundant.

Genus ALVORDIUS Girard.
3. ALVORDIUS MACULATUS (Girard) Cope & Jordan.
From the Rock Castle and Cumberland at various points.
4. ALVORDIUS PHOXOCEPHALUS (Nelson) Cope & Jordan.

From the Cumberland River at Nashville. Specimens of this inter-
esting species are in the National Museum from Marais du Cygne,
Kansas. I have others from the Wabash River. Nelson’s types were
from Illinois River.

Genus DIPLESIUM Rajfinesque.

5. DIPLESIUM BLENNIOIDES (Ra/.) Jor.

South Fork of the Cumberland River (Cope). Also from Cumberland
and Stone Rivers.

6. DIPLESIUM SIMOTERUM (Cope) Copeland.

From the Rock Castle River at Livingston, Ky.

Genus ULOCENTRA Jordan.

7. ULOCENTRA ATRIPINNIS Jordan.

Arlina atripinnis JORDAN (1877), Bulletin X, U. S. Nat. Museum, 10.

The type of this species was collected in the Cumberland River at
Nashville by Professor Winchell.

74 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

Genus NOTHONOTUS Agassiz.
8. NOTHONOTUS CAMURUS (Cope) Jor.

Professor Cope’s types were from the South Fork of the Cumberland.
We have seen others from White River in Indiana, and from Mahoning
tiver and other streams in Ohio. This species is not identical with
Nothonotus maculatus Ag. (Etheostoma maculata Kirt.), as has been sup-
posed,

Nothonotus maculatus has a pointed instead of rounded snout; its
jaws are equal; its mouth is larger, the body is more compressed, and
its dorsal fin more clevated, the soft rays when depressed reaching to
the caudal.

Specimens in the National Museum, collected in Mahoning River by
Professors Baird and Kirtland, show the following characters :—

Body moderately elongated, very deep, strongly compressed, the
depth 4§ in length. Head 4 in length, the jaws equal, the mouth large.
Lye 4} in head. Spinous dorsal with a long base, larger than soft dor-
sal, the spines high, the two fins slightly connected. Soft dorsal ele-
vated, the longest rays when depressed reaching base of caudal, the
caudal peduncle very short and deep. Caudal fin short and rounded.
Anal somewhat smaller than second dorsal. Pectorals and ventrals
moderate.

Scales not large, 58 to 60 in the lateral line, which is continuous:
cheeks naked: opercles scaly.

Tin-rays: Dorsal XII-13; A. II, 8.

An elaborate colored drawing of a male fish in life colors, in the
Smithsonian Institution, shows the following features of coloration.
As we have never seen this species in life, we cannot vouch for their
accuracy :—

Back olive; belly becoming yellowish. Sides and back profusely
speckled with carmine-red, the blotches rather less than the size of the
eye, not round, nor arranged in rows.

Dorsal fin with a dull red stripe at base, a brown interval, then a
bright red stripe, finally margined with white. Second dorsal dull
brown at base, then a broad red stripe; a broad marginal band of
white. Caudal similarly tricolor, chiefly crimson, with a broad dusky
band at base and a wide white band at the tip. Anal chiefly crimson,
with a terminal band of white. Pectorals and ventrals nearly plain.

Head olivaceous.

FISHES OF THE CUMBERLAND BASIN. 5

9. NOTHONOTUS SANGUIFLUUS (Cope) Jor.

From the South Fork of the Cumberland in Tennessee (Cope).

Genus BOLEOSOMA Delay.
10. BOLEOSOMA MACULATUM Ag.
From the Rock Castle River.
Genus PAGSCILICHTHYS Agassiz.
11. PascILICHTHYS VARIATUS (Ixirt.) Ag.

From the South Fork of the Cumberland River (Cvpe).

Genus ETHEOSTOMA Rajinesque.
12. ETHEOSTOMA FLABELLARE Raf.

Abundant in the mountain tributaries of the Cumberland.

PERCID.
Genus STIZOSTETHIUM Rafinesque.

13. STIZOSTETHIUM SALMONEUM Lvaf.

One or two small specimens from the Rock Castle River.

CENTRARCHID AL.
Genus MICROPTERUS Lacépéde.

14. MICROPTERUS PALLIDUS (Kaf.) G. & Jd.

The “* White Trout”, as this species is often called, is common in the
Cumberland. It is said that this species and the next were not found

above the falls until introduced.
15. MICROPTERUS SALMOIDES (Lac.) Gill.

The ‘* Black Trout” occurs with the preceding, and is still more abun-

daut.

Genus AMBLOPLITES Raj/inesque.
16. AMBLOPLITES RUPESTRIS (fa/f.) Gill.

Everywhere abundant.

76 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY —III.

Genus APOMOTIS Rajinesque.
17. APOMOTIS CYANELLUS (faf.) Jor.
Abundant in the Cumberland Liver at Nashville.
Genus LEPIOPOMUS Rafinesque.
18. LEPIOPOMUS PALLIDUS (Mit.) Gill & Jordan.
Very abundant in the Cumberland.

19. LEPIOPOMUS OBSCURUS (Agassiz) Jor.
Collected by Professor Winchell in the Cumberland River at Nash-
ville.
Genus XENOTIS Jordan.
20, XNENOTIS MEGALOTIS (Raf) Jor.
Abundant in the Cumberland River.
Genus POMOXYS Rafinesque.
21. POMOXYS NIGROMACULATUS (Le 8.) Grd.
Collected by Professor Winchell at Nashville.
22. POMCXYS ANNULARIS Raf.

Frow the Cumberland at Nashville.

SCLANIDA.
Genus HAPLOIDONOTUS Ra/inesque.
23. TTAPLOIDONOTUS GRUNNIENS Raf.

Abundant in the river-channel.

ATHERINIDA.
Genus LABIDESTHES Cope.
24. LABIDESTHES SICCULUS Cope.

Abundant in Stone River at Murfreesboro’, This interesting spe-
cies was named by Rafinesque in 1832 Zonargyra virescens. This latter
name was, however, not accompanied by a description, and therefore
canuot be employed.

~]

=~]

FISHES OF THE CUMBERLAND BASIN.

CYPRINODONTIDA.
Genus XENISMA Jordan.

25. XENISMA CATENATUM (Storer) Jordan.

Collected by Professor Winchell in streams about Nashville
Genus ZYGONECTES Agassiz.

26. ZYGONECTES NOTATUS (Raf.) Jor.

From Cumberland and Stone Rivers. Rafinesque’s original speci-
mens were from the Cumberland at Williamsburg.

HYODONTID A.
Genus HYODON Le Sueur.

27. HYODON TERGISUS Le Sueur.
Abundant in the Cumberland.
28. HYODON SELENOPS Jordan & Bean.

Two or three specimens in the National Museum from Cumberland
River,

CLUPEID A.
Genus POMOLOBUS Rajinesque.

29. POMOLOBUS CHRYSOCHLORIS Rafinesque.

Abundant in the Lower Cumberland.

DOROSOMATID As.
Genus DOROSOMA Rajinesque.

30. DOROSOMA CEPEDIANUM HETERURUM (Laf.) Jor.

Abundant in the Lower Cumberland.

CYPRINIDA.
Genus CAMPOSTOMA Agassiz.

31. CAMPOSTOMA ANOMALUM (ftaf.) Ag.
Abundant.

78 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

Genus PIMEPHALES Rajfinesque.
32, PIMEPHALES PROMELAS Rafinesque.
Collected by Professor Winchell in tributaries of the Cumberland.
Genus HYBORHYNCHUS Agassiz.
03. HYBORHYNCHUS NOTATUS (Raf.) Ag.

Abundant everywhere in the Cumberland.

Genus LUXILUS Rafinesque.
34, LUXILUS CORNUTUS (Mit.) Jordan.

Exceedingly abundant everywhere.

Genus PHOTOGENIS Cope.
35. PHOTOGENIS GALACTURUS (Cope) Jor.

Very abundant everywhere in the Cumberland. Some specimens from
Nashville have the caudal fin pale red, This species does not seem to
occur in the Ohio. The quotations from that river were founded on
erroneous identifications.

36, PHOTOGENIS ANALOSTANUS (@rd.) Jor.

From the Cumberland at Nashville.

Genus ALBURNOPS Girard.
37. ALBURNOPS MICROSTOMUS (faf.) Jor.
Irom the South lork of the Cumberland (Cope).
Genus LYTHRURUS Jordan.
38. LYTHRURUS ARDENS (Cope) Jor.

Very abundant everywhere in Cumberland River. One of the most
charcteristic species, as it apparently does uot occur either in the Ken-
tucky or the Tennessee,

Genus NOTROPIS Rafinesque.

39, NOTROPIS ATHERINOIDES (Raf.) Jor.

Very abundant in the Rock Castle aud other upper tributaries of the
Cumberland.

FISHES OF THE CUMBERLAND BASIN. 19
40. NOTROPIS MICROPTERYX (Cope) Jor.

Abundant in the Rock Castle.
41. NOTROPIS TELESCOPUS (Cope) Jor.

Stone River at Murfreesboro’.

Genus HEMITREMIA Cope.
49, HEMITREMIA VITTATA Cope.

Abundant in Big Laurel River in Laurel County, Kentucky.

Genus GILA Baird & Girard.
43, GILA ESTOR Jordan & Brayton.

Several specimens from Stone River at Murfreesboro’.

Genus CHROSOMUS Agassiz.

44, CHROSOMUS ERYTHROGASTER Ag.

From the tributaries of the Rock Castle.

Genus NOTEMIGONUS Rajinesque
45, NOTEMIGONUS CHRYSOLEUCUS (Jfit.) Jor.

Common in sluggish waters.

Genus PHENACOBIUS Cope.
46. PHENACOBIUS URANOPS Cope.

Taken in Rock Castle River.

Genus CERATICHTHYS Baird.
47, CERATICHTHYS DISSIMILIS (Itirtland) Cope.
From Cumberland River at Nashyille.
48. CERATICHTHYS AMBLOPS (Raf.) Grd.
From Cumberland River at Nashville.
49, CERATICHTHYS BIGUTTATUS (Kirt.) Grd.

Every where abundant.

80 CONTRIRUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIHTHYOLOGY—III,

Genus SEMOTILUS Rafinesque.
50, SEMOTILUS CORPORALIS (J/it.) Put.

From Rock Castle River.

CATOSTOMID A.
Genus MYXOSTOMA Lajinesque.

51. MYXOSTOMA MACROLEPIDOTUM DUQUESNIE (Le S.) Jor.

Common in the Cumberland.

Genus ERIMYZON Jordan.
52. ERIMYZON SUCETTA (Lac.) Jor.
From the Cumberland at Nashville and from the Roek Castle.
Genus MINYTREMA Jordan.
53. MINYTREMA MELANOPS (Ra/f.) Jor.
From the Cumberland at Nashville.
Genus CATOSTOMUS Le Sueur.
54. CATOSTOMUS NIGRICANS Le 8.
Common in the Cumberland.
55. CATOSTOMUS COMMERSONI (Lae.) Jor.

Very common in the Cumberland.

Genus CYCLEPTUS Rajinesque.
56, CYCLEPTUS ELONGATUS (Le S.) Ag.

Irom the Cumberland at Nashville. This species is known as * Black
Horse”, ‘“ Gourd-seed Sucker”, and ‘ Missouri Sucker ”.
Genus CARPIODES Rajinesque.
57. CARPIODES CUTISANSERINUS Cope.

From the Cumberland River at Nashville.

FISHES OF THE CUMBERLAND BASIN. 81

SILU RIDA.
Genus ICHTHASLURUS Rajinesque.

58. ICHTHZLURUS PUNCTATUS (Raf.) Jor.
Very abundant.
Genus AMIURUS Rafinesque.
59. AMIURUS NATALIS (Le 8.) Gill.
Collected at Nashville by Professor Winchell.
60. AMIURUS NIGRICANS (Le 8S.) Gill
From the Falls of the Cumberland.
Genus PELODICHTHYS Rajfnesque.
61. PELODICHTHYS OLIVARIS (Raf.) Gill & Jor.

From the Rock Castle at Livingston, and from the Cumberland below
the Falls.

ANGUILLIDA.
Genus ANGUILLA Thunberg.

62. ANGUILLA VULGARIS Fleming.

Common in the Cumberland. <A very large specimen taken in the
Rock Castle at the mouth of Round Store River.

LEPIDOSTEID A.
Genus LEPIDOSTEUS Lacépéde.

63. LEPIDOSTEUS OSSEUS (Z.) Ag.

From the Cumberland at Nashville.

POLYODONTID A.
Genus POLYODON Lacépéde.

64. POLYODON FOLIUM “ Lac.”

From the Cumberland River.
Bull. N. M. No. 12—6

=

£2. CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN 1CHTHYOLOGY—III.

RECAPITULATION,

The following table shows the distribution of the species in the seven
river-basins especially treated in this paper. For purposes of compari-
son, I have introduced the results of Professor Cope’s explorations in
the Roanoke, James, Neuse, and Great Pedee, of Prof. Forbes and
Mr. Nelson in the Illinois, and of myself and others in the Oho.
few unverified species have been introduced, but all doubtful quotations
and, in general, all “ guesswork ” have been excluded.

A

/

Toble showing the Distribution of the Species in the Different River. Basins.

Lota Jaocustris, (Walb,)\Gill 533.06. ven decease Rad

Potamocottus meridionalis, (Grd.) Gill....-..-.

Potamocottus bairdii, (Grd.) Gill........-.-.-.. Bee
Pleurolepis asprellus, Jor.* .......---...0«5 «+--+...

Pleurolepis | ellucidus, (Baird) Ag...........-
WaRivicres:(COpe) Oly. so. o. - = nee cperc anomie
Percina caproter, (Raf.) Grd......-....--...--

Percina wmanitou, 0 OL <..20- 6 «senna ene ss eeen A

Alvordias maculatus, Grd ..........-...-...---

Alvordius macrocephalus, Cope......---.-----. ;
Alvordius phoxocephalus, (Nels.) C.& J .....-. be
Alvordiusicrassns, J. eB tces-aswens cack ou eal ore

Alvorditis nevisonsis, Cope ......--..--.---.--

Roanoko.

| Neuse.

Ericoama 6vides, J. &' COC). .eeA ee ewan nce ses a asst

Eheocry pta copelandi, Jor...-.........-.-.-.-- a
t.acropterus aurantiacus, (Cope) Jor ..--.--.-- eel

Madropterus nigrofisciatus, Ag ..-..-..-....-
Hadropterus tessellatus, Jor .................--

Imostoma shumardii, (Grd.) Jor. .....-..---..|}.

Ulocentra atripinnis, Jor ....-......5-..5...<-

Ulocentra stigma, Oro. -.0. os cena connec eee veo

Diple:ium blennioides, (Raf.) Jor ...........--
Diplesium simoterum, (Cope) Copel .........-..
3oleosoma maculaticeps, Cope.......-. Pietiees
Boleosoma olmstedi, (Stor.) Ag ............ Rika

soleosoma maculatum, Ag.....-......--....--- ‘os

Boleosoma wsopus, Cope .......--.--. .-..--e-- ae alees

Nothovotus z nalis, (Copv) Jor..............--
Nothonotus maculatus, (Kirt.) Ag ........-....
Noth» notus camurus, (Cope) Jor. ............-
Notbovotus sanguifluns, (Cope) Jor...........
Nothonotus vulneratus, (Cope) Jor ........ ...
Nothonotus thelassinus, J. & B.... 2.22. e
Nothonotus inscriptus, J. & B.........-......

Nothonotus rnfilineatus, (Cope) Tor. ...........]...]..

Pecilichthys variatus, (Kirt.) Ag .............
Pecilichthys epectabilis, Ag.................-.

| Great Pedee.

| Savannah.

| Altamaha

® ’

* Just received from Moutgomery, Ala

hattahoochce }

| Alabama.

| Tennessee,
| Cumberland.
Geueral range.

+
, ‘ . -L
i ea + ch inci = to Paes

| Illinois.

+ + + | Ohio.
-

A

et

Any

NE.
NW.

Ws

Sw.
SW.
-| NW.

NE.
NW.

——<—$

=

ee

— oe tg

a

ss.

DISTRIBUTION

OF

SPECIES.

83

Table showing the Distribution of the Species in the Different River- Basins—Continued.

g &
Ks a z =}
—s ; -| 9 o A
s| |2| lelSlsiaisic at os
; aisiléieisigiaialsisi3\.l4| #2
BISlSISi(SIElslelalalelsis| 4
Slelalolalalsl8laia|S5/si5| 3s
HBOECIICHUNYS) |OSBIG (060; Baa sco se soc diiewe sale al sel aie | el oa are beens ot +
(Etheostoma) tessellata, Stor. .....-.....-....-- Pale e al col icc jepee tensa le +
(Etheostoma) cinerea, Stor................-.--- Tease peelidecilices + a
Etheostoma squamiceps, Jor.........----.----- ped | eae Be alee iets
Etheostowa flabellare, Raf.............-.------ et ots -| +]. Aeton teeta ee
Ethbeostoma lineolatum, (Ag.) Jor....-.--- ---- Pee Neel Serle] ee | Naelnee = A+ N.
Boleichthys eos, Jor. & Copel...--...-.--- eee ea eee eral erotic oentieve cif erie) orete sails +|{+ | N.
Boleichthys elegans, Grd. ............. <.------ paleo eas tools |Gecleealnealile -|+| SW
Vaillantia camura, (Forbes) Jor...-.....--.---- Sea eaalce = --.|+
Microperca punctulata, Putn......-...-..-----. he Sl seal o erall ive voll ene cll rere Pere [ie ell ee Nesterell scat Pel toatl eee
Perea americana, Schranck........2-..-..-=--- Bd tered Kat sl roti ees] ot we ene Fee ae + | NE. }
Stizostethium vitreum, (Mit.) J. &C....--..--. See! lege ot os) © a2 [pte Sa) nee +] NE.
uUZzostethinm :SaImMonenm; RAl. soe. se sodsece assess [ons|e onl cal. cal. cca +ytl]+ty+y+
Siuzoswethbinmicanadense: (Sniith) Jor. - 256-2 |! 25|---4|2-2= =|] ooc|) safeectlonct=cclese +/+ ]N.
Roccus chrysops, (Raf.) Giil .......--..--.----. ae -|-+-[---]---]---[---]--- +/+]N.
Morone interrupta, Gill..........-.-..-....s-5- eal icra bo PAC a) Sad ae eee PEEL SW
Micropterus pallidus, (Raf.) G.& J ...--...-.-- + ]---[+- )/+] + ]...]..- +i+y)¢] + )4+ f+
Micropterus salmoides, (Lac.) Gill.. ......---- vedlaeelase +/+) +]+)+l+iy+i]+
Acantharchus pomotis, (Baird) Gill...--..-.-.-.}.--].--] + el tee) ope eel cell Seo
Amblop:ites rupestris, (Raf.) Gill.......-..---- Se |e eee) (Pe (a staal bata lactea tee bate ae
Ambloplites cavifrons, Cope ...-..--.---..----- Set etedcrell eeafins =| e.< 7 Ese ere'| |:
Chenobryttms gulosus, (C. & V.) Gill ...--..-- Pea ecd lee scles cl oectesclaer +/+).+|/+]+] SW.
Cheenobryttus viridis, (C. & V.) Jor ..--.-...-- =H otra icte lta t=tauliaze [pate Be SEG
Apomotis cyan: llus, (Raf.) C. & J...........-- Erarel| ioe akere fe eae acl = aah settee =fap—tali- fi
Lepicpomus pallidus, (Mit.) G. & J ...-......-. Soe erent ey] & Spee thet ey eave | te
Lepiopomus obscurus, (Ag.) Jor ....-.---.----- sree eee Bea taaleatN ee aon ee
Lepiopomns ischyrus, J. & N ..........0.------|---|---|--- Has Sei cll if 3%
Lepiopomus auritus, (L.) Raf...........-----.- alata ecto ested fleet = +] + ]---|---]---]---]--- SE.
Lepiopomus macrochirus, Raf ...........------ Be (Ser aos Ak -|+)+
Lepiopomus anagallinus, Cope.-.-....-....-----.|---|-- ee sles ee Se aN
(Lepiopomus) bombifrons, Ag .......-...------ eee | GR: AG es een
Xenotis megalotis, (Raf.) Jor ...........-.-..-- feelers +)/+/+]N
PMONN LIS AULOOLUS: J ORS cos sccms ces ce cece sessed: os|- <2 ae aliten Wests
Xenotis lythrochloris, Jor ............-..----+ a5 oil's ce|eeat=t
Xenotis inscriptus, (Ag.) Jor ..-.-..---.------- aie Pa taf erere tal =
Xenotis peltastes, (Cope) Jor.........-......-- he. = Poses lian lsc +] N,
Xenotis sanguinolentus, (Ag.) Jor......-...--. Ohi ee | see ahief -| +/+].
Cxyatroplites) notatns: Ag... oc. scene ees -| --| Selt=f> [icreeiteio<)| i= =
Eupomotis pallidus, (Ag.) G. & J.-..-...-- eieter fewelllests areas Meteo lie in tate [ais
Eupomotis aureus, (Walb.) G. & J.......-..-- = ||. +) +] 4 + | NE.
Enneacanthus pinniger, G. & J .......----..--. me Peaimil Fl taller lagers [eto
Enneacanthus margarotis, Gill & Jor ........- + |---| + |-
Hemioplites simulans, Cope....-..-----.--..--. +- zailesiel| eee zleree ae
Centrarchus irijeus, (Lac.) C. & V......-- .--- apt ecieee| Bee etal Bee Peas 4 S
Centrarchus macropterus, (Lac.) Jor.........-- rt A eee Bafa ote ieee | peel) teal ere ai
Pomoxys nigromaculatus, (Le S.) Grd....-....- + + 5 -|-F]---] +] +] 4+
HOMOXVSaUNMAriG. RAG... sos co-cUsee ses lee att + iF Seley ty +ei t+
Haploidonotus grunniens, Raf.......--...-----. ee ee leee |e Perales tee +/+]/+/+/+]N
Aphododerns sayanus, (Gilliams) DeKay.-...-... Pete al \. +| + As] +
Eucalia inconstans, (Kirt.) Jor ...-..----...---- ee erlems aretecel: eaten loc eee + |N.
Labidesthes siccnlus, Cope...........-----+----1--- a: Jflfl+ti+iNn.

p's jeer nv

S4 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHIHYOLOGY—ill.

Table showing the Distribution of the Species in the Different River-Basins—Continued.

< 2
Si heal adler |e 2
. g . a . 3 = E Z z = a =
SISlZ(siSlS8lSislsleleis| 8
SSSI BIZ=ISIS(SIElSie] 8
B\|RI4\S[elaidjolsielojolA o
Mindulns diaphanus, '(LeiS,)Agi:o 2:4. Sve ee eo eecle eal eseleeal me eleseleeetee al =
Kenisme selliferum, Jor... 2.2.25... -ccsc nese eslee- fn | 62) olen alalee oot Sool Neel ace sacloe
Xenisma catenatum, (Stor.) Jor....-.......--. Saale sel ceed sare ore cal che ed meee esate ene ten =e ee
Zygonectes dispar; Ag iz2n.5--eaq-essaee eee ses poe se [heel bale weladal ee eeelea eee ee sr
Zygonectes notrll, Agi .chienscscreswa<s ssc ees pes eec less | Sse ets Heee ens Sie] on [wel cen
Zygonectes melanops, Cope ....-......-..--..-- ate Hee Neo TS Se Cee oom erat tare eet oa | pa ote
Zygonectes atrilatus, Jd. & B.*.... 2222. 25...02.]-- 2]... set SS Tee lca ecu Sere wre etre] Crate preaae
Zygonectes'enttatus; "Ag. .0- 2 2.cce ccc eke ce acen [hers calcee| sonsoee eel ee aieae | etl eeesl ect eet ee
Zygonectes hieroglyphicus, Ag.-...........----.].-. soll a locell octal a Soc ese rea een ates cee ee
Z¥ gonectes'notatus, \(Rat.) Sorc. l..28 cece eco eee e [See ce ke eel oen de alee Tee ee ae NW.
Melanaralimi; (Kirt,)«Age 2223 0 eect oes one Ie alee col ee eee > eel een eee ee N.
Melanura pygmaa, (DeKay) Baird.....--..---- Ses eo |e So |ocell etl eee foal ee
Amblyopsis spelwus, DeKay..........---.---- cast cellos eke cee ee ea See ea
Typhlichthys subterranens, Grd ............--.|...]---|..-|...]-.<]---]. - se] eer
Chologaster azessizi, Putn .........-...---.---- SEN feck wed thls Aleta nest one
sox reticnlatas, DoS s.-222..524.-c-cscsees eH ee lag AEP seca: fe feta ee eer moe
Esox (raveneli, Holbr.) ......... Je diSin derma wen Sool e ee ef, 2 aia So eboccse oe See ees
PISOxN (CRORSUBS AT, )ia pc Ml coast an ences eee eo cenes Seleesls ds sae] eee| tee] aol Pal ess aeeieees
Esox salmoneus, Raf ......-.- a Stating = oe eee hal ho shal Pees] See eae Cees ea ere N.
Beoxoypho; Cope. .- 2 .-..s02s ev acss eee eeee eal satel es [oe eee sae eel | eal ee eee eee N.
SOR OGING, Aly ee Leone awe en du cee ieee eee Self cece ERS TE RIS Sal hres ren etna (eee eta fone N.
Percopsis guttatus, Ag ...........-.... aoe heal ws |e Soe e lbeel rea ee cee eee eee N.
Salvelinus fontinalis, (Mit.) Gill & Jor ......--. Se eee ato], Seles] cal eee fot eee] ap iene dl eae
Coreronus.arted! sisco, (Or... + ote casu- est en 2 f',--\) << eal delete ate] See sel seetbeal seed ee
Eyotlon tercvisug, Le'S!s-.- cco. .aneaeo Sac veces] coal sce le les Hee Sea eee at N.
Hyodon selenops, Jor. & Bean .........-.-.---.. Sal bceclee ites meth --|---| +] +] + ]---]---
Dorosoma cepedianum heterurum, (Raf.) Jor -.|... alee eee se ---f---] FI] +ET +
Pomolobus chrysocbloris, Raf.........-...-..-- pal onl inactees sf Sw Albee se] ae
Campostoma, anomalum, (Raf.) Ag ....----.--. we Heol Cel | abe eel ete +i+)/+)4+/+ N.
Hybngnathus areyritis, Grd ...........-..-.--.].--]--- abel cI oe Lowe | oad aloes eet eee ieee W.
Hybognathus nuchalis, Ag...........-...-...- seal dial sto) So) ata] a cel satel ve eel ee ere
Pimephales promelas, Raf .............--.-----|... SES OR eae] eal ec] ee ee Peete N.
Iyborbynchus notatne, (Raf.) Ag....-...-.---.|...|---].<.|-<- fis ee Oe ee N.
Hyborhyochus superciliosus, Cope.......-..-. eal reals cia Gaal) os eee ate w eo]. =o)
Brioymbs buccats,: Cope ncn ancy ces aware ne nee oad eanieoats ce luws salon soelcen|ebeteacives |
Luxilus cornutus, (Mit.) Jor .............----- at Rai ene oe +)/+)+]+ N.
Photogenis galacturus, (Cope) Jor .....-.--.---|---| -- {+ ae. aiee --| +) +]---
Photogenis analostanus (Grd.) Jor. ....-..-.-- + f.-.)+)+ tie ols asf i>

Photovenis leucopus: Jd Bin son cecis ce msn dine Ny col telat Sateen donate eee A Setlists

« Zygone:tes atrilatus, sp. nov.—A short, thick-set species, related to Z, melanops Cope. Body short
and stout, compressed, especially posteriorly, the depth about 4 times in the length to base of candal,
Head moderate, 3} times in length, moderately broad and flattened above, the month of the ordinary
sort. Dorsal fin well back, moderately high, of abont 8 rays; anal larger than the dorsal, with seven
rays: ventral fins quite small, not reaching quite to the anal: pectoral fing small: caudal fin rounded,
of the usual form: scales large, in about 30 transverse series.

Coloration dull olive; no stripes nor bars: scales slightly dark-edged : each side with a ae jet-black
blotch on the sides of the body jast above and somewhat in front of the vent: dorsal and anal fins
speckled.

Numerous specimens, 14 to 12 inches in length, nearly all females, distended with spawn. In all, the
black side-blotch is very distinct. They were taken by Messrs. Brayton ond Gilbert, in the Neuse
River, near Goldsboro’, with Joa vitrea, Noturus eleutherus, Achirus lineatus, and other interesting
species.

DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES. 85

Table showing the Distribution of the Species in the Different River- Basins—Continued.

Altamaha.
Chattabeocchee.

Roanoke.
Neuse.
Alabama.
Ohio.

| Mlinois.
General range.

Gre
| Cumberland.

Savannah.
Tennessee.

| Santee.

=

. Photogenis niveus, (Cope) Jor ......--..--..--
| Luxilus coccogenis, (Cope) Jor..............---|-.- Yee
Hydrophlox rubricroceus, (Cope) Jor ......---
Alburnops chlorocephalus, (Cope) Jor...-.----
Hydrophlox lutipinnis, J.& B.........-...--- Bale eeilne alte slates
Hydrophlox chiliticus (Cope) Jor ...--..--..---]--- Healers s'(Pate pete
Hydrophlox chrusomus, Jor.....---.-----------
Hydrophlox xznocephalus, Jor .......---.----.|--- CPAP oe s.27=ecralltaa tect (ase
Hydrophlox lacertosns, (Cipe) Jor......-..---.].-- Peale
Alburnops spectrurculus, (Cope) Jor ..---..--
_ Alburnops stramineus, (Cope) Jor .....-.-----
Alburnops fretensis, (Cepe) Jor....-..-..-.----
Alburnops microstomus, (Raf.) Jor .....-.-.--
AUburpops saludanus; J. dB 225-2 ....--5-- 3: -
SeA“purmops amarus, (Gr.l.) Jor’... .-----.--..--
Notropis dinemus, (Raf.) Jor.--.-...----..----
iNotropis rubellus, (Ag:) Jor. .----2.2-..------
Notropis rubrifrons, (Cope) Jor. ...--.... ..--
Notropis micropteryx, (Cope) Jor...-..--..-.--
Notropis dilectus;, (Gral) Jor. <2... 2-25. .-2---
Notropis altip‘nis, (Cope) dor! 2-2 2-casae. ses
ATOULOPIS SeDINS) WOL=2- 2 docesces. cece ceccese
Notropis telescoous, (Cope) Jor.--..-- See ee

Notropis photogenis, (Cope) Jor ....--..---.--- Be
; Notropis matutinus, (Cope) Jor.........--...-.|.--

Ts

——

otropisiirus JOR sess sete coe n cena Pears
Lythrurus ardeus, (Cope) Jor.-.--...----.-----|---
Lythrurus diplemius, (Raf.) Jor.......... .--
Godoma XeLNUra, WOM 5-5: ses. see cae cc wes sone
Codoma pyrrhomelas (Cope) Jor.....-.....---
Codoma formosa, (Putn:) Jor 2--..:-2.--....---||.--
Mono CAlISCM a Ole -2o- ne. ae ates occas sales = yale.
Codoma chloristia, J. & B.......--....----+.-:
MOUOING COLUlea OR se = se occ eee creme sia
Codoma trichroistia, Jor. & Gilbert...-.....--
MaodoMma CAlIsti a DOL oes o-seeeceha de ectacocece
ModoMa ShPMAtUTA DOL 22.508. obcw see ce as desai|. oc esl
Codoma eurystoma, Jor ...-. 2.02. --c tes... e:
Mpisema leucioda, Cope......---------s-.------
Episema scabriceps, Cope.....--....-. yeaa
IPIBE DAG ALLOMIMIT: CONC. cee ~ Se cee eclece se wens |i <=
Memitremiavittata, Cope -. ----.2ss06-o-.cte oe |e ae eels
Hemitremia heterodon, Cope.-.-..--...--------.
Chrosomus erythrogaster, Raf .........-....-.-
Phoxinus neogus, Cope ......---...2.---..2--.
Phoxinus flammeus, Jor. & Gillbert ......... -.
eet ClOU LATA (ISALG.) SOc n= aled.o mls) 12022 tee cic =es[n asd ees
PAA DrOTI Per COPOS: a 5,- <3. sons sch esa Seale
TMC QLOLS Tate ese one Oe este ta See a eae
Gils vandoisula; (C. é& V.) Jor....-.-....-....-
Notemigones chrysoleucus, (Mit.) Jor..........!...!..-

ates

86 CONTRIBUTIONS TC NORTII AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—IIL.

Table showing the Distribution of the Specics in the Different River-Basins—Continued,

ri) eter te er ieee
=| bs aiéol8|.]/3/@| 2
4|.lelalaiala 3 # | | io =
S/al2/3i//s/E\S/slel2le/s 5
Sl SlelSsl elHisiaisisiais| 8
PL eS ee eee | eee
Notemigonus americanus, (L.) Jor..---.--..---- a|ecald cm ahid -| + 1 ets sieht
Pheuacobius teretulus, Cope ..-..... -..------|..- flea ea acer] ke Sal oecce ls cel eee
Vhenacobius uranops, Cope .........-..-------. LS Hose tear ede Lee eee lead oe + ]+].--|.--
I’henacobius scopiferus, (Cope) Jor ........--- Seles --|+
Phenacobius catostomus, Jor ...,..---..--.----|...|.-- + |.
Rhinichtbys atronasus, (Mit.) Ag.......-.-.--- +] + |. Sule ee aloe
ehinichthys Obtosus, Ag se s5oe5 =~ cn sansa aces aalese (or fasals, se bee| sins +)+)].--|-+I1+
Rhinichthys meleagris, Ag...............+--+--]...|---].-- \ w-]ee-foes +] W.
Nhinichthys nasutus, (Ayres) Ag .......---..-.].- JM. o3'1d Atl dee Dee ate “p E.
Ceratichthys zanemus, J. & B........-.....-.. Bic ewe ferret
Ceratichthys labrosus, Cope.........-...--.---- oa Necatel esta] sel abe tion ae
Ceratichthys monachus, Cope ......- Lianne penne bil cx} poesia
Ceratichthys dissimilis, (Kirt.) Grd.........--.|... ae erage fe +\/+)+
Ceratichthys amblops, (Raf.) Grd ...-....-..--- Salis wc seatel| aera ee -2-[.--| | + ].-
Ceratichthys winchelli, (Grd.) Jor ....-...--.-.]..- ae sm. ciNis pe | Postel s oie lear a Reds seve
Ceratichthys rubrifrons, Jor ...........-.-.---- So | stall areal cm ete | eT em Ao eed
Ceratichthys hypsinotus, Cope ............--.-- JA steflerete| er fete Leeda ot Nee es sad aioe rel aes
Ceratichthys biguttatus, (Kirt.) Baird ....-.-.-- Hye) yey y+ y+] + i---] FI 4+] +/ 4+] NW. ‘
Nemotilous oullaries (Raf) JOM 2ccn.> snce eee se elms le sol aces seetlle cal siesta Sales
Semotilus corporalis, (Mit.) Put ..........------ + +] 4.]4 a Sate eral etait
Semoti'us thoreauianus, Jor. .......-....--.---- pale Relliarers arn aera tes ee + |... esr
Exoglossam maxillilingua, (Le S.) Hald........ +-] +e]... “foi 1621 IE.
Quaesilabla lacera; J. & Bis. seas 252s none |e nee ae ee latices
Placopharynx carinatus,,Cone 2: 9... 2. <-5--see~ |) 2-4) el |e oe) oes nf seal essleeelanel eesl =e
Myxostoma velatum, (Raf.) JOr.--.. 22. +--+ EA ee +] Se oe ae oe ee + es +>
Myxostoma album, (Cope) Jor...........----.- | +]. ..]... | 7
Myxostoma coregonus, (Cope) Jor.......---.--. + |-+-]..-]...].-. :
Myxostoma conus, (Cope) Jor .............----.]... oh ase ee ig ds ed
Myxostoma thalassinum, (Cope) Jor ....--.-.-- wapcssted ssa fee sale aan os] Sone ee Gee ee
Myxostoma pidiense, (Cope) Jor ..-....-.--.--.|..-|--- +
Myxostomy. crassilabre, (Cope) Jor .......-.--.|.--| --| +] --] -.].--]... stlie al pul ceell Ree iteee
Myxost. macrolepidotum, (LoS.) Jor. et vars...|...]...) +} ..] ..].--] ..J/+} +) +] 4+]4+]4+
Myxostoma aureolum, (LeS ) Jor ......-..-..- Soe fat a Faw cllpae [ve oleae a eo eee weer es
Myxostoma anisurum, (Raf.) Jor.............- ee elo Ut leo lk See ele ped ice
Myxostoma euryope, JON (2h os son aan one se ee cn SF) Sphere etl nl isl el wale
Myxostoma cervinum, (Cope) Jor ...........-.. +)+ es -.-f +/+] +]+ vs fe bp
Myxostoma pupillosum, (Cope) Jor........-.-. | ..)... oie af spf mils oof ob Pal aol aictl tema
Minytrema melanops, (Raf.) Jor .............-.]..- 7 meets i) ealka ules \+ +)/+)/ +) +) W.
Erimyzon sucetta, (Lac.) Jor................-- de ee ee
Hypentelium nigricans, (Le S ) Jor.............| + re Sa ees | +i +}+)+] NW.
Hypentelium etowanum, Jor ............-. -. Dediiesil! scale oa tected cee | + pel eae Sie
Catostomus commersoni, (Lac.) Jor.......-...- 4+) +) +)+]+ Jefe] fe] tit
Catostomus longirostris, LeS ................. |...|... S a SR de --|+
Cycleptus clonga‘us, (Le S.) Raf. .............. ele 4 - l+ti+it+
Carpiodes difformis, Copo ...........-......---. Fal sol ew paeel Weel eon eon) acl eens Ea H+
Carpiodes cutisanserinus, Cope............-.... ere , lel] -it
Carpiodes velifer, (Raf.) Ag................... id wale ; ee +/+
Carpiodes cyprinus, (Le S&) Ag...............-. 4 : ; BASEL tales al nn oho] eee
CREDIOUON DISCUS Bat) conf onic dunsctnwesatwe dun ieaad eee ieee bene ea eline re wh Leg ba oS
Carpiodes carpio, (Raf.) Jor .........<.6..s0- a“ Be ee he aliens oi +/+,
Ichthyobus bubalus, (Raf. ) Ag Pct taaauerates seen ...| te : | ne x +4
Bubalichthys cyanellus, (Nels.) Jor ............|...|.-.!..-|.-- ee ee ue ie W.

— =

DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES. 87

Table showing the Distribution of the Species in the Differcné River-Basins—Continued.

2 3 . = Wes 2 2 4 5 @ 5 a 3
21S; Sleltzgialsglis!|aeli=/2 a m
RISI4(Olnlwlajo;/ale lolol S
BabahiGhthystirageA@s: 22.2 S222 ccccicceme te oe eponit ee + +/+
Ichthalurus furcatus, (C. & V.) Gill ........-. -| + |---| SW.
REHM T A LO DUSEUS OPavecc can coea et wecienen|ene Peel Maclecalsecleselas = ae ree tes 1
Ichtbzlurus punctatus, (Raf) Jor ...........- Peseta alee ieee ey) ts ota dead Hee, Ft Pe PS NM
PUTER IS AN IICLIAG (HO i9.)s Gull Misco iamtnia aioe) |e le fect [eee (eee cel) os|incelSee lees |t oe
Amiurus niveiventris, Cops. :--2-.--2-- 5202.26. P. 248. ete | aret eter f areal ears | oe ees | te] as eee |ecr
Amiurus nigricens, (Le S.) Gill .........--..-- | RE) AE Se Vee oS. | en a 8 ale +)+/]N.&S&.
Aminrasnatalis, (6iS;)) Galle cc. cc-< 2 - coins. lene |e-. mt per | oes |e oes | (tea era LEE
PLPMOVUS ReACUS, Clas) Modi «tok tuto. eee de Ses Sate ete ted ac fics oem, 2) eee eect [rere | as ees ff | et
Amiurus xanthocephalus, (Raf.) Gill...-...---.1..-]...]... = eee
Amiurus melas, (Raf) J. & C ....-...2-. Re ae | ERTS ON em oe se | -|+]+] W.
Amiurus marmoratus, (Holbr.) Jor ........--- Be fe | aa fete enorme eral eaten) | ME ee | eee 4
Amiuorus p!atycephalus, (Grd.) Gill ............) --]..- aise Weta tl oes ane eaters ere
PUMIVE TS) DURUND CUS: Ol =.= srererqcinntterse oreo emretee'e [eee Ree eel eee lete WEES nee lee ners shee
Pelodichthys olivaris, (Raf) G.& J .......-..- ee rere ee fates | aoa mea ae het | epaes | ran Uetz Pa
WMORIETIA AUIS! Ut at samc oo, coc ciscloaddd eee esas 2 | Serle ss (Se here a eres ee eel ee te ee +/+) N.
MIOLEANMSINSonIs, (RICH)! Gra Gai Sire< ciao asere coisa) maclece| ae ete |oca|eccle cellos acc lace +]. NE.
mMNoturus exilisx Nels :.2..c2522. 05 S32 sane e oo8 Sed Peel feces Hel ed bo teal gel Sac al Pema eae tll etd bee A
Hyotorus Jeptacanthus, Jior...5-. 2.2 <t..s-2255-/ bee. ‘eellscelleeaieaalaee efit Es aese Nee
PROC TELUTUS STALIN ed OI tera ses aciie sioacsiisriaees ciel Borah eae S| ete [eee eee eee veil eaten ect Nie
MOLOTUSMIRENS, JOL>..2stee2-- J2acsts.2-5-e< 2 Bi |e al| |e | ears | eC Tee ee eee Ee I er
INoOLUrUsCloutherus: JOr)<.-5-<.ccceavesccaccaos ree lee ee beta pees eae
Ano miLyvalgaris;Mlem .....c2> <cse-s<cis<<35 +y+]+]aytl+y+i a} 4+] -+ y+] +l +
PARENT CAL Ve Nislye eee tal ee ery Oa Hes bet |e Pepe | eee i lea a
Lepidosteus osseus, (L.) Ag .......--.. --.--- eeefecefeee| fa leecpee [eye] ele yp ese
Lepidosteus platystomus, Raf .......--.....--. Ec Pee esal nea leec eee |seeleaate ea |ictevlitfoumater |i Wes
Litholepis spatula, (Lac.) Jor.......-..--.---- |-.. |e) +
Scaphirhynchops plat yrbynchus,(Raf.) Gill... .- Eyre | Brae |Peece |e tmear | ea a ee lim eed ee ge
oly pdon\folinm, Auct:2.6.)- bo .ce)5. 8 ote se Bream les] ecreil's eeliars Bl ete ai] ee cl[ areeel| edit ete Ree tote
FcIpONSGr TUVIGUNGUS, 6'S; =. -sc2-* coetecw ci s2|t=2|--- tee ate it
AcipeNnsenmacwlosns, eS. c- << -<ntes oe ecinyon a. ae |e | Ee |inee | besos = <element cet eaten TS
Ammocetes argenteus, (IKirt.)......--....-..- Tear
FAMIMOCORLES DIFEr, (RAE) a e\sc0c caewiees scieciee « Bee ees |e eee ae +) +
Ammoceetes hirudo, (Grd.)....-. ete Sire stelafaione 2's -| +
Tip TLL save pee ae ete 35] 19] 42] 24] 40] 14] 24] 22/ 55] 84) Goji3e|117

From the above table, it will be seen that the number of species
inhabiting any one river-basin rapidly increases as we leave the
Atlantic streams for those of the Gulf. The following table shows the
arrangement of the species from another point of view—omitting refer-
ence to the range of the species outside of the thirteen rivers included
in this table:

Known only from the— Known only from the—
Species, Species.

MRIS CUE ata ciatcic ld) mews Bid ieicsadat = nee we. 16
PRD ee Sale wis wauenin! prasace ie LLL OIS caries, uterine Snare 2 . 14

“—<— etree
e ©

88 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

Known only from the— Known only from the—
Species, Species,

Santee... 2 2eh. eek. 10: | Jahies sate eee 3
Altamabhe 5. oe fe de det os

@
=
oe
ps)
er
rg
oO
oF
©
o
PIA A
i
°
oe
oS
°
2
a
@
orb

Common to—

Species.
Shio and NGS: co. sa2scun ea a Ue eee ee th pnoeboen 39
’ Cumberland and Tennessee’... 2-5 .ecsiescevaeyc nese sens 10 3
Tennessee, Cumberland, Ohio, and Illinois ........... sa cdi amis 10
Cumberland, Ohio, and Illinois. ................ ee ite a ee oe 10
Alabama, Tennessee, Cumberland, Ohio, and Illinois. .......... 6
e
games and Neuse 0.5. ts2../5ebs synch oe wes ae ae nee meee 4
Tennessee, ‘Ohioiand AMNOIs..6.+ i 40-eoes seme eecdnk eelee cone 4
tava and Wennessed . e225 fet. sw te ay ae eetos Se iene nee 3
Bavennal a0 UT en eNSBP W., co thd, clare ale mee ona oes aecene 2
Alabama, Tennessee, and Cumberland..-.......- veo rr Sete 2
Mreat edes and: Santed). .cc55 ce cecsinn ex ce eee aaeee a pee igen 2
Wuniberland and Ohio. 2: Ves cask Meee aa en-seee | 2
Distribution of Genera.
=
| é =
4/2/1318 : = Si#/Slal/Sis E\s
Sislslzl|- [2] lel elslalalal sis a|a|7
el/SB/EIZIZ1S1elel$12) 8lels]si/4l-i3s1g]s
SICIA|AZIS|S/4/S| aia /d/S/S/elOlole ela
a | ee LE acon SS ae
TONAY oan nine wn Ni ie REE Ee ene ato ti +) oe | “dhol +/+ ri
SPODICCS bo ae c ade ee eee ae +) +)+:+]--- We eelat ase a
POTAMOOOLLUS scan. aa cents one ke 4+ Peale shee dl ete = A +i] +i+i4+i+
MEO ss wasn die cay Coave ue eR ee Boy Fey [are ees ac 4 Pel Ure 1 ied [HY
SUITED RIG oo as apie ae eee fel eel cmp cs], 96] seal cal na db ae al dno ln aol Mints acas amen ee aco eee
PATUIMOCKR UPON so sac. aus scbe=e soak pee eafeie ais a dls.a flo al soemihae ail lace fleece clef steal aliccall cara chat ee
Blerrrolania seu. ce. . ha os es ee SBalbsin sia atcfetfeka] sme ened eee cons a -|+ ut +)+
REM pe Nw E aca etc ee gee ete le ais
PRR 2 SGU ween uaen dees nsueee gs 4 + male i +]/+]/+/+ /+]---
MOU OMOAUE hs a tihd van visage ewe dee + + + + Vasa ae ee ee
POLIGUNDUIN bia Say fn ioe on Ac Rohn e = ol REIL aol cdl oes sais
WEE NORUUS (otic aa w iikinine cis canis sore Jose] anf wf s [pan] <n] safe +) +) +] +] +] + ht f--
RITE bila eal lr CE en em ad cit uA le adexe of.--] +] +]. .e]- ee
|
RUCOMODA cade eduey cpa ao aden ny <aficn|-sdeaxcdecs] owl >) te efanwt eel abs] Meet seen real een) ee acalpes
WIQCONGIE cis nuaiteit wets wes as 6s d, eneli eal sadl cll Bote ee <a] - =n] wef toe eRe Pel ou 4 0. 21
MOTOR Soe ate pata 2d OE evchs cas eh Lene Ns: hah A wot hE

ee a

*Ioa (J. & B.), gen. nov.: type Pacilichthys vitreus Cope. This genus is distinguished from Peurolepia
by the presence of two anal spines instead of one, and by the greater scaliness of the ventral region.
The name is from tos, an arrow or dart.

Coe
co

DISTRIBUTION OF GENERA.

Distribution of Genera—Continued.

ssissippi.

Chattahoochee.

| Alabama.

Susquehanna.
ke,
++ + + | Tennessee.

Delaware.
Great Pedee.
Savannah.

| Wisconsin.

| Lower Mi

——— | | | | — | — | —

+ | Great Lakes.
+ | Connecticut
oe | Llinois.

aa
1
’

IBDIGOSODIS = cocoa cent se asnsbccecsse ss z alate
ENG UR ONONUS i ieca.ce\aes ciclelwawclaniace en esses evn al bate [everest [vere seca bem foresee) lio mall eee
Poecilichtbys ..-.....--.---.-----+--- tet see ae eel cel fecal meee er | eve. eter [eter eee
EERGOStOM Gon aa eicie.<< 5 = so cicie= cnee inte ia ae ese Pace eee ifieio aes eles ate toe ee
BOlGICHGR YBa cane ce ee ene ee aso Feet alll wee = [ese sora | teas [eee ones oie | eters +

, NaN Giese cee seen eae s seas eaese | veil mes = == [eats |eccrel|b ae stele o leer ees aes salem elieten [eceilt= lero
Microperca ..--.-2---.----<- eed: SEE ae ee LC | et et | ce est tN .
RNRGHOM Hae esse atime cece cial scien ee | Ecicile ior |eafse aera = [emis [eran fer eres lise

aioe aero | Cumberland.

+++ ++ | Ohio.

+-

als

StizostethiaMi ..2-. = -..se.. 2-2-2 => ee lecele = a|os=|estel enc sial| eset areillea a} ere oie aad

IMIGKOPLCTUG) = <(- o- «<cciesmcinis-> ===" -= a leealere =a 6 +l fe leit] + i+tl+s]+
PRIN DLODN GOS sts asces woes eee cue nea =f eee ees | aioe =P ileeelee s Eicia|iaiaillsras| sel] tell te
PROT MATCNUG toe Josese een sa ceasi| ae ects Halla sce | Breve! Ecerel| tel res aa eof orerall sale ietera |e
APN EOMODEYUhUS: «Jaci =<<risicmiseaciseae = foie alee eee +})+]4+
ePOTIN LS eee ra a areeieicia am lafem earn pla ae +}]---
AAG DIOHOMUBS ee aariss cae wie session = cise +)+ ae
PSH OLTS etealate(aielaseielai =m oeteinnaciekiess sai epee ce ewa|satei[ereta | eal eiocll'2s=lermn|(—> [seat erect
BSVAUFODIUGS sneha cases sce soseelocls-c|acc|eee Be ese eee le eee eee ees cee loess toe eee etn
Eupomotis ........-. Bees seta: +/+ }]-+
WEESOMONISHIUS eee camnae emer inea a aoe ae alata lec siecle cc sacl awe [eset ont [erere ltyas| Marcle al ears] Sracillsai|=oreiliereies
EMMEACRDGNUS (aossocle so cis asics setaicc| = sn +}+- Se Bee | eiota es etal sieve ete | cectal torosall ete

: iemionlitesease cet seca se cose ea (BAe |e elec Bt Ee |e | eee reer ea Pe SID Te ea Le | | apa li e

Oppelandigues. ton s02 thee eee se Ve | Ne a | lle emcees re |e NC | eesti ats eo eee

| IPN AL CUUS Shae ce scicewieins seeitce sere ullec lee [evel sos lascleac Sollee fea [eae ate Snel eta foeellonste

IPOMOXYS\252 32. ---1- ale ena easel fasts tas eran pot | ye fePenlerann | et] =) <1= eeefe--| |]
PP IOIMONOUUG ok ance e these coe ee ree ee eee oe eee ec eae ocdersede eae toeted (Laie ots
PAD HOUOUCIUSS 0 -- ence eo cece se cese. ey ete lees | rete | eel ete tees [Pee lle Da eer | Pate [ie ietee
OT CSM eerste see slate cticee ase SPS os reef eat ell ee bye Se [sasleos| oe --
EV EOUSLCUS. tan scee coset eae aee tae. Freier eon ieee ea J Pee |e soc |e eee | cons lee eee
MADIGESENGS foes e se csse ons sec ee ccc. ETE ae (eek | ee I ” +|+]-
PUNO 234 § tong. Suess es SIRS ee epee cle se (ee: leche et oeele uN. Soloed Ma aloes betaine
PSOMIGM Ae ances fe seseciece cece

PN OUGGLER a sees Selanne ese Ser eee eee ean eres |i aan laos + ]...]..-|+
(am puUsiat = i256 12 csetcaerees ace dee Be aoe | lee ee Se ees [ee ferme [eine | eral cs='=

riser ese
aig shee ee hae aot
tees

terete te te

,

' .
-

state tec a

++++-

+
+
-+-
+
+
+

=

+e ee

++

te
+

RYCN ANUS Sosa eo se So aaa ce eases SA etal at peta [pails tates eee eee |Pen| scleral s-.-
VIVO DSINM tas ee aseenen tthe tos
PV DONMGHUH YS ss 22,8 2-2 eco es coc.
SIUM ABLEN 5-8-5 vas. See tara temas

t+++4+4+:

MStrarGNOPLenUs) =.) --+--scere-secoes| 2.1. Va eo ee eget ters [ers fees [era loreal areca ese Jose [ome cee te
LEI 1 Eee ee fe fete heto let

DAUVCMNUBSe ee cmon foes enh oles ae +/+] +] +] +) +]---|---] +] +]---|---|---] #]---l-

+ =
» +
++

BREEN, vi, cc St ere ab idowae oe bs ese oe | roa mete eee letee |ealcine Ossi ecal a cets.c2|s.ce1 =o oealata%l <= pore
DOLE DOMUBE eats ce ce hes cee tie oes eee Pees ee eee ale. he ee eee ee

Hyodon Be ees wenn nn cowcascccceccne -- Udi alee eet els Bare) | eet pple lpi f+i+i +
re a a eS ae ee a SP ee eS SS

*VAILLANTIA (jordan), gen. nov.: type Boleosoma Camurum Forbes. This genus differs trom Bo-
leichthys in having the upper jaw protractile, and the anal spines very feeble. From Boleosoma, with
which it agrees in these respects, it is distinguished by the incomplete lateral line. It is named for
Prof. Léon Vaillant, of Paris, whose thoroughly excellent monograph of the Htheostomatide is still the
Starting-point for all work on that difficult but most interesting group.

JO CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—1UI.

Distribution of Genera—Continued,

2
; 3 a
ile] |e 5 4S 3
4)2/2|3 =| lalglzlalgla| |_lelg
e13/2/3 sislSlalalzle|s] /2/8
Sal es E|s S Ae = . s =| ./6 S 5
slalals elelflslzlalelelsielal|e
|S /Ala Slalal|s|5/Slalols iA lel S
POMOLGDUG ssn ein an dancin eeeteee sete Sb ite cade
PROROROINIY Beta ae avnc cers tae sens mf Np tal oa oes
CRINDORDOING «25. abe nemn naw ace eee Si leealee si pee bea <ipr= finda eieatntece +)—riti¢ +°
UV DOPNAGHIIR: ooh worn > ces demeema [eect = aos < «fF sb eed
IMephAlAS. <i eaten didn te a enat oe “ell +i+ Las
EL yborhynchhns... -ot-2.enes oes e cee oo [+ I( +) + a
Luxilns) (proper) S22s20-5 «ns <2 aeses +/+)+/+ +
PHROUOPENIS 2. = sdoorsawccmatan tenons ltl) tl +i + a
FLV ORODMUNO Sie ens cass elm aee eee +] +]---]-- ae
AUDMENODE: oc c= Shep nese nace eeeee a +|+ + |
TM QROMIOR oo ace ig seve casual cane Seed tet | fal ee oe ats |
SGU UU Matec os. Sa che ome nte cesar agen ae) Ee Sed bs ae cie Gee eat es staal ce er ore
COUDTRD OLAS fe ar oniins Sanh teens eee acl oa tos eo olam et eel ac |ae | eae nae Ace se oe eee: ae ee + |
COUN ocean beech Jun eae een hae Sen aes | aoc] ee oe gall ve aes wae + |. ay
BS 11) 64.0) 5) FES ee Ce ee ae cae koe a sos aeaeelgesioes| Al lta a + oS
PU DIBOMNA eek tae sat cele ask peel te ane laeal ser eel eee -| + ]---] + ]---]..- +
IBRENSGOINNA ot ten ccs. cee sek dee bee + ~anlhe
eMitromiia shop. ce ace acces sheoelae. alt -t- |;
RSUXNOROMUR «- Sosck ninttaes eee af sate air al ae ae -|+ +/|--
DOHOMAINIG ct) ects atc) clac utes tere ceue al etal eel cee Stell aa ee at
Ripe tases wetlese wiatancs acc aeeae ee of fh. 3
Notamipons ....s--d..-escseweneeune elt] +) +]...]--- + +) +
ASEADIGUUD Ys os 8s ocae= sere eee + +]...
WGLAUIOUGNUN os ana eden tae cee eee tae eal ane} oe + +|--
PEMOUUIDE Fc dt oc hin aang Seca wee ae + +|-
FMIGV OUD 2. down O, acon ieee eee eel tele asta tse | pes et feed cee | eee ee ee acltiated obi
PASO OBI 5 fone 2a ae bs ke eee eee fee | one eee Eas >
RAMBUS: a0. sas mes be eee nee el ees eed eal eee des eon
Blsoopharyne «ore ceases aww bees ee leee ae ltoal eos fecs=|oxnlisee | tec ]s sls ca pak eee lee eee ise
BANS OR MOIR atc wn cree e cc cee Reet saa = +] + of
PASDILVONN coc hua ceweencuace erent ace Sota lat eects |e cs | toe | eae deed are +/+ +
MSMAPU SON fos Saensay sng ee ee ae ee are +/+ +
SRLORCOMUG,... cua deuwre adaaceceeeeene +] + nat
SSSRLODWUR oe een co aetht Paces auases eles = =
RRDOOUOH Staak wists innate ates eine eee Be afuee + —
DOMED ODUE aw ne a on’ edp nya eee a neal ts las] taal ee ae lho nies | ee aire te alee =i
DRMON CD YS. - 2. 5.c>nc-e acude eeeek elas Veale sl dos fee lene 4 [+ + 2
OUOSORI PTR. oWisccsccceenemeateneie sel iy dhe pas AN ec I etoe +/+ +
RUIN adowip' ue Sunk petro MSE EE +} + i
RUMOUNYA <5 x5 vipa uhanne oes aecee lt] + =
PUM edhe ccc au pa asp ens Jaen sais +] + +
PU pid venice Unis ann s coon mae euee ee +] + -
UME tard. fuses ante eae Sale eal ie oa -| + ce
LIBTIMDEDRUR 6c Grp ateb hanes eniie eae ae pill doo fh 6 Ad ell + Ge
PRMUOUMON Sane ay napus ccasecnnetnes ce lane gel awe lease ra
PO DUGU ray ad anaes nex nde aha e ead atrn +
AGIUGUROS io 57a5 ts poh ccavetnsivcsnss Sl eealved +
SL ee oral abet -
ATO WIOCOVION: op ae ake «nha dans it
69/21/35 32/32/19 53

CONCLUSIOAS. 91

CONCLUSIONS.*

{n the course of the investigations detailed in this paper, some light
has been thrown on the laws which govern the distribution of fresh-
water fishes in general. The writer has collated the known facts into a
series of general propositions, which, without any pretense to exhaust-
iveness or to originality, are here briefly stated. It may be premised
that some of these propositions are only half truths, to be more com-
pletely stated when our knowledge of the subject shall be increased.
Most of the statements also refer chiefly to the smaller and non-migratory
fishes, especially the Htheostomatide, Centrarchide, and Cyprinide. Our
knowledge of the range of tie larger Catostomide and Siluride is still
very meagre.

For the first statement of several of the following propositions, we are
indebted to Professor Cope, who has ably discussed the subject of the
distribution of fishes in his paper on the Iishes of the Alleghany Region
of Southwest Virginia, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. Phila. 1868, pp. 239-247.

I. In the case of rivers flowing into the ocean, the character of the
faunze of the upper waters, compared ove with another, bears no, or
very little, relation with the places of discharge. In illustration of this
we may note (a@) the similarity of the faune of the Chattahoochee and
Altamaha, as compared with the Chattahoochee and Alabama. The
taunee of Wisconsin River and of Red River of the North are very similar.

Il. River-basins having a similar discharge into some larger river or
lake have a similarity of fauna, due to this fact, and, in general, other
things being equal, the nearer together the places of discharge, if in
Jresh water, the greater the similarity. The almost identical faune of
the Catawba and the Saluda will illustrate this.

Ill. Parallel rivers tributary to the same streatn have, other things
being equal, more in common than streams coming from opposite direc-
tions. The Wabash and Miami have more in common than either has
with the Kentucky.

1V. The higher or the older the water-shed between two streams, the
fewer species are common to both. (This matter needs turther investi-
gation.)

V. Certain species, not including ‘species of general distribution ”,
occur on opposite sides of even the highest watersheds. Tiis fact was

first noticed by Professor Cope. The occurrence of Luxilus coccogenis,

* An abstract of the remaining part of this paper appeared in the American Naturalist
for October, 1877 (pp. 607-613). For this part, Professor Jordan is alone responsible.

92 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—IIL

Hydrophlox rubricroceus, Photogenis galacturus, and Catostomus nigricans,
both in the Tennessee and Savannah, will illustrate this. Neither of the
two first-named species are as yet known from any other river-basins.

VI. When the watershed between two streams is a swampy upland
instead of a mountain-range, the same species may be found in the head-
waters of both, although the species inhabiting the lower courses may be
different. In case the ove stream flows northward and the other south-
ward, the common fauna will be nearest like that of the northern stream.

In Northern Indiana, the same species are found in the waters of Saint
Joseph’s, Maumee, Wabash, and Illinois Rivers, although these streams
discharge their waters in widely different directions. The swampy water-
shed between them is often overflowed in the spring, affording to the
smaller fishes an easy means of migration.

VII. In any river-basin, many of the species inbabiting small streams
are different from those occurring in the river-channels. Among the
brook species may be mentioned Lucalia inconstans, Pecilichthys specta-
bilis, Xenotis lythrochloris, Xenisma stelliferum, Salvelinus fontinalis,

Jricymba buceata, Semotilus corporalis, Chrosomus erythrogaster, the
species of Rhinichthys, ete. Of channel species, Haploidonotus, Hyodon,
Dorosoma, Pomolobus, Roceus chrysops, all the * Buffalo-fishes”, and the
larger Siluride, Ichthelurus punctatus, Pelodichthys olivaris, Amiurus
nigricans, aud the like, will serve as examples.

VIIf. Many species inhabiting the upper course of a stream are differ-
ent from those of the lower. This subject has been ably discussed by
Professer Cope, but further investigations, especially of the rivers of the
Southern States, are very desirable.

IX. This difference between the upper fauna and the lower is due to
differences in the character of the river itself, such as climate, condition
of water, character of river-bed, supply of food, ete.

X. Hence, if in the same river basin there are two streams flowing
into a larger stream, the one near its source, the other near its mouth,
if the two streams are similar in all known physical respects, their
faunz will be similar, and if dissimilar, they will have different faune.
The general identity of the faune of Elk River and Powell’s River
may be noticed in this connection.

XI. Some species of fishes are confined strictly to a single river-basin,
while other species, with apparently no better meaus of diffusion or of
defense, are widely distributed, inhabiting many rivers. In illustration
of this. the limited range of each of the species of Codoma may be com-

CONCLUSIONS. 93

pared with the range of Luzxilus cornutus. In the genus Ceratichthys, C.
biguttatus probably occurs in every stream from the Susquehanna to the
Great Salt Lake, while four other species of the same genus, C. micro-
pogon, C. monachus, C. zanemus, and C. labrosus, are each, so far as is
known, confined to a single river-basin.

XII. In any river-basin, the most abundant species (of small fishes)
are usually (a) those peculiar to it, or (b) those of the widest distribution.
In illustration of this, we may notice the abundance of Codoma pyrrho-
melas and Notropis photogenis in the Santee; of Codoma stigmatura and
Luxilus cornutus in the Alabama; of Codoma eurystoma and Ceratichthys
biguttatus in the Chattahoochee; of Codoma xenura and Notemigonus
americanus in the Ocmulgee. To this rale, however, there are many
exceptions and modifications.

XIII. In general, the further south any ‘river-basin lies, the more
species are peculiar ‘to it, and the greater the differences between its
fauna and that of the neighboring streams. In illustration of this, the
differences existing between the faunz of the Alabama and Chatta-
hoochee may be compared with those between the faune of the Susque-
hanna and Delaware. Twelve genera are known to be common to the
Chattahoochee and Alabama, and twenty-three to the Susquehanna and
Delaware. In the-Southern streams, the process of evolution of specific
forms seems to have gone on more rapidly. This matter, however,
requires further investigation.

XIV. Species of the widest distribution often have breaks in their
range which cannot be accounted for by any facts now in our posses-
sion. Luxilus cornutus, so abundant in all the waters of the North and
West, does not occur, so far as is known, in any of the rivers between
the Neuse and the Alabama, in both of which streams it is abundant.
Various species range over several river-basins and then cease abruptly.
Amiurus brunneus is abundant from the Santee to the Chattahoochee, in
the latter river the most abundant food-fish, while in the very next river-
basin, the Alabama, it is unknown.

XV. Many species of wide distribution which are absent in certain
streams are there represented by certain other related species, which
may be regarded as modified descendants. Thus, in the South Atlan-
tic streams, Chanobryttus gulosus is represented by Chenobryttus viridis,
Notemigonus chrysoleucus by Notemigonus americanus. Jn the South-
west, Hupomotis aureus is represented by HLupomotis pallidus ; in the
West, Noturus gyrinus by Noturus sialis, Noturus insignis by Noturus

94 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

evilis, Noturus eleutherus by Noturus miurus, Melanura pyqmaa by Me-
lanura limi.

XVI. Other species under similar circumstances have no such repre-
sentatives. The case of Luvrilus cornutus will again illustrate.

XVII. Certain species have been known to extend their geographical
range since the opening of the cauals. Such are more especially the
migratory species of probably marine origin, as Dorosoma heterura,
Pomolobus chrysochloris, and Anguilla vulgaris. These species are now
abundant in Lake Michigan and Lake Erie, although formerly unknown
there. The range of certain Percide and Centrarchide has undoubtedly
been extended by the same means.

XVIIL. The characteristically American forms of fishes are, generally
speaking, rare or absent in the waters of New England and of the
Pacific slope. This fact has been well stated by Professor Agassiz, who
called New England “a zoological island”.

About 105 genera of fresh-water fishes occur in the waters of the
United States east of the Mississippi River. Of these, about 76 do not
occur in New England (exclusive of Lake Champlain, the fauna of
which is nearly identical with that of Lake Ontario.) Of these 30 or
fewer genera occurring in New England, all but Salvelinus, Coregonus,
EHsox, Semotilus, Rhinichthys, and possibly Amiurus, are represented by
a Single species each. From 30 to 55 genera occur in the waters of the
Pacific slope.

XIX. The larger the river-basin, the greater its variety of forms, both
venera and species. In the little Wbite River at Indianapolis, belonging
to tbe Mississippi basin, 70 species, representing 48 genera, are known
to oeccur—twice aS many as inhabit all the rivers of New England.

XX. Other things being equal, a river whose course lies in a region
of undisturbed stratified rocks or of glacial drift contains most genera
und species.

.

XXII. Conversely, rivers in regions of igneous or metamorphic rock
contain fewest Species. ,

XXII. Sources of streams on opposite sides of a high watershed often
have species in common which do not oecur in the lower courses of the
same rivers. The distribution of several mountain species, as Sa/velinus
fontinalis and Hydrophlox rubricroceus, will exemplify this.

XXIII. Certain species have a compact geographical range, occurring
in all the rivers within this range, without apparent regard to the diree-
tion of their flow. Such are Lepiopomus obscurus in the Alabama, Ten-

CONCLUSIONS. 95

nessee, and Cumberland, and Alburnops microstomus in the James, Roa-
noke, Kentucky, Cumberland, and Clinch.

XXIV. Certain species have a wide east and west range, without
apparent regard to the courses of the rivers, but are bounded on either
the north or the south by parallels of latitude.

Eucalia inconstans occurs from Western New York to Kansas and
northward, but it is never found southward of a line passing about fifty
miles south of Lake Erie. Percopsis guttatus has a like range, but its
southern boundary is in the Potomac and Ohio. Lota lacustris is simi-
larly circumscribed, but ranges farther to the east. The three species
of Lythrurus have each a belt of latitude: L. eyanocephalus belonging
to the Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi; . diplamius to the Obio
and the Potomac; ZL. ardens to the Roanoke, James, and Cumberland.
The three species of Hyodon are similarly arranged.

XXV. Certain species have a peculiar northern and eastern range,
occurring in the waters of the Upper Mississippi, in the headwaters of
the Illinois, Wabash, and Scioto, thence through the Great Lakes to
New Eneland, thence to South Carolina on the eastern slope of the
Alleghanies. Such species are Hupomotis aureus, Perca americana, and
Amiurus catus.

XXVI. Certain species have a peculiar northern and western range,
occurring in the Middle States and in the Great Lakes, and usually
southward in the east to some point in Virginia or North Carolina,
ceasivg in the same latitude on both sides of the Alleghanies, but ex-
tending southwestward through the Mississippi Valley to the Gulf of
Mexico. Among these may be mentioned Zuxilus cornutus, Notemigonus
chrysoleucus, Ambloplites rupestris, Apomotis cyanellus. The last-named
species, however, scarcely ranges east of the Alleghanies.

XXVII. Certain species have a wide range north and south, either
east or west of the Alleghanies, but do not cross that chain. Of these
may be mentioned Lepiopomus auritus, Hnneacanthus obesus, Hsox reticu-
latus, etc., on the east, and Haploiconotus grunniens, Hyodon tergisus,
Noturus miurus, Noturus sialis, ete., on the west.

XXVIII. The distribution of fresh-water fishes is dependent (a) on
fresh-water communication ; (b) on character of stream, 7. ¢., of Water—as
to pui‘ty, depth, rapidity, vegetable growth, ete.; (c) on the character of
the river-bed ; (d) on climate, as determined by latitude and by elevation
above the sea; and (eé) finally on various unknewn factors arising from
the nature or past history of the species in question, and from the geo-
logical Listory of the rivers.

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A SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILY CATOSTOMIDA.

By Davin 8. JorDAN.

Crass PISCES.
pupcLiss’ CLEMEOS PES

Orpver TELEOCEPHALL
SUBORDER EVENTOGNATHI.

Famity CATOSTOMIDA.

Catostomoid@ Git, Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Phila. v. 13, p. 8, 1861.

Catostonide Corr, Pree. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. v. 20, p. 332, 1872.

Catostomida@ JORDAN, Man. Vert. EB. U.S. p. 292, 1876.

Cyprinide gen. RAFINESQUE, Risso, CUVIER, BONAPARTE, GIRARD, BLEEKER.
Cyprinide subfam. HECKEL, AGASSIZ, BLEEKER, GUNTHER.

The family of Catostomida@, or the “Suckers”, may be briefly defined
as follows:

Hventognrathous fishes, having the pharyngeal teeth pecti-
niform, in a single row, closely approximated, very numerous, and
compressed at right angles to the direction of the bone, and the intermax-
illaries forming but a small part of the upper arch of the mouth, the
maxillaries entering into it largely on each side.*

* The following more elaborate diagnosis is given by Professor Gill (Johnson’s Uni-
versal Cyclopedia, vol. iv, p. 1574) :—‘‘ The body varies between an elongated subcylin-
drical and an oblong more or less compressed contour; the scales are of medium or
rather large size, cycloid ; the lateral line is generally present and decurved, but some-

Bull. N. M. No. 12—7 97

98 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

Harly writers on fishes, as well as most foreign ichthyologists, have
considered the Suckers as forming a mere tribe or subfamily of the
Cyprinidae, which group has been variously denominated Catostomi,
Catostomina, and Catostomina, but the characters above noted, of teeth
and mouth, seem to the writer to fully justify their separation as a dis-
tinct family T\e dorsal fin in Catostomid@ is more developed than is
usual in American Cyprinidae, although various Old World genera show
similar characters. The development of the lips and the great protrae-
tility of the mouth are features usually diagnostic, but in the genus
Quassi'abia the mouth is scarcely protractile, and among our Cypri-
nide certain species of Phenacobius and Ceratichthys have thicker lips
than have some of the Cutostomide.

The Catostomide fall at once into three well-marked subfamilies, first
indicated by Professor Gill, and termed by him Catostomina, Cycleptina,
and Bubalichthyine. These may be characterized as follows :—

Catostomine.—Body oblong or elongate, subterete or more or less
compressed: dorsal fin nearly median, short and subquadrate, with’
from nine to eighteen developed rays: ventral fins under the dorsal, of
nine or ten rays: anal fin high and short, normally of seven rays, nearer
the base of the caudal than that of the ventral fins: lips well developed,
usually papillose or plicate: gill-rakers little developed. Genera Quassi-
labia, Placopharynx, Myxostoma, BPrimyzon, Minytrema, Chasmistes,
Catostomus, Pantosteus.

Cycleptine.—Body elongate, siender: dorsal fin faleiform, of about 30
rays, beginning over the interval between the pectoral and ventral fins,
and extending as far back as the beginning of the anal fin: ventral fins
10 rayed; anal fin small, of about 7 rays: bead extremely small: scales
moderate, with the exposed surfaces broad: fontanelle entirely obliter-

times absent; the head is diversiform; the opereular bones normally developed; the
nostrils double ; the mouth more or less inferior, and provided with fleshy and gener-
ally papillose or crenated lips; the upper jaw is formed on the middle by the small
and lamelliform intermaxillaries, and on the sides by the supramaxillaries; teeth are
wanting in the jaw3; the pharyngeal bones are developed in a falciform manner, and
provided with a row of numerous comb-like teeth; the branchial apertures are re-
stricted to the sides; brauchiostegal rays three on each side ; dorsal variable in devel-
opment; anal posterior, and generally short and high; caudal large, and more or less
emarginated ; pectoral fins low down, but lateral and with their rays branched; ven-
tral fins abdominal ; the intestinal canal is very long; the stomach simple and desti-
tute of pyloric ew#ca; the air-bladder is large, unprotected by an osseous capsule, and
divided by transverse constrictions into two or three regions.”

CATOSTOMIDZ. 99

ated by the union of the parietal bones: mouth inferior, with thick
papillose lips: gill-rakers moderate, soft. Genus Cycleptus.

Bubalichthyine.—Body stout, oblong-oval, and compressed. Dorsal
fin elongate, beginning more or less in front of the ventral fins, and ex-
tending at least as far as the commencement of the anal, its rays 20 to
50 in number, the anterior ones more or less elongate: ventral rays
usually 10: anal rays 8 to 12: head stout and heavy: mouth moderate
or small, with thin lips: fontanelle open: gill-rakers of anterior arch
long, slender, and stiff above, growing smaller downwards. Genera
Carpiodes, Bubalichthys, Ichthyobus, Myxocyprinus.

As the chief purpose of this paper is to ascertain and make known
the proper nomenclature of the valid genera and species of Catostomidea,
I shall omit further discussion of family and subfamily characters, and
proceed at once to a catalogue of described species, arranged in chrono-
logical order, with the date and my identification of each species oppo-
site its name. As is the case in nearly every group of American fishes,
the number of nominal species is about three times the number really
existing. It will be noticed that the number of species which I have
admitted is in most of the Catostomoid genera fewer than has been
recognized by previous writers. This seems to me to result not from any
peculiar theories as to what constitutes a species, but from the fact that I
have had a greater range of specimens of most forms than any previous
writer has had. I am confident that in the presence of a still greater
amount of material, the characters of several other species will be found
to melt away. To indicate which these species are, in default of such
material, would, however, be an unprofitable task. In this group, as in
so many others, the truth well stated by Dr. Coues* becomes apparent:-—
‘‘ We can only predicate and define species at all from the mere cir-
cumstance of missing links. ‘Species’ are the twigs of a tree separated
from the parent stems. We name and arrange them arbitrarily, in de-
fault of a means of reconstructing the whole tree according to Nature’s
ramifications.”

* Birds of the Northwest, p. 227.

100 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.
/

List of Nominal Species of Catostomida, with Identifications.

Trominal species.

Cyprinus catostomus Forster..---. ---- 1773

“Le cyprin commersonien”* Lacépéde....| 1803
Cyprinus sucetta Lacépéde...--. .----. 1803

Cyprinus rostratus Tilesius...-...---- 1313
Cyprinus teres Mitchill........-...-..-, 1814
Cyprinus oblongus Mitebill.......----. 1914

Catostomus cyprinus Le Sueur.... -----
Cotostomus gibbosus Le Sueur. ..-. ----
Catostomus tuberculatus Le Sueur.--. -
Catostomus macrolepidotus Le Sueur-.
Catostomus aureolus Le Sueur...--. -. -
Catostomus communis Le Sueur .----..
Catostomus longirostrum Le Sueur.--.
Catostomus nigricans Le Sueur..---. --
Catostomus maculosus Le Sueur..-.---
Catostomus elongatus Le Sueur... ee
Catostomus vittatus Le Sueur.-.-..--.-.---
Catostomus duquesnii Le Sueur......-.-
Catostomus bostoniensis Le Suenr.-.-.-
Catostomus hudsonius Le Sueur..-.----
Catostomus bubalus Ratinesque .-.---- -
Catostomus erythrurus Rafinesque.....
Exoglossum macropterum Rafinesque..

Amblodon niger Rafinesque ...-.. -----

Catostomus anisurus Rafinesque.... -. -
Catostomus anisopterus Rafinesque -.-.
Catostomnus carpio Rafinesque...--.... 1820
1820
1820
1820
1820

Catostomus velifer Rafinesque.....--.. -

Catostomus xanthopus Rafinesque.....
Catostomus melanops Rafiresque....-.
Catostomus fasciolaris Ratinesque ..-. -
Catostomus flexnosus Ratinesque...... -
1820
182.

1823

~

Catostomus megastomus Ratinesque..
Catostomus forsterianus Richardson... .

Catostomus lesueurii Richardson

Date.

Ideutification.

Catestomus longirostris.

Catostomus teres.

Erimyzon sucetta.

(Catostomus) rostratus.

Catostomus teres,

Erimyzon sucetta.

Carpiodes cyprinus.

Erimyzon sucetta.

Erimyzon sucetta.

Myxostoma macrolepidotum.
Myxostoma aureolum.

Catostomus teres.

Catostomus longirostris.

Catostomus nigricans.

Catostomus nigricans.

Cycleptus elongatus.

Erimyzon sucetta.

Myxostoma macrolepidotum duquesni.
Catostomus teres.

Catostomus longirostris.

Ichthyobus bubalus.

Myxostoma macrolepidotum duquesni.
Catostomus nigricans. i
Bubalichthys sp. ?

Cycleptus elongatus.

Myxostoma macrolepidotum duquesni.
Myxostoma anisura.

Carpiodes sp.

Carpiodes carpio.

Carpiodes velifer.

Catostomus nigricans. '

Minytrema melanops.

Erimyzon sucetta.

Catostomus teres.

A myth.

Catostomus longirostris.

| Myxostoma aureolum.,

“This species is quoted by Dr. Giinther as “ Cyprinus commersonnii Lacépede”. I

have been unable to examine Lacépede’s original work, but in the reprints of it, sup-
posed to be literal, I find only the French form, “Le Cyprin Commersonien”. Unless
Lacépéde really bestowed a Latinized specific name on the species, ‘* commersoni” or
“ commersonianus” should not claim priority over. teres of Mitchill.

LIST OF

NOMINAL SPECIES.

101

- List of Nominal Species of Catostonvide, with Identifications—Continued.

Nominal species.

‘Cyprinus (Catostomus) sueurii Rich... -
Cyprinus (Catostomus) reticulatus Rich.
Catostomus graciiis Kirtland... ...--.--
Labeo elegans DeKay ..-.-...--..-.-.-
Babeo esopus: DeKay-.cc...c: 555s 65
Catostomus oneida DeKay -..--.-..-----
Catostomus pallidus DeKay...---.--.-
Labeo elongatus DeKay..---.....-.-.-
Catostomus fasciatus Le Sueur, MSS....
Catostomus planiceps Valenciennes. -.

Catostomus carpio Vaienciennes

Catostomus tilesii Valenciennes ..-.--. -

Sclerognathus cyprinella Valenciennes.
Catostomus forsterianus Agassiz

Catostomus aurora Agassiz
Catostomus latipinnis Baird & Girard..
Carpiodes urus Agassiz

Carpiodes taurus Agassiz...-.....--..-
Carpiodes bison Aguassiz........-...--.
Carpiodes vitulus Agassiz ...-...°---..
Carpiodes vacca Agassiz. ..-....-----.--
Castotomus congestus Baird & Girard -.
Catostomus clarki Baird & Girard --...
Catostomus insignis Baird & Girard...
Catostomus plebeius Baird & Girard. -.
Carpiodes tumidus Baird & Girard. .. --
Catostomus occidentalis Ayres. .--..--.
Ichthyobus ranchii Agassiz. .....--. ---
Ichthyobus stolleyi Agassiz.....-..---.
Moxostoma tenue Agassiz. ---..----- --
Carpiodes thompsoni Agassiz.-.-.-.-----
Bubalichthys niger Agassiz.....--..-- --
Bubalichthys bubalus Agassiz

Bubalichthys bonasus Agassiz.....-.-.-

Catostomus occidentalis Agassiz-.-..-.. .
Catostomus labiatus Ayres ...--..-----
Carpiodes damalis Girard
Moxostoma claviformis Girard.... ....-
Moxostoma kennerlyi Girard .......--.
Moxostoma victoriw Girard........--..
Moxostoma campbelli Girard

Ptychostomus albidus Girard ...-. eee

Ptychostomus haydeni Girard .........

Date,

1336

1836

1842

1854
1854
1854
1854
1855
1855
1855
1855
1855
1855
1855
1855
1255
1856
1856
1856
1856
1856
1856
1856

Identification.

Myxostoma aureolum ?
Catostomus teres.
Catostomus teres.
Erimyzon sucetta.
Erimyzon sucetta.

My xostoma macrolepidotum.
Catostomus teres.
Erimyzon sucetta.
Minytrema melanops.
Catostomus nigricans.
Myxostoma carpio.
(Catostomus) rostratus.
Ichthyobus bubalus.
Catostomus teres.
Catostomus longirostris.
Catostomus latipinnis.
Bubalichthys urus.
Bubalichthys sp. :
Carpiodes bison.
Bubalichtbys sp.
Carpiodes cyprinus.
Myxostoma congestum.
Catostomus clarki.
Catostomus insignis
Pantosteus plebeius.
Carpiodes cyprinus.
Catostomus occidentalis.
Ichthyobus bubalus.
Ichthyobus bubalus.
Erimyzon oblongus.
Carpiodes thompsoni.
Bubalichthys urus.
Bubalichthys bubalus.
Bubalichthys urus.
Catostomus occidentalis.
Catostomus labiatus.
Carpiodes cyprinus.
Erimyzon sucetta.
Erimyzon sucetta.
Minytrema melanops.
Erimyzon sucetta.
Myxostoma albidum,
Minytrema melanops.

102 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

List of Nominal Species of Catostomida, with Identifications—Continued.

|
Nominal species. Date. Identification.

Catostomus (Acomus) guzmaneusis Gir.| 1856 | Catostomus latipinnis.
Catostomus (Acomus) generosus Girard.| 1856 | Pantosteus generosus.

Catostomus (Acomus) griseus Girard... .| 1856 | Catostomus longirostris.
Catostomus (Acomus) lactarius Girard.| 1856 Catostomus longirostris.
Catostomus macrocheilus Girard... --. - 1856 | Catostomus macrochilus.
Catostomus sucklii Girard. ...-...-.-.-.. 1856 | Catostomus teres.
Catostomus bernardini Girard...---...-. 1856 | Catostomus occidentalis.
Catostomus texanus Abbott -.....----- 1860 | Catostomus teres.
Catostomus chloropteron Abbott...-.... 1860 | Catostomus teres.
Carpiodes asiaticus Bleeker......--....| 1864 | Myxocyprinus asiaticus.
Teretulus cervinus Cope.--.--.-------.- 1868 | Myxostoma cervinum.
Sclerognathus meridionalis Giinther ...| 1868 | Bubalichthys meridionalis.
Placopbarynx carinatus Cope..---. ..-. 1870 | Placopharynx carinatus.
Ptychostomus pappillosus Cope..-...-..| 1870 | Myxostoma papillosum.
Ptychostomus velatus Cope.-.---....--. 1870 | Myxostoma ve'atum.
Ptychostomus collapsus Cope..-..-.---. 1870 | Myxostoma velatum.
Ptychostomus pidiensis Cope.----.-. .--- 1870 | Myxostoma pidiense.
Ptychostomus coregonus Cope -- ..----- 1870 | Myxostoma coregouus.
Ptychostomus albus Cope..---. ee eres 1870 | Myxostoma album.
Ptycbostomus thalassinus Cope.-.-..--.. 1870 | Myxostoma thalassinum.
Ptychostomus robustus Cope .--.--. .-.- 1870 | Myxostoma macrolepidotur
Ptycbhostomus lachrymalis Cope.-.---..- 1870 | Myx. macrolepidotum lachrymaie.
Ptychostomus crassilabris Cope...--. -- 1870 | Myxostoma crassilabre.
Ptychostomus breviceps Cope --....---. 1870 | Myxostoma. anisnura.
Ptychostomus conus Cope....-...----.| 1870 | Myxostoma conus.
Carpiodes difformis Cope.......--..--- 1870 | Carpiodes difformis,
Carpiodes cutisanserinus Cope. ..-2-.-..| 1°70 | Carpiodes cutisanserinus.
Carpiodes selene Cope........ .....--.. 1570 | Carpiodes cutisanserinus,
Carpiodes grayi Cope..... ..-... ««<<--- 1870 | Carpiodes cypriuus.
Carpiodes nummifer Cope ........---.- 1870 | Carpiodes carpio.
Catostomus discobolus Cope- ......---- 1872 | Catostomus discobolus,
Minomus delphinus Cope......-.-.---- 1872 | Pantosteus (plebeius ?).
Minomus bardus Cope.... ........---.. 1872 | Pantosteus (plebeius ?).
Ptychostomus bucco Cope.......--.-.. 1872 | Myxostoma congestuin.
-Minomus platyrbynchus Cope .......-. 1874 | Pantosteus platyrhynebos.
Minomus jarrovii Cope.............-... 1874 | Pantosteus generosus.
Catostomus alticolus Cope...-.-......--- 1874 | Catostomus teres.
Ichthyobus cyanellus Nelson... .... .... .| 1876 | Bubalichtbys bubalus.
Pantosteus virescens Cope.... ..-.-.--.- 1876 | Pantosteus virescens.
Catostomus fecunduin Cope & Yarrow. | 1876 | Chasmistes fecundus,.
Moxostoma trisignatam Cope.... ..---- 1576 | Catostomus teres,
Ichthyobus ischyrus Nelson ........--. 1877 | Ichthyobus bubalus.
Bubalichthys altus Nelson........-.--. -| 1877 | Bubalichthys bubalus.

ait

ANALYSIS OF GENERA. 103

List of Nominal Species of Catostomide, with Identifications—Continued.

———— SEES"

Nominal species. ‘Date. Identification
Myxostoma euryops Jordan ..---- .--. | 1877 | Myxostoma euryops.
Bubalichthys bubalinus Jordan. ...-..- | 1877! Bubalichthys bubalus.
Myxostoma pecilura Jordan......--..- | 1877 Myxostoma pecilura.
Lagochila lacera Jordan & Brayton.. . ‘| 1877 | Quassilabia lacera.
Erimyzon goodei Jordan ..-....------- | 1878 | Erimyzon goodei.
Catostomus arzopus Jordan. .-.. .--- 4 1878 | Catostomus areopus.
Catostomus retropinnis Jordan.....-.- | 1878 | Catostomus retropinnis.

ANALYSIS OF GENERA OF CATOSTOMID.

* Dorsal fin short, subquadrate, with ten to eighteen developed rays: body oblong or
elongate: gill-rakers feeble. (Catostomina.)

a. Mouth singular, the upper lip not protractile, greatly enlarged, the lower lip
developed as two separate lobes: operculum very short: air-bladder
in three parts: scales large: fontanelle well developed : Jateral line
present: pharyngeal bones and teeth ordinary..---. QUASSILABIA, 1.

aa. Mouth normal, the lower lip entire or merely lobed, either tubercular or plicate.

b. Air-bladder in three parts: lateral line continuous: fontanelle present: scales
large, subequal.

c. Pharyngeal bones very strong, with the lower teeth much enlarged, subcy-
lindrical and truncate, the teeth of the upper part of the bene small
and compressed: mouth large, somewhat oblique, with very thick
Biya eee na se eae ec Sen an ae oS Se sien ba 2 PLACOPHARYNX, 2.

ec. Pharyngeal bones moderate, the teeth compressed, gradually larger down-
wards: mouth moderate or small, the lips usually plicate.

Myxostroma, 3.
bb. Air-bladder in two parts.

d. Lateral live interrupted or wanting: scales large (40 to 50 in the course of
the lateral line): lips plicate.
e. Lateral line incomplete, obsolete in the young, becoming developed in the
adult, but always more or less interrupted: mouth small, inferior.
MINYTREMA, 4.
ee. Lateral line entirely wanting: mouth somewhat oblique... ERIMYZON, 5.
dd. Lateral line complete and continuous: scales small, 55 to 115 in the course
of the lateral line.
jf. Fontanelle present.
g. Mouth very large, terminal, oblique: lips thin, nearly smooth.
CHASMISTES, 6.
gg. Mouth inferior, moderate or small, with thick, papilose lips.
CATOSTOMUS, 7.
Sf. Fontanelle obliterated by the union of the parietal bones: mouth small,
inferior, with thick, papillose lips, the lower jaw provided with a

CanbilagINOUs;SNCADN OMe och ncciq)c0is om cise cciaapens 5 PANTOSTEUS, 8.

104 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

** Dorsal fin elongate, more or less elevated in front, of about 25 or more developed
rays: air bladder in two parts.
t Fontanelle obliterated by the union of the parietal bones: head short and small:
body elongate. (Cycleptina.)
i. Mouth small, inferior, with very thick, papillose lips: scales small, 55 to 60 in
the course of the lateral line 2 -. 2s .e es. eee eee eres CYCLEPTUS, 9.
tt Fontanelle well developed: head large: body oblong or ovate: scales large, 35 to
45 in the course of the lateral line. (DBubalichthyina.)
i. Dorsal rays in moderate number (24 to 33).
j. Mouth comparatively small, inferior, protractile downwards.
k. Pharyngeal bones narrow, with the teeth comparatively thin and weak.
CARPIODES, 10.
kk, Pharyngeal bones strong, the teeth comparatively coarse and large, in-

creasing in size downwards..-.... ---..----- ------ BUBALICHTHYS, 11-

jj. Mouth guite large, terminal, protractile forwards: pharyngeal bones and
teeth moderate: lips thin, nearly smooth ...-...-.. ICHTH YOBUs, 12.

ii. Dorsal fin very Jong, of about 50 developed rays ..--...--. MyxocyPprints, 13

Genus QUASSILABIA Jordan & Brayton.

Lagochila JorpaN & BRayTON, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 280. 1877. (Preoccupied in
conchology as Lagochilus. )
Quassilabia (JORDAN & BRAYTON) JORDAN, Man. Vert, E. U. 8. ed. 2d, 401, 1878.

Type, Lagochila lacera Jordan & Brayton.

Etymology, quassus, broken or torn; labia, lip.

Suckers like Jyxostoma in every respect excepting the structure of
the mouth and opereula. Head shortish, conical, with lengthened snout;
its length 44 to 5 times in that of the body, the opercular region being
reduced, sothat the eye is well backwards: suborbital bones narrow: fon-
tanelle large, widely open. Mouth large, singular in structure, inferior,
the upper lip not protractile, greatly prolonged, closely plicate. Lower
lip much reduced, divided into two distinct elongate lobes, which are
weakly papillose. The split between these lobes extends backwards to
the edge of the dentary bones, which are provided with a rather hard,
horny plate, asin Pantosteus. The lower lip is entirely separated from
the upper at the angles by a deep fissure. The skin of the cheeks
forms a sort of cloak over this fissure, the crease separating this skin
from the mouth extending up on the sides of the muzzle. The crease
between the lips extends down on the under side of the head. System
ot muciferous tubes well developed.

Pharyngeal bones not dissimilar from the usual type in Myvostoma,
rather weak, with namerons small teeth.

Body elongate, not much compressed, not elevated. Fins moderate,
of precisely the type usual in Myzxostoma:

GENUS QUASSILABIA. 105

Scales large, precisely as in Myxostoma, the lateral line well developed
and nearly straight, with about 45 scales in its course.

Air-bladder in three parts. :

Sexual peculiarities unknown; probably Jittle marked.

But a single species of this genus is known. It is a sort of offshoot
from the genus Myxostoma, but its non-protractile mouth and singular
lower lip would seem to indicate some real aifinity with the genus Exo-
glossum.

The name Lagochilus had been previously applied to a genus of Gas-
teropods by Blanford, and toagenusof Insects by Loew. As Lagochila is
substantially the same word, with the same etymology, and as, if written
in strict correctness, it would be Lagochilus also, its authors have seen
fit to substitute the name Quassilabia, and thus to forestall all discus-
sion as to whether the name Lagouchila should be retained. As this sub-
stitution was made soon after the origiual description of the genus, and
before the name Lagochila had come iuto any general use, it is to be
hoped that it will be accepted by succeeding ichthyologists.

Generic Characterizations.

LacocuiLa Jordan & Brayton, 1877.—*‘ Similar to Myxostoma ( Ptychostomus Agassiz)
except in the structure of the mouth parts. Dorsal fin short; lateral line well dgvel-
oped; scales large, subequal ; air-bladder in three parts ; fontanelle between parietal
bones well developed ; pharyngeal bones weak, with numerous small teeth; upper lip
not all protractile, greatly enlarged, but attenuated, and sirgular in form. It consists
of two elongated and narrow lobes, separated by a narrow, deep fissure, which extends
inward to the edge of the mandible proper, which seems to be armed with a rather
hard or almost horny plate, about as in the genus Pantosteus. The two lobes of the
lip are weakly papillose. The lower lip is entirely separated from the upper at the
angles by a deep fissure. Over this fissure the skin of the cheek lies asa sort of cloak ;
the crease separating this skin from the mouth, exteuding up on the sides of the muzzle.
The fissure between the lips extends down on the skin of the under side of the head.
The opercle is extremely short and the eye is entirely in the posterior part of the head.”—
(JORDAN & Brayton, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. p. 280, 1877.)

QuASSILABIA Jordan & Brayton, 1878.—“ When the name Lagochila was first pro-
posed for this genus, its authors were not aware that the masculine form, Lagochilus,
had been already given to two differen’ genera, to one of Gasteropods by Blanford acd
to one of Insects by Loew. The words Lagochila and Lagochilus are identical in ety-
mology and in all except terminations, and many writers would consider them insufii-
ciently distinct, and would hold that the name Lagochila should be changed. At
present, Iam inclined to the contrary opinion; nevertheless, as the matter stands, and
as the name Lagochila has not yet come into general use, less confusion perhaps will
result from renaming the genus, than from any othef course. The name Quassilabia
(Jordan & Brayton) is accordingly suggested as a substitute for Lagochila, considered

to be preoccupied in concbology. The etymology is quassus, broken or torn; labia, lip.

106 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— IIL.

The case is precisely like that of the genus of Doves, Leptoptila Swainson, lately named
“Echmoptila by Dr. Coues, on account of the previous Leptoptilus of Lesson.”—(JORDAN,
Bull. U. S, Geol. Surv. Terr. vol iv, No. 2, p. 418, 1878.)

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF QUASSILABIA.

*Head short, conical, with lengthened snout, the region between the eyes flattened
and with prominent mucous ridges: cheeks and lower part of head rather swollen:
opercle much reduced, its greatest length scarcely greater than the diameter of the
eye: head about 4¢in length: eye 4} in length of head, about 2 in length of the snout,
its situation thus quite posterior; length of the top of the head 1} in the distance
from the snout to the base of the dorsal. Body rather slender, the form being
between that of Myxostoma cervinum and M. macrolepidotum, the depth 4} in the length.
Dorsal fin rather low; its rays I, 12; A. 1, 7; V.9. Scales 5-45-5, Color olive or
bluish-brown above; sides and belly silvery ; lower fins faintly orange...LACERA, 1.

1, QUASSILABIA LACERA Jordan & Brayton.
Hare-lip Sucker. Split-mouth Sucker. May Sucker of the Scioto, Cut-lips.

1877—Lagochila lacera JORDAN & BRAYTON, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 280, 1877.
Lagochila lacera JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 511, 1878.
Quassilabia lacera JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 406, 1878.
Quassilabia lacera JORDAN, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr, 418, 1878.

Hapirat.—Tennessee River. Scioto River.

Quiy three specimens of this singular Sucker are yet known. Two of
these were taken by Professor Brayton and myself in the Chickamauga
River at Ringgold, Catoosa County, Georgia, and the other in Elk River
near Estill Springs, Tennessee. In both these streams, the species was
well known to the fishermen, who said that it is one of the most abun-
dant species in those waters, and one of the most highly valued for food.
In the Chickamauga, it is known as the Hare-lip or Split-mouth Sucker
None of the specimens taken were mature, the largest being but ten
inches long, so that its maximum size cannot be given.

Since the above was written, a fine large specimen has been sent to me
by J. H. Klippart, Esq., of the Ohio Fish Commission. It was taken in
Scioto River near Columbus, in April, 1878. Mr. Klippart informs me
that the species is well known to the Scioto fishermen, who call it May
Sucker, as it runs up the river in May. That so strongly marked a spe-
cies has so loug escaped the attention of ichthyologists in the State of
Ohio is singular.

Specimens in United States National Museum.

Number.| _ Locality. Collector.

— | Chickamauga River ............-...- Rw a tenn eas eat D. 8. Jordan.

Ls ll

GENUS PLACOPHARYNX. 107

Genus PLACOPHARYNX Cope.

Placopharynx Core, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 467, 1870.

Type, Placopharynx carinatus Cope.

Etymology, 7Aué, a broad surface ; gapvys, pharynx.

Suckers like Myxostoma in all respects, except that the pharyngeal
bones are much more developed, and the teeth reduced in number, those
on the lower half of the bone very large, 6 to 10in number, nearly cylin-
dric in form, being but little compressed, and with a broad, rounded
or flattened grinding surface. The forms and positions of these en-
larged teeth vary greatly. In aspecimen before me, the first tooth is
the highest and most compressed, its summit being rounded and then
abruptly truncate. The second tooth is notably shorter and thicker,
much larger, and rounded on top, the body of the tooth serving as a pe-
duncle for the swollen grinding surface. The third tooth is still shorter
and similar in form. The fourth tooth is similar to the first, being much
higher than the second and third, and flat on top. The others seem to
be irregularly alternated or arranged in pairs, a long one and a short
one, the long teeth in all cases veing the most truncated, as if their sar-
faces had been most worn off. j

As I have at present no perfect specimens of this genus, nothing but
very young specimens, and pharyngeal jaws of aduits, I cannot do*better
than toe copy Professor Cope’s original description, which seems to be
an accurate one. I substitute the generic names used in this paper
(Myxostoma, etc.) for those used by Professor Cope (Ptychostomus, ete.),
whenever a difference occurs :—

*¢ Allied to Myxostoma. The pharyng€al teeth much reduced in num-
ber, only seven on the proximal half of the bone, cylindri¢ in forin, with
a broad, truncate triturating surface. These play against a broad, cres-
centic, chitin-like shield on the posterior roo’ of the pharyngeal cavity.
Three divisions of the vesica xatatoria.

‘“ With a great superficial resembiance to Myxostoma, the masticatory
apparatus is different from that of any Catostomoid form known to me,
and combines peculiarities observed in some forms of true Cyprinidae.
The chitin-like shield is found in some of the latter; it is represented in
Catostomus, Myxostoma, and Carpiodes by a narrow and very thin pel-
licle of the same material, frequently interrupted in the middle line.”

But one species of the genus is known. It is apparently widely dis-
tributed through the Mississippi Valley and the Great Lakes, but its

108 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

peculiarities are rarely noticed unless the pharyngeal teeth ave exposed.
The writer has obtained four sets of the pharyngeal jaws and one entire
skeleton, but has seen only two small specimens, collected by Professor
Brayton in the Illinois River, and has obtained none in life.

Since the foregoing was written, I have collected numerous large
specimens in the French Broad River, North Carolina, where it 1s the
most abundant member of the family, known to all fishermen as the *‘ Red
Horse”. With a great superficial resemblance to the Northern Red
Horse (Myxostoma macrolepidotum), Placopharyne carinatus differs from
all the species of Myxostoma in its larger and more oblique mouth and
extremely thick lips.

2. PLACOPHARYNX CARINATUS Cope.
Big-jawed Sucker.

1870—Placopharynz carinatus Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 467, 1870.
Placopharynz carinatus JORDAN, Fishes of Ind. 221, 1875. (Name only.)
Placopharyne carinatus JORDAN, Man. Vert. 296, 1876.

Placopharynx carinatus NELSON, Bull. No. 1 Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. 49, 1876.

Placopharynx carinatus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 158, 1876. (Name
only.)

Placopharynzx carinatus JORDAN, Proce. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 72, 1877.

Placopharynx carinatus JORDAN & GILBERT, in Klippart’s Rept. 53,1577. (Name
only.)

Placopharynx carinatus KLippart, First Report Ohio Fish Commission, 86, 1877.

Placopharynz carinatus JORDAN, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ix, 50,1877. (Name only.)

Placopharynx carinatus JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 311, 1878.

Placopharyna carinatus JORDAN, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Surv. vol. iv, No. 2, p. 417, 1878.

Hapirat.—Mississippi Valley and . Great Lakes. Wabash River (Cope, Jordan).

Scioto River. Ohio River. Detroit River. Illinois River. French Broad River,

The following is Professor Cope’s description of this species :—

* The physiognomy and proportions of this sucker are those of the
Pt. erythrurus or the ‘red horse’ of the Western Rivers.

“The lips are large and plicate, the anterior pendent like that of the P.
collapsus, the posterior fall like that of Pt. cervinus. Muzzle vertically
truneate. Length of head in that of body four times; depth of body in
same 3.66 times; scales 6—41—5. Radii D. XIV, V.9, A. 7. Free mar-
gin of dorsal straight, not elevated anteriorly. Occipital region more
elevated medially than in Pt. erythrurus, superior ridges well marked,
with a special addition characteristic of this species, and of none other
with which I am acquainted. ‘This is a median longitudinal frontal
ridge, extending from the fontanelle to between the nasal ridges. Only

PLACOPHARYNX CARINATUS. 109

the posterior extremity of this ridge appears in some Ptychostomi. Orbit
longitudinally oval, 4.5 times in length of head, twice in interorbital
width. Type, fourteen inches in length. |

‘Color in alcohol like that of other species, uniform straw or whitish
silvery.

** The pharyngeal bones of this species are much stoater than those of
other species of its own and greater size, e. g., Pt. aureolus of eighteen
inches, where they are comparatively slight. The exteroposterior ala is
twice as wide as the body inside the teeth is deep, and but for its short
base and narrowed tip would do for that of a Semotilus. But while there
are seven broad teeth without heel or cusp on the basal half, there are
at least forty on the distal half, they becoming more compressed and
finally like those of other allied genera. ‘There are fourteen with trun-
cate extremities. The pharyngeal plate has narrow horns directed up-
wards and forwards, and is thickened medially. It is placed immedi-
ately in advance of the opening of the cesophagus. I have but one
specimen of this curious species, which I obtained at Lafayette, on the
Wabash River, in Indiana.”

The writer has in his collection two young specimens obtained in Illi-
nois River by Prof. Brayton, a skeleton of a very large individual
found in Scioto River by Dr. J. W. Wheaton, and a pair of pharyngeal
bones taken by Dr. G. M. Levette from a fish taken in the Wabash at
Terre Haute. I have also seen a pair of pharyngeals and an air-bladder
of one taken in Detroit River by Professor Baird, and now in the United
States National Museum, and a jaw from “ Post-pliocene ” deposits near
the Falls of the Ohio, found by Dr. John Sloan. The jaws and air-
bladder above noticed are the only specimens of this species preserved
in the National Museum.

Since the foregoing was written, the writer has obtained numerous
living specimens of Placopharynx carinatus from the French Broad at
Wolf Creek and other localities in North Carolina. From one of these,
the following description was taken :—

Body oblong, moderately compressed, heavy at the shoulders: head
very large, 3% in length of the body: eye small, behind the middle of the
head: mouth extremely large, the lower jaw oblique when the mouth is
closed, the mouth, therefore, protractile forwards as well as downwards :
lips very thick, coarsely plicate, the lower lip full and heavy, truncate
behind: head above evenly rounded, in my specimens not showing the
carination described by Professor Cope: scales 6-45-6: dorsal rays 13 ;

ventral 9: color brassy-green above; lower fins red.

110 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

Genus MYXOSTOMA (Rajinesque) Jordan.

Catostomus sp. LE SuEuR, and of all writers till 1855.

Moxostoma RAFINESQUE, Ichthyologia Ohiensis, 1820, 54. (Proposed as a subgenus for
those species of Catostomus with eight ventral rays and the caudal lobes un-
equal: type C. anisurus Raf.)

Teretulus RAFINESQUE, Ichthyologia Ohiensis, 1820, 57, (As a subgenns, to include
those species of Catostomus with nine ventral rays: no type designated —most
of the species recorded belong to the present genus. C. awreolus Le Sueur is
the species first mentioned, and to this species and its relatives the name
Terelulus was afterwards restricted by Professor Cope.)

Ptychostomus AGassiz, American Journal of Science and Arts, 1855, p. 203. (No type
designated : the species mentioned are P. aureslus, P. macrolepidotus, P. duques-
nii,and P. melanops. P. aureolus has been considered the type of the genus.)

Teretulus Cope, Journ. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 1868, 236.

Moxostoma JORDAN, Manual of Vertebrates, 1876, 295.

Myxostoma JORDAN, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. 1877, 348. (Corrected orthography.)

Etymology, uifa, to suck ; oréua, mouth.

Type, Catostomus anisurus Rafivesque.

Body more or less elongate, sometimes nearly terete, usually more or
less compressed.

Head variously long or short, its length ranging from 34 to 54 in that
of the body: eye usually rather large, varying from 3 to 6 times in the
length of the side of the head, its position high up and median or
rather posterior: suborbital bones very narrow, always much longer
than broad, their width less than one-fourth that of the fleshy part of
the cheek: fontanelle on top of head always well open, the parietal
bones not coalescing.

Mouth varying much in size, always inferior in position, the mandible
being hovizontal or nearly so: lips usually well developed, the form of
the lower varying in different sections of the genus, usually with a slight
median fissure, but never deeply incised; the lips with transverse
plice—the folds rarely so broken up as to form papilla#: jaws without
conspicuous cartilaginous sheath: muciferous system considerably de-
veloped, a chain of tubes along the supraorbital region, a branch of
which extends around behind the eye and forwards along the suborbital
bones and the lower edge of the preorbital: opereular bones moderately
developed, nearly smooth: isthmus broad: gill-rakers weak, moder-
ately long, in length about half the diameter of the eye.

Pharyngeal bones rather weak, much as in Hrimyzon and Catostomus,

—

GENUS MYXOSTOMA. jt

the teeth rather coarser, strongly compressed, the lower five or six much
stronger than the others, which are rapidly diminished in size upwards,
each with a prominent internal cusp.

Scales large, more or less quadrate in form, nearly equal in size over
the body, and not specially crowded anywhere, usually about 44 in the
lateral line (41 to 56), and about twelve series between dorsal and ven-
trals. Lateral line well developed, straight or anteriorly decurved.

Fins well developed, the dorsal inserted about midway of the
body, its first rays usually rather nearer snout than the caudal, the
number of developed rays usually about 13, but varying in different
species from 11 to 17: anal fin short and high, usually emarginate in
the male fish, probably always with seven developed rays: veutrals in-
serted nearly under the middle of the dorsal; their number of rays nor-
mally 9, occasionally varying to 10; the occurrence of ten ventral rays
is probably an accidental individual character, and not a permanent
specific one: caudal fin deeply forked, the lobes about equal, except in
two species.

Air-bladder with three chambers: skeleton essentially as in Catostomus,
the vertebrae in M. carpio 27-14 (Giinther).

Sexual peculiarities little marked, the males in the spawning season
with the lower fins reddened, and the anal rays swollen and somewhat
tuberculate.

This genus is widely diffused, some of its species occurring in all the
waters of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, excepting
those of the New England States. Some of the more aberrant species
seem to be quite local; other species are of the widest distribution. The
principal species in the genus, although not the technical type, M/. ma-
crolepidotum, is very widely diffused, and is subject to much variation.

This genus is one readily recognizable by external appearance, its
species being known to the fishermen as “ Red Horse” and ‘“ Mullet” ;
those of other genera being called rather “ Suckers”. Its proper nomen-
clature has, however, been a subject of considerable uncertainty.

The subgenus Moxostoma was originally proposed by Rafinesque to
include C. anisurus Raf., with the following diagnosis :—“ Body oblong,
compressed ; head compressed, eight abdominal rays; dorsal fin com-
monly longitudinal; tail commonly unéqually forked.”

The characters here noticed are either common to several genera,
or else merely specific, and the use of the generic name must de-
pend on our identification of the original typical species. By some

112 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.
‘

process of reasoning not now explainable, Professor Agassiz identified
this with the common Chub Sucker of the West, a species which I con-
sider identical with Cyprinus oblongus Mitchill. He thus transferred the
name Moxvostoma trom the * Red Horse” to the **Chab Sucker” group.
Rafinesque’s description, however, renders it evident that his fish was
one of the Red Horse kind; and as Movxostoma is the first generic name
applied to species of that group, it must be retained in spite of the
incompleteness of the origival diagnosis.

Teretulus Rafinesque was proposed three pages later for “an extensive
subgenus, to which belong all the following species of Le Sueur: CO. au-
reolus, C. macrolepidotus, C. longirostrum, C. nigricans, C. vittatus, OC.
maculosus, C. sucetta, besides the C. teres and C. oblongus ot Mitebill.”
To these he adds his own species, C. melanops, O. melanotus (= Campo-
stoma), O. fasciolaris, C. erythrurus, and C. flecuosus. This “ omnium ga-
therum” receives the following diagnosis:—* Body elongate cylindrical
or somewhat quadrangular, 9 abdominal rays, dorsal fin commonly small,
tail equally forked.”

A name proposed for a group of this kind, in the opinion of the pres-
ent writer, should not be set aside, but should be retained for some one
o: more of the species originally referred to it, and when any writer
adopts such a genus, he shall have the right to select any of the species
as its type, and the name should be considered thereatter as applying
to such typical species only, not to be revived in case such typical species
be afterwards found to have had a prior generic name. In case no such
type has been selected by any author, then the * principle of exclusion”
should be applied, and the name be retained for such species as may be
left to the last, on subtracting from the mongrel group the different
component genera in chronological order.

In this view, Zeretulus, having been by Protessor Cope, in 1568, re-
stricted to C. aureolus Le S. and its aflines, these being congeneric with
species previously called Movostoma, becomes a synonym of Moxostoma,
and cannot be used for a distinet genus. The principle of exclusion,
if unmodified, would require us to use the name Teretulus for those
species left on subtracting Catostomus proper, Moxostoma, Campostoma,
Hrimyzon, and Hypentelium, i. e., in place of Minytrema.

Ptychostomvs Agassiz was proposed for this same group, without
reference to the two names conferred by Rafinesque. This genus was
well characterized by Professor Agassiz on the peculiarities of the scales

GENUS MYXOSTOMA. THs

and lips, although the species of Minytrema was inadvertentiy included
init. The most important generic feature, the tricellular air biadder,
was first noticed by Professor Cope.

I have seen fit to change the orthography of the name from Moxostoma
to Myxostoma, in accordance with its appareutetymology. This change
is rather desirable from the fact that it tends to avoid confusion, the
name Moxostoma having been commonly used in connection with a
different genus.

The genus Myxostoma contains two well-marked sections, typified
respectively by M. velatum and M. macrolepidotum, and characterized by
the form of the mouth and lower lip: that of M. velata being as in the
genus Hrimyzon; that of M. macrolepidotum being of the character most
common in this genus.

Generic Characterizations.

Moxostoma Rafinesque, 1820.— Body oblong, compressed; head compressed, eight
abdominal rays, dorsal fin commonly longitudinal ; tail commonly unequally forked.”—
(Ichthyologia Ohiensis, p. 54.)

TERETULUS Rafinesque, 1820.—* Body elongate cylindrical or somewhat quadrangu-
lar, 9 abdominal rays, dorsal fics commonly small; tail equally forked. An exten-
sive subgenus, to which belong all the following species of Le Sueur: C. aureolus, C.
macrolepidotus, C. longirostrum, C. nigricans, C. vittatus, C. maculosus, C. sucetta, besides
the C. teres and C. oblongus of Dr. Mitchill.”—(Jch. Oh. p. 57.)

Prycuostomes Agassiz, 1855.—‘‘In resp<ct to form of body and the structure and
position of the fins, this genus does not differ from Catostomus proper, but may be
distinguished by the following structural peculiarities. The lips are marked by trans-
verse ridges or folds, and hardly bilobed below; they are not papillated as in Catosto-
mus proper. The generic name of this type is derived from this character of the lips
The head is shorter and stouter. The dorsalis longer than it is high, but m the males,
it is longer in proportion than in the females. The anal of the male is also broader
than that of the female, and its lower margin lobed, while in the female it is trape-
zoidal and narrow.

‘The ecales are as large on the anterior as on the posterior region of the body; their
ver.ical diameter about as great as the longitudinal, so that the scales are nearly quad-
rangular, with rounded edges; the ornamental concentric ridges not longer nor broader
upon the posterior than upon the lateral and anterior fields; the radiating furrows few,
only one or two in the posterior field and one on each side limiting that field from the
lateral fields; those of the anterior field are more numerous, and yet not crowded.
Tube of the lateral line arising in the centre of radiation or farther back upon the
posterior field.

“The pharyngeals are strong, their entire edge spreading like a wing, and that
spreading margin is separated from the symphysis by a deep emargination. The
teeth increasing rather rapidly in size from above downwards, are more apart from one

Bull. N. M. No, 12—8

114 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

another than in the preceding genera, and arched inward as in Moxostoma, the inner
edge of the lower ones square, its inner margin rising into a broad cusp in the middle
and upper teeth.” —( American Journ. Sci. Arts, xix, p. 203.)

TerEeTuLUS Cope, 1868.—“The essential character of this genus is the division of
the natatory bladder into three chambers, while Catostomus and all Cyprinids, exhibit
but two. This feature is accompanied by plicate lips, as Agassiz bas indicated, and
nine rays to the ventral fin, already pointed out by Rafinesque. The species are the
largest scaled of the typical suckers. Le Sueur and Valenciennes have pointed out
the generic features in the P. macrolepidotus ; Prof. Baird informs me that it occurs
in Pt. florealis Bd., and I find it in Pt, cervinus and Pt. duquesnii. 16 no doubt exists
also in the Pt. aureolus. Other species described by Baird and Girard from the South-
west probably possess ib.

“Tt is difficult to assign a name to this genus. Rafinesque proposes if upon unten-
able characters, and includes with it species of Moxostoma and Catostomus. Agassiz
purged it of these clements, but did not express its essential character, apparently rely-
ing on the plicate lips. I have taken the older name, leaving for others the final
decision.” —(Journal Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, p. 236.)

Prycuosromus Cope, 1870.—*: The development of the lips furnish important diag-
nostic indications in thi#genus. Inu those most nearly allied to Moxostoma, the inferior
lip resembles that of that genus in being narrower and deeply incised, emarginate
posteriorly forming a figure V with the apex forwards, at the same time the superior
lip is very thin and often narrow. Such species are shorter, and tend to a great de-
velopment of dorsal fin. Others of this type are more clongate. Some species of both
are distinguished by their very prominent conie muzzle and minute, inferior mouth,
reminding one of the Carpiodes. In one species-the lips are papillose instead of plicate.
In some species, the mouth is very projectile, in others scarcely so at all.

“ Rafinesqne proposed a genus Teretulus on the characteristic peculiarity of nine ven-
tral radii, belonging to most.species of this genus. He however included species of
two other genera. On this account, Agassiz, in rearranging the suckers, imposed on
itthe name standing at the head of this article, regarding the plicate lips as a primary
character. 1 think Rafinesque’s name is to be rejected, owing to its ill application ;
the more as I find two species in which there are ten ventral radii. I adopt that of
Agassiz, though 1 showed, when describing the Pt. cervinus, that the tricellular nata-
tory bladder was a more distinctive feature. This becomes the more obvious now that
I have found a species where the lips are tubereular instead of plicate.”—( Proc. dm.
Philos. Soc. Phila. p. 469.)

MoxostoMma Jordan, 1876.—** Dorsal moderate, of 11 to 20 rays: air bladder in three
parts: lips usually plicate: lateral line very distinct: pharyngeal teeth numerous and
all small, of the usual type, the bones slender” (in comparison with those of Placopha-
rynz).—( Man. Vert. E£. U.S. p. 292.)

Moxostoma Cope & Jordan, 1877.—“ Body oblong or elongate, with a short sub-
quadrate dorsal fin of 10 to 17 developed rays: air bladder in three parts: lateral line
present: fontanelle present: scales large, subequal: pharyngeal bones not especially
enlarged, the teeth of the usual type.”—(Jorpan, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1877, p.
-B1.)

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF MYXOSTOMA. 115
ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF MYXOSTOMA.

* Lips distinctly plicate.
t Lower lip full, its posterior edge truncate, not infolded and “ A-shaped ”.
a. Species with the body distinctly compressed, the depth 3} to nearly 5in length.
b. Dorsal fin largely develored, its rays 15 to 18 in number: head rather large, '
32 to 44 in length, broad above: mouth large, with full lips: eye rather
large: body deep, strongly compressed, the back somewhat elevated, the
depth about 3} in length: dorsal fin high and large, larger than in any
other species.of the genus, the first ray about as long as the base of the
fin: scales 5-43-4, quite large: coloration very pale and silvery, the lower
NRE IRO eee cee eos cues fee nee coors e seman aueeansys COARPIO Oo.
6b, Dorsal fin moderate, its rays 12 to 14 in number.
c. Seales large, 41 to 50 in the course of the lateral line.
d. Caudal fin normal, the two lobes about equal and similarly colored.

e. Head singular in form, much shortened, the muzzle very abruptly de-
curved, descending almost perpendicularly in front of the eye: the
head wedge-shaped from behind forwards, and less so from below
upwards, its sides subvertical and the lower cross-diameter of the
head greater than the upper.

f. Eye very large, more than one-third the length of the side of the
head (in an individual of six inches in length): lips thin, very
faintly plicate: width of head through the opercles greater tha
the thickness of the body: head 4} in length; depth about the .
same: dorsal rays 13: scales 6-43-5: body shortish, closely com-
pressed, the back somewhat elevated, and the caudal peduncle
unusually long in proportion : color smoky-blue ; lower fins white:
size probably small..........~....--- ------ --- 202 eo oe EURYOPS, 4.

ce. Head normal in form, not as above.

g. Mouth moderate or large, not very small, nor very much overpassed
by the muzzle: lips thick, strongly plicate: body stoutish, vary-
ing to moderately elongate: dorsal fin medium, its developed
rays 12 to 14, usually 13 in number: scales large, about 6-45-5:
lower fins in the adult red or orange.

h. Head comparatively elongate, 4 to 5 in length: mouth large:
size very large, reaching a length of two feet

OL MOL 2s snseieeisteeeee ys MACROLEPIDOTUM, 5.

x. Head quite elongate, 4to 4% in length: back little
elevated: body rather elongate, not greatly
compressed: scales pretty large, 6-42 to 49-5:

back bluish or olive ; sides brilliantly silvery,

with bright reflections ; dorsal fin dusky above ;

lower fins bright red ...-...-.--. -- duquesnit,

zx. Head a little shorter, 44 to 4? in length: form
of the preceding: scales distinctly smaller,

7 or 8-48 to 50-6: back with much smoky
BHAI G we ew cicane cossse- sce seams. lachrymale.

115 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III. |

*Lips distinctly plicate—Continued.

xxx. Head still shorter and deeper, 44 to 5 in length,
its upper profile concurrent with the curve
of the back, which is considerably elevated,
the form being thus somewhat elliptical: sides
compressed : dorsal rays usually 13: coloration
little silvery, the sides reflecting brownish and
golden ; back smoky, some of the scales dusky
at base: scales 6-42 to 50-5....macrolepidotum.

hh. Head comparatively short, low and small, 5 to 5} in length;
back elevated and compressed; depth 8} in length: mouth
rather smalJ, more or less overpassed by the snout: color-
ation bright yellowish-brown, etc., not silvery; lower fins
bright red : dorsal rays 13: scales 6-42 to 48-5: size large.
AUREOLUM, 6.
gg. Mouth very small, much overpassed by the conic muzzle: head
small, about 5 in length,
i. Body flattish, the back elevated and compressed; depth 32:
muzzle contracted : scales large, 5-44-5: dorsal rays usually
12: dorsal fin elevated in front, its first soft ray longer than
the base of the fin: color silvery, with smoky shading
above, some of the scales blackish at their bases; lower fins
white; top of head, humeral bar, and dorsal fin dusky.
CRASSILABRE, 7.
ii. Body flattish, the dorsal outline elevated, the form being like
that of MW. coregonus: head small and conic: mouth exceed-
ingly small, the snout far overpassing it, the muzzle being
much longer than in M. crassilabre: dorsal tays 14: eye
large: coloration smoky above, some scales dusky at their
bases ; sides pale; lower fins white...-.......-..-CONUS, 8.
dd, Caudal fin with the upper lobe falcate, much longer than the lower, at
least in the adult, the lobes similarly colored: dorsal fin short and
high, faleate: body compressed; back somewhat elevated ; depth 34
in Jength: head conic, flattish, 5} in length: mouth very small, much as
in aureolum. D, 12-13, balf higher than long : scales 6-46-5.
ANISURA, 9.
ddd. Caudal fin with the lower lobe much longer than the upper and differ-
ently colored, the upper lobe in the adult being red, the
inferior jet-black, its two lowermost developed rays and
their membranes abruptly white (? in both sexes). Body
elongate, moderately compressed, somewhat elevated for-
wards; depth 4} in length: head about the same: mouth
medium, the lips full: dorsal rays 13: scales large, 544-4:
coloration usual, except of the caudal fin; other fins all red,
with blackish shadings: size small.......... PCECILURA, 10,

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF MYXOSTOMA. L1G

“Lips distinctly plicate—Continued.
cc. Seales very small for the genus, about 9-56-8 in number: body moderately
elongate, the depth about 4 in the length.
ee. Head shortish, conic, the snout not much projecting, about 4 in length:
eye large: dorsal fin small, with about eleven rays, the last rapidly
shortened (characters of mouth unknown, but probably similar to
macrolepidotum and pecilura; it is said to be “ much larger than in
PES CONGESLUSL Oy ea nisie ct ieiae ce lenses acetes nes cseses ALBIDUM, I,
aa. Species with the body elongate, little compressed, broad, the depgh about 5
in length, not very much greater than the thickness.

j. Head very short, roundish above, rather pointed forwards,
about 5 in length: cheeks subvertical : mouth rather large,
with thick lips, which are strongly plicate, the folds some-
what broken up: eye small: fins very small, the dorsal
rays 10 to 12: scales rather large, 6-44 to 49-5: color green-
ish-brown, a pale blotch on each scale, these forming con-
tinuous streaks along the rows of scales: back with more
or less distinct brownish cross-blotches ; fins brownish, not
much red; the dorsal blackish at tip: size smallest: length
Jessythanvalootimes csc. sees ceccjec ese sceiencls CERVINUM, 12.

tt Lower lip thin, not infolded and ‘“A-shaped”, forming a narrow, crescent-shaped
border around the mandible.

k. Head small, 5 times in length: muzzle prominent, but
less so than in M. coreyonus: mouth moderate: back a

little elevated: depth about 3} in length: dorsal rays 12
to 14, its free border ofien incised : scales 6-45-5: colora-
tion very pale; lower fins white: size large; reaches a
weight of four pounds or more..-...---.------ ALBUM, 13.
kk. Head stout, as in M. velatum, rather long, 4 in length,
flattish above, muzzle truncate, not very prominent:
mouth moderate: back elevated: dorsal fin long, of 14
or 15 rays: sea-green above; white below; lower fins
Wit ir cmaloeisieia ceric cite croc nic ciepslac’e sche LHALAGSINUM, 145
ttt Lower lip, infolded, A-shaped when viewed from below, with a distinct median
crease, in which the two halves of the lip meet, forming
an acute angle: mouth small.

1, Dorsal large, with 16 (15 to 17) developed rays.
m. Body stout, deep, compressed, the back elevated, the
depth 3 to 4 in length: head short, heavy, flattish
and broad above, thick through the cheeks, 3% to 44
in length: eye rather large, midway in head, 4 to
5 in its length: muzzle rather prominent, bluntish,
overhanging the very small mouth: fins very large :
dorsal long and high, its height five-sixths the length
of the head: pectorals nearly reaching ventrals-
color silvery, smoky above; lower fins red: size
BAT DP Oineecaivase aceite ciccene coe ccc. co <- VELATUM, Lok

118 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

*Lips distinctly plicate—Continued.
ll. Dorsal moderate, with 12 to 14 developed rays.
n. Head comparatively large, about 4 in length: dorsal
rays usually 12,

o. Head short and very wide through the opercles,
flat. above: body stout, the back somewhat
elevated, depth 4in length: muzzle subtrun-
cate, slightly projecting : scales 6-40-5: oliva-

e ceous, silvery below; dorsal fin dusky.
CONGESTUM, 16.

oo. Head rather long, 44 in length, flattish above :
body elongate, more nearly cylindrical, little
compressed: muzzle truncate: olivaceous, some-
times with rows of faint spots along the series
of scales; dorsal and caudal fins black-edged:
size quite small: resembles M. cervinum, but the
mouth entirely different .....--- PIDIENSE, 17.

nn. Head very small, about 5 in length: muzzle conic,
much projecting beyond the very small mouth;
body broadly fusiform, much compressed, the
back elevated and arched: dorsal rays 14: color
silvery, with plumbeous shades above; lower
fins white: size small .....---. COREGONUS, 18.
** Lips full, strongly papillose, much as in the subgenus Hypentelium.

p. Body comparatively stout, the dorsal region
somewhat elevated and rounded, the depth
being about 4 in length, the head about the
same: eye rather large, high up and well back,
the preorbital space being longer than ir the
other species: top of head flafi: dorsal rays 12
to 14: scales rather Jarge, 6-42-5: lips well
developed, deeply incised: color silvery; back
with smoky shading; lower fins white: size
large, reaches a length of about. two feet

PAPILLOSUM, 19.

3. MYXOSTOMA CARPIO (Valenciennes) Jordan.

Carp Mullet. White Lake Mullet.

1844—Catostomus carpio VALENCIENNES, Cuv. et Val. Hist. Nat. des Paiss. xvii, 457, pl.
517.
Catostomus carpio STORER, Synopsis, 426, 1346.
Catostonius carpio GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus, vii, 20, 1568.
Ptychostomus carpio Corr, Proc, Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 476, 1870,
Ptychostomus carpio JORDAN, Fisbes of Ind, 221, 1575. (Name only.)

MYXOSTOMA EURYOPS. 119

Moxostoma carpio JORDAN, Man. Vert. 296, 1876.

Teretulus carpio NELSON, Bull. No. 1, Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. 49, 1876.

Teretulus carpio JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 157, 1876. (Name only.)

Moxostoma carpio JORDAN & GILBERT, in Klippart’s Rept. Fish Comm. Ohio, 53,
1877. (Name only.)

Myxostoma carpio JORDAN, Man. Vert. E. U.S. ed. 2d, 312, 1878.

Hapirat.—Great Lake Region and northward. Also in the Ohio River.

This species is apparently not very common, and its distribution is
probably chiefly northward. I have obtained but one living specimen,
a fine large one, from Lae des Buttes des Morts, in Northeastern Wis-
consin. This specimen in life was extremely pale and silvery, its fins
having none of the orange coloration common to most of the species.
M. carpio is related to M. macrolepidotum, but the much greater develop-
ment of the dorsal will always distinguish it.

Specimens in United States National Museum.

Number. Locality. | Collector.

10793 | CincinnatimOhionss-2 ee sees see te sewiee Gone wand he wens | J. W. Milner.
11214 | Alpena, Mich. (Lake Huron) J. W. Milner.
12270 | Cincinnati. Ohio J. W. Milner.
12271 | Cincinnati, Ohio J. W. Milner.
12293 | Cincinnati, Obio | J. W. Milner.
=O ManictitarOhio. 22.2 ltt oe aetees ate se. Se | Prof. Andrews.

| |

4, MYXOSTOMA EURYOPS Jordan.

Snub-nosed Sucker.

1876—Teretulus euryops JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 157. (Name only.)
Myxostoma euryops JORDAN, Aun. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. xi. 348, 1877.
Myxostoma euryops JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 312, 1¢73.

Hapsirat.—Alabama River.

This species is still known only from the type-specimen obtained in
Lovejoy’s Creek, a small tributary of Oostanaula River, a few miles
north of Rome, Ga. The species is most nearly related to M. macrolepi-
dotum, and it is barely possible that the type specimen is a monstrosity
of that species. The peculiarities of the mouth, and the fact that the
bones of the head seem to be normally developed, lead me to consider it
a distinct species.

120. CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—AI1.

5. MYXOSTOMA MACROLEPIDOTUM (Le Sueur) Jordan.
Common Red Horse Mullet. White Sucker. Large-scaled Sucker.
a. Subspecies macrolepidotum.

1817— Catoslomus macrolepidotus Li: SUEUR, Journ. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. i, 94.
Catostomus macrolepidotus DreKay, New York Fauna, part iv, Fishes, 202, 1842.
Catostomus macrolepidotus CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, xvii,
447, 1844.
Catostomus macrolepidotus STOKER, Synopsis, 420, 1846.
Ptychostomus macrolepidotus AGAssiz, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, 2d series, xix, 204,
1855.
Ptychostomus macrolepidotus Corr, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 475, 1870.
Ptychostomus macrolepidotus JORDAN, Fishes of Ind, 221, 1875. (Name only.)
Moxostoma macrolepidotum JORDAN, Man, Vert. 296, 1876.
Teretulus macrolepidotum NELson, Bull. No. 1, Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. 49, 1876.
Catostomus macrolepidotus UHLER & LUGGER, Fishes of Maryland, 140, 1576.
Teretulus macrolepidotus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List; x, 157, 1876. (Name
only.)
Moxostoma macrolepidota JORDAN & GILBERT, in Klippart’s Rept. 53, 1876. (Name
only.)
Mysxostoma macrolepidota JORDAN, Man. Vert. E. U.S. ed. 2d, 313, 1878.
1842— Catostomus oneida DEKay, New York Fauna, part iv, Fishes, 192.
Catostomus oneida STORER, Synopsis, 425, 1846.
Ptychostomus oneida Corr, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 476, 1870.
1870— Ptychostomus robustus COPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila, 473.
Teretulus robustus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 157, 1876. (Name only.)
1576—Ptychostomus congestus Cop: & Yarrow, Lieutenant Wheeler’s Expl. W. 100th
Mer. v, 680, 1876. (Not of Girard.)
Haprrat.—North Carolina to Vermont, and northwestward through the Great Lake
Region and the Upper Mississippi—the only form of the species occurring east of the

Alleghany Mountains. (Also in Arizona?)
b. Subspecies lachrymale (Cope) Jordan.

1870— Ptychostomus lachrymalis Corr, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila, 474.
Teretulus lachrymalis JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 157, 1876. (Name only.)
Myxostoma duquesnii var. lachrymalis JORDAN, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. xi, 349,
1877.

Myxostoma macrolepidota var. lachrymalis JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 313, 1878,

Hapirat.—North Carolina to Alabama.

c. Subspecies duquesnei (Le Sueur) Jordan.

1817—Catostomus duquesnii Le Surcr, Journ. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 105,
Catostomus duquesnii RAFINESQUE, Ich. Ob. GO, 1820.
Catostomus duquesnié KIRTLAND, Rept. Zool, Olio, 164, 1838.

Catostomus duquesnii DeKay, New York Fauna, part iv, Fishes, 203, 1842.

ah

<— Fes Set

MYXOSTOMA MACROLEPIDOTUM. Tae

Catostomus duquesniti CuvimR & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, xvii,
458, 1844.
Catostomus duquesnii KIRTLAND, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. y; 268, 1845.
Catostomus duquesnii STORER, Synopsis, 423, 1846.
Ptychostomus duquesnit AGAssiz, Am. Journ. Sc. Arts, 2d series, xix, 204, 1855.
Catostomus duquesnii GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, 18, 1868.
Teretulus duquesnei Corr, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 236, 1868.
Ptychostomus duquesni Cor“, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 476, 1870.
Ptychostomus duquesnei JORDAN, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist. 95, 1876,
Moxostoma duquesnii JORDAN, Man. Vert. 295, 1876.
Catostomus duquesnii UHLER & LUGGER, Fishes of Maryland, 139, 1876.
Teretulus duquesnii NELSON, Bull. No. 1, Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. 49, 1876.
Teretulus duquesniit JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 157, 1876. (Namo only.)
Moxostoma duquesnei JORDAN & GILBERT, in Klippart’s Rept. 53, 1876. (Name
only.)
Myzxostoma duquesnii JORDAN, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. xi, 349, 1877.
Myzxostoma duquesnii JORDAN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. ix, 37, 1877.
Myxostoma nacrolepidota var. duquesni JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, p. 313, 1873,
1818—Catostomus erythrurus, RAFINESQUE, Am. Month. Mag. and Crit. Rev. 354,
Catostomus erythrurus RAFINESQUE, Ich. Oh. 59, 1820.
Catostomus erythrurus KIRTLAND, Rept. Zool. Ohio, 168, 1838.
Ptychostomus erythrurus Corr, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 474, 1870.
Ptychostomus erythrurus JORDAN, Fishes of Ind. 221, 1875. (Name only.)
Teretulus erythrurus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 157, 1576. (Name only.)
1820—Rutilus melanurus RAFINESQUE, Ich. Oh. 51.
Hapirat.—Ohio Valley. Upper Mississippi River and southward; most abundant

from Wiscousin to Georgia.

Examination of a very large series of “Mullet” and ‘“ Red Horse”
from various parts of the country has led me to the conclusion, at first
rather unexpected, that all the various forms included in the above
synonymy belong to one widely diffused and somewhat variable species.

The “ Mullet” of the lakes and of Eastern Pennsylvania appears gen-
erally to differ in the more elevated and compressed body, shorter,
deeper head, and brownish or brassy rather than silvery coloration.
This represents the general tendency of ‘var. macrolepidotum”; but
specimens of ‘“*duquesnet” can be found which will match the average
macrolepidotum in each of these respects. The form which I have iden-
tified with Professor Cope’s lachrymale is to some extent intermediate,
but has the additional peculiarity of smaller scales. In this respect,
however, occasional individuals, both of duquesnet and of macrolepidotum,
can be found which approach it.

The form inhabiting the waters of the eastern and northern parts of the
United Statesis the variety macrolepidotum. Itis sold commonly as a food-

122 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III,

fish in the winter and spring in the markets of Washington and Philadel-
phia, as well asin the markets of those cities in the West which are sup-
plied by the fisheries of the Great Lakes. It is probably much more
abundant in Lake Erie than M. aureolum is, and it has been frequeutly
confounded with the latter species. I ouce obtained two specimens,
each of nearly twelve pounds weight, in the Fox River in Wisconsin.

In the Ohio River and its tributaries, and in the rivers of the South-
west generally, the var. duquesnii is the prevailing form. This variety
is more delicately colored than the other, the silvery lustre of the seales
is more strongly marked, and the red of the fins is rather more vivid.
This form, too, is valued somewhat as a food-fish, although the flesh,
like that of all the Suckers, is comparatively coarse, tasteless, and full of
boves. The variety duquesnei is everywhere known by the curious ver-
nacular name of * Red Horse”, a name possibly to be accounted for by
the color of the fins and the form of the bead. This variety also grows
to a large size.

The variety lachrymale I only know from specimens obtained iu Eto-
wah River, Georgia, in company with the variety duquesnei. Nothing
distinctive was noticed in regard to its habits.

The Red Horse prefer rather deep, clear water, seldom ascending very
small streams, and then chiefly in the spawning season—in May—at
which time they may be found in great abundance in any rapid of a
river or a creek, or below a mill-pond. They are generally caught by
nets, traps, or snares, but wili frequently bite at a hook baited with a
worm.

In the confinement of an aquarium, the Red Horse are not very hardy.
Foul water kills them at once.

Synonyms.—The earliest name given to a Red Horse is that of Cato-
stomus macrolepidotus Le Sueur. The specific name macrolepidotus must
therefore be retained for this species. The specific name oneida, given
by DeKay to an individual from Oneida Lake, New York, doubtless
belongs here, as the var. macrolepidotum is the only member of this
genus known to inbabit that part of New York, and there are no serious
discrepancies in the rather poor description.

Ptychostomus robustus Cope may possibly be different; but as its de-
seriber has failed to note any distinctive characters which I consider
likely to be permanent, I am compelled to refer it here. It is from Yad-
kin River in North Carolina. A Ptychostomus congestus is described by
Cope aud Yarrow from Arizona. It is probably not Girard’s species ot

MYXOSTOMA MACROLEPIDOTUM. 123

that name, and Lam unable to distinguish it from typical macrolepidotum,
although the mouth is rather small, more like that of aureolum.

I have identified certain specimens with Professor Cope’s P. lachrymale
with a little doubt, as the points of differentiation which I notice are not
those emphasized by Professor Cope. The original types, which I believe
are now lost, were fram the Neuse River in North Carolina. In describ-
ing this species, Professor Cope remarks, ‘‘ This species is quite near the
last (P. erythrurus) and may at some future time be shown to be a local
variety of it, but in this case P. macrolepidotus must follow also.”

The synonyms of var. duquesnet may now be noticed. Of these,
the only one of importance is that of Catostomus erythrurus Rafinesque,
recently recognized by Professor Cope as a species distinct from P.
duquesnii.

The presence of ten ventral rays in duquesnii, as contrasted with nine
ventral rays in erytirurus, is the chief point cn which Professor Cope
relies to distinguish the two species. He also finds the mouth rather
more inferior in duquesnii, and the scales rather smaller, 7-48-7, instead
of 5-42-4.

In regard to the number of ventral rays, my experience is that in every
species of the genus the normal number is ning, but that ten-rayed
individuals occur in the proportion of about one in twenty in any of the
species. I have seen specimens of duquesnit with nine rays on one side
and ten on the other. I have therefore discarded all consideration of
the number of ventral rays as a specific character. In regard to the
number of scales in the lateral line, the usual number in most of the
species is 43 to 44; but of every species in which I have been enabled
to examine a large series of individuals, I have found a range extend-
ing from 42 to 49. I have seen ten-rayed specimens of duquesxet with
large scales, and nine-rayed erythruri with smallones. Within the limit
of 42 to 50 I therefore do not consider the number of scales as a perma-
nent specific character. The greater prominence of the muzzle in duques-
nei, as Observed by Professor Cope, is perhaps accidental or individual.
At all events, it is too uncertain a feature to base a species on.

The Rutilus melanurus of Rafinesque is, as I have elsewhere shown,
probably a young Red Horse, with a dusky-shaded dorsal and caudal,
which that acute, but superficial, observer mistook for a species of Dace.

124 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—HI.

Number.

$754

9056
10631
10682
10689
11106
12316
12317
12318
12319
16755
18251
18253
18254
18255

18256

18257 |

19451
20230

20263 |

20278

8025
8526

10794

12268 |

12269
12272
20040
20075

20773

“Probably North Carolina? iso.) see 2a oo

Potomac ‘River -2 5.22) 2 once te on ieee ae J.W. Milner.
Potomac River cise couse ee eet aka aaa eee J. W. Milner.
Potomac Riven nccu-.c oem eee eee ec a ene J. W. Milner.
POto DSO \RIVONt coe oo tance ao ee nae eee J. W. Milner.
PotomaceRiveltkc sos sos toee coe nce eee ee eee pee J. W. Milner.
Potomiag Riviersc. sc. xacinacio bk cmetinwwecclcs seen oases J. W. Milner.
PotomaciW verse esse esecas soncae ese cdosae eee J.W. Milner.
Potomac River .........--. Re ceirae eae Se eee eee J. W. Milner.
Ash Creek, Arizona": CONngestus*) ..s<-cove weonee se oae =. Dr. J.T. Rockrock.
Potomac hives... s22schoe See coca saranda eee ce tee oee G. B. Goode.
(Potomac! Rivers... Sas + Se. -s 28 eee eee tes tee eee G. B. Goode.
Potomac River. <<: Sige cet ok sce ethan oonemeraete G. B. Goode.
Potomac Biver-2.<sa5-s.--eeeeeeeeriee ey tee ceee eeeeeee G. B. Goode.
Potomac -Rivieriscccc. caseec cc ce oeisece 6 lose ase eee G. B. Goode.
Potomac River csno ce 220s teas cesews Soe So eeemeen ee G. B. Goode.

) POtoniac River Se. deewecc (aoe be asec saeeae pee deme eee J.W. Milner.
Black River; Newsy orks (2222 508 S228 oes eee et 8. F. Baird.
Nebraska, Pacific Railroad Survey .--..-.-..----. .----- Governor Stevens,
‘Brooklyn? .6 cee oes ciisccnecs Bes aek see emia J. C. Brevoort.

Specimens in United States National Museum.

Locality. Collector.

Var. macrolepidotum.

Yellow: Grecks,Ohio tee =-m->. Sots) - hae eee ee See 8. F. Baird.

CmeinnatiS Obion 2a ccsces- cee ee eee hs ee ee ene J. W. Milner
Cincinnati; Obie 2 255i. ueschsaewals youn sea ee ee oueee J. W. Milner.
OtncintiataiOhiGsn. ceerc. = oan ae aes ee ieee ie ae eee J. W. Milner.
Cindinnati; Ohio o2 fet cen cc cue eteaiee coca aecne ences J. W. Milner.

Cumberland River, Tennessee -.... ...--...---..---..-.| A. Winchell.

Normal, Hlinoiaii3.0 2265s asUsne coe ae eee eee S. A. Forbeer.

6. MYXOSTOMA AUREOLUM (Le Sueur) Jordan.

Golden Red Horse. Lake Mullet.

1817—Catostomus aureolus Le Surur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 95.

Catostomus aureolus KiInTLAND, Rept. Zool. Ohio, 168, 1838.

Catostomus aureolus KIRTLAND, Boston Journ, Nat. Hist. iii, 349, 1840.
Catostomus aureolus DeKay, New York Fauna, part iv, Fishes, 201, 1842.

MYXOSTOMA AUREOLUM. 125

Catostomus aureolus STORER, Synopsis, 420, 1846.
Catostomus aureolus AGASsizZ, Lake Superior, 357, 1850.
Ptychostomus aureolus AGAssiz, Am. Journ. Se. Ar.s, 2d series, xix, 204, 1855.
Ptychostomus aureolus PUTNAM, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 10, 1863.
Ptychostomus aureofus Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 285, 1864.
Catostomus aureolus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus, vii, 16, 1868. (In part;
description apparently copied and confused.)
Ptychostomus aureolus COPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 476, 1876
Mozxostoma aureolum JORDAN, Man. Vert. 295, 1876.
Teretulus aureolum NELSON, Bull. No. 1, Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. 49, 1876.
Teretulus aurcolus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 157, 1876. (Name only.)
Moxostoma aureola JORDAN & GILBERT, in Klippart’s Rept. 53, 1876. (Name only.)
Myxostoma aureola JORDAN, Man. Vert. E. U. S. ed. 2d, 314, 1878.
1823 — Catos omus lesueurii RiIcHARDsSON, Franklin’s Journal, 772, 1823.
1336—Cyprinus (Catostomus) suewriti RICHARDSON, Faun. Bor.-Am. Fishes, pp. 118, 303,
1836.
Catostomus sueuriti CUV. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, xvii, 465, 1844.
Catostomus sueuri DEKay, New York Fauna, part iv, Fishes, 203, 1842.
Catostomus sucuriti STORER, Synopsis, 425, 1846.
Ptychostomus sueurti COPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 477, 1870.
Teretulus sueurii JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 157, 1876. (Name only.)
1868-—Catostomus macrolepidotus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, 18,1868. (Excl.
syn. part. Not of Le Sueur.)

HapitaT.—Great Lake Region, Upper Missouri and Ohio Valleys, and northward.

This species is very closely related to the last, and may possibly be a
variety of it, as specimens of var. macrolepidotum often occur which are
with difficulty distinguished from it. In general, however, the smaller
head, smaller mouth, and deeper body of aureolum sufficiently distin-
guish them. This species is less abundant than macrolepidotum, and is
apparently more northerly in its distribution. It has been well figured
by DeKay.

The synonymy of this species needs no special remark. It seems
probable that OC. lesueuri belongs here, although the statement that
“the muzzle projects an inch beyond the mouth” in a specimen 19
inches long, if correct, would indicate difference. The name “le syewrit”
was first given, and afterwards changed to “suewrii ” on the ground that
the article “le” is not an integral part of Le Sueur’s name.

126 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.
Specimens in. United States National Museum.

4

Number. Locality. Collector.

T70 Hes. SUMO Aa cp ee Se See ae ree Oss. ares

Bob? CarlislojPa 2 5510 aces eee eas et wee ee ee eee S. F. Baird.
13074 | Sandusky, Ohio’: =< -2¢,coeeewe se eee ses eee eee ee ee J. W. Milner.
11161 | Sandusky, Ohio. 2355226 Soi Seo. cance ewes eat ree: J. W. Milner.
19267 ||. Cincinnati;OlMo +. cee ce boas sone eee ee ee J. W. Milner.
12294:| Cinema, Ob10 son. coe eine oa oa ay ee eee J. W. Milner.
19446. | Weobse, Michi oo 8-5 oes: Shs ee ga es J. W. Milner.
20272 | Root River, Wisconsin.........-.. ae 2e aes ee S. F. Baird.

7. MYXOSTOMA CRASSILABRE (Cope) Jordan.
Thick-lipped Mullet.

1870—Ptychostomus crassilabris Copr, Proc. Am. Philos. Soe. Phila. 477, 1870.
Teretulus crassilabris JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 157, 1876. (Name only.)
Myxostoma crassilabris JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 314, 1878.

Hanirat.—Neuse River, North Carolina.

This species is known only from Professor Cope’s description. It
appears to be distinct from WM. awreolum, which is probably its nearest
relative. Nothing has been noted in regard to its habits.

8. MYXOSTOMA CONUS (Cope) Jordan.

Long-nosed Mullet.

1870—Ptychostomus conus, Copr, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 478.
Teretulus conus, JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 157, 1876. (Name only.)

Mycostoma conus, JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 314, 1878.

a
Hapirat.—Yadkin River, North Carolina.

This species is also known only from Professor Cope’s account. There
appears, however, to be no room for doubt as to its specific distinetion.
As stated by Professor Cope, ‘this fish represents the P. coregonus in
the section with fully-developed lips.”

It is taken in large numbers in the Yadkin River, “‘ with Pt. collapsus,
Pt. robustus, ete., but is of less value than they.”

9 MYXOSTOMA ANISURA (Ra/finesque) Jordan.

Long-tailed Red Horse.

1820—Catostomus anisurus RAFINESQUE, Ichthyologia Ohiensis, 54.
Myzxostoma anisura JORDAN, Man. Vert, ed. 2d, 315, 1878.

MYXOSTOMA ANISURA. Vad

1870—Ptychostomus breviceps Corr, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 478,
Teretulus breviceps JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 157, 1876. (Name only.)
Moxostoma breviceps JORDAN & GILBERT, in Klippart’s Rept. 53, 1576. (Name
only.)
Myxostoma breviceps JORDAN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 9, 50, 1877. (Name only.)

Hapitat.—Ohio Valley and Great Lakes.

This species, first described by Rafinesque in 1820, has been entirely
lost sight of by succeeding writers, and I, doubting the existence in the
Ohio River of a species characterized by the marked inequality of the
caudal lobes, have hitherto followed Dr. Kirtland in using the name
anisura for the fish recently named collapsus by Professor Cope. Some
specimens lately examined by me from the Obio River have shown the
existence of a fish corresponding very closely to Rafinesque’s account,
and which really has the inequality of the caudal fin, on which he lays
such emphasis, and which suggested the name anisurus (unequal-tail).
This fish appears to be the same as that to which Professor Cope has
given the name of breviceps. Professor Cope had, however, but a single
specimen, in poor condition, and did not notice the falcation of the
caudal, or, more likely, that fin was not preserved intact. I have, some
time since, examined Professor Cope’s type, preserved in the Museum
of the Academy of Natural Sciences, at Philadelphia, and believe it to
be identical with M. anisura Raf. The form of the head and body and
of the mouth are similar in the two, and the dorsal in both is simi-
larly faleate.

This species resembles auwreolum in every respect, except that the
dorsal fin is shorter, and elevated or faleate in front, the free border
being deeply incised, and that the caudal fin is similarly elongated, the
upper lobe being much the longer and greatly attenuated.

The following are the measurements of three specimens: 10,788, from
Sandusky, and 12,267 and 12,294 from Cincinnati. The fractions indi-
cate percentage of the length to the base of the caudal :—

128 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY-—III.

Measurements of three specimens of Myxostoma anisura.

| 10788. | 12267. | 12294.
Length Anohes= 2. isc ten seam cos ca ior me ee oe eee ee 24 84 | 10}
TOP GBs cote aaa ata = ales ol mee a ae eee oe re |} .% ; 27 20
ent Of head s2ss.0 ee aide oe eoanereei nom oe deme et eee yoke aT | .18
Width ‘of interorbital ares 2.20).42--. -eee ete ae eee | FOS: ite eee ee
Length of. snoutss. 7-4ecces as ae eae onie eee taabee es | pOSSs|t-ee ne aoe
ve chs cw sacaniued aeteGe ae ik cen heoees Ceo =A OSS on ae eee
Length'of Daseiof:dorsd) oceg cee cae cee eee seen eee | . 154 . 144 .16
Height of longest ray cf dorsal....--.....-. Sainte eee . 22 2 pee 234
Height:of last ray Of Genial sic. 22 2Ge ce warac rn eet ee en ee he ee eae er neers
Length/of appericandal/lobeeses.. -sed-cetel noe ceus see fu St . 20 .3l
Lenpth of lowercanudalohet== i sinjodene es ses cae eee | 26 25 25
Denpthiof middle candalwrays-+---seeee sees ace eae eee cee aA furl oc Bo eee eee
RSGraa cRy SS ores sae ot a Be eens | 2,13 | 2,12 | 2,13
PSN OS ere ret eee ara caer ie Ne IE et pe eR G-46-5 | 6G-45-5 |.---..-

It is perhaps barely possible that this fish is the male of aureolum
at a certain age, but it seems to me decidedly improbable. The resem-
blance between the two is, however, very strong, and, except for the |
fins, they conld hardly be distinguished.

Specimens in United States National Museum.

Naomber. Locality. Collector.
BB OD al sence im atong om ote oe ene a ce ing Pacis ee es oe
LOTG8 | Sandusky, Olio= 5-2. cse ce sen ensees comer e eon ue eee J. W. Milner.
LLL0S)| (Cinciinatl OU ses ceca eeitee sae cee deca ce ene J. W. Milner.
LILO7) | sO inemnati; ODIOW ss oes oe aetseee women. aoe See eee eee J. W. Milner.
11108: | Cincinnati; Ohiod.2 set tae fete Fee ee ees. See ee J. W. Milner.

10. MYXOSTOMA PQASCILURA Jordan.
Variegated-tailed Red Horse.
1877—Myzxostoma pacilura JORDAN, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus, x, 66, 1877,
Myxostoma pacilura JORDAN, Man, Vert. ed. 2d, 315, 1878,

Hapitat.—Tangipahoa River, Southeastern Louisiana.

This singular species is known only from two specimens in the United
States National Museum, recently collected by Mr. Fred. Mather, of
the United States Fish Commission. Whether the peculiar form and
coloration of the caudal is general or is confined to the male sex is not
certain. In any event, it will serve to sharply distinguish this species
from all the others now known. In other respects, it most approaches
M. macrolepidotum lachrymale.

MYXOSTOMA CERVINUM. . 129

Specimens in United States National Museum.
|

Number. Locality. Collector.

216928. |) Danoipaloa River, Louisiana---.---->--.--2------ --<--- I'red. Mather.

11. MYXOSTOMA ALBIDUM (Girard) Jordan.

Small-scaled Red Horse.

1856— Ptychostomus albidus GrRARD, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 172.
Ptychostomus albidus GirarpD, U. 8. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichth. 36, pl. xix, f. 5-8,
1859. ;
Teretulus albidus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 157, 1876. (Namie only.)
Myzxostoma albidum JORDAN, Man. Vert. E. U.S. 315, 1878. ,

. -@ :
HaBiraT.—Rio San Juan, near Monterey, New Leon, in Mexico.

This species is known only from Girard’s figure and description. No
account of the lips is given, but the mouth is said to be a “ great deal
larger” than in M. congestum. The description is trivial, but the figure,
if at all correct, represents a species quite unlike our other members of
the genus; the chief character being the much smaller size of the scales,
Which in the description are merely stated to be “smaller than in con-
gestus”. The species may possibly belong to some section of the genus
other than the one in which it is here placed. The original types, No.
170, U.S. Nat. Museum, from Rio San Juan, near Monterey, New Leon,
are no longer to be found.

12. MYXOSTOMA CERVINUM (Cope) Jordan.
Jump-rocks. Jumping Mullet.

1868—Teretulus cervinus COPE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 236.

Piychostomus cervinus COPE, Proc. Am. Philos, Soc. Phila. 478, 1870.

Moxostoma cervinum JORDAN, Man. Vert. 296, 1876.

Teretulus cervinus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 157, 1876. (Name only.)

Myxostoma cervinum JORDAN, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. xi, 365, 1877.

Mysxostoma cervinum JORDAN, Man. Vert. E. U.S. ed. 2d, 315, 1878.
1868—Catostomus duquesniti GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, 483. (Not of Le

Sueur, nor of p. 18.)

Hapirat.—Rivers of the South Atlantic States, from the James to the Chattahoochee.

This is a strongly marked and very abundant species, the smallest of
its genus, and one of the smallest of the Catostomide. It occurs in the

*Two specimens, types of the species.

Bull. N. M. No. 12—9

<e

130 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

greatest abundance in the swift streams of the South, frequenting
especially the rapids or “shoals”, and often throwing itself from the
water in its endeavors to reach some higher rock-pool. It is too small
and the flesh spoils too quickly to be much valued for food, but great
numbers are caught for “fun” by negroes and boys. The largest speci-
mens which I have seen were taken in the Chattahoochee, and are about
ten incles in length ; ordinary individuals are four to six inches long.

Specimens in United States National Museum.

Number. Locality. | Collector.
ZOGai| sc owrerkale a we aes) ae minimus aaa melas ous Semele ae eee eee
BESS it eo es ene Se ee et ee
PIAS ||) CatawDarRiver.scse<c2sc aceon seco aeenn eee seemiaes | E. D. Cope.
— Oocniulese Miverccoo. oe cses hee esses dene eee ees | D.S. Jordan.
_- Saluda Miner: f2 2520s sa ene ose mc abet cane emcees | Dre Oraany
— Chattahoochee River-ce= sccasesen ee ee eeae peered | D.S. Jordan.

15. MYXOSTOMA ALBUM (Cope) Jordan.
White Mullet.

1870—P/ychostomus albus Corr, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 472.
Teretulus albus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 158, 1876. (Name only.)

Myxostoma alba JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 316, 1878.

Hapirar.—Catawba and other rivers of Eastern North Carolina.

This species is well marked by the peculiar form of the under lip,
which is quite small—a narrow, regular crescent following the boundary
ef the mandible, not full, as in the species previously noted, nor with
the sides folding so as to meet on the middle line, as in the remaining
species (excepting thalassinum). Specimens from North Carolina in the
National Museum correspond well to Professor Cope’s description, except
that the back is rather more elevated than one would infer from Pro-
fessor Cope’s remarks, The dorsal rays are 12 and 13 instead of 14,
The following are the measurements of two of them, 18,535 and 14,943,
both from Kinston, N, C.:—

* Types.

' MYXOSTOMA THALASSINUM. Loa

Measurements of two specimens of Myxostoma album.

18535. 14943,
eM Si MACOS ase selene «sessile seseiniiaaelatsocincacce acinies saa 13 114
Depth (percentage of length to base of caudal).....---...----- .32 . 30
Mono unuoOte hendmarntac ces seins ncaa s sieioeelenioaice eee acres ocioae 20 . 20
MWidunotinterorbital area. 25-5 ccereccmncieses secises ae Sea . 10 . 10
Meng inrOmsnOUbiace scale caciceraciscioceeerecie = <lesisieisiessleiniacl esis ss'o RUSE ecicseinnctace
MIAMOLEL Of \OLDIUb os eeiose 2 oss ce ce sacvsecarsn seal sae elscto sacs ROAPE TA acess S
Weng thyGrease: Of GOrsall soe anis sjoseseseetiaca wesc vale eevee 219 whe
Eeeneemaredarual ees scores oo a ee od Beat Ceo a 22 184
Herphitiot lastirayon dOTsal. ccte-c<ccises aos Sols qsclen sets cose OD Mes ce Sees
Penn Or Onber CAUGAl TAYE: =... .<sces sone we lcene. saicisee s-clsees ean |e eiecmees
Length of middle caudal rays ...-....--- Mis to Sa ceee tinea SOA ese ce aces
Wen ihyOrspecloralgaasoss tiesto sates eee se cone aceon. seus, shea ROU eGec 2 cous
Wumiberof dorsal rays) sss seeisce cocieces Sas ccs ce tee sec. se 2,13 2,12
eee ree Ve ence cots ss. oS eee eee oe oe let G45 [Ou ss. .

The form is elliptical, not much compressed, but rather elevated,
somewhatas in Hrimyzon sucetta. Headshort and stout, bluntish, broad,
and rounded above; mouth somewhat inferior ; the plice of the lips few
and rather broken ; dorsal fin high, its free border somewhat concave ;
caudal strongly forked ; color lustrous white, with greenish reflections.

This is one of the largest species, reaching the weight of four pounds
or more. Professor Cope states that it is much valued as a food-fish by
pecple living in the neighborhood of Catawba River, where it is known
as the White Mullet.

Specimens in United States National Museum.

Number. Locality. Collector.
MOG SH Nori ny Carolinagstecias ck ons osc cals clears ceyaeeee eee G. B. Goode.
Bae em BOISE Nc © as cael a” chee Hs seep oe none ae ance aerce ce G. B. Goode.
ADOC eNorihy Carolinaytcses are. toe ces so ieee eee eee G. B. Goode.
"18535 Kanstons NaC et eae 5a aid 2: Se sepa el tea ee J. W. Milner.
RUA OON NOLUON CATON Wye cao wate specs: cae ses ae ere eee G. B. Goode.

14. MYXOSTOMA THALASSINUM (Cope) Jordan.
Green Mullet.

1870—Ptychostomus thalassinus Corn, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 472, 1870.
Teretulus thalassinus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 158, 1876. (Name only.)
Myxostoma thalassina JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 316, 1878.
Hapirat.—Yadkin River.

132 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

I have yot seen this species. From Professor Cope’s description, it
would appear to be allied to Jf. album, but distinguishable by the
longer head. Itis a large species, abundant in the Yadkin River, where
it is used for food.

15. MYXOSTOMA VELATUM (Cope) Jordan.
Small-mouthed Red Horse.

1845—Catostomus anisurus KinTLaAND, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. v, 269 (with plate).
(Not of Rafinesque.)
Catostomus anisurus STORER, Synopsis, 424, 1846.
Ptychostomus anisurus JORDAN, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist. 94, 1876. (Name
only.)
Moxostoma anisurus JORDAN, Man. Vert. 295, 1876.
Teretulus anisurus NELSON, Bull. No. 1, Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. 49, 1876.
Teretulus anisurus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 158, 1876. (Name only.)
Moxostoma anisurum JORDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 72, 1877.
Moxostoma anisurum JORDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 80, 1877.
Moxostoma anisura JoRDAN & GILBERT, in Klippart’s Refit. 53, 1877. (Name
only.)
Myzxostoma anisura JORDAN, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ix, 33, 1877.
1870—Plychostomus velatus Corr, Proc, Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 471.
Moxostoma velatum JORDAN, Man. Vert. 296, 1876.
Teretulus velatum NELSON, Bull. No. 1, Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. 49, 1876.
Teretulus velatus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 158, 1876. (Name only.)
Moxostoma velata JORDAN & GILBERT, in Klippart’s Rept. 53, 1576. (Name only.)
Myxostoma velata JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 317, 1878.
1870—Ptychostomus collapsus Corr, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 471.

Hapitat.—Upper Mississippi Valley to Georgia and South Carolina, Neuse, Yadkin,
Catawba, Clinch, Youghiogheny and Wabash Rivers (Cope). Chickamauga, Ohio
Wabash, Illinois, Rock, and Wisconsin Rivers (Jordan). Lake Erie (Jordan).

This species is one of the most widely distributed species, although
it does not seem to be as abundant in individuals as several others.
There is considerable variation in form among different specimens, but
all the species with long dorsal fin and small A-shaped mouth appear
to belong to one species, for which the name velatum should be retained.

The finding of a species with unequal caudal lobes renders it evident
that the identification of Rafinesque’s anisurus with this species is in-
correct. The name next in order is velatus Cope. The difference in
the size of the eye between collapsus Cope and velatus Cope appears to
be due to difference in age merely. Younger specimens have the eye
proportionally larger. /

MYXOSTOMA PIDIENSE. 133

I did not find any specimens of this species in the United States
National Museum. The types of velatus and collapsus, preserved in the
Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences, at Philadelphia, I have
examined.

16. MYXOSTOMA CONGESTUM (Baird & Girard) Jordan.
Gibbous Sucker.

1854— Catostomus congestus BAIRD & GIRARD, Proce. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 27.
Ptychostomus congestus GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 172, 1856.
Ptychostomus congestus GIRARD, U. 8. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichth. 36, pl. xxi, f. 5-8,.
1859.
Catostomus congestus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, 19, 1868.
Teretulus congestus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 157, 1876. (Name only.)
Myxostoma congesta JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 317, 1878.
1872—Ptychostomus bucco Copr, Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Wyoming, 1870, 437.
Teretulus bucco JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 157, 1876. (Name only.)

HaBiTat.—Kansas to Texas,

The original type of congestus, No. 171, from Rio Salado, Texas, col-
lected in 1851 by John H. Clark, seems to have disappeared from the
Museum. No description of the mouth has been given, except that it is
“very small”. The species, therefore, probably has a mouth similar to
that of velatum, and, if so, is probably identical with the species since
described as P. bucco by Professor Cope. I have not seen the type of
P. bueco, and, therefore, can only suggest the probable identity of the
two; but, as the matter is likely to remain long unsettled, it seems best
provisionally to unite them. ‘“P. congestus” Cope & Yarrow is certainly
not this species; more likely a form of M. macrolepidotum.

17. MYXOSTOMA PIDIENSE (Cope) Jordan.
Mullet of the Great Pedee.

1870—Ptychostomus pidiensis Corr, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 471.
Teretulus pidiensis JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 158, 1876. (Name only.)
Myxostoma pidiensis JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 317, 1878.

Hasirat.—Great Pedee River, North Carolina.

This appears to be a slender species, resembling “P. cervinus in color,
form, and size”. Professor Cope obtained it in the Yadkin River. I
have not seen it. No specimens are in the National Museum.

134 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

18. MYXOSTOMA COREGONUS (Cope) Jordan.
Blue Mullet.

1870—Ptychostomus coregonus COPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 472.
Teretulus coregonus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 158, 1876. (Name only.)
Myxostoma coregonus JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 317, 1878.

Hapirat.—Catawba and Yadkin Rivers, North Carolina.

I have not seen this species. Professor Cope states that “it never
exceeds a foot in length, and .is very abundant in the Catawba and
Yadkin Rivers. It is caught with the preceding two species and is
used for food, but is the least valued of all the species. It is called at
Morganton, Blue Mullet.” There are no specimens in the National
Museum.

19. MYXOSTOMA PAPILLOSUM (Cope) Jordan.
Papillose Mullet.

1870—Ptychostomus pappillosus Corr, Proc. Am. Philos. Soe. Phila. 470.
Teretulus pappillosus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 158, 1876. (Name only.)
Myxostoma papillosum JORDAN, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. xi, 366, 1877. (Ocmul-
gee River.)
Myzxostoma papillosa JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 318, 1878.

Hapirat.—North Carolina to Georgia.

This species appears to be very abundant in all the streams from the
Great Pedee to the Altamaha. In its general character and appearance,
it is very similar to the rest of the genus; but the mouth is remarkably
different, the lower lip being full, thick, decidedly papillose, strongly
incised behind, being very much as in Catostomus nigricans.

My specimens do not agree very well with Professor Cope’s deserip-
tion; but this is probably due to their greater size. Still, a possibi-
lity exists that two species of this type inbabit our South Atlantic
States.

The head in my specimens is very large, flattish above, narrowed for-
wards, and more than one fourth of the length, without caudal. The
mouth is very large and inferior. The body is oblong, compressed,
heavy forwards; the back moderately elevated. The eye is quite large,
high up, and well back. The free border of the dorsal fin is sometimes

MYXOSTOMA PAPILLOSUM. isa

convex, sometimes concave. The following are the measurements of
two specimens :—

14989. 18536,

Men SUN ING NEStet eae nas ac ce cateioe ea oee oe craasecerencs ae 164 12
meno (percentaroof length))<\..cs4 +o -cec oscee cose enscos ose ~29 sed
Elekta eater a ser fona a nies qo isa oalal ana’ Nsieaiciac Soa cisen Seu cecil cae 26 . 24
MidshOfsiNniGLorbivaleared sos ccises coc coe e ee coda Sach) cee ceclensc SON Peer pote. S
MenrtniOl SNOUL sek tee. ese se ease se ee esick soceccelsasiceccstrssce SID IRs sean aye
MAM OLR OLLOL Dib Mase see Soasaoe cise Seas es oe aa es sees oaieeee HOD ie eb Sapetew ae
Menpuhioi base of dorsal ncn 5-.ccse ceacecesece asia eelee soos asd Oly |e asetaccci
Hei binotlOnpest Tay 22a. sscc cick s oa ~ sons anes acces aanoce seas 16 19
PeImhtOmMlas UiTay seco sos. se acise ns oacec Sie eseisccesclacsaicarsse's'es SLOW eeae: scat
OPSAleT ay Seawsase se acc ces sean citeicic Se cclece Geass sae cose cae acl= 2,14 2,10
DUR ESEa ete aah eemisetes oo ea sores eates Se ee ee eee eee cb ee Soe) CABO Te eer.

In color, this species is smoky above, the sides silvery, the lower fins
white.

Professor Cope says that ‘they attain one foot in length, and do not
exceed one pound in weight”. I have specimens a foot and a half long
and of three pounds or more weight.

In the Ocmulgee, the species is next to JZ. cervinum the most abundant,
and is called the White Mullet, or Sucker. Professor Cope found it
quite abundant in the Catawba and the Yadkin Rivers, where it ‘is
highly valued by the inhabitants as an article of food. It is regarded
as the best of the Catostomi for that purpose. It is less frequently
caught on the hook than some other species, but in the autumn, they
come upon the weirs in considerable numbers. The fishermen call it
the ‘Shiner ’.”

Specimens in the United States National Museum.

Number. Locality. Collector.
ADSOR SGInston INA peesetesacosios cas Game ociee daa nee ees cece es J. W. Milner.
ASH Son MINStON, Nu C yee Ssyems haere cia hj Nao SER eE notes en ciaeaaice< J. W. Milner,
Deda ISIS LON IN Cans corsa oe ears cob eme mentee ee cms ccaicerie coe e J. W. Milner.
15508 | MENTS tONs No. Cr. tata centens cise einem tinsies © vocisiewa nce J. W. Milner.
Sy OF PISIUISCOM SINS Creo ce nose. ese cree sommes et wicale Sec cas/scaaeect » : Milner.
QUSCSE PRAM BLON ING CO) ca sciences oe atemetncint cine <cccles ascot cece: J. W. Milner.

— Ogmuleée, River; Gaia omescttaecrce miss Sone cebcecieas 4 D. 8S. Jordan.

136 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN 1CHTHYOLOGY—III,

Genus MINYTREMA Jordan.

Minytrema JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 318, 1878.

Catostomus, Ptychostomus, Moxostoma, and Erimyzon sp.. AUTHORS.

Type, Catostomus melanops Rafinesque.
Etymology, wire, reduced; tpjua, aperture, in allusion to the imperfections of the

lateral line.

Species with the form, squamation, and general appearance of Myzo-
stoma, but with the air-bladder in two parts, as in Hrimyzon, and the
lateral line imperfect—in the very young entirely obsolete, in half-grown
specimens showing as a succession of deepened furrows, in the adult
with perfect tubes, but interrupted, these tubes being wanting on some
of the scales, especially posteriorly.

Head moderate, rather broad above; mouth moderate, inferior, hor-
izontal, the upper lip well developed, freely protractile, the lower rather
small, infolded, A-shaped in outline, plicate, with 12 to 20 plicz on each
side; lower jaw without cartilaginous sheath; eye moderate, rather
high up, placed about midway of the head. Suborbital bones consid-
erably developed, not very much narrower than the fleshy portion of

the cheek below them, the posterior suborbital concavo-convex, about:

twice as long as deep, sometimes divided, the anterior somewhat deeper
than long, often divided into two, sometimes united with the preorbital,
which is well developed and much longer than broad. The number and
form of these bones, except as to their depth, are not constant in the
same species, and do not afford specific characters. Opercular bones well
developed, not much rugose. Fontanelle evident, rather large. Gill-
rakers rather long, in length about half the diameter of the eye. Isth-
mus moderate. Pharyngeal bones essentially as in Jyxostoma.

Body rather elongate, subterete, becoming deep and rather compressed
with age. Scales rather large, nearly equal over the body, the radiating
furrows not specially marked, Lateral line as above described, inter-
rupted in the adult, but with perfect tubes, imperfect in partly grown
specimens, entirely obsolete in the young. Scales in a longitudinal
series 44 to 47 in number, 12 to 14 in a transverse series from dorsal to
ventrals.

Dorsal fin rather short and high, with about 12 developed rays, be-
ginning rather nearer the snout than the base of the caudal. Pectoral
fins moderate, not reaching veutrals, the latter not to vent. Ventrals

rather in advance of the middle of the dorsal, theiv rays normally 9,

a i aan iar

aii

GENUS MINYTREMA. ow

rarely 8or10. Anal fin high and short, often more or less emarginate
in males. Caudal fin moderately forked, the lobes about equal.

Air-bladder with two chambers.

Males in spring with the head covered with many small tubercles.

But one species of this genus seems to be known. It is widely dis-
tributed in the waters of the Western and Southern States.

This genus bas been recently separated from Hrimyzon, on account of
the peculiarities of the lateral line. The form of the body, the form of
the mouth, and the character of the squamation differ considerably in the
two genera.

Generic Characterizations.

MinyTrema Jordan, 1878.--‘‘ Young specimens of this species (melaneps) have no
trace of a lateral line, as in Lrimyzow. Older ones (6 to 8 inches) show a deepening of
the furrows along the median series of scales. Adults of 12 to 18 inches show a series
ot completely developed tubes, which, however, are wanting on some of the scales, espe-
cially behind. As Erimyzon never shows any traces of the tubes of the lateral line, these
peculiarities may be held to indicate generic distinction, and the name Minytrema is
here proposed for £, melanops.”—(JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 318, 1878.)

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF MiINYTREMA.

* Body oblong, little compressed ; the young nearly terete; the adults deeper-bodied ;
the dorsal region not elevated: depth about 4 in Jength, varying from about 3 in
adults to 44 in the young: head not very large, 44 in length of body (44 to 43),
not epecially depressed : mucous pores rather strong: eye small,5 to Gin head:
mouth quite inferior, horizontal, rather small: scales large, firm, regularly and
smoothly imbricated, in 46 (44-47) longitudinal series aud 13 (12 to 14) transverse
series, the scales not crowded forwards: fin-rays usually, dorsal 12,* anal 7, ven-
trals 9.

Coloration dusky above, with usually a black blotch behind the dorsal fin: each
scale along the sides with a small, more or less distinct blackish spot at its base,
these spots forming interrupted longitudinal lines along the rows of scales.
These lines are usually very distinct, «specially in the adult, but young specimens
often show them faintly: sides and belly silvery, with a coppery lustre: sexual
peculiarities moderately marked; very old males with the head covered with small
tubercles in spring: no great changes with age, either in form or coloration: size
large; maximum length about 18 inches ................---..----. MELANOBS, 20.

* As in all cases in the present paper, the number of developed rays is here understood,
the one, two, or three rudimentary rays not being counted, and the last or double ray
of the dorsal and anal being counted as one.

138 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY —IIL.

20. MINYTREMA MELANOPS (Rafinesque) Jordan.
Striped Sucker. Sand Sucker.

1820—Catostomus melanops RAFINESQUF, Ich. Oh. 57,
Catostomus melanopsis KIRTLAND, Zool. Ohio, 168, 1838.
Catostomus melanops KIRTLAND, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. v, 271, 1845.
Catostomus melanops STORER, Synopsis, 424, 1846.
Ptychostomus melanops AGASSIZ, Am. Journ. Se, Arts, 2d series, xix, 204, 1875,
Ptychostomus melanops Corr, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila, 478, 1870.
Erimyzon melanops JORDAN, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist. 95, 1876.
Erimyzon melanops JORDAN, Man, Vert. 294, 1876.
Erimyzon melanops NELSON, Bull. No. 1, Ils. Mus, Nat. Hist. 48, 1876.
DLrimyzon melanops JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 157, 1876.
Brimyzon melanops JORDAN, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. xi, 347, 1877.
Minytrema melanops JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 318, 1878.
1844—Catostomus fasciatus (LE SuEUR MSS.) CuvIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. des
Poissons, xvii, 449.
Catostomus fasciatus STORER, Synopsis, 426, 1846.
Catostomus fasciatus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, 19, 1868.
1256—Moxostoma victoria GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 171.
Moxostoma victoria GIRARD, U. 8. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichth. 35, pl. xx, f. 1-3, 1859.
1856—Ptychostomus haydeni Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 172.
Ptychostomus haydeni GIRARD, U.S. Pac. R. R. Expl. x, 220, pl. xlix, f. 1-4, 1858.
Teretulus haydeni JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 157, 1876.
1877—Teretulus sucetta JORDAN & GILBERT, in Klippart’s Rept. Fish Commr. Ohio, 53.
(Supposed to be C. sucetla Lacépéde, as it was perhaps in part the C. suceti
of Cay. & Val. and of Boke.)
Erimyzon sucetta JORDAN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mas. x, 35, 1877.

Hapbirat.—Great Lake Region to South Carolina and Texas.

This fish, although a very abundant one in the Mississippi Basin,
seems to have been overlooked by most recent writers. Rafinesque
described it rather poorly. Dr. Kirtland was able to recognize the fish
from Rafinesque’s account, and has given a very good description and
an indifferent figure. Valenciennes described it fairly, and Agassiz
seems to have been acquainted with it, although, deceived by its exter-
nal appearance, he took it for a Myxostoma (Ptychostomus). Girard next
described and figured it as two species, belonging to two different genera.
Professor Cope, for some reason, did not obtain it in any of his collec-
tions, aud seems to have had much difficulty in identifying Kirtland’s
account. In 1875, the writer, noticing certain resemblances to Lrimyzon
oblongus, was led to dissect a number of individuals, and found that the

MINYTREMA MELANOPS. 139

air-bladder in all cases was bicellular, as in the genus Lrimyzon. At
that time he had never seen any specimens with a developed lateral line
and then unquestioningly referred the species to Hrimyzon. Later, Mr.
Nelson noticed the occasional partial development of the lateral line,
and recently, by the examination of a full series of specimens, the
writer has been enabled to trace the stages in its growth.

This fish inhabits all the Western streams and lakes, usually in com-
pany with Hrimyzon sucetta. It is fond of clear sluggish waters, and
abounds in ponds and bayous. It is used for food, and is pretty good
for a “Sucker”, which is not saying much. This species is more than
usually tenacious of life, and young specimens are rather interesting as
aquarium fishes.

The synonymy of this species needs a few words. It was originally
described by Rafinesque as a species with a lateral line. This first
description is quite indifferent, but the account of the coloration, and the
name, Striped Sucker, enabled Dr. Kirtland reacily to identify it, but
the latter writer found the “lateral line obsolete”. Later, Valenciennes
described it under Le Sueur’s MSS. name of fasciatus, and found a lateral
line. As Le Sueur’s specimens were from the Wabash, there can be no
doubt of their identity with mclanops. Later, Dr. Girard described and
figured Texan specimens without the lateral line under the name of
Mozostoma victorie, and specimens with the lateral line from the Upper
Missouri Region as Ptychostomus haydeni. The types of neither of these
species are preserved, but no distincti@s from melanops are noticed in
either case by the describer, and the range of melanops certainly includes
the Missouri river and the waters of Texas.

The name sucetta has been once or twice employed by me for this
species, erroneously, as I am now convinced. I found this species in
abundance in South Carolina; and Le Sueur, apparently quoting from
Lacépéde, says :—“‘ Sides silvery, with brown spots at the base of the
scales.” Nevertheless, on inspection of Lacépéde’s description, and
especially of the colored figure which he gives from a drawing by Bosc,
it becomes evident that the Cyprinus sucetta Lacépéde is the same as
Cyprinus oblongus of Mitchill, a species equally abundant in the same
waters. Bose’s drawing, although not giving the details of structure
minutely, represents the general form and coloration of the body and
fins, and this figure can only represent the Cyprinus oblongus. As the
Cyprinus sucetta Lacépeéde is based entirely on information derived from
Bosc, the name must be retained for the species which Bosc had fig-

140 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

s
ured. As forthe expression, ‘‘ brown spots at the base of the scales,”

if really originating with Bose, as appears to be the case, it may have
arisen from the confusion of sucetta with melanops, which species inhab-
its the same waters, or it may simply refer to the obscure duskiness of

the bases of the scales, common to both species.

I have examined many specimens of Jinytrema melanops from the
Great Lakes, from various places in the Mississippi Valley, and from the
Tennessee, Alabama, Santee, and other Southern rivers, and can find
no differences of any importance. Indeed, the species seems to be very

little variable for one so widely distributed.

Specimens in the United States National Museum.

Number. Locality.
1694 | creeds cece Sew eee epee see ek eee re eee or le eater
(GB 0) oooh an belecms salen ae ee ibe eta ee tr ee ie nie wn oan
8484 ic 5s 2 eect Sas ete ae oe oe ete akinc spemenee
41050} ‘Sandasky;Qhio-2-s2c 55. ceeecuteaee see cece - scene el as Veet ner:
1b144:) ‘Sandusky, (Ohiois. o-oo eser ewes eas secs soe eee eae
11145") ‘Sanduglky,Ohios: ee esc eetew ewes oo kc roe cee eeeeee
12449:| Sandusky; Olio’: Aa. Sos ete oe oie eer
17+00 | Round Lake, Montgomery, Ala...............--....-
17808',|, Hempstead, Tex.o..2..-seeesy apes ssicas mcs eeeeee ee eee
URI Nitonk csecomiand elem abate ees sas is a cee eens ee
— White River, Indiann ages so <5 ohne cnn ce eb ech aeons
— | Etowah River, Georgiah ...-0s..,-0..- 20-0 de -08.
— Saluda River, South Carolina... .... 0... 2.6 sass ce-5 5

Genus ERIMYZON Jordan.

Moxostoma AGassiz, Am. Journ. Se. Arts, 1854, 200. (Not of Rafinesque.)

Lrimyzon JORDAN, Bull. Buff. Soc, Nat, Hist. 1876, 95.

Teretulus COPE, Synopsis of Fishes of N. C. 2d ed, Addenda, 1877, (Not of Rafinesque.)

Cyprinus, Catostomus, and Labeo sp., EARLY AuTOORs.

Type, Cyprinus oblongus Mitchill = Cyprinus sucetta Lac.

Etymology, fp, an intensive particle ; nite, to suck.

Head moderate, rather broad above: mouth moderate, somewhat in-
ferior, the upper lip well developed, freely protractile, the lower moder-
ate, infolded, A-shaped in outline, plicate, with 12-20 plice on each
side: lower jaw without cartilaginous sheath, rather stronger than usual,

J. W. Milner.
J. W. Milner.

Kumlien & Bean.
Kumlien & Earil,

GENUS ERIMYZON. 1g1

and oblique in position when the mouth is closed, the mouth thus similar
to that of Ichthyobus. Eye moderate, rather high up, placed about mid-
way of the head: suborbital bones considerably developed, not very
much narrower than the fleshy portion of the cheek below them, the
posterior suborbital concavo-convex, about twice as long as deep, some-
times divided, the anterior somewhat deeper than long, sometimes
divided into two, sometimes united with the preorbital bone, which is
well developed and much longer than broad. Opercular bones moder-
ately developed, scarcely or not rugose. Fontanelle evident, rather
large. Gill-rakers rather long, about half the diameter of the eye in
length. Isthmus moderately developed, about the width of the eye.

Pharyngeal bones weak, the teeth quite small, slender, and weak,
rapidly diminishing in length upwards, each tooth narrowly compressed,
with a cusp on the inner margin of the cutting surface, and some ine-
qualities besides.

Body oblong, rather shortened, heavy forwards and considerably com-
pressed.

Seales rather large, more or less crowded forwards, sometimes showing
irregularities of arrangement, the longitudinal radiating furrows much
Stronger than usual, the scales rather longer than deep, but so imbri-
cated in the adult that the exposed surfaces appear deeper than long.

Lateral line entirely wanting. Scales in the longitudinal series from
head to base of caudal 35 to 45 in number; scales in transverse row from
base of ventral to dorsal 12 to 18.

Dorsal fin rather short and high, with from 10 to 14 developed rays,
the number usually 11 or 12.

Beginning of dorsal fin rather nearer snout than base of caudal. Pee-
toral fins moderate, not reaching ventrals; the latter not to vent.

Ventrals under a point rather in advance of the middle of dorsal;
their rays normally 9, but occasionally 8 or 10.

Anal fin high and short, more or less emarginate or bilobed in adult
males; caudal fin moderately forked or merely lunate, its two lobes
about equal.

Air-bladder with two chambers.

This genus has a very wide range, one of its two known species
probably occurring in all the streams of the United States east of the
Rocky Mountains.

The existence of this genus seems to have been first noticed by DeKay,
who, however, erroneously supposed it to be identical with the Afri-

142 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

can genus Labeo of Cuvier and Valenciennes. Its essential character—
the absence of the lateral line—was first noticed by.Professor Agassiz,
who identified its typical species with Catostomus (Moxostoma) anisurus
Rafinesque, and therefore erroneously called the genus Moxostoma.
The application of the name Moxostoma to the Red Horse group was
pointed out by the present writer in 1876; the name Hrimyzon being
then suggested for the group now under consideration.

The use of the name Teretulus for this genus has been lately sug-
gested by Professor Cope, its species being among those enumerated by
Rafinesque as composing his ** omnium gatherum ” to which the name
Teretulus was applied. If we subtract from the original group Teretulus,
the different component genera in order of time of proposal, the last
one left would be Hrimyzon, or rather Minytrema. But the name Tere-
tulus has already been restricted by Professor Cope to the Red Horse
group, the principal component of Rafinesque’s Teretulus. In my opin-
ion, it should remain there, although the earlier name Myxostoma renders
it but a synonym. We cannot afford to reconsider our use of these old
collective generic names whenever a new genus is proposed. The “rule
of exclusion”, if stiffly adhered to, would require the substitution of
Acomus for Pantosteus, inasmuch as a species of the latter genus was
referred by Girard to the former. This question is further discussed
under JMyxostoma.

Generic Characterizations.

LaBEO DeKay, 1842.—‘ Dorsal lopg. No spines nor barbels. Lips fleshy, and fre-
quently crenated.”—(DeKay, New York Fauna, Fishes, 192.)

Moxostoma Agassiz, 1855.—‘ The species of this genus contrast greatly with those
of all other genera of the family of Cyprinoids, by the total absence of external open-
ings in the lateral line, visible upon the scales. There-is indeed no row of perforated
scales upon the sides of the body, to mark the main course of the system of tubes per-
vading the skin in most fishes, aud the pores traversing the skin which covers the
sku] and cheeks, as well as the lower jaw, are so minute as to escape the unarmed eye.
In this respect the genus Moxostoma differs greatly from all other abdominal fishes in
which the lateral line is distinctly marked by a series of tubes traversing a prominent
row of scales along the sides, and extending through the mastoids to the forehead,
and along the preopercle to the symphysis of the lower jaw. This total absence of a
lateral line is compensated by the presence of a few deeper radiating furrows in the
posterior field of all the scales.

“ The longitudinal diameter of the scales exceeds greatly the transverse, but the
scales are imbricated in such a manner that the portion visible externally appears
higher than long. The centre of radiation is placed in the middle of the scales; there
are no radiating furrows upon the lateral fields, those of the posterior field are fewer
and deeper than those of the anterior field; the concentric ornamental ridges of the

GENUS ERIMYZON. 143

posterior field are also much broader and farther apart than those of the lateral and
anterior fields, The scales are smaller upon the anterior portion of the body than
upon the sides. Another remarkable peculiarity of this genus consists in the great
difference there is among the adults in the form of their fins in the several sexes. The
young also differ strikingly from the adults both in form and coloration. a
The body of Moxostoma is elongated and somewhat compressed, though stouter
than that of Ptychostomus and Catostomus proper. The greatest depth is over the
ventrals.

“The head is small; the small mouth opens obliquely forwards and downwards;
when open the lower jaw is quite prominent. The lips are small and transversely
ridged; the lower one is slightly bilobed. The dorsal is over the ventrals; its length
considerably exceeds its height in the males ; in the females its dimensions are more
nearly equal. The pectorals and ventrals are more pointed and longer in the males
than in the females. The lower margin of the anal fin is bilobed in the males, while
in the females it is simply emarginated ; in both sexes, the anal when bent backwards
reaches the caudal.

“The pharyngeal bones have a greater resemblance to those of the genus Ichthyobus
than to any other of the tribe of Catostomi; the symphysis however is shorter, and
the teeth are neither s0 minute nor so numerous; they increase also more rapidly in
size from above downwards, and are more strongly curved inwards, the innermost
edge rising into an acute point, which is more prominent in the middle and upper
teeth, than in the lower ones.”—(AGassiIZz, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, p. 200.)

Moxostoma Girard, 1856.— May be circumscribed by characters more natural than
the preceding ones. And the most striking of these, it must be conceded, is the ab-
sence of that lateral line possessed by almost all fishes. The body is elongated and
compressed ; the head small; the mouth small also, opening obliquely forwards and
downwards. The lips being small and transversally ridged; the inferior one being
slightly bilobed. The anterior margin of the dorsal is situated in advance of the inser-
tion of the ventrals. The dorsal fin is either higher than long or else its length is
equal to its height, varying somewhat according to the sexes, as well as the anal,
which is, however, always deeper than long. The shaft of the pharyngeal bones con-
stitutes a very open curve, the convex margin of which is regular and entire. The
teeth themselves are very much compressed, strongly curved inwardly, and much
larger inferiorly than superiorly.”—(GirarD, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 1856, p. 171.)

MoxostToma Giinther, 1868.—‘‘Scales of moderate size; lateral line none; fins,
mouth, gills and pharyngeal teeth, identical with those of Catostomus in all essential
points.”—GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, p. 20.)

Ermyzon Jordan, 1876.—[Name suggested as a substitute for Moxostoma Ag., the
type of Moxostoma Raf. (Catostomus anisurus Raf.) not being a member of this genus. ]—
(JorDAN, Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Hist. p. 95.)

EriIMyYZON Jordan, 1876.—‘‘ Dorsal moderate ; air-bladder in two parts; no lateral
line; lips usually plicate.”—(JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 1st, p. 292.)

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF ERIMYZON.

*Body oblong, compressed, becoming gibbous with age, the ante-dorsal region more
or less elevated in the adults; the depth 34 in length, ranging from 2% in adults

7.

144 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

to 4 in young: head stout, short, about 4} in length (4 to 44), the interorbital
space wide and depressed, the lower parts narrower, so that it is somewhat wedge-
shaped downwards: eye not large, 4} in head (44 to54): mouth protractile down-
wards and forwards, the mandible oblique: scales usually closely imbricated and
more or less crowded for wards, but often showing various irregularities in arrange-
ment, about 43 (39-45) in a longitudinal series and 15 (14 to 16) in a transverse se-
ries between the ventrals and the dorsal. Fin-rays somewhat variable, the doreal
with 11 (10 to 13) developed rays, the anal with 7, and the ventrals with 9
(rarely 8).

Coloration varying with age; never distinct series of black spots along the rows
of scales; young with a broad black lateral band bordered above by paler; in
some specimens from clear water, this band is of a jet-black color and very dis-
tinct; in others, it is duller; later this band becomes broken into a series of
blotches, which often assume the form of broad transverse bars; in adult speci-
mens, these bars disappear, and the color is nearly uniform brown, dusky above,
paler below, everywhere with a coppery or brassy, never silvery, lustre; the fins
are dusky or smoky brown, rarely reddish-tinged: sexual differences strong; the
males in spring with usually three large tubercles on each side of the snout, and
with the anal fin more or less swollen and emarginate: adult specimens with the
back gibbous and the body strongly compressed, in appearance quite unlike the
young. Maximum length about 10 inches............-..----.------ SUCETTA, 21.

** Body oblong, the back more elevated, the body deeper and more compressed than in
the preceding, the greatest depth in advance of the dorsal fin being contained
about 24 times in the length ; nape less gibbous than in sucetfa; head quite small
and short, the large eye being almost exactly midway in its length, its length 4}
in that of the body; eye 4}in head; interorbital space rather narrow, strongly trans-
versely convex, less than half the length of the head: mouth small, protractile for-
wards, the lower jaw oblique ; lips as in the preceding.

Scales large, much larger and much more uniform in their imbrication than in Z.
sucetta ; 36in a longitudinal series, and about 13 in a transverse series from the ven-
trals to the dorsal. Dorsal fin high, of 12 developed rays; anal moderate, with 7;
ventrals large, with 10. Color dark olivaceous above, each scale along the sides
reflecting pale from the strongly ridged middle part; these giving in certain
lights the appearance of pale stripes along the rows of scales: fins dusky, espe-
olally at thelr tips. ..6.s..2-ssecacuce pa cecemeeetrest aoe paler ence mee iets GOODEI, 22.

21. ERIMYZON SUCETTA (Lacépéde) Jordan.

Chub Sucker. Creek Fish. Mullet.

1803—Cyprinus sucetta Lacérpkpr, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, v, 606, 610.
Catostomus sucetta LE SuEuR, Journ. Ac, Nat. Sc. Phila. 109, 1817.
Catostomus sucetta DeKay, New York Fauna, part iv, Fishes, 203, 1842.
Catostomus suceti CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, xvii, 466, 1844,
Catostomus suceti Storer, Synopsis, 419, 1846.
Mozxostoma sucetta AGASsiz, Am. Journ. Se. Arts, 2d series, xix, 202, 1855.
Moxostoma sucetta POTNAM, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 10, 1863,

ERIMYZON SUCETTA. 145

Erimyzon sucetta JORDAN, Man. Vert. 295, 1876.
Erimyzon sucetta JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 157, 1876.
Erimyzon sucetta, JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 319, 1878. /
1814— Cyprinus oblongus Mircui11, Lit. & Phil. Trans. New York, 1, 459,
Catostomus oblongus LE SuruR, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. 108, 1817.
Catostomus eblongus THOMPSON, Hist. Vt. 134, 1842. (Synonymy, but not descrip-
tion, which applies to IM. macrolepidotum.)
Labeo oblongus DEKay, New York Fauna, part iv, Fishes, 193, 1842.
Catostumus oblongus CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, xvii, 441,
1844. ,
Catostomus oblongus STORER, Synopsis, 423, 1846.
Moxostoma oblongum AGAssiz, Am. Journ. Sc. Arts, 2d series, xix, 203, 1850.
Moxostoma oblongum PutNaM, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 10, 1863.
Mozxostoma oblongum GILL, Canzdian Nat. p. 19, Aug. 1855.
Moxostoma oblongum GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, 21, 1868.
Mozxostoma oblongum Corn, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 468, 1870.
Moxostoma oblongum JORDAN, Fishes of Ind. 221, 1875. (Name only.)
Erimyzon oblongus JORDAN, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist. 95, 1876. (Name only ;
generic diagnosis of Erimyzon.)
Erimyzon oblongus JORDAN, Man. Vert. 294, 1876.
Moxostoma oblongum UHLER & LuGGER, Fishes of Maryland, 140, 1876.
Erimyzon oblongus Netson, Bull. No. 1, DJs. Mus. Nat. Hist. 48, 1576.
Erimyzon oblongus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 157, 1876. (Name only.)
Teretulus oblongus JORDAN & GILBERT, in Klippart’s Rept. 53,1876. (Name only.)
Teretulus oblongus JORDAN & GILBERT, in Klippart’s First Report, Ohio Fish Com-
mission, 85, pl. xii, f. 20, 1877.
Erimyzon oblongus JORDAN, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. xi, 346, 1877.
Erimyzon oblongus JORDAN, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. xi, 365, 1877.
Erimyzon oblongus JORDAN, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix, 36, 1877.
1817—Catostomus gibbosus Lk SururR, Jourc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. i, 92.
Catostomus gibbosus STORER, Rept. Ichthy. Mass. 183, 1838.
Labeo gibbosus DEKay, New York Fauna, part iv, Fishes, 194, 1842.
Catostomus gibbosus STORER, Synopsis, 420, 1846.
Catostomus gibbosus KiInTLAND, Hamilton Smith’s Annals of Science.
Catostomus gibbosus StorER, Hist. Fishes Mass. 291, pl. xxii, f. 4, 1567.
1817—Catostomus tuberculatus Lk SurvR, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. i, 93.
Catostomus tuberculatus DEKay, New York Fauna, part iv, Fishes, 199, 1842.
Catostomus tuberculatus CuVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, xvii,
444, 1844.
Catostomus tuberculatus Thoreau, Week on Concord and Merrimack, 38, 1868.
1817—Catostomus vittatus Li Survur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 104.
Catostonus vittatus Dr Kay, New York Fauna, part iv, Fishes, 203, 1842.
Catostomus vittatus Cuvirr & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, xvii, 459,
. 1244,
Catostomus vittatus STORER, Synopsis, 422, 1846.
1820—Catostomue fasciolaris RAFINESQUE, Ich. Oh. 58.

Bul). N. M. No. 12—10

146 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

1842—Labeo elegans DeKay, New York Fauna, part iv, Fishes, 192.
Catostomus elegans STORER, Synopsis, 425, 1846.
1842—Labeo esopus DeKay, New York Fauna, part iv, Fishes, 195.
Catostomus esopus STORER, Synopsis, 425, 1846.
1842—Labeo elongatus DeKay, New York Fauna, part iv, Fishes, 394.
1855—Morostoma anisurus AGassiz, Am. Journ. Se. Arts, 2d series, xix, 202. (Not of
Rafinesque.)
1855—Moxostoma tenue AGAssiz, Am. Journ. Sc. Arts, 2d series, xix, 203.
Moxostoma tenue PUTNAM, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 10, 1863.
Moxostoma tenue GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus, vii, 21, 1868.
Erimyzon tenuis JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 157, 1576.
1856— Moxostoma claviformis GirarD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 171.
Moxostoma claviformis G1iRaxD, U. S. Pac. R. R. Expl. x, 219, pl. xlviii, f. 5-9, 1858.
Erimyzon claviformis JORDAN & CopreLanD, Check List, 157, 1876.
1856—Moxostoma kennerlyi Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 171.
Moxostoma kennerlyi GrrarD, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichth. 34, pl. xx, f. 7-9, 1859,
1856—Moxostoma campbelli GiRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 172.
Moxostoma campbelli Girarp, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichth. 35, pl. XX, f. 4-6, 1859,
Erimyzon campbelli JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 157, 1876.

Haprrat.—All waters of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains.

This protean species is, next to Catostomus teres, the most abundant
and the most widely diffused of our species of Suckers. It occurs in
every stream from Maine to Texas, and thrives in all sorts of waters,
from the Great Lakes to the smallest ponds and brooks. Its variations
in color and form are remarkable; butafter the elimination of those
which are known to be due to differences of sex, age, and surroundings,
[ find nothing left on which a difference of species or even a varietal
difference may be based. I therefore unite all the nominal species of
this genus, with a single exception, under the oldest specific name ap-
plied to any of them, sucetta of Lacépéde.

The name sucetta has been passed from author to author for a jong time,
all the descriptions being based on the notes of Bose and the account
given by Lacépede, no one seeming to have any clear idea of what the
original species was. The reasons for identifying sucetta with oblongus
have been already given.

The name sucetta was spelled suceti by Valenciennes. I see no reason
for this change. The derivation of the word is from the French sucet,
a sucker; and sucetta is aw agreeable latinization of the barbarous word.
The identity of the nominal species oblongus, gibbosus, tuberculatus, vitla-
tus, esopus, elongatus, and elegans was conclusively shown by Professor
Agassiz. The fasciolaris of Rafinesque, as L have shown, is probably
this species, which Rafinesque could hardly have overlooked.

ERIMYZON SUCETTA. 147

Professor Agassiz’s anisurus, considered by him as the Western rep-
resentative of oblongus, must belong here. Professor Agassiz’s tenuis
from Mobile is not described; but as sucetta occurs abundantly in Ala-
bama, it is safe to presume their identity. The type of Moxostoma cla-
viformis Girard is now lost. Both figure and description point to the
young of sucetta. The figure represents the scales rather smaller than
usual, but it may not be correct. The types of Moxostoma kennerlyi
Girard and of Moxostoma campbelli Girard, from Texas, have also disap-
peared ; but they too seem to have been based on the young of the
present species, and as sucetta certainly occurs in Texas, these nominal
species must fall into the synonymy.

The Chub Sucker is one of the smallest species, rarely reaching a
length of more than a foot. It is tenacious of life, and bites readily at
-a small hook, but is not much valued for food. The young are rather
handsome, the black lateral band being sometimes very distinct. In
the aquarium, they act as scavengers. The adult fishes, especially the
males, are very dusky in color, and the males in spring are provided
with three large tubercles arranged in a triangle on each side of the head.
The fins of the adults are usually black, sometimes tinged with red.

Specimens in United States National Museum.

Number. Locality. Collector.

144 | Sugar Loaf Creek, Arkansas.......-.--..----.---. H. B. Mollhausen.
HeGUS PNOVA COU aera see A aeeena ed oes coals oalaciseas oc.

GAOM | MESOSOM MASS terse e(ecreie ais (oie cate) ie sid cieiaicic ome eae, minis
Mideles EMIT Me dele las ener =Ciatsisis| esas /s=telnicic anes cw,c cine ooo | S. F. Baird.

ORI eee ee Sete aye PA ey ga Parte 3 a sikiswicjoe slo Saree Saieieaie S. F. Baird.
Sanne NOLEN arOllM aaa. ask a esicre cos cow ote ss ane sty cates sie MeNair.

S7LOOS MH olliston,eMassheescc soc sceccaclas~- accecoseeseeee
S742) | Detroiiehlvert os cecicems sacereceanceleesosccisewe S. F. Baird.
SOAP DTLMTHCLO 25 cenepe de Sosisme oes ae caeitee cal seae ete mice &

GUGOE eeaten a nate kas oa os ce aan sone ecee folk Ueasics wees
VIGSe TI aCksOn TVS 2 Suck sebisetuels sawieewcs.jceceee R. Kennicott.

148 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

Number.

——

9166

9275

9446

9551

9660
10631
10814
11033
11034
11035
11199
11200
12441
14977
16990
16991
16992
16993
16994
17816
17821
17838
19158
20061
20064
20105
20157
20231
20254
20269
20360

|

Specimens in United States National Museum—Continued,

Locality. Collector.
ADDOVING, S MGenccse® vaste alba ena eee
Aux Plaines River, Illinois........ ..<. .. s......---| R. Kennicott.
Lake Oconomowoc, Wisconsin-.......-....------.-| 8. EF. Baird.
Potomac River. ioe. <oen acme esas eee eee J. W. Milner.
SUNGUSK YOM Oe setae ree rem te ern te ee Do.
sae. CO sess. tet hase Oa a eee ee Se eee oe Do.
Sees OO! ssee ss sme sle one eee ee ae Do.
Sed Ossian eh eee pak eee ene Do.
oe GO) ..2 oe henson ae eee eee Do.
Saeed OO )<scceesncesicst SOR SE eee nee ee See eee Do.
Halifax, (NOVaISCOMa cone e mecha eee ese ee Do.
Potoniat: Riversisce eestor ee eaten a eee eee G. B. Goode.
eas, Owais Sashes oedels o= eae pacee tees sae easel ey + ere
Soa OO ose ase a ee ee ee be eee Do.
mip wis wx OO op wanes ae eieien o ceiais eieiere re ae eee ee Do.
Sess CO sscewecs Someeeo rie onen aoe epee neato ce Do.
me mald COR soe tes one nae etei ene cenit ne soe ee mene Do.
Clear: Creek, Voss soso 3 opaeceemse eon saan ee Kumlien & Earl.
nace OO' soc c sence eee cea ae Ree ee eee Do.
New Bedford; Biase... 252-0.) 3 oats cea ae eo eee)
Anx Plaines shiver siliinOlsives-..eewecce cone se oee R. Kennicott.
Cedar Swamp, New Jersey...----...--.-..-.-..<..- 8. F. Baird.
Schuylkill Siv Gn so ce= a> omen ete a eee J. H. Richard.
Fox River, Wisconsin.........- Se ood toh, See 8. F. Baird.
Montgomery, Ala ............ wassivecwateracecenee Kumlien & Maxson.
Riverhead, Li. Le. coase sles cone poe et eee een tel oes RLS
PiermontsN. Wisc Gees see ewe aes ce en eee Do. :
Sing. Sing yN. Nencsccesosee ee ene sewer ae ae ee Do.

Trenton, N..J<. acs boos ecn sous eons otk eee eee ee TOR GA Dogue
Cumberland River....2<2é~.. 0.03 s<cseccs comes ce aaeul ea WY IDOCDOnE

| White River, Indians... 2 cevece cocamnrcaserss| ile a0 OLGuits

Etowah River, Georgie .ca.c0 ness casn ase ieeees Do.

Saluda River, South Carolina.....<. «--<apaeavmuas Do.

22. ERIMYZON GOODEL, sp. nov.

Goode’s Sucker.

This species differs from 2B. sucetta in form, in the smaller size of the
head, in its greater convexity above, and in the larger size and greater
uniformity of the seales, which are not at all crowded or reduced for-

wards.

GENUS CHASMISTES. 149

The type is 2 fine specimen, 104 inches long, collected by Professor G.
Brown Goode in the Saint John’s River, Florida. It is numbered 19071
on the Museum Register. I have named the species for my friend, Pro-
fessor Goode, one of the best of American ichthyologists, to whom we
are indebted for the discovery of the species.

Specimens in United States National Museum.

Number. Locality. Collector.

19071 | Saint John’s River, Fla ...--... iS foe ee roeeiae tia eee G. Brown Goode.

Genus CHASMISTES Jordan.

Chasmistes JORDAN, Bull. Hayden Geol. Surv. Terr. 417, 1878.

Type, Ca/ostomus fecundus Cope & Yarrow.

Etymology, yvacuaw, to yawn or gape.

Fishes related to Catostomus, having the teeth, scales, and _ air-
bladder as in that genus, but distinguished by the size and position
of the mouth, the great development of the mandible, and by the small,
smooth lips. .

Head disproportionally large, forming more than one-fourth of the
length, broad and flattish above; sides of head vertical, slightly directed
inwards, the breadth through the cheeks less than the breadth above the
eyes; eyes small, high up, rather posterior: mouth exceedingly large,
terminal, the lower jaw in the closed mouth being very oblique, placed
at an angle of about 45 degrees; the lower jaw very long and strong,
its length more than one-third the length of the head, nearly half the
length of the head in the adult, its tip when the mouth is closed about
on a level with the eye; upper jaw very protractile ; upper lip very
thin (for a Sucker), and nearly smooth ; snout elevated above the rest
of the head, notably so when the mouth is closed ; lower lip moderate,
consisting of a broad flap on each side of the mandible, in front reduced
to a narrow rim, the surface of the lip nearly smooth, without evident
papille: nostrils large; suborbital bones narrow, but rather broader
than in Catostomus ; preorbital unusually large: mucous channels mod-
erately developed; fontanelle very large; isthmus rather narrow:
pharyngeal bones and teeth essentially as in Catostomus.

Body rather slender, tapering pretty regularly from the shoulders to
the tail, but little compressed: caudal peduncle rather stout.

150 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

Fins moderate, the dorsal rays about 12, the anal 7: pectorals
rather long, not quite reaching ventrals: ventrals reaching vent: anal
tin high, reaching caudal: caudal fin rather long, its lobes equal.

Scales moderate, large on the caudal peduncle, much smaller and
crowded anteriorly, 60 to 65 in the lateral line, about 18 in a transverse
series from dorsal to ventrals.

Sexual peculiarities unknown.

Coloration usual.

Air-bladder in two parts.

Size moderate or rather large.

The single species now included in this genus is known only from
Utah Lake. Its describers referred it to the genus Catostomus, but
made no mention of its singular mouth and lips. The original type of
the species is in very bad condition, the mouth being shrunken and dis-
torted, and the bones of the head protruding through the skin, so that
the peculiarities of the species are hardly recognizable.*

Gencric Characterizations.

CHASMISTES Jordan, 1878.—“ This genus is distinguished from Catostomus by the
very large, terminal mouth, the lower jaw being very strong, oblique, its length about
one-third that of the head. The lips are little developed, and are very nearly smooth.
The type of the genus is C. fecundus Cope & Yarrow.”—(Jorpan, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv.
Terr. vol. iv, No. 2, p. 417, 1878.)

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF CHASMISTES.

* Depth about 5 in length; head 33; interorbital space broad, 2} in head; eye 6 to 7
in head; width of the open mouth 3} in head. Dorsal 12. Anal 7. Scales
9-63-8. Color dusky above, pale below; the scales of the back and sides pro-
fusely covered with dark punctulations............-.. ...... 22... FECUNDUS, 23.

23. CHASMISTES FECUNDUS (Cope & Yarrow) Jordan.
Sucker of Utah Lake.
1876—Catostomus fecundus Corr & Yarrow, Wheelci’s Expl. W. 100th Mer. v, Zool.
G76, Plo SER, ti hy ee
Catostomus fecundus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 156, 1876.
Chasmistes fecundus JouDAN, Bull. Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Terr. vol. iv, No. 2, 417,
1878.
Hapitat.—Utah Lake, Utah, where it is excessively abundant. Not yet noticed
elsewhere.
This singular specics has been overlooked until quite lately. Dr.
Yarrow states that it “is abundant in Utah Lake, and is called Sucker

* In fact, this specimen in its present condition looks tome more like Calostomus oeci-
dentalis, but the figure. published by Cope & Yarrow represents C. fecundus. Both

species occur in Utah Lake,

Oe

GENUS CATOSTOMUS. 151

by the inhabitants. They run up the rivers to spawn in June; feed on
the bottom and eat the spawn of better fish ; spawning beds on gravel;
bite at hook sometimes ; are extremely numerous, and are considered
a nuisance by the fishermen, but they meet with a ready sale in winter
at an average price of 24 cents per pound.”

Specimens in United States National Museum.

Number. Locality. Collector.
128947 | sUtahy makes Wtahtsccses os coos aoe Yarrow & Henshaw.
2033¢ | Utah Lake, Utah ...-.....-...--- Dr. H.C. Yarrow. (Many specimens )
20932 | Utah Lake, Utah ...... ete senteaee Dr. H. C. Yarrow. (Type Chasmistes.)
— WtabsGakesWitahyhs 2.2222 55---% Dr. H. C.Yarrow. (Typesof thespecies.)

Genus CATOSTOMUS Le Sueur.

Catostomus LE SuEuvR, Journ. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. i, 1#17,€9. (Equivalent to family Ca-
lostomide.)

Hypentelium RAFINESQUE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. i,1818,421. (As subgenus of Lxo-
glossum.)

Decactylus RAFINESQUE, Ichthyologia Ohiensis, 1820,60. (As subgenus of Catostomus,
including the 10-rayed species.)

Hylomyzon AGassiz, Am. Journ. Sc. Arts, 1855, 205.

Minomus GirRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 1856, 173.

Acomus GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 18556, 173.

Catastomus GILL, Canadian Naturalist, 1865, Aucust.

Decadactylus JORDAN, Man. Vert. 2d ed. 1878, 319. (As subgenus.)

Type, Cyprinus catostomus Forster, == Catostomus hudsonius Le Sueur, = Catostomus lon-
girostrum Le Sueur.

Ktymology, xazo, low ; ovéua, mouth.
Etymology of Synonyms.

Hypentelium: probably ix, below; zévre, five; Ao3oc, lobe, as the name is said to
refer to the 5-lobed lower lip, supposed to distinguish it from the 3-lobed subgenus
Mazillingua; possibly, however, from izd, below; evreaye, perfect.

Decactylus: dexuc, ten; déxtvAoc, toe, i. e., 10 ventral rays, hence properly Deca-

actylus.

Hylomyzon : Ae, mud 3 pvgaw, to suck.

Acomus and Minomus are probably meaningless words, without etymology.

Head more or less elongate, its length ranging from 34 to 5 times in
that of the body, its form varying considerably in the different subgen-
era. Eye usually rather small, high up and median or more or less pos-

152 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

terior in position: suborbital bones narrow, longer than broad, much as
in Myxostoma: fontanelle always present, usually widely open, in two
species reduced to a narrow slit, but never wholly obliterated.

Mouth rather large, always inferior, and sometimes notably so; the
upper lip thick, protractile, papillose ; the lower lip greatly developed,
with a broad free margin, deeply incised behind, so that it forms two
lobes, which are often more or less separated: mandible horizontal,
short, not one-third the length of the head and not reaching to opposite
the eye: lower jaw usually without distinct cartilaginous sheath : oper-
cular apparatus moderately developed, not rugose: pharyngeal bones
moderately strong, the teeth shortish, vertically compressed, rapidly
diminishing in size upwards, the upper surface of the teeth nearly even,
or somewhat cuspidate.

Body oblong or elongate, more or less fusiform, subterete, more or
less compressed.

Scales comparatively small, typically much smaller and crowded an-
teriorly, the number in the lateral line ranging from about 50 to 115,
the number in a transverse series between dorsal and ventrals from
15 to 40: lateral line well developed, straightish, somewhat decurved
anteriorly.

Fins variously developed: dorsal with its first ray nearly midway of
the body, with from 9 to 14 developed rays; anal fin short and high,
with probably always 7 developed rays; ventrals inserted under the
middle or posterior part of the dorsal, typically with 10 rays, in one sub-
genus usually 9, the number often subject to variation of one ; caudal
fin usually deeply forked, the lobes nearly equal.

Sexual peculiarities not much marked, the fins higher in the male
and the anal somewhat swollen and tuberculate in the spring: breed-
ing males in some species with a rosy or orange lateral band.

Air-bladder with two chambers. Vertebra in CO, teres and C. nigri-
cans 45 to 47.

“The skeleton in Catostomus has been well described by Valenciennes
(XVII. p. 433). It is distinguished by the comparative want of solidity,
certain bones consisting merely of a network of osseous matter. There
is a large and broad fontanelle on the upper surface of the head, separ-
ating the parietal bones, and leading directly into the cerebral cavity.
The occipital process is, below the anterior vertebra, enlarged into a
bladder-like swelling, which is not solid, but consists of a delicate net-
work only. The prefrontal is advanced to the anterior part of the orbit.

GENUS CATOSTOMUS. 153

The jaw-bones are very feeble, the intermaxillary being reduced to a
thin lamella, which does not descend to the middle of the maxillary.
The anterior part of the mandible is horizontal, thin and slightly dilated.
The apophyses of the four anterior vertebra are very strong and long.”—
(GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, 13.)

This genus as at present restricted comprises three well-marked
groups, which may be accepted as subgenera, under the names Catosto-
mus, Decadactylus, and Hypentelium. One of these groups, Hypentelium,
has been usually congidered as a distinct genus, on account of the dif-
ferences in the form of the head and in the squamation. These differ-
ences are, however, individually of subordinate value, and should
probably be held to designate a subgeneric section, rather than a
distinct genus.

The group Decadactylus as here given is nearly equivalent to Minomus
and Catostomus of Girard, while our Catostomus is Girard’s Acomus.
The type of Catostomus, as restricted by Agassiz, prior to Girard being
Cyprinus catostomus Forster, oe of the small-scaled group, the name
belongs properly to that group, and Acomus is a simple synonym.
Decactylus Rafinesque was not originally defined in any very tangible
way, inasmuch as its author included in it species of Jlyxostoma and
Cycleptus. As, however, it was intended for 10-rayed species, and as one
among those originally placed in it was C. teres (as C. bostoniensis), the
the name Decactylus (Decadactylus) may be used instead of Minomus as
a designation for the subgenus to which C. teres belongs.

The genus Catostomus is, next to Myxostuma, the most rich in species.
It is much the most widely distributed of the genera of Suckers, some of
its members abounding in every river of North America, and one of them
being found in Asia.

Generic Characterizations.

“Catostomus Le Sueur, 1817.

“Back with a single fin. —

“Gill-membrane three-rayed.

““TTead and opercula smooth.

“Jaws toothless and retractile.

* Mouth beneath the snout ; lips plaited, lobed, or carunculated, suitable for sucking.

* Throat with pectinated teeth.

“The species which are here described are all possessed of the following general
characters :—

“PBody.—The body in general is elongated and varied in its form.

“Scales.—The scales in almost all the species are marked with radiated lines, and
fimbriated on their edges; their form more or less rhomboidal or roundish,

-

154 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

“Gill-covers.—The gill-covers are large, and composed of three pieces; the anterior
piece small in some, as is exemplified in the C. macrolepidotus, aud in others large, as in
the C. communis; opening or expansion wide.

“ Nostrils.—The nostrils are double on each side, and separated by a membrane; tLe
largest aperture near the eyes.

“ Byes.—The eyes in general are pretty large, a little oblong, without nictitating
membrane: pupil black and roundish: irides yellowish, sometimes brown, as in the
C. gibbosus.

“ Teeth.—No teeth in the jaws, but those of the throat, on each side, are composed of a
range of bones, generally blunt and thick at their summits, placed in a pectinated
form, on an osseous, arcuated base, of which they are a tomponent part, and some-
times terminate in a hooked point, as in the C. maculosus ; these teeth are enveloped in
a thick mass of whitish substance, which covers the throat, and supplies the place of
a tongue.

“‘Mouth.—The mouth is generally lunated; to the palate is attached a membrane.

“Viscera.—The intestinal canal is very much developed, and it has its origin near the
throat ; the stomach, which is simple, and without plaits and curvatures, being a con-
tinuation of this canal, and appears to be confounded with it. The intestines make a
number of circumvolutions; in a specimen of the C. macrolepidotus of 16 inches
in length, they were 3 feet 5 inches in length. The liver is deliquescent, and soon
passes into oil after exposure to the atmosphere. The air-bladder is subcylindrical, aud
divided, in most species, into two parts; in the C. macrolepidotus, it is separated into four
parts. I have remarked in the intestines of these fisbes river-shells of the genera
Lymnea, Bulimus, ete., which dwell on aquatic plants and on the rock at the bottom of
the rivers; these shells the Catostomi are enabled to take with their lips, which are
protruded forwards by means of their jaws.

“Tt is necessary to remark that in all the species which I have examined there is a
line which runs from the nape, beneath the eyes, and anotber along the bead, above
the eyes, of small orifices, for the passage of mucus, which lines are well defined
after the fish is dead and desiccated, but not so conspicuous when recent; these lines
lorster improperly terms sutures. I will add that some species, in a dried state, have
also a tuberculated appearance on the head, which tubercles are not discernible when
the animals are living.”—(Lr Sueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. i, p. 89.)

HyPeNTELIUM Rafinesque, 1818.—“ This species [Exoglossum macropterum] distin-
guished by so many secondary characters may be the type of a subgenus, which may
be called Hypentelium, in reference to the five lobes of the lower jaw. The species
with a three-lobed jaw may form then another section under the former name of
Mazillingua.”—(RA¥INESQUE, Journ. Acad, Nat, Se. p. 420, 1818.)

CaTostoMuSs Rafinesque, 1820.—“ Body oblong cylindrical, scaly. Vent posterior or
nearer to the tail. Head and opercules scaleless and smooth. Mouth beneath the
snout, with fleshy, thick or lobed sucking lips. Jaws toothless and _ retractible.
Throat with pectinated teeth. Nostrils double. Gill-cover double or triple. Three
branchial rays to the gill membrane. A single dorsal fin commonly opposite to the
abdominal fins, which have from eight to ten rays.””—(RArINESQUE, Ich. Oh. p. 53.)

Decactyivs Ratinesque, 1820.—'‘ Body nearly cylindrical, abdominal fins with ten

GENUS CATOSTOMUS. 155

rays; tailequally forked. Besides the two following species (C. duquesnii; C. elongalus)
the C. bostoniensis and C. hudsonius must be enumerated here.”—(RAFINESQUE, Ich. Oh.
p. 60.)

HYPENTELIUM Rafinesque, 1820.—‘‘ Body pyramidal slightly compressed, with very
minute scales. Vent posterior. Head scaleless, nearly square, mouth terminal prc-
truded beneath toothless, jaw shorter with five lobes, the middle one larger, lips very
small. Abdominal fins anterior removed from the vent, dorsal fin anterior, opposed to
them. ;

“This genus belongs to the family of the Cyprinidia, and is next to my genus Lroglos-
sum, with which I had united it; but this last differs from it by an oblong body, flat
head, lower lip trilobe not protruded, abdominal fins and dorsal fin medial, &c. The
name expresses the character of the lower lip.’—(RAFINESQUE, Ich. Oh. p. 68.)

Catostomus DeKay, 1842.—“ Both lips thick, fleshy, and crenated or plaited ; the
lower lip pendant. Dorsal placed above the ventrals and usually short.”—(DEKay,
New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 196.)

Carostomus Heckel, 1843.—‘‘Os inferum; labia carnea, lata, rugosa, suctni apta;
eirrhi nulli; preoperculum ante occiput. Pinna dorsalis brevis, rarius elongata; analis
brevior, utraque radio osseo nullo. Dentes pharyngei pectiniformes.

D : 3] 8— 13— 29
A:2o-—7

(Characters of Tribus IV, including Catostomus, Rhytidostomus, and 9 Exoglossum.)

“ Dentes pectiniformes 40 —40. Os inferum; labia carnea; lata, rugosa ad suctum
apta; cirrhi nulli. Pinna dorsalis et analis brevis, illa ante pinnas ventrales incipiens ;
radius osseus nullus.— Tractus intestinalis 24 —3 long. corp.” — (HECKEL, Sische
Syriens, p. 33.)

CaToOsSToMUS Valenciennes, 1844.—‘“‘ Ils different ces ables [ Leuciscus], avec lesquels
ils ne sont pas sans affinité, par la position de leur bouche et par la forme des lévres
qui la bordent. Ces organes sont assez distincts de ceux des Chondrostomes.

“T/absence des barbillons les éloigne aussi des Labéons [ Labeo], avec lesquels ils ont
@ailleurs moins de rapports que M. Cuvier ne le supposait quand il a rédigé le Regne
Animal. Enfin ils different de tous ces genres par leurs dents pharyngiennes.

“Par la forme générale de leur corps, ils ressemblent & nos barbeaux [ Larbus], dont
ils ont presque tous la téte alongée, lisse et nue, et le museau un peu proéminent,
mais ils n’ont pas leurs barbillons, et la dorsale manque de rayons épineux et dentelés.
La bouche est située sous le museau; elle est sans dents, et les lévres, élargies, lobées,
caronculées, mais sans prolonguements filiformes, servent & constituer une sorte de
ventouse au moyen de laquelle ces poissons peuvent adberer ou sucer. Les pharyngiens
sont grands et arqués, presque en demi-cercle ; tout le bord interne est garni de dents
comprimées, & conronne striée, un peu plus large que la base; toutes ces dents dé-
croissent regulivrement depuis les inferiéures jusqu’aux supérieures, le nombre en varie
selon les espéces; elles forment un peigne sur le corpsl’os. Les opercules sont grands;
les narines ont chacune, comme & l’ordinaire, deux ouvertures rapprochées; les yeux
assez larges, sont elliptiques, et ont Viris ordinairement jaune; les écailles sont en
général petites sur la nuqne et prés de la téte, et elles vont ensuite en augmentant a
mésure*qu’on s’en approche de la queue; elles sont plus ou moins rhomboidales et

striées ou frangées.

156 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

“Les viscéres rappellent ceux des cyprinoides en général, mais Vintestin, 4 cause de
ses nombreux replis, a ercore plus d’étendue. ... Le foie se résout bientét en
huile; la vessie aér'enne est communément divisé en deux et communique avec le
haut de l’esophage comme dans nos cyprins.”—( VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. des Poissons,
xvii, pp. 423-424.)

HyLomMyZoNn Agassiz, 1855.—*The name of this genus is a mere translation of the
vernacular name of its type, the Muad-Sucker of the West, framed in imitation of
Petromyzon, but expressing its habits of living in the mud. The body is stout and
heavy in front, and tapers off rapidly from the shoulders towards the tail; behind the
dorsal it is nearly cylindrical in form.

“The short quadrangular head is broad and flat above, its sides are vertical. The
eyes are of moderate size and elliptical in form; the superorbital ridges are elevated
above the general level of the head. The mouth is inferior, and encircled by broad
fleshy lips which are covered with small grains or papillz. The lower lip is bilobed.
The dorsal is over the ventrals, and nearer the head than the tail; its height and
Jength are nearly equal. The pectora!s and ventrals are broad and rounded, the anal
fin is slender and reaches the caudal. The scales are Jargest on the anterior portion of
the body. They are slightly longer than high, the ornamental concentric ridges of
the posterior field are broader and farther apart than those of the lateral and anterior”
lields; those of the anterior and posterior fields rather remote, about equal in number.
Tubes of the lateral line arising from the centre of radiation.

“The teeth are compressed, so that their sharp edge projects inwards; at the same
time they are slightly arched inwards and inserted obliquely upon the pharyngeal
hones. They increase gradually in size and thickness from above downwards. The
masticating ridge of the teeth is transverse, compressed in the middle and sharp; its
upper and lower edges are rounded and more projecting, the inner point, however, more
projecting than the outer one.” —( AGASSIZ, Am. Journ, Sci. Arts, 1855, p. 205.)

Catostéuus Agassiz, 1555,—‘‘I have retained the name of Catostomus for the type
to which it was originally applied by Forster. The body is elongated, fusiform and
slightly compressed, The snout is short and blunt, and projects but little beyond the
mouth, which is inferior. The lower jaw is short and bread. The lips are fleshy and
strongly bilobed below; their surface is conspicuously granulated or papillated. The
head is considerably longer than high. The dorsal is large and mostly in advance of
the ventrals; its length is greater than its height. The anal fin is long and slender,
and reaches the caudal. The sexual differences, so conspicuous in the genus Moxostoma
and Prychostomus, are hardly to be noticed in this genus. The other fins are of moder-
ate size, and more or less pointed.

“The scales are much smaller on the anterior than on the posterior portion of the
body ; nearly quadrangular, with rounded angles, but somewhat longer than high;
the ornamental concentric ridges of the posterior field broader than those of the lateral
and anterior fields; the radiating furrows more numerous than in Hylomyzon and
Ptychostomus, and encroaches upon the lateral fields, where, in some species, they are
nearly as numerous as upon the anterior and posterior fields. Tubesof the lateral line
wider than in Hylomyzon and Ptychestomns, extending from the centre of radiation
to the posterior margin.

“The pharyngeals are stout and compact, the outer margin not so spreading as

GENUS CATOSTOMUS. 157

in Ptychostomus; the teeth are blunter and larger comparatively than in any
other genus of the tribe, increasing more rapidly in size from above downwards, so
that those of the middle of the arch are already of the same cast as those of the lower
part of the comb; their crown is blunt and the inner edge rises into a blunt cusp.”—
(AGassIZ, Am. Journ. Sc. Arts, 1855, p. 207.)

Mrxomus Girard, 1856.—‘‘ We propose to include under the head of Minomus, such
species as are characterized by an elongated and fusiform body, a head longer than
deep; a dorsal fin either higher than long, or with both dimensions equal. The lps
being tubercalated, moderately bilobed. The pharyngeals not expanded laterally, but
considerably bent inwardly. The teeth compressed, decidedly bicuspid, but the inner
projection more developed than the outer. The scales being nearly of the same size,
but slightly smaller anteriorly than posteriorly.” (Includes C. insignis, C. plebeius, and
C. clarkit.)\—(GirARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 1856, p. 173.)

Acomus Girard, 1856.—“And then giving the name of Acomus to those species in
which the head is very elongated, the dorsal higher than long, and the scales much
smaller upon the anterior region of the body than upon the posterior. The lips being
papillated and very deeply cleft. The pharyngeals are gently arched and not expanded;
the teeth compressed and bituberculated, the inner projection conspicuous; the outer
one obsolete, though existing.” (Includes C. forsterianus, C. aurora, C. latipinnis, C. guz-
maniensis, C. generosus, C. griseus, and C. lactarius.)—(GiIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila.
1856, p. 174.)

CarTostomus Girard, 1856.—‘ The genus Catosiomus, Le Sueur, would then be re-
stricted to such species in which the head is moderately elongated, the dorsal fin gen-
erally longer than high, and the size of the scales less disproportionate anteriorly and
posteriorly than in Acomus. The lips are papillated and deeply cleft. The pharyngeals
provided with a little expansion inferiorly. The teeth are compressed, with the inner
projection of the crown alone developed.” (Includes C. hudsonius, C. communis, C. occi-
dentalis, C. labiatus, C. macrocheilus, C. sucklii, and C. bernardini.)—(GirarD, Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sc. Phila. 1856, p. 174.)

Catastomus Gill, 1865.—“‘Snout long. Lateral line present, nearly straight. Lips
papillated.”—(G1LL, Canadian Naturalist, Aug. 1865, p. 19, reprint.)

CaTosToMUS Giinther, 1868.—‘‘ Scales of small, moderate or large size. Lateral line
present, running along the middle of the tail. Dorsal fin of moderate extent, with not
more than about seventeen rays, opposite to the ventrals, without spine. Anal fin very
short, but deep. Fins of the males generally more produced than those of the females,
and frequently with horny tubercles. Mouth inferior, with the lips more or less thick-
ened and papillose, the lower frequently bilobed. Barbels none, Gill-rakers well
developed, soft, the upper lanceolate, the lower quite membranaceous, low folds cross-
ing the bone. Pseudobranchie. Pharyngeal bones sickle-shaped, armed with a comb-
like series of numerous compressed teeth, the teeth becoming larger and broader
towards the lower end of the series.’”—(GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, p. 12.)

Carostomus Jordan, 1876.—“Air bladder in two parts ; lateral line well developed ;
lips papillose; scales much smaller anteriorly than posteriorly ; interorbital space
convex ; body sub-terete.”—(JORDAN, Man. Vert. 1876, p. 292.)

HYPENTELIUM Jordan, 1876.—‘“‘Air bladder in two parts; lateral line well devei-
oped; lips papillose ; scales about as large on front part of body as on tail; body

158 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY:—IIL.

tapering rapidly from shoulders to tail; interorbital space concave; length of head
greater than depth of body.”—(JoRDAN, Man. Vert. 1876, p. 292.)

Carostomus Cope & Jordan, 1877.—‘‘ Body oblong or elongate, with a short, sub-
quadrate dorsal fin ; air bladder in two parts; lateral line well developed ; fontanelle
distinct.”—(JORDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 1877, p. 81.)

HyPeNtTeLiuM Jordan, 1878.—‘ Body oblong or elongate, with a short subquadrate
dorsal; anal rays uniformly 7; mouth normal, the lower lip undivided or deeply lobed ;
lips tuberculate; lateral line well developed; fontanelle distinct; no mandibulary
sheath; scales moderate, not crowded forwards, about equal over the body ; body long,
and little compressed; head transversely concave between orbits, long and flattened,
the physiognomy being therefore peculiar; ventral rays 9.’.—(JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed.
2d, 1878, pp. 309-310.)

Carostomus Jordan, 1878.—[As in the preceding except] “Scales small, smaller
anteriorly and much crowded ; head transversely convex between orbits; ventral
rays normally 10.”’—(JoRDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 1878, pp. 309-310.)

DecapactTyLus Jordan, 1878 (as subggnus).—“ Lateral line with 60 to 65 scales ;
snout comparatively short.”—(JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, p. 319.)

Catostomus Jordan, 1878 (as subgenus).— Lateral line with about 100 scales;
snout much produced.”—(JORDAN, Man, Vert. ed. 2d, p. 320.)

The three subgenera here recognized are characterized below. The
single species of Hypentelium is found only eastward of the Rocky
Mountains. Catostomus and Decadactylus each have representatives on
both sides of the mountains. It is a curious fact that the Southwestern
representatives of each, as a rule, have the upper lip more developed,
and with more numerous series of papilla, than the Eastern ones. In
this respect as in others, these Western species approach the genus Pan-
tosteus, @ group exclusively Western in its Gistribution.

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF CATOSTOMUS.

* Scales moderate ; not crowded anteriorly, nearly equal over the body; 48 to 55 in the
lateral line; 12 to 15 in a transverse series from dorsal to
ventrals : head flattened above, transversely concave between
the orbits, the frontal bone thick, broad, and short, the phy-
siognomy being therefore peculiar: ventral rays normally
9: upper lip very thick, strongly papillose, with a broad,
free margin, which has upwards of 8 to 10 series of papillw
upon it. Lower lip greatly developed, strongly papillose,
considerally incised behind, but less so than in Catostomus
proper: fontanelle shorter and smaller than in Decadactylus :
pectoral fins unusually large. (ypentelium.)

z. Depth 44 to5 in length; head 4 to 44; eye rather small, 4} to 5 in head: color
olivaceous; sides with brassy lustre; belly white; back
brown. with several dark cross-blotches, irregularly arranged,
these becoming obsolete in old individuals; lower fins dull
red, with some dusky shading: size large; maximum length
ADONE TWO 1606 . ccnau senda tuseusenaneEswmeee NIGRICANS, 24.

GENUS CATOSTOMUS. 159

y. Dorsal with 11 developed rays: scales 7-50-5: head rather longer, 4 to 44 in
length : pectoral fins rather longer: colors relatively dull;
no distinct whitish stripes along the rows of scales.

nigricans.
yy. Dorsal with 10 developed rays: scales 6-48-5: head rather shorter, 44 in
length: pectoral fins rather shorter: colors brighter ; black-
ish above; belly abruptly white; a pale spot at the base off
each seale, these forming conspicuous whitish streaks along
GhHEwMO Ws OL SCalesgerteiqisip oa aoe elellotelee sete niesy os erfoln = -CLOWAIUB.
** Scales small, reduced, and crowded anteriorly more or less ; 58 to 72 in the lateral
line dnd about 20 to 25 in a transverse series from the ven-
trals to the dorsal: snout moderate or rather short. (Deca-
dactylus.)
t Upper lip comparatively thin, with but few (2 or 3) rows of papille.

a. Dorsal fin with but 10 or 11 developed rays; scales but little reduced in size
forwards.

b. Body moderately stout ; depth 43 in length ; head very small and short, about
5 in length; eye moderate; fins all notably small: scales
small, subequal, 9-70-9, larger on the middle of the body than
on the caudal peduncle: body with scattered, dusky, nebu-
LOUSISPOUS! cae sas oa clelae Solate eiseRocietls acotaeis symminls CLARKI, 25.

bb. Body rather elongate, subterete, heavy at the shoulders and tapering back-
wards, the depth about 5 in length; head moderate, about 44
in length; mouth comparatively small; lips moderate, the
upper narrow, with about two rows of large tubercles : scales
little crowded forwards, 58 to 63 in the lateral line, 19 ina
cross-series : a series of dusky spots along each row of scales,
asin Minytrema melanops ; the spots sometimes obscure.
: INSIGNIS, 26.
aa. Dorsal with 11 to 13 developed rays: scales much reduced and crowded ante-
riorly.

c. Body moderately stout, varying with age, subterete, heavy at the shoul-
ders, the depth 4 to 43 in length: head rather large and stout,
conical, flattish above, its length 4 to 44 in body (34 to 4} in
young); snout moderately prominent, scarcely overpassing
the mouth; mouth rather large, the lips strongly papillose,
the upper moderate, with two or three rows of papille:
scales crowded anteriorly, much larger ou the sides than be-
low ; scales 10-64 to 70-9: coloration olivaceous; males in
spring with a faint rosy lateral band ; young brownish, more
or less mottled, often with about three large confluent lateral
blotches, which sometimes form an obscure lateral band.

TERES, 27.

tt Upper iip thick and full, with several (5 to 8) rows of papille: scales crowded
forwards,

160 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

t Fontanelle well developed : lips without evident cartilaginous sheath.
ad. Dorsal fin comparatively long, of 12 to 14 rays.

e. Mouth quite large, with very large lips, the upper full and pendent,
with 6 to 8 rows of strong papill#: head large, 4} in length,
rather narrow, quadrangular, the snout projecting: eye
large: dorsal fin much longer than high, its rays about 14:

* scales 12-72-10: coloration rather dark; a dusky lateral
SUTIPOs 5. < 6c bap pein getaddunseenn ne aces AOROCHILUA ees
ee. Mouth comparatively small, smaller than in C. teres; the upper lip
thick, with 5 or 6 rows of papillw, which are moderately
large: head rounded above, 44 in length, the profile steeper
than in C. teres, the snout more pointed, the two sides of the
head more convergent forwards: eye small: dorsal fin longer
than high, its rays 12 to 14: scales 13-72-10.
OCCIDENTALIS, 29.
dd. Dorsal fin short, higher than long, of about 11 developed rays: head 44
in length, rather bluntish: mouth moderate, the labial papillx
largely developed, the upper lip full, with about 5 rows of
large but rather sparse papille: scales 12-74-10: color dark
above; sides clouded with black and yellow--..LABIATUS, 50.
tt Fontanelle very small and narrow: both jaws with a weak cartilaginous sheath:
body elongate, fusiform, subterete, the greatest depth 4} to 44
in length: head small, conical, 43 in length: mouth quite
large, with full, thick lips, the upper very wide and pendent,
with about 6 rows of very strong papillw: lower lip two-
lobed, similarly papillose: interorbital space wide, convex:
eye elevated, posterior, qaite small: fins moderate; dorsal
higher than long, with 10, rarely 11, rays: ventral rays 10:
scales small, crowded forwards, 10 or 9-70-8: color dark ;
; scales with dark punctulations.........--.-.--.ARZOPUS, 31.
*** Scales very small, much reduced and crowded anteriorly; 83 to 115 in the lateral
line, and 25 to 40 in a transverse series from the ventrals to
the dorsal: body and head more or less elongate : sides with a
broad rosy or orange lateral band in spring males. (Cato-
stomus.)
} Fontanelle well developed: jaws without evident cartilaginons sheath.
J. Upper lip comparatively thin and narrow, with but few (3 or 4) rows
of papille,
g. Body shorter than in the next, but still elongated, its greatest depth
44 to 5 in length: head very large and long-acuminate, the
muzzle nearly one-half its length, overhanging the rather
large mouth: lips moderate; the npper pendent, with about 3
rows of small papillae; the lower rather full, similarly papil-
lose: eye nearly median, rather small, 8} in head: scales

small and crowded forwards, closely imbricated, 83 to 87 in

GENUS CATOSTOMUS. 161

the course of the lateral line and about 28 in a cross-series
from dorsal to ventrals: coloration very dark; fins dusky ;

scales everywhere finely punctate. Size large. .TAHOENSIS, 32.

gg. Body elongate, subterete, the depth 4} to 43 in length: head quite

long and slender, 44 to 4% in length, depressed and flattened
above, broad at base, but tapering into a long snout, which
considerably overhangs the large mouth: lips thick, coarsely
tuberculate, the upper lip narrow, with 2 or 3 rows of
tubercles: eye rather small, behind the middle of the head:
scales very small, much crowded forwerds, 95 to 114 in the
course of the lateral line, and about 29 (26 to 31) in a cross
row from dorsal to ventrals: dorsal rays 10 or 11: males in
spring with the head and anal fin profusely tuberculate, the
tubercles on the bead small; the sides at that season with a
broad rosy band: size large; the largest species in the

MOGUSS ee Sei se see oe tee ee eae 5 5 «se LONGIROSIRIS, Jd.

ff. Upper lip very broad, with several (5 or 6) rows of large papill.

i. Body long and slender, subterete, compressed behind, tho form

ti. Body

essentially that of C. longirostris, the dep‘h contained 53 times
in the length: head large, 4 in length of body, the interorbital
space broad and flat, 2} in length of head: eye small, high up
and rather posterior: preorbital bone very long and slender,
its length about three times its depth: mouth large, precisely
as in C. latipinnis, the upper lip pendent, very large, with 5 to
8 series of tubercles: dorsal fin not elongated or especially
elevated, its rays 11, the beginning of the dorsal much
nearer base of caudal than snout: caudal fin long and strongly
forked: anal fin long and high, reaching base of caudal: ven-
trals not reaching vent: caudal peduncle stout and deep, its
least depth more than one-third length of head, its length
about two-thirds that of head: scales quite small, about as in
longirostris, the exposed portion not notably lengthened:
chest with well-developed scales; scales 16-100-14: coloration
dusky brown, a dusky lateral band, pale below, the dark colors
extending low; snout quite dark: size large. .eTROPINNIS, 39.
slender and elongate, the caudal peduncle especially long and
very slender, the depth 5} in the length: head moderate, 4}
in length, rather slender, with prominent snout and rather
contracted, inferior mouth; outline of the mouth triangular,
the apex forwards; the lips very thick, greatly developed,
lower lip incised to the base, its posterior margin extending
backwards to opposite the eye: jaws with a slight cartila-
ginous pellicle: eye small, high up: preorbital bone broad,
scarcely twice as long as deep: scales long and low, posteri-

orly rounded, their horizontal diameter greater than the ver-

Bult. N. M. No, 12—11

162 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

tical, 17-98 to 105-17: fins excessively developed, much
more elevated in the males than in the females, the free
border of the dorsal, in the males at least, deeply incised: in
the males, the height of each of the three vertical fins is
greater than the length of the head: dorsal rays 13, its
beginning rather nearer snout than base of dorsal: candal fin
especially strong, the rudimentary rays at its base unusually
developed : least depth of caudal peduncle less than one-third
length of head: coloration rather silvery, the males probably
rosy andtuberculate inspring.........-..----.LATIPINNIS, 36.

§§ Fontanelle almost obliterated, reduced to a narrow slit: each jaw with a well-
developed cartilaginous sheath (as in Pantosteus).

j. Body subterete, compressed behind,the depth 5 in length: in-
terorbital space 2 in head: head quite short, broad and
rounded above, 4% in length: eye small, far back and high up,
6 in head: mouth very large, inferior, beneath the projecting
snout: upper lip very full, pendent, with about 5 rows of tu-
bercles upon it: lower lip very full, moderately incised, with
about 10 rows, a notch separating the upper lip from the
lower, each jaw with a slightly curved cartilaginous sheath on
its edge, the two parallel with each other and fitting closely
together: fins small: dorsal rays 11; caudal little forked:
seales 15-90-11, very much reduced forwards and subject to
many irregularities: colors dusky : size small..DISCOBOLUS, 36.

24. CATOSTOMUS NIGRICANS Le Sueur.

Log Sucker. Hog Mullet. Hog Molly. Crawl-a-bottom. Stone Roller. Stone Toter.
Stone Lugger. Hammer-head. Mud Sucker.

a. Subspecies nigricans.

1817—Catostomus nigricans Le Survur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 102.
Calostomus nigrans (sic) KIRTLAND, Rept. Zool. Ohio, 168, 1838.
Catostomus nigricans DEKay, New York Fauna, part iv, Fishes, 202, 1842,
Catostomus nigricans CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. des Poiss. xvii, 453,

1844,

Catostomus nigricans STORER, Synopsis, 421, 1846,
Hylomyzon nigricans AGAssiz, Am, Journ. Sci. Arts, 2d series, xix, 205, 1855.
Hylomyzon nigricans PUTNAM, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, 10, 1865.
Hylomyzon nigricans Core, Proe. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila, 285, 1864.
Catostomus nigricans Corr, Journ, Ac. Nat. Se. Phila, 236, 1868.
Catostomus nigricans GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, 17, 1868.
Catostomus nigricans Core, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila, 468, 1870.
Hylomyzon nigricans JORDAN, Fishes of Ind, 221, 1875.
Hypentelium nigricans JORDAN, Bull. Buffalo Soe. Nat, Hist. 95, 1876.
TTypentelium nigricans JORDAN, Man, Vert, 294, 1876,
Catostomus nigricans UNLER & LUGGER, Fishes of Maryland, 128, 1874
Hypentelium nigricans NELSON, Bull. No, 1, Ills, Mus, Nat. Hist, 48, 1876,

CATOSTOMUS NIGRICANS. 163

Hypentelium nigricans JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 156, 1876.
Catostomus nigricans JORDAN, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. xi, 345, 1877.
Hypentelium nigricans JORDAN & GILBERT, in Klippart’s Rept. 53, 1876.
Hypentelium nigricans JORDAN, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus, ix, 34, 1877.
Hypentelium nigricans JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 319, 1878.
1817—Catostomus maculosus LE SUEUR, Journ, Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 103.
Catostomus maculosus DEKAy, New York Fauna, part iv, Fishes, 203, 1842.
Catostomus maculosus CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. des Poiss. xvii, 454,
1844. ;
Catostomus maculosus STORER, Synopsis, 422, 1846.
Catostomus maculosus UHLER & LUGGER, Fishes of Maryland, 139, 1876.
1817— Exoglossum macropterum RAFINESQUE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 420.
HAypentelium macropterum RAFINESQUE, Ich. Oh. 68, 1820.
Hypentelium macropterum KIRTLAND, Rept. Zool. Ohio, 168, 1838.
Exoglossum macropterum CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, xvii, 486, 1844.
Exoglossum macropterum STORER, Synopsis, 428, 1846.
1820—Catostomus xanthopus RAFINESQUE, Ich. Oh. 57.

1820—? Catostomus ? megastomus RA¥FINESQUE, Ich. Oh.59. (Most likely mythical.)
1844—Catostomus planiceps CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, xvii, 450,
pl. 516.

Catostomus planiceps STORER, Synopsis, 426, 1846.

aa. Subspecies etowanus.

1877— Catostomus nigricans var. etowanus JoRDAN, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. xi, 345.

Hapirat.—New York and Maryland to North Carolina; west to the Great Plains.
Var. elowanus in the Alabama River. Most common inthe Central Mississippi Basin ; not
known from the streams of the South Atlantic States, excepting the Savannah River.

This species is one of the most abundant and widely distributed of
our Suckers. It abounds in rapids and shoals, especially in the larger
streams, and its singular, almost comical form is familiar to every
school-boy in the West. Its powerful pectoral fins render it a swifter
fish in the water than any others of its family. Its habit is to rest
motionless on the bottom, where its mottled colors render it difficult to
distinguish from the stones among which it lies. When disturbed, it
darts away very quickly, after the manner of the Etheostomoids. They
often go in flocks of eight to ten. Ihave never yet found this species
in really muddy water, and when placed in the aquarium it is one of
the very first fishes to feel the influence of impure water. In my expe-
rience, it is a fish as peculiar to the clear streams as the species of
Etheostoma or Uranidea are. Professor Agassiz speaks of it as the
Mud Sucker, and has named it Hylomyzon, in allusion to its mud-loving
habits. It is fortunate that that name has become a synonym, for it is
certainly a misnomer.

This Sucker reaches a length of about 18 inches. Itis not much valued

164 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

as.food, but is often caught by boys with a spear orsnare. In company
with other species of Catostomus and Myxostoma, it ascends all our West-
ern streams in April for the purpose of depositing its spawn.

The Southern form, which I have designated as var. etowanus, is more

intensely colored and differs in some minor respects. It frequents, in-

great abundance, the clear tributaries of the Etowah, Oostanaula, and
Coosa Rivers, in company with Potamocottus meridionalis (zopherus), a
species to which the young of the Catostomus bears much resemblance
as seen in the water.

The synonymy of this species has been well worked out by Professor
Agassiz. The variations in age and appearance have given rise to a
number of nominal species, most of which have, however, already been
disposed of. The oldest specific name, nigricans, has been the one most
generaily employed. The generic name used depends on whether we
consider this species generically distinct from the type of Catostomus or
not. It would seem—if we may so speak—as if Nature bad intended
Hypentelium for a distinct genus, but not being an expert in generic
characters, had failed to provide it with any which can stand our tests.
The name Hylomyzon, being a simple synonym of Hypenteliwm, of course
cannot be used. Rafinesque’s account is much inferior to that of Pro-
fessor Agassiz, and the figure given by him is one of the worst ever
published, still his typical species is readily identifiable, and his name
for it cannot be set aside.

Specimens in United States National Museum.

Number. Locality. | Collector.
a = |
TAR) oan ao coihafe Borate ele eats aes ee oe a et eee eee
$446)|| Cayvugasbake, New, York <.-.cann sac cee at seen eee ae
B7G2 | cca c. ok eee douechei ramen” acetates ee eet
Bette. SUN CT ee SR se aes Saeees Gee toe
OGG!) Scere. os ae, ee Sr ee eee eee ee eae
19906 | Omeinnatiy Ohio ic-ivc geevkoecaeuk eve eee eee | J. W. Milner.
aoe's't Meorad, Mich: ..csccesces can eae cence nee pees eee eee | J. W. Milner.
16246)! Bainbridge, Ps..cscescus ese bese uecee tenn ee anayee eeen T. H. Bean.
20066"| "Black River: Ohio... see scesuk ee de ecard nok ae eee eters | 8. F. Baird.
VULUD 1 Db ONNCEREEO-<. Us cn ves puusup ke ouae eeeue reas tae eee eeen Beek with.
90260') Yellow Creek; Ohio‘... escbic dues vaca, Seen ene ened 8. F. Baird.
20270) Root River, Wisconsin: ..s.s0s-5 e040 <0 cond sewees sree cera
_ Etowah River, Georgia (types of var. etowanus) .........-| I. 8, Jordan,
_ White River; indiana: .. os. 2.vsn cena yeeae epee eee _D~.S. Jordan.
ami) Romania River sic. d.-ie d2cond she nnha seeaeeeneaeepmae D.8. Jordan.

4

=

CATOSTOMUS INSIGNIS. 165

25. CATOSTOMUS CLARKI Baird & Girard.
Clark’s Sucker.

1854—Catostomus clarkii BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc. Phila. Ac. Nat. Se. 27.
Catostomus clarkit AGassiz, Am. Journ. Sc. Arts, 2d ceries, xix, 208, 1855.
Minomus clarkii Grrarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 173, 1856.
Minomus clarkii Girarp, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichth. 38, pl. xxii, f. 5-8, 1859.
Catostomus clarkit JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 156, 1876.

HaBirat.—Rio Santa Cruz in Arizona.

Nothing is known of this species except from the figure given by
Girard and the descriptions published by Baird and Girard. The
original types of the species are not to be found in the Museum, and
there are no specimens of recent collection which appear to belong to
it. It seems, however, to be a valid species, related to C. insignis.
Its lips have not been figured, hence I can only infer that it belongs to
the group with a narrow upper lip.

26. CATOSTOMUS INSIGNIS Baird & Girard.

Spotted Sucker.

1854—Catostomus insignis BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc. Phila, Ac. Nat. Se, 28, 1854.
Minomus insignis GrrRARD, Proce. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 173, 1856.
Minomus insignis GIRARD, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichth. 37, pl. xxi, f. 1-4, 1859.
Catostomus insigne COPE & YARROW, Wheeler’s Expl. W. 100th Mer. v, Zool.
676, 1876.
Catostomus insignis JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 156,1876.

HaABitTat.—Tributaries of the Rio Gila.

The original types of this species, from the Rio San Pedro, are now
lost. The specimens collected by Dr. Rothrock in Ash Creek, Arizona,
and referred to this species by Professor Cope, undoubtedly belong
here. The species is a well-marked one, both as to form and coloration.
The genus Minomus, of which it was made the type, appears, however,
to have no tangible existence.

Specimens in, United States National Museum.

Number. Locality. Collector.

Leon Aen Oreck, “ATiZONS S.-{ Joceue eewetsees sebecs bocce Dr. J. T. Rothrock.

SSS EE Saar Ee ea eee eee

166 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—ILL.

27. CATOSTOMUS TERES (Mitchill) Le Sueur.
Common Sucker. White Sucker. Brook Sucker. I ine-scaled Sucker.

1803—Le Cyprin commersonien LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. des Poiss, v, 502, 508.
Catostomus commersonii JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 320, 1878.
18——Cyprinus catostomus PecK, Mem. Am. Acad, ii, pt. 2, p. 55, pl. 2, f.4. (Not of
Forster.) ;
1814— Cyprinus teres MircHiLy, Lit. and Phil. Trans. New York, i, 458.
Catostomus teres Lu Sueur, Journ. Ac, Nat. Se. Phila. 108, 1817.
Catostomus teres THOMPSON, Hist. Vt. 134, 1642.
Catostomus teres Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, xii, 468, 1844.
Catostomus teres STORER, Synopsis, 423, 1846.
Catostomus teres AGASSIZ, Am, Journ. Se, Arts, 2d series, xix, 208, 1855.
Catostomus teres GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, 15, 1868,
Catostomus teres Corr, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, Phila, 468, 1870.
Catostomus teres JORDAN, Fishes of Ind, 221, 1875.
Catostomus teres JORDAN, Man. Vert. 293, 1876.
Catostomus teres NELSON, Bull. No. 1, Ils. Mus. Nat. Hist. 48, 1876.
Catostomus teres JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 156, 1876.
Catostomus teres JORDAN & GILBERT, in Klippart’s Rept. 53, 1876.
Catostomus teres JORDAN & GILBERT, in Klippart’s First Report Ohio Fish Com-
mission, 84, pl. xii, f. 18-19, 1877.
Catostomus teres JORDAN, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ix, 37, 1877.
1817—Catostomus communis Le Surur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. i, 95.
Catostomus communis DeKay, New York Fauna, part iv, Fishes, 196, 1842.
Catostomus communis CuviER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, xvii, —
426,1844.
Catostomus communis KIRTLAND, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. v, 265, 1845.
Catostomus communis STORER, Synopsis, 421, 1846.
Catostomus communis COPE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila, 236, 1868.
Catostomus communis UHLER & LUGGER, Fishes of Maryland, 138, 1876.
1817—Catostomus bostoniensis Lk Surur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Se, Phila. 106.
Catostomus bostoniensis STORER, Rep'. Ich. Mass, 84, 133s.
Catostomus bostoniensis CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, xvii,
432, 1844.
Catostomus bostoniensis STORER, Synopsis, 423, 1846.
Catostomus bostoniensis PUTNAM, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 10, 1863.
Catostomus bostoniensis GILL, Canadian Nat, p. 19, Aug, 1865. *
Catostomus bostoniensis STORER, Hist, Fishes Mass, 290, p). xxii, f. 3, 1867.
Catostomus bostoniensis THOREAU, Week on Concord and Merrimack, 38, 1868.
1820—Catostomns fleruosus RAPINESQUY, Ich, Oh, 59.
1823—Catostomus hudsonius Ricnarpson, Franklin’s Journal, 717, 1823. (Not of Le
Sueur.)
Cyprinus (Catostomus) hudsonius RiCHARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Am, Fishes, 112, 1836.
(Exel. syn.)
1836—Cyprinus (Catostomus) reticulatus R1cHARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Am. Fishes, 303.

CATOSTOMUS TERES. 167

1838—Catostomus gracilis KIRTLAND, Rept. Zool. Ohio, 168.
1838—Catostomus nigricans STORER, Rept. Ich. Mass. 66. (Not of Le Sueur.)
Catostomus nigricans THOMPSON, Hist. Vermont, 135, 1842.
1842—Catosiomus pallidus DeKay, New York Fauna, part iv, Fishe ', 200.
Catostomus pallidus STORER, Synopsis, 426, 1846.
1844—Catostomus aureolus CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. des Poiss. xvii, 439.
(Not of Le Sueur.)
Catostomus aureolus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, 16, 1868.
1850—Catostomus forsterianus AGAssiZ, Lake Superior, 358.
1855— Catostomus forsierianus AGASSIZ, Am, Journ, Se. Arts, 2d series, xix, 208.
Acomus forsterianus GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 173, 1856.
1856—Catostomus sucklii GIRARD, Proe, Ac. Nat. Se. Phila, 175.
Catostomus sucklii GIRARD, U.S. Pac. R. R. Expl. x, pl. li, 226, 1858.
Catostomus sucklii Cope, Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Wyoming, 1870, 434, 1872.
Catostomus suckleyi JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 156, 1876.
1860—? Catostomus texanus ABBOTT, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 473.
? Catostomus tecanus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 156, 1876.
1860—Catostomus chloropteron ABBOTT, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 473.
Catostomus chloropterwm Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 85, 1865.
Catostomus chloropterus JORPAN & COPELAND, Check List, 156, 1876.
1876—Catostomus alticolus COPE & YARROW, Wheeler’s Expl. W. 10Uth Mer. v, Zool. 677.
Catostomus alticolus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 156, 1376.
1876—Moxostoma trisignatum (COPE) COPE & YaRRow, Wheeler’s Expl. W. 100th Mer. v,
Zool. 679.
Erimyzon trisignatus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 157, 1876.
Habirat.—All streams from Labrador to Florida and westward to the Rocky Mount-

ains. Everywhere abundant. The most widely distributed of the Catostomide.

This species is the commonest of all the Suckers in nearly every
stream east of the Rocky Mountains. In Canada, in New England, in
the Great Lakes, in the Mississippi Valley, in South Carolina, in Georgia,
in Alabama, it is everywhere the commonest Sucker, and it certainly
occurs in Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, and Texas, though how
abundantly [am unable to say.

This species is everywhere the one to which the name of ‘Sucker”
primarily belongs, the other species, though often called “ Sucker”, as
a sort of general term, receiving the special names of Red Horse, Buffalo,
Mullet, Chub Sucker, ete.

This species is subject to considerable variations in different waters.
In shaded brooks, it is dark-colored and rather slender. In open or
muddy waters, it becomes pale. In the Great Lakes, it often reaches a
considerable size and a proportional stoutness of body. The adult is
usually uniformly colored above. Young fishes 14 to 3 inches in length
are often variegated, and sometimes show three or four lateral dark

168 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—HIL.

blotches, which are sometimes confluent into an irregular dusky band.
Such little fishes usually have the lateral line imperfect. On such, the
nominal species Moxostoma trisignatum was based.

The male fishes in the spring show a more or less distinct pinkish or
rosy lateral band. The males and females ascend the small streams in
the spring for the purpose of depositing their spawn. The coincidence
of their times of migration with that of some of the early settlers of Lli-
nois, who used to come up from New Orleans in the spring, returning
in the fall, has given to the natives of that State the slang name of
“Suckers”, as natives of Michigan were called “* Wolverenes”; of Minne-
sota, ‘* Gophers”; of Wisconsin, “ Badgers”; of Indiana, “‘ Hoosiers”; of
Ohio, * Buckeyes”; and of Missouri, *‘ Pukes”.

I have elsewhere adopted the name “ commersoni” for this species,
inasmuch as there is little doubt that it is the ““Cyprin commersonien” *
of Lacépede, as has long since been noticed by Valenciennes.

Dr. Giinther quotes, in the synonymy of Catostomus teres, “Cyprinus
commersonnii Lacépede”; but, on examination of Lacépéde’s work, I am
unable to find that he uses the name commersoni, or in fact any classical
uname whatever for the species, and as priority of date can hardly be
claimed for a French name like ‘Cyprin commersonien”, I am compelled
to fall back on Mitehill’s very appropriate name teres for the species.
The identity of C. teres of Mitchill, C. communis and C. bostoniensis of Le
Sueur, C. reticulutus ot Richardson, C. gracilis of Kirtland, and C. pallidus
of DeKay has been long since shown, and has been generally admitted
by late writers. C. nigricans of Storer and Thompson, from the Con-
necticut, is evidently the dusky brook form of this species, and not
the tiue nigricans of Le Sueur. It is equally evident that the species
called C. aureolus by Valenciennes and Giinther is the present one and
not Myxostoma aureolum. Agassiz’s Catostomus forsterianus is doubtless
the common lake form of C. teres, as indicated by Dr. Giinther. The

* The following is Lacépéde’s description of his “Le Cyprin Commersonien” :—

“Onze rayons Ala dorsale; huit A la nageoire de anus; dix & chaque ventrale;
buit ou neuf Aa chaque pectorale ; Ja nageoire du dos et celle de anus quadrilateres ;
Vanal étroite ; langle de ’extrémité de cette dernitre nageoire tres aigu; la caudale
en croissant; la ligne latérale droite; la machoire supérieure plus avancée que celle
Wen bas; les écailles arrondies et trés petites.

‘Le commersonien, dont nous publions les premiers la description, et que le savant
Commerson a observé, présente un double orifice pour chaque narine ; sa téte est dénuée
de petites écailles; ses ventrales et ses pectorales sont arrondies & leur extrémité; la
dorsale s’éléve vers le milieu de la longueur totale de la poisson.”

CATOSTOMUS TERES. 169

types of OC. sucklit are lost, but C. teres occurs in the Upper Missouri
region, and Girard’s description hints at no specific difference. Catosto-
mus chloropteron Abbott is evidently the same. Catostomus texanus
Abbott, described from a dried specimen, is less clear, but what there is
of specific characterization in the description points to C. teres. The
dorsal carination is frequently observed in stuffed fishes in which some
flesh is left in the back to shrink in drying, leaving the back ‘ carinated”.
I have examined several of the types of Catostomus alticolus Cope.
They are all small fishes, not one-fourth grown, and, as usual in young
fishes, the head appears proportionally large. I see, however, no rea-
son for considering them different from Catostomus teres. Moxostoma
trisignatum I have already referred to. The absence of the lateral line
is due to their youth, not to their belonging to a different genus.
The three large lateral spots, ‘ not seen in any other of the order,” are
found on young specimens of Catostomus generally. I have examined
the types of ‘“‘Moxostoma trisignatum”, and have found specimens of
similar size, similarly colored and without lateral line, from Michigan and
from other Western States. I would undertake to match them from any
stream in the West. The reference of these specimens to Moxostoma
(Erimyzon) was probably the result of a very hasty examination.

Specimens in United States National Museum.

Number. Locality. Collector.
D5 OIMIEC AUISlOmM ace earner eae tc cone. A eatecve ceed cerae S. F. Baird.
6239 | NEL AM OG ote a sie Semis </s Scie ce sy vewc oSice select ee ae Dr. Kennerly.
GSocm eS UMMenVl lows ©. = ceaisemsscns aces, -sieiseaesseene Se
OG lake; Champlain: ss. ..\sccesc enseee-s oe bitikedaSecte 8. F. Baird.
VEO MVMAMet iA tOMIOns sh eso-;Sataaane tacte deine ste eee slower Prof, Andrews.
Bi iil tee ee Are cece is oie pf onic ons aio lsio sin aiin Mes eee mem tea
OTM em echt aie seers he Petal m ascln/o ya sinie ja\15je,0[= ciajsioneldes selec eee
ig OOM Retest tte epee eh apa he apm 8i lay nie cm, Soci ea orc eta Ne ote rae:

TA WGy Vereen en sere als\ei ese a
AdALG, A fers wrostah = (avers oy ene a at in paniet lata ist Wis save alte ot rene ela eae ee
DGUMIA ieee ahs = on hava e anata at, Salles: St hcl SacI aeRISe aes A ice
clin eeeeets scm wisicio nes mse cee meee peel ere Eee ree oe
Broce EOL uPELULONs: MEIC Diorio eee ee ete ep EL o
AID Reeve asad ewes yeaa mae coeeeR ee Ue Aas LAS:
NOR eer he aceon Sipe eS ete ee a nee A TOe
a Oe es wna tare in a le Re eae sibs byes
8489 | Racine, Wis
pee eater af Ae re nino oor eset oe nie eee ey eee cet tar aicnanmlahotie
8573 | Toronto, Canada

170 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— III.

Number.

9646

9875

10540 |

11146
11147
11148
12320

12915

12936
12937
12939
12940
15356
15777
17099
18258
18259
20010
20057
20097
20194
20195

|
|

Specimens in United States National Museum—Continued.

Locality.
Huron River; Michigan .<.222 ve-se-ereo ade e- oe aeeee
Oswego; i Niilcs sto -5 50s neesin gens onal peer a ees
Alabama ..---. ---- +222 s22- cee eee cee ee cee eee eee ee:

wee eee tw ee wee eee wee we eee eee eee ee ewe ee
wee eee ew wee wee ee eee ee ee

ee ee ee ee
ee we we em ee
ee we me we ee ee
ee ee

Pembina, Red River of the North... .----..----.------
Aux Plaines River, IJinois.....--...
Lake Champlain
Ecorse, Mich
Abbeville, 8S. C
Mississippi Valley

ee
eee w es wees wees ee ee ee ee ee te tees wees eee eee
ee
wee ee ee ee me ee ee eee

Black River
AKI ONION se we ee ee oi ane le eee agar rails
Sandusky, Ohio
Sandusky, Ohio
Sandusky, ObiOts.<csasss caaeee nse

eee woes eee eee tee ees eee eee tee ees tee

Potomae River. cvc. cece deem v ieee cud ewe ee Ceres
Twin Lakes, Colorado (alticolus)...... .--. .--.-.......
South Hadley Falle;Mass. 2.00 2. ce ene oak ween es Sie
South Hadley Falls, Mass
South, Hadley. Malle; Mass... <2. <2 we ce eee ease eee
South: Hadley Palle;Maas 7.23 n ee nak ceeds eee

ee

Bainbridge, Pa

ee ee ee ee

Twin Lakes, Colorado (types of alticolus)...... 2... ....
Arkansas River, Pueblo, Col. (types of trisignatum)

Potomac River .2ccck woedvecetasoenks phGuey nao
Potomac River
Yellow Creek, Ohio
Brownsville, Tex

Sing Sing, N. Y

ee
eee Re ee ee ee ee ee
ee ee ee

ee ee eee ees ee eee OEE ESS OH ee Bees cess sess

Northern Boundary Survey, Dakota............ ...-..

Collector.

Barry.

S.

B

I’. Baird,

arry.

R. Kennicott. —

R.

G.

G

s.

Kennicott.

Clark.

. F, Baird.

. W.M leer.
. W. Milner.
. W. Milner.

. W. Milner.
. W. Milner.

. T. Rothrock.

. W. Milner.
W. Milner.
. W. Milner.

. W. Milver.
We

H. Bean.
.T. R throck.
a OF Aiken.

+. B. Goode.

. B. Goode,
F. Baird.

8. F. Baird.

Dr. Elliott Coues.

CATOSTOMUS MACROCHILUS. ° Lee

Specimens in United States National Museum—Continued.

Number. Locality. Collector.
DOSIISPEVETMONG. Na Vorsss oo ssse cate less sassc) Sasi cece acs S. F. Baird.
2OZoos | PMRGISONY \WiSis sce c-t)s seen) cecle/s soe cele ees a su cece aretcie| OO Ee ald.
OD | eet tech ae he aaiele thse eisl ate Deron bo ie Sera el oetmaa a sicten alps S
202627 Quebec \Canadancc. ssc eccsccescusiedoseescisses co ss26| Ook. Baird.
2026bu | RL Ox lulVers VWISCONSIM- 22222-1225 ceca cocncleescie,ss| Ss. bairds
ede | OLE SIU Gg seems ealeoun ae ie ren ea ens aaa eeiaces ssi oeeies || Sei. DALE.
QUZGORPROOUPEULVOL-wVV ISCODSINa= 4). occ eae cisecloseeccse ca sl oS. oy Bards
QOSI GH Reseeetenete es eeReat Sak ec cs eaicelee welaerejeidies
DU SAAD WE OLOMACHRIVEL sate eeaeoceiesceme sais jceciess ciecs + =|) Goode a.bean:
Ui PEROLOMACHRIVOL Ems coece (aacsr secs cise csisjes crise scar =|) ELOUSES
Q0552 PP PlattenValley, Nebraskaun-> < ccc. sacemeticce cae. selec
PAA aa WAKOSD ALC. kre nor) iene ss sicteln ae sere eels aim aie sce L. H. Taylor.
— Etowah River, Georgia. -....----. ---- +--+ +--+ +--+ ---- D. 8S. Jordan.
-— Saluda River; South! Carolinasscs. s2ases sess cece soe D.S. Jordan.
20918 | Fort Bridger, Wyoming. .......... 222.22. see. e225 ----

28.* CATOSTOMUS MACROCHILUS Girard.
Large-lipped Suc er.

1856—Catostomus macrocheilus GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 175,
Catostomus macrocheilus GIRARD, U. 8. Pac. R. R. Expl. x, 225, 1858.
Catostomus macrochilus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, 20, 1868.
Catostomus macrochilus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 156, 1876.

HapsiratT.—Columbia River.

Only the original type of this species is known. It is an adult spe-
cimen, well preserved. Althougl this species seems closely related to
C. occidentalis, I am disposed to consider it distinct, as the mouth is
notably larger than in any occidentalis which I have seen. The exami-
nation of a large series of specimens may, however, render it necessary
to unite them.

Specimens in United States National Museum.

Number. Locality. | Collector.

240 | Astoria, Oregon (type macrochilus) ...-...--.-- Fe Lieut. Trowbridge.
|

*For 28 (b). Catostomus fecundus Cope & Yarrow, see Addenda, p. 219.

172 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

29. CATOSTOMUS OCCIDENTALIS Ayres. |
Western Sucker.

1664—Catostomus occidentalis AYRES, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Se. i, 18.
Catostomus occidentalis AGAssiz, Am. Journ. Sc. Arts, 2d series, xix, 209, 1855.
(Described as anew species.)
Catostomus occidentalis GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 174, 1856.
Catostomus occidentalis GIRARD, U.S. Pac. R. R. Expl. x, 224, 1858.
Catostomus occidentalis GUNTHER, Cat Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, 17, 1868.
Catostomus occidentalis JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 156, 1876. (Name
only.)
1856—? Calostomus bernardini GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila, 175.
? Catostomus bernardini Girarp, U. 8S. Mex. Bound. Ichth. 40, pl. 23, f. 1-5, 1859.
? Catostomus bernardini GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. v. 7, 17, 1868.

Hapsrrat.—Streams west of the Rocky Mountains, probably generally distributed.

This species was described almost simultaneously under the same
name by Dr. Ayres and Professor Agassiz. Since then it has been little
noticed by ichthyologists, and its distribution has remained uncertain.
The few specimens in the National Museum indicate, however, a wide
distribution. Ihave here united Catostomus bernardini Girard to C.
occidentalis. The single specimen made the type of C. bernardini is lost,
so that we can probably never know exactly for what the author in-
tended the name. The size of the dorsal and the form of the mouth as
given in Girard’s figure indicate a species of Catostomus rather than
Pantosteus, and as | am unable to distinguish it from C. occidentalis, L
let it fallinto the synonymy. The scales of C. bernardini as figured
seem, however, smaller than usual in C. occidentalis.

C. occidentalis is apparently related to C. teres, but is distinguished
by the form of mouth and by the somewhat smaller scales. The species
is “ brought to the market in San Francisco, and is said to be quite
common in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers.”—(GIRARD. )

Specimens in United States National Museum. ®
—— :
Number. Locality. Collector.
1b6274) Green iniver, Wyoming... ...-...sdesesnee=n aces Livingston Stone.
20814 | McLeod River, California ...................... Livingston Stone,

Se

CATOSTOMUS TAHOENSIS. 173

30. CATOSTOMUS LABIATUS Ayres.
Thick-lipped Sucker.

1855—Catostomus labiatus AYRES, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Se. i, 32.
Catostomus labiatus GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 175, 1856.
Catostomus labiatus GIRARD, U.S. Pac. R. R. Expl. x, 224, 1858.
Catostomus labiatus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 156, 1876.

Hasirat.—Streams of Oregon (Klamath Lake).

I have seen only the specimen from which Girard’s description was
taken. Like macrochilus, this species appears distinct from occidentalis,
but the examination of a larger series of specimens is necessary to
prove it. At present, it appears to differ from macrochilus and occiden-

talis in the smaller size of the dorsal fin.
.
Specimens in United States National Museum.

|

Number. Locality. Collector.

239

Klamath Lake, Oregon.-----. . ABR SO BHO CO OSOBEE “Dr. John S. Newberry.

31. CATOSTOMUS ARASOPUS Jordan, sp. nov.
Hard-headed Sucker.
1878—Catostomus are@opus JORDAN, MSS., Wheeler’s Report Surv. W. 100th Mer. (ined.).
This species represents C. discobolus in the section Decadactylus. Its
very narrow fontanelle and sheathed lips indicate its close relation to
Pantosteus. The specific name is from apacdcs, small, thin; oz, hole or
aperture. The typical specimens were from Kern River, California.

Specimens in United States National Museum.

Number. Locality. Collector.
VLOG pornundver.. Cal. ((byPe)) setae «j= --scia-:s Solas stern H. W. Henshaw.
LOS CarsonpRivery Ney ad ay: 2-2) see Sas-ecee Sense H. W. Henshaw.

32. CATOSTOMUS TAHOENSIS Gill & Jordan.
Sucker of Lake Tahoe.
1868—Acomus generosus COOPER, Cronise’s Nat. Wealth Cal. 495. (Not of Girard.)
1878—Catostomus tahoensis GILL & JORDAN, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. xi, p. —.
HABitTat.—Lake Tahoe, Nevada.
The Sucker of Lake Tahoe is closely related to Catostomus longirostris,
but seems to differ constantly in the shorter head and more contracted

174 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN Ici THYOLOGY—ILL.

body. Itis said to be very abundant in Lake Tahoe. ‘They are caught
in nets and sometimes with the hook, but like all this family are rather
poor as food” (Cooper), Acomus generosus of Girard, with which this
species has been identified, is a very different species, belonging to a
different genus.

Specimens in United Stales National Museum.

Locality. | Collector.

Number.
1s Set ep Sb “cheat pe ees ee gy
|

5240 | Lake Tahoe (types C\tahoensis)!2.22-5 J-2es eee J. G. Cooper.

17109 | Tika Wists coh tte eee oc ere tem eae Wo eouahave

33. CATOSTOMUS ROSTRATUS ( Tilesius) Jordan.

Siberian Sucker. ‘

1813— Cyprinus rostratus T1Lesrus, Mém. Ac. Se. St. Pétersbourg, iv, p. 454, tab. 15,
figs. 1-2, 1813.”
Cyprinus rostratus PALLAs, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. iii, 308.
Cyprius rostratus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. xii, 12, 1868. (As doubtful
species of Catostomus.)
1844—Catostomus tilesii Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, xvii, 469,
1844.

Hawsirat.—Eastern Siberia.

No writer since Tilesius seems to have observed this fish. It is, how-
ever, unquestionably a species of Catostomus, allied to and perhaps even
identical with @. longirostris. The following is Tilesius’s description
of this species, as quotedgby Pallas :—

“Descriptio Cyprini rostrati Tungusis ad Covymam fluv., Tschukulschan et Jucagins
Onatscha dicti. Tab. XV, Fig. 1-5. (Der Riiffelkarpfen, Rampkopf.)

‘* Magnitudo in adultis pedem superat, sed trium spithamarum longitndinem vix
attingit. Caput osseam longum antico rostro descendente truncatum e quino simile
quam ob rem Ruthenis.

“ Koub dicitur aliis Produst, quoniam os subtus, at In (sic) Cotto cataphracto vel
Agono accipenserino, sed rictus oris vel orificium lunatum non amplum sed angustum
labiis crassis pinguibus marginatum, labium anterius fornicatum, ambitu semicireulare
ossibus labialibus vel mystaceis ad frenum oris descendentibus arcuatis lateraliter
lectum, labium posterius minus, rectum, ab anteriori inclusum amplexum papillis
numerosissimis granulatum.

“ Oculi lateralis a rostro remoti operculo posteriori branchiali approximati ovales,
iridibus aureis superne angustioribus, pupilla supra centrum posita. Nares ad mar-
ginem orbitm anteriorem duplices in suleo profundo osseo. Operculo branchialia tri-
lamellata, /amella anterior cum ossibus maxille superioris conjuncta ellyptica angusta
ad orbits marginem anpteriorem ascendens inferins lamellw secund@ tenerrime

angustiori orbitam inferiorem formanti imposita, lamina ossea subjacens, operculum

CATOSTOMUS LONGIROSTRIS. 175

medium formans, subtus plica itshmo juguli adnata, carne tegitur suborbitali. Lamina
posterior maxima latissima ossea conch adinstar fornicata, anterius cum obits mar-
gine posteriori juncta. Membrana branchiostega triradiat® inter operculi laminam
anteriorem subtus utrinque approximatam coarcta et in isthmo gulw conjuncta.
Corpus oblongum erectum microlepidotum, squamis levibus subtilissime radiato-
striatis oblongis, ad caput minoribus versus anum et caudam majoribus imbricatum
crassiusculum leviter compressum, ventre-dorsusque convexum. Linea lateralis recta
versus medium corporis paululum descendens per seriem sq uamarum postice incisarum
expressa versus caudam magis conspicua. Color in dorso atro ceeruleus nitidus, versus
latera subargenteus, subtus albeus. Pinne pectorales quatuordecim radiate, radii
medii longissimi, ventrales decemradiate, radia primo osseo acuminato, dorsalis decem-
radiata et duodecimradiata, radio primo cum adminiculo radicali, ultimo brevissimo
ad basin usque fisso, omnibus ad apices quadrifidis, dorsalis pinna ventralibus oppo-
Sita, analis p. septemradiata, radio primo simplici cum adminiculo radicali, reliquis
quadrifidis, tertio longissimo septimo brevissimo. Caudalis pinna bifurca lacinia
inferior paulo major undecimradiata, superior novemradiata tota pinna viginti radiis
suffulta extremis lateralibus cum adminiculo radicali connatis. Radii pennarum ad
extremitatis quadrifidi et extremi ad radices duplicati vel ex binis truncis connati,
quam ab rem primus dorsalis longitudinaliter ad basin sulcatus est, quod etiam in
primo analis et caudalibus extremis fere ex tribus compositis cernitur. In dorsali et
anali pinna radii valde distant, pectorales ventrales et analis pinnze aureo-rubescentes
et ad basin prominentes, pectorales adeo tuberose, ventralium radices per mem-
branosam laminam triangularem squamatam obteguntur. Anus caude propior. In-
terna non exploravi. Characteribus ceterum generis cyprinacei ore nimirum edentulo,
dentibus post branchialibus, membrana branchiostega triradiata utrinque instructus
est. A celeberrimo Merck plura specima ex siccata ex Covyme fluvio allata sunt,
gue nomine Tschukutschan designata sunt. Annotavit simul idem, ‘piscem in Lena
et Indigirea ejusque collaterali lapidoso Dogdo fluviis copiosum esse sed propter
nationis velocitatem captu difficilem esse et non nisi in ceecis fluminum ramis hamo .
capi, gregatim et velocissime natare, sapidissimum ceterum, excepto vere, cum, ova
spargunt nec aristis impeditum piscem esse, attamen ab accolis Covyme et Indigircx
(qui caput tantem in deliciis habet, reliqua canibus cedunt) non multum estimari.’ ”—

(PaLLas, Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, pp. 308-310.)
34. CATOSTOMUS LONGIROSTRIS Le Sueur.

Long-nosed Sucker. Northern Sucker. Red-sided Sucker.
773—“ Cyprinus catostomus FORSVER, Philos. Trans. ]xiii, 155, tab. 6, 1773.”
Cyprinus catastomus SCHNEIDER, ed. Bloch, 444, 1802.
1817— Catostomus longirostrum Lu SururR, Journ. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 102.
Catostomus longirostrum THOMPSON, Hist. Vt. 135, 1842.
Catostomus longirostris DeKay, New York Fauna, part iv, Fishes, 203, 1842.
Catostomus longirostrum CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, xvii, 453, 1844,
Catostomus longirostrum STORER, Synopsis, 421, 1846.
Catostomus longirostrum JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 156, 1876.
Catostomus longirostris JORDAN & GILBERT, in Klippart’s Rept. 53, 1877.
1817— Catostomus hudsonius Lr SuguR, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 107.

176 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

Catostomus hudsonius CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, xvii, 459,
1844,

Catostomus hudsoniuS STORER, Synopsis, 419, 1846.

Catostomus hudsonius AGAssiz, Am. Journ. Se. Arts, 2d series, xix, 208, 1855,

Catostomus hudsonius GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus, vii, 13, 1868.

Catostomus hudsonius JORDAN, Man. Vert. 293, 1876.

Catostomus hudsonius NELSON, Bull. No. 1, Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist, 48, 1876.
1823—Catostomus forsterianus RICHARDSON, Franklin’s Journal, 720.

Catostomus forsterianus RICHARDSON, Faana Bor.-Amer, iii, Fishes, 116, 1836.

Catostomus forsterianus DEKay, New York Fauna, part iv, Fishes, 203, 1842,

Catostomus forsterianus CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, xvii,

« 463, 1844,

Catostomus forsterianus STORER, Synopsis, 419, 1846.

Acomus forsterianus GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 172, 1856.

Catostomus forsterianus PUTNAM, Bull. Mus, Comp. Zool. 10, 1863.

Catostomus forsterianus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 156, 1876.
1250—Catostomus aurora AGAssiz, Lake Superior, 360, pl. 2, f. 3-4.

Acomus aurora GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 173, 1856.

Catostomus aurora PUTNAM, Bull. Mus, Comp. Zool. 10, 1863.
1856—Acomus griseus GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 174,

Acomus griseus GIRARD, U.S. Pac. R. R. Expl. x, 222, pl. xlix, 1858,

Catostomus griseus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, 14, 1868.

Catostomus griseum Corr, Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Wyoming, 1870, 434, 1872.

Catostomus griseus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 156, 1876.
1856—Catostomus lactarius GIRARD, Proce. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila, 174.

Acomus lactarius GIRARD, U.S. Pac. R. R. Expl. x, 223, 1858.

Catostomus lactarius JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 156, 1876,

Hanirat.—New England to Nebraska and north to Alaska and the Arctic Sea. Ex-
‘tremely abundant in British America and along the northern boundaries of the United
States, but not found south of 40° north latitude.

This is another of our numerous species which have an extremely wide
range of distribution and a considerable range of variation. It has been
longer known than any other of the Suckers. The oldest specific name
given was that of catostomus, which, however, had to be set aside when
the generic name Catostomus was proposed for it. The next name in
order of time is the very appropriate one of longirostrum Le Sueur (more
properly spelled longirostris), given to some specimens from Vermont.
Five pages later, the name hudsonius was given as a substitute for ca-
tostomus of Forster. The slight priority of longirostrum over hudsonius,
however, seems to entitle it to preference, although the latter name has
been most frequently used. Later, specimens considered by Dr. Giiuther
to be identical with hudsonius received from Richardson the name “ for-
sterianus”, and, sti!l later, the name forsterianus was, without evident
reason, transferred from this species to teres by Professor Agassiz, who

:

CATOSTOMUS LONGIROSTRIS. Fer

gave to this species the name of aurora, in allusion to the red breeding
colors of the male. Western specimens were still later described by
Girard as two distinct species, griseus and lactarius, apparently without
comparison with the Hastern forms.

Tie examination of the large series of specimens noticed below, to-
gether with others from the Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi, has
convinced me that all belong to one species, variable to some degree,
but not more so than is Catostomus teres and less so than Erimyzon
succtta. Some of the Upper Missouri specimens referable to C. griseus
Grd. have on an average rather smaller scales (95 in the lateral line
instead of 100 to 110); but I am unable to distinguish a tangible variety.
The original types of (C. lactarius Girard are not now to be found, but
the description indicates no difference from C. longirostris.

Specimens in United States National Museum.

Number. Locality. Collector.
1054 | Lake Superior ..... 2 Re A CHC DEE DOD RGEAEGoEeHeoe J. W. Milner.
CUS e US Gn Re OUN (ls oa cte tan solemmoncje cna hionciccsaisicacac te R. Kennicott.
DOUSh | PELAbLemULVeL (NODEaSKalaccs oe coseese mee cere cccaesacce Capt. Simpson.
6709s) Yourhiocheny River, <tr. a <lcne= seems ces = aoe aes Prof. Andrews.
POAT MakerwWintiperryacst+oo-stcs es otis emewchcs ce secs Sen cee R. Kennicott.
MGSO noone neon cewsiae secs se seteeisisaceiiaa sais aeiacmi sce cee sts
2993°| Nulato, Youcon! RiveryAlaskaljse cs, sectesececcsese cess W. H. Dall.
BLOM = sclepuneaisas Batetas teinece on sie de gate Sale cel dias m teieeials
BAS OM ee semaa meee oe ci cina cin che worsacine jane cmac Sweece cee
S4a7 wbasex County, New OEk 222522). stds) xiie dele ne wee ees
S8023|; Quebec. .sasessseece ste seis sects eaneaioteisisjoiceeiseas 8. F. Baird.
8905 | Great Slave Lake ..--.... Betetieate saremesintei sie e/a se clea rerct R. Kennicott.
SURG: | ieolo: CVCGK, NODIASKA, a5 ot, dz descend se cision sooo sjaaeaimeee Lieut. Wood.
MUG Haas eee epee ae: Bee teyh a oh stein oo) 6 Societe aos ateae.

OTD | Pearse slecterctore sia aie wien Reta acess mote ce siseteoeace

S53 on ae MTC hala tA ARK Oye 2 /<jo.<1a 0's) «= seater cle sence a oer Dr. Bannister.
DIZU2s eaupsabledkivers Michiany. oj scc\. «scans eeosleeiseeses J. W. Milner.
L213: | Ruibable River; Michigan 5... ssslvsdsdcslssecsas =e. J. W. Milner.
12210 AMIS alo RLVOreMuChivany . ci acctesee seyee= seats cee s J. W. Milner.
OUTOMINACIING.: WAS sos crsre ane xc lc/aatei ois a sete eee eleaen ease ateicia &
20191 | Northern Boundary Survey, Dakota................... Dr. Elliott Coues.
Ue zon | MACIN Gs: WiSia roca ease ose a telemee ee aice cla ccsiacs eisicle S. I. Baird.
Bade ice UD ELIOL 2.4 cel auth emo lieeyee cera ane cic as ciaine/mmnaiacie J. W. Milner.
20257 | (Probably original types of griseus; the old number | Bowman.

and locality obliterated.)

PUeSon | PEuatuelwWLviels NGDIBGKR'. oa. aecneed see stan ecadsecc2:
PUGH Nm MUR KER a5 os oie satin d noe aie Utama h ouwiane oat

Bulle Nerv, Nowloe—12

178 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

33. CATOSTOMUS RETROPINNIS Jordan, sp. nov.
1878—Cuatostomus retropinnis JORDAN, Bull. Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Terr. (ined.).

This fine species combines the mouth of C. latipinnis with the form
and general characters of CO. longirostris. The type is No. 21,197, col-
lected by Dr. Elliott Cones in Milk River, Montana, It is a male speci-
men 16? inches in length. A specimen previously examined from Platte
Valley was identified as probably the female of C. latipinnis, but the
discovery of this large male specimen forbids such a supposition.

Specimens in the United States National Museum.

Number, Locality. | Collector.
20933 ||) Platte Walley. soi2anccersmce cn. ape eh we eapemeeiwce es |
21197 | Milk River, Montana (type) -.-.-----...---..--.----| Dr. Elliott Coues.

36. CATOSTOMUS LATIPINNIS Baird & Girard.
Great-finned Sucker.

1853—Catostomus latipinnis Barp & GIRARD, in Proce. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. vi, 388,
Acomus latipinnis GrrAnD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 173, 1856.
Acomus latipinnis GiRaRD, U. 8. Mex. Bound. Sury. Ichth. 39, pl. xxiv, f. 1-6,
1859.
Catostomus latipinnis GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, 14, 1868.
Catostomus latipinnis Copr, Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Wyoming, 1870, 434, 1872.
Catostomus latipinnis JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 156, 1876.
1856—Catostomus guzmaniensis GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 173.
Acomus guzmaniensis GIRARD, U. 8. Mex. Bound. Sury. Ichth. 39, pl. xxiii, f. 6-10,
1859.
Catostomus guzmaniensis GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, 15, 1868,
Catostomus guzmaniense Corr & Yarrow, Wheelcr’s Expl. W. 100th Mer. v, Zool.
679, 1876.

Catostomus quzmaniensis JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 156, 1876.

Haprrat.—Arizona and Sonora. Green River, Wyoming (Cope). Probably not
abundant.

This species is one of the most strongly marked of our Suckers. The
male fish may be known at once by the slender form and excessive
development of the fins, and probably in the females the fins are more
developed than in the males of any of the related species. The squama-

CATOSTOMUS DISCOBOLUS. 179

tion also is peculiar, and the form of the mouth is unlike that of any
other species. These features are all well shown in Girard’s figure of
the species in the Ichthyology of the Mexican Boundary.

The distribution of the species has not been well made out. I have
seen but one specimen, an adult male from the Gila region, apparently
the one from which Girard’s figure was made.

The type of Catostomus guzmaniensis cannot be found. The figure sas
made from a young fish, and the distinctions between it and latipinnis
are such as often distinguish a young fish from an old one. It is better,
therefore, to unite the two than to admit an insufficiently characterized
nominal species.

Specimens in United States National Museum.

Number. Locality. | Collector.

|

20078 | (Type of latipinnis undoubtedly, but the locality, Rio San | J. H. Clark.
Pedro, tributary of Rio Gila, and old number, 254?, oblit-
erated.)

37. CATOSTOMUS DISCOBOLUS Cope.

Large-lipped Sucker.

1872—Catostomus discobolus Copr, Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Wyo. 1870, 435. .
Catostomus discobolus Copn & YARROW, Wheeler’s Expl. W. 100th Mer. v, Zool.
677, 1876.

Catostomus discobolus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 156, 1876.
Hapbirat.—Idaho to Arizona.

This interesting species is a Pantosteus in all but the technical char-
acter of the open fontanelle, and in this respect it is really intermediate,
as the fontanelle, in the adult at least, is reduced to a narrow slit. The
characters given in the analysis were taken from the Snake River spe-
cimen, 20,475, larger and in better condition than most or all of those
examined by Professor Cope. Professor Cope’s original types came from
Green River in Wyoming.

180 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

Specimens in Unitéll States National Museum.

Number. | Locality. Collector.
11) 0S) ee ee ree rete stem ho aS Newberry.
P57 BS | UL, Na MOC clon ecient we steer elon ee ore Yarrow & Henshaw.
TS7OL | CATIZONG <= aoe cece weed aie ie fence ers C. G. Newberry.
20475 | Snake River, Idaho ...--...-.-.- eet sak bores ¥. V. Hayden.

Genus PANTOSTEUS Cope.

Minomus Corr, U.S. Geol. Surv. Wyoming, 1870, 434 (1872). (Not of Girard.)
Pantosteus Cope, Lieut. Wheeler’s Exp]. W. 100th Mer, v, 673, 1876.
Catostomus, Acomus et Minomus sp. GIRARD.

Type, Minomus platyrhynchus Cope.

Etymology, zur, all; ocréev, bone (from the closing of the fontanelle by bone).

Head moderate or rather small, 4 to 5 times in length of body, flattish
and rather broad above, anteriorly somewhat pointed; eye rather small,
usually behind the middle of the head : suborbital bones narrow, as in
Catostomus ; bones of head rather thick, the two parietal bones firmly
united, entirely obliterating the fontanelle.

Mouth rather large, entirely inferior; each jaw with a more or less
developed cartilaginous sheath, separable in alcohol, essentially as in
Chendrostoma, Acrochilus, and related genera; upper lip broad, papillose,
with a rather broad, free margin, and several series of tubercles ; lower
lip largely developed, with an extensive free margin deeply incised
bebind, but less so than in Catostomus. Pharyngeal bones and teeth
essentially as in Catostomus. Isthmus quite broad.

Body generally elongate, subterete, and little compressed.

Seales quite small, from 80 to 105 in the course of the lateral line,
and 30 to 35 in a cross-series between dorsal and ventrals, usually more
or less reduced in size and crowded forward, as in Catostomus ; lateral
line well developed, straightish.

Fins generally rather small; first ray of dorsal usually about midway
of body, its rays few, 9 to 12 in number; ventrals inserted rather under
posterior part of dorsal, their rays 10 or 9; anal short and high, with
7 developed rays; caudal rather shallow, emarginuate; pectorals well
developed : air-bladder with two chambers.

The characters of Pantosteus are essentially those of Catostomus, except
that the fontanelle is obliterated. The usual seale-formula is interme-

GENUS PANTOSTEUS. 181

diate between that of Catostomus proper and that of the subgenus
Decadactylus. .

The genus was first indicated by Professor Cope in 1874, under the
name of Minomus, he supposing at the time that Catostomus insignis, the
type of Girard’s Minomus, was a species with closed fontanelle. On
obtaining specimens of C. insignis, it became evident that such was not
the case, and the new name Pantosteus was proposed for the genus.
Pantosteus runs very close to Catostomus, two species referred to the
latter genus (C. discobolus and CO. areopus) being almost intermediate.

Generic Characterizations.

Mrxomvus Cope, 1872.—‘‘I have proposed to adopt as valid (Proce. Amer. Philos, Soc.
1870, 480) seven genera of this family. I will now add an eighth, which embraces
species which combine with the characters of Catostomus proper, a complete union
of the parietal bones, which obliterates the fontanelle so universal among the
suckers. The only other exception is seen in Cycleptus, Raf., as I have already men-
tioned. In all the members of the family where I have examined it, this fontanelle is
quite open and of no doubtful proportions, and nowhere reduced to the slit so often
seen in Siluride. In searching for the characters of Girard’s so-called genera Minomus
and Acomus, I find that the type of the former, M. insignis, B. G., presents the character
above mentioned. I therefore adopt his name for the new genus, and add two new
species, M. delphinus and M. bardus. Whether his two other species, M. plebeius and M.
clarkii, belong to it is uncertain as yet, but they have the same physiognomy.”—(CorE,
Hayden's Geol. Surv. Wyoming for 1870, p. 434, 1872.)

Pantrostevs (Cope) Yarrow, 1876.—“ Professor Cope, in 1870, purposed to adopt as
valid seven genera of this family; but in 1872, he stated bis belief that an eighth
should be added, which should embrace species combining the characters of Catostomus
proper, a complete union of the parietal bones, which obliterates the fontanelle, so uni-
versal among the suckers; the only other exception being seen in Cycleptus, Raf., as he has
already observed. In all the members of the family that he has examined in this re-
gard the fontanelle has been found quite open and of no doubtful proportions, and is
powhere reduced to the slit often seen in the Siluride, unless it be in the Catostomus
discobolus. In searching for the characters of Girard’s so-called genera Minomus
and Acomus, he expressed the view that the type of the former, M. insignis, Baird &
Girard, presents the character in question. This conclusion was based on a specimen
sent to the Academy of Natural Sciences from Washington, bearing that name. Hav-
ing since examined five specimens of the M. insignis, obtained by the geologists of this
suivey, he finds them to be true Catostomi as determined by the presence of the fon-
tanelle. It therefore requires a name, and he proposes for it that of Pantostevs. It
embraces P. platyrhynchus, P.jarrovii and P. virescens Cope of the present essay and P.
delphinus and P. bardus, Cope, Hayden’s Report, /. ¢.”—( Yarrow, Lieut. Wheeler's Expl.
WV. 100th Mer. vol. 5, p. 673, 1876.)

PaNnTosTEvus Cope & Jordan, 1877.—-“‘ Body oblong or elongate, with a short, sub-
quadrate dorsal fin; air bladder in two parts; lateral line well developed ; fontanelle
obliterated by the union of the parietal bones.”—(JoRDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila.
1877, p. 81.) .

182 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.
ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF PANTOSTEUS.

* Scales very small, 100 to 105 in the lateral line; 18 above and 16 below, in a cross-
series: body elongate, compressed, the caudal peduncle contracted : head short,
wide, 5 in length: muzzle obtuse, little projecting ; upper lip wide; lower lip
full, emarginate; jaws with well developed cartilaginous sheaths : scales much
reduced in size forwards: dorsal rays 10; ventral 9: color clive; lower surface
Vellow oo.) se se =i speeds ake Se ae ore ee VIRESCENS, 33.

** Scales small, 80 to 85 in the course of the lateral line.

t Scales very much reduced and crowded anteriorly : upper lip full, pendent; cartila-
ginous sheaths on jaws well developed, the commissure transverse and ab-
ruptly angulate at the corners of the mouth.

a. Body extremely elongate, the depth 53 to 7 in length: head 4} in length, short
and wide, with depressed and expanded muzzle, which considerably overhangs
the mouth: isthmus very wide: dorsal rays 11; ventral rays 9: scales 15-86-12:
belly and lower fins yellowish, probably red in life ..---- PLATYRHYNCHUS, 39.
aa. Body moderately elongate, the depth 44 to 5 in the length: head rather short,
4% in length, not specially broadened; muzzle not greatly overhanging the
mouth: dorsal rays 9 (rarely 10); ventral rays 10 (rarely 9): scales 11 to 14-83
to 87-13 to 15: light brown above, with dusky spots and clouds; males with
the chin and fins red, and a crimson lateral band.-.......-..--- GENEROSUS, 40.
tt Scales subequal over the body, not much reduced forwards: upper lip rather nar-

row, not pendent ; cartilaginous sheath on jaws obsolete (?).
b. Body comparatively stout, the caudal peduncle short and thick, the back some-
what arched, the depth 44 to 5 in length: bead short and wide, flattish above,
43 to 5 if length: scales 14-84-15: dorsal rays9 to 11; ventral rays 10: black-
ish above, with one or two dark lateral shades ..........-....-. PLEBEIUS, 41.

38. PANTOSTEUS VIRESCENS Cope.

Green Sucker.

1876—Pantosteus virescens (Corr) Cope & Yarrow, Wheeler’s Expl. W, 100th Mer.v, .
Zool, 675.

Pantosteus virescens JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 156, 1876.

Hapsirat.—Arkansas River in Colorado.

Only a single specimen of this species is known, collected by Mr. C.
E. Aiken at Pueblo, Colo. The small size of its scales indicates its
distinctness from the other species of Pantosteus. The greenness of
coloration of the typical specimen is probably due to its having been
kept in a copper tank.

Specimens in United States National Museum.

eS a eee
Number. Locality. : Collector.

1

— Arkansas River, Pueblo, Colo. (type) .--. -... ---- | C. E, Aiken,

.

PANTOSTEUS GENEROSUS. 183

39. PANTOSTEUS PLATYRHYNCHUS Cope.
Flat-headcd Sucker.
1874—Minomus platyrhynchus Corr, Proc. Am. Philos Soe. Phila. 134.
Pantosteus platyrhynchus Copr & Yarrow, Wheeler’s Expl. W. 100th Mer. v,
Zool. 673, pl. xxix, f.3, 3 a, 1876.
Pantosteus platyrhynchus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 156, 1876.
Pantosteus platyrhynchus JORDAN, Bull. U. S. Nut. Mus. xi, p. —, 187.

Hapirar.—Utah Lake and tributaries.

The specimens which I have seen of this species are all small and in
poor condition. Their remarkable slenderness is doubtless in part due
to their flabbiness. The species as noted by Professor Cope much
resembles Catostomus discobolus. It is also very similar to Pantosteus
generosus, but at present I consider it distinct.

Specimens in United States National Museum.

Number. Locality. | Collector.

2906n PUcah ake: woe. cite seee ae eate sata see oad saciece | Yarrow & Henshaw.

eS Gos ica nle aces sete eye ah wey ene ere Sega Cel et ha | Yarrow & Henshaw.

40. PANTOSTEUS GENEROSUS (Girard) Jordan.
Yarrow’s Sucker.

1856— Catostomus (Acomus) generosus GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 174.
Acomus generosus GIRARD, U.S. Pac. R. R. Expl. x, 221, 1858.
Catostomus gencrosus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 156, 1876.
1874— Minomus jarrovii COPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 35,
Pantosteus jarrovii Cope & Yarrow, Wheeler’s Expl. W. 100th Mer. v, Zool. 674,
pl. xxix, 2, 2 a, 1876.
Pantosteus yarrowi JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 156, 1876.

HaBitTat.—Rio Grande, Colorado Basin, and Great Basin of Utah; very abundant.

This species is the most characteristic and most widely diffused of
the Suckers of the Great Basin. It was first described by Girard in
1856, under the name of Catostomus generosus. Girard’s description,
unaccompanied by a figure, was so very loose and irrelevant that it has
hitherto remained unidentified. I have, however, had the opportunity
of examining Girard’s original types, and of comparing them with the
types of Pantosteus jarrovii. They seem to me to belong to the same
species, and I am therefore compelled to substitute the name gencrosus

184 CONTRIBUIIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

for that of jarrovii. If I had not been able to compare generosus with
Jjarrovii, I should never have suspected their identity.

Specimens in United States National Museum.

OO es

Number. Locality. Collector.
256 | Cottonwood Creek (types of generosus) ....-..--- Lient. Beckwith,
5910 | Ojo'de Gallo, N. Mex. <2. 085-5 eee eee Lieut. Beale.
15802 | Zuni River, New Mexico (types of jarrovii) ...... H. W. Henshaw.
17080. | ‘San Jidefouse; N; Mex... aincnnd=cancancakecees Yarrow & Cope.
17095 | Mohave Desert, California.........-..----.----- Dr. O. Loew.
18009" | NeW Mex1CO 27 coin eweladesinin saan tana eee H. C. Yarrow.
20102 | Pacific Railroad Survey, 38° ...... .-....---- ---- Lieut. Beckwith.

41, PANTOSTEUS PLEBEIUS (Baird & Girard) Jordan.
Plain Sucker.

1854—Catostomus plebeius Barrp & Grrarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 28.
Catostomus plebius AGassiz, Am. Journ, Se. Arts, 2d series, xix, 208, 1855.
Minomus pledeius Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 173, 1856.
Minomus plebeius Grrarp, U. 8. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichth. 38, pl. xxii, f. 1-4, 1859,
Catostomus plebcjus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, 15, 1868,
Catostomus plebejus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 156, 1876.
Pantosteus plebeius JORDAN, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. xi, p.—, 1878.
1872—Minomus delphinus Corr, Hayden’s Geol. Sury. Wyoming, 1870, 435, 1872.
Pantosteus delphinus Copk & Yarrow, Lieut. Wheeler’s Rept. Expl. W. 100th
Mer. vol. 5, 673, 1876.
Pantosteus dolphinus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 156, 1876. (Misprint for
delphinus.)
1872—Minomus bardus Copr, Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Wyoming, 1870, 436.
Pantosteus bardus Cork, Lieut. Wheeler’s Expl. W. 100th Mer. vol. 5, p. 673, 1876.
Pantosteus bardus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 156, 1876.

Hapirs?.—Basin of the Colorado. Lake Guzman.

The types of Catostomus plebeius are not to be found, and no speci-
mens referable to the species are in the National Museum. The’ types
of Pantosteus delphinus and P. bardus I have been unable to examine.
The seale-formula and small dorsal fin of C. plebeius indicate that it is
a species of Pantosteus. Assuming that it is so, I find myself anable to
draw from the printed descriptions of plebeius, delphinus, and bardus any
sort of specific characters. Until such characters are shown, the burden
of proof lies with the proposer of those species, and I shall consider them
as identical until they are proved to be distinet. In characters of mouth,

PANTOSTEUS PLEBEIUS. 185

scales, and form of body, Pantosteus plebeius seems to resemble Catosto-
mus insignis and C. clarkii, and to diverge from the type of discobolus,
generosus, and platyrhynchus.*

* Professor Cope (in lit.) dissents from the identification above made, maintaining
that P. delphinus and P. bardus are at least specifically distinct from each other, what-
ever may be the relation of either to P. plebeius. As I have seen none of the three
forms in question, I let the above stand as I had written it, and quote the original de-
scriptions of the three nominal species:—

MINOMUS PLEBEIUS Grd.—“ Body sub-fusiform, compressed. Head elongate, subcon-
ical, forming the fifth of the entire length. Mouth of medium size. yes large, sub-
elliptical, their longitudinal diameter being contained about five times in the length of
side of head. Dorsal fin subquadrangular, its anterior margiu being equidistant be-
tween the tip of the snout and the first rudimentary rays of the upper lobe of the
caudal. The latter is slightly concave posteriorly, and the lobes rounded off. The
base of the anal is contained nearly three times in its height, and when brought back-
wards its tip extends to the rudimentary rays at the inferior lobe of the caudal fin. The
ventrals are inserted under the posterior third of tbe dorsal ; bent backwards, their tip
does not reach as far as the anus. The pectorals are of medium development, sub-
ovate, posteriorly acute.

“The scales are of medium size, considerably largest on the peduncle of the tail.
Twenty-eight to thirty rows from the base of the ventrals to the dorsal fin. About
eighty in the lateral line, which is not discernible as far back as the base of the caudal

_fin.

“The color as preserved in alcohol, is dark brown on the upper regions, faintly mot-
tled with blackish patches. The sides and belly exhibit traces of orange in some of
the specimens, in others it is pale yellowish. The fins are unicolor; the dorsal, caudal,
and pectorals, blackish brown ; the anals and ventrals yellowish.”—(G1RAkD, Ich. U.S.
and Mex. Boundary Surv. —, p. 38, figs. 1-4, plate xxii.)

MINOMUS DELPHINUS Cope.—‘ The subequal size of the scales of this species would
refer it indifferently to the true group Catostomus of Girard, or his group Minomus,
which he did not distinguish clearly. The preceding species would enter his Acomus,
which is, however, only an undefined group of species, to which, by the way, the type
of Catostomus, C. teres, belongs. This species is especially distinguished from those
heretofore described by the shortening of the caudal part of the vertebral column, and
the consequent posterior position of the dorsal fin. Add to this ashort, wide head, and
thick body, and its physiognomy is expressed.

“The dorsal outline is arched, the head flat above, but elevated behind, and much de-
pressed on the muzzle. The muzzle is wide and does not project beyond the upper lip,
which is appressed to its lower face and bears four rows of warts; its smooth com-
missural part is narrow. On the lower lip the tubercles advance nearly to the com-
missure ; this lip is deeply emarginate posteriorly ; the eye enters the length of the
head five times, two and one-half times measuring the muzzle, and twice the inter-
orbital region. Head four and two-thirds times in length to end of caudal basal scales,
Scales in thirty longitudinal series, between dorsal and ventral fins; ventrals remark-

186 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—IIL.

Genus CYCLEPTUS Rajfinesque.

Cycleptus RAFINESQUE, Journal de Physique, de Chimie ct d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris,
1819, p. 421.

Rhytidostomus HECKEL, Fische Syriens, Russegger’s Reisen, 1842, p. 1023.

Catostomus et Sclerognathus sp. AUCT.

Type, Cycleptus nigrescens Rafinesque, = Catoslomus elongatus Le Sueur.

Etymology, xixaocg, round; Aerrdc, small. “The name means small, round mouth”
(Rafinesque).

Head very small, short and slender, its length contained 6 to 7 times
in that of the body, its upper surface rounded; eye quite small, nearly
median, not very high up, its length 6 to 8 in that of the side of the
head; suborbital bones rather small and quite narrow; fontanelle en-
tirely obliterated by the union of the parietal bones.

Mouth small, entirely inferior, overlapped by the projecting snout,
the upper lip thick, pendent, covered with 3 to 5 rows of tubercles, the
outer quite large, the inner small; lower lip moderate, formed some-

ably short, extending little more than half way to vent, originating under posterior
third of dorsal. Pectorals well separated. Isthmus wide.

*‘ Color above blackish, with astrong inferior marginal shade on the lower part of the
sides, and the lighter tint above; a brown spot just above axilla, is cut off from it by
a band of the yellow color which covers the belly and head below.

“The only species concerning which any doubt can arise in the nomenclature of this
one is C. bernardini of Girard. That writer states that the latter possesses 15 D. radii;
this, with the ascription of a slender form and other peculiarities, will always sepa-
rate them. Three species in Professor Hayden’s collection without locality. This
should be probably a tributary of Green River.”—(Corr, Hayden’s Geol. Surv, Terr.
1872, p. 436.)

MINOMUS BARDUS Cope.—“ This species is distinguished by its very short head, and
marked coloration, resembling in that respect the C. guzmaniensis of Girard ; with this
species, it has, however, nothing else in common.

“ Head wide, muzzle not projecting beyond upper lip; latter not pendent, with nar-
row, smooth commissure and three or four rows of tubercles. Lower lip deeply incised,
tubercular to near inner edge. Eye 5.25 times in length of head, twice in inter-
orbital width. Head five times to end of basal caudal scales. Form stout: body cylin-
drie anteriorly. Dorsal fin nearer end of muzzle than end of caudal scales. Scales of
body subequal, in thirty longitudinal rows between dorsal and ventral fins, latter orig-
inating beneath hinder border of dorsal, not quite reaching vent. Pectorals well sepa-
rate; isthmus wide, narrower than in M. delphinus. Color blackish above, a broad
olive band from upper part of opercular border along upper half of caudal peduncle,
and a bread black band below, narrowing to a line along the middle of the peduncle;
below, yellowish, a band of the same cutting off a blackish area above the axilla, as

in the last species.”,—(Copr, Hayden's Geol. Surv. Terr. 1872, p. 436.
I , J ? I

GENUS CYCLEPTUS. 187

what asin Catostomus, but less full, incised behind; jaws without carti-
laginous sheath; muciferous system not greatly developed; opercular
apparatus not greatly developed, the operculum smooth and narrow.
Isthmus moderate; gill-rakers moderately long, soft; pharyngeal bones
strong, the teeth stout, increasing in size downwards, rather wide apart.

Bedy elongate, moderately compressed, not much elevated, the caudal
peduncle long, the greatest depth contained 4 to 6 times in length.

Scales moderate, about equal over the body, not closely imbricated,
with wide exposed surfaces, the number in the lateral line from 55 to
60, and about 17 in a transverse series from dorsal to ventrals; edges
of scales serrate; lateral line well developed, nearly straight.

Fins rather large ; dorsal fin beginning in front of ventrals and ending
just before anal, of about 30 rays, strongly faleate in front, the first and
second developed rays in length more than half the length of the base
of the fin, the rays rapidly shortened to about the eighth, the length of
the remaining rays being nearly uniform and ell short; caudal fin large,
widely forked, the lobes about equal; anal fin quite small, low, of 7 or
8 developed rays, scaly at base; ventrals moderate, with 10 rays; pec:
torals elongate, somewhat falcate.

Sexual peculiarities somewhat marked; the males in spring with black
pigment; the head then covered with small tubercles.

Air-bladder with two chambers, the anterior short, the posterior
elongate.

But a single species of this singular genus is as yet known. It is
found in the waters of the Mississippi Valley, and, although not a rare
fish, it is by no means as generally abundant as are many others of its
family.

Generis Characterizations.

Cycieptus Rafinesque, 1819.—“‘ Cycleptus, (abdominal). Différent du genre Catos-
tomus. Deux nageoires dorsales, bouche petite, ronde, au bout du museau; lévres
circulaires. Famille CVyprinidia? C. nigrescens, noirdtre; ventre blancbatre, bouche
retroussée ; queue fourchée. Parvient 4 deux pieds de long; trés bon & manger, rare
dans l’Ohio et le Missouri.”—(RAVINESQUE, Journ. de Phys. etc. 1819, p. 421.)

CycLertus Rafinesque, 1820.—‘‘ Difference irom the foregoing genus [ Catostomus ]—
two dorsal fins, mouth round and terminal.”—(RAVFINESQUE, Jch. Oh. p. 6.)

Ruyripostomus Heckel, 1842.—‘‘ Dentes pectiniformes €0-60. Pinna dorsalis basi
elongata; radio tertio vel quarto longissimo. In reliquis cum genere Catostomo con-
gruit.”—(Hrcker., Iische Syriens, p. 33, or Russeger’s Reisen, p. 1023.—Species referred to
the genus, Cyprinus catostomus Forster and Catostomus elongatus Le Sueur.)

CycLertus Agassiz, 1855.—‘As in many other instances, Rafinesque has named, but

neither defined nor characterised the genus to which I now call attention. He has not

188 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

himself even seen the fish upon which the genns is founded, and refers to another
genus a species which cannot be separated from this. Moreover, the characteristics of
the genus, as given by Rafinesque, are not true to nature. Yet, notwithstanding these
objections, I do not feel at liberty to reject his generic name, since it is possible to
identify the fish he meant by the vernacular name under which it is known in the
‘West. There is anotber reason why Rafinesque’s description of our western fishes
ought to be carefully considered and every possible effort made to identify his genera
and species, the fact that he was the first to investigate the fishes of the Ohio and its
tributaries upon a largescale, and that notwithstanding the looseness with which he per-
formed the task and the lamentable inaccuracies of his too short descriptions, his works
bear almost upon every page the imprint of his keen perception of the natural affinities
of species, and their intimate relations to one another; so much so, that even where he
has failed to assign his genera any characters by which they may be recognized, yet,
when the species upon which they were founded can be identified, we usually find that
there ure good reasons for considering them as forming distinct genera.

“The trouble with Rafinesque is, that he too often introduced in his works species
which he had not always seen himself, and which he referred almost at random among
his genera, thus defacing his well characterised groups, or that he went so far as to
found genera upon species which he had never seen, overlooking perhaps that he had
already described such types under other names.

“The genus Cycleptus affords a striking example of all these mistakes combined
together. In his remarkable paper upon the genus Catostomus, Lesueur describes and
figures one species from the Ohio River, ander the name of C. elongatus, peculiar for
its elongated cylindrical body, and for its long dorsal fin beginning half way between
the pectorals and ventrals, and extending as far back as the insertion of tbe anal.
The species Rafinesque introduces in his subgenus Decactylus among the genuine Ca-
tostomi, without perceiving that it belongs to his own genus Cycleptus. This mistake
arises undoubtedly from his belief that in Cycleptus there are two dorsals, which indeed
he mentions as characteristics of this genus; but this statement is erroneous: the
rays of the dorsal are, in fact, enclosed in a continuous membrane, the anterior rays
only being much longer than those of the middle and posterior portion of the fin; oc-
casionally these long rays split, and accidentally separate from the following ones,
when they seem to form two dorsals.

“The character of this genus, so far as the dorsal is concerned, consists in reality not
in its division, but in its great extension along the back, and the elongation of its
anterior rays. The anal is very long in proportion to the size of the fish, and inserted
far back, so that the length of the abdominal cavity is greater than in the genera Car-
piodes, Ichthyobus, and Bubalichthys, with which Cycleptus is closely allied by the peca-
liar form of its dorsal. Again, Rafinesque remarks that the mouth is terminal, round
and small. This requires also to be qualified. The mouth appears terminal and round
only when the jaws are protruded to their utmost extent; when closed, it is rather
crescent-shaped and entirely retracted under the projecting, pointed snout; the lips
are covered with numerous projecting papilla and spread horizontally,—these are
moreover, continuous around the angles of the mouth, so that the upper and lower
lps are hardly separated by a small fold, and the lower lip is slightly emarginate in

the middle, while in other genera of this tribe it is actually bilobed.

CYCLEPTUS ELONGATUS. 189

“The pharyngeal bones are strong, their anterior surface being flattened and the
greatest diameter being the transverse one, as in Bubalichthys,and not laterally com-
pressed and thin as in Carpiodes and Ichthyobus.

“The symphysis is short and its peduncle flat and square, sepurated from the curved
arch by a deep semicircular emargination. The teeth are also stronger and stouter
than in Carpiodes and Ichthyobus, as is also the case in Bubalichthys, and they are grad-
ually increasing in size, and relative thickness from the upper part of the arch to the
symphysis, but they are much fewer and farther apart than in the latter genus. Their
inner edge is transverse, rather blunt, though the middle ridge is somewhat project-
ing; the lower teeth are so shaped that their inner angle is hardly higher than the
outer, while in the middle and upper teeth it is gradually more projecting, and from
the middle of the arch upwards forms a prominent point arched outwards.

“The seales are considerably longer than high, with a rather prominent posterior mar-
gin; numerous radiating furrows upon the anterior and posterior fields, some across
the lateral fields; the concentric ridges of the posterior field are not only broader than
those of the other fields, but instead of running parallel to the margin of the scales
they are curved in concentric gothic arches between each two radiating furrows.
Heckel mentions this genus under the name of Rhytidostomus, but Rafinesque’s name
Cycleptus has the priority. Properly it ought to be called Leptocyclus, according to its
etymology, (see my Nomenclator Zoologicus; Index Universalis, p.109,) but under this
form nobody would recognise it as Rafinesque’s name. I shall therefore not urge the
change.” —(AGassiz, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, p. 197.)

CyYcLertus Cope & Jordan, 1877.—‘‘ Body much elongated, subcylindrical forwards :
dorsal elongate, falciform, of 30 or more rays; fontanelle obliterated by the union of
the parietal bones ; mouth small, inferior, with papillose lips.”—(JoRDAN, Proc. Ae.
Nat. Sc. Phila. 1877, p. 81.)

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF CYCLEPTUS.

* Depth 4 to 5 in length: head 6 to 64: eye small, 6 to 7 in length of head: longest
dorsal rays a little longer than head: pectorals rather longer than head: dorsal
rays 30; anal 7 or 8: scales 9-56-7: coloration very dark, the males almost black ;
size large; length of adult 14 to 24 feet ...--. ...--2...---0- ss5e. ELONGATUS, 42.

42, CYCLEPTUS ELONGATUS (Le Sueur) Agassiz.
Black Horse. Gourd-seed Sucker. Missouri Sucker. Suckerel.

1817—Catostomus elongatus Lr Surour, Journ. Ac. Nat. Se, Phila. 103.
Catostomus elongatus RAVINESQUE, Ich. Oh. 60, 1820.
Catostomus elongatus KIRTLAND, Rept. Zool]. Obio, 168, 1838.
Catostomus elonyatus DiKay, New York Fauna, part iv, Fishes, 203, 1842.
Catostomus elongatus CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. des Poiss. xvii, 455,
1844,
Catostomus elongatus KInrLAND, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. v, 267, 1845.
Catostomus elongatus STORER, Synopsis, 422, 1846.
Cycleptus clongatus AGAssiz, Am, Journ. Se. Arts, 2d series, xix, 197, 1855,
Sclerognathus elongatus GUNTHER, Cat, Fishes Brit. Mus, vii, 23, 1868.

190 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

Cycleptus elongatus JORDAN, Fishes of Ind, 222, 1875,
Cycleptus elongatus JORDAN, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist. 95, 1876. (Name only.)
Cycleptus elongatus JORDAN, Man. Vert. 298, 1876.
Cycleptus clongatus NELSON, Bull, No. 1, Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. 50, 1876.
Cycleptus clongatus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 158, 1876. (Name only.)
Cycleptus clongatus JORDAN & GILBERT, in Klippart’s Rept. 53, 1876. (Name only.)
Cycleptus elongatus JORDAN, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix, 38, 1877.
Cycleptus elongatus JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 1878.

1818—Cycleptus nigrescens RAFINESQUE, Journal de Physique, 421.
Cycleptus nigrescens RAFINESQUE, Ich. Oh. 61, 1520.

HABITaT.—Mississippi Valley, in all the larger streams.

This species is found in some abundance in the larger streams. At
the Falls of the Ohio, it is taken in nets, and meets a ready sale. It is,
however, much less abundant than the Buffalo fishes are. From the
general use of the name “ Missouri Sucker”, its abundance in the State
of Missonri* may be inferred; but, as to the facts in the case, I am not
informed. This fish is as sharply distinguished from the other Suckers in
its appearance as in its anatomy. The dusky colors and the small size
of the head attract attention at once.

But one species is yet known. That being the case, the synonymy of
the species needs no discussion, its oldest name being the one in com-

mon use. :
Specimens in United States National Museum.

Number. ‘ Locality. Collector.
107) te Seen Ne eeinw ah ae eee nen spleen
GS fl aac ike sate os ha ee ees pg ee ana
10790] Cincinnati, Ohi0~ 2. 222 scen bans bans eee denne cian | eee n en ee
42278) | eae OG: sec cbc ecenkweueces pete note sane e eee Do.

Genus CARPIODES Rajinesque.

Carpiodes RAVINESQUE, Ich. Oh. 55, 1820. (As subgenus of Gatostomus. )
Sclerognathus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, xvii, 472, 1844.
Type, Calostomus cyprinus Le Sueur.

Etymology, Latin carpio, a carp; i. ¢., carp-like.

Head comparatively short and deep, sometimes conic, sometimes
blunt, its length ranging from 34 to 5 in that of the body, its upper
surface always rounded ; eye moderate, median or anterior in position ;

suborbital bones well developed, their depth more than half that of

Se ee

GENUS CARPIODES. 191

the fleshy portion of the cheek below ; fontanelle always present, well
developed.

Month always small, horizontal and inferior, the mandible less than
one-third the length of the head, the lips thin, the upper protractile,
narrow, the lower quite narrow, A-shaped, or rather q-shaped, behind;
both lips feebly plicate or nearly smooth, the plicz often more or less
broken up; jaws without cartilaginous sheath; muciferous system
moderately developed; opercular apparatus well developed, the sub-
opercle broad, the operculum in the adult more or less rugose ; isthmus
moderate ; pharyngeal bones remarkably thin and laterally compressed,
with ashallow furrow along the anterior margin on the inside,and another
more central one on the outline of the enlarged surfaces; teeth very
small, compressed, nearly equally thin along the whole inner edge of
the bone, forming a fine comb-like crest of minute serratures; their
cutting edge rises above the inner margin into a prominent point.
Gillrakers of anterior arch slender and stiff above, becoming reduced
downwards.

Body ovate or oblong, the dorsal outline more or less arched, the
ventral outline more nearly straight, the depth from half to one-third
the length, the sides compressed; the back notably so, forming a sort of
carina; caudal peduncle short and deep; scales large, about equal over
the body, their posterior margins slightly serrate; lateral line well
developed, nearly straight, with 34 to 41 scales, 12 to 15 scales in a
cross-row from dorsal to ventrals ; dorsal fin beginning near the middle
of the body, somewhat in advance of ventrals, faleate, its anterior rays
very much elevated and usually filamentous, their height ranging from
4 to 14 the length of the base of the fin, the number of developed rays
ranging from 23 to 30; caudal fin well forked, the lobes equal; anal fin
comparatively long and low, emarginate (in males?), its number of
developed rays usually 8; ventrals shortish, with usually 10 rays; pece-
torals short.

Sexual peculiarities little marked; in some species, at least, the males
in spring have the snout minutely tuberculate.

Coloration always plain; pale olivaceous above, white below, but
hardly silvery, the fins all partaking of the color of the region to which
they belong.

Air-bladder with two chambers.

Size medium or rather large.

This genus was first recognized and defined by Professor Agassiz in

192 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

1855. Since then it has been generally received by authors under the
same name and with the same limits. It was first briefly outlined by
Ratinesque in 1820 under the name of Carpiodes, then afterwards by
Valenciennes defined more fully under the name of Sclerognathus. Both
Carpivdes and Sclerognathus having the same typical species (Catostomus
cyprinus Le Sucur), the older and preferable name, Carpiodes, is the one
to be adopted.

Tie recognition of species in this genus is a matter of extreme diffi-
culty, from their great resemblance to each other in color, size, form,
and general appearance. Our knowledge of the species thus far has
been almost entirely due to the labors of Professor Cope (A Partial Syn-
opsis of the Fishes of North Carolina”, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila.
1570). Ihave myself examined specimens agreeing with each of Pro-
fessor Cope’s descriptions, and, with two exception (Carpiodes selene and
Carpiodes grayi), | am disposed to admit all his species. It is true, how-
ever, that in every large collection of Carpiodes there are specimens
disagreeing more or less from the typical forms of each species, and
which should, in consistency, be described as distinct species, or else
the species which they appear to connect should be united. Ihave not,
however, examined a sufficiently full series of Carpiodes to be pre-
pared to accept either of these alternatives. I have, therefore, taken
Professor Cope’s analysis of the species, and added to it such addi-
tional features as I have been able to observe, and 1 give the whole as
our best knowledge at present on the subject, leaving for future study
the consideration of the degree of relationship existing between cyprinus,
velifer, and thompsoni. The other four species, carpio, bison, cutisanse-
rinus, and difformis, seem to be manifestly distinct, unless difformis be
a monstrous form of cutisanserinus.

Species of this genus are found in all the fresh waters of the United
States east of the Rocky Mountains. They seldom ascend the small
streams, and are taken by means of nets from the larger rivers and
lakes. J’rom their resemblance in form to the European Carp (Cyprinus
carpio), they are popularly known as “Carp”. This resemblance has
suggested the name of the genus and of two of its species. As food-
fishes they are rather indifferent, the flesh being rather coarse and flavor-
Jess and fullof small bones. The geographical distribution of the species
has been little studied. C. eyprinus is the common species east of the
Alleghanies, and, if “C. damalis” and “@, tumidus” be the same, in
the Upper Missouri region and the Rio Grande also. C. thompsoni is the

GENUS CARPIODES. 193

common Carp of the Great Lakes. C. carpio is the most abundant spe-
cies in the Ohio River, where C. velifer and C. cutisanserinus also occur
in immense numbers.

Iam convinced that neither the number of scales nor the number of
fin-rays can be relied on to distinguish species in this genus, the entire
range of variation being probably found in every species. The height
of the anterior rays of the dorsal, although subject to considerable varia-
tion with age and wear, seems to be sufliciently constant to divide the
species into two groups.

Generic Characterizations.

CarPIopES Rafinesque, 1820.—“ Body oblong, somewbat compressed; head com-
pressed, nine abdominal rays, dorsal fin commonly elongate, tail equally forked.”—
(RsriIinesQuE, Ich. Oh. p. 56.)

SCLEROGNATHUS Storer, 1846.—“ Snout slightly advanced beyound the mouth; the
extremity of the mouth is supported, as in the Calostomi, by the intermaxillary, which
is furnished in front with a well developed, projecting, cartilaginous ethmoid. The
upright branch js long, and of a styloid form, while the horizontal is shortened, and is
a mere keel, the inferior edge of which serves merely to support the superior angle cf
the mouth. The remainder of the maxillary arch is formed by a fibrous ligament cov-
ered by a thin, undilated lip, reduced to a thin and fleshy protuberance. The upper
jaw. is a wide, very solid bony piece, under which the upper lip is partly drawn; this
bone is concealed by the first two suborbitals, being wider and no less advanced than
those of the Catostomi. As to its lips, it is a Leuciscus ; but the osteology of its mouth
resembles that of the Catostomi. The dorsal is long, like that of the Carps. The head
is naked, marked by lines of mucous pores. Pharyngeal teeth comb-like, finer and
more equal than those of the Catostomi. The air-bladder is divided into two large
lobes; the anterior is large and rounded, with a slight. depression at its superior face ;
the second conical, twice as long as the first and followed by two small lobes; the sec-
ond communicates with the esophagus by an air-pipe.’”—(Srorer, Mem. Am. Ac. Arts
and Sc. 1846, p. 427 ; essentially a translation from Valenciennes’s account.)

CarPIODES Agassiz, 1855.—“ The body is very high and strongly compressed, the
narrow ridge on the back forming the outline in front of the dorsal is very much arched,
and regularly continuous downwards with the rather steep profile of the head.

“The head is short, its height and length differ but little. The snout is short and
blunt. The small mouth is entirely inferior, and surrounded by narrow thin lips,
which are more or less transversely folded. The lower jaw is short and broad. The
pharyngeal bones of Carpiodes are remarkably thin, compressed laterally, with a shal-
low furrow along the anterior margin on the side, and another more central one on the
outline of the arched surfaces ; the teeth are very small, compressed, equally thin along
the whole inner edge of the bone, forming a fine comb-like crest of minute serratures ;
their cutting edge rises above the inner margin into a prominent point.

“The anterior lobe of the long dorsal is slender, its third and fourth rays being pro-

longed beyond the following ones into long filaments. The lower fins are all pointed,

Bull. N. M, No, 12—13

194 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

rather small, and hence different from one another. The ventral ridge of the body is
flat. The scales have many narrow, radiating furrows upon the anterior field, and are
more deeply marked, in a straight line, across the lateral fields, or limiting the lateral
and posterior fields, hardly any upon the anterior field, the waving of the broader
concentric ridges producing only a radiated appearance upon that field. Tube of the
lateral line straight and simple, arising in advance of the centre of radiation, which is
seated in the centre of form of the scales.”—(AGAssIz, Am. Journ, Se, Arts, 1855, p. 189.)

CanrriopEs Giinther, 1863.—‘ Distinguished from Sclerognathus (i. e. Bubalichthys and
Ichthyobus) by its very thin, compressed pharyngeal bones, which are armed with a
comb-like series of nearly equally minute compressed teeth.”—(GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes
Brit. Mus. vii, p. 24.)

CarPiopEs Cope & Jordan, 1877.—“ Body oblong oval, compressed; dorsal elongate,

elevated in front, of 20 or more rays; fontanelle present; pharyngeal bones narrow,
with the teeth relatively thin and weak; mouth small, inferior, protractile down-
wards.”—(JORDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 1877, p. 82.)

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF CARPIODES.
* Dorsal fin with the anterior rays very much elevated and attenuated, equalling or
more usually exceeding the length of the base of the fin.
t Muzzle very abruptly obtuse, almost vertically truncate in front.

a. Muzzle exceedingly blunt, so that the anterior edge of the mandible is in line
with the anterior rim of the orbit, and the maxillary reaches to the anterior
edge of the pupil: anterior suborbital deeper than long: head 4} in length:
eye quite large, 3} to 4 in head: body arched, the depth somewhat less than
half the length: first ray of dorsal nearer muzzle than base of caudal:
HCALERG—GO—4)> ea) Det, al Ulicn oooh acess cccb woceieaeecelp ee DIFFORMIS, 43.

aa. Muzzle notably blunt, but less so than in the preceding: anterior edge of the
mandible in advance of the orbit, and the maxillary just reaching the line
of the lower rim of the orbit: anterior suborbital bone deeper than long
(longer than deep, selene”): head 4 times in length: eye smallish, 4} in
head: body arched, the depth about 24 in length: enterior rays of dorsal
about midway between snout and base of caudal: scales 7-37-5: D. 26, A.
Vs merase areata ante ee eae amas CUTISANSERINUS, 44.

tt Muzzle conic, projecting, obtusely pointed: end of the mandible reaching to oppo-
site nostrils: anterior suborbital as deep as long: head 3} in length: eye
moderate, 4 to 44 in length of head: body arched above, the depth 2} to 24
in length: first ray of dorsal nearer muzzle than base of caudal: scales 7-
O16 =D. Wor 27 Cee, Cope )icnwa cs cceeteerUn marae ten een wee VELIFER, 45.
** Dorsal fin with the anterior rays more or less shortened, their length one-half to
two-thirds that of the base of the fin: muzzle more or less conic and pro-

jecting.

b. Head long, contained abont 3} times in length to base of caudal: muzzle elon-
gate-conic, so that the eye is nearly median, the middle of the length of the
head falling in front of its posterior margin: body not much arched; depth
3 in length: anterior rays of dorsal pretty high, not much shorter than the
base of the fin, not thickened at base: lips well developed: eye large, 44 in
head: scales 7-40-5: D. 27, A.7, V. 10........... Wendt oc Saeee BISON, 46.

CARPIODES CUTISANSERINUS. 195

bb. Head intermediate, its length contained about 4 times (3% to 44) in that of
body: anterior rays of dorsal not thickened at base.
ce. Body stout, short, the back much arched, the depth 2} in length: head 4 to
44 in length, the muzzle moderately pointed: dorsal rays considerably ele-
vated, two-thirds as long as base of fin: eye small, 54 in head: tip of lower
jaw much in advance of nostrils; maxillary reaching line of orbit: anterior
: suborbital large, deep, roundish: origin of dorsal about midway of body:
scales rather closely imbricated, 8-39 to 41-6: D. 27, A. 7, V. 10.
THOMPSON], 47.
ce. Body elongate, not much elevated, the depth 2% in length: head 3% to 4,
-the muzzle prominent but rather bluntish: front scarcely concave above
eyes, the profile forming a somewhat uniform curve: eye small, nearly 6 iu
head: anterior rays of dorsal moderately elevated, nearly three-fourths the
length of the fin, the first ray nearly midway between snout and base of
caudali:yscalesi6—37—5::) Di 24to'27, ALB) Vi. 10222. cs sais aie CYPRINUS, 48.
bbb. Head comparatively short, its length contained 4} to 5 times in the length
of the body: body more fusiform than in the others, compressed, but not
much arched, the depth 23 to 3 times in the length: anterior rays of dorsal
short, notably thickened and osseous at base, the first ray nearer the end of
the muzzle than the base of the caudal fin: eye small, anterior, 44 in head:
muzzle short, but projecting much beyond mouth: size largest of the genus.
CARPIO, 49.

43. CARPIODES DIFFORMIS Cope.
Deformed Carp Sucker.

1870—Carpiodes difformis Corr, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 480.
Carpiodes difformis JORDAN, Man. Vert. 297, 1876.
Carpioaes difformis JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 158, 1876.
Carpiodes difformis JORDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 72, 1877.
Carpiodes difformis JORDAN & GILBERT, in Klippart’s First Report Ohio Fish
Commission, 86, pl. xiii, f. 21, 1877.
Carpiodes difformis JORDAN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 9, 50, 1877.
Carpiodes difformis JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 321, 1572.

Hapirat.—Ohio Valley ; less common than the other species.

The only specimen which I have seen of this species was from the
Wabash River, in which stream Professor Cope’s original types were
collected. No specimens are in the United States National Museum,
which, indeed, at present contains very few of the Carp Suckers or
Buffalo-fish.

44, CARPIODES CUTISANSERINUS Cope.
Long-jinned Carp Sucker. Quillback.

1870—Carpiodes cutisanserinus Corr, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 481.
Carpiodes cutisanserinus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 158, 1876.

196 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—IIL

Carpiodes cutisanserinus JORDAN, Ball. U. S. Nat. Mus. 9, 50, 1877.
Carpiodes cutisanscrinus JORDAN & GILBERT, in Klippart’s Rept. 53, 1876.
Carpiodes cutisanserinus JORDAN, Man. Vert, ed, 2d, 321, 1878.
1870—Carpiodes selene Corr, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 481.
Carpiodes selene JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 158, 1876.
Carpiodes selene JORDAN & GILBERT, in Klippart’s Rept. 53, 1876.
Carpiodes selene JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 321, 1878.
1876—Ichthyobus difformis NELSON, Bull. No. 1, U. S. Nat. Mus. 49,

Hapirat.—Mississippi Valley ; generally abundant.

This species is closely related to C. velifer, but differs in the abruptly
truncate snout, that of velifer being conic. Iam unable to recognize
C. selene as a distinct species at present, the form of the anterior sub-
orbital being the only distinguishing feature of much importance, anid
that probably not a constant one. C. cutisanserinus is as abundant in
the Ohio as C. velifer, and I have seen many specimens from the Illinois

River.
Specimens in United States National Museum.
Number. Locality. , Collector.
200327|sCamberland: Wiverin-.a-2cs cee eas nates oe ne eee A. Winchell.
20083 ||--s.-- CO meee Same ee eo ee ate tenes ae Corte ee eee a eee ene Do.

45. CARPIODES VELIFER (Rafinesque) Agassiz.
Carp Sucker. Skimback. Quillback. Sailor. Sailing Sucker. Spear-fish.

1820—?? Catostomus anisopterus RAFINESQUE, Ich. Oh. 45. (Description at second hand
and unrecognizable. )
1820—Catostomus velifer RAFINESQUE, [ch. Oh. 56.
Catostomus velifer KIRTLAND, Rep. Zool. Ohio, 165, 1838.
Carpiodes velifer AGassiz, Am. Journ, Se. Arts, 2d series, xix, 191, 1855.
Carpiodes velifer Core, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, Phila. 482, 1870.
Carpiodes velifer JORDAN, Fishes of Ind. 222, 1875,
Carpiodes velifer JORDAN, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist. 95, 1876.
Carpiodes velifer JORDAN, Man. Vert. 297, 1876.
Carpiodes velifer JORDAN & Copeland, Check List, 158, 1876.
Ichthyobus velifer NELSON, Bull. No. 1, Ills, Mus. Nat. Hist. 49, 1876.
Carpiodes velifer JORDAN & GILBERT, in Klippart’s First Report Ohio Fish
Commission, 87, 1877.
Carpiodes velifer JORDAN, Buli. U. 8. Nat. Mus, ix, 34, 1877.
Carpiodes velifer JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 321, 1878.

CARPIODES BISON. 197

1246—Sclerognathus cyprinus KIrTLAND, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. vol. v, 275. (In part;
not of C. & V.)

Hapirar.—Western streams and lakes (Cayuga Lake, New York, to Mississippi
Qiver).

This species is quite abundant in the Ohio River, and I have seen
specimens not evidently distinguishable, from Lake Erie and from other
waters tributary to the Great Lakes. Indiscriminately with C. cutis-
anserinus, it is known to the fishermen as Quillback, Skimback, etc.,
the lower-finned species being called rather ‘‘Carp”. Most of the
synonymy above quoted includes several species, the true veli/er being
first distinguished by Professor Cope. Rafinesque’s anisopterus I bring
inte the synonymy of this species, simply to refer to it somewhere. It
is really unidentifiable. Kirtland’s Sclerognathus cyprinus refers most to
this species, but his figure represents no known fish. The head is too
small, and the form, etce., incorrect.

Specimens in United States National Museum.

Number. Locality. Collector.

2027 ¢ \eCayucauake, Now, MOLK. <= 325) S<nciasioc oes sses sesicteee

There are also several other specimens in the collection, but without
* locality.
46. CARPIODES BISON Agassiz.

Long-headed Carp Sucker.

1854—Carpiodes bison AGAss1z, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, 356.
Carpiodes bison AGassizZ, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, 190, 1855.
Carpiodes bison Corr, Proc. Am. Philos Soc. Phila. 483, 1870.
Carpiodes bison JORDAN, Man. Vert. 297, 1876.
Carpiodes bison JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 158, 1876.
Ichthyobus bison Netson, Bull. No. 1, Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. 49, 1876.
Carpiodes bison JORDAN & GILBERT, in Klippart’s Rept. 53, 1876.
Carpiodes bison JORDAN,, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. ix, 50, 1877.
Carpiodes bison JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 322, 1878.

HABiIrTaT.—Mississippi Valley (Osage River, Agassiz; Mississippi River, Wabash
River, Tennessee River, Cope).

What the fish is to which Professor Agassiz gave the name ‘ bison”
cannot be ascertained from the published descriptions. Professor Cope

has described the present species under that name, and we accept the

198 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

name bison on his authority. This species is not generally common in
so far as my experience goes. I have, however, seen one or two from
the Ohio River. I found no specimens in the National Museum.

47. CARPIODES THOMPSONI Agassiz.
Lake Carp.

1842—Catostomus cyprinus THOMPSON, Hist. Vi. 133.

1355—Carpiodes thompsoni AGassiz, Am. Journ. Sc. Arts, 2d series, xix, 191.
Carpiodes thompsoni Cork, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 285, 1864.
Carpiodes thompsonii Cope, Proc. Am. Phiios. Soc. Phila. 433, 1670.
Carpiodes thompsoni JORDAN, Man. Vert. 297, 1876.
Ichthyobus thompsoni NELSON, Bull. No. 1, Ills. Mus, Nat. Hist. 49, 1876.
Carpiodes thompsoni JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 158, 1876.
Carpiodes thompsonii JORDAN & GILBERT, in Klippart’s Rept. 53, 1876.
Carpiodes thompsoni JORDAN, Man. Vert, ed. 2d, 322, 1878.

Habitat.—Great Lake region; abundant.

This species occurs in more or Jess abundance throughout the Great
Lake region. It is the shortest and most arched of all the species. Its
dorsal fin is about intermediate between that of velifer and that of
carpio. 1 have examined very many specimens of this species, and I
find little variation among them. ‘This fish reaches a length of some-
thing over a foot, and is sold by the Lake fishermen as “‘ Carp”.

Specimens in United States National Museum.

-
Number. Locality. Collector.
11040:\| Sandusky; Ohio2~ cas ce recwee cones ee =e eee ee J. W. Milner.
LDF eee ss 7 Ce EE Ae ee say i ery wee PIE ee Do.
L118) eee Ocho aeeths ete eee cee eee ee ae pees Do.
LLLSO cs oes COs S5a S Se eee eee Do.
PLIST estes doi cn cke sus ee ee eo eeeess Do.
11132 ;| n-2es GO! ie a he ote aa a oe aie ee erate ae Do.
48. CARPIODES CYPRINUS (Le Sueur) Agassiz.
Eastern Carp Sucker. Nebraska Carp Sucker. Rio Grande Carp.
1817—Catostomus cyprinus Le Surunr, Journ. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. i, 91.
Labeo cyprinus DeKay, New York Fauna, part iv, Fishes, 194, 1842.
Sclerognathus cyprinus Cuvimn & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, xvii

474, 1844.
Sclerognathus cyprinus SrorreR, Synopsis, 427, 1846.
Carpiodes cyprinus AGassiz, Am. Journ, Se. Arts, 2d series, xix, 191, 1855,

CARPIODES CYPRINUS. 189

Carpiodes cyprinus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, 24, 1868.
Carpiodes cyprinus Corr, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 484, 1870.
Carpiodes cyprinus JORDAN, Wishes of Ind, 202, 1575.
Carpiodes cyprinus JORDAN, Man. Vert. 297, 1876.
Carpiodes cyprinus UNLER & LuGGER, Fishes of Maryland, 140, 1876.
Carpiodes cyprinus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 158, 1876.
Jarpiodes cyprinus JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 323, 1878.
1&54— Carpiodes vacca AGassizZ, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, 356.
1854— Carpiodes tumidus Batnp & GIRARD, Proc. Phila. Ac. Nat. Se. 28.
Ictiobus tumidus Girarp, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ich. 34, pl. xxx, f. 1-4, 1859.
Ichthyobus tumidus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 1538, 1876.
1856—Carpiodes damalis Girard, Proce. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 170.
Carpiodes damalis GirarD, U. S. Pac. R. R. Expl]. x, 218, pl. xlviii, f. 1-4, 1858.
Carpiodes damalis Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 85, 1855.
Carpiodcs damalis JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 155, 1876.
1870— Carpiodes grayi Cort, Proc, Am. Philos. Soe. Phila. 482, 1870.
Carpiodes grayi JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 158, 1376.
Carpiodcs grayi Cope & Yarrow, Wheeler’s Expl. W. 100th Mer. v, Zool. 681,
1876.

HaBitat.—New Englard to Alabama; thence to Mexico and north to the Upper
Missouri.

I have elsewhere already united the nominal species grayi and tumi-
dus, for the following reasons :—Girard’s “Ictiobus tumidus” is certainly
a Carpiodes, as is plainly shown by the published figure, the mouth be-
ing represented as small and inferior, beneath the projecting snout. I
have numerous young specimens of a Carpicdes trom the Rio Grande,
at Brownsville, Texas, the original locality of Icticbus tumidus. But my
specimens do not disagree in any important respect from Carpiodes grayt,
from the same river, nor am I able, on examination of authentie speci-
mens of the latter species, to point out any differences between them and
my Brownsville specimens. Therefore, if tumidus and grayi are really
different, the differences have escaped my notice. It is of course possi-
ble that my Brownsville specimens, although from the original locality
of tumidus, may not be that species; but, as the types of tumidus have
been lost, I do not see how the question can ever be settled.

I am furthermore unable to separate twmidus as thus characterized
from damalis Grd., and the close relationship existing between damalis
and cyprinus has already been noticed by Professor Cope. As 1 now
believe that cyprinus, tumidus, damalis, and grayi were all based on mem-
bers of a single widely diffused species, 1 unite them in the above
synonymy.

This species is the common Carp Sucker of Pennsylvania and the

200 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—IIL

Middle States. I have no specimens referable to this species from the
Great Lakes, nor from tbe Mississippi or the Ohio. If cyprinus, tumi-
dus, and damalis are identical, however, one of two things must be true.
Either C. cyprinus really inhabits the whole Mississippi Valley, but has
been overlooked or confounded with others, or else we have a very curi-
ous anomaly in the distribution of the species, it being an inhabitant
of waters of two widely separated areas, having little in common. The
former supposition seems the most probable, and I accordingly look tor
specimens of C. cyprinus in the Mississippi Valley.

Specimens in United States National Museum.

Number. Locality. . Collector.
— | Round Lake, Montgomery, Alabama ..........---- Kumlien & Bean.
179 | Fort Pierre, Nebr. (types of C. damalis).........-..| Dr. Evans.
noo0 | hepiblican River vec. < «mse oath a ve tonne aa ene | Wood & Hammond,

13012 | Rio Grande, New Mexico (grayt) ...--..-.-.....---.- Dr. O. Loew.
158915|"Nebraska sa6i<o2es... seen ~ see tar ease n eee oe |
20109 | “U.S, Mex. Boundary Survey” (types of tumidus?).

——is | WPLOWOS VIG} DOXs = jn cays we 01 seme eee aa ee

49. CARPIODES CARPIO (Rajinesque) Jordan.

Big Carp Sucker. Olive Carp Sucker.

1820—Catostomus carpio RAFINESQUE, Ich. Oh. 56. ,
Carpiodes carpio JORDAN, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist. 95, 1876.
Carpiodes carpio JORDAN, Man. Vert, 297, 1876.
Ichthyobus carpio NELSON, Bull. No. 1, Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. 49, 1876.
Carpiodes carpio JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 158, 1876.
Carpiodes carpio JORDAN & GILBERT, in Klippart’s Rept. 53, 1876.
Carpiodes carpio JORDAN, Proce, Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 72, 1877.
Carpiodes carpio JORDAN, Bull, U.S. Nat. Mus, ix, 34, 1877.
Carpiodes carpio JORDAN, Man, Vert, ed. 2d, 322, 1878.

1870—Carpiodes nummifer Cork, Proc, Am. Philos. Soc, Phila, 484,
HAanbitat.— Mississippi Valley. Abundant in the Ohio River.

This is the most abundant species of its genus in the Ohio River and
its tributaries. It is the largest species, the most elongate, and bas the
lowest fin-rays and the smallest head. The peculiar enlargement of the
anterior rays of the dorsal I have found to be an excellent diagnostic
character. This species has been well described by Professor Cope
under the name of C. nummifer. There can, however, be but little

GENUS BUBALICHTHYS. 201

doubt that Rafinesque had the same fish in mind as his C. carpio, and I
have accordingly adopted the latter name.

Specimens in United States National Museum.
»)

Number. Locality. Collector.
ZO eOhOrRiver, Cincinnati a-cass.isceeere maae hee sesieceses J. W. Milner.
GOA Wace Otc ee eer area nee aS, ee IS EES Do.

Genus BUBALICHTHYS Agassiz.

Bubalichthys AGAssiz, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, 192.
Sclerognathus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, p. 22, 1868.
Catostomus et Carpiodes sp. of authors.

Type, Carpiodes urus Agassiz.

Etymology, Bot Siroc, buffalo; iyAvc, fish.

Head moderate or rather large, deep and thick, its superior outline
rapidly rising, its length about 4 in that of the body: eye moderate,
median or rather anterior in position ; suborbital bones comparatively
narrow; fontanelle always present and widely open.

Mouth moderate or small, more or less inferior, the mandible short,
little oblique, or typically quite horizontal, the mandible less than one-third
the length of the head, the premaxillaries in the closed mouth below
the level of the lower part of the orbit ; lips rather thin, thicker than in
Ichthyobus, the upper protractile, narrow, plicate, the plica sometimes
broken up into granules; lower lip comparatively full (for a Buffalo-
fish), faintly piicate, the pliew b:oken up into granules, the lower lip
having the general fj-shaped form seen in Carpiodes ; jaws without car-
tilaginous sheath ; muciferous system well developed; opercular appa-
ratus well developed, but less so than in Ichthyobus, the operculum
strongly rugose; isthmus moderate; pharyngeal bones triangular, with
large teeth, which increase in size from above downwards; teeth com-
pressed, their grinding edge blunt, slightly arched in the middle, and
provided with a little cusp along the inner margin, which is hardly
detached from the crown, and does not rise above the surface: gill-rakers
of anterior arch slender and stiff above, growing shorter downwards,

Body ovate or oblong, the dorsal outline more or less arched, the sides
of the body compressed, the ventral outline curved also, but to a less
degree: scales very large, about equal over the body, their posterior

202 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

outlines somewhat serrate; lateral line well developed, nearly straight,
with 35 to 42 scales, 12 to 14 in a cross-series from ventrals to dorsal ;
dorsal fin beginning near the middle of the body, somewhat in advance
of the veutrals, its anterior rays elevated, their height about equal to
half the base of the fin, the number of rays in the dorsal fin ranging
from 25 to 32; caudal fin well forked, the lobes about equal, not fal-
cate; anal fin comparatively long and rather low, of 8 or 9 developed
rays; ventrals moderate, 10-rayed; pectorals rather short: sexual pecu-
liarities, if any, unknown: coloration dull dark brown, nearly plain, not
silvery ; fins olivaceous or more or less dusky.

Air-bladder with two chambers.

Size quite large.

In general appearance, the species of Bubalichthys bear a considerable
resemblance to those of Carpiodes. The form is, however, coarser than
that of any Carpiodes, the dorsal fin is lower, and the coloration is
darker and duller. The species reach a larger size than do those of
Carpivdes, but whether larger or not than the species of Ichthyobus I am
unable to say. In external appearance, Bubalichthys is intermediate
between Carpiodes and Ichthyobus, the one species, bubalus, resembling
Carpiodes most, the other, urus, being most like Lchthyobus.

Our knowledge of the species of this genus is very incomplete. Many
species were named and indicated by Professor Agassiz, but with such
fragmentary descriptions that not a single one of them is certainly
known by any one. I have, however, been able to identify in specimens
from Quincy, Ill., the fishes termed by him B. bubalus and B. niger,
the small-moutbed and the large-mouthed Buffalo. Assuming these two
well-separated species as a basis, I have compared with them numerous
Buftfalo-fishes from various localities, and in all cases I have found them
identical with either the one or the other. I have therefore adopted
the hypothesis, possible, and perhaps probable, that all of the nominal
species of Professor Agassiz were based on the one or the other of these
two forms. As to this, I may say that the sole basis of some of these
nominal species was the difference in locality. From what we know of
the range of other species of Catostomida, there is nothing antecedently
improbable in the same fish being found in the Wabash and Mobile

tivers, or ih the Tennessee and Osage. Jyxostoma macrolepidotum,
Erimyzon oblongus, Minytrema melanops, Catostomus teres, and others
are known to occur in all four of those streams. The questions of
locality may, I think, be safely elimiuated from the discussion. The

GENUS BUBALICHTHYS. 203

descriptions published by Professor Agassiz are almost worthless for the
distinction of species. It has accordingly seemed best to me, as a tem-
porary arrangement, at least until more than two species are shown ta
occur in our waters, or until some one is able to show from examination
of Professor Agassiz’s types what he really had in mind, to distribute
his nominal species in the synonymy of the two which we know. I
have accordingly considered each of Agassiz’s species and made it
identical with either the small-mouthed or the large-mouthed species, as
the description seemed to indicate. A third species, from Central
America, which I suppose belongs to this genus, is added from Dr.

Giinther’s description.
Generic Characterizations.

BuBaLicuTHys Agassiz, 1855.—“At the time I vindicated the propriety of restoring
some of the genera established by Rafinesque among Cyprinoids, I did not suspect that
the genus Carpiodes, as I then represented it, still contained two distinct types, though
I had noticed that some of the species had the anterior margin of their dorsal greatly
prolonged, whilst in others it hardly rises above the middle and posterior of that fin.
Having since examined the pharyngeals of all the species of this tribe which I havo
been able to secure from different parts of the country, I find that those with a high
dorsal which constitute the genus Carpiodes, have, in addition, very thin flat pharyn-
geals with extremely minute teeth, whilst those with a low dorsal have triangular
pharyngeals with larger teeth, increasing gradually in size and thickness, from the
upper margin of the bones towards the symphysis. The difference in form of these
bones arises from the circumstance that the slight ridge upon the outer surface of the
arch in Carpiodes is transformed in this second type into a prominent edge, dividing
the outer surface of the arch into a posterior and anterior plane, meeting under an
acute angle. This structural homology is satisfactorily traced by the difference of the
external appearance of these two planes, the posterior one being full as the posterior
half of the flat outer surface of the arch in Carpiodes, whilst the anterior plane is
coarsely porous, indeed studded with deep pits analogous to the porous character of
the anterior half of the outer surface of that bone in Carpiodes. 'The teeth themselves
are compressed ; their grinding edge is rather blunt, slightly raised in the middle, and
provided with a little cusp along the inner margin, which is hardly detached from the
crown, and does not rise above its surface, as in Carpiodes, Ichthyobus and Cycleptus.

“Tn this genus the bulk of the body is not placed so far forwards as in Carpiodes, the
greatest height being between head and tail. The upper outline of the body is less
strongly arched in advance of the dorsal; the head is longer than high, and the snout
not more prominent than the mouth. The mouth opens obliquely downwards and
forwards, the lower jaw being nearly as long as the upper. The lips are small and
granulated. The anterior rays of the dorsal are not separately prolonged beyond the
rest of the fin, though its anterior margin is higher than its middle and posterior por-
tion. The lower fins are as in Carpiodes.

“The scales have many narrow radiating furrows upon the anterior field, none across

the lateral fields, and few upon the posterior fields, converging to the centre of radia-

204 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

tion, to which the tubes of the lateral line extend also. For this new genus I propose
the name of Bubalichthys, intending to recall the name of Buffalo fish, commonly
applied to this species. To this genus belong the species I have described as Carpiodes
urus from the Tennessea River, C. taurus fcom Mobile River, and C. vitulus from the
Wabash, and also the Catoslomus niger of Rafinesque and Catostomus bubalus of Dr. Kirt-
land from the Ohio, but not C. bubalus Rafinesque, which is the type of the genus Jch-
thyobus described in the following paragraph. I have another new species from the
Osage River, sent me by Mr. George Stolley. This shows this type to be widely dis-
tributed in our western waters, but thus far it has not been found in the Atlantic
states. I have some doubts respecting the nomenclature of these species which are
rather difficult to solve. It will be seen upon reference to Rafinesque’s Ichthyologia
Ohiensis, p. 55 and 56, that he mentions two species of his subgenus Jchthyobus, one of
which he calls C. bubalus, and the other C. niger; the second he has not seen himself,
but describes it on the authority of Mr. Audubon as ‘entirely similar to the common
Buffalo fish,’ his C. bubalus, but ‘larger, weighing upwards of fifty pounds,’ Dr. Kirt-*
land, on the other band, describes the C. bubalus as the largest species found in the
western waters, and adds that the young is nearly elliptical in its outline and is often
sold in the market as a distinct species under the name of Buffalo Perch. If the-e was
only one species of Buffalo in those waters the case would be very simple, and the Ca-
tostomus bubalus and niger of Rafinesque, and C. bubalus of Dr. Kirtland, should simply
be considered as synonymous, but Dr. Rauch of Barlington has sent me fine specimens
of this Buffalo Perch, to which the remark of Dr. Kirtland, ‘ elliptical in its outlive,’
perfectly applies, and I find that it not only differs specifically but even geverically
from the broader, high backed, common Buffalo, and beiug the smaller species, I take
it to be Rafinesque’s C. bubalus, the type of his genus Ichthyobus, which is more fully
characterised below, whilst the larger species, Rafinesque’s C. niger, can be no other
than Dr. Kirtland’s C. bubalus, ‘the largest species of the western waters.’ It seems
therefore hardly avoidable to retain the name of C. niger or rather Bubalichthys niger
for the common Baffalo, though Rafinesque, who first named the fish, never saw it, or
if he saw it mistook it for his own bubalus, and though Dr. Kirtland, who correcily
describes and figures it, names it C. bubalus, for such is the natural result to which the
history of the successive steps in our investigation of these fishes lead. But our diffi-
culties here are not yet at an end. Among the splendid collections I received from Dr.
Rauch, I found two perfectly distinct species of Bubalichthys, one with a large mouth,
and the other with a small mouth, and one of Jehthyobus, living together in the Missis-
sippi River, in the neighborhood of Burlington, Iowa; and the next question, proba-
bly never to be solved, will be, if they all three occur also in the Ohio, whether Rafi-
nesque’s C. niger was the big mouthed or the small mouthed Bubalichihys. Judging
from the figure given by Dr. Kirtland in the Boston Journal of Natural History, vol. v,
pl. fig. 2, I believe his C. bubalus to’ be the small mouthed species. I myself have, how-
ever, seen only ane specimen of the big mouthed species from the Ohio, and that in
rather an indifferent state of preservation; for which I am indebted to Prof. Baird, and
none of the small mouthed species. Should, however, all three, as is possible, oceur in
the Ohio as well as the Mississippi, to avoid introducing new names, I will eall the
big mouthed species B. niger, preserving for it Rafinesque’s specitic name,—-the small

GENUS BUBALICHTHYS. 205

mouthed, B. bubalus, retaining for it the name which Dr. Kirtland has given it, even
though the species of Ichthyobus must bear the same specific name, being that origin-
ally applied by Rafinesque. It may be that either my P. vitulus or my LB. wrus is iden-
tical with Dr. Kirtland’s C. bubalus, but until I can obtain original specimens of this
species, this point must remain undecided, as it is impossible for mere descriptions to
institute a sufficiently minute comparison. The specimens from Osage River I shall
call B. bonasus.

“Compared with one another, these species differ as follows: B. niger, (the big-
mouthed Buffalo) differs from B. bubalus (the small-mouthed Buffalo), by its larger
mouth, opening more forwards; its more elongated body, the first rays of the dorsal
rising immediately above the base of the ventrals, and its anterior lobe being broader,
and the anal fin not emarginated; B. bonasus differs from B. bubalus and from B, niger
in having the mouth larger than the first and smaller than the second, and from ZB.
bubalus by its less emarginated dorsal, which renders its larger lobe broader, anal fin
not emarginated, opercle larger. A farther comparison with the Southern species could
only be satisfactory, if accompanied by accurate figures.” —(AGassiZ, Am. Journ. Sc. Arts,
1855, p. 192.)

ScCLEROGNATHUS Giinther, 1868.—“ Scales of moderate or rather large size. Lateral
line running along the middle of the tail. Dorsal fin much elongate, with about 30 or
more rays, none of which are spinous. Anal fin short. Mouth small, inferior (Buba-
lichthys) or subterminal (Sclerognathus), with the lips more or less thickened. Barbe!s
none. Gill-rakers long, stiff in the upper two-thirds of the first branchial arch, modi-
fied into low membranaceous transverse folds in the lower third. Pseudobranchia.
Pharyngeal bones sickle-shaped, armed with a comb-like series of numerous, compressed
teeth, increasing in size downwards.”— (GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, 22, 1868.)

BupaticutTuys Cope & Jordan, 1877.—“ Body oblong oval, compressed ; dorsal elon-
gate, elevated in front, of 20 or more rays; fontanelle present; pharyngeal bones
strong, the teeth comparatively coarse and large, increasing in size downwards ; mouth
inferior.”—(JORDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 1877, p. 82.)

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF BUBALICHTHYS.

* Body considerably elevated and compressed above; the dorsal region subcarinate :
belly thicker; depth 24 to 22? in length; axis of body above the ventrals below
the lateral line and nearly twice as far from the back as from the belly: head
moderate, triangular in outline when viewed from the side, 4 in length: eye
equal to snout, 4 to 5in length of head, much larger than in B. urus: mouth quite
small, notably smaller and more inferior than in DB. urus: mandible about equal
to eye: dorsal fin elevated in front and rapidly declined, the highest ray reach-
ing much beyond the middle of the fin, the seventh ray about half the length of
the third or longest; anal rays rapidly shortened behind, the middle rays much
shorter than the first long ones: scales 8-39-6; dorsal, 29; anal, 10; ventrals,
10: coloration paler, the lower fins slightly dusky.............---.BUBALUS, 50.

** Body much less elevated and less compressed than in the preceding, the back not at all
carinated ; axis of body above ventrals about at the lateral line, and but very lit-
tle farther from the dorsal outline than from the ventral ; depth 3 to 3fin length:
head very stout, strongly transversely convex, thicker, larger, and less pointed

‘
206 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTUYOLOGY—III.

than in the next, abont 4 in length: eye about equal to snout, 5} in head, much
smaller than in B. bubalus: mouth large, considerably oblique, opening well for-
wards: mandible longer than eye: dorsal fin lower and Jess rapidly depressed
than in the next, the longest ray scarcely half the length of the base of the fin;
anal fin rounded, its rays not rapidly shortened, the middle ones not much shorter
than the longest: colors very dark; fins all black: scales 8-41-7; dorsal, 30;
anal 10 << 0s. csi ace ss oe wasewere non coe ere Ene ee ae URwS, 51.

*** Month small, inferior, slightly corrugated: depth 34 to 3} in lengths head 4 to 44,

not much longer than high: eye rather small, one-fifth of the length of the bead
and } that of the snout: suborbitals narrow. Anterior rays not much produced,
shorter than the head; caudal forked. Origin of ventral vertically below the
fourth dorsal ray. Pectoral fin not extending to ventrals. There are five
longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and the root of the ventral.
Coloration uniform. Scales 7-3-7; dorsal 29; anal 10.----. - MERIDIONALIS, 52.

’

50. BUBALICHTHYS BUBALUS Agassiz.
Buffalo-fish. Small-mouthed Buffalo. High-backed Buffalo.

1838—Catostomus bubalus KinTLAND, Rept. Zool. Ohio, 168. (Not of Rafinesque.)

Catostomus bubalus KIRTLAND, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. v, 266, 1845,
Catostomus bubalus STORER, Synopsis, 424, 1846.

Bubalichthys bubalus AGassiz, Am. Journ. Se. Arts, 2d series, xix, 195, 1855.
Bubalichthys bubalus JORDAN, Fishes of Ind., 222, 1875.

Bubalichthys bubalus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 158, 1876.
Bubalichthys bubalus JORDAN, Proce. Ac, Nat. Sc. Phila. 74, 1877.
Bubalichthys bubalus JORDAN & GILBERT, in Klippart’s Rept. 53, 1877.

1854—? ? Carpicdes taurus AGAssiz, Ain. Journ. Sci. Arts, 355. (Not identifiable.)

?? Bubalichthys taurus AGassiz, Am, Journ. Se. Arts, 2d series, xix, 193, 1855.

?? Bubalichthys taxrus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 15%, 1876.

1854—? ? Carpiodes vitulus AGassiz, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, 356. (Not identifi«ble.)

?? Bubalichthys vitulus AGAssiz, Am. Journ. Se. Arts, 2d series, xix, 193, 1853
?? Rubalichthys vitulus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 158, 1876.
?? Bubalichthys vitulus Jordan & GILBertT, in Klippart’s Rept. 53, 1876.

1368—Seleroguathus wrus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, 22.
4876 —IJethyobus cyanellus NeLson, Bull. No. 1, Ils. Mus. Nat. Hist. 49.

Tethyobus cyanellus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 158, 1876.
Icthyobus cyanellus JORDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 73, 1877.
Tethyobus cyanellus JORDAN & GILBERT, in Klippart’s Rept. 53, 1876.
Ichthyobus cyanellus JONDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 323, 1878.

1877—Bubalichihys altus Neison, MSS.

Bubalichthys altus JonDAN, Proc. Ae, Nat. Se. Phila. 73, 1877.
Bubalichthys altus Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 324, 1878.

1877—Bubalichihys bubalinus Jonpan, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus, ix, 50.

Bubalichthys bubalinus JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 325, 1878,

Hapbitat.—Mississippi Valley ; abundant in all the larger streams.

BUBALICHTHYS BUBALUS. 207

This is probably the most generally distributed of the various species
known popularly as Buffalo-fish. The question as to its proper nomen-
clature is even more complicated ihan that of the next species. It
may be that this is the true bubalus of Rafinesque, as supposed by Dr.
Kirtland. But as that species was the type of the genus Ictiobus, the
identification of Rafinesque’s species with the present one would lead
to changes in nomenclature far from desirable. The name Ichthyobus
would then belong to Bubalichthys and the genus Ichthyobus would
receive a new name. As this can never be proven, it is best to consider
Agassiz’s identification as correct and that of Dr. Kirtland wrong. The
first mention of this species was that of Dr. Kirtland as Catostomus bu-
balus. The name bubalus, however, was given through an erroneous
identification, and must be passed over. Next come Agassiz’s names
taurus and vitulus, both possibly belonging here, but just as likely be-
longing to wrus. Both of them, from the exasperating insufficiency and
irrelevance of the descripfions, are practically unidentifiable. Next is
Agassiz’s bubalus, noticed below. The next name in order is that of
Ichthyobus cyanellus Nelson, which was based on this species, as I have
ascertained by examination of his type. This is the first tenable name
certainly belonging to this species, unless we adopt the name bubalus.
Next comes Nelson’s altus. A specimen answering Nelson’s description
in all respects, and as evidently belonging to the species now under
consideration, is at present before me. It is a fine adult example.
Lastly comes my own bubalinus, intended merely as a substitute for the
name “ bubalis”, not then considered tenable as the specific name of
this species, having been given to it originally by an error in identifica-
tion. The adoption of the name bubalus by Agassiz after the knowledge
of this error may, however, be considered as a proposal of a new name.
The original descriptions of taurus, vitulus, cyanelus, and altus are here
subjoined.

Carpiodes taurus Agassiz, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, p. 355.-—‘* From
Mobile River, Alabama. The form of the body is intermediate between
that of C. Cyprinus and C. Urus. The gill-cover has the same form as
in C. Urus, but it is larger and more strongly arched behind. The hind
margin of the seales is waving, owing to a somewhat prominent mid-
dle angle. The anterior rays of the dorsal equal in length two-thirds
of that of the base of the fin, Anal not lunate behind. The ventrals
do not reach to the anal opening. Caudal not so deeply fureate as in
C. Cyprinus.”

208 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

Carpiodes vitulus Agassiz, Am. Journ. Se. Arts, 1855, p. 356.—“ From
the Wabash River, Indiana. This seems to be a smaller species than
the preceding ones. The form of the body resembles that of C. Taurus,
but the eyes are smaller; the opercle is more broadly rounded behind ;
the subopercle has its posterior and free border regularly arched above
and below, and not emarginate as in C. Taurus. The direction of the
numerous water-tubes on the head and cheeks also differ. The upper
and lower border of the scales are nearly straight. The dorsal does not
extend quite so far forward. I am indebted to Col. Richard Owen of
New Harmony for this species.”

Ichthyobus cyanellus Nelson, Bull. Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. i, 1877, p. 49.—
*“ Blue Buffalo. A number of specimens of this species are in the state
collection, from the Illinois river, and in Prof. Jordan’s collection, from
the Mississippi at St. Louis. The following is the description, taken
from several specimens, measuring from 8 to 94 inches in length :—

“Head about 34 in length. Depth 24 to 5-6. Eye 4§ to 53 in head.
Dorsal I, 30. Anal I,8. Vertrals 10. Lat. 1.358. Longitudinal rows
7-5 to 7-6. Body compressed, high. Anteriorly broad, compressed
behind. Longest ray reaching 18th ray. Pectorals shorter than ven-
trals, both shorter than head. Anal scarcely reaching caudal; head
very short, high and thick; its thickness ? length, depth 12 in length.
Mouth quite small, oblique, and overlapped by a slightly projecting
snout. Mandible short, 4 in head. Opercle becoming wrinkled with
age. Head small, short and thick ; muzzle obtuse, conic, not twice the
length of eye. Anterior ray of dorsal, in type from Illinois river.
slightly nearer snout than base of caudal. In specimens from St,
Louis the dorsal is about equidistant. Color above, light steel blue in
adults, becoming lighter below. Young lighter with distinct stripes
along the rows of scales. Although the species is described from spe-
cimens but nine inches long, when full grown it undoubtedly reaches
similar dimensions to its congeners.”

Bubalichthys altus Nelson, MS3.; Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Phila. 1877,
74.—* This specimen is very deep and much compressed. The back is
much arched and the profile descenes steeply in front to end of snout,
not forming an angle with it as in many species of Jchthyobus,

‘“ Depth of body, 24 in length; head, 4 in length; greatest thickness
of body, 12 in length of head; depth of head, 1} in its length; width,
1} in length. Eye, 54 in head, 24 in interorbital space, which is but
little rounded.

BUBALICHTHYS URUS. 209

‘¢ Lateral line perfectly straight from upper edge of opercle to caudal.
** Seales, 8-35-5. Dorsal I. 25; A. I. 9.
“Color in spirits, dull yellowish olive; fins dusky.
“ Pype specimen 12 inches long, in Ills. State Museum, from Cairo,
Illinois.”
51. BUBALICHTHYS URUS Agassiz.

Big-mouthed Buffalo. Black Buffalo. Mongrel Buffalo.

1818—? ? Amblodon niger Ra¥INESQUE, Journal de Physique Phila. 421. (Entirely un-
recognizable. )
?? Catostomus niger RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh. 56, 1820. (Unrecognizable; more
likely Cycleptus elongatus.)

Bubalichthys niger AGAssiz, Am. Journ, Se. Arts, 2d series, xix, 195, 1855.
Bubalichthys niger JORDAN, Fishes of Ind. 222, 1875,
Bubalichthys niger JORDAN, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist. 95, 1876.
Bubalichthys niger JORDAN, Man. Vert. 298, 1876.
Bubalichthys niger NELSON, Bull. No, 1, Ils. Mus. Nat. Hist, 50, 1876,
Bubalichthys niger JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 158, 1876.
Bubalichthys miger JORDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 75, 1877.
Bubalichthys niger JORDAN & GILBERT, in Klippart’s Rept. 53, 1876.
Bubalichthys niger JORDAN, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix, 34, 1877,
Bubalichthys niger JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 323,

1854—Carpiodes urus AGassiz, Am. Journ. Se. Arts, 355.
Bubalichthys wus AGAssiZ, Am. Journ. Se. Arts, 2d series, xix, 193, 1855,
Bubalichthys urus PUTNAM, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 10, 1863.
Bubatichthys wrus JORDAN, Fishes of Ind. 222, 1875.
Bubalichtiys urus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 158, 1876.

1855— Bubalichthys bonasus AGAssiz, Am. Journ. Se. Arts, 2d series, xix, 195.
Bubalichthys bonasus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 158, 1876.

Hapirat.—Mississippi Valley, in the larger streams.

This is an abundant species in the Mississippi and its larger tributa-
ries. It is very distinct from the preceding, almost intermediate between
Bubalichthys bubalus and Ichthyobus bubalus. It may indeed be necessary
to unite these two genera on account of this species.

The question of the name which should be borne by this species is a
very difficult one. Inasmuch as Rafinesque’s C. niger was known to him
only through the accounts of Mr. Audubon, a gentleman known to have
played several practical jokes on the too eredulous naturalist, and to
have led him thereby to describe and name several impossible animals,
and inasmuch as no real description whatever is given by Rafinesque,
it seems to me that the name niger can be used only on the authority of
Agassiz, and not on that of Rafinesque. That being the case, the name

Bull. N. M. No. 12—14

210 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

urus of Agassiz, which unquestionably belongs to this species, has a
year’s priority over niger, and is really the- first tenable name applied to
any species of Bubalichthys. Theoriginal account given by Rafinesque of
his Catostomus niger and that by Professor Agassiz of his Bubalichthys
urus | here append. Agassiz’s descriptions of B. niger and B. bonasus
have been previously given under the head of the genus.

Catostomus (Ictiobus) niger Raf. Ich. Oh. p. 56.—* Entirely black; lat-
eral line straight; 1 have not seen this fish. Mr. Audubon deseribes it
as a peculiar species found in the Mississippi and the lower part of the
Ohio, being entirely similar to the common Buffalo-fish, but larger,
weighing upwards of fifty pounds, and living in separate schools.”

Carpiodes urus Agassiz, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, p. 355.—* From
the Tennessee River. It grows very large, weighing occasionally from
30 to 40 pounds. The body in this species is not so high as in C. cypri-
nus, nor is it so compressed above; the scales are also not so high, but
more angular behind, and the anterior portion of the dorsal is not so
elongated. The gill-cover is larger, and the distance from the hind bor-
der of the eye to the inferior angle of the subopercle near the base of
the pectorals and the distance from the same point to the superior and
posterior angle of the opercle, are nearly equal. In C. cyprinus the dis-
tances differ by nearly one third. The subopercle is not triangular, but
its hind border is nearly regularly arched from the upper angle to the
posterior angle of the interopercle. The anal has its posterior margin
full and not lunate; the caudal is not so deeply furcate as in C. cyprinus.
The ventrals do not reach the anal. All fins are of a dark color. Lam
indebted to Dr. Newman for this species.”

I found no specimens of Bubalichthys urus in the collections of the
United States National Museum.

52, BUBALICHTHYS MERIDIONALIS (Giinther) Jordan.

Central American Buffalo. s
1868—Sclerognathus meridionalis GUNTHER, Trans. Zool. Soc. p. —.
Sclerognathus meridionalis GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, 23, 1868.

Hapirat.—Rio Usumacinta, Guatemala,

I know nothing of this species except from Giinther’s description.
From its remote locality, it is probably distinet, but the description
shows no especial difference from B. bubalus, unless it be that the
body is slenderer. The following is Dr. Giinther’s account :—

“DP, 29-30. A. 10; lat. 1. 38, 1. transv. 74-74. Mouth small, inferior,

GENUS ICHTHYOBUS. 2A

slightly corrugated. The height of the body is contained thrice and
one third or thrice and one fourth in the total length (without caudal),
the length of the head four times or four times and a half; head not
much longer than high. Eye rather small, one fifth of the length of the
head and two thirds of that of the snout; suborbitals narrow. The
anterior dorsal rays are not much produced, being shorter than the
head. Caudal fin forked. The origin of the ventral fin is vertically
below the fourth dorsal ray. Pectoral fin not extending to the ventral.
There are five longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and
the root of the ventral. Coloration uniform. Pharyngeal teeth very
numerous and small, increasing somewhat in size downwards.
‘Rio Usumacinta (Guatemala).”

Genus ICHTHYOBUS Rajinesque.

Amblodon RAFINESQUE, Journal de Physique. de Chymie et @’Histoire Naturelle, Paris,
421,1819. (Part.)

Ictiobus RAFINESQUE, Ich. Ob. 1820, p. 55. (As subgenus of Catostomus.)

Ichthyobus AGassiz, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, p. 195.

Type, Amblodon bubalus Rafinesque.

Etymology, iy@vc, fish; Bovc, bull or buffalo; i. e., buffalo-fish.

Head very large and strong, wide and deep, its length 345 to 33 in that
of the body, its upper surface broad and depressed; eye moderate,
wholly anterior in position, the middle of the head being entirely behind
it ; suborbital bones proportionately narrow; fontanelle large, well open:
opercular apparatus largely developed, the subopercuium broad, the
operculum broad, strongly furrowed.

Mouth very large for a Sucker, terminal, protractile forwards, the
middle of the premaxillaries rather above the line of the middle of the
eye, the posterior edge of the maxillary extending about to the line of
the nostrils; mandible very strong, oblique, placed at an angle of 45
degrees or more when the mouth is closed, its posterior end extending
to beyond opposite the front of the eye, its length a little less than one-
third that of the head. Lips very little developed, the upper narrow
and smooth, scarcely appreciable, the lower narrow, rather full on the
sides, but reduced to a narrow rim in front, entirely destitute both of
papille and plice; jaws without cartilaginous sheath; muciferous sys-
tem of head well developed; isthmus narrow; pharyngeal! bones in form
intermediate between those of Curpiodes and those of Bubalichthys, the
outer surface of the arch standing outwards, and presenting a porous

212 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

outer margin. The peduncle of the symphysis is much longer propor-
tionally, and more pointed than in Carpiodes and Bubalichthys. The
teeth are very numerous, small, thin and compressed in Carpiodes, but
the lower ones are gradually larger than the upper ones. Their inner
edge is slanting outwards, and not uniformly arched as in Bubailichthys,
or truncate as in Cycleptus, the innermost margin rising somewhat in the
shape of a projecting cusp. Gill-rakers of anterior arch long and slender
above, becoming shorter downwards.

Body heavy, robust, not especially arched above nor greatly com-
pressed, the form somewhat elliptical, the depti 24 to 34 in the length
of the body.

Seales large, thick, nearly equal over the body, their posterior edges
somewhat serrate, the lateral line well developed, but not as distinct as
in Carpiodes, slightly deeurved anteriorly, the number of scales in its
course 36 to 42; 13 to 15 in a transverse series from dorsal to ventrals.

Dorsal fin with an elongate basis, its number of rays 25 to 30, the
anterior ravs somewhat elevated, their length about half that of the
base of the fin; caudal not much forked; anal fin not much elevated,
its rays about 9 in number; pectorals and ventrals moderate, the latter
with about LO rays.

Sexual peculiarities, if any, unknown. Coloration dark, not silvery,
above dusky olive ; lower fins more or less black.

Air-bladder with two chambers.

Size very large.

The claim of this group to generic rank has been questioned by Pro-
fessor Cope and others. The differences in the pharyngeal teeth are
perhaps hardly sufficient to distinguish it from Carpiodes, but at present
Lam inclined to think that the great development of the mandible,
which forms a large and terminal mouth, amply sufficient for generic
distinction. The relations of the group to Bubalichthys are doubtless,
in reality, closer. Jehthyobus bears much the same relatiou*to Buba-
lichthys that Chasmistes does to Catostomus, and, so far as the mouth is
concerned, bat in a greater degree, that Hrimyzon bears to Minytrema
and Placopharynx to Myxostoma. The head of Ichthyobus is much larger
and stouter, and the whole body more robust and less compressed than
in Carpiodes. I know from autopsy but a single species of Ichthyobus.
It has, however, been described under several different names. So far
as is known, the genus is confined to the valley of the Mississippi, no
species having been recorded from the Great Lakes, or from any streams

¢

GENUS ICHTHYOBUS. 213

east of the Alleghanies. No members of the suborders Cycleptine and
Bubalichthyine are known from the United States west of the basin of
the Rio Grande.

The typical species was first described under the name of Amblodon.
The genus Amblodon of Rafinesque, 1819, is based on the same species
as his IJctiobus of 1820. The name Amblodon, however, was given in
allusion to the pharyngeal teeth of Haploidonotus grunniens, popularly
suppesed to be the teeth of the Buffalo-fish, the presence of which teeth
was supposed to distinguish Amblodon from Catostomus. This error was
afterwards discovered by Rafinesque, and the name Amblodon trans-
ferred to the Sciznoid fish. As Amblodon of Rafinesque included the
present genera Haploidonotus and Ichthyobus, erroneously confounded,
and as on the discovery of this error its author restricted the name to
Haploidonotus, 1 think that we are justified in retaining Jchthyobus
instead of Amblodon for the genus of Catostomoids.

Generic Characterizations.

AMBLODON Rafinesque, 1810.—‘16. AMBLODON. (Abdominal.) Différent du genre
Catostomus. Machoire inférieure pavée de dents osseuses serrées arrondies, & couronne
plate, inégales.—Les poissons de ce genre, qui abondent dans l’Ohio, Je Missouri et le
Mississippi, sont distinguées par Ie nom vulgaire de Buffaloe-Fish (Poisson bouffle)
et les Frangois de la Louisiane les nomment Piconeau. I] y en a plusieurs espéces qui
parviennent souvent 4 une trés grosse taille. Les deux suivants habitent dans l’Ohio.
1. A. bubalus. Brun olivatre pale dessous, joues blanchatres. D. 28, A. 12, P. 16, A. 9,
C. 24. L’A. niger est entierement noir; tous deux ont la ligne latérale droite, queue
bilobée, téte tronquée, etc. lis sont trés-bons a4 manger.”—(RAFINESQUE, Journal de
Physique, etc, p. 421.)

IcrioBus Rafinesque, 1820.—“ Body nearly cylindrical. Dorsal fin elongated, abdom-
inal fins with nine rays, tail bilobed, commonly equal.”—(RaAFINESQUE, Ichthyologia
Ohiensis, p. 55.)

IcHTHYOBUS Agassiz, 1855.—‘“‘In the form and position of the fins, as well as in the
general outline of the body, this genus is very nearly related to Bubalichthys, but in the
structure of the parts of the head, it is quite dissimilar. The month opens directly
forwards, and is large and round. The lips are small, smooth and thin; the upper one
is not thicker than the intermaxillary itself, and tapers to a narrow edge. At the
symphysis of the lower jaw, which is larger than in any other genus of this group, the
lower lip is hardly more than a thin membrane connecting its small lateral lobes.

“The eye is small, and the opercul ir pieces very large.

“The scales have many narrow radiating furrows upon the anterior field; none
across the lateral fields, few upon the margin of the posterior field and these not ex-
tending to the centre of radiation. Tubes of the lateral line straight and simple,
arising nearly in the middle of the posterior field.

“Pharyngeal bones are neither flat as in Carpiodes nor triangular as in Bubalichthys,

214 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

but present an intermediate form ; the outer surface of the arch standing outwards
and presenting a porous outer margin. The peduncle of the symphysis is much longer
proportionally and more pointed than in Carpiodes and Bubalichthys. The teeth are
very numerous, small, thin and compressed as in Carpiodes, but the lower ones are
gradnally larger than the upper ones. Their inner edge is slanting outwards, and not
uniformly arched as in Bubalichthys or truncate as in Cycleptus, the innermcst wargin
rising somewhat in the shape of a projecting cusp.”—(AGassiz, Am. Journ. Se. Arts,
1855, p. 196. )

IcuTnyoBus Cope & Jordan, 1877.—‘‘ Body oblong oval, compressed ; dorsal elevated
in front, of 20 or more rays ; fontanelle present; pharyngeal bones narrow, with the
teeth relatively thin and weak; mouth large, subterminal, protractile forwards.”—
(JORDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 1877, p. 82.)

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF ICHTHYOBUS.

* Body robust, moderately compressed, the outline somewhat elliptical, bat the back
rather more curved than the belly ; depth 24 to 34 in length: head very large and
thick, 34 in length of body: opercular apparatus very strong, the operculum itself
forming nearly half the length of the head: scales very large: developed rays of
the dorsal 27 to 29; anal rays 9; ventrals 10: scales 7-37 to 41-6: coloration dull
brownish-olive, not silvery ; fins dusky: size very large, reaches a length of nearly
three feet and a weight of 20 to 30 pounds.............--.-.-..----- BUBALUS, 53.

53. ICHTHYOBUS BUBALUUS (Rafinesque) Agassiz.
Red-mouth Buffalo Fish. Large-mouthed Buffalo.

1818—Amblodon bubalus RaviNEsQue, Journal de Physique, 421.
Catosiomus bubalus RA¥INESQUE, Am. Month. Mag. and Crit. Rev. 354, 1818.
Catostomus bubalus RAFINESQURE, Ich. Ohi. 55, 1820.
Icthyobus bubalus AGassiz, Am. Journ. Se. Arts, 2d series, xix, 196, 1855.
Icthyobus bubalus JORDAN, Fishes of Ind, 222, 1875.
Ichthyobus bubalus JORDAN, Bull. Buttalo Soc. Nat. Hist. 95, 1876.
Icthyobus bubalus JORDAN, Man. Vert. 298, 1376.
Icthyobus bubalus NeLsoNn, Bull, No. 1, Ils. Mus. Nat. Hist. 49, 1876.
Icthyobus bubalus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 158, 1876.
Tethyobus bubalus JORDAN & GILBERT, in Klippart’s Repr. 53, 1876,
Lethyobus bubalus JORDAN, Proc. Ac, Nat. Se. Phila, 72, 1877.
Tethyobus bubalus JORDAN, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix, 34, 1877.
Ichthyobus bubalus JORDAN, Man, Vert. ed. 2d, 322.
1844—Sclerognathus cyprinella Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, xvii,
477, pl. 518.
Sclerognathus cyprinella STORER, Synopsis, 428, 1846.
Ichthyobus cyprinella AGassiz, Am, Journ, Sei. Arts, 196, 1855.
Sclerognathus cyprinella GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes, Brit. Mus, vii, 24, 1868,
Ichthyobus cyprinella JORDAN, Man. Vert. 298, 1876,
Ichthyobus cyprinella JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 158, 1876.

1855—TIcthyobus rauchii AGassiz, Am, Journ. Se, Arts, 2d series, xix, 196.

ICHTHYOBUS BUBALUS 215

Icthyobus rauchii PUTNAM, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 10, 1863.
Tethyobus rauchii JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 158, 1876.
Icthyobus rauchii JORDAN & GILBERT, in Klippart’s Rept. 53, 1876.
Ichthyobus rauchii JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 323, 1878.
1855—Icthyobus stolleyi AGAssiz, Am. Journ. Se. Arts, 2d series, xix, 196.
Iethyobus stolleyi JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 158, 1876.
1877—Icthyobus ischyrus NELSON, MSS.—JORDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 72.
Icthyobus ischyrus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 158, 1876.
Icthyobus ischyrus JORDAN & GILBERT, in Klippart’s Rept. 53, 1876.
Ichthyobus ischyrus JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 323, 1878.

Hapirar.—Mississippi Valley ; generally abundant in the larger streams.

An examination of a large series of wide-mouthed Buffalo fishes
from the Ohio, Wabash, Illinois, and Mississippi Rivers has convinced
me, contrary to my previous impressions, that all belong to a single
species. It is not absolutely certain what Rafinesque’s Catostomus
bubalus was. It is perhaps as likely to have been a species of Buba:
lichthys, as supposed by Dr. Kirtland, as an JLehthyobus. I however
follow Professor Agassiz in identifying it with the present species,
which is, at the Falls of the Ohio, where Rafinesque’s collections were
made, probably the most abundant ef the Buffalo-fishes. Neither
Rafinesque nor Professor Agassiz has, however, recognizably described
the species. In my Manual of Vertebrates, in 1876, 1 gave a short
account of Ichthyobus bubalus, drawn from two large specimeus taken in
Wabash River at Lafayette. Besides these, I have numerous smaller
specimens, obtained in the Mississippi at Saint Louis. As these differed.
in the greater compression of the body and higher fins, I have identi-
fied them as belonging to Ichthyobus rauchit Agassiz, an identification
which I still think correct. In 1877, Mr. Nelson described an Ichthyobus
ischyrus, {rom- Mackinaw Creek, a tributary of the LlJinois River, near
Peoria. His typical specimen was very stout and deep, and at the time I
thought with him that it was probably distinct from J. bubalus. Lately I
have been enabled to re-examine the type of J. ischyrusinthe State Museum
of Illinois, and to compare it with a numerous series from the same
locality. I found it possible to establish an unbroken series among
them, connecting the nominal species which 1 had termed bubalus,
rauchii, and ischyrus, the differences separating them being, in my opin-
ion, due cither to differences of age or to individual peculiarities. As
no description of any importance has been published of J. stolleyi, |
include it as a synonym of Z. bubalus. I know nothing whatever con-
cerning it. Ichthyobus cyane!lus Nelson, as below stated, is a species of

216 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY-—III.

Bubalichthys. The deseription of Sclerognathus eyprinella Valenciennes
refers principally to the generic features of these fishes. It agrees fully
with I. bubalus, except in the number of scales above the lateral line,
a difference doubtless due to a ditference in the place or the manner of
making the count. As no specific characters are known, and as the Ich-
thyobus bubalus doubtless abounds in the Lower as iv the Upper Missis-
sippi, | refer J. cyprinella to the synonymy of J. bubalus, the original type
having probably been a young specimen of that species. This species is
perhaps the largest of the Catostomida, reaching a weight of 20 to 50
pounds aud a length of more than two jeet. The young (** ischyrus”) are
sold in the Illinois markets under the name of Red-mouth Buffalo,
the adult being called simply Buffalo. A species which I suppose to be
the present one [ have seen taken in immense numbers, by means of
seines, in the Mississippi River at Burlington, lowa. The flesh is good,
although not first-rate. It is rather coarse, and is full of small bones.

For purposes of comparison | bere add the original descriptions of 8.
eyprinella, I. rauchii, I. stolleyi, and I. ischyrus :—

SCLEROGNATHUS CYPRINELLA Valenciennes.—* Rien ce me semble, ne justifie micux
la s6paration des sclérognathes du genre des Catostomes que l’espéce dont je vais douner
ici la description. Avec une bouche, formée comme celle du Sclerognathus cyprinus, nous
voyons J’ouverture portée au bout du museau, la lévre inférieure plus longue que la
supérieure, ef par consequent il n’y a plus de possibilité d’employer la bouche pour
sucer.

“Ce poisson a le corps assez semblable au précédent [Sclerognathus cyprinus]; sa
hanteur est trois fois et un tie:s dans sa longucur totale ; la longueur de la téte y est
comprise quatre fois et demie ; l’a@il est petit, et sur le haut de la joue, le diamétre est
contenu cing fois et un tiers dans la téte, et deux dian.étres et demi, donnvant lu mesure
de Vintervalle entre les deux yeux ; le dessus du créne, couvert comme a Vordinaire,
@une peau nue est moins convexe ; les deux lignes de pores sont tracées A leur place
ordinaire, et sont sinueuses, comme celles de Vespéce précédente ; Vopercule est strié et
bombé et est plus grand, ce qui rend le sous-opercule plus petit que dans Vautre selé-
rognathe. L’on sent Jes intermaxilluires & ’extrémité supérieure du museau, soutenant
an lévre trés mince. L’inférieure est moins épaisse, et le nombre des papilles est moins
faible. La dorsale a la méme forme que celle de autre espéce; mais l’anale est plus
pointue; la candale est 6chancrée et large.

“PD. 33. <A. 12, ete.

“Les écuilles sont beancoup plus petites; j’en compte quarante et une le long des

“

edtés; dix un dessus, ef sept au dessous de la ligne latérale, qui est é:roite et mince.
“La couleur est un doré verddtre, avec les nageoires plus foneées.
“Notre individu est long de sept pouces; il vient du Lac Pontehartrain.”—( VALEN-
CLENNES, Hist, Nat. des Poiss. xvii, pp. 477-479.)
ICHTHYOBUS RAUCHIT Agassiz.—* Dorsal much higher than in J. bubalus, all other

fins much larger, and the scales much higher than long; from Burlington, Iowa.”

a

MYXOCYPRINUS ASIATICUS. FAT

IcHTHYOBUS STOLLEYI Agassiz.— Body higher than in Ichthyobus rauchii, profile
steeper, and hence snout blunter, opercular bones larger; fins proportionally of the
same size. From Osage River, Missouri.”

ICHTHYOBUS IscHyRUS Nelson.—“ This is a very-stout and heavily built species:
depth 24 in length; head extremely broad between the eyes and but slightly convex ;
its length 34 times in length of body ; snout short and rounded, opercular apparatus
large ; depth of head 1} in its length; width of head 14; eye 6% in head, 1} in snout, 4
in interorbital space ; caudal peduncle a little deeper than long ; scales 7-37-7, nearly
uniform, a little crowded anteriorly, finely punctate ; fins all small; dorsal I, 27; anal
I, 8, bluish olive above; yellowish below; fins blackish.”

Specimens in United States National Museum.

Number. | Locality. | Collector.
20774 | Illinois River at Peoria (very large; typical of bubalus) .-. ; S. A. Forbes.

Genus MYXOCYPRINUS Gill.

Myxocyprinus GILL, Johnson’s Cyclopedia, p. 1574, 1878.
Carpiodes et Sclerognathus sp. BLEEKER, GUNTHER.

Type, Carpiodes asiaticus Bleeker.

Etymology, uvgao, to suck; xizpivoc, a carp.

This genus is known to me only om Dr. Bleeker’s description of its
typical species. Whether it differs from its relatives, Ichthyobus, Buba-
lichthys, etc., in any other character than the obvious one of the great
increase in the number of its dorsal rays and tbe smaller scales, I do
not know. In any eveut, however. its right to independent generic rank

is unquestionable.
Generic Characterizations.

Myxocyprinus Gill, 1878.—‘‘ Myxocyprinus is a name proposed for the Carpiodes
asiaticus of Bleeker, which is distinguished by the multiradiate dorsal and anal fins
(e. g. D. 52; A. 13).”—(GILL, Johnson’s Cyclopedia, Appendix, p. 1574.)

54. MYXOCYPRINUS ASIATICUS (Bleeker) Jordan.

1864—Carpiodes asiaticus BLEEKER, Neder]. Tydschr. Dierk. ii, 19.
Sclerognathus asiaticus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, 23, 1868.

HaBItTaT.—China.

My only knowledge of this species is from Dr. Bleeker’s original de-
scription, which I here subjoin :—

““CARPIODES ASIATICUS ‘Blkr.—Carpiod. corpore oblongo compresso, altitudine 23

fere in ejus longitudine absque, 3} circiter in longitudine corporis cum pinna caudali,

218 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

dorse valde elevato maxime compresso ; latitudine corporis 2} circiter in ejus altitu-
dine; capite obtuso 5 fere in longitudine corporis absque 6 circiter in longitudine cor-
poris cum pinna cauduli; oculis in media capitis longitudine sitis, diametro 5 circiter
in longiiudine capitis, diametris 23 circiter distantibus ; linea rostro-dorsali vertice et
fronte declivi rectiuscula, rostro valde convexa; naribus orbitw approximatis, poste-
rioribus valvula claudendis; rostro obtuso truncatiusculo valde carnoso ante rictum
prominente ; labiis valde carnosis papillatis, inferiore lobis parum productis; osse sub-
orbitali anteriore sat longe ante orbitam sito, scaphwformi, duplo circiter longiore
quam alto apice acuto antrorsum spectante; osse suborbitali 2° oblique tetragono
wque alto circiter ac longo; ossibys suborbitalibus ceteris gracilibus oculi diametro
quadruplo circiter humilioribus; operculo duplo circiter altiore quam lato marginibus
posteriore et inferiore convexo; osse scapulari valde brevi et obtuso; ossibus pharyn-
gealibus compressis sat validis altioribus quam latis, dentibus 20 ad 50 compressis
corona vulgo unituberculatis ; squamis dimidio libero et dimidio basali subradiatim
striatis, 50 in linea Jaterali, 24 in serie transversali absque ventralibus infimis quarum
12 lineam Jateralum inter et initium pinne dorsalis ; sqname linea laterali postice
medio emarginatis ; linea lateralis singulis squamis tubulo simplice marginem squa-
marum liberum attingente notata; pinnis dorsali et anali basis vagina squamosa in-
clusa, dersali basi non multo plus que 2 in longitudine totius corporis, longe ante
pinnas ventrales incipiente, antice valdo elevata corpore vix humiliore, acuta, valde
emarginata, medio et postice co: pore quadruplo circiter humiliore radio postico radio
anali postico subopposito; pinnis pectoralibus rotundales capite longioribus, ventra-
les non attingentibns; ventralibus acute rotundatis pectoralibus non multo brevioribus,
analem non attingeutibus; anali corpore minus duplo humiliore, duplo altiore quam
basi longa, acutiuscule rotundata nou emarginata; caudali profunde emarginata lobis
acutis 4} cerciter in Jongitudiné corporis; colore corpore fuscescente-olivaceo, pinnis
fusco vel fusco-vielaceo.

“B. 3. D. 4-49, P. 1-17. V.2-11. A. 3-11 vel 4-10. C. 1-16-1 et lat. brev.

‘Hab. China.

*Longitudo speciminis descripti 508’.

“Rem. La présence de Catostomini dans les eaux de I’Asie orientale est un fait assez
curieux. Tilesius déja en avait fait connaitre un représentaunt, vivant dans le Co-
vyma, dans le Léna, l’Indigirca et le Dogdo, espéce quwil nomma Cyprinus rostratus,
que M. Valenciennes rebaptisa Catostomus Tilesii et qui parait étre un Acomus. Mais
cette espéce Gtait jusqu’ici la seule du groupe qu’on savait habiter l’Asie. L’espéce
actuelle prouve l’existence dans les fleuves de ]’Asie orientale d’une seconde espéce du
groupe et elle appartient manifestement au genre dont la Carpicdes cyprinus est le
type. Mais elle est remarquable parmi tous les poissons de la division des Ichthyobi
(Carpiodes Raf., Cycleptus Raf., Ichthyobus Raf., et Bubalichthys Ag.) par son dos trés-
élevé et anguleux et par sa trés-longue dorsale 4 plus de 50 rayons. C’est un espece
éminemment distincte qu’on ne pourrait confondre avec aucune des especes améri-
caines.”—(BLEEKER, Notices sur Quelques Genres et Espéces des Cyprinoides de Chine,
<WNederlandisch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde, 1864, ii, pp. 19-21.)

ADDENDA.

23. CHASMISTES LIORUS Jordan, sp. nov.
Big-mouthed Sucker of Utah Lake.

1878—Chasmistes fecundus JoRDAN, Bull. Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Terr. iv, No. 2,417. (Not
Catostomus fecundus Cope & Yarrow.)
Chasmistes fecundus JORDAN, p. 150 of the present work.

Since pages 149-151 of the present work were in press, I have care-
fully recompared Cope and Yarrow’s description and figure of their Cato-
stomus fecundus, and my notes on their typical specimens, with the speci-
mens on which the genus Chasmistes was based, and I have come to the
conclusion, hinted at in the text, that the Chasmistes is a species distinet
from C. fecundus, and thus far undescribed. The specific name liorus
(Actos, Smooth; dpos, border) is therefore proposed for it, in allusion to
the smooth lips.

28 (b). CATOSTOMUS FECUNDUS Cope & Yarrow.
Sucker of Utah Lake.

1876—Catostomus fecundus COPE & YARROW, Zool. Lieut. Wheeler’s Exp). W. 100th Mer.
678, plate xxxii, figs. 1,1 a.
Catostomus fecundus JOKDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 156, 1-76. (Name only.
Not Catostomus fecundus Jordan, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xi; nor Chasmistes fecundus
7 Jordan, Bull. Hayden’s Geol. Sury. Terr. iv, No. 2, 417.)

Hapirat.—Utab Lake.

As stated above, I at first identified Chasmistes iorus from Utah
Lake with this species from the same waters, the two being very sim-
ilar as to scales and fins, and the form of the mouth and snout in the
figure of C. fecundus suggesting, though not resembling, the form of
those parts in Chasmistes. The finding of one of the typical specimens
of Catostomus fecundus in the National Museum has shown me that it is
a true Catostomus, and not a Chasmistes. I did not ascertain the lip
characters of the species while at the Museum, the mouth-parts being in

poor conditign, and I therefore am not now able to place it in the ana-
219

220 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

lytical key to the species of the genus. If the upper lip is narrow, with
few rows of tubercles, it will not be easy to separate fecundus from teres.
If the lip is broad, with many series of tubercles, it will be approximated
to C. occidentalis, differing, however, in the larger scales (about 60 in
the lateral line, instead of 72). I therefore quote the original descrip-
tion, and leave the relations of the species to be finally settled at some
future time :—

“Tt is a true Catostomus having the parietal fontanelle well marked and widely open.
The head enters in entire length 5 times, the diameter of the orbit 6 times in greatest
length of side of head. The insertion of the dorsal fin anteriorly is nearer to the end
of the muzzle than insertion of caudal ; the ventrals originating below middle of dor-
sal. The width of the dorsal to ventral enters the entire length to insertion of caudal
6 times.

“Radii: D. 12-13. A.1-8. P.7. V.11. Scales are in 20 longitudinal rows from the
insertion of the first dorsal to pectoral, and in 60 transverse rows from branchie to
insertion of caudal: they are elongate and octagonal, smaller on dorsal region, and
larger on ventral. Body elongated, subfusiform. It differs from C. (dcomus) generosus,
Gir., in many particulars, as may be seen from the following comparisons.

“ Girard’s species has no fontanelle; is shorter and narrower; the diameter of orbit
enters greatest length of side of bead 5 times instead of 6. The anterior insertion of
dorsal fin is equidistant between the end of the snout and the insertion of the cauaal,
while in C. fecundus, it is nearer the end of the snout than insertion of caudal. The
ventrals in C. generosus originate under the posterior third of the dorsal; in C. fecundus
under the middle third of the dorsal. The radii in C. generosus are: D. 10, A 2,7, P.
16, V.10, C. 27; in C. fecundus: D. 12-13, A. 1,8, P. 17, V. 11.

“This species is abundant in Utah Lake, and is called ‘Sucker’ by the settlers.
They run well up the rivers to spawn in June; feed on the bottom and eat spawn of
better fisb ; spawning beds on gravel; bite at hook sometimes ; are extremely numer-
ous, and are considered a nuisance by the fishermen, but they meet with a ready sale
in winter, at an average price of 2} cents a pound.”—(Corr & Yarrow, l. c.)

Specimens in United States National Museum. ,
Number. | Locality. Collector.
19804") Utah) Lake :-. cs sos nccasaccnes coenaee seen en aees Yarrow & Henshaw.
cette ose G0 doe nc ee wae eae mew see eee ane aeeOs ates Do.
e
.

Bre tOG RAY Ty.

The following list comprises all the works known to the writer in which
new species or genera of Catostomide are indicated, or in which original
descriptions are given of genera or species previously known. In general,
I have endeavored to inciude all papers in which anything of importance
was added to or subtracted from the sum of our knowledge of these
fishes :—

FORSTER (John Reinhold). [Description of Cyprinus catostomus Forster. | < Philo-
sophical Transactions, vol. 63, London, 1773.

LACEPEDE (Bernard Germain Etienne de la Ville-sur-Illon, Comtede). Histoire
Naturelle des Poissons par le Citoyen La Cépéde, membre de I’Institut national,
et Professeur du Muséum de histoire naturelle. Tome premier a cinquieme.
A Paris, ecbez Plassau, imprimeur libraire, Rue du Cimetiére André-des-Ares, No.
10. L’an VI de la République, — 1798 [— L’an XI de la République, i. e. 1703).

[Descriptions of Le Cyprin catostome, Cyprinus catostomus Forster, Le Cyprin commersonien,
and Le Cyprin sucet, Cyprinus sucetta Lacépéde. }

BLOCH (Mark Elieser) and SCHNEIDER (Johann Gottlob). M. E. Blochii
Doctoris Medicine Berolinensis, et societatibus literariis multis adscripti, Systema
Ichthyologix iconibus CX illustratum.—Post obitum auctoris opus inchoatum
absolvit, correxit, interpolavit Jo. Gottlob Schneider, Saxo.-Berclini, sumtibus
Auctoris impressum et bibliopolio Sanderiano commissum, 1801.

[Description of Cyprinus catostomus Forster. ]

TILESIUS (—). “Piscium Camtschatcicorum descriptiones et icones. <Mém. Ac.
Se. St. Pétersb. I and III, 1810-1811.”

{Description and figure of Cyprinus rostratus, sp. nov., from Eastern Siberia. ]

PALLAS (Petro). Zoographia Rosso Asiatica sistens Omnium Animalinm in exterso
Imperio Rossico et adjacentibus maribus observatorum, recensionem, domicilia,
mores et descriptiones, anatomen atque icones plurimorem auctore Peiro Pallas,
Eq. Aur. Academico Petropolitano. Volumen tertium. Petropoli. in officina
Caes. Academiae Scientiarum Impress. MDCCCXI. Edit. MDCCCXXXI.

[Description of Cyprinus rostratus quoted from Tilesins.]

MITCHILL (Samuel Latham). The Fishes of New York Described and Arranged.
< Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society, New York, 1814.

| Cyprinus teres and Cyprinus oblongus, sp. nov.)

LE SUBUR (Charles A.) A new genus of Fishes, of the Order Abdominales, pro-
posed, urder the name of Catostomus; and the characters of this gevus, with those
of its species, indicated. By C. A.Le Sueur, Read September 16,1817. <Journal
of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. i, 1817, pp. 88-96 and
102-111.

[Describes Oatostomus, gen. nov., and the following new species, most of which are figured :—C.
cyprinus, O. gibbosus, O. tuberculatus, OC. macrolepidotus, C. aureolus, O. communis, C. longirostrum,
0. nigricans, OC. maculosus, 0. elongatus, C. vittatus, 0. duquesnii, C. bostoniensis, and O. hudsonius. O.
teres (Mitch.), O. oblongus (Mitch.), and OQ. sucetta (Lac.) are also described. This paper is an excel-
lent one, and compares favorably with most that has since been written on this group.]

. 221

222 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II[.

RAFINESQUE (Constantine Samuel). Discoveries in Natural History made
during a Journey through the Western Region of the United States by Constantine
Samuel Ratinesque Esq. Addressed to Samuel L. Mitehill, President, and other
members of the Lycenm of Natural History in a letter dated at Louisville, Falls
of the Ohio, 20th July 1818. < American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review,
New York, September, 1818.

(Description of Catostomus bubalus and Catostomus erythrurus, sp. nov., and notice of the discov-
ery of the Carp”’ ‘ Catostomus macropterus” and the ‘*Sucker’’ OCatostomus duquesnei.)

Description of three new genera of fluviatile Fish, Pomozis, Sarchirus and Exo-
glossum. By C.S. Rafinesque. Read December Ist & 8th. <Jonrnal of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, i, 1818, pp. 417-422.

[Description of Pxoglossum (Hypentelium) macropterum ; subgenus and species new. }

Prodrome de 70 nouveaux Genres d’Animaux découverts dans liutérieur des
Etats-Unis d’Amérique durant ’année 1818. <Journal de Chymie, de Physique
et d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, June, 1819.

(Description of Amblodon, gen. noy., based on the pharyngeals of Haploidonotus grunniens,

erroneously ascribed to a Buffalo-fish, with the species A. bubalus and A. niger, sp. nov., aud of
Oycleptus nigrescens, gen. et sp. nov.]

LACEPEDE (Bernard Germain Etienne). Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, par M.
le Comte Lacépéde, suite et complément des Gnvres de Buffon. Tome cinquiéme,
avec vingt-trois nouvelles planches en taille-douce. Paris, Rapet, Rue Saint-
André-des-Ares, No. 10, Editeur du Temple de la Gloire ou Jes Fastes Militaires
de la France, ouvrage in-folio, avec figures, 1819.

{A reprint of Lacépéde’s work.]

RAFINESQUE (Constantine Samuel). Ichthyologia Ohiensis or Natural History
of the Fishes Inhabiting the River Ohio and its tributary streams. Preceded by
a physical description of the Ohio and its branches by C. 8. Rafinesque, Professor
of Botany and Natural History in Transylvania University, Author of the Ana-
lysis of Nature &c. &c., member of the Literary and Philosophical Society of
New York,.the Historical Society of New York, the Lyceum of Natural History of
New York, the Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia, the American Antiquarian
Society, the Royal Institute of Natural Sciences of Naples, the Italian Society
of Arts & Sciences, the Medical Societies of Lexington and Cincinnati &c., &c.
The art of seeing well, or of distinguishing with accuracy the objects which we
perceive is a high faculty of the mind, nnfolded in few individuals, and despised
by those who can neither acquire it, nor appreciate its results. Lexington, Ken-
tucky, printed for the Author by W. G. Hunt, (price one dollar),—1820. (1 vol.
8vo. 90 pp.)

(Originally printed in the Western Review and Miscetlaneous Magazine, Lexington, Kentucky,
1819-20. It contains descriptions of the genera and species of Catostomi found in the Ohio
River, they being referred to three genera, Catostomus, Cycleptus, and Hypentelium, the genus
Catostomus being divided into five new subgenera, Mozostoma, Ictiobus, Carpiodes, Teretulus,
Eurystomus, aud Decactylus.

The following is the arrangement of the species described :—

Genus CATosTOMUs. melanotus, sp. nov.

Subgenus Moxostoma, fasciolaris, sp. nov.
anisurus, sp. nov. erythrarus.
anisopterus, sp. nov. flexuosus, sp. nov.

Subgenns Ictiobus. Subgenus Lurystomus.
bubalus. megastomnus, sp. DOV.
niger. Subgenus Decactylus.

Subgenus Carpiodes. duquesni.
carpio, sp. nov. Genus CYCLEPTUS. ‘
velifer, sp. nov. nigrescens,
xanthopus, sp. nov. Genus HYPENTELIUM.

Subgenus Jeretulus. macropterum. ]

melanops, sp. nov.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 923

RICHARDSON (John). [Franklin’s Journal.] 1823.

[Descriptions of Catostomus forsterianus, sp. noyv., and Catostomus le sueurii, sp. nov., and notes
on some other species. |

Fauna-Boreali-Americana; or the Zoology of the Northern Parts of British
America, containing descriptions ot the objects of Natural History collected on
the late Northern Land Expeditions under command of Captain John Franklin,
R.N. Part third. The Fish. By John Richardson M.D. F. R.S. F. L.S. member
of the Geographical Society of London, and the Wernerian Natural History
Society of Edinburgh; Honorary Member of the Natural History Society of Mcut-
real, and Literary and Philosophical Society of Quebec, Foreign Member of the
Geographical Society of Paris; and Corresponding Member of the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; Surgeon and Naturalist to the Expeditious.—
Illustrated by numerous plates.—Published under the authority of the Right
Honorable the Secretary of State for Colonial Affairs. London: Ricbard Bentley,
New Burlington St. MDCCCXXXVI.

[Contains notices or descriptions of Catostomus hudsonius, C. forsterianus, CO. aureolus, OC. nigri-
cans, and OC. sweuri.)

KIRTLAND (Jared Potter). Report on the Zoology of Ohio, by Prof. J. P. Kirt-
land, M.D. <Second Annual Report on the Geological Survey of the State of
Ohio, by W. W. Mather, Principal Geologist, and the several assistants. Colum-
bus: Samuel Medary, Printer to the State. 1838.

{Catalogue of Fishes, pp. 168-170. Notes on species mentioned, pp. 190-197. Nine species
referred to Catostomus are included, as follows:—velifer Raf., aurcolus Le S., elongatus Le S.,
Duquesnii Le S., erythrurus Raf., bubalus Raf., gracilis Kirt., melanopsis Raf., nigrans Le S., and

¢ Hypentelium macropterum Raf. * C. gracilis Kirt. [sp. nov.] is briefly characterized as distinguished
by the minuteness of the seales on the anterior part of the body, and as the scales approach the
caudal fin they increase to a medium size” (I. c. p. 193).]

STORER (David Humphreys). A Report on the Fishes of Massechusetts. By D.
Humphreys Storer, M.D. < Boston Journal of Natural History, vol. ii, 1839, pp.
289-558.

{Descriptions of Catostomus gibbosus, C. tuberculatus, O. nigricans, and C. bostoniensis.]

KIRTLAND (Jared Potter). Description of the Fishes of the Ohio River and its :
Tributaries. By Jared P. Kirtland, Professor of the Theory and Practice of
Medicine in the Medical College of Ohio, at Cincinnati. <Boston Journal of
Natural History, vols. iii-v, 1340-1844.

{Describes and figures Catostomus aureolus, O. communis, C. bubalus, C. elongatus, 0. duquesni,
C. anisurus, C. melanops, 0. nigricans, and Sclerognathus cyprinus. |

— [Papers on the Fishes of Ohio—in Family Visitor and in Annals of Science.
Cleveland, 1840-1846. ]
[Descriptions of the specjes found in the vicinity of Cleveland, with figures, most of them from

the same plates as in his ‘‘ Fishes of the Ohio”’.* Catostomus gracilis, sp. nov., also Catostomus
gibbosus, not described in the previous paper, here described and figured. ]

THOMPSON (Zadock). Fishesof Vermont. —Chapter V, (pp. 127-151). <Natural
‘ History of Vermont, in History of Vermont, Natural, Civil, & Statistical, by Rev.
Zadock Thompson, Burlington, Vermont, 1842.

(Descriptions of Oatostomus cyprinus, C. oblongus (= M. macrolepidotum), C. teres, C. nigricans
(= C. teres), and OC. longirostrum.]

CUVIER (Georges Chrétien Léopold Dagobert) and VALENCIENNES
(Achille). Histoire Naturelle des Poissons par M. le B.r Cuvier, Pair de France,
Grand Officier de la Légion @honneur, Conseilleur de PEtat et au Conseil royal

224 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

CUVIER (G. C. L. D.) and VALENCIENNES (A.)—Continued.

de Vinstruction publique, l'un des quarante de Académie frangaise, Associé libre
de VAcadéinie des Belles-Lettres, Secrétaire perpetuelle de celle des Sciences,
Membre des Sociétés et Académies royales de Londres, de Berlin, de Pétersbourg,
de Stockholm, de Turin, de Geettingue, des Pays-Bas, de Munich, de Modéne, ete. ;
et par M. A. Valenciennes, Professear de Zovlogie au Muséum d’Histoire naturelle,
Membre de |’Académie 1oyale des Sciences de Berlin, de la Société Zoologique de
Londres, etc. Tome dix-septitme. 1842. (Cyprinoides.)

[Descriptions of Catostomus hudsonius, OC. forsterianus, C. suceti, C. gibbosus, 0. tubercula‘us, C.
macrolepidotus, C. aureolus, OC. communis, O. longirostrum, C. nigricans, OC. maculosus, C. elongatus,
C. vittatus, 0. duquesnii, O. bostoniensis, CO. teres, OC. oblon,us, C. fasciatus (sp. noy.), C. planiceps
(sp. nov.), C. carpio (sp. nov.), C. tilesii (sp. nov.), Sclerognathus (gen. nov.) cyprinus, Sclerognathus
eyprinella (sp. nov.), and Lxoglossum macropterum. This volume was written after the death of
Cuvier by Valenciennes. }

DEKAY (James E.) Zoology of New York, or the New York Fauna; comprising

detailed descriptions of all the animals hitherto observed within the State of New
York, with notices of those occasionally found near its borders, and accompanied
by appropriate illustrations. By James E. Dekay. Part IV. Fishes. Albany:
printed by W. & A. White & J. Visscher. 1842.

[Descriptions of Labeo elegans (sp. nov.), Labeo oblongus, Labeo cyprinus, Labeo gibbosus, Labeo
esopus (sp. nov), Catostomus communis, Catostomus oneida (sp. nov.), Catostomus tuberculatus,
Catostomus pallidus (sp. nov.), Catostomus aureolus, Catostomus nigricans. Catostomus macrolepr-
dotus, with notices of other species. In the Appendix, the name Labeo clongatus is suzgest.d as a
substitute for Labeo oblongus, to prevent confusion with Labeo oblongus C. & V.)

HECKEL (Johann Jakob). , Abbildungen und Beschreibuugen der Fische Syriens

nebst eicer neuen Classification and Characteristik siimmtlicher Gattungen der
Cypricen von Johann Jakob Heckel, Inspector am K. K. Hof-Naturalienkabinet
in Wien, mehr. gelebrt. Gesellsch. Mitglied. Stuttgart, E. Schweizerbart’sche
Verlagshandlang., 1843. pp. 109. (—=pp. 991-1099, Russegger’s Reisen.)
[Contains a classification of the Cyprinid@ according to their teeth ; our species of Oatostomide

being divided between Catostomus and Rhytidostonus, gen. noy., corresponding to Catostomine
and Cycleptine. No allusion is made tothe Bubalichthyine.)}

STORER (David Humphreys). A Synopsis of the Fishes of North America, by

David Humphreys Storer, M D., A. A. 8., Vice-president of the Boston Society of
Natural History; Member of the American Philosophical Society, Corresponding
Member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, ete. Cambridge:
Metcalf & Company, Printers to tee University. 1846. (Reprinted from Memoirs
of the American Academy, ii, 1846.)

(Brief descriptions of 27 nominal species of Catostomus, two cf Se’esogna hus, and one referred
erroneously to Lxoglossum. |

AGASSIZ (Louis). Lake Superior: its Physical Character, Vegetation and Animais

compared with those of other and similar regions, by Louis Agassiz, with a varra-
tive of the tour by J. Elliott Cabot, and contributions by other scientitie gentle-
men. Elegantly illustrated. Boston: Gould, Kendall and Lincoln, 59 Washington
Street. 1850.

(Descriptions of several species, with notes and remarks; Catostomus aurora described as a
new species, and the name OC. forsterianus used in a new sense. ]

BAIRD (Spencer Fullerton) and GIRARD (Charles). Description of new species

of Fishes collected by Join H. Clark on the U. 8. and Mexican Boundary Survey
under Lt. Col. Jas. D. Graham, By Spencer I’. Baird and Charles Girard. August
30, 1853. < Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol.
6, pp. 387-390. August, 1853.

[ Oatostomus latipinnis, sp. nov.]

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 225

STORER (David Humphreys). A History of the Fishes of Massachusetts. By
David Humphreys Storer. < Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences (Boston), new series, (1853 to 1567).

[Descriptions and excellent figures of Catostomus bostoniensis and C. gibbosus.]

AGASSIZ (Louis). Notice of a collection of Fishes from the southern bend of the
Tennessee River, in the State of Alabama; by L. Agassiz. <Americun Journal

of Science and Arts, second series, Xviii, 1854, pp. 297-308, 553-365.
[Revives the Rafinesquian genera Carpiodes, Ictiobus, Cycleptus, and Moxostoma ; describes sp.
nov. Carpiodes urus, Carpiodes taurus, Carpiodes bison, Carpiodes vitulus, and Carpiodes vacca, and

records Catostomus communis, C. nigricans, C. duquesniti, and O. melanops from Huntsville, Ala.
The specific descriptions are comparative only, and are not readily identifiable.)

BAIRD (Spencer Fullerton) and GIRARD (Charles). Description of New Species
of Fishes collected in Texas, New Mexico aud Sonora by Mr. John H. Clark on
the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey and in Texas by Capt. Stewart
Van Vliet, U. S. A., by S. F. Baird and Charles Girard. <Proceedings of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. vii, 1854, pp. 24-29.

[Descriptions of Catostomus congestus, C. clarki, O. insignis, and C. twmidus, sp. nov.]}

AYRES (William O.) Descriptions of two new species of Cyprinoids. By Wm. O.
Ayres, M.D. Dee. 11,1854. < Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences,
vol. i, pp. 18-19, 1854; 2d ed., pp. 17-18, 1873.

{Catostomus occidentalis, sp. nov.} ‘

Description of a new species of Catostomus. By Wm.0O. Ayres, M.D. Feb. 26,
1855. < Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, vol. i, pp. 31-32, 1855 ;
2d ed., pp. 30-32, 1875.

[Catostomus labiatus, sp. nov.]

AGASSIZ (Louis). Synopsis of the Ichthyological Fauna of the Pacific Slope of
North America, chiefly from the collections made by the U. §. Expl. Exped., under
the command of Capt. C. Wilkes, with recent Additions and Comparisons with
Eastern types ; by L. Agassiz. <American Journal of Science and Arts, 2d series,
vol. xix, 1855, pp. 186-231.

{Characterizes very fully the genera, viz:—Carpiodes Raf.; Bubalichthys Ag., gen. nov.; Ichthy-
obus Raf.; Cycleptus Rat.; Moxostoma Raf.; Ptychostomus Ag., gen. nov.; Hylomyzon Ag., gen.
nov.; and Catostomus Le Sueur. The species of each genus are noticed, and the following new
species are very briefly and in most cases unsatisfactorily described :—Carpiodes thompsoni,
Bubalichthys bonasus, Ichthyobus rauchti, Ichthyobus stolleyt, Moxostoma tenuc, and Catostomus
occidentalis. |

GIRARD (Charles). Researches upon the Cyprinoid Fishes inhabiting the fresh
waters of the United States of America, west of the Mississippi Valley, from speci-
mens in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institutiou. By Charles Girard, M. D.
< Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1856, pp. 165—
213.

[Twenty-six species enumerated—most of them briefly described. Two new genera are pro-
posed, Minomus and Acomus, and the following new species are characterized :— Carpiodes damalis.
Moxostoma claviformis, Moxostoma kennerlii, Moxostoma victoria, Moxostoma campbelli, Ptyche-
stomus albidus, Ptychostomus haydeni, Acomus guzmaniensis, Acomus generosus, Acomus griseus,
Acomus lactarius, Catostomus macrochilus, Catostomus sucklii, and Catostomus bernardini. ‘These
descriptions are mostly short and insuflicient. }

——+ General Report upon the Zoology of the Several Pacific Railroad Routes.
=Reports of Explorations and Surveys to Ascertain the most practicable and
Economical Route for a Railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacitic Ocean,
made under the direction of the Secretary of War, in 1853-6, according to Acts of

Bull. N. M. No, 12—15

226 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—IIL.

GIRARD (Charles)—Continued.
Congress of March 3, 1853, May 31, 1854, and August 5, 1854. Volume X. Washing-
ton, A. O. P. Nicholson, Printer, 1-59. (Part 4, Fishes, by Dr. Charles Girard.)
[Descriptions of Carpiodes damalis, Moxostoma claviformis, Ptychostomus haydeni, Acomus gene-
rosus, Acomus griseus, Acomus lactarius, Catostomus occidentalis, Catostomus labiatus, Catostomus
macrocheilus, and Catostomus sucklii; all of the species except Acomus generosus, O. cccidentalis,
OC. labiatus, and O macrocheilus being accompanied by figures.]

United States and Mexican Boundary Survey, under the order of Lieut. Col.
W.H. Emory, Major First Cavalry and United States Commissioner.—Ichthyology
of the Boundary, by Charles Girard, M. D. < United States and Mexican Boand-
ary Survey, vol. ii, part i, 1859.

(Descriptions and figures of Ictiobus tumidus, Moxostoma kennerlii, Moxostoma victoria, Moxo-

stoma campbelli, Ptychostomus congestus, Ptychostomus albidus, Minomus insignis, Minomus ple-
beius, Minomus clarki, Acomus latipinnis, Acomus guzmaniensis, and Catostomus bernardini.}

BLEEKER (Pietervan). ‘‘Conspectus systematis Cyprinorum. < Naturl. Tijdschr.
Nederl. Ind, XXI, 1860.”

[Systematic arrangement of the genera.]

ABBOTT (Charles Conrad). Descriptions of Four New Species of North American
Cyprinidw, by Charles C. Abbott. < Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences of Philadelphia, 1860, pp. 473-474.

{Describes Catostomus texanus and Catostomus chloropteron.]

GILL (Theodore Nicholas). On the classification of the EVENTOGNATHI or CYPRINI,
a suborder of TELEOCEPHALI, by Theodore Gill. <Proceedings of the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1861, pp. 6-9.

(Characterizes the suborder Lventognathi, equivalent to “the true Cyprinoids of Agassiz, with-
ont teeth in the jaws, and with large falciform lower pharyngeal bones”. This suborder is divided
into four families,—Homalopteroid@, Cobitoida, Cypiinoide, and Oatastomoide ; the latter family
being in turn divided into three subfamilies,— Oatastomine, Oycleptine, and Bubalichthyine.]

PUTNAM (Frederick Ward). List of the Fishes sent by the Museum to different
Institutions, in exchange for other Specimens, with Annotations. By F. W. Put-
nam. =Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachu-
setts, U. S. A., 1863, (No. 1).

[Contains names of 10 species, with references to descriptions by Professor Agassiz.)

COPE (Edward Drinker). Partial Catalogue of the Cold-blooded Vertebrata of
Michigan. Part 1. By ProfrE.D,Cope. _

[Notes on several species.)

GILL (Theodore Nicholas). Synopsis of the Fishes of the Gulf of St. Lawrence
and the Bay of Fundy. By Prof. Theodore Gill, M. A. < Canadian Naturalist,
August, 1865, (pp. 1-24 in reprint).

[Records Catastomus bostoniensis and Moxostoma oblongum.]

BLEEKER (Pieter van). Notices sur Quelques Genres et Espéces des Cyprinoides
de Chine par P. Bleeker. < Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde, uitge
geven door het Koninklijk Zoologisec': Geaootschap, Natura Artis Magistra, te
Amsterdam, onder Redaktie van P. Bleeker, H. Schlegel en G. F. Westerman,
tweede jaargang, 1565.

(Description of Carpiodes asiaticus, sp. nov.)

THOREAU (Henry David). A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers, by
Henry D. Thoreau, author of “ Walden,” ete. New and revised edition. Boston:
Ticknor and Fields» 1868.

[Contains an account of tho habits of Catostomus bostoniensis und O. tuberculatus.]

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 227

GUNTHER (Albert). Catalogue of the Physostomi, containing the families Hetero-
pygii, Cyprinids, Gonorhynchidw, Hyodontidx, Osteoglossidx, Clupeidie, Chi-
rocentride, Alepocephalide, Notopterida, Halosauridew, in the collection of the
British Museum, by Dr. Albert Giinther. London: Printed by order of the trust-
ees. 1865. ==Catalogue of the Fishes of the British Musem by Albert Giinther,
M. A., M. D., Ph. D., F. R.S., F. Z. S., ete., etc. Volume seventh.

[Contains descriptions of twenty-four species, besides twenty-one doubtful species mercly
enumerated, arranged in four genera, Catostomus, Moxostoma, Sclerognathus, and Carpiodes.)

COPE (Edward Drinker). On the Distribution of Fresh Water Fishes in the Alle-
ghany Region of South-Western Virginia, By E.D. Cope, A.M. < Journal of
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, new series, vol. vi, part ili,
January, 1869, pp. 207-247.

[Description and figure of Teretulus cervinus, sp. nov., with notes on 7. duquesnei, Catostomus
nigricans, and C. communis.

GUNTHER (Albert). An Account of the Fishes of the States of Central America
based on Collections made by Capt. J. M. Dow, F. Godman, Esq., and O. Salvin,
Esq. By Albert Giinther, M. A., M. D., Ph. D., F.R.S., F. ZS. < Transactions
of the Zoological Society of London, vol. vi, 1869, pp. 377-494.

[Description of Bubalichthys meridionalis, sp. nov.]

COPE (Edward Drinker). Partial Synopsis of the Fishes of the Fresh Waters of
North Carolina, by Edw. D. Cope, A. M. < Proceedings of the American Philo-
sophical Society of Philadelphia, 1870, pp. 448-495.

[Descriptions of Placopharyna carinatus (gev. ct sp. nov.), Ptychostomus papillosus (sp. nov.), P.
velatus (sp. nov.), P. collapsus (sp. nov.), P. pidiensis (sp. nov.), P. coregonus (sp. nov.), P. albus (sp.
nov.), P. thalassinus (sp. nov.), P. robustus (sp. nov.), P. erythrurus, P. lachrymatlis (sp. nov.), P.
macrolepidotus, P. duqyesnei, P. carpio, P. oneida, P. aureolus, P. sueurii, P. crassilabris (sp. nov.),
P. breviceps (sp. nov.), P. conus (sp. nov.), P.cervinus, Carpiodes diformis (sp. nov.), O. cutisanserinus
(sp. nov.). G. selene (sp. nov.), O. velifer, O.grayi (sp. nov.), CO. thompsoni, C. bison, C. cyprinus, and
O.nummifer (sp. nov.), with notes on other species, and a very useful analysis of the species of
Ptychostomus and Carpiodes.]

Report on the Reptiles and Fishes obtained by the Naturalists of the Expedi-
tion, by E. D. Cope, A.M. < Preliminary Report of the United States Geological
Survey of Wyoming, and contiguous territories, (being a second annual report of
progress,) conducted under the authority of the Secretary of the Interior by F. V.
Hayden, United States Geologist. Washington: Government Printing Office.
1872.

[Catostomus discobolus, Minomus delphinus, Minomus bardus, and Ptychostomus bucco, sp. nov.]

On the Plagopterinew and the Ichthyology of Utah. By Edward D. Cope, A.
M. Read before the American Philosophical Society, March 20th, 1874. < Pro-
ceedings of the American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia, vol. 14, pp. 129-189,
1874.

[Minomus platyrhynchus and Minomus jarrovii described as new species.]

JORDAN (David Starr). Synopsis of the Genera of Fishes to be looked for in
Indiana, by Prof. David S. Jordan, M. D. < Sixth Annual Report of the Geologi-
cal Survey of Indiana, made during the year 1874, by E. T. Cox, State Geologist ;
assisted by Prof. John Collett, Prof. W. W. Borden, and Dr. G. M. Levette. Indi-
anapolis. Sentinel Company, Printers. 1875. pp. 197-228.

{Nine genera characterized and one or two species mentioned under each.] +

Concerning the Fishes of the Ichthyologia Ohiensis, by David S. Jordan, M.S.,
M. D. <Proceedings of the Bufialo Society of Natural History, 1276, pp. 91-97.

[Contains identifications of the species described by Rafinesque; a new genus, Lrimyzon, being
proposed for Oyprinus oblongus Mitchill.]

228 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—IIL.

JORDAN (David Starr). Manual of the Vertebrates of the Northern United States,
including the district east of the Mississippi River, and north of North Carolina
and Tennessee, exclusive of marive species. By David Starr Jordan, M. 8., M. D.,
Professor of Natural History in N. W. C. University and in Indiana State Medical
College. Chicago: Jansen, McClurg & Company. 1876.

(Twenty-three species briefly described, and referred to nine genera.)

NELSON (Edward W.) A Partial Catalogue of the Fishes of Illinois, by E. W.
Nelson. < Bulletin of the INinois Museum of Natural History, i, 1876.

[Notes on 21 species; Ichthyobus cyanellus described as a new species, and the genus Carpiodes
united to Ichthycbus.]

UBLER (P. R.) and LUGGER (Otto). List of Fishes of Maryland, by P. R. Uhler
and Otto Lugger. < Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries of Maryland} pp.
67-176, (1876).

{Seven species described. ]

COPE (Edward Drinker) and YARROW (Henry C.) Report upon the collections
of Fishes made in portions of Nevada, Utah, California, Colorado, New Mexico
and Arizona during the years 1871, 1872, 1873 and 1874, by Prof. E. D. Cope and
Dr. H.C. Yarrow. =Chapter VI. < Report upon Geographical and Geological
Explorations and Surveys West of the Ose Hundredth Meridian, in charge of First
Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, U. 8S. Army, under the direction of
Brig. Gen. A. A. Humphreys, Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army, published by authority
of Hou. Wm. W. Belknap, Secretary of War, in accordance with acts of Congress
of June 23, 1874, and February 15, 1875. In six volumes. Accompanied by one topo-
graphical and one geological atlas. Vol. V.i—Zoology. Washington: Government
Printing Office. 1875. (Issued in 1876.) “i

(Contains descriptions of Pantosteus (gen. nov.), Pantosteus plotyrhynchus, Pantosteus jarrovii,
Pantosteus virescens (sp. nov.), Catostomus insigne, Catostomus alticolum, Catostoinus discobolum,

Catostomus fecundum (sp. noy.\, Catostomus guzmaniense, Moxostoma trisignatum (sp. nov.), Pty-
chostomus congestus, aud Carpiodes grayi, with figures of most of the species.]

JORDAN (David Starr) and COPELAND (Herbert Edson). Check List of the
Vishes of the Fresh Waters of North America, by David 8S. Jordan, M. 8., M. D.,
and Herbert E. Copeland, M. 8. < Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural
History, ii, 1876, pp. 133-164.

(Eighty-three nominal species enumerated, referred to ten genera, viz:— Catostomus, Pantosteus,

Hypentelium, Erimyzon, Teretulus, Placopharynx, Carpiodes, Ichthyobus, Bubalichthys, and Cyclep-
tus.]

JORDAN (David Starr). On the Fishes of Northern Indiana. < Proceedings of
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1877.
[Notes on several species; Ichthyobus ischyrus and Bubalichthys altus described as new species,
froth MSS. left with the author by Mr. Nelson; an analysis of the genera of Catoslomida is given,
nine of them being ‘accepted by Prof. Cope and the writer".

A Partial Synopsis of the Fishes of Upper Georgia, by David 8. Jordan, M. D.
< Annals of the New York Lyceum of Natural History, 1876. (Published in 1877.)

[Notes on numerous species, Myrostoma euryops being described as new.)

ELIPPART (John H.) First Annual Report of the Ohio State Fish Commission to
the Governor of the State of Ohio, for the years 1875 and 1876, Columbus: Nevins

& Myers, State Printers. 1877.
[Descriptions of Catostomus teres, Teretulus oblongus, Placopharyna ca‘inatus, Carpiodes diffor-
mis, and Carpiodes velif_r, with woodcuts of all bat P. earinatus and C. velifer. The descriptions

are by Charles H. Gilbert, mostly arranged from MSS. notes of D. S. Jordan; the notes on habits,
ete., by Mr. J. H. Klippart.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 229

JORDAN (David Starr) and BRAYTON (Alembert Winthrop). On Lagochila,
a new genus of Catostomoid fishes. < Proceedings of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia, 1877, pp. 280-233.

[Description and figure of Lagochila lacera (gen. et sp. nov.), with an analysis of the genera of
Catostomide admitted, viz:—Lagochila, Placopharynx, Myxos’oma LBrimyzon, Typentetium, Cato-
stomus, Pantosteus, Cycleptus, Carpiodes, Ichthyobus, Bubalichthys, and Myxocyprinus.}

HALLOCK (Charles). The Sportsman’s Gazetteer and General Guide. The Game
Animals, Birds and TIishes of North America: their Habits and Various Methods
of Capture. Copious Instructions in Shooting, Fishing, Taxidermy, Woodcraft,
ete. Together with a Directory to the Principal Game Resorts of th Country:
illustrated with maps. By Charles Hallock, Editor of ‘ Forest and Stream”,
Author of the ‘Fishing Tourist”, ‘‘Camp Life in Florida”, ete. New York: Forest
and Stream Publishing Company. 1577.

(Contains cescriptions and notices of numerous species; the Red Horse, If. macrolepidotum,
being on p. 338 inadvertently called ‘‘ Catostomus cepedianum”.}

JORDAN (David Starr). Contributions to North American Ichthyology, based
primarily ou the Coilections of the United States National Museum. I. Review
of Rafinesque’s Memoirs on North American Fishes, by David 8. Jordan. Washing-
ton: Government Printing Office. 1577. = Bulletin of the United States National
Museum, No. 9. pp. 53.

(Contains identifications of the various nominal species described by Rafinesque. }

Contributions to North American Ichthyology, based primarily on the Collectious
of the United States National Museum. II. A.—Noteson Cotiide, Etheostomatida,
Percida, Centrarchide, Aphododerida, Dorysomatide, and Cyprinidae, with revisions of
the genera and descriptions of new or little known species. B.—Syuopsis of the
Siluride of the fresh waters of North America. By David S. Jordan. Washington:
Governinent Printing Office. 1877. Bulletin of the United States National
Museum, No. 10. pp. 116.

[Description of Myxostoma pecilura, sp. nov.]

GILL (Thecdore Wicholas). Johnson’s New Universal Cyclopedia; a scientific and
popular treasury of useful knowledge. Illustrated with maps, plans and engray-
ings. Editors in chief, Frederick A. P. Barnard, S. T. D., LL. D., L. H.D., M.N.
A. §., President of Columbia College, New York; Arnold Guyot, Ph. D., LL. D.,
M.N. A.S., Professor of Geology and Physical Geography, College of New Jersey.
Associate Editors—[29 persons, among them Theodore Gill, A. M., M. D., Ph. D.,
M.N. A. 8., Late Senior Assistant Librarian of the Library of Congress]. With
numerous contributions from writers of distinguished eminence in every depart-
ment of letters and science in the United States and in Europe. Complete in four
volumes, including appendix. Volume IV, S—Appendix. (Testimonials at the
end of the volume.) Alvin J. Johnson & Son, 11 Great Jones Street, New York.
MDCCCLXXVIII.

{Contains a description of the family Catastomida, a list of the genera, and a diagnosis of Myzxo-
cyprinus, gen. nov.)

JORDAN (David Starr). Manual of the Vertebiates of the Northern United States,
inciuding the district East of the Mississippi River, and North of North Carolina
and Tennessee, exclusive of Marine Species, by David Starr Jordan, Ph. D., M. D.,
Professor of Natural History in Butler University. Second Edition Revised and
Enlarged. Chicago: Jansen, McClurg & Company. 1878.

{Descriptions of forty species, referred to eleven genera :—Lagochila, Placopharyna, Myzo-
stoma, Minytrema (gen. nov.), Brimyzon, Hypentelium, Catostomus, Cycleptus, Carpiodes, Ichthyobus,
and Bubalichthys. In the Addenda, the name Quassilabia is suggested as a substitute for
Lagochila.)

230 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—III.

JORDAN (David Starr). A Catalogue of the Fishes of the Fresh Waters of North
America. By David S. Jordan,M.D. < Bulletin 1V, Hayden’s Geological Survey

of the Territories, No. 2, pp. 407-442. Washington, May 3, 1878.
(Fifty-one species enumerated; arranged in thirteen genera, viz:—Bubalichthys, Ichthyobus,

Carpiodes, Cycleptus, Pantosteus, Catostomus, Chasmistes (gen. nov.), Primyzon, Minytrema, Myxo-
stoma, Placopharynx, and Quassilabia. |

Notes on a Collection of Fishes from the Rio Grande, at Brownsville, Texas.
By David S. Jordan, M. D. <Bulletin Hayden’s United States Geological and
Geographical Survey, vol. iv, No. 2. Washington, May 3, 1878.

(Synonymy and note on Carpiodes tumidus.]}

A Catalogue of the Fishes of Illinois, by Prof. David S. Jordan. < Illinois
State Laboratory of Natural History. The Natural History of Illinois. Bulletin
No. 2. Bloominvgton, LL, June, 1878.

(Twenty-three species enumerated, with notes; these are arranged in nine genera.)

FORBES (S. A.) The Food of Illinois Fishes by S. A. Forbes. < Bulletin of the
Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, No. 2, 1873.

(Valuable notes on the food of Catos‘omide.]

JORDAN (David Starr). Notes on a Collection of Fishes from the Rio Grande,
at Brownsville, Texas, continued. By D. 8. Jordan M.D. < Hayden’s Bulletin
of the Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, vol. iv, No. 3. Wash-
ington, July 23, 1878.

[Remarks on the probable identity of Carpiodes grayi and Ictivbus tumidus with Carpiodes
eyprinus.}

Catalogue of the Fishes of Indiana, in Article Pisciculture (by Alexander
Heron). <Twenty-seventh Annual Report of the Indiana State Board of Agri-
culture, 1877. Volume XIX. Indianapolis. 15878.

[Twenty-two species enumerated, referred to ten genera.]

JORDAN (David Starr) and BRAYTON (Alembert Winthrop). On the Dis-
tribution of the Fishes in the Alleghany Region of South Carolina, Georgia and
Tennessee, with Descriptions of New or Little Known Species. By David S.
Jordan and Alembert W. Brayton. < Bulletin of the United States National
Museum, No. 12. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1578.

(Notes on numerous species. }

Page.
PACAMUMANCHUS! sce sign) sisicis) sa) -<ia\e's 39
PCIDOUSER semescosccia ic cose «scilcte 71, 90
PNGIPOUSELICRS 2\</o =a. = <fe\alsisici-serae's 7
PACOMUS slat aic cies cclacel-isaica ce ee eee 151, 157
wsopus (Boleosoma)......-..-.-. .. 82
afiinis (Clinostomus)......- syasees 24
agassizi (Chologaster).....---.---- 84
alba\(Myxostoma) «26. -5s0e0 2cj-0 130
albidus (Amiurus)=22 5556.2 -ce~i a o7
albidus (Ptychostomus) -.-...----- 129
albidus!(TLeretulus)-2225.<-2.. 2-5. 129

albidum (Myxostoma)-.....-.101, 117, 129
album (Myxostoma). ..27, 86, 102, 117, 130

Alburnops!.-.s<5as-5¢ 16, 19, 36, 64, 73, 90
albus (Ptychostomus)...-..-.-..---- 130
albus; @Reretulus) 922 ss6.a- oy screnos 206
alticolus (Catostomus)......----- 102, 167
altipinnis (Notropis) .-----.----.-- 85

altus (Bubalichthys). .....--. ....102, 205
JK OU She neoere Epp Cot soa! eles (eapiete!

amaras\(Alburnops)|...2s.s<....-25- 36, 85
amaros(Hybopsis) 22 <(.22l..n=j2 a 16
amarus (Hy bopsis hudsonins).. ---. 36
AMID LOM ONS =<;5saeaeaia-secase: 211, 213
AM DlLOplites eo x2 eds est, 40, 46, GO, 75, 89
amblops (Ceratichthys) .--..-.--.- ag
AHUO LY ODSIS se ciaciese eee see eae 89
americana (Perca) ..... Bice atee Sisters 83
americana (Stilbe)................ 53
americanus (Notemigunus) ...--..-. 24, 33
PMLA leer ace Pa Se aja wicinicinpaia stone aiae re 70, 90
PATNI 28 tame oe iolatslanclafaaicte = eclss aisle 70
AMIOTUS) =.=. - 28, 33, 39, 44, 55, 70, 81, 90
PSININOCOSLER et seen ine a sae seeea nacre 90
PNPM OCTEY DUM aa) see ca ciate yala is erercya: 83
analostanus (Photogenis) ..----. 20, 78, €4
Anguilla.......29, 33, 39, 44, 55, 70, 81, 90
Anguillide........ 29, 33, 39, 44, 55, 70, 81
anisopterus (Catostomus)...-.-.. -. 100, 196

anisura (Myxostoma)..-..-86, 100, 102, 116,

126, 128, 132
anisurus (Catostomus).-.100, 110, 126, 132
anisurus (Moxostoma).....-.-.-. 132, 146

anisurus (Ptychostomus)......-.-.-- 132
anisurus (Teretulus) .---.......... 132
anisurum (Moxostoma).......--.-. 132

Page.
annularis (Pomoxys)....-..----- 47, 76, 83
anomalum (Campostoma) -..-16, 43, 49, 63,

77, 84
antoniensis (Amiurus natalis) ..-.. 55
ADNOMOMERIO@ Nate eons =iefeeemioei ee 41, 47
Aphododerus soca joes esate s 41, 47, 89
APOMOUIS Ha cjace jodaa sees cneekceee a 76, 89
arzopus (Catostomus) .--....--.. 160, 173
ardens (ythrurus)| <2. 2245---5-- 73, 85
argenteus (Ammoccetes).-----. eae 87
argyritis (Hybognathus) ..-...---- 16, 84
asiaticus (Carpiodes)..-...--.--.- 102, 217
asiaticus (Myxocyprinus)..-... 102, 217
aepro) (AlVOrdius) ic sh5.< o.c% «. <1 S/si6 58
Atherinid a, Jasco cceis: see slcoulese ot -- 61, 76
atherinoides (Notropis).-.--..----. 64, 7
atrilatus (Zygonectes)......-..---. 84
atripinnis | (Arlina)) ~~ -stj- 4c ae a1 73
atripinnis (Ulocentra)....°...-..... 73, 82
atronanus (Rhinichthys).-....----- 85
aurantiacus (Hadropterus)..... 2... 58, 2
aureola (Moxostoma).......--.---- 125
aureolum (Moxostoma)..-....-..--- 125

aureolum (Myxostoma)..100, 101, 116, 124
aureolus (Catostomus)...100, 124, 125, 167

aureolus (Ptychostomus)..-..--.-. 125
aureus (Kupomotis)..-....--..---. 15
auritus (Lepiopomus)...-----. 15, 36, 40, 83
aurora, (ACOMmUS) . =~ /s2-j-ntes- 45 oe 176
aurora (Catostomus)......-.....- 101, 176
bairdii (Potamocottus) ........---. 82
bardus (Minomus) .....--....----184, 188
bard@us (Pantosteus). ..-....-....-. 134

bernardini (Catostomus) ...--.-... 102, 172
biguttatus (Ceratichthys).. 26, 35, 38, 43,
63, 79, 86

bison (Carpiodes) .----. 69, 86, 101, 194, 197
blennivides (Diplesium) .......- 98, 73, 82
blennioides (Etheostoma) ...--...- 58
Bolee hivhiyspees secrssiciarcivicinieje) sisi a 45, 89
BOlGOSOMA as saia = seicavee .-13, 34, 58, 75, 89
bombifrons (Lepiopomus) ..-.----- 60, 83
bonasus (Bubalichthys).--.--. 101, 2U9, 214
bostoniensis (Catostouus) ..-.-.-- 100, 166
breviceps (Moxostoma) ..--..------ 127
breviceps (Myxostoma)......---... 127

232 INDEX,

Page. Page.
breviceps (Ptychostomus) ........ 102, 127 | cervinus (Ptychostomus) ........-. 129
breviceps (Teretulus)..---..-...... 127 | cervinus (Teretulas) ....-..-..... 102, 129
brevipinne (Boleosoma).........--- 58 | Chenobryttus ..........- 15, 35, 46, GO, 89
brunneus (Amiurus)..-.-...-. 28, 39, 44, 87 | Chasmistes,...... ..-.-... 103, 149, 150, 219
Bobslichtiyings. <-- 2 <<2< con cos ten YI | chiliticns (Hydrophlox) ....-..-.... 85
Bubalichthys-..55, 69, 90, 104, 201, 203, 205 | chloristia (Codoma)....--...-..-.- 21, 85
bubalinus (Bubalichthys)......-- 103, 206 | chlorocephalug (Alburnops)-.. .....- 19, 85
bubalus (Amblodon)..-..--.-.--. 211, 214 | chlorocephalus (Hybopsis) ..-.....- 19
bubalus (Bubalichthys)..101, 102,205, 206 | chloropteron (Catostomus) -.- ....102, 167
bubalus (Catostomus) ...--.- 100, 206, 214 | Chologaster ........2....---------- 89
bubalus (Ichthyobus):86, 100, 101, 102,214 | Chrosomus ..............----.--. 65, 79, 90
buccaia (Ericymba)........-...... 84 | chresomus (Hybopsis) ...-.....-... 49
bueco (Ptychostomus).-.-.-.-..---- 102, 133 | chrosomus (Hydrophlox) ...--...-- 49, 85
bueco:(Teretulus) 22-52-2225 J22.-5-5 135 | chrysochloris (Pomolobus) ...... 62, 77, 84
Dallaris (Semofilus)-........--...-. 86 | chrysoleucus (Notemigonus)..... 53, 67, 79
callisema (Codoma) .........--. ..-.37,85 | chrysops (Roccus) ......-.....----- 383
callisema (Episema).-.--.--..--.-- 37 | cinerea (Etheostoma) ............. 59, 83
callistia (Codoma)..-......-.-.-.-- 50,85 | clarki (Catostomus) .............. 159, 165
callistius (Photogenis) ...-..-.-... 50 | clarki (Minomus) ...,-.....-...... 165
Gave GCAMITA) cnc. 2's nas cea ae ee 70, 87 | claviformis (Erimyzon).-........-- 146
campbelli (Erimyzon)...--.,...-..- 146 | claviformis (Moxostoma)..... 2... 101, 146
campbelli (Moxostoma) ..-.-..--- 101,146") Clinostomtis’.oct<. i. See 24, 66
Campostoma ..:-...-..16, 43, 49,63, 77,90 | Clapeide...... --- fo. .ece cence esse 62,77
camura (Vaillantia).... 4... --Js<: 89 | coccogenis (Luxilus) -.....-.... 31, 64, 85
eamurus (Nothonotus) .....-...-.. 74,82 | Codoma.....-..... artes 20, 37, 42, 50, 90
canadense (Stizostethium) ....--.-. #3 | csrulea (Codoma))..222. 212. ..20<. 85
caprodes (Percina)..--..-.-..45, 57,73, 82 | cwrulea (Erogala) .........---...- dL
carinatus (Placopharynx). .69, 86, 102, 107, | collapsus (Ptychastomus) ........ 102, 132

108, 109

carpio (Carpiodes) .. ..86, 100, 102, 195, 200
carpio (Catostomus)...... 100, 101, 118, 200
carpio (Ichthyobus)..... ---..-<--- 200
carpio (Moxostoma)........--...-- 119
carpio (Myxostoma)...... 101, 115, 118, 119
carpio (Ptychostomus) ......:.. ..... 118
earpio’ (Teretulis))-.<2 5. .n~cn some 119
Carpiodes. . ..55, 69, 80, 90, 120, 193, 201, 217
catenatum (Xenisma) ...........62, 77, 84
Catostomide . ..26, 33, 38, 43, 54, 68, 80, 97,
9x, 103

CRLORLOININGD : 6-5 2c owen ans tea earee 98

Catostomus.... .27, 33, 54, 69, 20, 103,110,
136, 140, 151, 153, 154, 155, 158, 120,
201, 219

catostomus(Cyprinns).....-..- 166, 175, 193
catostomus(Phenacobius) ...........-.53
cavifrons (Ambloplites)..-......... 83
Centrarchidw...... 15, 30, 35, 40, 46, 60, 75
i510 5 2 SE) Pe SE RSS: Seay ay 36, 47, 89
cepedianum (Dorosoma) .........-. 49, 63
Ceratichthys. ..24, 32, 38, 43, 53, 67, 79, 90
cervinum (Moxostoma) .............-. 129

cervinum (Myxostoma).. 26, 33, 38, 43, 86,
102, 117, 129

commersoni (Catostomus) ...27, GY, 80, 86,
100, 166

commersonien (Le Cyprin)-.--.... 100, 166
communis (Catostomus) ....-. 80, 100, 166
congesta (Myxostomia) ..-...-..-.. 133
congestum (Myxostoma). ..-. 101, 118, 133
congestus (Catostomus) ...-....--- 1338
congestus (Ptychostomus) .... 2... 120, 133
congestus (Teretulus)........-...- 133
copelandi (Rheocrypta) -.---.....- sz
Copulandia 2.4. 260s uk ees 89
COLéFONUB Se ei ee eee ne eee 89
coregonus (Myxostoma), 26, 86, 102, 118,134
coregonus (Ptychostomus) -...... 102, 134
cornutus (Luxilus) ............. 49, 64, 78

corporalis (Semotilus), 26, 38, 54, 68, 30, 86

conus (Myxostoma) ....-. 86, 102, 116, 126
conus (Ptychostomus) ..-.-.-....- 102, 126
conus (Teretulus). ................ 126
Oottides 2. .tccn se cee eters 47, 57,73
crassilabre (Myxostoma)..86, 102, 116, 126
crassilabris (Ptychostomus)..-.-.. 102, 126
crassilabris (Teretulus) ........... 126
crassus (Alvordius) ..........-...- 12, 382
orasens'-(Es0x)... tase nas cek ue ocee 62, 84
Oristivomer: .si csagtcceesesces coun 59

INDEX. 233

Page. Page
eupreus (Amiurus natalis)...-...-- AOL Peos|(Boleichthys))---..2- 4. sssi-6s 05 3
cutisanserinus (Carpiodes) ....80, 86, 102, | Episema...-....--.. Peer aaa a 64, 90
LOS TOS ol | MICOS MANS <n a5 nin 5-5 oe ban we 88

cyanellus (Apomotis) ..----.-.--.-. 76, 83 | Bricymba...--. ON ie seats nee 90
_ cyanellus (Bubalichthys).. -.---. -- 86 | Erimyzon, 27, 38, 43, 54, 69, 80, 90, 103, 136,
cyanellus (Ichthyobus) ..---.---- 102, 206 140, 143
Gycleptiniapess- 4 - eee n a= 15-2 = 98 | Er DeaEME Seeger el 20
Cycleptus .....--.80, 90, 104, 186, 187, 189 erythrogaster (Cirosomus). .... -65, 79, 85
cypho (sox) -.----. ---.---------- 54 erythrurus (Catostomus)..--..-. -100, 121
IPLIBE NU s ese) fee sets ath acs om 90 | erythrurus (Ptycbostomus)..-...- 121
cyprinella (Ichthyobus) ..--...--.. 214 erythrurns (Teretulus)......-.-2- 121
cyprinella (Sclerognathus) ....--. 214, 215.) Wsocidse ...-co--c-< ecce -00e LG, 36, 485162
Cyprinids ..--...- 16, 31, 36, 41, 49, 63,77 | esopus (Catostomus) ..---..------- 146
Cyprinodontidie Sis eesmied clint mis 31, 48, 62, 7 esopus (@albeo) fees ees 101, 146
Cyprinus Rieteiintelelomieiviateielainicielel< «\sieae 140 estor (Gila) ee pe Rey ok) chev mwa mre eeclotee 66, 79
eyprinus (Carpiodes) ...-..55, 86, 101, 102, | Rsox._.... 2-2 2-2 eee nee 16, 35, 48, 62, 89
195, 198 iE theostomazeoo eee ee eeee 15, 40, 59, 75, 89

cyprinus (Catostomus)........--.. 100 | Etheostomatide .... 12,30, 34, 40, 45, 57, 73
cyprinus (Labeo) ...--...--------- 193 | etowanum (Hypentelium)......--- 86
cyprinus (Sclerognathus) ..-.-.-- 197, 198 | etowanus (Catostomus nigvigaEs)) 54, 159,
damalis (Carpiodes)....-...----.-- 199 163
Decactylus =.....---=.. eee ieee 151, 154 | Rucalia .......--- AVR ep R cy. eke 89
iDecadsctylus =<. .-.).-2--. 2-2 161, 193, 159°| Mapomotis...-2. 120-6002. >= 15, 46, 61, 89
delphinus (Minomus)..........-. 102, 184 euryops (Myxostoma), 54, 86, 105, 115, 119
delphinus (Pantosteus) ...-....... le: euryops (Teretulus)....-..---..--- 119
diapbanus (Fundulus) .........-... 84 | eurystoma (Codoma)...........-.- 42, 85
difformis (Carpiodes).-... - 86, 102, 194, 195 eurystomus (Photogenis) ..--.-.-- 42
difformis (Ichthyobus) .. .......-.. 196 | evides (Ericosma).......-.-..----- 82
dilectus (Notropis)._- .-.2.2.2.2546 5 85 | exilis (Noturus)) cece see tes aoe 7
minemus) (NOtLOpIS): =. 2.5 <c2c2 52 ~ So: BxoelOssuity sas ot sen. acess paeto 90
BMRESIUM I: =o 2s se tomas ems f </5)-\<0 58, 73, 88 | fasciatus (Catostomus) .......... 101, 138
discobolus (Catostomus) ....- 102, 162,179 | fasciolaris (Catostomus).......... 100, 145
MQLOSOMNS ---.---- -- 222 =e 49, 63, 77, 90 | fecundus (Catostomus) ...--. 102, 150, 219
Dorosomatids ...-- Discuase sees 49, 63, 77 | fecundus (Chasmistes) ......--. ..102, 150
dispar (Zygonectes).-.--. - ee eis 84 | flabellare (Etheostoma) .---. 15, 59, 75, 83
dissimilis (Ceratichthys) ....--. 67, 79, 86 | flabellatus (Catonotus)..---....--- 15
duquesnii (Catostomus), 100, 120, 121, 129 | flammeus (Phoxinus) ..-..-...---. 65, 85
duquesnii (Moxostoma) ...--...--. 121 | flexuosus (Catostomus) .--...----. 100, 166
duquesnii (Myxostoma macrolepido- folium:(Polyodon)2-.25-22--4..e5: 71, 81, 87
RUE) eee etet tes tee ya a 80, 100, 121 | fontinalis (Salvelinus) ...--. 16, 531, 63, 84
duquesnii (Myxostoma), 43, 54, 68, 80, 115, | formosa (Codoma)) c=. es5ee se sae 42, 51
120, 124 | formosus (Alburnus)-...---..------ 42

duquesnii (Ptychostomus).......-- 121 | forsterianus (Acomus).........--- 167, 176
duquesnii (Teretulus).........-.-. 121 | forsterianus (Catostomus)...100, 101, 167,
IR SBOL a eee ee ete Se. os 2 89 176
elegans (Boleichthys) ...... -s--- - 45,83 | fretensis (Alburnops).-..-...-..--- 85
elegans (Catostomus)..... eter siapaiele 146) | PHondulngsec seer ecm ce we sce. 2 89
elegans (Labeo)..--...-.25-...-.. 101, 145 | furcatus (Ichtheelurus) ....-....--- 87
eleutherus (Noturus)..-.........-. 70, 87 | galacturus (Hypsilepis) ...--...-.. 32
Cen eaba (GIB) ow bem aes) snecaes 85 | galacturus (Photogenis) .....--. 32, 64, 78
elongatus (Catostomus)..........100, 189 | Gambusia ............ ..seceeecbee 89
elongatus (Cycleptus), 80, 86, 100, 189, 190 | generosus (Acomus)......--------- 183
elongatus (Labeo) ...-........... 101, 146 | generosus (Catostomus).----. 102, 173, 183
elongatus (Sclerognathus)...-....- 189 | generosus (Pantosteus) .----. 102, 182, 123
MUNMOACRNGHOS: 225. cnsnveisinmeme nn 89 | gibbosus (Catostomus)......----- 100, 145

234 INDEX.

Page. Page.
gipbosus (Laheo):. <2... 5.00 «s.hes 145 | jessim (Pecilichthys).............. 59, 102
Cr aitee cn iene rater ese ers 24, 66, 79,90 | kennerlyi (Moxostoma) ...-...-... 101, 146
Ir arninUG: ances ee = cus ae noses 6o') Tasbeo!sosrenemens Acacwe ces ine 140, 142
goodei (Erimyzon). .-..-.---- 103, 144, 148 | labiatus (Catostomus) ..-........160, 173
gracilis (Catostomus) .----..----- 101,/1672] abidestheseese=-o -\ sesie tc toe 61, 76, 89
grandipinnis (Photogenis) .-.-.---- 42 | labrosus (Ceratichthys) .-..-.----. 25, 86
grayi (Carpiodes).=......---.---- 102, 199 | lacera (Lagochila).... ..-.68, 103, 104, 106
griseus (Acomus) -<.=-.---------.- 176 | lacera (Quassilabia)..........-.68, 86, 106
grunniens (Haploidonotus)..----.- 47, 61,76 | lacertosus (Hydrophlox).-..-.-..-.-- 64
gulosus (Chienobryttus) ---.- .--- 46, 60, 83 | lachrymals (Myxostoma)..... 102, 115, 120
guttatus (Percopsis) .----.......-. 84 | lachrymalis(Myxostoma duquesnii). 120
guttatus (Zygonectes)..---...---.- 48, 84 | lachrymalis (Myxostoma macrole-
guzmaniensis (Acomus) ..---- ----- 178 Pldota)\. =~ aan esa re eee ee one 120
guzmaniensis (Catostomus) ..-..- 102, 178 | lachrymalis (Ptychostomus)...-... 102, 120
Hadropterus......-.-.. 30, 34, 40, 45, 58, 88 | lachrymalis (Teretulus) ........... 120
Haploidonotus..---..---..--- A7,,61,.76, 89. | lactarius|(Acommus)).- .2-.-------..- le
haydeni (Ptychostomus) .--.. ---. -101, 138 | lactarius (Catostomus). ....-.....102, 176
haydeni (Teretulus)............... 138)| lacustris (otal) o--- seen - =o ens 82
HIGUUODULES oases woe ta ee G00 | Meawochil aes = coe eee ee 104, 105
FAOMUGLe MIs, 2 shee eee see eae G65,.79,90'| latipinnis (Acommus))\----- -2------ 178
heterodon (Hemitremia)....--.---. 85 | latipinnis (Catostomus) ..101, 102, 162, 178
heterurum (Dorosoma cepedianum). 49, 77 | Lepidosteidw ....-..--. -- 29, 44, 55, 71, 81
hieroglyphicus (Zygonectes) ..---.. 48, 84 | Lepidosteus ..--...--.. 29, 44, 55, 71, 81, 90
hirudo (Ammocetes)..--...-...--- 87 | Lepiopomus. ......15, 36, 40, 46, 60, 76, 89
Hudsonius.............--..-----19, 36,90 | leptacanthus (Noturus) ....---... 44, 55, 87
hudsonius (Catostomus). 100, 166, 175, 176 | lesueurii (Catostomus) ....-.--..-- 100, 125
hyalinus (Ceratichthys)..-...--.-. 53, 63 | leucioda (Episema) ....-...--..--. 64, 85
iy bornathus>.--.-c cco eieees es = 16, 90 | leucops (Photogenis) .....-......-. 23
By borbvnGhus a voo~oc- sone eee 63, 78, 90 | leucopus (Photogenis)...-....-.... 41, 84
Hydrophlox ..........18, 32, 36, 49, 64, 90 | limi (Melanura)..........-.-...... 84
Miylomyzon.~--.25-~s\.c-eeeneu sce 151, 156 | lineolatum (Etheostoma)........-- 83
Pivodotiete se oe eee eeeees 48, 62, 77, 89 | liorus (Chasmistes) ............... 219
Hiyodontids:..2-+-<6+sas- wa ue. 48,62, 77 | liros:(Notxopis)! -2.-2. .... ----- 00, Oo,ae
Hypentelium .......151, 154, 155, 157, 158 | Litholepis ............-.-..-..--.. 90
hypselopterns (Leuciscus) ....-..-. - 42 | longiceps (Hybopsis)..---.-------- 64
hypsinotus (Ceratichthys) -..-.-..-.--- ® | longirostris (Catostommus), 86, 100, 102, 161,
Ichtbelurns. .- ....33, 39, 43, 55, G9, 81, 90 175
Ichthyobus .....--.-. 90, LO4, 211, 213, 214 | longirostrum (Catostomus) .......100,175
TOtlOUUS fe hace sce seid on beste ene SUL SALS?| otaoes cocs ease sac cee eee beens 838
PMOSstOM & o2 cs wae ane ean see 88 | lunatus (Rhinichthys) ............ 67
inconstans (Eucalia) ...........-# 83 | lutipinnis (Hydrophlox)..... --.-. 36, 85
inscriptus (Nothonotus) .......-... 34, 8 | Luxilus ..............18, 31, 49, 64, 78, 90
inscriptus (Xenotis) .........-.. 46, GL, 83 | lythrochloris (Xenotis)...-.-...... sia
insigne (Catostomus) ........---.- 166 | Lythrarag’s....<esscy ccna ca apemnees 78, 90
insignis (Catostomus)......-. 101, 159, 165 | macrocepbalus (Alvordius) .. ...-.-. R2
queens (Minomus) ...c5e noses sos 165 | macrochilus (Catostomus).. ..102, 160, 171
Weenie (NOtILOB) S206 52 5.2526 cen 29, 87 | macrochirus (Lepiopomus) ..-- ---- 83
interrupta (Morone)............... 83 | macrolepidota (Myxostoma)....... 120
FOR.» onan stscne succes necens sacunes 88 | macrolepidotum (Moxostoma) ..--. 120
irideus (Centrarchus) ........---.- 47, 83 | macrolepidotum (Myxostoma), 54, 68, 80,
ischanus (Notemigonu-) ........-... 24, 38 86, 101, 102, 115, 116, 120, 124
ischyrus (Ichthyobus) ....--. 102, 215, 217 | macrolepidotum (Teretulus).....-. 120
ischyrus (Lepiopomnus) ...-.-.....--. 83 | macrolepidotus (Catostomus), 100, 120, 125
jarrovii (Minomus) ...-...,.....- 102, 183 | macrolepidotus (Ptychostomus).... 120
jarrovii (Pantosteus)....-......... 183 | macropterum (Exoglossum) .. .. ..100, 163

INDEX. 235

Page. Page.

macwpterum (Hypentelium) ....-.. 163 | niger (Catostomus) ..---.........- 2C9
macropterus (Centrarchus)..-...---. 36, 83 | nigrescens (Cycleptus).......100, 186, 190
maculaticeps (Arlina) ...-....-.--.. 13) | nigricans (Amiurus).......-...-.-- 81, 87
macnilaticeps (Boleosoma).....---- 15, 34 | nigricans (Catostomus), 33, 54, 69, 30, 100,
maculatum (Boleosoma)----..--.-- 58, 82 101, 158, 159, 162, 163, 167
maculatum (Etheostoma) ----....-- 12 | nigricans (Hylomyzon)....-.--..-- 162
maculatus (Alvordius).......--.58, 73, 82 | nigricans (Hypentelium)..--.-. 86, 162, 163
maculatus (Hadropterus).....--.-- 58 | nigrofasciatus (Hadropterus) - --30, 34, 40,
maculatus (Nothonotus)-....-.-.-- 82 45, 82
maculosus (Acipenser). --....------ 71, 87 | nigromaculatus (Pomoxys) -..-.--- 47, 76
maculosus (Catostomus) -....---.100, 163 | niveiventris (Amiurus) ........---. 87
manitou (Percina) ......-...------ 82 | niveus.(Photogenis).-..--.---1/-.25 20, 25
mmargarotis (Enneacanthus)...---.. 83 | notatus (Hyborhynchus)..-...-.- 63, 78, 84
marginatus (Noturus)......-.....- 29 | notatus (Xystroplites)...-......... 61, 83
marmoratus (Amiurus)...........- 39, 87 | notatus (Zygonectes)-.......---. 62, 77, 84
matutinus (Notropis).-.....------.- 85 | Notemigonus ......... 24, 38, 53, 67, 79, 90
maxillingua (Exoglossum) -..----. S67|) Nothonotus?.c-- «222-21 13, 34, 58, 74, 89
megalotis (Xenotis)....-.---..----- 403) Son! WNOCLOPIS oo. cejee~ sor sis=is)2-20, 100s) 04,46 190
megastomus (Catostomus) .----.- 100, 163 | nottii (Zygonectes) ...-...----.. 31, 48, 84
melanops (Catostomus).. -27, 100, 136, 138 | Noturus.............-.--- 29, 44, 55, 70, 90
melanops (Hrimyzon) --...---.---. 27, 138 | nuchalis (Hybognathus)...-....-.. 84
melanops (Minytrema), 27, 54, 69, c0, 86, | nummifer (Carpiodes) .----.-..--- 102, 200
100, 101, 137, 138 | occidentalis (Catostomus) ..-101, 160, 172

melanops (Ptychostomus) .....---- 133 | oblongus (Cyprinus) ....- 27, 100, 140, 145
melanops (Zygonectes) .--.----.-.-- 84 | oblongus (Erimyzon) ....-..--.-- 100, 145
melavopsis (Catostomus) ..--..-.-. 138s \koblongus; Cuabeo) so-so. 2 -— <n is 145
PUNE bee intnte tan (atthe eisai at osrinia tele 89 | oblongus (Moxostoma) ..---..----. 145
melanurus (Rutilus) ..-.-.....-.-100, 121 | oblongus (Teretulus) ........--..- 145
melas (Amiurus)...-.. Se eaosaeias 87 | obscurus (Lepiopomus) ....-. 46, 60, 76, 83
meleagris (Rhinichthys).-.....---. 86 | obtusus (Rhinichthys).....-.---. 54, 67, 86
meridionalis (Bubalichthys) .. 102, 206,210 | oblongus (Catostomus) .----. .--.-- 145
meridionalis (Potamocottus). .47, 57,73, 82 | olivaris (Pelodichthys) ...-...-- 70, 81, 87
meridionalis (Sclerognathus) ...... 210 | olmstedi (Boleosoma)... ..---.-.----- 13, 82
MEROPOHISUIUS: .. sacnh seine = am majaoie 89 | oneida (Catostomus)..........-.-101, 120
Microperca ...-...--.....---.----- 89 | oneida (Ptychostomus) ..--.. -.---- 120
Micropterus.-...15, 30, 35, 40, 46, 60, 75, 59 | osseus (Lepidosteus)..29, 44, 55, 71, 81, 87
micropteryx (Notropis) -.-.-.--. 65, 79, 85 | pallidus (Catostomus) .....----. 101, 167
microstomus (Alburnops)....-..64, 73, 85 | pallidus (Eupomotis) -......--- 46, 61, 83
microstomus (Minnilus) ...-.....-. 64 | pallidus (Lepiopomus) -..40, 46, 60, 76, 83
MIN OMIUS)< <= 20 = se. 315 151, 157, 150, 181 | pallidus (Micropterus), 15, 40, 46, 60, 75, 83
Minytrema. .27, 54, 69, 0, 90, 103, 136, 137 | Pantosteus...--..:-----.---- 103, 1£0, 181
paras (Noturus) <<. -<s2-ececsc-= 87 | papillosa (Myxostoma).....-...... 134
VG GNESI se sent is al tela oes 89 | papillosum (Myxostoma).. .26, 38, 86, 102,
monachus (Ceratichthys)...--..... 67, 86 118, 134
Moxostouna, 110, 113, 114; 136, 140, 142, 143 | papillosum (Ptychostomus) ..-..-- 102, 154
iy SOC PRINS). said 2 donjon en = aan 104, 217 | papillosum (Teretulus) .......-.-.. 134
Myxostoma, 26, 33, 38, 43, 54, 63, 60, 90, 103, | pellucidus (Pleurolepis)..--....--.- 82
DLP ise Pelodichthyse--cmcs!1.=-22/cs5=<0 70, 81, 90

nasutus (Rhinichthys) ..--........ 86 | peltastes (Xenotis)..-......--...-. 83
natalis (Amiurus) --......---. JO, LUsoManS 18 | OLC Het a seo ae coc Sans esiceis 89
neogeeus (Phoxinus) .----.-.-..... Sap lsBereiditees 2-12 «nce catiocee nee es 45, 60, 75
nevisensis (Alvordius) .....-..--... eg MECN csc ccc wets clas aaa 45, 57, 73, 88
IST CAMO LOGON) s:0.0) <= acintentecls ain PUSh | MEBMCOMRI Sa cnn a cacee vision ede—ee 89
niger (Ammoceetes) -......- eee Si ehenacobins.—.\sct-tec asec 53, 67,79, 90
niger (Bubalichthys).............. 2U9) | Photogenis......... 18, 20, 32, 41, 64, 78, 90

256 INDEX.

Page. Page.
photogenis (Notropis) .----..-.. 23, 65, 85 | rubellus (Notropis)....-...---...-- 385
photogenis (Squalius)...--...----- 23 | rubicundus (Acipenser).........-.. 71, 87
ENORMOUS =e rae ease eam ee 65,90 | rubricroceus (Hybopsis)..----.-.-.. B
phoxocephalus (Alvordius).-..----- 73, 82 | rubricroceus (Hydrophlox)...-.-. 32, 64, 85
pidiensis (Myxostoma)....-.-. 386, 118, 133 | rubrifrons (Ceratichthys) ....--. 32, 38, 86
pidiensis (Ptychostomus) -...-.--.-- 133 | rubrifrons (Nocomis) ......2..----. 32, 38
pidiensis (‘Teretulus)..........---- 133 | rubrifrons (Notropis)-..........---. 85
Pimephales:... +3 550 saiiees ten seeer 73,90 | rufilineatus (Nothonotus)-......... 58, 82
pinniger (Enneacanthus)..---. .--- 33 | rupestris (Ambloplites)...40, 46, 60, 75, 83
Pincopharynx...2sess)-ensee 69, 90, 103, 107 | salmoides (Micropterus) . 30,35, 40, 46, 60,
planiceps (Catostomus) ...-...--.- 163 75, 83
platycephalus (Amiurus) ...... .28, 33, 57 | salmoneum (Stizostethium).. .45, 60,75, 83
platycephalus (Pimelodus) ....---. 28 | salmoneus (Esox) ...........------ o4
platyrbynchus (Minomus).-.-.--.-.102, 183 | Salmonid# ............---.----- 16, 31, 63
platyrhynchus (Pantosteus) ..180, 182, 183 | saludanus (Alburnops) .........--- 16, 85
platyrbynchus (Scaphirhynebops). - Sf | Salvelinus ~<coc< wooo ey 16, 31, 63, 89
platystomus (Lepidosteus) .......-. 71, 87 | sanguifluus (Nothonotus).......... 75, 82
plebeius (Catostomus) ....---. 101, 184 | sanguinolentus (Xenotis)....31, 46, 61, 83
plebeius (Minomus)..--..--.-...-- 184 | sayanus (Aphododerus)......-.-. 41, 47, 83
plebeius (Paptosteus) ...---- 102, 182, 184 | scabriceps (Episema)..........--.. 85
plebejus (Catostomus) ...-.-.-----. 184°) Scaphirhynchops. .-.225 0-0, ocicces 90
POSOUICHUN YS. < sonra awe ews 4 SOs 17; 60) | (OCIS NIdBia- ho. ce a eee eee 47, 61, 76
pecilura (Myxostoma) ..-.-... 103, 116, 128 | Sclerognathus ..-... 190, 193, 201, 205, 217
Polyodones.s. sseao~- loose esses 71, 81, 90 | scopiferus (Phenacobius) .-........ 86
Polyodontidss’ ...--.\. 2 -es0 se eee ee nhs OL Belene: (Carpiedes)—esaeee sens 102, 196
Pomolobus. -2=-).0< 22 «ss oxisese 02) 4a900| Selenops (Ely odon jecunteeee. 48, 62, 77, 84
pomotis (Acantharchus)....--. ee 83 | Semotilus .......... 26, 38, 43, 54, 68, 80, 90
ROMORVA ect eee sa seen = 47, 76, 89 | shumardii (Imostoma) .......----- 82
Potamocottus ...... 22205 2-5¢ 47, 57,73, 88 | sicculus (Labidesthes) ....-...-.--. 61, 76
prolixum (Campostoma anomalum) 16, | Siluridw .......... 28, 33, 39, 43, 55, 69, BL

49, 63 | simoterum (Diplesiumy) ......--. 58, 73, 82
promelas (Pimephales) ............ 78, 84 | simulans (Hemioplites) ........-... 83
proriger (Gila) .. ..-- eae eee 85 | spatula (Litholepis).......-....-.. 87
Ptychostomus ........-. 110, 113, 114, 136 | spectabilis (Poecilichthys).......-- 83
punctatus (Ichthielurus)..33, 39, 43,55, 69, | spectruneulus (Alburnops) ....-..-.. 64, 85

81, 87 | spelwus (Amblyopsis) .-.-.-. ..---. e4
punctulata (Microperca) .......--- 83 | subterraneus (Typhlichthys) .----- 84
pygmesa (Melanura) -....... .---.- 84 | sucetta (Catostomus) .......-.-.... 144
POCORUGUE secace- a2 euee ete eee 89 | sucetta (Cyprinus)....-..- 27, 100, 140, 144
pyrrhomelas (Codoma)........---- 23,85 | sucetta (Erimyzon), 27, 38, 43, 54, 69, 80, 86,
pyrrhomelas (Photogenis)......... 23 100, 101, 135, 144, 145
Quassilabia ...... 68, 90, 103, 104, 10°, 106 | sucetta (Moxostoma)..........-... 144
rauchii (Ichthyobus)-............: 214, 215 | sucetta (Teretulas) .........-. <2... 138
rAvenely(PS0X)* <.2 os scew se witee 16, 43, 84 | suckleyi (Catostomus) ........--.. 167
reticulatus(Cyprinus(Catostomus)) 166 | sucklii (Catostomts) ....-..... 102, 167
reticulatus (Esox).....-......16, 36, 48, 84 | superciliosus (Hyborhynchus) -..-. a4
retropinnis (Catostomus)......... 161, 178 | squamiceps (Etheostoma) ...---.- -- 83
IBCOGF VPUG cece lows cio yek ec wamece 88 | stelliferum (Xenisma)............. 48, 84
IMM ICOUMUS aon ceaw ce avcles se un 54, 67,90 | stigma (Boleosoma) ...--...----. 45
REO VC OSUOMI OB tata wpe mee wa area 186, 187 | stigmma (Ulocentra).............. 45, 82
robustus (Ichthyobns).-......-..--- 87 | stigmatura (Codoma) --..--...---. 50
robustus (Ptychostomus).......-.. 120 | stigmaturus (Photogenis) ........- 50
robustus (Tcretulus) .............. 120' | ‘etilbius (Notropis))- san. .s-. cceeue 53
rostratus (Catostomus)....0.....-. 174 | Stizostethiam..............- 45, 60, 75, 89
rustratus (Cyprinus)............. 174, 218 | stolleyi (Ichthyobus) ..... . --101, 215, 217

INDFX. 237
Page Page.
stramineus (Alburnops) ..----..--- 85 ||-vacca (Carpiodes) ...---...2. += 101, 199
sueurii (Catostomus) ..---.---.---- POP IAVCINEMO Ieee olsen c cee ehemaekel- ene oy
nueuriL, (Cyprinus) ae= iim = <5 = = 10is | | vandoisulas(Gila)in 2-2... 22. 2-0 24, 85
sueurii (Cyprinus (Catostomus))... 125 | vandoisulus (Leuciseus) .--.------- 24
sueurii (Ptychostomus) ....-.----. 125 | variatus (Peecilichthys)--..-.----. 75, 82
Rueur(CReretulus))= =.= -ejc/e0-22 55 125 | velata (Moxostoma) ..-.--..------ 132
tahoensis (Catostomus) ......-.--. 161, 173 | velata (Myxostoma) .....-...-:-.- 132
ROTI Caesars se te cere ain em aie 88 | velatum (Moxostoma)....-.-..----- 132
taurus (Bubalichthys) ...-........ 55, 206 | velatum (Myxostoma)..---- 26, 63, 86, 102,
tauras|(Carpiodes) ..-.....-..---- 101; 206 117, 132
telescopus (Notropis)....-.----- G5, 79, 85 | velatum (Teretulus) ...--..-..---- 132
tenue (Moxostoma) .......-...-.- 101, 146 | velatus (Ptychostomus) -..-..----- 102, 132
TENS) CULiIMyZON) 22 ~-se ce ee 7s = 146 | velatus (Teretulus) .-.....----..-.- 132
teres (Catostomus)-.100, 101, 102, 159, 166 | velifer (Carpiodes)..--.--..--. 86, 194, 196
Teretulus. .-.--....-.--.110, 113, 114, 140 | velifer:(Catostomus) ..-.-.------. 100, 196
teretulus (Phenacobius)....--.. ---.- 86. | velifer (Icthyobus).........------- 196
tergisus (Hyodon) ---- ...--..----. 77, 84 | victoria (Moxostoma) ......---.--- 27, 138
tessellata (Etheostoma)........... 59, 83 | virescens (Pantosteus) .-....-----102, 182
Metraronopterns:. s-=2-+ Sscas~\c <= 89 | viridis (Chenobryttus) ..-.-.-..15, 35, 53
texanus (Catostomus).....-...... 102,167 | vitrea (oa) .-.-.. ....-..--------- 82
thalassina (Myxostoma)........... 131 | vitreum (Stizostethium) .-...-.----- 60, 83
thalassinum (Myxostoma) ....86, 117, 131 | vittata (Hemitremia)-..-..----- 65, 79, 85
thalassinus (Nothonotus) -.....--- 13, 82 | vittatus (Catostomus) -.----. ---- 100, 145
thalassinus (Ptychostomus)..-....102, 131 | vitulus (Bubalichtbys).-...------- 2U6
thalassinus (Teretulus) ........--. 139) |) vitulus (| Carpiodes). <<<. s-\<00.00-% 101
thompsoni (Carpiodes) ...-.. 101, 195,198 | vulgaris (Anguilla), 29, 33, 39, 44, 55, 70,
thompsoni (Ichthyobus) .......--. 198 81, 87
thoreanianus (Semotilus) ........-. 43 | vulneratus (Nothonotus) ---- .- faciae, OO) Oe
sbhyim wns ee a2 ais ost na cin eos iee 89 | winchelli (Centrarchus) .-... ---- 53, 68, 86
tilesii (Catostomus) ....--.-.. 101, 174, 218 | wixchelli (Hybopsis)........-..--- 53
trichroistia (Codoma),.-...----.-.. 50, 85 | xznocephalus (Hydrophlox). .--..-- AQ
PETIOLODSISi na oe cies e ao aet aces ers. Ss.0 8% | xenocephaius (Hybopsis)-. -------- 49
trisignatum (Erimyzon) ......-.. 165, 167 | xeenura (Codoma) -.-.-. .------------ 37, 85
trisignatum (Moxostoma)........ 102, 167 | xenurus (Minnilus)...-.......---. 37
tuberculatus (Catostomus) ..-..-. 100, 145 | xanthocephalus (Amiurus) .-....--- 87
tumidus (Carpiodes) ...... ....-. 101,199 | xanthopus (Catostomus) .....----- 163
tumidus (Ichthyobus)............. 199neXenism aoe soot -.ccieclsteeeooe ae Oe deoe
BIS PONCHUNYR,. Sous. coed cce< cia shee 89\| Kenotis -..-..........--251,,46; 61, 76,69
MUN@OD EWA odo sso .« Sass accu 45;.73,,60: | Xystroplites.. ......25--------=---s0L, 69
WTAE ia cots iat Sk wid oa, Seiwa Se 88 | yarrowi (Pantosteus).....---.----. 183
uranops (Phenacobius) ..... .--. 67,79, 86 | zanemus (Ceratichthys)......-.... 24,36
urus (Bubalichthys) ..69, 87, 101, 206, 209 | zonalis (Nothonotus).........----- 58, 82
urus (Carpiodes) ............ 101, 201, 209 | Zygonectes ........-.-.-. 31, 48, 62, 77, 89
urus (Sclerognathus).............. 206

°

Department of the Bnferior:

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.

BULLETIN

OF THE

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

IN-o.. 93:

PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

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THE FLORA

OF

ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS,

BY

BARON H. FF. A. HGGERS.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1879.

a 1 $49

ADVERTISEMENT.

This work is the thirteenth of a series of papers intended to illustrate
the collections of natural history and ethnology belonging to the
United States, and constituting the National Museum, of which the
Smithsonian Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of
August 10, 1846.

It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and printed by
authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior.

SPENCER F. BAIRD,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,
Washington, May, 1879.

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FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS,
WEST INDIES.

By Baron H. F. A. EGGERS.

To the east of the island of Porto Rico, between 18° 5’ and 18° 45’ N.
lat. and 64° 5’ and 65° 35’ W. long., stretches a dense cluster of some
larger and numerous smaller islands for a distance of about 85 miles,
which are known by the name of the Virgin Islands. The principal
islands are Vieques and Culebra, belonging to Spain, St. Thomas and St.
Jan, belonging to Denmark, and Tortola, Virgin Gorda, and Anegada,
belonging to England. The superficial area of the larger islands is only
from 16 to 40 square miles, whilst the smaller ones are mostly uninhabited
islets, or even rocks, some of which are nearly devoid of vegetation, the
coast-line of them all being sinuous, and forming numerous. small bays
and creeks. The whole group is evidently a submarine prolongation of
the mountains of Porto Rico, showing its tops and higher ridges above
the level of the sea, the depth of which between the various islands and
Porto Rico is only from 6 to 20 fathoms. The declivities to the north
and the south of the ridge on the reverse are very steep, no-bottom hav-
ing been found 25 miles to the south in 2000 fathoms, and 80 miles to the
north the Challenger Expedition found a depth of about 3850 fathoms,
the greatest ever measured in the northern Atlantic Ocean.

The greatest height in the Archipelago is attained in its central part,
St. Thomas reaching up to 1550’, Tortola even to 1780’, St. Jan and
Virgin Gorda being a little lower, whilst the hills in Vieques and Cule-
bra, to the west, are only 500/-600/ high, and Anegada, the northeastern-
most, is, as its Spanish name, the inundated, implies, merely alow or half-
submerged island, elevated but a few feet over the level of the sea. The
central islands, therefore, present the appearance of a steep ridge, pre-
cipitously sloping to the north and the south, and cut up by numerous
ravines, which during heavy rains are the beds of small torrents, but
which generally are without running water, and which at their lower end
widen into small level tracts on the sea-coast, often forming a lagoon on
the sandy shore. Between these level tracts the coast is usually very

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 13——1 1

2 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

bold and rocky, forming abrupt promontories of considerable height
and picturesque appearance, the hills and ridges on the other band
being more rounded and of a softer outline.

The whole group of islands, with the exception of Anegada, which is
built up of a tertiary limestone of very recent and probably pliocene
date, belongs to the cretaceous period,*showing as the principal rock a
breccia of felsite and scoriaceous stones, the cementing part of which
probably consists of decomposed hornblende, and having its cavities
commonly filled with quartz or calcareous spar. Besides this principal
rock, which is often found distinctly stratified, and which is called
Bluebit by the inhabitants, who generally employ the stone for building
materials, limestone, diorite, clay-slate, and other less frequent minerals
also oceur in the islands, forming, however, only a poor substratum for
vegetation everywhere. For the product of the decomposed rock is
generally a red heayy clay. Only Vieques shows a more fertile soil, pro-
duced by the alteration of a syenite-like diorite, its more level surface at
the same time allowing the fertile strata to remain on the surface; whilst
in the other islands the heavy rains as a rule will wash the loose cover-
ing of the ground down to the sea.

From various facts observed in Anegada and Virgin Gorda by Sir R.
Schomburgk,t as well as by Mr. Scott, in Vieques, at Porto Ferro Bay,
it appears that at the present period the whole chain of islands is slowly
rising, so that perhaps in a geologically speaking not very distant time
most of the islands may become connected reciprocally and with Porto

rico.

To the south of the Virgin Islands, at a distance of about 32 miles, and
between 17° 40/ and 17° 47’ N. lat., 64° 35’ and 64° 54’ W. long., lies the
island of St. Croix, geographically considered an outlying part of the
former group, but separated from it by an immense chasm of more than
2000 fathoms, as stated above. This extraordinary crevice has no doubt
been formed at an early period, and has in various respects contributed
materially to isolating the island from its neighbours.

St. Croix is of about 57 square miles, and has atriangular form, with the
greatest length, some 20 miles, from east to west, the greatest breadth
being about 5 miles, in the western part of the island, which becomes
gradually narrower towards the east. The coast-line is more connected
and the surface more level than in most of the Virgin Islands, the hills
stretching only along the northern coast and through the eastern part of

*Cieve: On the Geology of the North-eastern West India Islands. Stockholm, 1871.
t Berghaus: Almanach fiir das Jahr 1837, pp.-405 and 408,

»

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. o

the island, reaching in some places as high as 1150’ (Mount Eagle), but
averaging 600/—800/ only.

The rock of these hills is nearly the same as in the above-named
group, although the Bluebit of this latter occurs more rarely, and is sub-
stituted by a fine, greyish, stratified clay-slate, without vestiges of any
organic remains. The strata of this slate are often very much disturbed,
so as to present an exceedingly broken and overturned appearance. The
greater, western part of the island forms a large, slightly inclined plain,
sloping towards the south, and interrupted in a few places by low, short,
isolated ridges only 200/-300’ high, and formed of a tertiary lime-
stone of the miocene period. This limestone is covered by a layer of
detritus and marls some feet thick, but shows itself at the surface in
various places, and contains several fossils, partly of still existing species
of mollusea.

Along the coasts are found some new alluvial formations, often enclos-
ing lagoons, some of which are of considerable size. These lagoons are
being gradually filled up by vegetable matter, as well as by sand and
stones washed down by the rains from the hills; but whilst in the Virgin
Islands many similar lagoons have been raised already several feet above
the level of the sea, and laid completely dry, no such thing has been
observed in St. Croix. This seems to indicate that no rising of the ground
is taking place in the latter, as is the case in the former, as mentioned
above. From its whole structure and formation it may be inferred that
the soil is more fertile in St. Croix than in most of the Virgin Islands,
Vieques excepted, the sugar-cane being cultivated to a considerable ex-
tent on the island.

Whilst thus the geology of St. Croix and the Virgin Islands presents
some not unimportant differences, the climate may, on account of their
similar geographical position, as well as elevation above the sea-level, be
said to be materially the same in both. ;

In accordance with the geographical position of theislands, the tempera-
ture is very constant and high, the yearly mean average being 27.2° C.,
divided nearly equally over all the months, the coldest, February, show-
ing 25.6°, the warmest, September, 28.9°, a difference of 3.5° only. The
same uniformity is observed in the daily variation, which scarcely ever
surpasses 5°, the thermometer rising gradually from 6 a. m. till 2 p. m.,
and falling just as gradually during the rest of the 24 hours.

Thus the difference of temperature at the various seasons of the year
is too small to affect the life of vegetation to any very perceptible ex

4 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

tent, and it is therefore the variable degree of moisture at different times
which chiefly produces any variation in the development of vegetable
life at the different seasons.

The lowest temperature observed at the sea-level, in the shade, is 18.19;
the highest, 35.59. In the sun, the mercury will sometimes rise as high
as 51°, but as a rule does not surpass 40°. Observations made in St.
Thomas by Knox * and myself show a decrease of about 2° for an eleva-
tion of every 800’, which gives to the highest ridges in St. Thomas and
Tortola an annual mean temperature 35°-4° lower than that of the coast,
a difference sufficient to produce some variation in the flora of these
parts. The northern slope of the hills, from being the greater part of
the year, viz, from August to May, less exposed to the rays of the sun,
are generally also somewhat cooler and more moist than the southern
ones, the consequences whereof are also felt in the life of plants to acon-
siderable extent.

An equal regularity, as observed in the temperature, manifests itself
with regard to the pressure of the atmosphere, the daily variations of
the barometer being only about 0.05’, and the maximum yearly differ-
ence only 0.2/.. It is only during strong gales and hurricanes that the
barometer is more seriously affected, it then falling sometimes as much
as 2’... These hurricanes, as a rule, occur only during the months from
August to October, at which period the trade-winds from the northeast,
which otherwise blow most part of the year, generally become unsteady
and uncertain. These constant winds, combined with the high tempera-
ture, no doubt are the reason why the moisture of the air is compara-
tively small, being on an average only 75 per cent. of the possible maxi-
mum, thus exciting a constant evaporation in plants, and rendering it
necessary for them to obtain a greater supply of water through the soil
than in more moist climates. For this reason a considerable quantity of
rain becomes of the highest importance to the vegetable life, as being the
only form in which plants can obtain a sufficient amount of water neces-
sary to their existence, even dew being very rare on account of the trade-
winds blowing also during the night the greater part of the year.

Neither of the islands in question is of sufficient elevation above the
sea to cool and condense the atmospheric moisture brought on by the
trade-wind, nor is their configuration favourable for detaining the clouds,
their greatest extent being parallel to the direction of the wind. Thus,
for the greater part of the year they receive only a small quantity of

*Knox: An Historical Account of St. Thomas, W. I. (New York, 1852.)

FLORA -OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 5

rain, falling chiefly in the form of short, rapid showers of only a few
minutes’ duration, and it is not till the warmer part of the year that
heavy and general rains become possible in these regions. During this
latter time, the trade-winds become irregular and slight, or are even
entirely suspended, as stated before; hence the moisture generated by
the daily evaporation from the ocean is not carried off as soon as formed,
but is allowed to gather into rain-clouds, and finally to precipitate itself
again as rain nearly on the same spot where it was formed.

From observations made in various islands for a period of more than
twenty-five years, the annual mean quantity of rain seems to be about
the same in all the islands, averaging 42/44”; the eastern parts of all,
as being more exposed to the direct action of the winds, always show-
ing a considerably smaller quantity than the central and western ones.

Although no month of the year is without rain, yet from the above it
will be easily concluded that there is a remarkable difference between
the various months in this respect: the driest, February, having only an
average of 1.5’; the wettest, October, of 7.6’; and to this difference, at
the various periods of the year, it is chiefly due, that notwithstanding
the uniform temperature all the year round, yet some variations in the
aspect and intensity of vegetable life are observed in the various sea-
Sons.

Both the annual and the monthly quantity of rain are subject to vary
considerably, one year showing 23”, or in some places 18” ouly, another
again 70” or 78. A still greater difference may be observed between
the same months of different years: thus, February having had one year
0.19’ only, another, on the contrary, 3.75’; May 0.47” the one year and
16.84” the other. These excessive variations must, no doubt, materially
affect vegetable life, indicating at the same time a considerable degree
of hardiness in respect to drought in the perennial plants indigenous to
the islands, and as alluded to above, acting upon them in a similar way

‘as the variations in temperature in colder climates.

The number of days on which rain falls averages for the period from
1852-73, 161 a year, giving a mean fall of rain of 0.27’ per diem: April
showing the lowest nunber, 9; October the highest, 16. From what has
been said before, it is evident, however, that the small monthly quantity
of rain during the dry part of the year, viz, January to April, divided
even over a great number of days (so as to amount to 0.14” or 0.13”
only a day), can be of no great importance, as it is precipitated in a short
shower, is insufficient for penetrating into the soil, and so is very soon

6 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

evaporated again by the action of the sun and the trade-wind combined.
It is not till May, when the increased quantity of rain is sufficient to
penetrate the parched soil, that its influence and effect upon vegetation
makes itself felt by renewed life and activity in all the various branches
of the vegetable kingdom in general.

Looking at the vegetation of St. Croix and the Virgin Islands in its
generality, and without entering into details, we may consider it to be
identical, as a whole, showing the same main features, and naturally
divided into four distinct formations, as in most other West India
Islands, viz. the littoral, the shrubby, the sylvan, and the region of
cultivation, connected, of cow’se, here and there by intermediate forma-
tions, but on the whole virtually distinct from different biological con-
ditions. ‘

Beginning with the littoral flora, we find along the coast in shallow
water a multitude of Algze, among which are found some marine Phane-
rogamie, especially the common Thalassia testudinum and Cymodocea
manatorum, and in less quantity the beautiful little Halophila Baillonii,
a recently discovered Potamea, with oval delicate leaves, and growing
gregariously on the bottom of the sea in coarse gravel. The vegetation
of tropical seashores is of a very uniform character all over the world,
the physical conditions being similar on them all, and the migration
from one shore to another being exceedingly facilitated by the sea as
well as by birds, storms, and the action and intercourse of the inhab-
itants. Thus, the same species of littoral plants are found on nearly all
the West India islands, many of them also inhabitants of far distant
shores on the African and Asiatic continents,—belonging to the cosmo-
politan and transoceanic species, a list of which was first prepared by

tobert Brown, and afterwards augmented by A. DeCandolle, and which
seem to possess an extraordinary faculty for migration. According to
the different character of the coast, as sandy, rocky, or swampy, the
vegetation on it also assumes a different aspect.

On the sandy shore, which is composed of a fine white gravel, con-
sisting principally of innumerable pieces of broken shells and corals,
and thus forming a thick layer of carbonate of lime, we see a luxurious
flora of trees, shrubs, and minor plants, which all, on account of the
underground water collecting from the hills above, generally have a
green appearance all the year round, even when the hills of the interior
present a withered aspect from want of rain. Among the trees grow-
ing here the most prominent are the Hippomane Mancinella, the Cocco-

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 7
loba uvifera, Chrysobalanus Icaco, and Canella alba, besides the Cocos
nucifera, Which is planted and naturalized, especially on the low sandy
seashore. Under these taller forms appear many kinds of shrubs, such
as Heastophyllum Brownei, Tournefortia gnaphalodes, Borrichia arbores-
cens, Ernodea litoralis, Suriana maritima, Erithalis fruticosa, Colubrina
Jerruginosa, Guilandina Bondue and Bonducella, and several others.
Still lower shrubs and suffrutescent herbs are Scevola Plumieri, Tourne-
Jortia gnaphalodes, Sesuvium portulacastrum, Heliotropium curassavicum,
Philoxerus vermiculatus, Cakile equalis, as well as several grasses and
sedges, as Sporobulus litoralis, Stenotaphrum americanum, and Cyperus
brunneus, as also some remarkable creepers or climbers, such as

. [pomeea pes-capre and Lablab vulgaris.

Most of these species disappear on the rocky cliffs, where they give
room for others, mostly shrubs of a low growth, and with thicker or
more coriaceous leaves, that are able to resist the force of the wind,
which often bends the whole plant into a dwarfish individual, the
branches of which are cut off at the top in a western direction. The
most common of these shrubs are Jacquinia armillaris, Elawodendron
xylocarpum, Plumieria alba, and Coccoloba punctata, as well as some
monocotyledonous plants, such as Pitcairnia angustifolia, Agave ameri-
cana, and a few Cacti, principally the stout Melocactus communis.

Still more different forms appear where the coast becomes swampy
from the presence of lagoons. Here predominates the Mangrove forma-
tion, composed chiefly of Laguncularia racemosa, Conocarpus erectus, Avi-
cennria nitida, and Rhizophora Mangle, which all grow more or less in the
water itself. In less moist places we find some others, such as Bucida
Buceras, Anona palustris, Antherylium Rohrii, and the curious Batis ma-
ritima, which recalls to the mind the halophytes of the steppes.

However different these various forms of littoral plants may appear,
compared to each other, yet they all have in common the predilection
for the sea, the saline exhalation of which seems indispensable to their
growth. Some have even, like Avicennia, their leaves always covered
with small salt crystals; others, like Batis maritima, are true halophytes,
and only very few of the plants of the coast iy generality are found in the
interior even of these small islands. An exception is made by the cocoa-
nut palm, which is found growing all about on the islands, even on the
top of the highest hills, as also by Coccoloba uvifera, found in similar
localities.

In passing from the coast into the interior we find on the eastern, aud

8 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

partly also on the southern part of all the islands, a dry shrubby vege-
tation of a greyish or yellowish aspect, which, from the predominating
genus composing its elements, I have called the Croton vegetation. This
peculiar kind of dry shrub also occurs here and there in other parts of
the islands, where the soil, through reckless cultivation, has become too
exhausted to produce a growth of taller trees, and it cannot be estimated
to cover less than one third part of the whole surface of the islands, pre-
dominating in some, as Tortola, St. Thomas, and Culebra, less conspicu-
ous in others, as St. Jan, Vieques, and St. Croix.

The ravines as well as the northern and western parts of the islands
are often covered with a growth of taller trees, forming a kind of forest,
composed of species partly evergreen and partly with deciduous foliage,
and which, from one of the most prominent forms, | have called the Erio-
dendron vegetation. The area covered by this formation may be taken
to be about one fifth of the whole surface, the best wooded islands being
St. Jan and Vieques, the least wooded ones St. Thomas and Virgin
Gorda.

The remainder of the surface is either used for pasture or cultivated
with sugar-cane or provisions, the former on a large scale in St. Croix
and Vieques only, the latter everywhere on the islands where the soil
seems proper for the purpose. This last section I term ihe cultivated
region. ;

Considering first the Croton vegetation, we find here a number of plants
which in various ways have become enabled to resist the deteriorating
effects of the dry climate, and to exist on the barren rocky soil always
found where the moisture is not sufficient for decomposing the natural
rock of the surface. Thus, some of these plants, as the whole of the
genus Croton, already mentioned above, have small leaves, which, like
the stem, are covered with scales and tomentose hair, containing besides
aromatic oil, all which contrivances tend to diminish evaporation as much
as possible. The most common species of this remarkable genus are C.
flavus, astroites, bicolor, and betulinus. Other forms obtain the same
object by having very small, partly deciduous leaves and their stipules
transformed into prickles, especially the Acaciw, such as A. Farnesiana,
macracantha, tortuosa, and sarmentosa. Others, again, are rich in milky
juice, as Luphorbia petiolaris, Rawvcolfia Lamarckii, and the naturalized
Calotropis procera, or merely in aqueous sap, as the Cactew, the common-
est forms of which are Melocactus communis, Cereus floccosus, and several

species of Opuntia. Others, such as Bromeliace, on the contrary, have

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 9

a very dry structure, and a dense cover of scales for protection, whilst
others again, such as Anona squamosa, which are apparently without
any means to resist the effects of dry weather, have no other remedy left
than to shed their leaves during a part of the year, and thus preserve
their existence at the temporary sacrifice of their vegetative organs.

All the forms mentioned above are of very slow growth, and, with the
exception of a few that are used for burning charcoal, of scarcely any
importance either to man or animals, for which reason the districts oc-
cupied by them as a rule present a very desolate and uninviting appear-
ance.

Where the climate becomes sufficiently moist, and the soil in conse-
quence thereof more decomposed and fertile, the forest appears in place
of the Croton vegetation, on the uncultivated lands, especially in ravines
and on steep declivities, which do not allow of cultivation or grass-
farming. As nearly everywhere in the tropics, the forest here is com-
posed of many different species of trees mixed together, a gregarious
growth being very rare. From the forests of moister tropical countries,
however, the woods in these islands are distinguished by possessing a
quantity of forms with thin, herbaceous leaves, which for this reason
shed their foliage during a part of the year, thus combining the appear-
ance of the woods of colder climates with the dark evergreen forms of
the intertropical countries. Some of these species with deciduous
foliage have two periods for flowering: one precocious in the first
months of the year, when the small quantity of rain seems insufficient
to produce both leaves and flowers at a time, and another later in the
year, when both foliage and blossoms are vigorously developed by the
increased moisture of the summer. The evergreens for the same reason
have a less fixed and more unlimited time for flowering, and seem to
show their reproductive organs whenever the quantity of rain becomes
sufficient for producing them besides maintaining the already existing
foliage. Among the great variety of evergreen forms of trees and
shrubs, I shall here only mention as the most common several species
of Anona; of Guttifere, such as Calophyllum Calaba and Clusia rosea ;
of Sapotacee, such as Sideroxylon, Chrysophyllum, Lucuma, and Di-
pholis; of Rutacew, as Zanthoxylum and Tobinia; of Lauracee, as Nec-
tandra and Oreodoxylon, as well as many others, for the details of which
I beg to refer to the systematical part of my treatise. Others are pos-
sessed of aérial roots by which to affix themselves to the stems of trees
and rocks, as several species of Ficus; others again are vines, such as
Bignonia, Serjania, Gouania, and Cissus.

10 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

Interspersed between these evergreens are seen various species of
arboreous plants with deciduous leaves, the number of which, however,
seldom is large enough to seriously change the general aspect of the
forest as being uniformly green all the year round. The time for shed-
ding their foliage in these forms is generally from January to April,
most of them, as stated before, flowering precociously at this time, as
the moisture in the ground is not sufficient to allow them to retain their
foliage together with the producing of the flowers. It appears evident
that this is the reason for the shedding of the leaves, from the fact ob-
served by me in several species (Such as Piscidia Erythrina and others),
that individuals which, from being too young or for some other reason,
do not flower, do not shed their foliage, but evidently find moisture
enough in the soil to resist the drought, not having to spend their
resources on the production of flowers and fruits, as others of their kind.

The most prominent among the trees and shrubs with a deciduous
foliage are Spondias lutea, Schmidelia occidentalis, the enormous Erio-
dendron anfractuosum, Hura crepitans, Casearia ramiflora, Sabinca Jlorida,
and several others, which all more than the evergreens contribute their
share to the forming of a layer of leaf-mould under the taller forms. Yet
this layer is but scanty in most places, and from the want of it, as well
as from the dense shade preduced by the evergreen trees and shrubs,
the minor forms covering the ground are comparatively scarce, and
chiefly confined to some Piperacew, Acanthacee, and Graminez, as
well as a few ferns and mosses, among which Hemionitis palmata, Pteris
pedata, and Asplenium pusillum are the most common.

A somewhat richer variety is presented by the numerous epiphytes
that cover the branches and stems of trees and shrubs, notwithstanding
that the bark of the latter, from the uniform temperature, is, as a rule,
exceedingly smooth, and but rarely covered with lichens or mosses. Of
real parasites only a few are met with, especially Loranthus emarginatus,
whilst the non -parasitical epiphytes are numerously represented by
Bromeliacexe (principally the genus Tillandsia), Aroidew (among them
the large-leaved Philodendron giganteum), and Orchidace (chiefly Epi-
dendrums and Oncidiums), as wellas some ferns. Of these latter families,
several species are found only on the highest ridges of the islands,
at an elevation of over 1300’, there forming a formation peculiar to
these regions, comprising, among others, some terrestrial Orchids, such
as Habenaria maculosa and alata, as well as some Aroidex, Bromeliacex,
and ferns, among which the beautiful Cyathea arborea deserves special

mention,

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 1

The part of the island inhabited and cultivated by man of course rep-
resents the least of interest in a phyto-geographical sense, as nature here
has been modified and modelled according to the wishes and necessity
of society to such an extent as to almost entirely obliterate its original
character. As stated already, the principal object of cultivation is the
sugar-cane, which, however, is cultivated on a large scale only in the
two largest and most level of the islands, Vieques and St. Croix, the
others, viz. St. Thomas, St. Jan, Tortola, and Virgin Gorda, having,
with a few exceptions, long ago abandoned the cultivation of the cane
as unremunerative, the two remaining of the larger islands, Culebra
and Anegada, never having been appropriated to that purpose.

Besides the cane, some Sorghum vulgare is also cultivated in fields for
herbage, the rest of the tilled soil being used for the planting of the
common tropical vegetables, generally in small quantities, on patches
of soil selected here and there. The commonest of these plants are Yam
(Dioscorea alata and altissima), Sweet Potato (Ipomea Batatas), Okro
(Abelmoschus esculentus), Tanier (Xanthosoma sagiitefolium), Pigeon-pea
(Cytisus Cajan), Tomato, and Pepper (Capsicum), as well as some. Cucur-
bitacez, as Pumpkin, Melon, and others.

Along with these useful plants follow a great number of herbaceous
annuals, mostly cosmopolitan weeds, introduced after the settlement of
the islands, and dependent on the continuous cultivation of the land, as
without the clearing of the soil from shrubs and trees their existence
would soon be terminated by the stronger arboreous species, which
would deprive them of the necessary light and air.

Thus, much against his wish, man favours the propagation of innu-
merable weeds, which in their short period of vegetation produce seeds
enough to secure their continuance on the land notwithstanding the
efforts to exterminate them by frequent weeding. Among the com-
monest of these forms are some Labiate (Leonurus sibiricus, Leonotis
nepetefolia, and Leucas martinicensis), Argemone mexicana, Tribulus max-
imus, Boerhaavia erecta and paniculata, and especially many grasses
and sedges, such as Panicum, Paspalum, Chloris, Digitaria, Cyperus,
and others. The most troublesome of these, from an agricultural point
of view, is the Bay-grass (Cynodon Dactylon), said to be introduced, but
now found everywhere, and, on account of its long creeping rhizoma,
inexterminable.

Similar forms to these are seen growing along roads and ditches, espe-
cially some Leguminosee, as Crotalaria, Desmodium, Phaseolus, Clitoria,

12 - FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

Centrosema, Teramnus, Vigna, Rhynchosia, and others; grasses, as Lap-
pago, Aristida, Sporobolus, Eleusine, Dactyloctenium, and Eragrostis ;
or Synantherex, as Elephantopus, Distreptus, Bidens, and Pectis. Whilst
all these latter forms flower during the greater part of the year, the bean-
tiful Convolvulacex, such as Ipomea fastigiata, Nil, wmbellata, dissecta,
violacea, and others, are in blossom only during the winter months, from
December to February.

In some places that are moist enough, sedges and semi-aquatic plants
will be seen growing; in a few rivulets which contain water all the year
round, and which are limited to Vieques and St. Croix, a few aquatic
forms occur, such as EHchinodorus cordifolius, Lemna minor, Typha an-
gustifolia, and Nymphwa-ampla.

The pastures, which occupy a considerable extent of the land, are
either artificial—planted with Guinea-grass (Panicum maximum), a
perennial plant, and, like most of the cultivated West India plants, in-
troduced from the Old World,—or natural, covered with various forms of
indigenous Graminewe as well as low shrubs and trees, that have con-
tinually to be cleared away to prevent the land becoming overrun by
them. The artificial pastures as a rule are fenced in, and often protected
against the dry season by the planting of Thibet-trees (Acacia Lebbek), now
commonly naturalized everywhere; the natural ones, on the contrary, are
generally open and abandoned to the cattle, whilst the artificial oues are
cut regularly, and the stock is not allowed to enter them.

The grasses composing the natural pastures are several species of Pa-
nicum, Paspalum, Dactyloctenium, and Sporobolus; some, as Tricholana
insularis, being very bitter and unfit for herbage. The roaming about
of the cattle everywhere effectually prevents the re-establishment of trees
or woods, which, for climatic reasons, would be desirable in many places;
for the young buds are destroyed by sheep and goats, which no doubt
have contributed largely to deteriorating even the still existing woods.

Around dwellings are found planted and naturalized most of the plants
now common to nearly all tropical countries,—some fruit-bearing, as
Tamarindus indica, Mangifera indica, Carica Papaga, Persea gratissima,
Crescentia Cujete, Melicocca bijuga; others ornamental, as Poinciana regia,
Calliandra saman, Casalpinia pulcherrima, and others Actual gardens
are now very rare, flowers being mostly cultivated in pots or boxes,
Some few vegetables of colder climates are cultivated in shady places
where water is abundant, such as salad, radishes, cabbage, and others.

In waste places are found most of the tropical weeds, as Lticinus com-

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 13

munis, Datura Metel and Stramonium, Euphorbia pilulifera, heterophylla,
and hypericifolia, Mirabilis jalapa, Jatropha curees, Cassia occidentalis,
and especially several kinds of Sida and Abutilon as well as some other
Malvacee.

The four formations mentioned above are usually found only on the
larger islands, the smaller ones, from their limited size, generally pos-
sessing chiefly the littoral and shrubby only. The island of Anegada,
although being one of the larger ones, yet from its structure and the
nature of its soil, seems to be chiefly covered by a vegetation composed
of the plants of the sandy shore, besides some of the trees and shrubs
following the settlement of man in these regions. Sir R. Schomburgk,
who has given a description of the island in the Journal of the Royal
Geographical Society, 1832, asserts that the island possesses several in-
teresting species of plants, among others a peculiar kind of Croton. As,
however, I have not been able to procure the work referred to above, I
am not prepared to say which those species are, and they are not men-
tioned by Prof. Grisebach in his Flora of the British West India Islands.

Although, as stated above, the general character of the flora both in
St. Croix and the Virgin Islands, considered as a whole, is essentially
the same and distinctly West Indian, yet, in looking more closely into
details, we are soon struck by finding a great many species in the one
which are not found. in the other. This is the more remarkable, as
from a geographical and climatical point of view the physical condi-
tions must be said to be materially identical.

In referring to the list of plants given at the end of my treatise it will
be seen that out of a number of 881 indigenous phanerogamous species
no less than 215, or e. 4, are found in the Virgin Islands only, whilst 98,
or about 4, oceur only in St. Croix, thus leaving only 568, or less than
2, in common to both.

As may be expected from the general character of littoral vegetation,
there are very few species which are not found on both sides of the deep
channel separating St. Croix from its northern neighbours, the principal
exception being Baccharis dioica, which only oceurs in St. Croix, and
Egletes Domingensis, found by me only in the Virgin Islands.

Some greater difference is found in the dry shrubby formation, where
several very common plants, such as Euphorbia petiolaris, Acacia sar-
mentosa, Mamillaria nivosa, and others, are to be seen in the Virgin Isl-
ands only, St. Croix having to itself a few less common species, such as
Sccurinega acidothamnus and Castela erecta. :

14 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS

It is, however, in the forest vegetation, which best represents the
original flora of the islands, that the greatest and most varied differ-
ences are observed, showing especially the great variety of species in
the Virgin Islands which are not all found in St. Croix, and among
which are many of the commonest and most generally distributed forms.
Belonging to St. Croix alone are comparatively few and rare species,
chiefly some Rhamnace, viz, Maytenus elaodendroides and Zizyphus
reticulatus, Catesbwa parviflora, Beloperone nemorosa, Petitia Domingensis,
Bueus Vahlii, and Urera elata. All these forms occur only in a few
localities, and are of no impertance to the general character of vegeta-
tion, as is the case on the Virgin Islands with many of the following
species that are found on them, but not in St. Croix. It would be too
much to mention all the different species here, for which I beg to refer
to the appended list and tabular statement. I shall only enumerate a
few of the most interesting, especially Malpighiacee (as Dyrsonima
lucida, Malpighia Cnida and angustifolia), Rutacee (Pilocarpus racemo-
sus, Tobinia spinosa, Xanthoxylum ochroxylum), Legumninose (Sabinea
florida, Pictetia aristata, Sesbania sericea, and Acacia nudiflora), and
Sapotacee (Sapota Sideroxylon). Among Monocotyledones are to be
mentioned Arthrostylidium capillifolium, Rhynchospora pusilla, Dioscorea
pilosiuscula, Catopsis nutans, and several Orchids. Several of these
plants grow more or less gregariously, thus becoming characteristical
to the formation. Among these are Malpighia Cnida, Reynosia latifolia,
Acacia nudiflora, Sabinea florida, and several species of Pilea, most of
them being very common, and even generally used for domestic pur
poses.

Besides these species, entirely wanting in St. Croix, the Virgin
Islands possess several that are very common, or at least not uncommon
on them, but which oeeur but very rarely in St. Croix, such as Thrinac
argentea, Rondeletia pilosa, Faramea odoratissima, Miconia angustifolia,
Mimosa Ceratonia, and others, and most of which I have not found my-
self in the latter island, but only found labelled with St. Croix as habitat
in the Copenhagen herbarium, so that an error in some cases at least
may be not at all impossible.

However great are the differences in the flora on the two groups of
islands, yet this interesting fact is not due to their possessing endemic
species, as all the plants known as growing on them are also found in
other West India islands, especially Porto Rico, whence the vegetation
of both the Virgin Islands and St. Croix seems to be derived. Thus it

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 15

is mainly to different periods of immigration under varied physical
conditions that we must ascribe the remarkable discrepancies in the
flora of those apparently homogeneous islands. Some few species, it is
true, are indeed given in my list as having been found only in the Vir-
gin Islands, such as a few Cactee, Vernonia Thome, and the new species
described by me on the present occasion. But as long as Porto Rico,
Hayti, and even Cuba, are still insufficiently explored, it may very well
remain doubtful whether those species do not also occur in one or sev-
eral of them, just as several Cuban plants, described as endemical in
that island by Prof. Grisebach, have been found by me to occur not at
all unfrequently in the Virgin Islands and St. Croix, such as Arthrosty-
lidium capillifolium, Reynosia latifolia, and R. mucronata.

It may thus be confidently asserted that both the groups in question
have derived their stock of plants from the neighbouring larger island of
Porto Rico. The question that remains to be solved is merely why
have they not all received the same species, and particularly why is it
that St. Croix, although the largest of all, has received a comparatively
and absolutely much less number of species than for instance the far
smaller St. Thomas?

For the explanation of these interesting facts we have no doubt to
look to the geological history of the islands, as the conditions for immi-
gration over sea, even if possible to all the species, are essentially the
same in both groups, and therefore give no solution of the problem in
question.

IT am thus led to think that at a former period all the West India
islands have been connected mutually, and perhaps with a part of the
American continent also, during which time the plants in common to
all the islands, as well as to the West Indies and the continent, have
expanded themselves over their present geographical areas, at least as
far as they are not possessed of particular faculties for emigration over
the sea. By a subsequent volcanic revolution, St. Croix, as well as
many of the other islands, has thereafter been separated from Porto
Rico and the Virgin Islands, and put into its present isolated position,
which it seems to have retained ever since, whilst the latter group of
islands has either still for a long period remained in connection with
Porto Rico, or, if separated at the same time from it as St. Croix, has,
by another revolution, been again connected with the former.

The plants now found in the Virgin Group, but not occurring in St.
Croix, would thus have immigrated into the former from Porto Rico

16 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

after the separation of St. Croix from the latter, and immigration would
finally have ceased by the separation between them, as it exists at the
present period. Thus, the plants found in the Virgin Islands, but not
in St. Croix, would seem to have been more recently created in the
probable centre of vegetation, Porto Rico, or some other of the larger An-
tilles; the endemic ones, as in the other islands also, being the youngest
of all, not having been formed till after the complete separation between
the islands had been effected. This latter suggestion, which perhaps
seems contradictory to the general accepted theory of considering the
endemic forms on oceanic isles as the remnants of the oldest original
vegetation,* appears to be confirmed by the fact that even on such
recent formations as the Bahamas, which have as yet been but imper-
fectly explored, already no less than eighteen endemic species have been
discovered.t

The supposition that the islands may have been separated from the
beginning, and have received their floras through immigration over the
sea, is sufficiently confuted, partly by the great number of species com-
mon to them all, which clearly indicates the connection in former times
with a larger country, partly by the circumstance that most of the spe-
cies common to the islands are in no way better adapted for migration
over the water than those peculiar to the Virgin Islands only; in fact,
but few of them apparently possess the faculty of crossing salt-water
even for a limited distance.

Supposing the theory of a prolonged or oftener repeated connection
between Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands to be correct, it remains
still to explain how St. Croix can have obtained a number of species
which do not occur in the latter group. A few of these species, viz,
Castela erecta, Maytenus elwodendroides, Zizyphus reticulatus, Anthacan-
thus jamaicensis, and Buxrus Vahlii, occur in St. Croix on the tertiary
limestone only, and seem thus to have avoided the Virgin Islands as
not finding there the substratum suited to their organisation. The
greater part, however, might, for all apparent reasons, as well occur in
the Virgin group as in St. Croix, and their absence in the former cannot
be explained in this way. It must, however, be understood that whilst
my investigation of St. Croix has been thorough, and carried on for
several years, my exploration of the Virgin Islands has been so for only
a part of them, especially the Danish ones, my collections from the

* Hooker: On Insular Floras.
t Griseb.: Geogr. Verbr. der Pfl. Westindiens, p. 55.

a

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 1%

others being only imperfect. Without expecting too much from this
circumstance, yet I feel confident that not few of the St. Croix plants,
apparently wanting in the Virgin group, may, by closer research, still
be discovered growing there on some of them, whilst, on the other hand,
T am equally confident that none, or scarcely any, of the Virgin Islands’
species wanting in St. Croix will be found in the latter island.

It may furthermore be observed that scarcely any of the St. Croix
species which I have given as being absent from the Virgin group are
common or widely distributed over the island, and so are not possessed
of any great faculty for conquering ground in the struggle for exist-
_ ence, for which reason some of them may not have been able to gain
admission on the much smaller surface of the Virgin Islands, or, having
obtained a footing, they may have lost it again by the later immigra-
tion of other species, now peculiar to the group compared with St. Croix,
many of which, as will be remembered, are gregarious, and gifted with
great facility for expanding themselves.

A very few species form an exception as to the limited distribution in
St. Croix, Bacharis Vahlii, Cordia alba, and Algiphila martinicensis, oc-
curring rather frequently in the island, but having as yet not been found
at all in the Virgin group, although they occur in several others of the
West India islands. I am not prepared to give a satisfactory explana-
tion of this fact at the present moment; but such isolated exceptions will
no doubt always be met with in the explanation of general phenomena,
and most probably a more thorough investigation of vegetable biology
will at a future day afford a satisfactory explanation of such appar-
ently inconsistent facts.

In drawing the necessary consequences of the above stated theory for
explaining the geographical distribution of vegetable species in St. Croix
and the Virgin Islands, it would thus appear necessary to conclude, for
instance, from the occurrence of Sabinea florida both in Porto Rico, the
Virgin Islands, and Dominica, but not in St. Croix, that the first-named
islands were still all connected, when the latter had already been sep-
arated from them and put into its present isolated position. A similar
inference might be drawn from the distribution of Malpighia Cnida,
whilst the occurrence of Acacia nudiflora would seem to prove a simi-
lar thing for Hayti, Porto Rico, and Antigua.

It can, therefore, scarcely be presumed, as done by Prof. Grisebach
in his Geogr. Verbreitung der Pfl. Westindiens, that the distribution
of species is regulated chiefly by geographical distances. A closer in-
vestigation of the flora of the various islands no doubt will confirm the

Bull. Nat. Mus. No, 13——2

18 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

theory drawn from the facts observed in regard to the mutual relation
between St. Croix and the Virgin Islands, that geological revolutions
have been equally or perhaps even mere powerfully influential in arrang-
ing the distribution of species than the greater or smaller distance, and
the similarity of physical conditions.

A full knowledge of these interesting facts can, however, not be ex-
pected till a more thorough exploration of all the West India islands
has taken place. Few of them are as yet tolerably well known, and it is
therefore earnestly to be hoped that such an exploration of all the West
Indies may soon be effected, the result of which will no doubt be of
the highest importance both to botany and to all other branches of
natural science.

It generally requires the accumulated study and knowledge of gener-
ations before the less palpable and more delicate, but often most impor-
tant, facts in natural history can be explained: the West Indies have
been comparatively well studied since the middle of the last century;
and it would seem well now to follow up the work in order to complete
a thorough investigation, which might be used as a basis for the ex-
planation of similar facts observed in other and less well known parts
of the world.

The flora of the Virgin Islands and St. Croix has been studied by
several botanists, some of whom have published the results of their re-
search, which has, however, among the former group, been chiefly con-
fined to the Danish islands, the English and particularly the Spanish
ones having as yet been only imperfectly explored.

Publications on the flora of these islands aré given by West in his
Deseription of St. Croix (Copenhagen, 1793); Schlechtendal, Florula
Ins. St. Thome, in Linnzea, 1828-31 and 1854; and Eggers, Flora of St.
Croix, in the Vidensk. Medd. fra Naturhist. Forening (Copenhagen, 1876)
besides minor contributions in Vahl’s Eclogee Americanie, Symbol Bo-
taniee, and Enumeratio Plantarum, Krebs in Naturh. Tidsskrift, 1547,
on the flora of St. Thomas, De Candolle’s Prodromus, and Grisebach’s
Flora of the British West India Islands. This latter work, no doubt
from want of material, scarcely ever mentions the British Virgin Islands.

Collections of plants from the islands in question are found chiefly in
the Museum of the Botanical Garden in Copenhagen, as well as seat-
tered in other European herbaria, collected principally by y. Rohr, West,
Dr. Ryan, Ledru, Riedlé, L’Herminier in the past century, by Benzon,
Wahlmann, Ehrenberg, Dr. Ravn, Dr. Hornbeck, Duchassaing, Schom-
burgk, Plée, Wydler, Orsted, Krebs, and Eggers in the present.

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 19

The following list of plants from St. Croix and the Virgin Islands
formed on my own collections and the publications or collections of other
botanists, comprises 1013* species of phanerogamous and vascular eryp-
togamous plants, of which 881 are indigenous and 132 naturalized, those
merely cultivated being added in brackets after each family.

In determining the species I have, besides consulting the more im-
portant general systematical works on botany, as much as possible fol-
lowed Prof. Grisebach’s standard work on the Flora of the British West
India Islands, to which I therefore beg to refer when no other authority
is given. Synonymes and references to other authors are given only
where it was thought desirable to supplement the Flora of Grisebach in
this respect. ;

To the specific names of plants I have added only such statements as
are not given in Grisebach’s work,—as local name, time for flowering,
technical use, as well as descriptive remarks, where my own observation

‘shows a difference from the description given in the flora mentioned
above.

In referring to Schlechtendal, or the herbarium of the Copenhagen
Museum, I have used the abbreviations Schl. and Hb. Havn.; in quoting
West or Schlechtendal, their respective works on St. Croix and St.
Thomas, mentioned above, are understood to be referred to.

Special localities for habitats are given only where a plant is rare, or

at all events uncommon; otherwise the island alone is mentioned. °

The expression, “All islands,” is meant to imply that the species is
found both in St. Croix and the Virgin group, without necessarily mean-
ing to say that it occurs in every island of the latter.

In summing up the statistical results from my list of species, nearly
the same conclusions with regard to the most numerous families are
arrived at as those given in Prof. Grisebach’s Geogr. Verbr. der Pflanzen
Westindiens, p. 73, for the Caribbean Islands.

The proportion between Mono- and Dicotyledonous plants indigenous
and naturalized is 1:5.8, in the indigenous ones alone 1:4.9, thus show-
ing the plurality of the recently introduced plants to have been Dicoty-
ledonous. The proportion mentioned in the plants indigenous to the
islands is somewhat lower than stated by Grisebach, as cited above, to
be the rule in the West Indies, where it is given as 1:4, indicating, no
doubt, that the climate of St. Croix and the Virgin Islands is less moist
than that of the West Indies in general.

*De Candolle (Geogr. Bot. p. 1274) gives to St. Thomas as the probable number of
Phanerogama only 450; but my list shows about 900.

20 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

Table showing the distribution of the Indigenous Species of Phanerogame and Cryptogome |
Vasculares in St. Croix and the Virgin Islands. y

B) ae) es
a2 | £2| 2| 2
n Palo &
A,.—DICOTYLEDONES.
Milleninced < ose scence cuses Sars ccewoacomensee degen aran Askar Seer eres eae Ore onan 1
AMNONACORD << occa. cede ce sccawedd mato ecsmnn éGam apne pa mime'e's oye om eo eRe 1 5 7
Menispermace®. ..-..-.-.----2-- 2-0 - ee ee een en eee e ne nent en en ene ener eee ener e eee 1 1 2
Nymphmace®. -...-----2.-- 2-2 ee ene eee eee e ete eee cee e ence ene cence nee e nee e[en ne eeee 1 1
PAPAVETACED 2.226. occ sce cewm ter nmasansceseeurs ewe eee nado ee nee eee | eee ee 1 1
Gruciferss «ani: cans cdncccbnacapwascasancs decewacdnchrnee ap Saccmwnen|sesvesadiwasedanie 3 3
Capparidaced ...... 2.222. cee e ne en en ee cece en cece nee cece nnn e cree ec ens |eencenes 1 7 8
Bixacer occ vc coco caescuesseeas ae cur cd scenasaap nia duhdwemivabsaesan=lanaasads 1 5 6
Wiolacene ences on oe cece cinccoGu pasate sbeoenconssesnnasebann anneal t= semua | eeiiastes J 1
Polyealnoews . asswosse neh - 2+ = encase soe foe oe Sans ee eees sce an | aes Skee 3
Caryophyllacem.........-----2e--0----022--- Fenn wenencnenccnscnesceces 1 2 9 12
Mal waGesh a ass ooo sa ene n dice coma dns ok ea pees anne aos ene ete naa ner Ss as 6 21 31
BOWIDAGOR fete na cuca daccuwaqaewecnenvenenan seh news pend sesame wae sr~mnk tt leeeeeee 2 3
IBUGONGLINOOGD sce. sk scorn ocanes ues teeee daceb es wecascasesen>=nensleaneas Deals 5 6
UN ARAN non naan diac von dana '<nees cama nge ase nnee ade ree eh nanos 19 eee. os 7 8
PEYHStLOMUACOD <csc ce cece scr acenccccnecemunnaapesanawescasebesbome|suewasqa|Josewont 1 $4
TIT er oe oe eee nena s ceou nd cect e ach ache ws cn ae a a ene moe wen ace eis oan mel emer 3 3
Gariellacete: as- soe sacmucanads canadien swawcnsaqs eb poeenen seenees Snape sah eee ame] weenie 1 1
Erythroxylacem ........---- 2-200... econ ene ee eee en eneneeee SSamecaens|senpanme|scmenene 1 1
Malpighiacem.........-------- 2-02. een e eee e nen ene eee eee eee e ee nee ee sles scenes 8 7 10
Sapindacem . ......2..202-ce cece sec cen cn cen nnn wernt cena nen n ec cweceene 2 1 4 7
(MBUGCER fe osu. tattoo annus cxmnemue smaben ase e a= ae rem nn an anise <i ae a alee eine eae 3 3
Oxnlidaness 255 0 ee oe ee ea ee ee pian ea beak apa span ace cel Me eee ope 1 1
ZyGophyllacewM ... 2... 222.222. aacenecccaceescccecoaqcccessscceece cose al eee 2 3
WEURCGID hoon tebe cuanawsncw es tanec css ee A eee 3 3 8 9
OUROROER eee ee doe oe oe ek Se ce ae ee eee Bee a an be gem an wius | Me pene cab ere x 1
AMM POliGOs oo a5 <a wns anon conn nin na cewnnecechnsecnnecie nawencuannskans|ssensene|cenass «= 4 4
SBIASIRACRNS «oan = crook crane cade cen an aw eon enan enn toneh anc ereeeneg Dat ewase 5 6
WR SMNGGess cal ns ede hae ines ae ae enna ween epee 2 1 4 %
*DAPSUINTDACED xo Suna « wae eae pane aie hei kin oa none een ee pants 1 1 5 7
TO QUMINOSD 2.22. cen e cee nccmeneanc case cnescnnnenacewcccnsnceccnces 7 18 50 75
ChrysobalannGed 5... . isd. .ssccccmc nse cnsheenssanenseuns smansecstswce|s=nwea ws|pea=n me 1 1
WV TiO GOS 55 ak Jas wena ane se panes ce eaee iene Resta eae ater ik 4 18 26
IM GIASTOMNCONS cot Sw uuboasccemne kkasssatapias Si e> sos ehip en's uae ak tann ae |e ceeaae 4 6 10
Syiliranlacessc \.2 ois nob aceanw aude en Speacens een n seen nena aoweae es eek bee Selene 2 2
QNSETAOOR 5 os ioe 5 ais 5. da nee deen de soe een rg ep eae oan awe On ee ee aaa ee ee 1 1
TSUN DROLAOOM sie nocescean enn spanks anaskacdaune nk ae aaeuenee enc neel eae eee Soo eee 1 1
GoM DTSHCO | 2. ca civnep cdo enwad hq w Mos Kas ae ack ppunuee else e tamed dlp eieeeen Saerne oe 3 3
Cucurbitacem ..........0..20.00-- Ee ee) ae ae aes 1 1 7 9
RUNG ROOIN asp ce akan cin dace es CRnaw aN nmalaMy sae poh me btaetacca dary eee | ieee aba | oe eae! 1 1
PP PRBIOTADOR | oo. 52 Fo ccc cdtan Cu eucearadadaaeaba ties annette keene 2 1 5 8
RINE ROOM 0220s u's van db a danni degen mclaren meen sak ae ee ies al eee 1 1 2
RECWROOND Wink n s cane ea Ue on upccnuinwals Re wnb a eas Ga emits amie ehon Waeeereetell Ceara 4 8 12
SRAISAUR Sa aria wh Wile iim ain Sort A es es lat ial ka hc eee rice meee | eee Oi. de Gale 1
RDO co catn ined orks Kaahenaopek ar dp de apwe ne cae ene aetinn ate eee Selo cae 1
PURMELIOOED ba’ kt hivwutiuss = tncaxwappanabs anndom wns mnnMemn ied ammeeteme Re 1 2
UE SNCs arith rk ec atts aa ant he X sk cn © Wm neat ieesdecaise do ea reac ee 4 g 22 ot
PUM COLOND Kn Ge dain ene mlnpixwe vine w no alae » te eet a ee E iemeeeceere 4 13 32 49
SG GLANS xa agai cana on pia f winm ms micas Wabi mpl wol pre rarer ea eee ee aera etree 1 1
Goodenoviace® .......-...... Ws nnnanddnbtias bhan awnhatedxactn ties soup teeeireanl crane 1 1
MG PRINGODIG paces canned mpsitds wa chennd és Men ka eh Skah MRED RARER meee ReneS geet 2 2
RONCUACONS ca cctcuavectGauuadcaansucnauan quangeuacescedevawetncenndasslassenens 2 9 ll

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 21

Table showing the distribution of the Indigenous Species of Phanerogame and Cryptogame
Vasculares in St. Croix and the Virgin Islands—Contiuued.

eae eae

H

7 548 5 °

mn > © Oo A
SLUT CAS Eeemntane sees nanccicine scans cinascasicclcusscesscasnasicasamcieses|(casns— a5 Lee | elas teeters 1
Mem COmeeme eras tea tens ofr e nae dnacace cease esiteal ccc teh lewrans- : Dy |eeecessi: 1
GMlenceeee seseseecaccem cas cecinee scan csia ce winwinis «see coaaicence monies Beer laceweceslneecseie= 2 2
Apocynace® ......--------------2-s-eene e---e- (eatetsateie sisjsee eeitel= scereiniats | mists elviarele 2 9 11
PAR CIOMIAGACE lo sicicies onic cle/cclsiewislsivis sisomuislslcisiecesisinisisans amecceucemee 1 3 3 qT
ROVCOLVITACHIOs == cuca Soccer ocicce ec csescaunascess coweciccsiem(scjcitasia= 3 4 24 84
FEVanOleaACODaacmeo seatenee saan oe erociescceacs sclneacstace sce sacessere tee csie-|esreen'c i} 1
EO AOINACOO sem es enns acmocamclensnaainccaisiss sce ecco eeccislenlseeaesecis 3 4 17 24
PO EAC ESO ee ieee mee ae avian ania eietnn es aelelal lola sinaie\seeansiscamele sian nines nl 8 12 21
GLO POM ATI AOO Ee emtecla nce else saienis c/nuia ainialaelcwais(cicisiee <isieicacieaeiaiawiajae's 2 1 3 6
POM OMIACED em orca sa /nniscilomen's = ses\a's tase cloesiesecscecicacccsiccossives: 1 2 6 9
AGATA CES mae ees aan mac cepcaias as eo ems slaiaisiaiwialeisis|< «Injelninaleialesielnia(='s,o.<1- 3 2 10 15
SS OSHOUIAC BOR ote ses cnisini cai ceieicsinene ceciccisemaisit ccisaislsesclaciein cells cicnia| sacciccien|\ccmas ccm L 7
ADA ED eerie ote ae niol na nae olo'c'e oles loca. sine on aitanineew nelsisc atc elcteia(eisic'e = owisite = 1 2 9 12
BVIETDERACED <<cewc:sccecasswiee elaaieinicineateateainsisinais ec nciccis saci sre lester 5 2 13 20
WIM OP OTUCC OD eeeta sei ciamalstetsiaraian as aiela sianiae a ania) s oii sinieisiapicicnaeiasice ail sels aires] ote slates eie 1 1
PLT SE DDACE ID leleleleaa'e a vlommialninieesici-'nle'om onicle ane ae swleceiciese cies cmirce~ =| Selciemiess ue ee ssc 1 1
BY LOLA CCRCBD sesic ci ctin clnisinicccleic,cjesislclsic/slarnie ain nie]=uicieis S eleisinizinie njsiaisis s'=isis Ae eee 4 5
SHEN OpOUIACC@ ins somemne ser ece nears sce coe tenicne nce noicisemscaciccnin| seesiiccislteeeeetes 3
PANTY EAT O RCCL alae ame slate se eiatsielatain| sista alsinlisterclsinic)arelsicisin ce a'eetelee/en © icine se ccl la steienelss 2 13 15
ENGL PAMILC ELD a iaele ininleeinie = c'elainin's Sain na)siesis)s sis 's'eisinie's'o s's/='sis'sieis's s/sicicicis/s = Ws ees eyeleyers 5 6
GLY PONACE Danaea jena cecenesscceince decree eet ste cana aiaialea snaicaes: 4 1 3 8
HE AUIVAC Gre Mera ais on cleaisinte = jaleiasiwiaooiale scoliosis cin min Sanja Seow esicisise oo Seles 2 3 4 9
PUL WING BACOD emcee cose ces lacsscesrasccc- > ace csece cs mleteleleieleicieie'e = <siw'els||lSsia.eis o/s Desc earss 1
TEP HONDIAUDO rac ccicasieme am ce cieciiscmsmaissic dee ec asaotessiaccs-c a ae 3 5 30 38
UMULCR GE aames tees Sete nals aene seins mes cise ezcce sacar Soc cieeen clone Shee 4 a 10 21
PANTS LOLOG DIAC OM ee arieeatals selene m selec mem seit oar cis snlesancssecs last iala6 Tease oe 1 2
COM ALCO meare ma toe emacs recalea danas setae met ais oniamananee sc | cise rals cic Dea loses cee 1
MS UDOUACOUS eels clot tee alsin a araisiat tannins aia an oisieisoinie losis sacle ele sieeeie a= 2 3 7 12

B.—MONOCOTYLEDONES.
PAULIB COGS eraetata = aiairs stat oe ents a ae swisiesa ca ocetoeeceewenc ciccede cts cena Th Seeeee cele eee 1
EBV OFOCUALICACED ae lsijas snc asics cs ssecnieisises coats eeteee oe auc cncacteas|pSocecculbooce cee 1 1
ALAM GES semiye seins Wane ance neciatac.c sisie/saiico ae ccietciccs ce Sekcceeeuseslhcckecue 3 2 5
PAIED IU CLE amettetnere aces wae nae seren ee wae Soest amine isocesiseescacdeecsesss 1 6 3 9
BUSY ERC CSD be irncta niet wiotoe oo siete eae claronisialaiesisicicisiaseclals saie'cteisisiee neeice cet | ceaseless cess 1 1
ES eee Se eee te awe Senne yeacise ore csncuc as tecesce sore steees [sects a ere olatadare/e 2 2
GC ONINTELYTIACEPO Re see maras as each esses rene wee cicass ca cececeshecaelece ieee: 2 3 5
CREAININ AD OD ee reat sees See conan dos e-nes J bac oboe caneaunesaeee: 4 14 85 53
OB DOLACCD ema teeise a ee Seiatenaiia tae ons aaa cece acca cieaice Soe nae aaeeeee 5 15 13 33
MM ACOM ed esate sane te veene waste oases deco abe ees a ssustnceweeeecoe Eo ficeces a 8
RULOR terete ae earn saa oo iaieaaeioa, «Meee tah coe nee eceeees iL Oe | eres coe 2
HUH CONGACED leno ontvotnwe eens soca Roe sus ece ek pales dose meen eee see Sialiscoacee 3
IBEOMNCUA CEM saat ee see ae tate e sense te cite nee cae Saat say Py ey lL REE ee 8 5 8
PICLUATINIOSS bois nce on ecle oun c/n a acosiwc Newsies Bevis ine pias aes eee Bates | eaaiaiea ea lee ee ces. 1 1
Wrehidave ns eree = tiascwsco oct ues see Ssise doce ue cee eee eet x 12 2 15
C.—CRYPTOGAM2 VASCULARES.

Rar CCIE eae ne Yohei a EAE oe hos aed ete Mr eee ante |e oeLuc 1 1 2
RIOR meine ee scion cata sent euaus woos nee Ce eS ane eee 4 15 15 34

ee ee

Naturalized species .............-..---0-- ROE, SAO ene eres > 17 6 109 132

SRO UM lemeetem esemenn dae oes ee dant cele see odle tee eee eee aaa 115 221 677 1018
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FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS,
WEST INDIES,

i. PHANEROGAM Ai:

A. DICOTYLEDONES.
DILLENIACEXR.

1. Davilla rugosa, Poi.

St. Thomas (Griseb. Fl. p. 3).

ANONACE EE.
2. Anona muricata, L. (v. Soursop, Susakka).

Fl. Feb—May. Leaves with a peculiar strong scent, used against
fever and vermin. Fruit edible; pulp resembling curdled milk, acidu-
lous. In forests and thickets, common.—ALII islands.

3. A. laurifolia, Dun. (v. Wild Soursop).

Fl. Feb—May. Resembling the former species in the foliage, but
leaves of a quite different smell. Not uncommon in forests.—St. Croix;
St. Thomas.

4, A. palustris, L. (v. Monkey-apple, Bunya).

Fl. May-June. Fruit not edible; used as bait for fishes. Common in
marshy soil.—AIU islands.

5. A. squamosa, L. (v. Sugar-apple).

Fl. April-June. Foliage partly deciduous in March and April. Fruit
edible, sweet, soft. Common in thickets.—AI]I islands.
6. A. reticulata, L. (v. Custard-apple).

Fl. April-May. Fruit edible. In woods, not uncommon; also planted
near dwellings.—A1ll islands.—The enlarged top of the connective in all
species of Anona is siliceous. None of the species enumerated above
contains narcotic principles, as is the case with A. Cherimolia, Mill., and
others.

7. Guatteria Ouregou, Dun.

St. Thomas (Griseb. Fl. p. 7).

8. Oxandra laurifolia, Rich. (Uvaria excelsa, Vahl in Hb, Juss.).

St. Croix (Caledonia Gut, West, p. 292).
23

24 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

MENISPERMACE ®.
9. Cocculus domingensis, DC.

Fl. June-Aug. Stem woody, as much as two inches in diameter.
Inflorescences often 3 or 4 uniserial in the same axil. (See Delessert,
Icones, t. 96.) In forests, not common.—St. Thomas (near St. Peter,
1600’).

10. Cissampelos Pareira, L. (v. Velvet-leaf). «) Pareira and #) microcarpa, DC,

Fl. Noy.-Mareh. In forests and thickets, common.—aA1I] islands,

NWMPEHEACEZE.
11. Nymphea ampla, DC. (v. Water-lily). () parviflora.
Fl. April—July. In rivulets—St. Croix (Kingshill Gut); Vieques

(Port Royal).
PAPAVERACEX®.

12. Argemone mexicana, L. (v. Thistle).

Fl. the whole year. A very common weed in dry places.—A1] islands.

CRUCIFERE.

13. Nasturtium officinale, R. Br. (v. Water-cress).

Never seen flowering. Naturalized along rivulets.—St Croix; St.
Thomas.
14. Sinapis brassicata, L. (v. Wild Mustard).

Fl. Jan.June. Around dwellings and in waste places, not uncom-
mon.—AII islands.
15. Sinapis arvensis, L.

Fl. cleistogamous in February. Regular flowers later in the year.
Naturalized; rare.—St. Croix (near Anguilla).
16. Lepidium virginicum, L.

Fl. the whole year. A common weed along roadsides and near dwell-
ings.—AI1 islands.
17. Cakile zequalis, L’Her.

Fl. Feb.—July. Rather common on sandy shores.—AIl islands.

{Cultivated species: Brassica oleracea, L. (v. Cabbage); Lepidium sati-
vum, L. (v. Cress); and Raphanus sativus, L. (v. Radish). ]

CAPPARIDACE®.

18. Cleome pentaphylla, L. (v. Massambee).

Fl. the whole year. Flowers often polygamous. Leaves used as
spinach. A common weed near dwellings and in waste places.—All
islands.

bo

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 5

19. C. pungens, W. (v. Wild Massémbee). c) and 8) Swartziana.

I'l. the whole year. Common along roads and ditches.—AlII islands.
20. C. viscosa, L.

Fl. May—Dee. Naturalized here and there.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.
21. Moringa pterygosperma, G. (v. Horse-radish-tree).

Tl. the whole year. Root with a flavour of horse-radish. Naturalized
and common near dwellings.—AIl islands.

22. Capparis amygdalina, Lam.

Fl. March-June. Leaves on young radical shoots linear in this and
the two following species. Not uncommon in thieckets.—AI] islands.
23. C. jamaicensis, Jacq. (v. Black Willie). w) marginata and 7) siliquosa.

FL Aprili-Aug. a) not uncommon; /) less common along the shore
and in thickets.—AIl islands.

24. C. cynophallophora, L. (v. Linguan-iree). ca) and £) saligna.

Fl. Feb.—Aug.—Glands 2-4, uniserial in the axils, exuding nectar
when young before the time of flowering, and are to be considered as
reduced branches or inflorescences.

25. C. verrucosa, Jacq.

_ Fl. April-May. A middle-sized tree. Not uncommon in forests on
the Virgin Islands.

26. C. frondesa, Jacq. (v. Rat-bean).

Fl. Feb—May. Seeds very poisonous. Common in forests.—AIlL
islands.

27. Morisonia americana, L. a) and 3) subpeltata, Gris. in litt.

Fl. May—Oct. A considerable-sized tree. a) all islands; £) leaves
subpeltate.—St. Croix (Spring Gut).

BIXACE &.
28. Bixa Orellana, L. (v. Roucon).

Fl. June-July. The red pigment of the fruit was generally used by
the Caribs for anointing the whole body (Du Tertre). Naturalized in
forests.—St. Croix (Crequis, Wills Bay); -St. Thomas (Crown). —

29. Trilix crucis, Griseb.

Fl. April-June. Stipules very variable. Petals always abortive in

my specimens. <A low tree or shrub. Uncommon in forests.—St. Croix

(Wills Bay, Mt. Eagle); St. Thomas (Flag Hill); St. Jan (Cinnamon
Bay).

26 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

30. Casearia sylvestris, Sw.
Vl. Jan.Feb. and May-July. Seed covered by a red arillus. Com-
mon in forests and thickets.—AI] islands.

31. C. parvifolia, W. «) and #) microcarpa, Egg.

Fl. March-July. Flowers odorous. Stamens alternately of equal
length. Not uncommon in forests. A low tree.—ca) Virgin Islands;
6) fruit small, 2” diam., St. Croix.

32. C. ramiflora, Vahl. c).

Fl. Jan.-Feb. and July—Aug. Pedicel articulate below the middle.
Arillus fibrous. Common in forests.—AII islands.

33. Samyda glabrata, Sw.

Fl. June. Tare, in thickets on highest hill-tops.—St. Thomas (Crown,
1400’).
34. S. serrulata, L.

Fl. Peb.May. Flowers odorous, precocious. Pedicels articulated at
the middle. Leaves of young radical shoots linear. Common in thick-

ets.—AL islands.
VIOLACEZ.
35. Ionidium strictum, Vent.

Il. all the year round. Flower matutine. Rather uncommon in fis-
sures of rocks in thickets.—St. Croix; Water Island.
TAMARICACEX.
36. Tamarix indica, Willd. (v. Cypress).
Il. Sept-Oct. Naturalized in gardens.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.
POLVYGALACES®.
37. Polygala angustifolia, HB. Kth.
Vl. Dec.—Feb. In the shade of dense thickets. Rare.—St. Thomas
(Cowell’s Hill).
38. Securidaca Brownei, Gr. (S. scandens of West).
Vl. Peb.—April. Naturalized around Christiansted, v. Rohr.—St.
Croix.
39. S. erecta, L.
St. Thomas (DC. Prodr. i, 341; Gris. Fl. p. 30).
40. Krameria Ixina, L.

Vl. July. The three narrow petals, resembling abortive stamens, are
bent forward and cover the anthers. The two lateral o1.es are fleshy,

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 27

and covered on the outer side with fleshy papille. Fruit 1-seeded by
abortion. Gregarious along roadsides in dry localities, but uncom-
mon.—St. Thomas (Bovoni).

CARYOPHYLLACEZ.
I. PARONYCHIACEZ.
41. Drymaria cordata, W. 3) diandra.
Fl. May-June. In moist localities in the shade. Rare.—St. Croix
(Spring Garden).
42. Cypselea humifusa, Turp.
Fl. July. Gregarious around a small fresh-water lagoon. MNare.—
Water Island.
II. MOLLUGINE.
43. Mollugo verticillata, L.
Fl. Aug. Leaves often fleshy. On rocky shores. Rare.—Buck Isl:
and, near St. Thomas.
44. M. nudicaulis, Lam.
Fl. Sept—Dec. Not uncommon in moist localities—St. Croix; Buck
Island near St. Croix; St. Thomas.

III. PoRTULACE.
45. Talinum triangulare, W.

Fl. all the year round. Flower open till 11 A.M. Sepals of unequal
size. The large one 1-ribbed, the smaller one 3-ribbed. Petals often
yellow (as represented in Jacq. Stirp. Americ. t. 135). Rather uncom-
mon. On rocks near the seashore.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.

46. T. patens, W.

Fl. all the year round. Flower open from 3 P. M. till sunset. Petals
pale red or yellow (Bot. Mag. t. 1543). Root tuberous. Here and there
in rocky situations.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.

47. Portulaca oleracea, L. (v. Purslane). a) macrantha, @) micrantha, Eee.

FJ. the whole year. Flower open till 10 A.M. a) brownish, 5 petals,
as many as 25 stamens, corolla 6’” diam. ) green, 4 petals, 10-12 sta-
mens, corolla 3/” diam. Both varieties common along roadsides and in
open spots.—A1I islands.

48. P. quadrifida, L. (Mant. 78).

Fl. all the year round. Petals 4, yellow, 2’” long. Flower open from
li A. M. till3 P.M. Leaves opposite, clasping together towards even-
ing. A common weed in gardens and along roads.—AI1 islands.

28° FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.
49. P. pilosa, L.

Fl. all the year round. Often nearly glabrous. Roots tuberous.
Petals red or yellow, large. Corolla up to 16/” diam., open only till 9
a.m. Seeds dark brown. Leaves adpressing themselves downward to
the stem towards evening. Not uncommon. Along ditches and in
grass-fields.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.

50. P. halimoides, L.
I'l. June—Dee. Common along roadsides and among rocks.—St.
Croix; St. Thomas.

51. Sesuvium portulacastrum, L. (v. Bay-flower).
Tl. all the year round. Sepals rosy inside. Common on sandy
shores.—A1]] islands.

52. Trianthema monogynum, L.

Fl. all the year round. Branches always originating in the axil of
the smaller leaf. Stamens 7-17. Sepals and stamens rosy or white.
Common on rocky shores.—St. Croix ; St. Thomas.

MALVACEAE.
53. Malvastrum spicatum, Gris. (v. Hollow-stock).

Fl. all the year round. Flower expanding in the afternoon. Very
variable. A common weed along roads and in fields.—A1I islands.

54. M. tricuspidatum, Asa Gray.
TL all the year round. Common along roads and ditches.—AII isl-

ands.

55. Sida carpinifolia, L. c) and ?) brevicuspidata.

Fl. Sept._March. Pedicel geniculate at the base, or as often not so.
Petals imbricate dextrorsely or sinistrorsely. Both forms very common
weeds everywhere in dry localities.—A11 islands.

5G. S. glomerata, Cav.
Il. Aug.-Oct.—Buck Island near St. Thomas; Vieques.

57. S. ciliaris, L.

Fl. Sept.March. Flower expanded till 10 A.M. Stipules always
longer than the petioles. Leaves closely clasping the stem in the
evening. Gregarious on roads and near ditches. Common.—A1I1 islands.

FLORA OF ‘ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 29

58. Sida jamaicensis, L.

Fl. Dee.—March. Flower expanded till 9 A. M. Calyx shorter than
the corolla. In grass-fields and thickets. Often suffrutescent, 6’ high.
Common.—All islands.

59. S. spinosa, L. a), 3) angustifolia, Lam., and y) polycarpa, Egg.

Fl. Sept.—March. ;) suffrutescent, 4’ high. Pedicel as long as the
whole leaf. Pistils, ovaries, and carpids always 12. a) and 7) common
in grass-fields and pastures. 7) near rivulets.—AIl islands.

60. S. rhombifolia, L. (v. Swart Mardn). y) retusa.

Fl. Dee.—March. Petals showing a purple blot at the base. Com-
mon in waste places.—AII isiands.
61. S. tristis, Schlecht. (Linnea, iii, 271).

St. Thomas (Schl).

62. S. supina, L’Her. a) glabra and ;3) pilosa, Egg.
Fl. Nov.-March. Two very distinct forms: a) in shady, moist places ;
6) in dry localities. Not uncommon in thickets and forests.—AIl islands.

63. S. arguta, Cay. (not S. arguta, Sw., as stated in Griseb. Syst. Unters. p. 31)
St. Croix (West, 297); St. Thomas (Schl.).

64. S. nervosa, DC. a) and 3) viscosa, Egg.

Fl. Dec.-April. /) viscous and glandular pilose. Petals reddish ;
pistils red. Not uncommon along roads and ditches.—AII islands.

65. S. acuminata, DC. a) macrophylla and 3) microphylla.
St. Thomas (Schl.). “In locis siccis.”
66. S. cordifolia, L. () althezfolia, Sw.
Fl. March. Here and there along roads.—St. Croix (West, 297); St.
Jan (Bethania).
67. S. humilis, W. (?) Cav.

St. Thomas (Schl.). “In locis umbrosis.”

68. Abutilon periplccifolium, G. Don. ca) and #) albicans, carpids 3-ovulate.

Fl. all the year round.’ Seeds dimorphous. The two seeds in the
superior cell glabrous, the one in the inferior silky. «) not uncommon
along roads. ) uncommon.—St. Croix (a and ); St. Jan (3).

69. A. umbellatum, Sw.
Fl. Dec.—Mareh. Seeds cordate, brown, Not very common in open,
dry localities.—A1I] islands.

30 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

70. A. indicum, G. Don (vy. Mahoe). a) and /) asiaticum.

Fl. all the year round. Flower expanded after 3 P. M. only. Both
forms common along roads and on waste places.—St. Croix ; St. Thomas.
71. A. lignosum, Rich. (v. Marsh-mallow).

Il. Nov.-May. Flower expanded during the afternoon only. Seeds
irregularly triangular, verrucose, grey. —St. Croix.

72. Bastardia viscosa, Kth. a).

Il. all the year round. Flower expanded during the afternoon only.
Common along roads and in dry localities.—A1Il islands.

73. Malachra capitata, L. a) and 8) alceifolia, Jacq.

Vl, Dee.—March. Flower expanded only till2 P. M. Along ditches
and in moist places. a) rather common; 3) less common.—A11 islands.
74. M. urens, Poit.

Fl. April. Petals yellow, puberulous externally. Seeds smooth, gla-
brous. Uncommon on waste places.—St. Thomas (western shore of the
harbour),

75. Urena lobata,L. a) americana.

I'l. Nov.-June. Flower expanded till 10 A. M. In forests.—St. Croix
(rare; Prosperity on the north coast); St. Thomas; St. Jan (not un-
common).

76. Pavonia spinifex, Cav. e

Il. Oct.-Dee. Rather common in thickets and forests.—ALII islands.

77. P. racemosa, Sw.

Fl. Oct. In marshy soil among Laguneularia and Conocarpus.—St.
Croix (uncommon; Salt River).
78. Kosteletzkya pentasperma, Gr.

Il. Aug. Flower expanded till10 A. M. In marshy soil. Rare.—St.
Thomas (Krumbay).
79. Abelmoschus esculentus. W. A. (v. Okro).

I'l. all the year round, Fruit used immature as a vegetable. Culti-
vated and naturalized near dwellings.—AI1 islands.
80. Hibiscus clypeatus, L.

St. Croix (West, p. 298).
81. H. vitifolius, L.

Fl, Dee.—Mareh, Along roads and in thickets —St. Croix (naturalized
in the eastern part of the island).

i te

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 31

82. H. Sabdariffa, L. (v. Red Sorrel). i

Fl. Oct.-Nov. Leaves used as a vegetable. Calyx at length fleshy,
used for lemonade. Cultivated and naturalized here and there.—St.
Croix; St. Thomas.
83. H. phceniceus, Jacq.

Fl. Sept—March. Rather common in thickets, especially near dwell-
ings.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.
84. H. brasiliensis, L.

St. Croix (West, p. 298)
85. Gossypium barbadense, L. (v. Cotton-tree), a) and {).

Fl. all the year round. Down stellate. Common in dry localities.
Formerly cultivated.—A1I] islands.

86. G. vitifolium, Lam.

Naturalized in St. Thomas (Schil.), perhaps from having been cultivated
in former times.

87. Paritium tiliaceum, A. Juss. (v. Mahoe),.
Fl. Oct.—March. Bark employed as rope. Along coasts, but rare.—
St. Croix (West, p. 297); St. Thomas (Schl); St. Jan (Fish Bay).

88. Thespesia populnea, Corr. (vy. Otaheite Tree).

Il. all the year round. Very easily propagated by cuttings. A shady
tree with very hard wood. Naturalized and cultivated everywhere, espe-
cially in moist localities. AIl islands.

All Malvacez are protandrous.

[Cultivated species: Althe rosea, L. (vy. Hollyhock); Hibiscus rosa-
sinensis, Li. (v. Chinese rose); and H. mutabilis, L. (v. Changeable Hibis-
cus). |

BOMBACE 2X.
89. Adansonia digitata, L. (v. Guinea Tamarind),

Fl. June—July. Leaves deciduous in March-April. The acid pulp of
the fruit used for lemonade. Naturalized in wooded valleys.—St. Croix
(Prosperity; Crequis); St. Thomas.

90. Eriodendron anfractuosum, DC. (y. Silk-cotton-tree),

Fl. Feb.-April. Leaves deciduous March-April. Stem growing to
immense size. Common in forests. All islands.

91. Myrodia turbinata, Sw.
St. Croix (Spring Garden, West, p. 298).

32 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN IS-ANDS.

92. Helicteres jamaicensis, Jacq.
Fl. March-Aug. Spiral of carpids 25. Common in thickets.—All

islands. "
BUTTNERIACESE.

93. Guazuma ulmifolia, Lam. (v. Jackass Calaln).

Fl. April-June. Wood used for oars. Not uncommon in pastures.—
St. Croix; St. Thomas.

94. Theobroma Cacao, L. (vy. Cocoa-tree).

VF). June. Naturalized in shady valleys.—St. Croix (Prosperity;
Mount Stewart).

95. Ayenia pusilla, L.

Fl. all the year round. Flowers often transformed into a hollow
monstrosity by the larva of a wasp. Fruit muricate. In thickets, com-
mon.—A ll islands.

96. Melochria pyramidata, L.

Fl. all the year round. Common in pastures.—St. Croix.

97. M. tomentosa, L. (v. Broom-wood).

Il. All the year round. Calyx tomentose, greyish white. Tomentum
interspersed with glandulous hairs. Used for brooms. Common in dry
thickets.—AI islands.

98. M. nodiflora, Sw.

Fl. Nov.—July. Common in pastures and along roads.—AlII islands.

99. Waltheria americana, L. (v. Marsh-mallow).

Fl. Oct.-_May. Common in pastures.—AII islands.

TWILIACE &.
100. Triumfetta Lappula, L. (vy. Bur-bush).
Fl. Nov.-April. Common in thickets.—A1l islands.

101. T. althzoides, Lam. (v. Mahoe).
Vl. Dee.—March. In forests, uncommon.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.

102. T. semitriloba, L. (v, Bur-bush),.

Fl. Oct.-March. In thickets and along roads, common.—A1I1 islands.
103. T. rhomboidea, Jacq.

Pl. Dee.—April. Uneommon in thickets.—St. Croix (Spring-gut).
104. Corchorus acutangulus, Lam.

Fl. June-Noy. The lowest serratures of the leaves in my specimens
often show one or two long setaceous bristles, as stated in DC, Prodr.

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 33

1,595. Griseb. Fl. p. 97, does not mention them, as he does in C. olito-
rius, neither does the figure in Wight’s Icones, iil, t. 759, show them in
this species. From observations made by me on C. acutangulus, as well
as on C. hirtus, such bristles on the lower serratures of the leaves are of
no specific value in this genus, being a variable feature. In gardens
and near dwellings, not uncommon.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.

105. C. siliquosus, L. (v. Papa-lolo).
Fl. Nov._July. Leaves used as a vegetable (Calalu). Along roads
and in pastures, common.—aA1I] islands.

106. C. hirtus, L.

Fl. June-Sept. Two lowest serratures of the leaves sometimes show-
ing one or two setaceous bristles. In gardens and along roads, not
uncommon.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.

107. C. hirsutus, L.
Fl. all the year round. Hairs of the stem scabrous. On sandy shores,
common.—All islands.

TERNSTROMIACEX.
108. Ternstromia elliptica, Sw.

Fl. Feb.-April. The two bracts at the base of the persistent calyx
are to be considered as such (Swartz, Flora Ind. Occ. p. 961; DC. Prodr.
i, p. 523; and Hook. & Benth. Genera Plant. i, p. 182), and not as sepals
(Griseb. FI. p. 105) on account of their being deciduous, but the sepals
not. The number of ovules in my specimens are about twenty in each
cell. (Hook.and Benth. 1. c. ascribe to the genus only two, rarely three
to six, in each cell; Grisebach 1. c. only two to four. Inthe Catal. Plant.
Cub. p. 36, Griseb. mentions, however, a variety of 7. obovalis, Rich.,
with ten to thirteen ovules in each cell.) Sepals rosy, flowers fragrant
In forests on high hills, rare—St. Croix (Maroon Hill, 900’); St. Jan
(Bordeaux Hill, 1200’).

GUTTIFERE.
109. Clusia rosea, L. (v. Chigger-apple).

Fl. May-Sept. Aérial roots as much as 20/ long, supporting the
young trees on rocks or other trees. In forests.—St. Croix (rare, Wills
Bay); Virgin Islands (not uncommon).

110. C. alba, L. (v. Wild Mamey).
St. Croix (West, p. 312). Probably a mistake for the first named
species.
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 13.

2
3]

34 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

111. Mammea americana, L. (vy. Mamey).

Fl. Feb. and later in Aug. Fruit generally one-seeded, eatable.
Common in forests and planted along roads.—AL1 islands,
112. Calophyllum Calaba, Jacq. (v. Santa Maria),

Fl. May-July. In forests along rivulets.—St. Croix (common in the
northern part of the island); St. Thomas (rare).

CANELLACE ZA.
113. Canella alba, Murr. (v. White-bark).
Fl. JanApril. Berry dark crimson. Leaves used in warm baths for
rheumatism. On sandy shores and in forests —AI1I islands.

EBRBYTHROXYLACEX.
114. Erythroxylum ovatum, Cav. (v. Wild Cherry, Brisselet).
Vl. April-Sept. Precocious. Branches, as a rule, transformed into
brachyblasts. Common in thickets.—AII islands.
(Z2. areolatum, West, p. 286, and EF. brevipes, Bertero in Schlecht. Flo-
rula, are, no doubt, mistakes for the species mentioned above.)

MALPIGHTACE Z.
115. Byrsonima spicata, Rich.
Il. July-Aug. In forests, rare.—St. Croix (Parasol Hill); St. Thomas
‘Signal Hill); St. Jan (Bordeaux).
116. B. lucida, Rich.
Fl. Oct.—St. Thomas (DC. Prodr. i, 580); Vieques (Campo Asilo),

117. Bunchosia Swartziana, Gris.

Fl. July. Pedicel uniglandular and bibracteolate at the joint. Very
much attacked by insects. In thickets.—St. Croix (rare, Kingshill); St.
Thomas (not uncommon); St. Jan.

118. Galphimia glauca, Cay. (Icon. v, p. 61) (G@. gracilis, Bartl.).

Fl. all the year round. Naturalized in gardens.—AlI1I islands.

119. Malpighia glabra, L. (v. Cherry).
Kl. May-June. Fruit edible. Common in thickets —St. Croix; St. _
Thomas.

120. M. urens, L. ca) and #) lanceolata.
Fl. June-Oct. «) common in thickets.—AIl islands; 3) rare, St. Croix
(Spring-gut).

FLORAs OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 35

121. M. Cnida, Spreng. (Neue Entdeck. iii, 51).

Fl. June-Sept. Along roads! and in thickets, not uncommon.—St.
Jan; Water Island; Vieques.
122. M. angustifolia, L.

Fl. June—Oct. In thickets, not uncommon.—Water Island; Vieques.

123. Stigmaphyllon periplocifolium, Juss.

Fl. all the year round. Samare red. In thickets, common.—a<All
islands.
124. Heteropteris purpurea, Kth.

Fl. all the year round. Common in hedges and thickets.—A1I] islands.

125. H. parvifolia, DC. (v. Bull Vis).
Fl. all the year round. As common as the preceding species.—AIlL
islands.
SAPINDACE ZE.

126. Cardiospermum Halicacabum, L. (v. Balloon-vine).
Fl. Sept.-March. Rather common in thickets and near dwellings.—
St. Croix; St. Thomas.

127. C. micrecarpum, Kth.

Fl. Jan—March. In thickets, rare—St. Croix (Spring-gut); St. Jan
(Enigheit).

128. Serjania lucida, Schum. (v. White Vis, Cabrite rotting).

Fl. Dee.-June. Stem used as rope. Common in thickets.—AII isl-
ands.—(Paullinia curassavica, West, p. 281, is no doubt a mistake for
this species.)

129. Cupania fulva, Mart.

Fl. January. In forests, not uncommon.—Virgin Islands.

130. Sapindus inzqualis, DC. (vy. Soap-seed).
Fl. Dec.—Jan. Seeds used for ornaments. In forests along rivulets.
Not uncommon.—St. Croix.

131. Schmidelia occidentali:, Sw.

Fl. May-Sept. Not uncommon in forests, especially in St. Croix.—
All islands.
132. Melicocca bijuga, L. (v. Keneppy tree).

Fl. April-May. Leafless during flowering. Flowers fragrant. Fruit
astringent, edible. Naturalized and now very common everywhere,

36 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

often forming a secondary growth in cleared woodland. Introduced
from the Spanish main.—AII islands.

133. Dodonza viscosa, L.
Fl. April. On sandy seashores, rare.—St. Croix (Sandy Point).

MELIACE &.

.
134. Melia sempervirens, Sw. (vy. Lilac, Hagbush).
Fl. all the year round. Common in forests and near dwellings.—AIl

islands.

135. Trichilia hirta, L.

Fl. June-July. Common in thickets.—A1II islands.

(Guarea trichilioides, Jacq., said to occur in St. Croix (West, p. 251),
seems to me rather doubtful.)
136. Swietenia Mahagoni, L. (vy. Mahogany).

Fl. April-June. In wooded valleys and along roads and dwellings.
Not uncommon.—Sst. Croix; St. Thomas.

GERANIACE FE.
(Cultivated occur several species of Geranium, L’Her., and Pelargo-
nium, L’Her.]
BALSAMINACELE.
137. Balsamina hortensis, Desp. (v. Lady-slippers).
Fl. all the year round. Naturalized everywhere in gardens. Seeds
often germinating in the capsule.—AII islands.
AURANTIACE EF.
138. Citrus medica, L. a)(v. Citron). £) Limonum, Risso (vy. Lime).
Fl. April-May. «) naturalized, but rare, in gardens. ) naturalized,

common in gardens and near dwellings, also in forests.—AII islands.

139. C. Aurantium, L. «)(v. Orange). £) Bigaradia, Duh. (vy. Seville Orange).
Fl. May-July. Both forms naturalized in gardens, especially @).
Common in St. Croix; rare in St. Thomas and St. Jan, where the species
is said to have died out nearly, from disease.—(Mentioned also by
Breutel, London Journal of Botany, ii.)
140. C. buxifolia, Padr. (v. Forbidden Fruit).
Fl. July. Naturalized in a few places.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.
141. C. decumana, L. (v. Shaddock).
Fl. July-Aug. Fruit used for preserves. Naturalized in gardens.—
St. Croix; St. Thomas.

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 3”

142. Triphasia trifoliata, DC. (v. Sweet Lime).
Fl. April-June. Naturalized in thickets and near dwellings. Com-
mon in all the islands. :
[Cultivated species: Murraya exotica, L. (v. Cyprian), and Cookia
punctata, Retz. |
OXALIDACE ZH.
143. Oxalis Martiana, Zuce.
Fl. May—Aug. Naturalized in gardens on all the islands.

144. O.corniculata, L. £) microphylla, Poir.
Fl. all the year round. Gregarious in fields.—St. Croix ( Annally) ;
St. Thomas.
ZYGOPHYLLACE ZE.
145. Tribulus cistoides, L.
Fl. all the year round. Along roads and in open spots, gregarious.—
St. Croix (in the easternmost part of the island only).

146. T. maximus, L. (v. Centipee-root, Longlo).
FL. all the year round. Stamens alternately of equal length. The

whole plant is used in baths against boils. A very common weed along
roads and in waste places.—AII islands. ’

147. Guajacum officinale, L. (v. Lignum vite, Pockenholt).
Fl. March-April. Common in former times, but now nearly exter-
minated. On the seashore and in forests, rare.—AI1I islands.

RUTACE XE.

148. Pilocarpus racemosus, Vall.

Fl. Feb.March. Leaves undivided, 3-foliate or impari-pinnate in
the same specimen (as stated in Hock. & Benth. Genera, i, 299, and FI.
Brasil. fase. 65). Inflorescence terminal and axillary. A low tree. In
forests, rare.—St. Jan (Kingshill, 1000’); Vieques (Ravn in Hb. Havn.).
(Specimen from Montserrat in Hb. Havn. also named P. laurifolius,
Vahl.)

149. Tobinia punctata, Gr.
Fl. Sept. Leaves often pinnate. Dots on the leaves pellucid. In

thickets, not uncommon.—st. Croix.

150. T. spinosa, Desv.

Fl. May-June. Leaflets prickly on the principal nerves on both sides,
bearing 2 stipular prickles at the base. Carpids 3 (2-1) globose, with a
short beak, black, verrucose, 3’/” long. Seeds black, shjning. Rare in
forests.—St. Thomas (Flag Hill, 600’).

38 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

151. Fagara microphylla, Desf. (v. Ramgoat-bush) (J. tragodes, Jacq. in West).

Fl. June—Deec. Dots of the leaves pellucid. The whole plant has a
strong smell. Not uncommon in thickets.—St. Croix; Buck Island,
near St. Croix.

152. Zanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, L. (v. White Prickle).

Fl. April-June. <Aculei corky, 6” long, greyish, with a narrow brown
point. In forests, not uncommon.—ALII islands.

153. Z. flavum, Vahl (Naturh. Selsk. Skrift. vi, 132, 1810) (v. Yellow Sander).

Not seen flowering. <A fine timber-tree, used for furniture. Not un-
common in forests in former times, but now nearly extinct.—St. Jan
(Bordeaux Hills) (St. Croix? St. Thomas?) (Montserrat, Ryan in Hb.
Havn.); Martinique (West in Hb. Havyn.).

154. Z. Ochroxylum, DC. (v. Yellow Prickle) (Z. simplicifolium, Vahl in Hb. Havyn.).

Il. June-Nov. Panicle 1” long; pedicels }/” long, bracteole at
the base deciduous. Calyx 5-partite, 3/’ diam. Petals 5, imbricate,
white, #/’ long, pellucid-dotted. Style thick, }/” high; stigmas trian-
gular. Ovaries 3 on a short gynophore. Carpids 3 (1-2) globose, ver-
rucose, partly dehiscent, 13’ diam.’ Seed shining-black. Stem armed
with large corky aculei, often connected and forming long ridges down
the stem. Wood yellow. The whole plant is possessed of the same
strong smell as Fagara. Not uncommon in forests—St. Thomas (Flag
Hill 600’); St. Jan (Rogiers) (Montserrat, Ryan in Hb. Havn.; Marti-
nique, South America, Hb. Havn.). (A branch without flowers, marked
Z. macrophyllum, St. Croix, Ryan in Hb. Havn., seems to belong to this
species.)

155. Quassia amara, L. fil. (v. Quassia).

Il. Nov.-Feb. Naturalized in gardens.—AlI1 islands.
156. Castela erecta, Turp.

Il. Feb.-June. Petals purple. @ with 8 rudimentary stamens, alter-
nately of equal size. Carpids 2-3-4. In dry thickets along the south
coast, not uncommon.—st. Croix.

157. Picrzna excelsa, Lindl. (v. Bitter-ash).

Not seen flowering. Wood very bitter, used for stomachic properties

in drinks. In forests, rare.—St. Croix; St. Jan.
OLACACEE.
158. Schocpfia arborescens, R. S.

Fl. Feb.-March. Fruit nearly always 1-seeded by abortion. Here
and there in forests—St. Croix (Saltriver, Wills Bay); St. Thomas
(Crown, 1400’).

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 39

AMPELIDE Zé.
159. Cissus sicyoides, L. (v. Lambrali, Pinna koop).
Fl. all the year round. I lowers purple or yellow. Aérial roots long,
filiform. Common in forests.—AlII islands.

160. C. trifoliata, L.
Fl. all the year round.» On rocks and trees, not common.—St. Croix ;
St. Thomas.

161. C. acida, L.
Fl. June—Aug. In thickets near the coast, common.—All islands.

162. Vitis caribza, DC.
Hl. June. In dense forests, rare.—St. Croix (Caledonia Gut); St.
Thomas (Crown).
CELASTRACE &.
163. Maytenus elzodendroides, Gris. (Cat. Plant. Cub. p. 54). (Rhamnus poly-
gamus, Vahl in Hb. Hayn., and in West, p. 276.)

Fl. Dec. Flower brownish, small. Calyx 5-partite, ?’’diam. Petals
5, oval, 1’” long. Stamens 5, often all or part of them transformed into
petals and more or less sterile. Stigma subsessile, 2-lobed. Ovary 2-
locular, 2-ovulate. Disc brown, undulate, $/” high. Seed black with a
red arillus. Rare in dry thickets.—St. Croix (Fair Plain).

164. M. levigatus, Gris. in litt. (?hamnus levigatus, Vahl in Symb. Bot. iii, 41;
Ceanothus, DC.).

Tl. May-—Oct. Capsule tardily dehiscent, 1-3-seeded, 6’ long. Seeds
brown, reticulate with red veins, 2/” diam. Arillus tough, white. <A
shrub or middte-sized tree. Not uncommon in forests.—A1I] islands.

165. Elzodendron xylocarpum, DC. (vy. Spoon-tree, Nut Muscat).

Fl. Sept.-Dec. Stamens often transformed, as in Maytenus elaoden-
droides. Drupe orange-coloured, 5’ long. Common on ‘rocky shores;
more uncommon in St. Croix.—A1l islands.

166. Myginda pallens, Sw.

Fl. Oct.—May. Common in thickets, principally in marshy soil—AI]

islands.
167. M. latifolia, Sw.
St. Croix (Pflug, sec. Vahl Symb. Bot. ii, 32); St. Thomas (Schl.).

168. Schefferia frutescens, Jacq.
Fl. Sept.—-Dee. Common in thickets.—A1II islands.

40 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

RHAMINACE®.
169. Reynosia latifolia, Gris. (Cat. Pl. Cub. 34) (v. Guama). Emend. in Eggers, |
Videnskab. Medd. fra Naturhist. Forening, Copenhagen, 1578, cum icone,p. 173.

Fl. June-July. Common in dry thickets.—Virgin Islands.

170. R. mucronata, Gris. (1. c.): (Eggers, 1. ¢). |
Not seen flowering. Rare in dry thickets near the coast.—St. Croix |
(easternmost part of the island, near Tague Bay). |

171. Condalia ferrea, Gris. (v. Edden-wood).
Fl]. Sept.Jan. Keel of the calyx-lobes foliaceous. Drupe oval, 24/”
Jong. Not uncommon in thickets and forests.—A1I1 islands.

172. Colubrina ferruginosa, Brongn.
Il. Jan. and May-July. A low shrub. Common on sandy shores.—
All islands.

173. C.reclinata, Brongn. (vy. Snake-root, Mabee-bark).
Fl. Nov.-March. Style 2-3-partite. Leaves used for the preparation
of stomachie drinks. Not uncommon in thickets.—A1I islands.

174. Zizyphus reticulata, DC. (Prodr. ii,20) (Paliurus, Vahl, Ecl. Am. iii, 6).

Fl. July. Disc brownish. Capsule 3-locular, one seed in each cell,
D/’ Jong, glabrous. Seeds purple; pulp reddish brown. In dry
thickets, rare.—St. Croix (Fair Plain).

175. Gouania domingensis, L. (v. Soap-stick, Silvi).
Fl. Oct.Jan. Stem used as rope. Common in thickets.—AlJLislands.

TEREBINTHACE®.

\
176. Bursera gummifera, L. (v. Turpentine-tree),
Vl. April-Sept. Protandrous. Easily propagated by large cuttings,
and generally used for forming fences. Common in forests and along

roads.—AII islands.

177. Hedwigia balsamifera, Sw.
St. Croix (West in Ib. Havn. and p. 281 as Icica altissima).

178. Amyris sylvatica, Jacq. (v. Flamboyant).

Fl. Feb.—April and July-Sept. Inflorescence trichotomous. Wood
resinous and used for torches, especially in catching lobsters at night.
Not uncommon in forests.—A1I1 islands.

179. Spondias lutea, L. (v. Hog-plum).

Fl. March, coétanous, and later July. Leaves deciduous in Feb,

Fruit oval, edible. Common in forests.—AII islands.

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. Al

180. S. purpurea, L. (v. Jamaica Plum).

Fl. Feb._March, precocious. Naturalized in gardens and wooded val-
leys.—A1I islands. ;
1651. Rhus antillana, Ege. (n.sp.).

Sect. Sumach. Leaves impari-pinnate ; leaflets 4-5-jugal, petiolulate,
lanceolate, acuminate, obtuse at the base, entire, glabrous, chartaceous ;
veins prominulous beneath. Cyme ramose; branchlets bracteolate,
equalling the leaves. Flower pedicellate, small, green, 5-merous, mostly
&, the rest hermaphrodite. Calyx and petals persistent in the fertile
flower. Stamens erect, a little longer than the petals, inserted into a
fleshy central disc; filaments villous at the base. Ovary inserted upon
a short fleshy gynophore. Drupe globose, glabrous, 1-seeded by abor-
tion. A low tree. Approaching Rk. metopiwm, L. Fl. Jan. In forests,
rare.—St. Thomas (Signal Hill, 1400’); St. Jan (Hb. Havn. as Xanthox-
ylum). (St. Croix, Stony-ground ?)

182. Comocladia ilicifolia, Sw. (v. Prapra).

Fl. March-May. Root containing a lasting red dye. Common on lime-
stone.—A1Il islands.

183. Mangifera indica, L. (v. Mango-tree).

Fl. Feb.—April. Fruit edible. Introduced towards the close of last
century, and now cultivated and naturalized every where.—All islands.
184. Anacardium cccidentale, L. (v. Cashew, Cherry).

BH]. Dee.—April. Pedicel becoming fleshy, and containing in abund-
ance a slightly astringent juice. Seeds used as almonds. Common in
forests and along roads.—AII islands.

LEGUMINOSAE.
185. Crotalaria verrucosa, L.
Fl. all the yearround. Naturalized along roads. Very common.—All
‘islands.

186. C. retusa, L.

Fl. all the year round. Common along roads and in waste places.
Naturalized.—Al11 islands.
187. C. latifolia, L.

Il. Nov. Leaves golden sericeous beneath. Corolla greenish. Not
uncommon in thickets.—A1II islands.
168. C.incana, L. (v. Rattle-bush).

Pl. all the year round. Stipules deciduous, the sear exuding nectar
afterwards, as well as the base of the bracteoles. Common along roads
and near dwellings.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.

42 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

189. Indigofera tinctoria, L.
Fl. April-Aug. Cultivated in former times, but now only found wild
or naturalized. Common in dry localities. —AII islands.

190. I. Anil, L.
Fl. all the year round. The whole plant is much attacked by insecis.
Very common in dry thickets.—A1II islands.

191. Tephrosia cinerea, Pers. «) and #) litoralis, Pers.
Fl. Feb.-June. Both forms here and there in thickets.—AL islands.

192. Cracca caribea, Benth.

St. Croix (Schl.); St. Thomas (Gris. Fl. p. 183).
193. Coursetia arborea, Gris.

St. Jan (Gris. Fl. p. 183).

194. Sabinea florida, DC. (v. Waterpanna).

Fl. March-July. Precocious. Wood used for fishpots. Gregarious.
Common in thickets and forests.—Virgin Islands. (Cultivated in St.
Croix.)

195. Pictetia squamata, DC. (Prodr. ii, 314) (v. Fustic).

Fl. June. Flowering period ouly 5 or 6 days. Branches in this and
the following species commonly transformed into brachyblasts. Com-
mon in forests and thickets.—Virgin Islands.

196. P. aristata, DC. (l.c.) (v. Fustic).

Il. Feb., March, and June-—Aug. Rather common in thickets.——Vir-
gin Islands; St. Croix (Jacq. Hort. Schoenbr. ii, 60).?

(Both species are perhaps to be united, as proposed by Jacquin.)
197. Agati grandiflora, Desv.

IL. all the year round. Naturalized in gardens, common.—AIl islands.

198. Sesbania sericea, DC.

Il. Nov. In thickets near the coast, uncommon.—St. Thomas (Flag
Hill).
199. #schyncmene americana, L.

Fl. Nov.-Jan. In pastures and along roads, not uncommon.—st.
Croix.
200. Zornia diphylla, Pers.

Fl. July-Aug. In pastures on high hills, rare—St. Thomas (Signal
Hill, Crown).
201. Lourea vespertilionis, Desy.

Fl. Feb—April. Naturalized in gardens.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 43

202. Alysicarpus vaginalis, DC.
Fl. Nov.-Dec. Leaves very variable. Along roads, common.—All
islands.

203. Desmodium triflorum, DC.
Fl. Dee-—Feb. Common near ditches and in moist localities —AI
islands.

204. D. incanum, DC.
Fl. Oct.Jan. Common in pastures.—ALII islands.

205. D. scorpiurus, Desv.
Fl. Dec.—Jan. In pastures, not very common.—St. Croix; St. Thomas
(Duchass).

206. Desmodium tortuosum, DC.
Fl. Oct.Jan. Common in pastures.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.

207. D. spirale, DC.
Fl. Nov._Jan. Not uncommon in pastures and along roads.—AII
islands.

208. D. molle, DC.
Fl. Dec.—Jan. Lomentum often 3-4-jointed. Rather common in pas-
tures.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.

209. Stylosanthes prccumbens, Sw.
Fl. Oct.-_Deec. Lomentum in my specimens always 2-jointed. Com-
mon along roads.—ALI islands.

210. S: viscosa, Sw.
St. Croix (West, p. 301). (Perhaps a mistake for the former species.)

211. Arachis hypogea, L. (v. Pindars, Ground-nuts).
Fl. May—Aug. Seeds used for making cakes or eaten roasted. Culti-
vated and naturalized.—All islands.

212. Abrus precatorius, L. (v. Jumbee-bead, Scrubber, Wild Liquorice).
Fl. Oct.-Feb. Leaves used for washing clothes. Common in thick-
ets and on hedges.—AlII islands.

213. Rhynchosia minima, DC. «) and /) lutea, Egg.

Fl. all the year round. Seeds black, with small grey spots. a) Stand-
ard veined with purple; alow climber. £) Standard uniformly yellow ;
climbing up to 6’. Both forms common in pastures and thickets.—AIL
islands.

44 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

214. R. phaseoloides, DC.

Fl. March. Stem laterally compressed. Rare in forests.—St. Thomas
(Signal Hill, 1200’).
215. R. reticulata, DC.’

Fl. all the year round. Leaflets as long as 13/7... Common on fences
and along roads.—AlI1L islands.
216. Cajanus indicus, Spreng. (v. Pigeon-pea, Vendu bountje).

Fl. all the year round. Seeds used as a common vegetable for soup.
Cultivated and naturalized.—A1l1I islands.
217. Clitoria Ternatea, L. (v. Blue Vine).

Fl. all the year round, Common in thickets.—ALII islands.

218. Centrosema virginianum, Benth. «) and 3) angustifolium.

Fl. all the year round. Very common in ditches and on fences.—AIl
islands.

219. Teramnus uncinatus, Sw., var. albiflorus, Egg.

Fl. Sept.—March. Corolla 13/” long, constantly white. Legume 1”
long, black, pilose. Common in pastures and along roads.—St. Croix;
St. Thomas.

220. Galactia filiformis, Benth.

Fl. Oct.Jan. Roots often bearing small tubers. Common in thick-
ets.—A1ll islands.

221. G. tenuiflora, W. & A.

Fl. Feb.—June. In forests, rare. There seems not to be sufficient
reason for uniting this species to the preceding, as done by Griseb. I'l.
p. 194.—St. Thomas (Flag Hill); St. Jan (Rogiers).

222. Vigna lutecla, Benth. (v. Wild Pea).

Fl. all the year round. Common in moist localities.—AII islands.
223. Dolichos lablab, L. (D. benghalensis, Jacq.).

Fl. all the year round. Seeds brown. Very common along the sea-
shores.—AIlL islands.

224. Phaseclus lunatus, L. (v. Bonny Vis).

Fl. Dee.-Feb. Corolla white or rosy. Naturalized in thickets and
near dwellings.—AII islands.
225. Ph. vulgaris, L. (v. White Bean).

Fl. Feb.July. Cultivated and naturalized near dwellings.—All
islands.

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 45

226. Ph. alatus, L.

St. Croix (West, p. 299).
227. Ph. semierectus, L.

Fl. all the year round. Flower expanded only in the sun. Common
along roads and in pastures.—AI1 islands.

228. Canavalia parviflora, Benth. (Flor. Bras. xv, i, 177).

Fl. Feb. Inflorescence extra-axillary (as in C. bonariensis, Lindl. Bot.
Reg. 1199). Legume broad on the back, without prominent ridges, 3”
long, 14 broad. Seeds crimson, shining, }/ long. In forests, rare.—St.
Thomas (Signal Hill, 1500’).

229. C. gladiata, DC. () ensiformis, DC. (v. Sour-eyes, Overlook) (Dolichos acina-
ciformis, Jacq. Icon. Rar. t. 559). Bot. Mag. 4027.

Fl. Aug.—Dee. Naturalized in provision grounds.—St. Thomas (Signal
Hill, 1200’).

230. C. obtusifolia, DC. (Dolichos rotundifolius, Vahl).

FJ, all the year round. Common along the seashore.—A1Il islands.
231. Mucuna pruriens, DC. (v. Cow-itch).

Il. Oct-Nov. In shady valleys. Rare.—A1] islands.

232. Erythrina Corallodendron, L. (v. Flamboyant).

Fl. Feb.April. Precocious. Stamens all of unequal length. Rather
common, especially along roads and near dwellings.—AII islands.
233. E. horrida, Egg. (n. sp.).

FL. Feb.-March. Very prickly. Approaching to the preceding, but
stem, branches, petiole, and leaf-ribs on both sides armed with stout
and straight prickles; legume terete, long-beaked. A low tree, branches
procumbent. In forests, not uncommon.—All islands.

234. Piscidia Erythrina, L. (v. Dog-wood, Stink-tree).

F). Mareh—-April. Precocious. Only those individuals that flower drop
the leaves. Common in thickets.—A1II islands
235. Drepanocarpus lunatus, Mey.

St. Croix (Isert, 1787, in Hb. Havn; West, p. 298).

236. Hecastophyllum Brownei, Pers.

Fl. June—Dee. Not uncommon on sandy shores.—A1] islands.

237. Andira inermis, Sw. (v. Dog Almond, Bastard Mahogany, Hon Kloot).

Fl. May—Aug. and Dec. Not uncommon in forests and along rivu-
lets.—A1Il islands.

46 FLORA OF ST, CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

£38. Scphora tomentosa, L.

Fl. July-Jan. Along sandy shores, rare—St. Croix (White’s Bay,
Turner's ITole).
239. Myrospermum frutescens, Jacq.

Fl. May-June. Legume resinous. Naturalized near dwellings.—St.
Croix.
240. Hematoxylon campechianum, L.(v. Logwood).

Fl. Feb—May. The young plants prickly on the stem. Here and
there on sandy shores. More common in former times.—AI] islands.

241. Parkinsonia aculeata, L. (v. Horse-bean).
I'l. all the year round. Common in dry localities.

All islands.

242. Guilandiua Bondue, L. (v. Yellow Nickars).

I'l. May—Oct. Common along sandy shores.—AlII islands,
243. G. melanosperma, Egg. (n.sp.) (v. Black Nickars),

Fl. June-Oct. Resembling the preceding, but leaflets smaller, gla-
brous, shining, prickles red and seeds shining-black. Seeds used for
ornaments. In dry thickets near the shore, rare.—St. Croix (Sandy Point,
Grape-tree Bay).

244. G. Bonducella, L. (v. Grey Nickars).

Fl. all the year round. Anthers successively dehiscent. Flowers
polygamous. Very common along sandy shores.—A1Il islands.
245. Cesalpinia pulcherrima, Sw. (v. Dudeldu).

Il. June—Dee. Bracteoles large, subulate, but deciduous before the
expansion of the flower. Commonly naturalized along roads and near
dwellings.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.

246. Poinciana regia, Boj. (Bot. Mag. 2884) (v. Flamboyant).

Fl. May-July. Bracteoles as in the preceding. Leaves deciduous
Dec.—April. A handsome tree of very quick growth. Naturalized in
gardens and near dwellings.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.

247. Lebidibia coriaria, Schl. (v. Dividivi).

Vl. April-May. Legume used for tanning purposes. Rather common
on dry hills.—Virgin Islands (St. Croix, cultivated).
2¢8, Cassia Fistula, L.

Il. Sept. Naturalized here and there in shady valleys.—St. Croix
(The William).

249. C. grandis, L. (v. Liquorice-tree).

Fl. April—July. The pulp containing rhaphides in abundance. Nat-

uralized and cultivated near dwellings.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 47

250. C. bacillaris, L.
Fl. Nov.-May. Common in thickets and woods on high hills.—St

Thomas.

251. C. bicapsularis, L. (v. Stiverbush, Styver bla).
FJ. all the year round. Very common in waste places.—All islands.

252. C. florida, Vahl.
Fl. Dec. Naturalized near towns.—St. Thomas.

253. C. biflora, L. /£) angustisiliqua, Lam.
Fl. Nov.-May. In thickets, rare.—St. Croix (Longford),
254. C. alata, L. (v. Golden Candlestick, Fleiti).
Fl. May-Noy. Along rivulets, not uncommon.—Virgin Islands (nat-

uralized in St. Croix).

255. C. cecidentalis, L. (v. Stinking-weed).
Fl. all the year round. Root used against fever. A very common
weed near dwellings and in waste places.—A1II islands.
256. C. obtusifolia, L.
I]. June-Noy. Common in dry localities.—St. Croix ; St. Thomas.
(C. triflora, Vahl (Eclog. Am. iii, p. 11) (West, St. Croix), is a doubt-
ful species. I have not been able to find the original specimen of Vahl
in Hb. Havn.)
257. C. glandulosa, L. «)stricta, Schl., and 3) ramosa.
. . .
Fl. all the year round. Both forms common in pastures and along

roads.—AII islands.

258. C. nicticans, L.
Fl. all the year round. In the same localities as the preceding.—St.

Croix; St. Thomas.
259. Tamarindus indica, L. (v. Tamarind-tree).

Fl. March-June. Naturalized everywhere, especially near dwell-
ings.—AII islands.
260. Hymenza Courbaril, L. (v. Locust-tree),

Fl. Jan. and July-Aug. Bracts large, early deciduous. The wood is
an excellent timber on account of its being very hard and close-grained.
In forests, here and there.—AII islands.

261. Bauhinia tomentosa, L.
Fl. May-June. Leaves partly deciduous in March. Naturalized in

gardens and near dwellings.—St. Croix; St. Thomas,

'

48 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

262. B. ungula, Jacq
St. Thomas (Gris. Fl. 214).

263. Adenantbera pavonina, L. (y. Coquelicot),
Fl. July-—Oct. Naturalized near dwellings and in shady valleys.—
All islands.

264. Neptunia pubescens, Benth.
Fl. Aug. Legume containing as many as 9 seeds. Rare.—Bucek Island,
near St. Thomas.

265. Desmanthus virgatus, W. «) and 3) strictus, Bert.
Fl. all the year round. Both forms common in pastures and along
roads.—ALI islands.

266. D. depressus, Ith.
St. Thomas (Schl.).

267. Mimosa pudica, L. a) (v. Gritchee),.
Fl. all the year round. In pastures and along roads.—St. Croix (very
rare, Mt. Stewart); Virgin Islands (common).

268. M. asperata, L.
St. Thomas (Gris. Fl. 219).

269. M. Ceratonia, L. (v. Black Amaret, Amaretsteckel).
Fl. June-—Dec. On high hills.—St. Croix (West, p. 312; his specimens
are found in Hb. Havn.); Virgin Islands (common),

270. Leucena glauca, Benth. (v. Wild Tamarind).
Fl. all the year round. Leaflets closing together in strong sunlight.

Seeds used for fancy work, such as collars, baskets, ete. Very common
everywhere, also as secondary growth on cleared woodlands.—A11 islands.
271. Acacia Catechu, W.

Il. May—July. Stem furnished with strong black aculei. Naturalized
in shady valleys.—St. Croix (Crequis).
272. A. nudiflora, W.(v. Amaret).

Fl. May and Noy.—Dee. Protandrous. Young foliage reddish. Wood
used for fencing. A low tree. Common in thickets and woods.—Virgin

Islands.

273. A. sarmentosa, Desv. (v. Catch-and-keep, White Police).

Fl. July-Sept. Stem generally angular or even winged. A very spiny
climbing shrub, the recurved spines of which often make thickets impene-
trable. Common on dry hills.—Virgin Islands. :

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 49

274. A. macracantha, HB. £3) glabrens (v. Stink Casha).
Fl. Dec.-April. A shrub or low tree. Wood exhaling a very dis-
All islands.

agreeable odour. Common in thickets on dry hills.
275. A. tortuosa, W. (vy. Cashi).

‘Fl. ailthe yearround. Flowers fragrant. Bracteoles rhomboid, ciliate.
Often gregarious. Common on dry hills.—AI] islands.
276. A. Farnesiana, W. (v. Casha).

Fl. all the yearround. Flowers fragrant; bracteoles spathulate, ciliate.
Foliage of this and the two former species eaten by goats, and their wood
generally used for making charcoal. Common in dry localities —AI
islands.

277. A. arabica, W.

Fl. Noy.-Jan. Naturalized near dwellings.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.
iets Lebbek, W. (v. Thibet-tree).

Fl. April-Sept. Leaves deciduous Nov.-March. Flowers fragrant.
Foliage eaten by cattle. The tree is often overgrown by Loranthus emar-
ginatus. Naturalized in pastures and elsewhere.—St. Croix (very com-
mon); Virgin Islands (common, except St. Jan, where the tree seems not
to thrive).

(A. frondosa, W., var. eglandulosa, St. Thomas, is mentioned by
Schlechtendal as spontaneous, but, being an East Indian species, is most
probably only cultivated or at most naturalized. I have not seen the
species in the island.)

279. Calliandra portoricensis, Benth.

Fl. Feb. Climbing by the aid of young branches that twine themselves
around the branches of other trees. In forests, rare.—St. Jan (King’s
Hill); Vieques.

280. C. purpurea, Benth. (v. Soldier-wood, West).

St. Croix (Gris. Fl. p.224, probably on the authority of West. This
author, however, says, p. 312, that the tree is only cultivated in the isl-
and. His specimens are in existence in Hb. Havyn. I have not seen the
tree on the island).

281. C. Saman, Gris. (v. Giant Thibet-tree).

Fl. May—Aug. A very large tree of quick growth. Naturalized near

dwellings and planted along roads.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.

282. Pithecolobium unguis-cati, Benth. «) and ) forfex, Kth. (v. Crab-prickle).
Fl. Sept.-Jan. Gynophore 1’” long. Seeds black, shining; arillus
rosy. Wood used for fishpots. Both forms common on limestone and
in marshy soil.—A1II islands.
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 13——4

50 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

283. Inga laurina, W. (v. Lady-finger-tree).

Fl. July-Sept. and Jan.—March. Petiole bearing a narrow wing on
each side. Corolla greenish. (Jacquin’s drawing does not show any
wing on the petiole. In the letterpress, however, of his Stirp. Am., he
expresses a doubt whether the petiole is winged or not.) Wood used
for fences, ete. Common in forests.—A1I] islands.

[Cultivated species: Piswm sativum, L. (v. Green Pea); Dolichos sphero-
spermus, DC. (v. Black-eye Pea); D. sesquipedalis, L.; Poinciana Gilliesii,
Hook. ; anda Casparea.|

CHRYSOBALANACE®.
284. Chrysobalanus Icaco, L. (v. Cocoa-plum, Cacos),
Fl. Dec.—Feb. and July—Aug. Fruit black or white; used for preserves.
On sandy shores or in forests on high hills. Common.—AIl islands.
ROSACE ®.

[Many varieties of Rosa gallica, L., and R. centifolia, L., are cultivated
in gardens on all the islands, and are flowering abundantly all the year
round. In the time of West (c. 1790), roses were rare, and flowered but
seldom, so that we here seem to have an instance of gradual acclimati-
sation. |

MYRTACEX.
285. Calyptranthes Thomasiana, Berg (Linnwa, xxvii, 26).

St. Thomas (Ventenat and Ravn in Hb. Havyn.).

286. C. Chytraculia, Sw. £3) ovalis, Berg, and +) Zyzygium, Berg (1. c. p. 28).

In forests, rare.—St. Thomas; St. Croix.

287. C. pallens, Gris.

Fl. July-Aug. Branchlets quadrangular. In forests, rare.—St. Croix

(Kingshill Gut); St. Thomas (Crown).
288. Myrcia coriacea, DC. y) Imrayana, Gris.
I'l. June-July. In forests on high hills, uncommon.—A1 islands.

289. Jambosa malaccensis, DC,

Vl. April-May. Naturalized in shady valleys; rare.—St. Croix (Cre-
quis).
290. J. vulgaris, DC. (v. Pomerose-tree).

Il. March-June. Fruit used for preserves. Naturalized along rivu-
lets and in forests, common.—AlII islands.
291. Eugenia buxifolia, W.

Fl. June-Sept. Petioles reddish. Gregarious, especially along the
seashore.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 51

292. E. Poiretii, DC.
St. Thomas (Gris. Fl. 236).

293. E. monticola, DC.

Fl. July-Sept. Leaves variable, distichous. Flowers strongly fra-
grant. When not flowering, the shrub emits a foetid smell. Rather
common in forests.—All islands.

294. E. axillaris, Poir.

Fl. Aug—Oct. Leaves variable. Petiole reddish. In thickets;
rare.—St. Croix (Lebanon Hill, Fair Plain).

295. EB. lateriflora, W. (2. cordata, DC. Prodr. iii, 272, and probably EL. sessiliflora, ib.
73).
FI. Sept.-Nov. Leaves very variable, ovate, cuneate, or oblong.
Flowers sessile or subsessile, crowded in the axils. Berry globose,
purple, 2’” diam. Common in thickets and forests.—ALI islands.

296. E. sessiliflora, Vahl (Symb. Bot. iii, 64).

Fl. July—Oct. Fruit large, rosy, 3-1 diam. Flowers sessile, large,
white, 5” diam. In thickets, not uncommon.—sSt. Croix; St. Thomas
(Cowell’s Hill).

(Both DC. and Gris. seem to confound these two very distinct species,
the flowers and fruits of which are highly different in most respects.
DC. Prodr. iii, 275, says of his E. sessiliflora: Fructus dimidio minor
quam LH. lateriflora, yet immediately above he says of this latter species:
Tructus et sem. ignoti. Vahl’s description is very correct, also, of the
fruit, of which he says: Pruni magnitudine, globosus.)

297. E. flavovirens, Berg (1. c¢.).

St. Jan (Ravn in Hb. Hayn.).

298. E. glabrata, DC. (Prodr. iii, 274).
St. Croix (Berg).

299. E. pallens, DC. (£. nitida, Vahl in Hb. Havn.) (v. Cromferry).
Fl. Sept.—Noy. Leaves shining. In forests, uncommon.—A1l islands.
4

300. BE. acetosans, Poir. (DC. Prodr. 1. c. 283).
St. Jan (in forests, Berg in Linnea, xxx, 662); St. Croix (Mount Eagle,
Richard).

301. E. virgultosa, DC.
Fl. April—July. Leaves variable. Common along the seashore and
in forests.—AIl islands.

52 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.
302. E. procera, Poir. (v. Black Cherry, Rock-myrtle) (Myrtus cerasina, Vahl in West,
p. 290).

Fl. Feb. and Aug.—Nov. Flowers fragrant; fruit edible; a favourite
food for wild pigeons. Ia forests, common.—A1l islands.
303. E. pseudopsidium, Jacq. (2. Thomasiana, Berg) (v. Bastard Guava, Christmas

Cherry).

Fl. April—-Dee. Flowers fragrant; fruit oval. A shrub orlow tree. In

forests, not uncommon,—ALII islands.

304. E. ligustrina, W.
I'l. April and Sept. In thickets and woods, common.—All islands.

305. E. portoricensis, DC. (Prod. iii, 266) (Stenocalyz, Berg).
St. Croix (ex Hb. Vahlii in Hb. Berol.).
306. E. uniflora, L. (v. Surinam Cherry).
Vl. March-Aug. Fruit edible, acidulous. A middle-sized tree. Nat-

uralized and planted in gardens.—St. Croix ; St. Thomas.

307. E. floribunda, West (v. Guava-berry).

Fl. June-Aug. Berry black, globose, shining, 4’ diam., aromatic ;
used for preserves or put inrum. In forests, not uncommon.—Al1 isl-
ands.

(2. marginata and BE. micrantha, West, p. 290, are not mentioned in
Vahl’s Symb. Bot. pars iii, as stated, and are probably included in some
of the species enumerated above.)

308. Anamomis punctata, Gris.

I'l. June. In forests, rare—St. Croix (Maroon Hill, Wills Bay); St.
Jan (Cinnamon Bay).

309. Pimenta vulgaris, W. & A. (vy. Cinnamon-bush).

Fl. June-July. In forests, rare. An excellent timber tree.—St. Croix
(Maroon Hill); Virgin Islands. 7
310. P. acris, W. & A. (v. Bay-leaf). a).

Fl. July-Aug. #rom the leaves the well-known bay-rum is distilled.
In forests near the coast, not common,—St. Croix ; Vieques.

311. Psidium Guava, Radd.(v.Guava). a).

Il. all the year round. Fruit edible; also used for preserves. Very
common, overrunning pastures and becoming troublesome in many
places.— Al] islands.

312. P. cordatum, Sims. (v. Sperry Guava).

Fl. May-July. Fruit fragrant. In thickets on hills, not uncommon.—

Virgin Islands.

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 53

313. Punica granatum, L. (v. Pomegranate).
Fl. April—Oct. Flowers crimson or yellow Fruit the same. Natur-
alized in valleys and near dwellings.—AlII islands.

314. Mouriria domingensis, Walp. (Petaloma Mouriri, Sw.).
St. Croix (Baudonius Gut, West, p. 285, and specimens in Hb. Havn.).
(Cultivated species: Myrtus communis, L. (v. Myrtle),and Couroupita

“Fe
|

guianensis, Aubl. (v. Nutmeg). |

MELAS TOMACE A.
315. Clidemia hirta, Don.

St. Thomas (Riedlé sec. Naudin, Ann. des sc. nat. 1853, xviii, p. 532).

316. C. spicata, DC.
Fl. June-July. In forests, not uncommon.—aAII islands.

317. C. rubra, Mart.
St. Thomas (Gris. Fl. p. 248; Finlay sec. Naudin, 1. c¢.).

318. Diplochita serrulata, DC.
Fl. Feb._May. Not uncommon in wooded valleys.—St. Croix; St.
Thomas.

319. Tetrazygia eleagnoides, DC.
‘Fl. April-Aug. Common in forests and on high hills —A1Il islands.

320. Miconia argyrophylla, DC.
St. Thomas (Finlay sec. Naudin, Gris. Fl. p. 256).

321. M. impetiolaris, Don.

Leaves as long as 14/.—St. Croix (West in Hb. Havn.); St. Thomas
(Gris. Fl. p. 256; Bonpland sec. Naudin. Montserrat (Ryan in Hb.
Havn.).

322. M. prasina, DC.
St. Thomas (Riedlé sec. Naudin).

323. M. levigata, DC.
Fl. March—July. In forests, not uncommon.—All islands.

324. M. angustifolia, Gris.

Fl. March. A good-sized shrub, often gregarious on limestone.—St.
Croix (Benzon in Hb. Havn.); Virgin Islands (not uncommon. Mont-
serrat (Ryan in Hb. Havyn.). .

[Several of the species mentioned by Naudin as having been collected
in St. Thomas I omit as being a rather doubtful habitat. These are:
Tshudya berbiceana, Gris. (Miconia, Naud.); Cremanium amygdalinun,
Gris. (Ossea, DC.), and Nepsera aquatica, Naud.}

54 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.
LYTHRARIEE.
325. Ammania latifolia, L. «

Fl. Dec.—June. Here and there in moist localities —St. Croix (Lower
Cove, Anna’s Hope); St. Thomas (Flag Hill).

326. Antherylium Robrii, Vahl (Symb. Bot. iii, 65) (v. Prickle-wood).

Fl. Oct.-March. Precocious. Petiole bibracteate above the middle.
In marshy soil near the coast.—St. Croix (rare; Fair Plain, Stony
Ground); Virgin Islands (common).

[Cultivated species: Lawsonia inermis, L. (v. Mignonette), and Lager-
stromia indica, Li. (v. Queen of Flowers).]

ONAGRACE®.
327. Jussieua suffruticosa, L. ca) ligustrifolia, Kth.
Fl. all the year round. Here and there in moist places.—St. Croix
(Crequis, Golden Rock); St. Thomas (Caret Bay).

RHIZOPHORACE®.

328. Rhizophora Mangle, L. (v. Mangrove, Mangelboom).
FI. all the year round. Gregarious along the shore of lagoons.—AII
islands. (See Botaniska Notiser, 1877, Lund, and Vidensk. Medd. fra

Naturhist. Forening in Copenhagen, 1877-78.)
COMBRETACEZ.

329. Terminalia Catappa, L. (vy. Almond-tree).

Fl. Jan.—April and Sept. Naturalized in valleys and near dwellings.—
St. Croix (common); Virgin Islands (rare).

330. Laguncularia racemosa, G.(v. White Mangrove).

FL all the year round. Wood used for fishpots. Common in salt-
water lagoons.—A1I1 islands. ,

331. Bucida Buceras, L. (v. Gregery).

Fl. May—Aug. <A splendid timber tree. Leaves often attacked by a
fungus (Prinewm, vide Kunze mycol. Hefte, ii, 148). Flowers often trans-
formed into long monstrosities (figured already in P. Browne’s Jamaica,
tab. 23). Common in valleys and especially along the coast.—AI1 isl-
ands.

332. Conocarpus erecta, L.(v. Button-wood). a) and 8) procumbens, Jacq.

Vl. all the year round. Common along the coast and in lagoons.—
AJl islands.

(Cultivated species: Quisqualis indica, L.]

|
FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 55

CUCURBITACEX.
(Griseb. Flora, and Naudin: Annales des sc. nat, 1859, 762, 763, and ’66.)

333. Momordica Charantia, L. a) and 2) pseudobalsamina (vy. Maid-apple).

Fl. Dee. and April-Aug. Common on fences and near ditches.—All
islands.
334. Luffa cylindrica, Roem. (Syn. Mon. ii, 63) (L. Petola, Ser. Wight Icon. ii, t. 499)

(v. Strainer-vine).

Fl]. Oct.-Dec. Tendril 5-fid. Fruit brown, 4” long. Naturalized on
fences.—St. Croix ; St. Thomas.
335. Cucurbita Pepo, L. a) (v. Pumpkin) and ?) Melopepo (vy. Squash).

Fl. May.Nov. and Feb. Fruit used extensively as a vegetable.
Naturalized and cultivated.— All islands.

336. Lagenaria vulgaris, Ser. «) (v. Gobie) and 8) viscosa, Egg. (v. Bitter Gobie).
Fl. Sept.—Jan. The whole plant has a strong smell. Tendril 2-fid.
6) leaves viscous, petiole biglandular near the top. Used as a blister.
Not uncommon in waste places. a) on fences. Fruit used for goblets.—
St. Croix ; St. Thomas.
337. Melothria pervaga, Gris.
Fl. Dee.—April. In thickets, not uncommon.—All islands.

338. Cucumis Anguria, L. (v. Cucumber).

Fl. Jan—March. Anthers glabrous in the bud, pilose after dehiscence,
collecting the pollen. Berry used for soup and pickles. Common in
pastures and on fences.—AII islands.

339. Cephalandra indica, Naud. (1. c. 1866, p. 14) (Coccinia, W. & A.).

Fl. Dec.—June. Naturalized near dwellings and in shady valleys.—
St. Croix.
340. Trianosperma graciliflorum, Gris. (7. Belangerii, Naud.).

Fl. Nov.Jan. Leaf 3-5-lobed. Tendril often bifid. In forests, not
uncommon.—AIl islands. °

341. T. ficifolium, Mart. (Syst. nat. med. veg. Bras. 79) (Bryonia, Lam.).

Fl. March. In forests, not uncommon.—St. Thomas (Soldier Bay) ;
St. Jan (West, p. 301).
342. Anguria trilobata, L.

St. Croix (Ham’s Bluff, West, p. 305).

343. A. glomerata, Egg. (n. sp.).
Fl. Feb.March and May-Aug. Root tuberous. Stem suffruticose,
bark greyish. Leaves alternate, ovate-triangulate or 3-lobed, some-

56 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

times 3-partite, narrowly cordate at the base, denticulate, acuminate,
scabrous above, whitish pubescent beneath. Tendril simple. @ flowers |
gomerate, sessile or subsessile, 8-20 in the glomerule. Calyx urceolate- |
cylindrical, small. Petals 5, orange-coloured or red, lanceolate, erect, 5/””
long. Style bifid; stigmas thick, globose, obsoletely 2-lobed. Ovary 2-
lecular; ovules 3-8 in each cell. Berries densely glomerate, sessile or
subsessile, oval, glabrous, striate, red, 8’ long. Seeds 3-8, urceolate-
globose, verrucose, brownish, 2’ long. ¢ unknown. A high climber.
Stem often 3 diam. at the base, succulent. In forests, not uncom-
mon.—St. Croix (Jacob’s Peak, Claremont,); St. Thomas (Picaru Penin-
sula).

All Cucurbitacez are protogynous.

[Cultivated species: Sechium edule, Sw. (v. Choco); Cucumis sativus, L.
(v. Mutton-cucumber) ; C. Melo, L. (v. Muskmelon), and Citrullus vul-
garis, Schrader (v. Watermelon). |

PAPAYWACEE.
344. Carica Papaya, L. (v. Papaw). .
Fl. March-Aug. Stem often branched. Fruit used as a vegetable.
Common near dwellings and in waste places. All islands. r

PASSIPLORACE ®.

345. Passiflora suberosa, L. (v. Pop, Indigo-berry).
FL Sept.-Dee. Common on rocks and fences.—All islands.

346. P. pallida, L.
Fl. Oct-Dec. In forests, rare.—St. Croix (Wills Bay); St. Jan.

347. P. hirsuta, L. (P. parviflora, Sw.)
St. Croix (West, p. 50.
348. P. peltata, Cav.
St. Thomas (Schl.).
349. P. rubra, L. ;
Fl. Sept.-Feb. In forests and on rocks.—St. Croix (rare); Virgin Isl-
ands (common).

350. P. laurifolia, L. (v. Bell-apple).

Fl. all the year round. Leaf-margin glanduliferous. Berry fragrant,
containing an edible pulp. In thickets on high hills (perhaps only nat-
uralized) and cultivated.—All islands.

351. P. incarnata, L.
St. Croix (West, p. 304).

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 57

352. P. fcetida, L. (v. Love in the mist).

Fl. Sept._Jan. Protandrous. On fences and near ditches, common.—
St. Croix ; St. Thomas.

[Cultivated species: P. quadrangularis, L. (v. Grenadilla), the berry of
which is edible. |

TURNERACE.

353. Turnera ulmifolia, L.

Fl. March-Oct. In waste places, common.—AII islands.

354. T. parviflora, Benth.

FI. Sept.-Dec. and Jan—May. Leaves always eglandular; calyx not
tomentose. Gregarious on rocky seashores, rare.—St. Thomas (Cowell’s
Hill); Buck Island, near St. Thomas.

CACTACEE.

355. Mamillaria nivosa, Link (Pfeiffer Enum. Cact. 1837, p. 11) (M. tortolensis,
Hort. Berol.).

Fl. all the year round. Flower pale yellow; berry clavate, purple.
Seeds br®wnish. On rocks near the seashore.—Buck Island and Flat
(ays, near St. Thomas; Tortola (Pf.).

356. Melocactus communis, DC. (v. Pope’s Head). :

Fl. all the year round. Berry clavate, purple, ?’ long. Seeds black,
verrucose. Up to four feet high. On dry hills and rocks, especially
near the shore.—AII islands.

357. M. atrosanguineus, Hort. Berol.

St. Thomas (Pf. 1. ¢. p. 44).

358. Cereus floccosus, Hort. Berol. (v. Dildo).

Fl. Oct.July. Berry depressed globose, dark crimson, 14” diam.
Pulp red; seeds small, black. On dry hills in thickets, common.—All
islands.

359. C. armatus, Otto.
St. Thomas (Pf. 1. ¢. p. 81).

360. C. triangularis, Haw. (vy. Chigger-apple).

Fl. July. Berry large, crimson, edible, 5’’ long, oval. On trees and
rocks in forests, not uncommon.—ALI islands.
361. C. grandiflorus, Haw. (v. Nightblooming Cereus).

Fl. May-July. Naturalized in gardens and near dwc"ings.—St. Croix;
St. Thomas.

58 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

362. Opuntia curassavica, Mill. (vy. Suckers).

Fl. all the year round. Berry purple, }/’ long, clavate. Gregarious
in dry localities, which are often rendered impenetrable by its presence.
Very common.—ALI islands.

363. O. Tuna, Mill. (v. Prickly Pear).

Fl. all the year round. Berry ovate, crimson, edible. Seeds small,
black. Used for fencing purposes. In dry localities, very common.—
All islands.

364. O. horrida, Salm. (v. Bull-suckers).
Fl. all the year round. Flower reddish-yellow. In dry localities, com-
mon.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.

365. O. spinosissima, Mill.

Fl. all the year round. Spines white, 5-8 in each cluster, deciduous
onthe stem. Flower 3? diameter. Plant reaching 20/-25/ high. In dry
thickets, common.—A1II islands.

366. O. tuberculata, Haw. (v. French Prickly Pear).

Fl. the whole year. Flower small, yellow. Branches used for poul-
tices. Plant 10-15’ high. Naturalized and planted near dwellings.—
St. Croix; St. Thomas.

367. O. ccccivellifera, Mill.

Fl. all the year round. Plant 15/-20’ high. On limestone, uncom-

mon.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.

368. O. catocantha, Hort. Berol.
St. Thomas (Pf. 1. ¢. p. 166).

369. Peireskia aculeata, Mill. (v. Surinam Gooseberry).

Fl. July. Fruit acidulous, edible. Naturalized and cultivated.—St.
Croix; St. Thomas.
370. P. Bleo, HB. K.

Fl. all the year round. Sepals accrescent on the fruit. Naturalized
and cultivated in gardens.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.

[Cultivated species: Cereus peruvianus, Tabem.; C. monoclonos, DC.;
CO. repandus, Haw., and 0. Phyllanthus, DC.)

CRASSULACEX.

371. Bryophyllum calycinum, Salish. (vy. Wonderful Leaf).
Fl. Jan.—Mareh.—Naturalized in dry localities, common, gregarious.—
All islands.

FLORA OF ST CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 59
ARALIACE ®.

372. Panax speciosum, Willd. (Spec. Plant. iv, p. 1126).

Not seen flowering. Leatlets 8, of unequal size, the central ones lar-
gest. Margin slightly undulate and denticulate. Upper surface covered
with distant and deciduous muricate hairs; tomentum on the lower sur-
face deciduous. A low tree. In forests, very rare. St. Jan (iing’s
Hill, 1000’, on the northern slope of the hills). (Cuba, Porto Rico, Ca-
racas.)

UMBELLIFER 2.
373. Eryngium foetidum, L.

Fl. Sept—May. Biennial. Along rivulets and in moist places, rare.

—St. Thomas (Caret Bay).

374. Anethum graveolens, L. (vy. Dill).

Fl. Mareh-Oct. Naturalized along roads and near dwellings.— All
islands.

[Cultivated species: Petroselinum sativum, Hoffin. (v. Parsley); Daucus
Carota, L. (v. Carrot); Pimpinella Anisum, L. (v. Anise); Faniculum vul-
gare, Gertn. (v. Fennel); AnthFiscus cerefolium, L. (v. Chervil), and
Apium graveolens, L. (v. Celery).]

LOBRANTHACE

375. Loranthus emarginatus, Sw. (v. Baas-fram-boom),
Hl. all the year round. Inflorescences uniserial. On trees, especially
Acacia Lebbek and Pisonia subcordata. Common.—All islands.

376. Phoradendron flavens, Gris.
HF). April-June. Seed compressed, green, with white bands. On Pi-
sonia subcordata, rare.—St. Croix (Stony Ground).

CAPRIFOLIACEX.

[Cultivated occur: Sambucus nigra, L. (Fl. April-July), and Lonicera
Caprifolium, L. (v. Honey-suckle).|

RUBIACEZ.
377. Genipa americana, L.

Fl. July. In forests on high hills, rare.-—St. Thomas (Crown); St. Jan
(Rogiers).

378. Catesbea parviflora, Sw.
Fl. Sept.—Dec. Fruit black, shining. In dry thickets, uncommon.—
St. Croix (Fair Plain).

60 FLORA OF ST CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

379. Randia aculeata, L. a) and ) mitis.
Fl. April—July. a) in dry thickets, #) in shady valleys. Common.—
All islands.

380. Hamelia patens, Jacq.
Il. all the year round. 6/-15' high. In shady valleys, not uncom-
mon.—All islands.

381. H. lutea, Rohr. -
I). all the year round. In forests, uncommon.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.

382. Gonzalea spicata, DC.
Il. May—Oct. In pastures on high hills, above 1000’, not uncommon.—
Virgin Islands.

383. Exostemma caribeum, R. 8. (v. Black Torch).
Fl. June—Dee. Common in thickets.—ALII islands.

384. Portlandia grandiflora, L.
Fl. June—Dee.—St. Thomas (DC. Prodr. iv, p. 405; Gris. Fl. p. 324); St.
Croix (cultivated).
2

385. Rondeletia pilosa, Sw.
Fl. all the year round. In thickets.—St. Croix (rare, near Cane Bay) ;
Virgin Islands (common).

386. Oldenlandia corymbosa, L.
Fl. Feb.—March. Seeds brown, minutely verrucose. In waste places,
rare.—St. Croix (Government House yard).

387. O. callitrichioides, Gris. (Pl. Wright. p. 506).
Fl. Dee. Flower expanded early in the morning and late in the after-
noon. Gregarious among stones.—St. Croix (Government House).

388. Spigelia anthelmia, L. (v. Worm-weed).

Fl. all the year round. In open, moist localities, uncommon.—St. Croix;
St. Thomas.
389. Guettarda scabra, Lam.

Fl. June—Dec. Flower expanded towards evening. Drupe dark erim-
son, often 1-seeded by abortion. In woods, common,—A1II islands.
390. G. parvifolia, Sw.

FL. July—Oct. In woods, not uncommon.—aAll islands.

391. Stenostomum lucidum, G.
Fl. Dee.—April. In forests, rare.—St. Croix ; St. Thomas (Signal Hill).

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 61

392. Chione glabra, DC.
Not seen flowering. In forests, rare.—St. Croix (Fair Plain); St.
Thomas (Soldier Bay).

393. Scolesanthus versicolor, Vahl.

Fl. Oct-Dec. Pedicels often transformed into spines, as mentioned
by DC. (Prodr. iv, 484). Leaves 2’”-3/”” long.—St. Croix (West and Ryan
in Hb. Hayn.); St. Thomas (rather common in thickets); Water Island.

394. Hrithalis fruticosa, L. a) and 3) odorifera, Jacq.
Fl. Oct.—March. Along the coast, not uncommon.—AII islands.

395. Chiococca racemosa, Jacq.
Fl. March-Dec. In forests, common.—All islands.

396. Ixora ferrea, Benth.
Fl. Feb.—May and Nov.-Dee. Among rocks on high hills over 1200’,
not uncommon.—St. Thomas (Crown).

397. Coffea arabica, L. (v. Coffee-tree).

Fl. May-July. Berry ripe Nov.-Dec. Naturalized in shady localities.
Formerly cultivated on most estates on a small scale, principally in St.
Jan.— All islands.

398. Paramea odoratissima, DC. (v. Wild Coffee).
Fl. June. In thickets on high hills.—St. Croix (West and Benzon in
Hb. Havyn.); Virgin Islands (not uncommon).

399. Psychotria glabrata, Sw.
Fl. June-Sept. Here and there in shady valleys.—AlUi islands.

400. P. tenuifolia, Sw.

Fl. May. In thickets on high hills, rare.—St. Thomas (Crown, 1500).
401. P. Brownei, Spre.

Fl. June-Sept. In woods, common.—All islands.

402. P. horizontalis, Sw.
Fl. May—Dee. Along roads and in thickets, common.—AII islands.

403. Palicourea Pavetta, DC. a) and #) var. rosea, Egg.

Fl. Feb. and Aug. #) corolla-lobes rosy, anthers bluish, and stem
brownish. In forests, not wncommon.—f) all islands. a) St. Thomas
(Signal Hill).

404. Morinda citrifolia, L. (vy. Pain-killer).

Fl. June-Aug. Leaves used against headache. Naturalized in gar-

dens.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.

“7

62 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.
405. Geophila reniformis, Cham. & Schl.

Fl. Dee.—Jan. and Aug. On the ground in dense woods, rare.—St.
Thomas (Signal Hill, St. Peter); Vieques (Hb. Havn.).

406. Ernodea litoralis, Sw.
I'l. Dec.—May. Along sandy coasts, not uncommon.—ALI islands.

407. Diodia rigida,Cham. & Schl. (Linnea, iii, 341).
St. Thomas (Schl.). -

408. D. sarmentosa, Sw.

St. Thomas (Schl.).

409. Spermacoce tenuior, Lam. (v. Iron-grass). «) and 3) angustifolia, Egg.
Fl. all the year round. 8) leaves linear-lanceolate. In pastures and
along roads. Both forms common.—aAll islands.

410. Borreria verticillata, Mey.
Fl. May—Oct. Suffruticose. In pastures on hills.—St. Croix (Hb.
Havyn.); St. Thomas (not uncommon on Crown).

411. B. stricta, Mey. (Primit. Fl. Essequib. p. 83).

Fl. Dee.March. In pastures, here and there.—St. Croix (Parade
Ground).

(B. vaginata, Ch. & Schl. (St. Thomas, Schl.), is a doubtful species
(DC. Prod. iv, 551).)

412. B. parviflora, Mey.
Fl. Marech-June. Along roads and in forests.—St. Croix (Benzon in
Hb. Hayn.); St. Jan (Rustenberg, not uncommon).
[Cultivated species: Ivora Bandhuca, Roxb. (v. Burning Love), and
I. stricta, Roxb.]
SYNANTHERE®.

413. Sparganophorus Vaillantii, G.
Fl. March-Sept. In moist localities, not uncommon.—St. Croix; St.
Thomas (DC. Prod. v, 12). |

414. Vernonia arborescens, Sw. «) Swartziana, 3) Lessingiana, y) divaricata, Sw.
Fl. May—Dee. In thickets, all three forms not uncommon.—All islands.

415. V. punctata, Sw. F
Fl. all the year round. In thickets, common.—All islands.

416. V. Thome, Benth. (Vid. Medd. fra Nat. For. 1852, p. 66).
Fl. all the year round. In thickets, not uncommon.—St. Thomas.

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 63

417. Elephantopus mollis, Kth.

Fl. Mareh-May. Head 4-flowered. In pastures, here and there.—
All islands.
418. Distreptus spicatus, Cass.

Fl. Jan.March. In pastures and along roads, common.—All islands.

419. Ageratum conyzoides, L.
Fl. Dec.—June. Achenium usually 4-gonous. Along roads and ditches,

common.—All islands.

420. Hebeclinium macrophyllum, DC.
Fl. June-Sept. Achenium black, 3-gonous. In forests.—St. Croix
(rare; Caledonia, Wills Bay); St. Thomas (not uncommon).

421. Eupatorium odoratum, L. (v. Christmas-bush).
Fl. Nov.—March. Along roads and in thickets, common.—A1II islands.

422. BE. repandum, W.
Fl. Dee.—July. On hills, not common.—ALl islands.

423. E. atriplicifolium, Vahl (Symb. Bot. iii, 96).

Fl. Dece.-May. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous; glandular impressions
numerous on the upper surface. Flower odorous. On sandy shores,
common.—AII islands.

424. E. canescens, Vahl.

Fl. Oct-Nov. In thickets, uncommon. St. Croix (Spring-gut) ; St.
Thomas (DC. Prod. v, 155).
425. E. Ayapana, Vent.

St. Croix (naturalized sec. Vahl, who received it from Pflug; probably
only cultivated).
426. E. cuneifolium, Willd.

St. Thomas (DC. Prod. v, 177)..

427. Mikania gonoclada, DC.
Fl. Dee.March. In forests.—St. Croix (rare; Caledonia) ; Virgin
Islands (not uncommon).

428. Erigeron cuneifolius, DC. (Prod. v, 288). ;

Fl. Dec.-July.—Rhizome perennial, for which reason this species must
be considered sufficiently distinct from the annual 2. Jamaicensis, Sw.
The two species are united into one by Prof. Grisebach in his Fl. p. 365,
In pastures on high hills, not uncommon above 1200/.—Virgin Islands.

429. E. spathulatus, Vahl.
Fl. April-July. Along roads and ditches, rather common.—A1l islands.

64 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

430. E. canadensis, L.
Fl. June—Noy. Ray-flowers often ligulate. Along roads, common.—

All islands.
431. Baccharis Vahlii, DC. (Prod. v, 411) (B. dioica, Vahl).

FL. all the year round. As much as 30/ high. On rocky seashores,
gregarious, not uncommon. (The specific name of DC. is to be pre-
ferred to that of Vahl, notwithstanding the priority of the latter, for
the reasons stated in the Prodromus.)—St. Croix (northwestern coast).

432. Pluchea odorata, Cass. (v. Sweet Scent, Ovra bla).

Il. Feb.—April. Leaves used as tea against colds and as diuretic
medicine. In moist localities, not uncommon.—All islands.
433. P. purpurascens, DC.

Fl. all the year round. Along rivulets, not uncommon.—St. Croix
(Gallows Bay, Kingshill Gut).
434. Pterocaulon virgatum, DC.

Fl. all the year round. On dry hills, common.—A1II islands.

435. Melampodium divaricatum, DC. (Prod. v, 520) (MM. paludosum, Kth.).

Fl. Oct.-Feb. Along ditches, gregarious, rare.—St. Croix (Jolly Hill).
436. Ogiera ruderalis, Gris.

Virgin Islands (Gris. Fl. p. 369).
437. Acanthospermum humile, DC.

Fl. all the year round. Leaves not glandular beneath. A common
weed along roads.—St. Thomas.
438. Xanthium macrocarpum, DC. (Prodr. vy, 523) (X. orientale, L.).

Fl. Oct.-Feb. A common weed, naturalized around dwellings.—AlIl
islands.

439. Parthenium Hysterophorus, L. (vy. Mule-weed, White-head-broom),
Fl. allthe year round. Avery common weed everywhere.—All islands.

440. Ambrosia artemisiefolia, L. ) trinitensis.
Fl. Sept._Oct. Naturalized in waste places.—St. Croix (Fredrikssted).

441. Zinnia multiflora, L. (v. Snake-flower).
Fl. Feb.-Aug. Along roads, not uncommon.—Virgin Islands.

442. Z. elegans, Jacy.
Fl. May—Oct. Naturalized in gardens.—A1I1I islands.

443. Eclipta alba, Hassk. °
Fl. June-Feb. In moist localities, not uncommon.—All islands.

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 65

444, Borrichia arborescens, DC.

Fl. all the year round. On sandy shores, gregarious.—St. Croix (com-
mon); St. Thomas (Smith’s Bay).
445. Wedelia carnosa, Rich.

Fl. June-Jan. Along ditches, gregarious.—St. Croix (western part
of the island, not uncommon).
446. W. buphthalmoides, Gris. (v. Wild Tobacco). a), 8) antiguensis, Nichols,

and y) dominicensis.

Fl. all the year round. Leaves delicately fragrant. «) rare; ) and ;)

common along roads and in thickets.—A1II islands.

447. W. affinis, DC. (Prod. v, 541) (W. calycina, Rich.),
St. Thomas (Wydler).

448. W. acapulensis, HB. K.
St. Thomas (Schl. in Linnea, 1831, 727).

(Grisebach, Fl. 572, thinks these two species to be included probably
in W. frutescens, Jacq.)
449. W. cruciana, Rich.

St. Croix (DC. Prodr. v, 542).

450. W. discoidea, Less. (Linnea, 1831, 728).
St. Thomas (Less. 1. c.).

451. Melanthera deltoidea, Rich.

St. Thomas (Less.).
452. Sclerocarpus africanus, Jacq. (Icon. Rar. i, t. 176).

Fl. Nov.-Dec. Along roads and in thickets, rare. (Naturalized?)—
St. Thomas (Parade ground).

453. Bidens leucanthus, W.
Fl. Sept.—Dec. Under trees, on high hills.—St. Croix (West, p. 303) ;
Virgin Islands (common).
454. B. bipinnatus, L.
Fl. Sept.-March. Achenium often 5-aristate. In pastures and along
ditches, common.—AlI1I islands.

455. Cosmos caudatus, Kth.
Il. Dee.—March. Along roads and in fields, not unecommon.—AII
islands.

456. Verbesina alata, L.
Fl. Feb.-Aug. Naturalized in gardens.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 13 5

66 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

457. Synedrella nodiflora, G. (v. Fatten barrow).
Fl. all the year round. A common weed everywhere.—AI islands.

458. Pectis punctata, Jacq.
Fl. Oct—March. In pastures and along ditches, common.—All
islands.

459. P. linifolia, Less.
St. Thomas (Less. Gris. Fl. p. 378).

460. P. humifusa, Sw.
Fl. all the year round. Gregarious on rocks and between stones, not

uncommon.—AII islands.

461. Egletes domingensis, Cass. a) glabrata, DC.; 3) carduifolia, DC.; y) genuina.
Fi. all the year round. On the sandy seashore, z) and 7) rather com-
mon. /f) found by Oersted (Vid. Medd. 1852, p. 106).—St. Thomas.

462. Erechthites hieracifolia, Raf. «@) and y) cacaloides, Less.
Fl. all the year round. In moist localities, not uncommon.—sSt. Croix

(7); St. Thomas (a).
463. Emilia sonchifolia, DC.
Vl. Jan.-Oct. In shady localities. Nataralized, common.—All
islands.
464. E. sagittata, DC. (Prodr. vi, 302) (Cacalia coccinea, Sims. ).
Fl. allthe year round. Naturalized in gardens.—St. Croix; St. Thomas,
(Cacalia coccinea, Sims., is, according to DC, Prodr. vi, 332, a synonym
for Emilia coccinea. This latter species does, however, not occur in the
Prodromus at all, and on a former page, 302, the Cacalia of Sims.is given

as synonymous with LP. sagittata.)

465. Leria nutans, DC.
Fl. June—March. In shady localities on hills, not uncommon.—All

islands.
466. Brachyrhamphus intybaceus, DC. (Jacq. Icon. Rar. i, t. 162).
Fl. all the year round. Near dwellings and in waste places, a com-

mon weed.—AII islands.

467. Sonchus oleraceus, L. (v. Wild Salad).
Fl. all the year round. Achenium mostly 4-furrowed. Along roads

and near dwellings, common.—All islands.
(Chrysogonum dichotomum, sp. noy., Vahl, mentioned in West, p. 305,
as occurring in St. Croix, is not deseribed in any of Vahl’s publications ;

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 67

and as no specimens are to be found in Hb. Hayn., I have not been able
to identify the species.)

[Cultivated species: Helianthus annuus, L. (v. Sunflower) ; Pyrethrum
indicum, Cass.; Aster chinensis, L.; Tagetes patula, L.; Tithonia speciosa,
Hook.; Georgina variabilis, Willd., and Lactuca sativa, L. (v. Salad).]

LOBELIACE &.

468. Isotoma lougiflora, Prsl.
Fl. all the year round. The whole plant is poisonous. In shady locali-

ties and in pastures on high hills. St. Croix (rare, Mount Pleasant,
Wills Bay); Virgin Islands (rather common on the hills).

GOODENOVIACE A.

469. Scevola Plumieri, L.
Fl. Jan.-April. On sandy shores.

St. Croix (not uncommon); St.
Thomas (Smith’s Bay).
MWY RSINACE A.
470. Ardisia coriacea, Sw.
Fl. June-Aug. Leaves minutely spotted beneath. In forests and on

high hills, not uncommon.—All islands.

471. Jacquinia armillaris, L. «) and ) arborea, V.(v. Bay Sallie).
Fl. Sept—Feb. On the rocky shore, not uncommon.—AIl islands.

SAPOTACE EX.
472. Chrysophyllum Cainito, L. (v. Star-apple).
Il. May—July. Fruit edible. In forests, rare.—St. Croix (Springfield) ;
St. Thomas (Signal Hill).

473. C. pauciflorum, Lam.
Fl. June. In forests, uncommon.—St. Thomas (Flag Hill).

474. C. oliviforme, Sw. 8) monopyrenum.
I'l. July. In forests, not very common.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.

475. C. microphyllum, Jacq. (v. Palmér).
Fl. Sept—Jan. In wooded valleys, rare.—St Croix (Bugby Hole); St.
Thomas (Santa Maria Gut).

476. C. glabrum, Jacq.

Kl. Sept.—Dec. and March-July. In woods and thiekets, common.—
All islands.
477. Sapota Achras, Mill. (v. Mespel). .

Fl. Sept.—Oct. and March. Fruit sweet, edible. In forests and culti-
vated, common.—AII islands,

z :
68 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

478. S. Sideroxylen, Gris. (v. Bully wood).

Not seen in flower. <A tall tree, affording a splendid purple, very
hard timber. In forests, rare.—St. Jan (Baas Gut).
479. Sideroxylon Mastichodendron, Jacq. (v. Mastic).

Fl. Aug.Sept. An excellent timber tree. In forests, rare.—St. Croix
(Lebanon Hill); St. Thomas (Northside Bay); St. Jan (Baas Gut)
(Montserrat, Ryan in Hb. Havn.).

480. Dipholis salicifolia, DC.

Fl. Feb—March. In thickets and forests.—St. Croix (not uncommon
in the western part of the island); St. Jan (Mein Caneel Bay).
481. Bumelia cuneata, Sw. (v. Break-bill).

Fl. Feb.-April. Branches often transformed into long spines. Very
good timber tree. Along the coast principally in marshy soil, not un-
common.—AlII islands.

482. Lucuma multiflora, DC. (Achras macrophylla, Vahl in Hb. Hayn.).

Fl. June-July and Dec.—Jan. Leaves as much as 14/ long.—St. Croix
(Hb. Hayn. from Wills Bay); St. Thomas (here and there in forests ;
Signal Hill, 1500’).

STYRACE.

483. Symplocos martinicensis, Jacq.
Fl. March-Aug. In forests on high hills. Flowers fragrant.—St.
Thomas (Signal Hill above 1200’, not uncommon).

EBENACE®.

484. Maccreightia caribza, A. DC.
Vieques (Duchassaing sec. Gris. System. Unters. p. 91).

OLEACE®.

485. Linociera compacta, R. Br.
Fl. May-Oct. In forests, rather common.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.

486. Forestiera porulosa, Poir. a) and 8) Jacquinii, Egg. (Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 625).
Fl. Feb. and Sept.-Oct. In thickets near the coast, uncommon.—c)
St. Thomas (Cowell’s Hill) ; 4) St. Croix (northern shore near Claremont).

SASMINACEX®.

487. Jasminum pubescens, W. (v. Star Jessamine).
FL all the year round. Naturalized in gardens.—A1II islands.
[Cultivated species: J. officinale, L.; J. revolutum, L. (v. Nepaul Jes-
samine), and Nyctanthes Sambac, lL. (vy. Double Jessamine). }

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 69

APOCYNACEZE.
48S. Thevetia neriifolia, Juss. (v. Milk-bush).
Fl. all the year round. Wood employed for building boats. In thick-
ets on dry hills, common.—AIl islands.

489. Rauwolfia nitida, L. (v. Milk-tree).
FI. all the year round. In forests and thickets, common.—AlII islands,

490. R. Lamarckii, A. DC. (v. Bitter-bush).
Fl. all the year round. On dry hills, common.—AII islands.

491. Nerium Oleander, L. (v. Nerium).
Fl. all the year round. Naturalized in gardens and near dwellings.
Common.—A II islands.

492. Tabernzemontana (citrifolia, Jacq. ?).
Fl. June-Aug. In thickets, here and there.—St. Thomas (French-
man’s Bay).

493. Vinca rosea, L. (v. Church-flower).
Fl. all the year round. Near houses and on waste places, very com-
mon.—All islands.

494. Plumieria rubra, L. (v. Red Franchipani).
Fl. all the year round. Naturalized near dwellings.—AlI islands.

495. P. obtusifolia, L. (v. White Franchipani).
Fl. all the year round. Naturalized in gardens.—All islands.

496. P. alba, L. (v. Snake-root, Klang hout).

Fi. all the year round. On rocks near the shore and in dry thickets,
common.—All islands.
497. Echites agglutinata, Jacq.

Fl. July-Aug. In thickets, rare.—St. Croix (Cane Bay); St. Thomas
(Flag Hili).
498. E. circinalis, Sw.

Fl. Dec. In forests, rare.—St. Thomas (Flag Hill).
499. E. neriandra, Gris.

Fl. Oct.Jan. Here and there in thickets, not uncommon,—All
islands.

500. E. suberecta, Jacq.
Fl. May-—Aug. In thickets, uncommon.—St. Thomas (Cowell’s Hill) ;
St. Croix (West, p. 277).

70 -LORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

501. E. barbata, Desv.

St. Croix; St. Thomas (DC. Prodr. viii, 453).

[Cultivated species: Allamanda cathartica, L., and Tabernemontana
capensis, L. (v. Cape Jessamine). |

ASCLEPIADACEX.

502. Metastelma parviflorum, R. br.

St. Thomas (Duchass).

503. M. Schlechtendalii, Dees. (M. albiflorum, Gris.).
Fl. all the year round. In dry thickets, very common.—ALII islands.
(The specific distinction of Grisebach’s species does not seem to be
sufficiently permanent to justify a separation into two.)
504. Asclepias curassavica, L. (vy. Wild Ipecacuana).
Fl. all the year round. Root used as an emetic. Along roads and
ditches, common.—AlI islands.
505. A. nivea, L.
St. Thomas (Gris. Fl. 419).
506. Sarcostemma Brownei, Mey.
St. Thomas (West, p. 278, as Asclepias viminalis, Sw.).
507. Calotropis procera, R. Br. (v. Silk Cattun).
Fl. all the year round. Naturalized in dry localities, common.—All
islands.
508. Ibatia muricata, Gris.

Il. all the year round. In dry thickets, common.—A1II islands.

509. Fischeria scandens, DC.

Fl. Aug. In forests, rare.—St. Croix (Spring-gut).

[Cultivated species; Hoya carnosa, R. Br. (v. Wax-flower) and Ste-
phanotis floribunda, A. Brongn.|

CONVOLVULACES.
510. Ipomeza bona-nox, L.
Fl. Oct.-May. Naturalized in gardens.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.
Sik. Z. Fuba, Don.

Fl. all the year round. On shrubs near the coast, uuncommon,—All
islands.

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 71

512. I. tuberosa, L.
Fl. Feb.-March. In forests, rare.—St. Croix (Bugby Hole); St.
Thomas (Schl.).

513. I. dissecta, Pursh (v. Noyau Vine).
Fl. Nov.-May. Corolla-tube purple inside. The whole plant has a
taste of prussic acid, and is used for the preparation of a liquor called

Noyau. On fences and along roads, common.—A1Il islands.

514. I. pentaphyHa, Jacq.

Fl. Dec.-March. In thickets and along ditches.—St. Croix; St.
Thomas.
515. I. quinquefolia, Gris.

Fl. Dee.—Jan. Corolla expanded from 8 A.M.to 3 P.M. In pastures
and low thickets, common.—St. Thomas.

516. I. Batatas, Lam. (v. Sweet Potato). «), 8) leucorrhiza, and y) porphyrorhiza.
Fl. all the year round. Propagated by cuttings. A common vege-

table. Cultivated and naturalized everywhere.—AlI islands.

517. I. fastigiata, Swt. a).

Fl. Oct.-Jan. In‘thickets, not uncommon.—St. Thomas.

518. I. violacea, L.(v. Granni Vine).
Fl. Dec.—Feb. Coralla expanded towards evening. In forests and
along rivulets, not uncommon.—All islands.

519. I. carnea, Jacq.
St. Croix (Wills Bay sec. West, p. 272).
520. I. Jeucantha, Jacq. (Icon. Rar. ii, t. 318).
Tl. March-May. Capsule pilose; roots tuberous. On dry hills, not

uncommon —St. Jan (near Klein Kanelbay).

521. I. triloba, L. «) and 3) Hustachiana, Jacq.
Fl. Sept.-March. Corolla expanded till 10 A.M. Both forms in moist

localities, not uncommon.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.

522. I. umbellata, Mey.
Fl. Jan—Marech. Along rivulets and ditches, common.—AlII islands.

523. I. pes-capre, Sw. (v. Bay Vine).

Fl. all the year round. Corolla sometimes white. On sandy sea-

sheres, very common.—AlII islands. ,

72 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

524. I. asarifolia, R. 8.

Danish islands (Gris. I'l. p. 471).

(As this species is a native of Senegal, I doubt the correctness of the
above habitat.)

525. I. quinquepartita, R.S. (Conv. ovalifolius, West (non Vahl) sec. DC. Prodr. ix,
367).
St. Croix (West, p. 271).
526. I. triquetra, R.S. (Conv. triqueter, Vahl, Symb. Bot. iii, 32).
St. Croix (West, p. 271); St. Thomas (Schl.).
527. I. repanda, Jacq.

Fl. Feb—March. Leaves heteromorphous, often 2-4-lobed. Tubers
large, a favourite food for wild hogs. In forests, uncommon.—St. Thomas
(Flag Hill); St. Jan (Macumbi).

528. I. filiformis, Jacq.

Fl. Oct.-April. In thickets, often near the shore, not uncommon.—St.
Croix; St. Thomas.

529. I. arenaria, Steud.
Fl. Dec.-April. Stem woody, as much as 2” diam. Root large,
tuberous. Flowering partly precocious. On dry hills, in thickets, not

uncommon.—AILI islands.

530. I. Quamoclit, L. (v. Sweet William).

Fl. all the year round. Near dwellings and along roads, common.—
St. Croix; St. Thomas.

531. TI. coccinea, L. (J. hederafolia, L.).

Fl. Dee.—March. In thickets, common.—AII islands.

532, I. Nil, Rth. (Bot. Mag. t. 188) (v. Morning-glory).
Fl. Oct.—March. Corolla expanded till 9 A.M. Along ditches and
near dwellings, common.—A1L islands.

533. I. purpurea, Lam.
Fl. Oct—Feb. Naturalized in gardens.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.
534. I. acuminata, R. 8.
Fl. Nov.—March. Corolla crimson, as stated in Symb, Bot. iii, 26.
Near rivulets, on trees, rare.—St. Croix (Golden Rock).
585. I. tiliacea, Chois,
St. Thomas (Sehl.).

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 13

536. Jacquemontia tamnifolia, Gris.

Fl. Dec.-Feb. Seeds glabrous, greyish. In thickets, common.—All
islands.
537. Convolvulus pentanthus, Jacq. (Jacquemontia violacea, Chois.).

Tl. Aug.—Dee. In thickets, on hills, common.—AII islands.

538. C. jamaicensis, Jacq.
Fl. Dee.Feb. In thickets, on the sandy seashore, rare.—St. Croix
(Sandy Point); St. Thomas (Cowell’s); Water Island.

539. C. nodiflorus, Desr. (C albiflorus, West) (v. Clashi-mulat).
FI]. Oct.-March. Common in thickets.— Al] islands.

540. C. melanostictus, Schl. (Linnea, vi, 737).
St. Thomas (Schl.).

541. C. sagittifer, HB. Kth.
St. Thomas (Schl.).

542. Evolvulus linifolius, L.
Fl. Dee.—April. In moist localities, here and there.—A1I islands.

543. E. mucronatus, Sw.

Il. Dec.—March. In marshy soil, not uncommon.—aALII islands.

544. E. nummularius, L.
Fl. Nov.-March. Among rocks in shady localities, not uncommon.—
All islands.

545. Cuscuta americana, L. (v. Love-weed).

Fl. all the year round. In dry thickets, covering shrubs and trees,
often killing them. Very common.—All islands.

(West, p. 271, mentions two species, Convolvulus matutinus and C.vene-
natus, as occurring in St. Croix, and refers for their description to Vahl’s
Symb. Bot. pars 3, as spec. nov. As, however, they are not described in
any of Vahl’s publications, and no specimens are in existence in Hb.
Havn., I am unable to say whether they are old species or new ones.)

[Cultivated species: Ipoma@a Learii, Annal. Fl. et Pom. 1840, p. 381,
and J. Horsfallie, Hook. |

HYDROLEACEX.

546. Nama jamaicensis, L.
Fl. March-Aug. Among stones and rocks, a common weed.—St. Croix ;
St. Thomas.

T4 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.
BORAGINACEX®.

547. Cordia Gerascanthus, Jacq. 3) subcanescens (y. Rosewood, Cuppar).

Fl. Oct. An excellent timber tree. In forests, not very common.—
Virgin Island.
548. C. alba, R. S. (v. White Manjack).

Fl. March-Sept. In thickets and along roads, not uncommon.—st.
Croix (eastern part of the island).
549. C. Sebestena, Jacq. «) (Bot. Mag. t. 794). ) rubra, Egg. (v. Scarlet Cordia,

I luyte boom).

Fl. all the year round. £) leaf-ribs red; calyx scarlet as the corolla.

Both forms common in forests and planted near dwellings.—A11 islands.

550. C. Collococca, L. (v. Manjack).
Fl. March-April. Precocious. In forests, common.—A1I islands.

551. C. nitida, Vahl.
Fl. Jan._Feb. and Sept.-Oct. Flowers slightly odorous. In forests,

not uncommon.—A Il islands.

552. C. levigata, Lam.
St. Thomas (Schl.).

553. C. sulcata, DC.

Fl. June. Leaves up to14/ long. In forests, not common.—Virgin
Islands; St. Croix (West, p. 275).
554. C. ulmifolia, Juss. a) ovata, 3) ovalis, and y) lineata.

Il. May-Aug. Indry thickets, common.—z) allislands ; ) St. Thomas
(Ledru) ; 7) St. Croix (West).
555. C.cylindristachya, Sprengl. a) portoricensis, Sprgl. 3) floribunda, Sprgl.

6) graveolens, Kth.
Fl. all the year round. On dry hills. All three forms common,—St.

Croix; St. Thomas.
556. C. martinicensis, R. 8.
St. Croix (Griseb. Fl. p. 481).

557. C. globaga, Kth.
I'l. July-Sept. In thickets, not uncommon.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.

558. Beurreria succulenta, Jacq. (v. Juniper).
Fl. June-Sept. In forests and thickets, common.—A1Il islands.

559. Rochefortia acanthophora, Gris.
Fl. June-Sept. In, thickets.—St. Croix (rare, Fair Plain, Jacob’s

Peak); Virgin Islands (not uncommon).

~]

On

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

560. Tournefortia gnaphalodes, R. Br. (v. Sea-lavender),.
Fl. all the year round. On sandy shores, common.—AI] islands.

561. T. hirsutissima, L. (v. Chichery grape).
Fl. Sept.April. Along roads and in thickets, especially on lime-
stone, common.—AII islands.

562. T. foetidissima, L.
St. Croix (West, p. 270).
563. T. bicolor, Sw. £) levigata, Lam.
Fl. May. Berry globose, white. Among rocks on high hills, rare.—
St. Thomas (Crown, 1500’).
564. T. laurifolia, Vent.
St. Thomas (DC.).

565. T. volubilis, L.

Fl. May—Aug. Inflorescence extra-axillary, often transformed into a
hollow, globose, muricate, green monstrosity, in which lives the larva of
a dipterous insect. Common in thickets.—A1I] islands.

566. T. microphylla, Desv.

Fl. May-Sept. In the same localities as the former, common.—All
islands.

567. Heliotropium indicum, L.
Fl. all the year round. Along roads and in waste places, common.—
All islands.

568. H. parviflorum, L. (v. Eye-bright).
Fl. all the year round. A common weed everywhere.—All islands.

569. H. curassavicum, L.
Fl. the whole year. On the sandy seashore, common.—AII islands.

570. H. fruticosum, L.

Fl. all the year round. Up to 6/high. On dry hills.—St. Croix (com-
mon in the eastern part); Virgin Islands (not uncommon).

[Cultivated species: H. peruvianum, L. (v. Heliotrope.) |

POLEMONIACE ST.
[Cultivated in gardens: Phlox Drummondii, Hook.]

SOLANACEAE.
571. Brunfelsia americana, Sw. c) and 3) pubescens (vy. Rain-tree).
Il. May—Dee. Flowers odorous before rain. In thickets and woods,
common.—Virgin Islands (cultivated in gardens in St. Croix).

76 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

572. Datura Metel, L. (v. Fire-weed).
Fl. all the year round. Flowers nocturnal. Along roads and in waste
places, naturalized everywhere.—AlI1 islands.

573. D. fastuosa, L.
Fl. all the year round. Naturalized in gardens and near dwellings.—
All islands.

574. D. Tatuia, L.
Fl. May-Dee. Along roads, naturalized, but rare.—St. Croix (Hope).

575. D. Stramonium, L. (v. Fire-weed).
Fl. Sept.leb. Naturalized in waste places, common.—AIl islands.

576. Nicotiana Tabacum, L.
Fl. May—Noy. Used as a medicine, but not for smoking. Naturalized
near dwellings.—A1II islands.

577. Physalis peruviana, L.
Fl. May—Nov. In fields, uncommon.—St. Thomas (Rapoon).

578. P. pubescens, L.

Fl. March—May. In shady valleys, uncommon.—St. Croix (Crequis) ;
St. Thomas.
579. P. Linkiana, Ns.

Fl. Dec. In cultivated fields, not uncommon.—St. Thomas.

580. P. angulata, L.
Fl. Sept.—Jan. Stamens of unequal length; anthers successively de-
hiseent. Along roads and ditches, common.—AII islands,

581. Capsicum dulce, Hort. (DC. Prodr. xiii, i, 428) (v. Sweet Pepper).
Fl. March-July. Berry oblong. Naturalized in gardens.—St. Croix;
St. Thomas.

582. C. frutescens, L. (v. Bird Pepper).

Fl. Aug.-Dee. Used as a condiment. Here and there in forests and
cultivated.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.
583. C. baccatum, L. (v. Small Pepper).

Fl. Aug.—Jan. In forests and near dwellings, not uncommon.—All
islands.
584. C. annuum, L. (v. Pepper).

Fl. all the year round. Fruit universally used as a condiment. Cul-

tivated and naturalized everywhere.—A1] islands.

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. Ti

585. Lycopersicum cerasiforme, Dun. (Solan. p. 113) (v. Small Trovo).

Fl. May-Sept. Berry globose, small, yellow. Not uncommon near
dwellings (perhaps only naturalized). Used as a vegetable.—St. Croix;
St. Thomas.

586. L. esculentum, Mill. (v. Tomato, Trovo).

Fl. all the year round. Berry used as a vegetable. Cultivated and
naturalized everywhere.—ALII islands.
587, Solanum nodiflorum, Jacq. a) and 8) cleraceum, Dun. (vy. Lumbush).

Fl. May—Dee. Stem often prickly. In fields and in waste places, com-
mon.—All islands.

588. S. verbascifolium, L. (v. Turkey-berry).

Fl. June-Oct. In waste places, not uncommon.—Virgin Islands; St.
Croix (West, p. 274).
589. S. racemcsum, L. (v. Canker-berry).

Fl. all the year round. Proterandrous. In waste places, very com-
mon.—AlII islands.

590. S. igneum, L. (vy. Canker-berry).
Fl. all the year round. Habitat of the preceding. Very common.—
All islands.

591. S. bahamense, L. (S. persicafolium, Dun.)
Fl. Jan—Aug. Along coasts, not uncommon.—Virgin Islands.

592. S. lanceifolium, Jacq.
Not seen flowering. Leaves and stem very prickly. In forests, rare.—
St. Jan (King’s Hill, 1000’).

593. S. torvum, Sw. (v. Plate-bush). 4
FI. all the year round. <A shrub or sma!l tree. In forests and near
dwellings, common.—AII islands.

594. S. inclusum, Gris., var. albiflorum, Ege. .

Fl. all the year round. Corolla white, 3-1 diam. Stigma 3—5-
branched, stellate. Berry globose, somewhat depressed, hirsute, orange -
coloured, 1 diam. The excrescent calyx prickly. In dry thickets, not
uncommon.— Virgin Islands.

595. S. aculeatissimum, Jacq.
Fl, April-May. Naturalized by mules from Montevideo.—St. Croix
(I'rederiksted).

596. S. mammosum, L.

St. Croix (West, p. 275).

78 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS

597. S. polygamum, Vahl (v. Kakkerlakka-berry).

Fl. all the year round. In dry thickets, common.—Virgin Islands.

(In DC. Prodr. xiii, i, 197, it is stated that this species has been found
in St. Croix by Wydler, which, however, appears doubtful tome. West,
p. 275, only gives St. Jan as habitat, yet Vahl in his Symb. Bot. iit, 39,
and after him probably Griseb. Fl. p. 445, refer to West as the authority
for St. Croix as habitat.)
5983. Cestrum laurifolium, L’Her.

Fl. Jan—April. Petiole black; berry dark purple. In forests, not
uncommon.—AII islands.

599. C. diurnum, L.
Il. Feb.June. In forests, uncommon.—Virgin Islands; St. Croix
(West, p. 276).
600. C. nocturnum, L.
Fl. March. In forests, rare.—St. Jan (Rogiers, Joshee Gut).
|Cultivated species: Datura suaveolens, HBK.; Petunia nyctaginiflora,
Juss., and P. violacea, Lindl.; Solanum Seaforthianum, Andy., S. tubero-
sum, L. (v. Irish potato), and S. Melongena, L. (v. Egg-plant, Beranger).|

SCROPHULARIACE XE.
601. Scoparia dulcis, L.
Fl. all the year round. A common weed along roads and in moist
localities.—AIlI islands.

602. Capraria biflora, L. a) and 3) pilosa (v. Goat-weed).
Fl. all the year round. Leaves used for tea. Both forms along roads,
common. a) in moist, #) in dry localities —A1II islands.

603. Herpestis stricta, Schrad.
St. Thomas (Benth.).

604. H. chamezdryoides, Kth.

Il. Dec.—March. Pedicel bearing two bracteole at the base. The
two innermost calyx-lobes setaceous. In moist localities, rare.—St.
Croix (Spring-gut).

605. H. Monniera, Kth.

Fl. all the year round. Along rivulets and on the margins of lagoons,

common.—aAll islands.

606. Vandellia diffusa, L.
St. Croix (Ryan in Hb. Havn., Vahl’s Eclogue, ii, 47) (Montserrat,
Ryan in Hb. Havn., “ vulgaris”),

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 19

[Cultivated species: Maurandia Barclayana, Lindl. (v. Fairy Ivy),
and Russelia juncea, Zuce. (v. Madeira Plant).|
BIGNONKTACE X.
607. Crescentia Cujete, L. (v. Calabash-tree).
Fl. all the year round. Leaves deciduous in Dec. The fruit is used

for vessels. Near dwellings and in forests, common.—AlI islands.

608. C. cucurbitina, L. (v. Black Calabash).
Fl. March-Nov. Wood used for boat-building. In dense forests near

rivulets, not uncommon.—AII islands.

609. Catalpa longisiliqua, Cham.
St. Thomas (Gris. Fl. 446).

610. Tecoma Berterii, DC.
Fl. March-July. Leaves deciduous Feb.—April. In dry thickets,

common.—Virgin Islands.

611. T. leuccxylon, Mart. (v. White Cedar).
Fl. Mareh—A pril, precocious, and later coétanous in Sept.-Oct. Wood
used for building boats. In forests and on dry hills, common.—All

islands.

612. T. stans, Juss. (v. Yellow Cedar).

Fl. all the year round. Anthers pilose beneath. In thickets, com-
mon; often gregarious, especially in St. Croix.—All islands.
613. Bignonia equinoctialis, L.

Fl. April-Sept. Anthers pilose or glabrous (hence Vahl’s distinction
on this account between his B. spectabilis (Symb. Bot. iii, p. 80) and this
species not justified). Tlere and there in marshy forests.—St. Thomas
(Northside Bay, Sta. Maria); St. Croix (Salomon’s estate, West, p. 29+),

614. B. unguis, L. (v. Cat-claw).

Fl. April-May, precocious, later again coétanous in Nov. Stem 13”
diam., showing the irregular structure peculiar to all climbing Bignoni-
acee. Fruit as much as 26” long. In forests, not uncommon.—All

islands. «

615. Distictis lactiflora, DC. (Prodr. ix, 191) (Lignonia, Vahl).

Fl. all the year round. On fences and in dry thickets, here and
there.—St. Croix (Cotton Grove, Southgate Farm) (cultivated in St.
Thomas).

[Cultivated species: Teco;na capensis, Lindl. ]

80 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

ACANTHACES.

616. Ruellia tuberosa, L. (v. Christmas-pride).
Fl. all the year round; most abundantly towards Christmas. Along

roads and ditches, common.—AI] islands.

617. R. strepens, L.

St. Croix (Isert sec. DC. Prodr. xi, 121).
618. Stemonacanthus coccineus, Gris.

Fl. Jan.-April. Cleistogamous flowers in July; also an intermediate
form between cleistogamous and normal flowers. In shady forests,
rare.—St. Croix (Caledonia, Wills Bay); St. Jan (Bordeaux Hills); St.
Thomas (Wydl. sec. DC. Prodr. xi, 217).

619. Blechnum Brownei, Juss. (vy. Penguin Balsam).
Fl. Dec.—April. Used against cough. In pastures and along ditches,
common.—AIl islands.

620. Barleria lupulina, Lindl. (Bot. Reg. t. 1483).
Fl. Dee—April. Naturalized near dwellings and in gardens.—St.
Thomas; St. Jan.

621. Thyrsacanthus nitidus, Ns.

St. Croix (v. Rohr sec. Symb. Bot. ii, 5, and Isert see. DC. Prodr, xi,
527); St. Thomas (Nees).
622. Dianthera pectoralis, Murr. (vy. Garden Balsam).

Fl. Dee.—March. Used against coughs. Naturalized near dwellings

and in gardens.—A1II islands.

623. D. sessilis, Gris. (Justicia pauciflora, Vahl in Eclog. Am. i, 2).
Fl. June-July. Flowers often cleistogamous. Rhizome perennial.
In thickets, here and there.—St. Croix (Salt River); St. Thomas.
) ;

624. Justicia carthagenensis, Jacq.
Fl. Dee.-March. Along ditches and in forests.—AlIl islands.

625. J. reflexiflora, Rich. (Vahl’s Enum. Plant, i, 157), var. glandulosa, Egg.

Fl. all the year round. Braets densely glanduliferous. Seeds glo-
bose, brown, Procumbent among bushes.—St. Croix (rare, Fair Plain);
St. Thomas; Buck Island (not uncommon).

626. J. periplocefolia, Jacq.

St. Thomas (Sch.).

627. Beloperone nemorosa, Nees.
Fl. Jan.-Mareh. Calyx one-sixth of the length of the corolla. -In

forests, rare.—St. Croix (Caledonia, Ham’s Bluff Valley).

—

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 81

628. Crossandra infundibuliformis, Nees.
Fi. March-June. Naturalized in gardens.—St. Croix.
629. Stenandrium rupestre, Ns. (DC. Prodr. xi, 283) (Ruellia?, Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ.
p. 1071; Plum. Icon. ed. Burm. t. 75, as Gerardia). «) glabrous, £) pilose.
FI. Dee.—May, cleistogamous. Normal flowers June—Aug. Corolla
expanded till 9 A. M. Rhizome perennial; roots fusiform, tuberous.
Gregarious on the ground in forests, rare.—a) St. Thomas (Flag Hill,
700/-900’) ; 6) St. Jan (Baas Gut).

630. Anthacanthus spinosus, Nees.
Fl. all the year round. Flowers heterostylous. On rocks and in for-
ests, common, especially in St. Croix.—All islands.

631. A. jamaicensis, Gris.
Fl. June-July. Corolla-lobes glandular inside. On limestone, rare.—
St. Croix, in stony ground.

632. A. microphyllus, Ns.
Fl. May—Aug. In forests, here and there.—A1I1 islands.

633. Dicliptera adsurgens, Juss.
Fl. Jan.—Feb., cleistogamous; normal, March-April. In thickets
and near ditches.—St. Croix (common); St. Jan (less common).

634. Thunbergia volubilis, Pers.

Fl. all the year round. Naturalized along ditches and rivulets.—St.
Croix (Caledonia, Mt. Stewart); St. Thomas (Tutu).

[Cultivated species: Graptophyllum hortense, Nees, Justicia bicolor,
Aadr., Thunbergia alata, Boj., Th. fragrans, Roxb., and Sesamum orien-
tale, L. (v. Benye).]

GESNERIACE XX.
635. Martynia diandra, Glox. (v. Cocks). .

Fl. Sept.Dec. Three rudimentary filaments; 1/-3’ high. Along

roads and in waste places, not uncommon.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.
LABIAT#.
636. Ocimum Basilicum, L.

Fl. May—Aug. Naturalized in gardens.—All islands.

637. O. micranthum, W. (v. Passia Balsam).
Fl. Aug.—Noy. Corolla expanded during the morning. Used against
coughs. Along ditches and in pastures, gregarious.—AlI) islands.

638. Coleus amboinicus, L. (vy. East India Thyme).
Fl. April-May. Naturalized in dry localities, gregarious. — Al
islands.
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 13——6

82 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

639. Hyptis capitata, Jacq. (vy. Wild Hops).
Fl. Noy.-March. Along rivulets, common.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.

640. H. suaveolens, Poit.
Fl. Oct.-Feb. 3/-4’ high. In dry localities, common.—St. Croix; St.

Thomas. ‘

641. H. pectinata, Poit. (v. French Tea).
I]. Noy.-April. As much as 8 high. In dry localities, not uncom-

mon.—A ll islands.

642. H. verticillata, Jacq.
St. Thomas (Gris. Fl. p. 489).

643. Salvia occidentalis, Sw.

Fl. Dec.-March. Rhizome thick. Along roads, common.—All islands.

644. S. tenella, Sw.
St. Thomas (Gris. Fl. p. 490; Schl.).

645. S. serotina, L.
Fl. Sept.-April. Leaves very bitter. Corolla white. In dry locan-
ties, gregarious, common.—AlI islands.

646. S. coccinea, L. c) and #) ciliata, Benth.
Fl. all the year round. Along ditches and roads, common.—AuU

islands.

647. Leonurus sibiricus, L.
Fl. all the year round. Corolla sometimes white. A common weed
in fields and along roads.—AlI1 islands.

648. Leucas martinicensis, R. Br.

Pl. March-Noy. A weed, common in gardens and along roads.—St.
Croix.
649. Leonotis nepetzfolia, R. Br. (v. Hollow Stock).

Fl. all the year round. Corolla sometimes white. Gregarious, a very
common weed everywhere.—All islands.
650. Mentha aquatica, L. (v. Mint).

Not seen flowering. Naturalized along rivulets, gregarious.—St.
Croix (Caledonia).

[Cultivated species: Rosmarinus officinalis, L. (v. Rosemary), Thymus
vulgaris, L. (v. Thyme), and Origanum Majorana, L. (vy. Sweet Marjoram
Tea).|

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 83

VERBENACEZ.
651. Priva echinata, Juss.

Fl. all the year round. Corolla expanded till 10 A.M. A common

weed along roads and in gardens.—AII islands.

652. Bouchea Ehrenbergii, Cham.
Fl. Dec.—May. Gregarious along roads and in dry localities, coim-
monu.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.

653. Stachytarpha jamaicensis, V. (v. Vervain).

Fl. all the year round. Flower expanded till noon. Pollen 3-4-
branched, stellate. Leaves used against fever. Very common along
roads and ditches.—A1] islands.

654. S. strigosa, Vahl.
St. Thomas (Ehrenb. sec. DC. Prodr. xi, 564; Gris. Fl. p. 494).

655. Lippia nodiflora, Rich.
Fl. all the year round. Gregarious in moist localities, not uncom-
mon.—St. Croix (La Reine, Fair Plain).

656. Lantana Camara, L. (v. Sage).
Fl. all the year round. Berry considered to be poisonous. On dry
hills, very common.—AlI islands.

657. L. polyacantha, Schauer (DC. Prodr. xi, 597) (L. scabrida, Ait.).

Fl. all the year round. In dry localities, here and there.—St. Croix
(St. George) ; St. Thomas (Solberg).
658. L. involucrata, L.

Ft. all the year round. Corolla and berry violet. In thickets, com-
mun, especially on limestone.—A1II islands.

659. L. reticulata, Pers.

Fl. allthe year round. On limestone, rare.—St. Croix, in stony ground
(King’s Hill).
660. Citharexylum quadrangulare, Jacq. (v. Fiddlewood, Susanna).

Fl. July-Sept. In forests, not uncommon.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.

661. C. cinereum, L. (v. Susanna).

Fl. July—Dec. Leaves of both these species becoming red in Feb., and
dropping off at the same time that the new ones make their appear-
ance. On young radical shoots the leaves are linear and deeply serrate.
The wood is quite useless, even for firewood. In dry thickets and for-
ests, common, often gregarious.—All islands.

84 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

662. C. villosum, Jacq. (Icon. Var. t. 118).
St. Thomas (Schlecht., Bertero, Duchass. sec. Gris. Syst. Unt.).

663. Duranta Plumieri, Jacq.
Fl. May—Dee. Along roads and in thickets, common.—A]I islands.

664. Callicarpa reticulata, Sw.
St. Croix (West, p. 269).
665. eiphila martinicensis, Jacq.
Fl. Aug.-Jan. Flowers often heterostylous. In forests, commou.—
St. Croix.
666. Clerodendron aculeatum, L. (v. Chue-chuc).

Fl. all the year round. Common on dry hills and in marshy soil.—
All islands.

667. C. fragrans, W.
FL. all the year round. Long creeping rhizome. Gregarious on high
hills in shady places, naturalized.—St. Thomas (Dorothea, Liliendal).

668. Petitia domingensis, Jacq. a).

Vl. May—Sept. Leaves often ternate. Drupe commonly 4-loculate.
A tree up to 50’ high. In forests, not uncommon.—St. Croix (Caledo-
nia, Punch, Wills Bay).

669. Vitex divaricata, Sw.

Fl. May-July. Filaments glandular-pilose. A low tree, here and
there in forests.—St. Croix (Caledonia, Wills Bay); St. Thomas (Crown) ;
St. Jan (Cinnamon Bay).

670. Avicennia nitida, Jacq.

Fl. all the year round. Upper surface of leaves always covered with
small salt crystals. Along the seashore and lagoons, common.—AlIl
islands.

671. A. tomentosa, Jacq.

St. Croix (West, p. 269); St. Thomas (Schl.).

[Cultivated species: Verbena chameedrifolia, Juss., in several varie-
ties, Petra volubilis, Jacq. (v. Wreath-plant), Aloysia citriodora, Ortega
(v. Lemon-scented Verbena), Viterw Agnus-castus, L. (v. Wild Black Pep-
per), and Holmskjoldia sanguinea, Retz.|

MYOPORACEE.

672. Bontia daphnoides, L. (v. White Alling).
Fl. all the year round. On sandy shores.—St,. Croix (rare, Turner’s
Hole); Virgin Islands (not uncommon).

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 85

» PLANTAGINACEZ.
673. Plantago major, L. £) tropica (v. English Plantain).
F). Jan—March. Proterogynous. Leaves used against inflammation
of the eyes.
PLUMBAGINACEE.

674. Plumbago scandens, Thunb. (vy. Blister-leaf).

Fl. all the year round. Leaves used as blisters. In thickets and
forests, common.—A Il islands.

[Cultivated species: P. capensis, Thunb. |

PHY TOLACCACEZ.
675. Suriana maritima, L.

Fl. June-Dec. Stamens mostly 10. Filaments pilose. On sandy
shores, not uncommon.—AlIl islands.

676. Microtea debilis, Sw.

Fl. July-Sept. In shady places, rare.—St. Croix (Spring Garden,
Wills Bay).

677. Rivina levis, L. (v. Snake-bush, Stark mahart). a) and £) pubescens.

FL all the year round. A common weed everywhere, both forms.—
All islands.

678. R. octandra, L.

Fl. Feb.—Aug. Pedicel and calyx becoming reddish-brown as well
as the fruit. Stamens in two whorls, mostly 12. In thickets and
forests, common.—ALII islands.

679. Petiveria alliacea, L. (v. Gully-root).
Fl. all the year round. A very common weed everywhere.—All
islands.
CHENOPODIACE ZX.
680. Chenopodium ambrosioides, L.
Fl. March. In waste places and on walls, here and there.—St. Croix
(Fredriksted) ; St. Jan (Cruz Bay).

681. Ch. murale, L.

Fl. Jan—May. On walls, uncommon, naturalized.—St. Croix; St.
Thomas.

Fl. Mareh-Aug. On sandy shores, uncommon.—St. Thomas (Water
Bay); St. Jan; St. Croix (Schl.).

86 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

683. Boussingaultia baselloides, Kth. (Bot. Mag. t. 3620).

Fl. all the year round. Naturalized in gardens and cultivated.—st.
Croix; St. Thomas.
684. Batis maritima, L.

Fl. all the year round. Gregarious along the coast of lagoons, com-
mon.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.

[Cultivated species: Beta vulgaris, L. (v. Red Beet). |

AMARANTACE &%.

685. Celosia argentea, L. (C. margaritacea, L.).

Fl. all the year round. Naturalized around dwellings.—St. Thomas ;
St. Croix (West, p. 277).
686. C. nitida, Vahl.

Fl. all the year round. In forests and thickets, not uncommon.—St.
Croix; St. Thomas.
687. Chamissoa altissima, Kth.

Fl. Dee.—March. In forests, here and there.—St. Croix (Lebanon
Hill); St. Thomas (Signal Hill).

688. Achyranthes aspera, L. a) argentea, Lam. 3) obtusifolia, Lam.

Fl. Dee.—March. In thickets and on waste places, common,—AlIl
islands.
689. Gomphrena globosa, L. (y. Bachelor’s Button).

Fl. all the year round. Naturalized in gardens and near dwellings.—
All islands. Y

690. Iresine elatior, Rich.
Il. Sept.-March. Uppermost leaves always alternate. In thickets,
common.—AIl islands.

691. Philoxerus vermiculatus, R. Br. (vy. Bay-flower).

I'l. all the year round. Along the coast, very common, gregarious.—
All islands.

692. Alternanthera polygonoides, R. Br. c).
Fi}. all the year round. In sandy places, common.—All islands.
693. A. ficoidea, R. Br.
Pl. all the year round. In moist localities, uncommon.—St. Thomas
(Hanlover).
694. A. Achyrantha, R. Br.

Fl. Marech-Aug. Among rocks and stones, here and there.—St. Croix,
St. Thomas (Schl.).

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 87

695. Amblogyne polygonoides. Raf.
Fl. all the year round: ¢ flowers very few. In sandy places near
the coast, common.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.

696. Scleropus amarantoides, Schrad.
Fl. all the year round. Leaves often discoloured with white cross-
stripes. In sandy localities, common.—All islands.

697. Buxolus caudatus, Moq.
Fl. all the year round. In waste places, common.—AlII islands.

698. BE. oleraceus, Moq. (v. Lumbo).
Fl. all the year round. Near dwellings, common.—AlII islands.

699. Amarantus spinosus, L.
Fl. Jan.—April. Near rivulets and ditches, uncommon.—St. Croix;
St. Thomas.

700. A. tristis, L.

St. Thomas (Wydler sec. DC. Prodr. xiii, ii, 260).
701. A. paniculatus, L. (v. Bower).

Fl. all the year round. <A troublesome weed on account of its long
tap-root. Common everywhere.—AlI islands.

NYCTAGINACE.
' 702. Mirabilis Jalapa, L. (v. Four-o’clock).

I'l. all the year round. Flower expanded from 4 P. M., purple, yellow,
or pink. Around dwellings, common.—A1Il islands.
703. Boerhaavia erecta, L.

F]. Dec.Feb. Along ditches and in pastures, uncommon.—St. Croix
(Mt. Stewart).

704. B. paniculata, Rich. (v. Batta-batta),

Fl. all the year round. Calyx often transformed into a hollow mon-
strosity by the larva of a wasp. A very common weed.—AII islands.
705. Pisonia aculeata, L.

Fl. Feb.-April. In forests, common.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.

706. P. subcordata, Sw. (v. Mampoo, Loblolly).

Fl. April-June. Leaves partly deciduous. Wood useless for timber
- and fuel. Along coasts, common, growing to a large tree.—ALII islands.
707. P. inermis, Jacq.

Fl. April-May. Leaves on the young branches whorled. In forests,

common.—All islands.
[Cultivated species: Bougainvillea spectabilis, Willd. |

88 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

POLYGONACEX.
708. Coccoloba uvifera, Jacq. (v. Sea-grape).
Fl. July—Dee. Wood hard, dark purple, used for ship-building. On
the sandy seashore, common. Sometimes in the interior as high up as
1200’.—All islands.

709. C. leoganensis, Jacq.

Fl. May-July. Flowers in fascicles of 3-4, of which, however, one
only bears fruit. Drupe oval, violet, 4’’’ long. On sandy shores, rare.—
St. Croix (Sandy Point).

710. C. rugosa, Desf. (DC. Prodr. xiv, 152; Bot. Mag. t. 4536).

St. Thomas (DC. Prodr. 1. ¢.).

711. C. laurifolia, Jacq. (Hort. Schenbr. iii, p. 9, t. 267).

Fl. March-July. Leaves deciduous April to May. Fruit purplish,
pointed at both ends. In thickets, here and there.—St. Croix (Sandy
Point, Hard Labour).

712. C. diversifolia, Jacq.

Fl. May—July. 6/-8’ high. Along the coast, uncommon.—St. Croix
(La Vallée, Claremont).

713. C. obtusifolia, Jacq.

St. Croix (West, p. 281).

714. C. punctata, Jacq. «) Jacquinii, 3) barbadensis, Jacq., )) parvifolia (v. Red
wood, Roehout), y) microstachya, W.

Il. Aug.—Dec. a) leaves as much as 1}/ long. A shrub or low tree.

0) and 7) common; a) and #) uncommon,—All islands.

715. C. nivea, Jacq.

Fl. June-Sept. Flowers delicately odorous. Fruit white when ripe.
In forests, not uncommon.—All islands.

(C. Kloteschiana, Meissn., and C. Kunthiana, Meissn. (DC. Prodr. xiv,
155 and 166), are said to have been found in St. Thomas, but they are
both very doubtful species, founded on single specimens, and have
therefore been here omitted.)

{Cultivated species: Antigonon cordatum, Mart. & Galeotti (v. Mexican
Wreath-plant), and Rumer vesicarius, L.]

LAURACEX®.

716. Cinnamomum zeilanicum, BI.
Fl. April-May. Naturalized in a few places in shady valleys—St.
Croix (Crequis).

FLORA OF ST CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 89

717. Phebe antillana, Meissn. (DC. Predr. xy, i, p. 31). y) cubensis.

St. Croix (West in Hb. Petrop. sec. DC. 1. ¢.).

(Ph. montana, Gris., said by Meissn. (DC. Prodr. 1. ¢. p. 256) to be
synonymous with Laurus longifolia, Vahl, mentioned by West, p. 2°2, as
a new species from St. Croix, ought perhaps to be added to this list; but
as the specimens seen by me in Hb. Havn. as Laurus longifolia, Vahl,
do not agree with Grisebach’s, I prefer to omit the species here, as being
doubtful.)

718. Persea gratissima, Gaertn. (v. Alligator Pear).

Fl. March-May. Stamens, 9 perfect, 3 less perfect and sterile, 6 rudi-

mentary. The fruit is a favourite vegetable. In gardens.—All islands.

719. Hufelandia pendula, Ns. (H. Thomea, Nees).
St. Thomas (sec. DC. Prodr. 1. ¢. p. 65, Hb. Kunth!).

720. Acrodiclidium salicifolium, Gris.
Fl. May-Aug. In forests, here and there.—St. Croix (Wills Bay,
Spring-gut).

721. Nectandra coriacea, Gris.

Fl. May—Aug. In forests, rare.—St. Thomas (Soldier Bay); St. Jan
(Hb. Hayn.).
722. N. membranacea, Gris.

Fl. June. In dense forests, uncommon.—St. Croix (Wills Bay); St.
Thomas (Signal Hill).
723. N. antillana, Meissn. (DC. Prodr. 1. c. 153) (N. leucantha, Gris. ).

Fl. May-June. In forests, not uncommon. Fragrant.—AlIl islands.

724. Oreodaphne leucoxylon, Nees.

Fl. July. In dense forests on high hills, uncommon.—St. Thomas
(Signal Hill) (Montserrat, Ryan in Hb. Havn.).
725. Cassyta americana, L.

Fl. March-April. Inflorescence often branched. On Manchineel and

Acacia trees along the seashore, here and there.—St. Croix (Cotton
Grove); St. Thomas (Water Bay); Vieques (Hb. Havn.).

THYMEL@ACER.

726. Daphnopsis caribza, Gris.
Fl. July and Dee.March. In forests, not uncommon.—St. Thomas
(Flag Hill, Signal Hill).

90 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS

EUPHORBIACES.
727. Buxus Vahlii, Baill. (DC. Prodr. xvi, i, p. 16) (Tricera lavigata, Sw., var. Sanctw-
Crucis, Eggers in F]. St. Crucis, p. 111).

Fl. June-Oct. On limestone, rare.—St. Croix (Stony Ground).

728. Savia sessiliflora, W. (Spec. Plant. iv, p. 771).

Fl. June-Dee. In thickets on dry hills, not uncommon.—A1II islands.

729. Phyllanthus acuminatus, Vahl (Symb. Bot. ii, 95),
St. Thomas (Herb. DC. sec. DC. Prodr. xv, ii, 381). Vahl, however,
gives only Cayenne (Rohr) as habitat.
730. Ph. Niruri, L. (v. Creole Chinine).
Fl. all the year round. Very common in gardens and along roads.—
All islands.

731. Ph. distichus, Miill. (DC. Prodr. 1. ce. 413) (Cicea, L.) (v. Gooseberry).
Fl. June-Sept. Fruit used for preserves. Naturalized near dwell-
ings.—AlII islands.
732. Ph. nobilis, Miill. (1. c. 415). 7) Antillana (Cicca, Juss.) (v. Gongora-hout).
Fl. July, and afterwards precocious in Dee.-Jan. In forests, not un-

common.—A ll islands.

733. Ph. falcatus, Sw. (v. Boxwood).
Fl. all the year round. In marshy soil, not uncommon.—Vieques.

734. Securinega acidothamnus, Miill. (1. ¢. 451) (Fliiggea, Gris. ).

Fl. May-June. In thickets, not uncommon.—St. Croix (eastern part
of the island). ;

(I have adopted Miiller’s generic name, Fliiggea being an older name
for a genus of Ophiopogonee established by L. C. Richard.)

735. Drypetes levigata, Gris. ined. (Zxewcaria polyandra, Gris, Cat, Pl. Cub. p. 20,
& Diagnos. neuer Euphorh. p. 120),

Fl. Sept. ¢. I have not found the female flower nor fruit, and am
therefore not able to supply the deficiency in this respect in Grise-
bach’s Diagnosis.—St. Croix (Fair Plain); St. Jan (Cinnamon Bay).
736. D. glauca, Vahl.

St. Croix (Hb. Hayn. Ryan, Rohr; “ Hollow berry of Bugby Hole”)
(Montserrat, Ryan in Hb. Havn.).

737. Croton astroites, Ait. (v. White Marin),

Fl. Dee.-July. Style 16-branched. In dry thickets, very common.—

All islands.

FLORA OF Si. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 91

738. C. betulinus, Vahl (Symb. Bot. ii, p. 98).

Fl. all the year round. <A low shrub, brownish. Common in thick-
ets.—AII islands.

739. C. flavens, L.(v. Maran).

Fl. all the year round. Gregarious on dry hills, also as secondary
erowth; very common, and a troublesome shrubby weed.—AIl islands.
740. C. discolor, Willd. (Spec. Plant. iv, 352) (C. balsamifer, L.).

Fl. all the year round. Along roads in dry localities, common.—st.
Croix (eastern part of the island); St. Thomas (Hb. Thunb. sec. DC.
Prodr. 1. ¢. p. 615).

741. C. oval folius, West.
Fl. all the year round. Along roads and in waste places, very com-
mon.—AI]I islands.

742. C.lobatus, L.
Fl. March-Deec. In the same places as the preceding, very common.—
All islands.

743. C. humilis, L.

St. Thomas (Bertero see. DC. Prodr. 1. ¢. 670).

(An arboreous as yet undetermined Crotonea, not found in blossom,
occurs in a few specimens on Flag Hill in St. Thomas.)
744. Aleurites Moluccana, Willd. (Spec. Plant. iv, 590) (A. triloba, Forst.) (v.

Walnut).

Fl. all the year round. Naturalized near dwellings and in gardens.—

St. Croix; St. Thomas.

745. Ricinella pedunculosa, Miill. (Linnea, xxxiv, 153) (Adelia Ricinella, L.).
Fl. March-May, precocious. Always very spiny. In dry thickets,
not uncommon.—AII islands.

746. Argyrothamnia fasciculata, Miill. (Linnea, 1. ¢. 146) (Ditazis, Schl.).
Fl. Jan._May and Sept. In thickets, not uncommon.—aAII islands.

747. A. candicans, Miill. (DC. Prodr. 1. c. 741) (Argythamnia, Sw.).

Fl. Sept._April. Capsule dark blue; seeds verrucose. In thickets,
common.—A1I islands.
748. Acalypha chamedrifolia, Miill. (1. c. 879). 6) genuina (4. replans, Sw.),

y) brevipes.

Fl. all the year round; female flowers developing gradually. Bracts
persistent after dissemination. « On rocks and in crevices, not uncom-
mon.—St. Croix (3); St. Thomas (7).

92 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

749. Tragia volubilis, L. (v. Nettle, Bran-nettle).

Fl. Feb., Sept. Male flowers often transformed into a globose mon-
strosity. The plant is believed by the negroes to give them luck in
marketing. In thickets and along roads, common.—All islands.

750. Ricinus communis, L. a) (vy. Castor-oil tree).
Fl. all the year round. Seeds used for pressing castor-oil. Natural-

ized on waste places, common.—All islands.

751. Manihot utilissima, Pohl (Plant. Bras. i, 32) (vy. Cassava).

Fl. March-May. Root used for manufacturing starch and flour, which
is made up into flat, thin cakes (bambam). Naturalized and culti-
vated.—All islands.

752. Jatropha Curcas, L. (v. French Physic-nut, Skitnetchi).
FL. all the year round. Seeds very drastic. A low tree, often planted
on graves. Naturalized near dwellings, common.—aA1I islands.

753. J. gossypiifolia, L. (v. Physic-nut). ac) staphysagrieefolia, 3) elegans.

Fl. all the year round. The whole plant has a disagreeable smell.
Suffrutescent, 1/-4’/ high. A troublesome weed near dwellings and in
fields. Very common everywhere.—AlII islands.

754. J. multifida, L. (v. Coral-bush).
Fl. all the year round. Naturalized in gardens.—St. Croix; St.
Thomas.

755. Sebastiania lucida, Miill. (DC. Prodr, 1. c. 1181) (2xcecaria, Sw.).
Fl. Feb.June. A shrub or low tree, 5/-20/ high. In thickets and
forests, common.—A1II islands.

756. Hippomane Mancinella, L. (v. Manchineel-tree).

Fl. precocious, Feb.—April, coétanous, May-June. Wood affording
excellent timber, but very little used on account of the caustic milky
juice. On sandy shores, often gregarious, sometimes in the interior of
the islands on hills.—St. Croix (common); Virgin Islands (uncommon),

757. Exceccaria Laurocerasus, Miill. (1. ¢. 1202). y) laurifolia.
Not seen flowering. A high tree; bark smooth, white. In dense
forests, rare.—St. Jan (Cinnamon Bay).

758. Hura crepitans, L. (v. Sandbox-tree).

Fl. Sept. Leaves deciduous in Jan.—April. Seeds drastic. A high
tree with horizontal branches and pri€kly stem. In forests and near
dwellings, common.—All islands.

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 93

759. Dalechampia scandens, L.

Fl. Feb.—June. Male inflorescence bearing at the base two resinous
corpuscula, deciduous together with the male flowers. Baillon considers
them to be sterile bracts; Miiller takes them for monstrous anthers,
Central female flower pedicellate. In thickets, common.—AII islands.

760. Buphorbia buxifolia, Lam.

Fl. all the year round. On the sandy shore, common.—AlI islands.
761. EB. articulata, Burm.

Fl. all the year round. Along the seacoast, common.—AII islands.

762. E. pilulifera, L.
Fl. all the year round. In waste places and along roads, very com-
mon.—AII islands.

763. BE. hypericifolia, L. a) and 3) hyssopifolia, L.

Fl. all the year round. Leaves distichous. Used against dysentery.
Same places as the preceding. A common weed.—AIl islands.

764. E. thymifolia, Burm.

Fl. all the year round. The whole plant feddish. Leaves folding
together during night and in rainy weather. Among stones and along
roads, very common.—AlIl islands.

765. E. prostrata, Ait. *
Fl. the whole year. Together with the preceding, common.—AIll

islands.
-

766. E. petiolaris, Sims (Bot. Mag. t. 883) (v. Manchineel).

Fl. the whole year. Partly precocious in the spring. On dry hills
and in thickets.—Virgin Islands (common); St. Croix (West, p. 2887).

(West’s EH. cotinifolia, said to occur in St. Croix, is evidently meant for
this species. I doubt, however, the correctness of the habitat, and am
of opinion that it is a mistake for St. Thomas, where the species is ex-
ceedingly common.)

767. BE. geniculata, Ortega (Decad. p. 16; DC. Prodr. xv, ii, 72). (£. prunifolia,
Jacq. Hort. Scheenbr. iii, t. 277, a form with larger, serrate leaves. )

Fl. Dee.—March. In forests and near dwellings, not uncommon, often
gregarious.—St. Croix (Government House); St. Thomas (Signal Hill).
768. E. heterophylla, L. 3) cyathophora, Jacq.

Fl. all the year round. Gregarious in dry places, common.—aAll
islands.

769. B. neriifolia, L. (DC. Plant. Grasses, i, t. 46).

FL. March—June. <A large tree, stem 2/-3/ diam. Naturalized near

dwellings, common.—AII islands.

94 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS

770 Pedilanthus tithymaloides, Poit. c), 8) padifolius, Poit., and y) angusti-
folius, Poit.

Fl. all the year round. In thickets and gardens, uncommon.—aAll
islands.

All Luphorbiacee are proterogynous.

\Cultivated species: Jatropha pandurefolia, Andr., Codiceum variega-
tum, Miill. a) pictum, Euphorbia pulcherrima, W., E. splendens, Boj., and
EB. antiquorun, L.]

URTICACE®.
771. Celtis trinervia, Lam.

Fl. June-Dee. In forests and thickets, not uncommon.—All islands.
772. C. aculeata, Sw. 1) and #) serrata.

Fl. Mareh-Sept. Proterogynous. Both forms not uncommon in
thickets.—ALI islands.

773. Sponia micrantha, Decs.

Fl. April-Sept. In forests, here and there.—AlII islands.
774. Ficus crassinervia, Desf.

Fl. Jan. In forests, not uncommon.—St. Croix (Crequis, Wills Bay).
775. F. trigonata, L.

Fl. May-Aug. In forests.—St. Croix (rare, Crequis); Virgin Islands
(not uncommon). °
776. F. levigata, Vahl.

Fl. Jan—March. In forests and on rocks, not uncommon.—St. Croix
(Crequis, Jacob’s Peak). ;

777. F. lentiginosa, Vahl.

Fl. May. In forests on high hills, uncommon.—St. Thomas (Signal
Hill).

778. F. populnea, W.

Fl. July-Aug. Figs geminate in the axils, red with dark spots.
On rocks and epiphytic on trees, not uncommon. Long aérial roots.—
All islands.

779. F. pedunculata, Ait.

Fl. Jan.May. Figs red, generally inhabited by a small hymenopte-
rous insect. On rocks, walls, and trees, common. Long aérial roots.—
All islands.

780. Artocarpus incisa, L. (v. Breadfruit-tree).

Fl. May-July. Fruit not edible. Naturalized in shady valleys —A1Il

islands.
781. Cecropia peltata, L. (v. Trumpet-tree).
Fl. April-June. In shady forests, not uncommon.—A1l islands.

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS, 95

782. Maclura tinctoria, Don (v. Fustic).

Fl. June-Oct. Young shoots with deeply serrate leaves. Wood
affording an excellent timber, but now very scarce. In forests, here
and there.—A1I islands.

783. Fleurya estuans, Gaud.
Fl. June—Dee. On rocks in shady forests, here and there.—St. Croix

(Spring Garden); St. Thomas (Crown).

784. Urera elata, Gris. :
St. Croix (Spring Garden, West, p. 306; his specimen in Hb. Havn.).

785. U. baccifera, Gaud.

St. Thomas (Wedd. in DC. Prodr. xvi, i, 93).

(West’s Urtica elongata, Vahl, said, p. 306, to occur in St. Croix, and
probably intended for an Urera, I have not been able td identify, from
want of description and specimens.)
78S. Pilea microphylla, Liebm. a), 3) trianthemoides, Lindl., and y) succulenta

(v. Duck-weed). E

Fl. all the year round. On rocks and stones in shady situations. «)

uncommon; £) and 7) common.—Al! islands.

787. P. semidentata, Wedd.
Fl. March—July. Gregarious among rocks on high hills, not uncom-
mon.—St. Thomas (St. Peter).

788. P. grandis, Wedd.

Fl. June. In leaf-mould on high hills, gregarious, uncommon.—st.
Thomas (Crown, 1500’).
789. P. nummularifolia, Wedd.

St. Thomas (Hornbeck in Hb. Havn.); Vieques (near Campo Asilo).
790. P. inzqualis, Wedd.

Fl. July—Aug. ivegarious on rocks in forests, uncommon.—St.
Thomas (Signal Hill, Crown).
791. P. Sancte-Crucis, Liebm. (Vid. Selsk. Skrift., v. Reekke, ii, 301).

St. Croix (Orsted, 1. ¢.).
792. Rousselia lappulacea, Gand.

St. Thomas (DC. Prodr. xvi, i, 235; Gris. FI. p. 160).

[Cultivated species: Ficus Carica, L. (v. Fig-tree), and JF. elastica, L.|

ARISTOLOCHITACE &.

793. Aristolochia trilobata, L. (v. Tobacco-pipe).
Fl. May-Aug. On fences and in forests on high hills.—St. Croix
(West, p. 305); Virgin Islands (not uncommon).

96 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

794. A. anguicida, L. (DC. Prodr. xv, i, 464; Bot. Mag. 4361; Descourtilz, Fl. Méd.
des Antilles, iii, 202) (v. Crane’s Neck).

Fl. Oct.-Dee. A number of dipterous insects are usually found im-
prisoned in the lower part of the perigonal tube, whence escape is impos-
sible on account of the downward-bent hairs on the inner surface. The
hairs dropping off after fertilization, the imprisoned insects are set at
liberty again. In thickets, rare.—St. Croix (Recovery Hill).

BEGONIACE ®.
795. Begonia humilis, Hort. Kew. (ed. i, vol. iii, 353).
St. Thomas (Finlay in Hb. Mus. Paris. see. DC. Prodr. xv, i, 297).
{Cultivated occur several species of Begonia. |
AMENTACEX.
{Cultivated m gardens and near dwellings: Casuarina equisetifolia,
Forst. (Fl. June-Aug.) Of very quick growth.]

PIPERACEX.
796. Piper Sieberi, Cas. DC. (Enckea, Miq.).

Fl. all the year round. In forests; often gregarious and forming a
dense underwood, common. Used for walking-sticks.—A1II islands.
797. P. Bredemeyeri, Jacq. (Artanthe, Miq.).

Fl. Sept. In shady valleys, not uncommon.—St. Croix (Caledonia,
Crequis).

798. P. auritum, Kth.

St. Thomas (DC. Prod. 1. ¢. 321).
799. P. Blattarum, Sprgl.

Vl. Jan.March. In forests, rare—St. Thomas (Crown, Signal Hill).
800. P. peltatum, L. (v. Monkey’s Hand) (Potomorphe, Miq.).

Fl. Feb.-Aug. In forests, along rivulets, and among rocks on high
hills.—St. Croix (rare, Caledonia, Springfield) ; Virgin islands (not un-
common on high hills).

801. Peperomia pellucida, Kth.

I'l. May—Aug. In forests, rare.—St. Croix (Rohrs Minde); St. Thomas
(DC. Prod. 1. ¢. 402).

802. P. acuminata, Miq. (P. guadeloupensis, Cas, DC.) (v. Stone Ginger).

Il. all the year round. On rocks in forests, common.—AII islands.
803. P. glabella, Dietr.

I'l. May-Sept. In the same places as the preceding, common.—
All islands.

804. P. cubana, Cas. DC.
Sts Croix (DC, Prod. 1. ¢. 413).

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 97
805. P. obtusifolia, Cas. DC., Dietr., Miq. a) and () clusizefolia.

Fl. April—July. On rocks and under shady trees in leaf-mould. Gre-
garious, not uncommon. ) all islands; /) St. Thomas (Crown).

806. P. scandens, Ruiz et Pay.

St. Thomas (DC. Prod. 1. ¢. 434).

807. P. polystachya, Miq.
Fl. Dec.—Jan. Stem and lower surface of the leaves reddish. Among
rocks in forests, not uncommon, gregarious.—All islands.

B. GYMNOSPERME.

CYCADACE &®.

Cultivated in gardens oceurs Cycas revoluta, Thunb. (v. Sago Palm).
a 3 oa /

CONIFER Z.

[Cultivated in gardens occur several species of Thuja. |

C. MONOCOTYLEDONES.

ALISMACE A.

808. Echinodorus cordifolius, Gris.

Fl. April-Aug. Flower expanded only till 10 A. M. Leaves hetero-
morphous, the primordial ones submerged, linear-lanceolate, passing
by degrees into the ordinary emersed ones. In rivulets, here and there.—
St. Croix (King’s Hill Gut, Armas Hope Gut).

HYDROCHARIDACES, L. C. Rich.

809. Thalassia testudinum, Solander (Koenig).
Not seen flowering. Gregarious in shallow sea-water, very common.—
All islands.
POTAME A, Juss.

810. Cymodocea manatorum, Asclierson (Naturf. Freunde in Berlin, Jan.—Oct.,
1268).
Not seen flowering, gregarious on the bottom of the sea; mostly in
shallow water.—A1IlL islands.

811. Halodule Wrightii, Aschers. (1. ¢., and Neumayers Anleit. zur wiss. Beob.
auf Reisen).
St. Thomas (Krebs sec. Aschers.).
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 13-——7

98 * FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

812. Halophila Baillonii, Aschers. (in Neumayer, 1. e. p. 367).

Rhizome creeping, thin. Leaves oval, denticulate, whorled or oppo-
site, 3’ long, 13/” broad. Moncecious.

Fl. g: 3 membranaceous white bracts; 1-3 stamens; filament 2/”
long; anther cylindrical, yellowish, glabrous, 1-celled. Pollen-
grains fusiform.

Fl. 2 : 3 persistent bracts, as in ¢. Ovary sessile, ovate, }/” long,

-loculate. Style bifid, 25’ long; branches pointed, often of
unequal length. Capsule oval, glabrous, 2’” long; seeds about
20, globose, hard, tessellate on the surface. Starch-grains trian-
gular.

Male flowers very rare compared to the number of female ones.

Fl. all the year round. Gregarious on the bottom of the seaon coarse
coral sand in a depth of from two to four fathoms, here and there.—St.
Thomas (harbour).

813. Ruppia rostellata, Koch.

I], all the year round. Gregarious in shallow rivulets, not uncom-
mon.—St. Croix (King’s Hill Gut, in company with a species of Chara) ;
St. Thomas (Tutu Gut, Krebs in Hb. Havn.).

{Another Potamea, possessing a creeping rhizome and delicate linear
leaves, has been found by me in the harbour of St. Thomas at a depth of
from 3 to 6 fathoms, but on account of only sterile specimens having been
obtained it remains as yet undetermined. |

AROIDEE.

814. Anthurium Huegelii, Schott (v. Boyer) (4. acaule, Sch.).

Il. July—Marech. Young radical leaves very different from the older
ones, being lanceolate and long-petioled. I consider Schott’s A. acaule
not to be specifically distinct from this species. On rocks and trees, not
uncommon, often gregarious.—Al1 islands,

815. A. macrophyllum, Sch.
I'l. July- Dec. Among rocks in forests, uncommon. St. Jan (near
Jethania).
816. A. cordifolium, Kth. (v. Wild Tanier, Maroon Jancole) (Bot. Mag. t. 2801, 5801
being a misprint in Gris. Fl. p. 508).

I'l. July—Nov. Among rocks in forests, gregarious, here and there.—
St. Croix (Wills Bay, Blue Mountain); St. Jan (Macumbi, 1200’).
£17. Dieffenbachia Seguine, Sch. (v. Dumb Cane).

Fl. May—Dee. In moist places on hich hills, uncommon.—St. Thomas
(Caret Bay, 1000’).

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. a0

818. Philodendron hederaceum, Sch.

Fl. Aug. On trees in dense forests, rare.—St. Thomas (Crown, 1400’),
819. Ph. giganteum, Sch. (Prod. Syst. Aroid. p. 261).

Fl. Marech—July. Petiole 2’/-23’ long; lamina 23/-3’ long, 2’ broad.
Peduncle 14/’-33” long; spathe 11//-12” long, opening itself only during
two nights. Spadix white, giving out a strong odour and considerable
high temperature during anthesis. Numerous aérial roots, stem 1/—2/
long. Among rocks in dense forests on high hills, gregarious on trees.—
St. Thomas (Signal Hill and Crown, 1500’).

(The picture in Bot. Mag. t. 3314, of the much smaller Ph. fragrantissi-
mum, Kth. (Caladium, Hook.), gives a good representation of the habit
of this species.)

820. Caladium smaragdinum, C. Koch (Schott, 1]. ec. 165) (v. Guinea Ginger).
Il. May-July. Rhizome tuberous, yellow. In pastures on high hills,
not uncommon.—sSt. Thomas (Signal Hill, above St. Peter, 1400’).

821. Xanthosoma atrovirens, C. Koch (v. Scratch-throat).

Not seen flowering. Rhizome large, tuberous, used as a vegetable.
Leaves pungent when eaten as spinach. Cultivated and naturalized on
provision grounds.—St. Croix ; St. Thomas.

822. X. sagittzefol-um, Sch. (v. Tanier).

Fl. July. Lamina of the spathe white, with a delicate rosy tinge.
Spathe disclosing itself during two nights from 7 to 10 o’clock; spadix
meanwhile giving forth a strong fragrance and showing a temperature
of 12°C. above that of the air. Leaves used as spinach and the tuberous
rhizome as a common vegetable. Cultivated and naturalized on pro-
vision grounds.—All islands.

823. X.? hastatum, Eee. (Arum, Vakl.) (v. Indian Kale).
Not seen flowering. Leaves hastate, with long peinted oblique basilar
lobes; used for spinach. (Naturalized?) Cultivated and spontaneous

in forests.—AIL islands.

624. Pistia ccciden‘alis, BI.
@ Fl. all the year round. Cultivated and naturalized in gardens.—St.
Thomas.

825. Lemna minor, L.

Not seen flowering. In rivulets, not uncommon.—St. Croix (Jealousy
Gut, Fair Plain Gut).

[Cultivated species: Caladium bicolor, Vent., C'. pictum, DC., and C.

ap e744 1 om
picturatum, Linden. |

100 FLORA OF ST, CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

TYPHACEX.
826. Typha angustifolia, L., var. domingensis, Pers.
Fl. Sept.-March. Used for making mats. In rivulets and around

lagoons, not uncommon.—St. Croix; St. Jan,

PANDANACE EE.
[Cultivated in gardens oceurs Pandanus odoratissimus, L. fil. (v.

Screw Pine). |
PALYLE.

827. Thrinax argentea, Lodd. (v. Teyer-tree).

Fl. May-June. Stem 10/-20/ high. Leaves used for making ropes,
thatching roofs, and other domestic purposes. On the northern slope of
the hills in forests and tickets.—St. Croix (very rare, only one specimen
seen, near Bellevue Mill); Virgin Islands (common).

828. Oreodoxa regia, Kth. (v. Mountain Cabbage).

Fl. April-Aug. The young leaf-bud used as cabbage. Berries eaten
by hogs. In forests and along roads, common.—aAlII islands.
829. Cocos nucifera, L. (v. Cocoa-nut Tree).

Fl. Feb.-March. Leaves used for thatching roofs. The ripe fruit,
although oceurring in abundance, is scarcely used, and of no economical
importance. Naturalized along the seashore and along roads.—All

islands.
COMMELYNACE ®.

630. Tradescantia geniculata, Jacq. 3) effusa, Mart.

Fl. March. Seeds bluish, verruculose.—Vieques (near Campo Asilo).
831. T. zebrina, Hortul. (v. Wandering Jew).

Fl. May. Naturalized in gardens.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.
832. T. discolor, Sw.

Fl. April-Aug. Stamens often by retrograde metamorphosis trans-
formed into petals. Naturalized in waste places and near dwellings.—
AIL islands.

833. Callisia repens, L.
Pl. Jan.Mareh. Gregarious in shady places, not uncommon.—AIll

islands.
.
834. C. umbellulata, Lam.

Fl. Jan. Seeds white withared spot. Flowers monandrous. Among
rocks in shady places, rare.—St. Thomas (Signal Hill, 1200),
835. Commelyna cayennensis, Rich. (French Grass).

Fl. all the year round. Flower expanded till 9 A. M. One of the
sterile stamens always abortive. In moist localities, common,—All
islands.

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 101

&36. C. elegans, Kth. (v. French Grass).

Fl]. all the year round. Flower ephemeral. In moist localities, very
common.—All islands.

GRAMINACEZ.

837. Bambusa vulgaris, Schrad. (v. Bamboo Cane).

Not seen flowering. Naturalized along rivulets and in gardens.—
St. Croix; St. Thomas.
838. Arthrostylidium capillifolium, Gris. (Plant. Wright. in Mem. Amer. Acad. viii,

531, 1862).

Not seen flowering. In forests, climbing among trees and shrubs to
a considerable height, rare—St. Thomas (Flag Hill, 706’); St. Jan
(Hornbeck in Hb. Havn., from “a large cataract, called Battery”) ;
Vieques (flowering specimens from Hornbeck in Hb. Hayn.; others re-
ceived from Campo Asilo by me). ef
839. Eragrostis pozoides, P. Br.

Fl. June-Dee. Stigmas white. Along roads and in dry localities,
often gregarious, common.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.
840. E. ciliaris, Lk.

Il. Mareh-Dee. Anthers black. In dry localities, common.—AIlL
islands.
&41. Sporobolus virginicus, Kth. (v. Shander).

Fl. May-Oct. Anthers and stigmas yellow. Used in baths for
children. Along the coast and lagoons, common.—AII islands.
842. S. litoralis, K¢h. (v. Shander).

Fl. May—Deec. In the same places as the preceding, common.—AlIl
islands.
843. S. indicus, R. Br. (v. Hair-grass).

Fl. May-Oct. Anthers purple; stigmas yellow. Along roads and
ditches.—A1I1 islands.

844. Aristida stricta, Mich.

Il. Mareh-Dee. Anthers yellow. Awns of unequal length, always
longer than the glumes. Along ditches and in thickets, here and
there.—St. Croix (Crequis, Fair Plain); St. Thomas (Schl.); St. Jan
(Adrian Estate).

845. Olyra latifolia, L. ) arundinacea.

Fl. Dec.—Jan. In forests, rare.—St. Jan (Cinnamon Bay); Vieques
(Campo Asilo).

846. Pharus glaber, Ith.

Il. June-Dec. Anthers yellow; stigmas white. In forests, not un-
common.—AlI islands.

102 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VI&GIN ISLANDS.

847. Pappophorum alopecuroides, Vahl.

Fl. Feb—March. 1/-3/ high. Among rocks near the coast, rare.—
Buck Island, near St. Thomas; Virgin Gorda (Vahlin Symb. Bot. iii, 10).
848. Bouteloua litigiosa, Lag.

Fl. Oct.Jan. Anthers red; stigmas white. In thickets and waste
places, not uncommon.—St. Thomas (Cowell’s Hill—Town).

849. Leptochloa mucronata, Kth.

Fl. May-Oct. Spikelets often 1-flowered. Along ditches, not un-
common.—St. Croix.
850. L. virgata, P. Br. a), 8) gracilis, Ns., and y) multiflora, Egg.

Fl. May—Dee. Anthers white; stigmas purple. 7) spikelets 9-flow-
ered. Awns very short; fertile glumes not ciliate. Along roads, com-
mon.—z) and ) all islands; 7) St. Croix (Work and Rest).

851. Chloris eleusinoides, Gris.
Fl. May—Noy. Along ditches, here and there.—St. Croix (Beeston
Hill, Mount Welcome).

852. Ch. radiata, Sw.
Fl. May-—Oct. Stigmas brown. Gregarious along roads, common.—
All islands.

853. Ch. ciliata, Sw.

Fl. Feb.Sept. Anthers rosy. My specimens show only one sterile
flower in each spikelet besides the fertile one (see Swartz’s Flora Ind.
Oce. p. 189). Along roads, not uncommon.—aAll islands.

854. Dactyloctenium egyptiacum, W. (vy. Ten-per-cent Grass).
Fl. March-Nov. Anthers straw-coloured; stigmas white. A good
pasture-grass. Along roads and in fields, common.—A1I islands.

855. Eleusine indica, L.
Il. March-Dee. Anthers greyish; stigmas purple. Common every-

where.—A1 islands.

856. Cynodon Dactylon, Pers. (v. Bay Grass, Billy Grass).

Fl. May-Oct. Anthers straw-coloured, with purple spots; stigmas
purple. A good pasture-grass, and fit for making good hay, but at the
same time a most troublesome weed in cane-fields on account of its long
and creeping rhizome. Said to have been introduced. Along the coast
and in fields, gregarious.—St. Croix and St. Thomas (very common); St.

Jan (uncommon, Little Plantation).

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 103

857. Paspalum compressum, Ns. (v. Flat Grass).

Fl. June-Oct. Anthers light yellow; stigmas white. Near ditches
and in shady localities, not uncommon.—All islands.
858. P. conjugatum, Berg.

Fb. June—Dee. Anthers yellow; stigmas white. In moist localities,
common.—All islands.

859. P. pusillum, Vent.
St. Thomas (Fliigge sec. Gris. Syst. Unt., p. 114).

860. P. distichum, L. a) and 8) vaginatum, Sw.

Fl. June-Aug. Proterandrous. Anthers light yellow; stigmas black.
Along rivulets, not uncommon.—Sst. Croix; St. Thomas.
861. P. notatum, Fliigge.

St. Thomas (Fliigge sec. Gris. Syst. Unt., p. 114).
862. P. czspitosum, Fliigge.

Fl. May-Sept. Anthers orange-coloured. In moist localities, not
uncommon.—AIl islands.

863. P. glabrum, Poir.

IF]. May-July. Here and there along@itches.—St. Thomas (Schl.) ;
St. Jan (Riff Bay).

864. P. plicatulum, Michx.

Fl. March-Sept. Along the seacoast, not uncommon.—AlI islands.

865. P. virgatum, L. z).
Fl. May—Oct. Anthers straw-coloured; stigmas white. In moist

localities, not uncommon.—AII islands.

866. P. paniculatum, L.
St. Thomas (Schlechtendal).

867. P. spathaceum, HB. K.
St. Thomas (Schlechtendal).

868. Digitaria filiformis, Miihl.

Fl. Dee. In dry thickets, here and there.—St. Thomas (Cowell’s
Will).
869. D. marginata, Lk. (v. Running Grass).

Fl. March-Sept. Anthers purple with white stripes; stigmas purple.
A good pasture-grass. Along ditches and roads, common.—A1! islands,

104 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

870. D. setigera, Kunth.

Fl. June-Oct. Anthers and stigmas purple. Along roads, common.—
All islands.

871. Eriochloa punctata, Hamilt.

Fl. March-Sept. Anthers brownish; stigmas black. In moist locali-
ties, here and there.—St. Croix (Crequis, La Grange); St. Thomas
(Schl.).

872. Stenotaphrum americanum, Schrank (v. Horse Grass).

Fl. May—Aug. Anthers orange-coloured; stigmas purple. Along the

coast and in moist localities, gregarious, common.—AII islands.

873. Orthopogon setarius, Spreng.

Fl. March-Dee. Anthers light purple; stigmas purple. In forests,
common.—AII islands.

874. Panicum paspaloides, Pers.

Fl. March-Sept. Anthers reddish; stigmas straw-coloured. The
hermaphrodite flower in this and all other species of Panicum is proter-
androus, the stamens dropping off before the stigmas appear. These
latter are then fertilized by the agency of the wind from other individ-
uals before the stamens of tf male flower make their appearance, self-
fertilization being thus evidently impossible. Along rivulets and in

moist localities, not uncommon.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.

875. P. brizoides, L.

St. Thomas (Schlechtendal).
876. P. colonum, L.

I'l. March-Sept. Anthers purple; stigmas black. Along roads and
ditches, common.—A11I islands.

877. P. prostratum, Lam. ac) and #) pilosa, Egg.

Fl. June—July. Anthers orange-coloured; stigmas black. 3) Rhachis
of spikelets pilose.—z) All islands (common); 8) St. Croix (La Grange).
878. P. fuscum, Sw. (vy. Sour Grass). a) and ) fasciculatum, Sw.

Fl. Feb.Sept. Anthers orange-coloured; stigmas purple. Abhorred
by the cattle—c) All islands. 6) St. Croix; St. Thomas (Schlechten-
dal). Not uncommon.

879. P. molle, Sw. (v. Yerba de Parad, Spanish Grass),

Fl. May—Oct. Anthers yellow; stigmas purple. Naturalized here

and there in pastures.—St. Croix (Cotton Grove).

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 105

880. P. diffusum, Sw.
Fl. May—Oct. Anthers orange-coloured; stigmas dark purple. In
moist localities, uncommon.—AII islands.

881. P. maximum, Jacq. (v. Guinea Grass) (P. polygamum, Sw.).

Fl. June-Sept. Anthers brownish; stigmas light purple. A splendid
pasture-grass, growing to the height of 12’, forming dense tufts and
being propagated by the rhizome. Naturalized and cultivated every-
where.—All islands.

882. P. divaricatum, L. «) and 3) puberulum.

Il. May—Dee. <Anthers light yellow; stigmas white. Resembling a
thin Bamboo Cane. 8/-16/ high. Both forms not uncommon in forests,
climbing over trees and shrubs.—ALII islands.

883. P. glutinosum, Sw.

St. Croix (West, p. 267).
884. P. brevifolium, L.

Fl. Aug.—Dee. Anthers and stigmas white. In gardens and along
roads, here and there.—St. Thomas (Barracks).

885. P. cayennense, Lam.

St. Thomas (Schlechtendal).

886. Setaria glauca, P. Br. a).
Fl. May—Oct. In forests, common.—All islands.

887. S. setosa, P. Br. a) and $) caudata, R. 8. (v. Sour Grass).

Fl. April-Dec. Anthers orange-coloured; stigmas purple. a). 3/—7/
high; in forests and along ditches, common.—All islands. £) in dry
thickets, uncommon.—St. Thomas (Cowell’s Hill).

888. Cenchrus echinatus, L. £) viridis, Spreng. (v. Burr Grass).

Fl. April-Dee. Anthers light yellow; stigmas white, with a purple
spot in the middle. The ripe farinaceous seeds eaten by the cattle.
Along the coast, very common.—All islands.

889. Anthephora elegans, Schreb. :

Fl. Jan.-Oct. Anthers brownish. In thickets, here and there.—St.
Croix; St. Thomas.

890. Tricholena insularis, Gris. (v. Bitter Grass, Long Grass).

Fl. March-Dee. Anthers brownish; stigmas white. Never touched
by cattle whilst green, on account of its bitter taste. Spikelets easily
detached and carried far away by the wind. Very common along roads
and in dry places.—A1] islands.

106 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

891. Lappago aliena, Spreng.

Fl. May—Dee. Stigmas white. Generally both spikelets fertile.
Near ditches and in thickets, common.—A1II islands.

892. Andropogon saccharoides, L.

Fl. Aug.—Oct. Anthers light yellow; stigmas dark purple. Awnnot
twisted. Along roads, here and there.—St. Croix (Beeston Hill Grange).
893. Anatherum bicorne, P. Br. (v. Jolly Grass).

Fl. July-Oct. 2/-4’ high. Used for thatching roofs. Not eaten by
the cattle. Gregarious on high hills, where it is difficult to counteract
its spreading, even by burning it now and then.—St. Thomas (northern
slope of the highest ridge).

894. Sorghum vulgare, Pers. (v. Guinea Corn).

Fl. Dec. 8/-16/ high. Naturalized and cultivated for herbage and
for making flour of the grain.—AlII islands, principally St. Croix and
Vieques.

895. Saccharum ocfficinarum, L. (v. Sugar-cane).

Fl. Dee.—May. Naturalized and cultivated. Sugar-growing islands
are now only two, viz., St. Croix and Vieques, whilst the other Virgin
Islands have only a very few cane estates, principally for selling the
raw cane in the markets. The average produce of sugar from both the
above-mentioned islands is about 25 million pounds. The plant is propa-
gated by cuttings that are laid entirely under ground.

(The genus Panicum excepted, all Graminacee are proterogynous.)

[Cultivated species: Andropogon Schaenanthus, L. (v. Lemon-grass),
Zea Mays, L. (v. Indian Corn), and Coir Lacryma, L. (v. Job’s Tears).]

CYPERACEX.
896. Cyperus polystachyus, Rottb.
Fil. July. On high hills, rare.—St. Thomas (Crown, 1500’).

897. C. levigatus, L. (Cod. p. 61) (C. mucronatus, Rottb.). a) albidus.

I'l. March-Oct. Connective pointed. Along rivulets, not uncom-
mon.—St. Croix; St. Thomas (Schil., Bockeler).
893. C. compressus, L.

I'l. Dee. Flowers 2-androus. Near the coast in moist places, uncom-
mon.—St. Thomas (Haven Sight).
899. C. confertus, Sw.

Il. Dee. In thickets, here and there.—St. Thomas (Cowell’s Hill);
St. Croix (Gris. Fl. 563),

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 107

900. C. ochraceus, Vahl.

TW. May-Oct. In moist localities, uncommon.—St. Croix (Crequis).
901. C. viscosus, Ait.

Fl. April-Nov. Stamens always 3 (see Swartz’s Fl. Ind. Oce. p. 113).
Seeds germinating in moist weather on the parent, and often growing
out into young plants an inch or two in length. Along rivulets and
ditches, not uncommon.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.

902. C. surinamensis, Roitb.

St. Thomas (Schl.).
903. C. articulatus, L. (v. Sting Bisom).

Fl. March-Sept. In ditches, not uncommon.—St. Croix ; St. Thomas.
904. C. rotundus, L. (v. Nut Grass).

Fl. all the year round. Tubers sweet, eaten by hogs. A troublesome
weed, very common in fields and along roads.—-All islands.

905. C. brunneus, Sw. (C. planifolius, Rich.).

Fl. May. Onthe coast and near lagoons, not uncommon.—ALII islands.

906. C. sphacelatus, Rottb.

Fl. Feb. On high hills in pastures, uncommon.—St. Thomas (Signal
Hill).

907. C. distans, L.
Fl. Aug. In pastures on high hills, common.—St. Thomas (Signal
Hill).
908. C. unifolius, Beeckler (Linnwa, Nene Folge, ii, 374).
St. Croix (Ravn in Reliq. Lehm.).
909. C. filiformis, Sw.
Fl. all the year round. In moist localities, not uncommon.—st.
Thomas.
910. C. odoratus, L.
Fl. April-Oct. Near rivulets and ditches, here and there.—St. Croix
(Mount Pleasant, Annas Hope).
911. C. pennatus, Lam. (Boeckler, 1. ce. 404) (C. Ehrenbergii, Kth., C. fleruosus, Vahl).
Fl. all the year round. Along the coast, not uncommon.—St. Thomas.
912. C. ligularis, L.

Fl. March-Dec. Along rivulets, not uncommon.—All islands.

108 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

913. C. flavomariscus, Gris. (C. flavus, Bockler).

Fl. Aug. In pastures on hills, here and there.—St. Thomas (Signal
Hill); Buck Island (near St. Thomas).
914. Kyllinga filiformis, Sw. «) and }) capillaris, Gris.

Fl. June-—Dee. Involucral leaves of various lengths. Both forms not
uncommon in forests.—St. Croix (The William, Eliza’s Retreat).
915. K. triceps, Rottb.

Fl. March. In shady moist localities.—St. Jan (Baas Gut).

916. K. monocephala, Rottb.

Vl. all the year round. In moist places in forests, common.—AlIl
islands.
917. K. brevifolia, Rotth. (Emend. in Beckler, Linniea, 1867, 425). (3) longifolia.

St. Thomas (Ehrenberg sec. Boeckler).
918. Scirpus capitatus, L.

Tl. all the year round. Achenium black. Along rivulets, commonu.—
All islands.
919. S. nodulosus, Kth.

Fl. Marech-Dee. Along rivulets and in ditches, uncommon.—St. Croix
(Adventure).
920. S. subdistichus, Beckler (Linnza, 1869-70, 490).

St. Thomas (Beklr.).
921. S. mutatus, Vahl.

Il. March—Dee. Filaments flat; style often bifid. In moist places,
not uncommon.—St. Croix; St. Jan.
922. S. ferrugineus, L.

Fl. all the year round. Filaments flat. Gregarious in tufts on the
sandy seashore and near lagoons, uncommon.—St. Croix (Frederiksted) ;
St. Jan (Reef Bay).

923. S. brizoides, Sw. (Fimbristylis polymorpha, Beeckler).

Pl. Aug.—Sept. In pastures on high hills, common.—Virgin Islands.

924. Rhynchospora pusilla, Gris.

Pl. Peb—July. Anthers 14/” long. In pastures on hills, rare.—St.
Thomas (Signal Till, 1400’),

925. R. pura, Gris.

I'l. Peb.—Aug. Seeds often germinating on the parent. In the same
places as the preceding. St. Thomas (Signal Hill).

ll

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 109

926. Scleria pratensis, Lindl. (v. Cutting Grass).

Fl. April-Nov. In forests and pastures on high hills, uncommon.—
St. Croix (Springfield, Mount Eagle); St. Thomas (Signal Hill).
927. S. scindens, Ns. (v. Razor-grass).

Fl. Aug.-Sept. In forests, rare.—St. Thomas (Signal Hill, 1500’).

928. S. filiformis, Sw. (S. lithosperma, W.).

Fl. May-Nov. In thickets, not uncommon.—St. Croix (King’s Hill);
St. Thomas (Cowell’s Hill). |

[ All Cyperacee are proterogynous, with white stigmas and light yel-
low anthers. |

LILIACE ZX.

929. Aloe vulgaris, L. (v. Sempervivie).

Fl. Mareh—April. Gregarious on limestone (naturalized ?), common.—
All islands.

930. Yucca gloriosa, L.
Fl. June-Aug. Naturalized in gardens and near dwellings.—St.
Croix; St. Thomas.

931. Agave americana, L. (v. Karatd).

Fl. Feb.-May. On dry hills, common.—A1I islands.

932. A. sobolifera, Salm-Dyck. (v. Karatdé).

Very seldom or never bearing flowers. Propagated by bulblets in
June-July, growing out, to a considerable size whilst still on the parent.
On hills and in thickets, not uncommon.—All islands.

933. Fourcroya cubensis, Haw. (v. Female Karata).
Fl. March and July-Aug. In dry thickets, not wunecommon.—st.
Croix; St. Thomas.

934. Pancratium caribezum, L. (v. White Lily, Ladybus).

Fl. May-Nov. Flowers nocturnal; fragrant. On rocky coasts, not
uncommon.—AIl islands.
935. Crinum erubescens, Ait.

Fl. all the year round. Flowers nocturnal; fragrant. Along rivu-
lets, here and there.—St. Croix (Hégensborg),.

936. Amaryllis equestris, Ait. (v. Red Lily).
Fl. Mareh-Oct. On rocky shores, gregarious, not uncommon.—All
islands.

110 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

937. A. tubispatha, Ker. (vy. Snow-drop).

Fl. April-Oct., especially after heavy rains. In fields and near dwell-
ings, not uncommon.—AIt islands.

{Cultivated species: Allium jistulosum, L. (v. Ciboule), Polyanthes tube-
rosa, L. (vy. Tuberose), and Crinum giganteum, Andy. |

ASPABRAGINACE®.

938. Sanseviera guineensis, W. (Spec. ii, 159) (Bot. Mag. t. 1179) (v. Guana-tail).

Fl. Nov.-Dee. Fibres of the leaves yield a good material for ropes.
Naturalized here and there on dry hills, gregarious.—St. Croix (Frie-
densfeld); St. Thomas (around town).

SMILACE®.
939. Smilax havanensis, Jacq.
Not seen flowering. In forests, here and there.—St. Croix (Cale-
donia, Wills Bay, Rohr’s Minde).
940. S. populnea, Kth. (Enum, Plant. v, 192).
Fl. June-July (¢). Unarmed. Leaves 4-5” long, 3/4” broad. In
forests, a high climber, rare.—St. Thomas (Flag Hill, 900).

DIOSCOREACE ®.

941. Dioscorea pilosiuscula, Bert.

Fl. Dec., but rarely. Older leaves purple beneath, broad white stripes
on the upper surface. Male inflorescence 3” long, pendulous. Axillar
bulbs large, often bifid, greyish-brown, generally producing leaves
whilst still in connection with the parent, dropping off later and form-
ing new plants. In shady forests, uncommon.—St. Thomas (Signal Hill,
northern slope above St. Peter, 1000’).

942. D. alata, L.(v. Yam). a), 2) vulgaris, Miq.

Not seen flowering. Propagated by the rhizome. Naturalized and
cultivated in provision grounds. Rhizome aftording a nutritive vegeta-
ble.—A1IL islands.

943. D. altissima, Lam. (v. Yam).

Not seen flowering. Stem eylindrical. Occurring in the same places
and used in the same way as the preceding.—AII islands.
944. Rajania pleioneura, Gris.

Fl. Dee. In forests, rare.—St. Thomas (Flag Till, 800‘),

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGiN ISLANDS. 111

945. R. hastata, kh.
Fl. Sept—Deec. In forests and on fences on high hills, not uncom-
mon.—St. Thomas (Signal Hill, Northside) (St. Croix’).

IRIDACEX.

946. Cipura plicata, Gris. (v. St. Jan Grass, Bloodroot).

Fl. all the year round. Bulbs crimson. Naturalized in gardens and
valleys.—AlII islands. :
BROMELIACE ZX.

947. Bromelia Pinguin, L. (v. Pinguin).

Fl. Dee. and April-June. Pulp edible, acid. Used for fences. Gre-

garious in forests and thickets, common.—AII islands.

948. Chevalliera lingulata, Gris.

Fl. Mareh-July. Petals white, with a bluish point. Berry glabrous,
pink or blue. On trees and rocks on high hills, not uncommon.—st.
Thomas (Crown, Signal Hill, 1500’); St. Jan (Macumbi).

949. Pitcairnia angustifolia, Ait.

Fl. Aug.-Sept. Seeds red, pointed at the base; appendage white,
truncate. On trees and rocks.—St. Croix (rare, King’s Hill Gut); Vir-
gin Islands (common, especially on the coast).

950. Tillandsia fasciculata, Sw.

Fl. Jan._Feb. Capsule a little shorter than the bract. On trees in
forests and on high hills, uncommon.—St. Thomas (Crown); St. Jan
(Baas Gut).

951. T. utriculata, L. (v. Wild Pine).
Fl. Feb—Aug. Inflorescence over 8/ high. On trees and rocks, com-
mon.—A1II islands.

952. T. recurvata, L. (v. Old Man’s Beard).

Fl. Jan.Feb., but very rarely. Seeds often germinating in the cap-
sule. Used for stuffing mattresses. On trees, gregarious, very com-
mon.—A1II islands.

953. T. usnecides, L. (v. Old Man’s Beard).

Fl. March, rarely. Petals greenish. On shrubs, common, grega-
rious. —All islands.

954. Catopsis nutans, Gris.

Fl. June-Aug. Petals fleshy, white. Seeds brown; pappus 17”

LE FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

long, white, silky. On trees and rocks on high hills, net uncommon.—
St. Thomas (Signal Hill, Crown, 1400/-1500’),
[Cultivated species: Ananassa sativa, Lindl. (vy. Pine-apple).

; MUSACE.

955. Musa paradisiaca, L. (v. Plantain).

Fl. May-Aug. Fruit eaten only boiled or fried. Naturalized and
cultivated, but rare.—A1] islands.
956. M. sapientium, L. (y. Banana).

Fl. May—Nov. Fruit eaten raw or fried. Naturalized and cultivated
everywhere, occurring in several varieties (Bacuba, Fig, Lady-finger,
St. Vincent Banana, ete.).—AlII islands.

SCITAMINES.

957. Renealmia sylvestris, Gris.

Fl. Aug. In forests in shady and moist localities, rare.—St. Croix
(Golden Rock); St. Thomas (Signal Hill, 1400’),
958. Zingiber officinalis, Rosc. (v. Ginger).

Fl. Sept. Naturalized and cultivated in forest districts, here and
there.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.
959. Canna indica, L. (v. Indian Shot).

Fl. all the year round. In moist places and near dwellings, not un-
common.—AII islands.

960. C. Lamberti, Lindl. (v. Scarlet Indian Shot).

Fl. all the year round. Naturalized in gardens.—AlII islands.

961. C. edulis, Ker. (v. Tout-le-mois).
Fl. all the year round. Tubers used for producing salep. Natural-
ized and cultivated along rivulets.—AI1 islands.

962. Maranta arundinacea, L. (v. Arrow-root).

Not seen flowering. Tubers yielding the best kind of salep. Nat-
uralized and cultivated here and there.—AlII islands.

(Cultivated species: Alpinia nutans, Raf. (v. Shell-plant), and Cur-
cuma longa, Li. (v. Turmeric). .

ORCHIDACEE. 7

963. Liparls elata, Lindl.

Fl. June—Dec. Bracts purple. My specimens on the whole some-
what smaller than the picture in Bot. Mag. t. 1175. On red clay among

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN {SLANDS. is

rocks on high hills, here and there.—St. Thomas (Liliendal, Bonne Reso-
lution).
964. Epidendrum subzquale, Eggers, n. sp.

Fl. Feb.-March. Tubers cylindrical, small, several-leaved. Leaves
2-5, linear, channelled, pointed, much shorter than the scape; sterile
bracts short, distant, pointed, floral ones smaller; flowers in a simple
raceme, 3-4. Perigonial divisions lanceolate, pointed, nearly conform.
Lip slightly adnate to the column, 3-lobed; lobes rounded, the two lat-
eral ones a little shorter than the middle one. Column auricled below
the anther; auricles small, purple. Ovary linear, striate, $/’ long. A1-
lied to #. aciculare, Batem., but leaves several, much shorter than the
scape, and lip broadly 3-lobed. Leaves 5/’-6” long, 2’ broad; scape
20-24” high, straight. Peduncles 4” long; perigonial divisions green-
ish, with brown spots, 4’ long; lip purple, with darker stripes and a
yellow crest in the middle, }/’ long. The whole plant of a sometimes
darker, sometimes lighter hue, flowers even sometimes quite white. On
rocks and the roots of trees in dry thickets, here and there.—St. Thomas
(Cowell’s Hill, Solberg).

965. E. bifidum, Aubl.
Fl. May—Dee. On trees and rocks, not uncommon.—All islands.

966. E. ciliare, L.
Fl. June-Feb. Flowers fragrant. Gregarious on rocks and old tree-
trunks, common.—All islands,

967. E. cochleatum, L. (Bot. Mag. t. 151, bad).

Fl. April-May. On trees in forests, rare.—St. Croix (Mount Eagle,
1150’; Jacob’s Peak, 950’).
968. E. patens, Sw.

Fl. July-Aug. Leaves distichous; scape compressed, 1/—2/ Ifigh. On
rocks in leaf-mould, rare, on high hills.—St. Thomas (Signal Hill, 1500’).

969. Brassavola cucullata, R. Br.

Fl. June-Octb. Gregarious on rocks, rare.—St. Thomas (John Bruce
Bay).

970. Polystachya luteola, Hook.

Fl. March-Noy. Flowers often cleistogamous and normal on the
same branch and at the same time. Both forms yielding good seeds.
On rocks and old tree-trunks, not uncommon on hills.—St. Thomas
(Signal Hill, 1200/-1500’).

Bull. Nat. Mus. No, 13——8

114 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

971. Oncidium Lemonianum, Lindl.

Fl. May-July. Never giving fruit, but propagating itself by pro-
ducing young plants from buds in the axils of the sterile bracts below
the flowers, which remain in connection with the parent plant, and thus
often forming long colonies of plants from one tree to another. In for-
ests and thickets, gregarious, but rare.—St. Thomas (Picara Peninsula,
Fortuna).

(The lateral sepals in my specimens being distinct, | am inclined to
retain Lindley’s specific name instead of uniting my plant with O. tetra-
petalum, W., as done by Grisebach.)

972. O. variegatum, Sw.

Fl. July-—Octb. On rocks and trees in shady places, not uncommon,—
Virgin Islands.
973. Prescottia myosurus, G. Rehb.

Fl. March. In grass-fields on high hills, uncommon.—St. Thomas
(Signal Hill, 1400’).
974. Spiranthes elata, Rich.

Fl. March. Leaves deciduous during anthesis. In leaf-mould on high
hills, not uncommon.—Virgin Islands.

975. Stenorrhynchus lanceolatus, Rich.

Fl. May. Leaves deciduous during anthesis. Only 4/-l’ high. In
clayey soil among rocks on high hills, rare——St. Thomas (Signal Hill,
Crown).

976. Habenaria maculosa, Lindl.

Fl. Feb. Spur 1’ long, nectariferous. In pastures on high hills,
rare.—St. Thomas (Signal Hill).
977. H. alata, Hook.

Fl. Feb. Spur 6” long, nectariferous. In the same localities as the
preceding, rare.—St. Thomas (Signal Hill, above St. Peter, 1400’),

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 115

LYCOPODIACEE.

®78. Lycopodium cernuum, L.

Gregarious among rocks on high hills, here and there.—-St. Thomas
(Crown, Signal Hill).
979. Psilotum triquetrum, Sw.

In shady places among rocks, not uncommon.—St. Croix (Crequis) ;
St. Thomas (Signal Hill).

FILICES.

980. Ophioglossum reticulatum, L.

In pastures under rocks on high hills, not uncommon.—St. Thomas
(Crown).
981. Davallia aculeata, Sw. (v. Prickly Fern).

In pastures on high hills, here and there.—St. Thomas (Signal Hill,
above St. Peter, 1300’).
982. Adiantum villosum, L.

Among rocks in forests, uncommon.—St. Croix (Crequis, Vieques).
983. A. intermedium, Sw.

On high hills, not uncommon.—St. Thomas (Signal Hill).

984. A. microphyllum, Kaulf.

Fragrant in the morning. In dense forests, uncommon.—St. Thomas
(Crown).
985. A. tenerum, Sw. (v. Maiden-hair).

In thickets, not uncommon.—AII islands.
986. A. fragile, Sw.
In the same localities as the preceding, uncommon.—AlII islands.

987. Cheilanthes microphylla, Sw.

St. Croix (West, p. 313, Benzon in Hb. Havyn.); St. Thomas (Ravn
in Hb. Havn.).
988. Pteris longifolia, L.

Along rivulets in forests, rare.—St. Croix (Crequis).

116 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.

989. P. pedata, L.
Gregarious in forests, here and there.—St. Thomas (Signal Hill, near
St. Peter).

990. Teenitis lanceolata, R. br.

In leaf-mould on rocks, not uncommon.—All islands.

991. Antrophyum lineatum, Kaulf.
In forests, rare.—St. Thomas (St. Peter).

992. Blechnum occidentale, L.
Gregarious in pastures and forests, very common.—AI1 islands,

993. Chrysodium vulgare, Iée.

In marshy soil, gregarious; up to 15’ high. Not uncommon,—All
islands.

994. Hemionitis palmata, L. (v. Strawberry Fern).

Propagating itself by buds from the serratures of the frond. Grega-
rious in shady forests, here and there.—St. Croix (Eliza’s Retreat); St.
Jan (Rogiers, King’s Hill).

995. Gymnogramme calomelanos, Kaulf. (v. Silvery Fern).

On hills and among stones, not uncommon.—ALII islands.

Var. pumila, Egg.
Dwarfy, cartilaginous. On old walls, here and there.—St. Croix
(Bodkin); St. Thomas (Cowell’s Battery).

996. Asplenium serratum, L.
Frond up to 4/ Jong. On rocks in forests, very rare.—St. Thomas
(Signal Hill, 1400’).

997. A. firmum, Kze.
St. Thomas (Griseb. Syst. Unters. p. 134) (A. abscissum, W.).

998. A. pumilum, Sw.

On clayey soil in forests, gregarious, here and there—St. Thomas
(Matthis Gut); St. Jan (Rogiers).
999. Aspidium punctulatum, Sw.

In forests, not uncommon.—St. Thomas.

1000. A. semicordatum, Sw.

In shady localities, not uncommon.—Virgin Islands.

FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. via

1001. A. patens, Sw.

In forests, here and there.—St. Croix (Crequis); St. Thomas (Crown).
1002. A. molie, Sw. .

In the same localities as the preceding, not uncommon.—St. Thomas
(Signal Hill).
1003. A. invisum, Sw. a).

In shady localities, rare.—St. Croix (Crequis).
1004. Polypodium tetragonum, Sw.

In forests, not uncommon.—All islands

1005. P. crenatum, Sw.

St. Croix (West, p. 313, Benzon in Hb. Hayn.); St. Thomas (Hb.
Havn.).
1006. P. aureum, L.

On dead trees and rocks, not uncommon.—Al1 islands.

1007. P. areolatum, Thunb.
In the same places as the preceding, but rare.—St. Thomas (Crown).

1008. P. incisum, Sw.

St. Croix (West, p. 313).
1009. P. incanum, Sw.

Among roots of large trees, gregarious, not uncommon. All islands.
1010. P, piloselloides, L.

In forests and pastures among rocks on high hills, here and there.—
St. Thomas (Signal Hill, 1300’).
1011. P. serpens, Sw.

On trees and rocks on high hills, rare—St. Croix (top of Mount Ea-
gle, 1150’).
1012. P. Phyllitidis, L. a) and ) repens.

In forests on rocks and trees, not uncommon.—AII islands.
1013. Cyathea arborea, Sw.

Stem 12/-15/ high, 3’’ diam. In forests on high hills, rare.—St. Thomas
(Crown, western slope, 1400’; Caret Bay Gut).

CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS.

Page 19. Fourteenth line from above, after “local name” read—which as a rule is
derived either from the English or the Dutch language, except in Vieques and Culebra.

Page 84. To Avicennia nitida.—The ground under the tree is sometimes covered with
a peculiar kind of aerial roots, proceeding from the underground roots erect into the
air to a height of four to six inches.

Page 99. To Aroidew.—A supposed Aroidea with an immense, nearly aphyllous, climb-
ing, terete, green stem, about 100’ long, 1” diam., with scaly, early deciduous leaves
and aerial roots resembling those of Vanilla, is met with in a few places in St. Thomas
(among rocks on Flaghill in the forest). As, however, neither fruit nor flower has
as yet been found, it is still doubtful even to which family this interesting species
may belong.

Page 100, No. 827. Cancel the lines, ‘‘ Leaves used for making ropes, thatching roofs,
and other domestic purposes.”

Add before No, 823:

8279. Th. parviflora, Sw. (v. Bull-Seger). Fl. May-July; stem 30/40’ high, up to
3’ in circumference. Berry in both species black, fleshy. Leaves of this species are
used for making ropes, hats, roofs, and for other domestic purposes. On the northern
slopes of the hills, common.—Virgin Islands.

Add before Commelynacee :
(Cultivated species: Phenix spinosa, Thonning, and Latania borbonica, L.)
118

‘ IN DEX.

The names in itakics are those of the cultivated plants of the islands.

Page.

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Page.
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Amblogyne polygonoides.....-............- 87
Ambrosia artemisiefolia ..................- 64
JAMIEN TAC Hie Sao ee noe. Saecea ston 96
Ammmannialatifoliges.o ist scssns seeaee ec. = 54
AMPE LEDER Ant ose aceon ee ee 39
AMYris sylvaticas ete iso tceeeee ce ee ce. 40
Anacardium occidentale............2....... 41
Anatmiomisipunctatae-2-. ess. eee ee 52
ANMANGASEO BORG se vce tenie staan eee 112
Anotherambicorne 422-8 sees eee 106
Andirainermisteaeeeeseoe ae eee eee 45
Andropogon saccharoides ...........-...... 106

Nehoenantusy-2 2-2 t sees 106

Anethum graveolens ...........:...-....2.- 59
Anguriaelomeratassesee: sects tenn 35
trilobataratse ane e 55

ANISe\! eee te saad oa Sooo tee ck ee eee 59
Anonailaunifoliag= se 2s8e see 23
MUPICALA ajo tensile Ss hci cee eee a 23
Palushristesece jesse htes ee ee 23
rehiculatar 585043 sci sss sect eee 23
BSQUaAMosAa) ses se sdese ses essee beens 23
ANONAC Eanes ses oss sasaetao een ar 23
Anthacanthus jamaicensis.................. 81
microphyillus\s.5 ser sess 81
Spinosussss222ec.csaesc Nees §1
Anthephoraxclegans sas censees-eeneeees ees 105
Antherylium Rohrii.-........... Gseaeeeees & 54
Anthriscus Cerefolium ....2.cc.c02-2--00000 59
Anthurium cordifolium .................... 98
Huereliits se .sscssaeansensaese a 98
macrophyllumi)=s-a-sess ese. a 98

Antigonon cordatum. ......222-s2.0+-.+--0- 88
Antrophyum lineatum............--........ 116
Apium graveolens .........-.-.20.00.2-.---- 59
APOCY NACH AM) seecseeasasccesseet seseae 69
Apple Beller eacsiceaseseeaeaceessaaaaces 56
Chigger ssc eseeeeeee ee tsenase=c es 33, 57
Castard (case anise aoe nee eee tees 23

Mai diss meee teases eee fesseee 55
Monkey piece nese ddsnseseaasi aceon. 23

Bin@teesec senesehesste nase escokacck 11]
Starimvecesese ceaccscceeet se ssieste 67
Supareeacsmancee cates nese seme esa 23
ATAOHISNNY POL PGE -insse acces ssece scenes: 43
7 W001 N 7 OAC ADOC ORDER EAE ROOEEBIOE 59
Andisia\coniaceay. = ir iccces oss eit te sete we 67
Argemon@ mexicana. 4 .2..-22.2-4- bese 24
Argyrothamnia candicans........-...-..--. 91
TAS CIOMIATACK HE cei seta~ == 91

ATES UIC MOLI CU ter le eicilau leva winlvieticiee nesses = 101

120 INDEX.
Page. | Page
Aristolochia anguicida ..........--..------- 96 | BIGNONIACEZ............ diene en eeeee 79
trilODAta -<2-.ccen oso eeua anne 95 | UBilly Grass -ceoncepencaneso eens Lavtemeanewen 102
ARISTOLOCHIACEZ .........-----. ae 05.) Bind Pennie ceases esse sc ee es nae se eeer ee 76
AROLDE AG. ccnsncvewmssanccvccecascoveduns O89) Bigome sc --cascuscss pcb ewes scone ates 107
ATTOW-D008: «on. 2 nanan sn cawcccnscvccsrensane $19 | bitter-aah ccs se pecs wancosses oe hansen Eee 38
Arthrostylidium capillifolium .....-...----- 101 PS vec ees ant = Sara eee ne 69
Artocarpus incisa .........cecee--ea0s Sawa 94 CObIb ecco ase t ert os we deewree anaes 55
ASCLEPIADACEAE. ..-cccccccccccecsececs 70 GYGRN estas ca ccs as ae nets ane 105
Asclepias curassavica ......-..-------ceee- 70. | ix Orgtane seen scorers sade etnen sea eee 25 ;
NEVO socv=cuacncsnh accuse eee #70) | ec Co eee ie tc ee aa eee 25
ARH BItbeR cn 2-ss< ae sisean <eewne «nee teens BS))| Blaok -Amaret 22.23 <we cane ese ca rane 48
ASPARAGINACREHAS .. ..ccccvennuenerenseee 110 Cala pase onsen sineasesn mene sees 79
Aspidiam invisum:..:..<..---<0.senass6--=- 117 GNI ena sate senate ae nae eee 52
MONG) «Sekine acne ones see 117 Nigkarst ne. ccn es oe en as eee ee ene 46
POLOUS) omer s eneseseeceemenees 117 PepPery Wise see ae een ee ees 84
punctolatom oo. 2c cencacseensiaes 116 Bong Diente aah eee alae eee 60
BeMicordafiM -....< 5. scene adicona<n 116 "WH. Joc ennee wera pean ante meee 25
Asplenium firmum...-...-...---..--. ease = aie 116) UBISOK-G YC POR qs ee mceniaon kas ee a see 50
DUMUNM ce aescundens aap naeene 116.|)Blechnum Browne). oo. ccc ae vse sn ceaeeeenae 80
BOLTHCUM Ao -ac pabcwnowenemera oy 116 OCCIVENTALG! acme awe dents see eee 116
ABET CHANGNNGE 3 ores waa cee aot ae iee 67) SR UBUEIeaL 2. one cee ae aa ene eel eee 85
ARANDA CR Ao roctn ano osu hence seme aa ie 86 | Blood-root......---..-.-.--2----.-----wese-= Ii
Avicennia nitida ..........-. Snes tian SAM 1e a PLUG qv INO sae se pear ceed cee meee Wc sane
' TOMEGNUOSH cooece css c adn daneannes 84 | Boerhasivia ENecia\.. cn 5 sons eee sees
Ayenia pusilla. ..........-...--20-----02---- 32 | panicnlatas2.°- -as-ss¢<=s.vseuse
Bana fram! DoOMscs pean cansiceeensteee can BO. |) BORER AC AG seg, won mom amin ination See ae
Bacoharis i SH care saad ences sant nncwerens 64s) DROUIN Y WARS ccs ko: 2c nie cca en ae eon eee
Bachelor's) BUttole sacs oe nb ace onsen nen = 80) Bonuia‘daphnoides: 2... -5.22 «= seen sees
Balloon-viNG.=c: cress sees corse acennce ces 35 | BORAGINACEZ....................-.-.-.
Balsam Garden <-.cceensone ccc ccnseee sean 90))||| BOnreri® Parvillora....~.o.snses. ae cane
(PASSINs coe ino tsa ee ace ne eee 81 Siricta Wci- 2 snsse soe e an ones
Penguin .....-..-.. pelas.s Se ae eens 80 VON CUSGG) 5 a1 e nna gee ee
Balsamina hortensis.............---0------- 36 | Borrichia arborescens ...--..--. -,...-.----
BALSAMINACEZ..... mabe ties bine te eels & 86 | Bouchea Ehrenbergii......-...............-
Bamboo Cane... 5-500. <0seesrscu.ssmnexees « 101 | Bougainvillea spectabilis.........-... deta
Bambusa vulgaris.........-...2--+---esss-- 101 Boussingaultia baselloides.................-
RAN GNG 5 ccc ce een nn oh eee emer mao, e 112 ||) Boutelousliticioss. 22... ~.2ss<aceve= nse k 1
Barleria lupulina.........---cece-eeder--=-- S0\\|\ BOWED a seien~ vs owcnne sy ets Sune om
Barrow, Wallen: soso osn ns se ancanenen canon 6Bul Boxw00d Stcesenceee cre ace ere een eee
Bastard Guava co. scncencn snc cccwnn ann tateoe 52 | Brachyrhamphus intybaceus...............
MMaHOPANY seins cee man cen dase avant 45 G| BGAN GUUOLsec anita cea cne eee ea ia
Bastards VvisC0GS oes moc van ccnnennnanmniin ams 80.]| Brassavola cucullata ...- 2-25. s..s0svesuns 113
Batis maritima <<... co. cecescccnsnetneenssass BG) | SSIs CLOT OSG ohio. acne seen eeeen eee cee
Beatie DSbte cs cnnnnnetaanesaecarsasasseaetana 874 | SBreadUi- LOO San an epee nen ees crea aaee
Bauhinia tomentosa ..........-..----------- 73) BRO Dis asia reds oo hae eae» ee neo
UN PUA concn sc esasabemanan ase COPE sy TT Mia Be SS ae der ae
Bay-flower ..........22----esccecseseencnees S886 || SsrOmela eine UI Sous mccw as wadoenes-aitawe wag Se
GPAAS ob. snc chao dpe ee 1033! ROMA CRAG. soos o sua ain eee 111
LOOT nc sockn cbc cckiap Cent eiew Meanie cate rie ba \| “Broom wWwiite-N6ed.....--~ > cheese ae eee
BANG |. on ane oct tue odakeante wee 67')|) SBLOOM AN OOUL~ os ant oats do bneantn oes ana teeeeee
WATIG 5 iva ce x cndnownnswetvecdduleadeoneee @ 171 | Brunfelgia americana....... 2... ...sesscenes
PORT, ELOTOR 56 5615506 oe asa nen sens eel eeeaase 46 | Bryophyllum calycinum....................
AG evade nih ong oak pakcas saan ue eee 25 | Bucida Buceras -.-...---.------+---+--+-+--
LUG fo wan o wtacwaniese suGpces de eenee 4d.) UL BUOKG0S cs evens seen doko eee tan ce oe
BOG hcenew sk sion cau 4sdncve ns sha amne Wane 86 WEA pce ates ool eta a a eta eee
Beronia homilis..:..-.....0senceceavennamns 06: | Bully Wo00d .2.6-6< ois ce conpenwevansseanen
BECHODULA ORAS vane cenvcseuscan we anmnan 06°| Bumelia Guiegie...<.....05.cencnneegh svecet
IE RSIO ID Wate a owas ces onances uh és an keen 56 | Bunchosia Swartziana................. ai malls
Beloperone nemorosa.....-......---+.++-+--- 80, | Bunya... -. 20 nncensanssmnnccrncnnnsnesnnasp
Bei 0 occ sn cccn sn ccccccccacsesscccesnsisces 81 | Bur-bush........ ons kein se ae «ae Oe hiner se
BO WOIGOTIE oa oso xn.us ssvovecenrnanin nema 86, | Burning DOvG6 is vacuwcondnss prac skh aeepnte
Beurreria succulenta. ..............eseecees 74.1) Burr Grannsice~sccwacun eas mong penammecanan 105
Bidens bipinmatus. .......-..+-..--+.e0-- ee 65 | Barsera gummifere ...... 222. 0ssenen aseves
leucanthus ............ Pe 65.1 BUDINRRIACH Ak soocope< pax dneuneeesatn
Bignonia wquinoctialis ............-.+-..--+ 79 | Button-Wootl . 2.020.060. cuscswwswecsepeenmee
DO QUIS . nw accecscccescsencsseues ss 79 | Buaxns Vahl: oo. cas sens sverintunaweeeneees

INDEX. 121

Page. Page.

Byrsonima lucida. .........--.----------+--- 84 I ORSSAV A)... s- nce enwcc---senensncccerca: sees 92
PICMG sere alee nm eiaistars)e adreleforsci=iat= BAN MORAN Ol AGM ae cece ceten nie elaine wiclelieiw'- > --ialo wine 47

MUA PALO am oo loei nae nines n none ceceeneneense 24 AN SUBUISIIG UA oc ccciac cco sice ene siees 47
AUP OVETE CAIN estate ain <i elalaiaeis iaieiain ion nine 100 PD RCUISTIS Smale sterciniclniaveusiateleielate “slain aie'= 47

MO GO saan eae eieie icles aie,sjmieleltate mepainic'e/s)e\sin 35 DICAPSULATIS/s aaacmste a seiio cso aienilaner 47
@acAlin COCCMCS aM. <= coc ce acc ciencic'= = vinewwee 66 (DIM OLABenastee oe Sa ctee sess nae nisasia a 47
MOOR ae Soca maaeiaie ations aioe) ain 2 <ccie clown ofelo [== 50 DBMS GDL Mee ee atic onla'aeilae cial aata'ata (= saline 46
PANO UA OA ee ye lale = ste eacialsraisiale asia nfo aje aie: sia 57 OLIGO Aaa ann aae sale weiseilen sales emits 47
Cesalpinia pulcherrima ..-..--...---------- 46 PIANO MOR renee cies aaciela aieinn nies 47
MAT ANUG ID ICUS] ose cate wea einen “aeons nye sian 44 | GTANGIS seem aweneeaeeccass aac =e 46
Cao Be QU ALIS sta con's o's aie/oia a cialeates << sete oy a 24 nicticans ........-.- Reeaieeciocrincciene 47
Gala basD PBIACK me. c a. seas nasanae alae oe anicin = 79 | ODUUSIT OLIN Ee cate sreew alata atoie'a (alam is a== 2121 47
Galabash-t16e: <<. <-scese nes aincaseccicc ccs e ans 79 OCCIDENTAN Si ccc cece eeeecises «ew sceics 47
MOC LORLITE OLCOLON ois ane alata = iaine ssaimnimielalsiain’='= 99 | Cassytaamericana...........---.0---------- 89
RICUUN en eee omen nanc cite cn 99" | M@astela erecta seca. sices eis sees elses eien!s cell 38
UCLUTALUNG cca cinta mane ee canna el OO |Gastor-olutregseseans- cc cae cen aceesemicle sien 92
BMATASOINUM << 22. ccs sce se © 99 | Casuarina equisetifolia............-...-.--- 96

inlaid BORASS fe soles iain Sainisinisisinsiciniewie.se 89 ll) Cat-clawisecceaitesncelcsieele jaro cctaielselsie oe satel’ 79
Calliandra portoricensis ..............------ 49 | Catalpa longisiliqua ...........-...--.-.---- 79
PULPULOAE enoseseciess sess s=sca 49\| 'Catch-and=keepreceemenoesicerissecc ccc mlaats 48

SOMITE eee rita aletwiaiale aicisiasicieia(s/elsiaia'e 49 | Catesbeea parviflora ...........-..---------- 59

Callicarpa reticulata.......-.-..----.---.--- 84), Catopsis mutans )cclwasiematsle sinc ae isisicr alm aiar=~ 111
Walligia TOPGNS— os. cccceciqcliseccicccinainciece.e TOO})|) Catthan eeeeeseseceernels secnleicossieswiseiesciel~ 70
MUM DOM Tatas <mtes alee «(cle eleeineiniccins o'='~ 100 | Cecropia peltata...........-...-00.--------- 94
Calophyllum Calaba.......--.....--.-....-+5 34) |) | Wedanmseaessane cacleecinns sccete seis ericie ec 79
WP AIOMODISIPLOCONA sac oo1scascice sae sccccc- sss 70),| CHEASIRAC HAG ces neu nsisee sleclsisacelo serie 39
Calyptranthes Chytraculia .......-...-.---. 50:1) Geleryeseseetceecmecceee se cseclannshice~-le a0 59
WEG Sa ieacodcasancccsTone 50: | Celosiaiargentea:s<----<.2c-2---coe-s ene 86
Thomasiana...........-...-. 50 MUM poe siete wlectecin cles ie sie < elec iaiete(siere 86

@anavalia PlAadi gta sa once -iwcinc n= wicca sc cess-s 45> || Celtisidculeatarn--ss-cess sce. s ease econ 94
ObtUsIfOHa ep wecceeicc see seescisise 45 HAN OL VAs eee eneeeiacistacea lenis le tettetiare 94

PALVANOTA ye eins a eccrcsa.caicies> >> 45 | Cenchrus echinatus ...........--..--------- 105
Candlestick iGOlden. so. oc sececiccsisescses-s 47, \2Centinee-Lo0bss--caiseeas ee eee creas 37
Caner DaMPOGieres micros meron se seein seinen. 101 | Centrosema virginianum .......--.--------. 44
PD) an D eee eeralesientesnie sic clase ereisiewcinis 98 || (Cephalandraindica: = 522s. ..6: s+--cec-ns a= 55

PSU PON eel Binisic elas clei sictelaata\clsisice=ia/e 106 | Cereus, Night-blooming ...-.........--..--.. 57
Seanel a BINA sescce menses ace ec tcocesisecsi<.s 34 || (Cerensiarmauus-<- sees = ose see ca(es eee 57
Reece Ey er REN Os Mi Aig ayaa atara late wlo tic sioicieyein'ainte/=ia/= =< 34 HOCCOSUSHaeeenn ene Sasser eae ssaiciact 57
TATION DOLLY aeons sos eieialala<lonielele/s/=icisi='= 77 PLANGIUOLUBS| sanewesweloee cise eleiie='= 57
MOT MCO UIs gee mac ces tao jae seistt ers eicie ts 112 MNLONOCIDTLOB a canecines sree selenen ian 58
LCT G tee iene aie tae eer a ee seals == 112 METUULANUB ees caelciea[eseles\siane ere 58
anUONL ence jee maeaoee ene arsa ee 112 PRY OTMRUS) maleereleinlnn ee aeeealareiel ae oS
WiapeWORSAMING ee acme eclc/sac ans siciciscs sie 70 PED ANUS tae reese celeste cee arieaats 58
CAPE ARTDAC HAG: oos-ciccciccnsoocccesene 24 | CHUAN PULA G= = eco ee eseenenese- vent, frOd
Capparis amygdalina:.-.2....2..-.-..----:- 25) | (Cestrumaiurnumreaescceeser cose sate ee 78
cynophallophors =.--.------.----- 25 | Janrifolinmeaascocraseeeceececesee. 78

ANON OSB ace wie cnicalsis cloia i=) sec = lsin o.c)3 25 MOCCOATDUM Spec asics sia slelieian siai-= 78
UIMAICENSIN aden cor cesses sees 95 | (Chamissoa, alvissimacesceonssesseaccicene=—- 86

PERN COB prettes m alanis minlatnim ain=1=) = 25 | Changeable Hibiscus.......-.-.-..--------- 31

MAPUTO ONG eee emis awe cae wile oe <0 slersiwie 78 | Cheilanthes microphylla........-...-..---.- 115
AP RITE OT TA CH AG oe sicterclacnicajecnwes cence 59) | \CHENOPODUACH Ai ewacsce sss cee= ees ins 85
Gapsicumiannwun:-----/.--.2-+----20---c8+ 76 | Chen6podium ambrosioides.......-..------- 85
DACORTIMN seen scene sec ascansss « 76 MIU ALG aeeemisataeataneie siete ae 85

ULC Oy cose sas <snee's tsinisret cos:s\s = 76))| (CRertye ce > ome etelestoetelemisuiciccleletelera=-='=\s cles o'e 34, 41

PUTELOS COLIN teetelawe acess aie ein aia: 76 he keene ete nise wie Seles steleinsa'a(= 52
Cardiospermum Halicacabum .....-..---.--- 35 | Ghristmann secs ee eet eset eeeeee- 52
microcarpum ..-........-..- 35 SUMMA aoe cee cise alee as 52

SAUCE UDG Y A seiatsnt win nsisioaia nin'ain'sion sin cee=e = 56 | AVVAEL Co eet tattle (aleiclo\s)s[eiefoial=/n(eleteiaiaiaie 34
RRR TM ate alata at Pete are sled a= (dea) s)ein o/s aiminve oieis.o's = 59) aC henvileeeemceen eee eet eas. soe scene dc = — = 59
WARY OR MY GACH Ay sna: ccascncccsee-s 27 | Chevalliera lingulata.........-..-..:--..--- 111
Casearia parvifolia ........-..--...---.---+- DONC HICHED ys OTAN Owen clse!=\<ininlale aie eo =m om cnn == 75
DAM G Leer te aalstvinta\eleiei aio snc’ eusts 26 | Chigger-apple ..-. 2.5. 5.2 - ence ess ------- 33, 57
BVLVECBUES espa cevsteaes ova wiv iecee oy DOL AC INMEROURNONG Se cee iianscciciccsimisctsio sss (6 ses sm 31

RRA N ieee sue i sk ide oe cewaesenasaan 49 | Chiococca racemosa ............------------ 61
FRESE Wy etal eee ie iarai la area, os caterer aialet 41 | Chione glabra ................-------------- 61
CURIE Daan ace niga ec teawadaeccectaec ace COMPO DIOUS Clint@ecsean.swiecioniitece een -nc 266 102

122 INDEX.
Page. | Page.
Chloris eleusinoides...................+-..- 102 Coleus amboinicus........ Sennen eanca sweets 81
VOUIGEMS sos Aweintoneene tenes paeces 102 | Colubrina ferruginosa .................- ehh.
SHOOO seven canon sea oreca-pews ashegse ances 56 | TeclinGta, <5." 7s-2escnsassun eens 40
CCHPIBGMMR-DUBIE Koo awewnccssaesanawnapeaane 63 COMBRETA CRA vasyo-nscos sctaneee se i
NOHOUI estat aoa oe ctn deme mecianae 52 | Commelyna cayennensis.................-.- 100
SPP a eeana soa Aer an ce aees sei 80 Cle parities: Sane cs tenes o tees 101
CHRYSOBALANACEZ ..............-... 50 COMMELYNACHAB. oo. cccescenenn Sees 100
Chrysobalanus Icaco ...........-....------- 50 | Comocladia ilicifolia...................-..2- 41
Chrvaoilinm Wolpane.c..cecsansa<isasseu sens 116" | Condalia ferreweee 2-222) sasnsessenssubeeree 40
Chrysogonum dichotomum........-.....--- 65! |) CONDE One set eerie as esa ee 97
Chrysophyllum Cainito............--....... 67 | Conocarpusierecta-.- 02-22. onan essed eee se 3
PIBDIUM cache cae casae ee 67: | CONVOLYVUGLACK 40:2... 70
microphyllum............-. 67 Convolvulus jamaicensis ................--. 73
Olivifonmi0..-2-aceese ee eee 67 | MAGNE = saan ene eee 73
pauciflorum ...........-.--. 67 melanostictus....--...222:-..2 73
Chi0-Chu0ss ccs en wacenuesace ess ese <= St NOG ONS soe eto eee eee 7
Charch-flower -x sce. uence cha ese ee eee eee 69 pentanthus:2.....cesece seeoeeee 73
Cibonle ose. eet ae eee ee eT BOPMEP ona ane eee ete 7
Cinnamomum zeilanicum.............-..... 88 | venenatuS......-.-.-------0-0- 7:
Cinnamon: bueh!.. 3-0. oe eae ee eee 53 | Cookia punciatad ccc. cncenscnsccaseeesn eee 37
Chars plicnts. 2.5.5.6 2'0 noe Tidy) Coquelicot 23.3.2. ne... ee eee 48
Cissampelos' Pareira...- 2-22 ..0s<.ce-e ces on 24 Coral: bush)! ads.2205.se eo eae scne esteem aee 92
Clkgus sola. 02-25 occe loc e com ercseces 39 | Corchorus acutangulus...............-..--. 82
MICVOIUGR tna saeae ces cceseton nae os 39 | hirsutus. .........------.++--++-- 33
TYMOMATAG == sono usioceccceces anassces m oo Nirhbe pas casewaeeen ee ween 33
Citharexylum cinereum ...................- SiLiqnOBUS 5252222. onswenceceeee 33
quadrangulare............... 83 | Cordia, Scarlet ....-..-... 25.22.20 aeaeee 74
WANLOSUMS ais cw nen cats cee eee Si) (Cordis, alba.ts.-c).|.c2c5 oo sceace dace are 74
Chinon yonacaae sects tees Seas comet 36 Golloccntas-s.s5- 22s ccn, wee eee ee 7
Osrutlus ulguvie 2a. -e oceans > cabs cance 56 | cylindristachya...................-. 74
Orns -Anrantiom -ss-caccesccoc cess neve nes 36 | /Gerascanthus ............. peepee 74
DUSAOMS oo enc o ss cuceecsetaemenes 36 PlODDRa Raekwon ee eee ee eee 74
USGUMANB 2.0 .-sunesoe~ ses soeue en ene 36 (SOWIE enone a enn en anwar ee eee 74
IMGOIOR ous << sacc<w cane ce eee eae 36 MASQrLMCONSIBU. -..nbansnn = aaseees ee 7
Clashi-molat.ie> see i= cs sentence ese a 73 TGA ea reaae Go nea screenees 74
Cleome pentaphylla .....................-0- 24 MODERLENE hssscos onus cause ee eesacae 74
DUNGGN8 2 wenn ese oe munieee enna aes 25 Bulcatas wees Ae tank on aee cen cecceee T4
WIKGUBSE oui deo c suntan eee ee eye 25 MUM Gls Gera ao sn asain ear aa enie 7
Clerodendron aculeatum.................--- 84 | Corn, Guinea............ er vnce pee ioe nee 106
PVAPTONG) tn ieWaira nooo amaesee 84 PLLA om eee delete eee ame eee ee 106
Clidemia hirta..s.iJo-<-scseuce eae eee 65'.| (Cosmos caudatteesqs--ce <> -percnvew cs aand ae 65
SUDA. coe coe otcttten ae nanwores 53y)|, (Cotion-breeve. ae. oe noun cneewomstedoan saneks 31
BPICRE . «ic. san eden nn see swans aes 53 | Couroupita guianensis............-----.++-- ar
Ciltoria: Ternatea occ ccacnewesansnc sseaee 44>) Conraetia ar borem ~ c.2=-sendndnctengscatass 42
Clusis albe...-<<2sc.ccc onscuwteecencee aes BO8l ‘COW AL 22. cbewas cnncndeyantnine dad cee 45
POSER 62 oso coe b uns Clean en a eeem Eni 6a.) Crab-pricklesc: (2.22. cn edad danse seeeees 49
Coccoloba diversifolia ................0..0-. 88] Cracea Caribied. oc. conc oeaJaassakaneeneanes 42
Kilotzsachiana' «© 205 onc. n<<csnenes PSs) Cramp a iNO0kan. +. ncanecmenncCunanee eee 96
Kunthiana -. 22. scuscsccee eee S65) CRASSULACH AM. «cians susncebeuswnneal 58
WarifOMa, «nen sce eee eee 88 | Cremanium amygdalinum ................-- 53
ISO GONGNAIS |. s.s'x nde nen BS: || Credle Chinine: oi 5. 2.<on.~sanexwomwens penees 90
TUVOR oio< 2 cos kn sdatanaw np Eaeeaes e 88 | Crescentia cucurbitina ....................- 79
OpwuUSTONS . oo 5. < conaneccusseant so 88 Cul Gta (anne onenesmanannusmnne 79
THN GIA se nnn ccna seas vosamehe one 88] CRORG ies eae Winn < eccbn saan haere ieee 24
PUP0GS £26 Fon scumen ce anche oniieeen 88}, Crinum @rnbe@aGeie. sso. ce-nnssmuvennaeasane 109
RIVIIOED os aca. annb aa dockeeb scat. 8&8 gigantewm ........--2.----- -------- 110
Cocculus domingensis ..................... BA) \GrompOnrg.. conus choses Conn cewa pews aera 51
RRM ES Ne tants och i ouch nnsoavaccnleck cous 81 | Crossandra infundibuliformis. .............. 81
SMP EROO ss Jul uwaecowtaiadascuece ance 1004 Crotalaria incana..................000- Meas 41
INN Ss ca kbasaiekee due acahes cee seeon 50 MBAS Gn ncien aera pests afr eae 41
MEM es Set vane d cava ase tance 32 | Sedtiph fo. eee et agees eee 41
RARE SURG Tia cs vinnice nav an subse hed 100 VORPUCOGM «thas panei ca ran omens 14
Codiaum variegatum ...... .....ecceeeccens 04.) (Croton SEXO AR An. paehens aren wee aenitaee 90
CE PR St g's a sa so nS ead bu gach Kw ohn 61 DOGGIE oes one eee eos pexenern ape ek
UOUOO Batanrcctucdunaktacssesuag x nsnnan 61 | CINGQMIR gcc nawsxanakemakn amend aia 91
ORE TR anc ndas inn bens ash ncns are aves 106 | FSVENS.. cauanuvagsnnvenkybanueneneee 91

INDEX.
Page.

ORO COU MNES etter feee ame) ton sein leiaece ta Oi iclintera adsurgens': ---.--...----s.0-+5--.
NODALES Peseaeninensaa canes sass ee 91 | Dieffenbachia Seguine.....................-
OVATIONS eee cesccccs epee less Gy | POipitarianliformis®. 52... < oc. coc ce mnie as

Croronedesee meine sciccweucle sc ste Macenceas 91 MANCINA Se soc sce come sea Ss

CRU CTRER Ac o22cc sasces 2ose. cs ese 24 SOLIS OTA as seis alsige oe ee aan

OREM DE ere ee ee te eet ate conde BHM Onee sectors seine raw eclec nals a crleselciahieinn os

IMNGLON cone cctsascccecle ss oes. HG a Laer ees e seaee cise tetessccfeapie ae Pociie sees
GneumisvANPUTIAis=s sacra seen costes ocsiene 5500) (OU MINA C MAUR eecn asa cc cccea=me sence
MeO eerste. cocatacecdcces aeons Sen BOa | eiOdla pid aemorsias ans cea ase siete cio =iniasiete

DETOUR eee ee a A ASO 56 | SAPMENtOSR. cccciess cmc ceess ccc =

CrreurpitarPeporese oye eee eee ee BS | DIOSCOrea alata ee esc saci cae eerete, « sictejets cis.cc

CUCURBULA CGH AG cia. sec ese nese nee cee 55 BIGISSIIM te ese sine ais aoe

CUNPANIAMEULV Seas dao eos eee mcs ees cece 35 PilOsiSCH Aree acne s ete eae

OOD A eee cae naw s a aee cece niente a caine wate 7a | (DIOSCORHACH ANS: 222 ssc. see2 asec ne

CORCWINGICONIE ae occ ces one aeae ate eee os 112 Dipholissalicitoliaeecse ie eccct soe nasser

Cuscuta amerieana ....:-. ......06+0-22..00- 73) '| *Diplochitaserrulata:<.2....-----..--<-<.s cl

WrINLAII CAD DLO se cisiesinecs os cscatesost sce <sc 93) DIstichis@achinOra saeces a= sete seca este

Cnubinoy Grass... sss/c<ociscoss soceecsisce sss 109% || Distreptusispicatuss.a-ssee.--cieeee eee

Cyathea arhores 22.2. .c246-2e-6 sn siecdas se TR 7ip |b vyieivalewrestre aol teraian oe maa lereintersts cares eters

OV GAIA CH Asan ceccccs ticccicncccsnscces ss 97'-|, Dodona; ViSCOsSise-- ac -ascecececnis= seaieee o

CCAS EVOUULE Saancneoe cacciec secs s cetsnaes O72 DogeAllmongdhar. sscsiccaee cstersiesaseics om siete

Cymodocea manatorum..................--- 97 | Dogwood....... See sneer eae pe aces

Cynodon Ph actylonc- asses sete scccccs<c se TOR) |: DolichosHablaprerecmesenseceneeelesee scene -

ONIPIGIDA CH AG cee cae eelisnispoce te cecce se 106 SESQUIPEAMINBI == ce cee esac ee cianse ee

Cyperusiarticulatus -.25:¢..0--..20s- 2... 107 SDIRCTOSNCTMUUS = < «cena cee eee nace

IDRUNNGUS sas sees aoe ace 107 | Drepanocarpusilunatus..............2-..--.
COMPLessus.--<-2--..-00- aces » LOG |) Drymariancordatar sces- ccc scree sea. sel
confertus......... Bee esr, 106)5| Drypetes\clancatecmcesccscesa--ciale a2 a1
Cisgtans tees Foe ee oe 107 NSO VAL ROMs cee ciiniets mi clniepseieciete se-l=
PfOTMIs ease eee eee eo 1077"), Duek-weedet- sce sect senccecenee sccm ese. oe
flavoMariscus ...5.... 2. ses-c-5< OSs) Dudelduvsesccocenc eee sues ssioe cus scwes ects
[MeOVIP RUB eeeeccs cc ceee sc sees ons 106%) Dumb! Caneiresss--c-se2ss<csees =

Lipnlariseeee eset ee en aoa ae 107° || Duranta;Blamieri oe es<.< ssc Sa = <= =
OCHYSCEUS ee eet oe eee - 1072,|) Hastiindia\ Thyme. ove te <cei< Secs saeco miss
OUOLATUS sR ceee eee sesh ec eet woes 107: ||| BENIA CH AG). cee sca cine cise oe/sjceiawaeclcinis
PENMNALUS Ae mes eee soe cee cee 107 | Echinodorus cordifolius ..................-.
polystachyusgee.- cs sacceen ee. 2 106 | Echites agglutinata.............-.--.-.....-
TOUUNGUS 2 -- ese eee eee 107 barbatasesss-c2. ose ssclcese se reesei
aphacelatistess-.erse ce Sec er esc ee 107 CiTCINAlIS!Fo2e sans c woe oe eos
SULINAMENBIB's 255 'o2,0 (sss a0 seen esc 107 MOTIGN GTA) \ se ieice vic a(einclotes pe sie nelle
WIT OMUS oa s5 sis Sees se ess ec scecces 107 | BUDELECUB We! se oet ee scce eos
WISCOBUSe cee ene ere seor vee sac oene 1070 Kcliptajalbaie-sses---s-eeesseecee ese eee

Wy Prese acer ssa acicarsnc see ares anet ah sco se 263 Hdden-wood!2->----s- sess se 5s ocecee ene

Cry nial ater teen cenen ase ienecccece semen <s Siu eice-plantianseeciacsty-cljeorneceae eee eeacaae

Crypacles humifuse succes ecm raca = 2-1-2100 27 | Egletes domingensis.............-----.-----

Dactyloctenium egyptiacum ............... 102 | Eleodendron xylocarpum ......... .....--.

Dalechampia scandens.............-..--.--- 93 | Elephantopus mollis.............-.-.-...---

Daphnopsis caribeea .....-2..---....es0sees 89)| Mleusine indica.2 2s... .-cec see seeasere cesses

Datura tastuosa ies so505. se ccs stpsnceccasens « 7G) |: eoroilia sae ctebe cs -csecertece: eee emeenn
BUG Lelie seniors sista mcioh orca oa aia aie a= 76 sonchifoliav--css-sesesee eee eee
SirAMONINM secs smecciscsbesea52 << 76))|\English Plantaintonnsesacose-eeee eee eases
SUL VEOLENS tore cet cata bonalsen sno s 34-210 78 | Epidendrum bifidum. .......-..--.----------
Tatula..... GasudcewaasT soraciatco sce 76 GIIATO Re ee ee eres cease ees.

DALE OOF OL Gaya neni ne aan vis oe ce je cco ass 59 cochlestummncet ste aeeece cee.

DSvAig ACULOAGAs cease deccec cs ccaceccene ss 115 Datengseeeserc ccs cance a cases

avila TU SOSWp ceccece er cceaasscesfacisccescs 23 BUDO UA seatseet ascot «enn

Desmanthus depressus..............------- 48))\; Miragrostis Ciiarisye-- acess cs jensen ces ae cnn

WILE RLUB ol laneeitv cena cocise wae 48 MOBOIMCR eee ee ee eee

Desmodium incanum...:...2...20secceessn. 43 | Erechthites hieracifolia ............-....-..

MOU Geemarc ewe cess ewes si= 43 | Erigeron canadensis..............-..----+--
DCOUDINTUS facet aces ceisiode sanats 43 CUMEMONUNS tierce ae pictioe acces «ic
Smal tes wens rea maeadance cece 43 BY AUUUIAUUB ae aca ssiau cla’ sa)nis ain'es
DOLGUOBUIN 2c ecenn esos en wascis Soessaekrigohlon punctataeess-- 4.2. .5- s- oac cece
BELHOLTIN (lowiote codeine vat sepiecioce 43 | Eriodendron anfractuosum ..........-....--
Dianthera pectoralis....:.....cccceseccccen- SOs | Eraithalis frnticosg@: a2... .ccacsccces-+-c0se5
; SCBMIMBUee se wasse aces canned eee ead 80 | OMUNMELA Ee ees aecceaccee-cedsccese

69

63

124 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Mirnodealitoralip >. c-.-c-c. oon aweneanccane= 62: |) Micns Crassinervia.-.---ee-easssavessa secu 94
Eryn Pir LOCUS oo ne cinwas = wanes ghana 59 CLQSAO oo ncn sn code cot see dsisesu ae saeee 95
Erythrina Corallodendron .........-.------- 45 (ee VIPAIA es ad ass oscen ites nenaceceee 94
TOUTES, <ebinan on wate oe xem ata aoe a eS 45 lenttiginoga7s-s5s-e-sececsaessoascaeae 94
Rie LIER So A CLI AGe na xcwa sheen b asses 34 POGUNCWIAUE.---5 oss cower ae yee te 94
Erythroxylum areolatum...........-..-.--- 34 POPUMGR Eee en ee eee 94
PYOwI Nes sno sencwcwecen epee 34 iri GOnStaooac 26 com cece ences eaaee 94
OVAGIM coo ccscocst cnc cmeoees 34 | Fiddlewood........ euen onsen See hera ns ares 83
Eugenia acetosans.......--..22-.------0---- OL gree cnc rer eaten cs se eae aae 95
axillaris .......--..--.-.+-------- wo BL, ORD ORG tasers tee tenes cp ences oe 115
buxifolia ....-.-----------.+------- D0.) Wine weed co cocs coc Usdere “momeonetckeoe sees 76
flavovirens ..-..----------+--++---- 51 | Fischeria scandens .............--.-----+--- 70
floribunda. ..--...-----.--...-.---- 52) Wiamboyantes-- soe sen eee nee ence ne es 40, 45, 46
glabrata. .......--..--..+------+--- bl. | Wiat Grass... p-s.cee wees ase eee eee 103
Jateriflora ccs. sequen acncctecnscnay BL Rigi Sct as oe tec eee te eee a ee eee 47
ligustrina .......----..----.-.---.- 52i:|) Menrya satus |. .0-20 ees cenec neces eee 95
marginata ........-.-----+------ 02.) Wlayte boom--26. se. secocees te ae ee 74
micrantha ...-.-.....-..-.--.------ 52 | Feniculum vulgare....-.-.2.---eeeeeese---e 59
MOntCOlA: Ss wen cs cavenccencoeesac OL ale Worbidden Rrnitsecscs. castes eens eee 36 -
pallens .......-.---+22+--+--++----- 51'| Forestiera poruloss......-....2.--0cceccee- 68
Poiretii..........------s----eeneeee 51 | Fourcroya cubensis ................------« 109
portoricensis ......----.. Seeeeceeee Day) Monr-0 Clock ss0- 20 see ee ece: een ees cerns 87
PTOCELS..--..-- 222. eeee-- ese onn--- 62) GBranchipanic sss ocsss2 soon cece ee wees 69
pseudopsidinm ~---saeseu ec nsan sca 63'1| Mrench Grases:>-22.-ssace ce nesses 100, 101
BOSSA > teense ne cantneseseaee 51 PP INV A1G-U Whee nian nope ewe eee 92
TUM OTHE cost eiede mor cae tn ec mewee -, 52 Prickly PGars= 25 ccconsscs-- eee 58
WAT SU LLORM eee aide wna: su nics tena 51 | OK. oom cccne omen Sater Sek eee 81
Eupatorium atriplicifolium...-....-.......-. G3 | FBO. See connec mas eet on nee erence 42, 95
; SOR D END ccs c1c(on\o5 ue wane namie’ 63'"|, Galactin filiformis::/- 22. . 2-22 --4e- ses auees 44
GEONGHOONIB aac a; signee Serena's 63 DPENLUH OL sa aac c wise cole sateen gee ees 44
cunelfolinm sco. c.<<caccenaan 63, | Galphimis planes: <2_.< cdec.cc. ducts ease as 34
OQUOrAUNM a cnos-wscceeeaceten as 63/;|' Garden!Balsam oJ. - >. 225s nc-socenmet sass ae 80
MOPANGUM sence ck ee caneae cas 63 | Genipa americana ................-....-..--- 59
Euphorbia antiquorum ......--.--+-+++-+-+- 94 | Geophilairentformis)--.2-- /2cs3stucuh eee 62
articulata ...... Ssuwanicsoncue wees 03: || Georgie OONTANE o> 00s ccens- scone angescee 67
buxifolia ........ aeasuae eet onwoes 93) |) GER ANTA CH AG Soc <= uve scssicusistdoeseeaen 36
cofinifolia .........-...---.------ 93 | Geranium .............2- ccooae she poe ge
Menionlata sae -ce dena asy een 93) GESNE RAG MAG. 33-c20--0 en ee cee seer san 81
heterophylla ..................-- 93 | Giant Thibet-tree ...... Qo ei esse esesevace 49
bypericiiolia.<-.< fe.scsassernen O3')|| Ginger, oo cwecsccs.stacacesesaseeameneeeeas 112
NOMMOUA Cocca coc kaucene a ncmeene 93 | Gulneaiicc.c-ccoe ae snunebaueeeaseen 99
NOWMOIBTIB: wet rues < nr tence 93 | SONGS so resaccedusesanac tacekmenmase 96
Piluliferd. 6c. << ccnpasewtosuswees 807) (Goat weed tun oc 42 -0p csee nee taeeacs Leneees 78
PLOSIVAGE Soap eee eon cesae 08 | MEOULG bs case le nae oe des nc ea nee s ap eee anaes 55
PUIGHOYTIM GS? ons aden ce eed nae ee 94 | Golden Candlestick... ...:.......0...0..s-=s- 47
Splendeng 6 oe wae csduewavares ae 94 | Gomphrena globosa ..............-.-.-..--- 86
thymifolia. ccs sessschenawscuvens 08" | (Gonpore- HOU cows osecuseesmduannen stones 90
HULHORBUACH AG oc... coups sheemeosen awe 00 | Gonzales spicata 2-2... 2656.0. ns sans ovcnacs 60
Eeuxolus GCAUGStUS .... 2.520562 cnc cw saws ss 8! || ‘GQOODENOVEAUCHAG 5. .ssaskesseetnaceeean 67
GLGTECOUS. 02S ecu ce ccenearanes ric St ||| Gooseb@rrys ct-+ cuts nacavuunnaiae hahaa ee 90
FEVOLV OOS nfo sacs sue pecan apes nea as 73 UMA na cctevawtacaceawene eet 58
MNUCTONACUS +. ac acccevncewsnxks enn 73 | Gossypium barbadense..................--- 31
NOMMUlATUG :. sv sc0ss neers eeeeee 73 VICODIN | ound cosvenssteesaknns 31
Exceecaria Laurocerasus..............-.---- 92 | Gouania domingenais. ......... 2... s0sedanes 40
Exostemma caribwum...................--- 00: | GRAMINAGHAN . i. tccenaks sakeheameb eee 101
SURE DERG this wwe iaa als cddum 5 dations eaten ete 76).| \Graénmnl Vin tnscesscencdmcncese ss caneaneenn 71
Fagara microphylla .............e0ce-sse0> 88: |'.Grape, Chiohery.. oo. as c<nonenapaxen caucuses 75
RM Oh fun ante wcabaWackaelnnca acthabuelee 79 BGR fone ck a nasa eh Penn hee eee 88
Faramea odoratissima .............-........ 61 | Graptophyllum hortense........-.+.--++++++ 81
RRL WE sis ds Vevnkviwen vatwnveccssiaces 66)|' Grane; EGY). sco daveuuscw ps nus xaees Gap uiene 102
Female Karaté ............... bing bn ea wh 109 | BUY deedes dias wana ten kaise neeealy 102
UL tewra bacGeps bake kib apemancasonien cnc 59 | BGG ican cunsonentrantchancarekenns 105
TT OEE ea a 115 DBOEN helen he ohana bake en beeen 105
SURMOUNT MividwvkigaGveend<Waivsueacuuse« 116 Cateing x oes eicaesevecssun sscnsasee- 100
Strawberry. .....-..cu003 Bibas<tnehs 116 RIGS om wis oo tbe a hibeakhinag eameaieee 103 .
WOME SNE ae Cael nau nahsathaan ses nenxhs 95 | WONG 6 cc sencnsvnanankeuesameeene 100, 101

INDEX. 25

Page. age,

GEPABS GoUINCA satan deiaie cele ciece.sie= sa scam cine = 105 | Heteropteris purpurea......-.-.....--.00s- 35
PER ereee nae aacienniscisie's ssinaa<imec os 101 | Hibiscus, Changeable ..........-.........-- 31

IFROTSO Wise ane icen cise ae's wis cu wrialccissi<ic'o 104 | Hibiscus brasiliensis..............-...----- 31

DOU Weeae aaennacelase aanniasae =e nlcesre = 106 GLY DORbUSiace sean soos ens sya an 30
ECM esa aclastciearealncie wis ws'siv'ein'nnluin ='= 106 MUTED ULE tess cieisis sis laisse seat see sieine 31

SGD Ges telctetecatsisletsie)s aes nisin lain aa eiecels'a,ale'=i 105 NCONICCUS Ie amciaeialeeraaiselesicem mse a's 31

IN Gee ates sieinemintae osiniata nieimie[oiea bc naaia'e 107 LUSW-SURCNSIS ncnnncciasis ccscldecasee 31

7 Os peentae stata coaieia = bala alate diame 109 Saldaniiinens secs c< cts. fnc ss 3
TOURER Pgretetetseiatclateta 2 nea sia' sin a afclciaietere oe 103 WALIEO MUS areas eis (seinsies.sls cine oe oo 30

RY Uae Neeate stain susiaicieie cie/siaiseaicic ciciisistcete 111 | Hippomane Mancinella..................-.. 92

WOM eects minnie cei wace'siiciana's ciate LOS LOG a PH Oo= plate can nfla aise talsiniciesisie'siaisie =!s\o1ein waits 40

SSD INS a latww sintas slate stein nieinisieaic(anielsre’ee 104 | Hollow-stock..............- Sacometinnse eee. 28, 82
AREN-Pel-CONU--soeesseewest fa seccnesa LOD Ol yHOCK ees ercec eters ataeice sm’ sieieisiee ar esicra= s 31

Greene Ciara snw ew ela ace osiee sniclegineinaiveincs 50 | Holmskjoldia sanguinea .....-.-.----------- 84
POP OLY se nis sia siaiclee aicioncie ccicio ees sinecis sean 54a HON bl OOte ses eeeeaiccbicas sect cease sinccee sis 45.
SEMAN Darema scales siellae's vale mcm cinlaone='= 57} |) One y-BUCKIC = cr secrimeine\oir etel='caeecielea classi 59
Er OVsNIGKATS ieee eciseies a'sesessiesc sacs cece 46%) JHopshwil@):aasescccscerscce sere ees e emma 82
eibONeGrtemar ceaeoccits secdaswaces sciences 48 ||) orse-Deann-se-cossccses sacs ssosscesesces 46
GYOUNG-NUtSe = s\n sscceceis ss csceciscaclecrccess 43 Gragsraceicn emcees ccieenninese anes 104
Guajacum officinale ....---.......2..0-.--- $7_ | Horse-radish-treOseus cece siesta se sewer aaa ices 25
pg a eee eee eee a cciemciciccicioc «cirisicie <is 405) FLOpGCOTMOS(hre a ancietctes = sste = ssieisle'oenelemienioci= 70
Seg SIAM bel eeerele e matacicteeienninieie'ciele weiss sis s's 110)|, Hutelandiaipendulai=< is... --s-5 -s2- =a 3 89
Guarea trichilioides .................202.26- $6.) (Mura) crepitanseec- oer ese ss leeeciec ae cccs => 92
GUAV Eee erias sae scicemscecemcciseccscaccesaae 52 | HY DROCHARIDACE AS. <-.cscccesl-'----- 97
BARAT osc csececccasewinacesams sca -)s 6 52), HVADRODWA CIA o2n. ace ce ceclels ear iioninnis 73
DDOLEY a nonccainsacccciseenscenseccesce 52 | Hymenea Courbaril..................--.-0. 47
Clava Delypescececee ace scee ees snas canis 6 52),| Hiyptisieapitabae asa accce sels seine e'emaione ani 82
Guatteria Ouregou ..--.....-.....<-.---.--- 23 pectinatance-c-ccecsscecceosescec-ese 82
Gnazume ulmifolia<;).-- =... <ccemaseseicccens 32 BUAVCOIENS! toaccatlcnisieee esac ssiee a 82
Guetiarda parvifolia... 2.<sscccs<cc0cccces 60 VOLUCM Aten stele olsiecsis(elotlee ere scien rate 82
SCAT tetctae aise sistieieiioweise ssirisici's 60 | Tbatia muricata -...........0. scceee eee e ne 70
CuiendinapbonduGsncccsss sss ce cerc ses cnn 46} | Indian Comeens.ccnscies ce sescisessincceinasiace 106:
IBonducellan ss ccctc/saais\seisis ne c's 46 Kal Oastianiciclcelelcleiic price siseraiaae!aeieiateiais 99
melanosperma ..........--.c.-0 46 NOU cate seeie cie seicies'ssiela slelniet-otalaleietolere 112
inea Comer aaicemecin canis scisesicns ciecws= = LOG] eIndigo-bernyaees-seesacise csc cieceereccccesice 56
CGT ON ee retetal aleele eta ciaiwan eens = aia 09.5) IndiroferavAmili oo eceteccemianee vesicle asieeee ein 42
GEASS ee aeceae a niseee oaicaa stosiecelsie'c => 105 CINCLOLMIAI 22 seve se seeenceelesiesloe 42
PAMATIN ese sacecatisscciese aes eck s)<\- Slulpinralaurinadessscssecessos-eecesescssmonsas 50
Gully-rooteces- cece -nis< Se cninccc sete ese se 85,| “Lonidium'strictuMse.scs-ecececosctsnees ans 26
COUR RAN nes emia lecscislesersincicis e's cis/s.s.< 83) Ipecaguanass.ccs secs seeeeenencee cei secicre 70
Gymnogramme calomelanos ............---- 116 | Ipomea acuminata.........-- eenemacancece 12
IAD ONATIA AIRtA at einccsie nec .c0 cnn acjeicen ani 114 ALCUAM Seer ciscssieciceseecteres Rares 72
INACTION neiaicjeiaie cisicioa'aas sin'aarnis'a isis 114 ASAVILOM A eae caceaele cceeiectclsiociene 72
Hematoxylon campechianum.............-.. 46 Batatasveccsesceescercemeseeeemaae 71
PSM UIBN SSsecsmenscetaccacisccas as cesccene 36 BONBNO ieee < cle eo eee cieeestect toasters 7
EUAN - OP ARS ens ce nmcaecnmicce cies sincice «os cco 101 CAINLOM ccc facveccancwenecmececes's 71
Halodule Wrightii-..... Be ee CEE once wes oe 97 COCCINGHaemsmes as -eeceanaaseeee se 72
HMalopliila Baillonill.css sco. s2ce<+-cs+st<s 98 issCCtae =. cesses caleteeecccme cet 71
ERCUIILG Lies LUO Remts Senecio os aisle) aicins'o)<inein.-1n'e 60 FAST PINUA se oiwtelnleloleslabielereieisieiam inte maar 71
PALOUS Seema cence tas nciecacsacaece 60 TUOLMIS wececere ee aelceme See locate 12
Hebeclinium macrophyllum........-....--- 63 Horstal lice reareenceetselesm niet sii. =nini- 73
Hecastophyllum Brownei............------- 45 TOT a ccenin esac sancti siainn'e'o le] -@ =. 73
Hedwigia balsamifera ..............0...++0 40 leucanthaire.cer cacccccesccecess ss 71
EL CLMUTUNUS ONTUUG ais na no cccccoeeceecseare 67 NG enact eseec ace cceeacsvescce sai 12
Helicteres jamaicensis.............-.-.s0--« 32 é PeNLaply lla ee eas conceansec 7s 71
IEUDULON Ose eet ae eee ce acc cc ee san cee 75 ER CAP LO leases scans ve nws)ninin occas 71
Heliotropium curassavicum .........--.---- 75 TCD Us esepalaiaresis cu em aes =.cinie'eain'ain 72
FOUL COR MM ae mieten seins srasince aie 75 ATUL OC Ute ate ates = stems ame ms ia(cre a= 72

PELOUC CNL nisi stele ico ci Sener 75 QuUumgneLOUd sno. .ce oc cseeen ac -n= <5 71
DALVINOVOM ose ca as enn lseee nes 75 quinquepartita ............-..----- 72
MICTRIVUUIVUND ajc arc anxixelolveiecunse 75 repanda ....... 5 PR Seer 72
Memionitis palmata...... 5.20 soccsctecaecsne 116 HIMACARoten ce ecb cases cece acecc=.s0 72
Herpestis chamedryoides .....-.......-.--- 78 PMO Diaries csaaiseiisccesicesnnn=-=0 71
EOMMGI IN eo oni eos ee eee “98 UNM Etha eee ese ease sens === Peace 72

RSTO Ue nso, tn Syed ts cere lest ere 78 NI Dee eiacc cer ciacsice vcjcinacciease 70
Heteropteris parvifolia. ..........-......--- 35 GUDBEOSA ceca ack sepinsascnice«s'ca'ns 7h

126 INDEX.

Page. J Page.
Ipomoea umbellata ..........c2-scsscencscee 71 | Lebidibia coxiaria’. <<< i csesan> eden eeeees 46
WIQIMDGD paneacase monn sannceancchees 71 | RGU MEENOS AG: ooo renecncescs as ee eee ee ne
Frenne GlAGon. <2. cscnnsn<snee ceases cantons 86| Lemna minors iiscesccascduce to ccesesmeanmas 99
ESET OTE AG cose anan spntsande a aie seca e wee UY || Shemion Gragetence scien cae nue we atten 106
TINGE OLOUG drial naan s sas aren ausme cane ane 78 | Lemon-scented Verbena..............-..--- a4
YOU RIAA sae dine aes acndanee=cenesaacen= aa 62 | Leonotis nepetsfolia ...............-.---.:- 82
Teotoms, Jongiflora.«...-- ss cecceccnesicunce= 67 | Leonurns sibirions:-..3...5s0.-caa5>>eoueee 82
TEOTA BaNdhued....0-cccceccccvesceccencaas 62 | Lepidium satiowm? .... 22... .-.cacnnsenwae 24
LETTER oo cow cecccecessceessacernssena= 61 WU PUUCHIN <2. suacecswes cabaeneee 24
BETTCED. .- oon nnn cennnecencsevecnascces 62 | Leptochloa mucronata........-.-.-.-.------ 102
aokags Calsld) <<. .cssccbecunsneensapeamene 32 WAR SOI ava e ne see sis eee pee 102
Jacquemontia tamnifolia ..........--..----. 9B 4) era NUGANE on aisuec a cwadtacen es a eee 66
Jacquinia armillaris ...... .20.cee-eesecssees G7 ||, Lencmns planes... -2--. 2. <a. s0can-coeaeeee 48
JaANAles PLOW. conan ss ase aaa se ee weap ena 41 | Leucas martinicensis....-...-.2-.2-2ssnese« 82
Jambosa malaccensis.....--..---- eraseeses= 60) ||) Ed onium evitte). cosc<--n-ancnacs ss eee eames 37
WOIPATIS s.5 0 acusesacapn cee ae aa i] fit SE SRP Se REN mls apache ep 36
JASMIN ACGHAG nnn accmas dna wasianisinn anes an 63>) LIGTACKAS i. 6s cosacccussecsoes eas eeseee 109
Jasminum officinale .......2.020-2-22- cence 680) ily Red csoc.cnnstadcesstanuea ances eenEes 109
DUDCEGGNS now a cmiexcamaiescnonenss 68 WGUGE ccncswcn ete enaeueone se eee 24
POVOWMNMN s vane <aeenea te erin n eee 68 VG ain oor een sapere a ree 109
Jatropha COCas nc panacea ccc ennr dane eek Wai PEAMG | one ns des cvcusneneued saps mone eee 36
PORSYPINOlif. ~~. snencueneceneces 92 BWOGbcnc2 6 ccnp anne onions sen eae ate 37
multifida ..........-..---.---.-.-- 2) | an erantree :\os- case <5 ces sabes aes acer 25
PONAUTORSOUG...22 cnnncccccacneens 94 |) Linociera compacta... .o.-..-0---ssse-eenees 68
@ CBSSINING, (GANO vacne tacescuacacanusanmennens 40) | cluiparis elate ---¢- -<cassssaccace sees heen eee 112
Double ........-..----.0e-ce--e. G82] Eippia modillora -2-.---ces.-5-esseuse ae &3
DYGDSN ro nenp'c ane kece oxe'anscenee 68 || Saiqguorioe, Wild . 32.0.2. oe eo. eee 43
Star .... .--.-ecn---eneeoer cones G8) | ingnoniob-t6e <2. c20s-sec sone sce eee 46
WODSULGSTE < cancwms seuwsacnrcccnagwenenseed LOG SISO BC UrA CRAG 25, occ. Ca pean ee cee 67
OLY GQTARS A a twaninncnurcuses's\enensudnescse L0G! ODIO Y coe cun-cscahencrcwsssee soe eee 87
RUT DEO-DEM cee cnene cut eancetoens<m= ese B0 | | MOOMAL- LOO A=. 5 0.05 cer ccosonees eee ran 47
DUNINED cee e seen fen nanedawen i aeeraepeud aes TA, | WEORWOOU ee a5 oo ncn ceo een se snoe eee 46
Jussieua suffruticosa..........-..0..------- Of) | one Gragg ios. sadecs dnarcseeeneo ne seen 105
Tusticia BiCOlOr .....---ccceecnenccreoncecoes SL lion plo non eeac cee cess comccae st eee eee 37
carthagenensis ..........-- eeeeeeee 80 | Lonicera Oaprifolium .......2--.------+.+-- 59
perplocsslolia ~ so oscnseenncceaceous 80) DORADA CRAG... <cceeutte oct tren 59
TOHOXINOTS ca caav een sea Wena capes 80 | Loranthus emarginatus .................-.. 59
Kakkerlakka-berry......-.0.202-ecceecseees 78 | Lourea vespertilionis...............-..-.--- 42
Wale; Indian. so... ccets cn nccceenpaeeseoee beans 99 i) Love-inthoe-niet.-<ac< enccsss est oseencnseee 57
TR STAUG sa cdaca tn cas ane ape fee ae nem tee oe 109 | LOVEWOOd) o5ee ac ccowententes sneeee see tees 73
Gn pp Y-Wee ince nr anandacvepenccuwMaenors 8b | Ducuma multitiors :--.<..<.cccess--J-s4enee 68
BANS HOU n= cass ceuere wd tune wae tanta. 69 |, Lufth Gy lindricw .s.-.0.0cactocoemannceneenee 55
Kosteletzkya pentasperma ............-.--. SO ETM pO sues te dccard cubs eee Toe 8&7

Kram Gris UxinG in <nnsanenecneacasshaawase sep 26) | Trumbushicdes. ae acvccanepenaecneu wens Glee 7
Kyllings breyitolls. oonsrancsncscanucusouuns 108 | Lycopersicum cerasiforme.........-.------- 77
AUTOYMIS cicoscawogeeaaensas Lewes 108 ORCHION GIN «5 xc <6 ssn en cone eee 77
MONGOOPUSIA x< oan anaas ha wen see es 108); | USC ORODIACE AR. oss secens ssn ccsacuemnee 115
WICOPS ... 2. oe nce nanescessas Mane 108 | Lycopodium cernuum .............-..c-s.6. 115
PAE AG once wis ces namemane e aoe Biol LY DARA RR AG ede wscscce one een tae ee 54
PRU OG BORBUO i one 5 xs cnn cae Emme ae Gi" | Mabeehatikn acaceccodacnn nncucke eee ecee none 40
EG DUG io oe awn on one nae adieneeae ae ee 109 | Maccreightia caribma ..........-....-...--. 68
IMG -TD FORGES i win ca a's cs ona ceaudiann nanan SO | Maclura tiictéria.ccs scecrtcnewascaecsenaenn 95
MUDD ODR join acu xnw en nina eaw antheaa eee 06 || Madeira Plant. isc0css<=docsmadweneaacsiue 79
PEGONRTIA TOIGOTIA :. < xvas cuncugebanancavande OG) MSDOG ouca tenner cele eels ac LaoL ena 30, 31, 32
TragerstrOmhas tndtoa,. ...00scnccccconucsasccs 64°) Mahogany. csc cc. cv nccseesevawnnckesdeaaaaee 36
Laguncularia racemosa. ..........0---se---- 54 Paste coo cc cccn eeececeue eres 45
BIRO ce shane psin nnn 4 sami hn Geena eee BO |) Mald-Oyple..<cccccnsvcnecccnewxuansnncsenane 55
DRI CAOOT RS on usiec kon xed canvas manakwel BS’), Malden-ligit vas icesenvcacanacucavcn erences 115
TILVOUIGTMU saadad an canesseutaceank 83 | Malachra capitafa...............sscessceees 30
POLTRORNEUD wcakp an cuasex unaceuwenta 83 TIONS soi shan te ceansan ns Oeeneene 30
DOMME covcnensenunnsewacess wha 83 | Malpighia angustifolia ............-.......- 35
RADE AUIOUR svons sdcueunwavaks donk se ade 106 g ONIGR Sass seccace -eucenanenenee 35
TAL DOT DONO ov anananah watiessensddauee 118 DIDO ic cssesa<ckynckne peateenae a4
LAUBACEZS - oi. caccccaneuad Bei awk tans ae 88 TIRQDS ops tensiae sek chs wee Ree M
PA CPIRIOLS SO cp cane ines ah Uinee ee nudacus ous 75 | MALPIGHTACEZ.................-...-..- oF
LIGAUOTRACL ROT TURE caine kckuweaWhnakevdninee Sd | MAL VACERE ccncascsscacasu prensa tauren meas

Malvastrum spicatum.........--esssee-eee:
tricuspidatum........- ee

Manchineel-tree.........-------+ Sanslene was
Mangelboom
Mangifera indica
MANO O-LLOG! == cles ecice ccc seccecienweccie=n= ===
Mangrove

eee eee eee ee

Manihot utilissima
IMAM IAG Kem science sisia\eca sie cicio sucess s\aciinae
RAT ATI sete siecle ciclo. wivisicicis c esiaierosio(a/= Siseticlee

White
Maranrita arundinacea..........--.----------
Maroon Jancole
MATS HMA O Wiese caceanaccionccinecicis sincere
Mari yMia GiaNOTa.S=sceccce «tea clecemeoco see
MASHED ECGs seco = amalemeisiciciclacionsia sels esseic-cis

GAO eis seen eco since sae cele sremiaisisieisie lm ciwiatais
Maurandia Barclayana ....-..-...--++-----
Maytenus elxodendroides........-.--------

LOW SAUUS es seeente se esti sicieivicis's-
Melampodium divaricatum..............-..
Melanthera deltoidea.......----.-.-.20-..-.
MELASTOMACEZ
Mela SEMPOCLVILONS) == +s <0 clc.ciniccccc'cisws'c-s
MERE PAC Hu senso obecices canesciessscisiessce
MGlICOCCA DIJULAr-nececticscsnaercacecnic- occ
Melocactus atrosanguineuS....-.....-------

Melochria nodiflora.........-----..c+.csees-
pyramidata
TOMENUOSS enceacie cosines sseece se 5

MCIOUNTIA PONV ACA - == cccesacisae cise .«sicinsi-s'-

MENISPERMACEZ

Mentha aquatica

IMCS hereteinas ise seieesneniicecencesccicce sco

Metastelma parviflorum...-...........-..--

Schlechtendalii

Mexican Wreath-plant
Miconia angustifolia. -........42.-.22sceeee-
argyrophylla........ setae seme elercie

RU POUO AL IBesasasecrats scenes = snl
levigata

prasina

Microtea debilis

MEP MONG LUG se aetmnaaa scone sn tecccmacescnce cc

Mikania gonoclada -...<-...2---0-se0ce-----

REA ee deat cee mess eane mse aicn as seice =e

ELLOS aise aicfatsisiats © seiaislaiaie ew a'ain,-/eisaiaie

Ree ee eee

WET AD UIS SUB E sces vic.icn ca vce ate escent
IM ODT GOIN aaa sicin oc se eecncistane co seats
OHM PO MIMCICHNNS asin ono = ven sap na scene ane

MOLI CHIALD «ovis woccan cw smeere seta tan
Momordica Charantia

INDEX. 120
Page. Page.
28 | Monkey-apple.........ccccersecccceresseeee 23
28 | Monkey’s Hand ...........0--seeee-e- ee eee 96
34 | Morinda citrifolia ...........---.2-.------5- 61
33 | Moringa pterygosperma......-..----------- 25
57 | Morisonia americana ........-.---------+--- 25
34 | Morning-glory....-....--seeseeseeeseeeee eee 72
87 | Mountain Cabbage .........---------------- 100
93 | Mouriria domingensis.......-.-..---------- 53
92 | Mucuna pruriens....-......---------------- 45
54 | Mule-weed ........ ee meina cece canes dec sce= 64
41 | Murraya exoticad........-cecccceee-e Mh ater 37
41 | Musa paradisiaca.......ceeeeee------ eee 112
54 BAPIONIUM's «= /ceie, oo sie/eieieiminim alain ininloine 4112
54s MUU SIA Ci At Se ete cicls cle cieleie wisicisiele Siaisie vie sieieiminra 112
QD} ||: Muscat, Nit <cmec nnn oicu -lelacleenn'sieie sain ele -12'= 39
74 | Muskmelon ..-...-....-+..c2-- seeeee----- 00° 56
91%) Mustard, Wald! sos- <= ceensieneiee) <--<i9 =m 24
29 | Mutton-cucumber..........2--eeceeen------ 56
90 | Myginda latifolia.............--.----------- 39
112 pallens ...5.. 05050 seeeee nee. eee 39
98; || MY OPORACHADE scccccc cc ccccicccmeisicle/seee 84
30,32 | Myrcia coriacea .......----.-----0--2+----- 50
81 | Myrodia turbinata......-...------00--+-+--- 31
24 | Myrospermum frutescens ....--.--.-------- 46
25 | MYRSINACEZ.......... Babee ee eneenons 67
68) 18 MVaR VAG HIZB secetcc-csiesnsieis.sajelalslo “a'nlniclnle 50
Te |) Mevartl ewe. as seleee losin elste = cla'slara sletevoisin siel=.s\sia1= =~ 53
39 WROC Kncrenemeciecine - savicciaties'fas l= =\= 52
39 | Myrtus communis .......---00+0--ecees eee 53
64)/| Nama jamaicensiste. 2.2.0. ces se elle = em 73
65 | Nasturtium officinale...............----.+-- 24
53h eNectandraantilanaice.s-. ascsccs eqs seme 89
36 COTIACED ese a en aioa sane less cia 89
36 membranacea .......------------ 89
35 | Nepsera aquatica... ..---.--s<0-sssce-ceer-= 53
57 | Neptunia pubescems........-.---.--.------- 48
57; |) Nerinm Oleander -cs-2 12sec esen-s0ce soo 69
S2h Nettles cesses onecae css tes o ae een aieenrnae 92
32 (Branles ceise oa ose eee eee sacs 92
825i Nickars! Dlaokseeescicaseecnice co ssense aces 46
55 Greyisoce eos cecccsscoaosaiseess= 46
24 Wellowiencccencssen esac csaectiaaee 46
82) Nicotiana Labacumls.s--oeesreceecec sme seers 76
67 | Nightblooming Cereus .......----.--------- 57
70 | Noyau Vine ...........---0-eneneccnee os = ae 71
70) || Wut, Ground 5225-2 c.e Sejwen ences iene <fo= --\ 43
SSal Nut Grasses sss-ee cere ee cemeintes eeteeietscieterse 107
53 IMMSCAL se pes aneeeese a neeiaasiee scsi e cain = 39
53: \| Nutmeg’: -.- 2. occ scence =meemncnmsle scence 53
58)e|| NW CTA GUN AC HAD oe ce aeecisecinscel =e cialis 87
53 | Nyctanthes Samba ......-.---ceccceccccces- 68
53 | Nymphea ampla -.....--....--.---0---2--2 24
85 | NY MPHACACH AG). ooo oc coo cccnccewncus 24
64 |e Obionereristatannss.- 2 tans -ccmcnicoscwciee == 85
635) Ocimuni Basiicniniassceccesesaaaceccses~ si 81
69 | MUIGEANGHUMEtesaaceeceexescs sees 81
69h 0 Opieranderalis-scsssseccsecsseasee- sere 64
45 WORVOP peeeeree titties sts seacntcinwacic cc's 30
ASA OAC Ake MiAlp reteset sa \csisiaciiemce ces <' 38
AST MOldiM an SaseAl es ecisecncceasecinccasosese-- 111
82 | Oldenlandia callitrichioides .........-..---- 60
87 COLYIMVOSS - 2-525 acnn-------- 60
CMB OHA Climate ces ce << tarccines eanauiele-c=' 68
Pie OLY A, LAGOS 225 <5 caw swninweinnsines--0- 101
Ae ONDA Gp VACA OIG AG). 6 avn ccc ccnbowcinepenscesion 54
55 | Oncidium Lemonianum............-----.--- 114

128 INDEX.

Page Page.

Oncidium variegatum ........-.---++00+---+ 114 | Passiflora feetida..... dda qotls duces einen seem 57
Ophioglossum reticulatum......---------+-- 115 TOPS oes Jo on sew ea Ga eee eee 56
Opuntia catocantha ....-..---------+++--+-- 58 PICEMIMY a2 = =o een see 56
coccinellifera ...--.---.+----+------ 58 JanwitGiiar..- 00> - sac semen nee 56
GUIABERVICR..ccce en tecoscemccnscees 58 PALIG 2's eo saese da adel oedema 56

NOTTIdA ... 220.2. cccececesncceece-> 58 TIGIGAN AY eee adn eae eee 56
spinosissima. ....--.----+----+----- 58 quadrangularis ......-----.-..--- 56
tuberculata........-------+++------ 58 UR EXE atcha eee te = ere 56

TOMS 2.2 c nw csecesecwncsncsasecoune 58 BUDOLOSS ...sc.cat<csnenset eer ee ee

Orange ....-.------20eer eee eeeeee reece eeeee 86: PASSTRLORA CHAN. -0-t-oceeacsnaeacne 56
Heville.sc.ccinc eto snnenneseecemnaes 86"| Tayomia racemosa ---25- 2.54. .oue nee eee 30
ORCHIDA GES <).cn2s ache wnceastecacerh ss 112 SPMUex = 0...’ 2-5 pies cases oen eee 30
Oreodaphne leucoxylon. ....---------++----- 89 | Pea, Black-eye ...... eels eal ee eee 50
Oreodoxa regia .....-----+-++--+eecee serene 100 GYGEN tans akeneer esse anc anes ac eeeeeeee 50
Origanum Majorand.....--++-++++--++++++++ 82 PAR GOs = nahin Serene cele a ete ee 44
Orthopogon setarius.......----+-----++++---- 104 (Wildl tentat canes nas oa eae een ere 44
Otaheite-tree . .....---- 2220s cence ncerenceee GL) | Pear Allipator mac cse ante sansa ee eee 89
Overlook <-----2)=-<ncssetnencersnmemccccsces 45 Hrench! Pricklyc2---c..--assapenenes 58
Ovra DIG ccc cenes cs cows oc ente eee wa'esenese~ =e 64 Prickly) so2-2.s9002--5-5eee sneer 58
OCA LIDACHAU.< .a2 ncccecssecsumsncsane 877) Pectisthumifusassss..se6es ances saa 66
Oxalis corniculata...---.-.-------+-+++-+++-- 37 TUCO ores een pe eee eee 66
Martlanas so. cceconedeeaccespaacees 37 PUNCHAtA Is. <a ces ae eh pan en eee 66
Oxandra laurifolia.......--.--------+++-2-++ 23 | Pedilanthus tithymaloides...............--. 94
Painkiller: soc. cee sco tacocheckeecasedcess 61)|)-Petreskia aculesta.—...2.2--2-cn secre ae 58
Palicourea Pavetta......--------++++---+--- 61 U1 Eee ey ee one ae 58
Palm, Sago.......-.------seeeeceeeeceeeeeees O77 | PEA ONHUTE aoe conc e soes acecare ses aaceee 36
PAGS 2c neo eeeeoenvockwora= mee 1007 | Penguin Balsedin’ ui 2.scanss-e nese ens peeeene 80
Palm6r <2o-c- cece cc enw co oMberacsinnscmescones 67 | Peperomia acuminata ........- eo teca econ 96
Panax speciosum. ..---------+++-+-22200-° 59 CNDANGe .cees see can so enema ceeee 96
Pancratium caribeum....--.--.-------+--+--- 109 glabella "sen -accceeeanse sae ee 96
PANDANACES ........0-20eeeeeeeeeeeees 100 OULUBHONA seo mens ones ane eee 97
Pandanus odoratissimus....-- Dasa asec nates 100 pellucida... ccsers cee taonaceee 96
Panicum brevifolium......-.--------------+ 105 DOLYAtAO YS sa ac cn eters esaad 97
brizoides ............-.---- acecees 104 SCANUANG - sacs. canoe aetee eeene oT
CAYeDNCNSC.-.--------22+-2- 22222 105 | Pepper... . 2.5.05 ence ce oncesencennncncccnnee 76

colonum ....- ecteddduasedcew< donne 104 BIN. 3 econ n wea eeeaene denen enema - , %
Giffusum...-.-.-.0se-eeeeeeeeeenee 105 Snail eon =~ ssa sens oenan neem 76
divaricatum .........----------+-- 105 Sweet. cecccencc ae cecesnenene mene 76

fuSCUM .....-.-2------ +22 eee eee ee 104 Wild BIKGk ow oe eee eee 84
glutinosum........---++++-++-++-- 105 | Persea gratissima ...........2.2..22cens-00 89
MAXIMUM « ; 202. 05ce cer ceseeseess 105 | Petitia domingensis ..........-.....-...---- 84

MOG! os ctan cer cseesss. eee eee aae se 1047)! Petiveriaaliacéa.<.0.. cance set ss see enesnees 85
paspaloides......------------++--- 104 |’ Petriwa votubilts oc un. - cae ncancovunnwe 84
prostratum........-....++-------- 104 | Petroselinum sativum ......-.----+-----00-- 59

Papsarlolo .....-.-..--esssscneceoes Redaeee ses 33 | Petunia nyctaginiflora......-.--.-------.+-- 78
PAPAVERACEZ.........0-20-e0:eeeeeees 24 OLOLADRAY Es oo nce nos eee ee 78
Papaw ..-. s++sccaeecraneaebeveensaawemeneds 56: |’ Pharus\glaber. <=> .-2s0-ssec0.oaaasdupwanoae 101
PAPAVACEZAS 22.2.5 ccsnecnccncscncnnseces 56" |’ Phaseolus alatus ..-.--..2.6) -- 1. co eeeen 45
Pappophorum alopecuroides........-------- 102 LOTS < ons oe ne cans vannevaeweans 44
Paritium tiliacoeum...............-.------=- 81 SemMiereowus :<....<sacs0so ps neee 45
Parkinsonia aculeata........-----.-+-----+- 46 WIGAN coo ecw nc wcepencnmss 44
PARONYCHIACESS ... 2.02 00-2 nsee-0n- 27 | Philodendron giganteum ........-...--..--- 99
PORGIGY «<a cece sens sesuse cvatcwacnamass soy 59 hederaceum ....-..--.-..+---- 99
Parthenium Hysterophorus .....--...------ 64 | Philoxerus vermiculatus..........-.-..-.--- 86
Paspalum cwespitosum .......-....---.----- 103 | Phlox Drummondii.......------------+---- 75
COMPTeSSUM . 2.5 esc cw eeer ans 103 | Phobe antillana..............--.----------- 89
CONJUGStUM, «2. encacsaencsseancns 103 MOTCALG os wip ov dace denne cueene ene 89

igtiohtmi . 6.05 snscascesssauxunen 108 | Phoenix spinosa ........--------eeeee------s 118

BIBOTOM Secs oe ass n sa ens)sucans 103 | Phoradendron flavens .......--.--.-----+--- 59

notatum ........... ananassae 103 | Phyllanthus acuminatus .......-..---.----- 90
DSCUCHIBLUIN saasasnceshupcanc case 103 GUstIGHUA. os 0 Sece scene enue 90
plicatulum............- aah aaece oe 108 TRICREUS Seeds non ose neexeawes 90

DUM deusasescacancesesncssany 103 IPGL) Sac cue cakn nv aucdodancsue 00
BPBCDAGCCUIN . «5 «age cccescosnccsens 103 NODS . occ wc cnennnepeene phen v0

VIFGACUM oo 0 on sc crenscnscnsnccuns 103 | Physalis angulata.........-.---------+----- * 76
Pasaia Balam... ...0.scccccsccvenscasssvens 81 Linkiana <..022....0ncoseecnucaces 76.

»

INDEX. 129

Page. Page.

Physalis Peruvians ...-.-.-ceoe-n-r-------- 76 | Polypodium’crenatum ......0.-----+--.---- 17,
UDESCENS eae eee men ena me 76 ANCANUING Seicses se seteeeceia seis aici 117

PRNGRIC DIG eae ma enas eect acta le = cise le= n= e 92 INGISUM Messe cence acyone eee eae 117
INTeN GH seeaee naa sten eee aeeeim 92 PO RV UTIs caesar eee leer oes 117

ER RO ACA CH Ai eticioas sania aeoniicteial='s 85 piloselloides'=s-= << </o5 tes snes 117
FPICMIONM OX COLMA og sete lamine ala wre = oiala= sea ele 38 BOLPCHS ac seis wsinie eles s Seyatarare sites 117
PIC LOLIMPALIN baba assis at steels a ole ian 42 COILAPONUM.2-se-eamese eee eee 117
CVU SHIN RNa eee ets cle mets alate eiersin 42))| Polystachya luteola ....52 os... <n. s-n==-005e 113
PISHON-PCAk ssedssjcisweles |e mss onl =e =neoe = == BAM OMG ETAN AGG slas main <!o oa siete ete anys oe acetate ein i==/= = 53
Px Oarrang ise sa scene oe = ae ee nme ObuIPROMEROSE-ULeOs.- onc acce cae wsee tose eee ccmee 50
RTOS OPT DLC teeeraletas state slotel ea rete tale (ee a= OS Mie O Datta ais soso sacle wise sattolaies ciemrsie/= 56

TTFOT ODE VU sie ee ecislne inne inte siete a= (oc iaae Ob PEONG Seen emacs anes smn -iaiceeele sete samme 57
TUM APL OL ay ses alata weiner eisteleinie'= 95 | Portlandia grandiflora........-.-...--.----- 60
Sancie-Crucisi: soscccseccoeces o-scse <= 95 | Portulaca halimoides....--......----------- 28
HEMNOONUAb aes sbee sem ace sase= aalncee m= 95 OlONACEAtaweciss[ianessaee eee 27
Pilocarpus racemosus ...:-.------------.---- 37 MUOsdeece sso e cee deca eects 28
PEATE DUAN ROVIS ters a aelateten clatets w\cin el aaieiaee elosiniw == 52 MUAATINGAloseseo2s- encase see 27
MICO IN ee ee yslnte ernie ete steno atclare 52) | TPO RMUMGA CHAN eat oas anne nioiceinlaine == =tale 27

PUN PINCUAPANISUMs ccccscccns=seccc-= 5-5-6 59») (POMVAUMSIVANES Seer sees classic ss cteas\scsse= 6 97
PESTA Siete ateyatet este ete teats elena ata lainccloreiaralata'= oie 43) | Potato wlnGheea seals -sactonee co crises i == 78
INGA S CLOW eee ae ee ee eeeee coe ateniseaail 100 Swe CUreestease cee teelcwscioh ce seins 71
NV Mere eee eieteteinintntelsaieleicieincla acicisia ES | Pa Teeter raise seteistotstaa\aisiatale\ etn ninie=la/ain. === = 41

PING ADP) ercemciee sapsineialeleeieiaise aa cielnin/sies\sie'e HU). PrescottiaWlyOsunusss onc scececccic=-cleaccer > 114
SEAN CUNT ee tata totaal fal ala ete atalaatalnielals| lelaiavei=='='= = | eI Cle. Cra bees eters sctecisi= sclaste aaa oreo o'er 49
PEIN AK OO Ms seeeete Soca nes aleniseeivicwaionts sina = 39 Wi GOleemenioctoe ee iciseiatenwierc)s4— nee 38
IEA POR MT UO Me ene eicieetaeeaisinor<talntae elaine 96 PViellOwieecetatxcssaevinsccsaelslaneccs 38
PS LDA aerate tieieiote pei arate lai ester aini= 96 5| “Prickle-woodiessneasaee ee se ce en-eececcs sce 54

IBTEd COMEY CLs oeentsese ene siactesiec'sin= == - = 964 | (Prickly Wer ssseees seen ee ete nen === 115

Bepel tatu seen eis cielaeentceisctss wee ee 96 Pear eee evan ania Seas abner mecste 58
ROD OLU eae aia se eee aioe 96: ||) Privaechinatassssa-eessoscissnecccecsocselaae 83

UP EVA CH Ate oeettect seieis-laleln' icicle = mac 96.) Psidiamicordatumesss ssosos- acess eee enn 52
PISCIMIAZHTY CAVING sons ceiceeicc cease ess << 45 Guava sseee se ves<e oe sis clacteiocesiate 52
PISOMAMAGULOALS 2: cs isleicjois esta lawns sis sialee\s <'eie 87, | silotumbiniquetmimy.5-----55--ecee m= 115
ANGENIIG San ran actrees Salcwcs deieceaaes\e 87, | SBsychotriasBrewnees-a-sneensas eer cece 61

BUD COLCA bet craton seal eta i- 59, 87 PALA sew a =sia ele aree s =e = 61
PIShiaOccidentalis: c= 21 <ale soo = = ssc ee 99 orizontalignest-nis- cele se4-2 ee 61
SPAS S LOUD wala a atoleaiatalard= area Se <= 5! I=)simie'e 50 Genwifoliaie cas sceeii-is-tere este e = 61
Piteairaiaaneustifolia.:--s-.-0s.5 secjccns-s 11 | Pteris: longitoliaes..-2-2s-ccms- Fe sace-e == 115
Pithecolobium unguis-cati........-.-...---. 49 POOR A Joe ees aaacnmassaneissiaceacies 116
SPST SUN A GOLA OIE Ai oo seein Ge woisleiccinoee §5 | Pterocaulon virgataum..-....-.-...-....2-<< 64
bao Mees! eee A aes ca feces 851) Pum phinsaasseeeoeee Bisse eciceneissecistes 55
ERAN se foectere is alo oeint et soe Sctetae sige Sea 1127) WPonicavoranatum se so sss erenae eel 538
AE Se eye atcinterete'= soe ateesieie etels 85°4] Purslane.stsos0 sos acer ce owe isle estes sarctatonts 27
PLAte-DUS Wiese sesisee nee si atoesseis Dareletemie Hemel Th| (Pynethnwm- Andreu) = cin oseine essa ese 67
Pluchea odorata .-..--.....0-------:+------- 62.1 <QuasSigneseice seasonal sna neeenoaeemeeee ans 38
PURDUTASCEN Se oc cles doesn alcisee ecole 62s @wassin aMaraecrcecece clos on[o ance sect sem = 38

EINIMNO COCO Ae chigesacereeeeicllauecetics cee ciate 90) @ueen of lowers -asea-seseneeneeiee eens = 54
HOG... --- 2222-222 seeeeeneeneeeeee eens 40 | Quisqualis indica....... = Saree ATR ER 54
JAMAICA. .....-..eeeee- +222 eee eee 41") Radish’. Si.uscotasatbsctusesseeadeteeeeds 24
PUMA GINA CE AN gf tc,c ence caccine soda 85)| GRain-tre@cececesecemee eee sect etlecreeetiastss 75
SEVUIMUCYO COMENSUS facta toss saa ass nea-e sees 85) | Ragaminliastabio-n see seca as se eectwelt cial 111
BCDC LONIS eaeiareinie nls alalerem eens sclera 85 PIGLONSUTMS setae aussie e ow nett foe 110

Pe lmMiew A Maa seman aaieice ona 2titeee 69) | SRoamicout-bushmereoserseetcecoce. cle eee oe 38
ODUUSiLONIR Sea eee cn ocin 2-- <a 69: | Rendia aculoatal sso: 2 eens ccckcedan eee s 60

DL) eet pete tater e feet te alot calal ala atatnt Pa G9 | Raphanus sativus... -.--ccncecacneces=s--06 24

IROPK CUNO UMea ce see sae won cde cee as 87. || WRAZOTAPTASR Geren ened ameenstinne s cscierectccas 109
Poinciane Gilliesit... 2.2200. s2-see see 50:|| Sint bereeemeee ees fe bres be. 25
IE OMe ee det ctercta enle ter eaten oa eset AGA Rut OS Mimeetttaietatn st) 2)4)q 01 eicin bate aminrels 41
BOGEMONEA CH AGES. ck c5sc2cctocsedsdete fd, | PRauwolfianoamarckisc- 2-52 csenmoe-ceec = 69
ROM CGMeeeeeeene eee enn obs etl eee 48 Teens eccas sashes oon 69
Polyanthes tuberosa....---.------0eseeeeeses HOMIMRGONG Retnee eee ne roy tee et eerie Hien Socne's 86
Polygalavangustifolia.-:..-..-2--..-cces2e-- 26 MEOH MAN eee eee ee eens aarehica= <= 69
POU GAM AGIH AS 6. 2. cc wece sents we ecaes 26 Mailers ce enenacesenb asses essere 109
RO TRY COINAGE Ayes octs csenc cs castes. eee 88 Onreleemee saetisee ene s ase nee cesncae 31
Polypodiumareolatum....-..---.--..--..--- PlTial MRE CINe Aen ee ac. etc bake eee ws kis §8
CUM es oe nek wee seems 117 | Renealmia sylvestris .......--.---.------0= - dk

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 13——9

130 INDEX.
Page Page.
Reynoaia latifolia. .---....--05--.cnas00remm= 40 | Schmidclia occidentalis. .................--- 35
TAUOTONAY osc nos ea tdacvintns acess = 40 | Schepfia arborescens....................06. 38
PREC AC WUN A CONG AG was cans uclmmitesnitnuss om cme 40, | SOipns: DYIZOINGS senate nee pe nee nee Peet
Rhizophora Mangle ..........-..----------- 54 COPIUAUUS sans eoncndneceeaneeeon ead 108
RHIZOPHORACEAS ..--5ncccsscnnctevcess 54 TOLTOPNIOUE = .o4 a5. aetna eee eee 108
RNS MGA — oe ew nese comsiwackuassierans 41 TOO GGG oo wats oman de eae ile oe 108
Rbynchosia minima .......-..--.-.--------- 43 MOCMOBUS once se no see acme ees 108
phaseoloides .....-....02=0+---< 44 SUDCISHCHUS: ~~ 6250 = e<<oe ean sNene - 108
MOT GUIAtA so noc mmr ciees mae Ag SCAU ANU UN MPa ma we wipse a a mm ein eet tere 112
Rhynchospora pura .....--.----------eeeen- LOSi Solera DUIOMMUGs <seac- st pater en aoe meen 109
DUS. <ooesee meee rena we 108 DIGLQUBIS ones ah ae ene eas eee 109
Ricinella pedunculosa .....---.--------+---- 91 RODINGNS secs vane eae neocons 109
Ricinus communis. .-...--.-.--- Beene ease 92 | Sclerocarpusafricanus............--..-..-.<. 65
Riving Javis<c. ~.chennae ono Eeeaeeoe anes 85 | Scleropus amarantoides ....--...-.0.0-..<<> 87
octantira <520-. na eaan pawn ena as 85 | Scolosanthus versicolor. ..-<.- .-<ss<<s-n-.-- 61
Rochefortia acanthophora .......-.--------- 74.||) SCOpaXIG (0 GIR oe en dene = eee 78
Rock-myrtlo «2: (22s<coasnash-seeaese een amma 53) Serateh-throats. --scpadsancm=cen ena eeeeeees 99
ROCHON... ctor ceca cee cone eee ee ee eee 83) ||) Serow biG -sne.-eoes ek semeeaaee a belmaiecee ee 100
Rondeletias pilosa<<--<.2<-<--e-s-en---toue a= 60 | SCROPHULARIACEZ .............-..--. 78
JORG CONT OG ee ene nen ena= eee 60) | Serabbericee sc oces ancy as ssa at oe nee eee 43
QGUIED crews So oioce aap anemia ase 50) | \SO8-STADG.-aose 2+ cs oss nes enw ne ee eae 88
ROSA GIAG aoa cos. com ccadansnecebe ease ae 50) | sep-lavenderen sos. ccccesea.cen Cancn ae ten 75
Rose, Chinese)... ces. -scs~e seen eens a10) |, SepAsWSnIG: LUCIUS. =5 o> sa eee an ee 92
ROSGMALY jemasesencnpecek eames oscwacaane nad S20) DeChi BOLE. ooo caceecnocceanens ee csaaee 56
Rosewood 20 oes ese eA ncenn -teas noes 74. \ Secunidace Browiel <>. cc.ces-ss-ce--esaaee 26
Rosmarinus officinalis ....--------++-+++---- 82 C©FOCta ...-.--- an nnnwenncewesenae 26
TROU COU a een nae oa eel 25 | Securinega acidothamnus ......-...---.-..-. 90
Rousselia lappulacea -.........-.-----e----5 O57 | Sempervivie co. 2. 00-2 - snare cae 109
IR BLACH Alsosae sso oe aee dace Seems 69 | Sanjania lncidar. ooo nen ns uno onoce era 35
Ruellia strepens...........---.---seesee-ees 80 | Sesamum orientale. .-...-2-2+--2+e-00+e-senee 81
Pri PELOSS tee ses wine teats 80.| Sesbania sericea-_..--.----..--52.2 sed Nada 42
FRUTNEL VOWCOUTIUE sain wn ciemimeno nc ncoeeesenesn'e 88 | Sesuvium portulacastrum ............------ 28
Running Grass once ae = as ee eawanintan ass 103 | Setaria plauca...........-.-.---.= cane eee 105
Ruppia rostellata. ....-.-----------+-seee-- 98 SOtOSA . 22. new ne cncn nn cennacunancs 105
Russelia junced......+.------0-+ Renee foeee 79 | Seville Orange... -. 6.2.52. 2-2 ceess such ans 36
ROTVACH AN 2. oe snot eee eee an rae Saat 8701 ShaddoCks nce och een ee nano kane eee 36
Shbinea floridas.-s2-o20..c050aeenaeeepe === AD |) Shaner o- coe sooo cee cnnnancsawaeeuesaees 101
Saccharum officinarum .....-.-. esate ees ae 106 .|-“Shell-plant | o.-nsere sc nea nba aa kee 112
SBQ6) chic coseweweonpeme cna nmnn anemia monans 883 | Shot, Indign . . coo sense nnee ps eee een eel 112
Sago Paltts: 12.20 sscn2cascenacnnen=== saseenk 97 Scarlet Wntian <0.» ---s5seseeaseaene ee 112
St. Jan Grass. 2-25 occ necocennncncnnaneoen 110° |: Sido acuminata. ; -o-- <n cencsenene~naseeeben a4 ee
Salad 353. cocaves.a td aeaw aoc cee omens 67 SUPULG cae nae coun wkmaneaehwin ana : 29
Wild 2... cdeccn-e carota rancekesaannsene 66 CAND INOUE oss epee ies omnia rece ees f 28
Sallie; Bay... ..5-s<sscccncancuementnsasmen 67 CUISTIS can nsepanqa shea kane 28
Salvia coccinea... -oscccscnssccnsennnme vn seem 2 CONDITOUH co = 5 nannies 6a “ 29
occidentalis .6<<-- <5 ..cece.nncdemeoue 82 POMEL: «<8. onan nn meh enn a baeae eee 28
serotina <<. 2 anccasaes~ case nee neaene 82 DUMIMG: oon acaca sana a eshte sae 29
tenella)... .s< sc cnacaqcos so ute nian 82 jamaicensis...... 2.0. ncenewconcecussass 29
Sambucus nigra ...-..-------2ceeeees cece “- 59 NETVOSS - 2222 cane ne cwnnns + cencnscsens . 29
Samyda glabrata. ........0.esccensencseneose 26 rhombifolia......... pn alent is Pio teal 29
Serrulata.....--.--ccasaceneunenssus 26 spinosa.......-.-- sinacunneecaeeenhanae 29
Sandbox-treo . ...2 26.200 s cancer eneeesenness 92 BUDIDB. condos cmannn sqnnnnsweuneees a ma 29
Sander, Wellow:.......20. .cassceussauphaken 38 THIGH jo0c sce conn een ne se neneeeeeeeeeeee 29
Sanseviera guineensis..........2...-.eeeeee 110 | Sideroxylon Mastichodendron ..........-.-- 68
STA NGTIA caso cdnseen onunecepeeetaraene B84 | Silkk Catttin.. «sce deemeeansccnawesnaennne m 70
BAIS UAHA joins cons naeenss eee Soe 35 | Silk-cotton-treo. -....--.-2...nccnenes-neuss 2 1th
Sapindus inaequalis. ........-..eceeeceecce ne 85 | Silvery Ferm .........scecss----csccecsacsa « — BG
Sapota Achras.........--...-2--cesecsceeeee OY | SALVE oon pn sivas arene- see ekans cenue fp se eaces 40
SIGSDOS VION sacks cenvane st ahowcede 68 | Sinapis arvensis.........--..------+--+-+--- a4
BAPORA CIAO yun duccnsawccwe tdeteeny 67 Drassicate . n.<nenacesacoue nme 24
Sarcostemma Brownel................22.se 70 | Skitnetchi...........cccnccaescccccecness <a 92
TR VIG BOSGINTORD: civcand waek bee cde een eens 90 | Small Pepper..-.-.....- oc namesake ee kaneis 76
ODS VOLUN EGE ence es onan veswedecnsdncuas 67 THOVO .\inccnsconssnmunaunwesunet autitets 77
Scarlet Cordim. ......ccccseod era dom xe 74 | SMOLACE AS LW. neck nnnnn ns one patidac si 110
Indian Shot .-... Seeahcineeceta peas ee - 112.) Smilaxhavanensis...........csckesscnsssuns 110
Schefferia frutescens.......-... sate _enne 39 POPUlNEA. ...scccccccenasenas Aemiuni em Ue

INDEX. kor

Page. Page
DHUKG-DUSUHeGeeemmennaimeoes cans wcewsicn< sce BOR Sbyveriblaces sce sacnc- see -aisansas see eeces se 47
Dla KG HO WER ee metletee claietn ieee edin main ainteheicliate G2e SO KOLB teaennpicieninelleloe[snaieialsla aici aicteinfeae 58
RS AC-DOO Ui sata = aise sae cierslen= mica asin miei of 40NCOR FSU al-anplO\a=cs\-heeoecteacpmenincas aneeees- =< 23
BNO WeOLO Di seeet reatarceieeiiriece ninco wade sataione OM Sree aE CANO tees ann mcininlaadalcie a ties/isie ls 106
BOS SCC Umea wales mete annie wsinnsiece ete oie Bt) || subd Gi Scssos5 son sssemoco cece sa cpconneane 67
Soap -sulGkeeee ae osen amen c cect cae dace. AQ) | ‘Surlanamaritimaec awe scien nies = selec snl 85
DO EPACNGA OIG esamalnelennsie=4 = a1q'ta eoale eae 75 | Surinam Cherry....--...-..- meas eetoai ee 52
Solanum aculeatissimum ........-....+----- 77 GO0s8e DEER ions -n-os sae cise ones 58

PahaMeNnsne sem ces cena slanidenselaes =a NOE | R@SUSAEE Rew ro ea lociors nates eeiaele cicisiselenies scree as 23
PONG UMM ee aeee comer se =clemaaiaes as . Feel A SSE aero emee ae cateiel ere mae ete a 83
ING USO seen eee ean neces Mia Swarts Maran acco sec ceeecisste css cren)cicS. cc 29
lenceifolinm == .sssesces=e aoe AA BSweetduime;ccsscetet core ocelot soe saci. 37
IMAINMOSMID. ~ 25 ~ <2 man wlnievale Suieins a i7 Mar Oran eaiscemacme se seclosemeierla 82
MM CLONG EN wctciamacle'=\sio= o\cl=aeee ee 78 IDOPP Cl eases sie seen case ee secsecne 76
MOGIMONUMe = alaaiwin nas aimmejeninciiae'e 77 Ota cesses anon eae aaa ere saes 71

POLY Pans ne cola alan cain a eee 78 SCeUticssaceeeasaseee Reena se
FACHMOSUM. - cc cucecccewews scecncne V7 SW Weill tame istatentst tae sees a tserer tec cierat= 72
DECLOTURTANUNY << wcrc ~ nao seinncisesels q8;|\ Swietenias Mahogoni--.-csc-2---escnessec<-- 36
torvum ...-...-...---------------- 77 | Symplocos martinicensis ........----------- 68
CUDET OSU a ame ireicisiaciciaacia seis eio'='a 1801 SIVENGAENGD EGR) ROB) Allee eete cae ee aaa eye ee 62
verbascitolnm) sas. -jdees ces <== a | Synedrella modithorsie ceo cieiesiseeisy=e cen elsl2 66
SOLMIOL= WOON an nfo aeolian win alas alae 49 | Tabernemontana capensis .......++--------- 70
SONCITUS OLOLACOUS 21<0j05 sm ecicis en clecicewiescinse 66 CltUITOlig TS Sane sesamiae <1-12 = 69
Sophora tomentosa .....-...02--s2---.------ 46 | Teenitis lanceolata... .. .25.c0ccsceccensecne 116
SOLS NUMA SANG \. secisei=inclewciieinieicininceecise LOG) | Lagetes Natl Oconee scsnncent stems ele tae ==) 67
Sorrel, ROG es clcemamaeiacieasece nose nae eees ol: | Dalinumipatens# «ees -ee-e ace es eicct seco eae 27
SOE GASB ae a cesieeieeissneoinle eaistenijomtelcion 104, 105 trianculare=-ce mses ease oee eae 27
IU GY CS tena metiemeriecen males maesctaaciseeiscicl- 45), | SRACMEATR TC A @H ieee cine aris ciel tata= sa einies aisle 26
SOULSO Diese erste sae aceiesemeccsiskieneseeciee > 23) | Tamarind iGnineai.--9.c--sceecssclese ecm = 31
Spanig he CTANS ose eisea = aes sane mics aeie 104 IWS scceresconacisos cece = eee 48
Sparganophorus Vaillantii..............---. 62-1)“ Mamarind-treeseosceescaecce sees eee acee es ee 7
Spermacoce tenuior ........02-.seccecscsece 62. |, Damarindusjindica).--.-s-censssscesheee eee 47
SP OLD ya CLAY le een are mieessioicmminetisios ciee 52):) Damarixcindicasec tosses ao eneeeeanee see 26
Spigeliaianthelmia,.<. 222-02 6<cesneectsesen- 60: |) ManienAs he sccccnc oacoenaseue sacee essere 98, 99
Dpiranlenes Clabes some cele ce ae eee e sae di: ") “Reatmirencherece-ressecace cease ceeee ieee eee 82
POU GIANLUCedenc stamens secicice se cleisiaclas 40 Sweet Marjoram.........-...--. eee 82
(POMP ULC Aaa arlene nn eleeieaat=\= 41) Necomavuberterii.ssceemees- seer esensaeee es 79
MPOUIAAMICLANGN Ae sea enema cacise rice 94 COMENRTB a ets canes Notas} asta iatee 79
RIBGONCUECO lola see esata nay niscisescisamecine 39 lencoxylonsessaeeeceasse ene eens 79
HPOLOUGINIB WNCIGHS 2 stets:o mg oifainisiernia ciemet 101 SEONS tsa aas aa eisepisieie elmore ielemeiicte 79
NitOralise soscieeclo sinc + <cii<cs sence 101 | Ten-per-cent Grass..--..--. eneeenaceeeees 102
ST OTN CUS ioe aletstalm shea oleaeiatayer= lore = LOLS E Rephrosiaccineresie-esesee- a2 eeeeaeaeeer 42
PUA Mi ess ete ses ets chara tan Siieaieiciclwiseiiys 2 oo” || ‘Teramnusiuncinatise-c-sas-s--e-—-eeee nee Ad
Stachytarpha jamaicensis -.......-........- 839/) DERE BIN TEA GC HA ae scene eee eee 40
ULI SORA ines ee cee ere 83 | Terminalia Catappa -....---.---2---s22 see0 54
Dba D epee emisee sect th aiea sa eee ee 67 |, Dernstromia/ellipticas.s--.- 0-2 asec - 33
JiGHBAMNINGeates = aos s ss 22cr cesar om 68 | TERNSTROMIACEZ......-...--...2.---. 33
Stark mahart, ~-.--.-:--------s Feet alatataate 85 | Tetrazygia eleagnoides .......-.........--- 53
Stemonacanthus coccineus ..-..-----.------ 80. Deyer-trees, -oo asada nee seca ene see 100, 118
MLCVANGMUM TUPestre’.- =~ -1osecnmaens-cee SL) | Dhalassia testudinum asso. seeeeeser ee 97
Stenorrhynchus lanceolatus ..........--..-. 11451 Pheobrema) CaeiGien-eapeeeeas-seeseree cece 32
Stenostomum lucidum....-...---.---------- 60: || ‘hespesiaspopulneasssceeee-tacs- se eceese aw Ol
Stenotaphrum americanum...........------ 104 | Mhevetiamernifoliays-se-passeeee ease se ese ce 6s
Stephanotis. floribunda..-.-..-----.---ss«-n6 70) | Dhibettresjscsseee cece enccess cn-cececicee 49
Stigmaphyllon periplocifolium. .......--.-.-. 85.) Mhistle nos eeaqeseesceaen ae wclecten sae 24
RUPE DI BOM ee te eee eee lee eet =~ on alec 107 | hrinasareentespeere. aacns--2---occecesce 100
URN CASE Slllote rere ete ena Seat ote mien ps oh 49 PAMVANONA seen os sacesiasSaeneso ene 118
IMINO Gas ein ohana ere aie ar era mw asym Saicta Sri DRA) Oe eae raiais aecie sna a aamos eee 97
SEL SU OC ene ete craeloiiamrciesisinitnie a seen © AT, Ne DUUMLUERG MIN OLOLM ee ms 2 sin inion nniim = Sfomte ower. 81
BHILV ORD US inte mer Set ele ite ao rose mel mins 47 ROGTONG as xn 2 jaca ate Aecrats wale occte 81
SLONG-OUI CCl cems a ceitemn ates som woos ctmsiems 96 WOLUDUIS! 52.5 ees eemten ects 81
BULAN CLAM Olean sito seals So erin DUI RIN Greene oie at acylase cee NS ty ales 82
RULE DGLI IN GOI se ocean alas area alm innings ramets 116 ART PUN Ol Oe anc merecaice cen cats dee wine 81
Stylosanthes procumbens ...--...-----.---- BOs | eID ETO VIE ARDS. CM Alo ona cian tu siciacemmate acco a 89
SICA RE Ne aim oles sinc wim mi rriata lalare ASE MUD ty TUS TAL) OM CR aD ania se cite Saloielswswets = = 82
eA! CH Ae eesterc res cose aan nna clatalsial ieee 68 | Thyrsacanthus nitidus....-......-......--- 80

132 INDEX. -
Page. : Page.
SCA CAG srcve bcc wtsums covsctownecnbuekes 82: | Verwainl . tate ta ccpecet tect ts epee teeeee 83
Tillandsia fasciculata. .........------sesees- ALL | Vignelutedlacs-s-<2- 3 ceeneean eee meets 44
TOCUEVALD <= acu.gccc sc ehentr cake ns T11."|"Vintal rosea cate care. a cee ee sen cee ee 69
TIRDEOIUGR4 <u = sc cacnaterwcke eens Tit | Wine, Bluesea dehnee tesa eusen 2 44
TRIGUIAUA. oA S~ spun cece ecaten == Ul || VIO DACH AR ee sceckice cut sceusnee seer eeee 26
Pithonia speciosa... .- -~2~ «seasons onrs----" 67 | Wis; Bonny. > cewek eck ioe akc seed ae eee 44
PPOGRGCO) WalOisnn ans cece enisepacaismeaueecteaie 65 Binlis-essoeeeus sie kee see eee 85
Tobacco-pipe .....- 2200 ------ eee ee ence ee 95 TWIG Steen oe een ate tee eee ens 35
Tobinia punctata..--..<-..2---ecac=ennexcen 80 ||) VACEDCAIMUS-COMTUBI. acs len aise eee ee &4
BPINOBS sos fon ca new cieeesvenp epee 37 Oivaricatann 220s. Joga Utesdes ey eeee oe M4
POMALO. = os ones wea rveneesnencwensinansrainn ie.) VaGin Gamba ebcev etree ence cree ite 39
TPG: BING ance on woe a eee eee oe 60 | Waltheria americana....................... 32
Tournefortia bicolor.......---.----------=<- 15011) WDE OLIN Pa OW aoe uaa aes ee eee ae 100
fostidissima <<. te ws cere sens Ds WWACOL-CRRRS ane nu hiaie soa ae eet arette ieee 24
gmnaphalodes .<..- 255 uewene ED |) WRG OT LR] rs wre aa ret ates a phe crc a eens 24
iT AUSSI A sooo a= wees es 715, .)) Waterma@lon: oo -cotc othate conn eee ease ee 56
lant gligvec.emens sc ocee tee 75. Wiaterpannec 2.2 sensotete nee 42
microphylla <-.-sSi-l.e-s--se- TDv | OWS O WON on aoe eed cebe teen eee 70
VOMUDUISs..-4-seaeste reas 75 | Wedelia acapulcensis....-.......22-2....-2. , 65
Tout-10-MOiS 2252 c ese eee nner aw elastase 112 efinis bor Con shee ceek vee eee 65
Tradescantia discolor. ..<.~...2-2sesec~ecee 100 buphthalmoides < 225 222-cosee-soe 65
Beniculata:.-ce-s-~-sceeer ose 100 COMNOBSR Lena ees eee nee eee 65
PAG) piel: Wee St ee eee 100 | CYUGIANE! = 56 2-~ core pees sees ae eene 65
Travia vOlUbuUis!..s..-=s4s-acecsseee—eoe = =e 92 | WIBCOIMES sdows's oo UU. ac wee ue seen ene 65
Trianosperma ficifolium.......-..--.--.---- 55 | White Alling......... So OARS 5 Cera Ona 84
graciifloram..--...-s..---<-<< 55 = DED Kiem ae ae <= oe eee we one seat are 34
Trianthema monogynum.........--.-------- 28 (BORN Jccos ate pneu capone pov onk eee 44
“ErIPUWIS) CISLOINER << aar~ cosctsiecucsaecewece= . 37 Gedar. soso icoer cet e ct teen eetes eh eeree 79
MMIBMUMNUS Seow acieccnnwcccueccw=ene a7 Franchipani.......... Sern 69
TM CULIA NIN. oma ele sa keane ne deen ao een 36 Alyn cu sck pouesshwapen sen oneeea ees 109
Tricholiena insularis ...........-.---------- 105 MSN GOVE ck. scuta cera e sat ee eae 54
Tice CPUC see ewd anes censure ste «s 25 | MANIAC ky los sect cue cL peeves aeneeets 74
Triphasia trifoliata.-..- 5.2... ..22tesoc-o-= 37 AGIAN. ab kwon aap kets see eee ne ter 90
Triumfetta althwoides.......-.-..-.....-.-- 32 POMGG << shoe sepa s sooo eee eee 48
Dappulas cas st ceases <p ess 32 PNGhIO sce. seer snow ee acer ee 38
THOMMOMESrs ox. waeee oe oe ak 32 WAS se ttas jem oke states te en ee 35
Semitrilobal. << 6.0 geen <= 82. | Whitée-head-broom.=.2-5s.5-..c2ene-seaceee 64
TEYOVO! cos acanknncoeeen ast nese cians 77 | Wild: Black Pepper sx -2<s 2. <5 s2ceee weet a4
Small 3.5 Sp sew ecen ac eelie weasel eer 3 i7 Cherry ....c.ncss cos! eocecesedccessnas o4
Trompet-tree. ic onsen Sep enas owner sen oxe 94 Coffee. 2 Foes. cin on conde wscene a ence ras 61
Tshudya berbiceana............-------+---- 53 | OPS isspasc = sts kone an eee eee 2
DADSL0se <5. oe 55s nc as sane esnrdasewnsn eee 110 SCAG DARIN Ee rat cee sa ane teen eet 70
Turkey-berry.- ss -scavennnssavscsseewecs ns 77 | DigUOMCGwsdaaeees see ee ccene cc eaee 43
FRUPMOGVICs 22s htsn0 <2 abt newest ee aeeas a eee 112 NIG cee nen eates Sara eer eee 33
Tarnera parviflora < ~~... <s< suse vessmwaceves 57 MAASAI DGG. ticascudess cee aeee ances eee 25
TOPOL «thw osc on mee aaa eh aerate 57 Mustard )J>- 4.722222, Were s. es Sve oeee 24
TURNERACESS «222. ons ccannancncesennes 57 POG oc. ea dcee ence ee eet ee L er eeeneee 44
Turpentine-tres «=... sacee ewe taxa. 40 Pine) 6s. Fak ace hehe ee kode eee lll
Dypha aneusitolia., so ccanwssnsbaswaseneaes 100 | Salads. 25 s/shicks. oes sete ae ee eee 66
TLP HACE... 421.0820: Meee 100 | fivenaetndl y.c4 2. See ee eae 48
UMBEU LINE RAG ons ose cass seuecs eeeaew 59 | PANE ss cone antes c ae aes ae 98
(A) OTM LO DAC = ws oso Rk ot cote ee 30 TODSCOO pi wokeeVas e's co bee acct ene 65
TDS DAGGICLS: « <cpia sos enact soeeseaeakoL ee O5:| Wonderful:Leat <.-2s0+<~-o-se ee nos oe eee 58
GLA coo eid tem nnn soak eke eae ee OO | “Worisyweetlcancacawes mnctce weet baneatcoueee 60
MSGICM OIOURRS ooi= oe deen Maes ee hue eae ik 95: | “Wreath-plant’.aauccdss--4---tandseeeeeenwe MM
NSEC OES 5 we vedic Ghee sunny act ceeeeeee 94 | MosiGan cacd= Gis vers omkcewces 88
PW ARGROU LO CINTELOGE 5 5 cieewne.casncawdwwepemeen 78 | Xanthium macrocarpum..............--.--- O4
DMI PLES Sek fed abe h 5s eo onwicss cant inne ne 24 | Xanthosoma atrovirens............08e.----- 99
CLC UMILA GIG SMe kick dace s Vi wsiue once suite 44 hastatin: << 2 ecess-sstece ean 99
Verbena, Lemon-scented.............-...--. 84 | sagittenfollom ...;..6..2>.0c2s6 99
Verbena chamardrifolia ...............------ 84") Wem hes ke ewes ee eae 110
VERBENACEZ. .......2200--0-.se-eeee ees 88 | Wellow Gedac.s.2s2scze-tnn-cncase eee eeeees 79
‘Vier Desi AIG cccnsccces se caccuveeseen seen 65 NICKS 25205 ose eco nes xeuaren stems 46
Vernonia arborescens .....--.+ Bina nd ci v-neee 62 | Prickles iisa hk ode dcp echo es her cane 38
POGHED ecb nec uvheshstwnn ton sc sce 62 | = Handler, 2s5s55 sche ete ween 38
TOM ink ios at vend swdeuts'seciess G2 | Worbade Pard.tocssudevcetuctisewesbeosen - 104

»

INDEX.
Page.

ECORI PIOTIOSG eee ne enema mole = wei wes 109 | Zingiber officinalis ---
Zanthoxylum Clava-Herculis........-...... 38 | Zinnia elegans..-..---.-

AAVOME scree cana vele soe soees 38 | MU GHOLA -v meso 2 ~~

macrophyllumis ss. <--2<<=-- 38 | Zizyphus reticulata --

Ochroxylum)<o-2 4-1-2. -esee 38 | Zornia diphylla......-
ereAiiia weet oe Ne iso aek .-- 106 | ZYGOPHYLLACEE

133

Page.
112
64
64
40)

9
a

37

Depariment of fhe Suferior:

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.

BULLETIN

OF THE

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

PN GC)... eae:

PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
LE7To:

ADVERTISEMENT.

This work is the fourteenth of aseries of papers intended to illustrate
the collections of Natural History and Ethnology belonging to the
United States and constituting the National Museum, of which the
Smithsonian Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of
August 10, 1846.

It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, amd printed by
authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior.

SPENCER F. BAIRD,
Secretary Smithsonian Institution.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,
Washington, April 3, 1879.

i Ere A TIONAL BHXHIBITION, 1876.

CATALOGUE

OF THE

COLLECTION TO ILLUSTRATE

THE

ANIMAL RESOURCES ax me FISHERIES

WENT DSi Att:

EXHIBITED AT PHILADELPHIA IN 1876 BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
AND THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION, AND FORMING A
PART OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF

Geis by. OW IN. (GO @O1D-E

WAS HINGEON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
ES Wor.

LIST OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE PREPARATION OF THE
COLLECTION.

JOSEPH HENRY,
Secretary Smithsonian Institution.

SPENCER F. BAIRD,
Director of the Exhibition.

G. BROWN GOODE,
In charge of Collection.

CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES.

Committee on Economical Invertebrates. —W1ILL1AM H. Dax, Washington, D. C.
Committce on Fresh and Preserved Fish. EUGENE G. BLACKFORD, New York.
Committee on Fishing Boats and Fittings.—A. R. CRITTENDEN, Middletown, Conn.
Committee on Hunting Apparatus and Sportsman’s Equipment.—F OREST AND STREAM PUB-
LISHING COMPANY, New York.
Committee on Fishing Nets —AMERICAN NET AND TWINE COMPANY, Boston and New
York. ;
Committee on Anglers’? Equipments and Apparatus.—BRADFORD & ANTHONY, Boston.
Committee on Alcoholic Collections, §:c.--Dr. T. H. BEAN, Washington, D. C.
Committee on Furs.—C,. A. HerPicH & Co., New York.
Committee on Fish Culture and its Apparatus.—J. W. MILNER, Washington.
Committee on Whaling Apparatus.—L. B. & F. Macy, New Bedford, Mass.
Committee on Whale and Fish Oils.—Capt. N. E. Atwoop, Provincetown, Mass.
Committee on Chemical Products.—1h.. R. SQurBB, M. D., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Artists,—J. H. Ricuarp and A. ZENO SHINDLER,
Modeler.— JOSEPH PALMER.
Taxidermist.—JULIUS STOERZER,.
Photographer.—T. W. SMILLIE£.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

ENURODUCTOR WON OTE. aren sciac cele elceie minal emaiacice neice wa eusictcrersieneecreisinieisceve'e lelale are $

Section A.—LIST OF ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA BENEFICIAL OR

INJURIOUS TO MAN.

EE NUA MIDAS pan ae cere ere ce cine s sie asia ore ocictoiuiel, pees mleusie Bias enatarate eine bine mises eretnaes.

Ie

m 0 Ww

~

~

‘.

Meno CCALMIVORES) pe ctste nie cs ete, cismia se is clstew tarsi cetelrcte ome ene are eine nie eal cleats
Migsipediay WandicarmiviOres)! <2c.saclscjoess)socts seeists cisaisinre soe ome wiee re
PIMMIPEAMAT(SCAIS HACC) Lois clare ciciatesiala sis Miele aceise see; ae easier meas

PU ulate COOLS canIMNA) S) <soae ao ced cise laces sails cisinsacieh eintciaelca scone
MONONA (SCAaCOW Ay CEC) ne cisis tuictaiscie sissy daciares cine eueresoete csersecie a einseiners
PG Qheu vp aAleS)) Remsen tr asarcsaista ‘icine s,s cae aise ce eiee ine asses oeet eee ee

Denticete: (sperm whales:and dolphins) ..22--- scence sa icscicess oss
Miysticetes (paleenmaviales) i 05 </js- sccisscctsierssiim mace ese elescinnelece se

FPPINBOCULV OEM (ENOIOS OCC. icin on ajc) caine Sela aucanea sees menieme assem Se tamaee
6.

(CMS ST COM ANKCRS) emer mista aie = eel sehen, ine ater eerie teeta setae seeinet) ais
Manso pinta (IMATSUPIAUES) wn no's 0 oi anv sjaom steel couinin ces in aceiaee secure

Mey PINE MG eee pees Soon emer ae nie wis'sale eccais SO aie crsleeicleiein cia ances enter Secale

8.
a:

Crocodilial (crocodiles) hese s Sone sas sine sone el ss acem scleresteeiele systemic
Mestudamatan(tOLioises) Mase oe osc wlals eee eeeae aeieaneteiae ciecisinemie jac

NOT SEURG ey tage ie ara aticinte aifela els oc leis mimetic are) ates Seales Slee eae eatorein wlael ee aiarctiers

VL:

10.
ne
12.
13,

14,
15.
16.
17.
18.
19,

Redicwlatin (amc lers) = s 522i 52s a/sieinisis sane cine eels sic! aaieieiciees 2 iaels sine ele
Plectognathi (globe, trunk, and file fishes)......-.-.. 1. -.2.-.2---0 0005
ophobranchun(pipestishes; dC.) gece connec ceisoe wee pescteae sacar cesses
MeleocepMaliaeses ceca cers ae-ssis, can sae coe kalo Ses amiciocelene sconces seieeae
FTELCROSOMAta (CH AtHISNOS))! Seis Csi wicinicl- ices cessicelcerce es cion euemeeceiecite
PANT AIC ALN (COM MOSCS) en era's cleelarmmc] wees aie) alejalanislarele soles eisiers=ieeaeta
Acanthoptert(spiny-fnnedstishes).<- <<. 6 c2tcewn stance escmaceeee ase
IROLCESOCESHMUIIUMELS BAGEL) sacinmarsiaa = a2eis wisjeiselneslteealeinniay jaetsemieees ss
Synentognathi (gar-fishes and flying-fishes) -............-.-5.----..-
ia lomEGpUKesGcCs) poms. ~ 211s hasan saremicsea a seemeiemem mer etetecice
Isospondyli (Salmon; -herring, GC)! <.\. vsawecyssosnaincice cea ciseeeneae
EMELGO OUT A DG (CABS) ere crater ae areiete \atal= ala aie Siareleiatalelet sleictey neta stoketeetetcieisrsterc
Nematoomabhin(CaL=nShes)) joo cnc aeiiossesicmmeieeece Aublemesiecte <eicie sole ae
PANTO CLOSE (ECLS) Reet weiis ein i= sto\s lala «de lo)ajnlaie je eieia mle laloteresietote eameters eee elt eerste as
Cy CoCanord ole (GMTAS) eo ccc eis --nin cep siee ne euciataiae at ealaeraieietstninetsriaini=i <=
uOMDOMamMOld etn (far=pUces)) es. cjonteitawcn ile seamed seminoma amma cise ele
Sel AGHOSTOMNG (ACC C=fs)) sa a o\4 se ce raa sale amtenardae melee ciciamiat sla(eane =.=
(HON UKGSTEL (SLUT OEODS)) lia anise iaie oiate fei sets Seieted tae tele eoiaeta He ininie ls etacele ale

BP WARMORILAN CHUM DIS) a a. scl chanicia salvacleics) samiate a certeemmsieiaafieaoeis cowie Sie c..

20
21

99

a=

LT OLOCOD ITAL (CHINAS) kereinpreistoletew anita ciateetstactelacisioinctsat=|=aje\eiwne cise = 2
TmetLee (SU LES ALCS) me oisvatain seinen atatoitiniayenistes aaa oraiaicisiercts inicioni=1s c/n ee ==
SUV EL SUE (RMCUCICN)) sitet oes a eietcte oe meneneieteionn motauaradetete tater tactarstaictclaiaicie #iSiciere o.<icic'e.e

Page.
XV

eh

5 Ww Ww Ww
- = >

5 Ww WW WW
0 WwW

we Ww 2?
GO GS Cr |

oo
— D

Vile ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES.

VII. MARSIPOBRANCHIATES..-.---.
23. Hyperoartia (lampreys) .<< 65.62 ene nome sees semen obits ae ae males eee
24, Hyperotreti (hags)-..----. pm face are ie el iol en eile ot le ete
VALLE: DUERPTO CARDONE io 2 Gee ee aice sl eens eee aera ie tee ee anne a eta ree
Bo. Cirrostomi (aneelets) <- ae ena ane aw ee ee ee ee ere

Section B.—MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE.

tApparatus of direct application.

T., HAND-DOMPLEMENTS (SIMPLE! TOOLS) 52 s<csiseee see = s\oaue eae seen eee Sie ae

* For striking.

AP ROR foe cite ee eben ween anes came eee oe a ae eee a ee ee
*** For thrusting.
5. Spears and Prods nc ..akecs oe eee pee nab eens n news onan wase mene anes

Il. IMPLEMENTS FOR SEIZURE OF OBJECT

* Scooping-instruments.

Bee COO PS etree ea ere ame Serta milan ee oe tet ee ea eae Slee
** Grasping-hooks.

7. Hooked implements (used with single motion, that of hooking) --.....

8. Barbed implements (used with two motions, the first that of thrusting).

De SD OTE Ge ew mp le a le a oa pte te

*** Grasping-lines.
10. Nooses,(lariats\and’anares) 2 sce. osceus hoes sae e eee eee ee eee
11. (Loaded lines (Uolas) -- sews ccesioe omwsiese cise rea siee as oe eee eee

12, Tangles: 22-3 2nccccesicnwe'scuwees Sao ewe ee aaa oe Sen eee eee ieE ewes

tt Apparatus of indirect application.
TUT, MISSILES (cue seve ecwe sean ndasine ene ee ae eee eee eee eee een

* Simple missiles (those propelled by the unaided arm).

13; Hurled weights.<: 5 <2. ccccesmpasme on come ach ened annotate
14. Hurled sticks

Page.

70
70
70
70
70

71

86
86

2a A

“* Centrifugal missiles (propelling power augmented by artificial lengthening of the arm).

16, Slings, and spears thrown by StLaps -<<n0 0s. 6snnesemn cccssseusnan@ae
17. Missiles thrown by ‘ throwing-sticks ”

"** Missiles propelled by a spring.

f Spring consisting of bent rod.
8. Bows and arrows «dp... 2.200 econ o aacece ss eussces o tennas cocacscsese °

—
D

88

88

ci ll

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Ill. Misstres—Continued.
{{ Spring consisting of elastic cord.
POT Pada PUN OT SUN PS: < 2's <1 ais a's aoeetescin's's aoa ne okine Je cees Posies Blesenes

{{{ Spring consisting of metallic helix.
20. Spring-PuTs =... -.-2<< Settee fee tee teeta tale eee feeiemeiye sists seve cicinice

**** Missiles propelled by compressed air or water.

OEE SUMS. So nea oom igen ccminciioe sco cere ane on Coane see ccs
eV RUST“ O WNIRK Soe itso ore, oa Sears ca nae tales a Se oye aera a de Ce aie re ticin eae’

***** Missiles propelled by combustion of gunpowder.
Pee MEM IS tao oe Safe Hee eS. Sao eee eine ae cane aaa ae as
24, (Accessory.) Ammunition and its preparation..............----.-----
25. (Accessory.) Accessories of loading, repairing, and testing fire-arms -.
26. (Accessory.) Accessories for carrying fire-arms. (Accoutrements) -...

RV DALI EDA HOOKS ——ANGLING-TACKLE, - =... - s--aa0 saaeaecaeowmecesatoeecate hee
27. Hooks with movable lines.—Hand-tackle ...-.....2-- .. 2200 ceee seen
28. Hooks with stationary lines.—Set-tackle...... 2... .200 ceccee cece eccene
29. (Accessory.) Parts and accessories to angling-apparatus -....-....-- =

ttt Apparatus to a greater or less extent automatic.

PRPS eet teeta atte e eh aatalatatein'a e's ono al Vain eee ame a= eee cele ejeenl
SU eat Ime (MESHING) NUS. «<- --. . a= cece eacieeieciatieem ie soon seeteces °
Sl ECAC CUM Pe NOUN satan ina alalenajse's win coos em sauais mele actieeceed oseices oe apenas

tttt Apparatus entirely automatic.

Vile DRMP Seer sais eels Sfeeeialnla (rinlnjnin'=''> = © «nin! clolmiaf ete leimiein] emia e]eaielejeinlainicisi= ei seen e
Sp ONC HAD Seer seatso se rscica) isso as a cais ois Seen closers siatee see eee eee
ea a REORDER Stee we atersia nie ala /w\w aS nie's cio ng tamelel nee sepuers|= oe Saranac ea tae
SAH aetr aps secon seiseseieeriele sic Sas «sein sacenicacle pieeeinieiencte Seseeeaas
SO mVMISSILG UU S temic pea eral erecele loco aioe ei =o in ciclnja sneinersnaste « Soe e Selo ma seesere
DOwPACMESIVeHNLO PALA LONG (ae ccistece mal-\<iajo. ze cineoremce\s eine neie eas ceiaekes os

VII. APPARATUS FOR WHOLESALE DESTRUCTION........-- Sosieine ee ea neineia ene
PP OINO DS pmeinet teal ate ereaiese eis 5s cnie) cinicie innit fo as cinvainininle aereieicieleioeree mer oree
Jo ASD RAN LUD PALAUUS) sori no) s nic iccisy bainloniejs cinco) ome bin ccinateies Nolen ne

oe pARMLCOOOS orate = Soa S ae ce sie winwis oo 5 cae aise anno ss sewcsc tae ds dame ee ceteadde

ttitt Accessories to the chase and fishing.

ee Ley NEN GA NUM MMSS eeerste sin) ein nc’ in (ale =a wei «vies ciateesalane eer sehen teen
AN EMCEE GE ATA etn c laennln oa = aciee aa 2 «a supmieeeece sae meme e tee
#1; ACCeSGOLies LO HUNT NP AMAMIMNAIS’ . - oo e'. oo cee main cemewecsaeusces
eee LEE POS ee shoe a ncin a's trae, Sait s nla aise ie eee nae See Nie
43. Accessories to hunting-birds.........-....-.-- Poe ateeetee eater ic me o
Ak ee EG TRESS CMe lap) siein'e (6 = = a¢aiand, mina) sai emt ea eee an in avec Sie
PAS PEC Oe ANE DISGUIONS o.5 <<5000.< toon oo Mea Ream eee tse nie acces inuo a
Taree tet ie eer tS Seo hal in fat hoa eter ia ee, Se ria
ae ROY Ame ate eae achs Ie ae a= ola! wialn (sip eS oat SN Te aR EAE oan eln Sy ikea ae ai
A/S OV GUS terete teeiencie ayo cio ate sien acura ate ett sate eect emia see ao atelije =’

AS MeuHOds Oo: Leama pOLudh] Oliees -smreeeas eemee ema ce miee sae ote nice oc oe
ASM Comp -OuUillmcadea rn atete ce rsce semteelcnc cite atiaee ce seis Siclcicrsataie esc ces
50. Personal equipments........... Siee ate tnettateetc a = aieina eieeeaeics atest

IX

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89

89

89
90

90
91
93
94
95
95

~

131
131
134
135
135
135
136
136
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to Ww Ww
p~ ~

x ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES.

Section C.—METHODS OF PREPARATION.

I. PREPARATION AND PRESERVATION OF FOODS ..---- Sete ae ete aero eas
1. Preservation of the living animals (see E, 3) ..-.---.-----------+--+-ee60

2, Preservation of fresh meats.....-----------.-- pa PA ati el ae Bas

3. Drying .... 22-2 22-2 won nas cnc cae conc wae e nnne sonne «eee ewes mans ase n===

4. Canning and pickling .....----- .. 2202 ---- e2e- cone oe cee e cece ne wn ne enee

5. Preparation of baits .....----. ------------ eee er eens cece ee ee ee eee

II. MANUFACTURE OF TEXTILE FABRICS, FELTS, AND STUFFINGS ..---.-.---- a
6; . From hair of mammals: 222. <5 soacanpwre wane etemee = Sa eae

7. From whalebone) « .o< 22) ecw cc icc nics thew dael ae ae at ele ied axial ae ea

8. From feathers) c<<cnic ascas(-saclsons eae sienmimntn eis oy Ht aia et eiela pe a

9. From silk of insects...-.. s.-s0.-ca= alee el cata teen ene ete le

10, From soft parts of other invertebrates ......----------+--------.------
III. PREPARATION OF THE SKIN AND ITS APPENDAGES ----..----.---- Sees 2
UY. Carrying: -2- foss:c sce cecmemiesems efe nits see a ia Oreia Safa eee eee ae ie

12.. Manning. ccasciece== re ete Sexe Se aa niente eae Ban ae eee

13. Fur-dressing......-.---.<< Sanisro ewe meee mein = lien ole = Biomater. siesta att

14. Feather-dressing ..---..----..---------- esas cae e ee se naa ee

15. Manufacture of quill articles .....-....-..---- eit Rr ces Lia ee

16. Hair-and: wool works..25 125-2 s acc Seca ae cake ohare em aes te

IV. PREPARATION OF THE HARD TISSUES ...-..---- Sees eee ee na ee ae
17. Ivory cutting and carving .....-..---- -02----- ---- +++ --4--------- =

18. Preparation of horn and hoofs.....-..------ 00+ ---+ e220 eee eee eee eee

19. Preparation of whalebone.... ....-------.-------- eee ese ees ea

20. Preparation of tortoise-shell..........-----.----- SF a eho eee hee aot

21. Preparation of fish-seale work, &¢e .......- Sete mnie ae ae oe ee eee ee ere

22; Preparation of nacre. .c...5--- sscne< Se Seshe cea alor ae seas e eee irete tenes

23. Preparation of coral) <i5-5..-:4--se-s= Saeed siceccteeeen eee

24. Preparation of other hard tissues.........--...- pearaee prac ate eee

V. PREPARATION OF OILS AND GELATINES......---.--- © omnes bn oe ce oe se sane ss =
95, Extraction of whale-0ils)_. 2.2 sec coe cen en oclecine eniyn eel wa ea nem

O6, Extraction of other mammal OS << -ceasle < ssc oc ences oie a wee = ole ee ee

27. Extraction of bird and reptile oils........---. Ree a eee peta

Of). Extraction: of fish-OS :o2-.6 sescewcctaws wee oes she ene seep es com enc namie

29. Extraction of glue, gelatine, and isinglass.......-.-...---------------
VI. PREPARATION OF DRUGS, PERFUMES, AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS .....--.- :
30. Preparation of perfumes .-- 22. 2... 2. penne cece n ono cee en nnn n ne tee

31. Manufacture of ivory-black 2. ~~. <p ncse. cnc k en cece ce cw oens wwenms men we

32. Manufacture of prussiates....-....--- wWases sche Vivuseenl aes aero

33. Manufacture of murexides ........-.....- a are lotia abe nae ate tee hn Ot rei

34. Manufacture of cochinealolors oc. v ccceen on ceup dees Cee ass ee eee a

35. ‘Manufactare'of inks 2.225. cecer acs cot ecenee ee Ceo anee .o Rena eens

36. Manufacture of albumen .................-. Sen ae Sa ate in ele eee

37. Manufacture of pepsin ..... Seeth a nese eee eee inks ria ia rete ental eee cree een

38. Manufacture of phosphorus ...-.-. Fate ears amen eae weieas oe senene cane

39. Manufacture of sal ammoniac ..... didn ae (a oa Selene ae ce ete Soak apes ace .

40, Manufacture of ammonia........... Spates totes SS ieee R eeebak. Sotver

41. Manufacture of albumen preparations .............--.- Sercecstene wake

42. Manufacture of propylamine .......... eee eaeeeen eee ae

43. Manufacture of formic acid ...........-. Sa alae. ote Pena e

44. Manufacture of carbazotates ..... pings atm ee a Rae ees Oe aoe eee oi
VII. PREPARATION OF FERTILIZERS ......-000 sauce sisi phi eha a Ser PTE nT Carer eat 3
Se STOPALALION Of TOrtilizers: :o. 6.0 ccc ce suseus SeuMan Meee ee eae es bene >
VIII. PREPARATION OF MIMES.........- , saanienianeen Chea Sate aweleb ela
46. Burning of lime ............ esa eee Saesas Sew ae wae ees ae eae

TABLE OF CONTENTS. xI

Page.

IX. PRUSERVATION OF THE ANIMAL FOR SCIENTIFIC USES.2-.--..ccccces-ceee, 176

Av ETCSCLVAUON OL Web PLEparatlOUS sccinasiescisselacscce sles scs eciclscelscc ces 176

AS MSG lStON-MAKIN O aac as eienis coe ites ade weeiaaisivaccbe scslecelrecs ess csic/s siete 177

AGM O MSN Ot ee ee aterm cine minteaw ia lee se eee sen acs palaces eicicte.c sstcaais cine ote aie 1i7

HOSP ARI ELMVe se stecetsee see Ace Sack mee iseie ceemenesicechucsiciste nica oaielerestocce PLS

51. (Accessory.) Photographic and other delineating apparatus...--..--- 178
Section D.—ANIMAL PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS.

eR E OODSeeer ee iene occ tes umm ceeiee snce ce wceeceetoretnecaetesesce, LG

Jee BOoOds ska ies biCON CUO: eas cvs veaiee ciniccracrs ocis ee enetereeeiece cistesccesen GO

a mROOdsamed andismMOKCHl ee saa sa atiecnleele mesllceteccremeaiseaceamte cise asso 182

ap Hoodsisalted,canneds and! pickled -dccciscesis ssisceiesicws) seecadccnescnsee 184

Aree | alines!(SEeled) Soom siceioe ec ot teae ceciecas secon aaccrecscmemciaclececenes: a Lot

Se SAlus aANOs OOS LOL AMINA) cassis seisce cus cicicscisicieinnc weceiscmice Nesteistee 187

I OER Gansta lara ee etea io Sel animcisiain(sinm~ cicle sie a aatelaieia acto) Saas pasate eee 188

Gin Saetotes eine eae sie eie este sao icc.cctelaists sejce s ceitets(cs seein essicinige coc enl ELLOS

GemUCALReTS) (SCOial) een semekeclcictsaten mala ccceaele vasieicealessiniceccissisese velsseeeies, eLgo
Some bll Cea El egw ote eisai acai oe mee eiave os aeIaee eas che ope ra Salas Brats 195
Til. MATERIALS EMPLOYED IN THE ARTS AND MANUFACTURES...--.---------- 197

* Hard materials.

Oly Oly All Cav ONG marie ass cars See o ae eee saree ae Ue mae Solniocwee saeiweaseee 197
ODOR eee sears sree Sa ey Ree ee rs ee ee ate eat nie ine ee oe ecieeeetcs, EQOE
EET OO TS tan CG lanvs eevacernc eae seks ite oe a eit Se erale ote ie ociate Seicenis tenis ete cn 202
hOB aleOn eee corr ecomentercete chs eet oacteenaiecute Bos Se eee eee late onl Saas 203
PSR MNOTHOISC=S il Ol lage terea terete oie te oes acto nec eicio eee ia ae ce rotons meme seed 205
ARES CalleSmer en cee eleree oe Tee ie ee cee Seema Sloat he roca ea a eeicitae wee, US
Ny meb OCIS ee ys eens ee oa ta i ates ere teas er Fe Sais renee several toi nee 206
GBS 1S Sierras eee ee a erate oe c nea ee ne AN pis} la SER Lat - 206
FAR zea ©. OTS) lepers erence ete ee eee ee ee To eee eos onl Mi ctwid Mia nein Minis Deowiee 207
18. Infusorial earth ..-.-.... Prete NE as wes Std San Al he RL Se ee 8 207

19: Other materials derived: from invertebrates. ...=.. <.0-< cose. .cce cee §«©6 2008

** Flexible materials.

OO eel Ga uD eheyectsscie se Ses ce sat ste ecisideisic cs ie- cs soecech Memecciecceecees 208
21. Hair and wool (see also 8)..........-.-.----. the SEU OS ec eaeek one ene ee ola,
eM UMS yarserye re wisia enna nictereote wieine ss a wisl ciaicicielsiolaiesteele ule demtenaetaaetem ares 219
Do mNOALD OLS macmels scice cscs sea tokes cas clcd secece od ce wecule eleecre wire meets miele 219
CA GEAUING ANOMSIN GT IASS «a eset cise cic sive sci elon Sele nisianisiesicecisiiaioeeemics se 220
25. Flexible materials from insects and mollusks...... 2... .--000 cecnes once 222
Om SDON GCS com ere tee cia erele mi cielere nae = eininial si-relim ofan ta ele te alarslsinieieereteteieteise a= 223
*** Fluids and soft materials.

ee OLS AMC WU oe Sets waelclse.c bel oe = 1,0 oo sa cinctchsaacaeraca cate mnie cele nis eeecs | wero
OSE CLLUMIOS Hote <p teaecinia Se sce Sain'ecininia cto ae eefueeetomeieee Meise eiaais cineisiecciw' se 227
oO CLOLIN OPIN ALCLEMIN stars a cj Fx a inic) sani cape acleieiiteceetnite mses dela(-ciete alae fouls 228
30, Chemical products and agents employed in the arts and medicine. ---- 229
LMI ONUMLLZONS Selects ois ia = =ais omic are, ole nials So cte SeeNee ete tee waoticavejeskepece ss 231
32, sLaMes | (SES UNCCL SO) )s cass ccwoceloce clone eee eetseainincsnsct canis ciceincisiesinc = 232
Sam CUNT A LOLUALS cersiace oy alclos ce isjeye cain slatelaniatneteteineitiate e atclcioiarnin wie vininsiavsie'wisinis 232

Section E.—PROTECTION AND CULTURE OF USEFUL ANIMALS.

BR VINA VeRE SUN CATT) Ny oie sore ste Sere oe tee ret Ie NE BS rN cea seve 233
1. The methods of the United States Fish Commission. ........---.------ 233

XII ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES.

ED, PROTECTION 65 oon ceo a nna ne vnus vasbidace teueee seieen eee eet eens aoe eee
2. Preservation of game and fish.......-.-.. ...... cavene meee = ewe erates

4. (Accessory.) Enemies of useful animals.................... eens

Sia Ee ROVAGATION 5 ivedusscouicasaudaneng= snd pee dsnwsowpan cup sane iehaaeee
5. Propagation of mammals <- <-.< cine soon conv case cece Viewna eselewuonn ss

6. Propagation‘of birds) 22222. <-s sc nce nes -ae cop meee ieee ae ae ree

7« Propagation: Of TOPiiles ~ 2 ca. ae ene caninapeaseee es wane see ape ae ene eee

S. Propagation: of ‘amphibians! <--> 2 cocess ceseeeeeuee oan ee eee ete -
9.- Propagation of fishes). cocci. cecus (cae clean em oe ete ee ae ee eee
10.) Propagation: of -imseots - =< -< --Sec~ 2. oe enon sen eee ene
It. Propagation of leeches”... -c<.+-<ce-ssecnmenoe ete ee eee ee eee
12. Propagation of mollusks: .=---.<2ss--)-see sore oe AARC tier Bese Ae
13. Propagation of Corals)... 8. cna ce cee onace nina gee ee nee eee
14. Propagation of sponges .... ...-...-...--- (iiecpens aah aeseasewe see

Page.
241
41
244
244
244
244
245
245
245
248
2438
248
248
248

CATALOGUE OF ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE ECONOMICAL INVERTEBRATES

OF THE AMERICAN COASTS. BY W..H. DALL.

MOLLUSCA CEPHALOPODA.—Squids and Cuttles.... .. .cccce ceca wocnce wove sens

MOLLUSCA GASTEROPODA.—Sea-Snails, 0 ..226 scnnns cone 2 coe n enee aeecnsscse
AG SOLON 2 qoutes cleo eb Soe crce oe eer ee eee Mette san: daaen ae eee ;

ft, Used for foodior bation. o- « see eee ee eee ote aa een eee ee

2. Usetal by progucing pear)-shell, Go... i, 2.02 ousen nc scene eeaees

3. Affording cameo and porcelain stock ...... wace00sssces secenecesces
4. Used-in' Indianstrade! 2. --o wesc stene ene ntee oe Sa ee ee

o. ‘Affording dyestufis 2527. oc cee causes eee ee cee eee

6, Affording ‘bird-lim6 - <202542..-., ste ssuencesg eee eee ee eee .

Bi Inj Wtous 3... oo oe rp weenotee ccna dae eaters Soe Cee ee eee

1. By destroying food-producing mollusks or shell-fish, such as clams,
mussels, oysters, and. razor-ishi-. sce cs eo ease eee see ee eeeen

2. Injurious by destroying vegetable substances and garden plants....
MOLLUSCA ACEPHALA,—Bivalve Shellfish ..2. scons somecseemteececcns uacw cane
A... Producing f00d'or used: ad Dette sesa. ore eee ee ee eee eee

1. Series illustrating distribution and geographical varieties .........-

OSTREA VIRGINICA, Gmelin.—East American Oysters -........---- .22s20 seseee
OSTREA LURIDA, Cpr.— WestCoast OVsters >. - 4 son meceentee-b eee ee eenceeas
1. Extra limital: si. oveen eee oe ae cecko ee eens: epee ieee eee

2. Series illustrating culture and individual variations...-........-..--
OSTREA VIRGINICA, Gmelin.—East American Oysters -.......-....------------
a .Growth. 1-20: years old: s-2S.5. 0 a cee eee eee een eee eee eee eee
b.. Peculiarities of form..and, growth: -.ss0cbuulayssanenba See as peak eeeeen

RR me ee ee ee ee

c. Enemies and parasites

*** Other bivalves.

A. Affording or available for food or bait....--..-. Gifs heen a res ta aed eee teen eer
B. Useful or ornamental bivalves other than those affording food..........

a. Pearl-producing
1. River mussels

TO me ee Re ee ee ee

2%. Marine pearl-shells....... ssi. sseuuwmcWh Chee ee cece Bee Eeeeen naan

b; Otherwise useful: . 0. se ches cand eleanor
Ry. AMRIIOOS DIVALVES . 5 35.00 wcenwins cece csknwpeae dene ee eeenee ee ene eee
@ Destroying submerged timber. ..... ..cstcusnss ones epeaueesanumen wane
1, Specimens of wood showing ravages
DEPTOMALE LOOUK weer suns sbacue ou 3

251
251
251
251
251
252
202
252
202

253

253
253

oo
253
253
253
253
254
259
205
255
255

255

256
256
256
256
258
258
298
208
258
259

TABLE OF CONTENTS. XIIT

Page.
CRUSTACEA PHYLLOPODA ...--...-.--..<- Belomeinteseelece se ecie eect seacaccine of em 2oo
A. Useful. Converted into fertilizers. Carapax used as a scoop or boat-
MaMlete se aa ees ston tials Woes ee ee sate weinas coeecs tacts os ecele sede. 259
ists PAGES OD OD Anvemia's sloseie sae eee aaa see elacseer scaie soa os sce ereeatee 260
AV USCLUL eb yaLemovine: WLeCkKS) OL SNACS —ceces cases sees lsece olamic vasisec 260
B. Injurious; by destroying submerged timber ....-...-....----------00<0 260
CRUSTA CHASES LOMATOROD Arc or)seons ce ae toe New clorce alanis oe ee ecle cae. na cia(e 260
CRUSTACEA DECAPODA.—Lobsters, Shrimp, Crawfish, Crabs....-......--.- geste)” 2260
Ae USO Lule tOOG-SUPPLyIN Oe q fa) /nmisisin oe selec else bias sscieatiele cisrsieets seas aes =) 200
iB Commensalawath other food supplies) sa2s-- = -s-<jseceecieans secace cc cess 261
C. Injurious by burrowing into and weakening levees and dams .......... 261
D. Prepared foods...-.- Sle el eta als Fae ine aheetok tela leteineeicle se eee sree eiate eae 261
CTARUPHD LAG GIPUTIOUS) Saacio socom inee se coleman mee selene tein oe ee niscioa cee 262
a. By dulling*the edge of knives and spades employed in ‘cutting in”
wil elOvb Ub bere smear Ye saci otsiere = suneleleae) estan secon Saaciaciese see 262
b. By obstructing the progression of vessels upon which they affix them-
REIN GShrclsaseeer meetee emer cca o ee staan cremate nee ee ent ace ae eee 262
ANNE A, VWOTMS and Heeches..- 2.5... .-cece cscs cams s Beene ses oesteeae eas 262
PU BRU ecei na Sse, a wcteRact cicicin 2s io colaie o «'sjniels Braise eS tiayecrainio eiesaitseiacts = ao
1. In surgery and medicine .-....-.--- Satee selaeeoetaeaa eae see earns sa= « | 202
SOE Ab ME MSMIN MG seeecos st. swe ne Seatecaae «snceras coacteeaise <be 262
POT OOULe aerate set ae ret ae emits ASE Sas ence Se cnt akrecmelich «/e,<e 262
Bs Lojurious)-2— = eet eRe eae oheininaiae laos aeiepeinio iene steasie ee aisle ie 262

1. By boring into and destroying oyster-shells -...............---..-.. 262
RADIATES.—Sea-Urchins, Starfish, Corals, Medusae, ete .............-.-------- 262

AS USORU remap sco « ciseis.cbcie ste selene sniseoeiscmiaisecaisee apie eale mete pascin | ee
I ELOOG-PLOUUCIN Cpectee cee em east aec ei accecle acess Sone a aee eel Ssloeee sais 262
Be siMjUMOUS sss. S6- ses aoe os ele fee noiecins Sons so ssa aeoraaleeeiesteie aia 263
[Pe Destro yan Oysuers Clams gh: Coeemieriecinc oae- «cian aaincicseelnsaacceecers 263
2. By their urticating powers annoying bathers and “fouling” nets
and fishing lines with slime—various acalephs .......-.----...---- 263
BORO ANS <— SOUPS, CUG cst caae ae oa) asi taieee ssn elcigs «iss eeinccoceeneces Seeceae 263
Settle seasig tosses e se ieGccche yc .cinc ose Bele pnei an ose se coe po aerate 263
1. For conveyance of fluids requiring an elastic and temporary men-
siruum, and as a determent.-.--. .-----6.25-----6 SeSeeeeaeeeel eee cOO
2. Useful as an elastic medium or absorbent .........--..-...--------- 264
INL OUS meemeete each eee innate ese sx scicrs) om cats sis, Seieee eos aes eee 264
TRB ACES LLOVIN OV OVSLCIS = a nic aiieicic cons cob coos cweewcciee eceeeeermes 264
PLAGE ODN ee nee ene aattee cals aan cs, ton aoe a aa nin) sca om seiatetsis foie enercocy be

MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS OF SEA OR SHORE, NOT OF AN ANIMAL

NATURE.
da WICHONS= seco. => ==~ Be enter neie cea aeerera qcosode peace esata e sate cok
GoeAIP ees ais cee. eerie ade Sotelo se lacs eee See ee meee ae eeeiteemat C00
iS Havine economical applications. 2.5 cscs caceectsccicacccrceses-oe- 200
ane CEA errr eenIIRES 5 osc) pace c) Se ee eae ealanetetaieeeee eeeeiseeciercucecs) 1200

INORGANIC MATERIALS ......

Seed eam delan nanan eeaeeeee a semaine stsacieem acces sod L

XIV ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES.

COMMERCIAL STATISTICS OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS IN THE UNITED STATES.
A REVIEW OF A PORTION OF THE REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE
BUREAU OF STATISTICS FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1877.
BY G. BROWN GOODE.

Page.

Living animals. .2 2-2... =~ 2se02 245 onc cnn een wns saeese seedes sivca- secces! |) Cie
Food products, except fish..---. a wee om Se aia a et tee a 274
WISD Jo oscecwacce cake sawenclscanmuleei—me'e ee ms ne ni el tom 217
eae fara mci me ela ce mle w a ete er che ate el tet gs eee te 282

TVOLY 2220 nc nnn oe tome ee cannes cn wn we pans cam nasienenes bnwcen peennsensmarnn= 288
EOL D © scree cis coe ee emt elem me oes wt pact GN p ms Rs eslis pea ats ps er siesta advo ee Ms a eterna att eet QR9
Whaleb0ne: <u occices ceeisnns Wie dsnatns wm aelencs cee a ctae cule eneten ares tiattaeete 289
SHEL Seo 8 a Vac cchoeisic s mtninwiale hae aieie/a aici ae aie'd el pinicleie oe sate teta alte aterm eerie 289

Coralie bance sheet escent oo ore cee ee cee eee le ee 289
Weather 2 oad... cekdScveds chee vekwa wees (ered Sees e acne ee tele ee eee Steere 289
Hides ANG) BRINE. ~ sooo cas coe ca cecieteoe eee omen Coes eee oie ae eee ee ee 290

Bristles. 22% Bose cen fo Sos ceeds ee docee deecme ewe cisne sen eN nee ae eee 294
QS ce eae oe leis mile se mw ar len eral lee tl te 295

Weathers. <2. \oc cS weies oe hede ene cineca wae mise clot aces Seater ete ota eae lee ane
Glueand \Pelatinev. (ooo see nae cree nee ore ee eee cine ee eee ne _ 295
SDON GER siinns sn ceesta ana. s fae ae ase ane ane eee ee 295

Oils, fats, and -BOADS..2 52-5) ee Sigel oe wel el ale sie le tao tan
- PeTLOMeLry Materials? soso cee ese ae soe os omnis nee a rete ee ee

Colorinmunatenials Psa ee teeta eel fe em ace at ac ae 297
Chemical preparations, medicines, Wei. o. e ce on paws coc ease a aseeee = 298
Bonesiect ence coc atcns cieewe ese eee embetter ee Sec areas pecans eee eee aE
Guano/and other fertilizers’: 2222 -)-eocicsas ota ee Cote rece encse ees eerie 299

Specimens ‘of natural history: ..c.2.05 cane pacechowcent fan ses pecan ence amen
Alphabetioal index... .niecsscect anad Uae etme anes pepe oe mniahiad pigmcne ees nee

INTRODUCTORY NOTE.

On the occasion of the International Exhibition, in 1876, certain appre-
priations were made by Congress to the Smithsonian Institution and
the United States Fish Commission. The former was called upon to
prepare an exhibition to illustrate the economical value of the mineral
and animal products of the country, while the latter was to perform a
similar task for the national fisheries. It was subsequently found desir-
able for the Smithsonian Institution to unite with the Indian Bureau in
displaying the condition of the aboriginal tribes of the United States in
prehistoric and modern times. Four distinct departments of work were
thus provided for, (1) an ethnological exhibition, (2) an exhibition of
minerals, (3) an exhibition of animal resources, and (4) a fishery exhib‘-
tion. The first and second were arranged on opposite sides of the nave
in the Government building, at Philadelphia, and at its north end. The
latter, it was found, could not be separated, since the character of the
specimens and the methods of arrangement required were the same.
They were arranged in one series on the north side of the east transept
and to the east of the nave extending north to the beginning of the
mineral series.

The following catalogue is a simple enumeration of the objects exhib-
ited in this series, and illustrative of the animal resources and _ the fish-
eries of the United States. It is essentially a reproduction of the card-
catalogue prepared in 1876 and still in use in the administration of the
collection, which, having been greatly augmented by systematic efforts
in the United States and by donations from foreign governments, now
forms an important section of the United States National Museum. The
catalogue has been as far as practicable made complete up to the present
time, in so far as it relates to North America. No effort has, however,
been made to include the collateral series of specimens from foreign
countries.

The plan of arrangement is fully shown in the TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Beginning with the Useful and Injurious Animals, it next takes up the
MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE, then, successively, the MrmTHops
OF PREPARING THEM FOR USE, THE USEFUL PRODUCTS, and, finally,

XV

XVI INTRODUCTORY NOTE.

the MEANS OF PROTECTION AND CULTURE. The preliminary plan of
classification is given in full, whether specimens were obtained to illus-
trate it or not, and indicates wherein the collection isstill imperfect.*

It seems appropriate to remark that a very large number of the speci-
mens included in this catalogue and exhibited in Philadelphia were
borrowed from the permanent collections of the National Museum, and
have for many years been on exhibition in the Smithsonian building.

G. BROWN GOODE.

WASHINGTON, April 11, 1879.

* For a fuller exposition of this plan see the following pamphlet:

International Exhibition 1876. | Board in Behalf of United States Executive Depart-
ments. | ——= | Classification | of the | Collection to Illustrate | the Animal Re-
soures of the United States. | A List of Substances derived from the Animal Kingdom,
with Synopsis of the Useful and Injurious Animals | and a Classification of the Meth-
ods | of Capture and Utilization. | | By G. Brown Goode, M. A., | Assistant
Curator | U. 8. National Museum, | | Washington: | Government Printing
Office. | 1876. | 8vo. pp. xiii (1) 126. Also published as Bulletin No. 6, Department of
the Interior, United States National Museum; and as Article VI in Vol. XII of the
{Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Washington, 1878.

SECON .-A..

LIST OF ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA BENEFICIAL
OR INJURIOUS TO MAN.

*Il. MAMMALS.
Orpver FER.

Suporper FISSIPEDIA.
FELIDA.

Lynx rufus, (Guidenstiidt,) Raf—Bay Lynx or W1iLD CAT.—North
America.

12476. Mounted. Denver, Col. C. E. Aiken. Dec. 14, 1875.
12477. Mounted. (Young.) Denver, Col. C. E. Aiken.

Lynx canadensis, (Geoff. & Desm.,) Raf—Canapa Lynx.—North-
ern North America.

12475. Mounted. Houlton, Me. Rev. R. R. McLeod. Dec. 15, 1875.

Felis eyra, Desm.—Eyra Cat.—Southwestern North America.
9532. Mounted. Tehuantepec, Mex. F. Sumichrast.

Felis yaguarunmdi, Desm.—YAGuUARUNDI CAT.—Southwestern
North America.

8480. Mounted. Tabasco, Mex. Col. Sarto.

Felis concolor, Linn.—PumaA or CouGAr.—America generally.
11813. Mounted. Centra] Colorado. James Stevenson. 1874.

Felis omca, Linn.—JaGuar.—Southwestern States, Central and
South America.

10390 -- 12296. Mounted. Died in captivity at Government Insane Asylum,
Washington. *

* The numbers prefixed to the enumeration of specimens are Smithsonian catalogue
numbers. When two numbers are given, separated by the mark of division (—), the
first mentioned refers to the particular preparation of the animal in question; the second,
to some other related part entered in a different series. For example, in 10390 — 12296,
the first number belongs to the skin and the second to the skeleton of a specimen of
Felis onca,

Bull. N. M. No. 14——1

2 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Felis pardalis, Linn.—OcreLor or TIGER CAt.—Southwestern
North Amevica.
12179 + 14179. Mounted. Talamanca, Costa Rica. Talamanca expedition. Prof.
W. M. Gabb.

12187. Mounted. Talamanca, Costa Rica. Talamanca expedition. Prof. W.
M. Gabb.

CANIDE.

Canis lupus, Linn., var. grisco-albus.—Gray Wo.Lr.—North
America generally.

3573 + 3520. Mounted. (Winter pelage.) Platte River, Neb. C. Drexler.

Vulpes fulvus, (Desm.,) var. fulwas, (Desm.)—Rrp F’ox.—North-
ern North America.

7124. Mounted. (Male.) La Pierre’s House, Rocky Mts. R. Kennicott. Dec.,
1861.
6403. Mounted. (Female.) Yukon River. R. Kennicott. Oct. 21, 1860.

Vulpes faulvus, (Desm.,) var. decussatus.—Cross Fox.

6407. Mounted. (Female). Ft. McPherson, Peels River, Hudson’s Bay Terri-
tory. R. Kennicott. Nov. 28, 1861.
‘““A very fine cross fox, nearly silver, small and apparently young. The
Indians told me she would be a silver fox next year.”—Kennicott.
6408. Mounted. (Female.) Ft. McPherson, Peels River, H. B. T. R. Kenni-
cott. Noy. 30, 1861.
“A good typical cross fox; tail rather small.”—Kennicott.
6404, Mounted. (Male.) Yukon River. R. Kennicott. Oct. 22, 1860.
“A rather fine cross fox, approaching more nearly the silver fox than
the red.”—Kennicott.
12466. Mounted. Houlton, Maine. Rev. R. R. McLeod. Dec. 31, 1875.

Vulpes fulvus, (Desm.,) var. argentatus.—SILVER Fox: BLACK
Fox.

6410. Mounted (Male.) Yukon River. R. Kennicott. Novy. 17, 1860.
“A fine silver fox.”—Kenn.
6411. Mounted. (Female.) Ft. MePherson, Peels River, H. B. T. R. Kenni-
cott. Oct. 17, 1861.
“Black fox ; some had still less silver.”—Kenn.

Vulpes macrurus, Baird.—Pramtme Fox.—Western States.
——. Mounted. Wyoming.
Vulpes velox, (Say,) Aud. & Bach.—Kar Fox or Swirr F'ox.—West-
ern States.

12470. Mounted. Colorado. Chas. E. Aiken. Jan. 15, 1876.
12469. Mounted. Colorado. Chas. E. Aiken. Jan. 15, 1876.
11085. Mounted. Rocky Mountains.

Vulpes lagopus, (Linn.,) Gray — Arctic Fox.—Alaska.

—. Skin. St. Paul’s Id., Alaska. G. R. Adams.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 3

oe om Virgimiamus, (Schreber,) Gray.—Gray Fox.—United
States generally.

Virginia.

Urocyon vVirgimiamus, (Schreber,) var. lnttoralis.—Coast GRAY
Fox.—Islands of the California coast.

12440. Mounted. Santa Cruz,Cal. H.W.Henshaw. U.S. Survey W. of 100M.

MUSTELIDA.

Mustela Pemmamti, Erxl—Fi1sHer.—Northern North America.

12472. Mounted. Houlton, Maine. Rey. R. R. McLeod. Jan. 15, 1876.
3279. Mounted. Olympia, W. T. Geo. Gibbes.

Mustela americana, Turton.—PINE MARTIN or AMERICAN SABLE.
Northern United States.

12544. Mounted. Hudson’s Bay Territory. R. Kennicott.
79. Mounted. Hudson’s Bay Territory. R. Kennicott
—— Mounted. Hudson’s Bay Territory. R. Kennicott.
1015. Mounted. Hudson’s Bay Territory. R. Kennicott.
6414. Mounted. Yukon River, mouth of Porcupine, Hudson’s Bay Territory.
R. Kennicott.
6429. Mounted. Yukon River, mouth of Porcupine, Hudson’s Bay Territory.

R. Kennicott.

Putorius ermimea, (Linn.,) Cuvier —WHITE WEASEL: ERMINE.—
Northern United States.

9355. Mounted. Kodiak. F. Bischoff. 1868.
6498 — 1029. Mounted. (Male.) Yukon River, mouth of Porcupine R. R

Kennicott.
1427. Mounted. (Male.) Middleboro, Mass. J. W. P. Jenks.

Putorius lomgicauda, Bonaparte—LONG-TAILED WEASEL.—
Western United States.

9350. Mounted. Wyoming Territory. Dr. F. V. Hayden.

Putorius visom, Rich—Mivx.—North America generally.

12432. Mounted. (Male.) Moore’s Lake, Minn. J. H. Batty.
4396. Mounted. Liard River. R. Kennicott.

1653 — 12309. Mounted. United States.

2392. Mounted. Cape Flattery, W. T. Dr. Suckley.

Putorius nigripes, Aud. & Bach—BLAcK-FOOTED FERRET.—
Western States (in holes of Prairie dogs).

12409. Mounted. Spotted Tail Agency, Neb. Col. A. Chambers, U.S. A. Oct.
1, 1875.

12462, Mounted. Cheyenne, Wyoming. Capt. Jas. Gilliss, U. 8. A. Dec. 27,
1875.

4 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.
Gulo luscus, Sabine —WoOLVERENE or GLUTTON.—Northern North
America.

3747. Mounted. Great Salt Lake, Utah. Capt. Stansbury.
4361. Mounted. Ft. Simpson, H. B. T. B.R. Ross.

Taxidea americana, Waterh—AMERICAN BADGER.—Western
United States and Pacific Slope.
12471. Mounted. Colorado. Chas. E. Aiken. Jan. 15, 1876.

Mephitis mephitica, (Shaw) Baird—Common Skunk.—Eastern
United States..

4348. Mounted. Washington, D.C. C. Drexler.
12522. Mounted. Golden, Col. C. E. Aiken.
1071. Mounted. Middleboro, Mass. J. W. P. Jenks.
4127. Mounted. Lynn, Mass. George Welch.
1070. Mounted. (Male.) Middleboro, Mass. J. W. P. Jenks. Dee. 3, 1855.
Mephitis mexicana, Gray.— MEXICAN SkuNnK.—Mexico.
8566. Mounted. Orizaba, Mex. Mr. Botteni.
Spilogale zorilla, (Linn.) Coues—LitTLE Srrirpep SKUNK.—
Western United States and Pacific Slope.

1188. Mounted. Santa Clara, Cal. Dr. J.S. Newberry. Nov., 1805.

Conepatus mapurito, (Gmelin) Coues. — WuiItrE- Back.»
SKUNK.—Southwestern United States.

790 — 1886. Skin. Western Texas. Capt. J. Pope, U.S. A.
LUTRINZE.

Lutra canadensis, Sab.—Amprican OrtTEeR.—North America
generally.
3280. Mounted. Steilacoom, Wash. Ter. Géorge Gibbs.
0145 — 4456. Mounted. Washington, D.C. National Institution.
ENHYDRINE.
Enhydra marina, Fleming —SeA Orrer.—Pacifie Coast of the
United States.

9457. Mounted. (Adult.) Alaska. Dr. T. T. Minor.
9458, Mounted. Alaska. Dr. T. T. Minor.

URSIDE.

Ursus horribilis, Ord.—Grizzty Brar.—Western United States
and Pacific Slope.

12308, Mounted. (16 years old.) Laramie, Wyoming. Major Twiss. (Con
fined in the Government Insane Hospital, Washington, from 1858 to
1874.)

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 5

Ursus americanus, Pallas—BLAcK BEAR.—United States gen-
erally.

12380. Mounted. Northern Michigan. John Wallace.

Thalarctos maritimus, (Linn.) Gray— WHITE or POLAR BEAR.
—Northern America, Europe and Asia.
12379. Mounted. Greenland. John Wallace.

PROCYONID SE.

Procyon lotor, (Linn.) Storr—RAccoon.— United States generally.

5148. Mounted. National Institution.
5147. Mounted. National Institution.
26789. Mounted. Wyoming, N. Y. H. A. Ward. Rochester, N. Y.

Nasua fusca, .—COATIMUNDI.—Texas.
12757. Mounted. Brownsville, Texas. Dr. J. C. Merrill, U. S. A.

PINNIPEDIA.

OTARIIDE.

Callirhinus ursinus, (Schreber) Gray.—FUR SEAL.—North Pa-
cific Ocean and Bering’s Sea.
12918-34. Mounted. (Group of 17.) Prybilov Islands, Alaska. Alaska Commercial

Company, San Francisco.
12935. Mounted. Alaska. H. W. Elliott.

Eumetopias Stelleri, (Fischer) Gray—SrEA Lion.—Pacifie Coast.

12489. Mounted. (Female.) Prybiloy Islands, Alaska. Alaska Commercial
Company, San Francisco.

12488. Mounted. (Male.) Prybilov Islands, Alaska. Alaska Commercial Co.,
San Francisco.

12936. Mounted. (Young.) North Pacific.

Zalophus Gilliespii, (Macbain) Gill—TuHE Sea DoGg.—Pacific
Coast.

12937. Mounted. Southern California. Capt. Baker.

PHOCIDAE.

PHOCINZE.

Phoca vitulina, Linn—Tue Common SEAL; HArBor SEAL.—
North Atlantic.
12453. Cast. Provincetown, Mass. 1875.

623. Photograph. (Young.) U.S. Fish Commission.
624. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.

6 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Phoca Richardsii, (Gray) Gill—LEoPpARD SEAL.—North Pacific.

3742. Mounted. California.
12494. Mounted. AdakhId. Alaska. W. H. Dall.

Pagophilus groenlandicus, (Miill.,) Gray—HArp Seau.—aAretic
Seas.

5853. Mounted. Sable Island, N.S. P. W. Dodd.

8122. Mounted. Franklin Harbor, Arctic Seas. R. McFarlane.
5851. Mounted. Sable Island, N.S. P. W. Dodd.

12040. Mounted. St. John’s, N. F. Rev. M. Harvey.

5852. Mounted. Sable Island, N.S. P. W. Dodd.

12039. Mounted. St. John’s, N. F. Rev. M. Harvey.

12038. Mounted. St. John’s, N. F. Rev. M. Harvey.

~

Erignathus barbatus, (O. Fabricius) Gill—SQUARE-FLIPPER
SEAL.—Arctic Seas.

12422. Skin. Newfoundland. Government of Newfoundland.
Histriophoca equestris, (Pallas) Gill—BANDED SEAL.—Pacitic
Coast, Arctic Seas. i
7580. Skin (in collection of Furs). Cape Romanzoff. W. H. Dall.
Pusa gryphus, (0. Fabricius) Gill—Gray SEAL.—Atlantie Coast.

8694. Mounted. Seeland. Zoological Museum, Copenhagen.

CYSTOPHORIN.
Cystophora cristata, (Erxl.) Nilsson—HooprEp SEAL.—Atilantic
Coast.
12043. Mounted. St. John’s, N. F. Rev. M. Harvey.

Macrorhinus angustirostris, Gill—SeA ELEPHANT; ELE-
PHANT SEAL.—Pacific Coast.

12441, Mounted. (Male.) California. Capt. C. M. Scammon.

ROSMARIDE.

Rosmarus obesus, (Ilig.) Gill—WaALrvus.—North Atlantic.

11870. Mounted. Greenland. Dr. I. I. Hayes.

Rosmarus Cookii, (fremery) Gill—WAtLrus.—Northern Pacific.

12493. Mounted. Prybilov Islands, Alaska. Alaska Commercial Co., San Fran-
cisco,

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 7

Orver, UNGULATA.
BOVID®.
BOVINE.

Bison americamus, (Gmelin) Gray—AMERICAN BUFFALO.—
Plains between Rocky Mountains and Missouri River.

12919. Mounted. Colorado. C. E. Aiken.

Ovibos moschatus, Blainville.

12298. Mounted. (Female.) Arctic Coast, H. B. T. W. L. Hardestie. Jan.
23, 1875. Also skeleton of same animal.

12297. Mounted. (Male.) Arctic Coast, H. B.T. W.L. Hardestie. Jan. 23,
1875. Also skeleton of same animal.

6255. Mounted. (Male.) Ft. Good Hope, H. B. T. J. S. Onion.

ANTILOPINZ.

Mazama momtama, (Ord) Gill—MounTaIn Goat.—Northern
@ . . he .
Rocky Mountains of the United States and British America.

11894. Mounted. (Male.) Montana. W. I’. Wheeler and J. Armitage.
11893. Mounted. Washington Territory. U.S. Northern Boundary Survey.

OVINZE.

Ovis momtama, Cuvier—BiGcuoRN; MOUNTAIN SnEEP.—Rocky
Mountain regions.
11891. Mounted. (Male.) Ft. Fetterman, Dakota. James Stevenson, U. 8.

Geol. Survey.
1608. Horns. H. B. Méllhausen.

ANTILOCAPRIDE.

Antilocapra americama, Ord.—PRONGHORN ANTELOPE or
CABREE.—Plains west of Missouri from Lower Rio Grande
to Saskatchewan.
2034. Mounted. (Male.) Yellowstone River. Dr. F. V. Hayden.
2471. Horns. Ft. Chadbourne, Texas. Dr. Swift, U. S. A.

6914. Horns. Ft. Whipple, Arizona Ty. Dr. Elliott Coues, U. S. A.
5084. Horns. Upper Missouri. ?

CERVID A.

Alces machiis, (Linn.) Gray.—Moosr.—Northwestern United
States.

11868. Mounted. (Adult male.) Nova Scotia. Geo. A. Boardman.

12542. Mounted. (Adult male.) Nova Scotia. Mr. Jack.

11861. Mounted. (Young calf.) Nova Scotia. Dr. Bernard Gilpin.
857. Antlers. Maine. General S. Churchill, U.S. A.

. Antlers. Adirondacks, N. Y. Henry J. Biddle.

8 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Tarandus rangifer, J. Brookes, subspecies caribou, Aud. &
Bach.—WoOoDLAND CARIBOU.—Northeastern North Amer-
ica.

12473. Mounted. Houlton, Me. Rev. R. R. McLeod.
2407. Mounted. Houlton, Me. Rey. R. R. McLeod.
11865. Mounted. Lake Superior. J. Barnston.

3289. Antlers. (Female.) Nelson River.

3290. Antlers. (Female.) Nelson River.

Tarandus rangifer, (Br.) subsp. greemlamdicus, Br.—BARREN
GROUND CARIBOU.—Arctic America.

6255. Mounted. Arctic America.
905. Antlers. North Greenland. S. Sternberg.
905. Antlers. North Greenland. 8S. Sternberg.
6782. Antlers. Plover Bay. Capt. C. M. Scammon, U.S. R. M.
7539, Antlers. Yukon River. W. H. Dall.
4636. Antlers. Port Foulke, N. Greenland. Dr. I. I. Hayes.

Cervus canadensis, Erxl—American ELxk.—Northern North
America. 3
12474. Mounted. Ft. Sanders, Wyoming. Col. A. G. Brackett, U. 8S. A.
4457. Antlers. Elk Co., Penna. Prof. 8. 8. Haldeman.
£911. Antlers. Ft. Berthold, Missouri River. Lt. Warren, U.S. A., Dr. F. V.
Hayden.
867. Antlers. Utah. Col. O. Cross, U.S. A.
2579. Antlers. Platte River. Lt. Bryan, U.S. A.
3552. Antlers. Ft. Tejon, Lower Cal. John Xantus.
3951. Antlers. Ft. Tejon, Cal. John Xantus.
840. Antlers. Ft. Union, Mo. <A. Culbertson.
761. Antlers. Ft. Union, Mo. <A. Culbertson.
760. Antlers. Ft. Union, Mo. A. Culbertson.
2916. Antlers. Ft. Berthold, Missouri River. Lt. Warren, U.S. A., Dr. F. V.
Hayden.
2905. Antlers. Ft. Berthold. Dr. F. V. Hayden.
2903. Antlers. Ft. Berthold. Dr. F. V. Hayden.
2910. Antlers. (Male.) Ft. Berthold. Dr. F. V. Hayden.
3486. Antlers. Oregon. U.S. Expl. Exped. Capt. Wilkes, U. S. N.
3487. Antlers. Oregon. U.S. Expl. Exped. Capt. Wilkes, U. 8. N.

Cariacus virginianus, (Boddert) Gray—VimamiA DrER.—
United States east of the Missouri.

12461. Mounted. Cumberland, Md. D. P. Welpley. Dee. 26, 1875.
1889 — 25587. Mounted. (Young female.) Medicine Bow River, Ark. W. S.
Wood. Sept. 6, 1856.
12349. Mounted. (Albino.) Peshtigo, Wis. J. H. Leavenworth.
2909. Antlers.
763. Antlers. (Male.) Lewisburg, Pa. J. C. Barber.
4174. Antlers.
668. Antlers. (Male.) Cumberland, Md.
3336. Antlers. (Male.) Ft. Mason, Tex. Maj. G. H. Thomas.
914. Antlers. (Male.) Washington, D. C.
961. Antlers, (Male.) Arkansas, J. M. Stanley.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. g

Cariacus virginianus, (Boddert) Gray—Continued.
3383. Antlers. (Male.) Ft. Mason, Tex. Maj. G. H. Thomas.
3387. Antlers. (Male.) Ft. Mason, Tex. Maj. G. H. Thomas.

896. Antlers. St. Louis, Mo. J. 8. Bowman.
3388. Antlers. (Male.) Ft. Mason, Tex. Maj. G. H. Thomas.
7. Antlers. (Male.) Cumberland, Md.
3062. Antlers. (Male.) Essex Co., N. Y.
895. Antlers. (Male.) St. Louis, Mo. J. 8. Bowman.
9843. Antlers. Near Denver, Colo. E. Palmer.
5077. Antlers. (Male.) Washington, D. C.
5083. Antlers. Upper Missouri?

€ariacus virginianus, (Bodd.) Gray, var. mexicanmus.—VIR-
GINIA DEER.

11859. Mounted. Talamanca, Costa Rica. Prof. W. M. Gabb.

Cariacus macrotis, (Say) Gray—MuvuLEe DrEr.—Central North
America.

11864. Mounted.
12583. Mounted. Cheyenne, Wyo. Capt. J. M. Gilliss, U. S. A.
6615. Antlers. Prescott, Ariz. Dr. E. Coues.

831. Antlers. Big Sioux.? T. Culbertson.

4175. Antlers.

6918. Antlers. Ft. Laramie. Col. W. O. Collins.

3682. Antlers. Mountains of New Mexico. Dr. J. 8S. Newberry.

Cariacus columbiamus, (Rich.) Gray —CoLUuMBIA BLACK-TAILED
DEER.—Pacific Slope.
8154. Antlers. Puget Sound. J. G. Swan.
3203. Antlers. Whidby’s Island, Puget Sound, W. T. Dr. Geo. Suckley.
5080. Antlers. Puget Sound. Dr. C. B. Kennerly.
3204. Antlers. Whidby’s Island, Puget Sound. Dr. Geo. Suckley.

Cervus dama, Linn.—F ALLOW DEER (introduced).
1200. Antlers. Park, Clarke Co., Va. Col. J. Fuley.
2257. Antlers. Clarke Co., Va. Col. J. Fuley.

DEICOTWELIDE.

Dicotyles torquatus, Cuv.—PEccARy.—Red River, Arkansas,
and South.
12346. Mounted. Talamanca, Costa Rica. Talamanca Exped. Prof. W. M.

Gabb.
Orver, SERENTA.
TRICHECHID®.

Trichechus manatus, Linn.—MANATEE.—Florida, West Indies,
and N. E. South America.

12295. Mounted. Florida. P. T. Barnum.
16037. Skeleton. Florida. H. A. Ward.

10 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES,

Orver, CETE.
DELPHINIDE.
DELPHINAPTERINE.

Delphinapterus catodon, (Linn.) Gill—WuITE-Fisu or WHITE
WHALE.—Arctic and Subarctic Seas (ascending large
rivers).

12490. Cast. Gulf of St. Lawrence. G. R. Renfrew & Co., Quebec.
16038. Skeleton. Gulf of St. Lawrence. G. R. Renfrew & Co.
389, Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.

Monodon monoceros, Linn.—NARWHAL.—Arctie Seas.
15304. Tusk. Greenland. Purchased from George Y. Nickerson.
DELPHININZE.

Leucorhamphus borealis, (Peale) Gill—RIGHT-WHALE PorR-
POISE.—Pacifie Coast.

——. Skeleton.
Delphinus Bairdii, Dall—Batrp’s Porporsre.—California Coast.

16042. Skeleton. California. W. H. Dall.
15403. Skull. San Gabriel River, Cal. Lieut. Bergland, U.S. A.

Delphinus bombifroms, Cope.—Porpoisp.—Atlantic Coast.
12481.? Cast. New York Harbor. John Wallace.

Tursiops erebemmus, (Cope) Gill—Porpoise.—Atlantie Coast.
15786. Skeleton. Rockaway, Long Id. Alfred Lawrence.

Tursiops Gillii, Dall—Cow-risu.—Pacific Coast.
16043. Skeleton. California. W. H. Dall.

Lagenorhynchus perspicillatus, Cope—Skunk Porpoise.—
Eastern Coast.
12305. Cast. Cape Cod. Vinal N. Edwards.

Lagenorhynchus obliquidems, Gill—Srrimrp or Common
PORPOISE.—Pacitie Coast.

14329. Skeleton. California. C. M. Scammon.

Lagenorhynchus gubernator, Cope.—Eastern Coast.

—. Cast. Casco Bay, Me. U.S. Fish Commission.

Lagenorhynchus leucopleurus, (Raasch) Gray.—Cow-risa.—
Eastern Coast.

12939. Cast. Cape Cod, Mass, U. 8. Fish Commission.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. Tt

Lagenorhynechus thicolea, Gray.—PoRPOISE.—West coast of
North America. ’
Orca atra, Cope.—IOLLER.—Pacific Coast.

13018. Jaw. California. Capt. C. M. Scammon.
Orca gladiator, (Bonnaierre) Gray.—KILLER.—Atlantic Coast.
11918. Skull. South Atlantic. S. F. Baird.

Phoczna vomerina, Gill—Bay Porpoisre.—Pacific Coast.
16044. Skeleton. California. W. H. Dall.

Phoczena lineata, Cope.—Sr?rRiIreD PoRPOISE.—Atlantic Coast.
621. Photograph. U.S. F.C.

Phoczena brachyciom, Cope—THE SNUFFING PIG or HERRING
Ho«g.—Atlantic Coast.

12302. Cast. Cape Cod. Vinal N. Edwards.

GLOBICEPHALIN AZ.

Globicephalus Scammomi, Cope—BLACK-FISH.—Pacific Coast.
9076. Skull. California. Capt. C. M. Scammon.

Globicephalus imtermedius, (Harlan) Gray.—BLACK-FIsH.—
Atlantic Coast.

12479. Cast. (Fetus.) Cape Cod. U.S. Fish Commission.

12480. Plaster cast, (7 feet.) Cape Cod. Edwards. Novy. 14, 1874.

12480. Cast.

12840. Cast 351. Cast of head. South Dennis, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.
1875.

12841. Cast 352. Cast of head. South Dennis, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.
1875.

Grampus griseus, (Cuv.) Gray—Grampus; Cow-FrisH.—North
Atlantic.

15771 — 12759, 508. Cast. Dec. 2, 1875.
15772 — 12760, 503. Skulls. Nov. 29, 1875.
15773 ~ 12761, 506. Cast of head and cast of whole. Nov. 30, 1875.
506 A. Cast. (Over entrance.)
622. Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission.
12940. Cast of head. Cape Cod, Mass. V. N. Edwards.
12941. Cast of head. Cape Cod, Mass. VY. N. Edwards.
12942. Cast of head. Cape Cod, Mass. V. N. Edwards.

Grampus Stearmsii, Dall.—WuItrE-HEADED or MOTTLED
Grampus.—Pacifie Coast.

13021. Skeleton. California. W. H. Dall.

12 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

ZIPHIIDE.
ZiP HINZE. °

Mesoplodon Sowerbiensis, (Blainv.,) Gervais.—SOWERBY’s
WHALrE.—Atlantic Coast.

ANARNACINZE.
Anarnacus semijunctus, (Cope) Gill—BoTTLE-HEAD WHALE,—
Atlantie Coast.
PHYSETERIDE.

PHYSETERINE.

Physeter macrocephalus, Linn.—SpERM WHALE.—Tropico-
politan Seas.

25052. Iron model. Made by captain of whaling ship. J. H. Thompson. New
Bedford, Mass.
16046. Jaws. U.S. Fish Commission.
16047. Jaws. National Institute.
25004. Wooden model. Capt. Benj. Russell. New Bedford, Mass.
HOGIINZE.
Kogia Floweri, Gill—Porpoisr SPERM WHALE.—Pacifie Coast.
8016. Lower jaw. Lower California.
BALE NOPTERIDS®.
AGAPHELIN &.

Agaphelus gibbosus, (Cope) Cope—Scraca WHALE.—Atlantic
Ocean.

Rhachianectes glaucus, Cope—GRray WHALE.—Pacific Ocean.
13803. Skull. California. W. H. Dall.
MEGAPTERINZE.
Megaptera versabilis, Cope —HvumPpback WHALE.—Pacific Coast.
13804. Vertebra. Aleutian Islands. W. H. Dall.
Megaptera osphyia, Cope.—Humpback WHALE.—Atlantic Coast.

Eschrichtius robustus, Lilljeborg—Gris6é WuHaLr.—aAtlantic

Coast.

BAL ZNOPTERINE.

Sibbaldius tectirostris, Cope—FmBpack WHALE. — Atlantic
Ocean.

16045. Skeleton. Cape Cod. U.S. Fish Commission.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 13
Sibbaldius tuberosus, Cope.—FINBACK WHALE.—Atlantic Ocean.
Sibbaldius borealis, (Fischer) Geoffroy.—SULPHUR-BOTTOM

WHALE.—Atlantic Ocean.
16039. Skeleton. Cape Cod. U.S. Fish Commission.

Sibbaldius sulfureus, Cope.—SuULPHUR-BOTTOM WHALE. —
Pacific Ocean.

Balznoptera rostrata, (Miiller) Gray.—Grampus.—Atlantic
Coast.

Balznoptera velifera, Cope—FINBACK WHALE; OREGON FIN-
NER.—Pacific Ocean.

Balznoptera Davidsomii, Scammon.—SHARP-HEADED FINNER
WHALE.—Pacific Coast.
16040. Skeleton. California. Capt. C. M. Scammon.

BAL ANID.

Balzna mysticetus, Linn.—BownEAD WHALE.—Arctic Seas.

12938. Model in plaster. From drawings and measurements of Capt. C. M.
Scammon.
16041. Jaws. Arctic Ocean. U.S. Fish Commission.

Eubalzena Cullamach, (Chamisso) Cope.—Paciric RIGHT
WHALE.—North Pacific.

12988. Model in plaster. From drawings and measurements of Capt. C. M.
Scammon. as

Eubalzna cisarctica, Cope—RicHT WHALE.—Atlantic Coast.

Orver, INSECTIVORA.
TALPIDE.

Scalops aquaticus, (Linn.) Cuv.—Eastern United States.

3965. Mounted. (Male.) Washington, D.C. G. Exall.

5830. Mounted. (Female.) Washington, D.C. G. Exall.

3966. Mounted. District of Columbia, 1858. C. Drexler.

3964. Mounted. (Albino.) Virginia, October 30, 1846. D. F. Kent.

Scalops argentatus, Aud. & Bach.—SiLvery Mote.—Western
United States.

11351. Alcoholic. Mt. Carmel, Ill. R. Ridgway.
783. Mounted. Tremont, Ill. W.J. Shaw.

14 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Scapanus Townsendii, (Bachman) Pomel—OrrGon MoLtn.—
Pacifie Slope.

3963. Mounted. Oregon. T.R. Peale. U.S. Exploring Expedition.
1963. Mounted. Ft. Steilacoom, Wash. Ter. Dr. George Suckley, U. 8. A.

Scapanus Breweri, (Bachman) Pomel—Hamy-TaAmLED MoLr.—
Eastern United States.

823. Mounted. Cleveland, Ohio. Dr. J. P. Kirtland.

Condylura cristata, (Linn.) Mliger—Srar-Nosep MoLE.—North-
ern cismontane States.

3968. Mounted. Washington, D. C.

Orver, GLIRES.
SCIURID ®.

Sciurus cinereus, Linn.—Fox SqurrreL.—Eastern United States,

4143. Mounted. District of Columbia. C. Drexler.
321 — 1240. Mounted. Western Missouri. Dr. P. R. Hoy. 1854.
4044, Mounted. (Male.) District of Columbia. A. R. Jenkins.

Sciurus carolinensis, Gmelin—GRAY SQUIRREL.—United States.

4042, Mounted. District of Columbia. S. F. Baird.
334 — 1252. Mounted. Racine, Wis. Rey. A. C. Barry.
3382 — 1250. Mounted. Racine, Wis. Dr. P. R. Hoy.
11071. Mounted. New York. J. G. Bell.
5844. Mounted. Washington, D.C. J. K. Townsend.

Sciurus fossor, Peale—CALIFORNIA GRAY SQUIRREL.—Pacific
Slopt.

4040. Mounted. (Male.) California. Dr. Heerman.
Sciurus Abertii, Woodhouse.—TuFrr-EARED SQUIRREL.—Southern
Colorado, New Mexico, &e.

12576. Mounted. (Male.) Colorado Springs, Colo. C. E. Aiken.
12578. Mounted. (Male.) Colorado Springs, Colo. C. E. Aiken.
2430, Mounted. San Francisco Mts., N. M. Dr. Woodhouse.

Sciurus hudsomius, Pallas—Rrep SqQuirreL; CHICKAREE.—
Cismontane United States and Alaska.

12435, Mounted. (Male.) Hartford, Minn. J. H. Batty.
9241. Mounted. New Brunswick. G. A. Boardman.
3264. Mounted. Laramie Peak. J. Henman.

Tamias striatus, (Linn.) Cuv.—CuipmunK.—Eastern United
States.

4013. Mounted. Washington, D.C. A. J. Falls.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 15

Tamias quadrivittatus, (Say) Rich—MissourrI STRIPED
SQUIRREL.—Pacifie Slope, in mountains.

4661. Mounted. Yreka, Cal. W. Vielle.
4662. Mounted. Yreka, Cal. W. Vielle.

Tamias lateralis, (Say) Allen—Say’s STRIPED SQUIRREL.—
Rocky Mountains, from Mexico northward.

9320. Mounted. Carson City, Nevada. U.S. Survey of Fortieth Parallel.
Robert Ridgway. March, 1868.

Spermophilus grammurus, (Say) Bach.—CALIFORNIA GROUND
SQUIRREL.—Western Texas and New Mexico west to
Sierra Nevada Mountains.

1046—2215. Mounted. Los Nogales, Sonora. Maj. W. H. Emory, U.S. A.

Spermophilus grammurus, (Say) Bach., var. Beechyi.—
CALIFORNIA GROUND SQUIRREL.—Cala. and Lower Cala.,
west of Sierra Nevadas.

469. Mounted. Tejon Valley, Cal. Dr. A. L. Heerman.
470. Mounted. Tejon Valley, Cal. Dr. A. L. Heerman.

Spermophilus Marrisi, Aud. & Bach. HArris’ GROUND SQuir-
REL.—The Great Interior Basin and Lower California.

471—1600. Mounted. Mohave Desert. Lieut. R. S. Williamson.

Spermophilus Framklimi, (Sabine) Rich—GrAay GOPHER.—
Northern Illinois, northward to the Saskatchewan.

985. Skin. Racine, Wis. Dr. P. R. Hoy.

Spermophilus tereticaudis, Aud. & Bach—ROUND-TAILED
GROUND SQUIRREL.—Arizona.

1584. Skin. Fort Yuma, Cal. Maj. G. H. Thomas.

Spermophilus tridecem-limeatus, (Mitchell) Aud. & Bach.—
STRIPED GOPHER; PRAIRIE SQUIRREL.—The prairies of
the United States.

4371303. Mounted. Head of Arkansas River. Capt. E. G. Beckwith.

Spermophilus mexicamus, (Erxleben) Wagner.—MExIcAN
GROUND SQUIRREL.—Southwestern Texas and Southern
New Mexico, southeastward into Mexico.
3662. Mounted. Eagle Pass, Texas. Dr. W. S. King, U.S. A.

Spermophilus Parryi, Rich—PArRy’s MArmot.—Northern
parts of the Continent, from Hudson’s Bay to Behring’s
Strait.
8736. Mounted. Pelly Lake. R.R. MacFarlane. June 21, 1864.

5789. Mounted. Lockhart River, H. B. T. B. R. Ross. July 4, 1860,
9366. Mounted. Kodiak. F. Bisehoff. . Sept. 13, 1868.

16 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Spermophilus spilosoma, Bennett—Sonora Ground Squir-
REL.—LHastern base of the Rocky Mountains north to West-
ern Wyoming.

2620. Fort Thorn, N. Mex. Dr. T. C. Henry.

Spermophilus Richardsoni, (Sabine) Baird.—YELLOW
Goruer.—Plains of the Saskatchewan southward to the
Upper Missouri.

12360. Skin. Fort Saunders, Wyo. Col. A. G. Brackett.

Spermophilus Towmsemdi, Bach—TOWNSEND’s GROUND
SQUIRREL.—Plains of Columbia.

3775. Camp Lloyd, Utah. Capt. J. H. Simpson, U. S. A.

Spermophilus anmulatus, Aud. & Bach.—RINGED GROUND
SQUIRREL.—Plains of Colima, Mexico.

——. Skins.

Cynomys ludovicianus, (Ord) Baird—PrRaArrim& DoGc.—Great
plains east of the Rocky Mountains.

4057. Mounted. (Female.) Platte River, Ark. Dr. Woodhouse.

7770 — 345. Mounted. (Male.) Ft. Larned. Dr. E. Coues. May 31, 1864,

11458. Mounted. Colorado. J. H. Batty.

9559. Mounted. Soda Springs, Colo. Jas. Stevenson.

Cynomys columbianus, (Ord) Allen.—SHORT-TAILED PRAIRIE

DoG.—tThe parks and plains within and west of the Rocky
Mountains to the plains of Columbia.

5849. Mounted. Fort Bridger, Utah. C. Drexler.

Arctomys monax, Linn.—WoopcHucK.—Eastern North America.

26788. Mounted. Wyoming, N. Y. H. A. Ward, Rochester, N. Y.
Arctomys caligatus, Eschscholtz NORTHWESTERN MARMOP.—
Puget’s Sound northward, west of the Rocky Mountains.

9493. Mounted. Ft. Kenag, Alaska. F. Bischoff. May 16, 1869.
12485. Mounted.

Arctomys flaviventer, Aud. & Bach.—YELLOW-FOOTED MArR-
moT.—Rocky Mountains west of the Pacific Coast.

8834. Mounted. Fort Anderson. R. McFarlane.
12753. Mounted. Near Fort Ellis, Montana. W. B. Platt.

HAPLODONTIDE.

Haplodontia leporina, Rich—SrWELLEL; SHowr.L.—Pacific
Slope (especially about Puget’s Sound).

1966. Mounted. (Male.) Ft. Steilacoom, Wash. Ter. Dr. Geo. Suckley.
4046. Mounted. Puget’s Sound. Ex. Ex.

|
ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. ae

CASTORIDE.

Castor canadensis, Kuhl.—AMERICAN BEAVER.—United States
generally.

9724. Mounted. (Young.) Henry Fork,G.R. Dr. F.V. Hayden. Oot., 1870.

GEROWY IDE.

Geomys bursarius, Rich—PoucHED or PocKET GOPHER.—Mis-

souri to Minnesota and Nebraska.

91. Mounted. Columbia River, Oregon. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.

«seomys tuza, (Ord,) Coues.—FLORIDA SALAMANDER.—Southeast-
ern States.

11905. Skins. Jacksonville, Fla. G. Brown Goode.
Geomys castanops, Baird—TExAS POUCHED GOPHER.—Texas
and New Mexico.

4007. Mountéd. Bent’s Fork. Lt. Abert.

Thomomys talpoides, (Rich) Baird.—CaLmorNIA GOPHER.—
Northern and Western North America.

366—1280. Mounted. Monterey, California. Lt. W. P. Trowbridge.

Thomomys clusius, Coues.—SMALL-FOOTED POUCHED GOPHER.
—Rocky Mountains.

—. Skins. Ft. Bridger, Utah.
MUREDAE.

Mus decumanus, Pallas —Brown Rar.—United States generally.
(Introduced.)
6847, Mounted. Washington, D. C.
Was rattus, Linn.—BLAck RatT.—United States generally, but rare.
(Introduced.)
12—921. Skin. Foxburg, Pa. S. F. Baird.

Mus musculus.—ComMon MOUSE.
troduced.)

United States generally. (In-

4051. Mounted. (Albino.) Distriet of Columbia.
Hesperomys leucopus, Wagner—WHUITE-FOOTED MOoUSE.—
Northern United States west of the Mississippi River.
1858. Mounted. Halifax, N.S. A. Downes.
ull. N. M. No. 14

»
=

18 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Neotoma floridana, Say & Ord.—FLoripa Rar; Woop Ratr.—
Atlantic Slope northward to New York.

1334. Mounted. Hillsboro, Va. N. Janney.

Neotoma cinerea, (Ord) Baird.—Rocky Mountain Ravr.—Pacifice
Slope and Upper Missouri.

5665. Mounted. Fort Liard, Hudson’s Bay Terr. Ross and Hardesty.
Fiber zibethicus, Cuv.—Mvusk Rav.—United States generally.
1060. Mounted. (Female.) District of Columbia. R. O. Pollard.

HYSTRICIDE.

W HITE-

Erethizon dorsatus, (Linn.) Flem., cur. dorsatus.
HAIRED PORCUPINE.—Northern United States.

11086. Mounted. Maine. John Wallace.
12402. Mounted. (Female.) Mt. Washington, N. WU. C.J. King. July 3, 1875.

Erethizon dovrsatus, (Linn.) I’. Cuy., cur. epixanthus.—YEL-
LOW-HAIRED PORCUPINE.—Pacific plone aml Upper Mis-
Sour region.

9745. Mounted. Fort Bridger, Wyoming. Dr. F. V. Hayden, U. 8. Geologist.
Sept. 29, 1870.

Sunorper DUPLICIDENTATA,
LEPORIDE.

PoLAR HARE.—Areti¢ and

Lepus timidus, Fab., var. arcticus,
Subarctic America.
1356. Mounted. (Young.) Newfoundland. John Downes. Summer 1356.

5181. Mounted. Newfoundland. J. R. Willis.
3038. Mounted. Newfoundland. J. G. Bell. Winter 1854.

Lepus americanus, Erxl., car. americanus, Allen.—Norri-
ERN HARE; WuHItr HArRE.—Northeastern North America.

12475. Mounted. Cumberland, Md. D. P. Welpley.
Lepus americanus, Erxl— Nortuern Hare; Wuarre Raps —

Alaska and British North America east of the Roexy
Mountains.

4430. Mounted. (Male.) Ft. Liard, H. B. T. Robert Kennicott.
Lepus americanus, cor. virginianus.—VirGiniA HAare.—
Eastern United States south of Nova Scotia.

11067. Mounted. J.G. Bell.
959. Mounted. Middleboro, Mass. J. W. P. Jenks.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. ry
Lepus americanus, Erxl., 7a. Washingtonii.—hep Hare.
West of Rocky Mountains from Columbia River into British

Columbia.

3817. Mounted. Chiloweyuck Depot, Oregon. Dr. C. B. Kennerly, U.S. A.
June, 1859.

Lepus americanus, Erxl, var. Bairdii.—Barrn’s HARe.
Higher parts of Rocky Mountains.

4265. Mounted. (Female.) Wind River Mountains. Dr. F. V. Hayden.
5882. Mounted. Head of Flathead River, Washington Ty. Dr. C. B. Kennerly,
N. W. Boundary Survey. Winter 1860. ¢
3791. Mounted. Ft. Bridger, Utah. J. H. Simpson.
303. Mounted. Shoalwater Bay. Dr. J. G. Gooper, Pacific R. R. Survey.
March 5, 1854.

Lepus campestris, Bach—PraArrime HaAre.—Central plains of
North America.
1552. Mounted. Upper Missouri. Dr. F. V. Hayden.
4240. Mounted. (Male.) Deer Creek. Dr. F. V. Hayden. Dec. 18, 1859.
69 — 972. Mounted. Ft. Union, Neb. T. Culbertson.

12013. Mounted. (Male.) Frenchman’s Creek, Montana. Dr. E.Coues, U.S.A.,
Northern Boundary Survey. July 5, 1874.

Lepus callotis, Wagler—JackaAss HARE; JACK RABBIT.—South-
western United States.
1170. Mounted. Klamath Lake. Dr. J. S. Newberry.
8477. Mounted. (Female.) Ft. Whipple, Arizona. Dr. E. Coues, U. 8. A.
May 17, 1865.
450. Mounted. Red River, Ark. Capt. Marcy.

California.

Lepus californicus, Gray.—CALIFoRNIA HARE.

11070. Mounted. California. J. G. Bell.
1980. Mounted. Petaluma, California. E. Samuels.
12586. Mounted. Cape St. Lucas. John Xantus.

Lepus sylvaticus, Bach.—Gray Rappir.—EKastern United States.

12483. Mounted. Fairfax Co., Va. G. Brown Goode.
11069. Mounted. New York? J. G. Bell.
11068. Mounted. New York? J. G. Bell.
4017. Mounted. New York. J. G. Bell.

Lepus Bachmani, Waterhouse.—BACHMAN’s HARE.—Texas.
234; 243. Skins. Brownsville, Texas. Couch and Van Vliet.
Lepus sylvaticus, Bach., var. Audubonii.—AvUDUBON’S HARE.
—Southern Arizona and California.

1596. Mounted. San Diego, Cal. Dr. J. F. Hammond. Dee., 1855.
1594. Mounted. (Female.) San Diego, Cal. Dr. J. F. Hammond. Dec. 28,
1856.

20 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES,
Lepus sylvaticus, Bach., var. Nuttalli.—Sace Rasprr.—United
States west of 97th meridian.

8296. Mounted. (Female.) Camp Grant, Ariz.‘ Edward Palmer. Feb. 20

1267.

?

Lepus Trowbridgii, Baird—Trownrmer’s HArE.—California.

1183. Mounted. Santa Clara, Cal. Dr. J. 8. Newberry. Nov., 1855.
2974 — 351. Mounted. Petaluma, Cal. E. Samuels.

Lepus aquaticus, Bach.— WATER RAbbir.—Gulf States.

2306. Mounted. Prairie Mer Rouge, La. James Fairie.
2309. Mounted. Prairie Mer Rouge, La. James Fairie.

Lepus palustris, Bach—Marsn RaAppir.—Southeastern United
States, on lowlands.

4018. Mounted. St. Simon’s Island, Ga. Dr. Wilson. 1860.
1256.7? Mounted. Society Hill, S.C. M.A. Curtis. 1856.
1621. Mounted. St. Simon’s Island, Ga. Dr. S. M. Wilson.

Orver, EDENTATA.
DASYPODID®.

Tatusia septem-cinctus, (Linn.,) Gray.— ARMADILLO.—South-
western United States and South.

10197. Mounted. Tobasco, Mexieo. C. H. Laszlo.

Orver, AMARSUPIALI.

DIDELPHIDE.

Didelphyvs virginiana, Shaw.—Possum.—United States gener-
ally.

12951. Stuffed skins. Family group of nine. Washington, D. C. G. Brown

Goode.

Ll. BIRDS.

has not been thought desirable to exhibit a
collection of North American birds.

From want of space it

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 21

ILE. REPTILES.
Orver, CROCODILIA.

CROCODILIDZE.
FLORIDA CROCODILE.—South-

Crocodilus americanus, Seba.
ern Florida.
Purchased from H. A. Ward.

8384. Mounted. Biscayne Bay, Fla.

Alligator mississippiemsis, Daudin.—ALLIGATOR.—Southeast-
ern North America.
F. C. Goode.

9980. Cast. Jacksonville, Fla.
8545. Cast. Jacksonville, Fla. G. Brown Goode.

Orver, TESTUDINATA.

TESTUDINIDZ.

Testudo carolina, Linn.—FLoRIDA GoPpHER-TORTOISE.—South-
eastern North America.

9627. Cast. Florida. G. Brown Goode.

Testudo Berlandieri, Agassiz.—Southwestern United States.

8926. Brownsville, Tex. Dr. J. C. Merrill, U.S. A.

EMYDIDAE.

Malacoclemmys palustris, Gmelin.—DIAMOND-BACK TERRAPIN.
—Coast from New York to Texas.
3709. Washington Market. J. W. Milner.
9028. Cast. Mandeville, La. G. Kohn.
Pseudemys rugosa, Shaw.—RED-BELLIED TERRAPIN.—New
Jersey to Virginia.
8919, Cast. Kinston, N.C. J. W. Milner.

South-

Pseudemys concinna, Leconte —FLORMA TERRAPIN.
eastern United States.

8907-8. Cast. Florida. Professor Baird.

Pseudemys mobiliensis,

9026. Cast. Mandeville, La. G. Kohn.

22 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

CHELYDRIDE.

Macrochelys lacertina, Schw.—ALLIGATOR TURTLE.
9211. Cast. Greenville, Miss. S. W. Ferguson.
Chelydra serpentina, Linn.—SNAPPING ToRTOISE.—Canada to
Ecuador.
8916. Cast. Washington, D.C. Joseph Palmer.
TRIONYCHIDE.
Aspidonectes ferox, Schw.—Sor?-sHEeLL TURTLE.—Georgia to
Western Louisiana.

8708. Cast. Milledgeville, Ga. Tarleton H. Bean.
8899, Florida. Professor Baird.

Aspidonectes spinifer, Les.—Sor?-SHELL TURTLE.—Middle end
northern tributaries of the Mississippi and the Saint Law-
rence.

8309. Mounted. Rising Sun, Ind.
9614. Alcoholic. Mt. Carmel, Ill. R. Ridgway.

CHELONIIDE.

Chelonia mydas, Schw.—GREEN TURTLE.—Atlantic Coast south
of Long Island.

>

8392—+15267. Cast in papier-maché. New York market. E. G. Blackford.

Chelonia virgata, Schw.—Pacimric GREEN TURTLE.—Pacitic
Coast.

9639. Cast. San Diego, Cal. G. N. Hitcheock.
Thalassochelys caouana, Linn.—LOGGERHEAD TURTLE.
8386—15259. Cast. New York market. E. G. Blackford.

Eretmochelys imbricata, Linn.—HAwk’s BILL TURTLY.—
Southern Atlantic Coast.

——, Cast. New York market. FE. G. Blackford.

Eretmochelys squamata, Linn.—PAcIric HAWK'S BILL TURTLE.
—Pacifie Coast.

12388, Shells. Fiji Island. U.S, Expl. Expedition.
SPHARGIDIDE.

Sphargis coriacea, Rondelet—LEATHERBACK TURTLE.— Atlantic
Coast to Massachusetts.

8389—15265. Cast. New York market. E. G. Blackford.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. rs

yg eee:
Oxver, PEDICULATI.

MALTHEID®.

Malthe cubifrons, Rich—SEA BAaT.—West Indian Fauna.

16727. Cast. St. Augustine, Fla. Dr. J. M. Laing, U.S. A.
800. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.

Malthe vespertilio, (Linn.) Cuv.—SrA Bat.—West Indian Fauna.

12575. Alcoholic specimen. Amazons. British Museum.

LOPHIIDZ.
Lophius piscatorius, Linn.—Goosk FIsH; ANGLER.—Novya Scotia
to Cape Hatteras.

15086, Alcoholic specimen. 'Tompkinsville, N. Y. Copley.

14910. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. June 22, 1873.
16657. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.

12, 13, 14, 15. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.

ANTENNARIIDE.

Pterophryne histrio, (Linn.) Gill—Movuser-risu.—Pelagic.

20683. Alcoholic specimens. Wood’s Holl, Mass. V. N. Edwards.

Orver, PLECTOGNATHI.
MOLID A.

Mola rotunda, Cuv.—SunN-FIsu.—Newtoundland to Cape Hatteras.

15832. Cast. Noank, Conn. U.S. Fish Commission. Sept. 16, 1874.
15833. Cast. Noank, Conn. U.S. Fish Commission. Sept. 16, 1874.
1. Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission.
784. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

DIODONTIDA.
Chilomycterus geometricus, (Linn.) Kaup.—Bur-Fisn.—
South of Cape Cod; West Indian Fauna, &e.

15572. Cast. New York market. E.G. Blackford. Oct. 7, 1875.
15883. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. Aug. 1, 1873.
523-4-5. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

24 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Chilomycterus fuliginosus, (De Iay,) Gill.

13938. Alcoholic specimen. Watch Hill, Rh. I. U. S. Fish Commission. Sept.
18, 1874.

VTrichodiodon pilosus, (Mitch.) Bleeker—HaAtry Box-risu.—
Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras.
—. Alcoholic specimen. Beesly’s Point, N. J. Prot. 8. F. Baird. 1854.
TETRODONTID..
Tetrodon levigatus, (Linn.) Gill—RApBbir-risH.—Cape Cod to
Florida. '

14867. Cast. Vineyard Sound, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. July 13, 1874.
2,3. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.

Chilichthys turgidus, (Mitch.) Gill —SwEeLi-FisH.—Cape Cod to
Florida.

10740. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.
499, Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.
615-16. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.

OSTRACIIDE.
Ostracium quadricorne, Linn.—Cow-risu.—West Indian
Fauna.

10008. Cast. Bermudas. G. Brown Goode. March, 1872.
664. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Florida. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Alive in
Boston Aquarial Garden June, 1860.

Ostracium triquetrum, Linn.—CucKkoLp.—West Indian Fauna.

579-80. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Santa Cruz. Prof. Alex. Agassiz; Dr.
Jefiries.

Lactophrys trigonus, (Linn.) Poey—TRUNK-FIsH.—West Indian
Fauna; occasional in Massachusetts.

20610. Alcoholie specimens. Wood’s Holl, Mass. V.N. Edwards.

BALISTIDE.

Balistes ringens, Linn.—Sporren Fite-risn.i—West Indian
launa.

ool. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Island of Sombrero, W. I. Prof. Alex.
Agassiz. Sept., 1859.
Balistes vetula, Linn —OLpwire; Fitn-risu.—West Indian
Fauna; accidental on coast.

14909. Cast. Wood’sHoll, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. Oct. 8, 1873.
11380, Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 25

Balistes capriscus,

15283. Alcoholic specimen. East Coast. John Sutherland.

Stephanolepis setifer, (Bennet) Gill—SrorEr’s FILE-FISH.—
Nova Scotia to Florida.

16519. Alcoholic specimen. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission.
Sept., 1875.
617. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Cape Cod. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Aug., 1859.
498, Color sketch. (Richard.) Wood’s Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission.
Aug., 1875.
Canthorhinus occidentalis.—West Indian Fauna, We. |
16746. Alcoholic specimen. Chesapeake Bay. Capt. John Evans. Oct., 1875.

Alutera cuspicauda, De Kay.—LONG-TAILED FILE-FISH.—Cape
Cod to Florida.

16341. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. Sept. 13, 1875.

15569. Cast. New York. E. G. Blackford.

15827. Cast. New York market. *E. G. Blackford.

15839. Cast. New York market. E.G. Blackford. Oct. 9, 1875.
412-13-14. Color sketches. U. 8. Fish Commission.

Ceratacanthus aurantiacus, (Mitch.) Gill—OrANnGe Fie-
risH.—Cape Cod to Florida.

14914. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. Aug. 14, 1873.

15870. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. Aug. 14, 1873.
14916. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. Aug. 14, 1873.
5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.

500. Color sketch.

Orver, LOPHOBRANCHII.

HIPPOCAMPIDZE.

Hippocampus antiquorum, Leach.—SEA-HORSE ; HORSE-FISH.
—Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras.

21044, Alcoholic specimen. St. George’s Banks. G. Brown Goode,
SYNGNATHID®.

Syngnathus Peckianus, Storer.—PriPe-risu.—Newfoundland to
Cape Hatteras.

16492, Alcoholic specimen. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.

26 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Oxver, TELEOCEPHALL
HETEROSOMATA,
SOLEIDE.

Achirus lineatus, (Linn.) Cuy.— AMERICAN SOLE; HoG CHoxkeEr.
—Cape Cod to Florida.
15743. Cast, (upper side.) Wood’s Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. Feb.
21, 1874.
15743. Cast, (under side.) Wood’s Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission. Feb.
21, 1874.
380. Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission.
448, Photograph, (upper side.)
449. Photograph, (ander side.)
561. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.

Solea vulgaris, (uensel—SoLe.—Coast of Europe.

12513. Cast. England.
16. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.

PLEURONECTIDEE.
Euchalarodus Putnannai, Gill—PuTNAM’s FLA?T-FIsH.—Found
only in Salem Harbor.

5368. Alcoholic specimen, Salem, Mass. F. W. Putnam.

Pseudopleuronectes americanus, (\Walb.) Gill —FLA?T-risu ;
WINTER FLOUNDER.—Nova Scotia to Cape Hatteras.

14911. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. July 22, 1873.
15692, Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. Dee., 1873.

15709, Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. Feb. 28, 1874.
14691. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. Feb, 20, 1874.
14913. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. Feb, 2, 1874.

Lt

15934. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.
15, 19, 20, 21, 22, 380. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.

785. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

Myzopsetta ferruginea, (Storer) Gill—Rusty FLounpER.—
Nova Scotia to Cape Cod.
15068, Cast. Ney York market. E. G. Blackford.
15067. Cast. New York market. E.G. Blackford. March 22, 1875.
23. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.

7°6. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

‘

Pleuronectes glaber, (Storer) Gill —Smoorn-Back FLOUNDER.—
Northern New England Coast.

20873. Cast. Portland, Me. Tarleton H. Bean.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERI£S OF UNITED STATES, 27

Glyptocephalus cynogiossus, (Linn.) Gill—PoLE FLOUNDER.
—Maine.

24. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.
12685. Alcoholic specimen. Treat’s Island, Eastport, Me. U.S. Fish Commis-
sion. <Aug., 1872.

Lophopsetta maculata, (Mitch.) Gill—WaAtTERY FLOUNDER;
SPOTTED TURBOT.—Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras.

15693. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fish Cominission.
10652. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.
25, 25. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.

780-1. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

Cheenopsetta oceliaris, (De Kay) Gill—CommMon FLOUNDER.—
Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras.

15177. Cast. Norfolk, Va. U.S. Fish Commission.

10721. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.

14899. Cast. Block Island, R. I. U.S. Fish Commission. Sept. 24, 1274.
10684. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.

15176. Cast. Norfolk, Va. U.S. Fish Commission.

27,28. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.

533-4, Color sketch. (Richard.) U. 8. Fish Commission.

Chzenopsetta oblonga, (Mitch.) Gill—FOuUR-SPOTTED FLOUNDER.
—Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras.

10716. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.
10661. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.
29,30. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.

Cheenopsetta dentata, (Linn.) Gill—SournERN FLouNDER.—
Cape Hatteras to Florida.

18048. Alcholic specimen. St. John’s River, Fla. Professor Baird.
;

Hippoglossus americanus, Gill.—HALibur.—Newfoundland to
Cape Hatteras.

15698. Cast. Eastern Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. Feb. 28, 1874.
15705. Cast. Eastern Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. Feb. 28, 1874.
16587. Cast. Boston, Mass. I, H. Johnson. Sept. 24, 1875.
15732. Cast.
31,32. Photographs. U.S. F¥sh Commission.

767. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

Hippoglossoides limandoides, Giinther—Sanp DAs.

21037. Alcoholic specimen. Halifax, N.S. U.S. Fish Commission. Sept. 11,
1877.

21818. Alcoholic specimen. Gloucester, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. July
29, 1878.

14913. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. V.N. Edwards. Feb. 2, 1874.

2

os

5

Reinhardtius hippogiossoides,
TurborT.—Greenland.

1869. Cast, (upper side.) Newfoundland.
14869, Cast. Newfoundland. I. G. Blackford.
33. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.
21564. Le Have Bank. U.

Cast. S. Fish Commissic

(Walb.)

k. G. Blackford.
Feb., 1874.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Gill.—_GREENLAND

Feb., 1874.

mm.

Psettichthys melanostictus, Girard.—CALIFORNIA ‘ Sporrep

So.LE.”—Coast of California.

Jan.
Jan.
Jan.

L. Stone.
L. Stone.
L. Stone.

16701. Cast.
16699, Cast.
16700. Cast.

San Francisco, Cal.
San Francisco, Cal.
San Francisco, Cal.

2

27, 1876.
7, 1876.
27, 1876.

16699, 16700, 16701. Alcoholic specimens. San Francisco. U.S. Fish Commission.

U. S. Fish Commission.
U. S. Fish Commission.

36, 39, Photographs,
777. Color sketch.
754. Color sketch.

(Agassiz.) Prof. Alex. Agassiz.

Platichthys stellatus, (Pall.) Gill—Rovucu FLounDER.—Coast

of California.

16698,
38. Photograph.
531-2. Color sketch.
657. Color sketch.
1859.

Cast. San Francisco, Cal. L. Stone.
U. 8. Fish Commission.

(Agassiz.) San Francisco.

(Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Nov.,

Parophrys vetulus.— SoLz.”—Coast of California.

17064. Alcoholic specimen. San Francisco, Cal.

776. Color sketch.
Ancylopsetta quadrocellata, Gill.

17123-4. Alcoholic specimens. Charleston, S. C.

~~

1877.

17123. Cast. Charleston, S.C. Prof. S. F. Baird.

Le
(Richard.) U. 8. Fish Commission.

S. Fish Commission.

Prof. 8. F. Baird. March,

March, 1877.

Rhombus maximus, Will. —Tursor.—Coasts of Europe.

12511.
35, 391. Photograph.

Middleton, Carman & Co.
8. Fish Commission.

Cast. England.

U.

Rhombus laevis, Rondel.—Bri_u.—Coasts of Europe.

1

2512. Cast. England.
34. Photograph. U

Middleton, Carman & Ca,
. 8. Fish Commission. °

ANACANTHINI,.
MACRURIDE.

Macrurus rupestris, }).—Onron-Fisu.—North Atlantic.

15608. Cast. St. George’s Banks.
Color sketch.

iE. G. Blackford.

(Richard.) U.S. Fish Comm

700
756,

Oct. 27, 1875.

ission.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 29

Macrurus Bairdii, Goode & Bean.—Spike-Talt.

21014, Alcoholic specimen. (Type.) Gulf of Maine. U.S. Fish Commission.
Aug. 19, 1877. 7

GADIDE.

Pollachius carbonarius, (Linn.) Bon.—PoLLAck.—Greenland to
Cape Hatteras.
15971. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission.
16254. Cast. Martha’s Vineyard. U.S. Fish Commission. July 30, 1875.
41, 42,43. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.
787. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

Gadus morrhua, Linn.—Cop-FisH.—Polar Regions to Cape Hat-
teras.
16770. Cast. Irish Sea. Liverpool Free Public Museum.
14902. Cast. New York market. E.G. Blackford. April 3, 1874.
15923. Cast. Portland, Me. U.S. Fish Commission.
44, 45, 381, 392. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.
610. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.

Microgadus proximus, (Girard) Gill—Tom Cop.—Coast of Cali-
fornia.
16696. Cast. San Francisco, Cal. L. Stone. June 27, 1876.
47, Photograph. U.S, Fish Commission.

616. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.. Novy.,
1859.

Microgadus tomcodus, (Walb.) Gill—Tom Cop; FRos?t-FIsH.—
Newfoundland to Cape Hatteras.
14884. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. June 11, 1873.
885. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. June 11, 1873.
16608. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. Sept. 27, 1875.
46, Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission.
662. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) Prof. Alex. Agassiz.

Melanogrammus eglefimnus, (Linn.) Gill—HAppDocKk.—New-
foundland to Cape Hatteras.

14897. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. June 18, 1873.
14896, Cast. Portland, Me. U.S. Fish Commission. Aug. 2, 1873.
48, 49,50. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.

427. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

Phycis chuss, (Walb.) Gill—HAkrE.—Newfowndland to Cape Hat-
teras.
16598. Cast. Boston, Mass. F. H. Johnson.
Phycis tenuis, (Mitch.) De Kay.—Squirre, HAakrn.—Newfound-
land to Cape Hatteras.

15729. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. June 18, 1873.
51. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.

30 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Phvecis Chesteri, Goode & Bean.—LONG-FINNED HA.

21840, Alcoholic specimen. (Type.) Gulf of Maine. U.S. Fish Commission.
Aug. 27, 1878.
Urophyeis regius, (Walb.) Gill—SrorrEep CopLiInG.—Cape Cod
to Cape Hatteras.
788. Color sketch. (merton.) U. 8. Fish Commission.
16845-6. Casts and alcoholic specimens. New York. Fred. Mather.
Molva vulgaris, Fleming.—Linc.—Polar Seas.
16775. Cast. Coast of England. Liverpool Free Public Museum.
390, Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission.
Rhinonemus caudacuta, (Storer) Gill—FouR-BEARDED Rock-
LING.—Nova Scotia to Cape Cod.
16656. Alcoholic specimen. Wood’s Holl, Mass. V. N. Edwards.
Ciliata argentata, (Reinh.) Gill —MACKEREL MipGr.—Greenland
to Cape Hatteras.

16179. Alcoholic specimen. Vineyard Sound, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission.

fivpsiptera argentea, Giinther.
21831. Alcoholic specimen. Off Cape May, N. J. Capt. R. H. Hurlbert.

Brosmius americanus, Gill.—Cusk.—Nova Scotia to Cape Cod.

16605. Cast. Boston, Mass. Wm. Prior, jr., & Co. Sept. 25, 1875.
15886. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. Feb. 21, 1874.
52. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.
429. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

Haloporphyrus viola, Goode & Bean.—BLvE HAke.

21237. Alcoholic specimen. (Type.) Banquerean. Capt. Jos. W. Collins. Aug.,

1878.

Lota maculosa, (Les.) Rich.—Burbor.—Fresh waters of Northern
North America.
160640, Cast. New York. E. G. Blackford.
16638. New York. E. G. Blackford.
53, 54,55. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.
125. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.
191. Color sketch. (Rétter.) Prof. Alex. Agassiz.

MERLUCIIDE.

Merlucius bilimearis, ( Mitch.) Gill—Wuirine: Strver HAKE.—
Nova Scotia to Cape Hatteras.

15747. Cast. U.S. Fish Commission.
15931. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. Oct. 28, 1873.
56. Photograph. U, 8. Fish Commission.

562. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. ol

OPHIDIIDZE.

Ophidium marginatuam, Mitch.—Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras.

10762. Alcoholic specimen. Tompkinsville, N. Y. C. Copley.

LYCODIDE.

Zoarces anguillaris, (Peck) Storer—ErL Pour.—Newfoundland
to Cape Hatteras.
14888. Cast. New York market. E.G. Blackford. March, 1874.

15694. Cast. Nantucket Shoals. U.S. Fish Commission.
651. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.

CRYPTACANTHIDE.

Cryptacanthodes maculatus, Storer—SPorreD WRY-MOUTH.
—Nova Scotia to Cape Cod.
16621. Provincetown, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission.
15889. Cast. Portland, Me. U.S. Fish Commission.
15890. Cast. Portland, Me. U.S. Fish Commission.
423. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.
615. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Boston. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Dec., 1861.

Cryptacanthodes inornatus, Gill.— GuHost-FIsH. — Coast of
Massachusetts.

1761. Alcoholic specimen. Maine. W. Stimpson.

AMMODY TIDE.

Ammodytes americamus.—SAND EEL.

082. Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission.
422. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission,

STICH AIDE.

Stichzeus punctatus, (Fabr.) Reinh.— North Atlantie Coast.

590, Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Prof, Alex. Agassiz.
21068. Alcoholic specimen, Halifax, N. 8. U.S. Fish Commission. Sept. 4,

1877.

Eumesogrammus subbifurcatus, (Storer) Gill. — Nova
Scotia to Cape Cod.

21067. Alcoholic specimen. Halifax, N.S. U.S. Fish Commission. Aug. 25,

1877.

32 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

XIPHIDIONTIDE.

Murzenoides mucronatus, (Mitch.,) Gill—Rock EErL.—Nova
Scotia to Cape Hatteras.

13247. Aicoholie specimen. Eastport, Me. U.S. Fish Commission.
43. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.

Murzenoides ornatus, (Girard) Gill—Paciric Rock ErLi—
Pacific Coast.
639. Colorsketch. (Agassiz.) Ft. Roberts, Gulf of Georgia, Wash. Terr. Prof.
Alex. Agassiz. July, 1859.

ANARREICHADIDE.

.

Anarrhichas vomerinus, (Ag.) Storer—WoLPFr-FIsH.—Green-
land to Cape Hatteras.
16439. Cast. Boston, Mass. T°. H. Johnson. Sept. 8, 1875.
14900. Cast. Coxswain’s Ledge, R. I. U.S. Fish Commission. July 25, 1875.
57. Photograph. U. 8. Fish Cominission.
770. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. 8. Fish Commission.

Anarrhichas lupus, Linn.

21875. Specimen in brine. Gloucester. U.S. Fish Commission. 1878.

BATRACHIDE.

Batrachus tau, Linn.—ToAp-risH; OysTER-FISH.—Nova Scotia to
Gulf of Mexico.

10742. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.
501-2. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

Porichthys notatus.—Pacitic Coast.

640. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) Simiahmoo, Wash. Terr. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
June, 1859.

URANOSCOPIDE.

Astroscopus anoplus, (Cuy. & Val.) Brevoort—NAkrEpD STAr-
GAZER.—New York to Florida.
4622. Alcoholic specimen. Norfolk, Va. Prof. Theo. Gill.
571. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Pensacola, Fla. Prof. Alex. Agassiz; Dr.
Jeffreys. April, 1854,
2. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Hampton Roads, Va. Prof. Alex. Agassiz;
T. Leib. April, 1854.
534. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Jacksonville, Fla. Prof. Alex, Agassiz.
1853.
»® Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Charleston, S. C. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
1854.
586. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Coney Island, N. Y. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
April, 184,

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 33

CYCLOPTERID SE.

Cvclopterus lumpus, Linn.—Lump-risu.—North Atlantic.
15688. Cast. New York. E.G. Blackford. May 15, 1874.
5730. Cast. New York. E.G. Blackford. April 18, 1874.
16660. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.
58. Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission.
788. Color sketch. (Emerton.) Young specimen. Fisher’s Island Sound.
U. 8. Fish Commission. <Aug., 1874.

LIPARIDID®.
Liparis lineata, (Lepechin) Kroyer.—StTripep LipaArtis.—North
Atlantic.
13960. Alcoholic. Watch Hill Reef, R. I. U.S. Fish Commission. <Aug., 1874,
788. Color sketch. (Emerton.) U.S. Fish Commission.
Liparis Montagui, Don.—SrA Snait.—North Atlantic.

20432. Alcoholic. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.

TRIGLIDE.

Dactylopterus volitams, (Linn.) Lacep.—FLYING GURNARD.—
Temperate and Tropical Atlantic and Mediterranean.

15873. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. Aug. 8, 1873.
——. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

Prionotus carolinus, (Linn.) Cuv. & Val.—BROAD-FINGERED
SEA RosBin.—Cape Cod to Florida.

59. Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission.
443. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. 8. Fish Commission.
566. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Prof. Alex. Agassiz,

Prionotus evolams, (Linn.) Gill—Srrirep SrA Ropry.—Cape
Cod to Florida.
15735. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission.
15727. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission.
16411. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. Sept. 25, 1875,
60, 61, 62. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.
401, 402. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. 8. Fish Commission,

AGONTIDZ.

Aspidophoroides monopterygius, (Bloch.) Storer—Polar
Seas and south to Connecticut.

21700. Alcoholic. Massachusetts Bay. U.S. Fish Commission.

Bull. N. M. No. 14 3

34 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

COTTIDS.

Cottus octodecimspinosus, Mitch.—ScuLPin.—Nova Scotia to
Cape Hatteras.
16437. Cast. Boston, Mass. F.H. Johnson. Sept. 8, 1875.
63. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.
537-8. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.

Cottus groeenlandicus, Cuv. & Val.—GREENLAND SCULPIN.—
Polar Regions to Cape Cod.
16436. Cast. Boston, Mass. I. H. Johnson.
65. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.
045. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.

Cottus Mitchilli, Cuv. & Val—Piamy ScuLpry.—New England
Coast.
14806. Alcoholic specimens. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.

62. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.
546. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.

Uranidea viscosa, (Hald.) De Kay.— AMERICAN MILLER’s THUMB.

609. Color sketch. (Roetter.) Plymouth, Mass. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. March,
1869,

HEMETRIPTERIDE.

Hemitripterus americanus, (Gmel.) Cuvier—SEA RAVEN.—
Newfoundland to New York; Seas of Japan.

15736. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.
16414. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. Sept. 2, 1875.
66, 67. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.
471-2. Photographs.
476. Photograph of young.

SCORP ENIDE.

Sebastes marinus, (Linn.) Liitken—Norway HAppock; HeEm-
DURGAN; Rep PERCH.—Polar Seas and south to Cape
Cod.

—. Aleoholic. Eastport, Me. U. S. Fish Commission.
Sebastes Viviparus, Kroyer.—RoseE-Fisu.—North Atlantic.

159879. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.
397. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.
79. Color sketch. Prof. Alex Agassiz.
Sebastomus rosaceus, (Girard) Gill—Rosy Rock-FIsH.—Coast
of California.

16688. Cast. San Francisco, Cal. L. Stone.
68. Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 35

Sebastomus auriculatus, (Girard) Gill—BLACK-EARED Rock-
FISH.—Coast of California.
612. Colorsketch. (Agassiz.) San Francisco, Cal. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Nov.,
1859,

Sebastomus fasciatus, (Girard) Gill—BANDED Rock-FIsH.—
Coast of California.
483. Colorsketch. (Richard.) San Francisco. Livingston Stone. U.S. Fish
Commission. March, 1876.
. 614. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) Deep Bay, Mayne Id., W. T. Prof. Alex.
Agassiz. May 20, 1859.
Sebastomus elongatus, (Girard) Gill.—Pacifie Coast.

643. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Nov.,
1859.

Sebastosomus melanops, (Girard) Gill—BLACK-HEADED ROcK-
FISH.—Coast of California.

653. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Novy.,
1859.
16689. Cast. San Francisco, Cal. L. Stone.
482. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. 8. Fish Commission,

Sebastodes paucispinis, (Ayres) Gill—Coast of California.
637. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Nov.,
1859.
Chirus constellatus, (Girard) Gill—‘Rock Trout.”—Coast of
California.

16697. Cast. San Francisco, Cal. L. Stone.
69. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.
455. Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission.

Chirus pictus, Girard.—Pacific Coast.

642. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Nov.,
1859,

Chirus guttatus, Girard.—Coast of California.

638. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Nov.,

1859,
SCARIDE.
Scarus squalidus, Poey.—TAwny PARROT-FISH.—West Indian
Fauna.

973. Stuffed skin. Havana market. Prof. F. Poey.
Scarus Abildgaardii.—PAarror-risu.—West Indian Fauna.

9738. Stuffed skin. Havana market. Prof. F. Poey.

36 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Scarus radians, Val.—Sranisi PorGy.— West Indian Fauna.

550. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) New Providence. Prof. Alex. Agassiz ;
F. S. Shaw. April, 1861.

Pseudoscarus coeruleus.—BLvE PARRO?T-FISH; KILMAGORE.—
West Indian Fauna.

9733. Stuffed skin. Havana market. Prof. F. Poey.
LABRIDBE.

Tautoga onitis, (Linn.) Giinther—TAauroG; BLACK-FIsH.—Bay ot
Fundy to South Carolina.

10598. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission.
15622. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission.
14893. Cast. Chesapeake Bay. U.S. Fish Commission. May 12.
10599. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission. May 12.
10643. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission.
15959. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.
10599. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.
70, 71. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.
450. Color sketch. (Adult.) (Richard.) U. 8. Fish Commission.
451. Color sketch. (Young.) U.S. Fish Commission.
554. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
661. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.

Tautogolabrus adspersus, (Walb.) Gill —CUNNER; CHOGSET.—
Newfoundland to Cape Hatteras.

14894, Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission.
10746. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission.
381. Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission.
383. Photograph.
645. Color sketch. Prof, Alex. Agassiz.
431-433. Color sketch. U. 8. Fish Commission.

Harpe rufus (Linn.) Gill—Spanisn LaApy-riso.—West Indian
Fauna.

597. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Santa Cruz. Prof. Alex. Agassiz; Dr.
Jeffries,

Choeerojulis radiatus, (Linn.) Goode.—BLun-risn.—West Indian
Tauna.

596. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) New Providence. Prof. Alex. Agassiz; F.
S. Shaw. April, 1861.

Lachnolwmus faleatus, (Linn.) Val—West Indian Fauna.

20780. Cast. Key West, Fla. E. G. Blackford.
598. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
599. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
600. Color sketch.* Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
601. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.

-

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 37

POMACERTRIDE.

Giyphidodon saxatilis, (Linn.) Cuvy.—SERGEANT-MAJOR.— West
Indian Fauna.
589. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
591. Color sketch. (Dall.) Bermudas. Alive in Barnum’s Aquarium. Prof.
Alex. Agassiz. Dec., 1862.
Pomacentrus leucostictus, M. & T.—West Indian Fauna.
21703. Alcoholic. Ft. Jefferson, Fla. Thos. Moore.

Heliastes imsolatus, ©. & V.—West Indian Fauna.
21704. Alcoholic. Ft. Jefferson, Fla. ‘Thos. Moore.
EMBEIOTOCIDE.
Embiotoca Webbi, Girard.—Coast of California.
626. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Nov.,
1859.

Embiotoca Jacksoni, A gassiz.—Coast of California.

625. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Nov.,
1859. i

\

Teeniotoca lateralis, (Ag.) A. Ag.—STRiPED PERCH.—Coast
of California.
16691. Cast. San Francisco, Cal. L. Stone.
72. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.
456. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.
658. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) Crescent City, Cal. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
May, 1859.
* 659. Color sketch. (Iemale.) (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof, Alex. Agassiz.
Nov., 1859.
660. Color sketch. San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. April, 1860.

Damalichthys vacea, Girard.—Coast of California.
627. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. April,
1860.
Metrogaster aggregatus, Ag.—Pacific Coast.
641. Color sketch. (Female.) (Agassiz.) San Francisco, Cal. Prof. Alex.
Agassiz. Dec., 1859.
Hypsurus Caryi, Agass.—Prercu.—Pacific Coast.
606. Color sketch. San Francisco, Cal. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. April 1, 1860.
Phanerodon furcatus, Girard.—Coast of California.

636. Color sketch. (Female.) (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
Nov., 1859.

38 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Amphistichus argenteus, Ag.—Coast of California.
635. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) (Male.) San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
April, 1860.
Amphistichus similis, Girard.—Coast of California.
634. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Nov.,
1859.
Rhachochilus toxotes, Agassiz.—Coast of California.
633. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. March,
1860.
Holconotus pulchellus, A. Ag.—Coast of California.
632. Color sketch. (Male.) (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
April, 1860.
Holconotus rhodoterus, Girard.—Coast of California.
641. Color sketch. (Female.) (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
Dec., 1859.
2
Hvyperprosopon argenteus, Gibbon.—Coast of California.
620. Colorsketch. (Female.) (Agassiz.) SanFrancisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.

March, 1860.
628. Color sketch. (Female.) (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.

April, 1860.
Abeona Trowbridgii, Girard.—Coast of California.

629. Color sketch. (Female.) (Agassiz.) California. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
TENTHIDID SE.

Acanthurus chirurgus, (B1.) Schn.—Docror-FrisH.— West Indian
Fauna.
569. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Florida. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Alive in
Boston Aquarial Gardens. June, 1860.
570. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Florida. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Alive in
Boston Aquarial Gardens. June, 1860.

Acanthurus nigricans, (Linn.) Gill—BLAcK DocToR-FISH.—
West Indian Fauna and occasional north.

21367. Alcoholic. Bermudas. G. Brown Goode.
21698. Dried specimen. Key West, Fla. Thomas Moore. Noy., 1878.

CHAETODONTIDE.

Sarothrodus capistratus, (Linn.) Poey —Coqurr?TEn.—West In-
dian Fauna.
588. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) New Providence. Prof. Alex. Agassiz; F.
8S. Shaw. April, 1861.
592, Color sketch, (Burkhardt.) Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
603. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

39

Sarothrodus maculocinctus, Gill.

16955. Alcoholic specimens.

Wood’s Holl, Mass.

U.S. Fish Commission. 1876.

Holacanthus tricolor, (Bl.) Lac—BLAck ANGEL-FISH.—West

Indian Fauna.

593. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.)
Jeftries.

594. Color sketch. (Burkhardt. )
S. R. Knox.

Santa Cruz. Prof. Alex. Agassiz; Dr.

Sombrero Id., W. I. Prof. Alex. Agassiz;

Holacanthus ciliaris, (Linn.) Lac.—ANGEL-FISH.—West Indian

Fauna.
575. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Florida. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Alive in
Boston Aquarial Gardens. June, 1860.
576. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Florida. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Alive in
Boston Aquarial Gardens. June, 1860.
577. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Florida. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Alive in
Boston Aquarial Gardens. June, 1860.
21876. Alcoholic. Bermudas. G. Brown Goode.
583. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Bermudas. Alive in

Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
”

Barnum’s Aquarium. 1862.

Pomacanthus arcuatus, (Linn.) Cuy.—PALOMETTA.—West In-
dian Fauna.

602. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.)
Boston Aquarial Garden,

Florida.
June, 1860.

Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Alive in

AIPHIID A.

Xiphias gladius, Sworp-risu.—Atlantie and Mediterranean.
16126. Cast in papier-maché. Off Noman’s Land, Mass, U.S. Fish Commission.

Aug., 1875.
21699. Sword 18 inches long.
ter, Mass.

Taken from nostril of Lamna cornubica. Glouces-

U.S. Fish Commission. Sept. 26, 1878.

Tetrapturus albidus, Poey.—SPiKE-FISH.—Cape Cod to West
Indies.

15834. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission.

73. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.
411. Water-color sketch. U.S. Fish Commission.

July 23, 1873.

Histiophorus americanus, Cuv. & Val.—SatL-risu.—Atlantie
Coast of America.

16664. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass.
74. Photograph.

U. S. Fish Commission.
U.S. Fish Commission.

TRICHIURID.

Aug., 1872.

Trichiurus lepturus, Linn.—HAm-TAiL; SCABBARD-FISH.—
Temperate and Tropical Atlantic.
14874. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.
559. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Prof. Alex. Agassiz.

40 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

SCOMBRID”E.

Northern Atlantie.

Scomber scombrus, Linn.—\MACKEREL.

16443, Cast. New York market. KE. G. Blackford. Sept. 10, 1875.
10604. Cast. (Male.) Washington market. S. F. Baird.
10650. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. S. Fish Commission.
10650. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. S. Fish Commission.
76, 77, 78, 393, 395. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.

U.
U.

755-6-7. Color sketches. U.S. Fish Commission.
654. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.

Sarda pelamys, (Linn.) Cuvy.—Boniro.—Atlantie and Mediterra-
nean.

16325. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.
15748. Cast. New York market. E. G. Blackford.
79, 80, 81. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.
467-8. Color sketches. (Richard.) Wood’s Holl. U. S. Fish Commission.
1875,
558. Color sketch. New York. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Oct. 20, 1847.

Orcynus secundi-dorsalis, (Storer) Gill.—Tunny; Horse-
MACKEREL.—Newfoundland to Florida.
16509. Cast. New York market. FE. G. Blackford.

82, 83, 84. Photographs. U. 8S. Fish Commission.
436, 37, 96, 513. Color sketches. (Richard.) U. 8. Fish Commission.

Orcynus alliteratus, (Raf.) Gill—LirrLte Tunny; ALBICORE.—

Pelagic.
15710. Cast. Noank, Conn. U. 8. Fish Commission. v

15683. Cast. Noank, Conn. U. 8. Fish Commission.
8. Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission.
497. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission,

Orcynus pelamys, (Linn.) Poey.—OcEANIC Bontro.—Temperate
and Tropical Seas.
21852. Aleoholie. Chilmark, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.

21562-3. Casts. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.
21566. Alcoholic. New York market. KE. G. Blackford.

Oreyvnus alalonga, (Gmelin) Risso—LONG-FINNED Bonrro.—
Atlantic, Mediterranean.

21844. Alcoholic. Banquerean. Capt. Wm. Thompson.

Orcynus argenti-vittatus, (C. & V.) Goode & Bean ?—Atlantic.

21702, Skins, Banqnereau. Capt. Wm. Thompson.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 4]

Cvbium maculatum, (Mitch.) Cuv.—SpaAnisH MACKEREL.—At-
lantie shores of Tropical and Temperate America.

15367. Cast. Norfolk, Va. U.S. Fish Commission.

16407. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission.

15750. Cast. New York. E. G. Blackford.
86. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.
514. Color sketch. (Richard.) U."S. Fish Commission.
663. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.

Cvbium regale, (Bl.) Cuv.—Sporrep Cero.—West Indian Fauna
and north to Cape Cod.
16622. Cast. Key West, Fla. E. G. Blackford.
87, 88, 89. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.
406-515. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. 8. Fish Commission.
21612. Stuffed. Cuba. Prof. Felipe Poey.

Cvbium caballa, Cuv. & Val.—Crero.—Atlantic Shores of Tropi-
cal and Temperate America.
16478. Cast. New York market. E.G. Blackford. Sept. 14, 1875.
90, 91, 92, 93, 94, and 95. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.
405-486-7. Color-sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.
21611. Stuffed. Cuba. Prof. Felipe Poey.

CARANGIDE.

Vomer setipimmis, (Mitch.) Ayres.—SiLver-FIsH.—Maine to
Florida. West Indian Fauna.

16915. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. V. N. Edwards. Sept. 7, 1873.
16615. Cast. New York. E.G. Blackford.

Argvreiosus vomer, Lac.—SILver-Fisu.—Cape Cod to Florida,
and West Indian Fauna.
16475. Cast. New York. FE. G. Blackford.
15905. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. V. N. Edwards.
96. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.
440, 495. Color sketches. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

Paratractus pisquetus, (Cuy. & Val.) Gill—YELLOW CreE-
VALLE.—Cape Cod to Florida.

16471. Cast. Woods Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. Sept. 14, 1875.
15843. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.

15888. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.

15887. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.

98, 99, 100. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.

778-9. Color sketches. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

Trachurops crumenophthalmus, (Bloch.) Gill—Bic-ryeD
ScAD; GOGGLE-EYE.—Pelagie.

16481. Alcoholic. New York market. E. G. Blackford.
97. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.

42 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Decapterus punctatus, (Mitch.) Gill—Rounb Robiry.—West
Indian Fauna and north to Massachusetts.

18951. Alcoholic. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission.
21365. Alcoholic. Bermudas. G. Brown Goode.

Decapterus macarellus, (C. & VY.) Gill—MACKEREL Scap.—
West Indian Fauna and north to Massachusetts.

16239. Alcoholic specimen. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.
21630. Alcoholic. Newport, R. I. Samuel Powel.

Carangus hippos, (Linn.) Gill—Horsk CREVALLE.—Atlantic
Coasts of Temperate and Tropical America, East Indian
and Australian Seas.

14859. Cast. Florida. E. G. Blackford.

101. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.
21654. Alcoholic. Newport, R. I. Samuel Powel.

Carangus chrysos, (Mitch.) Gill—YELLOW MACKEREL.—West
Indian Fauna and north to Cape Cod.
15708. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. Sept. 15, 1873.
15746. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission. Oct.8, 1873.

15696. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.
102, 103. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.

Blepharichthys crinitus, (Akerly) Gill—THREAD-FISH.—West
Indian Fauna and north to Cape Cod.
16520. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. Sept. 18, 1875.

105-105. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.
475. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

Zonichthys fasciatus, (Bloch.) Sw.—BrerMuDA Bonito; MED-
REGAL.—Cuba, Soyth Carolina, Bermuda.

15828. Cast. New York. E. G. Blackford.
404. Color sketch. U.S. Fish Commission.

Trachynotus carolinus, (Linn.) Gill.— Pompano.— Atlantic
Coasts of America south of Cape Cod.

15904. Cast. Norfolk, Va. U.S. Fish Commission. June 20, 1873.
15809. Cast. New York market. E.G. Blackford. October 12, 1875.
106, 107. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission. _
473-4. Color sketches. (Richard.) U. 8. Fish Commission.

Trachynotus ovatus, (Linn.) Gthr.—Snorr Pompano.—Pelagie.

16707. New York. E. G. Blackford.
400. Color sketch. (Young.) (Richard.) Vineyard Haven, Mass. U. S.
Fish Commission.
547. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. 8. Fish Commission.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 43

Halatractus zonatus, (Mitch.) Gill—BANDED RUDDER-rISU.—
Cape Cod to Florida.

16472. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. Sept. 14, 1875.
16532. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.
108-9. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.

477. Color sketch. U.S. Fish Commission.

478. Color sketch. U.S. Fish Commission.

479. Color sketch. U.S, Fish Commission.

Seriola Lalandii, ©. & V.?—AMBER-FISH.—Atlantie Ocean; Japan.
16709. Cast. Florida. KE. G. Blackford.

110. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.

Oligoplites occidentalis, (Linn.) Gil—LEATHER JACKET.—
West Indies ; occasional on coast.
16354. Cast. New York market. E.G. Blackford. Aug. 13, 1875.

111. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.
429. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

CORYPHENID£.

Coryphena Sueuri, Cuy. & Val.—DoLpuHin.—Pelagic; occa-
sional on coast.

16441. Cast. New York market. E. G. Blackford.

. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.
16420. Cast. New York. E. G. Blackford.

16482. Cast. New York. E. G. Blackford.

Coryphzna punctulata, (Cuv. & Val.) Gthr—SMALL-SPOTTED
DoLPHIN.—Pelagic ; occasional on coast.

16406. Cast. Noank, Conn. J. H. Latham. Aug. 25, 1875.
112, 113, and 114. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.
STROMATEIDE.

Palinurichthys perciformis, (Mitch.) Gill—BLAcK RuDDMR-
FISH.—Newtfoundland to Cape Hatteras.

16616. Cast. Martha’s Vineyard. U.S. Fish Commission. Sept. 25, 1875.
15935. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission.
544. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

Poronotus triacanthus, (Peck.) Gill—HARVEST-FISH; BUTTER-
FISH.—Maine to Cape Hatteras.

16591. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission.

115. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.
359-60-61. Color sketches. (Richard.) U. 8. Fish Commission.
516-17. Color sketches.

44 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES,

Peprilus Gardenii, (B1., Schn.) Gill—Snorr HARVEST-FISH.—
West Indian Fauna and north to New York.

16819. Cast. Chesapeake Bay. Sibley.
15234. New York market. John Sutherland.

LATILIDE.

Caulolatilus microps, Goode & Bean.—Gulf of Mexico,

90971. Alcoholic. Pensacola, Fla. Silas Stearns.

BERYCIDE.

Holocentrum sogo, Bloch—SQuirret.—West Indian Fauna,
accidental on coast ; found at Newport, R. I.

578. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Bermudas. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Alive
in Barnum’s Aquarium. Dec., 1862.
595. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) New Providence. Prof. Alex. Agassiz; F
S. Shaw. April, 1861.
2. Alcoholic. Bermudas. J. M. Jones.

tw
_
%&
ww
ws

SCIAENIDE.

Cynoscion regalis, (Bl.) Gill—SQuEereaGurE ; WEAK-FISH.—Cape
Ann to Florida.
16216. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. July 27, 1875.
12216. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. July 27, 1875.
116, 117, 118, 119. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.
469-70. Color sketches. (Richard.) U. 8. Fish Commission.

Cynoscion carolinensis, (Cuy. & Val.) Gill—Sporred SQue-
TBAGUE.—Gulf ot Mexico and Southern Atlantic States.

15928. Cast.
15929. Cast.
120, 121, 122. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.
790. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

€vnoscion nothus, Holbrook.—SiLver SQUETEAGUE.—Southern
Coast.

21480. Alcoholic. Pensacola, Fla. Silas Stearns.

Pogonias chromis, Lacep.—Drum.—Cape Cod to Florida; Gulf
of Mexico.

15699. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.
15686. Cast. Fisher's Island Sound. Charles Potter. July 10, 1874.
123, 124, 125. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.
791. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. 8. Fish Commission.
21282. Alcoholic. »St. John’s River, Fla. G. Brown Goode.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 45

Haploidonotus grunniems, Raf—lFRESH-WATER DruM.—Great
Lakes and Mississippi Valley.

15701. Cast. Sandusky, Ohio. J. W. Milner. 1873.
126-127. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.

Liostomus obliquus, (Mitch.) De Kay.—Sport.—Cape Cod to
Florida.
15816. Cast. Norfolk, Va. U.S. Fish Commission.
15817. Cast. June 10, 1873.

141. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.
567. Color sketch. New York. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Oct. 26, 1847.

Liostomus xanthurus, Lacep.—YELLOW-TAILED Spor.—South-
ern Atlantic States.

142. Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission.

Bairdieila pumectata, (Linn.) Gill—SILVER-FISH; YELLOW
Tait.—Cape Cod to Florida.

143. Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission.
19060. Alcoholic. St. John’s River, Florida. G. Brown Goode.

Sciaenops ocellatus, (Linn.) Gill—RED BAss; SpoTreD BASs.—
Cape Cod to Florida; Gulf of Mexico.
15463. Cast. Washington market. J. W. Milner.
15739. Cast. New York. E. G. Blackford.
128, 129, 180. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.
—. Oil painting. (J. H. Richard.)

Menticirrus alburaus, (Linn.) Gill—SourHerN KING-FISH.—
Cape Hatteras to Florida.

137. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.
19031. Aleoholic. St. John’s River, Fla. G. Brown Goode.

Menticirrus nebulosus, (Mitch.) Gill—Kine-risu.—Cape Cod
to Florida.

. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. July 27, 1875.
15 7 Cast. New York market. E..G. Blackford. October 14, 1875.
15579. Cast. New York market. E.G. Blackford. October 14, 1875,

131, 132, 133, 134, 135, and 136. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.
508-9-10-11-12. Color sketches. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

16215
155
3

Micropogon undulatus, (Linn.) Cuv. & Val.—Croakur.—At-
lantic Coasts of America south of Cape Cod.

15845. Cast. Norfolk, Va. U.S. Fish Commission. June 19, 1873.
15810. Cast. Norfolk, Va. U.S. Fish Commission. July 18, 1873.
138, 139, 140. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.

19056. Alcoholic. St. John’s River, Fla. G. Brown Goode.

46 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

GERRIDX.

Eucinostomus argenteus, B. & G.—Cape Cod and southward.

16960. Alcoholic. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.

Eucinostomus Lefrovi, Goode.—BreRMUDA SHap.—West Indian
Fauna.

21358. Alcoholic. Bermudas. ‘G. Brown Goode.

PIMELEPTERIDE.

Pimelepterus Boscii, Lacep— BreAM.—West Indian Fauna and
north to Cape Cod.
20844. Alcoholic. Newport, R. I. S. Powell.
20635. Alcoholic. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.
21368. Alcoholic. Bermudas. G. Brown Goode.

SPARIDE.

Lagodon rhoimboides, (Linn.) Holbrook.—Sarior’s CHorce.—
West Indian Fauna and north to Cape Cod.

21280. Alcoholic. St. John’s River, Fla. G. Brown Goode.

Archosargus probatocephalus, (Walb.) Gill—SmrErsHEAD.—

Cape Cod to Florida; Gulf of Mexico.

10685. Cast. Washington market. J. W. Milner.

15825. Cast. New York market. E.G. Blackford. October 20, 1875.

15826. Cast. New York market. E.G. Blackford. October 14, 1875.

14880. Cast. Norfolk, Va. U.S. Fish Commission. July 11, 1872.

15818. Cast. New York. E. G. Blackford.

144, 145. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.

048. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

Stenotomus argyrops, (Linn.) Gill—Scurpaue; Soup; Porey.—
Cape Ann to Florida.
16035, Cast. Buzzard’s Bay. U.S. Fish Commission. July 10, 1875.
10668. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. V.N. Edwards.
16209. Cast.
10601. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. V.N. Edwards.
146-47, Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.
439, Color sketch. (Young.) (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

Sargus Holbrookii, Bean.—CuAarLeston BREAM.—Carolinas.
20979. Cast. Charleston, 8. C. G. Brown Goode.

Sparus aculealus, (Cuy. & Val.) Gill. ?—BAsTARD SNAPPER.—
Southern Coast.

20981. Cast. Charleston, S. C. G. Brown Goode.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 47

PRISTIPOMATIDZE.

Hzmylum arcuatum, Cuy. & Val—BLUE-CHECKED RED-MOUTH,
—South Atlantic Coast of United States.

14907. Cast. Florida. KE. G. Blackford.

Hzmylum formosuim, (Linn.) Cuv.—SQuIRREL RED-MOUTH.—
South Atlantic Coast of United States.

15846. Cast. Florida. E. G. Blackford.

Hzmylum, sp.—South Atlantic Coast of United States.
15840. Cast. Florida. E. G. Blackford.

Hzemyvium chrysopterum, (Linn.) Cuv.?— YELLOW-FINNED
GRUNT.—South Atlantic Coast of United States.

15918. Cast. Florida. E. G. Blackford.

Hzemvlum elegans, Cuv. & Val.—BLUE-STRIPED RED-MOUTH.—
South Atlantic Coast of United States.
15815. Cast. Florida. E.G. Blackford.
573. Color sketch. (Dall.) Florida. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Alive in Boston
Aquarial Garden. June, 1860. ;
574. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Bermudas. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Alive in
Barnum’s Aquarium. Noy. 1862.

Hzmylum arara, Poey?—ARARA RED-MoUTH.—West Indian
Fauna.

552. Water-colorsketch. (Burkhardt.) Florida. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Alive
in Boston Aquarial Garden. June, 1860.

@Orthopristis fulvomaculatus, (Mitch.) Gill—SPECKLED
GRuNT.—South Atlantic Coast of United States.

15812. Cast. Norfolk, Va. U.S. Fish Commission.
15814. Cast. Norfolk, Va. U.S. Fish Commission.
15908. Cast.

Anisotremus virginicus, (Linn.) Gill—South Atlantic Coast of
United States.

15903. Cast. Florida. E.G. Blackford. April 16, 1874,
148. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.
551. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) New Providence. Prof. Alex. Agassiz; I’.
S. Shaw. April, 1861.

Lutjanus Blackfordii, Goode & Bean.—RED SNAPPER.—West
Indian Fauna and north to Savannah Bank.
15700. Cast. New York market. E.G. Blackford. May 7, 1874.
12515. Cast. Washington market. J. W. Milner.
149, Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission.

48 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Lutjanus, sp.—Syaprper.—West Indian Fauna and Southern At-
lantic States.

15917. Cast. Florida. E.G. Blackford.

Lutjanus, sp.—South Atlantic Coast of United States.
16641. Cast. Key West, Fla. E. G. Blackford.
Lutjanus caxis, (BI., Schn.) Gill—Gray SNAPPER.—West Indian
Fauna and Southern Atlantic States.

18101. Alcoholic. Bermudas. G. Brown Goode.

Lutjanus Stearnsii, Goode & Bean.—GULF SNAPPER.—Gulf of
Mexico.

21330. Cast. Pensacola, Fla. Silas Stearns.

Rhomboplites, aurorubeus, (Cuy. & Val.) Gill—MANGROVE
SNAPPER.—West Indian Fauna.
21224. Alcoholic. Charleston, 8. C. C. C. Leslie. -
21338. Alcoholic. Pensacola, Fla. Silas Stearns.
Ocyurus chrysurus, (Bl.) Gill—GoLprEn Tart.—West Indian
Fauna.
14905. Cast. New York market. Florida. E. G. Blackford. April 16, 1874.
150. Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission.
555. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) New Providence. Prof. Alex. Agassiz; F.
S. Shaw. April, 1861.

CENTRARCHID SE.

Eupomotis aureus, (Walb.) Gill & Jordan.—Sun-Fisn.—Fresh
waters of Eastern North America.
14941. Cast. Washington market. G. Brown Goode. February, 1875.
151, 152. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.
505. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. 8. Fish Commission.
Lepiopomus pallidus, (Mitch.) Gill & Jordan. — BLUE-NOSE
BrEAM.—Great Lakes and Southeastern United States.

18368. Aleoholic. St. John’s River, Fla. G. Brown Goode.
Pomoxys nigromaculatus, (Les.) Girard.—Grass BAss.—Great
Lakes, Mississippi Valley, and Southern Atlantic States.
10382. Cast. Norfolk, Va. Dr. H. C. Yarrow.
153, 154. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.
Ambloplites rupestris, (Raf.) Gill—Rock Bass.—Great Lakes
and Mississippi Valley.

15958. Cast. U. §. Fish Commission.
151, Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. AQ

Micropterus pallidus, (Raf.) Gill & Jordan.— LARGE-MOUTH
Biack BAss.—Great Lakes, Mississippi River and tribu-
taries; Southern States; introduced northward.

10380. Cast. Norfolk, Va. Dr. H. C. Yarrow.
10668. Cast. Norfolk, Va. U.S. Fish Commission. Nov. 5, 1873.
10381. Cast. Norfolk, Va. Dr. H. C. Yarrow.

15880. Cast. Carrollton, Ky. J. W. Milner.

10380. Cast. Norfolk, Va. Dr. H. C. Yarrow.

155, 156. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.

Micropterus salmoides, (Lac.) Gill—SMALL-MOUTHED BLACK
BaAss.—Great Lakes and Mississippi Valley; introduced
eastward.

15297. Cast. Potomac River. Maj. Hobbs.
PERCID®.

Perea fluviatilis, L—YrELLow PrRcH.—Fresh waters of East-
ern United States and Western Europe.
14976. Cast. Washington market. G. Brown Goode. Feb. 27, 1875.
167, 168, 169. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.
792. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

Stizostedium vitreum, (Mitch.) Jordan & Copeland, (Val.) Cope.
—YELLOW PIKE-PERCH.—Fresh waters of Central United
States.
15658. Cast. New York market. E. G. Blackford.
14862. Cast. Sandusky, Ohio. J. W. Milner. Oct., 1873.
611. Color sketch. (Roetter.) Sackett’s Harbor, N. Y. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
Noy., 1868.
15658. Cast. New York market. E.G. Blackford. Nov. 5, 1875.
170, 171, 172, 173, 174. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.
793. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

Stizostedium camadense, (Smith) Jordan.—CANADA PIKE-
PERCH.—St. Lawrence River to the Upper Missouri.

2. Cast. Ohio River. J. W. Milner.
15837. Cast.
175, 176, 177. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.

SERRANID®.

Epinephelus morio, (Cuy.) Gill —RED-BELLIED SNAPPER.— West
Indian Fauna and Southern Atlantie States.

178. Photograph. .U. 8. Fish Commission.
752
(08

12516. Cast. Washington market. J. W. Milner.
165. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.
Epinephelus, sp.—SnNArrper.—West Indian Fauna and Southern
Atlantic States.
14923. Cast. Florida. KE. G. Blackford.
Bull. N. M. No. 14———4

50 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Epinephelus Drummond-Hayi, Goode & Bean.—S@ar SNAP-
PER; HinD; JoHn PAw.—West Indian Fauna,
16795. Cast. South Florida. E. G. Blackford.
21255. Alcoholic. Pensacola, Fla. Silas Stearns.
—. Color sketch. Bermuda. Col. H. Drummond-Hay.

Epinephelus nigritus, Holbrook. BLAack GROUPER.—Coast of
Florida.

21239. Cast. Pensacola, Fla. Silas Stearns.

Epinephelus striatus, (Bloch.) Gill—HAmMLEr; GrovuPpER.—
West Indian Fauna.

18088. Alcoholic. Bermudas. G. Brown Goode.
582. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Bermudas. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Alive in
Barnum’s Aquarium. Noy., 1862.

Epinephelus guttatus, (Gmel.) Goode—BERMUDA HinD.—West
Indian Fauna.

18118. Alcoholic. Bermudas. G. Brown Goode.
587. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Bermudas. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Alive in
Barnum’s Aquarium. Noy., 1862.

Trisotropis undulosus, (Cuy.) Gill.?—Rock GRouUPER.—Cape
Hatteras to Florida; West Indian Fauna.

15462. Cast. New York market. E.G. Blackford. June 14, 1875.
15881. Cast. New York market. E.G. Blackford. June 14, 1875.
794. Color sketch. (Richard.) U..8. Fish Commission.

Promicrops guasa, (Poey) Gill—JEW-risH; GuAsSA.—West In-
dian Fauna.

15305. Cast. Key West. E. G. Blackford.
444, Color sketch. (Richard.) U.§. Fish Commission.

Centropristis atrarius, (Linn.) Barn.—Sra Bass.—Cape Cod to
Florida.

10642. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission.

10597. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. May 12, 1874.
15684. Cast. (Male.) Noank, Conn. U. 8. Fish Commission. August, 1874.
15685. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. September 2, 1875.
10667. Cast. (Female.) Wood’s Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission.

15963. Cast. Hog-fish Rocks, Va. U.S. Fish Commission. July 5, 1873.

157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 181. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission
463-4 and 5. Color sketches. (Richard.) U. 8. Fish Commission.

Diplectrum fasciculare, (Cuv. & Val.) Holb.—SQuirREL.—
Cape Hatteras to Florida; West Indian Fauna,

15844. Cast. New York. E. G. Blackford.
166. Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES, 51

LABRACIDE.

Roccus lineatus, (Schn.) Gill—Srripep Bass; Rook-FisH.—St.
Lawrence to Florida.

10664. Cast. (Female.) . Potomac River. Dr. H. C. Yarrow.

15737. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. May 27, 1873.
15725. Cast. Washington market. G. Brown Goode.

15706. Cast. New York. E. G. Blackford. Nov. 28, 1874.

185-186, 187. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.

782-3. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

Roccus chrysops, (Raf.) Gill—Wuirr BAss.—Great Lakes and
Mississippi Valley.
15807. Cast. New York market. E.G. Blackford. Oct. 7, 1875.

188. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.
503. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

Morone americana, (Gmel.) Gill—WuHItE PERCH.—Nova Scotia
to Florida.

10748. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.

10729. Cast. (Female.) Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.
10730. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission.

16618. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.

179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.
766. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

EPHEPPIIDA.

Parephippus quadratus, (Gun.) Gill—Moon-FisH.—Cape Cod
to Florida; West Indian Fauna.

14886. Cast. Norfolk, Va. U.S. Fish Commission. July, 1873.
14887. Cast. Norfolk, Va. U.S. Fish Commission. July, 1873.
15820. Cast. Norfolk, Va. U.S. Fish Commission.

196, 197. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.

LOBOTID X.

Lobotes surinamensis, Cuv.—TRIPLE-TAIL FLASHER.—Cape
Cod to Florida; West and East Indies.

15702. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. August 28, 1873.
16202. Cast. New York market. E.G. Blackford. July 20, 1875.
201, 202. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.

POMATOMIDE.
Pomatomus saltatrix, (Linn.) Gill—BLUE-FISsH.—Pelagic.
15871. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. V.N. Edwards. June 11, 1873.
13166. Cast. Norfolk, Va. G. Brown Goode.
15753. Cast.

189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 386. Photographs. U. 8S. Fish Commission.
528-2-30. Color sketches. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

2 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIFS OF UNITED STATES.

ww

ELACATIDE.

Elacate canadus, (Linn.) Gill—Conra; Cran-raTreR.—Cape Cod
to West Indies.
16250. Cast. New York market. E.G. Blackford. July 30, 1875.
14922. Cast. Point Lookout, Va. J.H. Skidmore. July 9, 1874.
198, 199, 200, Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.

PRIACANTHIDE.

Pscudopriacanthus altus, (Gill) Bleeker—Suort Bieg-eyE.—
Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras.
203. Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission.
441. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.
15583. Alcoholic. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. Sept., 1875.
16954. Alcoholic. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. 1876.

ECHENEIDIDE.

Leptecheneis naucrateoides, (Zuiew.) Gill —REMORA; SUCKER-
FISH.—Coast generally.

16071. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. July i0, 1875.
16617. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission. Sept. 18, 1875.
16344. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. Aug. 10, 1875.
206, 207, 208. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.

541-2-3. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

Remoropsis brachyptera, (Lowe) Gill—Sworpd-FisH SUCKER.
—Parasite of the Sword-fish (Yiphias gladius).

21698, Aleoholic. Sable Vd Bank. Capt. G. A. Johnson.

Rhombochirus osteochir, (Cuy.) Gill —SPEAR-rISH SUCKER.—
Parasites of the Bill-fish (Tetrapturus albidus).
15842. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.

209, 210, 211. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.
764-5. Color sketches. (Richard.) U. 8. Fish Commission.

SPHYRENIDE.

Sphyrzna borealis, De Kay.—NortTHEeRN BARRACUDA.—Cape
Cod to Florida.

14978. Cast. Florida. E. G. Blackford.
204, 205. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.
407. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission. Probably identical
with Sphyrana spet (Hauy) Goode, the common species of the Mediter-
ranean.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 53

SOUTHERN. BARRACUDA. — West Indian

Sphyrzna picuda.
Fauna, &c.

21886. Alcoholic. Bermudas. .G. Brown Goode.

PERCESOCES.
MUGILIDA.

Mugil limeatus, Mitch—Srrirep MULLET.—Cape Cod to Florida;
Gulf of Mexico.
15723. Cast.

212, 213, 214, 215, 216. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.
421. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

Mugil albula, Linn—Wuitrt MuLLET.—Cape Cod to Florida
(probably young of the preceding species).
420. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.
21302. Alcoholic. Florida. G. Brown Goode.
ATHRERINIDA.
Chirostoma notatum, (Mitch.) Gill—Smver-sIpEs; Friar.—
Maine to Florida.

14930. Cast.
16612. Cast.
16620. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.
380, 382. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.
518. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

Chirostoma californiemsis, (Girard) Gill—‘Sme.tT.”—Coast
of California.

506. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.
16693. Alcoholic. San Francisco. Livingston Stone.
16693. Cast. San Francisco. U.S. Fish Commission.

HEMIBRANCHIL,
GASTEROSTEIDZA.

Pygosteus occidentalis, (Cuv. & Val.) Brevoort.—TEN-sPINED
STICKLE-BACK.—Newfoundland to Cape Hatteras.

384. Photograph. U.S. lish Commission.
644, Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Prof. Alex. Agassiz.

Gasterosteus noveboracemsis, Cuv. & Val.—Nmw York
STICKLE-BACK.—New Brunswick to Cape Hatteras.

644. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Prof. Alex. Agassiz.

54 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.
Apeltes quadracus, (Mitch.) Brey.—lFOUR-SPINED STICKLE-BACK.
—New Brunswick to Florida.

384. Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission.
644. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
Many other species of Gasterosteus are included in the series, which were
not of suflicient importance to be enumerated.

AULOSTOWID ©.
Aulostoma maculatum, V2l.—TRUMPET-FISH.— West Indian
Fauna.
568. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
FISTULAREIDE.
Fistularia serrata, Cuvy.—ToBacco-prrr-FisH.—Cape Cod to
Florida; West Indian Iauna.

16957. Alcoholic. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. 1876.

SYNENTOGNATHI.
BELONID®.
Belone longirostris, (Mitch.) Gill—Strver GaAr-risn.—Cape
Cod to Florida.

16555. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. Sept. 21, 1875.
16423. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. Sept. 6, 1875.
217. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.
563. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
540. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

Belone latimanus, Poey.—StLver GArR-risH.—Cape Cod to
Tlorida.

16121. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission. July 15, 1875.
795. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.
218. Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission.

Belone hians, Cuy. & Val—Bow-moutTuEep GAR-FIsu.—West In-
dian Fauna.
21810. Alcoholic. New York market. G. Brown Goode.

Belone Jonesii, Goode.—Hounpn-Fisu.—West Indian Fauna.

21392. Alcoholic. Bermudas. G. Brown Goode.

SCONBERESOCIDE.

Exoceetus exiliens, Gmnel—Burrerr_y FLYING-rIsH.—West In-
dian Fauna and north to Cape Cod.

21410. Alcoholic. Bermudas. G. Brown Goode. Mar., 1872.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 5D

Exocectus noveboracensis, Mitch.?—BLACK-WINGED ILYING-
FIsH.—Cape Cod to Florida.

. Alcoholic. Block Island, R. I. U.S. Fish Commission. Aug., 1874.

Exocectus Rondeletii, Cuv. & Val.—Mediterranean and Atlantic.
21409. Alcoholic. Bermudas. G. Brown Goode.
Cvpselurus furcatus, (Mitch.) Weinland—BEARDED I*LYING-
FISH.—Atlantic.

21412. Alcoholic. Bermudas. G. Brown Goode.

Euleptorhamphus longirostwris, (Cuv. & Val.) Gill—Cape Cod
to Florida.

15648. Alcoholic. Newport, R. I. Mr. Brown.

Scomberesox scutellatus, Les —HALF-BEAK; SKIPPER.—Nova
Scotia to Florida.

13164. Cast.
410, 5389. Color sketches. (Richard.) U. 8. Fish Commission.

HAPLOML.
ESOCIDZE.

Esox americanus, Gmelin.— Brook PICKEREL.—Massachusetts to
Maryland.

17766. Alcoholic. Keeseville, N. Y. H. N. Hewitt.
795. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.
493. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.

Esox reticulatus, Lesueur.—PIcKEREL.—Atlantic slope, New Eng-
land to Alabama.

15012. Cast. Washington, D.C. G. Brown Goode.
222. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.
758. Color sketch. U.S. Fish Commission.
619. Color sketch. (Roetter.) East Wareham, Mass. Museum of Comp.
Zoology. Feb., 1869.

Esox lucius, Linn.—Pike.—Northern America, Asia, and Europe.
14876. Cast. Sandusky, Ohio. J. W. Milner. Oct. 25, 1873.
14875. Cast. Sandusky, Ohio. J. W. Milner. Nov. 3, 1873.
219. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.
618. Color sketch. (Roetter.) Museum of Comp. Zoology. Sackett’s Har-
bor. Nov., 1869.
494. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.

Esox nobilior, Thompson.—MUSKELLUNGE (weight 37 pounds).—
Great Lakes and Southern British Provinces east of Rocky
Mountains.

14895. Cast. Sandusky, Ohio. J. W. Milner. Oct., 1873.
220, 221. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.

56 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISUERIES OF UNIPED STATES.

CYPRINODONTIDE.
Cyprinodon variegatus, Lac.—Suorr Cyprinopon.—Cape Cod
to Florida.
13986. Alcoholic. Noank, Conn. U.S. Fish Commission.
Fundulus pisculentus, (Mitch.) Val—MummicnoG.—Noya Scotia
to Florida.
13970. Alcoholic. Noank, Conn. U. 8. Fish Commission.
434, 797. Color sketches. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.
Hydrargyra majalis, (Walb.) Val—MAy-risu.—Brackish waters ;
Cape Ann to Cape Hatteras.

223-383. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.
13974. Alcoholic. Noank, Conn. U. 8. Fish Commission.
434. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

ISOSPONDYLL
SYNODONTID®.

Synodus fotens, (Linn.) Gill—SNAKE-FIsH.—Cape Cod to Florida.

16583. Cast. New York market. E.G. Blackford. Sept. 24, 1875.
424. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

MEICROSTOMID XE.

Mallotus villosus, (Miill.) Cuy—CarrLiy.—Polar Seas and south
to Nova Scotia.
3417. Alcoholic. Gross Water Bay. Dr. E. Coues.
Osmerus pacificus, (Rich.)—OvULACHAN; CANDLE-FISH.—North
Pacifie.
20584. Alcoholic. Washington Ter. U. 8. Fish Commission.
Osmerus mordax, (Mitch.) Gill.—Sme.it; Frost-risH.— Nova
Scotia to Cape Hatteras.

385. Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission.
507. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.
13863. Alcoholic. Eastport, Me. U. 8. Fish Commission.

Argentina syrtensium, Goode & Bean.—WerESTERN ARGEN-
TINE.—Deep-sea Fauna of Western Atlantic.

21624. Alcoholic. Sable Island Bank. Capt. J. W. Collins.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. o7

COREGONIDZ.

Coregonus clupeiformis, (Mitch.) Milner. — WHITE-FISH.—
Great Lakes and British America.

16741. Cast. Michigan.

14973. Cast. Ecorse, Mich. George Clark.

15741. Cast. Ecorse, Mich. George Clark.

14864. Cooperstown, N. Y. Elihu Phinney.

224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.

Coregonus iabradoricus, Rich—LAKE Wuitine.—Northern
Lakes.

232. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.
16868. Alcoholic. Lake Winnepiscogee, Me. U. 8. Fish Commission.

Prosopium quadrilaterale, (Rich.) Milmer.—‘SHAD-WAITER.”
—Great Lakes and northward.

233. Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission.
12360. Alcoholic. Grand Lake, Me. U.S. Fish Commission.

Prosopium Couwestii, Milner.—Curer Mountain LAkE WHItTE-
FISH.—Upper Missouri Region.

14146. Alcoholic. Chief Mountain Lake. Dr. Elliott Coues, U.S. A.

Argvrosomus Artedi, (Les.) Hoy—HeERRrinc WuiHItE-FIsu.—
Great Lakes, ete.

235. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.
752. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.
11195. Alcoholic. Au Sable, Michigan. U.S. Fish Commission.

SALMON TBD AR.

Salmo salar, Linn.—SaLmMon.—Northern America and Europe.

ser 14898. Cast. Bucksport, Me. Joseph Palmer. July 1, 1873.
16744. Cast. Bucksport, Me. C.G. Atkins. Nov., 1873.
16743. Cast. Bucksport, Me. C.G. Atkins. Nov., 1878.
10314. Cast. Bucksport, Me. C.G. Atkins. July 1, 1873.
239, 240, 241, 242. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.
415. Water-color sketch. U. 8. Fish Commission.

Salmo salar, var. sebago, Girard.—SEBAGO SALMON (land-locked.)
—St. Croix River and Sebago Lake. Introduced into other
lakes.

15467. Cast. Sysladobsis Lake, Me. ‘‘Dobsis Club,” through Judge Harvey
Jewell. June, 1875.

15977.- Cast.

15978. Cast.

535-6. Color sketches. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

58 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Salmo fario, Linu.—River Trour.—Rivers of Europe.

252. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.

Oncorhynchus quinnat, (Rich.) Giinther—QUINNAT or SAcRA-
MENTO SALMON.—Northwest Coast of America; south to
California.

10340. Cast. New York market. E. G. Blackford.
10347. Cast. Sacramento River, Cal. L. Stone. March, 1873.
248, 249, 250, 251. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.

416. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

Cristivomer namaycush, (Peun.) Gill & Jordan—NamMAycusi
Trout; LAkrE TrRoutT.—Northern Lakes.

246, 247. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.
10312. Cast. Moosehead Lake, Me. E. M. Stillwell.
16670-71. Casts. Lake Winnepiseogee. U.S. Fish Commission.

463, 526-7. Color sketches. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

Salvelinus fontinalis, (Mitch.) Gill & Jordan.—Brook Trour.—
Rivers and Lakes of British North America and of the
northern parts of the United States and Appalachian
Range.

16626. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. V. N. Edwards. ‘

15961. Cast. Sysladobsis Lake, Me. ‘‘Dobsis Club,” through Judge Harvey
Jewell. June, 1875.

15728. Cast. New York market. E.G. Blackford. March 22, 1875.

10311. Cast. New York market. E.G. Blackford. March 22, 1875.

15470. Cast. Sysladobsis Lake, Me. ‘‘Dobsis Club,” throngh Judge Harvey
Jewell. June, 1875.

243, 244. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.

751. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

26792. Mounted. (Male.) Rangely Lake, Me. Geo. Shepard Page. Weight LO
pounds. . The largest Brook Trout on record. Taken by Geo, Shepard
Page in 1867. Transported alive in a box of water (which also con-
tained a female trout weighing 8} pounds) to Stanley, Morris Co., New
Jersey.

Salvelinus oquassa, (Girard) Gill & Jordan —OQuassa Trou?T.—
Rangely Lake, Me., and vicinity.
245. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.

549. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.
750. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

Thymallus tricolor, Cope.—Micuigan GrayiinG.—Northern
portion southern peninsula of Michigan.

15226. Cast. Au Sable River, Mich. Fred. Mather. April 7, 1875.
236, 238. Photographs. U. 8. lish Comission.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. ad

ALBULIDA.

Albula vulpes, (Linn.) Goode. —LApby-risu.—Pelagic; Tropical and
Subtropical Seas.
255. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.
21859. Alcoholic. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.

HYODON TED A.

Hyodon tergisus, Les.—Moon-EYE.
Valley.

15561. Cast. New York market. EF. G. Blackford. Nov. 15, 1875.
14863. Cas’. Cincinnati, Ohio. J. W. Milner. Nov., 1873.
253, 254. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.

753. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

Great Lakes and Mississippi

ELOPID EE.

Elops saurus, Linn.—Bic-eEvED Herrine.—Tropical and Subtropi-
cal Seas. :

15824. Cast. New York market.
15821. Cast. New York market.
15823. Cast. New York market.
15822. Cast. New York market.
15744. Cast. New York market. . G. Blackford. Oct. 14, 1875.
15824. Cast. New York market. E.G. Blackford. Oct. 11, 1875.

256. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.

772. Color sketch. (Richard. U.S. Fish Commission.

. G. Blackford. Oct. 11, 1875.
. G. Blackford. Oct. 11, 1875.
. G. Blackford. Oct. 11, 1875.
. G. Blackford. Oct. 14, 1875.

HERR E &

Megalops thrissoides, (Schn.) Giinther—Tarpum.—Cape Cod
to Florida.

14924. Cast. New Jersey. E.G. Blackford. July 9, 1874.
398. Photograph. Newport, R. I. 8. Powell. Aug., 1874.
DUSSUMEIERIDE.

Etrumeus teres, (DeKay) Brevoort—RounD HERRING.—Cape Cod
to Cape Hatteras.

20216. Alcoholic. Newport, R. I. S. Powel.
CLUPEID®.

Brevoortia tyrannus, (Latr.) Goode. —MENHADEN; Moss:
BUNKER; PoGie.—Newfoundland to Gulf of Mexico.

10696. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.
16313. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. Aug., 1875.
257, 258, 259, 260, 386, 387. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.

564. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.

60 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Brevoortia patronus, Goode—GuLrF MrnnApdEN.—Gulf of
Mexico.

892. Alcoholic. Brazos Santiago, Texas. °

Alosa sapidissima, (Wilson) Storer. —SHApv.—Newfoundland to
Florida.
10641. Cast. Potomac River. J. W. Milner. 1873.
10625. Cast. Potomac River, D. C. J. W. Milner.
14878. Cast. Connecticut River. E.G. Blackford. May 7, 1874.
261, 262, 263, 264, 265. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.

Opisthonema thrissa, Gill—Tnureap Herrive.—West Indian
Fauna and north to Cape Cod.

20218. Alcoholic. Newport, R. I. U.S. Fish Commission.

Pomolobus pseudoharengus,( Wilson) Gill —ALEWIFE; I’RESH-
WATER HERRING; GASPEREAU.—Newfoundland to
Florida.
10622. Cast. (Female.) Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.
266, 267, 268, 269, 386. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.
457. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. 8. Fish Commission.

Pomolobus mediocris, (Mitch.) Gill—Marrawocoa; TAILOR
HERRING; SEA SuHAp.—Newfoundland to Florida.
10657. Cast. Potomac River. J. W. Milner. 1873.
269, 270, 271. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.
458, 771. Color sketches. (Richard.) U. 8. Fish Commission.
6
Clupea harengus, Linn.—Herrinc; SeA HeERRIG.—North
Atlantic.

399. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.
13855. Alcoholic. Eastport, Me. U,. 8. Fish Commission.

Clupea mirabilis, Girard.—HerrimG.—Coast of California.

605. Color sketch. Galians Id., Gulf of Georgia, W. T. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
June, 1859.

DOROSOMIDE.

Dorysoma Cepedianum, (Lac.) Gill—Mup Sap; WINTER
SuHAD.—Cape Cod to St. John’s River, Fla.
14991. Cast. Potomac River. G. Brown Goode. March 1, 1875.
15695, Cast. Washington market. G. Brown Goode. Dec., 1874.
272, 273. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.
798. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

Dorysoma Cepedianum, var. heterurum, (Raf.) Jordan.—
O10 GIzZARD SuHapv.—Ohio River and Lower Mississippi.

20836. Alcoholie. Sarnia, Lake Huron. SS. Wilmot.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 61

ENGRAULIDID®.
Engraulis vittata, (Mitch.) B. & G—Ancnovy.—Cape Cod to
Cape Hatteras.

382. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.
14086. Alcoholic. Watch Hill, R. I., &c. U.S. Fish Commission.

EVENTOGNATHI.
CATOSTOMIDZ.
Catostomus teres, (Mitchill) Les—Common Suckrer.—Eastern
Northern America.
279. Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission.

18258. Aleoholic. Potomac River. U.S. Fish Commission.

Myxostoma macrolepidotum, (Les.) Jordan.—STRIPED
SuUCKER.—Mississippi Valley and Great Lakes.

15930. Cast. Washington market. J. W. Milner.

16786. Cast. Washington market. J. W. Milner.

16785. Cast. Washington market. J. W. Milner.
278. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.

Cycleptus elomgatus, (Les.) Ag—BLACK SuCKER.—Mississippi
Valley.
16781. Cast. Ohio River. J. W. Milner. Nov. 5, 1875.
280. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.
Erimyzon sucetta, (Lac.) Jordan—CnuB SuckER.—LHastern
United States. .
281. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.
Erimyzon Goodei, Jordan.—Goopr’s SucKER.— Florida.
19071. Alcoholic. St. John’s River, Fla. G. Brown Goode.
Bubalichthys bubalus, Ag.—DBUFrraLo-FisH.—Mississippi Val-
ley.
14883. Cast. Cincinnati, Ohio. J. W. Milner. Novy. 5, 1873.
*
Carpiodes cyprinus, (Les.) Ag.—Carp.—LEastern United States.
10735. Cast. Potomac River, D. C. J. W. Milner.
16780. Cast. Sandusky, Ohio. J. W. Milner. Novy. 3, 1875.
CYPRINID®.

Ptychocheilus grandis, (Ayres) Girard.—‘ Pixn.”—Pacific Slope.

282. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.

62 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Notemigonus americanus, (Linn.) Jordan.—SHmver.—South-
ern Rivers.

19063. Alcoholic. St. John’s River, Fla. G. Brown Goode.

Notemigonus chrysoleucus, (Mitch.) Jordan.—SuHiner.—East-
ern Atlantic States.

435. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

Leuciscus pulchellus, Storer.

630. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.). New Bedford, Mass. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
1861.

Carassius auratus, (Linn.) Bleeker.—GoLD-FisH.—Domesticated ;
native of China and Japan.

16667. Cast. Washington, D.C. J. H. Richard.
18290. Alcoholic. Ponds of Maryland. U.S. Fish Commission.

Onrper NEM ATOGN ACH I -

SILURIDE.

Alurichthys marinus, (Mitch.) B. & G—ForkK-TAmED Cat-
FIsH.—Cape Cod to Florida; Gulf of Mexico,
15575. Cast. New Bedford, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. Oct. 11, 1875,
283, 284, 285. Photographs. U. 8S. Fish Commission.
522. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. 8. Fish Commission.

Amiurus catus, (Linn.) Gill—HorN Povur.—Eastern North
America. ,
466. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Natural size drawing by P. Roet-
ter from a fresh specimen, East Wareham, Mass., Feb., 1869; weight,
li lbs. ‘‘S. T. Tisdale says he has seen the young of this species fol-
lowing the mother like a brood of chickens.” —Ms. note.

Ichthaelurus furcatus, (C. & V.) Gill—CHANNEL OA?T-FISH.—
Mississippi Valley. :

15690. Cast. Carrollton, Ky. J. W. Milner.
15787. Cast. Carrollton, Ky. J. W. Milner. Nov. 4, 1873.

Pelodichthys olivaris, (Raf.) Gill & Jordan—Mvup Cat-risH.—
Ohio Valley to lowa and south.

15689. Cast. Carrollton, Ky. J. W. Milner. Nov, 5, 1875.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 63

Orver APODES.

CONGRIDE.

Conger oceanica, (Mitch.) Gill—ConcER EEL.—Newfoundland
to West Indies.
14873. Cast. Weight 11 lbs. Block Id., R. I. U.S. Fish Commission. Sept.
26, 1874.
14872. Cast. Block Island, R. I. U.S. Fish Commission. Sept. 26, 1874.
287. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.

ANGUILLIDE.

Anguilla rostrata, (Les.) DeKay.—Common ErL.—Eastern United
States.
15731. Cast. New York. E.G. Blackford. Aug. 26, 1874.
16392. Cast. New York. E.G. Blackford. Aug. 26, 1874.
16729. Cast. Potomac River. J. W. Milner.
16416. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. Wm. Palmer. Sept. 6, 1875.
10749. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. V.N. Edwards.
286. Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission.
480-81. Color sketches. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.
773. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.

NEMICHTHYIDE.

Nemichthys scolopaceus? Rich—SNIPE EEL.—Deep waters
of the Atlantic.

21195. Alcoholic. George’s Bauk. U.S. Fish Commission.
SYNAPHOBRANCHIDE.

Synaphobranchus pinnatus, (Gronow) Giinther—MADEIRA
EEL.—Deep waters of the Atlantic.

21848. Alcoholic. Sable Island Bank. U.S. Fish Commission.

Orver CYCLOGANOIDEL.
AMILDE.

Amia calva, Linn.—Mup-risu.—Central and Southeastern United
States.

11134. Cast. Sandusky, Ohio. J. W. Milner.
16534. Cast. New York market. E.G. Blackford. Sept. 24, 1875.
288,289. Photograph. +-U. 8. Fish Commission.
556. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Charleston, 8. C. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
1853.

64 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Orvere RHOMBOGANOIDEL.
LEPIDOSTEIDE.

Lepidosteus osseus, Linn.—Gar PrKe.—Mississippi Valley and
Atlantic States south of Delaware River.

10736. Cast. Sandusky, Ohio. J. W. Milner.
10717. Cast. Sandusky, Ohio. J. W. Milner.
15366. Cast. Potomac River. J. W. Milner.
290, 291. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.

Lepidosteus platystomus, Raf—SHoR?-NOSED GAR PIKE.—
Great Lakes and streams south and west to the Rocky
Mountains.

3241. Alcoholic. Cleveland, Ohio. Prof. Baird.

Orper SE I AC H OSTOM 7
POLYODONTID®E.

Polyodon folium, Lac.—PADDLE-FIsH.—lresh waters of Missis-
sippi Valley.

14871. Cast. Cincinnati, Ohio. J. W. Milner. Nov. 5, 1873.
15475. Cast. Madison, Ind. George Spangler. June, 1875.
292, Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.

Orver CHONDROSTEL.
ACIPENSERIDE.

Acipenser sturio, Linn.—Suarp-Nosed STURGEON.—North At-
lantic; ascending rivers.
15745. Cast. New York. E. G. Blackford.
14866. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.
14877. Potomac River. J. W. Milner.
293, 294. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.

519. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

Acipenser brevirostris, Les—SHORT-NOSED STURGEON.—At-
lantie Coast of United States.
205, 296. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Conimission.
520. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

Acipenser rubicundus, Les.—LAkr Srurceon.—Great Lakes
and south. ‘

297, 298, 209, 300, and 301. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 65
Acipenser maculosus, Les.—LONG-NOSED STURGEON.—Great
Lakes and Western Rivers.

607-8. Color sketch. Huntsville, Ala. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. 1853.

Scaphyrhynchops Platyrhymechus, (Raf.) Gill.—SHOVEL-
NOSED STURGEON.—Mississippi Valley.

159393. Cast. Ohio River. J. W. Milner.

15939. Cast. Ohio River. J. W. Milner.

15476. Cast. Madison, Ind. George Spangler. June, 1875
302, 303. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.

VI. ELASMOBRANCHIATES.
Orrzr HOLOCEPHALL.

CHIiV A RIDA.

Chimzra plumbea, Gill—Brown CumMaRA—Deep waters of
Western Atlantic.

21904. Cast. Banquereau. Capt. Joseph W. Collins.

Hydrolagus Colliei, (Bennett) Gill—Pactric Cun1tara.—North-
west coast of North America.

993. Alcoholic. Puget Sound. Dr. George Suckley.

Orper RA LA.
MYLIOBATIDE.

Myliobatis Frememvillei, (Les.) Storer—EAGLE Ray.—Cape
Cod to Florida.
16603. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission. Sept. 23, 1875.
14417. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission.
306-319. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.
760. Color sketch. U.S. Fish Commission.

Myliobatis califormicus, Gill—CALIForNIA Stine Ray.—Coast
of California.
16687. Cast. San Francisco, Cal. L. Stone.
320. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.
959. Color sketch. U.S. Fish Commission.

Rhinoptera quadriloba, (Les.) Cuy—Cow-nosEpD Ray.—Cape
Cod to Florida.
304, 305. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.
Bull. N..M. N

66 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES,

TRYGONIDE.

Trygon centrura, (Mitch.) Gill —Srine Ray.—Cape Cod to Florida.

14920. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. June, 1873.
14882. Cast. Portland, Me. Skillings.
324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.

Trygon Sabima, Lesueur.—RIver Strive Ray.—Southern Coast
entering rivers.
18068. Alcoholic. Lake Monroe, Fla. Prof. Baird.
Trygom hastata, (De Kay) Storer—Smooru Stine Ray.—South-
ern Coast.
21626. Skin. West Florida. Dr. J. W. Velie.
Pteroplatea maciura, Mull. & Henle-—BurTeRFLY RAy.—Cape
Cod to Florida.
16319. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. Aug. 5, 1875.
321, 322, 323. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.
TORPEDINIDE.
Torpedo occidentalis, Storer—TorPeDO; CRAMP-FISH.—Cape
Cod to Florida.
14912. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. July 22, 1873.

14919. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. July 5, 1873.
16665. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission. July 5, 1873.
330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.

RATIDE. :

Raia erinacea, Mitchill—CLrEAr-NoseD SKATE.—Nova Scotia to
Florida.
343, 344, 345, 346. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
14881. Cast. Portland, Me. U.S. Fish Commission.
10612. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. V. N. Edwards.
16508. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. V.N. Edwards. May 14, 1873.
336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.
408, 409. Color sketches. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.
761-2—3. Color sketches. U.S. Fish Commission.
768-9. Color sketches. U.S. Fish Commission.
774-5. Color sketches. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
Raia ocellata, Mitchill—Sporrep SKATE.—New England Coast.

19434. Alcoholic. Nahant, Mass. Mus. of Comp. Zoology.

Raia radiata, Donovan.—Sprny SKATE.—Northern Atlantic.
19432. Alcoholic. Nahant, Mass. Mus. of Comp. Zoology.
Raia egilanteria, Lacep.—EGLANTINE SKATE.—Cape Ann and
southward.

19439, Alcoholic. S. New England. Mus. of Comp. Zoology.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 67

Raia lxvis, Mitch—SmArp-NOsEeD SKATE.—Nova Scotia to Florida.

14904. Cast. (Young male.) Montauk Point, N. Y. U. S. Fish Commission.

Aug. 1, 1874.
402, Color sketch. U.S. Fish Commission.

15704. Cast. (Young.) Noank, Conn. U.S. Fish Commission. Aug. 1, 1874.

15703. Cast. Noank, Conn. U.S. Fish Commission.

16658. Cast. (Young male.)

15707. Cast. ;

16659. Cast.

347, 348, 349, 350, 351. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.

RHINOBATID®.
Rhinobatus productus, Girard. LONG-NOSED SKATE.—Coast of
California.
16704. Cast. San Francisco, Cal. L. Stone.

352. Photograph. U.S. Fish Commission.

PRISTID £.

Pristis antiquorum, (Linn.) Lath.—Saw-Frisu.—Cape Cod to
Florida; Tropical Seas.

12453. Stuffed skin. Florida. H. A. Ward.

SQUATINIDE.
Squatina Dumerili, Les—Monxk-Fisu; FIDDLE-FISH.—Cape Cod
to Florida; Temperate and Tropical Seas.

14890. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. V.N. Edwards. Sept. 1, 1873.
16410. Cast. Menemsha Bight, Mass. Jason Luce. Sept. 1, 1875.
353, 354, 355. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.

Orver SQUALL.
LANENEED A.

Lamna cornubica, (Gmel.) Fleming—PORBEAGLE SHARK.—
Atlantic, Mediterranean, Japan.

21856. Alcoholic. Gloucester, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission.

Isuropsis Dekayi, Gill. (d. s.—MACKEREL SHARK.—Newfound.
land to Florida.

15949. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. V.N. Edwards. Sept. 20, 1873.
15973. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. V. N. Edwards. WDec., 1875.
446, Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

Carcharodon Atwoodi, (Storer) Gill—ATWoop’s SHark; MAwn-
EATER.—Newfoundland to Florida.

—. Jaws.

G8 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.
Cynocephaius glaucus, (Linn.) Gill—BLUE-HHADED SHARK.—
Atlantic.
19929. Alcoholic. Wood’s Holl, Mass. V.N. Edwards.

ODONTASPIDIDE.

Eugomphodus littoralis, Gill—SAnp SHarKk.—Pelagie.

16647. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission.
16648. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission.
419. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.
445. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. 8. Fish Commission.

ALOPECID®.

Alopias vulpes, (Linn.) Bon.—THRESHER; SWINGLE-TAIL.—At-
lantic and Mediterranean.

16256. Cast. Menemsha Bight, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission. July 30, 1875,
15733. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.
417. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

SPHYRNID#.

HAMMER-HEAD SHARK.

Sphyrna zygzena, (Linn.) Mull. & Henle.
—Tropical and Subtropical Seas.
15833. Cast. Noank, Conn. U.S. Fish Commission.
360, 361, 362, 368, 364. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.
462. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. 8. Fish Commission.

Reniceps tiburo, (Linn.) Gill —SHoveL-HEAD SHARK.—Atlantic
and Western Pacific.
12714. Cast. ;
——. Alcoholic. Beesley’s Point, N. J. 8. F. Baird.

GALEORHINIDE.

Eulamia Miliberti, (Mull. & Henle) Gill—BLuE SHark.—Cape
Cod to Florida.
15742. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. V.N. Edwards.
68, 369. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.
118. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

ec 9Ce 4
OUD, B04, Oo

Eulamia obscurus, (Les.) Gill—Dusky Smark.—Cape Cod to
Florida.

16070. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass; U. 8. Fish Commission. July 10, 1875.
Isogomphodon maculipinnis, Poey.—SPorred-FIN SHARK.—
Tropical and Subtropical Seas.

396, 357, 358, 359. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.
425. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.
16401. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 69

Galeocerdo tigrimus, Mull. & Henle.—TIGER SHARK.—Atlantic ;
Indian Ocean.

15740. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. V. N. Edwards. July 22, 1873.
16069. Cast. Buzzard’s Bay, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission. 1875.
370, 371. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.

Mustelus camis, (Mitch.) De Kay.—Smoorn DoG-FisH.—Cape Cod
to Cape Hatteras.

14908. Cast. Norfolk, Va. U.S. Fish Commission. June 25, 1873.
14925. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.

10734. Cast. Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.

10733. Cast.- Wood’s Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission.

16649. Cast. (Male.) Wood’s Holl, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.
372, 373, 374, 375. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.

. Color sketches. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

GINGLYMOSTOMATID®.

Ginglymeostoma cirratum, (Gmel.) M. & H.—NuRSE SHARK.—
Tropical Atlantic.

16909, Alcoholic. Chesapeake Bay. Maryland Academy of Science.

SPINACIDE.

Squalus americanus, (Storer) Gill—Sprmvep DoG-risH.—New-
foundland to Cape Hatteras.

16255. Cast. Martha’s Vineyard. U.S. Fish Commission. July 30, 1875.
e ed >

376, 377. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.
426. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.

Centroscyliium Fabricii, (Reinh.) M. & H.— GREENLAND DoG-
FISH.—Deep waters of Western Atlantic.

21622. Cast. Lat. 42° 52’ N., Lon. 63° 50’ W. 220 to 260 fathoms. U.S. Fish
Commission.

SCYMNIDZE.

Somniosus microcephalus, (Bloch.) Gill—SLEEPER SHARK.—
North Atlantic.

378, 379. Photographs. U.S. Fish Commission.
447. Color sketch. (Richard.) U.S. Fish Commission.
16630. Cast. Gulf of St.-Lawrence. Renfrew & Co. Nov. 20, 1875.

Centroscymnus cololepis, Bocage & Capello—BLack Doe-
Fisu.—Deep waters of North Atlantic.

21621. Cast. Lat. 42° 40’ N., Lon 63° 50’ W. 220 to 260 fathoms. U.S. Fish
Commission.

70 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

ECHINORWENIED A.

Echinorhinus spinosus, (Gmel.) Delamoille—Spmyy SHarKk.—
North Atlantic.

21913. Cast. Provincetown, Mass. E. E. Small.

VIL. MARSIPOBRANCHIATES.
Orver HYPEROARTIA.
PETROMYZONTIDE.

Petromyzon americamus.—LAMPREY EEL.

489-90. Color sketches. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
Orver HY PEROTRETT.

WHEW XU WHED AL.

Mivxine glutinosa, Linn—HaGc-risn; SLoe-FisH.—North At-
lantic.

21679. Alcoholic. Le Have Bank, N. B. U.S. Fish Commission.

VIIL LEPTOCARDIANS.

Orver CIRROSTOMI.
BRANCHIOSTOMIDE.

Branchiostoma lubricum, Costa.—LANcELET.—Cosmopolitan.

21877. Alcoholic. Bermudas. G. Brown Goode.

SHC ELON, B.

‘THE CHASE AND THE FISHERIES.)

MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE.
I. HAND IMPLEMENTS OR TOOLS.

x Lor striking.

; 1. CLUBS.
Unarmed clubs.'
Salmon-clubs used by the Indians of the Northwest coast.
Hunting-clubs.'
Fishermen’s clubs.
32717. ‘“‘Halibut killer and gob-stick.” Philip Merchant, Gloucester, Mass.
A heavy elub with which the fisherman kills the halibut by a blow

upon the head. One end is sharpened for use in detaching hooks
from the gullets of fish which have swallowed them,

Armed clubs.!

Stone-headed clubs."
Clubs, armed with teeth or bone points.'
Clubs, armed with metal points.'

2. SLUNG-WEIGHTS.
Slumg=-stomes.'

Slumg-=shot.'
yx Lor cutting.

3. KNIVES.
Straight kmives.

Hunters’ knives.

26152. Hunter’s knife. 54-inch blade. John Russell Cutlery Co., Turner’s
[ Falls, Mass.

26153. Hunter’s knife. 6-inch blade. sé

26154. Hunter’s knife. 7-inch blade. os

26155. Hunter’s knife. 8-inch blade. 6

26172. Hunter’s knife. 54-inch blade. a

26173. Hunter’s knife. - 6G-inch blade. “é

26174. Hunter’s knife. 64-inch blade. 6

26175. Hunter’s knife. 8-inch blade. 6

26191. Hunter’s knife. 5-inch blade. 6c

96192. Hunter’s knife. 6-inch blade. 66

26193. Hunter’s knife. 7-inch blade. “

26194. Hunter’s knife. 8-inch blade. 6

i Displayed in the Ethnological division.

72 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Straight knives.
Hunters’ knives.

26220. Hunter’s knife. 5-inch blade, John Russell Cutlery Co., Turner’s
( falls, Mass.

26221. Hunter’s knife. 6-inch blade. ak
26222. Hunter’s knife. 7-inch blade. as
26223. Hunter’s knife. 8-inch blade. -
26224. Hunter’s knife. 10-inch blade. <<
26145. Hunter’s knife. 54-inch blade. oe
26146. Hunter’s knife. 6-inch blade. ss
26147. Hunter’s knife. 7-inch blade. 6
26148. Hunter’s knife. 8-inch blade. a
26160. Hunter’s knife. 5-inch blade. Kh
26161. Hunter’s knife. 6-inch blade. &s
26162. Hunter’s knife. 7-inch blade. a
26163. Hunter’s knife. 8-inch blade. J
26164. Hunter’s knife. 9-inch blade. a
26165. Hunter’s knife. 10-inch blade. -
26166. Hunter’s knife. 11-inch blade. “S
26167. Hunter’s knife. 12-inch blade. J
26155. Hunter’s knife. 5-inch blade. S
26157. Hunter’s knife. 53-inch blade. — a
26158. Hunter’s knife. 7-inch blade. se
26202. Hunter’s knife. 5-inch blade. se
26203. Hunter’s knife. 6-inch blade. se
26204. Hunter’s knife. 7-inch blade. : WU
25205. Hunter’s knife. 8-inch blade. as
775205. Hunter’s knife. 9-inch blade. $f
26207. Hunter’s knife. 10-inch blade. ss
26208. Hunter’s knife. 12-inch blade. fs

Dudley hunters’ knives.

20197. Hunter’s knife. 5-inch blade, 6
26198. Hunter’s knife. 6-inch blade, ns
25199. Hunter’s knife. 7-inch blade, a
26200. Hunter’s knife. 9-inch blade, “6

Hunters’ dirk-knives.

26225. Hunter’s knife (metal guard). 5-inch blade. .
‘ 26226, Hunter’s knife (metal guard). 6-inch blade. *
26227. Hunter’s knife (metal guard). 7-inch blade. oF
26228. Hunter’s knife (metal guard). 8-inch blade. “f

20143. Hunter’s knife (metal guard), 7-inch blade. ne
26168. Hunter's knife (solid guard). 7-inch blade. A

Splitting and ripping knives.

29401. Double-edged throating and ripping knife. A. McCurdy, Gloucester,

Mass.
29403. Double-edged throating-knife (old style). G. B. Foster, Beverly,
Mass,

29409. Throating or ripping knife. A. McCurdy, Gloucester, Mass.
29411. Throating or ripping knife. Capt. E. L. Rowe, Gloucester, Mass.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. ta

Straight kmives.
Splitting and ripping knives.

29416. Double-edged ripping-knife (peculiar to coast of Maine), Wilcox,
Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.

29402. Mackerel-splitting knife. A. McCurdy, Gloucester, Mass.

29408. Mackerel-splitting knife. Capt. Sam. Elwell, Gloucester, Mass.

29404. Codfish-splitting knife. A. McCurdy, Gloucester, Mass.

29413. Cod or haddock ripping knife (old style). G. P. Foster, Beverly,

Mass.
29414. Hake or haddock splitting knife. A. McCurdy, Gloucester, Mass.
29415. Haddock-ripping knite. ; se a

Flaying-knives, aboriginal and recent.!

26169. Flaying-knife. 5-inch blade. John Russell Cutlery Co., Turner’s
[ Falls, Mass.
‘

26170. Flaying-knife. 6-inch blade. Si ;
26171. Flaying-knife. 7-inch blade. ee
20179. Flaying-knife. 5-inch blade. “se e¢
26180. Flaying-knife. 6-inch blade. . . eS
26181. Flaying-knife. 64-inch blade. es "
26185. Flaying-knife. &-inch blade. 3 <<
26186. Flaying-knife. 6-inch blade. eS
26187. Flaying-knife. 7-inch blade. % He
26188. Flaying-knife. 5-inch blade. . a
26189. Flaying-knife. 6-inch blade. * se
26190. Flaying-knife. 7-inch blade. e .
26211. Flaying-knife. 5-inch blade. se rs
26212. Flaying-knife. 6-inch blade. . < ee
26213. Flaying-knife. 64-inch blade. a “

Blubber-knives, Eskimos. ?

Boarding-knives used by whalemen.

Used in cutting the blubber into sections from the ‘blanket piece” or long
strip which is peeled from the sides of the whale; for illustration of the
manner of use see the model of whaler “cutting in the blubber.”

25676. Boarding-knife. W. H. Cook & Co., New Bedford, Mass,
“This knife has seen many years of service.”—A. R. C.
26608. Boarding-knife, with sheath. A, R. Crittenden, Middletown, Conn.

Whalemen’s boat-lknives.

Used to cut the harpoon-line when it gets tangled in paying out.
D> D> o>

—. Boat-knife (model). Capt. L. Howland, New Bedford.
This model in its sheath on the bulkhead of the whale-boat, ready
for use, is shown in the model of a whale-boat (No. 24880),

Heading-knives.
32689. Halibut-heading knife. Adolph Voss, Gloucester, Mass.

1A full series of Eskimo and Indian flaying-knives is displayed in the Ethnolovical

division.
2A series of these implements is exhibited in the Ethnological division.

74 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Straight knives.
TFinning-knives.

29400, Halibut-finning knife. Alex. MeCurdy, Gloucester, Mass.
29412. Halibut-finning knife. Capt. E. L. Rowe, Gloucester, Mass.

Chopping-knives.
29405. Bait-cleaver (used in halibut fishing). Alex. McCurdy, Gloucester,

Mass.
32665. Cod-bait knife. Gloucester, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission.
32664. Bait-cleaver. Ue ct

Cheek-knives.
29438. Codfish cheek-knife. Alex. McCurdy, Gloucester, Mass.

Throating-knives.

22669. Cod-throater (single edge). Gloucester, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.
22670. Cod-throater (double edge). ee ce

T‘ish-knives (for general use).

25159. Fish-knife. Heavy. 12-inch blade. John Russell Cutlery Co.,
Turner’s Falls, Mass.

25196. Fish-knife. Hook handle. 12-inch blade. John Russell Cutlery
Co., Turner’s Falls, Mass.

Scaling-knives.

26210. Saw-blade fish-sealing knife. John Russell Cutlery Co., Tarner’s
Falls, Mass.

Sailors’ and fishermen’s sheath-knives.
Sailory sheath-knives. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.

29428, Sheath and belt, with “law-abiding” sheath-knife. First quality.
29425. Sheath and belt. Second quality.
29427. Sheath and belt, with “law-abiding” sheath-knife. Third quality.
The “law-abiding” sheath-knife is round at the tip of the blade,
which is also thick and dull.

Hunters’ sheath-knives.

The hunting-knives enumerated above, manufactured by the John Russell
Cutlery Co., and others like them, are usually provided with sheaths before
they are used by hunters,

26565. Hunting-knife, sheath, and belt. Forest & Stream Publishing Coe,
(Property of John A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y.)

Slivering-knives, used by fishermen.

These kuives are used to slice the flesh from the sides of the menhaden used
for bait. The slices thus prepared are called “slivers,” and are salted down
in barrels to be used as baits for cod, halibut, and mackerel hooks, or are
ground up in the bait-mills, forming ‘stosh” or chum,” a thick paste which
is thrown over the sides of the mackerel-smacks to tole the fish to the
surface,

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 75

Straight knives.
Slivering-knives, used by fishermen.

29407. Slivering-knife. (Pattern first used by Cape Ann fishermen.) Geo.
B. Foster, Beverly, Mass.

29399. Slivering-knife. (Cape Ann pattern.) Alex. McCurdy.

29405. Slivering-knife. (Nantucket pattern.) Samuel Elwell, jr., Glouces-
ter, Mass.

25764. Slivering-knife. Samuel Elwell, jr., Gloucester, Mass.

32666. Slivering-blade. Gloucester, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission.

Flitching-knives.

Used in slicing halibut into steaks or ‘‘flitches” in preparation for salting
and smoking.

32726. Shore flitching-knife. Gloucester, Mass. U. 8. Tish Commission.

32690. Bank flitching-knife. Adolph Voss, Gloucester, Mass.

29410. Flitching-knife. Gloucester, Mass. A. R. Crittenden.

Clam and oyster knives.

26209. Clam-knife. John Russell Cutlery Co., Turner’s Falls, Mass.
. Oyster-knife (model). See model of Chesapeake oyster-canoe (No.
25003).

Net-makers’ knives.

These knives are without handles, and the heel of the short (2 inches long)
round-pointed blade is curled so as to fit the finger like a ring.

29439, Net-mending knives (right-hand). Alex. McCurdy, Gloucester, Mass.
29440. Net-mending knives (left-hand). Alex. McCurdy, Gloucester, Mass.

Mackerel-rimmers’ fatting-knives or ploughs.

Used in creasing the sides of lean mackerel (Nos. 2 and 3) to cause them to
resemble fat (No. 1) mackerel.

25768. Mackerel-plough. Edwin Blatchford.

25769. Mackerel-plough. S. Elwell, jr., Gloucester, Mass.

25770. Mackerel-plough. S. Elwell, jr., Gloucester, Mass.

25771. Mackerel-plough. S. Elwell, jr., Gloucester, Mass.

25773. Mackerel-plough. Edward Davis.

25774. Mackerel-plough. Edward Davis.

25775. Mackerel-plough. (Used in 1860.) Mrs. Hannah M. Burt.
25720. Mackerel-plough. Central Wharf Co., Provincetown, Mass.

Splitting-knives.
Used in cleaning fish before salting.

32673. Mackerel-splitting knife. Gloucester, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.

22667. Cod-splitting knife (curved). ae ce
22668. Cod-splitting knife (straight). “ 6

Stone and bone knives used by Indians and Eskimos.

7224, Bone knife. Anderson River Eskimos, Fort Anderson, H. B. T. 1.
McFarlane.

76 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Straight kmives.
Stone and bone knives used by Indians and Eskimos.
16115. Bone knife. Magemut Eskimos, Nunivak Islands, Alaska. W. H.
Dall.
2178. Bone knife. Eskimos.
328. Bone knife. Eskimos.
Harpoon-knives.

16348. Harpoon-knife, with sheath. Magemut Eskimos, Nunivak Islands,
[Alaska. W. H. Dall.

16110. Harpoon-knife, with sheath. ef a5

16105, Harpoon-knife, with sheath.
16106. Harpoon-knife, with sheath.
19382. Harpoon-knife, with slate blade.
Honey-knives.
The thin blade bent at an angle to the handle.

26145. Honey-knife. John Russell Cutlery Co., Turner’s Falls, Mass.

Skin serapers and parers, used in preparing leather.
26144: Tanner’s knife. 12-inch blade. John Russell Cutlery Co., Turner’s
[Falls, Mass.

26195. Tanner’s knife. 14-inch blade. J =

4, AXES. ’
Axes, proper.

Head-axes for whalemen.

Used in cutting off head of whale.

25913. Head-axe. E. B. & F. Macy, New Bedford, Mass.

Whalemen’s boat-hatchets.
Used for cutting harpoon-line at the bow, when it becomes tangled.in ‘ pay-
ing out.”

24880. Boat-hatchet. (Model.) Capt. L. Howland, New Bedford, Mass.
This implement in its place in the boat is shown in model of

whale-boat.
26839. A boat-hatchet may be seen in its proper place in the bow of the
large whale-boat.

Cutting-spades.
W hale-spades.

Cutting-spades.

Used in peeling the blubber from the carcass of the dead whale; for illustra-

tion see model of ‘‘ whale-ship cutting in the blubber.”

20679. Cutting-spade. E. B. & IF’. Macy, New Bedford, Mass.
20003. Cutting-spade. J. H. Thomson, New Bedford, Mass.

/

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. te

Cutting-spades.
Throat-spades, flat and round shank.
Used in cutting off the head of the whale.
95925. Throat-spade. E. B. & F. Macy, New Bedford, Mass.
Wide spades.
Used in “blubber-room” for cutting blubber before mincing.
25629. Wide spade. E. B. & F. Macy, New Bedford, Mass.
Half-round spades.
For cutting “blanket” piece, to allow blubber-hook to enter.
95927. Half-round spade. E. B. & I’. Macy, New Bedford, Mass.
Head-spades.
Used in cutting off the head of the whale.
25932. Head-spade. E. B. & F. Macy, New Bedford, Mass. ,
Blubber-mincing spades.
For mincing blubber before trying out.
25912. Hand mince-knife. E. B. & F. Macy, New Bedford, Mass.
Chopping-knives.
Used to chop clams for bait.

29489. Clam-chopper. William IH. Hesbolt, Provincetown, Mass.
32676. Clam-chopper. Adolph Voss, Gloucester, Mass.

Bait-mill knives.
Used on the rollers of bait-mincing machines; for mills see section C. 5.

~

£9417. Bait-mill knife. Provincetown pattern. William H. Hesbolt,
Provincetown, Mass. 2
25715. Bait-mill knife. M. W. Grant, Wellfleet, Mass.
Ice-choppers.
Used in chopping ice for packing fish or bait.
32685. Ice-chopper. Adolph Voss, Gloucester, Mass.
Ice-chisels.
Used in cutting holes in the ice for fishing. .

25888, Ice-chisel (nicke!-plated), Bradford & Authony, Boston Mass.
v) ?

78 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

5. THRUSTING SPEARS AND PRODS.
Fishing-lances.
Whale-lances.

Used by whalers to give the death-blow to the whale.

25678. Whale-lance with handle, ready for use. E. B. & F. Macy, New
Bedford, Mass.
25007. Whale-lance with handle, ready for use. J. H. Thomson, New Bed-
ford, Mass.
Whale-lance, iron.

.

25611. Whale-lance. (Primitive model) used by New Bedford whalers.
W. H. Cook & Co., New Bedford, Mass.

Seal-lances.
10140. Head of lance (bone and iron). Eskimos of Northeast coast, south-
west of King William’s Land. Capt. C. F. Hall.
1117. Seal-lance. Eskimos of Arctic coast, Anderson River, H. B. T. R.

McFarlane.

Fish-lance

R
.

29453. Sword-fish lance. Saml. Elwell, jr., Gloucester, Mass.
32703. Sword-fish lance. Vinald MeCaleb. Gloucester, Mass.
25232. Sword-fish lance (with serew to fix folding handles). U. 8. Fish
Commission.
26519. Lance. Indians of the Northwest coast. J. G. Swan.
The tip of this lance is made from the horn of the mountain-goat
(Mazama montana).

Whaleman?’s boat-spades (thick and thin).

Carried in boat to disable the whale by entting its flukes.

25928, Boat-spade, with handle and warp complete, ready for use. E. B,
& F. Macy, New Bedford, Mass.

Prodding instruments.
Snow-probes.

Used by the Eskimos in probing the air-holes in ice and under the snow to de-
tect the presence of seals.

10274. Bone probe. King William’s Land, Capt, C. F. Hall.
‘

10275. Bone probe. * ;
10276. Bone probe. S cs
2000. Bone probe, Northeastern Coast. 8. F. Baird.
2179. Bone probe. ce ae
2180. Bone probe. 6 66
12181. Bone probe. A ae

—

' These probes are somet imes supplied with a detachable head,

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 49

Prodding-instruments.
Ss
Probing-awls.
Used in piercing the base of the brain in killing fish for the table.

29418. Large steel prod, suitable for large fish. A. R. Crittenden, Middle-
town, Conn.

I. IMPLEMENTS FOR SEIZURE OF OBJECT.

x Scooping-instruments.
6. SCOOPS.

+For hand-use.
Shovels.

Clam-shovels.

. 'Long-handled shovel. U.S. Fish Commission.
26716. !Short-handled shovel. U.S. Fish Commission.
Oyster-shovels.
26717. (Model, with Chesapeake oyster-canoe, No. 25003). T. b. Ferguson,
Maryland Commissioner of Fisheries.
Trowels used in taking burrowing shore animals.
—. Collector’s trowel (flat). To be supplied.
——. Collector’s trowel (round), es
Hand-scoops used in collecting mollusks.

’ x eee
——. 'Spoon-scoop. U. 8. Fish Commission.

Bait-ladles.
32652. ‘‘Bait-heaver” (straight). Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown Goode.
32653. ‘ Bait-heaver” (one-sided). of ‘

Hand-dredges (used in collecting mollusks).

26718. Tin hand-dredge. U.S, Fish Commission.

Pile-scrapers.

26719. Frame of pile-scraper. U.S. Fish Commission,

1Jt is thought unnecessary to exhibit these familiar implements,

80 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

tt For use with sounding-lines.}
Armed leads.

Common “deep-sea lead.”
Deep-sea-sounding apparatus.

Cup-leads.
Scoop sounding=-machine.

xx Grasping-hooks.

7. HOOKED INSTRUMENTS. (Those used with a single motion, that of
hooking.)

Single-pointed hooks.
Gaff-hooks.

25495. Salmon-gaff hook and staff. Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.

2668. Gaif-hook. U.S. Fish Commission.

29388. Halibut-gaff.. M. W. Grant, Welifleet, Mass:

32678. Halibut hand-gaff. Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown Goode.

32583. Halibut deck-gaff. se S

25935. Haddock hand-gaff. A. McCurdy, Gloucester, Mass.

29390. Haddock-gaff. M. W. Grant, Wellfleet, Mass.

25938. Codtish-gaif. Used in George’s Bank fisheries. A. MeCurdy, Glouces-
ter, Mass.

25939. Dory cod-gaff, Used in shore fisheries. A. McCurdy, Gloucester,
Mass.

26934. Hand-gaff. Used in halibut fisheries. A. McCurdy, Gloucester, Mass.

29389. Cod-gaif. M. W. Grant, Wellfleet, Mass.

26187. Gafi-hook. Indians of Northwest coast. J. G. Swan.

26680. Gafi-hook. Property of J. H. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed
by Forest & Stream Publishing Co.

32716. “Pew.” Used in handling fish on wharves and decks. Capt. 8. J.
Martin, Gloucester, Mass.

32585. ‘Pew-galf.” Used in pitching fish from dories to vessels. Glouces-
ter, Mass. G. Brown Goode.

32730. Fish-forl (three tines, short handle). Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown
Goode. Used in pitching fish in a dory, or from hold of vessel.

32691. Halibut-entter’s hook. Used by the ‘“‘header” in decapitating hali-
but. Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown Goode.

32684. Fish-fork (two tines). Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown Goode.

02725. “Nape-boner” hook. Used in the preparation of boneless fish.
Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown Goode.

Boat-hooks.
Arranged with ‘‘Accessorics of fishing-boats,” B. 48.
Rabbit and squirrel hooks, used by Indians.
—. Squirrel-hooks. Pi-Ute Indians. Southern Utah. J. W. Powell.

*Clam-hooks, hoes, and picks used in gathering shell-fish.

‘See exhibit of Navy Department.
*It is thought wimecessary to exhibit these familiar implements.

a

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 81

Single-pointed hooks.
1forks used in handling salted and dried fish.

Whalemen’s hooks.
Blubber-hooks.

25930. Blubber-hook. For hauling small pieces of blubber. E. B. & F.
Macy. New Bedford, Mass.

26133. Blubber-hook. Alieut Eskimo. Nunivak Island, Alaska. W. H.
Dall.

Blnbber forks and pikes.

25615. Blubber-pike. Used for tossing blubber into try-kettle. Humphrey
S. Kirby, New Bedford, Mass.

25617. Blubber-pike. From the storeroom of a returned whaler. Humphrey
S. Kirby, New Bedford, Mass.

Junk-hooks, ete.
For hauling heavy pieces of blubber.

25616. Gaft-hook. Used to haul blubber across the deck from chopper to
try-kettle. Humphrey 8. Kirby, New Bedford, Mass.
25916. Junk-hook, E. B, & F, Macy, New Bedford, Mass.

2 Lance-hooks.

Many-pointed hooks.

?Can-hooks.
’Grappling-irons.

Lip-hooks or grapnels, used by whalers.

25918. Whaler’s grapnel. Used for towing whale toship, E. B.& F. Macs,
New Bedford, Mass.

Line-hooks, used by whalers,

25924. Whaler’s line-hook for catching line, &c. E. B. & F. Macy, New
Bedford, Mass.

Clam-rakes.

29466. Clam-hoe, Provincetown style. Wm. H. Hesbolt, Provincetown,
Mass.

29437. Hand-claw. Used for gathering ‘‘hen-clams” and ‘“‘scallops.” Well-
tleet, Cape Cod, and coastof Maine. M. W. Grant, Wellfleet, Mass.

—. Clam-rake (model). Used in collecting the sea-clam (Mactra solidis-

sima) on Nantucket Shoals. These clams are salted down and used
as bait for cod, halibut, &c. See with model of Nantucket dory
(26257),

1Tt is thought unnecessary to exhibit these familiar implements.

2 Arranged with boat fittings.

3 Arranged with the anchors.

Bull. N. M. No. 14 6

$2 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Many-pointed hooks.
Many-pointed fish-jigs.

29436. Mackerel-gaff. Used when the mackerel swim close in large shoals.
M. W. Grant, Wellfleet, Mass.

29441. Mackerel-bob. Used when the mackerel are close to the vessel and
in large schools. Wim. H. Hesbolt, Provincetown, Mass.

Oulachan rakes or spears.

Used by Indians of the Northwest coast in the capture of the oulachan or
candle-fish (Osmerus pacificus).
——. Oulachan rake or comb. Flathead Indians. J. G. Swan.

Squid-jigs.

25848. Squid-jig. George P. Steel, Provincetown, Mass.

25714. Squid-jig. fy ef

25776. Squid-jig. Gloucester style. A. R. Crittenden, Middletown, Conn.
29443. Squid-jig. Over fifty years old. Lemuel Cook, 2d, Provincetown,

Mass.
32721. Squid-jig. Capt. R. H. Hurlbert, Gloucester, Mass.
32722. Squid-jig. A a

25683, Squid-line and jig. Used in catching squid for bait. Bradford &
Anthony, Boston, Mass.
29447, Molds used in forming squid-jigs. John B. Parsons, Rockport, Mass.

Twisting-rods (used in drawing small mammals from their burrows).
—. Twisting-rod. Virginia.
8. BARBED IMPLEMENTS. (Those used with two motions, the first that
of thrusting.)
Spears with fixed heads.
Barbed spears (with single point).

25594. Crab-spear, used about Newport, R. I. J. M. K. Southwick, New-
port, R. I.
25595. Flounder-spear. J. M. K. Southwick, Newport, R. 1.
—.. “Conch” harpoon. Used by Bahamians and fishermen of Key West
in the capture of large fish. Dr. J. W. Velie, Chicago, Ill.

Eel-spears.

——. Eel-spear with six prongs for winter fishing. Lent by Bradford & An-
{thony, Boston, Mass.

25558. Eel-spear with ten prongs for winter fishing. :
25557. Eel-spear for summer fishing. i.
25056. Nine fish-spears. a

25224. Eel-spear, used in southern New England, U. 8. Fish Commission.

25647. New Bedford eel-spear. H. 8. Kirby, New Bedford, Mass.

25606, Eel-spear, Boston pattern. Used on Cape Cod. J. M. K. South-
wick, Newport, R. 1.

\

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 83

Spears with fixed heads.
Aboriginal fish-spears.

7420. Head of fish-spear. Eskimos. Fort Anderson, Arctic coast. R.
McFarlane.

675. Heads of fish-darts. Eskimos. Mackenzie’s River district. R.
McFarlane.

7514. Head of fish-spear, made of elk-horn. Eskimos. Northwest coast.
Geo. Gibbs.

2322. Head of salmon-spear. Indians. Fort Crook, Oreg. Lieut. John
Feimer, U.S. A.

2628. Fish-dart heads. Indians. Columbia River. U. 8. Exploring Ex-
pedition. Capt. C. Wilkes, U. S. N.

1439. Lance-head of bone. Indians. New Mexico. Lieut. A. W. Whip-
ple, U.S. A.

18933. Fish-spears. Sitka Indians. Sitka. J. G. Swan.

11429. Salmon-spears. Passamaquoddy Indians. Eastport, Me. E. Palmer.

10283. Salmon-spear. Eskimos. Igloolik. Capt. C. F. Hall.

2543. Fish-spear. Tschutschi Indians. South Pacific Exploring Expedi-
tion. Capt. John Rodgers, U. 8. N.

23518. Three-pronged spear. Northwest coast. J. G. Swan.

Aboriginal bird and fish spears.

19517. Bird-spear. Eskimos. Greenland. Geo. Y. Nickerson.

10267. Bird-spear with throwing-stick. Arctic America. Smithsonian In-
stitution.

15950. Fish-spear. Magemut Eskimos. Nunivak, Alaska. W. H. Dall.

11358. Fish or bird spear. Eskimos. Bristol Bay, Alaska. Vinzent Colyer.

15689-90-91-93-94-95-96. Bird-spears. Eskimos. Nunivak Islands, Alaska,
W. H. Dall.

7973-7997. Fish and bird spears. Mushegay Indians. Alaska. Smith-
sonian Institution.

Spears with detachable heads.
Lily-irons.

25230. Sword-fish lily-iron. Capt. John B. Smith. U.S. Fish Commission.
25645. Sword-fish dart and socket, peculiar to New Bedford. <A. R. Crit-
tenden, Middletown, Conn.

32714. Sword-fish lily-iron. Adolph Voss, Gloucester, Mass.

32715. Sword-fish lily-iron. a oe

25208. Swordfish-dart head. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.
—. “Turtle-peg” harpoon. Key West, Fla. Dr. J. W. Velie, Chicago,

Til.

Eskimo harpoons of stone, bone, and iron.

14255. Iron harpoon-head, with line of walrus hide, Eskimos. Smith
Sound. Capt. C. I’. Hall.

10120. Harpoon-head, brass and iron, Eskimos. Victoria Harbor. Capt.
C. F. Hall.

9838. Harpoon-heads of bone andiron. Eskimos. Northeast coast. S. F.
Baird.

84 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Spears with detachable heads.
Eskimo harpoons of stone, bone, and iron,

19522. Harpoon-head of stone and bone. Eskimos. Greenland Geo. Y-

Nickerson.

10136. Head of walrus-harpoon. Eskimos. Igloolik. Capt. C. IF. Hall.
10400, Head of seal-harpoon. Eskimos. Igloolik. Capt. C. F. Hall.
10407, Bone harpoon-head. Eskimos. King William’s Sound. Capt. C.F.

Hall.

10404, Part of ancient Innuit harpoon-head. Repulse Bay. Capt. C.F. Hall.
10273. Handle of whaling-harpoon made of bone and wood. Eskimos.

Greenland. Smithsonian Institution,

19519. Handle of whaling-harpoon made of wood and bone, Eskimos.

Greenland. Geo. Y. Nickerson.

10265. Whaling-harpoon. Eskimos. Northwest coast. Smithsonian Insti-
tution. ;

19518. Whaling-harpoon of recent manufacture, with head of bone and iron,
handle of wood and iron, and seal-skin line. Eskimos. Greenland.

Geo. Y. Nickerson.

565. Harpoon-head of bone and iron with walrus-hide line. Eskimos.

Port Foulke. Dr. I. I. Hayes.

2186. Seal-harpoon head of bone and iron. Eskimos. Anderson River.

R. McFarlane.

13140, Walrus-harpoon head of bone and iron, hide line. Innuit Eskimos.

Greenland. §. F. Baird.

19376. Bone harpoon-head with hide line. Eskimos. Alaska. Rey. James

Curley.

11618. Seal-harpoon head of bone. Eskimos. Nunivak Islands, Alaska.

W.. H. Dall.

15631. Miniature model of seal-harpoon. Eskimos. Alaska. H. W. Elliott.
1678. Miniature model of seal-harpoon. Eskimos. Alaska. W. H. Dall.
16120-21-23-25, 5606-7621. Seal-harpoon heads of bone and iron, Eskimos.

Nunivak Islands, Alaska. W. H. Dall.

15619. Harpoon-head of bone. Eskimos, Alaska. H. W. Elliott.

2674, Seal-harpoon heads of bone. Anderson River Eskimos. Tort Ander-
son. R. McFarlane.

2092, 2250, 2817, 3975, 5815, 7422, 7440. Seal-harpoon heads of bone and iron.

Anderson River Eskimos. Mackenzie’s River district. R.MeFarlane.

——. Indian harpoons of shell andiron. Whaling-harpoon, used by Makah

Indians of Vancouver's Island and vicinity.

4131. Four models of whaling-harpoons, lines and throuts. Makah Indians.

Neah Bay, Wash. J. G. Swan.

1869. Head of whaling-harpoon, with line. Makah Indians. Cape Flat-
tery, Wash. Geo. Suckley.

This harpoon-head is made from the shell of a large species of
Mytilus, and illustrates the methods of manufacture employed by
Indians of the Northwest coast previous to the introduction of
metal by the white man.

20896-7. Head of whaling-harpoon and line. Makah Indians. Sitka, Alaska,

J. G. Swan.

This harpoon-head is constructed of sheet-iron and shows the
method now employed in the manufacture of the weapons. The
rope and covers are made from the bark of Thuja gigantea.

628. Head of whaling-harpoon with line. Makah Indians. Neah Bay,

Wash. Ter. J. G. Swan.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 85

Spears with detachable heads.
Eskimo harpoons of stone, bone, and iron.

1868. Head of whaling-harpeon with line. Makah Indians. Neah Bay,
Wash. Ter. J. G. Swan.
26875-26825. Handles of whaling-harpoons. Makah Indians. J. G. Swan.
2530. Harpoon-darts. Eskimos. Alaska. North Pacific Exploring Expe-
dition. Capt. John Rodgers.
16675. Harpoon-dart. Kotzebue Sound. W. H. Dall.
5775-6-7-9-80. Harpoon-darts. Sitka, Alaska. W. H. Howard, U.S. R. M.

Harpoon-spears

6964. Head of barbed fish-dart, made of native copper. Eskimos. Sitka,
Alaska. Dr.:T. T. Minor.
9083. Head of barbed fish-dart, made of native copper. Alaska. Lieut.
F. W. Ring, U.S. N.
20653. Head of barbed fish-dart of native copper with line of a isted sinew.
Alaska. Smithsonian Institution.
21413. Fish-spear with detachable barb. Hoochuon Indians. South Eel
River, California. Stephen Powers.
Double-pronged spears with detachable heads. McCloud River
Indians, Shasta Co., Cal. Livingston Stone. These spears are
used in the capture of the Salmo quinnat. The handles are thirty
feet in length. The barbs are made from the splint bones of deer.
See No. 13743, below.
19046. Fish-spear with detachable barbs. Cooyunu Pi-Ute Indians. Pyra-
mid Lake, Nevada. Stephen Powers.
23522. Two-pronged spear with detachable barbs. Indians of Northwest
coast. J. G. Swan.
26826. Handle of spear similar to 23522, but longer. J. G. Swan.
23520. Spear with many-barbed detachable head and kelp line. Indians of
Northwest coast. J. G. Swan.
13743. Points for salmon-spear made of the splint bones of the deer. Me-
» Cloud River Indians. Shasta Co., Cal. Livingston Stone.
650. Harpoon-arrows with iron tips. Indians. Cape Flattery, Wash.
Ter. Geo. Gibbs.
21308. Wooden barbs for fish-harpoon. Indians. Hoopah Valley, Cal.
Stephen Powers.
2249. Head of fish-harpoon. Eskimos. Anderson River. R. McFarlane.
11356. Harpoon-dart with bladder-float. Nashegay Indians. Alaska. Dr.
T. T. Minor,

9. Tones, &C.
+ For hand-use.
Tongs (with two handles).

Oyster-tongs and oyster-rakes.

26110. Oyster-tongs. S. Salisbury, Providence, R. I.

26109, Oyster-tongs. es a¢

25205. Oyster-tongs. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.
29111. Oyster-nippers. 8. Salisbury, Providence, R. I.

86 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES,

‘*Nippers”’ (vith cord and handle).

Snake-tongs.
Sponge-tongs.
Coral-tongs.

tt For use with sounding-lines.

**Clamms ”’ for deep-sea soundings (forceps closed by a weight).

(Ross’ “deep-sea clamis.”)
(Bull-dog sounding-machine.)

xxx Grasping-lines.
10. NOOSES.
t Stationary nooses.
Jerk-snares.

Bird-snares.
Fish-snares of wire, gut, hair, &e.

tt Thrown nooses.

Lariats and lassos.

11344. Lariat of hide. Apache Indians. General M. C. Meigs, U.S. A.
8534. Lariat of hide. Sioux Indians. Nebraska. Dr. §.M. Horton, U.S. A.
1912. Lariat of hide. Sioux Indians. Upper Missouri River. Lieut. G.
K. Warren.

6920. Lariat of hide. Comanche Indians. Yort Cobb, Ind. T. E. Palmer.

6921. Lariat of hide. Comanche Indians. Llano Estacado, Texas. E.
Palmer.

5559. Lariat of hide. Apache Indians. E. Palmer.

7492. Lariat of moose-skin. Mackenzie River Indians, Fort Anderson. R.
McFarlane.

11206. Lariatof rope. Pi-Ute Indians. Southern Utah. Maj. J. W. Powell.
5558. Lariat of buffalo-hair. Apache Indians. FE. Palmer.

7317. Lariat of buffalo-hair. Apache Indians. Maj. W. H. Mills, U.S. A.

9034. Lariat of buffalo-hair. Nez Percé Indians. Idaho, Dr. B. Storror.

6922. Lariat of buffalo-hair. Comanche Indians. Fort Cobb, Ind. Ter.
I. Palmer.

11. LOADED LINES. (Bolas.)
Bird-slimgs (used by Eskimos).

19507. Bird-sling. Greenland, J. H. Clark. Smithsonian Institution.

9831. Bird-sling. Greenland. S. F. Buird. ” “
7444. Bird-sling. McKenzie’s River. Fort Anderson, H. B. T. R.MeFar-
lane.

9831. Bird-sling. Greenland. §S. I’. Baird.
7537. Bird-sling. Arctic coast. Fort Anderson, H. B. T. B. R. Ross.

‘See exhibit of Navy Department.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 87
«xxx ntangling-lines.
12. TANGLES.
The tangles are employed by naturalists for the purpose of gathering small
3 spiny animals, such as sea-urchins and star-fishes, from the bottom at con-
siderable depths. They adhere to the fibers of the spun-yarn in great num-
bers. It has been thought that this instrument might advantageously be
employed in freeing oyster-beds from their worst enemies, the star-fish.
Swab-tansles.
Swab-tangles.
26844. Swab-tangle. U.S. Fish Commission.
(Dredge-tangles, used by English collectors.)

Harrow-tangles.

Harrow-tangles.

26845. Models of harrow-tangles. U. 8. Fish Commission. Formerly used
by the Fish Commission, now replaced by the wheel-tangles.

* Wheel-tangles.

Wheel-tangles.

26846. Model of wheel-tangle. U.S. Fish Commission.
26848. Wheel-tangles. U.S. Fish Commission.

IT. MISSILES.

» Simple missiles (those propelled by the unaided arm).
15. HURLED WEIGHTS.

Stones and disks (thrown by the hand).
Weights (dropped from an elevation, dead-falls, not automatic).

14. HURLED STICKS.
Straight sticks.
Clubs used as missiles.
Curved sticks.

Throw-sticks, used by the Moqui Indians of New Mexico in hunting
rabbits.

9543-4. Throw-sticks. Used in rabbit-hunting by Moqui Indians. New Mex-
ico. Dr. Edward Palmer.

88 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.
15. HURLED SPEARS.

Darts and lances.
See’ under “Lances and spears,” above enumerated, many of which may be
used as missiles.
«« Centrifugal missiles. (Propelling power augmented by an artificial in-
crease of the length of the arm.)

16. SLINGS AND SPEARS THROWN BY STRAPS.

Slings.

9532. Sling. Navajo Indians. Smithsonian Institution.
17234. Sling. Indians. ~ - .

Spears (with straps).
17. MISSILES PROPELLED BY “ THROWING-STICKS.”

Spears (with throwing-sticks, used by Eskimos).

See above under ‘Bird and fish spears,” particularly No. 10267, a spear with
throwing-stick attached.

7899. Throwing-stick. Eskimos. Aleutian Islands. Dr. T. T. Minor.

7933. Throwing-stick. Eskimos. Kodiak. BS

16076. Throwing-stick. Eskimos. Unalashka. W. H. Dall.

2533. Throwing-stick. Eskimos. Alaska. North Pacific Exploring Ex-
pedition. Capt. John Rodgers.

11346-47. Throwing-sticks. Yukon River, Alaska. Vincent Colyer.

15643. 1642-16243. Throwing-sticks. Eskimos. Nunivak Islands. W. IH.
Dall.

2267. Throwing-stick. Eskimos. Smithsonian Institution.

5774. Throwing-stick. Eskimos. Sitka. W. A. Howard, U.S. R. M.

20771. Throwing-stick. Eskimos. Sitka. J. G. Swan.

« «Missiles propelled by a spring.—(Spring consisting of bent rod.)
18. BOWS AND ARROWS.
Bows.
Simple bows.
(Cross-bows.)
(Ballistas.)

These articles are arranged with the Ethnological series, as are also the ar-
rows, with the exception of a few forms peculiarly adapted to hunting.

Arrows.
Hunting-arrows.

11350-54. Bird-arrows. Eskimos, Bristol Bay, Alaska. Vincent Colyer.
16410-11-12. Bird-arrows. Eskimos. Nunivak Islands, Alaska. W. H.
Dall.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 89

Arrows.
Hunting-arrows.

8827-28-29-30. Bird-arrows. Eskimos. Alaska? Smithsonian Institution.

5602. Bird-arrows. Yukon River, Alaska. W. H. Dall.

15654. Hunting-arrows. Kodiak Indians. Alaska. W. H. Dall.

16413-14-15. Hunting-arrows with heads of bone and iron. Eskimos. Nu-
nivak Islands, Alaska. W. H. Dall.

——. Hunting-arrows with bone heads. Eskimos. Nunivak Islands,
Alaska. Vincent Colyer.

Harpoon-arrows, used in fishing.

11348-52. Harpoon-arrows. Eskimos. Bristol Bay, Alaska. Vincent

Colyer.
15677-15681-82. Harpoon-arrows. Eskimos. Nunivak Islands, Alaska, W.
H. Dall.

19379. Harpoon-arrow. Eskimos. Alaska. Rev. J. Curley.
8005-6-9. Harpoon-arrows. Eskimos. Nushegay Indians. Dr. T, T. Minor,

Accessories of bows and arrows.

Holders.*
(Quivers.*
Arrow-head pouches.*

Implements of manufacture.

Flint-chipping apparafus.*

Arrow-head sharpeners.*

Shaft-gauges.*

Cord-twisting apparatus.*

Shaft-polishers.*

Glue-sticks, used in fastening head of arrow.*

Arranged with the Ethnological series.
it Spring consisting of elastic cord.
19. INDIA-RUBBER SLINGS.
Pea-shooters (used in killing birds),
ttt Spring consisting of metallic helix.

20. SPRING-GUNS.
Spring-guns.

«xxx Missiles propelled by the compression of air or water.
21. AIR-GUNS.
Blow-guns (missile propelled by the breath).

slow-guns carrying arrows.
Blow-guis carrying balls.

90 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Piston air-guns.
Reservoir air-guns.

Air-guns.

29535.-

Bedford Eureka air-pistol, with darts, slugs, and gun-rest. (Patented
Dec. 21, 1875.) Eureka Manufacturing Company, Boston, Mass.

Air-gun canes.

22. WATER-GUNS.

Svringe-guns,

Humming-bird guns.

anne Ltre-arms.

23. GUNS AND PISTOLS.

Wuzzile-loading arms.

26714.
809.

Flint-lock gun (single barrel) old fashion. Smithsonian Institution.
Single-barrel shot (?) gun.
Given by Lord Melville to Sir John Franklin, who used it on his
unfortunate expeditions in 1820, 1821, and 1822, then given by
Sir John to his interpreter, St. Germain, who sold it to Chief
Factor Smith, of the Hudson Bay Co., who gave it to his son-in-
law, Chief Factor McPherson, from whom it was obtained by B.
R. Ross, of the Hudson Bay Co.

Breech-loading arms.

25894.

25895.

25247.

25250.

£6574.

26573.

29533.

29534,

25896.

25890.

Six-shooting shot-gun. Colt’s Fire-Arms Manufacturing Company,
Hartford, Conn.

Double-barreled breech-loading fowling-piece. E. Remington &
Sons, Ilion, N. Y.

Double-barreled breech-loading fowling-piece. Damascus steel, 12
gauge. Parker Bros., Meriden, Conn.

Single-barreled breech-loading shot-gun. (Patented May 26, 1874.
Phenix calibre 12.) Whitney Arms Company, Whitneyville, Conn.

Breech-loading gun. Clark & Sneider, Baltimore, Md.

Breech-loading gun. as e

The Sneider patent double-barrel breech-loading shot-gun. Clark &
Sneider, Baltimore, Md.

The Sneider double-barrel breech-loading shot-gun; solid tip grip.
(Patented Dec. 22, 1868; April 7, 1874.) Clark & Sneider, Balti-
more, Md.

Creedmoor rifle. E. Remington & Sons, Ilion, N. Y.

Mid-range rifle. Peabody & Martin pattern (44 cal., 100 grs.), made
by Providence Tool Co, Schuyler, Waltham & Graham, New York.

Sporting-rifle. King’s improvement. (Patented Mareh 29, 1866;
October 16, 1860. Model, 1873. Calibre .44.) Winchester Repeat-
ing Arms, New Haven, Conn.

22202. Sharpe’s rifle. (Patented April 1, 1866.) Manufacturers.
29289-511. Maynard’s rifle with appurtenances. (Pistol grip, vernier rear-

sight’ Front wind-gange sight and spirit-level; 32 inches, .4
calibre.) Massachusetts Arms Company, Chicopee Falls, Mass.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. oF

Breech-loading arms.

29299, Shot-barrel for Maynard’s rifle ; 32 inches, .64 calibre. Massachusetts
Arms Company, Chicopee Falls, Mass.

25873, Six-shooting rifle; 44-inch calibre. Colt’s Fire-Arms Manufacturing

, Company, Hartford, Conn. :

25889. Carbine. King’s improvement. (Patented March 29, 1866; October
16, 1860. Model 1873. Calibre .44.) Winchester Repeating
Arms, New Haven, Conn.

25248. Breech-loading sporting-rifle. (Patented October 17, 1866. Reissued
June 25, 1872; Dec. 26,1865. Reissued Oct. 1, 1867; May 15, 1866:
July 16, 1872.) Whitney Arms Company, Whitneyville, Conn.

25249. Breech-loading sporting-rifle. Phoenix calibre, 44. Whitney Arms
Company, Whitneyville, Conn.

25892. Six-shooting revolver. 45 calibre. (Patented Sept. 19, 1871; July 2,
1872.) Colt’s Fire-Arms Manufacturing Company, Hartford, Conn.

Whaling-guns.

24986. C. C. Brand’s improved whaling-gun. Patented June 22, 1852. For
use with C. C. Brand’s improved bomb-lance. 24987. Powder-flask
with charger. 24988. Wad-cutter. 24989. Wad-cutter (inside).
24992. Prepared wads. 24990, 24991. Screw-drivers. C.C. Brand,
Norwich, Conn.

24993-97. C. C. Brand’s improved bomb-lance. Patented June 22,1859. For
use with C. C. Brand’s improved whaling-gun. 24997. Exploded
lance. 24998. Lance-hook (for drawing charge). C. C. Brand,
Norwich, Conn.

25251. E. Pierce’s harpoon-gun. Patented 1865. U.S. Fish Commission.

26897. Cunningham & Hogan’s breech-loading bomb-gun, with explosive
lances. William Lewis, New Bedford, Mass.

24, (ACCESSORY.) AMMUNITION AND ITS PREPARATION.

Explosives.

Gunpowder.
Gun-cotton.
Percussion powder:
Caps.
Needle percussion.
Primers.
Wood powder.
Dynamite or giant-powder.
Nitroglycerine.
Dualine.
Lithofracteur.
Colonia powder.
Other explosives.

For obvious reasons this series could not be exhibited.

92 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.
Missiles.

Bullets.

(Accessory.) Bullet-molds.

29300. Pair of molds for conical and cylindrical bullets. Massachusetts
Arms Company, Chicopee Falls, Mass.

Shot.

——. Series of samples of shot, sizes from No. 000 to No. 12. Thomas
Sparks, Philadelphia, Pa.

Explosive bullets, shells, &c.:
Bomb-lance.

Wadding.

Bulk wadding.
Prepared wads.
(Accessory.) Wad-cutters.

The articles of this class may be seen in connection with the ammunition

series.
Ammunition-measures,

Measures.
Shot-measures.

Attached to pouches and separate.
Powe eek tt 1 to] ] te

16190. Powder-charger. Nunivak Islands, Alaska. W. H. Dall.
2689. Gun-charger. Indians of Northwest coast. Captain Wilkes, U. 8. N.
U. 8. Exploring Expedition,

Weighing scales.
Prepared ammunition.
Ball, shot, and wire cartridges.
25891. Card of rim-fire cartridges. Winchester Repeating Arms, New
Haven, Conn.
29304. Ten metallic cartridge-shells, .4, for rifle. Massachusetts Arms Com-
pany, Chicopee Falls, Mass.
29305. Ten metellic cartridge-shells, .64, for shot-guns. Massachusetts Arms
Company, Chicopee Falls, Mass.
Methods of preparing cartridges.

Loaders, crimpers, and cappers.

29303. Metalhe loader for rifle-cartridge. Massachusetts Arms Company,
Chicopee Falls, Mass.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 93

Methods of preparing cartridges.
Loaders, crimpers, and cappers.

29302. Rosewood loader for shot-cartridge. Massachusetts Arms Company,
Chicopee Falls, Mass.

29308. Two rosewood loading-blocks. Massachusetts Arms Company, Chic-
opee Falls, Mass.

25897. Cartridge-loading machine. E. Remington & Sons, Ilion, N. Y.

29306. Cartridge-capper. Massachusetts Arms Company, Chicopee Falls,
Mass.

25. ACCESSORIES OF LOADING, CLEANING, AND REPAIRING, SIGHTING,
AND TESTING FIRE-ARMS.

Instruments for cleaning, loading, &c.

Rammers.
Swabs.
Charge-drawers—* worms”—and other loading tools.

These may be seen attached to the various wrappers.

29307. Wrench and cap-picker, Massachusetts Arms Company, Chicopee
Falls, Mass.

29311. Rod and tip for cloth, plain. Massachusetts Arms Company, Chico-
pee Falls, Mass.

29310. Jointed rod and brush. Massachusetts Arms Company, Chicopee
Falls, Mass.

29309. Screw-driver. Massachusetts Arms Company, Chicopee Falls, Mass.

7525. Gun-screw-driver. Apache Indians. Arizona. KE. Palmer.

26695. Loading-tools. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con-
tributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

26696. Closer. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed by
Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

29251. Oil-bottle, nickel (No. 1). Edwin W. Judge, New Haven, Conn.

29252. Oil-bottle, nickel (No. 2). ce oe

26698. Oil-can. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed by
Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

Sights, &c.

Muzzle-sights.
Slit-sights.

Globe-sights.
Peep-sights.
Breech-sights.
Plain-sights.
Graduating-sights.
Telescope-sights.

Levels, attached to guns.
Wind-gauges.

These may be seen attached to the guns,

94 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Recoil-checks.

25700. William D. Miller’s patent recoil-check for shot-guns and rifles.
(Patented Novy. 2, 1875, No. 52.) <A. J. Norman, New York.
Advantages claimed for this arrangement are that it repels and

neutralizes the recoil, permits steadier aim, and insures increased
range and greater penetration.

26. FOR CARRYING ARMS AND AMMUNITION,

Ammunition-holders.

Powder-horns:
Horns.
Flasks.
Canisters.

1910. Powder-horn. Sioux Indians. Upper Missouri River. Lieut. G. K.
Warren, U.S. A.
1472. Powder-horn. Comanche Indians. General D. N. Couch, U.S. A.
16309. Powder-horn. Sitka, Alaska. W. H. Dall.
1909. Powder-horn and pouch. (Containing bullets, gun-flints, and arrow-
points.) Sioux Indians. Upper Missouri River. Lieut. G. K.
Warren, U.S. A.
5520. Powder-horn. Papago and Apache Indians. E. Palmer.
21672. Powder-horn and pouch. Yankton Sioux. Dakota. Army Medical
Museum. Dr. J. T. Boughter.
26706. Cartridge-box. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con-
tributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.
26703. Cartridge-flask. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con-
tributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.
7313. Powder-flask. Apache Indians. Major Mills, U. 8. A.
13035. Powder-flask. Alieut Eskimos. Ounalashka. W. H. Dall.
16099, Powder-flask. *"Magemut Eskimos. Nunivak Islands, Alaska, W.
H. Dall.
9290. Powder-flask. Alaska. Dr. A. H. Hoff, U.S. A.
5184. Powder-flask. Porterre Indians. Dr. J. T. Rothrock, U. 8. A.
16292. Powder-flask. Kodiak Eskimos, Chirikoff. W. H. Dall.

Shot and bullet holders.
Pouches.

——. Shot-pouch. Found in old house, Saint Regis, N. Y. R. B. Hough.
20673. Shot-pouch. Indians of the Northwest coast. Fort Simpson, B. C.
J. G. Swan.
9641. Bullet-pouch. Navajo Indians. E. Palmer.
11077. Bullet-pouch. Navajo Indians. Northwestern New Mexico, Vin-
cent Colyer.
2112. Bullet-pouch, Indians of Upper Missouri. War Department, U. 8. A.
6199. Bullet-pouch and belt. Delaware Indians. Arizona, FE. Palmer.
2470. Bullet-pouch and belt. Indians of Missouri Valley. War Depart-
ment, U. S. A.
5432. Bullet-pouch and belt. J. Varden.
26699. Ball-box. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed
by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.
1935. Bullet-pouch and belt. Indian.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 95

Shot and bullet holders.
Cap-holders.
5525. Cap-case. Apache Indians. Arizona. E, Palmer.

26697. Cap-box. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed
by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

Pouches.
Boxes.
Cap-straps, used by Indians.

Cartridge-holders:
Pouches.
Boxes.

Belts.
Vests.

Weapon-holders.

Slings for arms:
Shoulder-slings.
Saddle-slings.
Holsters.

Belts:

Pistol-belts.

Racks and cases:
Gun-racks.
Gun-cases.

8546. Gun-ease. Indians. Ogalalla, Nebr. Dr. 8. M. Horton, U. S. A.

14849. Gun-case. Indian. Colorado. Maj. J. W. Powell.

26705. Gun-case. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed
by Forest and Stream Publishing Company.

26704. Gun-case. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed
by Forest and Stream Publishing Company.

IV. BAITED HOOKS. ANGLING-TACKLE,

27. HooKS WITH MOVABLE LINES.
Tackle for surface-fishing.

Fly-fishing tackle.
Salmon-tackle.
Trout-tackle.
Black-bass tackle.
Shad-tackle.

96 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Tackle for surface-fishing.

Trolling-tackle :
Trolling-tackle.
Whiffing-tackle.
Drailing-tackle.
Gangs of hooks for minnow-bait.

The parts of these gears may be seen in their proper places, with hooks,
lines, &e.

26683. Minnow-gang. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con-
g , Syr
tributed by Forest and Stream Publishing Company.

Surf-tackle for throwing and hauling.
Striped-bass tackle.
Red-fish or bass tackle.
Blue-fish tackle.
Tide-drailing tackle.
Pasque and Cuttyhunk bass-tackle.

24808-9. Blue-fish line. Rigged with eel-skin squids. J. M. K. Southwick,
Newport, R. I.

24802-7. Blue-fish lines. Rigged with cloth squid. Block Island. J. M.K,
Southwick, Newport, R. I.

Tackle for fishing below the surface.

Short hand-gear.

25684. Mackerel-lines and cleats. Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.

25940. Mackerel hook and line. A. McCurdy.

29293. “‘Qtter,” with line and flies attached. Used in lake and river fishing.
William Morris, Lake City, Minn.

19047. Throw-line with minnow-hooks. Cooyuwee Pi-Utes. Pyramid
Lake, Nevada. Stephen Powers.

Deep-sea gear.

25786. Hand-line gear for halibut and cod. Used in George’s Banks fish-
eries. Alexander McCurdy, East Gloucester, Mass,

25687. Gear, used by American fishermen on George’s Banks. Bradford &
Anthony, Boston, Mass.

29471. Hand-line gear. Used in George’s Banks cod and halibut fisheries.
A. MeCurdy, East Gloucester, Mass.

29483. Cod-fishing gear. Used from 1812-1830, Lemuel Cook, 2d, Province-
town, Mass.

25686. Cod hand-line and gear. Used chiefly on Western and Grand Banks
of Newfoundland. Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.

25685. Pollock line and gear. Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.

24810-11. Rigged tautog-lines. J. M. K. Southwick, Newport, R. I.

25665. Lines. Rigged for pond-fishing. Wm. M, Young, Philadelphia, Pa.

1140, Halibut-hook, with kelp line. Makah Indians. Puget Sound, W.

T. J.G. Swan.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 97

Tackle for fishing below the surface.

Deep-sea gear:
Flounder-gear.
Shark-gear.

Other bottom-gear.

Bobs:

Eel-bobs.

28. HOOKS, WITH STATIONARY LINES.—SET TACKLE.

Surface limes.

| Spilliards, or floating-trawl lines.

Bottomzeset lines.
Trawl-lines, or bull-tows.

25688. Model of codfish-trawl, used by American fishermen on Western and
Grand Banks of Newfoundland. Buoys, scale of one-sixth; an-
chors, scale of one-fifteenth. Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.

29469. Section (one-fifth) of trawl-line. Used in George’s Banks codfish-
eries. A. R. Crittenden, Middletown, Conn.

6560. Trawl-line and hooks. Indians of Vancouver's Island. Dr. T. T.
Minor.

32705. One section or ‘‘skate” of a halibut trawl-line with (No. 32706) inner
buoy with flag, (No. 32707) outer buoy with ‘“‘black-ball,” (No.
32708) buoy-line, and (No. 32709) anchor. Capt. Jos. W. Collins
and Philip Merchant, Gloucester, Mass.

Set-traps.

25562. Pickerel-traps. With lines and flags for fishing through the ice.
Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.

25563. Set of implements for smelt-fishing through the ice.

25667. Fishing-bows. W. M. Young, Philadelphia, Pa.

29. (ACCESSORY.) PARTS AND ACCESSORIES OF ANGLING-APPARATUS
AND OF HARPOON AND SEINE LINES.

Hooks (including a full series of unmounted hooks, of recent and
aboriginal manufacture).

Plain hooks.

25682. The ten processes through which American hand-made fish-hooks
pass from the wire to the finished hook. Made entirely by hand-
labor in the factory of J. W. Court, Brooklyn, N. Y. Bradford &
Anthony, Boston, Mass.

25524. Double-refined, cast-steel, tapered point; Virginia hooks, flatted,
Nos. 10 to 1 and 1-0 to 3-0. American Needle and Vish-Hook Com-
pany, New Haven, Conn.

25535. Superfine cast-steel blackfish-hooks, japanned, flatted, Nos. 1 to &.
American Needle and Fish-Hook Company, New Haven, Conn.

Bull. N. M. No. 14 7

98 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Hooks (including a full series of unmounted hooks, of recent and

aboriginal manufacture).

Plain hooks.

25536.

25640.

25528.

25530.
25529.

25523.

25514.

25515.

25526.

25533.

Eel-hooks, No. 6. American Needle and Fish-Hook Company, New
Haven, Conn.

Halibut-hooks, ringed; Nos. 1to 3. American Needle and Fish-Hook
Company, New Haven, Conn.

Cast-steel Kirby sea fish-hooks, flatted; Nos. 1 to 12. American
Needle and Fish-Hook Company, New Haven, Conn.

Cast-steel Kirby sea fish-hooks, ringed; Nos. 1 to 12.

Superior cast-steel Kirby sea fish-hooks, galvanized, flatted; Nos.
1to8. American Needle and Fish-Hook Company, New Haven,
Conn.

. Double-refined cast-steel Kirby river and trout fish-hooks, ringed ;

Nos. 1 to 12 and 1-00 to 10-0. American Needle and Fish-Hook
Company, New Haven, Conn.

Kirby river and trout fish-hooks, flatted, extra superfine; Nos. 1
to 12 and 1-0 to 10-0. American Needle and Fish-Hook Company,
New Haven, Conn.

. Superfine spring steel Kirby salmon, flatted; Nos. 12 to 3-0. Amer-

ican Needle and Fish-Hook Company, New Haven, Conn.

. Carlisle trout-hooks, flatted; Nos. 12-20. American Needle and

Fish-Hook Company, New Haven, Conn.

. Carlisle trout-hooks, ringed; Nos. 8 to 3-0. American Needle and

Fish-Hook Company, New Haven, Conn.

. Superfine cast-steel Limerick salmon, flatted; Nos. 1-0 to 12 and

2-0 to 10-0. American Needle and Fish-Hook Company, New
Haven, Conn.

. Superfine cast-steel Limerick salmon, ringed; Nos. 1-0 to 9 and 2-0

to 10-0. American Needle and Fish-Hook Company, New Haven,
Conn.

Double-refined cast-steel Limerick river and trout fish-hooks (spear-
points, flatted); Nos. 1-0 to 12 and 2-0 to 10-0. American Needle
and Fish-Hook Company, New Haven, Conn.

Double-refined cast-steel Limerick river and trout fish-hooks (spear-
head points, flatted, shanks ringed); Nos. 1-0 to 12 and 2-0 to
10-0. American Needle and Fish-Hook Company, New Haven,
Conn.

. Extra spring-steel Aberdeen trout-hooks, flatted; Nos. 8 to 4-0,

American Needle and Fish-Hook Company, New Haven, Conn.

. Superfine spring-steel Kinsey trout-hooks, flatted; Nos. 6 to 16.

American Needle and Fish-Hook Company, New Haven, Conn.

. Superfine steel Kinsey trout-hooks, ringed ; Nos. 10 to 16. American

Needle and Fish-Hook Company, New Haven, Conn.

. Cast-steel drop-point mackerel-hooks, large and small wire, flatted ;

Nos. 1 A to5 A, and2Bto4B. American Needle and Fish-Hook
Company, New Haven, Conn.

27. Superfine cast-steel J. P. cod-hooks, ringed; Nos. 1 to 8. American

Needle and Vish-Hook Company, New Haven, Conn.
Superfine cast-steel J. P. cod-hooks, flatted; Nos. 1 to 8. American
Needle and Vish-Hook Company, New Haven, Conn.
Central-draught codfish-hooks, eyed; Nos. 10 to 17. American
Needle and Fish-Hook Company, New Haven, Conn.
Double-refined cast-steel, original, central-draught cod or mackerel
hooks, ringed; Nos. 12 to 20. American Needle and Fish-Hook
Company, New Haven, Conn.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 99

Hooks (including a full series of unmounted hooks, of recent and

aboriginal manufacture).

Plain hooks.

25531.

25601.
25538.
29465.
25648.
29464.
25602.
25641.
29467.
29505.
32732.
32731.

20654.

1051.
9765.
5583.
9807.
5590.
19064.
20651.

70.
. Halibut-hook. Sitka, Alaska. J. G. Swan. és ue

Double-refined cast-steel, original, central-draught cod or mackerel
hooks, flatted. American Needle and Fish-Hook Company, New
Haven, Conn.

Cod-hooks. Used when fish rise to the surface. J. M. K. Southwick,
Newport, R. I.

Shark-hooks. Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.

Shark-hooks. M. W. Grant, Wellfleet, Mass.

Shark-hook. (Extraordinary.) A. R. Crittenden, Middletown, Conn.

Ground-shark hook. Style used forty years ago. Elisha Cook,
Provincetown, Mass.

Dog-fish hook with chain. Used at Newport, R. I. J.M. K. South-
wick, Newport, R. I.

Dog-fish hooks, ringed. American Needle and Fish-Hook Company,
New Haven, Conn.

Horse-mackerel hook. John Thomas, Belfast, Me.

Hooks, probably lost by a French fishing-vessel. Found on St.
George’s Banks on a piece of trawl; fished up by Geo. H. Lewis,
Provincetown, Mass.

French cod-hooks; taken from codfish on Jeffries Ledge. Capt.
James Tarr, Gloucester, Mass.

French cod-hook; taken from codfish in Salvages’ Shoals, Cape
Ann, in 1856. Capt. James Tarr, Gloucester, Mass.

Wooden fish-hooks. Indians of Northwest coast. Bella Bella, B.C.
J. G. Swan.

. Fish-hooks. Indians of Northwest coast of America. Straits of

Fuca, Puget Sound. U.S. Exploring Expedition.

Fish-hooks. Puget Sound. George Gibbs.

Fish-hook. Wallapai Indians. E, Palmer.

Fish-hook of wood and bone. Gens des FousIndians. Yukon River,
Alaska. W. H. Dall.

Fish-hook and line. Chilkaht Indians. Alaska. Lieut. F. W. Ring,
U. 8. A.

Fish-hooks and sinkers. Premorska Indians. St. Michael’s, Alaska.
W. H. Dall.

Fish-hooks. Cooyuwee Pi-Ute Indians. Pyramid Lake, Ney. Stephen
Powers.

Fish-hook. Bella Bella, B. C. J. G. Swan. Indian make.

Halibut-hook. Alaska. Dr. Hoff, U. 8. A. cc: os

9103-4. Halibut-hooks. Alaska. Lieut. F. W. Rin os Winsweoee. sf

1141

16346.
2630.

1324.
1989.
5118.

5116,

26822

Butt-end of hemlock limb for making halibut-hook. Makah Indians,
Puget Sound, W. T. J. G Swan.

Halibutzhooks. Yakutat Eskimo. W. H. Dall.

Fish-hook. Northwest coastof America. Capt. Chas. Wilkes, U.S.N.
U.S. Exploring Expedition.

Hooks and lines. Eskimo. Anderson River. C. P. Gaudet.

Fish-hook. Arctic America. B. R. Ross.

Fish-hook. Anderson River Eskimos. Mackenzie’s River district.
R. Kennicott.

Fish-hook. Fort Anderson Eskimos. Mackenzie’s River district.
R. Maclarlane.

Fish-line of kelp (Nereocystis), fish-hook, and bladder buoy. Makah
Indians. Neah Bay. J. G. Swan.

100 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Hooks (including a full series of unmounted hooks, of recent and
aboriginal manufacture).
Plain hooks.
9807. Fishing line and hook. Chilkaht Indians. Alaska. Lieut. F. W.
Ring, U.S. A.
15630. Bone fish-hook with whalebone snood. Alaska. H. W. Elliott.
16315. Fish-hook. Sitka. W. H. Dall.
652. Halibut-hooks. Indians of Northwest coast of America. George
Gibbs.
20656. Halibut-hooks. Indians of Fort Simpson, B. C. J. G. Swan.
15685. Fish-hooks. Eskimos. Poonook, Alaska. H. W. Elliott.
10142. Fish-hooks. Eskimos. Victoria Harbor. Capt. C. F. Hall.
14280. Fish-hooks. Neah Bay, W. T. James G. Swan.
16116. Bone hook. Magemut Eskimos. Nunivak, Alaska. W. H. Dall.
16311. Fish-hooks. Nunivak Islands, Alaska. W. H. Dall.
1051. Fish-hooks. Capt. Chas. Wilkes, U.S. N. U. 8. Exploring Expe-
dition.
10219. Codfish-hook. Eskimos. Coast of Greenland. Capt. C. F. Hall.
2191-92. Fish-hooks of stone, bone, and iron. Fort Anderson Eskimos.
Mackenzie’s River district. R. Kennicott.
2093, 2248. Fish-hooks of bone and iron. Anderson River Eskimos. R.
MacFarlane.
16311-12. Bone hooks and line spreaders. Thlinket Eskimos. Sitka, Alaska.
W. H. Dall.
5118-7441. Hooks of bone and iron. Mackenzie’s River Eskimos. R. Mac-
Farlane.
32660. Smelt-spreader and hooks. Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown Goode.

Jigs and drails.

29448. Bass and bluefish drail. Elisha Cook, Provincetown, Mass.

29425. Bluefish-drail. Provincetown style. Lemuel Cook, 2d, Province-
town, Mass.

25555. Bluefish-drails. Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.

29485. Bluefish-drail. Used in Wellfleet, Mass., about 1890. Newell B.
Rich, Wellfleet, Mass.

25555. Bluefish-drails. Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.

. Bluefish-hooks. Collected by A. R. Crittenden, Middletown, Conn.

25550. Bluefish-drail. Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.

25771. Bluefish-drails. (Made in the form of a squid and very killing.)
Peculiar to Provincetown, Mass. Coleman Cook, Provincetown,
Mass.

25553. Bluefish-drail. Wm. H. Young, Brooklyn, N. Y.

25669. Bluefish-drail. Peculiar to Hyannis, Mass. Freeman Hallett, Hyan-
nis, Mass. ;

25671. Bluefish-drail. Peenliar to Chatham, Mass. Sanford Freeman,

Norwichport, Mass. e
25671 (7?) Bluefish-drail. J. H. Bartlett & Sons, New Bedford, Mass. *

25537. Series of hollow bone bluefish-squids. Nos. 1to3. American Needle
and Fish-Hook Company, New Haven, Conn.

25668. Bluefish-drail. Peculiar to Harwichport, Mass. Sanford Freeman,
Norwich, Mass.

25708. Bluefish-drail. Central Wharf Company, Provincetown, Mass.

25598. Bluefishedrail. J. M. K. Southwick, Newport, R. I.

5670. Bluetfish-drail. Made at sea from jaw-bone of sperm-whale (Phy-

seter macrocephalus). J, H. Bartlett & Son, New Bedford, Mass.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 101

Hooks (including a full series of unmounted hooks, of recent and

aboriginal manufacture).

Jigs and drails.

25669.

Bluefish-drail. Peculiar to Hyannis, Mass. Freeman Hallett,
Hyannis, Mass. When used, covered with an eei-skin.

25600. Weak-fish jigs. Used in Newport, R. I. J. M. K. Southwick, New-

port, R. I.
9078. Metallic squid. Indians. Alaska. Lieut. F. W. Ring, LORS =

39657. Cahoon’s improved trolling-hooks. (Patented March 24, 1874.)
Thomas J. Gifford & Co., New Bedford, Mass.

12496. Mackerel-jigs. Cape Ann. J. P. Nason, Rockport, Mass.

32658. Mackerel-jig. Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown Goode.

29479. Mackerel-jig. John B. Parsons, Rockport, Mass.

32734. Mackerel-jigs. Used thirty yearsago. A. McC urdy, Gloucester, Mass.

25599. Mackerel-jigs. J. M. K. Southwick, Newport, Risa

25941. Mackerel-jigs. Used about the year 1840. Capt. Edward L. Rowe,

Gloucester, Mass.

12495. Soapstone ‘‘jig” molds, No. 1. (Patented March 15, 1870.) Cape
Ann. J. P. Nason, Rockport, Mass.

25780. Soapstone mackerel-jig mold. Capt. E. L. Rowe, Gloucester, Mass.

25781-2. Wooden, lead-lined, mackerel-jig molds. es

25721. Mackerel-jig mold. (Patented March 15, 1870; J. P. Nason, No. 2.)
Central Wharf Company, Provincetown, Mass.

32656. Mackerel-jig mold. Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown Goode.

32654. Mackerel-jig ladle. a ee

32661. Mackerel-jig rasp. & oe

32662. Mackerel-jig file. “ of

39663. Pewter for use in manufacture of jigs. Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown
Goode.

29461. Codfish “trip” and ‘‘fly-jig.” Styles used fifty years ago. Lemuel
Cook, 2d, Provincetown, Mass.

95601. Codfish jig-hook. Used when the fish rise from the bottom. Mas-

sachusetts. A. R. Crittenden, Middletown, Conn.

Spoon-baits, plain and fluted.

25550.

26793.

26685.

Fluted spoons for pickerel, bass, and trout. Manufactured by G. M.
Skinner, Gananoque, Ontario. Patented United States and Can-
ada, 1874. Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.

50. Trolling-spoons. For bass and pickerel. Bradford & Anthony,

Boston, Mass.

. Bluefish-spoons. Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.
. Spinners. For pickerel, trout, and bass fishing. Bradford & An-

thony, Boston, Mass.

. Spoon-baits. For bass, pickerel, pike, and trout fishing (nickel-

plated). John H. Mann, Syracuse, N. Y.

. Spoon-baits. For bass, pike, pickerel, and trout (silver-plated). J.

T. Buel, Whitehall, N. Y.

. Spoon-baits. For pike, pickerel, bass, trout, and bluefish. Wm. H.

James, Brooklyn, N. Y.

. Spoon-baits. For pike, bass, pickerel, and trout fishing. Wm. H.

James, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Series of fluted trolling-spoons. D. M. Skinner, Gananoque, Onta-
rio, Canada.

Spoon-hooks. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con-
tributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

.

102 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Hooks (including a full series of unmounted hooks, of recent and
aboriginal manufacture).
Spoon-baits, plain and fluted.

26690. Trout-spoon. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con-
tributed by Forest and Stream Publishing Company.

25554. Spoon-baits. For pike, pickerel, bass, and trout. W. D. Chapman
& Son, Theresa, N. Y.

25666. Pearl minnows. W. M. Young, Philadelphia, Pa.

25550. MacHarg’s pearl spoons. For pickerel, trout, and bass. “Bradford &
Anthony, Boston, Mass.

Artificial flies on hooks.

32735. Bass-flies. Sara J. McBride, Mumford, N. Y.
32736. Trout-flies. es s
26105. Salmon-tlies. & oe

32737. Artificial flies for salmon, trout, and bass. Bradford & An-
thony, Boston, Mass.

Nore.—For convenience this entire collection is provisionally entered
under a single catalogue number.

a. Peacock, with water-color sketch of original.
b. March Brown, with water-color sketch of original.

Body—Fur of the fox-squirrel’s face ribbed over with olive silk. Tail—Two
strands of brown feather of the wild mallard. Wings—From the side
feather of the shoveller duck approaching the tail; the light yeast-colored
feather is the best, and if nicely tied must be an excellent fly. Legs—A
grizzled cock’s hackle, wound twice or thrice at the shoulder. For Penn-
sylvania, hooks Nos. 6 to 8; for New York, hooks Nos. 5 and 6; New Eng-
land, hooks Nos. 4 and 5.

e. Great Red Spinner, with water-color sketch of original.
d. Water-cricket, with water-color sketch of original.

e. Great Dark Drone, with water-color sketch of original.
f. Cow-dung.

Body—Yellow mohair mixed with a little dingy brown fur from the bear.
Wings—From the quill-feather of the eurlew or whimbrel. Legs—Of a
ginger-colored cock’s hackle. For Pennsylvania, hooks Nos. 8 to 10; for New
York, hook No. 8; for New England, hook No. 6.

g. Red Fly, with water-color sketch of original.

Body—The red part of squirrel’s fur mixed with an equal quantity of claret
mohair, Wings—The softest quill-feather of the pea-hen’s wing. Legs—
Claret-colored hackle ; clip some of the upper fibers off that the wings may
lie flat. For Pennsylvania, hook No. 6; for New York, hook No. 4; for New
England, hook No. 3.

h. Blue Dun, with water-color sketch of original.

Body—Fur of a gray squirrel spun very thinly on fine yellow silk. Tail—Two
fibers of a dun hackle. Wings—From a quill-feather of the blue-jay.
Legs—Two or three turns of a ginger-dun hackle at the shoulder helps to
keep the wings upright. For Pennsylvania, hook No. 6; for New York,
hook No. 5; for New England, hook No. 4.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 103

Hooks (including a full series of unmounted hooks, of recent and
aboriginal manufacture).

32737. Artificial flies for salmon, trout, and bass—Continued.
i. Red Spinner, with water-color sketch of original.

Body—Bright brown silk ribbed, with fine gold twist. Tail—Two fibers of
red cock’s hackle. Wings—Upright from a mottled gray feather of the
mallard stained a pale blue, the brighter in color the better. Legs—Plain
red cock’s hackle. For Pennsylvania, hook No. 6; for New York, hook No.
5; for New England, hook No. 4.

j. Nicholson.

- Black Dog.

. Atkinson.

m. Policeman.

n. Claret Wasp.

o. Blue Wasp.

p. Wren-tail, with water-color sketch of original.

~ TS

Body—Ginger-colored fur ribbed with gold twist. Wings—Feathers from a
wren’s tail; if these cannot be procured a small scapular feather of the
woodcock makes a good imitation, and may be hackled with the same kind
of feather. For Pennsylvania, hook No. 10; for New York, hook No. 8; for
New England, hook No. 6.

q. Red Ant, with water-color sketch of original.

Body—Peacock’s herl tied with red-brown silk. Wings—From the quill-
feather of the blue-jay. Legs—A small red cock’s hackle.

r. Silver Horns, with water-color sketch of original.
s. Golden-dun Midge, with water-color sketch of original.
t. Sand-fly, with water-color sketch of original.

Body—Of the sandy-colored fur from the rabbit’s neck or from the fox-squirrel
spun on silk of the same color. Wings—From the whimbrel wing made
full. Legs—From a light-ginger feather from the neck of a hen. For
Pennsylvania, hooks Nos. 6 to 8; for New York, hooks Nos. 5 and 6; for New
England, hooks Nos. 4 and 5.

u. Stone-fly, with water-color sketch of original.

Body—Fur of the gray squirrel, when it is shortest is best, mixed with a little
yellow mohair, leaving yellow about the tail. Tail—A strand or two of
brown mottled feathers, say of mallard. Wings—From the soft inside
feather of the pea-hen’s wing. Legs—Blue-dun cock’s hackle. For Penn-
sylvania, hooks Nos. 6 to 8; for New York, hooks Nos. 5 and 6; for New Eng-
land, hooks Nos. 4 and 5.

t. Gravel-bed, with water-color sketch of original.

Body—Dark dun or lead-colored silk floss dressed very fine. Wings—From a
covert-feather of the woodcock’s wing. Legs—A black ecock’s hackle, rather
long, wound twice only round the body. Tor Pennsylvania, hooks Nos. 8 to
10; for New York, hooks Nos. 6 to 8; for New England, hooks Nos. 5 and 6.

104 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Hooks (including a full series of unmounted hooks, of recent and
aboriginal manufacture).

82737. Artificial flies for salmon, trout, and bass—Continued.
w. Grannum, with water-color sketch of original.

Body—Fur of a rabbit’s face with a little fine green mohair worked in at the
tail. Wings—From the inside wing-teather of a grouse. Legs—A pale
ginger hen’s hackle. For Pennsylvania, hooks Nos. 8 to 10; for New York,
hooks Nos. 6 to 8; for New England, hooks Nos. 5 and 6.

x. Yellow Dun, with water-color sketch of original.

Body—Yellow mohair mixed with a little pale blue from a mouse or yellow
floss silk with the least blue rabbit fur spun upon it. Wings—Upright,
from the inside wing-feather of a mallard or summer duck. For Pennsyl-
vania, hook No. 10; for New York, hook No. 8; for New England, hooks Nos.
5 and 6.

y. Iron-blue Dun, with water-color sketch of original.
z. Hawthorn, with water-color sketch of original.

Body—Black ostrich’s herl. Wings—From the quill-feather of the English
snipe. Legs—A black cock’s hackle. For Pennsylvania, hooks Nos. 8 to 10;
for New York, hooks Nos. 6 to 8; for New England, hooks Nos. 5 and 6,

aa. Jenny Spinner, with water-color sketch of original.
ab. Dennison.

Body—Green floss silk ribbed with silver twist. Tail—Orange-tipped fibres of
tippet, wood-duck, ibis, and green parrot. Legs—A golden yellow hackle.
Wings—Of the following kinds: wood-duck, tippet, brown mallard, bustard,
green parrot, blue and yellow macaw, with a few strands of red macaw;
black ostrich head. Hooks Nos. 1, 2, and 3.

ac. Deacon.

Body—Bright yellow seal’s fur ribbed with silver tinsel backed with gold twist.
Tail—Sprigs of gray mallard and ibis. Legs—Bright yellow hackle.
Wings—Strips of gray mallard dressed full; black ostrich head. Hooks
Nos. 2 and 3.

ad. Montreal.

Body—Claret mohair ribbed with gold tinsel. Tail—Three of four fibres of
scarlet ibis. Legs—Claret hackle. Wings—Brown turkey. Hooks Nos. 1,
2, and 3.

ae. Rangely.

Body—Dark claret mohair ribbed with gold tinsel. Tail—Fibres of wood-
duck and ibis. Legs—Dark claret hackle. Wing—Strips of wood-duck
mixed with sprigs of scarlet ibis. Hooks Nos. 1, 2, and 3.

af. Tinselled Ibis.

Body—Silver tinsel ribbed with gold twist. Tail—A slip of wood-duck mixed
with ibis. Legs—A covert wing-feather of the ibis. Wings—Strips from
the large covert-feather of the ibis (the wing may be varied, adding a slip
of wood-duck on each side); black ostrich head. Hooks Nos. 1, 2, and 3.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 105

Hooks (including a full series of unmounted hooks, of recent and
aboriginal manufacture).

32737. Artificial flies for salmon, trout, and bass—Continued.

ag. Lake George.

Body—Gold twist ribbed with silver twist. Tail—A small China topping.
Legs—A bright orange hackle with a shoulder of bright claret. Wings—
Two tippet feathers mixed with argus pheasant, brown mallard; black ostrich
head. Hooks Nos. 1, 2, and 3.

ah. Chateaugay.

Body—Lemon-yellow floss ribbed with gold twist. Tail—A few fibres of
brown mallard. Legs—A ginger-colored cock’s hackle. Wings—Strips of
shoveller duck mixed with fibres of argus pheasant.

ai. Yellow Drake.

Body—Yellow mohair ribbed ‘with silver twist. Tail—Three fibres of yellow
macaw. Legs—Yellow hackle with two turns of ibison shoulder. Wings—
Strips of gray mallard; black ostrich head. Hook No. 3.

aj. Richardson.

Body—A light-blue floss sulk ribbed with silver twist. Tail—Three strands
of brown mallard. Legs—Black cock’s hackle. Wings—Strips of English
blue-jay mixed with brown mallard. Hooks Nos. 3 and 4.

ak, Anthony.
al. Snow-fly.
am. Captain.
an. Combination.

Body—First half, yellow seal’s fur; second half, red-claret seal ribbed with
silver tinsel (the fur to be picked out). Tail—A few fibres of gray mallard
mixed with ibis. Legs—A naturalred hackle dipped in yellow dye. Wings
—A piece of the same kind of hackle with pale ibis strips. On each side a
piece of gray mallard sufficiently large to make the wing full; black ostrich
head. Hooks Nos. 1, 2, and 3.

ao. Silver Doctor.

Body—Silver tinsel ribbed with gold twist. Tail—China pheasant topping.
Legs—A pale-blue hackle with a small teal or guinea-hen at the shoulder.
Wings—Mixed fibres of wood-duck, brown mallard, guinea-hen, green parrot,
blue macaw, teal, and bustard; black ostrich head. Hooks Nos. 2 and 3.

ap. Prouty.

Body—First joint, silver twist; second, black ostrich with three turns of the
twist over it. Tail—Orange floss with a turn or two of twist, a topping
mixed with fibres of English blue-jay. Legs—A yellow dyed list hackle
wound over the ostrich. Wings—Strips of white swan dyed yellow. One
each side a rib of teal-feather, red macaw feelers; black ostrich head. Hooks
Nos. 2 and 3.

aq. Black Cricket.
ar. Grasshopper.

106 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Hooks (including a full series of unmounted hooks, of recent and
aboriginal manufacture).

32737. Artificial flies for salmon, trout, and bass—Continued.

as. Great Blow.
at. Cadis.
au. Murray.

Black silk floss ribbed with silver twist. Tail—A small feather from the neck
of the scarlet ibis. Legs—A golden yellow hackle. Wings—Dark mottled
turkey; black ostrich head. Hooks Nos. 1 and 2.

av. Round Lake.
aw. Nameless.

Body—Brown ostrich herl, ribbed with gold twist, tag orange floss. Tail—
Two or three short sprigs of yellow macaw. Legs—A small sooty orange
hackle, wound from tag to shoulder. Wings—<Alternate strips of brown
peacock-wing feather and shoveller duck, with a sprig or two of wood-duck;
peacock herl head. Hooks Nos, 1, 2, and 3.

ax. Racquette.

Is made in two joints of black orange mohair with gold tinsel. Legs—A dyed
black hackle wound from tailto head. Tail—Bright yellow toucan. Wings
—A mixture of gold pheasant tail, argus, and teal. Hooks Nos. 1, 2, and 3.

ay. Priest.

az. Francis Sykes.
ba. Duke.

bb. Dhoon.

be. Dustin.

bd. Lascelles.

be. Snitching Sandy.
bf. Prouty.

bg. Grace.

bh. Powells.

bi. Hawthorne.
bj. Edmonson.
bk. Whitcher.

bl. Carshalton.
bm. Professor.

Body—Yellow mohair or silk floss ribbed with silver twist or tinsel. Tail—
Two or three strands of scarlet ibis-wing feathers. Wings—From the gray.

bn. Conghton.
bo. Alder.

bp. Channtry.
bq. Kingdom.

br. Hoflan Fancy.
bs. Coachman.

Body—Peacock’s herl. Wings—From a white hen’s wing-feather, or a pigeon-
wing feather will answer the purpose. Legs—A red cock’s hackle wound
twice or thrice at the shoulder. For Pennsylvania, hooks Nos. 8 to 10; for
New York, hooks Nos. 5 and 6; for New England, hooks Nos. 4 and 5,

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 107

Hooks (including a full series of unmounted hooks, of recent and
aboriginal manufacture).

32737. Artificial flies for salmon, trout, and bass—Continued.

bt. Willow.
bu. Prouty.
bv. Notion.

Body—First half gold twist, remainder brown mohair, with three turns of
the twist over it. Tail—A topping mixed with blue kingfisher. Legs—
Brown hackle. Wings—Two tippet feathers mixed with argus pheasant,
brown mallard, teal, China pheasant-tail feathers, blue and yellow macaw,
with a blue kingfisher on each side of the wing; black ostrich head. Hooks
Nos. 2 and 3.

bw. Louise.

Body—Brown mohair ribbed with gold twist. Tail—China feather topping.
Legs—Reddish brown hackle, blue-jay on shoulder. © Wings—Pheasant
tippet feather and tail mixed with sprigs of green parrot, blue macaw, and
kingfisher. Head—Orange mohair. Hooks Nos. 1 and 2.

bx. Round Lake.

Body—Orange and red claret merging into each other, silver tinselled. Tail—
Sprigs of gold pheasant tippet, blue macaw, and green parrakeet. Legs---
A claret hackle with a turn or two of orange on the shoulder. Wings—-
Two strips of brown turkey, with a small jungle-cock’s feather on each side.
Hooks Nos. 1, 2, and 3.

by. Nicholson.
bz. Our Pattern.
ca. Saranac.

Body—Claret floss silk ribbed with gold tinsel, backed with silver twist.
Tail—China pheasant crest-feather. Legs—A claret hackle. Wings—Two
China pheasant tippet feathers on either side, a strip or two of brown mallard
and argus pheasant; black ostrich head. Hooks Nos. 1-0, 2, and 3.

cb. Long Tom of Long Lake.

Body—Gray squirrel mixed with a little green mohair ribbed with silver tinsel.
Tail—China pheasant crest-feather. Legs—A blue dun cock’s hackle; at
shoulder two or three turns of bright claret hackle. Wings—Strips of brown
mallard mixed with strands of summer duck, peacock-wing, and upper
coverts of the wild turkey, red macaw feelers; black plush head. Hooks
Nos. 1, 2, and 3.

cc. St. Regis.

Body—Cinnamon mohair ribbed with double gold twist. Tail—A strip of
China pheasant tippet mixed with a few strands of bustard. Legs—A
chestnut hackle with three turns or so of orange-dyed guinea-hen, small
and short in the fibres. Wings—Strips of brown mallard, brown turkey,
English pheasant tail, and China tippet; black ostrich head. Hooks Nos. 1
and 2,

108 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Hooks (including a full series of unmounted hooks, of recent and
aboriginal manufacture).

32737. Artificial flies for salmon, trout, and bass—Continued.

cd. No. 8.

Body—Three or four turns of mohair, rest of black mohair ribbed with silver
tinsel and backed with gold twist. Tail—A small topping. Legs—A dyed
black hackle and a shoulder of red claret. Wings—Mixed fibres of mallard,
guinea-hen tail-feather over wing, two strips of dark turkey tipped with
white. Hooks Nos. 2 and 3.

ce. Highlander,
cf. Lady of Mertoun.

Body—Water-rats fur ribbed with silver twist. ‘Tail—A tip of common os-
trich or mohair and a gold pheasant topping. Legs—Two or three turns of
a small red hackle finished off with a black hackle. Wings—Strips of dark
gray mallard. Head—Crimson ostrich or mohair. Hooks Nos. 1-0,1, and 2.

cg. Toppy.

Body—Black mohair ribbed with silver tinsel. Tail—A topping tip crimson.
Legs—A turn or two of red hackle, the rest black hackle. Wings—Black
or brown turkey tipped with white. Head—Crimson. Hooks Nos. 1-0, 1,
and 2.

ch. Sapper.

Body—Orange mohair ribbed with gold tinsel. Tail—Fibres of green parrot,
guinea-hen, tippet feather, and ibis. Legs—Orange hackle, shoulder a dyed
black hackle. Wings—Strips of peacock-wing feather, brown mallard,
green parrot, guinea-hen, gold pheasant tail, blue macaw feelers; black os-
trich head. Hooks Nos. 1-0 and 1.

ci. Stephens.

Body—Brick-colored, silk ribbed with gold twist and blue tip. Tail—Gold
pheasant topping. Legs—Hackle, same color as body. Wings—Gold
pheasant tippet and slight mixture of mallard; black ostrich head. Hooks
No. 1.

cj. Jock Scott.

Body—In two joints, gold-colored floss the lowest, and black floss the upper;
from the joint are tied two short toucan points, and over the butts of them
at the joints two turns of black ostrich. Tail—One gold pheasant topping
and one Indian crow feather. Legs—Black hackle over the black joint
and speckled guinea-hen at the shoulder. Wings—A white tip turkey, slip
in the middle fibres of bustard, teal, brown mallard, yellow, red, and green
parrot, one topping over all; blue macaw feelers. A kingfisher on either
cheek; black ostrich head. Hooks Nos. 1-0, 1, and 2.

ck. Whitcher.

Body—Black mohair ribbed with silver, tip yellow silk. Tail—Gold pheasant
topping. Legs—Black hackle. Wings—A mixture of mallard and hooded
merganser; black ostrich head. Hooks Nos. 1 and 2.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 109

Hooks (including a full series of unmounted hooks, of recent and
aboriginal manufacture).

32737. Artificial flies for salmon, trout, and bass—Continued.

el. Nicholson.

Body—Blood-red mohair ribbed with gold tinsel. Tail—Sprigs of mallard
and pheasant tippet feather. Legs—A blood-red and a dark-blue hackle
wound on together. Wings—Brown mallard and blue macaw feelers; black
ostrich head. Hooks Nos. 1 and 2.

em, Caribou.

Body—Tip gold tinsel, tag golden-yellow silk, next a black silk joint, the
rest of gray caribou. Legs—Gray hackle with a claret on the shoulder.
Tail—Gold pheasant topping. Wings—Turkey and mallard with sprigs of
macaw and pheasant tippet feather; black ostrich head. Hooks Nos. 1-0,
and 1.

en. Moose.

Body—Yellow floss ribbed with silver tinsel. Taii—A China pheasant top-
ping. Legs—A yellow hackle; shoulder hackle a guinea-hen. Wings—Two
tippet feathers of the China pheasant with fibres of mallard wood-duck on
each side; black ostrich head. Hooks Nos. 1, 2, and 38.

co. Moosehead.

Body—Deep claret mohair ribbed with gold twist. Tail—A topping. Legs—
A claret hackle with three turns of orange hackle at the shoulder. Wings—
Strips of brown mallard and tippet feather with red macaw feelers; black
ostrich head. Hooks Nos. 1, 2, and 3.

cp. Fiery-brown.

Body—Fiery brown mohair ribbed with gold tinsel. Tail—A small topping
mixed with wood-duck. Legs—A brown-red hackle. Wings—Brown mal-
lard with a little wood-duck and golden pheasant neck-feather mixed ; black
head. Hooks Nos. 1, 2, and 3.

cq. Parson.

er. Gold Wing.

cs, Gold Mallard.

ct, Kireudbrightshire,
cu. Eagle.

ev. Tartan.

cw. Last Fly.

ex, Atkinson.

ey. Strachan.

ez. Parson.

Body—Black mohair tipped with orange and ribbed with silver twist. Tail—
Asmall topping. Legs—A black hackle. Wings—Brown turkey-tail; black
head. Hooks Nos. 2 and 3.

da. Ross.

Body—Cinnamon-colored floss ribbed with gold twist. T'ail-—Sprigs of green
parrot. Legs—A furnace hackle. Wings—Brown mallard mixed with pea-
cock herl; black ostrich head. Hooks Nos. 1-0 and 1.

110 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Hooks (including a full series of unmounted hooks, of recent and

aboriginal manufacture).

32737. Artificial flies for salmon, trout, and bass—Continued.

db.
de.
dd.
de.

df.

dq.

dh.
di.

dj.
dk.
dal.
dm.

dn.
do.
dp.
dq.
dr.
ds,
dt.
du,
dv.
dw.

qe,

Forsyth.
Chamberlin.
Green.

Whitcher.
Langrin.

Emmet.

Captain.

Major.

Darling.

Durham Ranger.
Goldfinch.
Britannia.
Popham.

White Tip.

White Wing.
Drake Wing.

Dun Wing.

Black and Yellow.
Blue Doctor.
Kate.

Ruggles.

Little yellow May Dun, with water-color sketch of original.
Oak Fly, with water-color sketch of original.

Body—Orange floss silk ribbed with ash-colored silk thread or a little floss,

dy.

the ash-color to be shown well at the tail and shoulders, Wings—From a
scapular feather of the woodeock. Legs—A furnace hackle or red cock’s
hackle with a black list up the middle. For Pennsylvania, hooks Nos. 8 to
10; for New York, hooks Nos, 6 to 8; for New England, hooks Nos. 5 and 6.

Black Gnat, with water-color sketch of original.

Body—Black ostrich herl. Wings—From the quill-feather of the rice-bird or

dz,

ea.

grakle. Legs—Black hackle. For Pennsylvania, hooks Nos, 10 to 12; for
New York, hooks Nos. 8 to 10; for New England, hook No. 8.

Fern Fly, with water-color sketch of original.

Body—Orange floss silk. Wings—From the quill-feather of the summer-

duck wing; the smaller-sized hooks can be dressed from the wing-feather
of the blue-jay. Legs—A red cock’s hackle. For Pennsylvania, hooks Nos.
8 to 10; for New York, hooks Nos. 6 to 8; for New England, hooks Nos. 5
and 6,

Yellow Sally, with water-color sketch of original.

Body—Any yellowish fur ribbed with yellow or apple-green silk. Wings—

From a wing-feather of a white hen or white pigeon stained pale yellow.
Legs—A white cock’s hackle stained in the same dye. For Pennsylvania,
hooks Nos. 6 to 8; for New York, hooks Nos. 5 and 6; for New England,
hooks Nos. 4 and 5.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 111

Hooks (including a full series of unmounted hooks, of recent and
aboriginal manufacture).

Continued.

32737. Artificial flies for salmon, trout, and bass

eb. Alder Fly, with water-color sketch of original.

Body—Peacock’s herl. Wings—From a feather of a brown hen’s wing.
Legs—A red cock’s hackle or a black cock’s hackle will answer tolerably
well. For Pennsylvania, hooks Nos, 8 to 10; for New York, hooks Nos, 5
and 6; for New England, hooks Nos. 4 and 5.

ec. Sky Blue, with water-color sketch of original.

ed. Little dark Spinner, with water-color sketch of original.
ee. Turkey Brown, with water-color sketch of original.

ef. Magalloway.

Body—Half black ostrich and half brown mohair ribbed with gold twist.
Tail—Short fibers of yellow macaw. Legs—A.furnace hackle of the
shoulder. Wings—Strips of brown quill-feathers of the peacock; black
ostrich head. Hook No.-3.

eg. Bemis Stream.

Body—Chestnut mohair ribbed with gold tinsel. Tail—China pheasant top-
ping. Legs—A chestnut hackle. Wings—Strips of brown peacock mixed
with bustard. Hooks Nos. 1 and 2.

eh. Mooselocmaguntick.

Body—About equal parts mixed of gray squirrel’s fur and pea-green mohair
ribbed with gold twist. Tail—Four strands of argus feathers. Legs—A
brown bittern hackle. Wings—Gray speckled turkey, white tipped (dye
yellow), with a strip of argus feather on each side; green ostrich head.
Hook No. 1.

ei. Molechunkemunk.

Body—Orange floss silk ribbed with gold tinsel, backed with silver twist.
Tail—China pheasant topping. Legs—A furnace hackle. Wings—Brown
mallard; black ostrich head.

ej. Willow Finch.

Body—Yellow seal’s fur ribbed with silver twist. Tail—Sprigs of tippet
feathers mixed with yellow macaw. Legs—A yellow hackle, at the shoul-
der a small guinea-hen stained yellow. Wings—Strips of swan feather dyed
yellow with a spray of guinea-hen (tail-feather) dyed yellow; black ostrich
head. Hooks Nos. 1, 2, and 3.

ek, Oquassae.

Body—Red claret mohair ribbed with pink floss. Tail—Yellow tag with
pieces of argus and tippet feathers. Legs—A claret hackle. Wings—Strips
from the quill-feather of the argus pheasant; black ostrich head. Hooks
Nos. 1-0 and 1.

el. Welokennebago.

Body—Red pig’s hair ribbed with broad gold tinsel, backed with silver twist.
Tail—A mixture of black turkey tipped with white and scarlet ibis. Legs—
Scarlet hackle. Wings—Fibers of red macaw mixed with strips of black
and brown turkey tipped with white; black ostrich head.

112 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISUERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Hooks (including a full series of unmounted hooks, of recent and

aboriginal manufacture).

32737. Artificial flies for trout, salmon, and bass—Continued.

em.

Capsuptuc.

Body—Silver tinsel ribbed with gold twist. Tail—Fibers of China pheasant

en.
€0.
ep.
eq.
er.
es.

=

=

et.
eu.
ev.
ew.
ex.
ey.
ez.
Fa.
Sb.

fe.
fad.
Se.
Sf.
Sg.

tail mixed with guinea-hen and red macaw. Legs—A brilliant scarlet
hackle. Wings—Mixed and to be made full. Two strips of brown turkey
tipped with white-brown mallard, China pheasant tail and guinea-hen ;
black ostrich head. Hooks Nos. 1-0, 1, and 2,

Orange Grouse.

Thunder and Lightning.

Lough Gill.

Lillie.

Black Ant.

Blue Blow.

Mare.

Hare’s Ear.

This.

Seth Green.

Red Creeper.

Turkey Brown.

Queen of the Waters.

Governor,

White Miller.

Lion.

Water-witch.

Atkinson.

Our Own Pattern.

Green Drake, with water-color sketch of original.

Body—Pale straw-colored floss silk ribbed Svith brown silk thread or floss ;

fh.

the extremities are of brown peacock’s herl. Tail—Three rabbit’s whiskers.
Wings—Made from a mottled feather of mallard stained a pale yellowish-
green. Legs—A grizzled cock’s hackle stained a yellowish-green in the
same dye. For Pennsylvania, hooks Nos. 6 to 8; for New York, hooks Nos.
4 to 6; for New England, hooks Nos. 3 and 4.

Gray Drake, with water-color sketch of original.

Body—The middle part of white floss silk ribbed with silver twist; the ex-

fi.

tremities of brown peacock’s herl. Tail—Three rabbit’s whiskers. Wings—
Made from a gray mottled feather of the mallard, Size of hooks same as
green drake.

Orange Dun, with water-color sketch of original.

This fly is equally attractive to trout, and is a prime favorite in its day—the

Si.
fk.

end of June, July, and August. Body—sDark orange silk. Tail—Two fibers
of brown mallard feather, Wings—From the quill-feather of the large
red-crowned woodpecker. For Pennsylvania, hooks Nos, 6 to 8; for New
York, hook No. 6; for New England, hooks Nos. 5 and 6.

Green Mackerel, with water-color sketch of original.
Byown Mackerel, with water-color sketch of original.

Jl. Marlow Buez, with water-color sketch of original.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 115

Hooks (including a full series of unmounted hooks, of recent and
aboriginal manufacture).

32737. Artificial flies for trout, salmon, and bass—Continued.

fm. Pale Evening Dun, with water-color sketch of original.
Jn. July Dun, with water-color sketch of original.

Body—Mole’s fur and pale-yellow mohair mixed and spun on yellow silk.
Tail—Two or three whiskers of a dark dun hackle. Wings—From the
quill-feather of a blue-jay. Legs—Dark dun hackle. For Pennsylvania,
hooks Nos. 8 to 10; for New York, hooks Nos. 6 to 8; for New England,
hooks Nos. 5 and 6,

fo. Gold-eyed Ganuge-wing, with water-color sketch of original.
Jp. Butcher, No. 1.
tq. Blue Rauger.
fr. Black Ranger.
fs. Colonel.
ft. Children’s Farlow.
fu. Candlestick Maker.
Sv. Baker.
fw. Butcher.
fx. Namsen.
Sy. Black and Teal.
2. Guinea Hen.
ga. Claret.
gb. Inquichin.
ge. Maxwell Ranger.
gd. August Dun, with water-color sketch of original.

Body—Brown floss silk ribbed with yellow silk thread. Tail—Two rabbit's
whiskers. Wings—Feather of a brown hen’s wing. Legs—A dark red
hackle. For Pennsylvania, hook No. 8; for New York, hook No. 6; for
New England, hook No. 5.

ge. Orange, with water-color sketch of original.

Body—Orange floss silk ribbed with black silk. Wings—Dark part of the
blue-jay’s wing. Legs—A very dark furnace hackle. For Pennsylvania,
hooks Nos. 8 to 10; for New York, hooks Nos. 6 to 8; for New England,
hook No. 6.

gf. Cinnamon, with water-color sketch of original.
Body—Fawn-colored floss silk ribbed with red silk thread. Wings—lFeather

of a yellow-brown hen’s wing. Legs—A ginger hackle. For Pennsylvania,
hook No. 8; for New York, hook No. 6; for New England, hook No. 6.
gg. Blue-bottle, with water-color sketch of original.

Body—Bright blue floss silk with a few turns of brown floss at the shoulder.
Wings—From the quill-feather of a water-hen. Legs—Black hackle from
a cock wrapped down the principal part of the body. For Pennsylvania,
hook No. 8; for New York, hook No. 6; for New England, hook No. 5.

, gh. Whirling-blue Dun, with water-color sketch of original.

Body—Squirrel’s red-brown fur mixed with yellow mohair. Tail—One or
two whisks of a pale ginger hackle. Wings—From the quill-feather of a
mallard. For Pennsylvania, hook No. 8; for New York, hook No. 8; for
New England, hook No. 6.

Bull. N. M. No. 14——8

114 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Hooks (including a full series of unmounted hooks, of recent and

3275

gi.

aboriginal manufacture).

7. Artificial flies for trout, salmon, and bass—Continued.

Willow, with water-color sketch of original.

Body—Mole’s fur mixed with a little fine yellow mohair. Wings—From the

q:
gk.

gl.

quill-feather of a water-hen or coot, Legs—A dark dun hen’s hackle. For
Pennsylvania, hooks Nos. 8 to 10; for New York, hook No, 8; for New
England, hooks Nos. 5 and 6.

Snowy.
Beauty Snow.
Red Palmer, with water-color sketch of original.

Body—Red mohair ribbed with gold twist or tinsel. , Legs—A blood-red

cock’s (saddle) hackle wrapped nicely over it, working the hackle closely
together at the shoulder. For Pennsylvania, hooks Nos. 6, 8, and 10; for
New York, hooks Nos. 4, 5, and 6; for New England, hooks Nos. 3, 4, and 5,

. Black and Red Palmer, with water-color sketch of original.
. Brown Palmer, with water-color sketch of original.
. Furnace. ;

. Grizzle,

. Ginger.

*, List.

. Soldier.

. White.

. Grizzle Peacock.

. Red.

. Black Peacock.

. Black.

. Brown Peacock.

. Searlet.

25548. Salmon fly-book for carrying artificial flies.
25547. Trout fly-book for carrying artificial flies. Loaned by Bradford &
Anthony, Boston, Mass. ($4.50.)
26677. Fly-book. Forest & Stream Publishing Company. Property of J. A.
[Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y.
26678. Fly-book. a f
26679. Fly-book. “ “

Lines (twisted and plaited).

Silk lines.

25633. Series of braided raw-silk lines. (50 yards; C toG.) G. H. Mans-
field & Co., Canton, Mass.
25632. Oiled, braided, raw-silk lines. G. H. Mansfield & Co., Canton, Mass.

25628. XXXX silk fish-line. (50 yards.) :
25629. XX silk fish-line. (50 yards.) a

25634. Grass lines. Nos. 0, 1, and 3 cable, and 3 shroud. Bradford &
Anthony, Boston, Mass.
25635. Braided grass lines. Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

115

Lines (¢wisted and plaited).

Linen lines.

25626. Hard-braid linen lines.

25631.

25612.
25613.
25618.
25637.

(1 to 5; 50 yards each.) G. H. Mansfield &

Co., Canton, Mass.

Series of braided linen fish-lines.

(50 yards.) G. H. Mansfield &

Co., Canton, Mass.

Linen fish-lines.
Linen fish-lines.
Linen fish-lines.
Linen bass-line.

Cotton lines.

25619.
25620.
25621.
25622.
26738.
20733.
26743.
26741.
26735.
26744.
26739.
26742.
26740.
26734.
26745.

26736.
26732.
25624.
25623.
26016.
25625.
25636.
25627.

660.

Cotton fish-lines.
Cotton fish-lines.
Cotton fish-lines.
Cotton fish-lines.
Fishing-line, No.
Fishing-line, No.
Fishing-line, No.
Fishing-line, No.
Fishing-line, No.
Fishing-line, No.
Fishing-line, No.
Fishing-line, No.
Fishing-line, No.
Fishing-line, No.
Peeuines No. 7, 8, and 9.

J. W. Dresser,

Fishing-line, No.

Castine, Me.

Fishing-line, No.
J. W. Dresser,
Tarred cotton fishing-lines.
Co., Ashaway,
Cotton fishing-lines.

J. & §. Allen, Walpole, Mass.
: “

“cc

(600 feet.) Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.

(20 feet hank.) L. Crandall & Co., Ashaway, R. I.

(50 feet shroud, laid.) es
(28-fathom hawser. ) a
(14-fathom hawser. ) os

3. (Sea-Island fly-line.) J. W. reeD Castine, Me.

5. “cc
5. (Golden mackerel, oiled.) ‘ Me
6. (Golden mackerel, oiled.) .
6. “ce “cc
7. (Golden mackerel, white.) ‘ ef
7. (White.) “ a
8. (Golden mackerel, oiled.) ‘ uo
9. (Golden mackerel, oiled.) ‘* ce
9, “cc “ee

(Sea-side cotton chalk-line, white.)
Castine: Me.

10. (14 fathoms, hawser-laid.) J. W. Dresser,
11. (Bluefish.) (24 fathoms long, hawser-laid.)
Castine, Me.

(25-fathom shroud.) L. Crandall &
Riel

L.

(50 feet shroud, laid.) Crandall & Co.,

Ashaway, R. I.

Golden mackerel lines of assorted sizes.
J. W.
Braided cotton fishing-lines.
Sea-Island cotton mackerel-lines.
Water-proof braided fish-lines

cotton.

Canton, Mass.
Fishing-line.

Whalebone lines.

2193. Whalebone fish-line.

2197. Whalebone line with hooks.

2016.

eRe Cee coast of America.

Made from pure Sea-Island
Dresser, Castine, Me.

G. H. Mansfield & Co., Canton, Mass.
Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.
(B to G.) G. H. Mansfield & Co.,

G. Gibbs.

*

Anderson River Indians. Anderson River.

R. MacFarlane.

Farlane.
Whalebone line.

Eskimo. Anderson River. R. Mac-

Arctic coast. B. R. Ross.

116 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES,

Lines (twisted and pliaited).

Hide lines.

8787. Fishing-line made of seal-skin, Mahlemut Eskimo, W. IH. Dall.

8785. Fishing-line made of seal-skin. Kaviakemut Eskimo. Grantley
Harbor, Alaska. W. H. Dall.

8786. Fishing-line made of seal-skin, Unaleet Eskimo. St. Michael’s,
Alaska. W. H. Dall.

16314. Harpoon-line. Nunivak Island, Alaska. W. H. Dall.

15617. Harpoon-line. Made of skin of young walrus. Alaska. H. W.
Eliott.

19376. Harpoon-line made of seal-skin. Rey. James Curly.

Bark lines.

20655. Fishing-line made of cedar bark. Bella Bella, B. C. J. G. Swan.
20888. Fishing-line made of spruce root-fibers. Hannegan Indians. Prince
of Wales Islands, Alaska. J. G. Swan.
26821. Harpoon-line, cedar bark. Makah Indians. J. G. Swan.
Kelp lines.
656. Fishing-lines of sea-weed. (Nereocystis lutkeana.) Northwest coast
of America, G. Gibbs.
6561. Fish-line of kelp. (Nercocystis lutkeana.) With halibut-hooks. Hai-
dah Indians. Prince of Wales Archipelago. Dr. T. T. Minor.
1052. Fish-line. (Nereocystis lutkeana.) Northwest coast. Lieut. J. W.
White,
26818. Halibut-line of kelp. (Nereocystis lutkeana.) Makah Indians. Neah
Bay, W.T. J. G. Swan.
26819, Fish-line of kelp with halibut-hooks. Clyoquot Indians. Vancou-
ver’s Island. J. G. Swan.

(ACCESSORY.) APPARATUS FOR TWISTING LINES
Snoods, leaders, and traces.

**Cat-gut” (sheep) snoods and leaders.
Silkworm-gut snoods.

Flax snoods.

Gimp snoods.

Wire snoods.

Hooks mounted on leaders.

25540. Kinsey trout-hooks. (Tied to gut.) Bradford & Authony, Boston,
Mass.

25042. Aberdeenhooks. (Tiedto gut.) Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.

20543. Hollow-point Limerick hooks. (Tied to double gut.) Bradford &
Anthony, Boston, Mass.

25544. Hollow-point Limerick hooks. (Tied to twisted gut.) Bradford &
Anthony, Boston, Mass.

25545, Hollow-point Limerick hooks. (Tied to gimp.) Bradford & An-
thony, Boston, Mass.

25546. Carlisle hooks. (Tied to gimp.) Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.

29939. Hollow-point Limerick trout-hooks. (Tied to gut.) Bradford & An-
thony, Boston, Mass.

29041. New York bass-hooks. (Tied to gut.) Bradford & Anthony, Boston,
Mass.

ea—————

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 117

Sinkers. .
Sinkers and swivels.

——. Sinkersandswivels. For fishing-lines. Bradford & Anthony, Boston,

Mass.

25605. Series of sinkers used in fishing for cod and tautog. Newport models.
J. M. K. Southwick, Newport, R. I.

25607. Hand-line sinkers. Rhode Island and Eastern Connecticut. A. R.
Crittenden.

25716. Cod-line sinker. Central Wharf Company, Provincetown, Mass.

29456. Cod-lead mold.. Used to make form in molding. John B. Parsons,
Rockport, Mass.

15591. Sinker made of walrus ivory. Pornoox Eskimos, Alaska. H. W.
Elliott.

Net-sinkers.

——. Net-sinkers. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.
29393. Net-rings or sinkers. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.
29474. Primitive net-sinkers. Used in Wellfleet, Mass. Newell B. Rich,
Wellfleet, Mass.
25800. Menhaden-net sinkers (old style). Formerly used about Beverly and
Salem, Mass. George B. Foster, Beverly, Mass.
25603. Seine-sinkers. Newport model. J. M. K. Southwick, Newport, R. I.

Spreaders.
Chopsticks.
One-armed chopsticks or “revolving booms.”

Floats.

Line-floats of wood, cork, and quill.
25661. Egg-shaped floats. Wm. M. Young, Philadelphia, Penn.
‘

25662. Barrel-shaped floats. “ :
25663. Snake-head floats. 6 ‘“
25664. Quill floats. “ “

Seine-floats of cork, wood, glass, and rubber tubing.

25597. Seine-corks. Used at Newport, R. I. J.M. K. Southwick, Newport,
a) -E

Harpoon-floats of bladder, inflated skin, and wood.

20898. Seal-skin buoy. Sitka Alaska. J. G. Swan.
1035. Seal-skin buoy. Makah Indians. Puget Sound. J. G. Swan.

19515. Seal-skin buoy. North Greenland. G. Y. Nickerson.

26824. Seal-skin buoy. (Used in whale fisheries.) Clyoquot Indians, Van-
couver’s Island. J. G. Swan.

26823. Seal-skin buoy. (Used in whale fisheries.) Clyoquot Indians, VYan-
couver’s Island. J. G. Swan.

20594. Seal’s bladder buoy. Bella Bella, B. C. J. G. Swan.

827, 4970. Seal-skin huoy with rope. Makah Indians. Neeah Bay, Puget

Sound, W.T. J. G. Swan.

Keg and other floats for lobster-pots, gill-nets, &c.
Whale-line drag.

118 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Reels.

29. (ACCESSORY.) ANGLING-APPARATUS,

Simple reels for fly-fishing, with and without check.

25590.
25589,
25587.
25588.
25577

avo

25568.

25569.
25571.

25560.

25564.

Brass fishing-reel. Plain, single, with ring. Bradford & Anthony,
Boston, Mass.

Brass fishing-reel. Plain, single, with plate. Bradford & Anthony,
Boston, Mass.

Brass fishing-reel. Plain, single, with stop and ring. Bradford &
Anthony, Boston, Mass.

Brass fishing-reel. Plain, single, with stop and plate. Bradford &
Anthony, Boston, Mass.

. Hard-rubber fishing-reel, German-silver band. Rim very narrow,

with leather case. Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.
Hard-rubber salmon-fishing reel. German-silver rim. Bradford &
Anthony, Boston, Mass.

. Rubber trout-reel. (Fowler’s patent.) Bradford & Anthony, Boston,

Mass.

. Orvis’ patent fishing-reel. German silver, nickeled and perforated.

Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.

7. Fine click brass fishing-reel. (25 yards.) Bradford & Anthony,

Boston, Mass.

. Brass fishing-reel. Click, with plate. Bradford & Anthony, Boston,

Mass.

. Brass fishing-reel. Click, with ring. Bradford & Anthony, Boston,

Mass.

5. German-silver trout-fishing reel. Click, with rim. Bradford & An-

thony, Boston, Mass.

. German-silver trout click fishing-reel. (160 yards.) Bradford & An-

thony, Boston, Mass.
Hard-rubber trout-fishing reel. Click, German-silver rim.
Hard-rubber trout-fishing reel. Click, plain rim. Bradford & An-
thony, Boston, Mass.

. Celluloid trout click fishing-reel. Bradford & Anthony, Boston,

Mass.

German-silver trout click fishing-reel. (60 yards.) Bradford & An-
thony, Boston, Mass.

German-silver salmon-fishing reel, click. (44 inch.) Bradford &
Anthony, Boston, Mass.

Multiplying reels for bass-fishing, with and without check.

25580.

25583.

26688.

26687.
26626.
26689.
26916.
25665.

Celluloid fishing-reel. Multiplying and click. Bradford & Anthony,
Boston, Mass.
Brass fishing-reel. Multiplying, stop and ring. Bradford & An-
thony, Boston, Mass,
Fowler reel. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contrib-
[uted by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

Fowler reel. ‘“ ‘“c
Frankfort reel. “ ‘
Plain reel. “ “

Winans reel. J. Ross Winans, Baltimore, Md.
Ree] for trolling-line. Property of J. A Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y.
Contributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 119

Reels.

Multiplying reels for bass fishing, with or without check.

25574. German-silver fishing-reel. Multiplying; 25 yards. Bradford &
Anthony, Boston, Mass.

25570. Hard rubber trout-fishing reel. Multiplying; 60 yards. Bradford
& Anthony, Boston, Mass.

25584. Brass fishing-reel. Multiplying stop and plate. Bradford & An-
thony, Boston, Mass.

25573. Brass fishing-reel. Multiplying drag; 60 yards. Bradford & An-
thony, Boston, Mass.

25572. German-silver fishing-reel. Steel pivot, multiplying drag, 300 yards.
Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.

25578. Celluloid fishing-reel. With multiplying click and extra spool.
Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.

Gunwale-winches.
Trawl-line rollers.

29432, Trawl-roller or hauler. Provincetown style. Andrew Kennedy,
Provincetown, Mass.

29434, Trawl-roller or hauler. Cape Ann style. Samuel Elwell, jr., Glou-
cester, Mass.

29488, Trawl-roller and eye-plate. First used by Provincetown fishermen.
Amasa Taylor, Provincetown, Mass.

29445. Improved trawl-roller and socket. Amasa Taylor, Provincetown,
Mass.

25767. Trawl-roller. Used to haul in trawls over the sides of dory. Allen
L. McDonald, Gloucester, Mass.

—. Trawl-winch. Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown Goode.

Dredge-line rollers.

Seine-windlasses.
Line-holders.

Whaleman’s line-tub.

88 F.C. Sounding-line reel. U.S. Fish Commission.
25009. Harpoon-line and tub. Used in whale-boat. J. H. Thomson, New
Bedford, Mass.
Tub for trawlline. (See under Trawl.)
Winders.
Spools.

25592. Crab-line reel. Used in Newport, R. I. J. M. K. Southwick, New-
port, R. I.

Seine-reels.
Rods.

25511. Common rod. Three pieces; ash and hornbeam; brass mounting.
Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.

120 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Rods.

25501.

25500.

26890.

25498.

25497.

25496.

25499.

25502.

25504,

25505.

26887.

25503.

25506,

General fishing-rod. Nine pieces; German-silver mounting. Brad-
ford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.

General fishing-rod, Six pieces; ash and lancewood ; German-silver
mounting. Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.

Trunk-rod of greenheart; five-jointed, with extra fourth piece and
tip, seven pieces in all; weight, 80z.; length, 11 feet 6 inches.
Thaddeus Norris, Philadelphia, Pa.

2. Gudgeon-rod. Three pieces; ash and hornbeam; brass mounting ;

common. Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.

- Common pickerel-rod. Four pieces. Bradford & Anthony, Boston,
Mass.

. Bait-rod for trout. Four pieces; common. Bradford & Anthony,
Boston, Mass.

. Jointed rod. Four joints, extra tips, tie guides; made of Caleutta
bamboo; full mounted in brass. Bradford & Anthony, Boston,
Mass.

- Common bass-rod. Four pieces; brass mounted. Bradford & An-

thony, Boston, Mass.

Light bass-rod. Four pieces; extra top; ash and lancewood; Ger-
inan-silver mounting. Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.

Bass-rod. Four pieces and extra top for sea-fishing ; ash and lance-
wood; German-silver mounting; jeweled tip. Bradford & An-
thony, Boston, Mass.

Sea-bass rod. Ash butt joint, bamboo middle joint, lancewood stock;
double guides, jeweled; German-silver mounting; jeweled tips.
Bradford & Anthony, Bogton, Mass.

Black-bass rod. Four pieces and two extra tops; split bam-
boo; German-silver mounting. Bradford & Anthony, Boston,
Mass.

Fly-rod. Three pieces and extra top; cedar and split bamboo.
Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.

Fly-rod. Three pieces and extra top; extra middle joint; bamboo
tip case; ash and lancewood ; German-silver mounting. Bradford
& Anthony, Boston, Mass.

Fly-rod. Four pieces and extra top; ash and lancewood; German-
silver mounting. Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.

Salmon-rod of greenheart, four-jointed in cedar case, with extra third
piece and tip; weight, 30 0z.; length, 17 feet 3 inches. Thaddeus
Norris, Philadelphia, Pa.

Fly-rod for trout. Three pieces and extra top; split bamboo; Ger-
man-silver mounting. Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.

Trout-rod. Four pieces and extra top; ash and lancewood ; German-
silver mounting; agate-lined tips. Bradford & Anthony, Boston,
Mass.

. Salmon-rod. Four pieces and extra tops; bamboo top-case; ash and
lancewood; German-silver mounting. Bradford & Anthony, Bos-
ton, Mass. ;

. The ‘Cold Brook,” hollow, fly-rod. (Patented June 22, 1875.) J. L.
Graves, Springfield, Mass.

. The “Cold Brook,” hollow, salmon, bass, and angling rod. Nickel-
plated, with reel showing an attached line working. (Patented
June 22, 1875.) J. L. Graves, Springfield, Mass.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 121

Rods.

The following are the advantages claimed by Mr. Graves for his new
rods:
“1. Thelineis concealed and cannot be caught in underbrush or branches.
2. The strain on the rod is equalized through the entire length.

3. There is no friction through rings or guides except on the tip.
4. The strength of the rod is greatly increased.

5. The weight of the rod is diminished.

6. The wet line is not reeled up to decay.

7. The rod goes under the brush where the big trout lie.

8. It adds greatly to the comfort and pleasure of ‘the gentle art.”

26661. Plain fly-rod. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con-
tributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

26662. Bait-rod. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed
by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

26663. Bait-rod. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed
by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

26712. English fly-rods. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con-
tributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

26707. Rod-case. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed
by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

25882. Split bamboo trout-rod. 11} feet. H.L. Leonard, Bangor, Me.

26660. Split bamboo rod. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con-
tributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

26888. Extra greenheart trout-rod; cedar case; three-jointed, with one extra
middle and two extra tips, six pieces in all; weight, 8 oz.; length,
12 feet. Thaddeus Norris, Philadelphia, Pa.

26889. Rent and glued bamboo trout-rod in cedar case, with one extra mid-
dle andg@wo extra tips, six pieces in all; weight, 8 oz.; length,
12 feet. Thaddeus Norris, Philadelphia, Pa.

26885. Plain trout-rod of greenheart; three-jointed, with extra middle and
tip, five pieces; weight, 8 oz.; length, Thaddeus Norris,
Philadelphia, Pa.

25881. Split bamboo grilse-rod. 14 feet. H. L. Leonard, Bangor, Me.

25883. Split bamboo salmon-rod. 16 feet. se oe

25884. Piece of bamboo. Showing spliting process in construction of rods.

H. L. Leonard, Bangor, Me.

25885. Piece of bamboo. Showing gluing process in construction of rods,
H. L. Leonard, Bangor, Me.

25491. Chapman’s combination trolling-pole. Warpoon-line holder and cane.
W. D. Chapman, Theresa, N. Y.

Swivels.

25798. Horn cod-line swivel. Much used in olden time by Grand and
George’s Banks fishermen. George B. Foster, Beverly, Mass.

25945. Cod-line swivel. Central Wharf Company, Gloucester, Mass.

26017. Cod-line gange-swivel. <A. R. Crittenden, Middletown, Conn.

25944-6. Patent gange-swivel. Used in cod-fishing. Central Wharf Com-

pany, Gloucester, Mass.

29486. Cod-gange swivel. Showing mode of fastening. Lemuel Cook, 2d,
Provincetown, Mass.

29487. Haddock-gange swivel. Showing mode of fastening. Lemuel Cook,
2d, Provincetown, Mass.

29392. Wood horse-swivel. Used oncod-line. Capt. E. L. Rowe, Gloucester,
Mass.

f
122 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Swivels.

25942. Halibut-gange. Showing mode of fastening on the hook. A. R.
Crittenden. ;

29457. Shark-hook swivel. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.

29395. Primitive trawl-buoy swivels. George B. Foster, Beverly, Mass.

29476. Halibut trawl-buoy swivel. Used by the George’s Banks fishermen.
Amasa Taylor, Provincetown, Mass.

29498, Trawl-buoy swivels. Alex. McCurdy, East Gloucester, Mass.

25187. Trawl-buoyropeswivel. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.

25946. Trawl-buoy rope swivel. Central Wharf Company, Provincetown,
Mass.

Clearing-rings.
Disgorgers.

29435. Trawl-sheave bushing. Samuel Elwell, jr., Gloucester, Mass.
—. Halibut “ gob-stick.” Philip Merchant, Gloucester, Mass.

Y. NETS.
ENTANGLING-NETS.
Meshing-mets (entangling in meshes).
t Barrier-nets.
Rabbit-nets, used by Indians of the Southwest.

14405-G-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21. Small rabbit -nets.
Pi-Ute Indians, Southern Utah. Maj J. W. Powell.
14500. Smallrabbit-net. Pi-Ute Indians, Southern Utah. Maj. J. W. Powell.

11245. Small rabbit-net. as tf 6e
12058. Small rabbit-net. fe es ée
12051, 53. Large rabbit-net. mh os 6c
11247. Large rabbit-net. “ ss ac
14430-31. Large rabbit-net. us és <
14401-2-3. Large bunt net (for rabbits). ¥ a

19049, Rabbit-net. Cooyuwee Pi-Ute Indians, Southern Utah. Stephen
Powers.

These nets are used largely in the capture of rabbits for food; they are
stretched in long lines by means of slender crotched sticks which support
the upper edge. The chaparral is then scoured for miles by the Indians
on horseback and on foot, and the rabbits, which are very abundant in
the sage-brush, are driven into the meshes of the nets. The species thus
captured are the sage-hare (Lepus sylvaticus var. artemisiw), and the mule
or jackass hare (Lepus callotis),

Bird mesh-nets.
Gill-net.
Gill-nets used in Great Lakes.
25751. Model of Lake Michigan gill-net. Seale: Depth, 1 inch to the foot;
length, } of inch to the foot. J. W. Milner.

The gill-netting in use on the Great Lakes is knit from linen thread,
two and three ply (25-4, 2-cord, and 30-50, 3-cord), from eleyen to twenty-

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 123

Meshing-nets (entangling in meshes).
Gill-nets used in the Great Lakes.

two meshes in depth, 8% to5 inch mesh. The nets when hung or mounted
for use contain from one to three pounds of w ebbing, and range in length
from 60 to 120 yards, and in depth from 44 to 6 feet. They are set in

gangs of from three to five nets, and three to five gangs are laid out in
one setting usually by aid of sailboats or steamers. (See models of Macki-
naw boat and lake gill-net steamer. )

For floating the upper line, round or octagonal floats of bark, or wooden
pickets about two and one-half feet in length, are used. Sinkers are of
lead or stone. The nets are set in from 20 to 100 fathoms of water, the
lead-line resting upon the bottom. They are taken out once a week and
dried.

They are used principally for the capture of the whitefish ( Coregonus
albus, §'c.), and the lake trout (Salmo namaycush), though most of the com-
mon lake fishes are taken in these meshes. Sea-Island cotton (3, 4, 5, and
6 thread) is being largely substituted for linen in their manufacture.

The weight of the twine preferred by fishermen varies in different locali-
ties, that used in Green Bay being the finest, that in Lake Erie next,
then Lakes Michigan and Superior, and heaviest in Lake Huron. Lake
Ontario consumes about 5,000 pounds of netting annually, Erie 7,500,
Huron 6,000, Michigan 20,000, Green Bay 2,500, and Lake Superior 5,000.
The aggregate length of this netting is probably about 4,575,000 yards.

Sisco and herring gill-nets.
Used i in the Great Lakes in the capture of the sisco (Salmo siscowet) and the
Jake herring (Argyrosomus clupeiformis).

* These nets are hung and set like the whitefish-nets previously described.
They are knit from linen thread (35-60, 2-cord) 30 to 40 meshes in depth,
and 24to 3inch mesh. About 2,500 pounds are annually consumed, chietly
about Sacket’s Harbor, N. Y., and Lakes Huron and Michigan. (E. B.
French. )

Anchored gill-nets.

Used on the coast from Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras in the capture of the blue-
fish (Pomatomus saltatrix).

* These nets are knit from cotton twines (12-18 thread, 4 patent), and are
75 to 100 fathoms in length, and 80 to 200 meshes in depth, from 44 to 6
inch mesh. They are heavily leaded and anchored with lead-line on the
bottom, off-shore, in from 10 to 20 fathoms of water. They are chiefly
used by New York fishing vessels ; probably 1,000 or more are in use on the
coast. In the winter season the fishing vessels follow the bluefish as far
south as Cape Hatteras. (E. B. French.)

Hook or trap gill-nets.

Used on the coast of New Jersey in the capture of the Spanish mackerel
(Cybium maculatum), &e.

*These nets are peculiar in shape. They are straight nets, anchored in
the form of an & with a hook-like continuation, heavily leaded, and with
anchors at the angles. They are knit from cotton twines (9-12 thread, 4
patent), the outer end being of finer twine. Their length is about 100
fathoms, depth 75-100 meshes, 3% to 4 inch mesh. About 100 of these are

in use on the coast, mostly between Sandy Hook and Barnegat Light. (KE.
B. French.)

* The nets belonging to this series are enumerated below, among Nos. 26848-26880.

124 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.
Meshing-mets (entangling in meshes).

Salmon hook-gill-net of the Saint Lawrence.
t Drift-nets.
t Those drifting across the tide.

Shad gill-nets used in Southern rivers.

26126, 26131-2, Model of shad gill-net. American Net and Twine Company,
Boston and New York.
Used in rivers of the Atlantic coast.

These nets are knit of linen thread (22-50, 3-cord, and 20-60, 2-cord).
They range in length from 50 to 200 fathoms, and in depth from 25 to 90
meshes, 43 to 5 inch mesh. They are used exclusively as drift-nets.

On the Connecticut River about 4,000 pounds of this netting are used
annually. The average weight of a net is 30 to 40 pounds, its depth 45 to
50 meshes, 5} to 54 inches.

On the Hudson River about 7,500 pounds are annually used, fine threads
(50-75, 2-cord), 100 to 200 fathoms in length, and from 50 to 90 meshes in
depth, 4% to 5 inch, weight from 15 to 30 pounds to the net.

In the Delaware, Potomac, and Chesapeake 20,000 pounds are used, from
30 to 60 meshes in depth, and £4 (30 to 40, 2-cord) length, 75 to 100 fathoms.

In the rivers of North Carolina nets are made from coarse twine (22-35,
3-cord, and 20-35, 2-cord) 25 to 40 meshes in depth, 5-54 gange. Their
length is about 100 yards. About 25,000 pounds are used annnally.

In the rivers of South Carolina the twine is slightly finer than in North
Carolina (25-35, 3-cord), 25 to 60 meshes deep, the size otherwise about the
same. 1,500 pounds are used annually.

In Georgia and Florida about 6,000 pounds are used. This netting is
knit from linen thread (30-40, 3- Bora and 25-35, 2-cord)- 40 to GO meshes
in depth; 43 to 54 mesh. About 18 to 24 pounds are used in a net; its
length 100 yards. (E. B. French.)

Herring gill-nets.

Used in Hudson and Delaware Rivers in capture of the alewife or herring
(Pomolobus pseudoharengus).

* Knit from 30-40, 2-cord, thread, from 45 to 100 meshes in depth, 24 to
3 inch mesh; about 13 nouns toanet on the Hudson and 6 to 7 pounds
on the Delaware; the nets on the Hudson, 60 to 100 meshes, on the Dela-
ware from 35 to 60. About 2,500 pounds used annually. (1. B. French.)

Mullet gill-nets.

Used principally on the Saint John’s River, Florida.

Knit from coarse linen thread (16-25, 3-cord) and from 35 to 50 meshes
indepth. The size of mesh varies with the season: in July 34, August 34,
September 4 inch. The average length of the nets is 100 to 150 yards.
About 1,500 to 2,000 pounds in use on Saint John’s River, and about 1,000
pounds of cotton (42 and 42 to 4°) nets on the Gulf soaat from 30 to 40
meshes in de pth, 34 to 38, not varying with seasons. (E. B. French. he)

* The nets belonging to this series are enumerated below, among Nos. 26848-26880

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 125
Meshing-mets (entangling in meshes).

Series of samples of gill-netting. American Net and
Twine Company, Boston and New York :

26848. Depth 15 meshes, size of mesh 1} inch, No. 20 (3) thread.

20849. “ 35 « ‘“ ao « «& 402) «
296850. ce 100 “ “ 24 a4 oc 95 (3) “ce
26851. “ 35 « rt a « « 30(3) «
2682. “ 50 « “ a « «& 95°38) «
96853. “ 99 “ “e 22 oe ize 35 (2) “
26854. “ 50 “ 2% &@ 163)
26855. “ 100 « QR « & 95 (3) «
26856. “cc 100 “ ce 3 “ “cc 95 (3) “ce
26857. “ 100 * “ ay. deem igni(3y ee
26858. “ 16 « “ 33% & 95 (2) &
26859. “ 16 « “ St 30a)
26860. “ 40“ “ SH. a BB).
26861. “ 50 « “ 4 & & 90(3) «
26862. “ iy « “ ee eSB) 0
26863. “ 35 « “ BN Ooi eAg(3) 9,
26834. “ 16 « “ 43% 853)
25855. “c 45 “ce ce 44 “ce “c 40 (3) ce
26866. “ 14 « ‘“ 43 & 35(3)
. 96857. “cc 14 ce ce 4} ce ce 50 (3) “ce
26868. “ 14 « «“ 44 & 35)
268s0. “ 14 « «“ 44 «© & 352) «
296870. cc 16 ce ce 41 ce “ 35 (3) “ce
26871. “ 16° « “ 4 650(3)
96872. ce 18 “ “e 44 a9 “ce 50 (3) cc
26873. “ 16 « “ 42% 35(3)
96874. “ce 45 “ec cc 5 “ a9 30 (2) a9
96875. “cc 12 cc “ 5 “cc “e 30 (2) “ec
26876. “ GO « “ Baden oe con aby (aye ane
26877. “ 65 « « 5 & 402) «
26878. “35 «| “ Bh 85 (8)
26879.“ 7 ‘“ BR 6 353)
26880. “ lL « “ 6 Kerem (ay

t Drift-nets.
t Those drifting across the tide.

26135. One bale of brown gill-netting. American Net and Twine Company,
Boston, Mass.

26139. One bale of white gill-netting. American Net and Twine Company,
Boston, Mass.

tt Those drifting along the tide.

Mackerel gill-nets.
Herring gill-nets.
26124-98-38. Herring gill-net. Used on the coast of New England and the

Provinces in the capture of the herring (Clupea harengus). Amer
ican Net and Twine Company, Boston, Mass.

126 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Meshing-nets (entangling in meshes).
Herring gill-nets.

These nets are about 40 yards long and 150 meshes in depth. They are
stretched together in big gangs, floated by pieces of wood and weighted
by stones. They are made of 45 and 6 thread cotton from 14 to 20 yarn,
24 inch average mesh. American Net and Twine Company, Boston, Mass.

——. Model of herring gill-net. American Net and Twine Company, Bos-
ton, Mass.

Other gill-nets.

1667. Gill-net. Anderson River Eskimos. Anderson River, H. B. T. R.
MacFarlane.

7962. Gill-net made of animal fiber. Kawquettle Indians. Vancouver’s
Island, B. C. Dr. T. T. Minor.

19043. Gill-net. Cooyuwee Pi-Ute Indians. Pyramid Lake, Nev. Stephen.
Powers.

4765. Gill-net made of ‘‘ Babiche.” Anderson River Indians. Mackenzie’s
River district, H. B. T. MacFarlane.

Pocket-nets (entangling in pockets).
Trammel-nets.

25270. Model trammel-net. 10 feet long, 2 feet wide, 2 and 5 inch mesh.
William E. Hooper & Sons, Baltimore, Md.
26118-29. Trammel-net. American Net and Twine Company.
Used for general fishing in rivers and ponds of Northern Mississippi
Valley.

These nets range from 20 to 75 yards in length, 4 to 6} feet in depth.
The inside netting of finer linen thread (20-25, 3-cord), mesh 2-24, 4 deeper
than the outside. The outside netting-wall from cotton (15-21 thread),
mesh 8 to 10 inches. (E. B. French.)

31. ENCIRCLING-NETS.
Scines,

Seines.

26134, Seven bales of brown seine-netting. Used for manufacture of
pounds, traps, seines, fykes, &e. American Net and Twine Com-
pany, Boston, Mass.

26139. Eighteen bales of white seine-netting. American Net and Twine
Company, Boston, Mass.

Seal-seines.

17270, Seal-net made of sinew. Found wrapped about a mummy. Kaga-
mil Island, Alaska. Alaska Commercial Company, San Francisco,
Cal.
Manatee-seines.
Shad-seines.
Mullet-seines.
Menhaden-seines,

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 127

' Seines.

Bass-seines.
sluefish-seines.

Capelin-seines.

Herring-seines.

26119. Model of herring-seine. Used on coasts of New England and the
Provinces in capture of herring (Clupea harengus), and in the Hud-
son, Potomac, Delaware, and Chesapeake, and in North Carolina.
American Net and Twine Company, Boston, Mass.

26127. Model of herring-seine. American Net and Twine Company, Boston,
Mass.

Shad-seines.

These are used in the rivers of the Atlantic and Gulf coast.

These seines are knit from cotton thread. On the Connecticut River,
the seines are of nine-thread twine, 5-5} mesh; on the Hudson, the mesh
is four inches, knit of six-thread twine in the wings and nine thread in
the bunt. In the Delaware, Potomac, and Chesapeake, the mesh is 34 to
41 inches, the twine 12, 15, and 18 thread; in North Carolina, the mesh is
21 to 34 inches, and the cotton twine twelve-thread. (E. B, French.)

Cod-seines.

26137. Model of cod-seine. Used in Provinces in capture of cod (Gadus
morrhua). American Net and Twine Company, Boston and New
York. 30 to 40 feet deep. Mesh 5 inches, is to 21 thread, cotton.

Lance-bunts.
Baird collecting-seines.

26136. Baird net. Designed by Prof. S. F. Baird. Used by naturalists in
collecting small fishes in brooks and ponds and in following behind
large seines to secure the small species which escape through the
meshes, six-thread coarse cotton, American Net and Twine Com-
pany, Boston, Mass.

26126. Model of Baird net. American Net and Twine Company, Boston,
Mass.

Bait-seines.

26123, 26130. Model of minnow-seine. Used by amateurs in capture of
minnow-bait. 4 to % inch mesh, six-thread cotton twine. Ameri-
can Net and Twine Company, Boston, Mass.

26121. Model of minnow-seine, with bag. Used by fishermen to secure bait
for eel-pots. American Net and Twine Company, Boston, Mass.

26668. Minnow-seine. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N.Y. Contrib-
uted by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

Other seines.

9932, Seine. Anderson River Eskimos. Mackenzie’s River district. Robert
MacFarlane.

2444. Seine made of “babiche.” Tschutchi Indians. Capt. Jolin Rodgers,
U. S. N., North Pacific Exploring Expedition.

128 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Seimes.
Other seines.
2445. Seine made of ‘‘babiche.” Tschutchi Indians. Capt. John Rodgers,
U. 8. N., North Pacifie Exploring Expedition.
2446. Hand-seine made of grass. Tschutchi Indians. Capt. John Rodgers,
U.S. N., North Pacific Exploring Expedition.
2447. Hand-seine made of grass. TschutchiIndians. Capt. John Rodgers,
U.S. N., North Pacific Exploring Expedition.
19234. Salmon-net. McCloud River Indians. Shasta County, Cal. Liv-
ingston Stone.
20648. Salmon-net. Indians of Northwest coast. Fort Simpson, B. C. J.
G. Swan.
2231. Hand-seine. Anderson River Eskimo. Mackenzie’s River district,
H. B. T. R. Kennicott.
21368. Fishing-net. Made from fiber of milkweed (Asclepias sp.). Hooch-
norre Indians. South Eel River, Cal. Stephen Powers.
7929, Fishing-net. Made from fibers of pineapple (Tillandsia sp.). Mira-
dor, Mex. Dr. Sartorius. \
297. Fishing-net made of willow bark. Kootchin Indians. Mackenzie’s
River district, H. B. T. R. Kennicott.
4883. Net made of ‘‘silkweed.” Fort Crook Indians. Fort Crook, Cal.
Capt. J. W. T. Gardiner.

Hoop-nets.
Handle, or dip nets.
Bull-nets (worked with ropes and blocks).
Scoop-nets (herring-nets, pound-scoops, car-scoops, &c.).

25608. Bow of scoop-net. Used in dipping fish from smack’s well. J. M.
K. Southwick, Newport, R. I.

25165. Series of scoop-net hoops. Wileox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown,
Conn.

83, F.C. Frame of dip-net. Used in Bay of Fundy herring fisheries. U.
8. Fish Commission.

25229. Folding dip-net frame. U. 8. Fish Commission.

26141. Dip-nets. American Net and Twine Company, Boston, Mass.

26141. Minnow dip-nets. te ES

26141. Crab dip-nets. =e s

Landing-nets.
25494. Jointed staff and folded net-ring. Bradford & Anthony, Boston,
Mass.
25492. Nason’s patent net-staff and ring. Flexible ring carried inside of
staff. C. I’. Nason, patent August 31,1875. Bradford & Authony,
Boston, Mass.
25493. Nason’s patent solid net-staff. With flexible ring. C. F. Nason,
patent Angust 3, 1875. Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.
0. Folding handles for dip-net or lance. U. &. Fish Commission.
25638. Braided linen landing-net (waterproofed). Bradford & Anthony,
Boston, Mass.
25639. Braided silk landing-net. Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Muss.
658. Dip-net. Used in the capture of the oulachan (Osmerus pacificus),
Northwest coast of America. G. Gibbs,
21725. Dip-nete Used by McCloud River Indians in fishing in small streams.
Shasta County, Cal. Livingston Stone.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 129

Hoop-nets.
Landing-nets.

26669. Landing-net. Property of J. A Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contrib-
uted by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

26711. Landing-net. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contrib-
uted by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

26664. Landing-net and rod. Property of J. A Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y.
Contributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

Eskimo auk-nets.
15616. Bird-net frame. Alieut Eskimos. Alaska. Henry W. Elliott.

Baited hoop-net:

Crab-nets.

26591-2. Models of lobster-nets. Used on the coast of California. Johnson
& Young, Boston, Mass.

26801. Crab-nets. American Net and Twine Company, Boston and New
York.

32710. Open cunner-net. Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown Goode.

32711. Folding cunner-net. ee as

Trailing-nets.

Trawls:
Beam-trawl.
(Otter-trawl.)
26882. Model of beam-trawl. American Net and Twine Company, Boston

and New York.
32720. Model of beam-trawl. Made by J.G.Adam. U.S Fish Commission.

Dredges:
Flange, or ordinary dredge.
Rake-dredge.
Oyster-scraper.
(Coral-dredge.)
26140. Four brown dredge-nets. Oyster-dredging, &c. American Net and
Twine Company, Boston and New York.
Towing-nets :
Surface tow-nets.

25228. Towing-net frame. U.S. Fish Commission,

Folding or jerk nets.

Purse-nets :
Mackerel purse-seines (pursed by weight).
Menhaden purse-seines.
99287. Model of mackerel purse-seine. Used on North Atlantic coast in

capture of mackerel (Scomber scombrus). American Net and ‘Twine
Company, Boston, Mass.

Bull. N. M. No. 14 9

150 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Foiding or jerk nets.
Menhaden purse-seines.
26,120. Model of mackerel purse-seine. American Net and Twine Com-
pany, Boston, Mass.
These purse-seines range in length from 120 to 220 fathoms, and from
750 to 1,000 meshes in depth, reaching the depth of 20 to 30 fathoms of
water. The average mesh is 24 inches. They are made of fine Sea-Island
cotton twine, and cost from $750 to $1,500 complete. About 300 are now
- @ » . mr . . .
in use on the coast of North America. The pursing weight varies from
100 to 150 pounds, :
26122-26125. Model of purse-seine. American Net and Twine Company,
Boston, Mass.

90 to 150 fathoms in length, 300 to 650 meshes in depth, 13 to 23? fine
Sea-Island twine. Wings, 9 to 12; bag, 15 to 21, coarse.

25179. Snatch-block used in pursing-seine. Higgins & Gifford, Gloucester,
Mass.

25186. Ring or thimble for pursing-seine. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Mid-
dletown, Conn.

Cast-nets :
Mullet cast-nets.
Pompano cast-nets.
Bait cast-nets.
25046. Casting-net. Diameter 44 feet. William E. Hooper & Sons, Balti-

more, Md.

26799. Mullet cast-net. Diameter 5} feet, 14-inch mesh.
26200. Shrimp cast-net. Diameter 44 feet, }-inch mesh.

Clap-nets for birds.

Rabbit spring-nets.

Spring-weirs (St. Lawrence).

Sieve-traps (for birds).

(Acecessory.) Parts of nets and apparatus for manufacture.
taw material of nets.
Babiche. “(See under D. 20.)
Netting-fiber.
Netting-twine.
G59. Netting-twine. Indians. Northwest coast of America. G. Gibbs.
14432. Fiber used for making nets, Pi-Ute Indians. Southern Utah. Maj.
J. W. Powell.
20376. 35 bales of white netting-twine. American Net and Twine Company,
Boston, Mass.
Samples of netting hung to lines. William E. Hooper & Sons,
Baltimore, Ma.:

25048, 1-inch mesh, 12 thread, 1 fathom long, 2 feet deep.

Q5049..1b « 12 1 “ 2
“5047. 1, « 12 1 é G: \t
25051. 14“ ID VR gg a 2

95050, 2 12 1 “ Q «

* ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 131

(Accessory.) Parts of nets and apparatus for manufacture.

Netting-needles.
Mesh-needles.
Hanging-needles.
Eskimo netting-needles,

25596. Seine-needle (home made). J. M. K. Southwick, Newport, R. I.
93. Seine-needle. te et
12. Seine-needle (called hanging-needle). N.H. Payne, Wellfleet, Mass.
. Knitting-gauge. Used in regulating size of mesh. American Net
and Twine Company, Boston and New York.
9839. Seine-needle. Eskimos. Northeastern America. S. F. Baird.
16202. Seine-needle. Magemut Eskimos. Nunivak Island, Alaska. W. H.
Dall.
5613. Seine-needle of wood. Yukon River. W. H. Dall.
5614. Needle of bone. Norton Sound Eskimos. ss
16170, 16169, 16166, 16167, 16168, 16171, 16196. Seine-needles of bone. Mage-
mut Eskimes. Nunivak Island: W. H. Dall.
1180. Seine-needle of wood. Chirikoff. W. H. Dall.
1315. Netting-needle. Eskimos. Smithsonian Institution.
9839. Seine-needle of bone. Eskimos of Northeastern America. S. TF.
Baird.

VI. TRAPS.

32. PEN-TRAPS.
Pocket-traps.

Pitfalls :
Pits, covered.
Barrel-traps.
Jar mole-traps.
“‘ Rabbit-tipe,” used in England.
Salmon-baskets (Columbia River).
Salmon-weirs (Upper Columbia River).
tiver-weirs, with pockets :
Eel-traps.
Fish-slides :
Shad-slides, used in the rivers of North Carolina.
25830. Fish-slide. Used in James River, Virginia. Seale 1 inch to the foot.
J. G. Adam.
25831. Fish-slide (with box). Used in rivers of Virginia. Scale 1 inch to
the foot. J. G. Adam.

Labyrinth-traps.

Corrals.
Turkey-traps.

132 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Labyrinth-traps.

Weirs, or pounds.

12102. Bar-weir. Used in Bay of Fundy herring fisheries. Scale, 1 inch to
15 feet. Capt. W. 8S. Treat, Eastport, Me.

12101. Fish-weir. Used in Dennis River, Me. Secale, 4 inch to the foot.
Prof. S. F. Baird.

12106. Salmon-weir. Used in rivers of Maine. Dennis River. Scale, 1
inch to 84 feet. Prof. 8. F. Baird.

26833. Model of heart-weir. American Net and Twine Company.

25750. Model of pound-net. Used in Lake Michigan. Seale, 34 feet to 1
inch. Waukegan, Ill. D. D. Parmalee.

——. Model of weir, or heart-net. Used on southern coast of New Eng-
land. Scale, 1 inch to 8 feet. Spindel’s Cove, Wood’s Holl, Mass.
Prof. 8. F. Baird.

26731, 26746. Models of brush-weirs. Used in the Bay of Fundy in capture
of herring (Clupea harengus). W. B. McLaughlin, Grand Manan,
NB:

25829. Model of fish-weir. Used by aborigines of Virginia in the fifteenth
century. From figures in De Bry. J. G. Adam.

25820. Model of fish-trap. Valley of Yukon River. Scale, 1 inch to the
foot. W. H. Dall.

Funnel-traps.
Fish-pots.

1754. Wicker fish-pot (model). Used in West Indies. 5 to 15 fathoms.
Seale, 1 inch to the foot. H.O. Claughton, St. Martin’s, W. I.
32738. Fish-pot (model). Bermudas. Scale of +. Made from wood of sub-
merged cedar. G. Brown Goode.

Lobster-pots.

12100. Lobster-pot. Used in Bay of Fundy. 4 to 10 fathoms. Scale, }
inch to the foot. Prof. 8. F. Baird.

24801. Lobster-pot. Used in Narragansett Bay, in 10 to 15 fathoms. Seale
3 inches to the foot. J. M. K. Southwick, Newport, R. I.

29296. Model of Noank lobster-pot. G, L. Green, Noank, Conn.

29531. Lobster-pot net. Used on coast of New Jersey. American Net and
Twine Company, Boston and New York.

26586-7-8-9. Models of lobster-pots. Used on the coast of New England.
Johnson & Young, Boston, Mass.

29363. Model of lobster-pot. N.C. Smith, Stonington, Conn.

Eel-weirs, with leaders.
Eel-pots, without leaders.

——. Eel-pot. Used in Fisher's Island Sound, Conn. Seale, one-half.
James H. Latham, Noank, Conn.

25015-16. Wicker eel-pot, two funnels, with leaders. Used about Martha’s
Vineyard, in 3 to 10 fathoms. Capt. Josiah Cleveland, maker,
Vineyard Haven, Mass.

25014. Wicker eel-pot (three funnels). Used about Martha’s Vineyard.
Capt. Josiah Cleveland, maker, Vineyard Haven, Mass,

29530. Eel-pot net. Used on the coast of New Jersey. American Net and
Twine Company, Boston and New York,

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 133

Labyrinth-traps.
Eel-pots, without leaders.
25016. Leaders for eel-pot (Nos. 25014-15-16). Used in Martha’s Vineyard.
Capt. Josiah Cleveland, Vineyard Harbor, Mass.
26802. Basket eel-pot. American Net and Twine Company.
25018. Roots of young pine trees (Pinus strobus). Used in manufacture of
eel-pots. Vineyard Haven, Mass. G. Brown Goode.

Barrel-pots for eels.
Set-nets.

32733. C. Set-net. Diameter of largest hoop, 15inches. U. S. Fish Com-
mission.

Fykes (set-nets with leaders).

25045. Fyke-net with wings. Diameter, 3 feet. Wm. E. Hooper & Sons,
Baltimore, Md.

26113. Model of minnow-fyke. American Net and Twine Company, Boston

[and New York.

26114. Minnow-fyke. “ “
26117. Minnow-fyke. “ “
Bird-fyke.

26115, 26116. Model of bird-net. American Net and Twine Company, Boston
and New York.
Bass-traps.

25704. Bass-trap. Used in Peconic Bay and Fisher’s Island Sound. Scale,
+ inch to the foot. Charles T. Potter.

Door-traps.
t Closed by the falling of a door.

Box-traps (figure 4).

25833. Horan’s box-trap. Used in Philadelphia Zoological Gardens. Scale,
one-half. THlenry Horan.

25478. Box-trap. Used in capture of hares, possums, etc. Scale, one-half.
T. N. Woltz.

Traps with hanging doors.

—. Self-setting trap. Used in capture of muskrats, hares, &c. Scale,
one-half. Henry Horan.

25703. Self-setting trap. To be set in mouth of rabbit-burrow. Seale, one-
half. E. Herron. «

Double box-traps.

25477. Double box-trap. Used in capture of hares, possums, &¢c. Scale,
one-half. T. N. Woltz.

134 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Door-traps.
Spring-door traps.

tt Closed by falling of whole trap.
BowlLtraps.
Cob-house bird-traps.

25659. Fall-trap. Used for partridges and other birds. Scale, one-half.
T. N. Woltz.

25705. Fall-trap. Used in capture of partridges, &c. Scale, one-half.
Henry Horan.

Pigeon-nets.
ttt Closed by falling of tide.

Bar-weirs, arranged with the other weirs.
Sheaf-traps.
Sheaf-traps (New York Harbor).

33, CLUTCHING-TRAPS.
Noose-traps.
Snares:

Foot-path and barrier snares,

2033. Snare (made of sinew). Used in capture of lynxes, rabbits, &c.
Fort Resolution, H. B. T. R. Kennicott.

19063. Rabbit-snare. Coowoye Pi-Ute Indians. Pyramid Lake, Nevada.
Stephen Powers.

25660. Spring-trap (model). Used in capture of hares, grouse, &e. Scale,
one-half. E, Herron.

25479. Spring-trap (model). Used for capture of hares, grouse, &c. Scale,
one-half. T. N. Woltz.

25832. Model of grouse-snare. Yukon River, Alaska. W. H. Dall.

Springes.
** Round mouse-traps.”

Jawed traps.
“Steel traps:”
Newhouse traps.

25262. Newhouse trap. No. 0 for rats. Spread of jaws, 34 inches; strong
enough to hold muskrat. Oneida Community, N. Y.
2501. Newhouse trap. No. 1 for muskrats. Spread of jaws, 4 inches;
adapted to capturing the smaller fur-bearing animals. Oncida
Community, N. Y.
25260. Newhouse trap. No. 1} for minks and fishers. Spread of jaws, 4§
inches; strong enough to hold fox or fisher. Oneida Community,
i

. Newhouse trap. ‘No. 2, for foxes. With double spring; spread of
jaws, 4% inches; strong enough to hold an otter. Oneida Cemmu-
nity, N. Y.

ei

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 135

Jawed traps.
‘Steel traps :”
Newhouse traps.

25258. Newhouse trap. No. 3, for otters. Double spring; spread of jaws,
5$ inches. Oneida Community, N. Y.

25256. Newhouse trap. No. 4, for deer. Double spring; spread of jaws, 64

inches. Oneida Community, N. Y.
. Newhouse trap. No. 4, for beavers. Double spring; spread of jaws,
6} inches. Oneida Community, N. Y.

25255. Newhouse trap. No.5,forbears. Spread of jaws, 11} inches; weight
of each spring, 2 pounds and 10 ounces; weight of trap 17 pounds,
suitable for taking the common black bear. Oneida Community,
NG Ys

25254. Newhouse trap. No. 6, for grizzly bears and moose. Spread of
jaws, 16 inches; weight of each spring, 6 pounds and 10 ounces;
weight of trap with chain, 42 pounds; made throughout, exce}t
the pan, of wrought iron and steel; strong enough to hold the

; moose or grizzly bear. Oneida Community, N. Y.

29250. Spring fish-trap. (Patented Dec. 9, 1856.) Edwin W. Judge, New

Haven, Conn.

Spring bird-nets.
(French bird-trap.)

13153. Spring bird-trap. Used in France. Dr. H. C. Yarrow, U.S. A.

o4, FALL-TRAPS,
Crushing-traps.
Dead-falls.
Figure-four traps.
25749. Log dead-fall (model). Used in Mississippi Valley. Scale, 1 inch to
the foot. Henry Horan.
15614. Fox-trap. Used by Mahlemut Eskimos. Henry W. Elliott.
Piercing-traps,
Spear-falls.
Mole-traps.
Harpoon-traps.
Spring-hooks.
Pickerel-hooks, arranged with other hooks.

' 30. MISSILE-TRAPS
Cross-bow traps.
Spring-guns.

36. ADITESIVE PREPARATIONS.

- Bird-lime, &c.
Hoods, boots, &c.

136 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

VIL. APPARATUS FOR WHOLESALE DESTRUCTION.

37. POISONS.
Food poisons.
Phosphorus poisons.
Strychnine.
Arsenic.
Corrosive sublimate.
Cyanide of potassium.
Opium poisons.
For obvious reasons this series is not exhibited.
Blood poisons: Woorara.
38. ASPHYXIATORS.
Apparatus for smoking out.

(Apparatus for suffocating with fumes of sulphur.)
Apparatus for drowning out.

09. TORPEDOES.
394. STOMACH-SPRINGS.
Eskimo whalebone springs (used for killing bears).

7442. Stomach-springs. Used by Eskimo in capturing bears, &c. Fort
Anderson, Arctic coast. R. McFarlane.

VIL. HUNTING-ANIMALS.
40. HUNTING-MAMMALS.
Dogs.
Hunting-leopard (Cynailurus jubatus).
Weasels and ferrets.
Otters.
11. ACOESSORIES TO HUNTING-DOGS.

Dog-whips.
Dog-whistles.

29255. Dog-call (double). Edwin M. Judge, New Haven, Conn.
29256. Dog-call. Mt oa
29257. Dog-call. ce ae
29258. Dog-call. ss me
29259. Dog-call. se ae

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 137

Dog-whistles.
29260. Dog-call. Edwin M. Judge, New Haven, Conn.
29261. Dog-call. :
29262. Dog-call for whip. “ és
29254. Police-call. ee
29255. Railroad-eall. es es
Dog-collars.
Dog-food.
Dog-carts.

Dog-muzzles.

42. HUNTING-RIRDS.
Falcons.

Owls.
Cormorants (Carbo sinensis). Used in fishing in China,

43. ACCESSORY TO HUNTING-BIRDS.
Hoods.
Perches.
Cormorant-collars.

44, HUNTING-FISHES.

Remora (used in West Indies and Australia).

IX. DECOYS AND DISGUISES.

45, BAITS.
Natural baits.

Flies and other insects. (This should include a collection of those
insects which, as the favorite food of fishes, are imitated in mak-
ing artificial flies.) Arranged with hooks. (See under 29 a.)

Worms.

Mollusks.

Salted baits (prepared).

Menhaden.

Herring.

Squids.

Clams, long.

Clams, hen.

Pea-roe of cod (used in French sardine-fisheries, and largely ex-
ported).

Grasshopper paste, used as a substitute for pea-roe.

Tolling baits, ‘‘stosh,” &e.

These articles, on account of their perishable nature, cannot well be exhibited.

138 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.
Natural baits.

(Accessories.) Methods of preparing baits.:
sait-cutters.
Bait-mills.
Bait-ladles.
Wheelbarrows for bait-clams (Nantucket).

32740. Beach-cart. Nantucket, Mass. W. H. Chase, 2d.
Bait-boxes and cans.

25550. Five bait-boxes. Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.

26594. Bait-box. Forest & Stream Publishing Company. Property of John
[A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y.

26633. Minnow-pail. af -

26692. Crab-ean. cs <

25591. Grasshopper-can, i ff

Bait-needles.
Artificial baits.'
Trolling-spoons. !
Spinners. !
Squids and jigs. !

“ Bobs,” used in southern waters. !
Artificial flies. !

Accessories to artificial baits.’
a. Fly-hooks. !
b. Raw materials for making artificial flies.?
c. Tools for making artificial flies.
Pastes.

DrEcOYS.
Scent-decoys.
Sound-decoys.

Animalcalls, whistles, &e.
7452, 2149. Deer-call, Eskimos. Mackenzie’s River district. R. Mac-

Farlane.

2255. Deer-call. Eskimos... Mackenzie’s River district. R. Kennicott.
Bird-ealls.

26653. Turkey-call. Used in Illinois. J. W. Milner.
26654, Turkey-call. Used in Maryland. G. W. Woltz.

$e

| Arranged with hooks.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 13%

Sight-decoys.

Living decoy animals and birds.
Decoy-dogs, used in hunting ducks.
Stool-pigeons.

Tame decoy-ducks.

Tame decoy-brants.

Imitations of animals and birds.:

Decoy-waders (carved in wood).

25042. Black-breasted plover (Squatarola helvetica). P. Brasher, New York.

25041. Long-billed curlew (Numeneus longirostris). = ee
25043. Yellow-shanks (Gambetta flavipes). 5

Decoy-waders (stamped in tin).

25909. Black-breasted plover (Squatarola helvetica). Herman Strater & Sons,
[ Boston, Mass.

25908. Golden plover (Charadrius virginicus) os
25906-7. Red-breasted snipe (Macrorhamphus griseus?) “ a
25910-11. Monstone (Strepsilas interpres). ss es

These decoys are made hollow, stamped out in halves, hinged at
head and tail to open and nest together. One dozen plover
weigh 3 pounds, with box occupying a space of 84 by 9 inches, 3
inches deep, Patented.

Decoy swimming-birds (made from the skins of birds).

7127. Skin of canvas-back duck (Fuligula vallisneria) stuffed with dry
tulé grass and fitted for decoy with strings and weights. Pi-Ute
Indians. Robert Ridgway.

7128. Skin of red-head duck (Puligula ferina, var. americana), fitted for use as.
decoy. Pi-Ute Indians. Robert Ridgway.

7129. Same. Robert Ridgway.

4783. Same. Pi-Ute Indians. Carson Lake, Utah. Capt. J. H. Simpson.

19031. Skin of widgeon (Mareca americana), fitted for use as decoy.
Cooyuwee Pi-Ute Indians. Pyramid Lake, Nevada. Native
name, Imoodoowe. Stephen Powers.

29532. Skin of a pin-tail duck (Dajila acuta), stuffed for use as a decoy. P.
Louis Jouy, Washington, D. C.

Decoy swimming-birds (carved in wood).

25040. Brant (Bernicla brenta). P. Brasher, New York City.
25035. Mallard (Anas boschas). Henry A. Stevens, Weedsport, N. Y.

20242. ie os Male. John Krider, Philadelphia.

25241. of * Female, ul ss

29540. Black duck (Anas obscurus). Francis Burritt, South Norwalk, Conn.
25034. se a A. Stevens, Weedsport, N. Y.

26051. Pin-tail duck (Dajila acuta). John Krider, Philadelphia.
26054. Bald-pate duck (Marecaamericana), Male. Jobn Krider, Philadelphia.

26055. oe Sy Female. ‘ ce
25038. ie ef P. Brasher, New York City.

25031. Bluc-wing teal (Querquedula discors). Henry A. Stevens, Weedsport,.
Nae

140 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Sight-decoys.

Imitations of animals and birds:
Decoy swimming-birds (carved in wood).

25245.

25246,
25244.
25243.
25039,
26058.
26059.
29541.

25029.
25032.

26056,

26057.
25033.

25037.

26053.
25036.

25030.

Blue-wing teal (Querquccula discors). Female. John Krider, Phila-

{delphia.
“e “cc Male, “ oe
Green-wing teal (Nettion carolinensis). < 3
SS & Female. a ae
Broad-bill duck (Fuligula marila). P. Bracher, New York City.
as “ Male. John Krider, Philadelphia.
. * Female. ‘ oe
e Francis Burritt, South Norwalk,
{ Conn.

Scaup duck (Fuligula afinis). Henry A. Stevens, Weedsport, N. Y.
Red-head duck (Fuligula ferina, var. americana). Henry A. Stevens,
[ Weedsport, N. Y.
oe Ee os Male. John Krider,
{ Philadelphia.
a ce os Female. eS
Canvas-back duck (Fuligula vallisneria). Henry A. Stevens, Weeds-
[port, N. Y.
es - Male. John Krider, Phila-
[delphia.
¢ se Female. ‘
Whistle-wing duck (Bucephala americana), Henry A. Stevens,
Weedsport, N.Y.
Butter-ball duck (Bucephala albeola). Henry A. Stevens, Weeds-
port, N. Y.

Decoy swimming-birds (stamped in tin, with wooden bottoms
and head balance weights).

26047.
25905.
26048.
26049,
26045.

26046.

26043.

26044,
25901,
95902.
95903.
25904,
25900,

is
26702.

Mallard (Anas boschas). Male. Herman Strater & Sons, Boston.

oe a“ Female, “ “
Black duck (Anas obscura). Male. . —
ec ee Female. = oa

Red-head duck (Fuligula ferina, var. americana). Male. Herman
Strater & Sons, Boston.
Read-head duck (Fuligula ferina, var. americana). Female. Herman
Strater & Sons, Boston.
Canvas-back duck (Fuligula vallisneria). Male. Herman Strater &
[Sons, Boston.

x Ss Female. S
Whistle-wing duck (Bucephala americana). Male. EE
ee co Female a
Sheldrake (Mergus americanus). Male. a
" Female. >
Surf duck (@demia perspicillata).

Decoys. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed
by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

Imitations of fishes.

29366.

Lure-fish, D. H. Fitzhugh, Bay City, Mich Used in fishing through
the ice for salmon-trout.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 14%

Sight-decoys.
Imitations of fishes.

29294. Lure-fishes. William Morris, Lake City, Mich. Used in fishing
through the ice for pickerel.
These lure-fishes are used to decoy large fish under holes in the ice
so that they may be within reach of the spear.

Blanket decoy (for antelopes).
Lanterns and other apparatus for fire hunting and fishing.
Lanterns for still-hunting.

25238. Centennial dash-lamp. For sportsman’s hunting-wagons. White
Manufacturing Company, Bridgeport, Conn.

25239. Dash-lamp. Used for hunting and fishing. White Manufacturing
Company, Bridgeport, Conn.

25236. Jack-lamp. For night-hunting and general camp uses. White Manu-
facturing Company, Bridgeport, Conn.

25240. Johnson’s jack-lamp support. For night hunting and fishing. White
Manufacturing Company, Bridgeport, Conn.

25237. Fishing-lamp. White Manufacturing Company, Bridgeport, Conn.

Lanterns for weequashing, or fire-fishing, for eels.

29365. Boat-lanterns. .Used in bow of boat in weequashing or spearing eels
.by night. Southern New England, James H. Latham, Noank,
Conn.

12107. Birch-bark used for torchlight fishing. Passamaquoddy Indians.
Eastport, Me. Dr. E. Palmer.

32739. Torch for night fishing. Halifax, N.S. Capt. H. C. Chester.

47. COVERS.
Movable covers.

Masks.
Deer heads and antelope heads.

8420. Antelope decoy. Made from head of prong-horn antelope (Antilo-
capra americana). Prescott, Ariz. Dr. E. Coues, U.S. A.
. Antelope decoy. Arizona. Dr. J. B. White, U.S. A.
5537. Deer decoy. Made from head of mule-deer (Cervus macrotis). Apache
Indians. Edward Palmer. ¢

Movable copses.
Covers for hunters.
Covers for boats.

Stationary covers.

Hunting-lodges.

142 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

X. PURSUIT, ITS METHODS AND APPLIANCES.
48. METHODS OF TRANSPORTATION.
Personal aids.

Snow-shoes.

Skates.

Alpenstocks and staves.
Portable bridges.

Animal equipments.

Harness: !
Horse-trappings.
Dog-harness.
Girths, sinches.
Bits, cabrestos, spurs.
Saddles: !
Riding-saddles.
Pack-saddles.
Aparejos.
Riding-pads (for buffalo hunting).
Fur pack-saddle (Hudson’s Bay Territory).
Vehicles: !
Deer-sledges.
Dog-sledges.
Wagons.
Dog-carts.
Iish-earts, used in Nantucket,

Boats.

_ Hunting-boats, fishing-boats:
Birch canoes.
Birch-bark canoes.

Used by Indians in hunting and fishing.

26615. Bark canoe, Passamaquoddy Indians. Eastport, Me. E. Palmer.

26614. Bark canoe. Sixteen feet long, thirty-seven inches wide. Montag-
nard Indians of Besamis. Labrador. BR. H. Powell.

7630, Bark canoe. (Model.) Lower Ingalik, Alaska. W. H. Dall.

S08 Bark canoe. (Model.) Chippeway Indians, Athabasca and Great

Slave Lakes. B. R. Ross.

2358. Bark canoe. (Model; scale,about 1 inch to foot.) Northeastern
America. J. Varden.

enn ee —

' Arranged with Ethnological series.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Boats.

Bireh-bark canoes.

859.

641.

Bark canoe.

Bark canoe.

(Model. )
Simpson, H. B. T.
(Model.) Upper Columbia River,

143

Slave Indians of Mackenzie’s River. Tort
B. R. Ross.

G. Gibbs.

12107. Birch-bark, used in manufacture of canoes. Passamaquoddy Indians.

Wooden

Used by

20592.
13102.
2616.

20592.
2083.

1785.
11082.
20895.

W ooden

Used by
26785.
16269.
21595,
21594.

639.
7289.

16269.
640.
1871.
811.
26761.
26760.
26763.
26762.

26787.

26785

26785

Eastport, Me.

Sea Canoes.

E. Palmer.

y Indians of Northwest coast in hunting and fishing.

dition.

Wooden canoe.
Wooden canoe.
Wooden canoe.
Capt. Charles Wilkes, U. S. N.
Wooden canoe.
Wooden canoe.

Northwest coast. J. G. Swan.
(Model.) Queen Charlotte Island. J. G. Swan.
(Model.) Northwest coast. U.S. Exploring Expe-

(Model.) Bella Bella, B. C. J. G. Swan.
(Model.) Oregon. U. S. Exploring Expedition.

Capt. Charles Wilkes, U. 8. N.

Alaska.

Canoes.

Swan.

W. H. Dall.

G. Swan.

. Wooden canoe.
Wooden eanoe.

J. G. Swan.

W ooden canoe.
Wooden canoe.
Wooden canoe. (Model.) Haidah Indians.
J. G. Swan.

Wooden canoe.
Wooden canoe.
Wooden canoe.
Wooden canoe.
Wooden canoe.
Wooden canoe.

Wooden canoe.

Wooden canoe.
Wooden canoe.
Wooden canoe.
Wooden canoe.

sticks, for traveling, fishing, &c.).

Wooden canoe.
Queen Charlotte Island.
Wooden canoe.
ing-sticks, and ivory harpoons).
Wooden canoe.
Flathead Indians.
Wooden canoe,

Northwest coast. Dr. George Suckley.
Lieutenant Ring, U.S. N.
Prince of Wales Island,

(Model).
(Model.) Alaska.

Indians of the Northwest coast in whaling and sea fisheries.

(60 feet long.) British Columbia. J. G. Swan.
(Model.) Sitka, Alaska. W. H. Dall.

(Model.) Alaska. Dr. J. B. White.

(Model.) Alaska. ce

(Model.) Northwest coast. George Gibbs.
(Model.) Neah Bay, Washington Territory. J. G.

(Model, painted.) Ihliuket Indians. Sitka, Alaska,

(Model.) Northwest coast. George Gibbs.
(Model.) Vancouver's Island. Dr. C. B. Kennerly.
(Model. ) as ee

Model of Haidah canoe (with masts and pushing-
Queen Charlotte Island. J.

Model of Haidah canoe (for deep sea and war).
J. G. Swan.

Model of wooden canoe (with masts, paddles, push-
J. G. Swan.

Model of Cogwell canoe (for deep sea and war).
J. G. Swan.

British Columbia. J. G. Swan.

te oe

Dug-out canoe (60 feet long). British Columbia.

144 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Boats.

Kyaks or bidarkas.
Used by Eskimos of Arctic America in hunting and fishing.

26617. Kyak. (13 feet 9 inches long, 30 inches wide.) Northwest coast.
Sitka, Alaska. William Burling.

14971. Kyak. (Model.) Alaska. W. H. Dall.

16275. Kyak. (Model.) Kodiak.

14971. Kyak. (Model, one hole.) Alaska. W. H. Dall.

21609. Kyak. (Model,one hole.) Alaska. Dr. J. B. White.

1127, Kyak. (Model, two-hole.) Koloshes, Aleutian Islands. Capt. J-
R. Sands.

14970. Kyak. (Model.) Aleutian Islands. W. H. Dall.

21604. Kyak. (Model,2-hole.) Alaska. Dr. J. B. White.

21605. Kyak. (Model, 3-hole.) Alaska, gS
21610. Kyak. (Model, 3-hole.) Alaska. s
21606. Kyak. (Model, 4-hole.) Alaska. cS

e788. Kyak. (Model.) Unabeet Eskimo. Norton Sound, Alaska. W-
H. Dall.

26618. Kyak. Eighteen feet long, 22 inches wide. Greenland. Eskimo Joe-

562. Kyak. (Model.) East coast, Upernavik. Dr. Hayes.

14750. Kyak. (Model, with bird-spear, harpoon, and seal-skin float.)
Eskimos, Tusiack, North Greenland. Prof. 8. F. Baird.

2230. Kyak. (Model, with bird-spear, lances, and spear-rest.) Andersom
River Eskimos. Mackenzie’s River district. R. MacFarlane.

Umiaks or bidarras.
Used by Eskimos in whaling and sea fisheries.
1098. Umiak. (Model.) Fort Anderson, H. B. T. Robert MacFarlane.
15618. Umiak. (Model of frame.) Saint Lawrence Island, Alaska. H. W-
Elliott.
Indian raft-boats.
Used in hunting and fishing.
19028. Raft of tulé grass. (Model.) Pi-Ute Indians. Pyramid Lake, Nev.
Stephen Powers.
Dug-out canoes.

Used by Indians of Pacifie coast.

21358. Dug-out canoe. (Model.) Hoopah Indians, Trinity River, Cal. S.
[ Powers.
21359. Dug-out canoe, (Model.) -
Dug-out canoe.

Used in river fisheries of the Southern States,

25728. Dug-out canoe. (Model; scale, inch to foot.) Saint John’s River,
Florida. Francis C. Goode,

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 145

Boats.

Portable boats.

29506. Hegeman portable folding boat. Length, 10 feet; width, 3 feet.

Hegeman Portable Folding Boat Company, Ballston Spa, N. Y.
Directions for setting up boat:

1. Unfold the frame.

2. Place the knees and seats in position before fastening the bottom-
end section at the ends of the boat.

3. Fasten the bottom-end section to the ends of the boat by the
thumb-screws.

4, Place on the canyas with the cords and tie in a single loop (or bow

knot).

22218. Model of Colvin portable canvas boat. (Patented Oct. 6, 1874.) R.

A. Scott & Co., Albany, N. Y.

‘This boat consists of a canvas exterior made thoroughly water-proof
by a preparation which preserves the strength of the canvas and prevents
decay and oxidation. It is shaped like a canoe, sharp at both ends, and
cuts the water handsomely. Along the sides and bottom are leather
thongs, by which the boughs and limbs cut for frame can be lashed se-
curely to the canvas, with the assistance of the four leather framing
blocks or sockets (two for each end), which connect the stem and stern
posts (or prow pieces) with the keelson, and it can be readily put together
anywhere in the woods, no tools being required for the purpose, excepting
such as are always carried by a party of sportsmen, or others, an ax or
hatchet only being needed. The whole of it can be packed away ina
space 24 inches long, 6 inches wide, and 3 inches thick. The size now
made (No. 3), although but 12 feet long, will carry six men, or four men
with their necessary baggage, and weighs but 12 pounds when rolled up.
It has been tested in a heavy sea with a frame of green boughs cut only
two hours before, and carried a weight of 700 pounds safely and easily.”

25879-26-112. Model of Fenner’s portable boat. With canvas bottom. C.

A. Fenner, Mystic River, Connecticut.

One of these models is shown closed up in its case ready for transporta-
tion, the other set up for use.

Canoes.

Bull. N. M. No. 14

26619. Paper canoe ‘‘ Maria Theresa.” N. H. Bishop, Lake George, N. Y.

Designed by Rey. Baden Powell, of England; built by E. Waters &
Sons, of Troy, N. Y. Dimensions: length, 14 feet; beam, 28 inches;
depth (amidship), 9 inches; weight of canoe, 58 pounds; weight of ca-
noeist, 130 pounds; weight of outfit, 90 pounds; total, 278 pounds.
Rowed by Mr. N. H. Bishop (from Troy, N. Y., 2,000 miles) while on his
first geographical journey from the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to the Gulf of
Mexico, 2,500 miles, during 1874 and 1875. Since the completion of the
voyage all injuries the hull sustained were remedied by the simple appli-
cation of a sheet of paper and a coat of shellac varnish to the outside of
the boat. When in use a piece of canvas covers the undecked part of the
canoe and keeps the interior dry. Water-courses traversed by Mr. Bishop
during 1874 and 1875: From Quebec, rivers Saint Lawrence and Richelieu,

10

146 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.
Boats.
Canoes.

Lake Champlain, and canal to Albany; the Hudson, Kill Von Kull, and
Raritan rivers and canal, and the Delaware to Philadelphia; Delaware
River and bay to Cape Henlopen, and interior salt-water passages on coast
of Maryland and Virginia to Norfolk; the Elizabeth River and canal to
Currituck Sound, Albemarle, Pamlico, Cove, Bogue, Stump, and other
sounds, to near Wilmington, N. C.; Waccamau River to Georgetown, 3S.
C.; by salt-water creeks, rivers, bays, and sounds along the coast of the
United States to Florida; from Atlantic coast, via Saint Mary’s and Su-
wannee rivers, to Gulf of Mexico.

26628. Rice Lake canoe. William English, Peterborough, Ontario.
Coracles or skin boats.

9785. Skin boat. Hidatza (Gros Ventres) Indians. Fort Buford, Dakota.
Dr. W. Mathews, U.S. A.

Whale boat (used in whale fisheries).

24880. Whale-boat. (Model, with all fittings; scale, Linch to foot.) Capt.
L. Howland, New Bedford, Mass.
24868. Whale-boat. (Model.) C.H.Shute & Son, Edgartown, Mass.
26839. Whale-boat, 35 feet long. Williams, Haven & Co., New London,
Conn.
This boat is mounted with all the gear used in the capture of the whale.

Seine-boat.

25827. Model of Cape Ann seine-boat. Higgins & Gifford, Gloucester,
Mass.

This model shows the fittings manufactured for seine-boats by Wilcox,
Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn., to wit: cleat, stern-cap, snateh-
block for pursing-seine, steering-oarlock with stern socket, socket used
on side of stern for steering, davit-iron, tow-iron, tow-link and hook, be-
laying-pin, oar-holder, davit-guard and step-plate, breast-brace and eye-
plate or oar-holder swivels, all of which are shown in their proper places
by full-size models.

Dorys, sharpies, and dingies.

25057. Nantucket dory. (Model; scale, 1 inch to the foot.) William H.
Chase.
Used in gathering clams for codtish-bait.
12678. New England dory. (Models; seale, 1 inch to the foot.) Starling
& Stevens, Ferryville, Me.
13493. New England dory. (Model; seale, 1 inch to the foot.) Starling
& Stevens, Ferryville, Me.
Used in coast fisheries and bank cod fisheries.
24752. Connecticut sharpy. (Scale, 1 inch tothe foot.) Capt. H. C. Chester,

Noank, Conn. e

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 147

Boats.
Italian fishing-boats.
Used in harbor fisheries of California.

22213. Italian fishing-boat. (Model; felucca rig.) San Francisco. Liv-
Lingston Stone.

22214. Italian fishing-boat. (Model; felucea rig.) ss oe
22215. Italian fishing-boat. (Model; felucea rig. ) ss S

22217. Italian fishing-boat. (Model.) Chinese fishing-boat. San Fran-
cisco. Livingston Stone.

Pinkies.

25729, Martha’s Vineyard pinkie-boat. (Model; scale, 4 inch to the foot.)
William H. Chase.
Used in shore fisheries.
25898, Norman’s Land pinkie-boat. (Model; scale, inch to the foot.) Capt.
William Cleveland, Vineyard Haven, Mass.
Used in cod and coast fisheries.

Hunting-skifts.

Used for hunting and fishing in mountain lakes.

26621. Adirondack boat. Full size. Frederick D, Graves, maker, Boston,
Mass.
25681. Adirondack boat. (Model; scale, }inch to the foot.) Frederick D.
Graves, maker, Boston, Mass.
Dimensions: 15 feet long, 3 feet 6 inches wide; weight, 75 to 80 pounds.
For the use of sportsmen this boat is claimed to excel, on account of its
extreme lightness and durability, one man being able by means of a yoke to
carry the same to any distance without fatigue. This boat is also adapted
for family purposes, the patent rowlock enabling the most inexperienced
rower of either sex to propel the boat with ease and perfect safety, and
without any possible chance of losing the oars.
25899. Ausable boat. (Model.) D. L. Fitzhugh, jr., Bay City, Mich.
Used in trout and grayling fishing, with well for live fish.
Length, 16 feet; sides twelve inches high inside, 2 feet 10
inches wide on top, 2 feet 4 inches at bottom.
26624. Saint Lawrence boat. (Length, 19 feet; width, 43 inches.) Henry
Sweetman, Clayton, N. Y.
Used in trolling in the Thousand Island region. Length, 19 feet;
width, 43 inches.
25053. Alexandria Bay boat. (Model.) Cornwall & Walton, Alexandria, N.Y.
Used for hunting and fishing in the Adirondacks and the Saint
Lawrence.

Sea boats.

24999. New England surf-boat. (Model; scale, 2 inches to the foot.) Cra-
gin & Sheldon, makers, Boston, Mass.
Used in harbor, lake, and river fisheries.
25001. Whitehall boat (18 feet). (Model; scale, 2 inches to the foot.) Cra-
gin & Sheldon, Boston, Mass.
25000. Ship’s yawl. (Model; scale, 2 inches to the foot.) Cragin & Shel-
don, Boston, Mass.
Carried by coasters and fishing smacks.

148 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Boats.

Sea boats.

22216. San Francisco yawl. (Model.) Livingston Stone.
Used by Italian fishermen on coast of California.
25028. Nantucket Harbor boat. (Model; scale, 1 inch to the foot.) W. H.
Chase.
Used in harbor fishing.

Oyster-canoes.

25003. Chesapeake oyster-canoe (made from two logs). (Model; scale, 1
inch to the foot.) Major T. B. Ferguson, Maryland Fish Commis-
sion.

Used for oyster-raking in Chesapeake Bay.

25002, Chesapeake canoe-pungy. (Model; scale, 1 inch to the foot.) Major

T. B. Ferguson, Maryland Fish Commission.
Used in oyster-dredging in Chesapeake Bay.

Ducking-boats.

25658. Egg Harbor boat. (Model; scale, inch to the foot. P. Brasker,
New York City.

Used for hunting in marshes and bays.

26620. Cedar duck-boat ‘‘Central Republic.” Built by Capt. George
Bogart, surfman, Manahawken, Ocean County, New Jersey.
Dimensions: 12 feet long, beam 3 feet 11 inches, depth 12 inches.
N. H. Bishop, Lake George, N. Y.

This is the boat in which Mr, Nathaniel H. Bishop, of Lake George,
Warren County, New York State, rowed from Pittsburg, Pa., via Ohio
and Mississippi Rivers and the Gulf of Mexico (2,600 miles) to Cedar Keys,
Fla., while on his second geographical expedition during 1875-76.

26623..New Jersey sneak-box. (Model; scale, 1 inch tothe foot.) John D.
Gifford, Tuckerton, N. J.

These boats are from twelve to fourteen feet in length; the shelving or
sideboards on the stern of the boat are used to hold the decoys while the
hunter rows to and from the shooting ground, Used by gunners on Bar-
negat and Little Egg Harbor Bays, New Jersey.

26622. Maryland ducking-sink. (Model; scale, 1 inch to foot.) J.G. Adam.

Used by gunners on the Potomac River and Chesapeake Bay.

Cat-rigged fishing-boats.

12099. Bay of Fundy cat-boat. (Model; scale, 4 inch to the foot.) Captain
Hallet, Eastport, Me.
Used in herring fisheries.
25026. Martha’s Vineyard cat-boat. (Model; scale, + inch to the foot.)
William H. Chase.
Used in coast fisheries.
29537. Providence River cat-boat. (Model; scale, inch to the foot.) J.
M. K. Southwick, Newport, R. I.

These boats vary in length from 14 to 19} feet, and cost from $225 to $425.
Used by lobster fisheries and hook and line fisheries. Built by J. U. Stod-
dard.

26585. Two-masted cat-boat. (Model; scale, about 4 inch to the foot.)
Johnson & Young, Boston, Mass.
Used in New England lobster fisheries.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 149

Boats.

Schooner-rigged fishing-vessels.

26809.

25825.

25730.

29731.

26536.

26584.

25727.

24883.

22220.

22219.
26584.

Noank lobster-boat. (Model.) Capt. H. C. Chester, Noank, Conn.
Block Island boat. (Model; scale, 4 inch to the foot.) Capt. H. C.
Chester.
Used in cod fisheries and shore fisheries.
Massachusetts schooner-smack. (Model; scale, } inch to the foot.)
William H. Chase, Boston, Mass.
Used in mackerel fisheries and winter oyster trade.
Maine schooner-smack. (Model; scale, 4 inch to the foot.) Capt.
H. C. Chester.*
Used in bank cod fisheries and eastern mackerel fisheries.
Oyster-schooner. (Model; scale, 1 inch to the foot.) T. B. Ferguson,
Maryland Fish Commission.
Used in oyster-dredging in Chesapeake Bay.
Schooner-smack. (Model; scale,,about 4 inch to the foot.) Johnson
& Young, Boston, Mass.
Employed in the New England lobster fisheries.
Noank well-smack. (Model; scale, $ inch to the foot.) H. C. Ches-
ter, Noank, Conn.
Supplies fresh fish to local markets and New York iced-fish trade.
Schooner-yacht. (Model; scale, inch to the foot.) William H. Chase.
Used in pursuit of sword-fish and blue-fishing.
Gloucester schooner-smack, style 1835. (Model.) M. M. McFadyn.
First form of sharp-bowed schooner, out of which the present
Gloucester schooner was developed.
Old-fashioned topmast schooner. (Model.) <A. R. Crittenden.
Schooner-smack. (Model; scale, about 4 inch to the foot.) Johnson
& Young, Boston, Mass.
Used in the New England lobster fisheries.

Ships.
25726. Whaling-ship. (Model.) C. H. Shute & Son, Edgartown, Mass.
Crew engaged in cutting in the blubber,
24881. Whaling-bark. (Model; scale, $ inch to the foot.) U.S. Fish Com-
mission.
Used in northern whale fisheries.
24882. Merchant ship. (Model; scale, 4 inch to the foot.) U.S. Fish Com-
mission.
Used in foreign trade.
Boats of Great Lakes.
26625. Mackinaw boat. (Model.) J. W. Milner,
Used in fisheries of the upper great lakes.
26626, ‘‘Norwegian boat” (Model.) J. W. Milner.
Used in Lake Michigan fisheries,
26790. Lake Erie pound boat. (Model.) J. W. Milner.
26627. Square-stern boat. (Model.) J. W. Milner,
Used in Great Lake fisheries.
Steamers.
25824. Menhaden steamer with seine-boats. (Modcl.) Joseph Lawler,

Bristol, Me.

——. Gill-net steamer. (Model.) N. Crooks, Milwaukee, Wis.

150 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Boats.

Steamers.

250:

em

7

25027.

26808.

Gill-net steamer. (Model; scale, 1 inch to 5 feet 5 inches. )
Used in Lake Michigan fisheries.
““Camel” floating-dock. (Model; scale, 1 inch to 5 feet 5 inches.)
William H. Chase. ,
“Camel” floating-dock. Model of steamship Cuba. Deposited by
I’. McFadden, Philadehphia.
Built in 1842 for floating loaded ships over Nantucket bar.

Apparatus accessory to rigging Gshing-vessels.

Blocks.

25804.

25805.

25819.

25152.

25817

25818

~ 95812,

25816

25815
25814

25813.

29444

Three single iron-sheaved, plain-hook tuckle blocks. Walter Cole-
man & Sons, Providence, R. I.

Two double iron-sheaved, plain-hook tackle blocks. Walter Cole-
man & Sons, Providence, R. I.

. “Dead-eye” block. Used to secure the standing or fixed rigging to

the hull of the vessel. Walter Coleman & Sons, Providence, R. I.
“Heart” block. Used to secure the standing or fixed rigging to the
hull of the vessel. Walter Coleman & Sons, Providence, R. I.
“Bull’s-eye” block. Used to secure the standing or fixed rigging to

the hull of the vessel. Walter Coleman & Sons, Providence, R. I.
One single brass-sheaved, sister-hook tackle block. Walter Cole-
man & Sons, Providence, R. I.
Series of boat-blocks. Used on small fishing-boats around Cape Cod
and Newport. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.
One single brass-sheayved, sister-hook tackle block. Walter Cole-
man & Sons, Providence, R. I.

One double iron-sheaved, sister-hook tackle block. Walter Cole-
man & Sons, Providence, R. I.

Round block. For jib-sheets and small craft. Walter Coleman &
Sons, Providence, R. I.

Two double brass-sheaved, plain-hook tackle block. Walter Cole-
man & Sons, Providence, R. I.

Common iron sheave. Walter Coleman & Sons, Providence, R. I.

Plain brass sheave. Walter Coleman & Sons, Providence, R. I.

Patent brass-roller sheave. Walter Coleman & Sons, Providence, R. 1.

Improved swivel-hook, For blocks and general use. Daniel Walker,
Providence, R. I.

Clews and hanks.

25139.

25140,
25141.
25221.

25135.

25126.
25142.
25137.

25128,

Ship’s clew for courses. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co,, Middletown,

(Conn.
Earing-ring. cs rt
Throat-ring. a As
Sail-clew. “ ee

Series of spectacle or fore-and-aft clews. With patent eclew-thim-
bles. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.
Improved heart-clew. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.

Tack-ring. ES
Series.of topsail clew-bows. _ a
Series of clew-bars. as .

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 151

Apparatus accessory to rigging fishing-vessels.

Clews and hanks.

29475.

25143.

Clement’s patent self-adjusting jib-hank. Wilcox, Crittenden &
Co., Middletown, Conn.

Jib-head, with patent clew-thimble, used where the jib has been
stretched too much; the jib is shortened at the head; and the jib-
head is attached to the sail. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middle-
town, Conn.

25803. Jib-hank. Goes on jib-stay to hold the sail to'it. Walter Coleman
& Sons, Providence, R. I. .
25777. Wooden jib-hank. Samuel Elwell, jr., Gloucester, Mass.
25156. Series of single-stay jib-hanks. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middle-
[town, Conn.
25157. Series of double-stay jib-hanks. oa ve
25215. Self-adjusting jib-hank for double stay. Clement’s patent. Wilcox,
Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.
25214. Patent self-adjusting jib-hank. Clement’s patent. Wilcox, Crit-
tenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.
29460. Jib-sheet block (peculiar to Gloucester fishing-vessels). Samuel
Elwell, jr., Gloucester, Mass.
25158. Pratt’s patent jib-hank or yacht-jib. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co.,
[ Middletown, Conn.
25207. Hook-and-eye for bonnet of jib. ee a
Chocks.
29468. Line-chock for whale-boat. Provincetown style. William W. Smith,
Provincetown, Mass.
25180. Line-chock for whale-boat. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown,
[ Conn.
25216. Bow-chocks. re oe
25195. Boat-chocks. s Bt
Boat-hooks.
25926. Whaler’s large-ring boat-hook. E. B. & T. Macy, New Bedford,
Mass.
25614. Whale-boat boat-hook (peculiar to New Bedford). Humphrey 8.
Kirby, New Bedford, Mass.
25196. Series of wrought-iron boat-hooks. Wileox, Crittenden & Co.,
[ Middletown, Conn.
25200. Boat-hook for gunboat. 2 ae
25226. Boat-hook. U.S. Fish Commission (deposited).
25197. Double Navy boat-hooks with ball points. Wileox, Crittenden &
[Co., Middletown, Conn.
25198. Series of Navy boat-hooks with ball points. 8 He
25199. Series of sharp-pointed boat-hooks. ‘ ne
Belaying-pins.
25161. Series of belaying-pins. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown,
[ Conn.
25169. Belaying-pin for Cape Ann seine-boat. ae
25766. Two belaying-pins. Samuel Elwell, jr., Gloucester, Mass.

152 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Apparatus accessory to rigging fishing-vessels.

Riggers’ hooks.

25194.

Deck or hammock hook. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown,

(Conn.
25195. Hammock-hook. es a
25206. Series of riggers’ sister-hooks, gs “is
25145. Wide-mouthed single-hooks, or Cape Ann bonnet-hooks. Wilcox,
[Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.
29478. Bonnet-hook and grommet. er
29452. Bonnet-hook-and-eye, for removing the jib. Wilcox, Crittenden &
[Co., Middletown, Conn.
25155. Series of hooks and thimbles. me a
25943. Purrel hooks. S. Elwell, jr.

25144. Sister-hooks. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn,

25150. Sailmaker’s bench-hook. ee a

25149. Sailmaker’s heaver. ss Be

25207. Hook-and-eye for bonnet of jib. ‘ he

25185. Hook-and-eye plate. & i

Grommets.

25116. Series of galvanized-iron sail-grommets (Wilcox’s patent). Wilcox,
Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.

25117. Series of brass sail-grommets (Wilcox’s patent). Wilcox, Crittenden
& Co., Middletown, Conn.

25118. Series of brass grommets. Conical point, rolled rim. Wilcox, Crit-
tenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.

25119. Series of metallic grommets. First used in America. Wilcox, Crit-
tenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.

25120. Series of brass grommets. First patented in America. Wilcox, Crit-
tenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.

25121. Rope-yarn grommets (with worked holes showing mode of use).
Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.

25128. Series of light, galvanized grommet-rings. Wilcox, Crittenden &
Co., Middletown, Conn.

25129. Series of heavy galvanized sail-thimbles. Wilcox, Crittenden &
Co., Middletown, Conn.

25130. Series of heavy iron sail-thimbles (Navy pattern). Wilcox, Critten-
den & Co., Middletown, Conn.

25122. Galvanized-iron ring grommet, with worked holes showing mode of
use. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.

25123. Series of buntline leaders and earing grommets. Wilcox, Critten-
den & Co., Middletown, Conn.

25124. Series of eyelet grommets. Used to line worked holes and couplings
to Wilcox’s patent grommets. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middle-
town, Conn.

25125. Setting-die. Used for inserting eyelets. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co.,

Middletown, Conn.

. Cutting-punch. Used for cutting grommet-holes. Wilcox, Critten-

den & Co., Middletown, Conn.

. Series of heavy grommet-rings. Used for earings. Wilcox, Crit-

tenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.

. Series of light iron sail-thimbles. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Mid-

dletown, Conn.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 153

Apparatus accessory to rigging fishing-vessels.

Grommets.

25132. Series of throat-thimbles. Gloucester pattern. Wilcox, Crittenden
& Co., Middletown, Conn.

25133. Series of reef-tackle or saddle-thimbles. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co.,
Middletown, Conn.

25134. Series of brass sail-thimbles. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middle-

[town, Conn.
25152. Series of open or riggers’ thimbles. ne cs
25153. Series of wire-rope thimbles. fs $f

Anchors.

25162. Boat-anchor, Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn,

25163. Grappling-iron for dory. es “

25219. Wooden killick or coast anchor. H. C. Chester, Noank, Conn.

29249. Series of sailors’ palms (from best to the poorest). Wilcox, Critten-

den & Co., Middletown, Conn.

29423. Sailor’s palm (left hand). Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown,
[Conn

29424. Sailor’s roping palm, A 1 (right hand). “ x

29454. Superior cast-steel sail-needles., ve ce

Mast-gear.

25802. Six ‘‘purrel trucks.” Used on a rope around the mast to keep the
gaff on the mast. Walter Coleman & Sons, Providence, R. I.

25807. Mast-hoop. Used to hold the sail to the mast. Walter Coleman &
Sons, Providence, R. I.

25808. Lace trucks. Used on the foot of sail to attach it to the boom.

Walter Coleman & Sons, Providence, R. I.

25159. Series of boat-mast hoops. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown,
Conn.

25810. Mast-head truck. Used on top of mast to display bunting and
signals. Walter Coleman & Sons, Providence, R. I.

25811. Mast-head ball. Used on top of the topmast to display bunting and
signals. Walter Coleman & Sons, Providence, R. I.

29480. Mast-head gear for dory. Aiasa Taylor, Provincetown, Mass.

29481. Mast and boom attachment for dory. ‘ ce

29484. Mast and gaff attachment for whale-boat (new style). Used by
Provincetown whalers. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown,

{Conn,
25181. Mast-hinge for whale-boat. s oe

Leaders and foot-stops.

25604. Series of sail-leaches and boom foot-stops. Used by Newport smack-
men. J. M. K. Southwick, Newport, R. I.

25193. Boom foot-stops. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.

25181. Mast-hinge for whale-boat. ge ke

29450. Fair-leader. Used on the booms of Gloucester vessels. Samuel El-
well, jr., Gloucester, Mass.

29463. Patent topsail travelers. Used on square-rigged vessels. Wilcox,
Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.

29449. Mast-hook clutch. EE, A. Sawyer, Portland, Me.

154 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Apparatus accessory to rigging fishing-vessels.
Boat-builders’ materials.

25170. Ring-bolts. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.

25201. Series of screw eye-bolts. “
25202. Series of screw ring-bolts. * BS
25203. Series of ring-bolts. a ss

25211. Common oval head clinch boat-nail.. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co.,
* { Middletown, Conn.

25212. Chisel-point clinch boat-nails. £
25213. Countersunk clinch boat-nails. a
25220. Series of boat-rivets. es
25223. Washers or clinch-rings for rivets. ‘
25178. Stem cap for Cape Ann seine-boat. e

25173. Davit-guard and step-plate for Cape Ann seine-boat. pc
25175. Eye-plate or oar-holder swivels for Cape Ann seine-boat. ‘

25176. Gunwale supporter for Cape Ann seine-boat. os
25173. Davit-guard and step-plate for Cape Ann seine-boat. on
25174. Breast-brace for Cape Ann seine-boat. 2:
25166. Davit-iron for Cape Ann seine-boats. *
25167. Tow-iron for Cape Ann seine-boats. os
25168. Tow-link and hook for Cape Ann seine-boat.

29482. Boom-rest or crotch-socket. Used on the taftrail of Cape fishing-
vessels when they are “laying to” on George’s Banks. Theo.
Brown, Welltleet, Mass.

25204. Water-deck iron. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn,

Rudder-fixtures.

29496, **W. N. Clark’s rudder-hanger.” (Patented September 3, 1867.)
James B. Clark, Chester, Conn.

‘Advantages claimed for this hanger: To ship the rudder one has only
to enter the tongue (which has the rudder already attached) in the
grooved plate from the top just far enough to get it steady, and then let
it down, when it will go to its place without further care. Hence arises
the first great advantage which this hanger possesses over the old way,
viz, the ease and dispatch with which the rudder can be shipped under
all circumstances.

Every boatman knows the trouble he has been to, at times, in trying
to ship his rudder, while in a seaway, in the dark, or in muddy wacer,
when the eyes in the boat could not be seen; often being obliged to
reach down with his hand to get the lower pintle entered.

From the quickness with which the rudder can be shipped, in any posi- *
tion of the boat, and under any cireumstances, and its ‘security when
shipped, it must recommend itself for all life-boat purposes, where, in
case of an emergency, time is of vital importance.

Another advantage is that with this hanger the rudder cannot of itself
unship as has often been the case with the common hanger, when the
boat has been left for a short time and the tiller worked out, thereby
leaving the rudder free, by striking the bottom or anything suflicient to
raise it three or four inches, to unhinge and float away. As will readily
be seen, this cannot get away until the rudder has risen the whole length
of the tongue, which, of itself, wou’ never happen.

Again, with this hanger the rudder can be shipped and unshipped
while under fll sail, thus making it very convenient for fishermen or

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 155

Apparatus accessory to rigging fishing-vessels.
Rudder-fixtures.

any one sailing over a line or seine, as the rudder can be easily raised far
enough to pass over and prevent a line getting caught between the rud-
der and boat, as would otherwise likely ensue, and when over, by simply
letting down the rudder, it will go to its place again ready for use.

By this arrangement we are enabled to get the hinges further down on
the rudder, thereby bringing the strain on both of them, while in the old
way, the lower eye and pintle are so far from the bottom of the boat, in
order to facilitate the shipping of the rudder, that this one has to bear
nearly all of the strain.” (W. N. Clark.)

95190. Rudder-gudgeons. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.
95182, Rudder-braces for whale-boat. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middle-
: [town, Conn.

25209, Series of common wrought-iron rudder-braces. fd a
95189. Series of rudder braces. Se .
25210. Rudder-braces for New Orleans cat-boat. eC oe
25183. Rudder-braces for metallic life-boat. 0 ce

ce “cc

29472. Dory breast-hook and stern braces.

Cleats.

25779.

©

Stay-sail snatch-cleat. Used by Gloucester fishing-schooners. Al-
len L. MeDonald, Gloucester, Mass.
25809, Wooden cleats. Used to fasten ropes to, William Coleman & Sons,
Providence, R. I.
95918. Series of small cleats. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.

25217. Small brass cleats. oe cs
25177. Cleats for Cape Ann seine-boat. os se
25191. Boat-cleats. oe wb

Rowlocks.

95088. Whale-boat rowlock. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.
25086. Brass wash-streak rowlock. se
25113. Steering rowlock with stem socket for Cape Ann seine-boat. Wilcox,
Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.
95114. Socket used on side of stern for steering. Used on Cape Ain seine-
boat. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.
25085. Seine-boat rowlock. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.
95070-72. Polished brass rowlocks. oe ee
25076, 25077. Polished brass rowlock used on gunning-skiff. Wilcox, Crit-
tenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.
95104-5 Galvanized socket rowlocks. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middle-
[town, Conn.
95082-3-4. Brass socket rowlocks. ue es
25091-2-3. Plain brass patent swivel rowlock. i
25094. Galvanized-iron patent swivel rowlock. fs oe
25101. First patent swivel rowlock put in market. Wilcox, Crittenden &
Co., Middletown, Conn.
95079-80-81. Plain brass rowlock used on eunning-skiff. Wilcox, Critten-
den & Co., Middletown, Conn.
; 25106-7-8. Side-plate rowlock used on eunning-skiff, Wilcox, Crittenden
& Co., Middletown, Conn.

oe

156 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Apparatus accessory to rigging fishing-vessels.
Rowlocks.

25188. Rowlock for dory. Showing new mode of fastening. Wilcox, Crit-
tenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.

25765. Dory thole-pin rowlock. Samuel Elwell, jr., Gloucester, Mass.

25090. Gun-metal dory rowlock with Southwick’s patent fastening. Wilcox,
Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.

25100. Dory rowlock, showing patent mode of fastening. Wilcox, Critten-
den & Co., Middletown, Conn.

26902. ‘‘Lyman’s patent bow-facing rowing-gear.” William Lyman, Mid-
defield, Conn.

This bow-facing, i. e., front view, rowing-gear is an inyention which
allows the rower to face forward instead of backward, pulling in the same
manner as with the ordinary oars. This reverseanovement is obtained by
having the oar in two parts, each part having a ball-and-socket joint,
which is attached to the wale of the boat by means of a slot and button,
and the two parts connected by a rod (with hinged bearings) which
crosses the wale of the boat.

The advantages claimed for this rowing-gear over the ordinary oar, are:

“1, The oarsman faces the direction in which he goes.

2. The arrangement of the levers is such that the oarsman applies his
strength to the best mechanical advantage, enabling him to row faster anid
more easily than with any other oar.

3. During the stroke the bow of the boat is slightly raised by the mo-
tion of the rower instead of being lowered by his motion as in ordinary,
rowing.

4. The stroke is longer than with ordinary oars.

5. The oars can be closed up out of the way along the side of the boat
without detaching them from the gunwale.

6. It is better from the fact that the blade of the oar is in front and can
be seen at the beginning of the stroke, so that there is no difficulty in
avoiding obstacles, and in a rough sea there is little danger of ‘catching
erabs.”

7. With these oars the boatman makes no more effort in steering than
in directing his course while walking, and this advantage lessens greatly
the effort of rowing.

8. While rowing there is no noise from the bearings.

9. A pair of these oars weigh about 5 pounds more than the oars, but
this additional weight has this advantage, that at the beginning and end
of the stroke it helps to lower and raise the blade owing to the peculiar
position of the oar.

10. When these oars are detached from the boat, no wood or iron pro-
jections are left on the wale of the boat, as in ordinary rowing-gear, and
thus a serious inconvenience is obviated.

These oars can be attached to and detached from the boat very quickly
and they can be closed up in a convenient form for carrying.

These several advantages; viz, the front view, the increased ease and
speed in rowing, the raising of the bow instead of depressing it, the closing
up of the oar out of the way while on the boat, the increasd facility in
avoiding obstacles, the diminished effort of hand and eyes in steering,
the rowing without noise, the better balance and swing of the oars, have
commended this new gear to all who have tried it. .

This gear can be attached to almost any boat, and is especially adapted
to hunting, fishing, and all kinds of pleasure boating.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 157°

Apparatus accessory to rigging fishing-vessels.
Rowlocks.

Almost any one (even if he has never rowed a boat) with an hour’s
practice can use these front view oars well; it being much easier to learn
to use a pair of these oars than a pair of the back view oars.” (William
Lyman. )

28292. Frederick D. Graves’s improved noiseless rowlock. Fred. D. Graves,
Boston, Mass.

“The object of this invention is to improve the construction and opera-
tion of the class of rowlocks in such manner as, first, to insure the proper
inclination of the blade of the oar, and prevent the liability of its catch-
ing the water when feathering in recovering, as well as to insure the
proper position of the blade of the oar when making the stroke; secondly,
to enable the outer end of the oar to be raised when it is being feathered,
in order to prevent its contact with the water in rough weather. My
improved rowlock, which is composed of an inclosing ring located on a
pintle, and an inner ring inclosed by the ring and adapted to be partially
rotated therein; the inside of the inclosing ring is provided with a groove
which extends almost around it, its continuity being broken only by a
stop. The pintle of the rowlock is inserted in a socket attached to the
gunwale of the boat, the pintle and rowlock being adapted to turn freely
in the socket. From the foregoing it will readily be seen that an oar
pivoted in the inner ring is adapted to be partially rotated, in addition to
its oscillating movements, so that when its stroke is completed it can be
turned, so as to feather the blade in the recover stroke. The stop and
shoulders of the inner ring are arranged in such mutual relation that the
shoulder abuts against the stop, in feathering the oar, before the blade be-
comes horizontal in cross-section, so that the cross-section of the oar is
necessarily inclined downward from its forward to its rear edge during
the feathering stroke, this inclination of the blade preventing its forward
edge from engaging with the water and overturning the rower, or, in

* other words, causing him to ‘‘catch a crab.” This limitation of the oar
in its rotation prevents awkward accidents in feathering, and enables an
unskilled person'to row with a considerable degree of certainty.” (F. D.
Graves. )

25098-9. Galvanized-iron patent swivel rowlock. Wilcox, Crittenden &

[Co., Middletown, Conn.

25095. Galvanized-iron patent swivel rowlock. cs fs
25097. Galvanized-iron patent swivel rowlock. cf $f
25096. Galvanized-iron patent swivel rowlock. ce es
25073-4-5. Polished brass patent swivel rowlock. oe ss
25102-3. Galvanized socket rowlock. ee

25111. Countersunk rowlock. Used on Ohio River flat-boats. Wilcox, Crit-
tenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.

29459. Rowlock. Newport and Providence River style. Wilcox, Critten-

[den & Co., Middletown, Conn.

25087. North River pattern rowlock. fe ef
25089. East River pattern rowlock. ts a

29319. Socket-joint rowlock. Frederick A. Gower, Providence, R. I.

“The socket-joint rowlock is intended to increase the speed and improve
the convenience of racing boats. Its advantages have proved so easily
apparent to oarsmen that there is little need of detailing its strong points,
but the following are among its leading features:

158 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Apparatus accessory to rigging fishing-vessels,
Rowlocks.

Wabbling of the oar is wholly avoided. If the oar is a properly good
fit, it will have less than + inch of fore-and-aft motion in the lock.

‘Catching crabs” is largely avoided by preventing the oar from jam-
ming in the lock at the beginning or end of the stroke. If a ‘‘crab”
should be caught, the rowlock is not strained, and the oar can be recoy-
ered without stopping the boat.

A good grip of the water is assured to even the inexperienced oarsman
by the shape of the back of the rowlock, which corresponds to that of the
oar. The oarsettles itself into the proper position on beginning the stroke.

Any length of reach may be taken by long-built men in going forward,
avoiding an evil often complained of.

A space half as wide admits passage of the boat. Equipped with this
rowlock a six or four oared shell passes through an opening the width of
the outriggers. Crews rowing on narrow or bridged water will find this
advantage worth the price of the rowlocks in a single season.

Uniting the rods at a single point brings the whole strength of the out-
rigger into play at every part of the stroke, and an outrigger thus made
can hardly be demolished while the boat stands.

Any oars may be used if of recent pattern, i. e., without the unsightly
“bulge” on the loom. It is only necessary to make a slight change in
the button, as described below.

Better time may be made. Experiments thus far indicate that the
socket-joint rowlock is perceptibly speedier than the common pattern, by
the stoppage of wabbling, and general smoothness of action.

Raising a rowlock with the common outrigger is a half hour’s trouble
with rusty nuts (one or two of which usually twist the bolt off in start-
ing) and experimenting to get the right thickness of washers. With the
socket-joint rowlock the same thing is done in two minutes by slipping
half or three-quarters of an inch of washers on the shaft under the top rod.

Superior strength. The ordinary iron thole-pins are strong in one direc-
tion only; a backward or sidewise blow is likely to bend them. The
supporting shaft of the socket-joint rewlock is equally strong all around
and withstands a greater strain than the best oars made can apply to it.
The whole rowlock is made of the best bronze-metal, which will not rust
nor suddenly snap on a frosty morning. Under great mechanical pressure
the lower part of the lock has been bent out nearly straight without
breaking.

Minor conveniences continually appear in the use of this improvement.
There is no wiring to do; no reaching out-board to ship oars; no wriggling
the button through the rowlock; no getting grease on the oar-handle by
passing through the rowlock; no ‘losing the button” outside the out-
rigger; no jamming the button between the thole-pins. When the ont-
riggers are taken off the boat the rods turn on the shaft as a hinge and
fold up into a compact bundle not easily bent out of shape nor injured.
The rowlocks can be detached entirely, if desired, and each set of rods
made into a package as easily carriéd as a walking-stick, while the row-

. lock may be put into the oarsman’s coat-pocket. Oarsmen having occa-
sion to travel with boats by rail will appreciate this convenience.

This rowlock cannot pretend to be a cheap contrivance; it is made of
the best material, and requires expensive labor. Its first cost is more
than that of the common pattern, but considering its advantages it will
be found cheaper in the end.” (EF. A. Grower.)

ANIMAL

Apparatus
Rowlocks.
25185.
25115.
25112.
22927,

25172

20171.

Oars.

25022.
25021.
25041.
25011.
25023.
25012.
26811.

Paddles.

25020.
643.
644.
645.
646,

1790.
1791,
14284,
14285,

11471.

11473.

11474.

11363.

11369.

11366.

20902.

20903.

11434,

2652.

2652.

26783.
26781.
26782.
26780.
26779.
26778.
26777.

26776.

RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 159

accessory to rigging fishing-vessels.

Thole-pins for metallic life-boat. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middle-
[town, Conn.

Whitehall pattern rowlock. fe ss

Detroit or Lake Michigan rowlock.

“Acme” oarlock. Pattern invented 1876. ‘‘ :

Oar-holder for Cape Ann seine-boat (old model). Higgins & Gifford,
Gloucester, Mass.

Oar-holder for Cape Ann seine-boat. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co.,
Middletown, Conn.

“ce “cc

“

One pair white-ash oars (9 feet). R.T. Dodge, maker, Boston, Mass.
One pair white-ash oars (6 feet). ee fe

Pair white-ash oars (12 feet). os ‘
Pair pine oars (8 feet). ic se
Pair white-ash oars (9 feet). Us a

Pair spoon oars (10 feet). us &

Pair of oars (7 feet 8inches). Waters & Son, Troy, N. Y., makers;
Delong & Sons, Glens Falls, N. Y.

White-ash paddles. R. T. Dodge, maker, Boston.
Indian paddles. Northwestern coast. George Gibbs.
Indian paddles. YY 0

Indian paddles. “f Cape Flattery. George Gibbs.
Indian paddles. ci Whaling. se
Indian paddles. ut

Indian paddles. a

Indian paddles. “s

Indian paddles. a

Indian paddles. Fort Townsend, W. T. J. G. Swan.

Indian paddles. ss a

Indian paddles. ss ey

Indian paddles (for skin canoe used by Aleutians), Alaska. V. Colyer.

Indian paddles (for skin or wooden canoe). £ ot

Indian paddles. ue

Indian paddles (used by Trimsein Indians). Fort Simpson, B. C.

, J. G. Swan

Indian paddles. Passamaquoddy Indians, Eastport, Me. 1. Palmer.

Indian paddles. Northwestern coast. Exploring Expedition.
Lieut. Wilkes, U. S. N.

Indian paddles. Northwestern coast. Exploring Expedition.
Lieut. Wilkes, U. S. N.

Whaling paddle. Makah Indians, Neeah Bay. J. G. Swan.

Whaling paddle. cc *

“c ce

Whaling paddle. sé a
Whaling paddle. UG ae
Whaling paddle. a re
Whaling paddle, ES es
Whaling paddle. ef ss

“ se

Whaling paddle.

160 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERILS OF UNITED STATLS.

Apparatus accessory to rigging fishing-vessels.

Paddles.

26775. Whaling paddle. Makah Indians, Neeah Bay. J. G. Swan.
26774. Whaling paddle. ES ms

26773. Canoe paddle. ‘ cf
25772. Canoe paddle. é Af
26771. Canoe paddle, f e s
26770. Canoe paddle. 2 -
26769. Canoe paddle. Ms as
26768. Canoe paddle. “s ef
26767. Canoe paddle. af er
26766. Canoe paddle. st KE
26765. Canoe paddle. ae é
26764. Canoe paddle, sy as

26810. Double paddle. Made by Waters & Son, Troy, N. Y.; De Long &
Sons, Glens Falls, N. Y.

Poles and pushing sticks.
15653. Bidarka pole. Nunivak, Alaska. W.H. Dall.

15653. Bidarka pole. ES es
17443. Bidarka pole. Cave, Kagamil Island, Alaska. Alaska Commercial
Company.
Candlestick.

Used in hold of vessel while storing fish.

32741. Candlestick. A. McCurdy, Gloucester, Mass.
32692, Candlestick or ‘Sticking Tommy.” Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown
Goode,

Fog-horns.

293382. Series of common reed fog-horns, Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4. Wilcox, Crit-
tenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.

25783. Grand Bank fog-horn. Called by the fishermen ‘‘lipper” or ‘‘rip-
per.” William H. Weston, Provincetown, Mass.

25281. The Anderson fog-horn. U.S. Fish Commission. (Deposited.)

Deck-scrapers.

25160, Series of ships’ deck scrapers. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middle-
town, Conn, ;

Dory scoop.
25222. Dory scoop. S. Elwell, jr., Gloucester, Mass.
Flagging irons, &e.

Used by mackerelmen of Capes Cod and Ann to separate barrel staves for the
insertion of stems of flag to stop leakage.

29492-94. Flagging iron, hoop-drivers, and adze. M. W. Grant, Wellfleet,
Mass.

Pump-bolt or toggle-pin.
Used on fishing-vessels of Cape Cod and Cape Ann.

20470, Pump-bolt or toggle-pin. Wileox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown,
Conn.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 161

Apparatus accessory to rigging fishimg-vessels,
Pump box and hatt for seine-boat.

29497, Pump box and haft for seine-boat. Andrew Kennedy, Provincetown,

| Mass.
29499. Pump box and haft for seine-boat. e fs

Bung-bucket or “ water-thief.”

25784. Bung-bucket or ‘‘ water-thief.” Wm. H. H. Weston, Provincetown,
Mass.
Devil’s claw.

Used to stop the chain when the windlass is wanted for other uses.

29442. Devil’s claw. W.H. Hesbolt, Provincetown, Mass.

Box hook.

Used in closing boxes packed full of fish.

32680. Bilge hooks. Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown Goode.
22695, Box hook or ‘‘devil’s claw.” Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown Goode.

Barrel-lifters.

Used for stowing away mackerel-kegs in holds of vessels.

29291. Barrel-lifters. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.
32679. Chime barrel-hooks. Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown Goode.

Tee-hooks.

For lifting ice on vessel from wharf.
32674. Ice-hooks. Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown Goode.

Lance-hooks.
Fastened on side of whale-boat to hang lance on.

25919. Lance-hooks. E. B, & F. Macy, New Bedford, Mass,

Grappling gear.

Used to recover lost trawls.
25936. Grappling gear. A. McCurdy, Gloucester, Mass.
Marline spikes.

#9418. Marline spike or pricker. Used for splicing trawl-lines. Wilcox,
Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.

29455. Marline spike. Made from the jawbone of sperm whale. Robert D.
Baxter, Provincetown, Mass.

29419. Marline spike. Made from the jawbone of whale. Frank O. Blake,
Portland, Me.

25147. Sailmakers’ marline spike. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown,

[Conn.

25148. Sailmakers’ marline pricker. Ht ‘

25164. Series of marline spikes. ne ‘

25778. Fishermen’s marline spike or trawl-line splicer. Alex. McCurdy,
East Gloucester, Mass.

Bull. N. M. No. 14 LE

162 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Apparatus accessory to rigging fishing-vessels.

Marline spikes.

25146. Series of hickory hand fids. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown,
Conn.
25672. Copper marline spike. Made at sea by Thomas Freeman, Used for
splicing trawl-lines. Sanford Freeman, Norwichport, Mass.
32693.. Splicer. Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown Goode.

Rest for harpoon, &c.

11392. Rest for harpoon and bow and arrow. Aleutian Island. Viucent
Colyer.
Used on deck of kyak.

Stretchers for kyak-line.

9836. Stretchers for kyak-line. Eskimos.

Stool.

' 3978. Stool. R. MacFarlane.
Used by Eskimos to stand on while watching for seal in water.

49, CAMP-OUTFIT.
Shelter.

Lodges.

Tents.
Hunting-camps.
Hunters’ houses.
Fishing-houses.

Furniture.

Hammocks.

Beds, couches, stretchers, and lounges.

Blankets (rubber and mackinaw), and fur robes.

uel.

Apparatus for kindling fire. ,
Lamps and lanterns.

Tools.

Commissary supplies.

Cooking apparatus, kettles, and stoves.
Commissary supplies.

29295. Portable camp-stove. H. L. Duncklee, Boston, Mass.

25689. Portable camp-stove. € =
Open, showing utensils, viz:

25690. Six tin plates.

25691. Six tin cups.

25692. Six-quart kettle.

25693. Eight-quart kettle.

25694, Stew-pan.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 163

Commissary supplies.
Commissary supplies.

25695. Coffee-pot.

25696. Dipper.

25697. Toast-rack.

25698. Frying-pan.

25699. Bread-pan.

F. & S. 60. Camp-stove and utensils. Property of John A. Nichols, Syra-
cuse, N.Y. Contributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

26673. Coffee-heater. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con-
tributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

26713. Camp-stove. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con-
tributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

26843. Lehmen’s patent folding camp-baker. Scoville & Johnson, Mar-
quette, Mich.

Table-furniture.
Preserved meats, &c.
Canned meats.

24917. Fresh tomato soup. Wm. Underwood & Co., Boston, Mass.

26649. Ox-tail soup (star brand). Portland Packing Company, Portland, Me.

24913. Fresh soup and bouilli. Wm. Underwood & Co., Boston, Mass.

26648. Soup and bouilli (star brand). Portland Packing Company, Port-
land, Me.

24921. Mock-turtle soup. Wm. Underwood & Co., Boston, Mass.

26641. Cumberland potted sausage (star brand). Portland Packing Com-
pany, Portland, Me.

24927. Ox-tail soup. Wm. Underwood & Co., Boson, Mass.

24929. Original deviled ragout. Ae
24928. Deviled tongue, ce ce
24930. Deviled ham. oe oe

26645. Cumberland roast mutton (star brand). Portland Packing Com-
pany, Portland, Me.

24920. Fresh chicken. Wm. Underwood & Co., Boston, Mass.

26640. Cumberland roast chicken (star brand). Portland Packing Com-
pany, Portland, Me.

24931. Deviled chicken. Wm. Underwood & Co., Boston, Mass.

26646. Cumberland roast veal (star brand). Portland Packing Company,
Portland, Me.

24916. Fresh mutton. Wm. Underwood & Co., Boston, Mass.

26647. Cumberland roast beef (star brand). Portland Packing Company,
Portland, Me.

24910. Beef 4 la mode. Wm. Underwood & Co., Boston, Mass.

24911. Fresh mince-meat. Ss se

24915. Fresh veal. em oie

26639. Champion shell-beans (star brand). Portland Packing Company,

[Portland, Me.

26638. Portland blueberries (star brand). es We

22238. Fresh blueberries. Castine Packing Company, Castine, Me.

24919. Fresh beef. Wm. Underwood & Company, Boston, Mass.

26637. Yarmouth sugar-corn. (Patented April 8, May 13 and20, and August
26, 1862.) (Star brand.) Portland Packing Company, Portland,
Me,

164 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Commissary supplies.
Canned meats.

26652. Yarmouth suecotash. Made from Yarmouth sugar-corn and cham-
pion shell-beans (star brand). Portland Packing Company, Port-
land, Me.

50. PERSONAL EQUIPMENTS.
Clothing.

Hunting suits.

26555. Canvas hunting-coat. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y.
Contributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

20658. Fur vest. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed
by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

26659. Buckskin coat. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con-
tributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

26670. Mole-skin pants. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con-
tributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

26671. Corduroy hunter’s coat. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y.
Contributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

26675, Corduroy hunter’s pants. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y.
Contributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

26676. Corduroy vest. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con-
tributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

26701. Chamois shirt. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con-
tributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

26594. Hunter's water-proof suit, with patent cartridge-holding vest. Geo.
C. Henning, Washington, D. C.

This suit includes:

1. Pantaloons so made that they can be folded close to the legs.

2. Gaiters.

3. Vest with sleeves.

4, Reversible shooting-coat, with seventy-six receptacles for shell or
cartndges so arranged as to permit them to be carried either end up, and
secured from loss or from injury by rain, by means of the flaps which
button over them. The coat is of the same shape before and behind, so
that when the hunter exhausts his shells in front he can reverse the coat
and have a fresh supply. There are eight pockets opening on the outside
of the skirt, and two large game pockets on the inside arranged with
openings in the bottoms for ventilation and drip,

5. A double-visored cap.

25710. Hunting-coat. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contrib-
uted by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

Water-proof suits.

25656. Rubber hunting-coat. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y.
Contributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

Oil-skin suit.

20543. Cape Ann coats. J. F. Carter, Gloucester, Mass.
29544. Cape Ann pants. SS

—

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES QF UNITED STATES. 165

Clothing.
Boots, moccasins, leggings.

26015. Fishermen’s red cod boots. Jonathan Buck, Harwich, Mass.

26015. Fishermen’s red-leather slippers. of “

26014. Fishermen’s black boots. Be 6

25823. Slippers made of sheep-skin, with the wool on the inner surface.
Worn by fishermen inside of their boots. A. R. Crittenden, Mid-
dletown, Conn.

26671. Boot-packings. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con-
tributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

26672. Moccasins. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed
by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

26708. Rubber boots. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con-
tributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

Hats and caps.

25722. Fisherman’s cap, called “Russian cap.” E. R. Cook, Provincetown,
Mass.

26651. Hunter’s rubber cap. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y.
Contributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

29542. Series of sow westers and oil-cloth hats (Cape Ann pattern). J. F.
Carter, Gloucester, Mass.

Clothing for the hands.

25788. Pair of mittens. Called ‘‘Newfoundland cufis” by fishermen.
Peculiar to Gloucester. <A. R. Crittenden, Middletown, Conn.

25790. Mackerel cots. Used on the fingers when taking mackerel by hook
and line. Capt. Samuel Elwell, Gloucester, Mass.

25787. Pair of ‘“‘hand-haulers.” Used by fishermen off the Newfoundland
Banks. Joseph Parsons, jr., East Gloucester, Mass.

25789. Pair of nipners; peculiar to Gloucester, Mass. Joseph Parsons, East
Gloucester, Mass.

25718. Pair of nippers. Used by fishermen to protect the fingers while
hauling in trawls. David Conwell.

25717. Pair of nippers. Central Wharf Company, Provincetown, Mass.

26709. Rubber gloves. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con-
tributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

Protection from insects:
Nets for beds and for face.

26700. Mosquito-net. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con-
tributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.

Ointments (such as tar and sweet-oil).
Smudges (such as pyrethrum powder).
Shields, breastplates, and defensive armor.
Trappings.
Belts.

25665. Belt for sheath-knife. J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y.

166 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Trappings.

Cross-belts.
Game-bags.

26667. Game-bag.@ Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed
by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.
2523. Game-bag. Indians of Northwest coast. U.S. Exploring Expedi-
tion.
1473. Game-bag. Comanche Indians. Lieut. D. N. Couch, U.S. A.
2023. Game-bag of knit leather thongs. Dog-rib Indians. Fort Simpson,
B.C. KR. R. Ross.
2047. Hunting-bag of ‘‘babiche.” Fort Simpson, H. B. T. R. R. Ross.
2020. Hunting-bag made of ‘“babiche.” Dog-rib Indians. Fort Simpson,
Hy Bet. ihe Rs oss:
2551. Hunting-bag of ‘‘babiche.” Fort Rae Eskimos. Mackenzie’s River
district. Stratton Jones.
2498. Game-bag. Indians of Northwest coast. U. 8. Exploring Expedt-
tion.

Wrist-guards.

6927. Wrist-guard. Used in shooting with the bow. Kiowa Indians,
Fort Cobb, I. T. EE. Palmer.
5520. Wrist-guard. Apache Indians. Arizona, E. Palmer.

Optical imstrumemnts, &c.

Snow-goggles.

1651. Snow-blind. Anderson River Eskimos. R. MacFarlane.
10292. Snow-goggles.

1650, 2147, 2157. Snow-goggles. Anderson River Eskimos. R. MacFarlane,

5589. Ingaleet Eskimos. Yukon River, Alaska. W. H. Dall.
5579. Mahlemut Eskimos. Lower Yukon, Alaska. *

10200. Snow-goggles.

Telescopes.
Field-glasses, &e.
Water-telescopes.
26384. Water-telescope. U.S. Fish Commission.
Used in examination of submarine objects.
Compasses.
26682. Hunter’s compass. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con-
tributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.
Seales.
26681. Scales. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed by
Forest & Stream Publishing Company.
Game and fish baskets and slings.
Wallets for lines and other tackle.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 167

Medical outfit.
Medicine-chests.
Hunter’s and fishermen’s flasks.
26684. Flasks. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N.Y. Contributed by
Forest & Stream Publishing Company.
Artificial lights.

Lanterns for camp and ship use.!
Torches.

'See under Sight decoys above, p. 141,

SHCTIOR: «2.

et eee =

METHODS OF PREPARATION.
I. PREPARATION AND PRESERVATION OF FOOD.

1. PRESERVATION DURING LIFE. (see under &, 3).
2. PRESERVATION OF FRESH MEATS.
Refrigerators.
Ice-boxes and refrigerators.
——. Allegretti iceberg-refrigerator. Allegretti Refrigerator Company,

[New York.
. Allegretti refrigerator show-case. - ic

Banta refrigerator.
Banta horizontal refrigerator.
——. Banta refrigerator show-case. Procéss patented July 1, 1867. G.
A. Banta, New York City.
—. Zero refrigerator. Alexander M. Lesley, New York.

Refrigerator-cars.

(Accessory.) The ice-trade:
Ice cutting and handling apparatus.
Methods of manufacturing artificial ice.
Ice-houses.

Other accessories of preservation.
Meat-hooks.

Skewers, &c.
Carving-tools.
3. PRESERVATION BY DRYING.
Sun-drying apparatus,
Beach dryers.
Flake-drying:
Newtoundland flakes.

Massachusetts flakes.

12495. Codfish-flake (with covers). Model. Coast of Maine. E. Skillings,
Portland, Me.
168

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 169
Smoke-drying apparatus.

Herring smoke-houses.
12105. Model of smoke-house used in preparation of herring (Clupea haren-
gus). Lubec, Me. U.S. Fish Commission.
121054. Model of smoke-house ted in preparation of salmon (Salmo salar).
Lubec, Me. U.S. Fish Commission.

Halibut smoke-houses.

Sturgeon smoke-houses.

Aboriginal drying-houses.

Methods of drying haliotis, used by the Indians of California.

4, PRESERVATION BY CANNING AND PICKLING.

Salting fish.

Knives (see under B, 2).
Scaling apparatus.

26039. Kelsey & Hosmer’s fish-dresser. Sandusky, Ohio. Patented Sept.
15, 1873. Kelsey & Hosmer, Sandusky, Ohio.

Tables, tubs, &e.
Barrels.

25750. Model of D. D. Parmalee’s Waukegan fishery. J. W. Milner.
This model shows in miniature all the apparatus employed in
cleaning and salting down the lake whitefish.

(Accessory.) Salt:
Specimens of the salts used in preserving fish.
Model of salt-mills used on Cape Cod in former days.

Extensively used in the first half of the present century in obtaining salt
by evaporation of sea-water. Their remains are found on Cape Cod
and Nantucket.

25706. Model of salt-works. Nantucket, Mass. W. H. Chase, 2d.

Canning meats.

Model of salmon-canning establishment.
Model of sardine-factory.
(Accessory.) Cotton-oil, and its manufacture.
Model of lobster-canning factory.

26583. Model of Johnson & Young’s lobster-house. Warren bridge, near
Fitchburg depot. Johnson & Young, Boston, Mass.

This model shows the factory with its vats for steaming the
lobsters, the wharf, and the derricks used in handling the
lobsters. It is accompanied by models of lobster-smack, and
of the principal forms of lobster-nets; catalogued elsewhere.

Model of oyster-canning factory.

170 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.
5. PREPARATION OF BAITS.
Bait-mills, knives, choppers, &c. (see, also, under B, 2 and 3),

26011. Voss’ improved bait-mill. (Patented January 17, 1876.) <A. Voss,
Gloucester, Mass.

Bait-tubs, vats, &c.

II. MANUFACTURE OF TEXTILE, FABRICS, FELTS,
AND STUFFINGS.
6. PREPARATION OF WOOL AND HAIR OF MAMMALS.
Preparation of wool cloths.

Washing.

Shearing.
Stapling or assorting.
Scouring.

Combing, carding, and plucking.
Spinning and reeling.

Weaving.

IFulling and teazling.

Cropping.

D
Pressing.
Weaving worsted cloths.

Feiting and the hat manufacture.
Bowing.
Pressing.
Stopping.
Rolling off.
Shaping.
Preparation of curled hair for stuffings.
7. PREPARATION OF WHALEBONE.
Preparation of stuffinmgs.
8. PREPARATION OF FEATHERS.
Preparation of down for stuffings.
Preparation of feather fabrics.
Preparation of “brillantine.”’

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 171

Preparation of, or flockimg for wall-paper, from
refuse quills.

Preparation of fibers for manufacture of plush car-
pets.

9. PREPARATION OF SILK OF INSECTS.
Preparation of silk of silk-worms.

Boiling the cocoons.
Reeling.

Spinning.

Dyeing.

Weaving.

10. PREPARATION OF SOFT PARTS OF OTHER INVERTEBRATES.

Preparation of silk from byssus of Pinna.
Preparation of spomge stuffimg.

II. PREPARATION OF Ma AND ITS APPEND-

11. CURRYING OF LEATHER.
Processes of currying.

Dipping.

Graining.
Scraping.
Dressing.

Implements employed by curriers,.

“ Head-knives.”

“ Pommels,”
‘“Stretching-irons.”

“ Round-knives.”
“Cleaners.”
‘¢Maces.”

“Horses” or trestles.
“ Dressers.”

“ Treading-hurdles.”

Eskimo and Indiam currying methods and impie-
ments.

Methods of dressing gut and simew.

172 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.
12. LEATHER DRESSING.
Processes of tanning leather.
Soaking.
Liming.
Tanning.
Processes of tawing or oil-dressing leather.
Soaking.
Liming.
Oiling.
Apparatus of leather-dressing, recent and aboriginal.

13. FUR-DRESSING.

Processes of fur-dressing.
Currying. (See under 12.)
Scouring.

Tanning.
Lustering.
Plucking and dyeing.

14. FEATHER-DRESSING.

Method of preparing ornamental feathers.
Scouring.
Bleaching.
Washing.
Azuring.
Sulphuring.
Scraping.
Dyeing.

(Art of plumagery.)
15. MANUFACTURE OF QUILL ARTICLEY.

Manufacture of quills for pens.

Sand-bath drying and steaming.

Polishing. /

Dyeing.

Shaping.
Manufacture of tooth-picks.
Manufacture of floats and other articles.
Manufacture of quill brush-bristles.

16. HATR AND WOOL WORK.

.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 173

VI. PREPARATION OF HARD TISSUES.

17. IVORY CUTTING AND CARVING.
MEarmufacture of hamdies, trimkets, billiard-balls, &c.

Turning and sawing.
Polishing.
Bleaching.

Manufacture of organ and piano keys.

Sawing.
Strip-sawing.
Polishing.
Bleaching. &e.

Other processes.
18. PREPARATION OF HORN AND HOOF.!

Steaming.'
Pressing.!

19. PREPARATION OF WHALEBONE:.!
Cutting and other processes.!
Manufacture of whipomakers’ stock and whips.
Manufacture of wmbreliasmakers’ bome.
Manufacture of ribbom-weavers’ bone.
Manufacture of hat and bommet makers’ bone.
Manufacture of suspemder=-matkers’ bome.
Manufacture of stock-makers’ bome.
Manufacture of dress and stay makers’ bome.
Manufacture of billiard-table cushions.
Manufacture of surgical imstrumen*(ts.
Manufacture of whalebone brushes.
Manufacture of rosettes, woven work, ard trinkets.

1These processes are aileeie ited in part by the specimens, showing the horn, whale-
bone, and tortoise-shell, in various stages of preparation, exhibited in Section D.

174 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES,

Other whalebone manufactures.
20. PREPARATION OF TORTOISE-SHELL.!
21. PREPARATION OF FISH-SCALE WORK.
22. PREPARATION OF NACRE.
23. PREPARATION OF CORAL.

24, PREPARATION OF OTHER HARD TISSUES.

Y. OILS AND GELATINES.

25. HXTRACTION OF WHALE-OIL (WITH MODELS OF TRY-WORKS,
CLARIFYING-VATS, ETC.).

Preparation of body-oil.

Cutting in and stowing
Leaning and mincing.
Trying.

Bailing.

Cooling.

Barreling.

Refining.

Preparation of head-oil.

Preparation of spermaceti.

imstruments and appliances of rendering whale-oil.

Boarding-knives,?

Leaning-knives.?

Mincing-horse and mincing-knives.
Mincing-tub.

Mincing-machine,

Blubber-fork.*

‘These processes are illustrated in part by the specimens, showing the horn, whale-
bone, and tortoise-shell, in various stages of preparation, exhibited in Section D,

* Arranged with the knives,

‘Arranged with the hooks,

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 175

Instruments and appliances of remdering whale-oil.

Try-pots.

25013. Model of whaler’s try-works. Capt. L. W. Howland, New Bedford,

bo bb bo
aon

Mass.

This model is accompanied by miniature models of all the implements
used in trying out the blubber, viz:

. Fire-pike.

. Stirring-pole.
. Scrap-hopper.
. Skimmer.

. Bailer.

- Cooler.

. Deck-pot.

. Casks.

SAQA, ,6 Ao lk

6. EXTRACTION OF OTHER MAMMAL OILS.
. EXTRACTION OF BIRD AND REPTILE OILS.
. EXTRACTION OF FISH-OILS (WITH MODELS OF BOILERS, PRESSES,

CLARIFYING-VATS, ETC.).

26899. Model of menhaden oil factory. Owned by Jos. Church & Co.
Joseph Lawler, Bristol, Me.

The factory is the most elaborate of the sixty or more on the coast of

New England and the Middle States, and is 160 feet in length by 40 in

width.

29. EXTRACTION OF GLUE, GELATINE, AND ISINGLASS.

VI. DRUGS, PERFUMES, AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS.

30.
31.
32.
33.
34,
3D.
36,
37.
38.
39.
40.

41,
42.

43

44,

MANUFACTURE OF PERFUMES.

MANUFACTURE OF IVORY-BLACK.

MANUFACTURE OF PRUSSIATES.

MANUFACTURE OF MUREXIDES.

PREPARATION OF COCHINEAL COLORS.
MANUFACTURE OF INKS FROM ANIMAL SUBSTANCES.
PREPARATION OF ALBUMEN.

MANUFACTURE
MANUFACTURE
MANUFACTURE
MANUFACTURE
MANUFACTURE
MANUFACTURE
MANUFACTURE
MANUFACTURE

Or
OF
O
OF
OF
O

|

=

yj

OF

oO

es)

PEPSIN.

PHOSPHORUS.

SAL AMMONTAGC.

AMMONTA.

ALBUMEN PREPARATIONS,
PROPYLAMINE.

FORMIC ACID.
CARBAZOTATES.

176 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

VIL. MANUFACTURE OF FERTILIZERS.
45. PREPARATION OF GUANO.

Model of fish-guano works.
Grinders and pulverizers.
Mixers.
25822. Model of guano-mixer. Patented April 27, 1867. Poole and Hunt,
Baltimore, Md.

This mixer is employed in the fish-guano works for the purpose of
thoroughly mixing the fish-scrap with the mineral phosphates and sul-
phurie acid.

Guano in its various stages, with its ingredients, South Carolina phos-
phates, Navassa phosphates, scrap (crude and dried), sulphuric acid,
kainite, screened and unsereened guano, and sea-weed used in prepara-
tion: a full series of these is exhibited in the case of Guanos.

VIII. LIMES.

46. BURNING OF LIME.

Models of kilms for burming shells.

IX. PRESERVATION OF THE ANIMAL FOR SCIENTIFIC
USES.

47. APPARATUS FOR MAKING AND PRESERVING ALCOHOLIC SPECI-
MENS.

Tanks and jars.

Agassiz collecting-tank,

Army collecting tanks

Museum storage-tai_k, Agassiz model.
Anatomical jars.

Self-sealing jars used in collecting.
Vials,

Svringes for imjectimg.
Inflatable bags.
Preservative mixtures.

AJeohol.
Glycerine.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES QF UNITED STATES. 177

Preservative mixtures.

Carbolie acid.
Chloral hydrate.
Picric acid.
Osmic acid.

Labels.

Metallic labels.
Parchment labels.
Indelible ink, pencils, &e.

48. APPARATUS FOR PRESERVING AND MAKING SKELETONS.

Preparation of the bones.

Macerating-vats.
Boiling-vats.
Cleaning and bleaching preparation.

Mounting of the bones.

Scraping-tools.
Articulanng-tools.

49. APPARATUS FOR MAKING CASTS. MODELING.

Materials.

Clays.

Plasters.

Glues.

Papier-maché and. carton-pierre.
Gelatine.

Paraffine.

Collodion.

This apparatus and material is in constant use by the assistants in tho

National Museum and the Fish Commission. It is thought scarcely nec-
essary to exhibit it.

Frames and modeling tools.

Molds:

Of plaster.
Of gelatine.
Of paper.
Of paraffine.

Bull. N. M. No, 1412

178 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

50. APPARATUS AND METHODS OF MAKING AND MOUNTING SKINS,
TAXIDERM\.
Tools.

Flaying-tools.

Scraping-tools.

Taxidermists’ tools for stuffing :
Forceps.
Pliers.

Preservatives and insect-powders.

Arsenic and arsenical soap.
Corrosive sublimate.

Salt, alum, &e.

Persian insect-powder.

Tobacco, snuff, used as preservatives.

Frames, &c.

Wooden frames.
Wire frames. é
Plaster model-bodies.

51. (ACCESSORY.) PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OTHER DELINEATING APPA-
RATUS.

Photographic apparatus.

Lenses.
Cameras and fittings.
Camera tripods and stands, with model.
Fish Commission stands.
—. Model of Fish Commission ecamera-stand. U.S. Fish Commission.

This stand is employed in taking photographs of large fishes. It
enabling the photographer to operate his camera vertically.

Plates, and their results:
Wet plates.
Dry plates.
Dark closets.

Camera-obscuras.
Mechanical delineators.
Methods of heliotyping and engraving illustrations.

SHCPTION, D,

ANIMAL PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICA-
TIONS.

LS EOO DS:

1. Foops IN A FRESD CONDITION.

This section includes specimens of the marketable animals in a fresh
condition in refrigerators.

The following species of fish were exhibited in the Allegretti
and Banta refrigerators in the Government building from May 10 to
November 10, by Mr. E. G. Blackford, of New York City.

Fishes (eastern coast):

Rabbit-fish ( Tetrodon laevigatus).

Bur-fish (Chilomycterus geometricus).

File-fish (Balistes capriscus).

Long-tailed file-fish (Alutera cuspicauda).
Orange file-fish (Ceratacanthus aurantiacus).
American sole (Achirus lineatus).

Flat-fish (Pseudoplewronectes americanus).
Flounder (Chanopsetta ocellaris).

Halibut (Hippoglossus vulgaris).

Pollack (Pollachius carbonarius).

Cod (Gadus morrhua).

Tom-cod or frost-fish (Microgadus tomcodus).
Haddock (Melanogrammus eglefinus).

Hake (Phycis chuss).

Striped sea-robin (Prionotus evolans).
Broad-fingered sea-robin (Prionotus carolinus).
Sea-raven (Hemitripterus americanus).
Wolf-fish (Anarrhichas lupus).

Tautog, or black-fish (Tautoga onitis), weight 224 pounds.
Chogset or cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus).
Parrot-fish (Pseudoscarus sp.).
Sergeant-major (Glyphidodon saxatilis).
Lump-fish (Cyclopterus lumpus).

Mackerel (Scomber scombrus).
179

180 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Fishes (eastern coast):

Bonito (Sarda pelamys).

Spanish mackerel (Cybiwm maculatum).

Cero (Cybium caballa).

Striped cero (Cybium regale).

Crevalle (Carangus hippos and Paratractus pisquetos).
Pompano (Trachynotus carolinus).

Big-eyed sead (Trachurops erumenophthalmus).
South Carolina rudder-fish (Seriola fasciata).
Silver-fish (Argyriosus vomer, &c.).
Thread-fish (Blepharis crinitus).

Dolphin (Coryphena Sueuri and C. punctulata).
Black rudder-fish (Palinurichthys perciformis).
Butter-fish (Poronotus triacanthus).

Short harvest-fish (Peprilus Gardenii).
Squirrel (Holocentrum sogo).

Squeteague (Cynoscion regalis).

Spotted squeteague or weak-fish (Cynoscion ORT OTIC)
Drum (Pogonias chromis).

Spot (Liostomus obliquus).

Red-fish, or spotted bass (Sciaenops ocellatus).
King-fish (Menticirrus nebulosus).

Croaker (Micropogon undulatus).

Sheeps-head (Archosargus probatocephalus).
Scuppaug, or porgy (Stenotomus argyrops).
Grunts (Hemylum arcuatum, &c.).

Red snapper (Lutjanus Blackfordii).

Grouper (Epinephelus striatus, E. apua, &e.).
Sea bass (Centropristis atrarius).

Striped bass or rock fish (Roceus lineatus).
White perch (Morone americana).

Moon-fish (Parephippus quadratus).

Triple-tail (Lobotes surinamensis).

Bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix).

Cobia (Llacate canadus).

Sucker-fish (Leptecheneis naucrateoides).
Striped mullet (Mugil lineatus).

Silver gar-fish (Belone longirostris).

Skipper (Scomberesox scutellatus).

Salmon (Salmo salar).

Tarpum (Megalops thrissoides).

Menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus).

Shad (Alosa sapidissima).

Alewife, or gaspereau (Pomolobus pseudoharengus).
Tailor herring (Pomolobus mediocris).

Herring (Clupea harengus).

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 181

Fishes (eastern coast) :

Mud shad (Dorosoma Cepedianum).

Sea cat-fish (Aelurichthys marinus).

Eel (Anguilla bostoniensis).

Sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus and. A. brevirostris).
Spoonbill (Polyodon folium).

Ray, or skate (Raia sp.).

Spotted-fin shark (Jsogomphodon maculipinnis).
Dog-tish (Mustelus levis).

Fishes (fresh waters):

Burbot, or lawyer (Lota maculosa).
Fresh-water drum (Haploidonotus grunniens).
Small-mouthed black bass (Micropterus salmoides).
Large-mouthed black bass (Micropterus pallidus).
Rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris).
Sun-fish (Pomotis aureus).
Yellow perch (Perca flavescens).

~ Yellow pike-perch (Stizostedium americanum).
White bass, or striped bass (occus chrysops).
Lake pike (Hsow lucius).
Masquallonge (sox nobilior).
Pickerel (Eso reticulatus).
Brook trout (of eastern slope), (Salvelmus fontinalis).
Lake trout (Salmo confinis).
Salmon trout, or Mackinaw trout (Cristivomer namaycush).
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).
Sebago salmon (Salmo salar var. sebago).

_ White-fish (Coregonus albus).
Lake herring (Argyrosomus harengus and A. clwupeiformis).
Michigan grayling (Thymallus tricolor).
Moon-eye (Hyodon tergisus).
Suckers (Catostomus teres and Pt, yehostomus aureolus).
Buffalo fish (Bubalichthys bubalus).
Shiner (Stilbe americana).
Catfishes (Amiurus catus, A. nigricans, &c.).

Fishes (western coast):

Salmon (Salmo quinnat).
Mussels.

Clams.

Crabs.

Lobsters.

Squid.

‘182 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

2. FooDS: DRIED AND SMOKED.

Mammal preparations.

Jerked bear-meat.
Jerked seal and walrus meat (Indian).

11435. Dried (jerked) flesh of harbor seal (Phoca vitulina). Prepared by the
Passamaquoddy Indians. Eastport, Me. E, Palmer.

Jerked and smoked buffalo-meat.

14281. Dried (jerked) flesh of buffalo (Bison americanus), as prepared for
hunters’ use. Wyoming. IF. V. Hayden, U. 8. Geologist.

10917. Dried (jerked) flesh of buffalo (Bison americanus), Prepared by Sioux
Indians. Army Medical Museum,

Dried and smoked beef.
Dried and smoked venison.
Hams of various kinds.
Jerked porpoise-meat (Indian).
11436. Dried (jerked) flesh of harbor porpoise (Phocaena brachycion). Pre-

pared by the Passamaquoddy Indians of Eastern Maine. Eastport,
Me. E. Palmer.

Jerked squirrels and other small mammals.
Pemmican.

12238. Pemmican of dried flesh of buffalo (Bison americanus), with buffalo-
skin case. Prepared for hunters’ use. Western Plains. Army
Medical Museum.

Meat-biscuit, desiccated meat, meat extract (extractum carnis),
desiccated and condensed milk, &e.

29524. Valentine’s preparation of meat juice. M, L. Valentine, Richmond,

Va.
29525. Valentine’s meat juice and glycerine, (Meat juice 1 part, glycerine
3 parts. )

29358. Condensed milk. The Gail Borden Eagle brand (made in 1876).
New York Condensed Milk Company, New York.

29360. Borden’s pure cocoa (in combination with refined sugar and Borden’s
condensed milk), New York Condensed Milk Company, New York.

29359. Borden’s meat-biscuit (made in 1851). Composed of pure juce or
extract of beef combined with wheat-flour. New York Condensed
Milk Company.

29361. Borden’s extract of beef (made in 1876). Prepared by the Borden
Meat Preserving Company, Colorado County, Texas. Concen-
trated in vacuo, New York Condensed Milk Company.

(Borden’s extract of beef consists of the juices of lean meat concentrated
in vacuo at a low degree of heat, by which process it is claimed the burnt
taste and smell, objected to in other beef extracts, are avoided.)

4915. Condensed raw beef (pulverized). Prepared by the National Pre-
serving Company, Baltimore.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES,

Mammal preparations.

Sausages.
Cheese.
See in exhibition of Agricultural Department.

Bird preparations.

Jerked birds (Indian).

Reptile preparations.

Dried lizards (Indian).

Fish preparations.

Smoked halibut.
Dried cod, haddock, hake, &e.

183

26750. Alden’s vapor-cured, snow-flaked, fresh codfish. E. G. Blackford.

Dried and smoked mullet and roes.
Dried and smoked garfish, flying-fish, &c.
Smoked herring, alewives, &c., and their roes.

12130. Smoked No. 1 herrings (Clupea harengus). Eastport,Me. D.'T. Odell.
12131. Smoked ‘‘ Magdalena” ee (Clupea harengus). Eastport, Me.

D. T. Odell.
12129. Smoked “scaled” herrings (Clupea harengus). Eastport, Me.
Odell.

D. T.

26552-3-4. Smoked herring (Clupea harengus). Eastport, Me. Griffin Bros.

Smoked salmon, oulachan, white-fish, smelt, &c., and their roes.

12121. Smoked white-fish (Coregonus albus). Lake Erie. Schacht & Bros.,

Sandusky, Ohio.

11608. Smoked flesh of the quinnat salmon (Salmo quinnat). Prepared by
the McCloud River Indians. Shasta County, California. Living-

ston Stone.

12122. Smoked sturgeon (Acipenser rubicundus). Lake Erie. Schacht &

Bros., Sandusky, Ohio.

19646. Dried flesh of trout (Salmo, sp.). Used as food by the Ahgy Pi-Ute

Indians of Walker Lake, Nevada. Stephen Powers.

19353. Dried eggs of quinnat salmon (Salmo quinnat). Prepared by the

McCloud River Indians. Shasta, Cal. Livingston Stone.

11049. Dried eggs of quinnat salmon (Salmo quinnat). Prepared for food by

the Bannack Indians.

21716. Flour made from flesh of quinnat salmon (Salmo quinnat) by the

McCloud River Indians of California. Livingston Stone.

21712. Basket of dried salmon (Salmo quinnat). Prepared for food by the
McCloud River Indians. Shasta County, California. Livingston

Stone.

25284. Dried flesh of salmon (Salmo, sp.). Prepared by the Sitka Indians

of Alaska. Alaska. J. G. Swan.

12132. Dried flesh of the quinnat salmon (Salmo quinnat). “Used as food by

the McCloud River Indians. California. Livingston Stone.

184 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Fish preparations.

13752. Dried eggs of quinnat salmon (Salmo quinnat). Used as food by the
McCloud River Indians. California. Shasta County, California.
Livingston Stone.

21187. Eggs of “herring” (sp. incog.). Used as food by Sitka Indians.
Collected by them upon branches of hemlock (Abies Mertensiana),
planted in shallow water, upon the spawning grounds of the fish.
Sitka, Alaska. J. G. Swan.

Smoked sturgeon.
Veziga, prepared from the notochord of sturgeon.

Insects.
Dried grasshoppers (Indian).

25314. Grasshoppers. Dried for food by the Indians of Southern California.
E. Palmer.

Worms.

Dried worms (Indian).

Mollusk preparations.

Dried abalones (Haliotis) prepared by the California Chinese.
Dried siphons of Schizotherus prepared by the Indians of the North-
west coast.

Dried slugs (Lima, &c.), used by Indians,

Radiate preparations.

ie jans. & bé ” i
?
(Dried holothurians, “ béches de mer,” used by Chinese.)

Protozoans.

(“Mountain meal,” a kind of infusorial earth, mixed with flour, and
used as food in Lapland and China.)

3. FooDS: SALTED, CANNED, AND PICKLED,

Mammal preparations.

Salted buffalo-meat.

Salted beef!

Salted deer, reindeer, elk.

Salted tongues of beef, buffalo, deer, horse.t
Salted pork.!

Canned milk of the various brands.

‘See above, p. 163,

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 185

Bird preparations.

Canned turkey.
Canned meats.

24918. Fresh turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). Wm. Underwood & Co., Boston,
[ Mass.
24932. Deviled turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). ee fe
26644. Cumberland roast turkey (star brand). Portland Packing Company,
Portland, Me.

Canned chicken.
Canned goose.

Reptile preparations.

Salted and canned turtles and turtle soup.
Canned frogs.

26751. Alden fresh green turtle. Prepared by Alden Sea Food Company.
Sold by Lynn Manufacturing Company, New York. Presented by
E. G. Blackford, New York.

Fish preparations.

Salted halibut, halibut fins, &e.

25271. Preserved fresh halibut (Hippoglossus vulgaris), Wm. Underwood
& Co., Boston, Mass.

Salted cod, cod’s tongues, sounds, and roe.

24923. Fresh codfish (Gadus morhua), Wm. Underwood & Co., Boston, Mass,
25273. Fresh haddock (Melanogrammus ceglefinus). ** ss

Salted mackerel.
Salted Spanish mackerel.

26650. Fresh Seguin mackerel (star brand). Portland Packing Company,
Portland, Me.

25855-60. Canned mackerel (Scomber scombrus). Kemp, Day & Co., New
York.

24922. Fresh mackerel (Scomber scombrus), Wm, Underwood & Co., Boston,
Mass.

Salted bluefish.
Salted pompano.
Salted sword-fish.
Salted mullets.
Salted salmon.

24924. Fresh salmon (Salmo salar). Wm. Underwood & Co., Boston, Mass.
26557. Pickled salmon (Salmo).

26755. Fresh Columbia River salmon, Brookfield, Columbia River, W. T.
J. G. Megler & Co.
—. Canned salmon. A. Booth & Co., Chicago, Ill.

186 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Fish preparations.
Salted salmon.

26756, Fresh Columbia River salmon. Brookfield, W.T. J. G. Megler & Co.

26757. Fresh Columbia River salmon. Brookfield, Columbia River, W. T.
J. G. Megler & Co.

26803. Spring salmon bellies (salted), Oregon Packing Company, Port-
land, Oreg.

26747. Cook’s Columbia River fresh salmon, Oregon Packing Company.

Canned menhaden, in oil, “‘ American sardines.”

16609. ‘‘American sardines.” Prepared “aVhuile” from the menhaden (Bre-
voortia tyrannus). American Sardine Company, New York.

16702. Cornish sardines (& Vhuile), first quality. Prepared by Fox & Fryer,
Falmouth and Nevagissy, Cornwall, from the pilchard (Clupea
pilchardus).

16680. ‘‘American boneless sardines.” Prepared in olive oil from the men-
haden (Brevoortia tyrannus). Process patented May 21, 1872.
American Sardine Company, New York.

15516. “Shadines.” Prepared from the menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus),
Port Monmouth Fishery, New York. Hooper & Coit, New York,

(Spiced lampreys) used in Europe.
Anchovy-sauce and “essence of anchovies.”
Canned menhaden, in oil, * American club-fish.”
Spiced menhaden, ‘ocean trout.”

—. Ocean trout. Hoope & Coit, Port Monmouth, N. J.

Salted herring.

26748. Quoddy River herring (salted). Griffin Bros., Eastport, Me. Pre-
sented by E. G. Blackford, New York.

Salted anchovies.

26565-68 ‘““Krauter anchovies, Christiania.” New York, Eagle Preserved
26571-72 Fish Company.
26559, Anchovies.

Canned herring, in oil, “Russian sardines.”

26562. Russian sardines.
26563-26570. ‘ Russische Sardinen.” Adlerbrand. Primaqualitat. ‘‘Reval.”
New York. Eagle Preserved Fish Company.

Caviare, prepared from roe of the various sturgeons.

12129, Caviare. Prepared from the eggs of the lake sturgeon (Acipenser
rubicundus). Lake Erie. Schacht & Bros., Sandusky, Ohio.

26558. Caviare.

26635. American caviare,. Max Ams, New York.

26634. Prime Russian caviare. (Patented Nov. 9, 1875.) H. Dittman,
Hamburg. Max Ams, New York.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 187

Fish preparations.
Pickled fish preparations.

26555. Pickled eels (Anguilla bostoniensis).

26633. American eels (pickled eels). Max Ams, New York.

26636. ‘Hamburger aale” (cans) (pickled eels). Max Ams, New York.

26630. ‘‘ Hamburger aale” (pickled eels in jelly). Max Ams, New York.

26631. “‘Hamburger aale” (whole eels rolled and pickled with olives,
capers, and mushrooms). Max Ams, New York.

26629. Hamburger aale (boxes). Max Ams, New York.

26632. Hamburger aale. G. Dittman, Hamburg. Max Ams, New York.

Extract of fish.

26749, Extract of fish. Made from the juices of the flesh of fishes (men-
haden). S. L. Goodale, Saco, Me.

Preparations of mollusks.

Canned clams.

Canned Little Neck clams.

Canned scollops.

Cockles (Cardium edule), used in Europe as pickles and catsup.
See supplementary catalogue of Invertebrates.

4, GELATINES.
Mammal gelatimes (sce, also, under 24)

Gelatines made from tanners refuse and from sinews.
Gelatines made from feet and hoofs.
Gelatines made from bone and ivory shavings.

Bird gelatines.

(Nests of esculent swallows (Calocalia esculenta, C. fuciphaga, C. in-
difica, &c.), exported from Indian Archipelago to China.)

Fish gelatines or isimgiass (see, also, under 24),
Insect gelatine.

Gelatine from cocoons of silk-worms.
5. BAITS AND FOODS FOR ANIMALS,
Prepared baits. (See under B, 45.)
Food for domesticated animals.

Oil-factory scraps.
Fish-seraps.
Cuttle-fish bone (see under 18).

188 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

IT (LOREEN.

6. Furs (embracing the furs in their rough state (peltries), and in the
various stages of preparation; also the manufactured articles, such
as robes, rugs, cloaks, sacks, tippets, cuffs, muffs, hats, caps, gloves,
trimmings, and linings).

Marmimal furs.

Puma (Felis concolor), used for carriage-robes, rugs, &c.
H. 67. Missouri. C. A. Herpich & Co.

Ocelot (Felis pardalis) used for rugs.
12509. Texas. Smithsonian Institution.

Jaguar (Felis onca), used for rugs.

——. Texas. Smithsonian Institution.

Cat (Felis domestica), used for robes and philosophical apparatus :
Black cat.
White cat.
Maltese cat.
Tortoise-shell cat.

H. 64. Natural. United States. C. A. Herpich & Co.
H. 65. Dyed brown. United States. C. A. Herpich & Co.

Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis), used for rugs and trimmings and
dyed muffs, boas, Xe.
24754. Labrador, G. R. Renfrew & Co., Quebec.
Bay lynx (Lynx rufus), used for rugs, and, when dyed, muffs and
boas.

H. 61. Natural. Minnesota. C. A. Herpich & Co,

H. 62. Dyed brown. Kansas. +
H. 63. Dyed black, Ҥ s
H. 59. Dyed black. =
H. 60. Dyed brown. ES

Eskimo dog (Canis sp.), used for rugs, &e.
24756. Labrador. G. R. Renfrew & Co., Quebec.

Wolf (Canis lupus), used for lining rugs and robes.

12508. Black variety.
H. 75. Gray variety. Kansas. C. A. Herpich & Co.
24753. Labrador. G. R. Renfrew & Co., Quebec.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 189

Mammal furs.

Coyote or prairie-wolf (Canis latrans), used for rugs and robes.

H. 75. Colorado. C. A. Herpich & Co.
1014. Smithsonian Institution.

Red fox (Vulpes fulvus) used for robes.
24757. Labrador. G. R. Renfrew & Co., Quebec.
H. 34. Connecticut. C. A. Herpich & Co.
H. 35. Indiana. cS
H. 3. Missouri. es
Silver fox (Vulpes alopex, var. argentatus), used for muffs and trim-
mings.
24759. Labrador. G.R. Renfrew & Co., Quebec.

Cross fox (Vulpes alopex, var. decussatus), used for robes and trim-
mings.
24758. Labrador. G. R. Renfrew & Co., Quebec.
H. 30. Montana. C. A. Herpich & Co.
Arctic fox ( Vulpes lagopus).

24760. Labrador. G. R. Renfrew & Co., Quebec.
H. 29. White Arctic. C. A. Herpich & Co.
H. 28. Blue Labrador. a

Kit fox (Vulpes velox) used for robes, muffs, trimmings.
H. 37. Nebraska. C. A. Herpich & Co.

Gray fox (Urocyon virginianus), used for robes, rugs, and linings.

H. 32. Michigan. C. A. Herpich & Co.
H. 33. North Corolina. ss

American or Hudson’s Bay sable (Mustela americana), used for
cloaks, muffs, cuffs, boas, linings, &e.

4393. Summer Arctic coast. B. R. Ross.
10176. Alaska. Lieut. F. M. Ring.
4389. Arctic coast, B. R. Ross.
460. Fort Boise, M. T. Dr. Geo. Suckley.
24764, Orange. Labrador. G. R. Renfrew & Co., Quebec.

24763. Silver. 6c ‘ “
24762. Black. ‘“ “ “
H. 25. Labrador. Smithsonian Institution.

H. 25. N. W. coast. 66 “

H. 26. Lake Superior. ‘ “

H. 27. Maine. “ “

Fisher or pekan (Mustela Pennanti) used for linings; tails used for
trimmings.
3230. Fort Crook, Oreg. Capt. Gardiner.
1008. Fort Dalles, Oreg. Dr. Geo. Suckley.
2000. Steilacoom, Wash. oe
1009. Fort Dalles, Oregon. zs
24761. Black. Labrador. G. R. Renfrew & Co., Quebec.

190 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.
Mamoonal furs.

Ermine or weasal (Putorius erminea) of northern hemisphere, used
for cloaks, linings, &e.

24765. Labrador. G. R. Renfrew & Co., Quebec.
H. 39. (5 specimens.) United States. C. A. Herpich & Co.

Mink (Putorius vison), used for cloaks and muffs.

4395. Arctic coast. B. R. Ross.
350. California, Lt. Trowbridge.
3568. Puget Sound. Dr.. Kennerly.
2387. Cape Flattery, Wash. Dr. Geo. Suckley.
24766. Brown. Labrador. G. R. Renfrew & Co., Quebec.
H. 18. New York. C. A. Herpich & Co.

H. 19. Minnesota. oe
H. 20. Ohio. ee
H. 22. Maine. a:
H. 22. Missouri. as
H. 23. Florida. Ae

Wolverine (Gulo luscus), used for muffs, robes, linings.

24767. Labrador. G. R. Renfrew & Co., Quebec.
11339. Filmore, Utah. Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler.
4379. Fort Simpson, H. B. T. Robt. Kennicott.

American badger (Taxidea americana), used for muffs and rugs.

26609. Sonthern Utah. U.S. Engineer Corps.
H. 70. United States. C. A. Herpich & Co.

Skunk, Alaska sable (Mephitis mephitica), used for muffs, boas, &c.

81. Washington, D.C. 8S. F. Baird.
H. 7. Black. Ohio. C. A. Herpich & Co.
H. 8. Half-striped. Pennsylvania, C. A. Herpich & Co.
H. 9. Striped. Connecticut. +e
H. 10. White. Missouri. Ss

Striped skunk (Spilogale zorilla).

11136. Marsh Valley. Dr. F. V. Hayden.

Otter (Lutra canadensis), with specimens of the plucked and dyed
fur, used for muffs, trimmings, &e.

25803. White River. Puget Sound. Dr. George Suckley.
24768. Labrador. G. R. Renfrew & Co., Quebec.
25752. Dressed by G. C. Treadwell & Co., Albany, N. Y.
25753. sy >
25763. P
H. 41. Natural. Maine. C. A. Herpich & Co.
H. 42. Natural. Plucked. Canada. C. A. Herpich & Co.
H. 43. Natural. Plucked and dyed. New York. C, A. Herpich & Co,

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 191

Mammal furs.

Sea otter (Hnhydra marina), used for muffs, gloves, collars, cufts,

trimmings.
12262. St. Paul’s Island, Alaska. H. W. Elliott.
12265. t « a
12263. «“ “ «
H. 44. California. C. A. Herpich & Co.

H. 45.

Silver tipped. California. C. A. Herpich & Co.

Black bear (Ursus americanus), used for caps, rugs, muffs, robes, &e.

BQWWQWISD

go 5

on

i)

19904-
12507.
i

Dn

SS

NaN S

ewer

Labrador. G. R. Renfrew & Co. neuchee:
“ce 66

Minnesota.

Kansas.

. West Virginia.

. White bear (Thalarctos maritimus), used for rugs, robes; extensively
by the Eskimos.

5. Grizzly bear ( Ursus horribilis), used for rugs, robes, Sannin

Raccoon (Procyon lotor), used for hats, linings:
Natural. Northern New York. C. A. Herpich & Co.

Natural. Ohio. <
Natural. Virginia. §s
Natural, plucked. Wisconsin, 4s
Dyed black. Michigan. no

Dyed black and silver pointed. Michigan. C. A. Herpich & Co.

Fur seal (Callirhinus ursinus) used for cloaks, hats, gloves, muffs,
linings, trimmings, &e.

12513-14-15-16-17-18. St. Paul’s Island, Alaska. H. W. Elliott.

9526. Unplucked. Hutchinson, Kohl & Co., San Francisco, Cal.
9527. Unplucked. Alaska. Hutchinson, Kohl & Co.
25757. Unplucked. Prybilov Islands, Alaska. Hutchinson, Kohl & Co.
25758. London dye. Alaska. C. A. Herpich & Co.
H. 93. ce cc ce
22233. Unplucked. Alaska. G.C. Treadwell & Co., Albany, N. Y.
22234. Plucked. South Sea. ee £
26610. Unplucked pelt of furseal. Alaska.
26611. Plucked ae of
26612. Plucked and dressed pelt of fur seal. Alaska.
26613. Plucked and dyed pelt of fur seal. Alaska. Alaska Commercial

Company.

Antarctic fur-seal (Arctocephalus aucklandicus), &e.

25762.

Dressed by G. C. Treadwell & Co. Islos de Diego Ramires.

ee a South Georgia Islands.
“c “cc “cs

me se Staten Land, South Atlantic.
As ne South Shetland Islands.

“ “cc “6

“cc “ce cc

26804.5-6-7. Deposited by Duryea & Hallet, Rahway, N. J.

192 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Maimimal furs.
Banded seal ( Histriophoca equestris), used by Eskimos as far.

7580. (Bag). Cape Romanzoff. W. H. Dall.

Square flipper seal (Hrignathus barbatus).

12422. Labrador. Governor of Newfoundland.

Pacific hair seal (Phoca Richardi ?).

H. 89. White coat. Pacific. C. A. Herpich & Co.
H. 90. White coat, silver pointed. Pacific. C. A. Herpich & Co.

Hood or bladder-nose seal (Cystophora cristata).

12424. Young. Labrador. Governor of Newfoundland.
12425. Bedlamer (1 year old). Labrador. Governor of Newfoundland.
12423. Labrador. Governor of Newfoundland.

Harp seal (Pagophilus grenlandicus), with specimens of the white
fur of the unborn cub and the blue fur of the young.

11828. Unborn. Newfoundland. Michael Carroll.

12427. Labrador. Governor of Newfoundland.

12421. Young. Labrador. Governor of Newfoundland.
12426. Bedlamer. ‘‘ ss cr
13134. Sack made from white fur, Greenland. S. F. Baird.

Hair seal (Phoca vitulina), used for coats, caps, linings for shoes.

24771. Labrador. G. R. Renfrew & Co., Quebec.
H. 91. Dyed black, Halifax. C. A. Herpich & Co.
H. 92. Dyed brown. < ss

Bison, or buffalo (Bison americanus) used for rugs and robes.

H. 82. Full furred winter.
H. 83. Fallrobe. Montana, C, A. Herpich & Co.

H. 84. Summerrobe. ‘ *
H. 85. Indian painted. ‘ bs
H. 86. Yearling calf. -
H. 87. Medium ealf. “s ts
H. 88. Small calf. a6 “

Musk ox (Ovibos moschatus) used for robes, rugs, and trimmings.

12520. Hudson’s Bay Territory.
12519. Calf. Hudson’s Bay Territory.

Mountain sheep (Ovis montana).
H. 80. Montana, C. A. Herpich & Co,
_ Antelope (Antilocapra americana).

H. 81. Indian Territory, C,. A. Herpich & Co,

te

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES, 193

Miamonal furs
Elk (Cervus canadensis), used for rugs and robes.
H. 78. Montana. C. A. Herpich & Co.
Virginia deer (Cariacus virginianus).
12512. Virginia deer, used for trimmings and robes.
Black-tailed deer (Cariacus columbianus), used for robes and rugs.

11604-11605. Prepared by McCloud River Indians, California, Livingsten
Stone.
3065. Puget Sound. Dr. Kennerly.

Mule deer (Cariacus macrotis), used for trimmings, robes.
H. 99. Montana. C. A. Herpich & Co.
Woodland caribou (Tarandus rangifer, subspecies caribou), used for
rugs, robes, &e.
24774. Labrador. G. R. Renfrew & Co., Quebec.
Barren ground caribou (Tarandus rangifer, subspecies grenlandicus).

12365. (Albino.) F. Churchill, Hudson’s Bay; W. W. Kirkby.
2050. (Young.) Robe trom Mackenzie’s River, H. B. T. R. Kennicott.

Moose (Alces malchis), used for rugs and robes.

24772. Labrador. G. R. Renfrew & Co., Quebec.

Mole (Scalops and Condylura sp.), used for robes and garments.
H. 72. United States. C. A. Herpich & Co.
Woodchuck or siffleuar (Arctomys monax) robes, exported to Europe
as ‘‘ white and gray weenusk.”
24776. Labrador. G. R. Renfrew & Co., Quebec.
H. 71. United States. C. A. Herpich & Co.
Marmot (Arctomys caligatus), used for robes and trimmings.

835. Robe. Indians of Rocky Mountains, west of Fort Good Hope, H.
B. T. R. Kennicott.

Chinchilla (Chinchilla laniger) of South America, used for muffs,
mantles, boas, cloak-linings, and trimmings.

H. 103. Real. Bolivia. C. A. Herpich & Co.
H. 104. Bastard. Chili. ce

Parry’s marmot (Spermophilus Parryi).

20793. Robe. Sitka, Alaska. J. G. Swan.
835. Robe. Indians of Rocky Mountains, west of Fort Good Hope, H.
B. T. KR. Kennicott.

Bull. N. M. No. 14——13

194 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Mammal furs.

Musquash (Fiber zibethicus), used for mutts, capes, caps, and linings
and imitations of beaver fur.

24779.
24780.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

H.
H.
H.
H.
H.

Labrador. G. R. Renfrew & Co., Quebec.
Black variety. Labrador. G. R. Renfrew & Co., Quebec.
Natural brown. Maine. C. A. Herpich & Co.

Natural brown, Indiana. “s
Natural black. New Jersey. ee
Plucked and dyed. C. A. Herpich & Co.
Plucked and colored. Uy

Neutria, or coypu (Myopotamus coypus), used for linings and muffs,
and imitations of beaver.

H. 105. Plucked. Buenos Ayres. C. A. Herpich & Coe.

Beaver (Castor canadensis), used for linings and muffs.

1230.
24777.

24778,

12506

H.

H.
iH.
Hi:
H.

46.

47.
48.
49,
50.

Spotted albino. Bristol Bay, Alaska.
American. Labrador. G. R. Renfrew & Co., Quebec.
“ ac ae ras
White.
Dyed and silver tipped. Hudson’s Bay Territory. C. A. Herpich
& Co.
Dyed and silver tipped. Canada. C. A. Herpich & Co.

Dyed and plucked. Lake Superior. ce
Natural. Lake Superior. es
Natural, in hair. Kansas. s

Hare (Lepus, various species).

H. 58. United States. C. A. Herpich & Co.
19615. Fur blanket. Pi-Ute Indians. Walker Lake, Nevada. Stephen

Powers.

Rabbit, or cony (Lepus cuniculus), used for children’s furs, and imi-
tations of seal, beaver, &c., exported largely to China.

H. 51. Dyed brown, sheared. United States.

H.. 52. Natural blue. ae

H. 53. Natural white. Be

H. 54. Dyed black. Bs

IL. 55. Natural blue. e

H. 56. Natural white. oe

Hi. 57. Gray. United States. C. A. Herpich & Co.

Possum (Didelphys virginianus).

H. 17. Ohio. C. A. Herpich & Co,

Mountain cat (Bassaris astuta).

H. 66.
1)

H,

Montana. C. A. Herpich & Co.
Missouri. %

—— a Se al, 7]

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 195

Bird furs.
Loon (Colymbus torquatus).
1302. Used by Makah Indians in manufacture of robes, Nevah Bay, Wash-

ington Territory. J. G. Swan.
1296. Robe from downof. Neeah Bay, Washington Territory. J.G. Swan.

Swan’s (Cygnus americanus) furs and swan’s down trimmings.

H. 101. I. United States. C. A. Herpich & Co.
H. 102. I. ws es

Brown pelican (Pelecanus fuscus).

9559. Tiburon Islands, Sonora. E. Palmer.

Goose (Anser sp.).

H. 99. United States. C. A. Herpich & Co.
H. 100. United States. as

7. LEATHER. (See under 20.)
8. TEXTILE FABRICS.

Prepared from hair of mammals.

Human hair used in manufacture of watch-chains.

Hair of bats used in felting and in plaiting ropes in Central Americé
and tassels in New Caledonia.

Hair of raccoon used in felting (largely exported to Germany for
the use of hatters).

Hair of weasels and sables used in felting.

Hair of fur seal woven with silk in the manufacture of shawls.

Moose hair and its fabrics.

Ox and ealf hair used in the manufacture of imitation woolen goods.

Sheep’s wool, with specimens of fleeces and stapled wools, from
various breeds and localities, short-wool fabrics, broadcloths,
merinoes, flannels, mouselins de laine, serges, tweeds, blankets,
carpets, and tartans, worsted fabrics, stuffs, bombazines, camlets,
shawls, plushes and velvets, hosiery, and yarns, felts, felt-cloths,
and felt-hats.

Goats’ wool with specimens of mohairs, cashmeres, plushes, velvet-
eens, camlets, and shawls. (lor manufactured wigs and perukes,
see under 21.)

(Yak (Poéphagus grunniens) wool with specimens of yak-lace and
other fabrics.)

(Camels’ hair with specimens of fabrics, plushes, felts, shawls, &c.)

(Hair of Hama, paco, guanaco, and vicugna, with specimens of alpaca,
guanaco, and other fabrics, and umbrellas and other articles manu-
factured.)

196 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Prepared from hair of mammals.

Hair of horses used in weaving furniture-covers, crinoline-skirts,
and bags for pressing oil.

Hair of buffalo used in plaiting ropes, lariats, &e.

Fur of mole used in felting.

Beaver (castor) fur with specimens of the felt cloths, hats, &e.

(Neutria-fur used in felting and in the manufacture of hats.)

Musquash fur used in felting.

Possum hair with fabrics of Indian and other manufacture.

Fur of rabbit and hare used in felting, with specimens of hats and
cloths.

Whalebone fiber used in weaving cloth covers for telescopes, &e.

Prepared from feathers of birds.
Cloths woven from feather (China).

Prepared from silk of insects. (This collection should in-
clude specimens of the cocoons, the raw silk, the spun silk, and of the
various fabrics, plain and figured silks, satins and satinettes, shawls,
damasks, brocades, crapes, and ribbons.)

Silk of common silk-worm (Bombyx mori).

Silk of Samia cecropia, Samia polyphemus, and other native American
moths.

(Silk of exotic moths other than Bombyx mori, such as the tussah
(Bombyx pernyi and Bombyx mylitta), the moonga (Saturnia assa-
mensis), the joree (Bombyx religiosa), the ena or arindy (Bombyx
cynthia).)

Fabrics woven by the insects themselves, as Tinea padilla.

Silk of spiders.

Prepared from byssus of mollusks.

(Fabrics woven from byssus of the wing-shell (Pinna nobilis) and
other mollusks.)

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 197

’

II]. MATERIALS EMPLOYED IN THE ARTS AND MAN-
UFACTURES.
Hard materials.
9. IVORY AND BONE.
ivory of mammais.

Tusks of walrus used for trinkets, handles, jewelry, buttons, paper-
knives, counters, Xe.

25656. Tusks of walrus (Rosmarus obesus). Alaska. C. H. Crandall.

15592. Commercial walrus ivory. Poonook, Alaska. H. W. Elliott.

16174. Teeth of young walrus (Rosmarus obesus). Used in making powder
chargers. Nunivak Island, Alaska. W. H. Dall.

24819. Ivory of walrus in rough state. Joseph Shardlow, New York.

24887. Scrimshawed tooth of walrus (losmarus). (Figure of lady.) Geo.
Y. Nickerson, New Bedford, Mass.

24886. Scrimshawed tooth of walrus (Rosmarus). (Figure of lady and horse. )
Geo. Y. Nickerson, New Bedford, Mass.

26896. Scrimshawed tooth of walrus (Rosmarus Cookii). Repulse Bay. Capt.
H. C. Chester, Noank, Conn.

25654. Harpoon head made at sea from walrus tusk. J.H Bartlett & Sons,
New Bedford, Mass.

2631. Handle of walrus ivory. Northwest coast, America. United States

Exploring Expedition. Capt. Chas. Wilkes, U. 8. N.

24815-6. Cane handles of walrus ivory. Joseph Shardlow, New York.

24812. Chain and cross of walrus ivory. es se
24814. Knobs of walrus Ivory. RS a
24813. Scarf-slide of walrus ivory. * oe
'24817-18. Sword handles of walrus ivory. & “s
24820-21-22. Knife handles of walrus ivory. “ &
24823. Crochet-needles of walrus ivory. & fs
24824. Popl-balls of walrus ivory. a pe

24825-6-7-8-9-30-31-32. Buttons and studs of walrus ivory. Joseph Shard-
low, New York.

Teeth of bears, dogs, wolves, foxes, pecearies, and other large mam-
mals, used as implements, arrow-tips, and ornaments, by Indians.
6226. Bear teeth (used as ornaments). Bloomfield, N. Y. Col. E. Jewett.

Elk ivory (used by Indians for ornamentation).

1874. Ivory of elk (Cervus canadensis). Yamp Utah Indians, Utah. Captain
Gunnison, U. 8. A.
Tusks of mammoth elephant (Elephas primigenius) from Northern
America and Asia, with Eskim» carvings.!
15385. Tusk of mammoth. Alaska. J. G. Swan.

11041. Comb. Made from the ivory of fossil elephant. Saint Michael’s,
Alaska. W. H. Dall.

‘An interesting series of aboriginal carvings from mammoth ivory is displayed in
the Ethnological division.

198 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.
ivory of mammals.
Teeth of peceary (Dicotyles sp.).!

Ivory of narwhal (JlZonodon monoceros), used for canes.

. Tusks of narwhal. Greenland. U.S. Fish Commission.
13521. Cane made from tusk of narwhal. Eskimos of North Greenland.

x

F. T. Commagere.

Teeth of sperm-whale (Physeter macrocephalus) and their application
to the manufacture of balls, buttons, and trinkets.

25653. Teeth of sperm-whale. J. H. Bartlett & Sons, New Bedford, Mass.

25710. Teeth of cow whale. Capt. Joseph Visher, Provincetown, Mass.

25719. Teeth of sperm-whale. Andrew Kennedy, Provincetown, Mass.

24906-8. Teeth of sperm-whale, polished. J. H. Clark, Newport, R. 1.

25709. Teeth of the cow whale (scrimsbawed). Capt. Joseph Fisher, lvov-
incetown, Mass.

7428. Tooth of sperm-whale. Scrimshawed with British coat of azins
and female figure. J. Varden.

24905. Tooth of sperm-whale. Scrimshawed and mounted as watch case,
figure of American eagle. J. H. Clark, Newport, R. I.

24904. Tooth of sperm-whale. Scrimshawed with figure of crucifix and
flowers. J. H. Clark, Newport, R. I.

24901. Tooth of sperm-whale. Scrimshawed with figure of whaling-ship.
J. H. Clark, Newport, R. I.

24902. Tooth of-sperm-whale. Scrimshawed with figure of America in
colors. J. H. Clark, Newport, R. I.

24903. Tooth of sperm-whale. Scrimshawed with figure ef girl dancing.
J. H. Clark, Newport, R. I.

7659. Tooth of sperm-whale. Scrimshawed with this legend: ‘Taken +
by * the * ship * Montreal + of « London * in * the * Vacitie «
Ocean + from * a * one * hundred * barrel « whale *«, — * —
1835 +.” Mrs. Dove, Washington, D. C., 1842.

24888. Tooth of sperm-whale. Scrimshiwed with figure of General Wash-
ington and American eagle. Geo. Y. Nickerson, New Bedford,
Mass.

24889. Tooth of sperm-whale. Scrimshawed with figure of General Seoit
and American eagle. Geo. Y. Nickerson, New Bedford, Mass.

7660. Tooth of sperm-whale. Scrimshawed with figure of pagoda. ???
Pacific Ocean. United States Exploring Expedition. Capt.
Charles Wilkes, U. 8. N.

25792. Tooth of sperm-whale (scrimshawed) Malcolm McPadyn, Gloneces-
ter, Mass.

24836. Balls turned from teeth of sperm-whale, Joseph Shardlow, New York.

Incisors of beaver (Castor canadensis) used by Indians for chisels,
knives, and ornaments.

2684. Dice. Made from teeth of beaver. Oregon Indians, United States
Exploring Expedition. Capt. Charles Wilkes.

‘Interesting applications of this material may be found in the Ethnological series,

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 199

Ivory of reptiles.

Teeth of alligator used for jewelry, whistles, cane-handles, buttons,
Xe.
26895. Jewelry manufactured from teeth of alligator (Alligator mississipien-
sis). I. F. Gilbert, Jacksonville, Fla.
An extensive trade in alligator teeth has sprung up within the last ten
years. Ten establishments in Eastern Florida are engaged in their man-
ufacture into fancy articles.

Ivory of fishes.
Sharks’ teeth used in arming weapons.}
Teeth of sharks and other fish used as trinkets.!
Jaws of the sleeper-shark (Semniosus brevipinna) used for head-
dresses by Indians.

—. Coronet of shark’s teeth. Gulf of Saint Lawrence. G. R. Renfrew
& Sons, Quebec.

Bone of mamuinalis.
Parts of splanchno-skeleton of ferz, used as charms.

—. Os penis of raccoon, used as charm.
9476. ‘Os mirabilis” of walrus. Alaska. Gen. Geo. H. Thomas, U.S. A.

Bones of bear and other large mammals, used by Indians for im-
plements and as tablets for paintings.!

Bones of buffalo and of the domestic ruminants, used as substitute
for ivory in the manufacture of buttons, handles, combs, &c¢.

24855. Bone parasol-handle. Joseph Shardlow, New York.

24854. Bone parasol-handle. os se
24853. Bone parasol-handle. a oh
24852. Bone counters. Joseph Shardlow, New York.
24851. Bone shields. a. =
24850. Bone cribbage-pins. “‘ %
24849. Bone dice. es :
24843-4-5-6-7-8. Bone brush-handles. Joseph Shardlow, New York.
24942. Bone martingale-rings. . a
24837. Bone napkin-rings. if
“cc “

24833-4-5-6. Bone parasol-handle.

19513. Bow. Made of bone. Greenland Eskimos. Geo. Y. Nickerson.

10280. Bow. Made of bone. Eskimo. King William’s Land.

25673. Bone marlin-spike. Made at sea by Thomas Freeman. Used for
splicing trawl-lines. Sanford lvceman, Norwichjcr:, Mass.

Sperm-whale jaw-bone, used for harness-rings, martingales, &e.

29233-4-5-6-7-8-9-40. Parasol-handles made from sperm-whale’s jaw. Hare
vey & Ford, Philadelphia.

! Displayed in Ethnological division.

200 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Bone of mammals.
Sperm-whale jaw-bone, used for harness-rings, martingales, &e.

29241. Paper-cutters, made from sperm-whale’s jaw. Harvey & Ford, Phil-
adelphia.

24909, Chopping-knite. Made from jaw of sperm-whale. Prof. 8. F. Baird.

20791. Sail-thimble. Made from bone of whale. J. W. Foster, Beverly,
Mass.

25793. Seam-rubber. Used by sail-makers to rub along seams. Made from
jaw-bone of sperm-whale. J’rank Westerberger, Beverly, Mass.

25650, Sail-maker’s hand-fid. Made at sea from jaw-bone of sperm-whale.
A. R. Crittenden, Middletown, Conn.

25655. Saw-frame. Made at sea from bone of sperm-whale. J. H. Bartlett
& Sons, New Bedford, Mass.

25801. Pulley. Made from jaw-bone of sperm-whale. E. H. Cook, Province-
town, Mass.

25649, Pulley-block. Made at sea from jaw-bone of sperm-whale. <A. R.
Crittenden, Middletown, Conn.

25713. Seine-needle. Made from jaw-bone of sperm-whale. N. H. Payne,
Welltleet, Mass.

Horn-cores of ruminants, used in manufacture of assayers’ cupels.

Bone of birds.

Bones of birds, used by Indians and Eskimos in making awls,
needles, flutes, bird-calls, and dress-trimmings.

10333. Gambling-sticks. Made from bones of white crane. Mojave Indians,
Dr. E. Palmer,

Bone of fishes.

Tish-bones, used by Indians and Eskimos in making implements.?
Bone of sword-fish.

25675. Shoemaker’s tool. Made from sword of sword-fish (Xiphias gladius).
Sanford Freeman, Norwichport, Mass.

Sharks’ vertebra, used for canes.
Waste bone and ivory.

Use in manufacture of bone-black, ivory-black, and bank-note ink
(see under 29).

Use in manutacture of sizes and glues (see under 24).

Use in manufacture of gelatine for food (see under 4).

Use in manufacture of phosphorus, carbonate of ammonia (harts-
horn), and sal ammoniae (see under 50).

Use in manufacture of bone-charcoal for filters (see under 30).

Use in manufacture of paper.

Use of shavings in case-hardening gun-barrels and other fine steel.

_——

‘Displayed in Ethnological series.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 201
Waste bome and ivory.
10. Horn.

(Embracing the varieties of horn known to commerce, the split
and pressed horns, and the various manufactured articles, such
as jewelry, combs, and handles.)

Horn (employed as a material).

Horns of ox, sheep, and goat, used for handles, buttoms, combs
’ ’ > ’ ’ ’ ’
powder-flasks, cups, boxes, stirrups, spoons, and imitations of
tortoise-shell, also ‘*sensitive Chinese leaves,” and formerly for
’ 9 “
transparent plates in lanterns and horn-hooks, for trumpets, and
for finger-nails in lay figures.

25277. Cow’s horns. Philip R. Woodford, Boston, Mass.
25274. Steer’s horus. se “
25276. Bull’s horns. ze ne

Horn of buffalo, used like that of ox.

25278. Horns of buffalo bull. Philip R. Woodford, Boston, Mass.
25280. Horns of buffalo calf, se ae
25279. Horns of buffalo cow. 4 oe
8489. Spoon of buffalo horn. Assinaboin Indians. Fort Buford, Dakota,
Dr. J. P. Kimball, U.S. A.
11030. Spoon of buffalo horn. Yellowstone Valley, Dakota. Lieutenant
Cusick.

Horn of musk ox (Ovibos moschatus).

11648. Arctic regions. Capt. C. F. Hall.
10389. Spoon made from horns of musk ox. Igloolik. Capt. C. F. Hall.
25275. Ox horns. Philip R. Woodford, Boston, Mass.

Series of articles manufactured from horn. Geo. I*. Lincoln, Leo-
minster, Mass. :

99507. Tiorn as it comes from the press, cut out preparatory to making combs-
29508. Combs. Cut.

29509. Untinished combs.

29510. Horn cut into small pieces for use in manufacture of jewelry.

29571. Finished comb.

29502. Polished jewelry (uncolored).

Horn of mountain sheep and mountain goat, used by Aleutians in
making spoons, bowls, and numerous other implements.

16809. Horns of mountain goat (Mazama montana). Used by Eskimo for
making horn spoons. Alaska. W. H. Dall.

20623-4. Spoon made from horn of motintain goat. Bella Bella Indians.
J. G. Swan.

9278. Spoon made from horn of mountain goat. Alaska. A. H. Hoff, U.S.A.

202 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Horm (employed as a material).
Horns of Rocky Mountain sheep (Ovis montana).

704. Spoon made from horn of Rocky Mountain sheep. Northwest coast.
George Gibbs.
20342. Spoon made from horn of Rocky Mountain sheep. Haidah Indians.
Prince of Wales Island, Alaska. J. G. Swan.
14455. Spoon made from horn of Rocky Mountain sheep. Pi-Ute Indians.
Maj. J. W. Powell.

Antlers.

Antlers of deer, elk, and moose (stag horn), used in the manufacture
of handles for instruments, trinkets, and buttons.
26229-2 j-30. Carving from horn of deer (Cariacus virginianus). Harvey &
lord, Philadelphia.
21312. Spoon carved fron antler of elk (Cervus canadensis). Woopah Indians,
California. S. Powers.
Antlers of deer, elk, moose, and nearly all species of ruminants,
employed for ornamental purposes. (A series of these antlers is
used in the decoration of the columns in the Government building.)

Chemical and other applications.

Burnt horn (corn ustum) used in dentifrices.
Carbonate of anmmonia (hartshorn), manufactured from deer horns.
(See under 30.)

11. HOOFS AND CLAWS, &C.

(Embracing the commercial hoof, and the various stages of manu-
facture represented by specimens.)

Hoofs.
Hoofs of ox and bison, used in making buttons, combs, and handles.

20901, Commercial hoof. Philip R. Woodford, Boston, Mass.
Series of articles made from hoof. Geo. F. Lincoln, Leominster,
Mass. :
29516. Dust made from the hoof.
29517. Belt buckle.
29518. Martingale rings.
29519. LBreastpin.
29920. Cross for neck wear.
29521. Breastpin.

Hoofs of horse, used like those of ox and bison.
Hoots of musk ox, deer, and antelope, used by Indians in ornamen-
tation.
7443, Hoofs of musk ox, Used for trimming of garments by Eskimos,

Mackenzie’s River. R. MacFarlane.

Feet of deer, used for knife-handles, stool-feet, &e.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 203

Claws.

Claws of bear, puma, wolf, &c., used by Indians in ornamentation.
(See Ethnological series.)
Human nails, used by Indians for ornamental trimming.

Chemical application of hoofs and claws.

Use in manufacture of prussiate of potash (see under 30).
Use in manufacture of glue (see under 24).

12. BALEEN.

Whalebone in an unmanufactured state.
14042. Baleen of humpback whale (Megaptera versabilis). Coast of Califor~

nia, 1873. C. M. Scammon.

12311. Bone of humpback whale (Megaptera versabilis). Coast of California.
C. M. Scammon.

13893. Baleen of humpback whale (Megaptera versabilis). Monterey, Cal.
1873. C. M. Scammon.

13019. Baleen of humpback whale (Megaptera versabilis). Monterey, Cal.
1872. C. M. Scammon. :

12263. Baleen of humpback whale (Megaptcra versabilis). San Luis, Cal.
C. M. Scammon.

13020. Baleen of humpback whale (Megaptera versabilis). San Luis, Cal.
C. M. Scammon.

13985. Baleen of sulphur-bottom whale (Sibbaldius sulfureus). Monterey,
Cal. C.M. Scammon.

13984. Baleen of sulphur-bottom whale (Sibbaldius sulfurcvs). Monterey,
Cal. C. M. Scammon.

12052. Bone of the California gray whale (Rhachianectes glaucus). Montercy,
Cal. 1873. C. M. Scammon.

15402. Baleen. North Pacific. Capt. Henderson.

7494, Whalebone. Anderson River Eskimos. Mackenzie’s River district.
R. MacFarlane.

1108. Whalebone, Prepared by Anderson River Eskimos. Mackenzie’s
River district. R. MacFarlane.

1116. Whalebone. Anderson River Eskimos, Mackenzie’s River district.
R. MacFarlane.

2079. Whalebone. Arctic coast. R. MacFarlane.

24976. Whalebone fiber. Curled for bed-stuffing. J. A. Sevey, Boston,
Mass.

24930. Whalebone. Prepared for whip-makers’ use. J. A. Sevey, Boston,
Mass.

24862. Whip with whalebone stock, knotted, inlaid with whale-tooth’s
ivory, handle wound with thin whalebone. American Whip Co.,
Westfield, Mass.

2495U. Dress-bone. Whalebone prepared for dress-makers’ use. J. A.
Sevey, Boston, Mass.

24946. Whalebone. Prepared for suspender-makers’ use. J. A. Sevey,
Boston, Mass.

' 24945. Whalebone. Prepared for bonnet-makers’ use. J. A. Sevey, Bos-
ton, Mass.

24941, Whaicbone. Prepared for umbrella-makers’ use. J. A. Sevey, Bos~
ton, Mass.

204 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Whalebone in an unmanufactured state.

24940. Whalebone. Prepared for parasol-makers’ use. J. A. Sevey, Bos-

ton, Mass.

24951. Gross dress-bone. Whalebone prepared for dress-makers’ use. J.

A. Sevey, Boston, Mass.

24948. White dress-bone. Whalebone (white) prepared for dress-makers’

use. J. A. Sevey, Boston, Mass.

24978. Whalebone. Prepared for brush-makers’ use, J. A. Sevey, Boston,

[ Mass.
24942. Whalebone. Prepared for ribbon-weavers’ use. : a
24943. Whalebone. Prepared for hat-makers’ use. a aS
24944, Whalebone. Prepared for cap-makers’ use. eS sf
24947. Whalebone. Prepared for neck-stock-makers’ use. ‘‘ ‘
ec ac

24952. Whalebone. Prepared for corset-makers’ use.

24949. Round dress-bone. Whalebone prepared for dress-makers’ use. J.

A. Sevey, Boston, Mass.
24977. Whalebone fiber. J. A. Sevey, Boston, Mass.

24938. Whalebone cane. Black and white, twisted. J. A.Sevey. Boston,
(Mass. —
24973. Whalebone boot-shanks. ut
24957. Whalebone tongue-scrapers. a a
24955. Whalebone probang. re +s
24935. Whalebone riding-whip, made of black and white whalebone,

twisted. J. A. Sevey, Boston, Mass.

24934. Whalebove riding-whip. J. A. Sevey, Boston, Mass.
24937. Whalebone cane. Plain. = f
24936. Whalebone cane. Twisted. “A sf
24972. Whalebone graining-comb. Used by painters. J. A. Sevey, Boston,
{ Mass.
24955. Whalebone probang. - =
24980. Whalebone caterpillar-brush. cS sf
24981. Whalebone shavings. ¢ *
24953. Whalebone back-supporter. <i ff
24979. Whalebone flue-brush. 7
24975. Whalebone fiber shoe-brush. ve "4
24983. Whalebone. Sample. e a
24959. Whalebone divining-rod, a és
24958. Whalebone angling-rod tip pe ¢
24955. Whalebone rosettes for harness. “s -
24952. Whalebone landing-net rod. as a
24954. Whalebone hip busk bone.
24984. Whalebone. Price-list samples. s i
24970. Whalebone penholder, Black and white, twisted. “ o
24961. Whalebone busk. a “5
24964. Whalebone fore-arin bones. Artificial. fe S
24968. Whalebone plaii-raiser. 4 _
24959. Whalebone penholder. 7 —
24955. Manufactured corset, showing use of whalebone. _
24953. Whalebone corset-clasps. Be -
24960. Whalebone drill-bow. ae ae
24957. Whalebone billiard-eushion springs. - 2
24971. Whalebone paper-cutter. = =
24985. Whalebone rule. ee &

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 205

Whalebome in an unmanufactured state.

24860. Whalebone and rattan whip-stalk. Finished, ready for covering.
American Whip Company, Westfield, Mass.

24858. Whalebone. As prepared for use in the whip. American Whip
Company, Westfield, Mass.

24°59. Whalebone and rattan. Fitted ready for sticking together for whip-
stalk. American Whip Company, Westfield, Mass.

24857. Whalebone. In rough state, as sold to whip manufacturers.
American Whip Company, Westfield, Mass.

24982. Whalebone. Prepared for whip-makers’ use (patent). J. A. Sevey,
Boston, Mass.

13. TORTOISE-SHELL.

Tortoise-shell (Lretmochelys squamata Linn.).
12387-8-9-90. Tortoise-shell (retmochelys squamata Linn.). Pacific haw1’s~
bill turtle. Pacifie coast.
24890, Commercial tortoise-shell. George Y. Nickerson, New Bedford, Mass.
26891. Tortoise-shell jewelry, &c. Charles W. Kennard & Co.,.
Boston, Mass.:
Comb cut and polished.
Comb cut before polishing.
Brooch and ear-rings.
Sleeve-buttons.
Necklace and locket.

14. SCALES.

Scales of fishes used in ornamental work, with specimens of flowers.
and other articles manufactured.

Iish-scale jewelry. IF’. C. Keergaard & Co., Philadel-
phia, Pa.:
25400. Seales of sheepshead (Archosargus probatocephalus).
25481. Scalesof sheepshead (Archosargus probatocephalus), Prepared for use.

25482. Brooch and ear-rings. oe ct

25483. Spray of flowers. ae ee

25484. Spray of flowers. fe s

25485. Spray of flowers. “t os

25486. Spray of flowers. oe se

25487. Spray of flowers (dyed). se

25488. Necklace and cross. ¥

25480. Brooch and ear-rings. ce ss

25490. Brooch and ear-rings (dyed) (Archosargus probatocephalus).
»

{
6892. Jewelry made from scales of mullet, drum, &e. Mrs. C. E. Mott,
Jacksonville, Fla.
(Pearl white, or essence @’ Orient, prepared from scales of Alburnus
lucidus and other Cyprinide and Clupeide, used in making artifi-
cial pearls.) (See under 27.)

26893. Essence d’Orient. (Introduced for comparison.) Gustave Bossange,
Paris.

206 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.
15. PEARL.

Pearis and nacre (embracing the pearl-yielding shells, with the
pearls and the mother-o’-pearl in the rough state, with the manufae-
tured buttons, handles, and jewelry, pearl-powder, inlaid work, and
papier-maché, ornamented with mother-o’-pearl.

Top-shells (Turbinidw), and their application to manufacture of
shell-flowers.!

Tower-shells (Trochide).:

Kar-shells (Haliotide), used in manufacture of buttons, handles,
inlaid work, and pearl powder.!

Other gasetropods supplying nacre.'

Pearl-oysters (Aviculid@), with pearls and nacre.!

River-mussels (Unionide), with pearls and nacre.!

Mussels, oysters, and other conchifers supplying pearls and nacre.! -

Shells of nautilus and argonaut, prepared to exhibit their nacre.!

Ornamental pearl-work, imitating sprays of flowers, &e.!

Imitation pearls.!

16. SHELL.
Cameo shell.'

Shell of conch (Strombus gigas), and carvings.!
Shell of helmet (Cassis rufa, C. tuberosa, and OC. madagascariensis),
with carvings.?

Shells used for implememts, &c.'

Shells of Strombus, Triton, Dolium, Fusus, Murex, and Buccinwn,
used. for fog-horns, lamps, vases, and ornamental borders in flower-
gardens.!

Shells of Busycon, Sycotypus, Mactra, &c., used by Indians in manu-
facture of implements, with specimens of implements.!

Shells of Mactra, used for ladles, scoops, and spoons by fishermen.!

Shells of Tridacua, used for vases, fountains, and in the manufac-
ture of handles and carvings. !

Shells of Pecten, Haliotis, Dentalium, Mercenaria, &e., used by In-
dians for triminings and ornaments.’

Shells of Pecien, used in making pin-cushions.and purses.!

Shells of Mercenaria violacea, Purpura lapillus, and Buccinum unda-
tum, used by Indians of eastern coast in manufacture of money,
with specimens of wampum (with the modern wampum or shell-
beads, manufactured for the Indian trade), and of the hyqua or
Dentalium shells, employed in a similar manner by the Indians ef
the Pacifie coast.

Specimens of the cowry (Cypraea meneta), “live cowry” and dead
cowry, used in African trade and for trimmings.!

— - ——-

Tr

ce in Part Il of the present catalogne,

Tne

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 207

Shells used for implements, &c.

Shells of Cypraca, Rotella, Oliva, Turritella, Phasianella (Venetian
shells), &e., mounted as buttons and jewelry.)

Composition shell-work for box-covers and frames, made by gluing
shells in mosaic.!

Calcined shells, used by dentifrice and porcelain makers.' (See, also,
under 32.)

Cuttle-fish bone from Sepia officinalis, used as a pounce, as a denti-
frice, as polishing powders, for taking fine impressions in counter-
feiting, and as food for birds.1 (See, also, under D 5.)

Coneretions from the stomach of Astacus, known as “crab’s-eyes”
and “crab-stones,” and used as antacids.!

Shell of king-crab (Limulus polyphemus), used as a boat-bailer.’

Opercula of mollusks, used as “eye-stones.”!

17 CORAE.

Coral as a material.

Red coral (Corallium nobilis), with specimens of the five commercial
grades (1, froth of blood; 2, flower of blood; 3, 4, 5, blood of first,
second, and third qualities) of the white variety, and of the round
beads, negligée beads, bracelets, pins, coronets, armlets, ear-rings,
&e.!

White coral, Oculina, sp., used by jewelers.!

Madrepores and other showy corals, used for ornamental purposes.!

Horny axis of black flexible coral (Plexaura crassa), used for canes
and whips in the Bermudas.!

Axis of fan coral (Rhipidogorgia), used for skimmers and strainers
in the Bermudas.!

Coral, used for building purposes.!

Coral rock of recent fermation (Coquina), used in Florida in manu-
facture of ornamental vases and carvings.

Calcined coral, used for dentifrices, as an antacid, &e.'

Imitations of red coral in celluloid, rubber, and other substances.!

18. INFUSORIAL EARTHS.

Polishing powders (used for polishing metals, cabinet-ware, and
stone).

Specimens of polishing slate, tripoli, and other foreign polishing
powder.!
Specimens of American infusorial deposits.

‘See under Part II of this catalogue.

208 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Enfusorial earths emploved in manufactures.

Infusorial earth, used in making window and plate glass.
Infusorial earth, used in making soluble glass.!

Infusorial earth, used in making mortar.

Infusorial earth, used in making molds for metal casting.*
Infusorial earth, used in making filters.'

Infusorial earth, used in making dynamite.'

Intusorial earth, used in making fire-poof packing.!
Infiisovial earth, as an absorbent for oils and liquids."

19. OTHER MATERIALS FROM INVERTEBRATES.

From iasccts.
Brazilian diamond-beetles, used in jewelry.
Wings of beetles, used in embroidery.
From echinoderms.

Spines of echinoids, used for slate-crayons.
Flexible materials.

20, LEATHERS. (Embracing the hides in a rough state, in the various
stages of dressing, and manufactured into shoe-leather, parch-
ment, vellum, binders’ leather, thongs, &e.

Leather prepared from mammal skins.
Leather prepared from human skin.
26070. Boots made from skin of man. H. & A. Mahrenholz, New York.

Sea-lion leather, used by Eskimos to cover bidarkas, and for gar-
ments and beds.

11371. Leather of sea-lion (Zumetopias stelleri). Used by Aleutian Islanders
for manufacture of canoe. Alaska. Vincent Colyer.

Walrus leather, used by Eskimos for harness, tables, thongs, seal-
nets, and for covering polishing-wheels.

15617. Harpoon-line of walrus leather. Alaska, H. W. Elliott.

Seal leather, used for fine shoes and in the manufacture of “patent
leather,” and by Eskimos for numerous purposes.

10186. Seal-skin bleached by hot water. Innuit Eskimos. Aretie Ocean,
Capt. C. I’. Hall.
1103. Seal-skin leather tanned by Eskimos, Mackenzie’s River district,
R. MacFarlane,
24785. Indian moccasins made from skin of seak (Phoeca vitulina?) G. R.
Rentrew & Co., Quebec.

‘See under Part II of this catalogue. rf.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 209

Leather prepared from mammal skims.
Bison leather (and buffalo leather, buff-leather).

25951. Imitation buckskin. Manufactured from skin of American bison
(Dison americanus). Wilcox Tannery, Elk County, Pennsylvania.

25952. Collar leather. Manufactured from skin of American bison (Bison
americanus). Wilcox Tannery, Elk County, Pennsylvania.

25954. Sole leather. Manufactured from skin of American bison (Dison
americanus). Wilcox Tannery, Elk County, Pennsylvania.

25953. Whang leather. Manufactured from skin of American bison (Bison
americanus). Wilcox Tannery, Elk County, Pennsylvania.

Ox leather, with specimens of sole leather, split leather, grain
leather, rawhide thongs, whips, leather belts and saddles, and of
ealf-skins, prepared for binders’ and bootmakers’ use, as Russia
leather and vellum, and tawed, as parchment.!

Sheep leather, with specimens of binders’ leather, imitation chamois
leather, wash leather, buff leather, roan, imitation morocco and
parchment, with vellum made from skins of dead-born lambs,
and manufactured gloves, &e.!

Goat leather, with specimens of shagreen leather, morocco leather,
as used for linings, upholstery, bindings, and pocket-books, parch-
ment, drum-heads, &e., with kid leather, used in manufacture of
shoes and gloves, under-clothing, and vellum made from skin of
young kids, also skin bottles used in Asia.!

Horse and ass leather, used in manufacture of shagreen, sole leather,
harness-leather, saddles, trunks, water-hose, pump-valves, mili-
tary accouterments, ladies’ shoe-uppers.!

8371. Tanned ox-skin, used for sole leather. Cheyenne Indians, Kansas,
Dr. G. M. Sternberg, U.S. A.

Rawhide.
29549. Rawhide prepared for belting. Darrow Manufacturing Company.
29546. Coil of rope. Made from rawhide. oc
29548. Basket. ES cs
29547. Doll’s head. & ss
29545. Powder-flasks. SS £

Deer leather, dressed as buff leather, chamois-imitation leather,
Indian dressed (buckskin), and for the finer moroccos, also man-
ufactured into gloves, gaiters, under-garments, polishers, &c.

25282. Buck-tanned skin of mule deer (Cariacus macrotis). Indians.

6977. Leather from skin of deer (Cariacus macrotis?). Tanned by Caddo
Indians. EE. Palmer.

5954. Buck-tanned deer-skin (Cariacus macrotis). Apache Indians. FE.
Palmer.

14383. Buck-tanned skin of deer (Cariacus macrotis). J. W. Powell.

1In view of the extensive exhibition of leathers in the Shoe and Leather Building,
no special effort has been made to complete this part of the collection,

Bull. N. M. No. 14-14

.
210 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Leather prepared from mammal skins.
Deer leather, &e.

6978. Buck-tanned skin of deer (Cariacus macrotis). Comanche Indians.
E. Palmer.

11606. Buckskin (Cariacus columbianus). Dressed by McCloud Indians.
Shasta County, California. Livingston Stone.

11605. Buckskin (Cariacus columbianus). Tanned by McCloud Indians.
Shasta County, California. Livingston Stone.

11604. Buckskin (Cariacus columbianus). Tanned by McCloud Indians.
Shasta County, California. Livingston Stone.

8540. Buckskin for moccasins. Nebraska. Dr. 8. M. Horton, U. S. A.

26885. Skin of Virginia deer (Cariacus virginianus). Seminole Indians of
Florida. G. Brown Goode.

24800. Tanned skin of young Virginia deer (Cariacus virginianus), J. H.
Henderson, Big Coon, Ala.

Moose leather in ordinary and buckskin finish.

24781. Moccasins made from skin of moose (Alces malchis). Turon Indians,
G. R. Renfrew & Co., Quebec.

24787. Rubber-sole moccasins made from skin of moose (dyed). G. R. Ren-
frew & Co., Quebec.

24782. Indian moccasins made from skin of moose. Iroquois tribe. G. R.
Rentrew & Co., Quebec.

24773. Indian buck-tanned skin of moose (Alces malchis). Labrador. G. R.
Renfrew & Co., Quebec. ‘

24786. Indian moccasins made from skin of moose. ‘Lady’s size.” G. R.
Renfrew & Co., Quebec.

838. Smoke-tanned skin of moose (Alces malchis). Slave (Lake?) Indians.

R. Kennicott, Fort Liard.

Caribou leather in ordinary and buckskin finish.

24775. Indian buck-tanned skin of caribou (Zarandus rangifer). Labrador.
G. R. Renfrew & Co., Quebec.

24783. Indian moccasins made from skin of caribou. ‘‘Man’s size.” G. R.
Renfrew & Co., Quebec.

24784. Indian moccasins made from skin of caribou. ‘‘Woman’s size.” G.
R. Renfrew & Co., Quebec.

Reindeer leather.

836. Smoke-tanned skin of barren-ground caribou ( Tarandus rangifer, sub-
species granlandicus). Mackenzie’s River district. R. Kennicott.

Elk leather in ordinary and buckskin finish.
036, Elk-skin tanned with smoke. Nebraska. Dr. 8. M. Horton, U.S. A.
Mountain-sheep leather.

8548. Buck-tanned skin of mountain sheep (Ovis montana). Nebraska.
Dr. 8. M. Horton, U.S. A.

‘See garments in Ethnological division.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 211

Leather prepared from mammal skims.

Series of different leathers illustrating the manufacture of gloves:

25286.

25287.

25288.

25289.

25290.

25291.

25292.

25293.

25294.

25295.

25296.

25297.

25298.

25299.

25300.

25301.

25303.

25302.

25304.
25305.

25306.

25307.

25308.

25309.

25310.

25311.

Raw skin of ‘‘Maranham jack” deer (Cariacus sp.) from South Amer-
ica. §S.G. Hutchinson & Co., Johnstown, N. Y.
Skin of ‘“‘Maranham jack” deer, dressed by glove manufacturer,
ready for cutting. S. G. Hutchinson & Co., Johnstown, N. Y.
Gloves manufactured from skin of ‘‘Maranham jack” deer. S. G.
Hutchinson & Co., Johnstown, N. Y.

Raw skin of deer (Cariacus sp.). From Central America. S. G.
Hutchinson & Co., Johnstown, N. Y..

Skin of deer dressed by glove manufacturers. Central America. S.
G. Hutchinson & Co., Johnstown, N. Y.

Raw skin of mule deer (Cariacus macrotis). S. G. Hutchinson & Co.,
Johnstown, N. Y.

Skin of mule deer (Cariacus macrotis). Fat or liquor dressed. 5S. G.
Hutchinson & Co., Johnstown, N. Y.
Skin of mule deer (Cariacus macrotis). Oil dressed. 8. G. Hutchin-
son & Co., Johnstown, N. Y.
Gloves made from skin of mule deer (Cariacus macrotis). S. G.
Hutchinson & Co., Johnstown, N. Y.

Raw skin of African ‘‘blees bok.” §. G. Hutchinson & Co., Johns-
town, N. Y.

Skin of African ‘‘blees bok” (dressed). S. G. Hutchinson & Co.,
Johnstown, N. Y.

Gauntlet gloves made from skin of African ‘blees bok.” 8S. G.
Hutchinson & Co., Johnstown, N. Y.

Raw skin of prong-horn or antelope (Antilocapra americana). S. G.
Hutchinson & Co., Johnstown, N. Y.

Skin of prong-horn or antelope (Antilocapra americana). Dressed
and colored. §S. G. Hutchinson & Co., Johnstown, N. Y.

Gloves made from skin of prong-horn or antelope (Antilocapra ameri-
cana). §. G. Hutchinson & Co., Johnstown, N. Y.

Raw skin of south American peceary (Dicotyles labiatus). S. G.
Hutchinson & Co., Johnstown, N. Y.’

Gloves made from skin of South American peccary (Dicotyles labia-
tus). S. G. Hutchinson & Co., Johnstown, N. Y.

Skin of South American peccary (Dicotyles labiatus). Dressed for
glove manufacturer. §S. G. Hutchinson & Co., Johnstown, N. Y.

Buck-tanned skin of sheep. a ce

Dressed skin of sheep, tanned like kid leather, but smoked instead
of colored. §S. G. Hutchinson & Co., Johnstown, N. Y.

Sheep-skin made into “kid leather.” 8. G. Hutchinson & Co.
Johnstown, N. Y.

Gloves made from ‘‘kid-dressed” sheep-skin. §. G. Hutchinson &
Co., Johnstown, N. Y.

“‘Kid”-dressed lamb-skin, ready for coloring. 8. G. Hutchinson &
Co., Johnstown, N. Y.

Lamb-skin ‘‘kid-dressed,” colored. §S. G. Hutchinson & Co., Johns-
town, N. Y.

Gloves made from ‘‘kid-dressed” lamb-skin. S. G. Hutchinson &
Co., Johnstown, N. Y.

Tjamb-skin dressed in Germany. S. G. Hutchinson & Co., Johns-
town, N. Y.

212 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Leather prepared from mammal skins.

Series of different leathers illustrating the manufacture of gloves.

The following account of the glove trade in North America is from the
pen of Mr. 8. G. Hutchinson:

“The manufacture of gloves and mittens from leather was started in
Fulton County, New York (according to best information), in the year
1809, by people from Connecticut, who first engaged in the manufacture
of tinware and in exchanging their tinware for the products of the coun-
try. They thus obtained deer-pelts, which they learned to tan according
to the Indian process, and, using paper patterns, cut and made them into
rough mittens and gloves. Subsequently they learned a better process
of tanning, and also have made great improvements in manufacturing
gloves; and from apparently insignificant and accidental beginnings has
originated an industry which is estimated to produce over $4,000,000
worth of manufactured goods, and which business has never as yet been
successfully transplanted elsewhere.

“The skins used in the manufacture of gloves and mittens are the dif-
ferent varieties of deer-skins and sheep and lamb skins. The deer-skins
are gleaned from the entire United States, Mexico, Central and South
America, and Africa, and there is as much difference in the quality of the
skins from the different countries as in the climate of the countries or
localities from which they come. The heaviest and most valuable skins
come from under the equator.

‘‘Sheep-skins are extensively used in the manufacture of gloves as
well as deer-skins. It is estimated that over 100,000 dozen are used an-
nually. The quality of these varies as much as deer-skins, and depends
as much upon the section of country from which they come, the coarse-
wool skins making the best leather. A part of the sheep-skins are
dressed in a similar manner to the deer-skins, and are finished to resem-
ble buckskin. Many sheep and lamb skins are by a very different pro-
cess made into what is called kid leather, the lamb-skins, especially,
making a very nice glove; in fact, some of the lined fur-trimmed gloves
made from this kid leather excel any of foreign manufacture.

“To give a more definite idea of where the deer-skins come from, I will
give a little item of statistics of arrivals of deer-skins at the port of
New York in the years 1868 to 1872, inclusive:

Whence. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872.
Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds.

Central: Americas: -f2-fusneab oe 254, 200 249, 000 252, 900 230, 700 249, 000
Para soa sseetee eee) eae eee tee 288, 500 214, 900 185, 700 150, 900 141, 800
Angostura 2225 s2i0 si ons owe oes ees 100, 000 89, 600 178, 000 157, 500 65, 000
PuertoCal.o- ass. ee eoepaboana es 60, 000 210, 300 115, 000 31, 500 154, 400
Sisal os ous ce ee ee ee eee 105, 000 62, 000 84, 000 67, 700 125, 500
Hondarda cic eae eee eee 60, 800 62, 300 61, 500 57, 900 2, 500
Vers Crue scan caatee emer ee 30, 000 26, 700 19, 000 19, 500 21, 000
Canpesohy sesh ent cect eussceeseees 24, 000 12, 500 19, 400 21, 000 12, 500

otal | .2:0n epoca: 923, 000 | 917, 300 909, 600 | 736, 700 832, 200

‘““And to give you something of an idea of how these deer-skins are con-
verted into leather ready for cutting into gloves, I will copy a poem
written by Horace Sprague in 1859. However, the operation has been
somewhat changed and much improved since:

***And be it mine in brief to comprehend,
From the inception to the final end,
Through every process, how. the routine moves
From unwrought hides to manufactured gloves,

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 213

Leather prepared from mammal skins.
Series of different leathers illustrating the manufacture of gloves:

First into vats, low sunken in the ground,

The rattling skins are thrown with husky sound,
And there for days are suffered to remain,

Until the water permeates the grain,

And their whole yielding form and texture make
Pliant and supple, fitting them to break.

Prone o’er the slanting beam the breaker plies,
With long two-bandled knife, his energies

All the adhering flesh to clean away.

His is the hardest work and poorest pay.
Flesh-liming, or the hairing process called,

Xs next in order and is next installed.

Upon the flesh-side of the broken skin
Quick-lime is spread and safely folded in;

Then in the soak or water vat with care

’T is placed ten days for loosening the hair,
And when the beam and knife again are proved
The hairy coat is easily removed.

In lime-vats next the skins are put to lime ;
From one to six weeks is the allotted time.

This process, perfected by low degrees,
Thickens the skins and smooths the surfaces.
Frizing requires the beam and knife again,

To shave clean off the cuticle or grain.
Parching is used for heavy skins alone.

The meaning of the term is drying down ;

Not in the fervors of the scorching sun,

But in the shade alone, ’t is safely done.

A soaking then ensues until

They ’re softer made and fitted for the mill.
Milling in order next succeeds, of course.
Placed in the stock, by steam or water foree
The skins are briskly run six hours or more

To supple them and open every pore,

Then taken out to air. With oil imbued,
Replaced again, and milling is renewed.

Each half hour afterward alternately

They ’re in the stocks or out to air and dry,
Until throughout the substance of the skin

The oil commingles with the gelatine

Or glue, and leaves the other parts together
The true and genuine product we call leather.
The beam and scudding-knife again are plied
For scudding on the grain or facial side.

‘The mucous substance or reticular

Tissue of the skin is shaved off bare.

The process then, to perfect and to crown,
Requires a day at most for drying down.

Next in lye-liquor vats they ’re placed awhile,
In vulgar parlance, ‘for to cut the ile’;

But by the chymie law affinity

The oil gelatinous and alkali

Combine, without a figure or a trope,

And form the useful product we call soap.

A half hour in the stocks the skins being run,
The soap washed out, and thus the scouring ’s done.
To soften, to give shape, and natural size,

Duly the stacking process next applies.

Fast in the perch the pendent skin being placed,
Grasped by the hand and firmly shoulder-braced,
The arm-stake then is vigorously applied

To supple and extend the leathery hide,

While the knee-stake is more suitably found
Fitted to stretch and smooth the edges round.
Ocher with water mixed, when dried enough
And into square blocks fashioned, is called buff,

214 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Leather prepared from mammal skins. ;

Series of different leathers illustrating the manufacture of gloves.

Which by the hand is rubbed upon the skin.
Perch hung until the ocher’s well wrought in
And deeply set, producing a soft, mellow,
Golden, enduring, inerasive yellow.

This buffing named. The process next to bring
The manufacture through is finishing.

A horizontal shaft, firm overlaid

With emery, and by machinery made

To turn, elaborates the skin placed on

To perfect smoothness, and the work is done.’

“The manufacture of the different kinds and styles of gloves is becom-
ing divided up so that many of our leading manufacturers are making a
specialty of some particular kind of gloves. Some make exclusively
heavy buckskin gloves and mittens; others make exclusively sheep-skin
gloves and gauntlets; others, lined kid glovesof various kinds and styles;
others, unlined kid and antelope or castor gloves and ladies’ gauntlets,
thus enabling them to pay strict attention to their particular branch,
and reaching the highest degree of perfection attainable at this age and
stage of the business.

“Marked progress is yearly made in this industry, and it is predicted
that in no distant future the finest gloves made in the world will be made
here in the two villages of Johnstown and Gloversville, N. Y.”

Porpoise leather.
Beluga leather dressed as kid, sole, harness, velvet, plush, boot,
mail-bag, belt, and patent (varnished) leather. |

26018. Tanned skin of beluga (Delphinapterus catodon). G. R. Renfrew &
Co., Quebec.

26019. Lace leather, ‘‘ Riviére du Loup en bas.” Manufactured from the skin
of beluga (Delphinapterus catodon), by the Gulf Porpoise Fishing
Company.

Beaver leather, used in manufacture of saddles, shoes, gloves, and
trunks.

Rat leather, used for thumbs of kid gloves.

Leather trimmings, used as stuffing for balls, &e.

Prepared from intestines of mammals.

Parchment from viscera of seals, used by Eskimos for clothing, bags,
and blankets.

6559. Intestine of seal. Used for waterproof clothing. Cook’s Inlet. Dr.
T. T. Minor.

5570. Intestine of seal. Used for waterproof clothing. Yukon River. W.

H. Dall.

6559. Intestine of seal. Prepared and used foreclothing. Dr. T.T. Minor.

20802. Prepared seal-gut for waterproof dresses, Sitka, Alaska. J.G.Swan.

See also numerous garments of this material displayed in the Eth-

nological division,

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 215

Prepared from intestines of mammais.

Leather from pharynx of seal and walrus, used by Eskimo for boot-
soles.

Parchment from viscera of bears, used in Kamtchatka for masks
and window-panes.

Viscera of ox, used in manufacture of gold-beaters’ skin.

Bladders of animals, used for pouches, parchment, bottle and jar
covers, and by Eskimo for oil-bottles.

Viscera of sheep, used in manufacture of “cat-gut,” with specimens
of whip-cord, hatters’ cord, for bowstrings, clockmakers’ cord,
filandre, guitar, violin, and harp strings, angling-lines, We.

- Viscera of hog, used as envelopes for minced meat, sausages, Xe.

Throat of sea-lion (Humetopias Stelleri), dressed as parchment en-

velopes to preserve valuable papers.
20803. Sitka Indians, Alaska. J. G. Swan.

Sinews of sheep, deer, goat, buffalo, seal, walrus, and other animals,
used in manufacture of threads, lines, nets, and snow-shoes, in
strengthening bows, &c.; the babiche of the Eskimos of the
Northwest coast.

5185. Babiche. Siccanee Indians. British Columbia. J. T. Rothrock.
2034. Mackenzie’s River. R. Kennicott.

849. Mackenzie’s River. oe
842. Moose sinew. Fort Good Hope. Mackenzie’s River. R. Kennicott.
2036. Sinews of moose and caribou. Fort Liard Indians. ce

5546. Deer sinew. Apache Indians. Dr. E. Palmer.
2200. Babiche. Undressed skin of mountain sheep.
843. Babiche from mountain sheep. Mackenzie’s River. R. Kennicott.
1882. Bow covered with sinew of mountain sheep (Ovis montana). Digger
Indians. California. Captain Gunnison, U.S. A.
24788. Snow-shoes made from sinew of caribou (man’s size), G. R. Ren-
frew & Co., Quebec.
24789. Snow-shoes made from sinew of caribou (woman’s size). G. R. Ren-
frew & Co., Quebec.

Prepared from bird-skims (Eskimos).
Hider leather." ‘
Auk leather.'
7453. Oil-bag. Made from skin of loon’s foot. Fort Anderson. R. Mac-

Farlane.

Prepared from reptile skins.

Alligator leather.

16810. Salted skin of alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Upper Saint John’s
River, Florida. G. Brown Goode.

16810. Tanned skin of alligator. Upper Saint John’s River, Florida. G.
Brown Goode.

1See garments in Ethnological series.

216 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES, |

Prepared from reptile skims.
Alligator leather.

25283. Tanned skin of alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Upper Saint
John’s River, Florida. G. Brown Goode.

24791. Tanned skin of alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). ‘‘ Russet finish.”
Schayer Bros., Boston, Mass.

24796. Cigar-case, made from skin of alligator (Alligator mississippiensis).
“Russet finish.” Schayer Bros., Boston, Mass.

24792. Lady’s satchel, made from skin of alligator (Alligator mississippien-
sis). ‘Russet finish.” Schayer Bros., Boston, Mass.

24795. Matich-case, made from skin of alligator (Alligator mississippiensis),
‘Russet finish.” Schayer Bros., Boston, Mass.

24793. Slippers, made from the skin of alligator (Alligator mississippiensis).
“Russet finish.” Schayer Bros., Boston, Mass.

24794. Slippers, made from skin of alligator (Aliigator mississippiensis).
“Black finish.” Schayer Bros., Boston, Mass.

26068. Riding-boots, made from skin of alligator (Alligator mississippiensis).
H. & A. Mahrenholz, New York City.

Rattlesnake leather.

24797. Dressed skin of rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus). Big Coon, Ala. J.
H. Henderson.

24799. Dressed skin of rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus). Big Coon, Ala. J.
H. Henderson.

24798. Shoes made from skin of rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus). Big Coon,
Ala. J. H. Henderson.

9043. Bow covered with skin of rattlesnake. Used by Flathead Indians.
Fort Colville, W. T. Dr. J. T. Ghisslin, U. 8. A.

Other snake leather.

26069. Boots made from skin of boa (Boa constrictor). H. & A. Mahrenholz,
New York.

Prepared from fish-skins.
Leather prepared from scaled fish by Indians.

16091. Salmon-skins dressed as leather and used in making waterproof shirts
and boots by Magemut Eskimo. Nunivak Island, Alaska. W.H.
Dall.

10347. Parky, or upper garment, made from the skin of codfish (?). Nuni-
vak Island, Alaska. W. H. Dall.

Eel leather, made for pigtails, queues, flail-thongs.
Skins of eels (Anguilla vulgaris).

25285. Eel-skins. Market, Washington, D.C. G. Brown Goode.
These eel-skins are highly esteemed by the Virginia negroes as a
cure for rheumatism.

Sturgeon leather.

26013. Tanned skin of sturgeon (Acipenser rubicundus), Wernich & Wan-
del, Waukegan, Il.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 217

Prepared from fish-skins.

Shark leather (shagreen used for coverings, and by the Alaska In-
dians for boot-soles).!

Leather waste.

Paper manufactured from waste.
Glue manufactured from waste. (See under 24.)
Prussian blue made from leather waste. (See under 30.)

21. HAIR AND WOOL.

Hair used in weaving and feltimg. (See under 8.)
Hair used for wigs and ornaments.

Human hair as an article of commerce, with specimens of switches
and wigs, and also of the trade imitations of hair in jute, horse-
hair, &e.

Goat’s wool as employed in manufacture of wigs and perukes.

Human sealp locks as Indian trophies.”

Sealps of animals as trophies.”

Hair and bristles used for brushes (embracing the commer-
cial hair and bristles, assorted and unassorted, and specimens of the
manufactured articles).

Hair of skunk, used for fine brushes.

29340. Gilders’ and varnishers’ brushes (black hair; flat). Miles Bros. & Co.
“cc

29341. “é 6c RE ‘ 6 “
29342, “ 6c ‘c ‘“ “ “ 6
29343. 6“ “c “ “ ‘¢ (round). ‘“
29344. Dusting-brush (white hair; flat). Ke

Hair of bear used for varnishing-brushes.

29338. Varnish or dusting brush. Miles Brothers & Co.
29339. ‘ Mottler” brush. ss

Hair of American badger used for fine shaving, graining, gilding,
and dust brushes.®
Hair of American badger (Zaxidea americana) adapted to the man-
ufacture of brushes.
Hair of squirrel, especially the tail, used in making fine artists’
pencils.
29320. “Camel’s-hair” varnish-brush. French style. Miles Brothers & Co.
29321. ‘‘Camel’s-hair” coach-painters’ color-brush. “e

1See garments in Ethnological series.

2 See specimens in the Ethnological division.

’The badger-hair brushes sold in America are almost exclusively manufactured from
the hair of the European badger. The hair of the American badger is quite as well
adapted to the purpose.

218 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Hair and bristies used for brushes.
Hair of squirrel, especially the tail, used in making fine artists
pencils.
29322. ‘Camel’s-hair” varnish or copying brush. English style. Miles

Brothers & Co., New York.
29322. ‘‘Camel’s-hair” gilders’ brush. Miles Brothers & Co., New Yerk.

29324-5. ‘Camel’s-hair” lacquering brush, ce ss
29326. ‘*Camel’s-hair” pencil, quill handles. EE BP
29353. Series of scrolling and ornamenting brushes. ‘‘ PF

These brushes are made chiefly from the tail of the gray squirrel
(Sciurus carolinensis), and are known to the trade as ‘ camel’s-hair”
brushes.
Bristles of hog and peceary used in making coarse brushes for var-
nishing, scrubbing, W&e.
26020. Series of bristles (black). B Nos. 1-12, William Wilkens & Co.,

Baltimore.
2h021. ee ee “ (white). B Nos. 1-13. S SE
COORG: 1 thn sks «¢ ~— (yellow). B Nos. 1-12. be as
260213 Ase ‘¢ (ted). -B Nos. 4-11. - +s
5025: mtr uk ‘¢ (black). ~D B Nos. 3-12. ee nF
26022 tee ae “« (black). (‘‘Casings”) Nos. 1-12, ‘ i

ede a: «« (matural black). (‘‘Casings”) Nos. 1-11. William
Wilkens & Co.
26024. Series of bristles(white). (‘‘Casings”) Nos.1-12. William Wilkens

[& Co,
2O020sy so re it (white). Medium stiff, Nos. 1-12. as
2OU20. Shee cic ae (union). William Wilkens & Co.
26030. ie ae (blue). a
SOSL “es “«¢ (unbleached). a

Brushes made from bristles:
29327. Flat copying-brush, No. 1. Miles Brothers & Co.
“ce

29328. % No. es
29329. Ԥ s eee sf
29330. * ge 6 No. 24. =
29331. * o arte eet 7
29332, Round paint-brush, No. A }. af
29333. a ee sc No. A 3. ‘
29334. ‘ Ria) dw SS PRIN Onitao ns fe
29335. ‘ PE 9 SAD) Bow AD, “
29336. a . a No. A 3. -
29337. Shaving-brush. bs

Sheep’s wool (on skin) used for blackboard-rubbers.!
Hair of deer and antelope (on skin) used by Indians for hair-brushes?
Deer-hair brushes.
Brushes made from white hair in tail of deer (Cariacus macrotis
and C, virginianus):
29354. Flat brush. linech Miles Brothers & Co.

99355, ae 14 of ae
29356. « Q « ‘
29357. Round brush. =

‘See exhibit in Educational Bureau.
2See Ethnological series.

:

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 219
Hair and bristles used for brushes.
Hair of horses, used for fly-brushes.

26032. Series of samples of horse-hair (dyed blue). William Wilkens & Co.
DoUadan oe cs se Ge cs (dyed red). es
26034. ‘* .“ cc SS < (dyed white). f¢

Ox-hair from the inside of cows’ ears used for striping and letter-
ing brushes.
29345-6-7-8-9-50. Fresco-painters’ brushes, 1-5. Miles Brothers & Co.

29351. Series of ox-hair striping-pencils, sold as camel’s-hair pencils. Miles
Brothers & Co.

Hair used in other manufactures.

Bristles used in shoemakers’ wax ends.

Bristles used in anatomical instruments.

Hair and bristles used in artificial flies. (See under B, 45.)
Hair of cattle used in strengthening mortar and plaster.

Mair used for stuffimg.

Horse-hair, straight and curled, used for mattresses and cushions.

Refuse hair of beaver and musquash, cut from felting-hair, used for
cushions.

(Down of rabbits used for cushions.)

Wool used as a medium for pigments.

Wool-flocking used in the manufacture of wall-paper, colored felts,
and rubber cloth.

Chemical products.

Refuse human and other hair used in manufacture of prussiate of
potash, with specimens of manufactured product.

22. QUILLS.
Quills of mammals.

Quills of American hedge-hog used by Indians in embroidering.

Quills of birds.
/
Quills of swan and turkey for engrossing-pens.
Quills of goose and eagle for writing-pens.
Quills of crow and duck for fine pens.
Quills used in making tooth-picks, fishing-floats, color-bottles, pen-
cil-handles, needle-holders, &e.

23. FEATHERS.

Feathers used for clothing. (See under Furs, D 10.)

220 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES,

Feathers used for implements (including manufactured arti-
cles).

29528. Fan.

26595. Fan made from feathers of roseate spoonbill (Platalea ajaja). Mrs.
C. E. Mott, Jacksonville, Fla.

26597. Fan made from feathers of white tern (Sterna sp.). Mrs. C. E. Mott,
Jacksonville, Fla.

26598. Fan made from feathers of white crane (Garzetta candidissima). Mrs.
C. E. Mott, Jacksonville, Fla.

26599. Fan made from feathers of blue heron (Florida caerulea). Mrs. C. E.
Mott, Jacksonville, Fla.

26601-26605. Fan made from feathers of water-turkey (Plotus anhinga).
Mrs. C. E. Mott, Jacksonville, Fla.

26602. Fan made from feathers of fish-crow (Corvus ossifragus) and blue
heron (I’lorida coerulea). Mrs. C. E. Mott, Jacksonville, Fla.

26603. Fan made from feathers of wood ibis ( Tantalus loculator) and parakeet
(Psitt@us carolinensis). Mrs. C. E. Mott, Jacksonville, Fla.

26605. Fan from miscellaneous feathers. Mrs. C. E. Mott, Jacksonville, Fla.

26312. Domestic turkey-feather dusters. 5 sizes. Chicago Feather-Duster
Company. Chicago, Il.

Feathers used for plumes and ornaments (including
plumes, head-dresses, cockades, hat and dress trimmings, &c.)

26604. Bouquet made from feathers of Florida birds. Mrs. C. E. Mott, Jack-
sonville, Fla.

29529. Flowers made from feathers of Florida birds.

Feathers used im other manufactures.

Feathered arrow-shafts. (See under B, 18.)

Feathers used in making artificial flies.

Feathers used in manufacture of textile fabrics. (See under D,
if A 05)

Down of birds.

Down of eider-duck used in bed-stuffing, with specimens of balls in
which it is packed for transportation.

Down of other ducks.

Down of geese and swans used as stuffing for beds, and as electrical
non-conductor in manufacture of philosophical instruments.

24. GELATINE AND ISINGLASS.
Gelatine.

Gelatine made from leather-shavings, bones, hoofs, and horns of
bison, cattle, sheep, and other domestic animals, used in manu-
facture of glue, size, court-plaster, papier glacé for tracing, imita-
tion glass, artificial flowers, and ornamental work, wrappings for
confections, table-jelly (see under D 1), &e.

Glue.

25315. No. 1. Manufactured from horns and hoofs. Wm. H. Brown, Pea-
body, Mass.

25316. No. 2. Manufactured from horns and hoofs. Wm, H. Brown, Pea-
body, Mass.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 221

Gelatime.
Size, or frozen glue.

25317-18. ‘“‘A. A. E.” Manufactured from horns and hoofs. Wm. H. Brown,
Peabody, Mass.

Gelatines made from bone and ivory shavings.

Bird gelatime.

(Nests of esculent swallows (Calocalia esculenta, C. fuciphaga, C.
indifica, &e.) exported from Indian Archipelago to China.)

Isimgiass.

Isinglass (ichthyocolla), made from air-bladders and skins of fishes
and used in the manufacture of fine glues and sizes, adhesive and
court plasters, diamond cement, imitation glass, and table-jelly
and confectionery (see under D 1, D), in refining wines and liquors,
in adulterating milk, in fixing the luster of artificial pearls, and
in lustering silk ribbons (embracing the dried bladders and the
manufactured products) in their grades of “lyre,” “ heart-shaped,”
“leaf,” and “book” isinglass.

Isinglass from sounds of cod and hake.

12123. Isinglass. (First quality.) Manufactured from sounds of cod, hake,
» &e. Cape Ann. Cape Ann Isinglass and Glue Company, Rock-
port, Mass.

12124. (Second quality.) Manufactured from sounds of hake, cod, &c.
Cape Ann Isinglass and Glue Company, Rockport, Mass.

12126. Dried sound of cod (Gadus morrhua). Used in the manufacture of
isinglass. George’s Banks. Cape Ann Isinglass and Glue Com-
pany, Rockport, Mass.

12125, Dried sound of hake (Phycis chuss). Used in manufacture of isinglass.
Bay of Fundy. Cape Ann Isinglass and Glue Company, Rockport,
Mass,

16683. Sound of hake (Phycis chuss), used in the manufacture of isinglass.
Portland, Me. H. Trefethern.

16684. Sound of hake (Phycis chuss), used in the manufacture of isinglass,
Portland, Me. H. Trefethern.

25264. Isinglass. Manufactured from sounds of cod, hake, &e. Cape Ann
Isinglass and Glue Company, Rockport, Mass.

25263. Air-bladder of cod (Gadus morrhua), used in manufacture of isinglass.
Cape Ann Isinglass and Glue Company, Rockport, Mass.

25796, Isinglass made from skins of cod (Gadus morrhua). By anew method,
by the Gloucester Isinglass and Glue Company. Wm. N. Le Paiz,
agent, Boston, Mass.

25268. Air-bladder of ‘‘foreign crab” (species unknown), used in manu-
facture of isinglass. Cape Ann Isinglass and Glue Company,
Rockport, Mass.

——. Air-bladder of foreign ‘‘sea trout” (an unknown fish), used in the
manufacture of isinglass. East Indies. Cape Ann Isinglass and
Glue Company, Rockport, Mass.

222 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Isinglass.

Isinglass from sounds of cod and hake.

25794. Prepared glue made from skins of cod (Gadus morrhua). By Glou-
cester Isinglass and Glue Company. Wm. N. Le Paiz, agent, Bos-
ton, Mass.

25797. ‘‘Court-plaster” glue made from skins of cod (Gadus morrhua). By
the Gloucester Isinglass and Glue Company. Wm. N. Le Paiz,
agent, Boston, Mass.

25795. Glue made from skins of cod (Gadus morrhua). By Gloucester Isin-
glass and Glue Company. Wm. N. Le Paiz, agent, Boston, Mass.

20744. Dried tonguesof fish (probably cod), used by Sitka Indians in making
glue. Sitka, Alaska. J. G. Swan.

Isinglass from the squeteague family (Scienidae), principally used
by confectioners.

25265. Air-bladder of ‘‘beluga” (an unknown scizenoid fish), used in the
manufacture of isinglass. Cape Ann Isinglass and Glue Company,
Rockport, Mass.

25269. Air-bladder of hake (Phycis chuss), used in manufacture of isinglass.
Cape Ann Isinglass and Glue Company, Rockport, Mass.

25312. Air-bladder of scizenoid fish, known to the trade as “tongue.” East
Indies. Cape Ann Isinglass and Glue Company, Rockport, Mass.

25267. Air-bladder of squeteague (Cynoscion regalis), used in manufacturing
isinglass. Cape Ann Isinglass and Glee Company, Rockport, Mass.

12127. Dried sound of squeteague (Cynoscion regalis), used in the manufac-
ture of isinglass. Long Island Sound, Cape Ann Isinglass and
Glue Company, Rockport, Mass.

Isinglass.

12120. Isinglass made from sound of lake sturgeon (Acipenser rubicundus).
Lake Erie. Schacht & Bros., Sandusky, Ohio.

25, FLEXIBLE MATERIALS DERIVED FROM INVERTEBRATES.!

Insect productions.

Silk-worm “gut” used in making leaders for fish-lines.

(Nest of Cayenne-ant (Hormica bispinosa), used as a mechanical
styptic.)

Spiders’ web used as a mechanical styptie and for the eross-lines in
optical instruments. (See, also, under D, 8).

Papier maché of hornets’ nests used for gun-wadding.

Mollusk productions,

Byssus of mollusks (see under D, 8).

‘See under Part II of the present catalogue.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 223
26. SPONGES.!

Specimens of American commercial spomges (with the
different grades, and bleached sponges).

(Specimens of Mediterranean sponges.)

Surgical apparatus, probangs, aurilaves, “‘ sponge-tents,” and other
instruments manufactured.

Spongeo-piline used as a substitute for poultices.

Sponges used in stuffing mattresses and cushions.

27. OILS AND FATS.
Mamma! oils.

Bear-oil and bear-fat used as a cosmetic and in the manufacture of
pomatuins.
Dog-oil used in the manufacture of kid gloves.
Seal-oil, in its various grades, used for lubricating.
25059-60. Oil of seals (Cystophora, Pagophylus, Pusa, and Phoca, sp.). New-
foundland. Walter Grieve & Co., St. John’s, N. F.
25061-3. Oil of seals (Cystophora, Pagophilus, Pusa, and Phoca, sp.). J.
Munn & Co., Harbor Grace, N. F.
25979. Oil of harbor seal (Phoca vitulina). Capt. N. E. Atwood, Province-
town, Mass.

Sea-elephant oil.

25057. Oil of sea-elephant (Macrorhinus, sp.). Haven, Williams & Co.,
New London, Conn.

25058. Oil of sea-elephant (Macrorhinus leonina). South Georgia Island.
Haven, Williams & Co., New London, Conn.

Sea-lion oil.

Manatee-oil.

Dugong-oil.

Oil and fat from domestic animals, (tallow, suet, lard, oil used in
lamps, for lubricating, and neat’s-foot oil used in dressing leather ;
also, manufactured into various substances (see D, 30), and tal-
low candles and night-lights.)

Oil from body of whales, grampuses, and porpoises used in the
arts, for lubricating, painting, &e.

25054. Oil of humpback whale (Megaptera, sp.). Atlantic Ocean. Haven,
Williams & Co., New London, Conn.

25055. Oil of right-whale. Haven, Williams & Co., New London, Conn.
25056. Oil of sulphur-bottom whale (Sibbaldius, sp.). Haven, Williams &

Co,, New London, Conn.
26038. Oil of beluga (Delphinapterus catodon). Renfrew & Co., Quebec.
24894. Crude Arctic whale oil. George Delano & Co.
24895. Bleached ‘ winter” sperm-oil, from the sperm-whale (Physcter ma-
crocephalus). George Delano & Co., New Bedford, Mass.

1 See under Part II of the present catalogue.

224 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Mamuial oils.
Oil from whales and porpoises.

25743. Oil of grampus (Grampus griseus). Extracted by exposure to the sun,
E. E. Small, Provincetown, Mass.

25067. Oil of grampus (Grampus griseus). Extracted by exposure to the
sun. Capt. Caleb Cook, New Bedford, Mass.

25067. Double refined oil of grampus (Grampus griseus). Cape Cod. Capt.
Caleb Cook, Provincetown, Mass.

25737. “ Pressed” oil of grampus (Grampus griseus). E. E. Small, Proy-
incetown, Mass.

25967. Oil of cowfish. Capt. N. E. Atwood, Provincetown, Mass.

25958. Oil of porpoise. Marvin Brothers & Bartlett, Portsmouth, N. H.

25738. Oil of porpoise (Lagenorhynchus leucopleurus). Extracted by exposure
to the sun, E. E. Small, Provincetown, Mass.

25974. Oil of porpoise (Delphinus erebennus?). Capt. N. E. Atwood,
Provincetown, Mass.

12116. Oil of harbor porpoise (Phocena americana). Prepared by the Passa-
maquoddy Indians. Eastport, Me. Dr. E. Palmer.

12115. Oil of harbor porpoise (Phocewna americana), Eastport,Me. Dr. E.
Palmer.

26037. Oil of harbor porpoise (Phocena americana). Passamaquoddy Bay,
Maine. George H. Peabody, Eastport, Me.

25739. Oil of snuffer (Phocwna americana). Extracted by exposure to the .
sun. E. E. Small, Provincetown, Mass.

24893. Crude ‘‘body”-oil from sperm-whale (Physeter macrocephalus). |
George Delano & Co., New Bedford, Mass.

26076. Oil of black-fish (Globicephalus intermedius). North American Oil
Company, Wellfleet, Mass.

25741. Oil of black-fish (Globicephalus melas). E. E. Small, Provincetown,
Mass.

25064. Refined oil of black-fish (Globicephalus intermedius), Cape Cod.
Capt. Caleb Cook, Provincetown, Mass.

25065. Double refined oil of black-fish (Globicephalus intermedius). Cape
Cod. Capt. Caleb Cook, Provincetown, Mass.

25977. Oil from body of black-fish (Globicephalus melas). Capt. N. E. At-
wood, Provincetown, Mass.

Black-fish and porpoise-jaw oil used in lubricating fine machinery,
watches, clocks, and guns, with specimens of blubber.

25742. Oil from head of black-fish (Globicephalus melas). Extracted by ex-
posure to the sun. FE. E. Small, Provincetown, Mass.

25968. Oil from head of black-fish (Globicephalus melas). Sold as ‘‘porpoise-
jaw oil.” Capt. Caleb Cook, Provincetown, Mass.

25984. Oil from head of black-fish (Globicephalus melas). Sold as ‘‘ porpoise-
jaw oil.” Capt. N. E. Atwood, Provincetown, Mass.

25969. Oil from jaw of porpoise. Capt. N. E. Atwood, Provincetown, Mass.

26035-6. Oil from head of harbor-porpoise (Phocewna americana), Passama-
quoddy Bay. Geo, A, Peabody, Eastport, Me.

26075. Head-oil of black-fish (Globicephalus intermedius). North American
Oil Company, Wellfleet, Mass.

26035. Jaw-oil of porpoise (Phocana americana). Passamaquoddy Bay. G.
A. Peabody, Eastport, Me.

25066. Jaw-oil of black-fish (Globicephalus intermedius). Cape Cod. Capt.
Caleb Cook, Provincetown, Mass.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 225

Mamumnai oils.
Black-fish and porpoise jaw oil, &e.

26042. ‘‘Jaw-marrow” of black-fish (Globicephalus melas). E. E. Small,
Provincetown, Mass.

25040. Blubber of black-fish and grampus (Globicephalus melas and Grams
griseus), KE. E. Small, Provincetown, Mass.

26041. ‘‘Melon” blubber of black-fish (Globicephalus melas). E. E. Small,
Provincetown, Mass.

25069. ‘Melon blubber” of black-fish (Globicephalus intermedius). Cape
Cod. Capt. Caleb Cook, Provincetown, Mass.

Grampus-oil used for lubricating fine machinery.
25068. ‘‘Melon” blubber of grampus (Grampus griseus). Cape Cod. Capt.
Caleb Cook, Provincetown, Mass.

25733. Oil from head of grampus (Grampus griseus). Extracted by exposure
to the sun. E. E. Small, Provincetown, Mass.

Sperm-oil used in lamps, for lubricating, as an emollient in medi-
cine, for lip-salves, and in the manufacture of spermaceti.

24892. Crude ‘‘head” sperm-oil from sperm-whale (Physeter macrocephalus).
George Delano & Co., New Bedford, Mass.

25745. Crude sperm-oil from sperm-whale (Physeter macrocephalus). E. E.
Small, Provincetown, Mass.

Spermaceti, with specimens of candles.

24896. Plain refined spermaceti from sperm-whale (Physeter macrocephalus).
George Delano & Co., New Bedford, Mass.
24897. Spermaceti candles. George Delano & Co., New Bedford, Mass.

Manufactured glycerines, used as a preservative and antiseptic, as
a cosmetic, as an emollient, as a substitute for cod-liver oil, in the
manufacture of nitro-glycerine, dynamite, dualine, lithofracteur,
coloniamite, and other explosives, soap, &c.

26798. Pure inodorous glycerine. Manufactured by H. Bower, Philadelphia.
John Wyeth & Bro., Philadelphia.

Manufactured stearines, with candles and other manufactured ar-
ticles.

Soaps manufactured from mammal-oil, soda-soaps (hard, toilet, and
resin soaps), potash-soaps (washing, shaving, and soft soaps),
diachylon plaster, &e.

Butter made from milk of cows, goats, and horses.

Oleomargarines, with specimens of imitation butter.

Brains of buffalo used in tanning by Indians.

Bird-oils.

(Oil of petrels and other sea-birds used by Eskimos and in the
Azores for lamp-oil.)
Bull. N. M. No. 14

15

226 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Bird-oils.

Goose-oil used by watch-makers, and as an emollient.
Oil of pigeon (Lctopistes migratorius), used as food by Indians and
frontiersmen.

Reptile-oils.
Alligator-oil manufactured in Florida.

24898. Oil of alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), Prepared by Col. L. A.
Harden, Jacksonville, Fla. Dr. W. H. Babcock.

Turtle-oil made from turtle-eggs, used in dressing leather and in
manufacture of soap.
Rattlesnake and other snake oils.

Fish-oils.

Sun-fish oil used by fishermen for cure of rheumatism.

25724, Oil from liver of sun-fish (Mola rotunda). Extracted by exposure to
the sun. E. E. Small, Provincetown, Mass.

25959. Oil from liver of sun-fish (Mola rotunda). Marvin Brothers & Bart-
lett, Portsmouth, N. H.

25966. Oil from liver of sun-fish (Mola rotunda). Capt. N. E. Atwood,
Provincetown, Mass.

Oil from liver of the cod family.

25982. Oil from liver of cod-fish (Gadus morrhua), crude. Capt. N. E. At-
wood, Provincetown, Mass.

25960. Liver-oil of cod-fish (Gadus morrhua). Marvin Brothers & Bartlett,
Portsmouth, N. H.

26550. Oil from liver of cod-fish (Gadus morrhua). Herbert M. Rodgers &
Co., 11 Fulton Market, New York.

26551. Oil from liver of cod-fish (Gadus morrhua). Herbert M. Rodgers &
Co., New York.

26707. Pure cod-liver oil. Prepared for medicinal use only, by Marvin
Brothers, Portsmouth, N. H. John Wyeth, Philadelphia.

25985. Medicinal oil from livers of cod-fish (Gadus morrhua). Capt. N. E.
Atwood, Provincetown, Mass.

25951. Stearine from liver-oil of cod-fish (Gadus morrhua). Marvin Brothers
& Bartlett, Portsmouth, N, H.

25970, Oil from liver of cusk (Brosmius vulgaris). Capt. N. E. Atwood,

Provincetown, Mass.
36. Oil from liver of hake (Phycis chuss). Extracted by exposure to the
sun. E. E. Small, Provincetown, Mass.

29732. Oil from liver of haddock (Melanogrammus aglefinus), Extracted by
exposure to the sun. E. E. Small, Provincetown, Mass.

20978. Oil from liver of haddock (Melanogrammus aglefinus). Capt. N. E.
Atwood, Provincetown, Mass.

20971. Oil from liver of pollock (Pollachiuus carbonarius), Capt. N. E. At-
wood, Provificetown, Mass.

25740. Oil from liver of pollock (Pollachiuus carbonarius). Extracted by
exposure to the sun. E. E. Small, Provincetown, Mass.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 227

Fish-oils.

Herring-oil.

White-fish oil.

Sturgeon-oil. .

Menhaden-oil used in currying leather, in rope making, for lubri-
cating, for adulterating linseed-oil, as a paint-oil, and exported to
Europe for use in the manufacture of soap and for smearing sheep.

26060. Oil of menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus). Geo. W. Miles, Milford,
Conn.

25744. Oil of pogie or menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus), kettle-rendered.
E. E. Small, Provincetown, Mass.

20077. Oil of pogie or menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus). North American
Oil Company, Wellfleet, Mass.

Oil of other fishes.

25973. Oil of horse-mackerel (Orcynus secundidorsalis). Capt. N. E. Atwood,
Provincetown, Mass.

12117. Oil of herring (Clupea harengus). Capt. U.S. Treat, Eastport, Me.

12118. Oil from lake sturgeon (Acipenser rubicundus), Lake Erie. Schacht
& Bros., Sandusky, Olio.

25980. Gili from liver of mackerel-shark (Jsuropsis Dekayi). Capt. N. E.
Atwood, Provincetown, Mass.

25975. Oil from liver of thresher-shark (Alopias vulpes). Capt. N. E. Atwood,
Provincetown, Mass.

25956. Oil from liver of dog-fish (Squalus americanus). Marion Bros. & Bart-
lett, Portsmouth, N. H.

25981. Oil from liver of dog-fish (Squalus americanus). Capt. N. E. Atwood,
Provincetown, Mass. -

25957. Oil from liver of skates (Raia laevis, &c.). Marion Bros. & Bartlett,
Portsmouth, N. H.

25975. Oilfrom liver of cramp-fish ( Torpedo occidentalis). Capt.N. E. Atwood,
Provincetown, Mass.

25735. Oil from liver of eramp-fish (Torpedo occidentalis), E. EE. Small, Proy-
incetown, Mass.

26978. Sword-fish oil. Capt. N. E. Atwood, Provincetown, Mass.

26979. Mackerel-oil. OG ee
26980. Skate-oil. oe oe
26981. Halibut-oil. se ae

Oulachan oil used by Indians of Northwest coast for food and illu-
mination.
Soaps made from fish-oil.
28. PERFUMES.
Mammal perfumes.

Musk of musk-ox.

Musk of the musquash. .

Castoreum of the beaver, including the various commercial grades,
the Canadian, Hudson’s Bay, and Russian castorewm, and speci-
mens of castorine.

26057. Scent-glands of beaver (Castor canadensis). Nebraska. E.R. Squibb,
M. D., Brooklyn, N. Y.

228 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Mammal perfumes.
Hyraceum of the daman (/yrax capensis).
Ambergris of sperm-whale, with specimens of ambreine.

26894, Ambergris (commercial). Weeks Potter, Boston,

Reptile perfumes.

Musk of alligator.
Oil of hawksbill and loggerhead turtles, used in perfumery.
29. COLORING MATERIALS.
Derived from mammals.
Bone-black.
Ivory-black (noire @ivoire), used in fine painting, and in the mannu-
facture of bank-note ink.
Prussiates, prussian blue, ferrocyanide of potassium, made from
hoofs and refuse human and other hair.
26093. Red prussiate of potassa (Potassium ferrocyanide). KE. R. Squibb, M.
D., Brooklyn, N. Y.
26094. Yellow prussiate of potassa (Potassium ferrocyanide). E.R. Squibb,
M. D., Brooklyn, N. Y.
26794. Yellow prussiate of potash. Manufactured by H. Bower, Phila-
delphia. John Wyeth, Philadelphia.
Gall of animals used in dyeing.
bung of animals used in calico-printing.
Hematin made from blood, and used in turkey-red dyeworks, and
for the red liquor of printers.
Wool-flocking (see under D, 21).

Derived from birds,

Shell of eggs used for white pigment.
Series of murexides or purpurate of ammonia dyes, made fom
guano.

26065. Murexid. Prepared by E. Merck, Darmstadt. E.R. Squibb, M. D.,
Brooklyn, N. Y.
Derived from fishes.
Essence Orient, or fish-scale pearl, used as a pigment.
*

26893. Essence Orient. Introduced for comparison. Gustave Bossange,

Paris.

‘(Gall of carp, used in Turkey as a green paint and in staining paper.)

Derived from insects.
(Cochineal dye, from Coceus cacti of Mexico, used in manufacture of
rouge, of carmine, and lake pigments, and in coloring tinctures.)

26064, Honduras silver cochineal. E. R. Squibb, Brooklyn, N. Y.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 229

Derived from insects.

Canadian cochineal.

(Kermes and other cochineals of commerce, Coccus tlicis.)

‘Lac dye and lac lake, from Coccus lacca, C. polonicus, C. wea-ursi, and
Ophis fabe.

Dye prepared from bed-bug (Cimex lectularius).

(Dye prepared from Trombidium, in Guinea and Surinam.)

Nut-galls produced by insects, and used in tanning for black dyes,
for woolen cloth, silk, and calico, and in manufacture of ink and
gallie and pyrogallic acid, employed in photography. :

Derived from mollusks.!

(Sepia from Sepia officinalis.)
Purple dyes from gasteropods, Murex, Purpura, &e.
Purple dyes from nudibranch mollusks.

30. CHEMICAL PRODUCTS AND AGENTS EMPLOYED IN ARTS AND MEDI-
CINES.

Derived from mammals.

Secretion of skunk.

Album grecum of dogs used as a depilatory in tanning hides.

Albumen of blood, employed in sugar-refineries, in certain cements
and pigments, and as an antidote and emollient.

Dung, used in calico-printing.

Gall of animals, used in mixing colors, in fixing the lines of crayon
and pencil drawings, in preparing the surface of ivory for paint-
ing, in removing grease, and in medicine.

Pepsine and pancreatin, prepared from stomach of hogs and calves.

26796. Saccharated pepsin. John Wyeth & Bro., Philadelphia.

26795. Pancreatin, saccharated. Se ss

25964. Saccharine pepsin. E. Schaffer, Louisville, Ky.

25963. Dry pepsin (concentrated). E. Schaffer, Louisville, Ky.

25962. Pure pepsin. E. Schaffer, Louisville, Ky.

29262. Acid phospho-lactate or milk-phosphate. Prepared directly from
milk, by Gail Borden & Co. New York Condensed Milk Company,
New York.

Derived from insects.

Coccinella, used as remedy for toothache.

(Trehala, made from nests of beetles (Larinas nidificans), of Kast
Indies, and used for a substitute for tapioca.)

Formic acid.

Carbazotic acid and its derivatives, made from sewing-sillk scraps,
and used as a substitute for quinine.

' See in Part II of the present catalogue.

230 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Derived from insects. .
Beeswax, used in manufacture of candles, cerates, plasters, and
artificial flowers, in modeling and casting, and in medicine.
Honey, used as a preservative, a food, and in medicine as an ape-
rient and demulcent.

19076. Sugar made of cane-lice. Prepared by the Cooyuwee Indians, Pyra-
mid Lake, Nevada. Stephen Powers.

(Wax, used in Chinese pharmacy, secreted by the Coccus pehlah.)

(a’. Manna from the Tamarix mannifera, used as food, and in
medicine as a purgative.
)’, Cedar manna from Mount Lebanon, from Pinus cedrus.
ce’, Arabian manna, of Hedysarum alliagi.)
(Eye-powder, made by Chinese from the Telini fly (Mylabris cichorii)
of India.)

Derived from mammais.
Koumiss, a fermented liquor, prepared from mare’s and cow’s milk
’ | ; r
and employed in medicines. )

Phosphorus, prepared from bones, with specimens of matches,
vermin poisons, and other products.

Vaccine limph, derived from cows.

Ammonia, prepared from bones and horn.

Sal ammoniac, prepared from bones and dung.

Prussiates, prepared from hoof, horn, and leather waste, dried
blood, hair, and wool, with specimens of blue cyanide of potas-
sium. (See under Coloring Materials.)

Lime from bones and bone phosphates. (See, also, under 32.)

Punk and tinder, made from droppings of camel and bison.

; >

Animal charcoal, used as a decolorizer.

Derived from birds.

Albumen of eggs, used in photography, in clarifying liquors, by
physicians as emollients and antidotes, and by apothecaries in
suspending oils and other liquids in water,

Egg-shells, employed as an antacid.

Derived from reptiles.

Crotalin of rattlesnake and copperhead.

(Scincus officinalis of Egypt, used by European practitioners as sudo-
rific and stimulant.)

Derived from fishes,

Propylamine, made from fish-brine.

26066. Propylamine (manufactured by E, Merck, Darmstadt), E. R.
Squibb, M. D., Brooklyn, N. Y.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 231

Derived from fishes.

(Intestines of grayling, used by Laplanders as a substitute for
rennet.)
Skins of eels, used by negroes for rheumatism.

Derived from insects.

Vesicatory preparations from American beetles, Cantharis cinerea
and C. vittata.

Vesicatory preparations derived from foreign beetles, cantharides
or Spanish flies (Cantharis vesicatoria), and other species, and
substitutes, Mylabris cichorii, Cercoma Schefferi, Meloe, sp.,
var., &c.

Vesicatory preparations from American spiders, such as Tegenaria
medicinalis.

Gall-nuts, used in medicine (see under 29).

Derived from crustacea.

Salve-bug of fishermen of Banks (Caligus curtus), parasite on cod-
fish.

Crabs’ eyes, or concretions from stomach of astacus, used as an
antacid.

Derived from woriuns.

American leech (Macrobdella decora), used in surgery.
(European leech (Hirudo medicinalis), introduced into America.)
(African leech (Hirudo trochina), introduced.)
Leeches used as barometers.
Derived from mollusks.
(Cuttle-fish bone of Sepia officinalis.) (See under D, U1, H.)
Calcined shells, used for building-lime and in manufacture of denti-
frices and enamel. (See under D, III, H.)
Derived from radiates.
a. Limes, derived from calcining coral and coral rock.
Derived from protozoans.
Burnt sponge, formerly used in medicine.
Infusorial earth and its applications. (See above under K.)
dl, FERTILIZERS.
Natural guanos.

Bat guano from caves.
Bird guano from oceanic islands.

232 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Artificial guanos.

Menhaden guano.

Series of preparations illustrating the manufacture of soluble
Pacific guano. Soluble Pacific Guano Company, Wood’s Holl,
Mass.!

26104. Crude South Carolina phosphate.

25213, 26103. Crushed South Carolina phosphates.

26102. Ground South Carolina phosphate.

26100. Crnde Navassa phosphate. Navassa Island, W. I.

26101. Sicily sulphur, used in manufacture of sulphuric acid, used in fac-
tory.

26099. Stassfurth kainite, used in preservation of scrap.

26095. Crude menhaden scrap.

26097. Menhaden serap, dried by the Hogle patent drying-machine.

26095. Soluble Pacific guano (unsereened).

26098. Soluble Pacific guano (screened).

Other preparations.!

26062. Island guano. Geo. W. Miles, Milford, Conn.
26061-3. Ammonidted bone superphosphate. Geo. W. Miles, Milford, Conn.
22246. Leopoldshall kainite. Winfield S. Dunan, Baltimore, Md.

Dried meat and blood.
Dried blood.

22239. Black dried blood. Contains 16 per cent. ammonia. Winfield 8.
Dunan, Baltimore, Md.

22240. Black blood-dust. Contains 12 per cent. ammonia. Winfield §.
Dunan, Baltimore, Md.

22241. Red blood-dust. Contains 14 per cent. of ammonia. Winfield S.
Dunan, Baltimore, Md.

22242. Mixed dried blood. Contains about 13 per cent. of ammonia. Win-
field 8. Dunan, Baltimore, Md.

22243. Blood, bone, and meat tankage. Contains about 9.50 per cent. of
ammonia and 24 per cent. bone-phosphate of lime. Winfield §.
Dunan, Baltimore, Md.

22244, Azotin. Contains about 14 per cent. of ammonia, and is made from
what are known as ‘‘butcher’s cracklings’—the grease having
been pressed out, the scrap is dried and ground. Winfield §S.
Dunan, Baltimore, Md.

22245. Sulphate of ammonia. Contains about 25 per cent. of ammonia.
Winfield 8S. Dunan, Baltimore, Md.

Poudrettes.
Other animal fertilizers.

2. Lives. (See under 30.)
33. OTHER MATERIALS NOT MENTIONED.

'An elaborate model of the works of the Soluble Pacific Guano Company of Wood’s
Holl, Mass., and Charleston, 8. C., is on exhibition in the grounds of the Exposition.

SHCTiION. BH.

PROTECTION AND CULTURE.
I. INVESTIGATION.
1. METHODS OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Methods of work.

Apparatus for collecting specimens. (See under B.)
Apparatus for physical research.
Appliances for working up results.

This should include a model of coast laboratory with all its fittings.

Photographs.!

401. Headquarters of the United States Fish Commission, Wood’s Holl,
Mass.

400. Little Harbor of Wood’s Holl, Mass., with headquarters of U.S. Fish
Comunission.

399. Harbor of Wood’s Hole, Mass., from the wharf of the Fish Commis-
sion laboratory.

398. Harbor of Wood’s Holl, Mass., with U. 8. Fish Commission fleet for
1871.

397. Village of Wood’s Holl, Mass., with the Pacific Soluble Guano Com-
pany’s Works.

404. Yacht ‘‘Mazeppa,” employed in the service of the U. S. Fish Com-
mission.

403. U.S. steamer ‘Blue Light” at the wharf of the U. 8. Fish Commis-
sion, Wood’s Holl, Mass.

402. Village of Wood’s Holl, Mass., showing laboratory of U. S. Fish
Comuission.

Results of work.
1. Reports of the Cominission.

(UNITED STATES COMMISSION OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Part I.—REPORT
ON THE CONDITION OF THR SEA-FISHERIES OF THE SOUTH COAST OF
NEW ENGLAND IN 1871 AND 1272. By Spencer F. Baird, Commissioner.
With supplementary papers. Washington: Government Printing-Office.
1873. 8vo, xlvii, 852 pp., 40 pl., with 38 explanatory (to pl. 1-38). 1
folded map. )

I. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER (8S. F. Baird). pp. vii-

xlvii.?
II. GENERAL PLAN OF INQUIRIES PROSECUTED. (1. MEM-
ORANDA OF INQUIRY RELATIVE TO THE FOOD-VISHES
OF THE UNITED STATES. 2. QUESTIONS RELATIVE TO
THE FOOD-FISHES OF THE UNITED STATES.) pp. 1-6.
'The photographs here enumerated were on exhibition. Many others are in the pos-

session of the Commission.

2This portion, with general title-page (pp. i-xlvii), was issued in advance separately.

233

234 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Results of work.

1. Reports of the Commission.

(UNITED STATES COMMISSION OF Fisi AND FisuEeries. Parr I.)

iil.

DE

AVN

vile

VIEL:

VIII.

XIII.

XIV.

XY.

XVI.

x VOL

XVIII.

TESTIMONY IN REGARD TO THE PRESENT CONDITION OF
THE FISHERIES, TAKEN IN 1871. pp. 7-72. .

SPECIAL ARGUMENTS IN REGARD TO REGULATING THE
SEA-FISHERIES BY LAW. pp. 73-103.

REPORTS OF STATE COMMISSIONS IN REGARD TO REGU-
LATING THE SEA-FISHERIES. pp. 104-124.

REPORT OF CONFERENCE OF THE UNITED STATES CoM-
MISSIONER WITH THE COMMISSIONERS OF Ruopr IsL-
AND AND MASSACHUSETTS, held October 5, 1871. pp.
125-131.

DRAUGHT OF LAW PROPOSED FOR THE CONSIDERATION
Or, AND ENACTMENT BY, THE LEGISLATURES OF MAs-
SACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND, AND CONNECTICUT. pp.
132-134.

MISCELLANEOUS CORRESPONDENCE AND COMMUNICATIONS
ON THE SUBJECT OF THE SEA-FISHERTES. pp. 134-13-.

EUROPEAN AUTHORITIES ON THE SUBJECT OF REGULAT-
ING THE FISHERIES BY LAW. pp. 139-148.

NOTICES IN REGARD TO THE ABUNDANCE OF FISH ON THE
NEW ENGLAND COAST IN FORMER TIMES. pp. 149-172.

STATISTICS OF FISH AND FISHERIES ON THE SOUTE
SHORE OF NEW ENGLAND. pp. 173-181.

SUPPLEMENTARY TESTIMONY AND INFORMATION RELA-
TIVE TO THE CONDITION OF THE FISHERIES OF THE
SOUTH SIDE OF NEW ENGLAND, TAKEN IN 1872. pp.
182-195.

PLEADINGS BEFORE THE SENATE COMMITTEE ON FISH-
ERIES OF THE RHODE ISLAND LEGISLATURE, AT ITS
JANUARY SESSION OF 1872. pp. 196-227.

NATURAL HISTORY OF SOME OF THE MORE IMPORTANT
FOOD-FISHES OF THE SOUTH SHORE OF NEW ENGLAND,
(viz: the Seup (Stenotomus argyrops), and the Blue-tish
(Pomatomus sallatrix). pp. 228-252.

DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS USED IN CAPTURING FISH
ON THE SEA-COAST AND LAKES OF THE UNITED STATES.
pp. 253-274, with 19 (1-19) figs., and pl. (maps) xxxix
and xl, and large folded map.

LisT OF PATENTS GRANTED BY THE UNITED STATES TO
THE END OF 1872 FOR INVENTIONS CONNECTED WITH
THE CAPTURE, UTILIZATION, OR CULTIVATION OF FISH
AND MARINE ANIMALS. pp. 275-280.

List OF THE SEA-WEEDS OR MARINE ALG OF THE
SOUTH COAST OF NEW ENGLAND. By W. G. Farlow,
M.D. pp. 281-294.

REPORT UPON THE INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINE-
YARD SOUND AND THE ADJACENT WATERS, WITH AN
ACCOUNT OF THE PHYSICAL CHARACTER OF THE RE-
GIon. By A.E. Verrill. pp. 295-778, with pl. i-xxxviii,

*

bo
C3
rn

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Results of work.
1. Reports of the Commission.

(UNITED STATES COMMISSION OF FISH AND FIsHERIES. Part J.)

XIX. CATALOGUE OF THE FISHES OF THE EAST COAST OF
Norra America. By Theodore Gill. pp. 779-822.
XX. List or FISHES COLLECTED AT WoOobD’s HOLL (between
June 20 and October 4). By 8. F. Baird. pp. 823-827.
XXI. TABLE OF TEMPERATURES OF THE LITTLE HARBOR,
Woop’s Hoi, Mass., FROM JANUARY 1, 1873, TO
DECEMBER 31, 1873. pp. 828-831.
XXII. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. p. 833.
XXIII. GENERAL INDEX. pp. 835-852.

UNITED STATES COMMISSION OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Part IJ.—REPORT
OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR 1872 AND 1873. A.—INQUIRY INTO THE DE-
CREASE OF FOOD-FISHES. B.—THE PROPAGATION OF FOOD-FISHES IN
THE WATERS OF THE UNITED SraTEs. By Spencer F. Baird, Commis-
sioner. With supplementary papers. Washington: Government Print-
ing-Office. 1874,

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER. (Table of contents precedes report. )
APPENDIX A.—THE FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES AND THE SPECIES
OF COREGONUS OR WHITEFISH.
J. REPORTS ON THE FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES; THE
RESULT OF INQUIRIES PROSECUTED IN 1871 AND 1872.
By James W. Milner. (Table of contents on p. 77.)
II. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE RELA-
TIVE TO THE WHITEFISH. pp. 79-88.
APPENDIX B.—THE SALMON ANDTHE TROUT (species of the Salmo). p. 29.
III. ON Tar NorrH AMERICAN SPECIES OF SALMON AND
Trout. By George Suckley, Surgeon United States
Army (written in 1861), p. 91. Tabulated list of
species, pp. 92-159.
IV. Tur SALMON OF THE DANUBE, OR THE HuUCHO (Salmo
hucho), AND ITS INTRODUCTION INTO AMERICAN WATERS.
By Rudolph Hessel. p. 161.
V. IMPROVEMENT IN THE SALMON-FISHERIES OF SWEDEN.
(Extract from the report of the Royal Swedish In-
tendant of Fisheries, 1868.) p. 166.
VI. REPORT OF OPERATIONS DURING 1872 AT THE UNITED-
STATES HATCHING ESTABLISHMENT ON McCLoup:
RIVER, AND ON THE CALIFORNIA SALMONIDA GEN-
ERALLY, WITH A LIST OF SPECIMENS COLLECTED. By
Livingston Stone.
A. Introductory remarks. pp. 168-174,
B. The Salmonide of the Sacramento River. | pp.
175-197.
C. Catalogue of natural-history specimens collected
on the Pacific slope in 1872, by Livingston
Stone, for the United States Fish Commission.
VII. NorEes oN THE SALMON OF THE Mrramicut River. By
Livingston Stone; p. 216. Fragmentary notes. p. 217.
VIII. Tur Satmontp OF EASTERN MAINE, NEw BRUNSWICK,
AND Nova Scotia. By Charles Lanman. pp. 219-225.
IX. ON THE SALMON OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA, AND ITS-
ARTIFICIAL CULTURE. By Charles G. Atkins. (Table
of contents on p. 336.) p. 226.

236 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Results of work.

Reports of the Commission.

(UNITED STATES COMMISSION OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Parr II.)

X.

XIII.

XIV.

ON THE SALMON OF MAINE. By A. C. Hamlin. pp.
338-356.
THE LAK: Trouts. By A. Leith Adams, M. A., &e. p.

307.

. ON THE SPECKLED TrouT oF Utan LAkr. By Dr. H.

C. Yarrow, U. 8. A., Surgeon and Naturalist, &c. pp.
308-363.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE
TO SALMON AND TROUT. pp. 364-378.
ADDITIONAL REPORTS RELATIVE TO THE HATCHING AND
PLANTING OF THE PENQBSCOT SALMON. p. 380,
A. New Hampshire. p. 380.
B. New Jersey. p. 381.
C. Pennsylvania. p. 382.
D. Ohio. p. 382.
E. Wisconsin. p. 383.

APPENDIX C.—THE SHAD AND ALEWIFE (species of Clupcide). p.

Vs

385.

LETTERS REFERRING TO EXPERIMENTS OF W. C. DANIELL,
M. D., IN INTRODUCING SHAD INTO THE ALABAMA
RIVER. pp. 386, 387.

XVI. LETTERS REFERRING TO SHAD IN THE RIVERS TRIBUTARY

XVII.

XVIII.
XIX.

TO THE GULF ‘OF MEXICO. pp. 388-391.

REPORT OF A RECONNAISSANCE OF THE SHAD-RIVERS
soUTH OF THE Potomac. By H. C. Yarrow, M. D.
pp. 396-401.

REPORT ON SHAD-HATCHING OPERATIONS. pp. 403-417.

REPORT ON THE PROPAGATION OF THE SHAD (Alosa
Sapidissma), AND ITS INTRODUCTION INTO NEW WATERS
BY THE UNITED STATES COMMISSIONER, IN 1873. By
James W. Milner. pp. 419-450.

XX. NOTES ON THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SHAD AND

ALEWIFE. pp. 452-462.

APPENDIX D.—FIsSH CULTURE (THE HISTORY, THEORY, AND PRACTICE

OF FISH-CULTURE). pp. 463, 464.

XXI. THE HISTORY OF FISH-CULTURE. p. 465.

A. The history of fish-culture in Europe, from its
earlier record to 1854. By Jules Haime. pp.
465-492.

B. Report.on the progress of pisciculture in Russia.
By Theodore Soudakéviez. pp. 493-512.

C. Report on the state of pisciculture in France and
the neighboring countries. By M. Bouchon-
Brandley, assistant secretary of the College of
France. pp. 513-522.

D. The progress of fish-culture in the United States.
By James W. Milner. pp. 523-558.

E. Alphabetical list of American fish-culturists and
of persons known as being interested in fish-
culture. pp. 558-566.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 2357

Results of work.
1. Reports of the Commission.

(UNITED StaTEs CoMMISSION OF FIsH AND FISHERIES. PART IT.)

XXII. PAPERS RELATING TO PRACTICAL FISH-CULTURE.
A. Method of treating adhesive eggs of certain fishes;,
especially of the Cyprinide, in artificial propa-
gation. By Rudolph Hessel. pp. 567-570.
B. On the so-called ‘‘dry” method of impregnating
spawn. By Alexander Stenzel, inspector of
fisheries in Silesia, Germany. pp. 571-574.
C. Fish-culture in salt or brackish waters. By Theo-
dore Lyman, Fish Commissioner of Massachu-
setts. pp. 575-577.
D. Descriptions of improved apparatus in fish-hatch-
ing. pp. 578-587.
APPENDIX E.—OBSTRUCTIONS TO THE UPWARD MOVEMENT OF FISHES
IN STREAMS, AND THE REMEDY. pp. 588, 589.
XXIII. ON FisH-ways. By Charles G. Atkins. pp. 591-615.
XXIV. ON OBSTRUCTIONS TO THE ASCENT OF FISH IN CERTAIN:
RIVERS. p. 617.
A. Obstructions in the rivers of Maine. By E. M.
Stillwell. pp. 617-621.°
B. Obstructions in the tributaries of Lake Cham-
plain. By M. C. Edmunds. pp. 622-627.
C. Obstructions in some of the rivers of Virginia.
By M. McKennie. pp. 628-629.
D. Character of the streams on the northern shore of
Lake Michigan. By J. F. Ingalls. pp. 680-22.
E. Characters of some of the northern tributarics of
Lake Michigan. By James W. Milner. pp.
632-634,
APPENDIX F.—NATURAL History. pp. 635-636.
XXV. THE CRUSTACEA OF THE FRESH WATERS OF THE UNITED
STATES. By Sidney I. Smith.
A. Synopsis of the higher fresh-water Crustacea of
the Northern United States. pp. 637-657.
B. The crustacean parasites of the fresh-water fishes
of the United States. pp. 661-665.
XXVI. SYNOPSIS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN FRESH-WATER
LEEcHES. By A. E. Verrill. pp. 666-689.
XXVII. SKETCH OP THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF LAKE SUPE-
rior. By Sidney I. Smith. pp. 690-706.
XXVIII. Foop OF FRESH-WATER FISHES. By Sidney I. Smith.
pp. 708-709.
XXIX. NATURAL AND ECONOMICAL HISTORY OF THE GOURAMI
(Osphromenus goramy). By Theodore Gill. p. 710.
A. Natural history. pp. 710-717.
B. The introduction and attempts to introdnce the
gourami into foreign countries. pp. 718-725.
C. Rules for transportation and introduction. p. 727.
XXX. NorTes ON THE GRAYLING (Thymallus) oF NORTH AMER-
1cA. By James W. Milner. pp. 729-742
APPENDIX G.—MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. p. 743.

238 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Results of work.
1. Reports of the Commission.
(UNITED STATES COMMISSION OF FISH AND FIsHERIES. Parr II.)

XXXI. TEMPERATURE IN THE GULF OF MEXICO, FROM RECORDS
OF THE UNITED STATES COAST SURVEY. pp. 745-748.
XXXII. CORRESPONDENCE WITH COMPANIES RELATIVE TO FACIL-
ITIES IN TRANSPORTATION, ETC. pp. 749-756.
XXXITI. Reports OF SPECIAL CONFERENCES WITH AMERICAN
FisH-CULTURISTS’ ASSOCIATION AND STATE COMMIS-
SIONERS OF FISHERIES. p. 757.
A. Meeting at Boston, June 13, 1872. pp. 757-762.
B. Meeting at New York, October 17, 1872. pp.763-773.
XXXIV. BrstioGRapHy oF REPORTS OF FISHERY COMMISSIONS.
By Theodore Gill. pp. 764-773.
A. Names of Commissioners. p. 774.
B. Bibliography of reports. pp. 775-784.
LisT OF ILLUSTRATIONS. pp. 785-790.
GENERAL INDEX. p. 791.

UNITED STATES COMMISSION OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Part III].—REPoRT
OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR 1873-4 AND 1874-5. A.—INQUIRY INTO THE
DECREASE OF THE FOOD-FISHES. ]3.—THE PROPAGATION OF FOOD-FISHES
IN THE WATERS OF THE UNITED StaTEs. By Spencer F. Baird, Commis-
sioner. Washington: Government Printing-Office. 1876. —

APPENDIX A.—SEA-FISHERIES AND THE FISHES AND INVERTEBRATES
USED AS FOOD.
I. HISTORICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE CONDITION OF THE
FISHERIES AMONG THE ANCIENT GREEKS AND ROMANS
AND THEIR MODE OF SALTING AND PACKING FISH. By
J. K. Smidlo. pp. 1, 2.

Il. STATISTICS OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FISHERIES OF THE
NortH ATLaANntic. By Carl Dambeck. pp. 3-24.

Ill. ON THE FISHERIES OF NORWAY. pp. 24-30. ;

IV. STATISTICAL DATA REGARDING THE SWEDISH FISHERIES.
pp. 31-34.

V. ACCOUNT OF THE FISHERIES AND SEAL-HUNTING IN THR
WHITE SEA, THE ARCTIC OCEAN, AND THE CASPIAN
Sea. By Alexander Schultz. pp. 35, 96.

VI. THe NORWEGIAN HerninG-risueries. By A. J. Breck
and A. Fadderdin. pp. 97-122. .

VII. PRELIMINARY REPORT FOR 1873-74 ON THE HERRING
AND THE HERRING-FISHERIES ON THE WEST COAST OF
SwEDEN. By Axel Vilhelm Springman. pp. 123-168.

VIIL. THe HaALipur FISHERIES OF THE UNITED States. By
Lieut. P. De Broca. pp. 169-172.

IX. THE FISHING VILLAGES SNIKKERSTUN AND SKOLTERUP,
AND THE COLLECTION OF FISHING IMPLEMENTS EX-
HIBITED BY THEM AT ELSINORE, DENMARK, DURING
THE SUMMER OF 1872. pp. 173-182.

X. ON THE HERRING AND ITS PREPARATION AS AN ARTICLE
OF TRADE. By Hyalmar Widigner. pp. 183-192.

XI. New CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HERRING QUESTION—THE
DISPUTE BETWEEN AXEL Back AND OSSIAN SARS
REGARDING THE NORWEGIAN SUMMER HERRING--
SARS’ RECENT OBSERVATIONS AND HIS NEW THEORY
ON THE MIGRATION OF THE HERRING. pp. 193-194.

-ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED SfATES. 239

Results of work.
1. Reports of the Commission.

(UNITED STATES COMMISSION OF FISH AND FisHERIES. Parr III)

XII. ON THE SPAWNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COD-
FISH. By Prof. C. O. Sars. pp. 195-222.
XIII. Tort NORWEGIAN LOBSTER FISHERY AND ITS HISTORY.
By Axel Broeck. pp. 223-252.
XIV. TRANSPORTATION OF LOBSTERS TO CALIFORNIA. pp.
253-257.
XV. ON THE ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION OF THE LOBSTER. pp.
258-266.
XVI. ON THE OYSTER INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
By Lieut. P. De Broca. pp. 267-320.
APPENDIX B.—THE RIVER FISHERIES. pp. 321-322.
XVII. THE PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE SHAD.
pp. 323-350.
XVIII. REPORT OF THE TRIANA.TRIP. By J. W. Milner. pp.
351-362.
XIX. ON THE TRANSPORTATION OF SHAD FOR LONG DIS-
TANCES. pp. 363-371.
XX. REPORT OF OPERATIONS IN CALIFORNIA IN 1873. By
Livingston Stone. pp. 372-427.
| XXI. HATCHING AND DISTRIBUTION OF CALIFORNIA SALMON.
pp. 428-436.
XXII. REPORT OF OPERATIONS DURING 1874 AT THE UNITED
STATES SALMON-HATCHING ESTABLISHMENT ON THE
McCuoup RIvER, CALIFORNIA. By Livingston Stone.
pp. 437-476.
XXIII. CorRESPONDENCE RELATING TO THE SAN JOAQUIN
RIVER AND ITS FISHES. pp. 477-484.
XXIV. THE ATLANTIC SALMON (Salmo Salar). By A. G. Atkins.
pp. 485-539.
APPENDIX C.—FISH-CULTURE, RELATING MORE ESPECIALLY TO SPECIES
or (Cyprinide). pp. 540.
XXV. Nores ON PISCICULTURE IN Kiana 81. By H. Kopsch.
pp. 543-548.
XXVI. ON THE CULTURE OF THE CARP. pp. 549-558.
XXVII. THE GoLp ORFE (Cyprinus orfus). pp. 559-562.
XXVIII. DIRECTIONS FOR USING TABLES FOR RECORDING THE
PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FISH. pp. 563-568.
APPENDIX D.—THE RESTORATION OF THE INLAND FISHERIES. pp.
569-570.
XXIX. FISHERIES AND FISHING LAWS IN AUSTRIA AND THE
WORLD IN GENERAL. By Carl Peyrer. pp. 571-680.
XXX. How CAN OUR LAKES AND. PONDS BE STOCKED WITH
FISH IN THE SHORTEST POSSIBLE TIME? By Mr. Von
dem Borne. pp. 681-684.
APPENDIX E.—NATURAL History. pp. 685-686.
XXXI. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON A SERIES OF DREDGINGS MADE
ON THE UNITED STATES COAST SURVEY STEAMER
BACHE IN THE GuLF or Marne. By A. S. Packard,
jr., M. D. pp. 687-690.
XXXII. List OF THE MARINE ALG OF THE UNITED STATES.
By W. G. Farlow. pp. 691-718.

240 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES:

Results of work.
1. Reports of the Commission.
(UNITED STATES COMMISSION OF FISH AND FISHERIES, Parr III.)

XXXII. SECTION ON THE ORGANS OF REPRODUCTION AND TIUE
FECUNDATION OF FISHES AND ESPECIALLY OF EFLS.
By Dr. Syvski. pp. 719-734.
XXXIV. THE FOOD AND MODE OF LIVING OF THE SALMON, TIE
TROUT, AND THE SHAD. By D. Barfurth. pp. 735-753.
UNITED STATES COMMISSION OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Part IV.—REPORT
OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR 1875-1876. A.—INQUIRY INTO THE DECREASE
OF THE FOOD-FISHES. B.—THE PROPAGATION OF FOOD-FISHES IN THE
WATERS OF THE UNITED Sratres. Washington: Government Printing-
Office. 1878. &8vo., pp.ix, 50, 1029, plates vi (Hist. of whale fishery ).
I. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER.
A.—GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.
1. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. p. 1.
B.—INQUIRY INTO THE DECREASE OF FOOD-FISHES,
2. INVESTIGATIONS AND OPERATIONS OF 1875, p. 4.
3. INVESTIGATIONS AND OPERATIONS OF 1876. p. 7.
C.—THE PROPAGATION OF FOOD-FISHES.
4, GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS, p.&.
5. ACTUAL WORK OF PROPAGATION OF FOOD-FISHES IN 1875
AND 1876. p. 20.
The shad. p. 20.
The California salmon. p. 21.
The Atlantic salmon. p. 25,
The Jand-locked salmon, — p. 25.
The white-fish. p. 26.
The carp. p.27.
D.—TABLES.
TABLE 7.—HATCHING AND DISTRIBUTION OF FISH BY THE
UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION FROM THE
BEGINNING OF ITS WORK IN 1872 TO THE SUM-
MER OF 1876. p. 28.
II.—APPENDIX TO REPORT OF COMMISSIONER.
APPENDIX A.—THE SEA FISHERIES.
I. History OF THE AMERICAN WHALE FISHERY FROM
ITS EARLIEST INCEPTION TO THE YEAR#1876.
By Alexander Starbuck.
APPENDIX B.—THE INLAND FISHERIES.
Il. FISHERIES OF CHICAGO AND yicrniry. By E. W.
Nelson. p. 783.
Ill. THe SALMON FISHERIES OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER.
By Livingston Stone. p. 801,
IV. NOTES ON SOME FISHERIES OF THE DELAWARE
River. By Dr.C.C. Abbott. p. 825.
V. METHOD OF PURIFYING THE RESIDUUM OF GAS-
WORKS BEFORE ALLOWING IT TO PASS OFF INTO
THE WATER. By J. R. Shotwell. p. 847.
VI. TABLES OF TEMPERATURES OF AIR AND WATER AT
SUNDRY STATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES SIGNAL
OFFICE, FROM MARCH, 1874, TO FEBRUARY, 1575,
AND FROM MARCH, 1876, TO FEBRUARY, 1577,
INCLUSIVE. p. 851.

ANIMAL RESOURCES

Results of work.

AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 241

1. Reports of the Commission.

(UNITED STATES COMMISSION OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Part IV.)

APPENDIX C.—THUE PROPAGATION OF FOOD-FISHES.

WALT

VII:

IX.

THE CARP AND ITS CULTURE IN RIVERS AND LAKES,
AND ITS INTRODUCTION INTO AMERICA. by Ru-
dolph Hessel. p. 865.

THE PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF SHAD. Jas.
W. Milner. p.901. ;

ON THE COLLECTION OF EGGS OF SCHOODIC SALMON
IN 1875 anD 1876. By Charles G. Atkins. p. 910.

OPERATIONS ON THE MCCLOUD RIVER IN SALMON-
BREEDING IN 1875. By Livingston Stone. p. 921.

. OPERATIONS ON THE MCCLOUD RIVER IN SALMON-

BREEDING IN 1876. By Livingston Stone. p. 935.

. CORRESPONDENCE RELATING TO THE EXPORTATION

OF FISH-HATCHING APPARATUS TO NEW ZE&sLAND,
GERMANY, &C. p.959.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. p. 1025.

2. COLLECTIONS. (See under A, V to VIIL.)

Photographs.

See series of photographs and color-sketches of North Amevyican

fishes.

Upwards of four humdred casts of coast and fresh-water

species.

(See under A, V to VIIL.)

I]. PROTECTION.

2. PRESERVATION OF GAME, FISH, ETC.

Game laws.

» from man.

xx From artificial obstructions.

Fish-ways.

Gap fish-ways.

French, ditch, or “Cape Cod” fish-ways.
Oblique groove fish-ways.

Sinele groove.

15855. Model of fish-way. James D. Brewer, inventor, Muncy, Lycoming

\ County, Pa.

1$356. Model of fish-way. James D, Brewer, Muncy, Pa

Bull. N. M. No. 14

16

242 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.
Fish-ways.

Step fish-ways.

Box or pool fish-ways.

25108, Model of fish-way. Jas. D. Brewer, Muncy, Pa. Patented by Daniel
Steck.

Steps contrived by arrangement of rocks and bowlders.

25701. Model of Duncanson fish way. J. T. Rothe.

Inclined plane without steps.

29283. Model of old Pennsylvania fish-way. Built at Columbia, on the Sus-
qnehanna River, in 1866. Designed by James Worral. Seale,
+ inch to the foot. C. G,. Atkins, Bucksport, Me.

2984. Model of old Pennsylvania fish-way. Built at Columbia, on the Sus-
quehanna River, in. 1873. Designed by James Worral. Scale,
4 inch to the foot. C, G. Atkins, Bucksport, Me.

With partitions at right angles.

29291. Model of rectangular return fish-way. Scale, } inch to the foot. C.
G. Atkins, Bucksport, Me.

Brackett’s patent fish-way.

29285. Brackett’s patent fish-way. Scale, + inch to the foot. C. G. At-
kins, Bueksport, Me.

20D37. Model of the fish-way at Holyoke, Mass., on the Connectiout River.
Scale, + of an inch to the foot (5). C. G. Atkins.

This fish-way is on the Brackett plan. A submerged piece of cob-
work surmounted by a grating serves to turn the fish into the
fish-way. It carries a column of water 2 feet wide and 2 feet
deep which reaches the bottom with no perceptible increase in
velocity, the current being less than 2 miles an hour. Height
of the dam, 30 feet; length of the fish-way, 440 feet; the in-
cline, 1 in 15.

With obhque partitions.

29287, An adaptation of Foster's fish-way. Designed by C. G. Atkins, and
built at Pembroke, Me. Seale, finch to the foot. C. G, Atkins,
Buecksport, Me. /

<9286. Mode] of Foster's fish-way. Invented by H. H. Foster, E. Machias,
Me. Scale, 4 inch to the foot. C. G, Atkins, Bucksport, Me.

29288. Model of oblique fish-way. Invented by Alfred Swazey, Bucksport,
Me., in 1876. Scale, + inch to the foot. C. G. Atkins, Bucks-
port, Me. ‘

29289, Swazey’s obliqne fish-way. Invented by Alfred Swazey, Bueksport,
Me.,in 1874. Scale, finch to the foot. C. G. Atkins, Bucksport,
Mes

29290, Model of Swazey & Atkins’s fish-way. Invented by Alfred Swazey
and C. G, Atkins, Bucksport, Me., in 1874. Seale, } inch to the
foot. C. G. Atkins, Bucksport, Me.

—.-. Model of the MeDonald fish-way. M. MeDonald, Lexington, Va,

20939. No, 15. “Model of the fish-way at Lawrence, Mass., on the Merrimack

. River Seale, 4 inch to the foot (¢;). C. G. Atkins.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 243

Fish-ways.
With rectangular compartments.

26937. Model of rectangular compartment fish-way on the inclined-plane
system, in an extended arrangement. Scale, $ inch to the foot
(s,). ©. G. Atkins.

Spiral fish-ways.
‘
26949. No. 11. Model of rectangular compartment fish-way on the inclined-
plane system, in spiral arrangement, devised by Charles G. Atkins,
of Bucksport, Me., in imitation of Pike’s spiral fish-way. Scale, 4
inch to the foot (3,).. C. G. Atkins.
This model represents a fish-way precisely the same capacity and
slope, and adapted to a dam of the same height as No. 10,
showing the great economy of space and material effected by
the spiral arrangement. Further advantages of the spiral
arrangement are the facility with which water can be admitted
at different heights of the river, and contiguity of the outlet
to the dam secured, so that the fish will readily find it.
26931. Model of Pike’s spiral fish-way, devised by Hon. R. G. Pike, of Con-
necticut. Sale, + inch to the foot (4,).. C. G. Atkins.
The advantages of this, the first spiral arrangement invented in
America, are the same as those claimed for that arrangement
in Pike’s spiral fish-way.

Moving float fish-ways.

26930. Model of Iverleth’s fish-way, devised by F. M. Everleth, M. D., of
Waldorboro’, Me. Scale, $ inch to the foot (7). C. G. Atkins.
The peculiarity of this fish-way is the movable attachment at the
upper end, which, by its own buoyancy, rises and falls with
the fluctuations of the river, thus insuring that the entrance
shall always be at the right height to admit the requisite
quantity of water.

xxxl'rom natural enemies.

Apparatus for destroying injurious species.
Oyster-bed tangles. (See under B, 12.)

Tethers and hopples.
Cages and pens.

Kennels for dogs, &e.
Cages for animals.
Cages for birds.

Cages for insects.

50631. Cages for fire-flies. West Indies. Miss Septimia Randolph.

244 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Fish-cars
mals,

29539.

22221.
at

29397.
m9Q

29538.

26933.

Aquaria.

~ Globes.
Aquaria.

Hlives and

and other floating cages for aquatic ani-

Model of fish-marketman’s car, Tor preservation of living fish.
J. M. K. Southwick, Newport, R. I.

Model of Providence River fish-car. These are towed by the smack,
and as fast as fish are caught they are put into it, and so kept for
Providence market. D. D. Almy.

Model of Noank lobster-car. Capt. H. C. Chester.

Model of fisherman’s car for transporting living fish to market. J.
M. K. Southwick, Newport, R. I.

Model of a boat used in transporting living salmon at the United
States salmon-breeding station at Bucksport, Me. Scale, 1 inch to
the foot (;.). C. G. Atkins.

When in use the boat is depressed until full of water, a number
of salmon, sometimes as many as 30, are placed in it, and it
is then towed after another boat, the motion insuring a con-
stant change of water, which passes in at the forward ports
and out at the after ports. The net and grating prevent the
escape of the salmon, and the cloth shuts out the sight of any-
thing that might frighten them.

other cages for insects.

Live-boxes, troughs, &c., for microscopists’ use.
Fish-ponds, fish-farmes (models).

29278.

29380.

Parlor trout-brook, Stone & Hooper, Charlestown, N. H.
Rearing-box. Stone & Hooper, Charlestown, N. I.

4, ENEMIES OF USEFUL ANIMALS.

intestinal worms and other internal parasites.’
Eash-lice. barnacles, and other external parasites.’

Predatory

animals mot elsewhere exhibited.

II]. PROPAGATION.

5. PROPAGATION OF MAMMALS.

Wethods of mink culture.
Methods of culture of domesticated antmals,

6. PROPAGATION OF BIRDS.

Wethods of ostrich culture.
Methods of culture of domesticated birds, fowls, &c.

‘See in Part II of the present catalogue.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 245

-

7. PROPAGATION OF REPTILES.
Methods of terrapin culture.
8. PROPAGATION OF AMPHIBIANS.
Methods of frog culture.
9. PROPAGATION AND CULTURE OF FISHES.!
Accessories of obtaining and impregnating ova.

Pans, pails, Xe.

Strait-jackets used in spawning salmon.
Spawning-race (Ainsworth).

Roller spawning-screen (Collins).
Spawning-vat (Bond).

Hatching-apparatus.

26940. No. 19. Model of hatching-house at United States salmon-breeding
station at Bucksport, Me. Scale, +inch to the foot (4). C. G.
Atkins.

The hatching-troughs are arranged in sets of four across the
building, and fitted with Brackett trays. The water enters
them from a feed-trough along the side of the room and es-
capes by pipes through the floor.

Troughs:
Plain. :
Gravel-bottomed.
With sieve-bottom trays.

26936. No. 20. Model of hatching-troughs and trays in use at the United
States sulmon-breeding stations at Bucksport and Grand Lake
Stream, Me. Scale, full size. C.G. Atkins.
The eggs to be hatched are placed on the wire-cloth trays.
26935. Model of hatching-frame in use at Grand Lake Stream, adapted te
use in a trough or in an open stream. Devised by C. G. Atkins.
Scale, full size. C. G. Atkins.
The eggs are placed on all of the trays except the upper one.
The interstices, though too small for the escape of the eggs,
permit a change of water, and when the frame is shut it con-
fines the trays securely in place.
26970. Model of hatching-apparatus for black-bass. John Roth, Duncan-
non, Pa.

Brackett’s.
Williamson’s.
Clark’s.

Vats or cases:
Holton’s.
Roth’s.

'Many of these articles cannot conveniently be exhibited.

246 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Hatching-apparatus,

Glass-grilled boxes (Coste’s).

26995. Coste hatching-tray.

Jars and tin vessels.

Mrs. J. H. Slack, Troutdale, N. Y.

22247, Shad-hatching can. Invention of Fred. Mather. U.S. Fish Com-
mission.

26909, Ferguson aquarium-jar. T, B. Ferguson, Baltimore, Md.

22250. Ferguson’s fish-hatching can. " s

26998. Ferguson’s hatching jar. a us

Hatching-boxes (floating).

26903.
26997.
Nee.

26904,
26962.
Mass.

26905.
mission.

26906.
26907.
mission.

26908.

Lon eG:

Shad-hatching box.
Shad-hatching box.

Shad-hatching box.
Shad-hatching box.

Shad-hatching box (No. 2).

Shad-hatching box.
Shad-hatching box.

Shad-hatching box.
26955. Hatching apparatus.
. Shad hatching-box (model).

U. 8. Fish Commission.
Seth Green, Rochester,

Seth Green’s patent.
Seth Green’s patent.

Brackett’s patent. U. 8. Fish Commission.
Brackett’s patent. FE. A. Brackett, Winchester,
Brackett’s patent. U. 8. Fish Com-
Bryant’s patent. U. 8. Fish Commission.
Stillwell & Atkins’s patent. U.S. Fish Com-

Bannister’s design. U. 8. Fish Commission.
N. W. Clark, Clarkston, Mich.
J.C, House & O, A. McClain, Washing-

Adhesive eggs apparatus:
Vertical wire-cloth trays.

Hatching-basket.

26956. Salmon egg hatching-baskets.

ston Stone.

Brook-shanty (Furman’s).

McCloué River, California. Living-

(Bay or cove barriers, Professor Rasch’s.)

Accessories :
Tanks.
Nests.
Trays.
Grilles.
Gravel-filters.
Flannel screens.

Shallow troughs or tables (for picking eggs).

Egg-nippers.

26915. Wooden nippers.
25955, Brass egg-nippers.
Cribbles.

Pipettes.
Skimmer-nets.

Fred. Mather, Honeoye Falls, N. Y.
Frank N. Clark, Northville, Mieh,

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 247

Hatching-apparatus.
Accessories:
Feathering quills and brushes.
Rose-nozzles (for washing eggs).
Syringes, bulb, &e.
Shallow pans.
Aerating-pipe.

Transporting apparatus.

Apparatus for transporting eggs:
Cans.
Jase of cups (Wilmot’s).
Case of cups (Clark’s).
Case of trays (Clark’s).
Moss-crates (Stone’s).

25025. Moss-crates for transportation of eggs of Sacramento salmon across
the continent. Livingston Stone, Charlestown, N. H.

Apparatus for transporting fish:
Barrels.
Cans, plain.

26911. Milk-can, used in transportation. U.S. Fish Commission,
29377. Conical tank. Stone & Hooper, Charlestown, N. TH.
26910. Conical can. Livingston Stone, Charlestown, N. H.

oD ) d

Cans with aerating accessories:

26914. Tank for ocean transportation. Invention of Fred. Mather. U. 8-
Fish 1 smmission.
29379, Trans»erting-tank. Stone & Hooper, Chariestown, N. H.
26881. Transporting-can. C. W. Rogers, Waukegan, Il.
26932. Model of box used in the transportation of living salmon at the
United States salmon-breeding station at Bucksport, Me. Seale,
2 inches to the foot (}). C. G. Atkins.
When in use the box is filled with water and from 5 to 7 salmon
placed in it and carted a mile.
Slack’s.
Clark’s.
M. A. Green’s.
Tanks, with attachment of band-wheel to car-axle (Stone’s).
(Tanks, with Freiburg aerating apparatus.)
Aquarium-car (Stone’s).
Live-box (Atkins’s).
Accessories:
Air force-pumps.
Siphon-tubes.

26912. Rubber siphon-tube. U.S. Fish Commission.
26913. Aerating-rose, with siphon. U. 8. Fish Commission.

248 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Transporting apparatus,
Accessories:
Bellows.
Dipping apparatus.
26934. Model of dipping-bag used instead of a dip-net in handling salmon at
the United States salmon-breeding station at Bucksport, Me.
Seale, 1 inch to the foot (7). C. G. Atkins.
10. PROPAGATION OF INSECTS.
Propagation of silk-worm.

Specimens of plants used for food.
Model of house and its appliances.

Propagation of cochineal insect.
Propagation of bees.

Tor hives see under HE, 3.
11. PROPAGATION OF WORMS.
Propagation of leeches.
12. PROPAGATION OF MOLLUSKS.
Methods of oyster culture.

Stools for receiving spat, natural and artificial.
Other apparatus.

13. PROPAGATION ‘OF CORALS.
14. PROPAGATION OF SPONGES.

opens Mires ole weeliesley.

CATALOGUE OF ILLUSTRATIONS

ECONOMICAL INVERTEBRATES

EF

teh AM RiCAN COAST s:

BY

Nise et, Asie:

CATALOGUE OF ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE ECONOMICAL INVER-
TEBRATES OF THE AMERICAN COASTS.

MOLLUSCA.

Mollusca cephalopoda.—SQuiDs AND CUTTLEs.

32905. Sepia “bone,” or endosteum, in natural condition. East coast of the
United States. Uses: Fed to cage-birds requiring lime.

32905a. Pounce: Powdered sepia-bone; used in rewriting over erasures to
prevent blotting, in medicine as an antacid.

33005. Cuttle-tish (Octopus punctatus, Gabb). California to Alaska. Used
for bait in the cod-fishery, and by the natives for food. W. H.
Dall.

25972. Oil of squid (Ommastrephes illecebrosa), Capt. N. E. Atwood, Proy-
incetown, Mass.

Mollusca gasteropoda.—sSeEA-sNnAILs, &e.
A. Useful:

1. Used for food or bait:

32885. Velvet chiton (Cryptochiton stelleri). Alaska to California. India
food. W.H. Dall.

32886. Coat-of-mail shell (Jtatherina tunicata). Alaskato California. Indian
food. W.H. Dall.

32883. Limpet (Acmea testudinalis). Connecticut to Labrador. W. H. Dall.

32904. Western limpet (Acmaa patina). Alaska to California. W.H. Dall.

32880. Rockwinkle (Lilorina subtencbrosa). Alaska to Oregon. W.H. Dall.

32882. Periwinkle (Purpura canaliculata). Alaska to California. W. H.
Dall.

32884. Periwinkle (Purpura ostrina). California. W. H. Dall.

32903. Periwinkle (Purpura lapillus). Cape Cod to Labrador. W.H. Dall.

2. Useful by producing pearl-shell, &e.:

32830. Turban-shell (Trochiscus norrissii). California. H. Hemphill.

32832. Top-shell (Pomaulax wndosum), in natural state. California. H.
Hemphill.

32831. Top-shell, prepared to show pearly layers. California. TH. Hemp-
hill.

29301. Manufactured state of various kinds of American pearl-shells derived
from gasteropods or sea-snails. Furnished by A. B. De Frece &
Co., 428 Broadway, New York.

32838. Sea-ears (Haliotis MKamchatkana), affording pearl-shell and food.
Alaska. J. G. Swan.

251

252 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

32890. Rough sea-ear (7. corrugata). Southern California. Used for pearl-
shell and for food. Specimen in natural condition. W. H. Dall.

——. Rough sea-ear. Specimen ground and polished to show pearly layers.
J. T. Ames.

32900. Red sea-ear or abalone (H. rufescens). Monterey, Cal. Used for
pearl-shell and for food. Specimens in natural condition. H.
Hemphill.

——. Red sea-ear. Polished specimen showing pearly layers. J.T. Ames.

——. Red sea-ear. Fleshy portion prepared and dried for food by California
Chinese. Chinese market, California. TH. Hemphill.

32823. White abalone (HH. cracherodii), producing pearl-shell and food. Nat-
ural state. California. Paul Schumacher.

32899. White abalone. Natural state. Monterey, Cal. H. Hemphill.
—. White abalone. Polished to show pearly layers. Jas. T. Ames.
4792. White abalone. Polished specimens.

32821. Splendid sea-ear (H. splendens) affording food and pearl-shell. Cali-
fornia. Paul Schumacher.

32898. Splendid sea-ear. Natural condition. Southern California. H.
Hemphill.

——. Splendid sea-ear. Polished to show pearly layers. J. T. Ames,
——. Splendid sea-ear. Young specimen polished. J.T. Ames.

29302. Manufactures of Haliotis shell, showing application in the arts.
Furnished by A. B. De Frece & Co., 428 Broadway, New York.

29248. Ditto. Parasol-handles. Furnished by Harvey & Ford, Philadel-
phia, Pa.

3. Affording cameo and porcelain stock :

6968. Caineo-shell (Cassis rufa), used for cameo cutting. Florida. Dr.
Wim. Stimpson.

——. Queen conch (Strombus gigas), exported to Liverpool in great num-
bers and ground up for makiag porcelain.' West Indies.

4. Used in Indian trade:

705. Hyqua shell (Dentalium indianorum), used in Indian trade. In this
case the shells have been made into a belt by the purchaser. West
coast of America. U. 8. Exploring Expedition.

5. Affording dyestuffs:

32907. Sea-hare (Aplysia). Affording purple dye. Florida. F. B. Meek.

32896. Sea-hare. Specimen of the purple fluid. IT’. B. Meek.

32911. Purple shells (Phyllonotus radix). Ornamental and producing dye.
Lower California. W. H. Dall.

32912. Purple shells (Phyllonotus bicolor). Used for ornaments and afford-
ing dye. West coast of America. W. H. Dall.

6. Affording bird-lime:

33080, Giant slug (driolimax columbianus), atfords a thick tenacious slime,
which is used by the Indians to lime humming-birds. California
to Alaska. H. Hemphill. ;

‘The sea-ears and queen conchs are also largely used in Indian trade in a manu-
factured state.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 253

B. Injurious:

1. By destroying food-producing mollusks or shell fish,
such as clams, mussels, oysters, and razor-fish :

32860. Ribbon whelk (fulgur carica). Florida, T. A. Conrad.
32859. Reversed whelk (Fulgur perversa). Carolinas. Dr. Wim. Stimpson.
32861. Hairy whelk (Sycolypus canaliculatus). Vineyard Sound. Dr. Wim.

Stimpson.
32864. Winged conch (Strombus alatus). Tampa Bay, Florida, T. A. Conrad.
32863. Thorny drill (Hemifusus bicoronatus). Tampa Bay, Florida. ‘T. A.
Conrad.
02835. Drill ( Urosalpine cinereus). Florida to Massachusetts Bay. W. H. Dall.
32975. Drill. South Norwalk, Conn. Hoyt Bros.
32837. Periwinkle (Purpura floridana). Barataria Bay, La. Gustav Kohn.
32892. Sea-snail (Lunatia Lewisii). Monterey, Cal. H. Hemphill.
32913. Sea-snail (Neverita recluziana). California. W. H. Dall.
27620. Sea-snail (Neverita duplicata). North Carolina. T. D. Kurtz,
32866. Sea-snail (Lunatia heros). Massachusetts Bay. C. B. Fuller.

2. Injurious by destroying vegetable substances and
garden plants:

33088. Slug (Limax Hewstoni). Oakland, Cal. H. Hemphill.

Mollusca acephala.—BIvVALVE SHELLFISH.

aA. Producing food or used as bait.

* Oysters.

1. Series illustrating distribution and geographical vari-
eties:

Ostrea virginica, Gmelin.—HAsTt AMERICAN OYSTERS.

32784. Northern variety (O. borealis, Lam.) Prince Edward’s Island. J.
W. Dawson.
32813. Nova Scotia. J. H. Willis.
32785. Shediac, New Brunswick. W. H. Dall.
33092. ‘‘Pourrier Bed.” Shediac, New Brunswick. G. F. Mathew.
33093. ‘‘Buctouche.” Kent County, New Brunswick. G. F. Mathew.
32783. Miramichi River, New Brunswick. W. H. Dall.
32977. Indigenous oyster, now extinct. Shell-heaps. Damariscotta, Maine.
Robert Dixon.
2978. Ditto. Shell-heaps. Sheepscot River, Maine. Robert Dixon.
2810. Indigenous oyster (var. borealis), Buzzard’s Bay, Mass. Dr. Wim.
Stimpson.
32814. Specimens showing color-bands. Rhode Island. General Totten.
Notr.—The following series of oysters from the vicinity of New
York were furnished by Mr. B. J. M. Carley, oyster-dealer, of
Fulton Market, New York, through Mr. E. G. Blackford:

32790. “Greenwich.” Greenwich, Conn.
32777. “Blue Point.” Long Island, New York.
32779. “Lloyd’s Harbor.” Long Island, New York.

254 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

2783

~

_—

©

32791.
32812.
32920.
32919.
32778.
32915.
33788.
32976.

33096,
33097.
33098.
33100.
33099,
33101.
33095.
33103.
33104.
33102.

32800.
32801.

32802.

32803.
32804.

. “Cow Bay.” Long Island, New York.

Glenwood.” Glenwood, Long Island, New York.
“Cove.” Long Island, New York.

“City Island.” Long Island Sound, New York.

“Mill Pond.” Cow Bay, Long Island, New York.

* Shrewsbury River, New Jersey.

‘Eee Island.” Three years old. Morris Cove, Delaware.
‘““Chesapeake’” Crisfield, Md. E.G, Blackford.
Pokamoke, Virginia. E. G. Blackford.

* Shrewsburys.’

Notr.—The following scries from the waters of Virginia and
Maryland, all indigenous or ‘‘ natural growths” as distinguished
from ‘ plants,” were selected by Mr. G. W, Harvey, and furnished
by Harvey & Holden, oyster-dealers of Washington, D.C.:

‘*St. Gerome River.” Maryland.

‘“Deep Creek.” Eastern shore of Maryland.
‘Tangier Sound.” Chesapeake Bay.

“Hittle River.” Western shore of Maryland.

** Point Lookont Creek.” Virginia,

“Naswaddox.” Eastern shore of Virginia.
“Rappahannock.” Rappahannock River, Virginia.
“York River.” York River, Virginia.

“ Cherrystones.” Chesapeake Bay.

‘‘Presby’s Creek.” Presby’s Creek, Virginia.

The following series from Florida were furnished by Kossuth
Niles, U. S. N.:

. “ Appalachicola Bay.” Appalachicola Bay, Florida.
. Cat Point.” Same locality.

—. Same locality. ,

. **Raecoon oysters.” Appalachicola Bay, Florida.

The following series from the vicinity of New Orleans were selected
by M. Zatarain, and furnished by W. Alex. Gordon, esq., of New
Orleans, La. :

*Timbalier Bay.” Louisiana.
“Southwest Pass.” Louisiana.
‘* Bayou Cook.” Louisiana.
‘Tour Bayous.” Louisiana.
“Grand Lake.” Louisiana.

@strea lurida, Cpr—WEST COAST OYSTERS.

32879.
32809.
32798.

32798.

Natives. Crescent City, Cal. W.H. Dall.

Natives. Shoalwater Bay, W. T. H. Hemphill. ‘

Natives. San Diego, Cal. H. Hemphill.

Eastern oyster (0. virginica). Taken from Newark Bay, N. J., when
a year old and planted in San Francisco Bay; showing two years’
growth in California waters.

Extra limital:

32878.

32311.

Fossil oyster from marine Tertiary beds near Vicksburg, Miss. Clese-
ly resembling the present English oyster.

Fresh specimen, English oyster (O. edulis, Linn.). Introduced for
comparison with the American fossil and recent oysters. North
Sea. Dr. Wim. Stimpson.

a

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES 255

2. Series illustrating culture and individual variations:

@Ostrea virgimica, Gmelin.—EASt AMERICAN OYSTERS.

That portion of the series from South Norwalk, Conn., was fur-
nished by Hoyt Bros. of that place, at the instance of James
Richardson, esq. The portion of the series from the vicinity of
New York was furnished by Mr. B. J. M. Carley through Mr. E.
G. Blackford, of New York.

a. Growth. 1-20 years old:

32958.
32957.
32967.
32968,
329065,
32962.
32964.
32916.
32918.
32776.

32917.

Young spat on various stools. South Norwalk, Conn.

One year old. South Norwalk, Conn.

Two to three years old. Natural growth. South Norwalk, Conn.
Three to four years old. Natural growth. South Norwalk, Conn.
““Cullers.” Three to four years old. South Norwalk, Conn.
Three years after transplantation. South Norwalk, Conn.

“Box.” Four to six years old. South Norwalk, Conn.
“Cullers.” Three years old. Vicinity of New York.

‘Single extra.” Four years old. Vicinity of New York.
“Double extra.” Vicinity of New York.

“Box.” Three years old. Vicinity of New York.

b. Peculiarities of form and growth:

32959.
32930.

32787,
32786.
32974.
32782.
32795.
32971.
32973.
32972.
32970,
32969.
32780.
32914,
32789.
32792.
32794.
32793.
32895.
32894,
32197.
32796.

32932.

C.

32927,
32929.

**Pinched” oyster from muddy bottom. South Norwalk, Conn.

Showing effect of transplanting the ‘ pinched” from a muddy to a
hard bottom. South Norwalk, Conn.

Form caused by growing in a tideway. Vicinity of New York.

Form caused by growing in still water. Vicinity of New York.

Curious forms of shell. South Norwalk, Conn.

Peculiar growth. Vicinity of New York.

Specimens of peculiar form. Vicinity of New York.

Natural growth on stone. South Norwalk, Conn.

Natural growth on part of stone jug. South Norwalk, Conn.

Natural growth on shells. South Norwalk, Conn.

Natural growth on bottle. South Norwalk, Conn.

Natural growth on crab. South Norwalk, Conn.

Illustrating methods of attachment. Vicinity of New York.

Blue Point “seed.” Long Island, New York.

Rosette of oysters. Vicinity of New York.

Shell growing on Mactra shell. Vicinity of New York.

“Seed” on old rubber boot. Vicinity of New York.

“Seed” growing on stone. Vicinity of New York.

“Seed” on rubber shoe. Vicinity of New York.

“Seed” on bone. Vicinity of New York.

“Seed” on bark. Vicinity of New York.

“Seed” on leather shoe. Vicinity of New York.

**Seed” on old boot-leg. Vicinity of New York.

Enemies and parasites :

Specimens injured by whelk. South Norwalk, Conn.
Specimens injured by hairy whelk. South Norwalk, Conn.

256 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES

32928, Specimens perforated by ‘ drill.” South Norwalk, Conn.

329634, Specimen injured by boring worm (an Annelid). South Norwalk,

Conn. ‘

32956. Specimens killed by star-fish. South Norwalk, Conn.

32963. Specimens showing ravages of Cliona or boring sponge. South Nor-
walk,.Conn.

For commensal crab see Crustacea,

33092a. Lime derived from oyster shells. Use in medicine and as a fertili-

Oo So oo oo
OO wD WD
Bb
i
jc)

zer.

Washington, D. C. W. H. Dall.

*** Other bivalves.

.

A. Affording or available for food or bait.

. Rock oyster (Placunanomia macroschisma, Desh.). Alaska to Cali-
fornia. W.H. Dall.

. Scallops (Pecten irradians, Lam.). Long Island Sound. Dr. Wim.
Stimpson.

. Great scallop (P. tenuicostatus, Migh.). Coast of Maine. C B. Fuller.

. Black mussel (Mytilus edulis, L.). Massachusetts Bay. Dr. Wim.
Stimpson. :

. Ditto. San Francisco Bay, California. H. Hemphill.

Ditto. Monterey, Cal. H. Hemphill.
. Ditto. San Diego, Cal. H. Hemphill.
5. Grooved mussel (Modiola plicatula, Lam.). Nahant, Mass. Dr. Win

Stimpson.

. Ditto. (AModiola, sp.) Last Island, La. Gustay Kohn.

8. Brown mussel (M. capax, Conr.). San Diego, Cal. H. Hemphill.
}. Ditto.
7. Ditto.
. Ditto.
71. Giant cockle (Cardium magnum, Birn.). Tampa Bay, Florida. T.

(M. modiolus, L.) Massachusetts Bay. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.
Massachusetts Bay. Dr. Win. Stimpson,
Castine, Me. A. R. Crittenden.

A. Conrad.

32851. Egg cockle (C. elatum, Sby.). Guaymas, west coast Mexico. Dr,
Palmer.
32853. Nuttall’s cockle (C. nuttallii, Con.). Baulinas, Cal. H. Hemphill.

32891. Ditto.

32872.

Alaska. W.H. Dall.

‘Red edge” (Codakia tigerrina, L.). Florida, Dr. Wim. Stimpson.

32877. Quahog—round clam (JV. mercenaria, L.). Maine to Florida.

32862, Ditto.
32893. Ditto.
32819. Ditto.
32817. Ditto.
. Ditto.
Ditto.
. Ditto,
9. “Hen clam” (Pachyderma crassatelloides, Conr.). California. W.

32838

32818.

32889

32843.

Sia a
32267.

32841.

32842

(Var. mortoni.) Maine to Florida. Dr. Stimpson,
Providence River, Rhode Island. Benj. Davis.
**Snubnosed” var. Fire Island. B.J. M. Carley.
Elongated var. Rockaway, N. J. B.J.M. Carley.
Barataria Bay, La. Gustay Kolin.

Deformed specimens. Long Island Sound. B.J.M. Carley.
Specimens of shell polished. Jas. T. Ames.

H. Dall.

“Round clams”

(Saxidomus aratus, Gld.). San Diego, Cal. H.

Hemphill.

“Painted clam” (Calista gigantea, Ch.). South Carolina.
‘Little Neck clams” (Chione succincta, Val.). San Diego, Cal. H-

Hemphill.

. Ditto.

(C. simillima, Sby.). San Diego, Cal. H. Hemphill.

i

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 257

32846. Ditto. (Tapes laciniata, Cpr.). San Diego, Cal. H. Hemphill.

32854. Ditto. (7. staminea, Conr.). Baulinas, Cal. H. Hemphill.

32844. Ditto. Tomales Bay, Cal. H. Hemphill.

32869. ‘‘Hen clam” (Mactra solidissima, Ch.). Massachusetts Bay. W. H.
Dall.

32870. Ditto. Shells utilized for catch-alls. Newport, R.I. N.C. Peterson.

32888. Ditto. (MW. falcata, Gld.). Alaska to California. W.H. Dall.

32826. ‘Gapers” (Schizotherus nuttalli, Con.). Oregon, J.G. Swan,

32852. Ditto. Baulinas, Cal. H. Hemphill.

32874. Salmon tellen (Wacoma, sp.). Florida. T. A. Conrad.

32848. *Tellens” (M. nasuta, Conr.). San Francisco markets. H. Hemp-
hill.

32847. “Flat clam” (Semele decisa, Cpr.). San Diego, Cal. H. Hemphill.

32909. “‘Razor-tish” (Solen ensis, L.). Cow Bay, New York. B.J.M. Carley.

32881. Ditto. (Siliqua patula, Dixon.) Alaska to California. W. H. Dall.

32955. ‘Soft-shelled clams” (Mya arenaria, L.). Cape Cod, Mass. E. G.
Blackford.

32829. Ditto. “Oyster Bay, L. I. E. G. Blackford.

32833. Ditto. Accidentally transplanted with young oysters to San Fran-
cisco Bay, where it now abounds greatly. Oakland, Cal. H.
Hemphill.

33094. Ditto. Bay of Fundy, N.S. G. F. Mathew.

32850. Date-fish (Platyodon cancellatus, L.). Baulinas Bay, Cal. H. Hemp-
hill.

32856. Ditto. (Zirphea crispata, L.). Baulinas, Cal. H. Hemphill.

B. Useful or ornamental bivalves other than those affording
food :
a. Pearl-producing.
1. River mussels:

26092a. River mussel affording pearl-shell, illustrating application of raw
material. Cincinnati, Ohio. D. H. Shaffer.
26092. Carvings, from pearl-shell afforded by river mussels, for use as studs,
buttons, pins, brooches, &c. Cincinnati, Ohio. D. H. Shaffer.
26092). Pearls derived from river mussels. Cincinnati, Ohio. D. H. Shaffer.
. A sefies of river mussels of various species, one valve polished, the
other in its original condition in each case. Chicopee, Mass. Jas.
T. Ames.
25986 to 26010. Another series, both valves polished, from Dr. C. A. Miller,
Cincinnati, Ohio, comprising the following species:
Unio rugosus, Barnes.
alatus, Say.
ornatus, Lea.
verrucosus, Barnes.
gibbosus, Barnes.
rectus, Lam.
cylindricus, Say.
pyramidatus, Lea.
tuberculatus, Barnes.
siliquoides, Barnes.
circulus, Lea.
anodontoides, Lea.
pustulosus, Lea.
cuneatus, Barnes, &e., &e.

Bull. N. M. No. 14 i

258 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

13507.
3624.
32836,
. Ditto. Polished shell. Chicopee, Mass. Jas. T. Ames,
32921.

32922.

2, Marine pearl-shells:

American pearl-oyster (M. fimbriata). Panama. Col. Jewett.
Ditto. Illustrating formation of pearls. Panama. Col. Jewett.
Ditto. Gulf of California. J. Xantus.

Ditto. Made into artificial fish-bait. Boston, Mass. Bradford &
Anthony.

Ditto. Made into artificial minnow. Boston, Mass. Bradford &
Anthony.

. Series of buttons, studs, stopper-caps, &c. Manufactured from, and

showing application of American pearl-oyster shell. Furnished
by A. B, De Frece & Co., 428 Broadway, New York.

b. Otherwise useful:

32869,

29527.
22210.

22209.

22211.

29526.

26595.

32839.

32840.

“Hen clam” (Mactra solidissima, Ch.). Shell used for scoops, milk-
skimmers, and boat-bailers. Painted inside and used for catch-alls.

Basket. Made from Florida shells. E. F. Gilbert, Jacksonville, Fla.

Basket. Made from Florida shells. Mrs, C. E. Mott, Jacksonville,
Fla.

Frame. Made from Florida sea-shells. Mrs, C. E. Mott, Jackson-
ville, Fla.

Easter Cross. Made from Florida shells. Mrs. C. E. Mott, Jackson-
ville, Fla.

Shell flowers. Made from Florida shells. E. F. Gilbert, Jackson-
ville, Fla.

*“Coquina.” Miscellaneous species broken up and cemented by surf
action into a natural conglomerate, used for building stone or
for making a superior kind of lime. Saint Augustine, Fla. G.
Browne Goode.

‘“Cuneate clam” (Gnathodon cuneatus). Used largely for bait. Nat-
ural condition. Lake Pontchartrain, La. Gustav Kohn.

Ditto. Semi-fossil (in shell-heaps), used for macadamizing roads.
Lake Salvador, La. Gustav Kohn.

Injurious bivalves:

a. Destroying submerged timber:

32982.

32908.
33106,

33105.

32984,
32902,

32901.

32983.

Specimens of wood showing ravages:

Ship-worm (Zeredo sp.). Bangor, Me. (Brig H. B. Emory.) C. H.
Parker.

Ditto. In lignumyite wood. Gloucester, Mass. Samuel Elwell, jr.

Ditto. (Teredo chlorotica, Gld.) Wood’s Holl, Mass. Vinal N. Ed-
wards.

Ditto. (Xylotrya fimbriata, Jeffr.) Wood’s Holl, Mass. Vinal N.
Edwards.

Ditto. (Teredo navalis? L.) New Haven, Conn. A. E. Verrill.

Ditto. (Teredo sp.) Showing damage effected in white-pine wood in
one year. Pier 44, North River, N. Y. W. T. Pelton.

Ditto. Showing damage to hard-pine wood effected in one year.
Charleston, 8. C. W. T. Pelton.

Ditto. Schooner Carrie Melvin; done in6 weeks. Charleston, §. C.
A. G. Hunt.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED SFATES 259

32815. Ship-worm. (Teredo sp.). Gulf coast. Dewey.
39816, Ditto. Showing lining of tubes. Texas. Dr. Schott.
19405. Ditto. (Xylotrya sp.) Coast of Oregon. J. G. Swan.

D. Prepared foods»

* Specimens of various brands of canned, preserved, and
pickled shell-fish in manufacturers’ packages :

26579. Pickled oysters (Ostrea virginica). Blue Point. B. J. M. Carley.

26581. Pickled oysters (Ostrea virginica). Saddle Rocks. B. J. M. Carley,
New York.

25835. Fresh Cove oysters (Ostrea virginica). Kemp, Day & Co., New York.

25844-54. Fresh Cove oysters (Ostrea virginica). Kemp, Day & Co., New York.

25861-3. Spiced Cove oysters (Ostrea virginica), hermetically sealed. Kemp,
Day & Co., New York.

26577. Pickled Little Neck clams (Mya arenaria). B.J.M. Carley.

26582. Pickled clams (Venus mercenaria). ‘‘Cow Bay.” B.J. M. Carley.

26642. The Farmers’ Old Orchard Beach clams (Little Necks, star brand).
Portland Packing Company, Portland, Me.

26575. Pickled scallops (Pecten irradians). Oyster Bay. B.J.M. Carley.

26580, Pickled mussels (Mytilus edulis). East River, N.Y. B.J. M. Carley,
New York.

25873. Scarboro’ Beach clams (Venus mercenaria). Put up by Burnham &
Morrill, Portland, Me. Kemp, Day & Co., New York.

95864-6. Orchard Beach clams (Venus mercenaria). Kemp, Day & Co., New
York.

25867-9. Little Neck clams (Mya arenaria). Kemp, Day & Co., New York.

25870-2. Little Neck clams (Mya arenaria). Put up by Bogart & Co., New
York. Kemp, Day & Co., New York.

24925, Little Neck clams (Mya arenaria). Wm. Underwood & Co., Boston,
Mass.

99935-6. Pickled Little Neck clams (Mya arenaria). Penobscot Bay. Cas-
tine Packing Company, Castine, Me.

26752. Alden’s granulated clams. Prepared by Alden Sea-Food Company.
Sold by Lyon Manufacturing Company, New York. Presented by
E. G. Blackford, New York.

26753. Alden’s granulated and concentrated clams (paper boxes). Prepared
by Alden Sea-Food Company. Sold by Lyon Manufacturing Com-
pany, N.Y. Presented by E.G. Blackford, New York.

** Otherwise prepared.

5672. Dried siphons of Schizotharus Nuttalli. Prepared by the Puget Sound
Indians, Wash. Ter. Dr. J. G. Suckley, U.S. Army.

CRUSTACEA.

Crustacea phyllopoda.

A. Useful; converted into fertilizers; carapax used as a scoop
or boat-bailer:
2222, King crab, Horseshoe (Limulus polyphemus). ‘Florida. F. B. Meek.
2993. Ditto. Male and female. Cape May C. H., New Jersey. Thos.
Beesley.
2993. Ditto. Product ‘“cancrine,” prepared fertilizer. Cape May C. Hes
New Jersey. Thos. Beesley.

: |

260 ANIMAL RESUURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STAT) S

Crustacea isopoda.

A. Useful; by removing wrecks or snags. .
B. Injurious; by destroying submerged timber.
2286. Woodeater (Limnoria lignorum, White). San Diego, Cal. H. Hemp-

hill.
2254. Ditto. New Haven, Conn. A. E. Verrill.

a. Wood showing ravages:

2240, Eastport, Me. U. 8. Fish Commission. ?
2290. Wood’s Holl, Mass. Vinal N. Edwards.
2221. San Diego, Cal. H. Hemphill. ‘

Crustacea stomatopoda.

Available for food:
2253. Squill (Squilla empusa, Say). Long Island Sound. U. 8. Fish Com-
mission. <a
2268. Southern squill (Coronis glabriuscula, Stm.). Galveston, Texas. M,
Wallace.

Crustacea decapoda.—LoBstTERSs, SHRIMP, CRAWFISH, CRABS.

>

Useful; food-supplying:

3. River shrimp (Palemon sp.). New Orleans, La. Gustay Kohn.

a
wC Ww
for)
oO

2264. Ditto. (Pal. ohionis, Smith.) New Orleans, La. Gustav Kohn.
2269. Ditto. (Palemon?) Isthmus of Panama. Dr. Bransford.
2252. Sea shrimp (Palemonetes vulgaris, Stm.). Long Island Sound. U.S.

Fish Commission.

. Shrimp (Pandalus Dane, Stm.), as dried for export by Californian
Chinese. San Francisco, Cal. H. Hemphill.

2220. Ditto. (Hippolyte brevirostris, Dana.) San Francisco, Cal. H.

vw
©
—
_

Hemphill.
2219. Ditto. (Crangon franciscorum, Stm.) San Francisco, Cal. H.
Hemphill.

2251 Ditto. (Crangon vulgaris, Fbr.) New England coast. U. 8. Fish
Commission.

2267. River crawtish (Astacus oregonensis, Nutt.). California. J. R. Scup-

ham.

2261. Ditto. (Cambarus Clarkii, Gir.) New Orleans, La. Gustav Kobn.

2265. Eerevisse (Cambarus affinis, Er.). Potomac River, Va. J. W. Milner.

2280. Lobster (Homarus americanus, Edw.). New York. E.G. Blackford.

2250. Ditto. Series showing young stages. Vineyard Sound, Mass. U.
S. Fish Commission.

2241. Ditto. Young specimens, dry. Massachusetts Bay. U. 8. Fish
Commission.

2212, Ditto. Claws of extraordinary size. Massachusetts Bay. Amos
Lawrence.

2213. Ditto. Remarkably abnormal claws. Newport, R. I. J. H. Clarke.

2214. Ditto. Noank, Conn. TT. & E. H. Potter.

——. Pincushion, showing application of lobster-claws. Wellfleet, Mass,
Miss Anabel Stone.

2215. Prawn; Sea crawfish (Panulirus interruptus, Ran.). Santa Barbara
Chennel, Cal. H. Hemphill.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 261

2248.
2256.
2247.

2243.

2249.
2218.

2244.

2242.

2245.
2217.

2216.

B.

2266.

2272.

D.

Crab (Platyonichus ocellatus, Latr.). Vineyard Sound, Mass. U.S.
Fish Commission.
Ditto. (Panopeus Herbstii, Edw.) New Orleans, La. Gustav Kohn.
Ditto. (Carcinus menas, Leach.) New Haven, Conn. <A. E. Verrill.
‘ Soft-shelled” (in certain stages only) crab (Callinectes hastatus,
Say). Vineyard Sound, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission.
Ditto. Long Island Sound. U. 8. Fish Commission.
Kelp-crab (Episthus productus, Randall). Monterey, Cal. H.
Hemphill.
Crab (Cancer borealis, St.). Casco Bay, Maine. U.S. Fish Commis-
sion.
Common erab (Cancer irroratus, Say). Casco Bay, Maine. U.S. Fish
Commission.
Ditto. Vineyard Sound, Mass. U.S. Fish Commission.
Scalloped crab (Cancer antennarius, Stm.). San Francisco, Cal. H.
Hemphill.
Market crab (Cancer magisler, Dana). San Francisco, Cal. H.
Hemphill.

Commensal with other food supplies:

Oyster-crab (Pinnotheres ostreum, Say). Commensal with all south-
ern oysters and with northern-oysters in northern rivers where
the southern oysters have been long planted. New York. E. G.
Blackford.

Ditto. Commensal on the western coast with Pachydesma and
Mytilus californianus. San Diego, Cal. H. Hemphill.

Injurious by burrowing into and weakening levees and
dams:

. Crawfish (Cambarus Clarkii, Gir. and most other species). New

Orleans, La. Gustav Kohn.

| Fiddler-crab (Gelasimus pugnax, Smith). New Orleans, La. Gustav

Kohn.

Prepared foods:

Ganned lobster and crabs in manufacturers’ packages:

25836-43. Canned lobster (Homarus americanus). Kemp, Day & Co., New

22237.
26643.
26651.
24926.

25834.
24933.

26578.

26576,

York.

Canned lobster (Homarus americanus). Castine, Me. Castine Pack-
ing Company.

Fresh star-lobster (star brand). Portland Packing Company, Port-
land, Me.

Fresh star-lobster (star brand). Portland Packing Company, Port-
Jand, Me. ;

Fresh lobster (Homarus americanus). Wm. Underwood & Co., Boston,
Mass.

Canned lobster (Homarus americanus). Kemp, Day & Co., New York.

Original deviled lobster (Homarus americanus). Wm. Underwood &
Co., Boston, Mass.

Pickled lobsters (Homarus americanus), Cape Cod. B. J. M. Carley,
New York.

Pickled prawns. Savannah, Ga, B. J. M. Carley.

a
262 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Cirripedia.
Injurious:
a. By dulling the edge of knives and spades employed in
“cutting in” whale blubber:
2270. Whale barnacle (Coronula diadema, Lam.) on dried skin of ‘ hump-
back” whale. New England coast. U. 8. Fish Commission.
b. By obstructing the progression of vessels upon which
they afiix themselves:
2271. Barnacles (Lalanus rugatus, &c.). California. H. Hemphill.
ANNULOSA.
Annelida.—WorMS AND LEECHES.
A. Useful:
1. In surgery and medicine:
3226. Leech (Macrobdella decora, Verrill). New Haven, Conn. A. E. Ver-
rill.
3227. Ditto. (Macrobdella sp.) Mountain Lake, Cal. H. Hemphill.
2. For bait in fishing:
3228. Earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris, L.). Washington, D. C. W. Pal-
mer,
3229. Sea-worm (Nereis sp.?). San Francisco, Cal. H. Hemphill.
3. For food:
19718. Dried worms (/phydra sp.). Prepared for food by the Monachee Pi-
Ute Indians. Owen’s Lake, Cal. Stephen Powers.
19714. Dried worms. Used in making soup by the Monachee Pi-Ute Indians.
Owen’s Lake, Cal. Stephen Powers.

B. Injurious:
1. By boring into and destroying oyster-shells:

829634. Oyster-shell, showing ravages (of Heteronereis?). South Norwalk,
Conn. Hoyt Brothers.
Norr.—Insects and larve, commonly called worms, affecting
chiefly agricultural interests, are not here included,

RADIATA.
Ra diates.—SEA-URCHINS, STARFISH, CORALS, MEDUSA, ETC.

N. b. Strictly ornamental corals and gorgonias, having no special
useful application, have, for the same reasons which neces-
sitated the exclusion of the solely ornamental shells, been
here omitted,

A. Useful:
1. Food-producing:

3226. Trepang ; Béche-de-mer (Holothuria sp.?). San Diego, Cal. HL.
Hemphill.

ee

ANIMAL RESOURCES ‘AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 263

3212. Sea-urchin (Strongylocentrotus drabachiensis). New England coast.
U. 8. Fish Commission.

3146. Ditto. (Toxopneustes sp.) Southern United States. Dr. William
Stimpson.

3145. Ditto. (7. franciscorum, Ag.) Alaska to California. F. Bischoff.

B. Injurious:
1. Destroying oysters, clams, &e.:

3214. Starfish (Asterias vulgaris, Stm.). Portland, Me. U.S. Fish Com-

mission.
3149. Ditto. (Ast. arenicola, Stm.) Massachusetts Bay. Dr. William
Stimpson.

3213. Ditto. Long Island Sound. U.S. Fish Commission.

3150. Ditto. South Norwalk, Conn. Hoyt Brothers.

3151. Ditto. In act of destroying oysters. South Norwalk, Conn. Hoyt
Brothers.

2. By their urticating powers annoying bathers and “ foul-
ing” nets and fishing lines with slime—various
Acalephs.

PROTOZOA.
Protozoans.—SPONGES, ETC.
Useful:

1, For conveyance of fluids requiring an elastic and tem-
porary menstruum, and as a detergent:

3210. Sponge (on bougie). Boston, Mass. J. A. Levey.
3206-9. Sponge (Spongia barbara, D. & M.). Florida Keys and Bahamas.
Isaacs & Co., sponge-dealers, New York.

3205. Ditto. (Spongia graminea, Hyatt). (Prepared by cleansing for use.)
Key West. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.

3203-4. Ditto. (Dried in natural condition.) Key West. Boston Soe.
Nat. Hist.

3152-3.

2167 ; Ditto. (S. dura, var. densa, Hyatt.) Florida Keys. Isaacs & Co.

3154-66, Ditto. (S. dura, var. gravida, Hyatt.) Florida Keys. Isaacs &
Co.

3172. Ditto. Dried in natural state. (Aplysina aurea, Hyatt.) Bahamas.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.

3168-71. Ditto. (Cleansed.) (S. dura, var. punctata, Hyatt.) Florida
Keys. Isaacs & Co.

3177. Ditto. (Dried in natural state.) (S. cerebriformis, Hyatt.) Key
West. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.

3173-76. Ditto. (Cleansed.) Key West and Bahamas. Isaacs & Co.

3178-9. Ditto. (S. tubulifera, Lam.). Floridaand Bahamas. Isaacs & Co.

3150-85. Ditto. (S. tubulifera, var, rodunda, Hyatt.) Florida Keys and
Bahamas. Isaacs & Co.

3186. Ditto. (Dried in natural condition.) Florida Keys. Boston Soe,
Nat. Tist.

264 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

3189-90. Ditto. (Cleansed.) (iS. tubulifera, var. disciformis, Hyatt.)
Florida Keys and Bahamas. Isaacs & Co.

3192-96. Ditto. (S. gossypina, D. & M., var. hirsuta.) Florida Keys and
Bahamas. Isaacs & Co.

3197. Ditto. (S. gossypina, var. dendritica.) Florida Keys and Bahamas.
Isaacs & Co.

3198-3202. Ditto. (S. gossypina; var. porosa.) Florida Keys and Bahamas, ,
Isaacs & Co.

2. Useful as an elastic medium or absorbent:

3213a. Sponge prepared for use as lint in surgery. Wm. B. Moses, Wash-
ington, D. C.

3211. Ditto. For stuffing cushions and packing. Florida. Jas. Richard-
son.

3212a. Ditto. Prepared for stuffing cushions, mattresses, &c. Florida.
Wm. B. Moses, Washington, D. C.

Injurious:
1. By destroying oysters:

3215. Boring sponge (Cliona sulphurea, Verrill). Mature form, after oyster-
shell has disintegrated. Vineyard Sound, Mass. U. 8. Fish Com-
mission.

32979. Boring sponge. Shells of Pecten showing ravages. Castine,Me. A.
R. Crittenden.

32980. Ditto. Castine, Me. L. J. Heath.

32820. Ditto. Showing effect on oyster-shell. New York Bay. B. J. M.
Carley. ‘

3147. Ditto. Showing various stages in shell. Shrewsbury River, N. J.
B. J. M. Carley.

Rhizopods.

Useful; the fossil forms being largely employed as a polishing
powder under the name of “Tripoli” or “infusorial earth” ;
as a menstruum for nitro-glycerine, in the manufacture of
dynamite and other explosives; and also in the manufac-
ture of “stone china” and pottery. The valuable quality
in nearly all cases is the contained silica.

MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS OF SEA OR SHORE, NOT OF
AN ANIMAL NATURE.

Plants: |
a. Lichens:

~ 29316. Orchilla (Rocella tinctoria), in its natural condition as gathered from
rocks and branches of plants. West coast of North America. W.
A. Ross & Bro., New York.
29313. ‘Archilliquor,” derived from Orchilla, and extensively used as a dye-
stuff. West coast of North America. W. A. Noss & Bro., New
York.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 265

29314. ‘‘Cudbear.” Product of a lichen (Lecanora), extensively applied as
a dye-stuft. Western coast of North America. W. A. Ross &
Bro., New York. ;

b. Alge:
1. Having economical applications:
* Available as food.

——. Irish moss (Chondrus crispus, L.), affording gelatine. New England
coast. Dr. W. G. Farlow.

——. Western dulse (Schizymenia edulis, Ag.). West coast United States.
Rev. E. Hall.

——. Dulse (Rhodymenia palmata, Grev.), used for food. New England
coast. Dr. W. G. Farlow.

——. Laver (Porphyra vulgaris, Ag.), used for food. New England coast.
Dr. W. G. Farlow.

——. Badderlocks (Alaria esculenta, Grey.). Available for food. Cape Cod
northward.

** Employed in the manufacture of fertilizers, iodine and bromine, or
“ artificial staghorn” (Laminaria) articles.

——. Rockweed (Fucus vesiculosus, L. & C.). New England coast. Dr.
W. G. Farlow.
—. Bull-head kelp (Nereocyslis Liitkeana, P. & M.). Stems made by In-
dians into fishing-lines. Northwest coast of America. W.H. Dall.
——. Specimens of lines made of this material. [See ethnological and
fishing-implement series. ]
29373. Devil’s apron (Laminaria digitata), dried stems for making ‘ tents.”
Newfoundland. Dr. E. R. Squibb.
29373a. ‘*Sponge tents” used in surgery, made from dried Laminaria stems.
29373). Paper-knife, made of ‘‘artificial staghormn” or dried Laminaria
(longicruris), by J. H. Batchelder, Cambridge, Mass.

2. Ornamental alge:

The following series, prepared by Dr. W. G. Farlow, comprises speci-
mens collected by Mr. F. W. Hooper and Dr. Palmer, at Key West; by
Dr. Farlow on the New England coast; by Prof. D. C. Eaton from various
sources; by A. R. Young, at New York; Mrs. A. 8. Davis, at Cape Ann;
Mrs. Beebe, at Gloucester, Mass.; Mrs. B. D. Halstead, at Swampscott;
Mr. H. Averill, at New York; Dr. L. R. Gibbes, in South Carolina; Miss
M. A. Booth, at Orient, L. I.; and from California and Oregon by Dr. C.
L. Anderson, Capt. I. Stratton, Rev. E. Hall, Mr. H. Hemphill, D. Cleve-
land, and Mr. W. H. Dall:

AMANSIA MULTIFIDA, Lmx. Key West.
DasyA GIBBESII, Harv. Key West.
DASYA ELEGANS, Ag. Chenille. Cape Cod.
DASYA RAMOSISSIMA, Hary. Key West.
DasyA Harveyi, Ashmead. Key West.
DASYA MOLLIS, Harv. Key West.

DASYA MUCRONATA, Harv. Key West.
DasyA WURDEMANNI, Bailey. Key West.
DASYA CALLITHAMNION, Hary. San Dicgo.

966 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Dasya TUMANOWICZI, Gatty. Key West.

DASYA LOPHOCLADOS, Mont. Key West.

DasyA PLUMOSA, Bail. and Hary. Santa Cruz, Cal.

BostRYCHIA MONTAGNEI, Harv. Key West.

BOSTRYCHIA CALAMISTRATA, Mont. Key West.

BostRYCHIA MORITZIANA, Mont. Florida.

POLYSIPHONIA URCEOLATA, Grey. Nahant, Mass. Var. formosa, New Eng-
land.

POLYSIPHONIA HAVANENSIS, Mont. Var. Binneyi, Ag., Key West.

POLYSIPHONIA FERULACEA, Ag. Key West.

POLYSIPHONIA OLNEYI, Hary. Dough-balls. Long Island Sound.

POLYSIPHONIA HARVEYI, Bail. Nigger-hair. Wood’s Holl, Mass.

POLYSIPHONIA ELONGATA, Grey. Lobster-claws. Gay Head, Mass.

POLYSIPHONIA VIOLACEA, Grey. Wood’s Holl, Mass.

POLYSIPHONIA FIBRILLOSA, Grey. Wood’s Holl, Mass.

POLYSIPHONIA VARIEGATA, Ag. Wood’s Holl, Mass.

POLYSIPHONIA PENNATA, Ag. California.

POLYSIPHONIA PARASITICA, Grey. California. Var. dendroidea, Ag., Cali-
fornia.

POLYSIPHONIA BAILEYI, Ag. Pacifie coast.

POLYSIPHONIA PECTEN-VENERIS, Harv. Florida.

POLYSIPHONIA ATRORUBESCENS, Grey. Wood’s Holl, Mass.

POLYSIPHONIA BIPINNATA, Post. and Rupr. West coast.

POLYSIPHONIA Woopu, Harv. West coast.

POLYSIPHONIA NIGRESCENS, Grey.

POLYSIPHONIA FASTIGIATA, Grey. Nahant, Mass.

ODONTHALIA ALEUTICA, Ag. Oregon.

ODONTHALIA LYALLU, Hary. Neeah Bay, W. T.

RHODOMELA LARIX, Ag. California.

RHODOMELA FLOCCOosA, Ag. Aleutian Islands.

RHODOMELA suBFUSCA, Ag. Gloncester, Mass. Var. gracilis, same limits.
Var. Rochei, Long Island Sound.

DIGENIA SIMPLEX, Ag. Key West.

BRYOTHAMNION TRIANGULARE, Ag. Key West.

BRYOTHAMNION SEAFORTHU, Ag. Florida,

ALsIpIuM BLopGEeTTH, Harv. Key West, Fla.

ACANTHOPHORA THieRU, Lmx. Florida to Brazil; Pacific Ocean,

ACANTHOPHORA MUSCOIDES, Ag. Florida.

CHONDRIA DASYPHYLLA, Ag. Cape Cod.

CHONDRIA STRIOLATA, Ag. (C. Baileyana, Mont.) Cape Cod.

CHONDRIA TENUISSIMA, Ag. Wood’s Holl, Mass.

CHONDRIA LITTORALIS, Hary. Wood’s Holl, Mass,

CHONDRIA ATROPURPUREA, Harv. Key West, Fla.

LAURENCIA PINNATIFIDA, Lmx. Jepper-dulse. California,

LAURENCIA VIRGATA, Ag. California.

LAURENCIA OBTUSA, Lmx. Florida.

LAURENCIA IMPLICATA, Ag. Key West.

LAURENCIA CERVICORNIS, Harv. Key West; San Diego, Cal.

LAURENCIA GEMMIFERA, Hary, Florida.

LAURENCIA PAPILLOSA, Grey. Florida,

LAURENCIA PANICULATA, Ag. San Diego, Cal.

CHYLOCLADIA OVALIS, Hlook. (Lomentaria, Endl.) California,

GRINNELLIA AMERICANA, Hary. Wood’s Holl, Mass.

DELESSERIA SINUOSA, Lmx. Gloucester, Mass.

DELESSERIA QUERCIPOLLA, Bory. California.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 267

DELESSERIA ALATA, Linx. Gloucester, Mass.

DELESSERIA HYPOGLOSSUM, Larmx. Chleston, 8. C.
DELESSERIA TENUIFOLIA, Harv. Key West.

DELESSERIA INVOLVENS, Harv. Key West.

DELESSERIA LEPRIEURU, Mont. New York.

DELESSERIA DECIPIENS, Ag. West coast. Neeah Bay, W.T.
NITOPHYLLUM PUNCTATUM, var. ocellatum, Grev. Key West.
NITOPHYLLUM SPECTABILE, Eaton, mss. California.
NITOPHYLLUM LACERATUM, Grey. California.

NITOPHYLLUM LATISSIMUM, Ag. California.

NITOPHYLLUM AREOLATUM, Eaton, mss. California.
NITOPHYLLUM (NEUROGLOSSUM) ANDERSONII, Ag. California.
NITOPHYLLUM RUPRECHTIANUM, Ag. West coast.
CALLIBLEPHARIS CILIATA, Kiitz. Cape Ann, Mass.

GRACILARIA MULTIPARTITA, Ag. Var. angustissima, Harv. New York.
GRACILARIA CERVICORNIS, Ag. Key West.

GRACILARIA CONFERVOIDES, Grey. Florida; California.
GRACILARIA ARMATA, Ag. Key West.

CORALLINA OFFICINALIS, L. Cape Ann.

CORALLINA SQUAMATA, Ellis and Sol. San Diego, California.
JANIA RUBENS, Lmx. San Diego, California.

JANIA CAPILLACEA, Harv. Key West.

AMPHIROA FRAGILLISSIMA, Lmx. Florida.

AMPHIROA NODULOSA, Kiitz. Florida.

AMPHIROA DEBILIS, Kiitz. Florida.

AMPHIROA CALIFORNICA, Decaisne. West coast.

MELOBESIA FARINOSA, Lmx. East coast.

MELOBESIA PUSTULATA, Lmx. Wood’s Holl, Mass.
LITHOTHAMNION POLYMORPHUM, Aresch. Eastport, Me.
HILDENBRANDTIA ROSEA, Kiitz. Eastport, Me.

GELIDIUM CORNEUM, Lmx. Florida; New Haven, Conn.
GELIDIUM CARTILAGINEUM, Grev. San Diego, Cal.

GELIDIUM COULTERI, Hary. California.

WURDEMANNIA SETACEA, Hary. Key West.

EUCHEUMA ISIFORME, Ag. Key West.

EUCHEUMA? ACANTHOCLADUM, Ag. (Chrysymenia, Harv.). Key West.
HYPNEA MUSCIFORMIS, Lmx. Wood’s Holl, Mass.

HYPNEA CORNUTA, Ag. Key West.

RHODYMENIA PALMATA, Grev. Common dulse. Swampscott, Mass.
RHODYMENIA PALMET?YA, Grev. California.

RHODYMENIA CORALLINA, Grev. California.

EUTHORA CRISTATA, Ag. Gloucester, Mass.

PLOCAMIUM COCCINEUM, Lyngb. Var. flecuosum. West coast.
STENOGRAMMA INTERRUPTA, Mont. California.

PIKEA CALIFORNICA, Hary. California.

CHAMPIA PARVULA, Hary. Noank, Conn.

LOMENTARIA BAILEYANA, Farlow (Chylocladia, Harv.). New York Bay.
LOMENTARIA ROSEA, Thuret. Gay Head, Mass.

RHABDONIA TENERA, Ag. (Solieria chordalis, Harv.) Wood’s Holl, Mass.
RHABDONIA COULTERI, Harv. California.

CORDYLOCLADIA CONFERTA, Ag. San Diego, Cal.

POLYIDES ROTUNDUS, Ag. Cape Ann, Mass.

PEYSSONNELIA ATRO-PURPUREA, Crouan?. Key West.
NEMALION MULTIFIDUM, Ag. Watch Hill, R. I.

SCINAIA FURCELLATA, Bivon. Gay Head, Mass.

268 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

LIAGORA VALIDA, Harv. Florida.

LIAGORA PINNATA, Harv. Florida.

LIAGORA PULVERULENTA, Ag. Key West.

WRANGELIA PENICILLATA, Ag. Key West.

PuyLiopnora Bropi«zt, Ag. Long Island Sound.

PHYLLOPHORA MEMBRANIFOLIA, Ag. Long Island Sound.

GYMNOGONGRUS NORVEGICUS, Ag. (ine. G. Torreyi, Ag.). Peak’s Island, Me.

GYMNOGONGRUS TENUIS, Ag. California.

GYMNOGONGRUS GRIPFITHSLA, Ag. California.

GYMNOGONGRUS LINEARIS, Ag. California.

AMNFELTIA GIGARTINOIDES, Ag. West coast.

ATINFELTIA PLICATA, Fr. Cape Ann, Mass.

CYSTOCLONIUM PURPURASCENS, Kiitz. Block Island, New York.

CALLOPHYLLIS VARIEGATA, Ag. California. as?

CALLOPHYLLIS OBTUSIFOLIA, Ag. San Diego, Cal.

CALLOPHYLLIS DISCIGERA, Ag. California.

GIGARTINA ACICULARIS, Lmx. Florida.

GIGARTINA CANALICULATA, Harv. West coast.

GIGARTINA MAMILLOSA, Ag. Portland, Me.; Santa Cruz, Cal.

GIGARTINA MICROPHYLLA, Hary., and var. horrida. California.

GIGARTINA RADULA, Ag. West coast.

CHONDRUS CRIsPuUS, Lyngb. Jrish moss. Cape Ann, Mass. -Very common.

CHONDRUS AFYFINIS, Hary. California.

IRIDHA LAMINARIOIDES, Bory. (including Iridwa minor and Iridawa dichotoma).
West coast.

ENDOCLADIA MURICATA, Ag. West coast.

CRYPTONEMIA CRENULATA, Ag. Key West.

CHRYSYMENIA HALYMENIOIDES, Harv. Key West.

CHRYSYMENIA UVARIA, Ag. Key West.

HALYMENIA LIGULATA, Ag. Var. Californica ; Santa Cruz, Cal.

HALYMENIA FLoresia, Ag. Key West.

PRIONITIS LANCEOLATA, Harv. West coast.

PRIONITIS ANDERSON, Eaton, mss. Santa Cruz, Cal.

SCHIZYMENIA EDULIS, Ag. Oregon.

SCHIZYMENTA? COCCINEA, Harv. Santa Cruz, Cal.

GRATELOUPIA GIBBESI, Harv. Charleston, S.C.

GRATELOUPIA CUTLER, Kiitz. California.

GRATELOUPIA FILICINA, Ag. Florida.

HALOSACCION HYDROPIIORA, Ag. West coast.

HALOSACCION FUCICOLA, Post. and Rupr. West coast.

HALOSACCION RAMENTACEUM, Ag. Eastport, Me.

SPYRIDIA ACULEATA, Kiitz. Florida.

SPYRIDIA FILAMENTOSA, Harv. Wood’s Holl, Mass.

MIcROCLADIA CouLTERI, Harv. West coast.

MICROCLADIA CALIFORNICA, Farlow. California.

MICROCLADIA BOREALIS, Rupr. West coast.

CENTROCERAS CLAVULATUM, Ag. Key West.

CENTROCERAS EATONIANUM, Farlow. West coast.

CERAMIUM NITENS, Ag. Key West.

CERAMIUM RUBRUM, Ag. East coast.

CERAMIUM DrsLONGCHAMPsH, Ch. Tastport, Me.

CERAMIUM DIAPHANUM, Roth. California.

CERAMIUM sTricTUM, Harv. New England.

CERAMIUM YOUNGI, Farlow, mss. Canarsie, L. I.

CERAMIUM TENUISSIMUM, Lyngb. Key West.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

CERAMIUM FASTIGIATUM, Harv.
——. Key West.

CrERAMIUM
PTILOTA DENSA,

PTILOTA HYPNOIDES, Harv.
PTILOTA PLUMOSA, Ag.

269
Southern New England.
California.

California,
Var. filicina, west coast.

Ag.

Var. serrata, Eastport,

Me., and Neeah Bay, W. T.

PTILOTA ELEGANS, Bonnem.
GLOLOSIPHONIA CAPILLARIS, Carm.
CROUANIA ATTENUATA, J. Ag.
GRIFFITHSIA BORNETTIANA, Farl.

CALLITHAMNION
CALLITHAMNION
CALLITHAMNION
CALLITHAMNiON
CALLITHAMNION
CALLITHAMNION
CALLITHAMNION
CALLITHAMNION
CALLITHAMNION
CALLITHAMNION
CALLITHAMNION
CALLITHAMNION
CALLITHAMNION
CALLITHAMNION
CALLITHAMNION
CALLITHAMNION
CALLITIAMNION

PORPHYRA VULGARIS, Ag.
BANGIA FUSCOPURPUREA, Lyngb,
CHANTRANSIA EFFLORESCENS, Thur,
CHANTRANSIA VIRGATULA, Thuret.
ERYTHROTRICHIA CERAMICOLA, Aresch.
PADINA PAVONIA, Linx.
ZONARIA LOBATA, Ag.
ZONARIA FLAVA, Ag.
TAONIA SCHR@DERI, Ag.
DICTYOTA FASCIOLA, Lmx.
DICTYOTA DICHOTOMA, D.C.
DIcTYOTA CILIATA, Ag.
Dicryota KuNrTau, Ag.
DICTYOTA ACUTILOBA, Ag.
SARGASSUM VULGARE, Ag.
SARGASSUM BACCIFERUM, Ag.
SARGASSUM DENTIFOLLIUM, Ag.
SARGASSUM AGARDIANUM, Farlow, mss.
TURBINARIA VULGARIS, Ag.
FUCUS VASTIGIA’
Fucus pisticnus, L. (1. filiformis, Gin.).
Fucus rurcatus, Ag.
FUCUS VESICULOSUS, L.
FUCUS SERRATUS, L.
Nereocystis LUTKEANA, Post. and Rupr.

New York.

Cape Ann, Mass.
Key West.

Wood’s Holl, Mass.
TETRAGONUM, Ag. Orient, L. I.
BaiLreyi, Hary. New York.
PTILOPHORA, Eaton, mss. California.
Borreri, Ag. New Haven, Conn.
BYSSOIDEUM, Arn. Long Island Sound.
CORYMBOSUM, Ag. Beverly, Mass.

VERSICOLOR, Ag., var. seirospermum, Hary. New York,

PLUMULA, Lyngb. Gay Head, Mass.
HETEROMORPHUM, Ag., mss. California.

AMERICANUM, Harv. New York.

Py vaisa1, Mont. Gloucester, Mass,

rLoccosuM, Ag. Var. pacificum, Harv. Neeah, Bay, W. T.

CRUCIATUM, Ag. New York.

LEJOLISIA, Farlow, mss. San Diego, Cal.

TURNERI, Ag. New York.

Rorun, Lyngb. New England coast.

ROSEUM, Lyng. New York.

Laver. “Kast coast.

East coast.
Gay Head, Mass.

Portland, Me.

Cape Ann, Mass,

Peacoch’s-tail. Key West, Fla.
Key West.

San Diego, Cal.

Florida,

Florida; Mediterranean Sea.
Charleston.

Key West.

San Diego, Cal.

Key West.

Atlantic Ocean.

Gulf-weed. Gulf Stream.
Key West.

San Diego, Cal.

Key West.

West coast. 1

res, Ac.
Swampscott, Mass.
Marblehead, Mass.

Rock-weed. Swampscott, Mass.
Nova Scotia.

Great bladder-weed. Monterey,

Cal., and northward.

ALARIA ESCULENTA, Grev.

Badderlecks. Henware. Cape Cod.

270 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

LAMINARIA SACCHARHINA, Lmx. Devil’s apron; Kelp. New York, north-
ward; west coast; Europe; Japan?.

LAMINARIA LONGICRURIS, De la Pyl. Devil’s apron; Kelp. New England.

LAMINARIA FLEXICAULIS, Le Jolis. Devil’s'apron; Kelp. New England,

AGARUM TURNERI, Post. and Rupr. Sea-colander. Nahant, Mass.

STILOPHORA RHIZODES, Ag. Vineyard Sound.

ASPEROCOCCUS SINUOSUS, Bory. Key West.

ASPEROCOCCUS ECHINATUS, Grey. New England coast.

HYDROCLATHRUS CANCELLATUS, Bory. Noank, Conn.

RALFSIA VERRUCOSA, Aresch. Nahant, Mass.

CHORDA FILUM, Stack. New York.

CHORDARIA FLAGELLIFORMIS, Ag. Eastport, Me.

CHORDARIA ABIETINA, Rupr. Santa Cruz, Cal.

CHORDARIA DIVARICATA, Ag. Gloucester, Mass.

CASTAGNEA VIRESCENS, Thuret. Wood’s Holl, Mass.

LEATHESIA TUBERIFORMIS, Gray. Watch Hill, R. I.

ELACHISTA FUCICOLA, Fr. New England.

MYRIONEMA STRANGULANS, Grey. Wood’s Holl, Mass.

MyYRIONEMA LECLANCHERII, Harv. Gloucester, Mass.

CLADOSTEPHUS SPONGIOSUS, Ag. Newport, R. I.

CLADOSTEPHUS VERTICILLATUS, Ag. Gay Head, Mass.

SPHACELARIA Frusca, Ag. On Amphiroa Californica, San Diego, Cal.

SPHACELARIA RADICANS, Ag. New England.

Ecrocarpus FirMus, Ag. (2. littoralis, Harv.). New England.

Ecrocarpus Farrow, Thuret. Peak’s Island, Me.

ECTOCARPUS SILICULOSUS, Lyngb. Charleston, S. C.

ECTOCARPUS VIRIDIS, Hary. Orient, L. I.

ECTOCARPUS FASCICULATUS, Harv. New England coast.

ECTOCARPUS GRANULOSUS, Ag. Santa Cruz, Cal.

Ecrocarpus Hooprri, Harv. Greenport, L. 1.

DESMARESTIA ACULEATA, Lmx. Eastport, Me.

DESMARESTIA ViIRIpis, Lmx. New York.

DESMARESTIA LIGULATA, Linx. Monterey, Cal.

PUNCTARIA LATIFOLIA, Grey., and var. zoster@, Le Jolis. Eastport, Me.

PUNCTARIA PLANTAGINEA, Grey. New England.

PHYLLITIS FASCIA, Ktz. Eastport, Me.

SCYTOSIPHON LOMENTARIUS, Ag. Eastport, Me.

CAULERPA PROLIFERA, Lmx. Florida,

CAULERPA CRASSIFOLIA, Ag., var, Mexicana. Florida,

CAULERPA PLUMARIS, Ag. Florida.

CAULERPA ASHMEADII, Hary. Key West.

CAULERPA ERICIFOLIA, Ag. Florida.

CAULERPA CUPRESSOIDES, Ag. Key West.

CAULERPA LANUGINOSA, Ag. Key West.

CAULERPA PASPALOIDES, Bory. Florida.

CAULERPA CLAVIFERA, Ag. Florida.

HALIMEDA OPUNTJA, Lmx. Florida,

HALIMEDA TUNA, Lmx. Florida.

HALIMEDA TRIDENS, Lmx, Key West.

UDOTEA FLABELLATA, Lmx. Key West.

UbOTEA CONGLUTINATA, Lmx. Key West.

CODIUM TOMENTOSUM, Stack. Florida; var. damacornis. West coast.

CHLORODESMIS? Key West.

BRYOPSIS PLUMOSA, Lmx. Eastern coast.

Bryopsis HyPN@&pes, Lx. Key West.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

VAUCHERIA PILOBOLOIDES, Thuret. Wood’s Holl, Mass.
DASYCLADUS OCCIDENTALIS, Hary. Florida.
DASYCLADUS CLAV.&YVORMIS, Ag. Key West.
ACETABULARIA CRENULATA, Linx. Florida.

CYMOPOLIA BARBATA, Lmx. Key West.

CHAM-EDORIS ANNULATA, Mont. Key West.

PENICILLUS DUMETOSUS, Dne. Florida; West Indies.
PENICILLUS CAPIratus, Linx. Mermaid’s shaving-brush. Florida.
BLODGETTIA ? CONFERVOIDES, Hary. Key West.
ANADYOMENE FLABELLATA, Lmx. Key West.
DICTYOSPHARIA FAVULOSA, Dne. Key West.
ASCOTHAMNION INTRICATUM, Kiitz. Key West.
ENTEROMORPHA INTESTINALIS, Link. New England.
ENTEROMORPHA COMPRESSA, Grey. New England.
JNTEROMORPHA CLATHRATA, Grey. New England coast.
ULVA LATISSIMA, Linn. Sea-lettuce. New England coast.
ULVA FASCIATA, Delile. California.

CLADOPHORA MEMBRANACEA, Ag. Key West.
CLADOPHORA RUPESTRIS, L. Cape Ann, Mass.
CLADOPHORA ARCTA, Dillw. Cape Ann, Mass.
CLADOPHORA LANOSA, Roth. Orient, L. I.

CLADOPHORA UNCIALIS, Fl. Dan. New England coast.
CLADOPHORA L&TEVIRENS, Dillw. Key West, Fla.
CLADOPHORA FRACTA, Fl. Dan. Eastern coast.
CHETOMORPHA PICQUOTIANA, Mont. Cape Ann, Mass.
CHATOMORPHA MELAGONIUM, Web. and Mohr. Cape Ann, Mass.
CH@&TOMORPHA SUTORIA, Berk. Stonington, Conn.
CHETOMORPHA BRACHYGONA, Harv. Key West.
CHAZTOMORPHA TORTUOSA, Dillw. Eastport, Me.
HORMOTRICHUM YOUNGANUM, Dillw. New England coast.
LYNGBYA MAJUSCULA, Harv. Cape Cod.

LYNGBYA FERRUGINEA, Ag. New England coast.
LYNGBYA KUTZUNGIANA, Thur. Eastern coast.
CALOTHRIX CONFERVICOLA, Ag. East coast.

CALOTHRIX SCOPULORUM, Ag. East coast.

SPHAROZYGA CARMICHAELIU, Harv. Wood’s Holl, Mass.
PETROCELIS CRUENTA, Ag. Eastport, Me.

SPIRULINA TENUISSIMA, Kiitz. Eastport, Me,
CHNOOSPORA FASTIGIATA, Ag. San Diego, Cal. +
HORMACTIS FARLOWI, Bornet. East coast.

Inorganic materials:

271

——. Scouring-sand. Impure silex for domestic use. Alameda, Cal. H.

Hemphill.
—. Glassmaker’s-sand. Pure silex. Isle of Shoals, N. H.

272 ANIMAL KESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES,

COMMERCIAL STATISTICS OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS IN THE
UNITED STATES: A REVIEW OF A PORTION OF THE RE-
PORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF STATISTICS
FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1877.

By G. BROWN GOODE.

The following review of the character and commercial values of animal
products used or produced in the United States is intended to supple-
ment and explain in part the preceding “Catalogue of the collection
illustrating the animal resources of the United States,” made under the
direction of the United States National Museum for the International
Exhibition of 1876. The statistics have been arranged with a view to
a concise exhibition of the extent and location of the trade in all sub-
stances of animal origin. The classification is uniform with that em-
ployed in the catalogue.

An attempt is made to show—

1. The amount of imports, the countries from which the products are
imported, and the ports through which the import entries are chietly
made,

2. The domestic consumption of foreign products. The table of im-
ports entered into consumption is more detailed than any of the others,
and from this have been taken many statements which were not else-
where given, as, for instance, the amounts of coral, whalebone, chemicals,
and specimens of natural history.

4. The exports of domestic products, the ports from which they were
chiefly shipped, and the countries to which they are sent.

4. The statistics of foreign eaports or of the exports of produets not
directly of domestic origin.

No account has been made of the indirect and transshipment trade.

LIVING ANIMALS.

The total value of living animals brought into the United States does
‘ot fall far below $2,200,000.

The value of the miscellaneous importations of living animals is placed
it $1,648,465, Of this amount Quebec, Ontario, &e., supply $1,452,457,
md Mexico $129,897 (no doubt chiefly sheep), Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick send $30,124, Germany $13,262, British Columbia $15,762,
England $6,184. The remainder comes from the British East Indies
($1,589), Cuba ($818), Brazil ($133), Scotland, Honduras, Belgium, Chili,
China, France, Guiana, Colombia, and Uruguay. The latter countries
probably send chietly animals for menageries and gardens.

Animals for breeding purposes are imported to the amount of $419,170,
The larger proportion (8291,960) comes from the British Provinees

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 273

through the Lake ports. New York, with its extensive shipments from
Europe, receives the next proportionate share ($111,501), then San
Francisco ($4,708), Boston ($3,029), Baltimore ($2,113), Philadelphia
($519), and New Orleans ($200).

The teams of emigrants have the right of free entry. The yearly
return of entries is placed at $26,070. The greater proportion ($23,520)
appears to come from the ete Provinces through the Lake ports.

The imports of birds are valued at $109,879. Of this amount, $71,989
comes to New York, and consists principally, no doubt, of singing birds.
The Provinces send $38,528, probably, for the most part, fowls.

Leeches are naperted to the amount of $4,227. All come through
New York, except $155 worth through New Orleans.

The following table, compiled from the “ Statement showing quantities
and values of foreign merchandise entered into consumption in the
United States during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1877, &e.” (No. 20,
pp. 446-505), while it necessarily does not tally with the figures already
given, is instructive, since it shows in fuller detail the numbers and echar-
acter of the imports of foreign animals:

Description of animal. | Number.| Value.

; . ; |
ERE C ye et shots Nee enh ten ape oe a eraln oe 2 wlermininge slalom aye noise Sains see viniw oa cine S | 9,240 | $602, 513
AUN O oa sees nota teases coe ssn sees : cere 31, 893 314, 094
DHEED Rone ahs sees <5 --| 282, 432 674, 883
HORS tks eas. Leche ees os 4, 534 9, 876
AMimials cor PLOEAINO Wp ULDOSCS -tisceo ee oe Sa ee see melee sais eisieratee Sse cies ei<icl=. tm thes | 5, 370 416, 476
Fowls, land and water. ..-.--. Beate Slates ala a iavain ntaisl oti steleiers Geena aignisivis eb ire de eS eecas 22 3 beseee ee 36, 793
[ESIC eer a eee rea temo ket (Been San ee cma Soe ae Seo A laa aaa Wage eae a3 73, 187
NOSES EL ete an oc SR tee a pa aes fae EY Rn eee ae ae threes an oslo wigs Se, Sie | xe eee 4, 288
EMM Als NOLIN WHENG GPECIOdn 2 -a14-- fo snd - wa wee eee eras saegoste asses <4 <5 oe |----2----- 27, 737

Totally <5. 524: Se ee ate ee ee ae ele ee eae ster fraloieie eit io) am tole tor a Siteopt le 2, 159, 847

The domestic exports of living animals are valued at $3,506,508, as
shown in the following table:

|
Description of animal. | Number.| Value.
Fs
ENCE ar a a ey Fo ete eS rae reece oe oes aha Siac ayaa tim anes oie's ame 2,042 | $301, 134

UIE pape ere tea emer er eas Mn a eee = SN ow lhe bwaies ojos ass 3,441 | 478, 484
PLOMMEMMCAtHLO Ss. 3- S22 e os Sos ss we = eae oa ne eae ae taht ae SRSA Ss eee ets | 50, 001 | 1, 593, 080

SHOR ee ete cremate aie oe oe eas dese eeneeeeiee oS 5a Becole eae ae ee eee 179,017 | 234, 480
ETS ee oe a Aa ee ee ee ae ans Deen 5 venlcniootiewsbacide comeuee | 65,107 | 699,189
PO Lie epee Ae ec DVR ne er Ry ene aera Ie aS aes s eos anne ane demoaecemm Eee! | 3, 306, 308

sil:

The largest number of horses is shipped from New York (727), next
from Brazos de Santiago, Tex. (363), Minnesota (196), San Diego, Cal.
(195), Corpus Christi, Tex. (82), Puget Sound, Washington (66), San
Francisco (52), and Baltimore (53). The horses shipped from San Fran-
cisco are most valuable, being worth $500 on an average; those from
New York 8150; those from Texas $40.

The principal exports of horses are to Mexico (603) chiefly from Texas,
Quebec, Ontario, &e. (591), the British West Indies and Honduras (232),
Cuba (157), and the French West Indies and French Guiana (129).

sull. N. M. No. 14-18

274 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Mules are shipped in the largest numbers from New York (2,058), New
Orleans, La. (1,036), Brazos de Santiago, Tex. (116), Saluria, Tex. (92),
and Galveston, Tex. (90). They are sent chiefly to the British West
Indies and Honduras (1,541), Cuba (1,018), the French West Indies and
Guiana (252), the Central American States (210), British Guiana (215),
and Mexico (154).

Horned cattle are shipped chiefly from Texas (20,596), Key West, Fla.
(9,071), Minnesota (6,615), New York (4,863), Huron, Mich. (4,748),
Boston (1,566), Philadelphia (700), Puget Sound, W. T. (611), Detroit,
Mich. (543), and San Diego, Cal. (685). They are sent chiefly to Cuba
(27,388), Quebec, Ontario, &e. (12,020), England (4,991), Liberia (2,809),
and to the British West Indies and Honduras (1,741), the Bermudas
taking a large share of the latter.

Sheep are sent principally from Texas (105,747), California (53,453),
Washington Territory (9,454), and New York (4,744), and find their way
mostly to Mexico (161,549), British Columbia (9,484), British West Indies,
(2,299), England (2,692), and Quebec, &c. (1,003). It is sufticiently evi-
dent that Texas and California send to Mexico, Washington Territory
to British Columbia, and New York and the Atlantic ports to England
and the West Indies.

Hogs are exported largely from Detroit, Mich. (54,504), Huron, Mich.
(28,508), and Minnesota (339); also, from Puget Sound, W. T., to the
British Provinces. Key West, Fla., sends about 230 to Cuba, and Texas
348 to Mexico.

There is a foreign export of living animals to the value of $22,970,
chiefly to England ($12,156) and the British West Indies ($8,176). It is
chiefly from New York ($20,722).

FOOD PRODUCTS, EXCEPT FISH.

The import entries of food products are placed at $724,402. New York
is the chief receptacle of these imports ($508,905), followed by the ports
Yon the Canadian border ($175,007), San Francisco (355,760), Philadel-
phia ($32,111), New Orleans ($7,400), Boston ($5,253), and Key West,
Bla. ($2,336).

The receipts from Canada ($115,191) correspond nearly to the amount
given for the northern border ports, those from China ($45,531) to the
entries of San Francisco, and those from Cuba (#2,846) to the entries of
Florida. New York and Philadelphia receive nearly all the remainder,
which is principafly sent by Germany ($525,693), England (365,164),
France (363,119), Belgium (54,537), the Netherlands ($40,145), Italy
($11,957), and Mexico ($2,679).

The total value of the import of honey is $61,205, of which New York
receives the principal share ($34,693), then New Orleans ($13,483) and
Boston (338,019),

Sausages, sausage-skins, and Bologna sausages are imported to the

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 275

value of $85,187, of which New York receives over
Orleans over $1,500.

$50,000 and New

ondensed eggs come only to New York, which imports to the value

of $2,529.
Milk comes to the Lake ports to the value of $2,062.

The quantities of each article entered into consumption are shown in

the following table:

Articles Amount. Value.
TSG ieee ete ee teene cc eter aa fanie oinia\= = s/a a. ba eae ie eee eee ee pounds. . 213,909 | $15, 540 92
CRORE ete eee eee heir ae Saiciniala = 2 a ce slain here otainicinianan em ae eer aee see cee lniace eee eet. 2,413 80
PEON to oases ani inie mien <iaigie wis.d ose winiowic ca meceemeeieek pounds. . 42, 418 3,111 70
BVASEN SUN eee eee mete eat iats cin nya'cin sia da cinta Sen me cae SIGE amen ioe oe ceecer es 824 66
BRS ESO Cee es eae esas API -Yorei no 5-= 2 Sci ates sists ain oro ee tao nee eee ete | eee tare eee | 33, 022 94
SULCORLUN 2 TL OS pesmi ater eee ere ein ains asia ciccis Neo ewiac ase Hem ae ata ie pe aeeines 112 00
PRE Ogee tote eanin eee me erase eine a aici |= ais 2\a =)'so's aia/als osieiciolnem seseniee oele 116 00
PIN hO CS IGLNS ferme mieten ic cisia siciaverejaie -[~ cinidaciaie ssa dese meme eeeomecas 55, 928 00
BOOP MAISA USA OS tee io eect Haaiaie asec a ais aclcjniclo:sie ance see mieiainets enclose eles 28, 948 40
ESCO aN Oa Naa S eee aerate eee ris aatmtain ia a.o <[iniarciais.c sicia atic Geclonia cae ore pounds. . 73, 773 14,193 35
Prepared meats, game, and poultry, sealed or unsealed, in cans or otherwise. ..|.....-...--- 28, 289 80
SEN Chea otters ete tot ctat eal a otra ai ctalelsloin(sicinvale sla = 2's 5's 213 =n ts See eee pounds. . 12, 524 1, 166 74
ECU RCUIO LEM GR herene rs aries eifaie seisiaie cic ciere So's) /u)a\ahclnln': Sid = ora yee reper e ine ale nication 38, 124 00
DEY Res earn ratte leetarctar ate = daiaial tala) soa ciaie/a"s inicio 0:6 ='s'c dic e sieie wetsetoe Seite dozens..| 5,048,900 | 617, 643 59
IP PRICONG GNSCO eerste ete eater sya ice a's cfiicltis oleic sclera o Sara seep) eee eerie ees Eee eee | 1, 873 00
E oes, VOLS Ota leet et are ale tarstasclareiaia's sfetonrsis,cisincia'e ae cle wists eee oe eet eee meena cece oo ener 203 00
Milk, LaLa eee ee I, SESS Oks Scie ta ae CO ae eee 2,614 65
Milk, GOUNAENSEAIOL PLESOLV.O0 i \=<15 =< o.siele ='S:5is se sss a cvs de Sele eee cine ine eee alll comes copia 2,798 00
WH GeSOsesee tine eee wee see ae teni cisticie's sicee sie sousiaut oa Secemanem or pounds. . 2,719,451 | 464, 001 23
MUGEN = sete tare eaten se aren eicjatee ise cicicte ciwiaaciy 2:0 12d v'eaineis noel nioeeietnseeaas cores 82,131 17, 231 00
TONG Wee ose eae aca ee ee nie oinicjn dis Sais Sms cecal eins cjee cele stata gallons... 27, 017 16, 473 50

The following tables show the imports of eggs by countries, and the

corresponding entries by customs-districts.

Countries. Eggs. Countries. | Eggs
Wiener ee aie ots. ed 1S ag 2 — pee pat AEE.
Dozens. Dollars. ] | Dozens. |Dollars.
Mhindee secre es wase 126,800 | 8,716 | British: Colnmbiates esse eee 100 6
FELON OaKON Ores ects aha. 3, 066 | 183 | British West Indies and British
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, \|* *“Honduxasy22ccn mereacee me 300 69
ee eA eos os Gace 948, 703 "109, 823 eae
Quebec, Ontario, &e ....-...... 3, 969, 302 [498, 825 | Totalea senor a. soa -'5, 048, 271 | 617, 622
: | I
Districts. Eggs. Districts. Eges.
eee eds oe 5, || Z | rt at Min eam
Dozens. | Dollars. Dozens. |Dollars.
ATOOSLOOK MCG 2.22 .5.25 doeect ea 5, 000 750) | Newport, Rou ccise sees a seer 753, 817 | 86,815
3oston and Charlestow n, Mass.) 639, 932 | 75,665 || Norfolk and Portsmouth, Va...| 934, 427 | 108; 320
Buffalo Creek, N. Y .-.--------- 11, 325, 608 |180, 222 || Oregon, Oreg...-............--- 45, 347 4, 818
Cape Vincent, N.Y .:----.----- 6,718 H87.:| | HMALLOO; NG Cerne eee, | 321,567 | 35,489
Champlain, Na Veen rine 208 29% | 144.891) 19) 504 |i Pensacola, Pla 2.25.2 222-2. 2: | 300 69
Cuyahoga, Onion ences 85s | 95, 538 2,595 || Philadelphia, Pa‘....--.. 22.2... 1, 044 133
Detroit, ist alert ogee oie em 77,019 | 9, 038 Plymouth, Massis2-2-) 2.5... - 3, 200 383
Pplenee ey oN). ak 918 10%) Portsmouth) Niskis- seems ne 100 6
Frenchman’s Bay, Me.......-.-- | 10,269} 1,096 || Puget Sound, Wash............ 1, 045 117
GrGTIOREG ENG Nrenecrer to csctinn =e 4, 372 464 || Richmond) Vides. -.2-- 4-2-0 ~ 90 10
GSOreeLOwI WC <2 o2)4 dam onc <1 979 124:||""Sacol Mes caterer wee es Sate 126, 800 8, 716
NCOVMW EBM aca. Sess dlee neces 1, 665 208 ||‘Savannah;iGays. 225.5222... 612,296 | 81,751
Mirchi can i MaGhe 225: 82220 ses! 118 247, SUPCLIOL MN Cl see ee wena. coc 100 | 10
IMD bien Al aie nes ser Sse one 150 18 || Vermont, Vt........: eee 3, 066 i183
INGwarkiNe diet ee ce. 70 sit eee ee
New Bedford, Mass .........-.- 704 83 || Pople Meee Ss 5, 048, 271 | 617, 622
New Orleans bal... 220 50)-2 sek 1, 120 109 ||

276 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

The amount of domestic exports is shown in the following rabies ;

Articles. iS Amoust. Value.

ROGL. PROBL soca oes ce vec cae cu,ceg: tian ete nee pre ae aren ie a eee pounds. . 49,210,990 | $4, 552, 528
Reef ealted 2.202.058... S. eeee ae ee ae Cr ee ae do.... 39, 155, 153 2, 950, 952
APUG wos woe hobs keene EEE ee on ee ae ee do....| 349, 368 36, 480
Pork...-..- Soe cb Scere Eales Goce SAS o Ee Leet Sane Soren nS eee eee ee do... 69, 671, 894 6, 296, 414
Bacon ANG DAMS Soh 25 pce. sere nese ae aes Coenen eee eee do....| 460,057,146 49, 512, 412
Preserved Moats +; 2eacee cee aoe aan eee ee peg ane ney) Pe ee eae | 8, 939, 977
GAT soo oak sei a oe ae reo ot pews Stee ee ere er pounds..| 284,741,223 25, 562, 665
POS): onsen Boe cee awe a ned aee aoe eee ee eee dozens. .| 32, 591 8, 429
Condensed mills a. succes owen tec ok Cae se eee be ee nd Se 123, 801
CHGEG86 2 2 sn 5 ech sna oo cap ceca aos aeons Saas er nO ee pounds..| 107, 364, 666 | 12, 700, 627
Butter? << cs SSS eee wh oi tas ee eee tee Cae Re ee REL eee meee | 21,527, 242 4, 424, 616

Potal ec cnsea cies ee okee es Shia baie cate done ie me SC aS tr eae ee eae bs tse aes 110, 108, 916

Fresh beef is shipped as follows:

Ports. Amount. Value.
ING OLE 2sos cs Sok a oss ed ascee ech gate Cine me eR ee eee we pounds. . 39, 230,400 $3, 608, 940
Philnd aiphia. seo $05 -< 2. ee ee eh ee eh ene ets eee d0-2-: 9, 896, 260 933, 249
BOSTON E Senn cee e ne ees So Re eee ee ee ae eee ap. §1, 000 10, 000
Portis 252 Jue ie cca os eee On ee ELL eee do... 3, 330 334
RO tal cots 2 oe heey he errr, ee Rt cee Ee EEE 49, 210, 990 4, 552, 523

All the fresh beef goes to England and Scotland. ‘The former receives
39,906,940 pounds, valued at $3,614,779, and the latter 9,304,050 pounds,
valued at $937,744!

Salted beef goes principally from New York, Philadelphia, Boston,
Baltimore, San Francisco, Portland, and Brazos de Santiago, Tex.,
and is sent to almost every country, England (19,727,882 pounds),
Scotland (5,887,774), the British West Indies (2,774, 304), Germany
(2,185,990), Nova Scotia and New Brunswick (1,297,662), and British
Guiana (1,042,150) receiving the largest proportion.

Mutton goes from New York to England (219,928 pounds) and Seot-
land (129,440).

Pork goes chiefly from New York (59,239,234 pounds), Boston
(10,763,062), Huron, Mich. (7,748,660), Baltimore (3,961,045), Philadel-
phia (2,144,761), and Portland (2,950,359) to England (19,793,191), the
British North American Provinces (17,990,540), the British West Indian
Provinces (9,867,490), Scotland (2,847,346), Porto Rico (2,923,975), Ger-
many (1,251,166), and the Dutch West Indies (1,126,169), as well as to
all He quarters of the globe. .

xacon and hams go chietly from New York (253,481,647 pounds), Boston
(112,656,704), Philadelphia (72,738,161), Portland (10,541,136), Baltimore
(6,146,098), and Huron, Mich. (2,275,004), to England (322,016,729), Seot-
land (31,195,909), Belgium (30,846,038), Germany (25,715,093), Franee
(25,167,256), Cuba (10,815,912), Sweden and Norway (5,278,228), Nether-
lands (4, 442,709), the British Provinces (3, 632,464), the British West

'The Journal of the Roy: ul Agric ultural Soc iety of England (1877) states the import
of fresh beef from New York and Philade ‘Iphis in the first four months of 1877
(22,512,128 pounds) to have execeded the whole import of the preceding year (19,858,895
pounds).

ANIMAL RESOURCKS AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 277

Indies (1,241,484), Spain (1,004,549), and in smaller quantities to almost
every other country.

Preserved meats go chietly from New York (35,066,538), Galveston,
Tex. ($359,063), Boston ($186,013), Oregon ($115,521), and San Fran-
cisco ($114,531) to England ($2,189,688), Scotland ($1,222,285), Germany
($159,059), France ($126,619), and the British West Indies ($46,480).

Lard goes chiefly from New York (166,924,255 pounds), Boston
(29,580,349), Philadelphia (11,682,146), Baltimore (11,672,057), Portland
(7,744,890), and Huron, Mich. (5,425,731), to England (66,196,750), Scot-
land (58,038,751), Belgium (23,882,271), France (23,788,669), Cuba
(21,665,367), Scotland (8,096,852), British Provinces (6,115,553), Nether-
lands (5,597,166), United States of Colombia (4,549,995), Brazil (4,267,510),
Venezuela, Spanish Africa, Hayti, and numerous other countries.

Jiggs go from New York (12,211 dozens), Washington Territory (8,971),
and the Canadian boundary (9,559) to the British Provinces (18,595),
England (4,200), and Porto Rico (9,024).

Condensed milk goes from New York ($94,246), San Francisco ($24,606),
and Baltimore ($1,325) to the British possessions in Australasia ($37,509),
England ($30,727), Japan ($12,984), British West Indies ($8,592), China
($8,196), Cuba ($4,746), Brazil ($2,495), British Columbia ($2,465), Cen-
tral America ($1,754), and Hayti ($1,248).

Cheese goes chiefly from New York (103,251,661 pounds), Philadelphia
(1,456,868), Boston (1,172,522), and Huron, Mich. (1,116,520), to England
(95,871,379), Scotland (1,100,099), and the English colonies, with small
quantities to other countries.

Butter goes chiefly from New York (16,771,663 pounds), Boston
(2,284,619), and Philadelphia (1,141,224) to England (10,504,640), Scot-
land (4,526,737), the British West Indies (1,277,945), Scotland (1,237,978),
the British Provinces, Cuba, Porto Rico, Hayti, the Netherlands, Colom-
bia, Venezuela, and the Danish West Indies.

The foreign exports of provisions amount to $64,478, chiefly from New
York to England, Cuba, Mexico, British Columbia, Central and South
America.

FISH.

The quantity of fish imported not subject to duty is shown in the fol-
lowing table. The total value is $1,400,756.

Mackerel, pickled. | AY

Fresh, of all kinds. | Herring, pickled. ‘
| other.

Countries. pee eer eee
Pounds. Dollars.

Barrels. | Dollars. 3arrels. | Dollars. ‘Dollars.

— = ———+ } — eS

Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, |
PAG tot wia erates aa seats ecm alsie cae aide 4, 584,678 | 128, 660 49, 033

152, 293 43, 053 872, 127 12, 047
Quebec, Ontario, &c.........- 2,570,033 | 94, 780 2, 218 13, 242 13 "133 27, 337
British Columbia........-.... 1, 270 | ExEsis | mentee state ate I etetetteapn cole | otarors oat bcercl| vc arciereretelet | as ore ;
Newfoundland and Labrador 630, 000 | 12, 600 12, 029 SET et | eteew atin) || aerate Ee 180
IPAs td pa tecnica get! Pe Noe a ee eA chute totateral arms] le mierucra aeateataral| eae leieys Sars | isi ara. 'o, 3,c,0\||acieeia ataras 3592
MRrinee a er 9 feet Net, Decne east cone Peseoc Le. fe ee Se an 294

7,735,981 | 236,098 | 63,280 | 210,786 | 43,066 |. 372,260 | 540, 300

278 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

The remainder of the import subject to duty is shown in the next table.
The total value is $1,054,748.

Sardines and ancho- All
vies, preserved in | Herring, pickled. | Mackerel, pickled. ats
Countries. oil or otherwise. | Oe

Pounds. | Dollars. | Pounds. | Dollars. | Pounds. ; Dollars. Dollars.
Bi eine ee et oh ed, oe ee 20 167 | 2,368 re SMI Resear 16
ST Dieter em en pe ie ne em es | ae ere ee wane cane nee een eee teens eet poet a eee ea aie 47, 089
Hong-Kong <.e. 5 oes oc cel nnn nel me wae | amas oas|- <n =m == s5 | owes kuaien [eo See es Al een 761
YMC So oo ace ce ate ae REEL eel oo eae ee GSonLO6s Coeur au [Sao ee ees Jenene nn nn|cnwnenn ene 913
French POssesslonss..<sn6 sc o3| Jes oe ean eae oo eee eee sh beastie cs ianetoane | aaa naceees 4
GOrMan ie sens cree ees sen eee ee 5, 266 | 4, 726 GOL; 676" |; Jae oe 12s eee 7, 098
Rin glam dl onsen acta es ee eet mares VSOLEe 98 1s 207 Wicca os a) oases | 7,120
Scotland: >. 22 oe a eae en eeecoree ee 49 GSB loo Se [eee es | 169 -
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,

SG bk smcee es oe snow eee 568 | 8 105 GOD. gs
Quebec, Ontario, &e 35 | 6 43 | 19, 691
Britiah Columbise occ cls aoe pen ele cer ase peltar ces eenl beeen oe | sce wives seedo aces 2, 439
British West Indies and Brit-

Teh SHOnduras, 30 oe hee oe eee hae ae ae ee ee ee eee ne ae |) eS ee 5
Hanwwail = cco 52. thon cc cumas won clas snceoca ae |tenowee weal aa samme ces Waeacss Saas wccincei eels mete ees e ee 35
Ute een hs eee ee beeen ee 969 bec ee aioe os seek eae leon enee es laces eee oe 176
EASON hast hm are ta ere ca le teres tee lat cnet ene tee eee See ete ale | are 175
WGI CON) aonsine con = en ane ee ioe pie wr na erage eal (ere ane ll ee ee ee [eee eemt Jnneeeeeee- 1,101
Wathenlands:).2-25.<cseeesan|peaneeoe es 4, 464 97476: |S 121 Obey =. oo on lonoaeek oe |} 1,977
Spahientos 8 eee Aen oes ae pian tee tak elec gee oe RCO $a Soe 63
CGN DR oe eratee ne cog horace ater 83 | 2 OO ore eke eae eee 1, 356
Sweden snd Norway... ee -cce| ate es eee ea leew neece ee 247 | Ue eM tena tee [oct eeeeee 1, 134

widatame ete 773, 331 14,873 | 189, 615 14 148 91, 654

The amounts of Canadian fish not liable to duty received in the vari-
ous Customs-districts are shown below:

Fish, not of American fisheries.
| | All
| | other,
Districts. Fresh, of all kinds. | Herring, pickled. | Mackerel, pickled. pies
_ speci-
tied. |
Pounds. | Dollars. | Barrels. | Dollars. | Barrels. | Dollars. Dollars.
rf Cee EEE ee ;
Baltimore, Md......-..------- | 1, 500 85 1, 884 7, 605 38 314 | 392
Boston and Charlestown, Mass! 473,556 | 15, 465 300, 690 | 176, 147
Buffalo Creek, N. Y ..--.--.-. | 378, 869 13, 154
Cape Vincent, N. ¥ .......<-: 474, 798 15, 433 |
Champlain. itioe- =. --ce<-- | 191, 033 14, 338
Cuyahoga, Ohio .2:--.:.-...-. 12, 720 509 —
Dotroit, MiG .<scecs~s-=----= 652, 703 19, 084
MviGhiPaic vecoeee aes aeeeceuaae 5, 400 227 |
Ganesée INS Vesiee nee o- eee 36, 240 1, 443 -
Gloucester, Mase on soon co salen ose ea enc eens
PinyvOn, MUlGhte para eb eon ons 46, 818 1, 234
Koy. West, Mig focoe css nc oioce sc se eraser cee ee
MINGIUAS, MG. - 5c oe ane eden [eaten ool ae are
Mariilehedd, MaAs Jo ncn ea cinwele ac camiic vem cle rae en ee
Minnesota, Minin 0c cease 200 10
ew bury port, MAAS Winns. eens lan oe o< te el nese
IIB Wy=e OL ON: LL. bocencb acne | 2,610, 000 52, 200
REPRO Soe aici nee Rereoe 159, 057 7, 561 |
Oswegatchie, N. V .....-2-542 | 6, 800 480 —
PR UOITO ING. > rasa s sodas 184, 244 7,471
Passamaquoddy, Me.......... 1, 331, 353 63, 844
PAE G..c wong ices] sec ue een Name meee
Portland and Falmouth, Me --) 747, 579 9, 676
Puget Sound, Wash ........-.. 1, 270 58 |
KABOOM Wh. san ee kon ave mele onnw eens acta aemeements lane arate [iecenn een) nccp eee a=<issp eee 24
Salem and Beverly, Mass..... |: Sree sees ees 510 800 4 16 | sll
Sandusky, Ohio ............ -+| 212, 540 BOAT ls ccc cdl own aches ns] e suman mlbceds a te eee
San Francisco, Cal............ | 14
Savannah, GAs coc... eewcne [on ance bral | Me ee Sa GU cos eer, eee ee anes | Cen 50 :
BIGOT MON sacs ~<a - wines ese . [Sac sconsecatn wee [itt aon a 830
WOMONE CW Be) ce doc cciae po 90, 69: 32% 38 B, B08 lis wetins oeelens aa wen 24, 398
PRIMI TONE Ee g oe oe bs coaslscc cnc e's cuslateatueeecleeaee alas ian ee licanbepenel patet tenis 90
Willamette, Oreg............. a ee
ee —=}—__—
POUL once eckepuctes om | 7, 735, 981 | 236, 098 63,280 | 210,786 | 43,066 | 372, 260 | 581, 592

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

279

The entries by customs-districts of fish not from Canada and dutiable

are shown below:

Districts.

RUMOR G WIM Mere sata ciatnn nse aasia[an= Saale Shere es
Boston and Charlestown, Mass
Brazos de Santiago, Tex ...........-...---.--.
Buffalo Creek, N. Y
Cape Vincent, N. Y
Champlain, N. Y
Cuyahoga, Ohio
UPA Le MOD Se ene ais cece sisinielcic aie slo einec aise
Galveston, Tex
Genesee, N. Y
PIO MIG Means taine Joseceisijonscecsece ssa
PSSQVEINVION tee LG) 2 coe tein cinjateja's ciainiciesicic.eces'sn es
Michigan, Mich
INO UOnOANS Pla ee cinciieclesicis sce Reese ess'ces
ING WA MOL ER NeW icice sats scle ec eises caccuicsecsces
Niagara, N. Y¥
Oswegatchie, N. Y
ei adulphinwhamenaceatena shes onsen isa
STILT LO eM sore etslclnielee osm eiccin\o asics sicla.q icles
DATES Kye, ONIO: hs ceca enone ceincis cle sic ace oases
San Francisco, Cal......-..
Superior, Mich: -...........
IVIENINONO WN bees ee cecanaiecch woe see sees ake.
WWrillamotte, OLEge occa snessce ac sciseenicice nae's

PPotalee 2 se sec0%

| Fish, not of Amer- Sar- es
ican fisheries. Mackerel. (dines and | otelse-

yickled.’ 2BChovies| yer,

j ; pis ; preserved 120

Herring, pickled. Weeinsoile SPEC

| tied.
Barrels. | Dollars. Barrels. Dotars Dollars. |Dollays.
338 2 686s) s. cst ents occas | 309 | 869
2 Don ee eet lbeco te as | 43,130 29
1 Lae see A ote oe 417 186
21 DA keris a lbe ee esis eee eres 2, 952
Satara eras cca nator ae eal mean eee ce een | eee eee | 5
1 Gi lRaeee en lb gee ee eee ae 5
Loanislettne jones wee[eeeeeeee|e ees see |e -- 22s eee 20
Sw a heaton ot et ale et eee me ye re are et Poteet ea tlt pedi coche
SU TARE 7 | Ray geen |e ai hed |e Cae) Whee GS oi emer
3, eet 0, el wiays eereietet mony eet fatal ttevenads laren calctetcte | = tear 6
3 8 43 2 4
Base Sock cee te coe aera [eae | 67| 1,118
alae s osiarete te he evateeetetta| Meret eeraretel| ore eee reed wee [oe ere oe 52
{ 45 770 | eeeeeera eae 8 | 65, 188 4, 554
14, 428 SO5e 926i paras scent | 578, 923 11, 379
Swteie aalaiale |rvrcccc ee e[eeee cere [e ee ee ee e[ee ee ee eee 4, 464
Sw eis isis cleyorell Sees eo etae Oe see eee eee lovoaceersre 52
34 158 8 105 | 1,475 1, 083
Jaia'nte.e cetera lojieretatotanstals | eta lateteratare | eine a eietate tele erepeiete ee 864
Seam imjor ohare avmsewlertohotate tel erate ener eet | ets Reta ete Sea ep 238
aia ato ania ape Steele ee ee Se See eee esa | 82,134 51, 085
stale cle ecieia al lnn aieinretetenelelevarsisietare! Gusts me eere | 4 310
miata = ialetS ata =| [Slee me eres | re eetate | amet iiatalete ce tee 200
S seia cite. ope | ec ree | eee [eer et BEER ase 796
14, 87) 189, 615 14 148 773, 331 Gi, 654

The next table shows the amount of fish entered into consumption:

Description.

Fish, the product of the sea-fisheries of the Dominion of Canada, New-
act of March 1, 1875, and

foundland, &¢c., under treaty of May 8, 1871,

not dutiable :

Fresh, for immediate consumption ......--...--

Herring, pickled

EVO RIN yA ORICGOlIS MOK CM aoe. iecinia ss eeicinic osha seminince So Salesian boxes..
IRC OCEANIC el oltee tes eetnee ea neins se(cinis cian jails a sasaceiclee cco barrels. .
RPTL LIOR YNLO byl Oise et ceieee = aict ale tems olcia arcimisielniniccie omnis aim cicieyae do...
NANO OTICCIOL SMOK EU) secancceina cess cece ctececiscccsece oe pounds. .
SNEM-UA TAN OMNIA CH aicemer acess scence cicieisiciepo.celseimaicteicie <ieleo.ciele\simiclsiniats
TNE IAL sDIC KON ee Se esere «men ean scicweccw cic ccccsecmsceces barrels. .
Opes OLIGO OL SMOKCO ss a. cicisinvs nc oinslnnm =\> -1wicle|<ivs)oju = eile pounds. .
Prepared or preserved in cans, or otherwise than in oil ...-...-.------
Fish, dutiable :
OURO AC hIed OM RULE seers aewae cic ccine dais ~ secs eens onecln barrels. .
Fish, in oil or preserved, except anchovies or sardines....------.--. ---
VERO GUC Memes te seeiteR ie sajna vaiaconis sso =\= aloec(< iow eccce a= barrels. .
Dy RUGMeH AL LOL merr aerate ele ainia ee = alemie some ole memiaelaoac(e mee do...
Oiner DSM piG Melee eee soe lemcinisic wane elvan sowie sapeniscacas pounds. .
ECT nes PSU CONG ANS miele teases ene aes ees cee ac Cn wine alae eee aes
RET a acu Nae eee oars eat teleminisls soa a nclao aemae soe eee eee barrels. .
Sardines and anchovies, packed in oil or otherwise in tin boxes:
WN Ole DUXORN OF Mites OLIN CONOR cc ones clk osuccwarsdecmessesesemeesan aap
SORE ee OC LN CHES aoe «10 2 cisin nisin moo a/a'ofew enna ae eiaia neta mmearels

Quarter boxes, 43 * 34 & 14
In any other form

DO VALCIS OLIOU seseee sae cu aealn clisiav cna n coe nels nneiee van wa cietss ea svamease| as asancl bs = os

eieacansencees pounds. .
Pattee eee barrels- -

Quantity.

13, 453, 033
61, 791. 50
316, 570. 50
44, 169. 50

Dollars.

315, 858 10
207, 090
39, 459
3738, 792

55
42
38

21, 677 62, 393 00

37, 069 3,704 00

VN hae 1,727 55
90,796 00

Few ae mao I

229, 061

00

9,2.3 76

14, 907 190, 431 00

paisa ratte a aie 15, 996 00
83 105 00

3854 2,458 00

690, 856 48, 200 00
Seraseee sana 7,271 60
3 9 00

3, 813 2,338 00

264, 285 48, 044 60

7, 985, 401 661, 597 25

11, 018 25

722, 997 50

13, 447 00

“
280 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.
The following table shows the amount of domestic exports of fish:
Description. Quantity. Dollars.

SPORES SRPMS TD 5 ce sms ne wi aoe ca sot eis mh te et Seen shee wsrnaase ete leapace ce eame $114, 338
DTIBC OP BMORCO. wcnvie det euseie ask spe wee’ oe eee onieeree pounds..| 15, 964, 800 791, 785
eG sister aS eee eee eT ea Sida: 76, 227 486, 738
Othor’ Cured’. coc ssc scs coe Sa cceme ete ne ncsenucs sacecadae ame ncOD sen eagle Be 25, 562, 665
QYBtCNS anes semen nore atm incl weet ee ne ie ey ete ee tara aly Cte men a a ss 260, 660
27, 456, 236

The following table shows the amount of exports by districts:

a : me Fish
Mish, dr P Fish, Z eh ’
| an Pees on | Fish, pickled. other Oysters.
pcg | cured.
Districts. ad
|
Cwt.. | Dollars. | Dollars. |/Barrels.| Dollars. | Dollars. | Bush. Dolls.
= s ees
Alabaa Alnekwte ccs enh, 18 GB eet 2 16 1am |e Be | 108
Baltimore, Md <5 so. Ssocc oe, 355 ASOD Lae nee eee 670 4, 745 31; BBR eee 27, 384
BAN MO WCsoce cu ccae nica sae 4 DO eee cee ater] cha se od econ inser 1,046.52 sees cae
SE | Gest ches Rats wel os wie: « ohekn| aiate atciete | ois, ee eee cael Conan | 361 G08 [sneak wasn See cae lee
BOER Gte. tecenen cee lee 6 20 84 42 258 £7 16S : Rede
Bostonand Charlestown, Mass) 78,815 | 349, 408 222] 26,150 | 171,078 | 117,225 }.22..-5: 7,115
Brazos de Santiago, Tex ....- 31 362 143 3 31 DAD eke ae 593
Butfalo Creek, EP ac lc sa Ck bee ee ee ce
Cape VincentyNo Me -o sea - |). oe
Champlain, N. Y..-.-.--
Corpus Christi, Tex.
Cuyahoga, Ohio. ..-.--.- ae
DWetrort, WMiCin aces ass ane
Dalwth: Minn Facey 2 sent kee sheen clotted «tice mas Bol ee ote
Galveston Lex se. a2. n+ ose: Se eae eee eee | cic een ae LoL ee eae ivan ta ee 1Sh Peomeeyes tees
Genesee NY avant sonacten asso ans Ql Sen kon selec eel canon ae wat eee 467 |--2:--
Gloucester, Mass .....-..... "90 AO ee ose tenes 11, 338 54, 016 BO) | Ate aseee
Murony MUCHO wc nae ne ee ee tee cers eee ae te ea ae sateen eee oe eee 2, 491 468°|--- <2
IK G Ve NV GSty HR rece coe ck vices cereale. astern GO, 200 las ce sese| uae en eet 18; DAT [oo ewes plea
MAGRIAE MGs Fs. 5 acne snn Wenn 98 187s | wcts oe esl cues Meccan seeeloee Ee een lovavave lene
Min GS Otay SMT face areiccae ce [oan pcteeek [ptm amiararsn a] ermie amt tees Oke oe ties een cmrote 1,861 | 1,921 837
New Bedford, Mass.....-...- 67 DEO oe es od] be shoe ee cea eee eee cee Wie tae
Newburyport, Mass .......- 2, 371 OT OBS | hc oe ee ee Bs cnc ee | oe ee [eects tlm ere
New Haven, Conn .........- 27 TB ce aks wel are ae o eod iets iericia| lets ere tee ae
New Orleans, La............- 36 Ge eee a nee 9 68 -2,193 39 10
Wowie Of ky Ne ite nda eee 64,002 | 368,779 |.......... 24, 357 188,415 | 313,642 }.......-}----.-
NOTION IV thi cer ee cas tins ee aa easiest eee ae | eee creat | am ee Soe 19 |164,552 10, 297
Oregon; Orage) cers ste 2 ale a eae Gate a een era uee ee 299 | 2,709 | 693,125 S00! ees
Oswegatchie, N. Y......0.2. 12 Pd otto eee lose soe 2 GAS 1th creel
OB WOO, NeW ke coe eee ce ag a tes nee sl eeghaeetans | Senora secre Arrreas 500 | 21, O14 |..-..-
Passamagquoddy, Me<<2 ooo. 2). wwenmslennen sees sacs oceecs | 2,312 | 6, D000. /co 5.25 | ee ee
FP OnSOCGLAS LNG cee cher mn Ses | eae tos Poca ta ecieees Nee eee 9 1s 36) 1,049 792
PURE aS be ones a seer al seers oe mena eaten nee | 333 | 2 416). (10%, dae tne dene
Plymouth, Mass ............. 1, 500 GO O00 i casesa ed i. Seats eg PS] Perey cp eet ee (Es lb
POMBO ANG 5 cccees ae btaied 2, 590 TO B40 ee a cacra es | 8, 650 44,155 25, 413 178 7
ProOwoene; ols ca ae ae ee <= 557 DRS og tantatwe | 2 1D a ceo an tw racer a kee een
Puget Sound, Weal O28 3. .o- fe esc Won eal. aoe Pare ees Nec tetins 198} 1,550 }..-.-.
Salem and Beverly, Mass....| 5, 643 20, 085 27 | 461 2, 960 B21 auedsnlonatae
Ralntar lx ..—o.-5 eee | eo cee ee eee SEL eee basen eee Bid al | eer! 1,009 31,343
San Francisco, Cal..........- 448 Brida | Wester ee | 327 2, 607 |1, 066, 495 |....-... i 5
Savannah Ge: scocuebanes 1 8 2) 51 SU Ese OU ciel aaa
WOEKMONE Vb2--5.0 os ceseaeul mn GON 17, 609 51, 589 | 118 621 0,255 | 6,169 }..... ‘
PY UURINOLLG, ONOP aos wid gngeaw) edemtee| acme meee lesan em ers 2 4, 693 7,719 MOOT kgm 2

SEO IAA yy Cow ik chores Gree eee 159, 648 | 791,785 | 114, 338
Additions to Niagara and
Vermont, taken from Ca-

76, 22 486, 738 |2, 486, 225 260, 620 is, 301

;
quadian TTIONE wera iets te wes 180 IGT ca nnksclew ss wecel bhalameecrel ocak een 170, 610 | 3,162
Grand total............|........ 980, 936 = He | Ba Soe i deta eee 431, 290 48, 523

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

281

The following table shows the amounts of domestic exports of fish by

countries :

Countries.

Argentine Republic
Belgium
Brazil
Central American States
Moy Re nc eet ate ear alorcias.s\ c=)
Chriss toc ete ieee alee eee ateciace ceases
Denmark ---
Danish West Indies
France
French West Indies and French Guiana. -
French Possessions in Africa and adja-
GEDGISIENON een se eee eee eeisee et

French Possessions, allothenese woes:
ACES LL Ys tee ise oe a Res ne etoile heim ote wate
Great Britain: England ....-....---.-----
SeGuinnG ue) ee te - Sine ece sents cseesene aos

Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince
Edward Island
Quebec, Ontario, Rupert’s Land, and the
Northwest Territory
IBMmtishi@olim bigs 22 2kes cee ce sc eee
Newfoundland and Labrador ....----.-----
British West Indies and British Honduras
British Guiana
ON eA KON ee tee lee eae eee cele oot
British Possessions in Africa. -.-..--------
British Possessions in Australasia. ....-.--
Fear striame Isard Sy. aoccce ose eee eels
Hayti
Nien peta ee oo We PY ge 2S Se
ecb Reyne Se ator eieyomte een see
Liberia
AVIGSICOP Sad ca cig = Se aa eeicioe ween cick
INGtHenlaNdseee sack tem ee as eesasnee erin
Dutch West Indies::..2.:--*:-222-25-% :
PE Yee See oh ee ara eee a oghigle ae re
RORUU CAN ere cae cae eae = meee oe J ae eteeiaes vs,
Azore, Madeira, and Cape Verde Islands. -
Portuzue se Possessions in Africa and ad-
jace nt RIAN Sisece ast Soe come ere
Russia, PAISTADIG ae aN) bean Rigen ee sites
DANE DONNA o ae rane nas seek eenlewaienek
C TE eter a sees ciatee a atelntece arate oe
IRONCOSRICO MS - 2 = sae doce eet eran Sse ewe
Spanish Possessions in Africa and adja-
COMUMS ANUS Mb See mie eile ose as| sists eco
RMedeniana NGIWAV: -cet -<cee- sees 2245-4
United States of Colombia...............-
URIS ayer nce eee. aoe mao ae
\UGVAREV AVC] LDS ee oe Ee a = A ee ie a
All other islands and ports, not elsewhere
specified

Total »

Additions taken from Canadian reports

Grand total

Fish, dried or

smoked.
Cwt. aa
oe agli
pig 45 | 343
S70" S B28
"19, 939 | 84, 228

|
22), 163
86 380
242 912
9,592 | 41, 352
2,992 | 18, 90Q
87 696
70 350
5, 084 | 27, 769
940 | 4, 886
104 689
815 | | 3, 474
Wass 90| 644
62, 387 |372, 025
10 | 60
55 406
371 | 1,238
42 443
I 7
24,994 | 77,818
72 315
* 61T | 3, 295
22 | 90
“3,490 | 19, 503
18, 483 | 87, 687
5,729 | 24, 077
|

"3196 | +760
1,997 | 12, 142
""710 | 5, 160
5 33

Fish,

Fish, oth-

frente Fish, pickled. eriured: Oysters.
ee | 2
Dollars.|Barrels.|Dollars.| Dollars. |Dollars. _
10 Me
Beer te be pent See eee (yk Se 812
vO 6 60 779 12
atest: 50 541 309 1, 841
meno: | 121 | 857 5, O88 240
SSR tes een ie | ee | 8,429 2, 555
SEE Nah Ge ME | ee SRST ON | eeeeee
Fo oe 25319" °6: C007 ee eee ael| ee ee.
Se eae | ‘395 | 2 302 2, 489 402
fae mee Hi ere ES (2 ean Boe | 43, 367 236
27 | 2,714 | 18,480 | 7, 286 34
fe pita NALD Wagener 612 | :
eee 270 | 2,197] 13,653 50
Be rs 170 | 1,042 | 72,536) 18 490
SIRE 746 | 4,151 |1, 587,457 | 118, 634
Nee 1,030 | 4,700 5, S14: |e 25667
|
iP ateee 2,046 | 12, 187 50 5, 693
53,660 | 219 | 1,628] 21,787 | 56,516
eee. | 2 16| 2,453) 1,849
Ete eA I eateiey ess [ia oe ees | 220 | 68
86 | 5,540 | 33,066 | 25, 289 1,491
222 | 1,478 | 9,289 1, 090 809
en | Manian Oe | 291, 606 38
a ens 81 866 341 | 183
Po ge He | 626| 4,652 | 207,463 | 33,143
Niobe ee 926 7, 852 17, 701 2, 992
ree G aA 29, 737 |225, 949 31, 344 482
Alte cal eae eee yt RON BOO ieee ag 3
Se ee BW ame ea hy all oe BBY GY) ee ee oe
143 4 43 5, 967 3, 494
Bone te 6 BOR seeeen ee 72
ae ee 2,102 | 11, 416 3, 435 437
Ree Ea eee (See | a SE Uta free tae ae
ee: 1 10 DOr Eee
eee ee 1387/8 e140 S60sl ss tose
ws of Fe Bhai be rote nee oes or | GG aeer ees Ss
1 Nec ete ee eel eee tees Of: ||Meemesee
tase 2,112 | 16, 534 6, 757 14
60, 200 | 588 | 5,146| 65,491 | 3,905
ieee | 1,258 | 8,137 8, 112 145
I, scone bar eee Reh ae: SBA tale
aes 20, 516 |101, 492 As A00l | Meeee
eee | 715 | 5,232 13, 980 224
bE Aa [te Aee Tee 1,117 2,157
Bee | 13 129 7,256 | 1,381
| |
eee eves recs feseeee ee 4, 551 | 181
114, 138 | 76,227 |486, 738 eee 225 | 260, 620
Pe ase eee ee Reeeeeelaz nanos) 170, 610
ee ee

One thousand nine hundred and three

barrels of pickled herring,

valued at $9,088, passed through Boston to Sweden and Norway as a

foreign export.
Miscellaneous fish to the

value of $32,

120 goes as foreign export to

England ($22,098) ¢Nova Scotia and New Brunswick ($5,795), the French
West Indies ($3,932), Quebec, Ontario, &¢. ($215), and Australasia ($380).
Of this amount Boston sents the most ($31,905) and Portland the re-

mainder ($215).

282 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STA‘TES.

The following table shows the foreign exports of fish:

Tish, not of American fisheries.
Sardines and |
Gonntets Herring, | anchovies, = oe a
vOUTLUTIES- pickled. preserved in| © Sewhere
of: | specified.
Barrels. Dollars., Dollars. Dollars.
| |
Central American Stales=cco- > cone con meee rete rcee lat ene eae (eae ese 1, 296 48
Ora a a oe oa ts oe tS aioe ete ere ele me cee ee en en hearer teen | daisies sabe Be care ee an 805
WT ANCO ste sce en) Seana RAED, SOE ait aed ee 1, 811 2, 033
French ‘Possessions’ all other 32 oe soccer eee ea leeeea een lees ee 630 7
TINY ors ee ea rs Ae ir ea ai ate opera ee el [eteente es ee 636
Great Brtaine-Rngland <2 ete i or oe ecee eae alae mas sie loan se ewan Cees ee 33, 956
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island 193 666
Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Rupert’s Land, &c ........-- 16; 990) | ease n ewe eee
British COMM Dia na oe ee sere ee ee eines ee nie 288 529
sritish West Indies and Honduras ..............--..--.- s 187 eee eee
‘British Possessions: (Hong-Kong 2... oe ke eo see ne aee te eee eee ol east aah ae eee 470
British Possessions im) 4untralasia o.oo. an enn copes a ssa aes chon aoe ome ne eee 4, 333
Fiawanian Talnndg ees ote e Sencar te ee eter rte Te ae rc ell ree ane 95
GOS ICO Yas seo ecte sce rein ae segie nee neon See ac ae mee 2, 366 181
TN en a rl ele ate ew hs Si ee ee hte ope MLLER, Deere | iene eee eerie eee mae ae eee 473
PUREE OMEN ONG ie aise ne ose enn se arnt i peepee eee BZ I cone ewieeres
GUD Gs ee ia Notte 8 oe oboe Uren noe s Pe ote nie Cee ne eee eae 25 91, 489
United States'of Colombia =..-2.--+ sen. snes ane ee ecerere 56 133
VIENEZNOIG ooo ee stew ee bere ees eben eee PC aoe e rastce WT lap ee ek ne eeee
ROG. ose foie oe ele Come ae cease wae eet en manae 24, 780 135, 854

FURS.

The value of the import of undressed fwr-skins is shown in the next
table:

Imports of fur-skins undressed.

Argentine Republic: 2. .-~ -e.--2. = nc reece aan Se me tere eine ee See $38, 026
NSB YOU ons Sere aero eee Sa oe So Sb Sa Se leet 2, 082
Chine ed: eo con pac ewe Rees eel oes ae eee ec ees ee seinewomieeee 77
NTANOO Doe icc aca een cee ere ne eee eee be eee oe ome eee 2, 696
French West Indiesand: Preneh (Guiana... voces See ee ene ween eee eee 204
I ORIMIBTIY or oo Sea ele ein writen eine es See Se wow tain tale ees te i er 82, 044
BN PlANGies Mimart dei dawn sacha Se ewes ele ieee Se hae fe nae mera pee ee ke 359, 351
SConlanih >< so. 2a Fe ee 8 es ic ee a ee cee Medes te de eee eee 1, 922
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, &c.......--..... Sace ene cus amen ee Ste em 3,435
Quéhiec; Ontario, dCi cc. 2 ces. ae saucclenes wats Ss abc cine eps eae <weesel, One
British-Columbigie eis. os ~ cee eo ere eae en esc Recreate aah Soon 162, 558
Newfoundland and Labrador .............. <-. 6 ee Sees ee ee a teen 72
British West Indies’ and. British Honduras. <<. oie cece eee coke ne eee eee 270
sritish' Possessions:in Anstralasia:. +c lee co. conc endow n one eben ccome oa 491

VAPEN, 2a: sos awe ck wae ma tanete Sete epee or wae heen See ae eee giatmee ies 114, 657
United. States'of 'Colombins 2)2-4 ee eae ect eens oenueane Ree 3 aac ~ 4, 056
UYUPuay:< -.ic. Sop coe ae eee ers ee eat re ee ta a A 134
Totals: scc<eareeeeeeee Br sore ee Cee alu odat at 5fGs wide meee a ae aL nen

The value of the imports of furs and dressed fur-skins is shown in
the following table:

sg oo = as v's Ee © pe ee ta Ps a OE eT Tee mite cow nents $1, 085, 376
BPRNUO LT onset ecw cca s cmteceoee pipe eee ad Me rote sae Sk Sed ate Pees ee 781, 769
ARISE is aib ne ap a oag cue pea wee emis Cw De oe Peco k Bia ee ee ee 378, 643
Quebec, Ontario, &c ...... .. 2. cce eee a 6 asa at Seared wiki Hats peer 76, 694
OMIOME wenie mak opens s aa cnaeadeces apes eaalte egemme Le ene eee a eennee 60, 751
SIVGRGR IC INOLWEY a. ww scd luc wos cee apa Eterna aenewia Wiener 8, 252
NOOTIANG iid wha oon aeuwens.cudclamcaidle adn Guweaitakt opt eee ae 5,538
INGOT GEIORIOLE Caio denis ao Sef as a wets J nip ecteeaaee os Sk abes mates arn ies 6 3,319
United States of Colombia?.............. sviskiwundbon aawcauh eam aeteaeaee 375

Carried forward........... sixteen eee iat ake eee weskwa yaemme ieep AUN

.

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 283

BILOWUo Mie TOnW ANC acte fe ies sere each lean ceive ches oe <4 sow ce's cecccs $2, 400, 747
ONS COMI An eIMG Uy ES CLLITSINGL CHG EO) antes eter erect oie aihanus ja a cielala secjsjateclecias 2981
Brosh BOSKESSIONS Uy AUSULAISSI Ans Sch c See melee cawics -cbapace eacnecieces 239
Russ One Chere ate aAnGuVVNibe SCasiaas -titesa ces woolen wes Senet < cicccocce 17§
Chinas. OE a ey waste iat axe asloy a. crab ahs Sia eon. cee ocsle wpelecsie swe eie see 115
SSE en Le te eet ne ace atta eral arte ol oleae tale emia te aietelnio gaia olelisiv's = aja) oiai=i=i= 63
VORB un Geant el MORAL OL sa aei seme cet arenes ot aerate sa na a lc ote sate 52
PACUTES (NSE ieee ee ete ore Ne ata tole oo wtciwlw hae e cleie (s as ele wteic noeieeeie elec Se cle here 43
Brine este lNales) ane bribish FOndULAS:..- 15. scemesicericactcccaccces- 38
LOT INO pee tee e e or ayna la laieic aiaislor~'s owl sie cicl's Wine sielnlaveisieiainial aavetsiajelserie se -s/ole ef
MELTS ee er eed Foe re aa ein chorea a cia ora Se tare nla lorerarmtetaiole wt totes elle Sine Sena lereieie 14

PUBS Reet ete atop a rope iain a) cinis'c (osiaie ciawis, Sheen ee EE eee eee ee en 2,401, 778

Furs are imported chiefly to New York ($2,142,947), Philadelphia
($93,713), Boston ($72,625), Montana and Idaho (from the Hudson’s Bay
Territory, of course) (369,051), and San Francisco ($11,874).
~The value of fur-skins and furs entered into consumption is shown in
the following table:

Fur-skins of all kinds, not dressed in any manner .............. ..-.-- $1, 544, 893 289
Furs, and manufactures of:
DTESSGG eg OM bNeISkanmae ser sae feces S seh has. te Saarinen e eine ehaeicle 1, 044, 930 23
Dnessedaparhiallye On iMe sc e2-ess(sss51ck case aisaes eee eee 198 10
Dressed, not on the skin, hatters’, and others..........-....-..--. 1,229,322 64
Hares, undressed, andnoton the skini. ... 25 2.22 225. Josscaece ect 8,178 00
Hats, caps, muffs, and tippets of fur, and all other manufactures
of fur, or of which fur shall be the component of chief value... 97,942 87
Movaleesem eects e aie eyeccte ace: <2 close cclemicarcee ccm mtem eee 3, 925, 467 73

Sheep and lamb skins tanned with the wool on are imported to the
Lake ports to the amount of $22,252.

The domestic export of furs amounts to $3,836,579. The amount of
this export, by customs-districts, and by countries, is shown in the fol-
lowing table:

Furs and | | Furs and
fur-skins. || | fur-skins.
Districts. Countries. |
Dollars. Dollars.
PAN SBS PA RSG eta. <r ieralhaysisie nra's'<ies's 20,900 | Belgium .-..-- sharers mtaipietere apeietarajsaaiere ete = 605
BAIDIMOTC,. MG ose cnc2- ccc cmcs cee fen T6#S00)|| Bran Gey.c<< seo oe ste cee nae nee ce 8, 397
Boston and Charlestown, Mass......-. 13894689 GrOlm aN yiras = a-nation ieeseeit 1, 099, 380
Champlain, UN. Wi.--2- 2-2-2 -2sg- =~ 28, 640 || Great Britain: England.............. 2, G06, 252
WV SEROMe MUON Es toc retine toes tice « femi= = S29u | Scouland a-ak ease eee eee aan aaa 2, 200
OTROS SME EIN a ceyn coerce aes oe ioe Sc 16 | Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and
raid Ghee cote ccc tcc voce 600 | Prince Edward Island ...........-.. 1, 250
INCI OLR Ns Nescosac conn tetaoe ecu. 2,777,050 | Quebec, Ontario, Rupert’s Land, and
ENO AIGA NM Neos aC Sece teste eins ss cee 210 || =the Northwest Territory..........-. 32, 044
WSWEPAUC OIC ON Niemias esi apiece = scn5'> Py (25.||) British) Columbia st see eters = 37, 617
Philadelphia Pa: = -sc~eese cies sce -ies 52 757, 986 | British Possessions in Australasia .. . 200
Puget Sound, Wash 16,707, || SapaMns >= <5... 52. hee antes als 437
San Francisco, Cal’-..-....... 29./387).||| Netherlands). cao -o"eeewesaes ee .c 200
WiGLINONT IV tao sede ce co ke naan sete sn ece DL ll Weneniela ¢o-22 oes eee tan cone 219
WWSTLAMNG GLE, OLOGY o/c nen cle ciwrcieineisicinin 10 | —_——
I Total. seuss sce terete vies s5 25s 3, 788, 802
SOCAN ie iaca nite oor crare, ciaaiste 0G ic!" 3, 788, 802 Additions taken from Canadian re-
Additions to Niagara and Vermont, Hl) DOLUS oe ee stem iteeciacinimm nininjcnn aims 47, 777
taken from Canadian reports. .....-- 47,777 | -
—_—_—_——_| Grandistotale acerecenes =.= cc Le sie 3, 836, 579
(GRAN CA COtHss sees eeeisicies ac Ac ce 3, 836, 579 |

Fur-skins, undressed, are sent as foreign exports to the amount of
$118,089: to England $105,020, Germany $9,214, France $3,227, and

284 ANIMAL RESUURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Hong-Kong $625. All passes through New York, except the Hong-
Kong shipment, which goes through San Francisco.

There is also a foreign export of furs to the value of $52,199: to Que-
bee, &c., $37,518, England $8,025, Mexico $2,667, France $2,136, and
Germany $1,296. It passes almost entirely through New York.

WOOL.

The importation of unmanufactured wool amounts to 42,171,192
pounds, valued at $7,156,944. The value of manufactures of wool (ex-
clusive of hats) is $25,601,922. The details of this importation are given
below:

CC

285

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

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The imports of adhesive felt are valued at $28,273. This substance

comes chiefly to New York and San Francisco.
felt amounts to $5,299.

The import of roofing

The exports of wool and woolen manufactures, by customs-districts

and countries, is shown below:

Wool, and manufactures of.
«tat W. 1800, | Other manu-
Districts. ool, raw and fleece. | Carpets fuctures at
Pounds. Dollars. Yards. | Dollars Dollars.
|
Alisa BBB se 2 = an ca tte ne mttaer] «Nana cea me eg aes oh | atthe aes Leu edeweaes 85
BAltimOorer wed o25- en ees ee ee ees See eee [Nene eee 1st eee ae [Soe coe eee 5
Boston and Charlestown, Mass. .....-.--- 2, 505 762: ee oo ee eoeels setiee 3, 922
Brazos de santiago, (Lextre oc ec soc renew n ae tees pane cler eine | ee eens aoe see 3, 456
(Cape VINCE INGL sede ssn on on ntine wee wan oma s aaa lees hee eee eee Lecce eeeas 365
Champlain, Nok se <8. ase copeew eee 6, 500 1, 900 14, 570 9, 875 82, 327
Corpus Ghiristi, Lex < 2-225... 5. a fa exe sp ee a hes ar es ee tg a A la ee 2, 625
Detroit, Mi chiisc. aos on cee ee aoe 2,175 870 420 462 490
Dulnth Win tie® seve ans ce cae emcee seal eeeeen econ ee| 7. eee eee ee Sees |oeowt eae 455
Machina) Moh s42-23 ..oesucces cease ecee| pee sstee Seal eae eee | 100 125 225
Dilan) OMOs. os ces oe oases ace 58, 219 18,208 | Sacecc ek aoc snot ae baren eae ake eee
IN GIy DUETypOrt, Maas os 5 eee onl ee cle rarest se ree Nees amc el lees ate ete ee er 1, 981
Oreron, Ordon. oe ae ee eee, 10, 200 4, 621 1, 404 — 1, 407 91, 310
Portlanel Mase a eae ee ae Se eee ae eee oe ee aioe ae 25, 982
TRA OHMIONO NV Bio oe me rots ce cae ore che cece [es ee ee ol a cee 4, 345 | 3, 475 6, 982
Salemiand Beverly; Mass 9. - 2-0 ee ae eles oeee eee lee ee oes 2, 480 | 829 19, 255
Da Wierd, Calera. a ee oe es he een eee Re [eeiJdodosacan|) nee eee 6, 293
Sfiivannalhy Guess. 54i5 2550 5 eee ete Speer eee elas ele tee] eee eee 924
SnpanOr inches teres ee ee re | Saba. see & eae eek ee 130 wa 19, 379
Waldoboro), Mer. 2-2-2 5 ane as See Ae OE 30 30 8, 135
Wiehe Cre ores seer cee eee Tee ee gaa ee Pee 5 Oe he oes Ss es ee Se 23
WHLMINO TON Ne Che cto seeek eee Natio ee oothiane eee a [educa ota: «| Wn ade mer 1, 241
TROPGI oy ot tao eee nase Senet 79,509 | 26,446| 23,479{ 16,377 | 275, 460
Additions to Niagara and Vermont,
taken from Canadian reports . ...-.-..|..-....-.-.- O707008 2 cam cenam el paa eee 161, 106
Grantitotal/st 2.250 Boers oe hare see 696, 454 | Ra ee CES a A eee 436, 566
|
Wool, and manufactures of.
Countries. | Wool, raw and fleece. Carpets. ae
Pounds. Dollars. Yards. Dollars. Dollars.
Argentine Republic: <2 ces. .2sscaneynws ase) ee eee Jena aad Re ig | 336
Biapil: 52.0% calece een aie oma ee eee Gaxema renee heme catvaaok Pence oa aiae see 1, 063
Central: American States! . 222022 oes ee es Roe ae te Oe eee eee ee pee 309
Ong 222 22.02 Se See aces eae | 4, 233
BTANOG: «02 = occ on Sek ddan he dea ee neon ele cen ees ae lice ten econ] eee ar ee eee 300
French West Indies and French Guiana | 140
Miquelon, Langley, and St. Pierre Islands 950
French Possessions in Africa and ad-
gaGent idlands . 3.2. 2. tous coe aaah o aenieeh ne Eile tae et en ala vblenn te sta owe RCD 23
mrench Possessions, All otha is ses cgacede fice ee oon eae Sate ee ae eee el ere ceret 1, 297
REORINR Ss concn ss wae ome uae Geis meee) cece ees frie 4 aRen vena k 50 75 24, 510
Great Britain: England.................| 10, 20 4, G21 4,345 3,475 | 51, 214
SOD RUMNICL 9 Bin ow ara cima where ad wae ae Sb a wAein pemmemde ae ete ae ail eae el ere ee | 108
NovaScotia, New Brunswick, and Prince |
USO MR DMUATINL oy at cn cok wa cee wae uae 2, 505 702 2, 480 829 45, 959
Quebec, Ontario, Rupert's Land, and the
Northwest Territory .................. 66, 804 21, 063 15, 120 10, 492 93, 978
BTIGIN OLUITUG is wn inn cece Son dae cceuel ae adele teas Lee Bee ode ae oie ed Rees or eee 13, 897
Newromilienn so Cebrador.: ..5 .. 5-355 |.-crnencanncle ceutical eek eaeaecss peelaneeeene Gee 4
British West Indies and British Honduras ............)...........- 395 495 | 2, 207
Movil VC ol ee a j 4am ohm oo ue pam eae aeeannee ioe. ccnile Ruel ca arent ane 297
Ri Gnb ait ee ee, eee epee oe Pen ER Re ae ee Ele Bae ) 233
PIR WAU OIA ia ies ge cone Spee hase cali cveraneboun eile Parl owe Wak ath ars Ped dae hated 4, 432
EAN ee on eae ac teearedig naires <n pila vice! Ge ane areata a aenetee an ! 25 ! so! 199

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 287

Wool, and manufactures of.
Countries. Wool, raw and fleece. Carpets. eee
Pounds. | Dollars. Yards. Dollars. Dollars.
|
Tbe gate Eo eee ie So Seice eee ees isch eee Pics seat See a 332
SAMA! o- -ssici = | Sete sie Ye rara.5 = o3 100 150 2, 940
EUS US a Lehre let we atte areata fatale tara i= mola (= maf retreat tt Weaets cas siovars te 138 LF ie errr.
IVECO Cetera arate taal cin coe clein oie) hoo ettveestesel = |Neece se sass 55 60 14, 469
Naunenland sieeaeeeee. pete os ccc ce bc al oemeeeeees [SRE ears sores ten Fe ae Ne ee 170
Mitchew esuikndiess acs. ccc. .<s2cs<s5esshin madsepiecen Res Se Goce hiro as ee tee 127
ORCS al eee nite ee ease to blawlen eratoct= a.cic oie sceeeeeier Jeera rere S| rues 7 BNE DEOL e Se 2S sees 275
Azore, Madeira, and Cape Verde Islands’. ........--- [eer ere ie e-toc a a2 aicrare aac 1, 244
Portuguese Possessions in Africa and
adjadontsisiandseessoseebe cree ne cece ace] ence ee [Paestateraree cereteee | ater erate | ho, wraraicgs ean 100
GDA cette ose ee eee names has s |2jbed ae i eiw Sar Ae 10 21 DoD
United States of Colombia ............-.|...-.---.--- Wecheecee >: 85 96 53
Plan ge ch ete ees) Scien sic ol am nial eee rmietel pence einre on loki ore twleleie isl ers Sues heer 1, 040
SWE Gr Ola se Mostae = oe oe eee we oe ccna e wall so ac ePoe OR RE bere TAZ 676 538 1, 404
All other islands and ports, not else-
ORGS POGUE OC state eta a eae melmle eee es Seine a (sfeleeletatetelele'm +|| ajatcicioiaieje ni stale 142
GGA pese casas eae see Here S-i0 = 79, 599 | 26, 446 238, 479 | 16, 377 275, 460
Additions taken from Canadian reports -|.-.---.----- OTOSOOSN ee ee eee |aeass So ee 161, 106
Grandhtiotalises <5 sete soe ides secle sss ssceeees 696 TADd ae eens -| sas ccs cc see 436, 566

The foreign export of woolen manufactures amounts to $575,753, that
= ; 9
of unmanutactured wool to $472,519 (3,088,957 pounds), chiefly to Canada
9 9 9 ‘
($445,154), France ($23,835), and Bnet ($3,550).

SILK.

The imports of raw silk are shown in the following table:

Silk, raw. Pounds. | Dollars.

COUnV RTA Cy ete nee oe ee eee eae aici teiic wiermiajsiclelejo'e wean eletes siotetele crete Giaie crs osieicle | 44, 281 233, 390
France .... 33, 108 1, 017, 339
Germany te eee eer aer 2, 192 18, 403
DIAC sete nteaita a moeisic ciclo cee eee cissicesseciesosslececepc | 179, 891 1, 118, 832
Fre ee ee a gd Ete fe RS eS Sas NIRS Bs uk tons lSde ned ease | 2, 282 19, 979
Soe ate ere eae et eam seieioiel ta = wile late lwinieicsele re miele) iat ieimie(-i= We nae ene | 819, 056 4, 371, 886
ENG SIT Dee eee yaa ner oan ere areata ae mic ciaisie = ceciol eicinie ine’ e'aleivic\wiciziee aisrele | 5, 860 18, 108

1,186,170 | 6, 792, 937
Raw silk comes entirely to San Francisco (861,166 pounds), New ‘York
(324,528), and Philadelphia (676).
A foreign export of raw silk (38,515 pounds), valued at ($209,709), goes
to England (37,018 pounds), France (1,000), and Quebec. It passes
chiefly through New York.

288 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES

The import of manufactures of silk is shown below:

| Silk, manufactures of.
y Dress and .____ | Otherman-
Countries. piece goods. Hosiery. a ures

Dollars. Dollars. | Dollars.

A TSE a ace ors reas wm empty es erro Reel an es rs ed ee a ea eee 9
Bol eka 2 woo ee ee oe et Re een ree 9, 000 10 44, 217
Brazier pepe whanetas states beta eee denen ae ee tee ee aera eee TN lice eta en chal vonuaeeee ee
Chink 224.28 oasaactenedteten deavcwona masse ap ont aa seee ata temas O72 || cwnvenm eens 80, 249
ISTANOG oso nts sees: doles siya ate clo tas Oia ete ee ete te ee ee 10, 608, 762 3, 060 2, 098, 170
(GRR RIN Si oa atin ota as one we Sore nol oo ere ee rai ere ncaa eg 4, 169, 604 39, 861 1, 178, 266
BMelANG ce see came cinema ree a ute Chere me nee one ae ae 1, 667, 826 35, 559 1, 567, 508
SCOUANIG ae notes wae an eee aoe eee ee eee eee en oon ene eee 9, 247 450 5, 975
Treland 2 inc oo cen Stes antasne cal canes coke cauilonwesdeemae swe eeane Mell meta meet ghee a eenee ee 312
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, &c..........--. oi fee cane ee TWh ilane os arenes 57
Qnebea! Ontario, 0%. .n2 asec a caae reese ives siete cere eee CLD eee cee 2, 273
British Columiblayce. sens tate cos oes oe aaa eee oe meen ce maces eos Oo een tame 160
British Guiana. neces san coco tans ene dan anton et a dee see e wehieta odeiten | teat eee 237
British wast Indies: 22. asasssanes ech sate dene ee eee eee eas 82 e y | 889
One KONE cn aoe Conn ta came ne yee edn tee a ee noe BY Neaeaeune est 4, 518
British Possessions in Avistralasin sé don. ae ane soe eee tees nae seeeite ee ee eee | 51
Hawt oS cise so oot paso com pence ae epee ec Ctae ie wae ane ee oe hal setae eae el ease. eee | 60
Gey = et Eee ERY Se SO Tee ear E B20" se ca gee ee 411
AAU oe one see gee eg oe ie ee era ee ee eee AAC eres 8, 925
MIGNICO) 250 osctes wea ncen s loekaeeue cee ete ot on rene oan ec hen eee Bipot eee | 69
Netherlands's. 22-502 acc ee acon ee tee eee an ede nates eeee ee BA O85) pes eee eee 6, 531
Russia on the Baltic and Wihite Seas x= 2 2 eee eco Sele ee eceee 544
SYP Sess ara ete aie Sn aie a hae eee Soe ree CEE ae et a et oe poe oe eee: oe 127
a ee ee ah re eee eee Fe ee ee ae ee ene : 278
POVGOERICO ss seas oeeais a oe oh cee coe aes a4
mireden ‘nnd (NONWAY.- 2-2 a-n0 secu cctce- oe 64
Lunkey-in Atrio: occu cucaes soeeces 2'Ss 359
. United States of Colombia 10
Ota Rees ee Sak Ue ees oe Se are ete eee” wang gee Laren 16, 750, 826 78, 940 5, 000, 393

: = [ | =
Almost the entire imports of this class come to New York.
The amount of silk and manufactures of silk entered into consumption

is Shown in the following table :

Description. Amount. Dollars. —
Silk;

COCOONS 4. coe tie oie wre esse seGoeces taduende coe wes tk ase ees cece eteaGen | Seek E noe 222, 633 00
Raw, or as reeled’ from the/cocoons:-..<..--<.----.«s.sec<senanans pounds. .]1, 186,245 | 6,793,710 00
WY GALB ine oa res Pewee eos eo Ok eee POE IMT SaN Dees eee Ence meets te Tae ed 168, 256 00
Worms} errs. o 2 6222555 22 oo eee eee hase ea ne ek. ae ae ne nee hase --| 1,012, 624 00
Manufactures of all: Kindsy. 2 sssccsss souk cen ee Cenc w oe eee ae ee eae esa lien --| 16, 239, 655 79
Manufactures, such as velvet, of which silk is the component of chief value |.......-.-. 5, 510,178 87

The import of silk waste amounts to $166,646. New York receives
$54,414; San Francisco, $81,232.
The import of silk-worm eggs and cocoons amounts to $1,235,285.
San Francisco receives $10,818,447; New York, $216,836,
The foreign export of silk manufactures amounts to $199,593.
TVORY.

The amount of ivory and manufactures of ivory entered into consump-
tion is shown in the following table:

EVORY, JUANULACLUTO 2 oo... con nse sane wae eee dia eles ead woe ere oe eed $339, 863
Ivory, manufactures of, not otherwise provided for ............--.---.---- 34, 067

Ivory or bone dice, draughts, chess-men, chess-balls, and bagatelle-balls..- - 2, 236

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 289

4

The total import of ivory amounts to $379,402. New York receives
$533,727, Boston $21,938, Baltimore $20,043, Philadelphia $2,749, San
Francisco $965.

HORN.

The total value of the importation of horns, horn-tips, and horn-strips

Is $285,368, of which $240,487 comes to New York, $35,352 to Boston,
$4,720 to the Lake ports, and $4,119 to Baltimore.

WHALEBONE.

Unmanutactured whalebone entered into consumption to the amount

of 1,880 pounds, valued at $1,379. The consumption of manufactured
whalebone is valued at S851.

SHELL.

Shells of every description, including, doubtless, both tortoise shell
and shells of mollusks, entered into consumption, $162,768.76.

CORAL.

Unmanufactured coral entered into consumption to the amount of
$718.14; coral cut or unmanufactured to the amount of $28,649.

LEATHER.

The following table shows the amounts and values of leather and
leather articles entered into consumption:
a

Hides and skins:
Goat-skins, Angora, and sheep-skins, with the wool on (less the

WANE TO fri OS W.OOM amen ctaisea te =o ctoeiticie de ccna eae ane eoceese $7,419 15
fe (yall: UO mC ANWise eerste ea ieee. oc wicks seo SCA iy Rice eie ee 3, 181, 072 40
All other hides, raw or uncured, whether dry, salted, or pickled;
and skins, except sheep-skins, with the wool on -....... .----.-- 11, 795, 029 93:
Meter manned MOumMANMICACHIMCM, 2<- oo .-. sncm cease nseeoecee nee cere 4,588, 491 46.
Mamta cnumesr Ota leapierstis 2! 2. 2) Nac, lok. jets soya ote aiseyeee lions 3, 449,979 76
AERC IN Ober ee ee ne See ie eo Scie gece es See Rg oh ees 8,938 00
Preparations of viscera:
MEATULLE EC UUNGNTO IMD LCL ORS rors) = cio5 c1olaiore amie oie ctnvense ean aye notes 106 00
Gold-beaters’ molds and skins:
PM TEre Oem TOMCOMSIIN PilOM <= )-: os ta') < cra cee ye ete ciae anes e eee 14, 226 00
Imported (this whole import comes to New York) ....-------- 13, 634 00
SINE WA MOMMIES T OSC. ACLIO tn: sssc,cace a5 5% sees fe te) EN IE 3,798 00)
Catgut and whipgut unmanufactured, catgut strings, and eut-
cord for musical instruments, also gut and wormgut for whip
and other cords, entered into consumption ...--..---........... 1638, 109 39

The total entry of catgut strings amounts to $146,210. Of this, New
York receives $117,952, Baltimore $12,218, San Francisco $5,635, Boston
$5,411, New Orleans 82.898, and Philadelphia 81,644.

Wool pelts, less the value of the wool, are imported to the value of
$58,756. Te import is entered entire at Boston.

sull. N. M. No. 14——19

290 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

HIDES AND SKINS.

The following shows the value of importations of hides and skins:

Srzentine Republic .... 5... + pesissesides anand wi oases oe re ee
EUSUDLD $2 =is\enencinoe ¢< am me hoe ae eee eee ee oer l oe ee aeee ee 26, 246
BOSOM 5 oe'6 sess eSaelma. see Kiem am ci ee ee gee eee ene a ee 5138, 677
MSTA see Si wie Sta ee, moped

Central American States. i4- eae. Oo. ee ek ee 43,716
GU obs eee cae cles aoe ieee eee eee eee 10, 921
CODING f- 2 aio cara o cinta a Ween oe oe ee ee ee 822
YONG) 25055 5 5 Sige sated See oe ae See AS Re eRe an oe eee en ee 237,777
French West Indies‘and' French Guiana.......--- 2. 21 -cs ci scene ncee coe 3,543
French Possessions in) Afrioas. <6 k ore ete ee ee Ree ee 36, 595
All other French Possessions. .......--..----- oe SS ee ee eee eee 1, 972
Germany, Ae Oe nase pe thoes eee ao alee ae eel ee eet oe ee eee 234, 153

OPIATE scm cin sae anes aus Cape rise mila oa eee oe aetna eae Bees ete eee ee 1, 988, 186
Nova Scotio, New: Brunswick, iGo. 22.05 2... cdonten sas! sebsu pees te 14, 303
QOnebes; ‘Ontario, Goce sss Sic eae SO se oe ewe Eee eee 493, 530
British Columbiast ys.Cos.c se wees ch ee ee ee eee 23, 288
Newtoundiand'and ua bradorccn oes sence cree ee ee ee eee 2, 327
IIIs Wes udies and Hondurad’-- ot. o6 ceen coe ee eee eee eee 17, S77
British Guranais-s.|-feeectk soo Senses aso eto ce ree ee eee 808

Britashi Pe Ossesslons im Atrioa.. 22 oe. cece ore ee eee ae ee eee 154, 746
British Possessions in Australasia .........- SE TS are ee EE Geo 627

PAUIROGNED A ce lae ao chee = cei eee ne eee ee Lia cakes Se ae 26, 364
RY SUISELL PASS See ee aN ne eR? sd 1 ee ce Coe Hn een) Ae nL 50, 861
RVG Soe tes ee ay a ee = ee ee he coe ec a ae a ee 7,219
ERS, ooo oa ape tg RE ee a ee meee oe cl Nee eR 79

eID AML SS CE RE els ee hc ENS Cee ae de hp te eae ete ee 121
IMGRI00 oo oHee pene 2 es ome ence cone ewwe Ores od on we wa we ce we te owas essecs= 1, 529,7

IN ODNGREAIOS turer one h pce mths actyaie ne otoconia ekee ee eee 126, 857
Dutoh West Indicsand: Dutch Guiana -* 222... 8. ccc. ce senate 93,778
POrtQA it Senos 528 Second en we REED et aha eel. Sone ae ee See 23, 467
Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde Islands ...-.. .--. .----- ----o0 eonnea vanes 48, 122
Son Honweco, J. Wo Sacto tae oan eet os ote yee eae eee 19, 977
Cyril fn fs a eS Si ae RT ALE AURA SE Se eae eee ee 65, 783
IP ODL WACO..c56e kee See ee ree Ie cee ie ae ae eee 13, 826

eapoMish Possessions elsewere \. + ooo cae oak SoS ea eee est nce ee 14, 679
Slay an Atriog 232s ccc t towne Sey ae Bee re. hte le ee 562
rated SLated- ol COLOMDIA secs cee cL ee cucec ce aD aee ue eee 1, 033, 079
MUL UP BGS ck ove cae eae eee hele ke ee ee ee eee en eee 1, 790, 057
WOLIOZURGLIN i mae crx toralare fetes fete Pet a ee tes Unc 6 one ee ms ore 703, 694
Ail whntmabered ports in Afiies: sis .ics6un 8 Lk... sb este eee seat abe 126, 863

14, 963, 701

The next table shows the ports at which hides and skins are entered
by the importers:

Hides and || Hides and
Districts. iskins, other} Districts. skins, other
than furs. than furs.
pal tim ore, Mid: so abe os ek $184, 422 |} Niagara, N. Y........... hte gente cee $92, 891
soston and Charlestown, Mass........ 8, 498, 204 |] Oswegatchie, N. ¥ ...............-.-- 80, 309
Brazos de Santiago, Tex .............. 07,1801) Os wero; NeW cuc edt acces scee ee eenees 5, 829
pittalp Creek: No Vio slice eee eee oe | 105; 4821): Pamlico Ny O.etesscoe euch ecua sane 238
“ene: Wincent, Now... Mra ee eoacs 22, 623 || Paso del Norte, Tex.......-.....-.-.. 9, 261
uarinain NY . 2. roe eens ¥,129'|), Boarl River; Mies! 55 2.sccccsnenueun 471, 104
Chicago, I ...... «5 beige’ Geeeaeeae 690 |) Plymouth, Maas ..............-....-- 9
OPUS MODIIStL LOX <2 cc se .nd neon 157, 185 |} Providence, R.1..........-........8 778
ROLE ARGH 5 o. ces oc adacecue eres 49, 919 |; Puget Sound, Wash ................. 25, 897
Vatrfield, Conn > walointend all nee 261. |) Bichmondi: Vai vod. scacas dawn scenes 45
AS RISE OKs nc es sy cca UL 7, 859 |' San Francisco, Cal........:....J2.... 26
Cloucester, Mass Serene, 80"l) Savannah, Gor... occns cnusuavap omens 86, 446
Huron, Mich ; S fd See 11,/588''l| Superior, Much. <tc cubawasn ee euuee 191
Minnesota, Minn......................] 4, 806 ile Vermont, Vil -stscccnadensecuse eres 68
New Bedford, Mass................... | 20, 065 |] Willamette, Oreg ....... 22... 2.22. 111, 979
Newburyport, Mass ... -~ en 7,800) |) (WATE: NG seas oe te es 1, 025
Now Laven, Conn. peewee ceee 87 —_—_——_
INOW IOTIGRIN is on oo. oven cc eaaccese 66, 879 TOR ovads con sescte sean ny 14, 963, 701
New York, N. ¥ ... Rp me le 9, 326, 876

‘

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 291

The next table shows the importation of manufactured leather and
articles made therefrom :

Leather, and manufactures of.
Gloves of kid, and all
i : _ : ee iesye drs ,| Other manu-
Countries. Leather of all kinds. ceker ie skin or | ‘fctures of.
Pounds. Dollars. | Doz. prs.; Dollars. Dollars.

PANINUM Mss ete ae Neato so st odsne eve eecas 36 49 55 220 O77
Belgium ........- Bee S is ROT COMA 5, 374 | 7, 007 6, 377 41, 02 32
PSTUZE Mee Pe eects occ coe atoms cohen 195 WOR be seo sis|'cermciterecie ers 104
MOTT geen fe eis ys ee os osc wake. 623 BEDE Re tS Se NEN es 7, 255
Danish Wiest LOIS =... PSs. 82-0. 25.55- 15 ON Reeeceae ss |saac esses 15
TOIT 2 ee A es ORY, 4,633,915 | 3,095,685 | 231,093 | 1, 356, 022 142, 501
ACen onny ge see ee eee ke pe 658, 708 442,568 | 258,870 | 1,196, 100 126, 119
Bn nn ee ea ery ek eon oo se seis Thee: 1, 199, 696 543, 517 242, 549
SOC ENTE. SA Se ee a ee 382 319 722
REE hr Cee ee ee ee ee CE oN |. kb 2 oe i eee ee HOE Se eS 100
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, &c........|......-.---- 9 1, 088
MENTE DEC OUTATIO\ OC c2cs-5- oes se ce sec wee 583, 873 105 10, 948
ES UPRCU SEAN UD CIT. TIRIb) 1B eo y easy 3 = wrens ll ssc Diasec oe | ee ars ae eal oapelelart cera 755
British West Indies and British Honduras)s®- 535 /Shs5e| Seance a eee noe oaas |e oem nsec. 5
SBrIuSh Wash lndiek 22 -as-s0c sacs nes - 2 = 354, 143 bee ee eet 759
British Possessions in Africa, &c¢ ......-.. 125) eee St Pees ser Solos ee soe 50
British Possessions in Australasia ..-.-.-. 4500s ee OO (a | Saar eeeea ee nees aoe cee li7
BET ANAL Ste eerie Soa ska sic ces ac |s cnc ccnce cee ee eee ae eee oeseee ec ss'enisicise ss = eck
AEERU Teer ei tere elton te wala icici eicie's snes = 6 S216 |e lea eee een meat tetas ain| cleve'sialet cree eine
ied eens SS es ec ocean: 1, 963 1, 333 119
RUNDE Bete es ei a were coats ore aioe vials ais] eae pee a cen | Ss area pee nal tetra eaeere | ia wicle Scie ci oe 496
SUSE NCO ee ee ee ee ee eee het led 2, 785 93 1, 242
Woatherlind we. 32 Sosescce atc seca sice ssc. = 1, 533 IS ecient a este meters
-Azore, Madeira, and Cape Verde pos BS eee Re ee Reece eee eee nee 5
Russia on the Baltic and White Seas. . 400k) him ee Gog eee scores | aoe secs 427

SEALE TI eee Pee ree eer ere easier soe isicss|ae se ciead coe 97 3
SOND cee ee ce soars eee wise Sisiseas B24 Se 283e reece sacl ese 112
Sweden and Norway..-..---------------- Ge GP Eee caesar btousdeores 80
SiUERC VAM eAdC Mee eee ee nce ee recess a|'s sie oo cocncae [em ne ataceee seen easee Reese enoree 2
United States of Colombia............-.- 805 162) Ses" See: [eeata chante 264
UIE ONL oo 2 es eee siecle bemisenicc cee sale ss 115 ALD | Eee erie ah Secreto neers ei eee te :
RVBHOCU GL epr amen ee mnenie are aie 55 Ae eer [eee eee 31
ot alee eee SL ATE er 7,447,423 | 4,589,713 | 596,862 | 3,128, 919 | 597, 014

The exports of leather are as follows:
Quantity. Value.

AV By Ser Fe te emer, $2, 480, 427
Weather of all kinds, not elsewhere specified..........--.-------.--- pounds..| 25, 122, 936 6, 016, 373
SI OROCC lM NOUGCE tit CUO RULET ort n ala o)a iste ciclo cence s e/ainin'sisiciciasai lo ies oes | Sea eee Cee 1, 280, 225
SISOD LATOR OES pe =e aie ee ie wee nln ainclsinn oj h an ei onesie pairs. - 300, 484 414, 630
Saddlery and harness ANCOUL OCI UMMA ACHILOS oo nc ale cans nal aeteee = eee oe |e ee 456, 073
SUN e OE Oo oe Ee ooo A alk dow soa do ev osatuc nck Poe eeae ES eee 10, 647, 728

The foreign exports of hides and skins amount to $44,415. This ex-
port is made from New York and Boston to France (813,976), Nova
Scotia and New Brunswick ($12,068), eae ($10,668), and Germany
($7,515). That of leather amounts to $106,762 (382,765 pounds), chiefly
to England and Canada; of leather gloves $13, 372 (2,286 dozen pairs),
chiefly to Canada and France; and other manufactures, $17,857, to British
Columbia, Scotland, Mexico, England, Canada, and France.

292 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

The tables below show
districts:

the amounts of exports by countries and by

Leather, and manufactures of.
| | | | Manu-
Saa. facturess
Leather of all kinds, | Morocco, al a of, not
Countries. Boots and shoes.| not elsewhere speci-|and other| “© else-
fied. | fine. |parness,| Where
| ‘| speci-
Pairs. |Dollars.; Pounds. | Dollars. Dollars. |Dollars. Dollars
ae [Se
Argentine Republic. ...............- 144 255 850 246 eee 388 | 1,419
ATISTIR 2 oo oecdcies ee eehe ae case eoee|s clon cd| pale sees 192, 523 40, B23) V2 225 Re | some See
Belgtonn = i601 cste tesco cece ee eek ede ee | 1,839,757 | 560,390| 26,813| 50| 1,113
Brazil: oleae eee ae aaa 2/088) Ss 2aBil beer cee | aaa 3 eke ee 394 | 6, 332
Central American States.......----- TT WS2n L607) || ecco ee ae ea ee gee ee Ee ac ae 10, 136 566.
eee es ace cme a een cette cn] ec ce a oer niall ce mere ere ee ar ne a a 493 184
OIRN Bia esas cee ene enna 75 165 19, 223 Oya! | eter ate 112 201
Danish West Indies. .-..-...-.--..2: 8,961 | 9, 338 | 7, 926 1, 766 | 45 | 1,133 3, 056:
STEAM CGS era rant = ele ae mace sain peta eran atts re aN Shatner } 64, 909 18, 140 | 1,375 | 1,990 1, 455-
French West Indies and French

(tA Mendes enn ae eee cneee ee bees Hest eee eee ene Le ox open Oe ies ote 307 | .2 eee
Miquelon, Langley, and St. Pierre

Talnndak ses cn cceee eee cee 1,357] 2,403 4,474} 1,079 | 95 bso. 25 | Gee
French Possessions in Africa and

adjacent islands. .................- 192 PA sell ote elena oie REP ermekss perry io ee ey
French Possessions, all other -.-..-.- 4,103 | 6,723 1, 976 IGS: hoi ee | 576 416:
Germany 2-2 eee eee 5 6, 120, 639 |1, 515,938 | 11,138 | 276 | 101,601
Great Britain: England 15, 718, 808 |3, 575, 241 |1, 210, 026 573 | 78,396
Soctlanila:: pew ae sess ete e et 184,751 | 45,312} 3,240 12 | 39,301
Giliraltar’- 025% 22sec een ae eee ole case ewe] wat aoe bl Cee ole ocean [loin olan Ol Me ies See a 152:
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and

Prince Edward Island .........-... 41,091 | 48, 723 43, 402 11, 140 5,342 | 4,009 8, 279
Quebec, Ontario, Rupert's Land, and

the Northwest Territory. --- -- ----| 18,074 | 33, 890 91, 331 26, 356 175 | 6,911} 20,620
British Columbia. ...........-....-.. 17, 896 | 31, 294 12, 132 Ss ADs cede 7,599 6, 336.
Newfoundland and Labrador. -....-. 240 500 153, 261 32, 796 280 lesen cen 2, 501
British West Indies and British Hon-

GUTAS 3S cae hone ene teemeneter 5 66, 633 28, 399 7, 740 2,139 | 3,316 5, 302:
British Guiana 462 32, 416 8, 992 1,125 105 692
EO ONO oo Soe te Je ORE oe ere 179 8, 630 2 SUD Ais lok totem eens 149 | 977
british Possessions in Africa .-..-- 472 | 1,313 5, 719 4,430 522 96 1, 21T
British Possessions in Australasia -- 398 702 15, 973 4, 360 7,953 | 27, 685 8, 019
Hawolian islands’ 2: \.cascecce sek 21,188 | 32, 341 9, 176 Ay ao8i See aie 7, S41 5, 231
PERU seca te anaes pore erc se yaaa 12,165 | 13, 670 250 127 688 | 1,097 453.
Tal ys Be ee CREE eth al PAL 3, 310 D100 }fy sees aly eee eee
ADE: Sooo ns eo a. Dees eens 638 | 1, 262 325, 698 Fo OGG ease eno was 2, 962 7, 588.
TADOUUY ono cease ate ee sale pe ee es DyAGS A ABBE Scot cS [ew waco lene mle el hae 144
Maxido esis oe ae ik See 38, 793 | 53, 383 4, 077 1, 675 102 | 4,446] 8,010
Netherlands (see sSs8 ee eee 2,198 | 2, 662 1%, 291 | 64,330 ABT Caen eee 16, 766:
Dutch-W estIndies...:..2.5....-.-.. 4,473 | 4,799 16, 668 4, 253 20 873 1, 824
Pers a-cccz ened deeb ances eee en 546 OES TEs oo oos ee Linde est Sas Bron nonas F50 993
Portugal ist 20 o Soca ecacid ow ago coal oe erate & abe eel nk ates efeziet Sina\t rete oa ets 1, 007
Azore, Madeira, and Cape Verde

Calne |. Soe wet tecw aa Mok vice eeteens 2, 231 3, 064 2,518 572 As <5 rk | cris pe a
Rusela, Agintio. —-..- 55.626 Beason 1, 327 | 2, 642 3, 100 800) | sens 487 31s
San Domine0:-. cose o ee eece sence ace OT) Bo OCR os sews h ese [pee aeeen cd | 181 324 1, 033°
CLO | 2 3s. os ode hae tee eee 8,958 | 4,785 3, 867 | 1, 279 f 2,075 | 3,348 | 19, 056
Porte T6000. eee ae boa ce seeeaeees 550 622 280 112 378 | 1,790 240+
Spanish Possessions in Africa and }

quliacenrt inlande ts. Swen on ox verde lon aed eee 519 IQ pau delas pebihocee ted | 264
Sweuen and NOTWaAY «cc. <ceseenewes | eee. ele ee ee 9, 421 OO han ak ap epee gn lo nists eae
Markey in Hurope) ccs aawrcewe oe a oleate wees «oe ia a= eee eee es bodasn he dee ete ok | 5, 268:
eMEKOY. in Adie os oa. ccs: Suvscedinnen S| > ctious ula eee OT erence toatl een me ie ona ee 80
United States of Colombia .......... 15, 625 | 24, 914 2, 155 GOS Ivan. cteesl Pauane 2, 519
SUA oo die sc vanes onc sew Sak pace | ee AEE El Deane nen Lk ce ae en ae ee re | TULLE. Wes deel aoe
RIBGRUBIO.) 14 oc akcs nae epee 424 532 407 128 1,462 | 4,680 | 2, 255-
All other islands and ports, not else- |

SeUetOm@peQiiad . cots skeen eee 744 898 100 SR tee. os ahvmioned [ee a

atatig. cae ele 2 ae eee 300, 484 414, 630 | 25, 122, 936 |6, 016, 373 |1, 280, 225 § 94, 085 | 361, 988
Additions taken from Canadian re- |

ORS cu aia wa achede saab nk waka atte eeee 1133, BAD) bcc anwacadepicp odd goptlanewen ties i. hint 380, 312°

Grand total ..................- Seen 648, 47a ee ee ee ere oe abe Meas 742, 300»

ee

Scant aati ee

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

Districts.

Alaska, Alaska
Baltimore, Md
Bangor, Me
Boston and Charlestown, Mass
Brazos de Santiago, Tex
Buffalo Creek, N. Y
Cape Vincent, N. Y
Champlain, N. Y
‘Corpus Christi, Tex
Cuyahoga, Ohio
Detroit, Mich
Daluth, Minn
PROM ED soeetee Son Seas ec toe sos oe
“Genesee, N. Y
Huron, Mich
Key West, Fla
MA OHISS Oe = ecco se ose es
EMinn esac MAINA <5. oo ctejccicss Sse. =
New Bedford, Mass ........------.--
BNGweltaven OOnMe on. ser cceeas ce wr
New London, Conn
New Orleans, La
New York, N. Y
Niagara, N.Y
WNOTIOUK Waites os comnslade sees cess we
‘Oswegatchie, N. Y
MOR WPM OSONG Meet Soe ae eis. ccreceeie
Passumaquoddy, Me
Philadelphia, Pa

Portland IMG) See Sa ak ree ee
Paget Sound, Wash....--..-----...--
alae ROX pte see ae 2 2 Dlaae Te
San Francisco, Cal F
Sey ATI Gy Be ae eer ssh te aie ee
BVGTINONG BWbse Meese oo niece ee eae
Willamette, Oreg

PLOUG -eoewsctitesee ce sinee siean-
Additions to Niagara and Vermont,
taken from Canadian reports

Grand total

1548, 472

HATR.

293

| Leather, and manufactures of.
'
| | Manu-
- | Sag. |factures
Leather of all kinds, , Morocco, | ter of, not
Boots and shoes.| not elsewhere speci- |and other) “:° ‘i else-
fied. fine. |y4, me where
arness. ea
speci-
tied.
| !
Pairs. Dollars.) Pounds. | Dollars. | Dollars. Dollars. Dollars.
|
{ie ears Ges eee 50 LOW See ea bee ee
3, 599 6, 120 516,145 | 202, 137 441 1, 530 1, 370
63 CO) essen oe eel cise ee nae Jaen Ste ot eons eee aes
25, 585 | 33, 433 3, 312, 403 666,173 |1, 119, 981 », 040 26, 821
25, 823 | .32, 218 125 QT MSs stars siete 1, 233 153
eee Basie este omen eee [ence Se rere) ceeee ce eee ence oer
75 109 tae ace cet ema neces actos sean se see |sein esse 1, 934
1, 650 | 1, 658 57, 566 161639) | Seen 234 3, 316
8,457 | 14, 976 95 OOF Aaa ome 550 341
Sree ere ee | eee 70 Bsa tate oe eee 215
1, 444 3, B42) leo toseaceei a leciinccier al eniere acceler 702 4, 077
te Aeehere | ccioeeiie {rasa ee weal oe see aissew lee eeraticea ese sams 29
ne | ane 60 160 |S Soe ee eee EL eee
72) | 145 | 905 2O0S bec ee ae 808) |n oe caeate
Bale rofe erate ania State [oleae rae eens | om aie feted eee eee 662
rele: <( cfets | Saiki | torece ra lal ato cell emery ereietar a eget teres G05 aeoeeene
Rag alee ee 50 SG ee IA 44
B00.) 4, OBOE Sa cmoeeeine eeeee cee i eeaeerae A aon eeacise
Dokieavs|ecaee ser 227 G2ee osetia s os ( teckel eee
sibretys oc |S. cst sa nos aero eee a oeraie sO lero eee ere 5, 268
See hs [eae 280 112i eee ERST 56
4, A OG oe aeictneteners lece=e See aleeme cee ae 170 232
129, 857 67, 856 | 19, 020,309 |4, 499,578 | 159,506 | 44,305 | 274, 390
Genes iseaaee se Se Pe eal See see mee 175 60 140
Ae | oo a ee) ARE Re |p ee | er ke ee |e ee ee 144
3,755 | 3,013 5, 065 SDSS Bin | oles sesh a ll ones aa 4, 628
29
20; 828)| 80; 021 | see eee eis eo ae elec 2, 418 5, 192
2,116 | 3,126 | 1,736,280 | 518, 679 20 522 689
ala actote <tall fetes o oll eras mee legen Ren een ene il Sees 895
25 Sil esas ene eee ee see lseseree eae 264 862
3,119 | 4,279 30 15°} 102 140 24
49,515 | 80,915 445, 571 LOS LOS hee eee 30,248 | 24, 851
3, 185 3, 581 40 oa eee Sees oe ees 36
7,792 | 20,915 27, 665 Te OObuleamteciaes 368 | 3,268
Spee oii aia| cioe ©, <varee:| ole cletaterstacs stars) | eae Reieri re | se eae ere 314) 2 2554..
300, 484 |414, 630 | 25, 122, 936 |6, 016, 373 |1, 280, 225 | 94,085 | 361, 988
Bete detrei ACER. eee bal sc noes aoa Kocoomdaed bocoaiac | sisligri i.
er a eee ee [eseseeetes seeeeeeeefeeeees 742, 300

The amounts of hair and manufactures of hair entered into consump-
tion are shown in the following table:

—

Hair, and manufactures of.

Hair, unmanufactured:

PU ALC LEANe ORUNB WIN sola: oicon Sein cee chide ane mistletoe ere Seeiete Ise sien
PeaMian AL enOU CLOMNOU OL CLAW oro. ces cis Nou neen ae = oct eOe Ee ee Oe ee eee
Horse-hair, used for weaving, cleaned or uncleaned, drawn or undrawn
Horse-hair, all, and cattle-hair, cleaned or uncleaned, drawn or undrawn, unman-

NELSLC UPE DO eet ar Reeth wee no ae aid eisc chee Coe oe eels chen Ce ee
Cleaned hair, unmanufactured, not otherwise specified.................-.-..-..--- |

Hogs’ hair

urled hair, other than hogs’, for beds or mattresses
PS ’

Hair, manufactured:
Manufactures of human hair

Hair-cloth, and other manufactures not otherwise provided for

|
| Pounds. |

Mra DTARGISLSOLAIOS, (GUMS; AoC) cet cc eae ast cea cee eee eee Mere af

RELART AD OGL Maat tte terete amet inc aaiers cielo enn Pete os oe ae RR nee as.- 217), | 0

Total

Value.

$40, 652
41, 627
90, 198

391, 439
54, 501
15, 057

16

14, 825
98, 661
1,484

748, 415

294 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

The imports of hair, by countries, are as shown below:

Hair, and manufac- | i
tures of.

Hair of all other
kinds, not man-

Hair, other, : 7
Hair, bu- | and manu- Horse-hair for weay-

, man, and} factures of, ae ufactured.
Countries. manufac-] not else-
tures of. | where spec-
ified.
| |
Dollars. | Pounds. | Dollars. | Pounds. /Dellare..
eee ee |
Argentane Republic. se scss cose se erence: eee eee eee 596,741 | 104,240 | 144,220 26, 380»
Belptoun 228 shen cose ae eee 57 BBb |U caste e tees 650| 413.
DV AM oso Fe See oat ate mae gan eens eee eo Cece eae 33,405 | 420, 969 71, 943-
Ohivinietr oss. onc cceee seme ae een sere SBA rm cera eene na ei ol et eee | eee meer | Snes
RYAN OOs fest teste coset conor een nen 18, 742 6, 574 7, 594 34, 903 7, 981
CVONMANVichr. sac ense tes omen eee er 39, 741 26, 956 51, 338 45, 323 20, 490
FM PlAnGe. as co coe once Sao e nea oe aie 13, 972 119, 442 17, 862 403, 786 58, 98
RCL ATA Ceres ae ate eter eer Soran | ee ete SOLO Came ma ees | eae ieee ee eee loote eats
UGA Soo ceo e Cn wc ae ewes oe eee eee aes See ee tee oe ee eee ace od, est ea ee ee
Nova Scotia, New Branswick, &o..:.-.-.[s.-..-..-.|o-.2-- ..2l ee | 22 12, 218 | 454,
Quebec, Ontario, &6... 2.5.0.2. esc e QD |S cconeeene Reece a cele cee eee | 10,387 | 802:
Tion PRONG eee se eee ee ee oer | ee een CO oe rarest aie aes pies anee Laat
British Possessions in Australasia. ....-.|....--.--. 37 Bee ae oe eee aes poe ee ear eees
Rial gs dese eke ee eee ahem 1 ASIA Sahat Lent ee es eae eS cet enn [Peas
J MPAN oo bs. k eon acc a ceaaecema tens See CN sate ee ye at oie sins soso] me cee al inte ae
MEGTICO 202 coat Se ee ee Ss a ee era re 3, 926 576 178,143 | 28,74)
OOD Fee ook: waa toe ee ata aes See | ere tare ON] eS ee eo | ane eee a ee] Oat oe | 2, 067 | 443:
PONGO RICO nn oh Or ce ae rane cote ene een | EE En e> Coe Ea ase ieee eee tl ea seas 138 52
Netherlands’: 2075 ieee eee Sega Se ee ae] eee eee or renee at) AS ete ae 6,110 | 598
United States of Colombine forest nes Eee ee eee ee seactelne e ree 9 | 20
UOT PUBY 2a aoe en en aed eee] See ee ee en eee ree Jncecwewen [eceencoesall 280,010 | 40,112
Torkey im-Atricn ese. ccues eee soe eee eee eee tr eee ae | eee Voces aes
Total 2 seco Renee ee 77, 075 162,596 | 853,146 | 215, 239 11, 494, 324 | 266, 398

The imports are made chiefly to New York, Boston, and Philadelphia.
‘Twenty-one thousand and three pounds of horse-hair for weaving,
valued at $4,201, pass through Boston to England as a foreign export ;
also manufactures of human hair to the value of $19,329, chiefly to Eng-
land, and other hair manufactures ($3,597) chiefly to Belgium.

BRISTLES.

The amount of bristles entered into consumption is placed at 353,287
pounds, valued at $545,011. The imports of bristles by countries is showm
below:

Bristles.
Countries. ~
Pounds. | Dollars.
j
DING a a. oso ois de uke we ceebdoetenme ise n nee otocs semen ated oe Eee ee ee | 1, 871 713
PENTASIONS Pan aca 43, 532 48, 064
Germany 193, 329 472, 149
BOMBA, « :... conn a cuus'v ose cgheeee vate a ee ee 11,324] 15,534
POU ce iena ce doce dan ctuacceu bean meted ees esac eee cee i nae eee 450,056 | 536, 460:

Almost the entire import of bristles is entered at New York (449,910
pounds), a small quantity going to Boston (137) and New Orleans (9).
‘here is‘a foreign export of bristles from New York to Canada amount-
ing to 4,642 pounds (33,256).

~

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED S‘ATES. 295
QUILLS.

The amount of quills entered into consumption, prepared and unpre-
pared, is valued at $1,051. The value of toothpicks entered into con-

FEATHERS.

sumption is $15,441.

The value of feathers entered into consumption is shown below:

leathers and down for beds and feather-beds............-......--------- $12,531 50
Ornamental feathers, ostrich, vulture, cock, &c., crude _........-.--...-- 634, 450 20
leathers, dressed, colored, or manufactined sn ae ee elen fa pene 15, 352 00

The total entries of feathers amount to $11,515, of which New York

FOr

receives $10,431, and San Francisco $727, with trifling entries at other
ports. There are also feather-beds to the value of $1,404, coming chietly
to New York and Philadelphia.

GLUE AND GELATINE.

The import of hide-cuttings for glue-stock amounts in value to
$520,722, of which New York receives $163,593, Boston $156,448, and
Baltimore $681. Hoofs and other glue-stock of that description 2re
valued at $10,650, of which $10,188 comes to the Lake ports.

The import of common glue amounts to 1,112,527 pounds, valued at
$26,345.60.

The consumption of gelatine and similar products, of which a portion
is probably of vegetable origin, is valued at $90,971.

Isinglass or fish-glue entered into consumption to the value of $32,236
(75,267 pounds).

The total import of fish sounds and glue is given at $16,125; $11,727
comes to Boston, and $4,398 to other ports.

Glue is exported to the amount of 81,685 pounds, valued at $16,069.

SPONGES.

The total import of arouses is valued at $91,742. New York receives
$74,524, Philadelphia $2,452, and San Francisco $1,693.

OILS, FATS, AND SOAPS.

The following quantities entered into consumption :

Oils. Amount. Dollars.
Cod-liver oil, brown or crude, from provinces, not dutiable ..-...----.- gallons..| 129, 263 81, 607 00
dutiable......... “pea ae doass- 18, 732 15, 434 00
Motalins. as cn'45%s\<0-- Grrr teeter eee eee e eee eee eee 142, 995 57, 041 00

—\——_—___- —

OMe Ev ONO wLOrn OC MI GUIOIN AL sale, carte o\sl=ael= a on =m minim mle) ak pees tia eterna [lata ate ieee oe 17, 290 00
Whale or fish oil from provinces, not duitable.-........--..-.---.-.--- gallons.. 19, 620 10, 982 00
TELA: sc. oo aes eee Se do: =... 26, 711 11, 237 00
PLOTS eer ee te SEES sie eile c hacelneey nine ata nace ch deca ae ices et es eas 46, 331 9° 919 OU
Neat’s-foot, and all animal, not otherwise provided for. .............-.. gallons. | 2, 597. 50 1,124 98
Dea sabe. ea deca pede a Sette ote wR nie Oe eo aia aitrn wine eee art <r ee e eee ree (lo. 2. 4] 410 80 00
CIO ese ete eae tare ete eto io ata ck aera Sala ois aie aiside at te oh eee eR erot pounds..| 25, 522 1,938 00

BN Gara mieten te eel eine e oe ee eo ee eile nan area ae elas sc oe ||Sas sto ie o ae 2,142 03

.
296 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.
Oils. Amount. Dollars.

SPOMMIACEUL ANC: WAM. o. oo aS se cen eee eee ee ob eee eee oens Sere pounds...) 16, 371 6, 302 00
DLGALING =. se coe ce Sooo e ether oe eee sete eee ee nent c seen ees go. 7, 595 159 00
"Tallow, and all onher, and Taperst.« «esc see ser wees eon later e ese do.... 1, 231 253 00
MEV GORING oxic eon ns aia nin eee ema pe ee ee do. ...|1, 936, 244 124, 923 00
Es ha EE SRS ere RE EPS Stel int 5 a ER a do....|3, 140,974 | 117,074 22
BIOGD-ST GARG 2am pore ora Slee eee alate tear ac do..-.| 112, 587 5, 040 00
ASOMIMON: SOR) 225 w/c.oe we wea eens ae ae ae eee ne ie hee eee as do. ...|3, 791, 688 219, 089 64
SVAN CY BORD basen n> cnt mee Bee ie eee wwe aera ene Oe re edo eee ee ee O0cee + 197, 818 75, 766 45

* The toti al import of grease amounts to $116,070; New York: receives $58, 340, Boston, $56,057.

Soap-grease is imported to the value of $5,584. Boston receives $2,384,
New York $1,469, the Lake ports $894, and Philadelphia $637,

The total import of sperm oil is $5,590, all coming to San Francisco.

The next table shows the exports of oils and fats:

|
Oils, fats, &e. Amounts. Dollars.

Whalejand..other fish oilic.s Sse S late ec eae ag ne ec ome ns snaeenens eee gallons. .| 1, 926, 038 | 442, 165
RS POUITY OU ate ak eee cles aic a Rae nie oe a ai ere tne eee do. ...| 634, 991 879, 865
Spermaceti Be anole See ee ae my oan oes Unie aC Weta ad ee ote e ae pounds. . | 153, 552 41, 027
Neat's-foot.and other animal oils - <= .2- 5-22 - a acnsenwceee en esesee ass gallons. . 19, 932 19, 720
TU ein) | eae me ee etic pee Oe a 8 Ole Se SS ies ated aa aa do....| 349,429 281, 551
BOR LOW tee oe Scie ass ace or ae ate vee ee eee pare ee em cee pounds. ol 91, 472, 803 7, 883, 616
SICH Do ie singe oie nitorela ie we mtnw aie wie eratore a te ata nthe pie enanatle Wee iste te do....| 1, 616, 163 | 23, 634
"DRUG WCADCOS os 5 anise ctts oO ab aia er ct Cee tb oorcuneaucs Mee Sere a cee aoe Ci Coie ges SA eS | 638, 952

iy 1 Lee Pa ay «ere Ba OR EISSN 5 DEE Look eee athe Sree 10, 820, 530

There is a foreign export of whale and other fish oils, apparently from
the British Provinces through Boston to Belgium; this amounts to 43,103
gallons, valued at $26,669. A small foreign export of dutiable oils of
this Goan goes to Quebec, Ontario, &e. (1,459 gallons), the British
West Indies (236), and Brazil (10). This whole export amounts to 1,705

gallons, valued at $794. It passes through Boston (1,565 gallons) and
New York (340).

The imports of whale and fish oil by countries and by districts are

shown below:

— _ _ ——— —— —- ——— oe

Whale oil and fish oil,
not of American fish-
‘ eries.
Countries.
Gallons. Dollars.
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, &c 130, 562 | 79, 403
neve, Ontario, 67. ees caren see 2, 142 | 1, 339
Nevwioundlond and Labrador 2b. ss css oe da i och een ee eee 6, 004 | 3, 346
Total... Ee ne ee ne eee eee A (aoe 38, 708 S| 84,088 84, O88
DUTIABLE id | cy ee
Wanishew est Indias. . s-.< ona se damacn spcewecswesenapsunwacsses=saa=dns answered 2, 745 2, 814
SRORTIEG ak os hives w ne tw as a2 np aetw enna dee aban ean eee en ena SN ana Sees ereoeee 4, 1: OR 3, 672
ROTARPUNU og Po co a W. qla'w vicca. wimiu hc ieistatel aie’ n Titre acer oracle WMG Mie matel Re erie Soe oie tea a 11, 164 21, 604
AREER RSOMNIDEED 5 wisn cn Sn dec cig ae caw cme me new Mintateg ns Was <5 5 what Maret i epee se Perea 10, 945 4,447
CUNO ORL GNC. UMDTATOT ..). .c cacidcace cace cawe tele sit akie sacs airs ae een 450 161
British West Indies and British Honduras ..... 2... 2.2.20. c ee ce cee ne wc cnnee | 2, 554 837
Hawaii . me epee os 09h nb ew hips lp es i AE ie od Selo Sal OT cela ee 2, GOO | 1, 070
Ne therlands Wer A pe se wld a's oa! ntod oC = ns ot = aha dla Se ee ee ee 4, 767 5, 377
Anfatio Rokalo .1...-..-.-.... a ne wan mid p doe deen Ee Re eee eliese ee ae eae 12, 400 | 3, 041
SOV EMLOTE CULCLEN OP WAY nes ao svelte oa dawn si aac pack cupes Pee nk sewn eins Umea ee | . 120 | 92
Total.... Reread Ae ns ici & 2 Wintec ole ete hoe ere ake gdanin Se ayeetenet a 51, 882 44,015

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 297

FREE. DUTIABLE.
i |
Whale and fish, not | Whale and fish, not

Districts. of American fish- of American fish-
eries. eries.

Gallons. | Dollars. | Gallons. Dollars.

BBOStONIANG GNAVICSTOWI ~NLASS§ <..50<.c0s cucicicesccecemscmicce vir 82, 007 45, 782 2, 570 | an

moe Htenst sein ON Re eee oe chan ck. beste pees 72 OTe eens eee 2

REIGUICONEOLPNLOSNS oe elek oi aniciac c= sian 6 Ss csi cice cass semiae Saee es 1, 360 | 93) |e. scncee ac Weyer sae

SPECT TE IGN ne ae ote eee tal pyc xe Sais te See eta ate

NE WROLES ON Pile soon eae stance essere aoe EE APCs

IP RRROIN AOU COON LO =e ete ecige So aaa dens ME etbe at secee

Plate hia | senses scicecsc cess =

Portland and Falmouth, Me ‘

ea DOUTO PM VAS key jaca ce So Se laice ee ee ste Sorel acictetelel eacieeieiaters

PEM OM ANC DE VELLY | WANS aa cena eyes ore'e ne Sains - cated 5 tomate eatelee 269 ADO) ee eceeesn been eet aee

SSTIBHITATICTRC ON (ey enrages ee eco ee ES Se ee | eh Seema 18, 821 6, 483

Bi beel ann Guten COCO anaes rate eases Sraaicinss a aie siaic amrcle ee ce yee Recto tole bese = | 2, 598 1, 124
Bote ee tee eae SRE cee fuhoace) ete 138, 708 | 84,088 | 51, 882 | 44,015

PERFUMERY MATERIALS.

The next table shows the quantity entered into consumption of mate-
rials used by perfumers :

mah |
. Description. Ounces. Dollars.
USES ORIG DEGAS HOT OI ete eesti iaietaeteeie ii oi-=) =| st. 210.+)= stoisnsols Smee roe ieee te aiens eieleeeia | Reese eee 3, 482
RS saci ee Sh SPI ga RR es oS Le Ree RR ee Ue pe Nae a Ie 1, 218
Civet and musk in natural pod ...:..:.--...--....---. ae eae eee eae aoe e | 5, 991 33, 356
PROP OLE TIS Hee emcee Meera ee istcie woe mote 2 San cn aloo Na shen) lem tmacietrasematee Meseye aaietee 694
BR alle ae eo eee tie F828 2. |. Re enone Roan ets | Loner eee: 38, 710

COLORING MATERIALS.

The next table shows the quantity entered into consumption of sub-
stances used by color-makers :

Description. Pounds. | Dollars.
| s
MOEN otal Sete tae EE eet et ote eCeeine = Ciaciz,a see's ae ernest amc epimers ciate aioe 1, 304, 370 | 648, 621
ne mOnine HCO NDIrGbOn and Stites: 5-05 662. Pie oko - ccc mat ateeen exeee ame bae 47, 063 | 9, 592
TOR CALY COs ee foe eee Seen e fens a neo ee gee eiaecs tape af eLearn tea 454, 781 26, 243
SUC Tet eee See ee eet el IP RE a ce eat esis Sulu ob vw Oe cooeene Boe enias | Sag eoectisce G74, 456

The total import of cochineal is 1,524,165 pounds, valued at $649,525.
The next table shows the quantity of cochineal imported, by coun-
tries:
Imports of cochineal.

Countries. Pounds. Dollars.

DN LO ATE eg Ane cr tte Sad ard wane a ee eee oe one eae tee eRe 2 19, 881 9, 867
SIU A MCATIOLICUN SS DUCES tice & ain,-o tein onl cieiewe sccm omnis atm sla cain mete tetmereine eie/ejernia:e 13, 115 5, 296
ANC Oe So een aana eas cee eas eo Wise Soe Sajanie inlets Oe ae ROR pia ete eeialcre 11, 316 7, 065
BURY ONTO sree seed tees eS io os cine Nisa cbse) soa arwalcis ars aa wb mee nie orotate ec ore aa 342, 109 180, 035
British West Indies and British Honduras ...-..........-0e2scc0.cceeeeeeee ee 11, 219 6, 500
PATS UCASE WOLIUIS RCE OSSOBBLOUS. jc2 i. Stee au cman nace ue mlneb ein Meee clea eictaccs 972 467
IMIGSACO ster sa ele ae keane eos oe Saeco tdlamn li onke woobme ou eee Meaehinialse ned 111, 763 52, 466
SPANISH ONSOSSIONSANEATIION .20 ta ak Soa tek nce nhce ute eae tee ee ne mee ofeeocee 314, 290 174, 394
TUTE Uses Oli GOMNUDIti oce ts bays ena e oa siete ens eee oe none oo 499, 500 213, 235
PROCS Grek erp ae Pae cert ye aes Ce ote at erates eee Pee ee SORA ne 8 ne. 1, 324, 165 649, 325

298 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.

The next table shows the quantity of imports by customs districts:

7
Districts. Pounds. Dollars.

News York: 28280 o! wonk eke en ia 919,870 | 431, 06%
WOW ELAV OD oo cick ceca cdcouw anc nape n ate wene sweet eae pe CaaS aetna eee ne 284, 133 157, 345
BOSGOD acs aa hos nws bw cad ote Po alae eee i te ea Ce Cee eee Se er 60,157 | 31, 303
Philadelphia 2. sa rsec Je ce esas ae ee 45, 918 | 23, 851
San Brancisco.: 6.03 = oe 5s sen. oak ee dated rae oe ee ee See 14, 087 | 5, 763
Total. s2t. coeds eh ee Beco eee eee ne hao ane eee Bee coe ee 1, 324, 165 649, 325

In addition to the above, we find that 66,986 pounds, valued at
$52,938, pass through New York to England (foreign exports).

WAX.

The next table shows the quantity entered into consumption of wax
and manufactures thereof.

Description. | Amount. Dollars.
Wax, and manufactures of : |
SCS WV ERIS enn Sa ot a wet a ee Cae pounds. . 19, 687 3, 195
RSM SW EUKS occa asarmiminin teem tele sea ee ec ae telat i charm wi dinrnl oe nian ogee ee 3, 088
Manuntacturesof, not ofberwike provided tor <-- 3- . oases eee pe aon Seiad | ae eee 6, 356
TUOAL SSS eeet oe ate oe pe ec ee rca ea gS ee ah eC ee ater 12, 553

The total import of wax amounts to $16,844, of which New York re-
ceives $11,764 and Philadelphia $3, 330.

The total export of wax amounts to 2 6,891 pounds, valued at $22,876.

The total export of bone-black, ivory a and lamp-black (the lat-
ter not of animal origin), amounts to 515,488 pounds, valued at $22,576.

CHEMICAL PREPARATIONS, MEDICINES, ETC.

The following table shows amounts entered into Consumption:

Articles. Pounds. | Dollers.
Phosphor 2 cca cone new ae see ciee ese cute Sener e ee Sate aoc e eee ee at 56, 474 11, 295
Ammonis (Crdde)é2ss5-0-- ser eek Cee RIE Os Ca a eh see ae eee eee ae é 131
ugar Of Mille hiss cones ep as ihe meee CA aS Oe ee Se lie cir en ee a | 14, 653
Albumen and lactarine Se 57, 965-
Animal’ carbon..2 J9c cho obs oe ee oe we Be ee Spi ee ne eae eee hs a S06
Cuttlé-fish bone’? 3.2. e ee ade ae eae | , 215 9, 482
Gantharides,. .. fs Gove iein kc ce eed awse ae oe ek Ome dca e tan es Oe nee ae 11, 843
Renhaets, raw. ands prepared :2. 2. -c2--s ose once sees eoe a a seve sae eaeeS eee |nvecssestee- 12, 016.

Total Value. .c2<-jaet = aden week oaes Perea ee ees ae ee eee | ah Reena 117, 801

The total import of rennets is valued at $11,944, of which New York
receives $11,470 and San Franciseo 8398,

BONES.

The value of the import entries of * bones, crude, and not manufactured,
burned, calcined, ground, or steamed, and .bone-dust and bone-ash for

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF’ UNITED STATES. 29%

the manufacture of fertilizers,” is placed at $82,882. The amount en-
tered into consumption is $56,935.

The principal import is through the Lake ports, which enter to the
value of $52,469. Baltimore, the seat of many extensive fertilizer fac-
tories, receives to the value of $23,857, New York $4,937, and Boston
$1,475.

The total export of bones and bone-dust amounts to 7,072,000 pounds,
valued at $121,493.

GUANO AND OTHER FERTILIZERS.

The import entry of guano, except from bonded islands, is placed at.
25,482 tons, valued at $873,790.

The export of guano amounts to 954 tons, valued at $41,530. 2,757
tons, valued at $77,190, goes as a foreign export to Ireland (1,537 tons),
eiant (680), oad Cuba (535). It passes through Peterebure: Va.
(1,437 tons), Beaufort, S. C. (779), and New York (541).

Other fertilizers are imported to the value of $157,471. Of this.
amount Baltimore receives $48,250, New York $18,897, Philadelphia.
$9,613, and other ports $80,647.

Manures, probably mostly animal, are exported, to the value of
$1,076,602.

SPECIMENS OF NATURAL HISTORY.

The following entered into consumption :,

Specimens of natural history, botany, and mineralogy for cabinets, &c., and

LOL OREN Al Certo et oe ic aie cues ielaioiclsicjoiechsiic cies) siaisiccwicwinietetnictets $12, 19%
Skeletons and other preparations of anatomy -..-..--.-.--.--------..------ 4, 040
SECS US epee eee eae eee ee erte | ralalcc hts Se ysisierde cic ieleis <Ioe sibisineie aja .ciciale atineisens 1k
IGG MDI SEee pe sere ere ese anaes eee oe a2 use oe ee 1, 097
PR SSILS ete ee oe ino ane) conic scins Casisice Saicicdcs wc cecisecnciscticcesine 375

ERO fall eee sens tae mes Si eloncoce oc casicts gore cere reece cere cee e ee eee 17,714

The following table shows the countries from which guano is imported:

Guano (except trom | Guano (except from
bonded islands). bonded islands).
Countries. Countries. Ns ae ie |
|
Tons. | Dollars. Tons. Dollars.
WOMEN ieee) eta ho Se say 1, 832 1139) | MCKICO Acs Selecteer ae zfs 18, 481 741, 124
EN CBee set sesh as Saco ce 16 "7 OV Wienezuela 2<.c.cseesmatsensee 4, 463 65, 276
BICGMAN Cree aa ee 4 317 || Allother countries and ports |
3ritish West Indies and Brit- in South Aamerica.... ..-- 1 12
Ish HOndUrAs!=--o-~ 2. : 615 7, 123 ————_——_ |—____—_
EGU sce tech ee eves eee 100 3,178 Total 322 --eee ero | 25, 582 873, 390
PBR ote oe oe ae eee oe 70 143

Guano is brought chiefly to New York (16,738 tons), Baltimore (7,732),
Philadelphia (673), Norfoll (500), San Francisco (122), and New Or-
leans (16).

300 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. _ |

The two following tables show the aggregate imports and exports for
the years 1875, 1876, and 1877.

Net imports.

Articles. 1875. 1876. 1877.
Sayin p animisls #22 ok ac oo ctsae ts ena een eae ea alone eee $2, 062, 542 $1, 715, 264 $1, 625, 495
Wish 2c 0 so oe ee ee ee -| 2, 802, 395 2, 520, 238 2, 253, 620
Hides, skins, furs undressed, hair, &¢ 20, 541, 768 15, 185, 194 16, 840, 299
FRITS 2.25) See ome ee ea eA te are ie eee er ee 2, 987, 865 2, 881, 329 2, 348, 380
"Wool; unmanufacturad << 2 se seccie le sawed ne cemane oneness 10, 379, 438 7, 929, 139 6, 684, 425
MANUIBCUUTOMOL san ihe s Seles eee hae ee Rene en tame ae 44, 216, 371 32, 607, 152 25, 328, 169
Rilke, wages osetia sea Ree ak ea ee eee 4, 471, 396 5, 405, 608 6, 583, 298
MANUIAOLUTGS Of bios ele cos bite nase eeae ee aaeeee oy 24, 107, 665 23, 487, 418 21, 630, 566
Teather and manninotnres Ob <n o-oo noice cece an dese onesies 10, 166, 909 8, 208, 150 8, 117, 655
Hairanannfactones s. ns -chdaoce-> ced ewer este eeceee ees oee 879, 419 348, 621 216, 745
ils, animal and vegetable ..-.... 2.52... 22 cnenc cence ecasees- 1, 906, 949 1, 508, 387 1, 699, 829
MOOG iS = Seeite walt eaten lta eee ten tee ess ot omnes oes ae 525, 667 704, 818 796, 200
PLOVIBIONS NOt INGO OO oe asap sles s sac erent wows sere ae | cect on ae ae Nea he ne |e
| $125, 048, 384 | $102, 500,718 | $94, 124, 611
Net exports.
Articles. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877.
Air yin aM Byam ons cee see we a a ware ee oe nee ae etate rene $2, 672, 505 $2, 436, 287 $3, 325, 203
Provisions:
MIORUB AN cube acun <tongedes om asonet au maWebe coach enceee 39, 217, 176 49, 592, 834 67, 288, 758
Butterand cheese... -coece ee perce es eaeeasscneeween 15, 166, 599 13, 379, 579 17, 125, 243
Eigen and condensed milk. ascends sence nscnercercas sre 132, 308 126, 849 132, 230
IB Scie Sen ta Dice a opeaine eee nee Co eea bn cme meom nen acme tame 3, 165, 065 3, 715, 184 4, 139, 706
ides skins; f0rs, ONG hair 22 seco ne sc k won was an aenwncmemaee es 9, 555, 747 7, 615, 565 6, 607, 716
Wool, unmanufactured................-. SSE Se eee eae 62, 754 13, 845 26, 446
manufactures of (not including hats and caps)...-.-..-.- 154, 401 336, 389 291, 837
Leather and manufactures of (including trunks).-....-...... 7, 438, 192 10, 142, 576 8, 298, 383
ils and fats:
Animal oils, including whale oil 1, 420, 324 1, 975, 972 1, 623, 301
Tare Ne AES Ge eee ee ene ee ee 22,900,522 | 22, 429, 485 25, 562, 665
TAHOW sack Sate tad ae ee nee a nian One eemen ae 5, 692, 203 6, 734, 378 7, 883, 616
SOND (ANT StaMCh) i wacscca\oancamvecewasvackenewenests ons 1, 136, 173 1, 209, 695 1, 093, 234
NIANNTEs ee ss obese conb eae cca odceee Oa ce einen meee ere tr omee 616, 376 922, 221 1, 118, 132
Totals eo tosh ere ttle ans ennai cen nen eee $109, 330, 345 | $120, 630, 859 | $144, 516, 470
Annual average for three years......-..--. Rinne aes well eo ees ae | Ben oe Aton ooo Kean eitae earee
,
*

; INDEX OF OBJECTS.

A.
Page

PATH IONS set asain clSescciss mises Sie atsisianise oped 184
PADEONAALTOW DIIGO 1 <5 =~ <5 8s cence cc cats sce 38
‘Aboriginal bird-spears, .-...--..-.---..-...4: 3
dryine-houses'-c2 S25 oes, ss 169
ABN-SPOAUS\cacca<iccssseeesceesc es 83
Absorbent, Infusorial earth for-......-...-. 208
Acanthophora muscoides........---..------ 266
a MRCP eases ee cee een es se 266
PLCANTHUTUS CLILUT OPUS) ae <2 shales ee se= - 38
a TTI CANS meee pte rea ecisielas 38
ACCORSOrIeSs) Hatching. 2.45. s5=-e2s-2<05 246-248
' of bows and arrows..-.-..----- 89

of obtaining and impregnating
ON Meee Sete ritoe aietatee alana == aso 245
to artificial baits ..........-.. 138
to hunting-birds -.-...-.-..-.- 137
to hunting-dogs......-..------ 136
Acetabularia crenulata.........-.-.-..--.--. 271
pA chins linewbuswsse ses a eos a5 seo 26
FACIL CarDazouie cee ccm ects ce ae cleatele-c a: ciel = 229
Garboliguss bres as tcsueie aa -F-- 177
HOTU G eo saan eee aera sae ters i 229
Osmit 2387225 S822 reise cess eses 177
PAQIIG = es eect ac eee teens. 177
‘A cipenser brevirostris:- ..-.2-).--2--------- G4
rf MACHIOSUSE ante we sete en eela es. sels 65
ue TH DICUNGUS soso ce see ean a= 64
ae SUUTIO Ns = ae laos seceeees cess 64
PACIPCNSSUIN Gees s ea eee ieee ceeiene sss 64
Adhesive eggs apparatus........-..--...--. 246
PLEPARLALLIONS == 2 see shises ass 35
PELULIGHTDYSIMALINUS) Soe emt sthe ats ssi t a 62
PGIALIN CDI =o cae ome nom ons aiels seta he win, iso, 247
African leech (Hirudo trochina)..-...-..... 231
PTS G ULI e epee ae terate stain tal a) Satellite alata == 12
Agaphelus gibbosus-:-.---=-.---.-------/-- 12
PANE AMIEL setae ce oi raat ait iate a= a0. s5s =~ 270
Agassiz collecting-tank .... .........-...-.. 176
PMP OTN eee See pee ae eater ess = > 33
Ahnfeltia gigartinoides .... -.-.-.-.-------- 268
i DUCA ee a ee I nee = 268
PACH VE PY AONE sesiechsiaee ec iatte sees bos.ceslee 142
PAT FONCODULO DS set onl Soe Sali aia as 247
PB = OUT GAN CSia x clonic = ose dail ais a apele cen hice 90
PENSEIE DUT Sle pe leete ets ee pa eee tte ars he AAS 89
IS DON eee tierra eicee eee aa.nes, oes es 90
CGR ORV OME Seenyasern ee maces 90
eM ATIAR CA CUNCMLGH) jute nie =e oinie Sa ceisioap ise x 269
AINAKS SAD Oso. sss ce = - ew Peet Genie er 190
BMUDIGOLE xe ae tiatioe me comet wm wen sieeeiacintetenas 40
ESL OLD OB sm cie oinie coke einia dene pn 59
ANID UNS DEES ee Oa re emo ania ROE CIO EE 59

Page.

Albumen; é&c-, Imports of-.-.-- s:hs2<.--22 299
Ole D1OOU) seater fa. se a eyes ae 229

OMOL ES o - once sot erations foe 230
Breparavlon Of. arse easteeee eee 175.
preparations, Manufacture of.... © 175
‘Ailpumiberscumiof dogs\..-- 2222522 Sencecoas 229
PA COSPMAILGDISie 7 eens ies cron e ae eee 7
BAN GOD Orie tacie cree bok ales Iee etre sais 176
ATcoholic’specimens|-=.- N=... 3.5 522-550 176
MG WiltOwere se areas eee oe se soos alee see 60:
AG WIVES H SMO Ke. os -. oe seh iy. sats 183:
WAN pices Se rian BENS ois. t tease deh, eget ists ch 265.
for ‘‘artificial staghorn” ......-. .... 265.
forfertiliZers’= =< aie ah epi o eas Seed 265:

BS tO0M Pes ssccteere ise anes. eh esses 265,

tor manufacture of bromine.......--. 265.

for manufacture of iodine .....-.. ... 265.
Om~pamentallcss).- Smee seer ate See 265
Alligators eee sete same e noch acess ee ee 21
Mississippiensis ...:..-.5-=--- 32-2 eee
leathers. sss0-5- 5% 2 aap eae re 215-216:

BVI S ky Ofte Set ta oe ee 228:

UCC BASS SR eee Ses ASAE ees ae 199
MPnrtless205:—5.5 wie witeyoshee ee aaa 22

PANT orator Olly ee nyas pet. os Soa eee ee 226.
PALO CCIC eee sate fe oe ia ts oes ee ees 6:
= OPIBSIVUUD ES oe nl= sss d = cee eeesseees 68.
PALOS Si SAPICUSSIING (oe oe S55 oon 5a 60
NIT ONSTOCKS\S les schici s. cine sect eeecee eee 142
‘Alcidium Blodvettii!.-- 22-254... eee 266
PAUUIN SOIC ats Ss oa2 4 Sy ee 178
Alutera cuspicauda .........--/.--..--. 25
PAD er-tiSh ees cc. vies: ote eee ee 43.
Ambergris, Imports Of |=. sso-s4- eee 298
of sperm-whale ......-. bP cee 2 228
Ambloplites 7upestris-..-4-s-t ss eee oe 48
FAM DYGING |. oS <i5 5 2 ease eee ea eeeeas 228.
American Badfericstasceetece te aac se sae 4,190
SORV Ol cane cew ace rassoe ee ete. 17

Stal O cas se este eM oi 2 7
Olub-fishesssunsaceoe este kee 2c 186

SE ein che opts ee a oS a8 8

ThOOCH emt eet se tsreatsre soe o 0's 231

Mallen se E bump secre.) aces Als). 34

Dwar eee ceecsevion . esate deci t esc 189

Otiareaenn Awe s cede hte 4

Dandines ys eee nn baste assess - 186

SOLO ere reniait Meas csclactouiasictels <'s 26

PATS CAV Reta ens asfe bresnid cig eee cjn2ae)s oe « 63
PAINT ULES Pete eee ee. steels w'p oyun s\a'sieis' a 63
EATON EE (C1 se AS a ee 62
PARTS SEU MOTUTULLN sc ein a ato acini ape me acc 265.
Ammodytes americanus...... .....---..... 31

302

INDEX OF OBJECTS.

Page. Page.
AMMO DUES ean ase sone nas dwachasacssene eae 31 | Antelope (Arctilocapra americana)......... 192
ATOM dp cis wou tew ic uceicnn cts were te aa aes 230, 299 Mairior(on skin) Jsceace senenes xe 218
Carbonate Of c% oc csacemsiccacese one 202 heads, Masks for -:....-..-.2..00< 141
UDP UTAe Ol ease ne eee eee ann eS OOLS Ola da soo en os a ee 202
Manufacture Of. c-nsssseccewecnss 10 PRO SNOW >a ae sta hee 7
Animunition (its preparation).......-.-.... 91 Antennariid ic 2.2 =~ -~s- = scdee cae sees eeee 23
PYepalel a .cesn6soeuoee aac tas 92 | Antilocapra SIN EVIGAND «05:5 sos oe ee ee 7
DOMMGrS = encenesewaee eeeeaere Es 94.) ‘Antilooapxids. ---2-5---kacsaee eee meee 7
MOSHULCS = sce. an can wes a enews 92:'} “Antilopingt: oss s.cr once eens ee nee 7
Amphibians, Propagation of..............-. 245° || Amtleral 12. Socse es ana. cap re ee eee 202
-Amphiros | Calitorniggdases<-1n<veucenedeue ss 267 Of dG: 2-5). siovre sc. Bie coe eees 202
#0 Sra iSRIM Gece wns cas eeess oes 267 ofelkis<. We 5 Paid ole aot te 202
= MED ane an= ee ecane tat ewe cess 267 OP MOO8G 2. ant aa tee ee ae ee 202
co NODUIOND (<<man/ceaemseashaciesan c= 267) "| BMarelos oc soo: poe eee ae 142
Amphistichus argenteus ..........-....--.. 88 | Apeltes quadracus s:...--=-.35 as0ce.0 556s 4
x Sims eee see eee cane ne OS || AMO0GS. «22-05 st Socte vance meee eee eee eae U3
SE OATI NTI Ley amma eeianetn axl ee ante ote erect 28 | Apparatus accessory to rigging fishing-ves-
Anadyomene flabellata ..................--. 271 SOIR 2 so ecco nse Sener eens 150-162
Anarnacine® ..... etalk = ere eee seers : 12 Adhesive eggs. -..--.5...2-..-<: 246
-Anarmnacus semijunctus ...........-.....--- 12 Angling (accessory) .....-...-.. 118
ANATTMICHAMICD: += nate wnc ep neeee eens nme ere 32 Angling, Partsandaccessoriesof 97
-BNATTNGNAS INDIE os scone sansa ace eee ae 32 Cooking <<. =..5..42..s2see-eseees 162
af VOMOMNUS .ncus psu edeoeee eee 32 Cord-twisting? -os2225 cess eee 89
Anatomical instruments, Bristles for ....... 219 Deep-sea-sounding ..-.--.--..--- 80
JOUS haan capes ose eeeanoes cites 176 Dinping i ss: Speer eee 248
Anchonedpillenetis-.scne.-=seoeareeeeaceneee 123 Hlint-.chipping).<<5-h-a2h hn oe 89
PAIL GN OTS © op ctu nn pes s tnseleta ee eeraeee oene 153 for collecting specimens ....-.... 233
Anchovies, Essence of... -...-.2--2 wc.cescee 186 for destroying injurious species. 248
Preserved exports of............ 283 for' drawing iontsssesn.-u> = aa 136
Preserved imports of........--. 279 for ice-cutting .......-.....---.- 168
DALLGG ooo soon eeee een eee. 186 fot kindling fire<:to 2a. 525-c-nr 162
ANODOWY sis ann aia Beatin coda sano naa poe 61 for making and preserving alco-
BRUCE. Rocce cams epee see eae anane 186 holic specimens. .---.-.--....- 176
Ancylopsetta quadrocellata..............---. 28 for making and mounting skins. 178
ngel-nsh= 2. ssesccssseerasaneebeaceedenne 39 for making carts... =. .-2<:: <2. 1i7
Azigel-fish: Blacks. 225 5 sneccecussubow tes 39 for manufacture of nets (acces-
PP LGN oc ileus oe eee aMsgesuadaomactck see 23 BOLY))-o-- hes ~ cans eee 130-131
Angling-apparatus, Accessory....--.....-.- 118 for physical research .........-. 233
Parts and accessories of 97 for preserving and making skele-
AN olin g-ta ole jsvese cat cme y orto Soeen sete 95 TONS: 33s 2.028 de koe ees 177
Anpnilla nos Grats ton sn2+ esp ss aeasccc oer ee ee 63 for/amoking outs-2<-csbeeeeeecue 136
JAD PUGS hii ccwacnecem. spew Seton a meee 63 for suffocating with fumes of sul-
Avimal Gharooals odo cnnt senncoweunlesucece see 230 PIDES .xcoweection wacker eee 136
equipments hon 255 ons cee eens 142 for transporting eggs ........... 247
fertilizera Other... scaswoads ss cueee 232 for transporting fish ............ 247
for scientific uses, Preservation of .176-178 for twisting lines .....-........ 116
products and their applications. 179-187, 273 for wholesale destruction ....... 136
scalps: < oct sheds cus Seco eae nee 217 Matehing i i..25-<ccseoe omen 245-247
calis; whistles, 6. oc: se0 sse<cesnes 138 of leather-dressing, recent and
Animals and birds, Imitations of .......... 139-140 aboriginal ...-~.</Aws<sssse8 172
Bladdets,0f-c-sectassss eee oewee 215 Photographic (accessory). -...-. 178
breeding, Foreign imports of ....-- 274 SOGUNG \. 255 <eswodn see nasa eta 169
Cages for:.'/.22.- <1. Coie es 243 Smoke-drying. .............-.--- 169
decoy, Living’... =<: feces sess e ces 139 BOP i. ceenenaseverveuceee 168
domesticated, Culture of ........-. 244 Crensporting \. .<)-<u xa, ckaseatnie 247
Dung of, used in calico-printing... 228 | Appliances for working up results.......... 233
ood for... ..s.25 cease aed 187 Of ONSUIG fade oo ce sine cages ae 142
all of, for dyeing..2....c¥.dtnses< 228 | Applications of animal products...-.....-. 179-187
PAULIN Bo a cul nou cere ee eae ee 186 | AQmaTIO sens Cowes eo tinpn eh ewe peewee 244
Predatory, not elsewhere exhibited. 244 | Aquarium-car (Stone’s).........-.....-.---- 247
useful, Enemies of...............<. 244 | Aquatic animals, Fish-cars for ............. 244
Anisotremus virginicus .................... 47 Floating cages for........ 244
PE OUUM tein GMs ya cir Raed. 'ccuheovahenee 202 || -Avabian mena. 22 530569e. kn eee 23t
TOON see ai dn tans's wns «SAO out ce CG aEEe 262 | Arara, Rad-mouthi. v.25 < che seen ee ae AT
<BITURIOUGIOITBGRL Wn <nSa sapewesduseacedace 191 | Archosargus probatocephalus .............. 46

INDEX OF

Page. |
PAPC TIGPHOX coisas a Sint |S jst aszice sais aug Sa ee 189 |
Arctomys caligatus ..:........-...------.-- 16
oe HAVEMON GOK ge aaa i-% <'-)5s<eiece 16
= BORN CO YR Chae See tetei ale taociee en le a 16
Argentina syrtensium...................... 56
Axmgentine, Westerm....-2.<..-.......-..... 56
Ber MVTOIOSIS VOGEL. -cclen ei -nsicann seis cnc a 41
PAPE MUTOSOMUS A TUGUL -csacien- <= sc ses cc cm = 57
/TOTTCT VU SE ae eter a eee eee 20
PREM GO GHIDS = sen xan aialaineinicis< = seicie se sess 71
MORON Bremer c ecient eee cca swt 80
PAINOMIGLENSLV.G <.- cemins acco: ae sncesims = Si 165
Arms, Breech-loading ..-.-..-.----..-.------ 90
TG ee rae en en eo es 90
M721 @-TOROI Pe oc cael oe oe a eicienye > 90
Army collecting-tank ...... pee eieasee <a. 76
Arrow-head pouches ....-...-2..22.......-. 89
AUATMPSNEMS meccccsseselem ei ce 89
PARDYO WAL Sosa medicine toaccclonss cin scsceccose ss 88, 89
Arrow-shafts, Feathered .........-..-.--... 220
Arrows, Harpoon (used in fishing).........-. 89
UM eee ase s nai ee ne sees 88, 89
PATSEMIG = =<: =- 5525 Seine seN a cecee cscs savas 136, 178
PAS SONIC AIM SOAD = <x oon sane scemaaecab'sa% 178
PATHICUIAgIN F-LOO1S) <<<. <1 acc nic <= <jnsieis aiciss'0 oe 177
RETIN C IMD ALUG ema ae ees aes asia teeeee = =~ 138
(accessories to) ...----.---<. 138
HIGS Soe cs arniepreisis.cln, cis slams press 138
TOLDASS eee se sea e ee ass 102-114
for/salmonSs-foe seen Sees 5 102-114
Feathers used for. --..--...-- 220
Hairand bristles for (see under ;
45) A eeceeceacccceccssiccss §=|219
OMVROOKS assis sereeactecina- © 102
Raw material for making .... 138
Tools for making. .........-.. 138
PUAVOS a cei ase re leila 232
ice, Methods of manufacturing.... 168
Iie apes nee See es aro 167
staghorn, Alge used for .....- cee (260
AOL PlUMNAL LY)“ = 5 ere cicleraaai= se, cls ca sisi 172
Arts and manufactures, Materials employed
AN oe ois soles Aoicsooe Seeecsitcnsces 197-232

medicines, Chemical products and

agents used in............-.-.-229-231
Ascothamnion intricatum ..............---. 271
Asperococcus echinatus .............-.s.00. 270
ee SINNOSUS =-2 2 -sao7cece en eeas 270

PAR DD MIALOUS foe eet ieee ye Ss c5 oo 136
SAIRDICONECHES TELOX onc zac sc ose w eee ce cian 22
5 Spinto: skee sees mas ace secs 22
Aspidophoroides monopterygius.........--. 33
PUBS Gate Emoto oar aemacae eee ocice 209
Astacus, Concretions from stomach of....-.. 207
FASINOSCOPUS/ANODIUS .2% a <fzedstuasanaaiense ce 32
PTL OTULOAES te chee nein ma Minuit reed ou ade sci 53
PA OOM AU SNAG 8 Ss saan Ds cent see eee e 67
PACINO BOAT Oram ua neise eae ce es coco 19
EMUIBS GQUN OM sh acm oiivce iden Saseneee ce Sebipe a ote 215
Aulostoma maculatum............-....---. 54
CATILOS OMICS Pen actaae tua neces cclcislcewieane 54
BANITRV OS ice e tb ais aie hia oh eb cciale ns kos 223
Aas TODS x. tacea)iotak note a estes a oe 79
LAS OEE CIS EARS ODEE AEG e Ba eon Bee Oe 76
CEI Oe chats ete share nc oatia its Res io dis a 172

OBJECTS. 303
Page.

B.

Babiche (see under D 20).
Bacon and hams, imports and exports ..... 276-277
IS RG HAMS PUNO same ta aa eaia asian ae oa 19
Bad Por AMON C OT meters minima =) ~/< 512 on clere)aawietate 4
RIT OL se vena sacs sieiecrae 217
TB ee Bia Coe Ole cre oar eee elaine aie sine cai = ate 166
Inflatableaoscsin scenes emeemcccierce as 176
BON Pe ce cjeisny. aisles See Seiela ato nicl oainot onto 174
Baird collecting-seines.......-..------------ 127
Bairdiella punctata: ----- 2-2-0. - cece cnn oe 45
BaANCISUAres.. <ssicic ose nie epee acne asseeiae 19
IROLPOISC)a2 saan enniseue =e aera 10
Bait, Sea-snails used for........-.4---5-.--- 251
ROM OS tee totaal soisemteleiaiec ae iaiaisiottoeiss aes 127
POKES eerste cise wre cay Sensi eeeaeelseacre 138
Bivalve shell-fish for...--..-.---=:25+: 253
CONS ere ee iacle'siecsieasaciss ses Sac Sees 138
COSUN CUS se ele see erence ol erates eels 130
clams, Wheelbarrows for ...-..------- 138
CIMibOUS ete e ener ate: sae csiocteaie 138
IBantedghoOkSpesese ca. = a aais oe seem sine ana 95
WOOP NOU e epost ose lateralis Sait =e 129
Balteladiesseecreen rs taco awl sistele poeiciel=raiei at 79, 138
Bal o- LS eeece ace nosis) oe a aeeeceee ae 138
Bait-amiUlKNIV eS). 1cie=12 faeces esos se eisai toe 77
Bait-mills, knives, choppers, &c.....-----.-- 170
Bait-needlesi- at. = ..-sscciciaivic -'s25.c/er- ciclo oe 138
BOC eee evens seis sete ha elon tatee ai sfaters 137, 187
BATHING ley we at ee site Sore mec see ee 138
Methods of preparing (accessories) --. 158
Naina eee eet rersiicia'e (sta atal toot oessaya 187-138
IPTEPALALION Ofte. ac =/<1<:5)=.0~ se cieie =a riaaale 170
Breparcds(S6ei3..45)\-" /-j-in stare etka 187
Saltedees soe scmcs ace oes hee aes 137
Bt) era ete oe cle ofa(a 2 ats = = cle ae ee 137
Spoon, plain and fluted ..-.....-.--- 101-102
BalenaMySbiCObtUs: --\.-150<.-.-<'<10.00 ances eee 13
Bale mi deere sons sisiaie 1s’ sieiseis's oo as seietaistatnacae 13
Balznoptera Davidsonii ..................-- 13
ce DOSUUALD soe acais coasenis seer 13
te Velifera, =o y-5- tes pees 13
Bal NOP UCL Wen soe saa lala cioe aio eee eee 12
Balewnopterin® ......--. Do eae at ee 12
SAIL G OM eee ore misao’ s,s: ta ves ciate mretomtelanieiaia es 203
Balistes €apriscus:-.-5-< a5. 2+ coe ebeee hes 25
Sel TEEDE OG Gao roan cinta ate ae ene 24
Mit SNObULD 6: <.-:5 212 2cten'iopee aei eae 24
BN Stid $0).j\ 2 njei- oc os ae oo soe Sa eee Eee 24
Ball, shot, and wire cartridges.............. 92
(Ballistas) . - qrec cscs cette cette cece seen 88
SanGed: ROCK-NS Dy vee ese te ale eee 35
Rud der-fish 2 ssscee ese eee eee 43
Seal! - 35 Re St caceanes since wheels 6, 192
Bangia fuscopurpurea..-......--..-.---.--- 269
Bankk-notean ky cements a ayerepeca alta wars 200
Banta refrigerator, Horizontal..........--.. 168
Barbed implements...-..:-..-..---- am cicaee 82
AT CSUIA seen tana ina =) <.nrs,a 5 i= nie ss cis ay 82
Bark MinGheec seem cnc Cc sca na ass ieee Se 116
SAUNA OLAS ee cea teeta ea Seren ea aiele 8 cee wi ais ase 244
IBATTACH OR WNONGHOLIL seco os cece hme cn sce = 52
PHO UU ENR ates sie acta tatareiate hs ims cmon apsya.s 53
ES ATOLL erie Me ene ciste afore nee cpa ww miata’ 174
PEDAL MLGOl Detect eaa smai2 juices o2 5 oka saa 161

304

Page.
ISaYNel- DOLE TOL CGS + say nes aon s ene atone 133
WRANP BIE! wc cls cen awn'cel acu ace ee cease eee 169, 247
BaIrel-Grapa’ We veiss 2c 2h oye ek Ae 131
Barren:Ground: Caribou ...-.-- «2-60 +. sn 8, 193
Barrier-nete/saeo< soca utnnd ae atess ae eee 122
IRarMiGy-BNANES!sc-- cena tae bee aea ce eeaeee 134
Barriers, Bay or cove (Rasch’s)..........-.-. 246
Bar-w6ireice sJbesaue ons spicienwahi dee eee 134
Basket-hatohin ge? 2.2 22ee aces nwo 246
Baskets, Gameiand fish... < os... f-25eike 167
Salmon (Columbia River).........- 131
Bass, A rtinicigltlies ton 21csesses-s Sees 102-114
GABA Soto ete cece an ote ae eee 48
ROO. sie atest atau in ae 45
OOhrs samidee de hoe sce eee 48
BOG i aawaehs eecainne sane e eae meee eee 50
NpOtied |S... nce 1 Aaa ee eee 45
Siripediacsh is. 52. sateen moe ee eee 51
WWI oa 0.o tc castaw actanseekios es Mae eater 51
fishing, multiplying reels for... .....118-119
TACK Oak. oe eects bes esata see 96
ATES see siete x ole eee ae ere 133
Bastard: Snapperc-2--ae3- == ose ees 46
Bat Puen sasShc fase See ek econ ete eeeeece 231
Batraghidse 32225 ..2ooseh2esdsscnasene ae coaee 32
Batrachus tan <<. 52-22-2:4<-scs-aceeeeaeeese 32
Bat, SO =< 2 sosceoceecaks es woseua en oae 23
Bas Ree OF See sickes s bv cce whee auc ee 195
Bay or cove barriers (Rasch’s).--...---.---- 246
Jgynx: (Gyns rufus). 2552 s..-c seuss ae 188
POY OSG tase ue oss Seen te eee oe 1l
Beach-dryerses-<-- =~. 2cactne*sssaaoy eee 168
Beak, Walfo-. ces eo sseeta ee eee 55
Beam-iwawh) sft: chevcsss eres ene nee eee 129
Bear, Black =2).<<:s5.sae2 su ear 5, 191
Bones Of Kos wees eset ee eee 199
Glawei0ie: ccs se ns oe eee ecco 203
Galzzly es. o. i. cence so aiaee e eee eres 4
Mair ofc. ve se ckeeetet atone eee 217
PON. 22s oct ee eae pee cee 5
WIG st owoucsee es uboee coenene acs 5
Beartled Wlyine-fish: «cs acs ans anc oxevan ees 55
GATS yo econ eae as ete oe Se eee ree 223
meat de@rkedyet vee te ccccccst ace oe eee 182
OU face veehake sere Shee anc eee ee 228
Sears, Vectit ol. see. ce oce ee ee eee Nee Ur
Beaver; Amertenn oo. cess bs sees eee 17, 194
Cagtorenm Of; .c2. 2.6555 > aes see 227
Burl (Gsstor)..22o ae cee eee 196
INGIBOLG'OL es cek enc ct ac chicckEs Coe 198
leather 2.2 oo woche ces ee ee gee eae 214
560-Dug YG. .ascs seecse apace ee Stor eres ee 229
BOB ios. finn odode coe Eee eee ne eee 162
IN Gta fOr oo 2 ee ae eee ee eee ee 165
Beef, Imports and exports of. ..........-.-. 276-277
Dried, smoked, and salted ..........-.- 182-184
Bees, Propagation Of. ......acsssesuseeeee ss 248 |
SORE WES. woe nase envne du day ecu n aera eeee 230, 299

INDEX OF OBJECTS.

Beetles, &c., Vesicatory preparations from.. 231

Belayin
Bellows

WVODEM Olean wiclasc
g-pins

vue acekaw US
vache Saeha eee 151 |
We eshte ake ooeeneare 248

Page.
Clone JatimaAnuss nov onsen buscdin a eeRees 54
\onginosanee--252- 2-22 eee 54
Belonided AALS sehapncis atone ore eee ents 4
IDGL TS Ws ten tian se ose oe ne 95, 166.
CLOSS See mataeserer ete oe Gs neceene 166.
NB GO ree ga dere Ste eee ee eee 95-
Beluga leathers nce oss i ceve0ns depeces See 214
Bermuda Bonito. 2.5.4, -ase2ser> see eee 42
| SHAQ! oc6s50 stapes tale Sis ae aie 46.
Berry Cid ais 6:5, seas wen seataers wgeeecereeien 44
BAMA KAS iS ai oaete ne lacie = chine een 144
Bidarraa ies toe sectors Sex ee aol oe M44
| -Bif-eve, SROD. «en <n acsncats nakite een ee eee 52
Big-eyed Herring. Joc<oxcs0 tacecwkos saath 59
BCA cy oc. co snte see eee 41
Bi BHOIN 6 Lae ol Sern Oy per ee ee Eee 7
Billiard-table cushions, Manufacture Olsyau: 173.
Birch-bark: canoes) ..5.-<<2525s2hcseeeeeesee 142-143.
BivGh: canoes 23.28 da50scns5de aeeeaeeee 142
Bind LOTS | 523-2. otiose eee eo ee ee 195
gelatine; ~.ts Sze Ae Cree 221
Pelatines). 226-665 onc oo, =n eee 187
PUAN hea aoa sok fat ee ee =u s2BE
MOSH'NCEB «isin cciea oSenidleon sn aoe ee 122
OUS:.ccacuesduce ys asses cee See ee 225-226.
Extraction Of /+o22 wa-ss =o sees 175
PLEpAarAilons 5 5--weee wee wows 183-185,
Bind-calls\.....ctscseckencedscenc cen eee ss 138
Bird-fyke. ...---. glia Sones eRe ends 133.
Bird=lime,&0\.0) sasaeessee so ee eee 135-252.
Binds, Boneiof .c<-Seese eee sso ee ee eon 200
Cagesifor sa: sc cece note ean 243:
Chemical products from. a nai ca lata ated 230
GColoning ftomi.a.2/cc6e sees en cones 228.
domenticadted:> cost eek ee ae 244
DowiiOls:... Sassou nat ea dae es ae 220
Foreign imports: of. .-....-20% oee-a-2 274
JOrkGdttssss etek oy Fea tas ene 183:
Propagation of:.-.-.+--5.-+s-eeeee= as wad
Quille oft wz Ms Ss gon noweeaee ans ae 219
Bird- hunting cc sewage sew doce ek deheres 137
Bird-skins, Leather prepared from. ..-....-. 215-300
Bird-slings (used by Eskimos) .......-...--- 86.
IBird-engstes sick. eos sc te) owas ee ee ee ates «hoe 86.
Bird-spears, Aboriginal ...... ............-- a
Bison americanus 2.5.5 s620 4... segseestneus 7,192
Hoots Of costes 23 = sescton abe aoe ee 202
leathen< 523s. cudwecdeeetgeeak dees aes 209
Bite. 055.2. dabaqetvasdonedcnecas eee eee 142
Bivalves, Other, for food ...-.............:-. 256-257
Bivalve shellfish). cts ccn ss a be a 253.
Pow Daitin Jost wae 253
for O00 +e. 25:3 Jeske dusins Wee 253
Bivalves, Injurious <...0. [22.52 ccet see ness 258-259
Prepared foods of. . 5. ...2....5<.5 259
Pearl-producing ...... 22.2) ss--«: 257

Useful or ornamental, other than
for f000 . ..2 ssc ccce nerannencems 257
useful, Otherwise...s.1ceicesen=e 258
Black Angel-fish «2s. 2s2cioccsev-swncens 39
BOGE sscc co ducssae@ebens shone ss Reged 5, 191
Oab cis cd deeckdds sseadendns states - 18
Doctor-fish ....-. -. nie dos tee ies snes 38
Dog-fish «2. <s-csacasdcessenssesdgenas 69

aaa ii cae

i ia

INDEX OF

Page.
MAGS GTOUPED we sce ries sce == neem =~ 50
Reh ee a saeco nl oaice wa a= wa siainicor nia « 17
Udder Hal ees seen a = 9 nam a on 43
Srraikareen eater tees tase eee ela 61
Bass, Large-mouth. -...--.----------- 49
Small-mouthed..-......--------- 49
IR TAGRS DassbaCK Os seee ae = an == = 95
iBlack-eared GROCKIBN --.-------s-c<~~----- 35
TE GaN eee teen nets a sete ois. = cies) eile in'e) seine 11, 36
Le ae aeys ata Se sine ci das-re ceed one
Black-headed Rockfish ........------------- 35
Black-tailed Deer (Cariacus columbianus) .. 193
Black-winged Flying-fish -..---..----------- SDD
ln Gers Of ANIM SIS te - occ csiclemice ms «= = min 215
Blanket decoy (for antelopes)--.------------- 141
Blankets, Imports of ..........--.----.----- 286
(rubber and mackinaw) .---e.e.-. 162
al eeua NT eae eerie winistereiewiaiminin'ein i= — == 172-173
preparabion..--.2-----\.----------- 177
Blepharichthys crinitus .-..---..-- -------- 42
BET aS ee ee ewe aan ae niall min 150
PBLOU POA a2 ial a's ori ne 2ycm\myelnlei~ iwi <'= i= =~ ~~ 271
Blood pAlbumen! Of 2.22. --c-ce sane = 229
FESO AUS ieee acicaeeatsaionise al=in.cine 228
OOISONIS ee nicl e ate = cle 33 'esinin= aioe cinininlein= = 136
Blow- SUNS ALTOWS) 22 sen = os (nsisc1-ia:sie <= i= = 89
(DSS) eeeete eres tiene lala seins 89
(by the breath)..............-... 89 ||
PGI OR Ka ee sean a amie taleis cc sia minrs cea i8's 174
BSD DEL-AOLKS ana = a2 seen eee eatin == 00cm 81
ATU AT -NOOKS saeeere ete a sae cincia= > ssa = © 81
BALI OS seer en ea ee asi sls aie 73
Blubber-mincing spades ..-.....-.---.------ 77
BT DeL- DINOS ee cine ee ta awe= calcio cles nc nae = 81
ITOH AKO Shes sain nate Sesscse sic saci Sire 30
PATROLS cecisclels cicleleSieis aa se ticiss=cieie's 36
ars Sa cese cc cectia cio cionedes acanceee 68
Blue-cheeked Red-mouth .........-----..--- 47
INTO See eae ete aia cia inietae ls etatae oi aisl <1 36, 51
Dal Lmesencossse ssc cme ean wses 185
BERN OS ges ease ineninate oa cia eeiala ls 12
GACK Ob eo. asicmece sea setae eens 96
PIPe-HOACEH UAE aac itn access sine nec cccicle 68 |
PII GNOSGwOY CAIN au. Seiecieia otis on oaeieaonoee 48
Blhe-striped Red-mouth ............-..-.-.- 47
WT OIIO BNL CS een sic cele oa oe tinct wont cele = 73, 174
Boat-builders’ materials ...........-.------- 154
ROM HOOKS 2 or = Sayctae e <iee oi<. die, sfaixlavminieys/slorsie Simei: 80, 151
PAUSE Lom hors Secs Soe at ee Unrate ate Matias aes 142-150
DOSES fOR tee iia cer ae cee os eens 141
VEN SENN Oats Sek re yeaa eet ets ee reat 148
Boat-seine, Pump-box and haft for......--. 146, 161
PSOAUS MSN ELS 2 wien caaacis Velsicety fcicw oasis aie 142
fishing, Cat-rigged ..-.......:...---- 148
PRU ESTN UAT ire ars Scrsten ta ea hetetarats uals aan «i 142
Dit LATU OLS OAT eer fal doate alm leloralets ain ta) 3 147
IG TOAG MUAH ba. oct oe re ccmtrenescciee 149
ODER Leaman ein seeeie sek aera cin's nae aos 145
Siete ce a) en ae eee ee 147-148
KAT an oe ene Jes ~ creck Semiciea 146
WLAN Gane ta Ramses ieee aaa so ae = oie 146
SO ites te Gr oe a ee oe es eueca theme ae see 97, 188
Welinssen sep eteccret ces eense scans’ 97
Body-oi, Preparation of ...--..--...-....-.. 174
a CN COCOOUN sere apna sea we nina oe’ samen = 5 171

Bull. N. M. No. 14-20

OBJECTS. 305
Page.

Boiling-vats ..-..- 2.00 sccncce caer es ceenesenns a ies
IBOlta tN Dee a-nc aie cnn wlala = nialm a~'n o:ninm clei om = = 16¢
IBOLT Cems = eircie tect cies Mrcine s\n ninelni= =. 92
BES TL era asta etek eieichcteiare.s oi= atmiamimnl 197-201
and ivory waste .....----..--------- - 200-201

Ol DINGS ee sone eer eee teen sao = 200
Cuttle-fish - .....-----.----..--------- 187, 207
Ofehishesmerenee creme tesa tericena= seein 200
Gelatine froms =. 4-5 -s2=-6eee4=-=- = 187

GL MAM MAIS ciscrsccieteelelainiaio'e a =\mo/= 11 199-200
points, Clubs with .......--.---.------ 71
eMiVieSS oe oe eee Oe aes 75-76
BOnG-DIAG eee csele salen aca oenalese es 200, 228, 299
charcoal for filters .............- 200

IBONLEBVO fy DUTEALO Matsa olsen ale siete = = tnininlan'n = =i 199
IHX POTUS LOL aioe! on ale\einn ola Tat /siemerw ara aia 300

and ivory shavings, Gelatines from.. 221

MMP ORbSO Laer aeraelaa wales Reinet ato pila 299-300

OLAS WOLU-TS Dee oat sara seals aro coc cena 200

RS Meee eee rissa inwts sm aie'siniocermialaie siete 200

BO tO sees Satis oan soe eerie elnte wie ietale 40
BETMU CA ee eee ese seep cleiniee ele 2
Mone-NnnN ede crises seis eects ieee 40
(Geant ne -ceme tices sais se ilateialaiaiere (a <i 40
Boomsatevolyin oer c= sccisccn cians entaa- een L la
BOOTS aN GASHOGS oe ete ale n= = a\ae wiclenlsiccele 165, 292-293
Bostrychia calamistrata .........--.---..--. 266
a Mion GAC Olea stem tecir ancl) = ielnaiele ais 266

oe IVPOTMUZA AM Uatects sintejeiciaters slaeiainiess 266
iBottle-headswWihaley. ><. so-4 «oss nae ceccke ice 12
FROUCOMIENGUBIINES ee ae aeicinels sage atiels ceemneicies 91
BOW eee eee cio oe oe aoe o ea oeemisciomioeiaie 7
IBOVATISC Ree tees seat rise nen cesineatane= fi
IBOWHeEadaWihalolet cc aces. -icca-eesoosteaeee 13
TBO Wil Caen ee emis = a\rleeniais': isinnisleie tela aiays 170
BO Witla Ses eem eaten ee! cams cisisieisie Sensis 134
Bow-mouthed Gar-fish.....--........-....-- 54
BOWS: anOvanrow Sco css d---. sence Seeeleecsinis 88
(TOSS eee eae sect on ee eieeeeee 88
PIMP Oferta arate(< sinin sis ajo sanaanietaaeee 88
IBOXCS eee rosie caicisictcicloi slertem emanate 95
IB AL baer pono ec cle seein cee nee 138
Glass-grilled (Coste’s)...--......2.-. 246
Matchine (floating)! 5. --- -senecccasae 246

WG S SSAA pee oomoneoooceeccoonocsesucé 168

BES OLS EIS Wik VIS 12h = ofa stein a mit oho pmtaroie tea eral 242
PBOXCH OGL ni nce ay Cee eeiae ee een aatee ares 161
Box live\(CAtKINS'S) =. a. a eae eer eae eee 247
IB OPEL Saeco oe are tela ater eae aiatalate 133
Brackett’s patent fish-ways. ......-.-...---- 242
LOU PHS) «Sa cee cniamintanesienlseaielale'e 255

Brains of buffalo used in tanning. .--.....-. 225
Branchiostoma lubricum...........-....--.. 70
Branchiostomid@.--=.2-beseeceoe-ceses ses 70
Brazilian diamond-beetles .......-..-..-.--- 208
Bream.....-.- Se et ares eet ee he fa eee i ees te ota 46
SING - NOR G een ate ser eel tice cela ic 48
Charlestoneeceteetcccnic ss sac occasions 46
IBQeasty ites aoeee amare aiteiisis cee vnc sien a se 165
IBYECCHOAMIN OT ANMS seco. c= < nao sana om 90-91
IBTSCOU-SIONIAU emcee ete acon si cicecn Veen ale 93
IBTEVOOLMA DAlsONUS ess cee sae Be nccse wccinc as 60
“f VL ULTRA ee otter ate nies milla oye <1m(=1= = 59
IBPIC POR ME Olid Gee amet anion ideas tee cals = 142
Pri vemntne ee eeritceacls aici o Geese snp wel 28

306 INDEX OF
Page. |
Brillantine, Pi sparation of .....---...---- Seu
Bristles, Consi.mption and imports of .-..-- 265
for anatomical instruments ---..---- 219
of hog and peccary ........-.-.---. 218
for shnemakers’ wax-ends .-.......- 219
Broad-fingered Sea robin ..-..--..--.------- 33
Bromine, Algw in manufacture of........... 265
Brook (Pickereli- = po. c<caussenaieccecreunace 55
Brook-shanty (Furman’s).........--.---+--- 246
BOOK SULOMU aes phere as aaa sate abe metente roe 58
Brosmius americanus. 2.2... .2.226.esscennes 80
Brow CHimMcera. cel <onacueenieser ee eticecas 65
PeMGAN 2 25. once can ane no sae en 195
Brushes Deer-hainh <5 wee s<ncee = eka aes = 218
Weathering os... oe awe wens eosin es 247
from hair of skunk......-..-..-.-- 217
Hair and bristles LON esse ees 217
SIVODSIS UY PUOM SS macsnsm eee esiane see ks eee 270
ce MIOMOSAicee eens ee cone ee 270
3ryothamnion Seaforthii .--..............--- 266
Grin PUIATO! «ace ntace w= sa tens 266
Bubalichthys bubalus'.--:...-.2. 0-2-2. 2-.<- 61
Bucemnrm, Shells Ol. a2 seu 4 eee ss aaten ae 206
Buttalo; Am 6vioan< .s0 ce oc can ce anceneurse ents kon
IBONGS (OL pes ses tacos tote eee 199
- Brains of, used in tanning.-.-..-.-.--. 225
LOM Ole ones fen ae eesti sane 201
DBIUBWALDles- snocc bes woneme ema ree 215
PIBIVES ecco che ete en ote seers 61
TRS eee eee ars ersten oe at ere 196
MORON Gis ee eee ee ane enn ieee tm 209
ments SALLE 22. .cc.. cosacem eset ows 184
Bulk-waddine sos penac- anus eeenane eee aaaae 92
Bull-dog sounding-machine .......-----.---- 86
Bullot-holders .c-- <<. - 4-2 see ene e eee .. 94-95
Bruet-mMolSs.-.--<255 sac cakea se adaeaen eee 92
PSULCLS ne oe nace wee ne Ree US A meas 92
shells, &c. (explosive) .....-.------- 92
UU LOWE soe esi oe Cot eae ewe ens eer ey 97
Bune DUCKS sas sem eelse ae eee ea ee eee 161
Bonts. UANCG ose aee s. sena ena nest ade enemas 127
WULDOb sac eon. eee ob vem e ec uree 30
(BOY-NSD pasnes eae ae oes cpe sea teweoseuelees 23
Burning Of LMG. ss sewn seen een secre eee se ae 176
Burning shells, Models of kilns for......-... 176
Burnt, Hots 2222s ee eee Oke ee aee ane 202
BPONLO Caievceewtyecesesce= heh ans 231
Busyoon; SUGUS Okewsesees cree con eweseecs 206
Butter, Exports and imports of. ......-..--- 276-277
fish . 3. oic thee bodes ds eee weer 43
from’ milk of GOWSicensack secs ccon a 225
Buttertiy, Mlying-fel-.- Jess seeen aes <a a3 54
BY, «se cade case sane aes ooeamat 66
BVRRUR OL MOUUSKS .ducnvelune vee sued outa’ 222
of mollusks, Fabrics from.........- 196
of wing-shell (Pinna nobilis) .....-- 196
C.
RONOA = 5 Wunanhsan>- S dachar soeenwy ee aeneeies 7
ROBIN coi ethan t waaeanas oa svask Cone tenne 142
CHARON hice Broome ar duspus dduaestpocenepaneens 243 |
MC MOIRA CEB wo ong oa nate eee meee 243 |
TOE WPOM su anass sess el es on roe 243 |
aie STIMON oii ot alas sen osisnckaxee 243-244 |

.

OBJECTS.

Caléined ‘coral. <6 “J. vevkes ose eee
shells
California Gopher
Gray Sauirrel on 20 soe ee

Ground Squirrel.................

Hare

Spotted Sole

Sting Ray
Calliblepharis ciliata ---:.5..-.20.-.-s.20- 2
Gallivhinus titsintis:-.2--22e---ser ss neeee one
Callithamnion Americanum
ea Baileyi

bs BOLreM a secs een ss eee eee

xs byssoideum
corymbosum
es eruciatum
rf floccosum
a heteromorphum
a Lejolisia
7 plumula
pullophorg:---- o--.5e~ eee
Ss Pylaisxi

ee

5 Turneri

oe versicolor
Callophyllis discigera
2 obtpsifoling.2-~ 20 o ce Coens

on variegata
Calothrix confervicola. ...... evi con de ee
a scopulorum
Calls, Animal, whistles, &c
Bird
Caméla bain c. acco es <6. ean oese eave ene
Cameo, Sea-snails for----.«-_-=. --...-.-.2.-:
shell
Camera-obscuras
Cameras and fittings
Camera tripods and stands.......-..-.-...-.
Camp outfit
Camp Huntin gs <n. ache tenes eee
Canada Lynx
Pike-perch
Canadian cochineal: ous... <<. sascatemeceous

eee ew wt eet eee eee enews

Candle-fish
Candles, tallow, Exports of.................
Candlestick
Canes, Air-gun .....
CON-hOORS ti = cs00necswOrcacanaeten eee eee

ee eee meee eee eee ee

ee ee

eee wee ena ee ewww ewe e ee eseesess

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INDEX OF
Page

Banned turulee seas sesso ele = ane ae 185
Canning factory, Model of lobster ---.------ 169
Model of oyster..--..----- 169
MORIB ese eee See eee oes enna 169, 170
IPTESOLVAULON DY @ xsscc tessa a 169, 170
salmon, establishment, Modelof.. 169
MANOOS eee ees eae as ose mese pe seuccee cee 145, 146
BIR GN eeeeteeee ta a ee ae ee 142
Bre he Pan keen aac se eyo e eee 142, 143
POPC OUG ween ewiciew sae o wieieeemriccert= 144
ONStGM sao see omni: wiste rs oe ewiel omelets a 148
W000 Oem etsicias wie aici siewipiee cle se eiat= 143
RIS Ie ee ene slnicke wwe acc clean sieiaisis 247
Clarke Ree eae no ctnro cisco cletalcicine si aeysiere 247
Gren se seereta sae =o === Baasoceas0 247
PT einetese ce iae sine = winisic'o niwinininicloioa'aa'ai= 247
RY AORIN eeteratseieesecesinceclalacisei= mice er 247
Bait...-- cence reece eee e eee eee eens 138
Cantharides, Imports of.......-... .--.-.-. 299
Canthorhinus occidentalis....-..----..--- ie 25
“Cape Cod” fish-ways.......----------0--c- 241
PAD OU Mee et eee asim einem oe om im aim > m= \ <'=\~\e sina 56
GCapelin-seines ...-..-----.--------------+--- 127
tay OO GIS ewe eeele wkiseieeneminee em =1-1-"1- 95

@ahpers .-- 2 oe oe ons w ce wesc esos ee 92, 93 |
RONG See ae chen icteraie tris ela ce'se\si=inim =e i=l 91, 165
ANU LL ADS ere aoe scinlave So lai) sieeiniaiel= =.=» \s\n/a1=/> 95
GitreireOn oan lae ee eee we ceisecia a= )-i= 41
Caraveus | CHTYSOS):<c.sec~=5.-c-r~ vecese sce. 42
a UL) LO Siete are te ottola (= rai aia aje/ ate lclm ale o'= 42
Car-aquarium (Stone’s)......-..---.-----.-- 247
QATASSINS AULAHIS o\n0-5p5-secece sees sees. 62
Carbazotates, Manufacture of ....------ --- 175
GATS ZObICLON is. nee ceee tee nt mnieisecicciaae 229
WaT DONG ACK. «= 2, s-255csiee ne as sie cose 177

Carbonate of ammonia (hartshorn) (see un-

RIOT SI Re eae eet LL se = t 200, 202
Carbon, animal, Imports of...-..---...--.-- 299
@areharodon Atwood) .- --2--.-- --o--s0-sc-= 67
Ma ROOT ee eae weenie lacs ape nisiaisinjeininin o\ni= 170 |
Cariacus columbianus.-.-----.-----.-..--.- 9

oY WD ACLOUS eee sae eetieiaain'> « sisicip eine = 9

a NAAT OUI A TINS te erate apetetetc tela cies cslcias <= 8-9
Garbo, atten Ground) ------<e%0---j-son-= 8, 193
RGRUN OL actress alias nee cide aac sitaje,e)s 210

WOO UIAN Gee nates setislnc esti aim<.0 8

BNO OCULANY Cie ratte nieteta merniciar atm sinialel 6 alate 193

Oy) oer cals oe oieluianin etepin/aiv ims = aloine 61
Coo terete et actoee cee wiawicista's <cle’ae 228
MANVCts SL POLtS Oe ence cca = sae0 nce. - == 8 286
GAT DICUES CY PIUNUAS. 7-5 - an ona vee 61
te CtnOORatONe a asece na <<-iccesles omen == 168
SADC MEDIBEUG toiteatae ea aiaiob seca seeniva ee 177
Cartridge-holders --------- 5... .enseccenne=- 95
Cartridges, Ball, shot, and wire......-.-.---- 92
Methods of preparing .--...---. 92-93

EON) ie eet tetra cosine era a wets e) = etsisin ole 137, 142
Carts, Fish (used in Nantucket).......----- 142
SPAWN WL OL ay staal a rales ew otal aw otatet el clat= pie 173
Gian O00 Sates pease a leer armieto aja eisce al <Pare 168
Gascior Cups. (ClARKAS) esas ecamqniewacer ase 247
CWI OUR) ciseiecsinies a mbreriacei 247

Mane of crave (ClALK's).. ceeese scbws oc ceiee ce. 247
ASOR paces teste seus ceases qwecdemecbeet 95, 245

OBJECTS. 307
Page.
Castapnes ViresCens.’. 3.0250 -e veceer--cenece 270
GOAst Nebr ere ret acc c re cinceecce nica sala eaie =< 130
GRSTOM CaN ACENSIS bee irises ofl ojos ois sie alsin 17
Castoreum of beaver'.......2-.-.--....---«227, 295
Gashonldse mee nem csee ea ane sows erletaem esata 17
Castorine..-........ fac oiteiniscie Sait ee salen 227
Casts, Apparatus for making. -.-------.---- 177
@asterorenshes eset. esa aits aces aa tia 241
Cat (Felis domestica). ....-....60--'------ 188
TG kee ee a ee elect aie ote eis maine eae 188
INItCSC MRC ce tne Aaose cee ae stasmaioe 188
MMOTLOISC2 SHO ls cia elalate ac eis ate lninlem\eloln/aleier= 188
SV VAIL TO Meee er aetate abe arelerm ste inien iran clsialeiearaiar= 188
Catalogue of illustrations of invertebrates of
PASM ETI CAI COBSUS |< eje1s stele a= 61a aleieninwieeie miles 251
Cat-fish, Fork-tailed ...........--..--------- 62
Vice eee cer ae ccieeis slolnivieininestolie'= 62
‘*Cat-gut” snoods and leaders .--.---------- 116
@atoskomidse ees - cise l= = =) njenienieicinism ene 61
| Catostomus teres. -..------------------+------ 61
| Cat-rigged fishing-boats ...--...-....-.----- 148
Cattle, Foreign imports of....--..----.----- 274
Catilewpliaintn te sane sean tale afeinree = te 219
Caulerpa-Ashmeadii..........-..-.-.-+----- 270
- Clanihen ape seas mab alata ots tciainierstawiece, =e 270
te CLASS ILO aneeren a relate ealeteiae st=ial=(-1- 270
i CUPTLESSOIdeS) - 4. 2.5 5 2-02 2 -= = 270
x GLIGITOL AA ate re eiae ces -tetseeis is sis = i 270
PAINT ANOS Ay ore a= er crmi-\-ln'elm mins svalnisa === 270
ee paspaloides: <.- =<js-<\imclaen vem --- 270
= DMUINAUIS rete eislalote inl teeta aeiaenee = =)- 270
Si DLOMMPORAN aces cree sini Aa clans eet eae 270
Ganlolatiusimicrops,.oe-.--ssaee sees 44
Caviar ee a Pen eR eet eee eee 186
Cedar manna (Pinus cedrus) ...----.-...--. 230
Centranchidsap, see ee eae ae tele eels = 4&
Centroceras clavulatum .-..-...-.-..-..-.-.- 268
xe MACON Ta UID == diese ciclsiecleeines 268
Centropristis atrarius..-..-.........------- 50
Centroscyllium Fabricii . .-..--....------- 6%
Centroscymnus ceelolepis ..------.-------- 69
Ceramium Deslongchampsii .--..--..------- "268
4 Ghenyehnhal soeeeorcoppboore secaor 268
‘ fim ipvabh nines spre oogenpecoseecoce 269
iy TL DONS eee aie eel ete eoteetals 268
& Tr DU ee ae ea nrere erate ote aerator 263
se SULIGUUIE ee eee eee ecieemaiae 268
He TONUAVISS LEU oat aiojer neato totaal 268
v MOU ree eee rai eee eas 268
Ceratacanthus aurantiacus ........./....---- 25
Cerone sein ete ee eee ere atateieiteetat eri 41
PTO ete ale tae fates eee teehee 41
Cervid e eee a are tate aie meleint stints 7
@ervisiGaAnadensitees - oo die ssc s acne nes §
ES By CLOUT Ee ee rete oy tera es ste raat eae ates tafers 9
GebO ie sae See ote ene es ac ona leieeaerse 10
Chenopsetta dentata.......-......-.-.----- 27
J OOS 0 ier ereiettc siete fiseiars inl 27
i OCCUANIS Ee. dette analeraate mle ie 27
Gre rOdoniId oes eee eae cele niacin us ~~ 3b
Chztomorpha brachygona..........---..--. 27]
i Puede OTL sae oie sie se o's o's 271
os Picquotiana ...... ..-.+----- 271
ts RIUOU gt asiieicte. weje'a borne on = = 27]

308

Page
Chievomorpha tortuosa........-...--.------ 271
Chameedoris annulata ..-....-.....--.------- 271
Champis Parvaly. cis oss ves sencccseacees 267
Channel Catfish: «<2: -- 4, -ssescdevsnscers wos 62
Chantransia efflorescens .....<.....-...----- 269
s WIT PRUE. =. sans eoma eee eee 269
Charcoal; Animal: 2 soca swcs ceane canes 230
Oharge-drawers <n... cee, abe e nae eee 93
Charleston Bream sca <ss1ee ere eeaneeee 46
Cheoks, Recoil. o..5 0. ssoseeconscacee eee 94
Cheek-Enives n-one ae sane eee asee eee ; 74
Cheese 325 33 55-ne core date wisn de toons 183, 277, 276
Chelonfaymydan =? < 2257 see sopeten ses eee 22
WIN PRIA Sos. cceseececoe Sate ees es 22
Chelontidea: 4c: a 2t seo atone scenes 22
Chelydra serpentina..............-.---..-.- 22
Chelydridse: 222 s.vas) So os teseleecs a cee eee 22
Chemical application of hoofs and claws -.203-205
preparations, Consumption of .... 299
PIOQUOLAS sn come dent, ott eee ae 175, 219
products and agents in arts and
MeECiGINGD 2 eswene asses aeeeee 229-231
products from birds .......--..-.. 230
products from crustacea .......-. 231
products from fishes. ............ 230-231
products from insects.......-.--- 229-231
products derived from mammals. 229-230
products from mollusks .......... 231
products from protozoans ......-.. 231
products from radiates .........-.-. 231
products from reptiles............ 230
products from worms...........-. 231
Cheaia,-Medicmenre...2c-scseep ne case ees 167
Witiokarse . conse ee eee en seman 14
Ohicken; Canned... 2-s.sss sea ease nee e- 185
Chief Mountain Lake White-fish........... 57
Chilichth ys turgidus'-.c2s4-+sscsasss=s ose ae 24
Chilomycterus fuliginosus.................. 24
os PeomMeinicns. cuss weseen es 23
Chimera: Brow. sos6 2 2cine nnn oe eebecee 65
Pacihio <a csangenedsl ew teeraetces 65
Wlumbea see Solent nese ce cesee. 65
Chimsaridin <. esn cc to naniecvcsctescussucees 65
Chinchilla (Chinchilla laniger).............-. 193
Onlipminn ks 22a. tb as wert staan ea eeewee 14
Chirostoma californiensis. ................-. 53
a NOURGUUN Canam santas Mean eels wee 53
Chirus constellatus...nencccccoscdcucs Es -- 35
QUUtAIUR Sa ees haan cease eeen ae 35
PICHUSt asain ee en ene es sweet aes 35
Ohloral: hydrate.7s.c.ecwscacn a eae eee eee 177
Oblorodesmiis (9) 5 edt pos eee lee ce er GO
Chnodspora fastigiata ..............5...-..- 71
RSNOCIS 5 oan vin w'atew ines dala tn ea eee 151
Choprojulis radiatus ..222s 5 ss-esrnpewnessas 36
SAO RAG: oc mime aw et eee ted 36
CURMGe SAlloxr si. 2.» cawccuseunbsdmee eae eT eas 46
MINOMOR. PO 3 oon cca an aden ewe neate 26
Chondria atropurpurea.... ................ 266
3 PSB ONGIUS 2. . occ naseceaneeeeened 266
PRUHODGUAG sions ps wale 5 ae meme eee 266
ag POLI lake wn te ah a tess eae 266
ITM MIARIATON 55.5 oaks ws dei ce napewncs 266
RFOTUIPORONN a cutvlawdaccowa . a Psonic 64
COUIOTCLNATN Pan, sw ode od ote. oon ncn aca 268 |

INDEX OF OBJECTS,

Page.

Ghondrugs Crispus ji<<<.ssccnsetannne eee 2
Chopping- knives’. 2s ap <0 -ascc~ coacecenaeeee 74-77
Chopsticks ........... i ree St ree ly
horde filo .222:22 52 .56t 22> see 4 ae 270
Chordaria abiatina > 30.22. 2-2. ds eem eee 270
st divaricate es.) ts9 sskeoeares 270
flagelliformis |. so < .. x00 <= Stoeee 270
Chrysymenia halymenioides..........-...-. 268
A UVALID: 3 ca pceademcceseapeneee 268
Chub'Suckers<<2.2->-220 eae ass cee 6
Chulocladia(ayaligz---<.5~.5<2c-eneeseeeee 266
Ciliata argentatae - .. 2 << 2. 0-cn conn cecece-- 30
Cirripedig, injurious:...<<. ..-.<<s--sseseses 262
Cirrostoml.- 2 sjaeese ene ae ce Rae ee 70
Civety importa ot: cesces no ss< pase eee 297
Cladophora arctass:-2---2<3--38--- ato 271
ss fPAClR so 222 os cose cna cee de ae 271
ss Istevitens'u: x<5..%o.coss eae 271
‘ JaNOBS <225--s nse mas oc oe eee 271
+f MemMDranacOS. -< +. -<seecssaenen 271
a TUPOSTUA <= => = roe en ee ee 271
ae MMCISIB! 2. do wc tee eee 271
Cladostophus spongiosus......-.-....-..--. 270
ss VOruiCilAatus ...:.----t----206 270
Clam-hooks, hoes, and picks..............-. ; 80
Clam-imives 2. =< .-.- 322. sci 5a eens 75
Olam -rakes $s 2.022 Ae dan oeade eee coe 81
Clam-ahovels 22-22 2--= Jone ae ne en eee 79
Clams wesc fesse cdcees tose Ee 86
Canned .2-7 5 costs - aye eee ee 187
Deep-Reaiic oo cs sgeewin gone aap eee 86
FLOM een an aes Somes aera eee 137
Little Neck, Canned ................. 187
Long ...--- od eee clare ee 137
Clap-nets for binds -s.- <= 42. -scthe noes eeee 130
Clark's Cane’ ois sccsiun wea seve deep ee oe eee 247
TVOUPDE).<5-2 6 mda acyeenn oe eee 245
Claws D6vil/sin-nc-- ones Sern nee eee ee 161
ClaWB Ys aeco\easonntecacneuees oo oeen eee 203
OL ROaMR 32. ses once ta ee eee 20°
OL POMS nae arte nh nee eee 203
OL WOE. fen deieinatdcoda eee eee 203
Gleyra actnnhiwein! eed eee 177
CGan ere ino nt Se sok teens cae ne eee 171
Cleaning fire-arms.< 42-5 25..: cosectannaeens 93
PLOPALAhON .. <-svecd sacs caeuew eee 1i7
Clearin GTiN GS. 20 cn cece ceircenss sounaetaen 122
Glean-nosed'Skate «0.22. vussds canteen seen 66
ClEStR Seniesa a de cnn e Awe tape taneeeee 155
CLO WH a. idaikcd dances muivadsh quails ey 150, 151
Cldscte, Datk.. —: scsacs wan sn adap eens eee 178
Olothing ooo aeilen cpr teen ncaa 164, 165, 188-196
Feathers for ...5.<...d<cwsewsedunne 219
for RENGS .c<ohon<ceiene awcdacemaane 165
Cloths woven from feather. ................. 196
&0., Imports Of...5 <.:desdatoeatennwed 286
Clab-fish, American... ..2s..-<)eeacweeanee = 386
Oluba, Amimned: 52S. ca edeapeetee Pa. ccnose 71
(an MBsiles) | cc dip eeensncacne Genco 87
with bone-points ..<<..ncssus5 cccuwes 71
Fishermen's i. cuscn toes ces ntcecccewe 71
FOS ws nb innc'e op ckite tue cas woe "1
with metal pointe... ...cacsessecadne 71
Salmo vic. soi 6 dyer ekerst eee cae 71
Stone-headed........... aadne cs heeuey 71

»

EE

EV

INDEX OF

Page.

Clubs, with teeth points. .............-...-. 71

Unarmed seecwe ce. sles cmne semester 71

Clopuaiharenpus)<- 5-2. 2- <<. coisas ecemess 60

BMMERDITA DUIS (Sear soe < en oe sa Seut ee 60

ITM CIGD te cman secce <oe << a's ifge soe 59

SlUTCHIN GLANS ye totem a lam = n\ola a eels =i nia ia 134

REO MGIMUNG ee earn ne toe as aca clociencies cies 5

Gob-house bird-traps ~.........----..2-c0ccs 134

REG DIB Nestle stcta seam aiciaiinisie aol neice oles 52

acinelismecesceesceekecc sce =jsi\nn~ssesass 229

@ochineal!Canadianls=. 22 -.- so cncce ne eewe 229

colors, Propagation of .....-...-. 175

dye (Coccus cacti) ..-...-.--.....- 228

insects, Propagation of .......-.. 248

Imports and exports of.......... 298-299

@ockles) (Cardium edule). -..--25-6.0 008s... 187

Wocoons bowing the. 2 cece cmicia tosses - nis = 171

Gelatine from snes. voce e cine -s-= 187

Cotim LOMLENTOSUME <2 soe. oc cnn woe oo ae 270

MOULIN cnt ies elctic wie ccjaas'< 183

Rese Senmeer Meeiomiceeniecs cincice cele eniaincis cine 29

ARMIN SS DO ULCO eee eels seer iae ere oe = 30

WIDOT ORO = foc ciesis cms ecicc cscs ctas ms 226, 296-297

RUE SOL DOC eMac tovn sep tteas sesctciccesiee cscs 185

MOM Pees Atos cesta taceech ae nacdh ac us. 29

BULLEN GOINGS wee <isetaocine crema hele ai 127

CUS MCONPNOS sc ataclie cm cicaeoa eile aie isi= <jeiaics 185

ollarg COLMOLANG s.cameaas sels i< on sce = = 137

DO Serie eee ne eet asses sos: 137

Collectine-tank, -Army<<. 2.30 -0.--+-52--. 176

REDIIGC HONS stem a= tociceinamiek el anaes cise Kole se 241

WOMOGION -o2 ssc 0/0 eer Eee re ceicieave.c)s 177

SOLON A POW OER: senescent ne e ean o nia 91

Coloring; from birds). .2--5-2-se cables ne. 2 228

AISNOSie ins sccs-e eee teas Sas 228

TNS CCUS)a a ats seo cis ie asses es 2g D2O—LO9

MNAIMIMN BIS here seem ccina tae Se wise 228

MOMUSES = sees smeee ce ae 229

MALCIIAIS: cen cecsece sos cee ses 228-229, 298

Columbia Black-tailed Deer ...........-.--. 9

SDL ea cmea ees eee ee at ceciac cmioee s+: 170
Commercial statistics of animal products in

the United States ..-....----.---2-2--2... 273

Commissary supplies ’......-...----.---.--. 162-164

SOMMON lees sea sam set oecewae anes ee cie cnn. 63

HIOUNGOR em ecicicinccnas sch css ece 27

WTOURG saec ceiiaopae een cnet estas 17

ROuUOIS Gets semeece cee cise eiciniaica ai 10

ealen res nemae eters sem aatioe ss s05,< 5

SUR PVOLIN SHG Ololere acicts esta mic = nie'= 196

SUN Kearse sree are ccie toss a siseies 4

SUCK oon eee ecto schemes naciccs 61

REO ARBORS meete inne dace ve sslaenice sales Soe LOG

Composition shell-work ........-...-......-- 207

Conch shell (Strombus gigas). -.......---..-- 206

WOndyLUre CLIStAUA <icniciscencenenee esc vcn's 14

Conepatus mapurito.............---.--..--. 4

MRCS GT OG ie sao 8 ores woceias we wane en ow 63

OTD TIED ox wottee eines Panes o[n\s'onplw oes cinie's cine: 63

Consumption of bristles ...-...-----.----.-- 295

chemical preparations...... 299

COLO wees aa aicie saan ee ieerd 290

coloring materials.......... 298

PAS) ais 2 oas tata ee Seine 296-297

IGAbNBIB -sansste se ecko 296

|
i
|
|
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|

OBJECTS. 309
Pa ge.
Consumpuioniofifishy 225. f Fe bonec-c lees soe 280
Pelatines ssh wees snc sel 296
MMe secieeee soe seve ss 294
ISIN PIAGS eee oe cieiele ican sealers 296
ivory and its manufactures. 289
1eAthers2 oo -teecesmcccese. 290
MedicMes; Cs-- a2 ssesees 299
OUS hese cle Selsisle’siearteneine see 296-297
perfumery materials ....... 298
QUIS soe noe ceeiwe eee sere 296
Shell’? sees tee se neninc eaten 290
silk and its manufactures .. 289
BORDShe. cee ccisen ue aaeie- cock vO-20r
specimens of natural history 300
wax and its manufactures... 299
Wwihalebone cs. cre vase ee eee 200
Cooking-apparatns!s--c esses cee - se se 162
Coolingtae see ccs see sas oe eects se ete 174
Copsesi Movable ize 2. 2/-\:c1 0c osc teen ee os 141
CoquettO cane niece acc ena ee asin ate es 38
Coquinaeesaces-seesere costes ec iseasmteae 207
Coraclesass. ces ascSiaedsteeetiosaesc haste 146
Corall..s2 5s ssa asic cat Satese sce 207, 262, 290
BS AM AVOLIA tess sociale see sea 207
TH an eeataetrel tee aia ala tee ae ese ciar 207
foribuildingye. ses tssss eee sest eae 207
Calcined Peis esses ene eceemaceee eee 207
Preparation) Ole. pq ocile ses eee se 174
TRG dh aera eels Seite ae tae eS eiseerelicee tS. 207
ImMitaons Of ssos-6 ashe eee ee 207
Wihiteseeretras sce acer el eer 207
Coralkkdredge! stesacne sen. eae este eee : 129
Coral-Trocke-se cr aasas teases Sesiceeeceeeee 207
Corallinavoificinalis:=--2-------=ee serene 267
i Squamatale: soo. sseeece ete 267
Corals, Proparation Of.s- = -2-52 44226 -se 248
Coral-tongs2-- = sees 86
Cordylocladia conferta..-...............- 267
Cord-twisting apparatus ...--..-.--.----... 89
Coregonidee eee fee scaretee sesame aor oT
Coregonus clupeiformis....--...---.......- 57
oe Jabradoricusisss-eeee ss. ee eee 57
Cormoranticollars)sc-s--s-+ sono e cee ae - 137
Cormorants)22 2 s-seb esto aae ace eee 137
Corralsi: 223, tA Sate dae oh eee avant ee 131
Corrosive sublimates:---5----- 222-46 - 136, 178
Coryphena punctulata .....................- 43
ss SWCULIcsasasses eee 43
Coryphrenid py eecrsasesee eee aceon se rion 43
Cotlide: lake ease ose toes eee ee eee 34
Cotton lines 222353. cb enone wens ee 115
Cotton-oil and its manufacture (accessory).. 169
Cottus groonlandicus ..........5.----------- 34
£8 Mili hil erate tae Say aterd 2) 34
“* octodecimspinosus'.--2.2-- 22.22 .<-- 34
Conchesisee ass eee ee eee eee ssh. 162
Coversiccee ea tere mccaee eins «cece: 141
TOMPORS eee pcccec cee n oe bck ne 141
FOTPHUNTEEB eee sea ness cists ties 141
MOVADO Mer saee ee serie oe oie ete alayns$ 141
MGUMONAM Yee canes om csccae o cax.c 14]
Cow-lkhieeate merase a Lec Ae eS. 10, 11, 24
Cow-nosed Ray........- seen Le mee enc ae 65
Cowry, Specimens of (Cypraa moncta) ..-.. 206
CONOUG Hemant ate ot esos nc sectslciecet,epous 189

510 INDEX OF
i Page.
Crap eeuets= spon aeesaonwals soca eewa tense 52
iO DBI Ensen ae ener He eee eee 129
CXEDABYGR sos coc seces ese eee anne ane an 207, 231
OPED-SUONGS eon sen Soak wen oe bee Seen ee
Cramp-fishs 2.0. = ie ace ena conr snes en= 66
Grates. Moss (Stone's) > .0<s.>senee ee eee ee 247
Orevallo Horse =. 220k ane ee eee een ale 42
Willow s.2cendier esc sein ee wanes 41
Cribblées.22> = sencee vers eeamaase see ere tan 246
QTM Pers. 245 = sas nen Vane en eS ere Se 92-93
Cristivomer namaycush .......-....------.- 58
@nosker sco. uses eee ee pe eee = Saade we 45
Crocodile; Wlovida: 2225) oboe en. 2s. Peewee ee 21
Grocodilig. 2.2 tases cee doen ss Ser enone 21
Crocodiides 6 tence ose cena Sees naa 21
Crocodilns americanus... ..::-.-2::.--..----- 21
Cronania attenuata ....-...-.---2.-<isc25. 269
OPO VDI ea nes aa se eee eke eee et eee ee 170
Orose-Daltg: ¢.2522-5.25-awa-sea sean de soeeee o 166
OLOSE-NOWS 2 o~ a56 es ee oe eae hess epase eRe ees 88
GEISS-DOW EADS) .o sano oeea eet eee ees 135
Gross fox (Vulpes alopex decussatus) . .-.--- 189
Crotalin of rattlesnake and copperhead... -. 230
Grow, Quilisiof 2: 325 2-4-ceserdecee os ee 219
Grughin g-trapeiss csc asec tasa tanta aie 135
GYURTACOR ox cents ce ata on teen setae geen oars 259
Chemical products of........-.... 231
USOSPOGR tenons scons in ee nienea 260
decapoda injurious ..-.....-.-.--. 261
isopods injuniOUBS ~~. esses ew 260
ISOPOUs, USGL. 22s asenst ee enters 260
phyllopoda, useful ...........-..-- 259
stomatopoda for food .........-... 260
Oryptgeanthidie | s2s0 eden eens eee ee ae 31
Cryptacanthodes inornatus ..--.-..-....----- 31
is MACUIGHUS (22. sarensnae tee 31
Cryptonemia crenulata ..................... 268
CoGk Olde so eae seein oe eee ee 24
Culture and protection ................--.-- 233
Goltire ofdishest2. ..0--5 sc ssawean Coan 245-247
COME Sees tare eck eee Ree aa eee 36
Cilprleads ts 2st cea new nape one eeeaann ee 80
Cups, Case of (Wilmot’s)................... 247
Curriers, Implements employed by. .-...---. 171
Quarrying for caecca spas ted avon ae eaae tee 172
OF IGGtDOt avis Vows i edec eee eee a ene
methods of the Eskimo and Indian 171
Curved sticks)... tsededa dues acs eos 87
Gutters, Batts 0c. sabenasee on eves eeme 138
Gutters, W Sts cene ee eee ce eee 92
Cutting and other processes. ........---.--. 173
Cutting in and stowing..................... 174
CIAATID, LVOLY 0s la cela on eee ee 173
OULGNR SPACES to .5 conn nn eae renee 76, 77
Guttie-ish) bone '..<..ossbeseeedaueee 187, 231, 207
Amporta Of. secnusaneaee eae 299
CUtales Bnd BOUIIS . 22. =~ cpus snes eneh ae eee 251
alte wa dog aches wa’ wh ation SLR ae cet 30
Cyanide of potassium ...................... 136
RIOR CHOOLG . oncom ap anancasseucasteucee 41
a. SONULM OD Nees vnc web acl oe am nee Ee 41
= PORN Cade eat an ss conve acean eo erase 41
Cycleptus elongatus........... ee cieausnee 61
GUCIOGRNOIIME cee htds Sane skwdwanc us agaas eae 63
AFUCIODUSMIUNS awk d onan kadbenlndocskss scuba 33

a 4,'

. . ies
_
. ye :
OBJECTS.
Page.
Cyclopterus lumpus........... Snead ekddan Vr
Cymopolia barbata:....-....--.4.005 0582265 271
Cynocephalus glaucus............-......--- 68
Cynomys columbianus....- ..-...-.-...-.-- 16
a ludovicianus ........... cua eee Rew 16
Cynoscion carolinensis ...........--..-.- aot ie
af NIGLRURiséa0¢<nctaesueen pos ae eaue 44
cS DEGAS secre naa -pccanjeeaReaeee 44
Cypraea, Shélis'of........30st2..csees= poves @ OUe
GOYDOS: aoe = sas n noon tenes ee ces oeesse 61
Cyprinodon, Short.-.-.<.-.2<5.-.secss ictag 56
is Warlepatus sis. 228 3 cee ee ee 56
@ypritiodontid e205 <- tee eae eee eee 56
Cypselarus forcatus so. v- ee nent ceeenae 55
Cystoclonium purpurascens ...............- 268
Cystophora cristata... . 2.20.2. -.c-cceererse 6
Cyastophorint << 62s is sade s< sees one 6
Dz.
Dactylopterus volitans .......... ee 33
Damalichthys vacea.......-...-.--.--s<ccne 37
Daman, Hyraceum of: >-.<-...---2-2+-.cse s. 226
ORT GIORBtRS ac sono s aha we cone oo eo ee 178
DATs IANCOR) 2c. == oa nee cena enna 88
Dasya callithamnion ---... -...2...-2sc.--- 265
phe) CUB SATIS fan vera se one a eee ei oes 265
eo) -GODDOSIU 3 8<)<5 25, one tiae ene rae eee 265
‘SE HALVOYL \ oaks sceae ene cece ree 265
e° * LOpHOC AMOR. <= snp ee seaans ae oe 266
e) AMOMIS Wa aoc eee a 265
< MUGCTONAGA << -scsisen eee ane an eee 205
HA PUMOBE: = 5 eco s ee aa oe Se
=) CAMORIaSIMB ~~~. =) eee sy Ioeae cee ae 265
4", Mumanowiepi <..2.-ssvsssess ee coe 266
PS OWOTdeEMAINI: - 2 - <3. sere eae eny ae 265
Dasycladus claveformis ........---...--..- 271
.. occidentalis 57... cos. knee seas 271 *
OBEY NOGMIES omits pte se en oe eee 20
CRO TLR a 0 n'a Sali a ciate te ote cto wee eee 135
Decapterus macarellus ....- Adan sateen 42
J. UN CHAGNS cc -0.ceasaes oe eee 42
Deck-BClapera ss...) ..-2.~ aches sa seeassemee 160 —
Decoy animals and birds, Living....... .... 139
blanket (for antelopes) .............. 141
¢ swimming-birds (carved in wood)... 139
swimming-birds (from bird skins) ... 139
swimming-birds (in tin with wooden
DOCLOMB 026.) 1. ack en cwaree ae 140
branta; Tame... esses bose ceases 139
dogs used in hunting ducks -.--....-. 139
OUCKE: SUAIND sccm piaeenas eat ka ee eee 139
DGOOYS 7.5 boo adsccnuch hw nesoeuecere 137, 138-141
SOenth So oeec. dann ncaa secant 9 138
Meth \isce.ccen no D cacrcheeeeeee 139-141
Sound is 5c oscens Seamus Mapide waete 138
Decoy-waders (carved in wood). ..........-- 139
(stamped in tin)...... @-..-: 139
‘*Deep-sen clams,” IG0s8- <0. cckc wear ae ee ens 86
RGGI. tcc w ass side's mak au Bie cossa se 96-97
Deer, Black-tailed (Cariacus columbianus).. 193
Hair of (on alkcin)’.<-......-.. nesses 218 |
heads; Masks £68 0.2.45 0 decesscuswees 41
Hoots Of. <.c20>-ssseachwineserr eee 202
BAIGBO coy cheats bey 3 niles ek wee 184
Sine ws Of; - .cewcw eens makina vs eee 215
*

INDEX OF OBJECTS.

Page.
Deer, Virginia (Cariacus virginianus) ..--. 8, 9,193
WEEr- NAIL PLUSNOS 5-H -)22 cae ovens ecieene 218
PI BOT ORONO: ce Saye iateinwinrwaeie aisle ciaicamie 209-210
MOOT Sled MPS iar ce eerste seas ten se nos oce 149
WIGlENSIV.E ALMOLs sec leva ae was os sees se 165
Malesseniwalstay sss a= =n soesie es ose ones ee 3 267
os MECIPIENS hess. ast ack os st 2% 267
- INYPOSIOSSUMN we cate lo ce ee hon as 267
a AY OLVGDS seeraacise as ele eicebien ose 267
a AG DRG Whee erie elem mie/ciasia smo 267
A QUCLOIONBS Nee ee aan arlene, \as ina 266
. HORT O Lier ee eisai spot laray= in neat oie 267
Delineating apparatus, Other ....-..-..----- 178
Delineators, Mechanical .......-....-.-...-- 178
Melphinapterim6 © 32 -1)- siseise io Sa eeme ae ode 10
Delphinapterus catodon ........-.--.....--- 10
AVS NE INIA poss eee eat oren A sain ee iaielccicje d= 3 10
By LTS The ea ise ee et hn rms a lsteta ala are = 10
Wel HINUss betas saan soem ne ie csscen cael 10
Ab POMbunONR eee sme es ceeer ice sia 10
Wentalinm; ShellsiOfeno---- n<4 cqsenaj-'n.n'- =~ 206
Deposits, infusorial, Specimens of...-...----- 207
MERICCATED MMOS bees ac le alt -paciee dsc nee.cisaien' 182
ie essere ea ea. 2 ais sitoieieicieiia 182
Desmarestia aculeata.......:..---..--..-.--- 270
+ MOM apAleee cecilia lote cise <is1=.=/= = 270
a VATS OLS erect ae erence <= =o 270
Destroying injurious species, Apparatus for. 243
Detachable-head spears......-.--.......---- 83-85
Mevalis! Claw. 2 os.c< ge owe e!ais sia'slse seisls eens =: 161
Diamond-back Terrapin ...........-.....--- 21
Diamond-beetles, Brazilian ../.-.........--.- 208
Dicotyles torquatus .-222---4.--.-.=-->----. 9
POLE ey MCLE eta eer tae ninie siete sie) = (aiaslaisjoiis,< 9
Dictyasyheria favulosa........--.--.--..--- 271
Dictyota acutiloba.-.....-......---..-.-.-.- 269
i CUAU AI se Seales ascii siee == 269
ye ICH O COM Ree seer a tm as sale, Scr 269
ss FAS CLO LO Stone ma hae aia. mi siciaio(alaais 269
st Ren NGD Ye eee tones scecice soce ss 269
PAG na eee sw eee ease ses oes Ds cmcw ewe 20
IDidelph ys) vargeimian ay ccs s iis ao nicieisn ainicielsie © 20
PBN ROwAA SIMD lOXe teers o ficles ainizl- latin Seine nsec. 266
Dein iON Seaton om mere easiness cicis<'s si 146
TOC OU GLUED are eed So Nai ord pe cje Sete w ereics 23
: °
Diplectrum fasciculare ..............-.. ehse 50
PDE TAG US cer ele area relays icialersc onicisine iss 128
POMS LO ene tae name esis niet als wa /c'ae = 171
IP PINE APPALAtUS <=. << ~is «1s oc cece a's - 5 enic.n's 248
IDISPOTPOIS. com eemcn tease ent sNelbiadsc occ we'stes 122
PIS OTISER ier see oa ese sel snow ta s26 Ale aes 137
Disks (thrown by hand) .---.-.---.----..<<- 87
HP TIMES Le WARY, seals tereterat as iain loim sin oS orains oes 241
LY UGS pene ai etretne = 3 tote eca tara e edie et ome 38 |
SEOs CAMBS seh ene atlas oes St iclcte ape alae a/ane 137, 142
WOD-COMATA ri - men seas ne mache siete selene lola 137
EOF OS HOLL Oeste eae instar ela it ois clsfeial 188
SR Kee cereuietete s oinlanie os sie secs = ieee am 69
Gorperll an ween see ae os cies tad soro aaiare 69
PEAT STAC eet a ete oie a/ahn lnm sa oii ofa eco 16
OMe soa Suchen natin cme a nha Wciseimawiasee aa 5
Short-tailed Prairie ................... 16
SSINO OU aw ee etn anete tec ano mba h wie 69
Sy DIMLOKL arith aay an ae ot atee inl aenattn lala 69
BDOLTOOS tata oiars,cd clon ue cls + vaca seieane mis aeise ee 137

11

Page.

DOSEN GSS es sesme tec alecisieen'= sie se ain innate 142
DOS MUAASs ewe soecies sce oseaae ce LON,
ID OP-O se cetaeieaaaetces = beatae eet erroteietalatcie at 223
IO P-S COP CS teaaemtlaciauinlsninmctainicineinin aieie mara = 142
1D Yefey arth ese coed abo qpnce Bee IC ADOC EOD ES 136
DOS wihiStlesiaecnee se mstecisaeter soe leeeafelo 136-137
DO BS erae ts eee fot eteete acs stale steal iar aati fein te 136
Album) PTS CUM OL = ace en eiaa oe a neimeln a 229
Monnels for pécCiom sapere coceen oo eaiee 243
Meethiot.- ser oe eeteerse ees aie Sela as 197
Decoy, used in hunting ducks. .-...-. 139
Dolium;Shellsiof-s-eF -s seese eee ae 206
Wolp hinkajaen las este tas sl setae a ere erat 43
Small-spottetica-cnseie aceite erence 43
Domestic animals, Oil and fat from......... 223
DOMESEIC! ORPOLUS ee ace = -iries o siclele aisle ciain vey 277
Domesticated animals, Food for. ...-.-..--.-. 187
IDOOrsapste- Asa see tysla toro lee hee rie 133-134
WOTOSOMIAG sae oie seins = tela en eisai 60
DOLY Sissel =e doo cise ania seioiaw sai 146
DOry SCOOP 2 sarete ase les apace as Saisie al ae GO
Dorysom2'cepedianum=...-.....---.:--:....- 60
Doublewbox-traps a24--- eis ee eee ae 13%
Down) of binds) ses ee ae ata sect elsa ae a 220
OlA CGCSOwiwe tomes cenaet eae acca 220

OTAQIO Or- Cine Keyes ereie ot aieieiaelsltajninig 220

Ofima bits S sees sc te ierceret eta iarcterteemini=e 219

for stuffings, Preparation of.-......--- 170

Of SWANS) se. se ce aacw = sciny se srs ae same 220
Dranihalesliney.. = cette sias eps eeinae aoe 7
Drailing-tackljee sess aeee= sees sceeesne ee 96
Drails ye asemcaaociecieceae tsar eaioecis oe 100-101
Draw ersn hareekeosnces jose steam seer 93
Mred lon onslies eno emiceeneae aces 129
Ondinatypecenemcin=ekeeeniaasterieet 129
Dredge-line rollers) .....2.-220---2--222---" 119
IDTEdPe-TaKO sees cseeissa =e peter 129
DDT CO BS esrayats orotate eheiatets alas oleate steer ereetars 129
Mand) sso8 a2 egos ss tenee nese eee 79
Wredpe-tanoles| << - on eaia a= state ataan atlas 87
IDress-Coods,lmports) Of 1s meee sets aetemene 286

Dress and stay maker’s bone, Manufacture

Obtse re ate SARS a a ee eacros Reyes 173
IDTESSGNS ie seece ae aso eee eee eee eee 171
PONE SSE Ser ase ae aaa aeons erecta 171
Dressing; Meather) - -o<--5--7 12 eaieie so sinclan 172
Dressing fur jsELOCess Of pecpeerabeeata ese) MeL

gut and sinew, Methods of. .-..... 171

leather ic caccsast scence vcs cn 172

Dried abalones' (Haliotis) ------- 22.2.2... 184
COD: Sse pape osene ee sSaceSinnsuises 183
PTASSNOPPCLBis-e eee taser te ee 184
HOLOthUNINNS cece cc eee aaa 184
LIZA) Se ew ce eee mere es nee Soke 183

meat and blood, Guano from ......... 232
TMOG cate oases een nce os aenoee 183
siphons (Schizothcerus) .....-.--..--- 184

Slugs (eimai, cet.)mcse sss sess aes ace 184

OO CRASS eae te ret en etmtete cine ernie polayn oyaiere 1s4

Dried and ‘smoked beef............--2.----- 182
EDU PL Sw ate ts inla)miaialstas 183

ROWSE cia ate te tle <ta's) eco tia a= 182-184

PADUA tens naa acd s 183

TORS mets cencmha'en sec mee 183

MO riE PMLA pte eet ae ee cis were’ o's co 0 clean ovaviaeie 124-125

012

Drowning-out apparatus. .....-.-..--------- 136
SYNE oe dnis cise a whe Getta fe aia sro eet ie 175
ROTOR EYE Cota Bieter oa oie oso Soa aoa g ato oleate eres 44
Mregh-WatGlvesn esa vycnss- awa ee ower 45
Dryers, Beach.........-.------++--+----0--- 168
Drying and steaming sand-bath...-.-..-.... 172
Drying-flake......-..-----esecen-e-- see--e- 168
Drying-houses, Aboriginal........-...--.--. 169
Drying, Preservation by .-. ------ --- -----168-170
Dualine ..---------------+ cence ence ne eeeee 91
Ducking-boats ......-ce-n0= necccennns snccee 148
Duck, Quills Of se opeetee asec cen benemawe kh eon note
Dudley hunters’ knives ...... ..........---- 72
DU PON SON once see cee sesee a mee be caer nae 223
Dig-00b GRN0GS (astaen aa pees eee snes 144
DON Beene om een eave reine cae See eennas 229
Dung of animals used in calico-printing .... 228
Dip GIIGNtALA cs sce swaneus~menexssaenenas 18
Dusky Share -.aresesce ven. Seataern ea 68
TINSSUNMETICGS wn eee ee ce nee tens cece ean 59
DVGBed-DUE tater soececeredeeee enue cen 229
MOOHINGA cosa onsen nc aaene aan 228
AG ees otte pee ee ee ae ne mee ee ete 229
TCI gy Aon en apt pone spate ae ene amen 171-172
Dye-stuffs, Sea-snails for. .........:.-.....-. 252

Dyes from gasteropods (Murex, Purpura,
0s) wecace cednear ds cues week eee ea ee ncces aee 229
Dyes from nudibranch mollusks............ 229
from trombidinm =... 2.-- 2-2 - = en ae 229
DNA MIG Keecmshet sae teases ote Ces 91
Infusorial earth for ........--..-. 208

E.

Maple Quills OF oe sec ayies cs een ence wee te oat 219
UAV irae rdnea's cieitel oe aisle eRe Sas 65
Ear-shells (Haliotidas) ............cceseueec- 206
GO ATP ONA A ae oer nee ele ane eee 231
axrths infasorigls-scccsesccwanuereeeeses 207-208
SRDS STAD. came aa oe wee pn canner 52
MICHENMGING cures aber vn cannndatebvwencee 52
ISCHINOUGIME':..ar-cc0c user wanucseesueuasens 208
JEG HINO IMG hes. in on whose heeaeat 70
Echinorhinus spinosus ...--..--.....-..---- 70
Ectocarpus Farlowii...--.< .ccsescccees wants 270
of PARCIONIASUBS on 35s rome oes 270
- MUBMNS ee sap cee eae eee 270
= QPANVLOBOS .oscscucacu encase eas 270
a Floopent scvesans sae gacenb eae 270
_ SIN CUIOSON = dcwalemtp Gets sees et 2 270
oe VAITIGIS wane hut anes wk eee 270
Edentata ...... ‘dete Campin ai isle tante aan ik aeceeet 20
POOADODS as < onan v ccs aceke wate temnae eee Lert 97
FEO OMIM ON Fade sue sis ets eemarake eee 63
CON BOs a os cadens cade capeeienecuente 63
LATO UTOY van awh dp na acenuadawane tetas 70
ORGY: 6 has vc casvansaceeuwaunentuneuin 216
PARUCIED cn sewnavedawdews seudeen seers 63
PAOULG HONK oven xvas shania as aula 32
PEA MOMC as wel a: win'w ws We'o'e dle aie wel on weet 32
DLE Sawa an Wy ainda ssoub dua veieunh aware Ob 31
URk yaoi day cw ae c<ckewexdesheeiniera 63
spears ...... ESddiddd Sib whecnuskveubun ne 82
skins of (Anguilla vulgaris) .......... 216, 231
Eel-pots without leaders................... 132-133
BOPDO Dick se ctds sean pein dsaavenockiavabw 81

eal
SS... sss.

INDEX OF OBJECTS.

Page.

OLALADE «sis sash sees seer «sei aes a eee ee 151
Eel-weirs with leaders. .............-. Ste as 132
PUPS-MINPOIA sac aveune dak oahw an eeea ace ae) Deen
Hees, AlbumeniOl. o..--vecessseesccusavases oD
Exports and imports of ..-.......... 276-277

El pe Anes << -ceuac mas nes cele See 230
Eggs, Shell of .......... wae a OR se ee eee 228
OU Ohta ne ning ooo tas eres ae eens 276
Hglantine ‘Skate... .<<vssc0ssacenseeeu seus 66
HMhinoids; | Spines of-<~-.- ee ee ceee eee 208
ider-dook, Down 'of<<.<s,-2-252.07- eres aver e eee
Hider leather)...5<.s2scedepscenccsneese reas 215
Blachista fucicola ...0022--..cussvenusuneees 270
Flasmobranchiates «-..:.-iccesss WU. -t- venues 65
Blecate canadus.. .. =... sssuess<-22-5-ceeeees 52
Mlecatide |. a... esccccswe crass dedeneeeee 52
Mlephant,\Sea.-.. =~ cnsncteu = sols ene 6
Mlephant-seal: sc. 5. scn.ne'-s races see 6
lk, “AMerican;. i205 <sosse0steecesens sees 8, 193
Antlers 0£7...<2<is5=-2350- Sete pee 202

LV OLY soe aaw te et ea sen Soe eee = SDT,
WSaGHEr soo ek eeracs Se oe tee eee 210
Salted: .2----.ecawenctser ddaese eee 184
TOL O DIGGS pecs tances odncnes ssh ceter eae 59
IRIOpS \GSUL0S' sc0se--25 4 0nsenreeew eee anees 59
Embiotoca Jacksoni ...-.-....--.<--..------ 37
c Webbii «= -<.)-t-nck Seat choses 37

Em piotocidea \.2 2 ..~- cise sacens Pawo anes ane 37
FGM y did ses «ons <a -'s sn sas oe eae pee 21
Ena or arindy, Silk of (Bombyx cynthia)... 196
SENCIECUIN EN CEG Fan. = = o's su ae me eee eae 126
Endocladia muricata .-.-...5.0-..ssses <os- 268
Enemies of useful animals........-...-..--. 244

and parasites of American oysters. 255-256

Bin granlididss . co;.20ki.'s wach eeeeee Meee 61
Mngraulis Vitbata ens. -.cutepelasunecsay 61
Engraving illustrations, Methods of .....--- 178
PNY OLS MAI «= 2<.-'s sn. be oe ope ee nes 4
Mb VOTING <5 seve noe ny se See geceeesee eee 4
Enitanglin g-lin6s, 2k = nts eee baad Soepeee nes 87
NOs Songs ee aN eee eee ee e 122
Enteromorpha. clathrata............-.-....- 271
¥ COMIPLORSH). 5o..S-n ean beens ee 271

es IntesNAMIS =< .<.-~dudensoaee 271

UT LAN GD YOU LS SS rea tes eee ed A a 51
PpiMephalus® .<<~«sonwe nica ane cae aeeb uae 49
aos Drummond-Hayi. ............- 50

t PUGS Manis cacncsietio cece es 50

" TOMO! on 5 x aac ieee 49

o DPT | Sasa natn ca cana kG estate 50

¥ BUNGE! oduct pee vat ere yataes 50
Bquipments, Animal). ../..4.2..-Jseseacuue 142
POra0nel cosssess<-c50snvaeee 84-107

Erethizon dorsatus (var. epixanthus) .....-.. 18
. dorsatus (var. dorsatus)........-. 18
Eretmochelys imbricata ..................-- 22
+ equamata..c. sc. cece & -«~ 22
Erignathus barbatus .........-........-.5-- 6
Erimyzon Goodei......- site aahtnn eee ae nee 61
* SOOO GI So adware eee 61
Ermine or weasel (Putorius erminea) .....-. 190
Erythrotrichia ceramicola ...........-.-.--- 269
Eschrichtius robustus, 2... cwcssccecscussss 12
Eskimo and Indian currying methods ...-.- 171
RURAOUS A senate aceaebe eee hens 129

INDEX OF

Page.
BeskiniosDon (GANS)! 2a. se 7 - s- snc ose 188
harpoons (stone, bone, iron) .-...--. 83-85
netting-needles ....-............-.. 131
whalebone springs .-....------.----- 136
OR seer tase eee aioe cisiniaciswaccelaiste 55
PisOx ANIOEMIOANUS —- se - mae aie cencinc os se 5 55
SMEUOIUS Resa sacs ese se acl e eat ne eae! es 55
MMENODUTOR ee cir ciocitcmcomicile cect setetss 55
TOUIOU AGUS tetas ceiits cc. Sat somce ee Aaah 55
SESHONCS OL BNCUOVIES” <2---- --------s-50s 186
PSHONCA Os ONION b som cc caanin ase von ce einnn ean 228
FOTMMMIEU HORSE eins ao canis aio oie i's tose cies 59
Pir Daleena CISBTClCA. s-o.- == + <isocmea ose ne 13
oe Cuilamach= erratic --25cl7 oes steses 13
HMochalarodus Putnam <.----<-2-50-s-<0 5 26
Eucheuma (?) acanthocladum .......-...--.- 267
rs HSOLONM Ose essen cette econ nee Bee 26r
Eucinostomus argenteus .......------------ 46
a GBLCO Vleeeseins oases alos ao 46
Eugomphodus littoralis .........-./....-.. 68
inlamia Malbertia.< << ssc. se sess ccs - esis eer 68
DOU MMODSCUTUS cep acee neces cece o<sceneess 68
Euleptorhamphus longirostris.--...--------- 55
Eumesogrammus subbifurcatus ...--.-.----- 31
Eumetopias Stelleri ........-....-.......--. 5
HM DOMONS AULOUS. ct taco anece snie te Senn = 48
European Leech (Hirudo medicinalis) ..-- -- 231
PM UNOLa CLS tata. ooecls [smc <-cn se ecws cece == - 267
CULO PM AUe te anise eee eee alate noes 61
ES OCOLUBIOXILIONS) Soa sneee ower seers ses 54
. NOVONOTAGENSIS: sec ec~ ce eae case 55
eS PRON MOLOUie = ase are = oe ares =e 55
ES PLOSIVGS) 2 Sais c)ccic oie weiss ese Ses oe wicia clade fe 91
Exports, Aggregate net, for 1875-77 .-.-..-.- 301
of anchovies, preserved, Foreign . 283
of living animals, Domestic... -- 274-275 |
INCtr setae se 301
Olpbaconrandhamsess-e. = sees 277 |
Ofspeer, fresh.z..%cssn-4-see ceo % 277
Baltieds fee ae seen ne ee oe ce 277
OL bone-Dlack 0. - 222. ofeccccs<os 299
OL DOES Gc --Seecicc ce cesicccs=-2 300
of boots and shoes. ...-...----- --292-293 |
Ole DULL shee see st ce ocaesmie hs 277
Of tallow candles) scence ss. 5-52 297
of carpets, woolen .......--...--. 287-288
of-hormmed. cattle = 24-42 2.2- 0.2... 274
Ol CHEESO e-tasiene acree eee sans: see 277 |
WOMESLIC aes eats s oes nese es en 277
OMB Weems cco. - 281-282
by countries. .--. 282
of furs, by districts and
COUNION Noss. 2 essen 284
OL C2Ps8ieas- ==. SERS Re eet 277
OM ish ACULeH ste. eee cade 281
dried or smoked ........-.. 281
by districts ............... 281
CVOR he =e eee eee one stele 281
DICK GM ec es ae Se oda 281
INCU. soso tee teas heats 301
of food products, except fish. --.. 277-278
MOTeIeNy OLN himeestoantdoncs ccee aa 283
of pickled herring ..--.-- 283
Of fish-0lls*.3.2 532 '22.0 32 297

of sardines, preserved. ...

OBJECTS. 313
Page.
Exports, Foreign, of silk manufactures ...-- 289
Ofsur-skinswsn-ceeccdeee seco sees 284-285
of guano and other fertilizers..... 300
of hides! andi skins p<... 1-2 oe cfelcrens 292
&e: Netistes--- 301
Of DOGS. oSc0220 wer ocsa os cosines 274
Of DOLSCS sovecaeeee ences cecaser 274
OF lard 222 sn sess science ade ee 2 277
OL léatheneecceassese ones sect ose 292-294

and its manufactures, by
districts -2---e->--6as= 294

and its manufactures, by
COUNTIES! ss 5-0 5-6 -—e ene 293
Net, of leather, )&6"~sen-- sc ceeacee 301
Ofsmanures*-css. ne eee see eee 301
of meats, preserved......---..-..- 277
of milk; ‘condensede---- cesemcee 277
of morocco and other fine leather. 292-293
Of mulestesvecsscececee Sees teitos 274
Of muttonyoo- eon eee ee cee 277
of-lard-oil osc 2enscaee eee eee ae 297
of neat’s-foot oil: S&¢ta2s5-)- 02... 297
Of olls‘and fats=.cs-cesceeeee ees 297-298
OfOysters) s 55-2) pees eeeeees 281
OL sperm-oill-22, S55. peeee seas 297
of whale and fish oil......-....:.. 297
Net, of oils and fats'..-.--.t-s-2:- 301
Of pores <2 ose -Ooiee es ee eeaee eae 277
Net of provisions sac ace See OL
of sheep 222553. ccceo ceecee cee 274
of saddlery, harness, &c .....-.... 292-293
Ofsilk sraws... 2-05-25. co ee pee 289
Of SOR -22)- 2-3. sc ae eee ese eee eee 297
OL SPErMaceti-s sasha ees 297
of¢tallow: -cscecesse ee ee eee 297
Of Walk 2:22. 6s 99
of woolen manufactures ........- 287-288
INiet,of wool, &cs2s22nesss> reece 301

of wools, &e., by districts and coun-
tries}s 2223 st ec See 287-288
External parasites. -.22.c. 24.0. sssses eee 244
Hxiranimitaltoysterss oe scees see eee 254
Bxtractiof fish: s2s<-2-sorcesce tena ee oes 187
of meat, and imports of ....-...-..182, 276
Bxtractioniof bird-oils: 3225325225. ccesse 2 175
of fish-olls sas sc2 seetee eee ee ae 175
Of: pelatinerssssesa28toseee eae 175
Ofs Glue) Faz cae sea eee seasons 175
Of-isinglass\.322 see ete sk 175
of other mammal oils ..-......... 175
of reptile-olls<= 23s .sccseccc ce. i75
of whale-oil (with models) ..... 174-175
HVC LOGl Onan aa stenenencennen ssa ee cee sea 41
IM GQ Omi. Maem crise tieeatacisiaettue. ok cieid 59
DOWGGI tearm see renee cones aoe s 230

F.

Fabrics, feather, Preparation of...--..-.--- 170
IMANTEROUNNOIOL 2. o> S.ceee ne Cao's. 170-171
ROR eiteeets ae Gace Sekihs tice wees 195
AGEN GUS Ol eer etme tse ee cies eas daes 165
Factory, lobster-canning, Model of......---- 169
SHAICONA Ree eeem eee aes ead ease cele cases 137
Mallow Betis not ca cos noobs seus a= = 9
Wall Geode seree as ccccvcn cee ccc as Veeeecuws 135

J14

Page.

Balle; Spear esse «Jeeavers oh oe Me caw ea eee 135

SUITE Gane s conn dia ss nae dae ker Rees 135

Farms, ish: (models)s.->-- -=-- -sas<seree <> 244

BAG, BORD \- coh esae tact sek t alorien ee 223

Fats, Consumption of..........--..-.----.- 296-297

Son porte Of sete ceca te ees -296-297

ORI CUS me Aecm ney ee eae eee eee 223-227

Feather-dressing .. -.-. cnt. o2e5 secceds amas 172

Feather-fabries, Preparation of .......-..--- 170

Feathered arrow-shafts..............-...--. 220

Reatherins brushes @ 222 encores ae teense = 247

Guils ino. wan eneee PRA Ve

Weathers. cao ao aeee eens eee ee 219-220

for artificial flies .....-....-..-.--- 220

of birds, Prepared from. ........-- 196

Consumptiony Gls... oan nae 296

for clothing on 2s. sees ew eceecee = 219

implements) for sia ser cst acy ew 220

TMNPOLIA Ola amas aoe ats ee dopa 296

used in other manufactures .....-. 220

ornamental, Method of preparing... 172

FOV; OLMAMENES: machetes ne ee 220

TOPs PIUMER eee ae eee ee ee 220

Preparation Of: -2<;sss2n2.-2 snes * 170

for textile favrics ..-........5-.2-- 220

eGu Ol, CGEls + naan - sade ere ee 202

and hoofs, Gelatine from ............-. 187

adhesive, Imports of ....-. ..-....-.-.. 287

Relting <5 =--k «cee ebee Renee 170

TAT SGU ease a= eee ee ee 217

Felts, Manufacture of ..................---170-171

RI GUR sole al aoe led cere oe et 136
Ferrocyanide of potassium ....-.......----- 22

Wertilizera=:...s-s-cmcceses ae SS 231, 232

A 8 DON ste oon Commie aetmin eniae 265

Other animal nap sconeusee anon e =. 232

Manufacture of... 2... -..22s22-5- 176

BE DSYeN Guth ac se wee nines -catna es eoeaaieie cee 130

KIDGr DRLODONG 2.0 on eck an ae ane 196

PIPELMICUB ios onal n aac cl oncmeele ah acces 18

Fibers for manufacture of plush carpets. .. 171

igdle Helis was aee awe ne~ an seen ceca sates 67

Field-glasses, &c ............... Rea eines ae 166

Pigare-four ta pasa. xaos nena eee ck oes 135

ISG fees re cate oe a eee eet ea 24

ct CAO ace aes ae 25

OTA gee 2. aann eae eee een 25

Spottedsi tutes ks neha pene ee 24

Stren GU. bn. ssc aed oneeaeteaneces 25

Filters, Infusorial earth for...-...-..-..s... 208

Rravel ,.c2< sponse nee eweves Reeaneae 246

Binbatk Whale: scsnccanat cans ewewenadesnea 12, 18

nner, Oregon: «<<. cunaniedbbwcepeeeer aes 13

Rene VGa 2 nk. toutes eos eee 74

INO BITOS os nce nae uhetentaeete. tamer 90

Cleaning (accessories) ...-....... 93

Loading (accessories) ............ 93

Repairing (accessories) .......... 93

Fire hunting and fishing, Lanterns, &c., for. 141

Fire-proof packing, Infusorial earth for... .. 208

Fish, Canadian, not liable to duty..........- 279

Commission, United States, Methods

Rs nia pombe teen 6) acta Qn Cnn alge

Commission stands ........ We wcavcanee 178

OUR UNN UN OL te tae ane se Jews waa sencs 280

| ISDN -HORtR dene s, eee Cone ee ose

| AUB D-BOTA DE occ oy mae ncn ee eeniateniag me at ities -

4 Page.
Fish, cured, Exports of ......-.....4. 281
Domestic exports of .........- o2e2e- 281-283
Domestic exports, by countries....... 282
dried or smoked, Exports of 281
Exports, by districts... ..............
ExtrachOfs 1. . c.ns0sach eee feces
Foreign exports of ....... PONE ese,
Presh; TUZPOLisiOLl <5 52 2 soy ache
gelatines (pee 24) ..-...-.4, occ eeseume
Imports ofc... os se hee adie ceceiee «278-280
Imports 'of fresh... -2../-.5sessen anes
Wet, exporte Of oie as deen nis soon en cee
Net imports of ...--..-. eho
pickled, Exports of ..-......
Wish- DOMES». s ase ecn.' ee bm een eee eee
Fish-cars for aquatic animals ..........-.-.-
Fish-carts (used in Nantucket) .............
Migshermen's Clabics5-65 2 2-50) eee eee 7

aww neee

Chemical producta f from
Goloring@AvOM == 4. poses os te Rees
Culture of 225... i100 ee ee 245-247
Hunting. ...... pink Suet eee One ee
Initations of
VOL yi0l’ 2... swekvs epee aha 199
Propagation of. -.....-..2 .-..<.-- <4 a7,
Seales of 205
Fish-farms (models) --.-.-- tn aoa eee 244
Fish-guano works, Model of

Fishing-houses
Mighin g-lancey2 6 see 2 agai seas ore 7
Fish-jigs, Many-pointed

peish-knivesis—--stasns-s5-2e PE a ue 7

ign Nanceat a 22554 cc- ek eee ene 7
ISD-LiGG: es = weems ae iitcats easiest cavle al tet ane
Pish-OUBe: v=ncvs cM ee ee ee ere ee 226-237
EXtrAOtON OF. <5 s5a-tks sane ee 175
Soaps from saath;
Fish-ponds (models) 44
Wish-OtG <Uths ss cue be = cee oe « Sone 132
Fish-preparations
Fish-salting
Mish BORG POON, cass teens ues aaa
Fish-scale work, Preparation of..........-..

wee ete cece ns ee weewe cose

Fish-skins, Leather prepared from, ........ 216-217
Fish-slides 131
Fish-snares (wire, gut, hair, &c.)............ 8&6
Fish-spears, Aboriginal
Bish-SPIKG .2.cyeduch uw ecet cn ssqckeeenveewene
Fish-way, Brackett's patent 242
ISD WAYS i sawewns Seep ann ces ecwh ts wen een 241-245
Boxes =42
“Cape Cod” UAL
Dito .6ts cass ht roles sean ene enone wal
French 241
Gap 241
Mooring-float 243
Pool 22
Oblique groove
Single groove. .

rs

241

24h.

INDEX OF
Page.
PSN = WAVE; OP INAl a ache aerels wipuinele elelpiai=lnieietn- 243
BSUS PD eetetefatatereia foie tela ate ietele intemal tal 242
RSH lara ACLLBUL --12-- sco es en ceenlene ne 54
RNG HIADIIO COS pee eee -- ee asa tents 54
iGO -NOROuS POSISe prea aaa nl<an <imjnnininala mn ala\= 82
Plaggine-irons, &C....-- .-.-..--.--2--5--2-- 160
Ise any Oe racernasie ace er esis elo ce came 168
Flakes, Massachusetts. .....-.--..-.---.-.-- 168
ING WOU ELAN iam ino = \niereee eee ttene 168
PERT Granite ee fewieln wele wie = nn leleiaieinni= wie Y= 129
HLATINIGHS GROGIIN sateen miei ieiw a tate one a 246
FRO Rg BS ere ene ee iota = calor neeiais a 94
Hunter's and fishermen’s..-.--------- 167
GSM cee e ee me tee seleacles Sposa © 26
UNAS eee ss alee woe cn ae ame 26
ip ANOUK es -ae ese ae sai ose: See-/-i 116
Wlayinp-ENiVes<--...--2-sse0sscens Senecio 73
LOO Seeman sae eaannee clea 178
Flexible materials. --...--- REE E esa caatsa- se 208
from invertebrates. -..--. 222
HGS PAR IN Olas say eomcate amen le mcenieincew'sice 138
TOLD ESS eee eeeataaece sees 102-114
ONVHOOKS ese se ceerc scmeiee soe 102
ANC OuNERANSECUS enews clo. == == 137
Artificial, for salmon ...-.......--.. 102-114
LEOWUO eae ee cise alos cco 102-114
Flint-chipping apparatus. --..--...-...----- 89
AL CGDIN PR MIV ES pce metn ee aelainsiar=i= ainsi leicicls 75
Floating-cages for aquatic animals.......--. 244
Hloating trawl-lines ....-......-.-.-----:--- 97
PGB See ae sine a eras nee aiainiayeleistaiSie ee == 117
Ea OOMaesese ee beoacies sacs tose ==" 117
KG Oye ae eee seen enema aickyaia- = (= 117
Manufacture of, &G-=----2-5---<..--/ 172
SGUIG eer iaesne semicisiieciaam cio =e/eieje'e's 117
Flocking for wall-paper from refuse quills-. 171
GG kan oe OO Vase setsite cine seesinplaeainnieyars =i5\='5 = 228
Mlorida Crocodiuless.-. 2 eeecice es -cen mae ni. = 2 21
Gopher-tortoise ..-...-...----.----- 21
NOS pesca mice wes dae vim cere a 18
SAI AINA COT Sens wate swlaieiolaaaisialcie'<eie= = 17
Rerreile ss ess sere tacisissta)i-micint = 21
PIOUNCe Ce OOMMOU eases see se ccm scaccc ce <i 27
HOUT-SpOtleds-— =< 5-5-1. 2-05 ae 27
Polesesssce ate esos oe sass 27
OUD Mee scem anaes esac assess 28
BRODY = sae ae ie eee ch simialarl 26
SMOOt-DACk ep ee ecko iaeicis ae 26
SOUUNGIM mae oer aan eens cee mewe = 27
AV ARUOISV te easing soleiaiia/='aie/siaain/ amid 27
DV VILE NOSE Re ot ater dlorn.< wii slams 26
OPIN epe ate iceteiaty ental sip etels sich 97
Wivinie-tshbenrded tactics nee atoms men 55
Bisck-winged. 2.30 sn.n% veccnne 55
BS UULER Va mere sincmcl doles caisee aia 54
Dried and smoked........-.----- 183
PR VT CENT ie esse wie ta minie ais anid staat alae 33
Fly-fishing, Simple reels for ........-------- 118
TAO Klee sitet cies ise he ere 95
HOOKSyetr sere tos ins oe tea eae 138
DOTY MUNIN ene ental mt amie wis o's ates ab nlare eine 160
HO LCIN PSM BOB esta eere aetna isa ce aie aia 129-130
IWOOd. Au Mee ABO LOL ses on cemaieen Si nelss 265
TOR ANIMALS co sole eet einen aan 187

OBJECTS. 315
Page.

Food, for domesticated animals......--..--- 187
Bivalve shell-fish for............-..-. 253
eRivaliy QSMOG seeineec eee oee eee er 256-257
Lobsters, shrimp, crawfish, crabs, for.260-261
products, except fish, Exports of - - . .277-278.
products, except fish, Imports of .. ..275-276
POISONS yess eee a heer eae eae =a 136
Preparationiof - -<c- sce. aa---s=nne- 168-170
(PreservanoniOh aos. s6-tcecee en e=a- 168-170
Sea-snail useditor ie cocsccew ctoceece = cer 251

WOOGS seca eee taseesaa-seceice ea eeeias 179-187
G@annedeer- + -se ee oon eae aaee eee 184
Driediand smoked! ...<<. - 72. 2iacaek. 182-184
In‘afresh condition -.-<.---522- sc-=-- 179
Pickledppessesonecc nt es ate ence 184
Salted, canned, and pickled 2s seccees 184-187
Foot-path snares\.....- -...--0--2--senee0e- 134
WOOU-StOPS == =e = ecine ew isi ln =e aieseiee= == 183
OLCO DS ane eee ee sees ar a taele= wale == 178
Force-pumps, Air -.-.....-.-...--.2..------ 247
Foreign animals, Imports of ..-.------------ 274
HOrk ye nppeReeeeeeseseeeaas ae acrose ce mcnae 174
MOGKS reese eee eaemee Cnc enmieniiscniaa nine menial 81
Work-tailed'Cathshesssecsecosecteae cena ar 62
MOLMIC Meld meas ae mesiccecaceaice sian asae ee 229
Manufacture!ol ..on-si--- == <= 175

BOs Hi eeeted scone bonSoCObSCOnSeaSSaosses 300
Four-bearded Rockling .............---.---- 30
Four-spined Stickle-back ............-...--- 54
Four-spotted Flounder ........... -...----- 27
Fowls, foreign, Imports of .....-.-.----..--- 274
Fox, Arctic (Vulpes lagopus) .....------.--- 189
Cross (Vulpes alopex decussatus) ....-. 189.
Gray (Urocyon virginianus) ......----- 189

Kati (Vulpes! velox) scp cesiccceneie sees a1 189

Red: (Viulpesifulvus) so. ss.cesee se ee ae 189
Silver (Vulpes alopex argentatus) ..---- 189
Squirrel’easeivesacec ce seme eee. 14
HOxes, -beethv Olean .scseeea-siecednaceese cscs 197
IBTAM GS teeisewieteiaaeiaalelsteeioeinie sta ata ah eet ai 177-178
DVVAIR Cos sclera we pee ae iatela eee eta eae 178
NVOOGEGD ce s-seseclerice cet camocetemets 178
Frenchypird-trapig---c a eaenctenate ct clare a= = 135
fiSh-WAYVSsbass 22 aioe eo ae sarc sas 241
Hresh-wester roms <csasqos snc cess toce eel 45.
LOY TIN ew eure sonata ate = sina 60.

TIAN eee ieee cee ek recta vem cen calcite steers 53
Frog culture, Methods of......-..-.-. ----- 245
MrOst-iShi< esc sccme sews saveavecsd=seeceeee ce 29, 56
FREOZED) PUG -wckears peste = eee ae aaa 221
MMICUS CISHICHUS ee cceececea- mek ee re snecae < 269
Cee Tashi PIs satan n eel oe wie slom<t= o'atele ae 269

$e MUNCHUUS hemes os aes eure selon 269

Me MW AGITATON Et onetries bese ccicce sects ce ek se: 269

tte PSVERICHIOSUSbe ee ececieoeee te cena cal ointe 269
BWUeleeececeseetideespeeecescctssscd ss cnsece- 162
OMIA eee eeeeet etirsce de cces sce == 170
Fundulus pisculentus ......-....-...-..---- 56
FMTIN GL GRap seasieeeee nes ses sicnw ccc se cee 132
Mur of beaver! (castor) .<--.--..-2.2-.-.---- 196
PU Ofe RANG Weeeatsia a scissor sacs ae) ~ =~ 196
OMMOlLoseeeeeee ee scodees see) wanes 106
GiOMR QU SR Meters eietcictalejae = alee cle = =!-1- ine 196
pack-saddle (Hudson’s Bay) .---.------ 142

316

ADOCLOL a Dine ak ae ern ceeds wee setae 196
Fur-dressing, Processes of...-..------------ 172
RDL-BRINS, LEVON Ofeo ca sen a. se sone wenies 284-285
= °* Cimports Of 5 cu- eastous eeeueae ee 283-284
DINE nse os koe eto cin aia cores ol Setea emer 162
Mormtnre-tAnle oc. curavass au ssenaeeee es 163
SUTET STO OH om wtcietnicis seston pe mintaibieanaee are 162, 188, 195
NIVRGRL . cnccc ance wendenws de oet aaa e mete 5, 191
‘Anibarotio cis ake os cused ee 191
TISin OF cnet anes soca ona awener es 195
nre Bird «ac ynos despa easieehece ae eeeee ao 195
Domestic exports of, by districts and
OQOUNTTIGH Op caee cee ee eee meee 284
NOLS Of ae = ewaae ane tees ae 283-284
SNeuui POUL Olen ancecnnssnenas aes aa std 301
ROSS SNGlIS OF goes ana rte eee ae 206
SW YKE- DIN sane esac cr aswcec renee ea ee ees 133
F ykes (set-nets with leaders).-.-........-..--- 133
G.
SOCIO ED oe ee eats po de a aa eee eee 29
anus MOUNUG oseesneuy cock cuucane eepaeeae 29
TON-NOOKS =o a cas cee cekaaainenerccase cont 80
Galeocerdo tigrinus << --<- 22. sone cee n ens -s 69
APAIGOVINIGID fot occ aoc cnacuniguecne us ss uees ue 68
<TALlOL AMIMRIB loco sede tee oe Recon ee 229
of animals for dyeing ...-..-...---.... 228
OL CAND facade seis dea Seen Sees 228
{Fall nite ste on een a ene ke ace cee 231
reall sg ON Gen ee eee on bck Seo ee eee 229
GAM CDRS ones aces neste eesti ee er 166
Game and fish baskets............0.------- 167
fish, &c., Preservation of...........-. 241
MAWES © 30 22 oe ee oe eee ee as 241
Gangs of hooks for minnow-bait............ 96
Gar-fish, Bow-mouthed .......--.-..-.....-. 54
Dried and emoked.--..<-.2<2c---< 183
SUVOr pee eo oe reece ee eee 54
a Rxe RD WHS tee bea nena Seca cece ae ater 241
CSIP IRGC soo sae Ieee ae ee ee ae 64
Shoxvi-nosed <2. -- - see snac pee 64
AFAAPOTORU Ss wetmae See ai ae oleae one Ee pe es 60
Gasteropods, Dyes from (Murex, Purpura,

WG) Lea eee hden eda een adaware rere 229
Gasterosteldes oi ce wesc ne wey eke akee sees 53
Gasterosteus noveboracensis ............-.. 53
Gear, Bottoiicde n> cadeca cneceweesne ae aan 97

DOCP-BO8 on sn cous dxema neh uaea eee ses 96-97
Geesd, Down Of. 2sen. coo cea oeenge encase 220
Gelatine, (Consumption of) .....-......- 22, 177, 296

AMIDOLtS OL Sonae caeecv eb acne een 296
anil ising ldgn' ss .vu eee aeaee eee 220
BIN: << son an oe eee ee ee ee 221
SONG Wc cas ccuksre Puen seen aaa 187
FHOM COCOONS 4... oan ewteeenocden ces 187
Extraction of......... AP 175
for food (see under 4).............. 200
from feet and hoofs................ 187
BGG = clive us ck nonce elem oe ce eee 187
from ivory shavings............... 187
from leather shavings, &c ......... 220
PE i a aod tan. nos x skVa>skcbouce 177
ROU ION Cote tak dit ceed pseu etna aan aeee 187
and oils...... eveswentbrpaeusue ~ 1th
Be Ee ee ee 187

INDEX OF OBJECTS.

Page.

Gelatines from bones and ivory shavings... 221
Of Sisk (seg 24)e 2235 eee eee 187

Mammal (see 24).-..-.--2.ccce ent 187

from SINGWS/s <s52-55<025.25e5 ecco 187

from tanner’s refuse .---.--..----- 187

Gelidium cartilagineum .........-....-...-. 267
- VOTNGUIN cc = ose 2-5 shee eee 267

es Coultert 25: 253223 See eee 267
Geomyldessr es . s 2 se. oo onan Scena e ae ae cee 17
Geomys bursarius --: 3. <--- ones teens eee 17
SS" )OSStANODS . Soccer ade etin de ene ee 17

MVS NZD otas epdinesetamserne ae ato sae 17
Grerridsec. seo. seen sae ee 46
Ghost-Hishse tose ste arctan aati 31
Gisnt- powder ~ 2. so eee 91
Gigartina acioularis ....-<55.2.5.5-sceceuee 268
¢ canalion ate... 25-2. 43s ee eeeene= 268

J: MAM OBA awe ones ert ae ee 268

a MICTOPN VS Sa. saa ee eee 268

a TAO Aone pc ee sae. eee eee 268

Gill Metian ence os pee aswemen se neon eee 122
Gill-nets used in Great Lakes. --....-....-.-- 122-123
Gimp ‘enoodsi2 24 aor owen cos wa ceenes 116
Ginglymostoma cirratum. ........----.--.-- 69
Ginglymostomatid@® .............-..-.----.- 69
Ginihs: Go ores ace poeta eee eee 142
Glass-grilled boxes (Coste’s).......--.------ 246
(GiTeE ene ees oe -nen alnose da iee ea eee 14
GloWes isos. sees te er pee ae 244
Glohe-sighiasc. cc. = ocse- pe os eee ere 93
Globicephalinss ..-~ <0... ceewccacim nse eee 11
Globicephalus intermedius ......-......-.-- 11
x Scammonis.--252-22- eee eer 11
Gloiosiphonia capillaris -............-...... 269
| Gloves, Leather for manufacture of. .-..--. 211-214
skin, kid, &c., Imports of. ..-..-.-... 292

GING ioe A etoic nd dees oe ce eres ee eee 220
Exports and imports of .......-..----- 296
Pxetrachion or. cwssiassnvaeee eee sees 175
DSLOSOM oo ose e thee eae een eee 3-221
MACE FLOM WAR xe a wnw comes skin veers 217
Manufacture Of-.~<s0 dan ccsunsotasces 203
Glues <<). % ~ fon ean eset oe seat eee mee eee 177
GlluesilGks"...2o- foo eo2c eee epee 89
Me a ree cle ta rel er 4
GIVCCUING ct svar ers vieti sad uceseeeeee ae 176
TEN POTtH Ol 2. wn san cee eee 2097
Glycerines, Manufactured. -.........-..----- 225
Glyphidodon saxatilis ...........-...-...-.- 37
Glyptocephalus cynoglossus. --.......-...-- 27
Goat Hom of <1 6-4 sstadéeascccrekeencuoeee 201
WeathOr ji ade os to ae oe tae apo eee 209
Mountain .cs25o5 on cane cease aaa 7
Sinbwa Of) v=. 26 cto shee e eee eeenba ae 215
Goat's wool (for wigs, &c.)................ 195, 217
OPR10-Sy6\ 5-5 aneanbune ds mete = atten eee 41
Goggles, Snow. <..2.cqdasus ge acy. ose 166
Golden Vall avs cosas bas peek acke eer ceRe eae 48
Gold-fillitg. ct tesa cakes easmonn seeew eR enanes 62
Goode’s:'Snoker.....-..sc2ssess Sb caudenceneu 61
Goose (Anser Bp.) -<ssscdsngstnncadadeneseee 195
Cantiad 'sc< vas eckeusan itaunnkcnarrake 185

IBID Cahn ans waetus dnt auk pp eee eeee 23

Of] .wiescas ao Saves oka cone Seckcawseuere 226

Quill ii si wakeencawansn domi ceene 219

INDEX OF
Page. |
Gopher, California 2-2-2. .--..35sssch bees 17
Grayeeeanrnce eo sas eee 15 |
OGG Wem ates siete ca ceiaee ta eet 17 |
PovGhed ie saceeces - sec. oo ote ances 17 !}
Small-footed Pouched.-...........-.- 17
SOMIP GOs seme siesta = cols ses ee ase mee 17 |
MGXAS ROUGHED = sci 'o\acc-n esse 17 |
Nello ware aarcie sip ees cs syeraie 16 |
Gopher-tortoise, Florida. -............-..--. 21
racilarin arm aber oc a- Segoe pecs. ss sso-s 267
a CONS COPDIG Uae eciaiciete= <icerea n= ese 267
oe @antervoides*.s-se- ses sacha ce 267
us TAY CEM YD ERR OY coat te aa eye ane 267
raduatin Psi lhtes sos sesso cess Scene sols 93
Glin ir Pee serene a srenee ae ae class sled 3)2's'S:s2 171
RAINE Stern eae actors ela eteiatarsieie(e we cle, sale 11, 13
i SRISCUA Me aceteea steels ee otc) a 11
Ee AVEO UULEd aeemmnecmine ce se cint cisicsis ce 11
sf SAR RTD ha cesphocodense aeaceee 11
a Wihite-headed |. -. oo. . 0.5. 4o-- 2.) 11
ETAMIDUS-Olliesceeceeessareeniee sc stoe coos 295
ETA NNeIS eeeesa see sees eonees neces sis s/= 81
Grappling Sear yecccsias sc eiccloccacs ncaa ss 161
ATONS eer seer eee a talesismcicle nics 81
Granoawihaletpecsscss cece cen sees sss 12
Graspuie-hooks'!s-e2esss-25- 2552-65 ---ces-- 80
Grassi Bass cmmsn emacs ee aise micersissciiec sso se 48
Grasshopper pastors eae e ise saceia- nics 21 ole 137
Grasshoppers; Dried ©..- ---\1s2c -sisec=- c= 2 184
Grateloupia Cutleris.-...../.2-.--.-------- 268 |
v filfciriay Meera 88 a... s.ss2.2: 268 |
Ee Gibbesiimrcs re csseecre ste. === 268
Gravel-bottomed troughs. -.-.........-..-..-- 245
HILBES as aaa cee eee ease nas ss 246
Gray Fox (Urocyon virginianus) -.......-.- 189
Gopher eae sere sete a i=eces 15
GraylingImtestines Of ==... -2----:--.---- 231
IVE ON aT ee yare nian ite atl asa/-) ais 3 ain 58
raves AD DIGS ease Acne toscana sie eielalecaiacchac 19
Gal ee meee ecioat nce ueociscs eins Hele cts 6
SHAD NOR cemecte se sel eemieiceseiaa sie = 3 48
Squirrel ae aceessacnsccise potaccccscies 14
BYVAL St ee meen om clas Saminieiei Salata oc a/a's'a}2)s 12
Great) Lakes, Boats of .-......---......-.2.. 149
GTEaSG; MLMPOLislOfie aos cccca sos swan ewcasecse 297
Greenland Wog-tishsa--=- aes sasc es scceces « 69
SCULPIN ee se ctday- eee cicratesaceeee ses 34
DEMO Lies cecenhivin~ tiatciecas ete’ ars 28
GreenvMnwile ete es ct ea seieseo ss = Sos) 22
GrGonia CANS ye passes 2 cae ass ccesos neces 247
Griffithsia Bornettiana ..........-...-...--- 269
CEL Sie ees ee ores se oben eb e-aecbecee 246
CEMINGOLS rig saen ese eee sae sh <mSo cols ose eh wn 176
SGuniTi Leeman EMEA kt Oe 63
Grinnellia,, Americana. 3... os 2<c6i00 one ese ee 266
AAV OOM oa werent ance clas «oie cisasaees 4
GROMMNCINSS eee oeiaae tase weave dose ae 152-153
CUOUDEL Mee sore netcticcaees o hted isos cavews 50
BGC eres ayasene lv Serco tears 50
ROG Kare eerie eine cielo Soniae ase rete 50
Growth of East American oysters. .......-. 255
COU Ss PEO KICO sae ie ey sehen oe ee 47 |
DO MLO ARNO eee ernie ees a etere 47 |
CLAN ACMA Eos <tc ce ts cbirinins tetas skin eieeciees 195
Guano and other fertilizers, Exports of... -. 300 |

OBJECTS. BA
Page.
Guano and other fertilizers, Imports of. .--. 300
INGURMPOLtS Oli. <n occa eee cee esc sen 301
Babi apn siniaes Siar teialain eae Rasnmee eee ab 231
BIT GS seas Seon Sse a ae kis 231
from dried meat and blood.........-. 232
MENA EN pean faerie entices: 232
Pacific, preparations illustrating .... 232
(PLOPALAtION Oly rece niaciociasc anise s ae 176
Guanos;-Artifictalieo--s oc dasneeototcacoene 232
Naturale ssosenceosicc hese ait cosciote 231
Gusrds Wrists cesses ootes sce oe ecaaeee 166
Gmasa eee pos pow sans cess sim wecee toast oe 50
GulfMenhadents ons. 52s -2--scec5-ceseenes 60
SNAPPeLessnersec'sniciteocce se saeesees 48
Gulolusousisieee= ot nics oe secec tees 4
Guon=caseSh en. ch cca we oes 2 Jel peaae eee 95
Gun-COttOn eee an nee ctesieae wisinasicw wanae cee cere 91
Gunpewderkacscac- oem ace ac oo eeissse eens 91
Gum-racks fas eace seas aise claw cae caterer 95.
Gunsseummmp-Dirdesc es 22/22 ce ees 90
Gunslandpistols)sess-s-toee ce acs ees eee 90, 135.
Gunwalowwinches -ecre.. «oon. fesse 119
Guimand Wily Cheer ep eactccceet es aaeene eee 33
Pei WOTIM sana a cisenoeeeaees oetee 222
Gymnogongtus Griffithsi@ ...-............. 268
aS ViNGATISS2 Sc ec Secs eee teas 268
es INOLVOLICUS) 5-222 ese ses 265
oe GONWIS Waianae Sasa enters ciecee 268
H.

HR ACOCK Ase ee ra ne ce cisioe tase onioee een eaeae 29, 183
INORWRY arcs semicctecivasetarenenseee 34
Heematinromibloodiesce. css eeesecee «se 228
BMY NM pee seta Bcafe sass aces ae eee sea 47
He APA acral cmaserisiecieissce eects 47
a BECO AGUME Eo ctesisisie(siave state eistelesiot 47
*t chrysopterum) -)m.-\s< enone ane 47
me ClOPANS ee ac-)e en sen sahe see te ne 47
oe HOTMOSUM sects teeee eer nee. 47
Hingfis livers merase see ae scons ae oh cere 70

Hair of American badger (Taxidea Ameri-
CAND) ee se estate roe ore Bie elo mals 217
of Antelopei(on Skin) ese sacmmec ects eee 218
bracelets, &c., Imports of .......-.. . 294-295

and bristles for artificial flies (see un-
Geri 45) tec cian -rcemteciseasienaeasen 219
and bristles for brushes -....-....-.. 217-219
Of bates. 0.035. ssssneeatenceees 195
Of Dears: ince: soe case seeeee nee ee et 217
Budalo- io: 53.55 seca = toeeee aeteencas 196
Camella: deck nauoe me Desens sianiowiass 165
Cattlev rs recccmemae sesso etm eb nia ats 219
Consump tlomofiee ness ose canes 294
CLOUD PUD OLGS Ole seem ane eee 294-295
curled, for mattresses, Imports of . ..294-295
Ondeeri(On BIN ee chess): Sate aiacic ber 218
for felting (see under 8) ......--...---- 217
IOT BGA Sass icisic aioe is ob eerie sisecictes ade 195
GBMAGOM ee eres aac. mcelopinie ioe wetewal: 195
hog’s, Imports of ...-...-.---.--.----294-295
LORS ON ern est chen’ Racal eas 196-219
DED UNTT ee =f fa, wich Lei eas hee ofS Gis o/soe sree 195
NUMAN Pk OLUS\ OL Soe ..-) 2 i<\\sicae alanis 294, 295
Human, for commerce...........----. 217
human, Refuse of, &c ........-....-.- 219

318 INDEX OF OBJECTS.
Page. j Page.
; i 16
ik cm povte Okvewds dave cvawnck anced eee 295-801 |, Haplodontides: 27 <<<. 42-<.c--cecemesoseen as
[sa ahaa arama 195 ectaatde STUNIMIGNE: -- apes ae ees 45
Gn ee n19; 904°)’ Haplomit.. 2. {yes dd ae 55
TOE WBNUACHITOR axe aacncccasnasedsn ee ea ee OG eh Os he ;
Tee ee era ‘ oe Hard materigis.: 0.27. -5scsdseeco. oes 197-207
Pa ie ee 217 | Hard tissues, Preparation of..............-. 173-174
TOM OTUAMENtS) ena = ad hawe aes eee pat ee it aed hee Ree a
Se eee = Auiiaieate De Seid im frated ste are biel rate Se 19
SP UGO eee aso weicre ain o tereie poe et im et aerate a ed
295 Bachmann's <: o2 3.222 soetse pe eee
pencils, Imports of ---------.-------. Cae Neen ae a ee me
Essa 195 California ........ 666 eee 19
De Le ee ee 219 Wr OF. os-coweccecks cones a ane 106
SLUNG geen ee panes ae ieee en ra Fee 2
SSE DIG Seam a cna ie alee ot araee ier ee a eee ee see Cee br
Seal (Phoca ana Rare ea ae a Wa oh On eee r!
OL SQUINTEL Fe sec cemr Saeexteacncicsan oan ¥ sa rk ee 2
for staffing. .--\0./cqs<<2--sssnceqe== ie an aes i eee ae a
SD OT Se Feet oae el ota ae ae See eres “ Seat a eee me
unmanufactured, Imports of. -.-....--. 204-295 oe Ce ae -
Vicugna . Stel tata day Wek stole ee itt a aia artes a ee OR aa ee a eee se
Weasel sii hosceeh nant con aceneeese ae pe Gee a
SACRE ST GaN ates. 217 | es Raha Cae ee 149
NRL hs a Sie cantata niet oracle eee ey ba ce ase ra -
UOG L502 S28 ean ee oe 217 SHAT PG AUGUS oa seene awe seen co eetereeeees
ae Beda ee keane 172 | Harpoon-floats of bladder, skin, and wood -. pe
NO cea teers seo re ee |
INV DOXAUGIL —(uuie [ore ce ceca eaeete cece 24! |) Harpoon-line6): -. + .c0+205 92-0 a2 epee ene
RING BOxA1SM << (ic, [sewcn cea eee oe
z v fe x WO ete cok oss ee eee
Hainy-tarled Mole .<25 5s nceneee sats enone ie Ep | oe bette Bee re eae =
AEG te ee ke nl eee 6 ae
Long-fimned Gre cree ere ees 30 | Harnoons, JSkim0. >... <.¢scewae ee see eee eee .
Silver bens ene aa wages 80" (Harpoon-spears-.-/-...=.cc-=sseensse eee oe ee ae es
ihe al cee a Ee 29 | AY pPOON-thA DAs 2scs 02-6 = =) Jaane eee ree I 3
a enon, 43 | Harp Seal (Pagophilus greenlandicus) .----- 6, 192
se eteeets Aang ger a ae ae 55 Harris's Bikini Squirrel 2*3.94i 3 eee 15
ALA Deg ee tec ool — atas cad uae eae ce 3 ‘ =
Jfariolag.=~ 5-2 k-akak as nee eee
Half-round spades 2 nthe ot pee ot af cies ioe Sie ott et ae ee ae" ae a
Diet i Gee ee aa ews 185 FHarvesiifish!<-s<-. 022: s.. 2, e ee eee a
DUS), C00 nan ae oslo ented ye arve te "a oan ee a
Si tab 183 | Hat and bonnet makers’ bone, Manufacture
Sa ae eee 169 | Of ccsv de oScchescuiws so osbepate coe Sneeeeeee 173
KEsNOUNGSs one nod ae eae eee Pease dp ac biecs cnaie a «0 osteoma
etn ities 270 Hatchets, Whalemen’s boat.............. as 76
Paratha teaches he kie aoe 270 | Hatching accessories .........-.-.-..------ 246-248
, Dyk Saal ae 270 lies apparatus ..-----.2.<...5-.ssceus 245-247
“ CON ac secos dat deo uae ect a 2 | s EN
3 ing-biskeb: sco sete ect ectee seen
Haliotis, Methods of drying .....---..-.---- pe ere ipcarapmrnny uave cas * i
Shells oft tence akc coves tenon ae See eee ae ae
Haloporphyvus widla << .coc ssc esi so awee oe | ee a a ate e
Hoalosaccion bucicola:.......-.22..2c.c.c.-5- ou raat hans Pr na ee
(tetas so. teas et ial eal venta aise 2
i sak i a 268 | Head-axes for whalemen.................--- 7
Hinlymenia Mloressia, .22.5-46-5so.-csueceas mie See ee .
: png eit gio 68 | “ Head icoiver UPS teat vo ae acent aeanle ee oie See 171
: ay-Nhead Sharks ane Sscvceesces soe . snsnaeeaes r
see zi : ‘: ea ctcOurnenine Dunes eee 162 | Head-oil, Preparation: of... 2522-2... 2.s2cseee sh
Gide... 1, -sacacatentaceeae ean N82 | Head-mpados. « s0%-..c.susswean chs /escacsigay 7)
Meine oe ee 79 | Hedge-hog, American, Quills of ...........- 219
PASIC-OTOOMOR - sc cues sgucanuen wee te ee eeeed | mh HC EOE ne aaa
eek. hatte. é 4 Heliotyping illustrations, Methods of. ...-... 178
Hand-implements ............... vwieviewe d's oat Sean “ain i ee sa
Handle-nets ............. uqwan sobs aatenwe eee 28 | ee sh ake Ee a
Handles, trinkets, billiard-balls, &c., Manu- a os ene ee ay eae 2: <s
MDs was cana sxacad Ot 7 e Hi s+ 20 2+ 2a. 2
for ic = SB) Ftemittinfaridis: 2..i2.ickicave @ .ckeseueesne
ca en ee 7 Fehstteiptardd GINGLIOUNUB+<. veka a syoenc ces 54
eee a a5 | TIONG u's scdaCet'a tsp tevqacsdquevaseedaveeee 60, 137
TABOR POO GAOL a bah osc cu sacsacat esses i g pebicek at aoe -
pee ee tse 150, 151 | Carmel: c-.ip =v Kes tte SNe 186
PRL ited Me. 2) be = 16 Breah-watar < sick sew cceestadsuse 60
Haplodontia leporina ............. goesevens
»

INDEX OF OBJECTS. 319

Page. Page.

Herning: gillnoets' <2. 2252-22 2-c.he oc. 123, 124-126 | Hooks with artificial flies..............-.--- 102
OMe ese esi sees rents eat Rett = 227 SSS GEC seine a-talelsalainintalein imac nioiate e's 95

pickled, Foreign exports of ...----- 283 PS LUD Del serena cee eam esas sone aaa 81

TM POLS OL se aw See = = 278-279 SOB Utemeseee eae eeteaf tela ates ee eee t= = 80, 150

ROUNGE 2 - sere ncees esac kh asemees = 59 Canipenneteaaaeeise a cela eae tse eae 81

DSBICG ieee eae teen o te eraee = 186 Clamireeceesaeenaeseaiacimaas seis aia 80

MOMs anaes Nees aie sia awe iam Sorel a 60 Re Vaese eee eee cemee eect. 138

SIMO Keds lateness a miele 183 Gafhrasse sane nceceare es sctic-Geecces 80
SUIORG-HOMSOS au ei eeetm a= oeisie aio ia ai 169 GYaspul en ascesmee sate se eee 80

SSE Geen eres ea rete te ete aie ae on a er minial aie 60 CG ese ea eae tee Saari eee 161

MATE assis eccsek eta esiisce esc 60 dunk, &Cssassseeoresiacosssseee ricer 81

IVb bes ie eee cee lela alm ieieini n= 57 TaN CO noeas cate sna ae cee ae 81, 161

Be ATER eG ee tee tena ae nines este las aaino = 11 Dip ree oe sae Seen reel eee ees 81
PEL@rTino- SOMES ieee ele meeee ease niar mec ~i==- 127 Mamy-pointed 2S. s2eceo--/seecersaee 81-82
Hesperomys leucopus .-.----.----------.-.-- 17 M6at icc. cecs cases tees eeser ee 168
Heterosomata .....-.-..... Preiene sistota mie tale vere 26 for minnow bait, Gangs of......----- 96
PRU ON e-T EN ees ate nee nein cinco era ior 116 mounted on leaders .......--.-.----- 116
PEIN see ae es te aoe Se Se as ie se naisleiciacki= =e 50 with movable lines .........-.---..-. 95
Hides and skins, Exports of .......-..-.----- 292 Pickerel =: c..cs-sessesareew ae eee 135
MPOLEsOfs ss. === casei 291 | 13) Eni ese eee Ces AOS em Aaoaucposcé 97-100

skins, &c., Net exports of..-....----- 301 Ravi ose esther coeee eee ete 80
imports Of 22-0. -- 301 ARUP Cera es = Se cce nateee ae Re eee ee ate ae 152

Hildenbrandtia rosea ........-...---------- 267 Single-pointed 22 cs.=seeeset nese ssee 80-81
PIP POCA DIC yen ates senin cate oa ain oe ess = 25 SS] NAb ne Ak coe aa hersso-adsed sao 135
Hippocampus antiquorum.........--...---- 25 Squirrel. 2 ose es eee cee eee saeter eee 80
Hippoglossoides limandoides ---..---.------ 27 with stationary lines .....--..-....-- 97
Hippoglossus americanus..-..-.-..---------- 27 Unmounted, recent and aborginas. ..97-114
Histiophorus americanus ..-...---.---------- 39 SWihialem 61'S. S\s\-. sac qeeieehoeeeemiaeel 81
Histriophoca equestris --...---..--.-------- Ga (PELOOP-NOUS easements nme: seat eae aerate 128-129
IVES (SOC UNAER H3) = see ee ee nn accuse PAST HOpplest ns sani cian sees en wre are sess) 1243
LODUNSECES 5) poses asies cee eases <1 244° | Hormactis Harlow! -..--.2:-----ss.sesseee=e 271

Hog and peccary, Bristiles of...---.-----.--- 218 | Hormotrichum Younganum .....-.---.----- 271
CRG K CR Beco ea eee ae eeeiete as steto Iai 2G PEL OTN tele cetera ate els m cine oleae = rete tele eee 201

SEL O UN te ee epee neat me a eine y= 11 BOM bees es seri = aelc ane ee eee 202

WAS GOLA Ole tae eee e oe esas omen a 215 Ofsbuttalo sscacsiacste soe See eee 201
EV SSE SOLOS) OL oe pare cote ate maw lelemin eel a sina 274 OLN E Oat open tare eran sha ote ole et ee 201
oreo imports Obs ese a. oe eae 1 - 274 em PoLvisOfs. sass nee een eee 290
Molacanthus ciliaris -...>.....--.----=------ 39 and hoof, Preparation of. .-----.----- 173-174
e LEPC OLORS sete etalon aia ee tae = 39 asmmateriall 2/55 <2 see ean ee ese ee 202
Holernotus pulchellus..............-...:..- 38 OL Moun tan e POR ee o = seme ete ai 201
re phodoterussses-e. cee sce e eee te 38 of mountain sheep ............-...+-- 201

I QIO GES beeper see ee nye a leis cen aimee cle 89 of musk-ox (Ovibos moschatus) ...--. 201
LOL CEMUUMMU SOLO ce eteiar ec nieelaeiec ri“ seieinte= == 44 of Rocky Mountain sheep .-----...--- 202
ETOLOCE DUAL ce see sc she wicaseeieceet sass acess 65 KPO Wess cic csieetes citi =e Oe a eee 62
FEGIOUHUTIANS MOTO sens errisocts saccicice eo 2 184 | Horn-cores of ruminants..-..............--- 200
PLOISUONS seo ate eet s\sics Soe siee sae sscee tens 95 | Horned cattle, Exports of ..-....-....-..... 274
PTGS VRUS tae ere ere secs ce eee ooo OA Ba LOL ania retain alee eta leer taie tere alte 94
PUN CU APa Ease Ae ae Seb eic teres emesis en ss 230 Of OX 2/4 so cscs eaten oan ane cee etees 201
STO GR Olesen eee eco es > 27 of sheep .- 2222s esc asisacecsaseeeesens 201

NP OUMOVGEDAV ES) Secs sceeatamiee wore the cia si cthuse 3,55 76, +) HLOTSOLC eval Giri cemeley aie teeematars lh etait = 2
ogned soalee sss eae eee eee ei Dee's) 2 6 HO OLS Of ne eee ae oe eee ees 202
Hood or Bladder-nose Seal (Cystophora cis- NOS UN Oe ama a stare aerate 209
RUD rete omnia aapoe Sere alc ein cine ee ces ae 192 Mackerel saci ena sect siscance ats 40
PRONE ee sec oe Sacer a ete Senate caasie(ns ai STs) DELOTSC- sheen ee aaa eeeesia eee tetemicn els oa 25
POORSECO on rte Settee caaet 136.) Horacsiaite cease so eee ne tes arten a2 219

PERO LS EN CU GLOVER soe art reacncte Sorc iy oie etiam 202=205;;| ELOTSES.) DOIl) Oban see eeeer eet ene scene eae 196, 219
OTSALUOLO DG eae ee ares 2 ae sso Sinn or 202 Imports and exports of......--..--. 274

Ota DIO ee teres ots awe nae inmocee 202 OVULOS LGN eetee nent orien sae oho 171

a OGetieeeisee <stetctaceteisc sein ciara 2026 MEOvse- trap ples ecm nae acces, wes 2 - 142

OL SNOLAB Soe eee anise sinisie ls awacies en's Zou | PEOSIeny, ecC-, el POLLS Olce. = cee er ncicess. =~ 236

OMEN US te eeraeeo en meee ve wate atele 02) |e OU esis eee ee eaten aren limi emia = oo oni = o4

OteO Mien ane Rete an welenian gaeiis tee eee 202 | Houses, Fishing ..........-. vere atest ee 162
BTW Kea ORM Bes Sate aie melo lan ain} Setanta ea wie 161 RIEUERS een Onsen ecer ceo etms vaan.s i62
OO is PUL NCL Sowa seas mesagwan sep cna << 123 BIIGKOPMOMTING -osccteoncace-s----- 269
Hooked instruments .......-....---..------ SOMBER YES EOE ee ace cen onwees- 195

320

Page.
Human hair as article of commerce ..-...-.. 217
MONG oreo pe ceks setae pene em enh 203
BCGIDOGKS penn nsjiqenaensyesamnarr = 217
skin, Leather prepared from .....-- 208
Humming-bird guns..........-20-2-e-e-n00 90
Humpback Whale. -......---------00+ sa=--s 12
Frontera, COVGrS LOY ~<a seg ase anncboneee cone 141
, Hunters’ dirk-knives .........----.-.-.----- 12
GARG oe nomen pwiae abides eiemas 167
NOUGO@H = oo needa ne sae epee eee ee 162
Imi vse = oh cen ten net eae amer eae oe 71-72
sheath-Enivess= 0. <sesces sae ean =e 74
Hunting-animals .........-.-22-2----=+0--- 136
Hunting-arrows --- <2. ---2--ccecenn-cesenn> 88-89
Hunting-birds, Accessories to ..-..--------- 137
Hunting -boatss.2-..ces=-pa7- a4 ceene am Soeee 9149
Hunting-camps......-..--.-.--+------e---6- 162
Hunting-clubs. -.....2 2. cccce dnc neeeae encees 71
Hunting-dogs, Accessories to..-...--.------ 136
Hunting-fishes .-.- 2. ..20. c00ssccnee-sence- 137
Mmting-lOG 268 2s onyee wea aa caer neces 141
Hunting-mammals...-..--...-..---0---=-+--- 136
Honting-skitis. <- - 22.0. oo eciewcansenen n= 147
Hnnting-suits -..-.-...--- ene ec eee. sone eee 164
Himrledispears =. 552.2605 - sachs tensa dss~sn¥ 88
BOOKS bans << teem scenes eee ee eee 87
Weights «2-2-2 oc. .- nce ones aeenes 7
Hydrargyra majalis ...........------------- 56
Hydrate chloral ....-......-...------------- 177
Hydroclathrus cancellatus..........-------- 270
Hydrolagus Colliei ............-..--+------- 65
Hyodon tergisus.-........-..-..------------ 59
Hyodontidee. --...-. 220 conneesenes- aces oe 59
Hyperoartia . 2. ..-.---220.-s2.seeese-eseeene 70
Hyperprosopon argenteus .....--..--.------ 38
Hyperotteta << 2s = oe. Sa cavemes aman <-> 70
Hypuea cornuta.-< 2. -<2cb oe coe ceca wsulewia'e 267
‘ DIUBCHONMUIS = o54 4 55en eee nee eS 267
Hypsiptera argentea .............-..-.----- 30
Eiypsuras Caryicec. so cccces bee: wovak sence 37
Hyraceum of the damap (Hyrtx capensis) -.. 228
Hiveurividi: 22+ 2ss-s-—cs5 se ee aves eee we 18

TG

TGe-bOxOGs- sec aeed- =e scenes cu wewnecceneewas 168
Too-cltisels: . 2.5... cncscccesaucewnceesecncte 77
Ice-choppers: <6... wee ise cee se enn cess emen 77
Ice-cutting apparatus ..:........-.--+----«s 168
Ice-handling apparatus .........---.---.---- 168
IGG-NOOKS (ices casanes ogc aence = ep ag ene h as 161
FOROUSER: 2. - J-Veduwunk pecee cet ese a are mL Ue
Ice-trade (ac caanory) po ae eee enema 168
Ichthrelurnus furcatus. ...........2-20-.---- 62
Imitation pearls ......-.... 2 .ccesnes eesenss 206
Imitations of animals and birds. .....-..-- 139, 140
Of fishes Jusiee ensue sees ens 140, 141
Implements, Barbed........-..----.-..++-+- 82
employed by curriers ..-...-.-. 171
Feathers for)... 2... .seasa0a ae 210
PEGI cP dos cn ne cenn caw mupltaen 71
of mapufacture..... 2.2.20. 89

for seizure of object. ........-. 7
Shells used for .............. 206, 207
Imports, aggregate, Net, for 1875-1877..... 301

of albumen and lactarine ......... 298

INDEX OF OBJECTS.

Page.
Imports of ambergris......---..-------.- ain 3 ee
OR SMIONIA tea senoaee as eee 299
of anchovies, preserved .........-. 279
of living animals... 2-4.-5-te cane 273
Net, of living animals ....-........ 301
of bacon and hams..-...........s.. 276
of blankets -...-. epee alee ee 286
OL DEGliae ane ne ma tace nie ere eee ili
OL DGEBSVEEE cence cnn deine ve oad 299
of cuttle-fish bone ..........---..-. 299
OL DONGS. 0G .e pe -aee eee eae 299-300
of bristles, by countries ..-.--...-- 295
QUUMIER. sor aeemen ones en heres 276
of Bologna sausages ....-...----..-- 274
of Canadian fish:-55 32 -s.ccemnceme 279
of cantharides..-.-2---.-cs=s- ier 299
of carbon, animal...-...-....--.--- 299
OP GEIPOtR saan p ees ec a enoree 286
of castoreum or castor. .-.-.------- 298
Of GCHBGNC!<.4 45 sa2aee canna oa
of cloths and cassimeres...../-.-.. 286
OPOIVGts nce eee eee eee 298
OL CoCniNes! (=o. - 4. sacs pees 298
by countries and dis-
TMLCUS sii-- ieee ee 298-299
of foreign animals ...............--. 274
Foreign, of breeding animals ...... 274
of animals not be. Pea 274
Of birds. --25.5-encns eee ante
Of Cattle: 2.55.01 sean ee ge 274
of dress-goods ....--...--- eS 286
OR OE28 a. 5. =-s-<ee Ronen aoe eee 276
of eggs, condensed........-----..-. 276
Of er prG, YOLK Of 2252 eee ence nneee 276
OLtnts:a----..nn ewes wet answedeasems 296-297
OL tGStUOLS)2-- <=. eeeees te aeeaees 296
Offelt, SANESLVG sce sees cee ee 287
OPIS Soest ee ae ee ee - 278-280
of all other fish... -.t.2...2 5. 4-p0n5 278-279
IN Gt; Of GAs san oan see eer ee 301
of food products, except fish . .....275-276
Horeign, Of fowWl8)e-s- «ea =- ane 274
Net; of f0re —.-2-%.--.-<s.seueeees 301
of fur-skins.....-..--.0+-+-=cs002ch0—2om
OF PulsNnG... <5 5.2. -5a5 nse seen ee 296
of gloves of kid skin, orleather.... 202
Of BING. chs Case hs Sanne: nates oe
Of glycerine’ ..5.<-....5. « esencunan ed
OF QTOARG in. a5 tie woe (oucdnt Seem eae 297
Not, of guano .-... <<. 2... scuncens SOL
of guano and other fertilizers ...... 300
of hair-dloth¢: > 21. a:.- <q sa owen cee
of horse heir. << -.= sce sees 204-295
of hair, unmanufactured ......... 204-295
Foreign, of hogs. ..-....-./..--.-- 274
Of NOTSCS ons cccncascwnsn ae 274
OLIVORY. vecust anes e wes ne amaenee wee 290
Foreign, of leeches .......---ase--- 274
ShGep..<.-..-cserseunee! (PIG
of hair. oo (tld pS ck ores oe eo
Net, of abh: bd saeasce Nie 301
of hair, curled, for mattresses ....204-295
of hair-pencils............ees-s=-> 294-295
of hair, human .....--....s0<seu0- 294-205
of herring, pickled ...........-.. 278-279

INDEX OF OBJECTS. 321
Page. | Page.
Imports of hides and skins .....-----.------ COT Mine ataDlLOMPALS Ss aaccncicsc ma ccccieeesacscccanc 176
of hair bracelets, &c...........---254-295 | Infusorial deposits, Specimens of.......---- 207
Net, of hides, skins, &e .......---- 301 earth for absorbents.....--..---- 208
of hog-hair ........-.- eee aetna se 294-295 CAartiNaaascace tala cince cos cisecicien asic 231
OL RONG YAessae seco om ecceeeaeaaes = 276 earth for dynamite...........--.-. 208
ODOM YS Clee asain oeira tate omer e nceras 290 earth for fire-proof packing...-.- 208
ONOSenyieLCaseeaeeaeeenes st 286 earth foriiltersvas sees ec aces cee 208
OHIRG BOEOH oe ere io aetna pees 298 earth for soluble glass ..........- 208
OFNRC-Ay. Gs settee ween aaa 298 earth for molds for metal casting. 208
DE OTR ee ae ees ee ase 276 earth for making mortar .....--- 208
OHA EGE sce see ae eet ea ess 290 GaPthg}t os ocr eae woe a aeaeeces 207-208
Met, OL leather &O)75-a-- -sa-c-5 os 301 earths employed in manufacture. 208
of mackerel pickled ...........-.. 278-279 earths for window and _ plate
of manufactured leather, &e....--- 292 glasses sees ck ce scscatlas st ese 208
of extract of meat -............-... 2105) ny COUN e-SYTINGES!.52 >< csea cre lose ences 176
of prepared meats, game, &¢ ..--.-. 2165) lnjurious\bivalves)=.5..)s.scca<c--- segs 258-259
of milk, condensed or preserved .-- 276 HOA-SNANS= = Weis ai-o wejee selciseiae seen 253
‘orale mlain’ oc s5. eee eee 276 | Imk, indelible, pencils, &¢ .-.....--.-.....-- 177
OMCOGMVONOI so ac\sinaeniceps Sees 296-297 | Inks from animal substances, Manufacture
of neat’s-foot oil, &c.--.....-.--.. 296-297 Olsbae enacts rinse ace tre sincuc ets ese cele 175
Oluwhale OrstishyOllss-s< sie 1a-) -296-297 | Iodine, Algze used in manufacture of....... 265
OOS ere ese sa reese ei cislotelor 296-297 | Inorganic materials .-..............-...---- 271
EN Gu OMOUS ee = mmteam saci ee se BOIS pinsectigelatine/=--- == e- 2s etesecece ses = 187
of fish-oils, by countries and dis- ANS CCOVOTAY = aecics = see sclossiase ea s= sees c= as 13
GRICUS Seat eeactesia sins ceeeeeccat 297-298 |) Insect\productions -....:.....2-c sc ecee cee 222
Of phosphorus sees eee asec 299 | POWOOR= +2 .-<~.ccnotsecseeccesscses- 178
Ol PORKS «eset ao nie meee atest 276 | UNS CCUSee ese ese aie ease cee ce sccecen ee 184, 208
Of pouty meee aeee sere imac cee) 276 Cages for........ epttaetaa setae ae cae 243-244
Net, of provisions not specified.... 301 Coloring frome ie ccsot nies cca ate 228-229
OLRONNGES 52. ace na Coates a 299 ETI VOSHLOLS: sonsceoes bate ceeaicemcete 244
of sardines, preserved ...--------- 279 Chemical products from........--. 229-231
ofsalsage-skins)- <<<. .--<-i-=\-s-6- 276 | PEOPSPahlONOl en = ess ssacme nes Qos 248
OLISCH1-OM ne eeinee tasoersem sate ace 296-297 ProtechionfromMes =< \=s cerca sicneiee 165
Ol BRAN Se craseicee cette ate sites taioe 286 | Instruments for cleaning, loading, &¢ ....-- 93-
OLR NOSIOLY © ae sg aiaaeee 289 | OO Ked secre 2 see atacecect 80
ofsilleidress-g00d8=~.-- 222-625: 2-- 289 Opticals Gens ss52 55.4 se- ot 166-167
of other silk manufactures... ..-.---- 289 | IPTOA GING eects ctscaosjate ase aetec 78-79
of silk manufactures by countries.. 289 COON OC pescersae Ae evo cieeciscise 79
Ol siMerTaW = <<2e oe cctscene cote 288-289))|) sutermalparasites .-.2.- 55. 025. sc<s0cescee oe 244
Wet olrawisilky ~ 5-220. os222s2Ss SOL pl eimtestinall Gwormseas asacecc -s\cb ence osiowee sos 244
OL SOA), COMMON -p-necis sae nee 297 | Imtestines of grayling’.........-...-<.-<00« 231
ONSOSPWiANGH) so ys cen seks so saee j 297 of mammals, Leather prepared
OL SOR DSi arian es shoot seit ey 296-297 PROMS wee aaa on cine eee 214-215
of spermaceti and wax..........--- 297 | Invertebrates, Flexible materials from. .... 222
Of SPONGES oe lee swse espe sees es 296 Other materials from.....-... 208
QUSUSAT OL MU Kh se «seid soci aams DOOMMIMN VES HOA DLOM soa ater ara) ain = alae aaa re 233
OAL O War see tee eee nlc Seis arse 296-297 | Wridee laminarioides. ..........--.--...-.---. 268
of tongues, salted ....+.-.:-----2-. 2760) dronst Blac Pin pe ecient ate 160
OLAUULP Osea ean oa sae- Shoes oswesee 276 Grapplin @ Sieecwesecm cemeteries emer 81,
Ole EMISOM een me te a ces aoa tae 276 Teaver epee etree See ieee a ete ate eee 83
OL WE te oe aes tetas ais dajotean 290") Usinelass! 2.32228 aseeee se ae eee eons 187, 221-222
of wax manufactures not specified... 299 from air-bladders, &c¢c. (ichthyo-
OL SGALN GW AM cco telare weno as 299 COMA) sentence teseer ares casas 221
INGE Oly WOOlS- oon tons os one sa so5 nos 301 and) Pelatinesaaan-esecssaaee sate 220
of woolen manufactures not else- Consumptionlole.-.seo--2e—. oe ~ s 296
Where specified. 24... <cnnenn(eaas 286 xtrachloniOys-ssssasen asec es ose 175
of woolen rags, shoddy, &¢ ......-.. 286 from sounds of cod and hake. .. . .221-222
Ol WwOOl pGliSe ese cne= ons = nekwe ne 290 from squeteague (Scizenidae) .-.. - - 222
WOON ROU Oe erate) e niin atta yale aa siiay 285-286 | Isogomphodon maculipinnis.-...........-.-. 68
of wools unmanufactured.......... 2B GI LSOS DONC lige steeme tect ras ota cciec cn. = - 56
PIM OtROTA OL UGHVON scene a niscmee ices eel 5 = 40 LORS PIsUropsiseOGkKAvd tres setae osse! eaten. an nis a0 67
Indelible ink, pencils, &c...............-.-. Dy | oalian SMO -DORtRetes sacececcs. <-,-2--- 147
PridiA- DAUD ER AUN CR ck se mein aon <ciaeey BOR LUOD Ge erate tar see eevee tod. dacs econ 197-199
eniclanrate-bOtte 2s sce eters. wast sees 1449 LVOry-Oaivan Gis erasers ta tice se on oes = 173
trade, Sea-snails used iv .....-.....- Zon eLVONys GHuuU eye ae asce sea acids sac sw -m asics = = 173

Boll; N. M. No. 14 — 9

|

322 INDEX OF
Page.
DMRS ROCs ph adewe als wma delten seinem alee 197
of fishes...-.. wanna sicle sin see wean aatetnerD
LINNOTIN Ol a spaancaupeecmec tear sees 290
OL AURMIMIGIS- a= ce num aos seagate 197-198
andits manufactures, Consumptionof 289
NOL WDA s < occ wemnp soe sakes senaceane 198
Of Tepulesie cee cewetes sen cee wanes ee 199
shavings, Gelatine from ........----- 187
Ivovy-black (noire d’ivoire).............--- 200, 228
Manufacturing of......-.....-- 175
J.
J ROKABH AV On en coma ap enunccwetssetinden cen 19
WAOKG, UCHENOS Co seme nce adenncinnanwen see 43
JOCK RAD Gi cece a canaccecewnctcaesageaieced 19
JANIS CHPUIECES woo. oc cnnc nave pamnnadancns 267
<0 SMOUDEUA anne est oa deee nae see aoe eer 267
Cg ES AE RR a ACER ope aee 188
J AD MOlS-WANS oo once cone steesn ae ona eeaeciae 131
BE Coe Coee ae Ode cone cers eee eae takes 176, 246
AN RONNOA a. nee aha cease pene eee 176
Self-sealing, used in collecting. --..---- 176
Juw-bone, Sperm-whale ......-...--.------ 199-200
LONGO TRADES qe oe ce een casas ven cose aeice teas 134-135
Jaws of sleeper shark............-..-...--- 199
Jerked bearmeat -. 5... o. 3a dacanseacnaas 182
ITS ces cae evan aease sad eee eetae ae 183
and smoked buffalo-meat .........-- 182
porpoise-meat ..........----..-....- 182
seal and walrus meat........ ...-.- 182
squirrels and other smallmammals. 182
DOPED GIBee- whe esa ee ence eee eee eae 129-130
SIVATOS (aia an aes x nee oe eu ne ew emai bene = 86
DOwWeHehsyccmee race eee eae tae seks 50
GIR saute kee deta sn ad 2 See ee 100-101
SIG. UL ae oer tm ae ea ae ae are 82, 138
VOMDSE BW: (HED) cnc os eens amteee nee eel ae 50
UOYGR) MLR OL. iec wera <aew oe aae pew eeh ete 196
OTN MOOKS hon soma er atin e ve caterers es 81
K.
Keg-floats for lobster-pots, gill-nets, &e .... 117
Fel P-L GS ows we await aso eee te Lee 116 |
Kennels for doge,(00,2.22-c2-c.2ee-nsoeee 243 |
Kermes (Cocousiilicis) ..:.....2.-.3...2.... 229
Wettles> < iiscwanss «dn apeee- ane tes weed 162
RMN Gi waco mest se. cuccees te ae ie eee eee 11 |
Kilmagore...... ease ck con are aches Jonna 36 |
Kindling fire, Apparatus for............-... 162 |
King-crab, Shell of (Limulus polyphemus). 207 |
Aaa ca 2 ete ieee iarne eee ater 45
Katfox (Vulpes velox). es aoe eee 189
BL OB tne oki we ace ctaere a teeter 71, 169
Batt-mill ..- 3. cece aeedee oe eee 77
BlODDeL:.« Js<.c.sese ede cen eens 73
Boarding snd. haa cpasse epee 73-74
HSOYIG ocala snow city Aptela aaenee e 75-76
CSHGOI oy conn d en men cnn ance eee 74
RERLOD OUGS Sraaro via acids eR eee vide, AED
RULOMIN Sestetes atin faves Face ic: nie et ote ee 75
PITLIGT DONCOES Suis weno ae sual 72
RN GE et a aids a wen ates alee cle 74
PAE Sic thd oh dia Vp cake = nein whee sheeted 74
Fishermen's sheath ..... Pe == 74
Ty oe 4 > Bp pee Oe ene ter Se 73

OBJECTS. |
Page.
Knives, PIit¢hing - Jc Sa endawatcw nae se ae 7%
TAIMODD ao. aa een Aten ae cue eda ap 76
TIGAGING orc scineres eid neente eel 73
SO Ginn meatal an ee a Seen 76
SU GERA ee ckeetn da eee a eee eet meee 71
PIDNETS OID Kio sae aaa eeeclos eee ian 72
Hunters’ sheath ............. See aot 74
Canning. 22a. aed eee eee 174
Mackerel-rimmers’ fatting......-.-- 75
Mackerel-rimmers’ plonghs......-- 75
AVN CG So emt nna ee mee nee eee eee 1%4
Net-makerg): oak «sent ade asa caee an 75
Oster. = pct saeamaein dae aeons 75
BEDDING cc atdness Meee owed eetete 72-73
Sailors’ sheath 222-2. see asteseenns 74
BORN opt aee ak cies eee ree 74
SMV ERNE oat d= see eee pe 74-75
SpMthing - o..0 2 -sesmcaweouaans 72-78, 75
SLOUG ores ceMer neces pe ohana eee 75-76
SIMI PNT cere ate ate a eee 71-76
RONOSGUIE oes eoeene sae neers ee 74
Whalemen’s boat ...............--- 73

RO pia RIG WOlL sts. cons oes ae dent ot eee 12

EQ PIN A oe tee See os ate ae ee ee 12

(ROTORS io ace a care aes a ete eee era ne 230

TRV AICS oo ccs gicnsiv.s = to a ania wine Sorte eee ee 144

L.

Labels...... Seca Sas a ealnets pea ome sane terete 177
IT NG oe recs eee ese aera 177
PATONMENG soaso seh emen aneeeseee eee 1li7

SAUNA OLS 0 omn'e ta nme eae es easton er ns 51

(ADIOS ee oc anc een ceeeepemaR a eee 36

DSR OYUN ta DS <a ce Soiree eons olen ee 131-133

Tine, 6&6. cm ports ofs2...-.ssasesces sees eas 298

Gac-dye (Coccus:Jaccs)! s22. 20 - cose. seencen 229, 208

Lachnolemus falcatus...............--.---- 36

hactophrys trigonus. ss aso. ssu.s<ceceuees a4

WACIGS-DAIG: <.<cthns sunnteieecaevew acre net es 79, 138

DB bo it: 1 erent ee tae ges a mee Ete ies che 36, 59

Lagenorhynchus gubernator ............... 10

ioe leucopleurus......-....--- 10

a obliquidens -.............. 10

a perspicillatus ............- 10

a thicolea:<s2.sscude ununcuns il
Lagodon rhomboides ....-....:....sesceus 46
LARS SUUTGOON acc c cca scents sadn eeeeca tenes “4
RDG Cane sence e een ee eae tetannn os 58

VNU GINS 2c cra aig cloaca hata pe eat a ee ce * 57
Laminaria flexicaulis ...... Janek aw eh ames 270
LON PLOMOSIA Sacea= dso een ease 270

i saccharina ....- ieenwun an ponnutuge 270

Leaning COMUDICHs:. deans naeukdewewonde tase ov

Lemme coc edad dees wenann wonnite wae 67

Lamprey ihelt: occ. denpevsccess cawenteunces 70

Lampreys; Spiced ~s2cnaseates'scames eeanunna) ote

PANDA Sonu cwsciwt dn denee dt Omroneatee ee auuses L0e

LONG, BOM Dic. nadia sews are veee eae en wi 92

Lenée- nite 10.2% cctusakcusenussivecneb enh Mere

Lance-hooks........... Suiee na adtce etn oueusOls AOL

Lancelet .........<. nice a eine Masa al @ erie ee at ne Pe 70

Lanes, Bishi. es0wcussbesuanseanetanireenme 73

Fishing ...... Se Lee ness SE

Seal wsauwee audre suneds sens aa eeke ee 73

WHO ss ciussevessucsscyaucexeeneney tine
*»

. INDEX OF OBJECTS. 323
Page. Page.
Mandine-nets . .--. 0... ----5-nenen= cones --128=129 TGR GHOR a tulOSM BK aie mrs ep - mat ominla an =—1= 216
EA UOUN Nee cere aeinistaci te caieteiaonie sists tiaine ease 162 | PREMGEC eee ewan a eslenie seta aeaie 210
for camp and ship ...............- 167 | Geese ete atest Ate een cee 208
for fire hunting and fishing -...... 141 | SOd WOM eas sccmcies enn & se ateee:s 208
FORstiehunGns soe ssec ee senen ese 141 SHGE ewe eneneme ere renee o-- 217
for weequashing or fire-fishing.... 141 shavings, &c.,Gelatine made from. 220
Lard-oil exports and imports ---..-.-.--- 276-277, 297 SHGCD ieee sene eae eee eee ee te 209
Large-mouth Black Bass ...........-..--.0- 49 Otheransker.-n.- eect eee ee = 216
DhaTIatS -<... 2 a ese nnn ene e cnc eme cess eceee= 86 | CriMMIN Ose eeeesss aw eee eee 214
SASS OS ee ee aie el e einleeieieinie einininiwinviniewi~i=is 86 Wralrusei dooce cesta eee re oe en P08
ea Onesies aes eee sci os = ee 44 WSS EG re: ke a es re eee ae 217
WAUTENCIA COLVICOLDIS) ~~~ === -)-52ncs sm cee nen ZEGu | oatherback Purtleve.stcec eee ene: eee 22
f POM MIT CLA mins alcoho a= ZUGU |e eeatherse.. 2 oe e ae ae ta eee ees 208
fe PMN PlUGatWes ssc e=eelee cence. 266 for manufacture of gloves ....--- 211-214
: QITRO, Gas angeccepE eter acoAsooeds 266 | Leathesia tuberiformis -.........-.-.-...--- 270
os PaMCM ALAS seman sctonciceniss eines 266 | Leech, African (Hirudo trochina)..--..----- 23
- RADWIOSD Paes cen cmerince- ce Sa 266 American (Macrobdella decora) .- --- 23
“ PUN HCA) see melee teinnlsreiae 266 European (Hirudo medicinalis) ---.-- 231
a Wit Oe atemerneneisen nee seieee ae 266 | Leeches as barometers........-------..----- 231
RSS Cra nena eie cnn ains oisiaa o/ainine 241 Foreign imports of............----- 274
ECA OLS = aaa wesae ica aximiwiens 56 52 cle ee ons'aie a 116, 153 Propagation) Ofees- cen >= s5250 se 248
Hooks mounted on..-...-.---...-.- 116 and worms, Injurious and useful... 262
Meads, Armed .-.---.---..---.-.---2--2----- SOR Me COIN Aer micce Seisicclcncee e's oats wieicie= sia s =e 165
ROAM Se GUD eee = ae eee as cima cclmcie cinerea SOR menses meet mente sea cece eave cee occa. Se 178
TSB AN IN EEN IV CB on ate wie eins iniw winiwwin'elejmctnie ms ein ine 1745 | eopard-montin =. -0 2 =-6see meer cea clecns 136
Leaning and mincing-.......-..-....-----.:- 17a Nplheopardi Seale 222 es-=- = =<.5-se sche sae sisk is 6
MGCHGH OMe mciss ee saa ierle cle siadalas sjainieiein\aaic\as = 51a LOS N eeepid OSteid eee =<... <1 s21> als eee «l- a eralein ale 64
PUNT LO Lec eames winlmielniarmn e's 215-216 | Lepidosteus osseus ....... ---- Be eee ae 64
BASS ete aan ee ae ees ecie ferent nein ale, < 209 ve platystomus - J. << -.sesm.5c2--~- 64
PATS ee nlalstneln cle ieieietein ain slewelsiewicie == 21S ekapiopomus pallidusises-c-s2s-55 4-0 48
IBGAMCL ceelenees-inainn'- miele ois's icin = DIA BONOMC Bees ecee ao calcein st eee seriic ae 18
BeOS | oe oe wcwince cnn noc eces es: 214 | Leptecheneis naucrateoides..-.......-.----- 52
BISOD!. <2 men cnedinecenencncncs-s-- 209 | eptocardians . .-.-.:..-.------=- Sn sector 70
Uta O ease see aise ealainiaian cele == 209 | Lepus americanus (var. americanus)......-. 18
CaTIDOU Bs 5c a coee cee eo ccs sess wccca 210 ‘© americanus (var. Bairdii) ........-.-- 19
Consumption of ......---.-.------- 290 ‘* americanus (var. virginianus). --..--. 18
CREPE VAT CLO liemaie wea caisaias sle/emactoim1< 171 | ‘* americanus (var. Washingtonii) .--..- 19
CO eerdse oe ceeclioeeascinesiceaclas 209-210 SRA GUALI CUS ereme sacjocicrs oe.s oem esses cers 20
AINGSSIN Pee we cctecrasccesccwcecnsme. | Liz CPEB ACHMAMNIt. 2c citcen noes ay te nesee 19
dressing apparatus, recent and abo- CAlILOTMICUS pace one aaa eee ee ee 19
PAIN Ale cecmieetesesinelsacnwen en's sins 172 CME CALLOUS siiaae ome ein esos aaasia ane 19
iGlvememer et aac een eee == wae DUG ee ti CAIN DOSLLIS) Jel-tsiss5ice'e) sos telat ae eee 19
Mere ee eee se at cotect Dine eeeS AO DOLABLTINic <= 5520 ae sc ee 20
Ne pemiaecienein cine erase tewninln ae 210 | SSE S VLU MUCUS Soe ce cc.> ceict icone iene 19
MX POTUS OL 22 oe. aeene oes wi 292-294, 301 “ sylvaticus (var. Audubonii).-........- 19
EGE UL Cea 4050) akosene Oo sasoce Seeene 209 ‘( sylvaticus (var. Nuttalli) ............ 20
EEO TSG oe ene ee es ce ea tawny es 209 <> timidus; (vary arcticus)i--4 ones. ee z 18
SEI OL GS Olteeis ease tere sake sale since 290, 301 SS LOW DYid Gil iene aa eee es eee 20
ER EOS arte alee tea ea ie ata 43 | Leuciscus pulchellus ........-..--.--------- 62
and its manufactures, &e. (exports | Leucorhamphus borealis .......-..--------- 10
and imports) ..-.-..-.- Se eate ses 292-294 | Levels (attached to gums) ....--.........-.. 93
Mountain-sheep ---..-..-<....----- 210) aiggora pinnate so -e~ = ese eee een 268
BYLCOSG Sectaeetateran ie anna a 210 DULVOLUleMNAce eee seen = 268
ORE Re ee mere eos mte ieee Ss 209 VEC Siiare seearee tee keen teat ore pn= 268
from pharynx of seal and walrus .. 215 | Lice, Fish ........--.--.--.--..-----.------- 264
ROLUOISG sea eabe ten seamen eae DAN CHGS reece ee eae acini wala mm elnino 264
prepared from bird-skins ---..-.---- D1 | al eGOlS, oA C Meese eee aaa. we meena = 161
prepared from fish-skins..-.....-.. D167 | Male tey PA WU Ol aetee ese ac ano ecmseme cin: 167
prepared from human skin......-.-. PAN} | bihvaiinats) Lk Baa = oa Saee e a B ae ene sear 83
prepared from intestines of mam- NU ee ie atarasiaiciois wn, wale sien win = a/~' 230
TOGIS seas tae a arges nica waeseame 214, 215 ETE ae es er alas Sat aicisie ees <i> 135
prepared frommammal skins ....208-214 ES DGER ESE Dae estonia ein asain wera sta ra «onion sce 176
prepared from reptile skins. ....-- Dili | NMG een eee eke anos eccseb sees one 176, 231, 232
prepared from scale-fish . ...-.2.--- oD ATID te erate fete nicl Sintec s ain’ s(a/otei= ce cim~ic as eieiso* => 172
Futigea ema s Cees wemanic wate 214 | NTT UCIN Get igen atoianiclacs acicic. ca secs ane 230

Page.
Line-floats of wood, cork, and quill........-- 117
UNG ROMANS sae we reg en ania aie cio aetna 119
Line, kyak, Stretchers for eS eos 162
AINE ING soo oe aide > oo Ses ons del Ree ene 115
ORNL ESN BS wrelatcte nic oes eit stn enim ia ieee eee 116
BOttom-B6b- cesar th saad oan ee eee orcas 97
Cotton ces sacs wseesspdt eee tte eee a 115
Hloating-trawil ss..2.dssescewsee ars aus 97
HSINGON san aeee ted aaw eee ont ee ee 97
TING pe ccemig oe ase enna enn a oe en 116
WRG Sa atis wnee canes eens n mre coca oaiaet= 116
RINen Soe ean een aise eee ee 115
DOM Od issn cnencacneses or eesaee eee 86
(Plaited) pose nee tees oe ae 114-116
GMO fe seea dees netaaleeeisey mes bets wins 97
Silikuns sce eee cee acs serene wears 114
SUTIMCO is aewaclsw ios caees sae ae nese 97
ADA e none ee See ce od aie ae aera et ale 97
(Dwisted) 0-202. es eee 114-116
Twisting apparatus for .-.....--..--- 116
Wallets for, and other tackle. ........ 167
WHRIGDONG sac ds nos Owe cs se tena 115
PUN Pras asae as eaieac ta coat daa awe = ete - 380
TaOns Beanie. 05- 24 od trects tree eee noe lei 5
Liostomus obliquus. ............-.-/.....--- 45
“4 SANCHUTUS Wo - owe sca nelstaakeacea 45
IE PATi CIOs | aon oe een oes een nna e 33 |
Liparis lineata... - BS eran a tae ree nee 33
$6) Monitaguliosavs.sce. fee cee sew esas dai 33
Me)” SSW Peds So ee ete toe etn aa 33
Doi p-NOOKR Seance nena tons orale at ata 81
PAGHOMACLEUNS "wo wwe cc atues cn tee = sa ce maces 91
Lithothamnion polymorphum .......--..--. 267
Little Striped'Skunk <<... ss2225 nseee esse 4
Bittle Wann ys soe ween a tee secs te ee 40
TAVG-DOE (ATKINA'S) A. 2 dond ede ees oeteeas 247
Live-boxes, troughs, &c., for microscopists’
MSGceeete eto uyiceak ahaa eaiec one emt pees 244
Living animals, Exports of ..........-. 274-275, 301
TM POXta\ OF. soon ees ceca nos 273, 301
decoy animals and birds. .......-.... 139
ISAT OTIC omic amie we a co cla aie ates ome mane nica 183
LAN NSIC nce emkane sep te acs eec anes eeree 195
Hoaded lines oe. 2-20 .ncsnessuews-evaaweeen™ 86
IDDM GPS co cane asta sn eae eo eee eee cee 92-93
bOading PGBs: sean ceases ene ee ee 93
Lobotes surimamensis 22.6... ccue wis canna cee 51
ODOWGE : cn} usm anteeep anes ea ie arias eae 51
Lobsters, crabs, shrimp, &c................ 260-261
TLobater-pots-.-s 2ocadeancpeenwteae ae nee ne 132
DO GOR 283 a5 sak ea cnt Sebel peat aa eas 162
Hunting’ <scccuccseuvenvsawcrwecuses 141
Loggerhead Turtle. c-cess snvckeasnonndes aon 22
turtle oll Voc as sc tacaee ne noe eee 228
Lomentaria Baileyana .................00008 267
eh ROSCR. sn sanw hs oeennun eee eee SOL
OTIS MUNGUYDORICO. snvcae.cakvechupn ekeeee 40 |
IGE uc sane icn nue cnuwaean meme 30
SOOT TOME SMUG mink so bu cence cc ae a acs Wie 67
BU POOR oi toon vaucsnasvay enue 65
Hong-talled Bile-Hsh.. . 01... seuevsssncssacaes 25
Loon (Colymbus torquatus) ................ 195
Pee aa eeetd sie hone dy ewe nanan 23
EAD UAUA BOMARIUN ne acpi ac ns entaennu nes 23
Lophobranchii...........-..- pale as aeawkes Ks 25

INDEX OF OBJECTS.

Page.
_ Lophopsetta maculata..........-.. covcasccs BY
DOGS MAGHIORR inn ha sls on cesn enya eee 30
Lounges. .-........ Ranches ts eee sae eres 162
Gomp-fish \se-de toes accuses enauesseaeea 33
TUBteMIN gE vesa dnc dyed asatesekewesvasees sane ge
Entjanus Blacktordit >.<... Jansacsoewseee 47
1 (MeCREIB) ci ce ddd eens adaware ee 48
Stesmail. ous lev oncauasceueere 48
Lutra, canadensisis; vencearecann nese oreuvice 4
Tt seaee oeaaten aed eee nas see 4
TSV COGIODy denier << ene emne Been cemeeeeeamesaies 81
Lyngbya ferrugines. .... 200.22. .cccssncnces 271
es TGUVEZOUN GIA ona ecoranak awe ea naan 271
* MIAH USOUS <p wcewte sos eee tose 271
Gynx, bay (yr amtok)/scsesodeesa nesta ae 188
Canada (Lynx canadensis) ....------- 188

M.

Macerttino-vats.-<.00>.-3- a> nenweeseue cane li7
INTAG OS ons cetera can ern nen canes 171
Machine; Mincing sec.terce. sna aeseee tere 174
IMAC ECON sitesre pte stare hice tae ein esate eterno 40
OUINGLB oa cs coianc ewes cs ccpenereen 125
EE OTHG aero <0 wg ois a ieee eee 40
pickled, Imports of ............-- 278-279
purse-seines ..........+ sate ete reas 129
PALLOU oahu sw dee cat eee ee roeeee 185
SPOS... 2 ~~ enn sme ene ee eae 41
Me@MOW << 00c0-Sechese eS 42
| SOA Gc 525 Soca eee eee 42
| DAI inc wencaas au aetee meee a nee 67
MGB fan en awtwne soe aa eee 30
Mackerel rimmers: tev. cese-ca-~eebe =p eee e 75
Mackinaw, DIARKGLS ico vee aac -Seeene ee ene oe 162
Macrochelys lacertina ....-......-.-.-...-.. 22
Macrorhinus angustirostris...........--.--. 6
SM AOTC ES | catanae oe ea = Oo SIO ie ree 28
Macros Bali +. scasebores eae ee ae ee 29
a TUPOSHIN sos «am aw anna scsasem ine 28
Maoctra, | SHGIUB Of. oto cenen-2 noes aaa at SO
Madeivd-s6lo.-. =. 3..sshascneanecnbesene ee Pe
MAME POLES aac. eects aes rate awa mee 207
Malacoclemmys palustris................... 21
Mallotus villosus ........... ane wan orate 56
Malis Catan cvecck use arena emanate 188
MAG COULTONS 2 eran in dean cnicae sce Reems 23
Sf SVOSPOLGHO 5c 5 as a ncusunennencseneee 23

IMBIGHGIOIN: wach ses eonw yy anebacein yaar 2Z
Mammal TON. ooo asc scnubdennaen not aakaee 188-194
gelatines..... Seiiqs Gh naka tee aece natn 187
OS Sic ccewn ane Reevewsauaewaranne 223, 225
oils, Extraction of other .........- 175
| POMOMGES o2 casuemen nu Gedenweatnen 227-228
preparations ....... os cusecwa umes 182-184
skins, Leather prepared trom..... 208, 214
Mammals, Bone Ofc. vec access catennenate ae 199-200
Coloring from ...@....--. ee ee ee
PPantin gy is ove ctenseunseeaeee sy 136
DVO0y Of; bec scan gn Gaga nneeee anne 197-198
Prepared from hair of..-........- 195
Chemicalproducts derived from. 229-230
| Propagation of .... 2. .<scssss05ss 244
Qualls Gl s.2c.ksnedawen caideene chy Le
Mammoth’Elephant (Elephas primigenina). 197
DEADOLOR iss os ah peu ease ans weet qnevsnanenap 9

»

INDEX OF OBJECTS.

Page
IM AN ALOG-Oll ae miactenanciecisiaa= as secs aie ce ee aac 223
Mianatee-SeimeRe ean sc sepa 5 es - 6 om eici-wee nee 126
Moanenters. =-a-cssckeasnnc t= sens eeee trees. 67
Mangrove Snapper -.-----<.--j----2|------=- 48
Manna (Tamarix mannifera) .........-.-..--. 230
PAPAIN Remne aia tne ceaicieseaninicieweresls 230
Cedar (Pinus cedrus).......-.----.-. 230
Many-pointed fish-jig........--..-.-.--.---- 82
MOOKStassoee ses case aesisesta 81-82
Manufacture of albumen preparations -. --. 175
OMOaMmMONIAt ss same - season 175
of billiard-table cushions ..--. 173
of carbazotates......--.------ 175

of dress and stay makers’
DOM Geese as eect eis 173
Ob fabrics 4-—sesee see ctinat 170-171
Ofetelis(e sense ass aneeine 170-171
Ob NostsaécOee = s ee ae 172
fortilizers\-ecsse esis i 176
OfsfOTNNG BCIGs a2— seat iets Oi: 175

of handles, trinkets, billiard-
MallsH&cC omen sia ewintoe see ~ = 173
of hat and bonnet makers’ 172
li). Se sosBencoo eaencdeses 173
OPM DAE ects ca ape tier erate Shee 294
of ink from animal substances 175
OLtLV OLY DLAC Kea eteclem es in ai 175
OMMMUTEXTOCS Sree a easels = 175
of organ and piano keys...... 173
OSD O DSM eee terrae cian e ate 175
ofsperfumes|-eeecisiteeescies a=/- 175
Ofs phosphorus ee saectriece\as 175
Ol propylamine:- 22420 <i t'-)-\ 175
Ole PEUSSIALOS ee mere see e nich claaie 175
of quill :articles: .-- .-.-==.,-1-- 172
of quill brush-bristles ..-...--. 172
of quills'forpens'-----.------- 172
of ribbon-weavers’ bone ...--- 173

of rosettes, woven work, trin-
ROTSN ECO ssericcseesicct-ese ce 17:
of sal ammoniac. -.-......--... 175
of stock-makers’ bone ....-.--- 173
Ol ShOMIN PS. see sanietes a= ate 170-171
of surgical instruments --.--- 173
of suspender-makers’ bone... 173
extol sep = ileal nals 170-171
of toothpicks ........-....---- 172
of umbrella-makers’ bone .--. 173
of whalebone brushes.-.-...--. 173
of wool ...... ease tae eae 286-288

of whip-makers’ stock and
SVE DD Sea ere ee ere ae 173
Manufactured leather, Exports of .....----. 292
PIV COLINGS aac cae ait tenirine oc <n 225
SLearin OSes come sec waco 225
SIUC PEEPIOLGS Ol ae ae name eicin ae nnn «= ain 301
Marine Mp CSarl-BHEUS: con acecenecuisscenincwaces 258
Marmot (Arctomys caligatus) .......---.--- 193
BN ONTO CS UGK =cjncieid = a<\ elena nian win 16
De AUIRV IN deri sten te eh pine ciaiaie mie a aiclainie 15
(Spermophilus Parryi). ---. 193
WEMLOW=LOOLGUM se cc as ouimin nic ame miawie.s 16
RESTA MEDD Ub ese ae tiem) inlaw at laa 20
Marsipobranchiates .-........-..-....---s-- 70
INES TRICS ae ae ite Soar aie sas cn Sea oat ae sew one ae 141

Page.
Masks for antelope heads................... 141
TOT/COCLNEROS oe Wefom sjeleeae cieicie'=|s'=.<'= a5 141
Massachnsetts flake’.....+..---...--...622. 168
Mast- fear) tsa coer cle niwtce emia wine oo a'eeisin'nte 153
Mia CGY aS eae wert reese eiareinate eis rele iaeictele 177
Boat-build ers? 22s-mcece s- = 35 55==\= 154
Coloring....... Sooeeenmeecsedsaas 228-229
employed in arts and manufac-
FULOS/2 5 - -alaleielsns eleles siesleninciste 197-232
WNOrganicre: ssepencecestensasteenax= 271
NO’ MENWONE Meee esis ciciseisisiowacia’at 232
EM DGANWOG CB .:=.-\cr<)aic}ei=e'cisinclasiemincenice neiaicicte = 60
Miazam arm ontan dace sxciicecicsecenls sisieeee 7
EVES Vet SHY tatetscpstsvots daicalercleis cisiorsiee sisrelyee se setee 56
Means of pursuit and capture ..........---- 71
MCaSUTeS tesa ese oa adtets n= see soseneccenen 2
VAIMINUNIVIONS =:2'5 =. cfeeaneisieeeetae 92
ROW OGL Baccisicccacciscgee cece teeeee 92
SHO tarsacae eases oe Sears cise ee eee 92
IMGaIEDISCHIUScaaaicees See case oe sbiosecs soe 182°
Meat, buffalo, Jerked and smoked ..-.-..... 182
MERIC CALCA Te Seite nicest Rennes atar 182
Extract (extractum carnis) ........-- 182
Jerked seal and walrus .............- 182
POLPOISe; JeLKEM <ersio.. saab eyaielvel meats 182
IMIG aU-HOOKS epee ceereeeee ene ts ech estes ote 168
IN hSy Cena See oo saooemesacosccasue 163-164, 185
CaM TAN ees rayarelaia’o alain a(a,ciataieiey=(<}sinte ale 169-170
prepared, game, &c., Importsof..... 276
Preservation Ofle sos acct 168-170
IP PES OL VCO GEC sa eins smacciscise Nes emit 163, 277
Mechanical delineators...:..........---.-:- 178
Medicallomutiiteee cts elec le os ieteieteims o/s areraietne 167
IN Gdicine-GheEStSseseo. <tc ose cee cctneshiac nies 167
&c., Consumption of........-.--.- 299
IM Gs beeen ee Sop Ree nOpRepaonaten spbaroc c 42
IMedUS ieee aoe ares < to) ase Pea ae eae 262
Megalops‘thrissoides ....-....-+--.+.«.-5.-<- 59
Megaptera‘osphyia ..\....----5----+--------- 12
ee VEESA DUIS) se0ce cis see ene sam oes 12
Me pap berinel. 1). s\-<ccls eee sees cise = mea 12
Melanogrammus wglefinus ...-.-..--------- 29
IMiGlODESIATATINOSA~ set anys =o aperetetrel= eee atatate 267
oe PUSUWAUA Ko spite nee eee ele 267
MMerrH td Terie ar eeetcl— tre Note ial lore esterases 59-137
Canned ti a..2 aoe cec eee ees 186
TURN OMe = nee aie ee eeteelel eee eran 232
Gulisas 555. e aoe ees ei 60
OS Si ssn s aoe eee aero 227
PUTSO-SCINES!< Hes am seme wrote oe 129-130
SOMES SS ee Soe core eee aioe 126
Sula Ae Ae ce So ssse ete soecsedieee 186
Menticinrusalburmus!-pespieaseeeies sis 1 45
as TIGDULOSUAL REE ae seein eae as 45
Mephitis mephitica....... --.--2.-5.6.-..--- 4
Hy IVT O31 GBT Se rete eis eial ate ele cyoiate tates wick 4
Mercenariay SReIIS Of cc. ciceme wee ee eee s 206
es violacea, Shells of..........-.-- 206
Merl uci dis sara cecite eee sate cen aieteec ces 30
MerluGins PUneavis ee ee a2 oe cinislew nein = - = = © 30
MMe Sn Oar eid eee eialeinsl=emiseeeid a'a-= > 122-126
IER -NOGO ON aer ener steed sien watesw a's a= 9% 181
Mesoplodon Sowerbiensis -......-.--------- 12
VIGOR COIR te Leith aie sas mesa dev sce aisac 177
Metal points, Clubs armed with .....--.----- 71

326

Page.
Methods of culture of domesticated ani-

NGI HOES sae one nee eee teers 244

of dressing gut and sinew. --..-.-- 171

of United States FishCommission 233

of frog culture-------2----4=----- 245

of drying haliotis ..-.-.---..----- 169

of heliotyping and engraving -... 178

of manufacturing artificial ice ... 168

of mink oulture:.--.---.scs--=-=- 244

of oyster culture. .-°.----==-----< 248

of ostrich culture.........--..--. 244

of preparing baits (accessories) -. 138

of preparing cartridges .---..----- 92-93

of preparing ornamentalfeathers 172

of pursuit and appliances... -.--- 142-167

of terrapin culture.....-..----.-- 245

of transportation .....--...---- 142-162

DE WORK G Re ie anette se ante = aie 233

Metrogaster aggregatus ..-.----.----------- 37

Mexican Ground Squirrel ........-..------- 15

SSRCUEN eee hes tere che ees 4

Michigan Grayling. --...-..------.-- ------ 58
Microcladia borealis........2.....--.---.--. 268 |

si OalhformiCa J. o-s sere a sea 268

a Codlterie- eee eee eee ace 268

Microgadus proximus ......-.-------------- 29

vs tOMmCOCUs «+. ee =e a 29

Micropogon undulatus --...- es SRO: 45

Micropterus paliidus’--<-=--0-------ee-- nee 49

a AalMOMOSh. ce sa aes ee 49

WM CROSLOMMGI': San oh cms cee ptanweaeseens 56

Mille AMaGkerdlrss...00s0--s naan eee 30

WOK CAN MOQ == sca aoe wc ae ane eee ee 184

DV GSICORAD Se earns aece Caer ee secs 182

Exports and imports of. ...-.-.-..--- 276, 277

Mills, Bait, knives, choppers, &c ...-....--- 138, 170

Mincing and leaning...... 2.2.2... 2.-.2ss0ee 174

PORN CUI POLO: onan ease eae eee ee 174

MN CIN ENIVER! Io - ew cones = Seed weo eee sen ae 174

Mincihe-machine. << <2... <i scccesnacensn== 174

Minging-tih 7 <ssccensenescctsdercorcetaons 174

Mink (Putorius vis0n):-..<.s.deecen = oes 190

culture, Methods of, ......-...-.--.... 244

Missiles propelled by ‘‘throwing-sticks” . .- 88

MUISBIGS os ages don cca eee seer ate eer eone 87, 92

DMissile-trapias oo las sc ce pees ne aceon e es 135

Missouri Striped Squirrel .............-.... 15

MES GTS: = <inn twaees Onno token mah oota wea ren eee 176

Mixtures, Preservative........-.........- 176-177
MOCCESING : :3 25... .ctase sen eee ee ae ee 165 |

Model-bodies, Plaster/.—..ccccs=-ncueaess ues 178

Model of fish-guano works ..........--..--. 176

of lobster-canning factory .-.--.-.---- 169

of oyster-canning factory ....-.-.-.-- 169

of propagating-house, &c............ 248

of salmon-canning establishment .... 169

Of sardine-fAactory ....cccces-rcnsscwe 169

MMO = oo ss cca waweoh adn as Soa eee 177

MALS eta op ws vn suquen dues seen 177

Models of kilns for burning shells.......... 176

Gr BONIS so neus cenupiadacwensewes 169

MAGIA MOLD gene bares nos ckvces caakesgun 23

PAO US areata Gah Duin gees doce weer chase oean 177

BuUetaruntaseaurwserctneaacsnasasnere 92

Gr COIN teawinwiea db hsdsnree yenen ee 1i7

INDEX OF OBJECTS,

Page.

Molds for metal-easting, Infusorialearthfor. 208

OL PEPER ise cs So esl ass ee eee ae 177

Of, DRIAINNG) as o22 ~<a. se nee 1i7

OF Dlastetec- -p---5 oor ee ee 177

Mole (Sealops and Condylura sp.) .--..-.- ee 188

OF. otc. edkcw cues eicee se eee 196

Hairy-tailed; 2220 s.02e~ Fes. cane 14

OTregon eee seeet ene Sere een eee eee 14

SULVENy does e eee eee oon teers 13

Star ndsedeirs 255 cedeecrcaa ce ecaenee 14

GRADE coc eee eee eee ee ee eee 135

WOU S Wercscrnse etn weal eet te are a ae eee 23

Mollusk preparations .<2<.22--se-den~=a=>=e 184

MoOlUBCR. 26d. os ees sees ee ee ee eee 251

a acephala::...- 2.2 eet rsiek ee eae 253

us Caphalopodae.c-seeste === eee 251

aa PABLERO POS =< - oc tesecmee tone seces 251

Mollusk productions <. 2oc<.-tsssessccen eee 222

MoOMDSES <i oce eae en eee ae eee eee 137

IDVERUS sea oe'-'= 2 po an Re ea te ieee 222

Coloting trom: =- c+ ess seen sees 229

Onercwla Olga. -72--7-. oe ee eee 207

Preparations OF --- so. —s ee oceans 187

Chemical products from ....-..-.--- 231

Propagation of-..--- eens 248

Molva vulgaris ...-.-- eae eee eae eee 30

MOT SNe eee scien oan een a eae eee 67

MMVOnOCONMMONOCEIOBs-=-~.--=—6e =o. == nee 10

MT OON-GY Goce. cep ae nace oer ae ne ate 59

EMIOOTI<H Bee sn = = no ae aie eae ee ee <r

Moonga, Silk of (Saturnia assamensis) . --- -- 196

INIQORG Hee io sce ae os eee eee 7

(Alces malchis) u..2.0c tac ane voc come 193

IANITIGYS Olse con asen desea eee eee 202

NA SS S22 cee teen ea 195

leathets 2372-3 cs cena oa eae 210
Morocco and other fine leather, &c., Exports

UE eee es cares he ae 202-293

Morone Americana. - 2.25 - cee censccenenenss 51

Mortar, Infusorial earth for -......-.-...--- 208

WLOSSDUNKON: . uess aeee rene se eee ee 59

Moss crates (Stone's). ..............-------= 247

IMGEHB, FOxOUC SUL Ol. -o aos ncse sev tueee eat 196

Mottled:Grampus -.---.c~-~-..1-~.---eesss 11

Mountain Cat (Bassaris astuta)...-.--...---- 194

RONG Sots conc eta on el tee eee 7

post, Hom Of. oot eames 201

WRGGL> coped onebe cose anaes eC eeee 184

Sheep (Ovis montana).........-.. 7,192

sheep, Momor..-. <5. pcs -n aan 201

shéep leather ..3....25 3 civccuss< e010) mae

Mounting of the bones. <2 oo. ccc s i ciewe ees 177

Mouse; Commits os pues ose bene cane eeeee 17

Wihite-footed < 25. ==. .<hon5 Su eeemneee 17

Moiec-OGlt 20.n. dhawesbubeeutansasbuss anne 23
Movable copped << =. --6s-n<oaspeneusnntanaes 141
GOVRES cs Sal pe dae hoursunn saan 141
Moving float fish-ways..........-...--..--+ . 243
Mud Catfish........ name aki hs teenie ee See 62
Shad..... hse cased a Uelabfa nha tekahae eee 60
Mud-falt \ oe cos dante aeudedies enkumn see eee 63
Magi) bua oss ccee as sank een avenenase aoe 58
TIGR) oan Cov deen ceed aaeeeeneern 53
Ma gilidis vccenn cans canes dns anns \ueuaseeansin 53
Mule Deer (Cariacus macrotis) -.---. eee 9, 193
*

INDEX OF

Miles MEX pOTUS Ol ese walece= cs ove clenseane cle 274
WEnlloh Casicn@iteses aca asheeacecsaneocde ae 130
Die eee seals caacichisiss oa Ca sie=eaaee 183
Sill Nets seeeaces cess os coe anaeceeee 124
SONGS aa aaaa neces se eies eines sores 126
INGE Geese sienna ee ssciece wae oe 183
ULIPSdssocmacicos an = Waccvcecaveceuas 53
WIRING saeeice iene occa eet e seein ts 53
IG Ess ORDO! aces seisisdle cle cniciaie viv swictesctc(sras 185
Multiplying reels for bass-fishing.......-.. 118-119
MINI CHO Pees amen cincls oe aa eciciee ss aainine 56
Murnoides mucronatus ..........--------- 32
a OLNAUUAT cemstcanaaisceeitcae ane 32
RIES LOS Pan ae eceecs ce tani an clelcto a cuiw'es iets 228
Manufacture of. --..--.2sce--- 175
TUTOR HGS Ob sot oes sceir sayta'clcinielcinica ssc 206
PPE OSE tote aa alae e aisle -iaieipintnialalelc.wisiets stelais/eleie ia 17
MOIST OE CUMANUS secaeclcltaloinnin wa cfaitelsiols aisseciar 17
Museum storage-tank, Agassiz model. ...-.-- 176
MMs OP aicators 2. sossc25 cc .cc so dse cas 228
PLOMMUSQUAS Mee esses telat cle miecicle 227
OR TS KO Xone ana aeialvetietelsts = sinicisce's © 227
Bt ere tte! etsio\slelaralo = ae eae eatay = 18
Musk-ox (Ovibos moschatus) .....--..-..--- 192
Heofs Ofsanssacecece see cc tec ees ce 202
Horn of (Ovibos moschatus)...... 201
VPN ES Ole aie saree ciaeisicica coe seine 227
WTB CUTE @rtee maleate oe pinniseeeeteiam a= an == =\=i2 55
MICS NS CULUR © ste ataiainieisia ciavalainie a c/epeio'sinaie/aim nels 17
See TADS ce cee Sam cemntniteta ae isis eisicle et ='siaio 17
Musquash (Fiber zibethicus) ..-.-.-.....--. 194
PMY ise. Jo eeinciwae a toscwcce eles ee 196
IMIS KNOL Mactlce crscivonice clisience o- 227
IMIMINKEIS? OY SUOLS 6c leans so sa. ecceeicaces 206
River (Umionids))s---cccnce c= - 206, 257
WIS GELS! CANIS om sala ais sienna aivin's Seles snes 69
Mutton, Exports and imports of........-.-.276-277
Muzzle-loading arms .+........--..----.-s0- 90
Maz ZAG OP = Aa aeaern<!(-aere aia tae sa ial 137
WMiTizZO-AI SONGS coca css ase mine Seana tices 93
MEV OU AUC Ee ect aac we eae tisc sk erse ce 65
WMiyliobatis californicus):--=..s-.2---2-<-2--- 65
Ce TONIGMVALels soc oseccisersasisi< oe 65
Myrionema Leclancherii....2..-5<-.cccsecce 270
ra strangulans ..-.....---.------.. 270
MING OLN tINONS 2s aos ese cenenincne > 70
in eee eee anata ees cee an 'eats 70
Myxostoma macrolepidotum.......--------- 61
Myzopsetta ferrugined:=..2..2sccccccctecece 26
N.
CIO seme ee eee se cece eens tonics 206
PTE pAL AON Obese alesse ee aniaela s 174
PNAS EERIE AD tenho ta nelosie acre ae eoe es. 203
MAIC OCU UAT ON ZOD Na tects ae cao cea goes ouics 32
INEM RV OUSHUPLOUls a524 66-5 nas socen ce ose ces 58
NW Meta ee oH ack eats sock we itole 10
Ivory of (Monodon monoceras) ... 198
PART AP LUSC A cee tna go eee oc emi 5
PNATUCAN UAT Seema anaes o.2 2 «so tsa lscios 137-138
LR OS cetera aia Reta slant a wisia'e olacet ane 231
Nautilus and argonaut shells...........---- 206
Neat’s-foot oil, &c., Exports and imports of. 296-297
PNICCOIG MERCUSSIONG «0. gotennw ence cncew cates 91
PNOQOIES MS O8t 9 U8y t. ocgae ok aes Ow altos oetek 138

OBJECTS. gat
i
Page.
INGedIes ihlan Cine sa lelaaie sista onla esinivicicla a lalc = 131
IMGgni*-aceseaceaccces Seatoererewss 131
Nicthin gasaeee aanes sees ae tanto 131
Nemalion multifidum. ..........---<-cccss- 267
INEM ALON ALN s see oneics ve clots ccna cise aie cater 62
ANVEmICK thy Ideal Sasa ese cas wae smite asta ee clei te 0 63
Nemichthys scalopaceus........-------.---- 63
EN GOLOMS CINCLOM: sce cicew ces ee eceeac seme Se 18
AOridanay. 22. sees ecsa-o se aes ans ae 18
Nereocystis Lutkeana.....................- 269
Nest of Cayenne ant (Formica bispinosa)... 222
ENGR US Wee tetsa, aia aces aia eaaln See aieia nia aieitaranle ae 246
of esculent swallows. ..-........-..-- 187
INGE Callie Se etee fe en te ee yee ee 129
Cull SalmMonwhOOK = -csacces sass a eeneee 124
OOP MAEM as sas ocsiow cee aecclee siemens lag
INet-makers? JMives'.2/s.c.1 scsccesscccs sain 75
NG tSIMK CLS tsa teseeisispotas -inia.cic, aa wlocinee eet 147
INIGTG ise haan as cnlecioe cicecls sc/nisicode cine ss cieine 122
ISB A Recpena 6 BDO AAARSACDECCOOTEC EOS 122
LOTADEOS se croaelclas ee wa eae ciemesk at cece 165
BINS PLIN Olee aero seed asi esiemeslcl= 135
Castreeesemcrceesicitiecstes erin caale cers 130
Gastwbarti assess cceinsetsateinee cone cose 130
Casta Mullet case. sete sos e) sacs sas eee 130
Cast weompanopasessececeaee ce ese ae 130
Clap tor birds esses saeeesesnceesine 130
Crepe eee ee ecies c aeiacite seam eisweoes 129
FT) pe ce ey a aan Saad 128
SD Tifte eane ood wae saemaies Seas senate esos 124-125
UHMICINGUN Piers s-o laisieeisivie a nis ceiciefstasieiials 126
BETTE GAR OLIN Orava eiataiataeieien sie nistele ss cieislaiste 122"
IH SKM OL; AU Ketek loleeleisis-nis}a ele ainiajctaicieteica= 129
RACH acess ssssccees (Sascaeins cena caeses 165
ERO GIN ae eras wa minici ese cicie/ takai eae te)
OUPPATI GNOLECO are .cnfe ta cjacseseiice ser 122-123
OMG ererinl ae siieieinieisln,o.e.cisaiseeieers 123, 125-126
Patil 18 0G) ee Seepob conmonebanne=ACaSocsac 123
OTN MACK ELrOli=vceciee </cie<isisestecieinaceiiae 125
CUOMO Ob sae ciet= «once sesse se nioiceeisles 124
PU ODN ssn sacin cos senicqns als ameeeetaate 126
gill, Shad, used in Southern rivers ...-. 124
SUIS SISCO le as cece o~'sta a aeiacinaei nieve 123
PAUL LAP = ao «aise one =e mls olan snlemeleles 123
LANCE Yess ateral «.ctavalacialelalsiaierareteiaratetate wela cee,
HOOD ete setew stone a -fae- aan aes 128-129
Wet keace aeea eee ee see eae aeeeeeee 129-130
LAN GIN Gir ce oo ejeies mate miele eater 128-129
MESh, | Bird! . secon eee eee 122
MGshin 0). Seeecudcumseeecisceeasaaigaalate 122-126
Parts of, for manufacture (accessory) - 130-131
PILCOD! Seeniseensacieenlle Spee ere nemesis 134
Pocket. cece cnceeae eect nesses cdnca- = 126
IPOTSO eee eee ae e ee eee aaa ee ae ease Leo
RGD Ditiasencepvee ese vie nscceaemee sce 122
LAW INATENIa! Of-ececeacccsnescnwnecne oO)
SN Chesee cee oats aeee~ ale remenisa as 246
Spring rabbit ........... Aenocc ea eiareaia 130
SOlincs seeeceen woswacsc aceee eSeenas eee 1383
SU GWOU mee teem aise see ana einale <9 129
ROW; BULL Gh cre eles sete cnicm aces ee 129
PPTL eee Re ccna seins asniwie.cm 129
FRI ANOTM Olea Seeetidc hae cnmanicasrnaseces 126
PN etini ot natures eps enon sence etc a <cerceea=s 130
Netting, gill, Samples...........------s+-++ 125

328

Page.
Netting hung to lines, Samples of........-. 130
Wetting -NOSQICS).s<n<ceconsscnenmsnevessen- 131
NV GGLIO ED -OW4010 ibe toie moe ane oe ae ee ee ee 130
Neutria, or coypu (Myopotamus coypus)..- 194
EO sam ac yoitete ain alo amas ere ieee 196
Newioundland flakes > <inwes«dec=ss--cuscaa's 168
PY GWHOUSGtrapS -o2--hee esas ceer ene aaaeed 134-135
New York Stickle-back -..... ....--.-.-:-=<< 53
Nip Pls) <2 a=. newe coe nae aca skeet de geese 86
NID DOTS) ile ane oe ae ae ee eee 246
Nitophyllum (Neuroglossum) Andersonii... 267
a STEOIAGNME Ss seaitcn senna ease ae 267
‘e IOORTSUDM caer ke an eee ee eee ee 267
latissimumt cp ecenee tenes = 267
* PUNGLAUOM. ccasueeeneet see ae 267
as Ruprechtianum .......-....... 267
ts spectabile <a eofesqscceeanaee 267
Witroplycerme Gecccre nase atnena ence 91
DN OOBG8 F252 tosses eens eee rene eee nae 86
INGOSO-tRADS i — 2-36 5 eee oe aac otc ae eee 134
Worthern Barracuds).<--c<icinc0sce.sceueeers 52
HATO sons cen seb Ge cua ee eee 18
Northwestern Marmot ..........0-- sccccses 16
Norway Haddook <3. <s.c2s-5cstne Sepa: ped
Notemigonus americanus.............-.-... 62
= chrysoleucus ........---....-- 62
Nozzle-rose (for washing eggs) ........-...- 247
Nudibranch mollusks, Dyes from .........-- 229
Nurse Slane co scc i. scweone ema S ae aaa 69
NTO PALS cree cte ae anes wieta ena mater 229
0.
Oars esac tx eave taduimonce Nam oae tae ee eos 159
Oblique groove fish-ways................... 241
Obacuras |Camerac----6-e eee ee hee 178
“Ocean rout! os lupe reece ete eeeeeen ee 186
Oceanic: Bonlto:..ca2t. tnsccusocee te ecens 40
Ocelot (Felis pardalis).................-.-.- 188
Gotartidis fo 25s cla eacecennas ce ccte tee cae 5
Odynrus Chrysnrds..t.s+~.0-.eucuneusden eae 48
Odontaspididss 20 io cer ie enwwacncecienbees 68
Odopthalia alentica....... 2.0.0. .ceececcnene 266
ef yA soe eae te tes metnen wee 266
Olifo (Ginzhrd ‘Shad ge aoe eee ee 60
Oil Bipatorcns. te weccecun cect cite 226
BOAT). 2s. estiwces clavetacend nies sce es 223
Bigok-fishiss. 2<+sursene Maske bseeee aes 224-225
Cod liver <2 css encuetn emnusehVueaee ee 226
Cotton, and its manufaeture............ 169
DOP Aste e ee ehh ene ths tane en eee ee ante 223
Dn gOnge. <: a anveseeb epee conan ceases 233
Snctory SCrapare as oese incase = -eeeer dens 187
and fat from domestic animals ......... 223
GO08O.=+ pon canbn septa de a eeeeeee 226
OVS TIS '.<. .Lc.Soncwee enuseees bee eeeee 225
sot *hawhkabill itnrtle .-....2-c-sssnsevces 228
RACET INN» cies » w'n''n'c nc suka slee Se CREO Ee 227
Loggerhead-turtlo .................---- 228
PUR OBD § 65 oe wine sna nan aldieeeteta sete 223
SPAORINMNLONL Then oid we cance aeeab save 227
of petrel and other sea birds........... 225
of pigeon (Eetopistes migratorius)..... 226
OMRON na bainh nase 4cakeancee see 224-225
Of TOUGORNRMO ALG Vcaccccc cet snc decsuce 226
SOU OR Uueeb eSGabis sucuy a «ida dewe kak 223

INDEX OF OBJECTS.

Page.

Oil, Sea-alaphant . 5... <.<..204 seaweceseeeees 223
SOSAION sean aaa Swetiodp wees wn gee ale + 223

FS AEROS rors esting mncan aerenee n Bdasncoe 227
Skate-liver :Wovncwescoccchncehen chain 227
GUC BU om tassel ween ed ares 165
Spel pasos ae ene peta heat 225
PHOT REON year == 5 eee ee ee 227
SONS egw eet seem eee eee 226
OmlAChen ta. 2s eae ean seinen mas eee 227
Steen Ale ese See ee eee Se es i 226
from whales, &c¢ ...... ie nao ee eee 223-224
iW Dibe-Tsht s- oa aap omeheeenb sea aeeee 227°
Oilim pra oeee emer einen Seis ieee ees 172
Olle Bind ie ee can eters tones oo eae 225-226
Consumption of.....-....---..-- oo - 296-297

CUCL TUR cee tatram cI aielaetees 223-227, 297-298, 301
IBN 1S. oe ete Seen eee 226-227, 297-298
and) pelatines 2: <c\asesne=~ ase eeaeees 174

Dm ports Of cee cemepeess «ee we eee 296-297, 301
IVES Tt A Ye tore ot aces cin ciate aa ae eee 223-225
PREM sepa Sener an oe ee 226
Ointments (as tar and sweet-oil).......-..-.. 165
Old witee2-scu-en > « Be cn deme <p eee see nram 24
Oleamargarines's..—- (t--s=05 aces see ae ee 225
Oligoplites occidentalis..................... 43
Olivas SH6US/ Ol 227. = hw one et oer 207
Onchorhynchus quinnat.........- decease 58
One-armed chopsticks .......-..-----5.---.- 117
OMUOT SS een -ta dans eerie eee eee 28
Operculs, WMollusks) of. - ooccs- scenes were 207
Ophidiidm ~=. 2-2. setiaomeamec none ates 31
Ophidium marginatum ..............-.---.. 31
Opisthonema thrissa.....-...---. 2-2 o---5- 60
Opitnn poikous! 2-523. 62 cee ee eee eee nee 136
Optical instruments, &c................-.- 166-167
OquastaDrout...--..<2.--ckeeeeonn eee 58
Orange Wile-fish co: cs fete ese ae eae hee 25
OPFOR Bila see eee cow cea wecew aerate eearars 11
© MMM atON - nn a-ak ewe eee 11
Qroynusialalonga.-. <-22o cane on nee 40
} se OUIVEYSLUS ins = cans sa scee ene eee 40

chy GE RENULAVAUUOS |» 6 sshe Sewanee ane 40

tt GIANTS Se oe eta een ee 40

#¢) igeoundi: dOrsslisi<s aecc sence. cewenn 40
Oregon Rinne acne econ i eon b cone u enna Ue 13
WOE cca aie BON Use aloe Ree eae 14

Organ and piano keys, Manufacture of ...-.. 173
Ornamental alyts .. =. aot eccceucuscseene 265
pearl-work. <5. 5505 5< suscncenad 206

Ornaments, Feathers for ..............--+-- 220
Fisir weed foro. o.ic csccessnuees 217
Orthropristis fulvomaculatus..........--.-- 47
Osmerus MOrdaX .....cceccuccese cenecacces 56
} opasiticns 22222 22. cha cenabiolcaieakd 56
Ounila a0ld cy cece eens ecu ceeeneoeeeeees 177
Optraclides <i. ce cies cin) ewwewenuencsuauckue o4
Ostracium quadricorne ........----.-+------ 24
“A trignetroMm sos. och ended eases 24
Ostronurlda. < «wn. .ccsc ve cwewe Lawau cae ees 254
66 OPIN OR 06s cvaee due abs ketubeanke 253-255
Ostrich culture, Methods of ........... sekee’ > See
Other accessories of preservation. ........-.. 168
GPPALGlOS. - ... a sccccncasncdocvsucnde as
explosives ..~. 2. cess vaste esdcecsunee 91

AU NOtG Ac dnc Wa anes peaw ese hoes eee 120

.

7 a. S
.
\

a —————————

INDEX, OF

Other materials not mentioned .............

BOIMOS se eee cee nie einem ties eotale ye alee we sies 127-128

Snakoveathers «secs ccentsasccusacm a.
Often PA MOLICAN sc. - nace seein ae erences ===
(Lutra canadensis) ..-.....-.---.-----
Sea (Enhydra marina) .............-.
ETA Wiliee eeae es cre ccc see etic clone’. eraie'ats

PIMNO KOU ea ce same ciekitacissae seincisce

BPEALS ieee om cris seine ee cee ene oss ints

Cnt © ANP see aae/se se ie elaine sais elcaielnc a's.
Medi Calle see setctrecnasoccenicnc ses

Ova, Accessories of obtaining and impreg-

EIRP Meee a setoemic fede mince sec iamtaitesevais
ELOOIS Ole see a rene naar on issicciierceeisica" =
HHOING Olena eae ocemenieent=onisceaercs ace
leatherster cee ssosacem eases eacssatinssss
IVI CEN A O lige serine ata tote atele ie ceiesisimiateve ois silt
Ox, Musk (Ovibus moschatus)....-.......---
Oyster-beditancles)ssesse seco tose cineiininns
Oysuen-Calll OS ise seieeaseriasecoeiccasiceiseccce co
Oyster-culture, Methods of ....-...--...--..-
MP STOE=HSH vemteciers cess ele asiniasoieicl ojwiaie'~ ois ale'=
MOV ATERRMIN GA feo dees oie Seca cis cisicleioe cle
Ovstor-Vakes) encores oot nose sceemcsisaas
OYStGI-SGrap eR ends qseseececornchiceee sa:c
WO VEbEr-SROVOIS es ae sate ns telniosfaas'elacis ae
ONStEN-DONGS coos ae eaecciceeceise. acewen = sic.

DV SUCRS pe a oetate nie cia t ace ie ase cera clenae sees 253-256
HASt-AMeLVICAIe-=) o-- 2s. Sc esenose 253, 254

MXPOViSOlsecsessee oe use co ecte ess.
PE XAIPA AM Ges ece mieiicciaicie we 6a ii
Pearl (AwiCWHAS3)\ conc emeieicetert- ai
WWESG GORStrce sede ccice = wcmemacte

Regi GIO RIM BT Aes oss ote e sod cocks a sciele ses
Hair Seal (Phoca Richardi?).....--.

IXTOCNUM ALU Ole. eae vite dic eicis os's1ee-s oo

guano, Preparations illustrating .--.

ia wEDUI Rares cccecsce sxc <j

ROCK Hela cases e's Bat Aue okie eer

TRAD DEV VIRLAL Oe einiatare et ences cele aisle Cin e>:0
Pack-saddle fur (Hudson’s Bay Territory). .
PACKS UES as cece ce eee lane aa castle nwo sc
SEO OMNIS tite aan ale Anes ceanin che Ca cteialae ane ee

SACL ORs eee ene ea Oe ran as ciale pi visrwlas 159-160

AMT A BY OU s esate «ail aie sian ants a's < vaon
Pads, Riding (for buffalo-hunting) ..-.......
EAC ONIMAC NTOINIG S515 Nee ow) Mavaciwi ae sid wala s/si5p
Pagophiis greenlandicus............--.----
US re sees eee a ans tea ee aia ten Sele ©
Palinurichthys perciformis....... ..-......
PE SIOMEDUS casas oink niece o eee neacee oe
ar CnMtlibNrs gos. coe os sg ccd ae vaC aa Sk ata

OBJECTS. 329
Page
PSN epee ee eaeinaccen cs since cisceceescs asic 245
Shaloweesssne cecal. Secs aan alan/alels 247
PAD EL pete mmiscisiesasiesicisinn's sie eviee sie dima's aula 200
madefrom WaASt!<..-<ces-cencansecces 217
IMOMAS (Of aeears sjctsleitsiicicteje s'a's wisisc'as ae 177
Pa ION-WA CNG era eteta nine sammie las sine 15 a)e= otal 177
for gun-wadding........-..... 222
Paraiiin Chea cme sess eset eee eae me mitaemincie 177
IM OLGS OE. Se neeeee seems cis ea ees 177
Parasites, External coo sn%-- 2-12-12 Bi Merete 244
Imtemal en. Sates a2 - ateslccisiseceeis 244
Paratractus pisquetus..-.--..-.------------- 41
Parchment labelss-— so. 55 -ccctitncae eetiee ee 1i7
from viscera of bears ..........- 215
from viscera of seals.......-.... 214
Parephippus quadratns...-....--.-+----.--. 51
Parophrys' Vetwlusy. 0. 520. coc cee ewe vessels 28
IParrotsfishe gente =. ocisiscieinwcccise eae ale Se ee eer 35
BlUO he sasiecloovs os sade soc cmesemee 36
MPOWALY: see cnisor\e cncrsciere= Seis sere 35
Parry’s marmot (Spermophilus Parryi).--.- 193°
Parts of splanchno-skeleton ........-....... 199
Pas hOSects sacks crac asian ce slaceiee sees 138
awry OMe ctacm cst oencacsenamanteesaee ee 50
PCa-LOCOL COU. ees ssceceesenjcineone ckisems ae 137
IPGa-ShOOtELS) os.c) cece ~ cn sodeescesndcc cere 89
Pearle acecatp ecco seacene tae tives cetseaeenets 206
oysters (Aviculidss). .- =. z=-2-cececcs se 206
producing bivalves............-..-.:-- 257
shell, Sea-snails for..-..--......-2..-- 251
shells; Marine! <<< 22- <j scesesceeeeee 258
AWODILO <3 riepom ne aoe seiceccmemine neces 205
work, Ornamental. .... 10525 deen ose 206
IPeccanies Lecth Ofa.--2-.s2scceaceneanicne 197
POCCaayanecisce wine aa] cenaacinclmeaiee aieeeets 9
PROC OF ee cacesccscatee ee ener 198
Pecten! Shellsof.ccscs coc. cecese meio semen 206
Peculiarities of form of East American
OY SUCLS los ccte ouiesceanin cite emacidewsinwielesiistainia 255
Pediculatie. case hese sees ccicte ceesalewenmaee 23
IRGGD-SILD 08 mere serene seine se einaeineseisatieme 93
Pelican, Brown (Pelecanus fuscus) ......-.-. 195
Piline, SPONLEO =e anne oes o see mgscite seate 223
Pelodichthysiolzvaris=<2---- ctecmeceattenes 62
PEMMICAN = nese te nanae Seeeevceia ania sta 182
Penienlns) Capleatus ccc aceccemclne vietltetaceisinte 271
ce GUMCLOSUNS st canes =e eaeeees 271
PRONG rissa tei stnia el ants ease tee notes aire 243
Pen traps) =e seamaster 31
Peprilus| Garden Sos cc tse seceee easel cinta 44
‘Pepsin; Manufactumeiof ccs-os---.s2se-s-c-- © Lio
IP@DSING 2am aeere see asnecee a eie eee ciate 229
Perea fuviatilises sarees seed ssa 49
IPGTCEROCES cos aee mare ocean ide cae Cosiccets 53
IROLChs eonee cere eee eee at tee eet oa 37
TOO Gees ema iiceses nce m esses cca 3
WULID GUN aaritar mea nen sole acetate sc 5 ae 37
IWR tela ceaeemie nse nce yetane casein 51
ollOWaeereenssesush sans hiccedncince == 49
ET OUCH Wane its Meieieaa aeit ipsa = ss ins te oo 5,01 137
EGON CLa emetae masse aak seam ecime helenae ce 49
RONCURSIOMI MEE Give ts wore inte cans aeec esas 91
TIO CL Gleeme tee a eer cys as nc.c cles 91
Perfumery materials, Consumption of..---- 298
HEBentiinenmesatea cette nt. \ conc toc seclece res 175, 227

330

|

Page.

Perfomies, MAMMAL. occcaseacissoneunyees= es 227-228 |
Winntactwre Ol. <..c- =. oss oe 175
RGPUNOcecc an noes ee eee eee eee 228
Persian insect-powder....-..--..-.--+------ 178
ROraNnal BIOS co. c.ncec clans ns sat nae nN ae ae 142
equipments .....-- ee pa 164-167
Pe Tel, 600; OUiOL cas eens anion ae nee ee ae eae 225
Petrocelis crnent®. <n. <5 oe eave eee seen 271
Petromyzon americanus .........----------- 70
POIPOMy ZONA one casas eee wane e eee 70
Peyssonnelia atro-purpurea.....-.---------- 267
Phanerodon furchtus.<<.< <<. a. ensecenn= 37
Phasianella, Shells of. ..-....-..-........... 207
Phocsna brachyciow | - <-.2.s<e=~—=eer ene = =n 11
Wineatas a. rep cere aca n aaa set
VOMOMUIG ane Haale naan ea a 11
PhOCA RIG ATORL = soc oe coc ane aw teleelate ae 6
Be DOC TGEELYTIDN ees oe era) ee ane ean 5
Phocidsw....-.. See ae nace el re ed ele 5
PROCS = see eee = a econ eae a ener 5
PHOSPHOVUS «<5 ose en nena Peegiae ames 200, 230
TM pPorts Olney 05 ean snens= = 299
Manufacture of .......-.-..---- 175
POISONS ..- 2. eo. ons cneenn- 136
Photographic apparatus (accessory) .--..--- 178
Photopraphs. --.. 2.0 ccc cccecesenccscancan=- 233, 241
Phycis\Chestert ---. 2.5 eon acon cence === 30
Sto CDURE ane an Genre ae ee = eee 29
66 PEMTIG oo oe ee nici nse cnc ncwcenne=s 29
Phyllitis fascia ........--------.------------ 270
Phyllophora membranifolia. ..-...-..------- 268
s BPOU lions acces eae Ree 267
Physeterid@.......----.------+-+-++-+------- 12
Physeterine ........--. .------+-+-+-+------ 12
Physeter macrocephalus ......------------- 12
PIGKGLGl <2 nose ee non sc asses aceon eam eon 55
BrOOK cae aceedaechanes <escvenaec= = 55
NOOK cad ceeneaa= sane tah aes 135
Pickled fish, Preparations of ......--.------ 187
TOOUD <2. -ncccc suns cavene ceseceesa= 184
Pickling, Preservation by ......-.--.------ 169-170
Pioric acid... 2.225.222 ccece nannenencnne=-<> 1i7
Piercing-traps.......-..+---++-+--+-++-++---- 135
Pierre-Carton <....0s-scnseccamns cas wana ==s 177
Pigeon-Mets |< sae a= kc nnccdweneuae nachos wannn 134
Pigeon, ONE s-s..ccscasenvecpe sss aaeweoae 226
Pigeons, Stool........2-2eee-ceseeenee seen 139
Pigments, Wool used as medium for. -....-.. 219
Pigmy Sculpin:...0. 2.000 snsnnsensecsos esas 34
Pig, Snufling .....scccscaccnccacvccussomun== 11
I PIKO” ¥25 20 abwoeds ae quai wbdnes eee casa man 55, 61
Pike, DIUDDOL .conccceakbacudennaenedapbanie 81
PIKG, GO? . ccc nnacauscenenssmageaaenuhapwes 64
Pike-perch, Canada. -s. oleae dasuvewcmsouss 49
WoelloW: «cacnucuauavdnhenn ed tens 49
pee CRUMIOTNICR. osc 05 ca neuaebwadoeendnnees 267

PAE ECPOTOLD 5 oii ond ous sash cee uneuaauneee 7

PGIOOMORIOGG 5 and ae Gnu sas otakennuaspeseees 46
PCISULOLOS IS0ROL o<cacaacavs snes =opnne pee 46
PISS Senne gs adnc ne oan scan sen some eae 147
PUI DBOUK Gs dweswaxash caveucbedavsunsnesuae 5
Pe RSAC Sas pnGnskpnasvbankaconsanene 151
Pin, TOggle.. -...nsensecensensd ic asus nestatd 161
Pipe, Aerating .. 2. ce ccecnsccncs cessvessnees 247

INDEX OF OBJECTS.

Page.
Pine ehh eects on ac seen costo te arene 25
PIPCULGE Sn ax caanpeanr cua seces Sat sateen ace 246
IPIBLOL- DOGMA. gate = maces seas cat ase eee 95
Pistols BNO PUNE ssc cee serene aed ae aay 90
Pistonait runs. 40 one ea eoe soo anne eee 90
PitKGUS noma cee kan oes me See ee eae 131
PTS OOM ETO «estas on one aoe tare e eee 131
Plain hooks ..... a a nis a onde a cheer eee 97-100
BRE tee ote ecm ee eee 93
TROULAS See sess nee ane eee te 245
Plsited ROR) on 5528 oer oee~ ata ee eae 114-116
Plante ft tok cns cedgaw crac aac ae ae eee 264
for food, Specimens of............--. 248
Plaster model-bodies <.- 2... 22. 2-c-s--nem=-ne 178
NOMS a ani oka econ te re SE 177
PURRGORS oe win wn eee anette mnie ata e eee 177
Plates, Wet'and: dry <..-.tc225.0-. 2. ene sseee 178
Platichthys stellatus .......--.---+--ves.s-- 28
Ploctopuathl ccc scencteseate cetera ae
PIGRLONE CLE PIADEr Vececons sane F aoe eee 26
IPIGUIMONGCHUND «a oat enee nots aap a ake ee 26
IPRGIS easements sen ne snes e anes ones 178
Plocamium coccineum......--.-.--- asa 267
BES Ra ea = eterno oe ee 170, 172
PMA ery ATG Oleese ~ soe ae cena eee 172
Fiomes, MOAathers £00. o. << caas- es vaue- seen ae 22

PockenGunhber:. 52... spas sanenyseeeeeeees 17
POG GIANGIS (a5 25.06 canes ewe ee pee 126
POGKEMGIADA | s< asp. so cnnommedeeoas Caceres 131
POPS Ginae pee eed oa pa ee eee 59
SPOIRONA Sooo ae ong eae 136
BOO cs des. = aw cea ae eee 136
ROOU snake a anos Me ae a ee 136
IPHOBPNGLUR( - 0. s0nnen en neee ee eee 136
ODT sa cecasae coe seeeceeeseeeren 136
POIRUBCRL <2 hen boas enema eRe en ioe eee 5
PANN slouc capes esses aeue tana ee tas 18
Pole Mlonnder secon. hese anaes ca see apaee we a eae
(Poles xo > 13225 sie onan ee oe eae See eee 160
POlinhers; SDE yaw nae ceeeacen eee 89
Polishing <5 .-\cacescrutwecetdncs=secnieeeee 172-173
MOWERS) o vee kes cee nese eee 207
Pollachiug carbonsrins .---2-.5-=--s-6<eee=e 29
POUAGK 5 ssesscaxamansetn enone «a memener nen 29
Polyides rotundubu. 5.6000... S.ancnnabwavie 267
IP-OLVOUON 20NUM cee. keane haa es 6 aaa eee 64
POlyOuOnWOS. .= ene deca! abaase nce een eee 64
Polysiphonia atrorubescens ........-..----- 266
. Baileyls: .c. os) con neas-eonee 266
s DAKAR a a te re 266
ss CLON GR. se nin Senne mend ae e- , 200
> PASUIPIDER. <S in. csccmeanonse ame 266
(* TOPUIROES 5 cc 6 nna ccnumeendwans 266
“ FGI OME oe os ss eww one nan ear 266
~ Havanensis 255-2. sac (ose ens 266
- Harveyi ......-.----+-=- 266
- nigrescens. «<-.- «- 5. <a <<. 266

‘. ONG yl osc a ccends-cnaaeeonee 2
% parasitica ........---.25-..-. 266
Ae pecten-veneris...--------.---. 206
e pemnata .« 22. i. wcssderencaee 206
2 UEGOOIMG | Sickie awe wmween one 266
J Variegate ..-. 2.00 cccsnssens 268

a WIOIACED os ach ces vaneee no smeee 2

5
*

INDEX OF OBJECTS. aol
Page. | Page.
Poly siphonis W OOO ss o5-0~ accent ion cnastanl= POD META GOH UNO We cle osisie'c st/= vals w.ctelalelv eisiotar icle' stat 19
Pomacanthus arcuatus ...-...2..-..:..----- 39 SS COLL Te liee a eets tana asics sie eee 15
Pomacentrids ecsessre- soe cs 1 eee ae 37 WO lire ateetn ses aapeerra sae or eiac ine 189
Pomacentrus leucostictus ........---------- 37 | Predatory animals not elsewhere exhibited. 244
POMS COMIC secs se ans stoves cee caceenes 51 | Preparation of albumen .....-.....-.-.-..-- 175
iPomatomus saltatwix <2 525. s=2-6s--asse- == 51 Ofsbaits acre seers se ee See aes 170
BPEOMMG SMe n casas ae ica a aio 2k oale ce erenete uid OLMDOCY-Oll ecco essa talie aah 174
Pomolobus Mediecris::- -52-5. 2-4-5 cee =e 60 ofthe: bones ese sess tase ee 177
5 pseudoharengus ................ 60 of! iprillantine 2) =ee-)) 2:2... 170
Pomoxys nigromaculatus. ...--..---.--.---- 48 of cochineal colors. -....--...--. 175
ROMANO ieee a ree aes ae areo eee a =i <a = 42 OLsC OVA ea ee saints ocloele eee eer 174
COSINE USes Smee aaeaaates steislale = xe niaote 130 OLELOSUDOIS) aes cia e aaa 170
albedo eee acoso ee se dcoe cae 185 of fibers for manufacture of
HONG ese See ete eae cise eee 42 PLUSH’ CREPCES 4-22.21 sei ooh ses 171.
Ponds) Hishe(MoOdels))s2-2)-so-cea acre ~~ 2 = 244 of fish-scale work .-..........--- 174
OOS NAW Ay Seis mttsate ete ales sles slo ee’<in/osic 242 Ot LOOd gaa tece aerate 168-170
POT PERO SHAN epee ose cicijenaee s(e wine B= 67 Mefouthil)Sessoset peccecoch coat 176
Porcelain stock, Sea-snails for...........--- 252 of curled hair for stuffing - ----- 170
Porcupine, Wihite-haired.......-.-.....-.-. 18 of horn and hoof. ........-.<-- 173-174
MWellow-haired a. seco elaine 18 of other hard tissues.....-.--- 173-174
ODO gare iinet tte tetaieieiaiolere naeiciet eee ate aisicte 46 LOPLOISOISH Oi cate cio cieteseiniean es 174
SSDANISMewesc a sehen wesietecet eens = 36 of silk from byssus of pinna... 171
Poricnthys Notatus.<.-.s-s2s-1+-52-0-5-2 5- 32 | Ofisilkiof Insects eee = 3 -\-'=-1-1- 171
ROnke ES POLbs Oli caastindes desde esese sss 277 of silk of silk-worms .......--- 171
Em ports Ofeaacectsewecresse~ eee lea ys : 276 of the skin andits appendages. 171-173
SLO eel taa eae msi eeemiaincicecies ee 184 OU RENO bonis aterapetoten eters iai<ietnat 174
iPoronotus triacanthus.-2-./---<s--..c--4--- 43 | Of Spermacebiic.--c- -clos5ce se = = 174
IBorphyta Vulearis: .-s0s---cce een ~ ses scces 269 | of sponge stuffing.........-.-.-. my
IPONBOIR Gaertner eee re eee ee ae eee toe 10-11 of soft parts of other inverte-
SAITO S erate tecinctaiciienesa sie 1 10 DTahess== Sass toeciseee csee ee 171
Ba rere ee vente ete. 11 | Omhiead oils seen ehe ee yes 174
COMM OL ee leemieinielelaiaiaet= sala lara aie c 10 Ofe Stotingys sass = ceeeceneee 170
leabher scence. cesses ceee reas seeeen 214 of whalebone .........---- 170, 173-174
Right-whaloeenssasesiseesee< sss <= 10 Of wool-clothsicis- sees ce cans 170
NKMMNKE ae ceee eecees cea seeaccieiciace 10 | of wool and hair of mammals.. 170
Sperm-whale iscsi secs. ses =i 12\ | Preparations, Adhesive.....-...-.-0«----=<- 135
Sip Od fone oeetseeiscinse eee c ene 10, 11 Birds 2b iS j.oeee se aoe eeeeacee 183, 185
JUWLOU alana semen ciestsocee eerie 224-325 Wish sea scccisa2 sone 183, 185, 187
Rortableypostseescesc cee cwee ccc e aeeeenebe == 145 Mammal (2-2 cle sec emia siseice 182, 184
IORI GS ententetoas setae se oars ian sicterero 142 OL mollusks': <spa-aes = eeee= 184, 187
Possum (Didelphys virginianus)-.--.....---- 20, 194 of pickled dishitecseeeeeeases = 187
Ie nema aie ese acin cies 196 Radiaite’ = .. seuss see ese eons 184
Rovassiom) Cyanide Of. on a-=- ssssen. >see es 136 Reptileyeste-secese sees eee Gos leo
Ferrocyanide of......!.....-.--- 228 | Prepared ammunition ...+.........--....-.. 92
Ota DATEGE LOLGOL: scons aesccices same cle can 133 WadS2 oc co-bscaa teen cee eee 92
Hel without leaders) oc. sec se ese kie a 132-133 | Preservation, Accessories of ..........-..-- 168
SOS Nisa ote a aimee mines Sela ce 132 | of the animal for scientific
HEGUBEG Lae peer eee eee ee a enine cea == 182, | TWSOS sole hee TOL178
Agere ets ete iaial melo iaiate rie re aestase = - 175 | Dy cannin cee se seeee ener 169-170
mouched Gopher ssacessesnssnsesens sees ese 17 | bydiryinoteeaes seemeeceetie © 168-170
Pouches, Arrow-head..<.--:2<+sdses.sc0s- 89, 94-95 | OLmmeate ens tence eee ree LOS 170
HROMUNGULOSS. = searnnaa sae samenise semelsc isa sc 232 Ol tO00tseeee een deac mannan se 168-170
OnLy eemMOrtmOlsccecemc semis so eee cae = 6 276 of game, fishes, &c..-......--- 241
ON pre Meera eens ase tat tee ane aa se sina 31 by pickling: --...--....-....-169-170
LOM am salsa clea ieeisertdptelctein or cas ce) 62) | SPreservanons)canssnmaaeeececcececees cress asc 178
POWOCr COLONIA sas ecincnenssccceets ss sed< 5 91 | Preservative mixtures....-.............-- 176-177
Galante sesace sce scecssccsue ss sc. cra 90) |, Preserved! meats) &e.ssscccssecs ance ows cee =. 163
PBICUSSIONcesicna esses sana tece 91 | Preserving fish, Specimens of salts used
AV POUMMINes 2 eae = baeaoa ccc oec's > 165 Mame eet caer eras aces escerotet ess csae~s 169
VCOMer meee cache aera ae seis ac aes OLE WEE TCRBIN Pete eese ee tee oot ce aiewe sss: 170-173
POW UGU-HORNE eo ate sae seen sle ceils ae sor are Uae PE MACHT LI Emer eeea elfen ews cla ccc as 52
POWOGL-IMORSULCS aad sas e nee eelesyainaeaaere Oop | ME vinnOrareee sedan cate ecto tesa ccc wajeeaa's 91
HOWUGLR, ANBGChitaa da date ec cuneeaas cameo 78) |e rionitis Andersons... .o0s2c. 6 ot... eee. os 268
IPOMSHIN Ds e-osal a eaertien seasons © 207 SEMUIATICEO ata eee s hee re ccce cence 268
TP Sete asian a cepers nest soar esc atie LG ea ONOUNSCATOLMMUB Hite le ioe mie «iene evn emo 33

Prairie Dog

332 INDEX OF
' Page.
Prionotus evolans ........------ aaah aa oe 33
STINT ES sero otto as ead dare en ae et 67
PYIND OMA foc oc men apecnescnnewameence= 47
Pristig Antlonoroit Jc. aon ee Sees tenes eS 67
Probangs -<--- = 22-202 5-vere~ se enr== see sem 223 |
PYODGS SNOW .a oe ee eevee ees aed ee eee 78
TOD G-BWIS soe < nn av ce deesenceetaesavemnes 79
Processes OF CUITYING ~..- cree. -cenesseenne 171
of tanning leather .............-. 172
of tawing or oil-dressing leather. 172
PYOCYONIGG ew sown ra sh ooo eee enna 5
Procyon:oton =<. .-cts nae R ete cee eee 5
Prodding-instruments ...........--..-.-.--- 78-79
Prods, PATI N Mews ata b ein aeeetae aes sine te 78
‘Productions, Insect? 2. .2:sestens seecs sess 222
MOMS conse etsek de sa pot oe 222
Producta:. Chemicals... -.cascsuessennc cess == 219
Proghom Antelope: 2 ~~ da<s 0s eecssee cn sohs-s 7
IPOMIOrOPS) LUBSR Jes ck snccawe ae se eneds 50
Propagating-house, Model of, &c .......-.--- 248
PROPAPWHON!. o<c~ ose tense eee ee rc ----- 244-248
of amphibians @2.-.. see. —e oe 245
OLsDGOS a saeae nea eee 248
Of DINdSs = aes oe ee ow ee ee 244
Or joorals W652 dos ects 248
of fishes:-2-=-.¢e-=-Ss022-75-05 245-247
of cochineal insect...........--. 248
OLANSBOtRews3<.09-da- nee ose ee 248
Ofileechos tu -4,e75-c ee oe 248 |
Of mManininls)-- -ee Semel 244 |
Of mollusks: oS22see os eee ee 248 |
OD WED UWILES oaedeeae. ara aat eee 245 |
OL(SUK-WOIM mh anaseaneeasac=a = 248 |
OL SPOON Pees ane aeeeeuw ess 248 |
Off wormis = oases eee cnet , 248 |
Bron yamine! 2-. -nascs wt asceeeeeaae ee 230 |
Manufacture of ....-......-... la
PeROSO piu) COUCH 2-5-0 cance cianab eeeaoue = 57 |
F quadrilaterale <.....2..2.--=---- 57 |
Proteouon c= 2 semadanto anole oee anne aen ean 241 |
aNd Gnliireds: serene eee oe a 233 |
FLOM INSSCLS. 35 eee nus-< ssn ee one 165
PYOMOZOSNA cabas nam ooban eve cae taeae ee crac. 184, 263
Chemical products from. ......-. 231
INFUMOUS --ackeke heey ee eee =s 264
URGfOl en tiacscwecnckesOoencee 263-264
Provisions, meats, butter, cheese, eggs, &c.,
Netexports Of =. 2.6 scene n. OUR
not included, Imports of. .....-.. 301
Prassian DING 5 2226 ane ce res eess me eee 228
blue made from leather waste
(wee under: 80). ee eee ae 217
Prussiate of potash (see under 30.) ........- 203
EPOUSIGCES ... 1. - cco con dus phen elec e see ae 228, 930
Manufacture Of .....cccccscscces 175
Psettichthys melanostictus ...............-. 28
Pseudemys concinna.....~...06s.decesscacas 21
“* mobillenais ...c25-te seen dean de 21
= TUQOBR 6. cans ccccccannnutaaness=s 21
Pseudopleuronectes americanus ...........- 26
Pseudopriacanthus altus ..................- 52
Pseudoscarus ceeruleus...................-. 26
PLCYODREGNO TMISIID anne ceveussadann a ES 23
Pteroplates maclura .........0 Skee. nesanc-es 66 |
Res CDI cen noises aahaunt apinhiewu dake 269 |

OBJECTS.
Page.
PtUOis GIBQONE oc ves canes doseens san yee> 269
‘C) Dypnoiden Soe as cose eee exces 269
Ao. PNOBB 40 axons «ave sede ad oes eae 269
Ptychocheilus grandis.......-............-- 61
(PDUVGrIeNen secre a tens de tenn ease ean 176
Pama (Felis concolor) <2. 222. <sccscacceusvuae 188
Olawasi0hs oe -20 ences cee 203
PODID-DOW ane einen te eins eae ere 161
Pump box and haft for seine-boat .......... 161
Punctaria latifolia... -2seo ns -act see nee cs 270
a plantagines 2. <5 22 fe a2. eae ce 270
Pane. see enn eee een ee eee 230
Purpura lapillus shells ...-...-.......-..-... 206
Purpurate of ammonia dyes .--.--.-.--...-. 228
D So rbyctag 112) 02] see ep ein ee ees ese al) 129
Pursuit, methods and appliances...-....... 142-167
PUBS STV DNUB oo ween cone edetqan serps ae 6
IPNISHDNE-STGKA aonb ae seer eae eer 160
(PTGS Oe ee ee cele 26
Pygosteus occidentalis. ............---...--- 53
Pyrethrum POWder=- 25 --caccnn<enscemeeneas 165

Q.
Quill articles, Manufacture of............ k<. A172
brush-bristles, Manufacture of.....--. 172
TNT Sse eee te me tee ee a 219
of American hedge-hog -.....--..--..- 219
OL DINOS ¢s-asnccke~ mabe edneee eae 219
Consumption 08... 3-3... <> -5se seen 296
OL COW: -2- sat aeks Lao eee ee 219
ONGC, sana nicnane nee eee ere 219
OF CRPIlER: Ws inc scenscencpeeeneleeeenee 219
Meath ering 2s. snr aan eee ee 247
OL) PO00RG seme au a. ape sateen eee mes 219
OF IMSMIMNBIA (5.0652) ame on eee ae 219
for pens, Manufacture of ..........-.. 172
OL SWAN cache scons em eans none eee 219
for tooth-picks, &0..........-....-... 219
OL CUDKO@Y a dcce nase es w ose eee 219
Qui Vers! (6. ans cae n ae ee te pees Rene eee eee 89
R.

Rabbit or Cony (Lepus cuniculus) ........-. 194
WOOL: scataeem ade see ve da Beene 196
GTA 4.5 wa clea pea we da oan anes 19
WOGKS ha chaedseuscuchcunss seeeee 80
OBO furcte Gaeta thks aa ai ee 19
MATS espero nnnen clues a waaaen aera 20
TOUS oo oid Siena cenncucstanbseenuae 122
DBRS uae iid hnn cae sagas melo anaes 20
SPTING-Nets neues onda cunks ts enews 130
tipe used in England ................ 131
WOLED: ciinasbencesincnuasdes esas 20
WG oie ws cents pci wom eee eee 18
RAD DIGBRD os nin dathapeo nna CeeEEen ee ae nmen 24
Rabbite, Dow Of; cot >crccdins eceemeeade 219
RACCOON anscvccnvas nigh Sy sth axhithan eta Mamma 5
Heir off ..sh sacks apedeaecaeeense 195
Race-spawning (Ainsworth)......-....-.--- 245
DADES 5 Sopp a paass tok en sikises isola ok matant 95
GUN 5 nonce Sulb esis peas bs Dee eee GRE 95
ROUIOth : Spence paexnesbesns ono snaa nee eennnee 262
preparations: . ...2< scans danuub ences 184
Reatlotens =o 5.x saw ne chan athe neat eas nee 262

INDEX OF OBJECTS.

Page. | Page.

Radiates, Chemical products from.........- 231 | Rendering whale-oil, Instruments and appli-
IMJUTIONSEasGodeec eee se aceeseice S00 Wewtancerlohen sues esa terme ere Se 174-175
Wsetalls tect ete s ashe oe Se 263) | ReniGeps WDULO sateen sewn coc cee cena 68
Matt-boats, MNdiany. sso ccc cccmcenscce scence 144 | Rennetsy lm ports ols... ese eses scenes 299
RafvOminlOverage jwasccceics-seSeccl sess 144 | Repairing, sighting, and testing fire-arms . - 93
RES terete ee actin tae et ete ctx aininlelofatcietate sles saan 65) |) Reptileioilssassseseeeesce esse secceece = sees 226
Raiajeglanteria.-.. 5. <2 -.-cceceicesenacs 66 Extraction) 0f2-------~-<-.---=-- 175
Ba CL IT AC CR etatcerete oleintnialalsintelalac(et=in/c\a'=\njosialu's 66 MELIUMES fossa a eciee oes eee 228
RLS WLS etre ae elratateteiaaiesieiaalie aicie-aie'<iare\eielai=l= 67 PLEPATAMONS eteee meee ee 183-185
* ocellata ...... .. Sele aestelele ets re elm eisieiele 66 skins, Leather prepared from . . . . .215-216
Bet AC a ba cectae seam omeiaenam aes aa nese ele G6r it Reptiles sso Use eon eee neces 21
PRAT Paar etelen seiner a melala sila alareielnisinle a(eis (aw aim sic 66 Chemical products from ......--.-- 230
Rake-dredge....-- wasinwsceenees==-scencacess 129 LV OLryrOfcis-icee scans tes eee Aes 198
Rakes) Clam ---..... sj cmecence secs cen ses, SL Propagation Of... 0-6 ese 245
Oulachan ..........--. .-------+----- 82 | Reports of the U.S. Fish Commission ..--- 233-237
Oyster ..-....----2---2----2222 02-05 85 | Research, Apparatus for physical .....-..--- 233
Ralfsia verrucosa. ....-.---.----++---+--+---- 270)| Reservoir ait-funss os. ac s-cee ee eee 90
Rammers .-.-..----------- --++-++--+++-+---- 93) Rest for harpoon, 622. <s-5--c-se+-2-6- = oe 162
Rat, Black......---.------+22-e0eeeeee esses 17 | Results, Appliances for working up .-.----- 233
BrowN .....---22 -22+-22-eeeereeeee ees: 17 of work of U. S. Fish Commission. 233-241
Florida .......---..--. ---.-------+---- 1ST Ie Revolving DOOMSssese ee seeeeeeeeeee seme 117
leather ---------++++-+-+++++- 22-2225 -- 214 | Rhabdonis. Coulteri......-.--.0...5--------- 267
US Ke eee ee aoe apeiciosisteiaciataics wetsieie 18 a LONGLD. as See eee ee ee 267
Rocky Mountain .....----..---.-.----- 18 | Rhodymenia corallina ..................---- 267
WOOD Soe amie meta cinjoclninminin a= nlesieteiaiviees=i= 18 oe palmate; seat.c-6 eee oe eee 267
Rattlesnake leather .--...-..--..--.-------- 216 | Rhachianecles glaucus ..........----------- 112
Raven, Sea...-..-.----------2--------- 222s 34 | Rhachochilus toxotes..--..........--------- 38
Raw material for making artificial flies... -. 13S mRhin obatidseceeen -- iso oe eee eee eee 67
material of nets ........---..---------. 130 | Rhinobatus productus..........-------+--+- 67
Rawhide ..-..-.---.----.-------2-----0c---- 209 | Rhinonemus caudacuta.........-..--------- 30
Ray, Butterfly........----.-----------++---- 66 | Rhinoptera quadriloba ........------------- 65
Cow-nosed .......---+--++2+2s2--2225: 65 | Rhodomelia floccosa........--/------------- 266
Eagle ...---..--.------+-+++-22222222-- 65 ss Larix. csc ss tA nee ae 266
Sting ..-...-----sessees eee eeee eee eee 66 oL SUbfASCAces ss hese nee ee 266
Recoil-checks ........---.----+--+-+---++-+- 94 | Rhombochirus osteochir........-..--------- 52
Red Bass ....-...+---+---+2---0+-20--222+++- 49) -Rhomboganoidel ----:=---52 << sbes sere 64
coral (Corallium nobilis) ......-..------ 207 | Rhomboplites aurorubeus ..-....----------. 48
Fox (Vulpes fulvus) ..-.-.---.--+------ LOH Rhombus levisesss-so ce ease eee ee 28
en See memte eee seciaticnae ees cle aelnicls- 19 “ MAKIMUBE- cisnscesta eles e ee 28
SSC ate ete = eaten aiayeiein sels ae = 121= 34) “Rhyzopods, Wsefuls- -..-cceseiterensasosma= 264
OTLEN DD Gly ae eae lara amare einlaraia te sialic /o eins 47 | Ribbon-weavers’ bone, Manufacture of ..--- 173
EM LTETS Ueeeeee a reeeaeays een aaicle el atsicrale 14 | Riding-pads (for buffalo hunting). .--...---- 142
Redshellied'Snapper-\. --. =~ 5-2-6. -se ne ASH SRidine-sxddlesvas=s cashes <a ean eet 142
BR ORE ges aerats alata sralatelaiatats/s (alata) 219) Riggers hooks). <\twee esi cteiwnto ama seta 152

Bet cUS MVORGKLO pore sniceacie<iamae stoinloie ease << 96 | Rigging fishing-vessels, Apparatusaccessory
PoC MOUL LE AD ALG = oie h circ atic mic micyoinicinic a'uin,s 47 tO Ee ESR ae a ane CR erecore cuscin ch ane 150-162
Blue-checked)..---.-. 2-5 -/----.0. AT NARA STG WWD BRLG ate reo atare miele onl chemin lm areca coe eee 13
IBlne-striped 2-26). - vlc n ans 47 | Right-Whale Porpoise....:-............---- 10
DO PATVeMemem mesa epimaeeicin seein 47 | Ringed Ground Squirrel....--.....--.------ 16
Boe eee ale lane ate mens rents loka wot 1181197) Rings* Clearing oc mccencucemacemeelarne nee 122

TELL YAN Os secon ee icin atslwlots oni eele oo 118=119))| Rippin g-kmives 2.5. ocecc eels te wiew seem se =m 72-73

IGM OMe sioeias fase mcidoeescaiccaess 119 | River-mussels (Unionide) .........:.-..... 206, 257
SIMPlOp eee ee aces aie ws eases 118 | River-weirs, with pockets..........--..-.-. 131
PRES bad eerste ee alee niee aye interaianlelainls = i= 2Fot a 170=171 | ‘River/Sting Ray -- -<. 2 aoc cece ec eens == 66
SRO eet inion oe omic cieine siecle seems 174 Prot ties aoe eae eae ects uate rete mes siaic 58
VG oe ae eS a eee 21 0N | ROD GR s MUN ee cieea esis nies teal ieee ee ele 162
human and other hair.............-. 219) Robin; Houndesces eee arenedecietliecem en ==) 42
Refrigerator, Bante. ---.--5.scscpaccseee anes 1G6Bn]S ROCCUBICHRY ROP Same mocdee ices ee cele. ai === 51
VORCIOOLACOL- GALS once cuicicnincimia'avinciwamacdma 168 Ch KHNeQhua eee eer eanor as succes ct 51
Petr enathoUneers oo ose aslo s sete alee ae os ican ae GSA PROGRMBAAS a mene eee sa Remmi clot clo. 48
RELI eOlIGsUN GD tee ne naa scat ates 210 Cee Samet tait amie era oiacie salsa ines 32
SaLbeO Greene pin eee ae a aes 184 | Group Sleseaeaeecsaaae ss donee cus 0c'e 50
Reinhardtius hippoglossoides ...........--- 28 | BID Geeta ett ietets falatsinie/snimia'- faces 35
PLEIN OT ins tuys. = atsts win dics as nlarere/aicre.ale damian sie mctal DOES (a ICOGK-T1N Nicaea teietete <s nclccewiasancit aww. 51
Remoropsis brachyptera .............-..-.. 52 PS ANI OU meemiGes tas aeiviweicisicialn <sincinle 3 35

333

304

Page
Rock-fish, Black-eared ..-.-.~- <-><sesc-ssn<+ 35
Black-headed .....-.....- J eueeeiee 35
PROB Yoo mc ecive n wah eeidee” nice mepieme 34
Rockling, Four-bearded..........---.--.-.-- 30
Rooky Mountain Rat . ...<<.2200--0--cee=-0non 18
sheep horn) <2 2 ese cect as 202
TROOR fs. oc cae tans eee eciae ieee eee ae 119-121
ROOK, SU WISE se ott were en a lem eases 82
TROD: 25 2 ois een ees Be ielar ower ieee 185
Roes, Dried and smoked .........------.---- 183
Roller, Spawning-screen (Collins). .....-.--. 245
Rollers; Dred gene. .n-ateccace temas s0> me 119
Dreier SMT OF 5 acne desea owe am aeete 119
Rosmaridie . ..--- Sena nebo Hop naneces 6
RRosmarns | COOKIN a 5-~ sens wean setae emcee 6
as ONDGSUS'! =. onesad = maaan a eseemeans 6
TNORG-D SMa oin maaan ae een tes out ateln ee care 34
Rose-nozzles (for washing eggs) ------------ 247
Rosettes, woven work, and trinkets, Manu-
PActare OL. 6 Ae ke Zesen au sepa nee a 173 |
PROS Y ROCK-USI ean acme see utes a ences 34
Rotella shells Of -< 228. a0es= = se ee 207
ROU AS URLS econ ese tec ceae eee ee ee 245
Rough Rloonders oes as rocenke se eeo nee 28
RO UTO PE GNM Ss ane an a= eee nee te 59
MIGUSG-DLADS a ean own on ae eon aismennne'a 134
ROU 5 Se toes ecm econ eee 42
SMROUNOSRNIVOR Ne a oman = ond ainn Ses wees 171
Round-tailed Ground Squirrel .....-..--.--- 15
OWLOGKS sec no eet ec ee dkb aera pmesewes 155-159
up ben DIaNKOts: acce. sce wae ep ee ene ne 162
Rudder-fish, BandGt)..ca.c.c se ccmeecieks cule 43
Bldolkse ts vusec ees ee eaee eects 43
Rudd er-Mxtures <<. <o-n.-= aa -eaeseonr eases 154-155
Ruminants, Horn-cores of .....:..-..---.--- 200
‘SRUBGION AAVOMGS” oc. coc cla ee ace Oess 186
WMO Sty: MIOUUGEY = aeons oe se 26
s.
Sable, American, or Hudson's Bay (Mustela
A MGPICRNB) <. cccek esac dee wennedewt emacs 189
Sables? Hair. of so27.vai pees at Sone eee 195
Sacramento Salmon ...........--.--.- Sorts 58
Saddlery, harness, &c., Reports of......-.. 292-293
Saddle-elin gs 2. sen acades seein sacmend sence 95
Saddlled soe cent san arachane eo aateeeenue ee 142
POG ote ine ae Can Ane ee 142
UC gee eee cme Seg 143
Sage Rabbit. ccnnkaqcncuassavateesuckeneded 20
Satlsfish 2a. 6 Sncwek psa eun areata’ eee 39
Sailor's Choice ...-... ican ead eee 46
Sailors’ sheath-knives ................ /...-- 74 |
Salamander, Florida......2.cce0ssc.c0-ns00: 17
Sal ammoniac (see under 30).............-. 200, 230 —
Manufacture of ............-. 175
BO TATIO. dias sqaesuencantone este uaenaee 58
ISTO oa eck ncn ce dee ee 57
Axtificial files for... ccccckevewarsce 102-114
baskets (Columbia River)........... 131
MOOK-SULNOL.. ... <a cosh nasa eas eee 124
DECLSDONEO oc 5s co. cn nbn cope me eee 58
PURI EOUB NS Bo 5 oe Sckinp/o oo Soa Re 185-186
RMI ut tng ln Su ie ddan se eueaee 57
RI alate win nan cf bods 2k ce
POROUS cise teeksps at ancadeaadeeuaceas, 71

INDEX OF OBJECTS.

Page.
Salmon-tackle ............ Siva te ahas Paaeaiee 95
Salmon-weirs (Upper Columbia River) ..... 113
SAUNONIN cS oeath ete deeaniea ne eames 57
Salmo saline nos ces vn caatn ne nonee eee ee 57
SALE cain cin ctncere nos fx vec oxinatampe'n auckee oie 78
(SQ0GBSOIG) Swann s.en anne w inn ceretn ene 169

Salted AnChOVIOS.< ices cekonsvancvaee cea ee

baits (prepared) . ...---

DORE on ap ter-ep onsen na sanaee ee 184
DUGAN ois si oc ene ee eeenn eae eee 185
ude meat. oe ccecspce<s5e eee 184
COM: .cene eee eer enon eee eee 185
OGGiS peeves cance ae oh pene cee ee 184
Oly oes a ese sob a ees 184
TODOS ro aie oo min islet rien ene letter
WAI D ioe oa aoc eciie none ano eee 185
Herrin sos nan nn oo ece sn ne wee eae Sees 186
TSOR OPW ar tas is ae ete norte eee 185
MUOUEio + seater eee ae ee 185
POMPANO< See og weasels sewers 185
DOD Bo nooo eae cee oe eee 184
MAING GGle + see =o noe ee 184
BEIMNON Joos pee e eae don eee ee 185, 186
Spanish mackerel ..-...--:..5....-52 185
BWOTd Nel. ence essa ee eae 185
tongues of buffalo, deer, horse. ....--. 184
EREDULG eter nd et eee aie eo) Sabo
SSRI OSA oa ie erase aa eae ma an
Salt-mills, Models of (Cape Cod).-.......-.-- 169
Salts, Specimens of, used in preserving fish. 169
BSLV C= ONES pc steam ial oto mae me = aie el ae 231
Salvelinus fontinalis ...........:-sssces~; 58
OQUBRSD 223-5 hora ngs soe toenet 58
Samia cecropia, Silk of... <. 52. ss. ts sus 196
* -polyphemus; Silk of. -.-2-2--2 7-2-2 es 196
Samples gill-netting .......................- 125
of netting hung to lines........... 130
Sand-bath drying and steaming. -....-...-.- 172
Sand Dan: secs 4220 --eecee asda ee eee 27
TOG cia sa slant ina ee ae 31
SINEEKS soc 3p asm eel ntl ee eee 68
Sada POlAM YS... 50. denen dae oor 40
Sardine-factory, Model of............-.--.-- 169
PALOINGS AMETICAN - cade. das acs aes eens 186
preserved, Foreign exports of... .. 283
preserved, Imports of. ...........- 279
Rnsetsn ots alede sn oh vere ee ee
Sargassum Agardianum..................-. 269
DAQCUELONIL ss... ono-e eee 269
‘s dentifolitim:..%..-.c.i1 a. en yo 269

sf WOULONG mec aan ou ae seen 2
Sargis Holbrookil-.s---.55.----5-nseweee we 46
Sarothrodus capistratus .......-.--. 38
- maculocinotus...-..- ..<,.-s.<s 39
Pane, “ANCHOVY. «secu sks. .5 scape asenenas 186
SRUSAPOS <5 neue eam cannes pe ae ee ee 183
Sausages, Bologna, Imports of...........--. 276
Sausage-skins, Imports of ..........0....... 276
SWAT ikainus aorewienl wen cls panes mee ee 67
BI cock oes neeeicee mounts dig acne ame 173
Sith. cccsdscosecacedevuscccuneaune 173
Says’ Striped Squirrel Pe a en a, 15
| Sosipperd.fiahs. ...«d...-28vs-uvawtweberkybenme 39
Soatl, Big-eyod. ss~c<snans casanhhaeccenvpase 41
Mackerel . ns vcs wikia setae ae wee 42

INDEX. OF OBJECTS. 30D

Page. | ~e Page.

MOdIOS aes ee eres Re iok yen states clepeeie es emiioe 166, 205 | NCO a ON ec sete ae eles aie ee eee te ke ca 5
OMMNSHOSRese ss aacsecheeceeneeserincs 205 | LiOMWEHTOR Obisaes cece nessa cose sc 215
AWeeleltiie ee ser sre. co eta ae. Oo nei ORG ee ee eet ear kk heh 4, 191
Sealed tish, Leather prepared from ..-....-... 216 RAVEN Seas oe one ca ce ee caatawctecle ee aie: 34
Sealing apparatus ---....-.-1........--.005- 169 | Robin, Broad-fingered ...........-----.- 33
PGI FN VOR eae ain as) ayaatara nla mois =n so a's mi areinin' 74 Ropinssuiped eecees cee e eee oes S 33
Scalp locks Humane a. =. s-c- lc - sre eesicne 217 | SHadese ns caters ee Mee he es eee 60
yen OS a] Ue Hl CONS ete ae mic amici aes m oe ce, cera =i<je 13 | Dna ee veces crrssciaes Aeeetesceetinsee a 35
SNPON TRUS eee sel eee ose cs o'45:- oleae « ASSES GAaDOSIS oe at eo ue ee menor eres oe eee 147-148
scalps)of animals. --.---------......-- 2... 21 |e Sea-clephant Oi 2- ee= ese ea eee eee ae 223
MPA PAMUA ELON OLD = -s21-)-5 oa/sysich nS oon gece 144g Sea -hOrse es oe ace ee nt ee eee 25
“a PE OWMSCNO q-as'aia cia atc wicleie.s wxlcininss 14s Sea-oM leatheneacoacs sacs seme = aoe eee 208
Scaphyrhynchops platyrhynechus........--- 65 | Ol Somes cence are i ee ee 223
PSU ET CR Skepta ener ne |= Grslniaie a)= lola} at ei iain, = sho JO! |e Sea-snails) ae coe soe ence sree eee ee 251
SCoROs ell PUOMAATC TM saa eeion sacs = sobs .ct 35 OVD AIe cate ae ee 251
BLAU RDS sree ieee emetic ectarsicla «aio ance 36 for/camed’ss sc saese es seco 252
SEPSIS rae iselestntseene eco id 39 FOU OOM eae eee Se oes ee 251
NCOs LOCO VSP seme see eerie eels sions = = 138 for dye-stuifis, <<< -¢ 55-5. --<-4eee- 252
schizymenia'(?) coccinea....--.-...---.----- 268 AN] UTIOUS er ectae soe alae alee 253
CCS eres ar cee laeiclo ees in, sels <ieho, 268 | for pearl-shell) &¢.. ..-<.52<5.-b6 251
Schooner-rigged fishing-vessels.........---- 149 | for porcelain stock............... 252
SIQURON sonnets tam Scie pes cies ycis ace seac cis sae 44 used in Indian trade ....-....-..-. 252
NCIASNOPS: OCEMAMIS <= naa swine Reese = 45) OG SCa-OLChINSee sc. seea= sa esas tae eee ee 262
SCION UULOSOUINS fe serie tel cia csc ac cee 14 oalt Bandedttncse 2 ho< sae alae eecesceeeee 6, 192
Gin aish Poe COL Mbae aa ote ae seni boc nicieincw= 267 | COMMON cess sa c.ce le seeacen eee eee 5
Scinceus officinalis of Egypt -..-...--...-.-: 230 Ble pPWan Gee wreicve cere assessor 6
SRC ene ae ey eee ee ee FD 14 MUL eyo eran Jere enre aa ceaa eerie ease eee 5, 191
Yer atric a 1S /2\] Oey eth I he aoe 14 GUrBYrae ean on asa veces cece econ eC oer 6
SMM CRLOLMN GU SIS reeset eta ate nie Se na See. 14 | hair (Phoca vitulina) ..............2... 192
SeETCINCIGMS: sacs oe) - Steet ees 14 | AT DON Ge we nyo. Ses isjoeicie ee eae sees 5
HOSSOV se nae te ee ara eicincs saree ee 14 | np sates rae Sa easel eee 6, 192
EOU OTS Gann Olives aaa aersesie ecclesia stele « 187 | Hood or Bladder-nose ............----- 192
MICOMMELCSOGI ie tae seine caine Seen 5 54 IWood ed S45. 2.8 8 we cosa See ece en 6
Scomberesox scutellatus.................... 55 JE tel ec Sacg peas soocpecocnonaasesaA- 78
pcomberscombrus:....-----..-.- eRe ots 40 destherk soss—-ceeemisae cee asa eee 208
DOOM PiU eRe eer Fee enc ks 40 | WO PANG rence soc eee a eee 6
SCOOP WUOL yee tee see se ewes. on cceen 160 OUR eer ciece eee ee eee 223
Sounding-machine.........---..-<0<- 80 | oil Imports) Of: 4. os iene ease tee OT,
Scoppine-instruments; -21-. --<-2c0-e55-25- 5 79 PaciheyHaire. x -= sneer eet eset 192
RICO NS eee eee eee cece eel pci occ bisesies.c 70 S@IN EGS o oo eset eae er ee ee 126
ER eRTT ne tere tes Sete oe ie «<i inle nicreis ere nine 79 | SinewstOfe es. ce- weds ncsetepeeeeeeene 215
apy SHS 25- Sae ea ae 34 | Square-flippers co soe cece eeeaaee 6, 192
DCOULING toes. e ones sce e en Sp aissieerer=inia.3 170-172 Walrus, leather from pharynx of ..-.-. 215
GLACIAL Soren nse 7c hace aitecsee tous 12°| Sealing-wax, Imports of .....--.-<<-.---.--- 299
MOTADEL MOV SLOD ya) -1-1- cle a a1o'= Slee mye o2,-.ciece ce 129 | Sebago Salmon..-....---..5------- 22. eee 57
PIQUA ELS) OC Kye eidc eine cate as lcicimjole'areeioicie 160) |MSebashesmmarnnus. nna. ccen\eeee comes 34
BNCMATETSR SKIN 2c. oh. acs aew a 76 ECS ) WAVAIPALUS sooo anionic aate eecerteene 34

DL eee es ae ciara Pt faisise: exieiets 6 79 | Sebastodes paucipinis .............ccne<c-- 35
STAGE LL OMe omy eee 2 Bh NS one has tiale 171-172 | Sehastomus auriculatus ...-.....-.-........ 35
Scraping-tools .......... Swectinseteneskylolisd Clon @atnsicnaeo- cee eee ete 35
RIL TS CHIS Wee Sacer sea ace saccis ciece's sletew ccs 187 ss FAS CiAtUAs o-oo scesaee eee 35
CIETROLOL Waestiameeioe awa ose cece 187 | oe TOSACOUS 2 Sere ccmececeee e ce = 34

ICL ECUA MATIN Olgas faisele seicieeraiso'~) <> om 246 | Sebastosomus melanops ...-..-........----- 35
ID Peer tires anc Iecsaacfao6,c01>5 be Fee 345 “SeCI@blOnrOf SNe Nal. ene tenes se eevee eters 229
GTR AMC cee cae seme e abo mee an DAs SEU OY SO Altea oe eee ar ane er se arate tS ees, 146

ER PR IVs ala dele eats lnisaia)imalain sane ea 34 | floats of wood, cork, glass,andrubber. 117

BQ ene en aah ree th sesh aueen ced 46 | DINOS pas sara ee es mre pete estates 97
SVCTU II Ul Dip ee see ees wencte ete iaepc Ao eee 46 | TORS tec crete tear 3 Lae erp eee 119
POV INI eee SRS Co A come ate ak O92) {SOINOk dene eee cee erie ee coer run cides tes 126-128
Scytosiphon lomentarius.................--. 270 Band Cole chin i ee cancs cane -- 22 =. 127
RTE AB em eee one ele ae iolcl Sed ote ae 50 SD esata ete Wate ee ae elele Sie cis ees 127
UB Sie SAA ee Sei tat las ena araus ne hs aeu el 23 IS ABR rae oe yeiesteiste tanec ato ntoio.o5 wie oes 127
SO egret ees ee nie cid ela ee oe iein oni 5 IB INGH Ss Deets meer te asec cee isn ace cs 127

USL ep DAG ties seis marca setae ons 6 (Capp npr eee ee coke finches em <0 127
TORTI Oe Nee ge oc eas So cen clas Sk 60 | Cte ee soil jaayarecnicwneeeees 127

396 INDEX OF
Page. |!
PEMIGS: OG ote tn givens ae enna bean 127 |
WUTHG) MACKCLCL (masa weaenth wees cees 12
MANA OG:s<50- 2. 2- see ed were cree 126
Menhanen’: - <5.2- sab ectadasenen caste 126
purse, Menhaden .......-.......... 129-130
Mulleticcceo csp aw dscvacwethuse sane 126
Other2.c5. eee ae eee 127
Seals sda ese less ess eee 126
SHAQ oe een n ase se acerensee ee 126-127
Seinoe-windlaases! 20. nese pate eee oe eee 119
Selachostoml a5 -= 22. <swannn vescnenecmences 64
Self-sealing jars used in collecting. ......... 176
Sepia, from Sepia officinalis................. 229
PORT CAI UMA) ONE Ale cawames bic da-'s osteo 37
Seriola Talandii)..-. 2b oect eau cneads acces 43
Serranidss <2 2 ecesues cleo cnee a vaca 49
OL TOR. oh oacennn ee ace ane ee 133
Set-fackle 25 scant scestowse sesso eee eae 97
OU CEA DA eee crac a weaEnn aeons seeteee cee 97
MOWEHE) Pome ses aos owner oo anne eae 16
TRG Oe Pete te ee ace en re i eae 60
Bermuda inc<920> vcd eeack ones euesencees 46
zill-nets used in Southern rivers ...... 124
ENS Sern oo nutgs Saaevene eee ee here cee 60
Ohio! Giavand'. =... coment ceca. see sees 60
Gere ease on ars ioe ate nic cee eee ae eae 60
BQIIGA cea s ae eae Sean monies Serenata 126-127
SHOGS: creea nes ncucnces suchussescent oes 131
LAGKIO. Wee cete ee oe aeons ee ee ee 95
Winton 4 seu soceneclcacess shaueneaped 60
EYSNAC Water pos ct eco N wa UR sateh es are 57
DUALG-PAU POR ae sein an hoe wate ene erect 89
Dhalt-pohshers)s<. snc dente eee eee eee 89
Shanty, Brook (Furman’s) .... ............ 246
SHSpING Sheva eee oe erase ee eee meee 170-172
Shark Atwood 'S:.0..5-5s--ceseeeeee one teens 67
BIWO. cece. est nonce ree eee eeaeee 68
Blue-headeds.<s aces eee eek ees 68
DOSE Vis Zan sawee wae cnn cans oases 68
EERE xs tiudcdlc ae acan vencet wee cok teres 97
Hammer-D6ghianc.cncnsssuaessdescet 68
IPAENGE cn. 3 oe cohen vac se ee CaieEee 217
Mackerel. iccccucdns Licceue eee 67
NOTH So avdw cnc pastecttcee dnc aeeee 69
ROTMCSEIG ae ana to5 5 ov akreunateeeat 67
Sandiciicad se denaen peaetunss soeteeee 68
Shovwel-lead - oc. -scacscuceecusbocce <3 68
MICGPOl 2 idade ca cece eeeae sobs = 69
Sleeper, Jaws of (Somniosa brevi-
PINE) oe seen mentee eames te 199
SPINY. --.swa ceca teal sere eee 70
Spottedsfin i: cse csc ssnes eee seeees oe 68
Teeth of. 5x. nndita we cone eee 199
Diver. ..5. theses sens semaennaa ew sale * 69
Prape-liver Ofl, 22. <.csnsnencwce duce lemme 227
Shark’s vertebre wc. 3. cscnsacvcsees cen eeens 200
Sharp-headed Finner Whale................ 18
UME TGS hsb nae meine feeb abe someon eae Japs RO
Bharp-nosed Skate: .. -..=...0.ssscas eseewcks 67
LUN POON 5 6c cp ues cansaneaueee 64
Sharpeners, Arrow-head...............s000 89
Shavings used in case-hardening gun-bar-
RAIMA Cerin ee ha onc hs neneuna ow scclvaseere 200
Shawis Imports Of ~ fos... nceWeeeccns aces 286
CRIM Owe peda y auvecscccevuancasetue 134 |

-— - a ©
‘ >
~

OBJECTS.

' Page.
HGANIN PS can damn te ten else ts Coane ee me
Sheep, Foreign imports of .................- 274

TOVNG Oba» oho ant n sneer <a EMeL nL

HXPOUte! OF <.2..n3< poe eons ses See

leather f.cso eco c ce bees eee 209

MOU tah es. 3 saeco eee 7

Mountain (Ovis montana)............ 192

SUMO WS Oe thie oesestniacact eae 215

WisteraOl (o25 - ccccrenae peso eee 215

Sheep's wool; sc: ses cce are ee er ene 195

rool (On skin) G3-2e ce casa cestee eee 218

Sheepshead’ = <5. ae. sun ec cascca sk eee 46

SHEL Foca se anomheean eee eee cae ee -» ~206

CaMe0o tes. cake cece ce one 206

Conch (Strombus gigas) ............-.. 206

Gonsumptionofse: 22, --s ee -ses ae cers 290

Of CR 28 Varese weap eel eee ee 228

fish, (BivalyG-~ spose en tte a eee 253

helmet (Cassis rufa, &¢.) .......-...-.. 206

OD MAN 2-08 r= anes eee ee 207

Shells: of; Buccinum: -- --2-.2-: .--.25scacees 206

of Buccinum undatum ..........-..- 206

OLA BURY CON: <o% = soon ace eee ees 206
CalOinGd >< svasccsh wbsse ce aaron 207, 231 -

Ol CY BYOCR wooo one Ce eee eee 207

Ol, Dentalioni. 2.22 anwar asncrs oedecet 206

OL; Dolitm >. ..csesces sb caaepeee eee 206

Bar (Haliotides) 2.5 cc. en ee 206

DE or ae eae eee ea 230

OF UBUB 0 -e aeeeneae POMS 206

Implements used for........-...---- 206-207

Of Fialiotis’ . 222. oes eee eee ee 206

Of. Mactra =<. 525. se se see cas eee 206

Of Mercenaria .<.- owas couse somone 206

of Mercenaria violacea .............. 206

Of Murext..- 6 2.02. des se ene 206

of nautilus and argonant .........-.. 206

Of Olivia. . 2 ccccr ne. eet en en eeee 207

Ol SGteie a. 2c os eae pee ee eee 206

Or Phasitielia. 3. .<.cs.53.ce~ te eedern 207

of Purpura lapilloss. sean cp neue 206

Of Rotel =. cats) 33-5. oS cnn eee 207

OL DOM NUR. . acs -<conce ose ac ae aaa 206

OPSyootypus:.. 5. = -+ = «cs nae eee 206

OF LMM RON: wok onan ss voce mea eenee 206

OL KEXTUOTE ORG seeks oro ks eo owe ee 206

OP TIGER o2 8 oats catha oan pe eee 207

Shells, Lopi(TLurbinidss) :<.22 < cc cee ascaue 206

Shells, Tower (Trochida) ...... bb cu nae 206

Shell, Tortoise (Ersemochelys squamata) ... 205

Shell-work, Composition ..................-- 207

Sheltet += So<clcn- asectaeuecn ans aeaweeeereee 162

Siielidis 2220 2 ssa .0 ce caches aes coda eee ae eee

PMR os 5 Sate d ae hee ake corse eee 62

Shoemakers’ wax-ends, Bristles for... ...--- 219

Hhoés; Snows 2.0. oan dese sceacncspebeecmeens 142

Shootete, PGR. cc ~ nv <stiewsc se cagelraie Waee on 89

Short Big-pye- i. 24 sae cct sens gsn-cneeeden aes 52

i DIMIOOON cope abe an oe . 56

hariswear ss fos ds vs avn anwdn Sasa Rem 96

Har veet-Tah d. 0.£6 «ssn oa av ene aes ee ae 44

POMDRND. «acdkssnpareeatebene sense 42

Short-nosed Gar Pike... ....5.....-..0ss-s<= O4

~ Sturgeon . ....6 5002. ncsewe-s0-- 4

Short-tailed Prairie Dop .-...<..0--<2s.s-000 16

a ili i a

eet Dentin nie eet

INDEX OF

Page

Sa NN ate leet oe ool ec eel wer ire ett rata 92

NOLO Wena se seen te 3 tees oe ee ea 94-95

SNOU-IMEASU TOS a es tails te otal alate alee nisieteiat le ae 92

eG Ne yoy ALND OS Sern Ss ote he fap st a fete tele ee = 71

SHOWOGT SIN Pees sew a(cctaiaclesan'eocetues = 95

BHOVElNeali sharks ese oe accross eeu ccee we 68

Shovel-nosed Sturgeon...-.....-....-.....--- 65

RN OMGIS separ tens aetiole awed o slcic.s w sions sin) e%= 79

Glin eres stow a oiscinwin heats 79

Wy StOleeee sans eeemecnase seine ne e 79

PUNO Wilbore strates arcs (7\-\-/ates(elaioeie seals oe 16

Sibbaldius borealis --.... 2.2... .-. sence 52 ee 13

ut AULEOOU Sciam coins eta sca ciao 13

nt tectirostris............. Woe 12

‘s UUPELOsUS maemo eee eases once a> 13

Sight-decoys ..---- -----------------+------- 189-141

SB EGOG Di eee eines siolaininsiatats sis 93

ClO DO eet seein oie let ictetniciercieiaia = 93

GEAOMALINO omatsinte= anita se cles oe = sis 93

Muzzle .......--- penmoactee sateen cin 93

BOD iececte see eieicsie stein s aicle’ale ao cle 93

PP laine se erctaiia eee se aseecins cise ae oe ays 93

Slimane ae cecncemnessiaaisssiaicie es os 93

SRELGSCOPC emer atanisa cami sssicle tats 93

Sik from byssus of Pinna, Preparation of.. 171

dress-goods, Imports of ...........-.--- 289

Oise a OL ALIN Ys ce ac ate\siase = sinieicicl=iaie1e oe 196

THIS OLGSO falOiWiers rca nlelelniecs <1o sieiw.< <iw:s;2/ 289

Hosiery, Emports Of) -22-- 2-2-0 -<-22- 289

AMPOULES OlsLAW Pease eciceneeescesc sci: 288-289

of insects, Prepared from.-..........--- 196

of insects, Preparation of.............. 171

of joree (Bombyx religiosa) -........... 196

MGS ae aensctemetee ee sees aciacisice 22.5. ein 114

and its manufactures, Consumption of. 289

manufactures, Foreign exports of.-..--- 289

other manufactures of, Imports of ----. 289
other manufactures, Imports of, by

ROUMGLICN lsemetactam che civisies ates eee ee =)- 289

CHOON Besar temas a aesacecscr ee a 196

OMOEXONC MONS Saen sae soo e cleans == 5 196

raw, Net imports of ..........- ees 301

Om aAMiancOCrOplaias- sey0)/ init see v= cS 21 196

of Samia polyphemus........-..--..--- 196

of silk-worms, Preparation of ..-....--. 171

OLEBPICEPS esse ee eee aces a sa5se 196

of tussah (Bombyx pernyi) ----..----- 196

of common silk-worm (Bombyx mori).- 196

SE ea OLRM ate te atetal te a ale By nis Vater natalia inl 222

Sulkeworm-out/ SN00dS) <2 -100cis <4 onions sacens 116

Silk-worm, Propagation of................-.. 248

SSE NUNC arse tee alae Sie’ alae Sinai =o 62

Silver Fox (Vulpes alopex argentatus ...... 189

Pree Mt ee oe Soe Sie ac 41, 45

Ieee Misia fai eisai asain arta ele 54

PERC tetera atta alee: oin si cit= slam lata <i =a oat 30

DSO CORE LO arlene ine inl ate meine ool ael 44

RLV OIESIN GA ae eet Le keine «cite vi aeiiam eae weuae of 53

SILVEUVeNOLG mona eeen anos ce see anne mw conlae 13

BSITIU Des OSs tte nein onion im nln wisleio mortars 88

reels for fly-fishing...........-...... 118

SIMICHOR Roe ile stiadee's pierce Ja.0 hs cwhle wale Sn eee

Sinew por ald.44s aces use outenss vcicacas 215

OM MOC seas wa etaa cers asscoeeccaanea 215

Gelatinestrom - ose ewer acdsee - 187

Bull. N. M. No. 14-22

OBJECTS. dat

Page.
Sinews of goat............ antats nine Jia alo (= 215
DEES Galler bea mee char teeln erareivistele ir elaieietaiwie 215
G3) CIEL) Dosen mecooonnUCHnor DES nnese 215
OlaWAICN Nemes menniascee a= siai= ; 215
Single-groove fish-ways ........-----------: 241
Single-pointed hooks .......--.....-------- 80-81
Sinkers...--.------------22-0eee-ee sone ee: 117
SINKOLS WIN Guaes see cae oe mice orate eieete ate 117
Sip bons mOTiede ese mwa ace sass less 184
Siphon-tubesiascee seas sere tence sacar 247
SiNGNi dios ck seliseeesa none a <a aa ee eee ate 2

DISCO) OULLN CLS ie eccmee nae rcmn ase ae 12
SiZOmecses asa sasee cre cicee ear aM elests ere ete 221
Sizes and glues (see under 24) ...--.-------- 200
Skate, Clear-nosed) ..<-.<..<osece cocene == 66
SCAN UING oro ate ofeermcm wheimn te sie le = aia 66
Won eS NOSed ee cisceejcacelow somite 67
SHAaLp-MOseecs- cancer < enece acinar 67
SS DIUM Bicernae a ciete so era ater ofe)ere ot eee 66
Spotted(t-. sec secccesccssceeci eee 66
Skate-liver Ollsnsctsewece secs seleieih anise mer 227
Skates pecsesyetca nae sacisen seen eee eae 142
Skeletons ecCee acetate ese eielase as etninia ae 300
Apparatus for making ..---..--. 177
SkewersnGens= ac- oocisesaeneeee ec ceee 168
Slofraelnnitin oscar. eee sso teterioee tae 147
Slkimmiler-nets foes = cise) ease afarensis meee sratsroia 246
Skin and its appendages, Preparation of ..171-173
DOSES eee ne aidalwisic = oinln tae ciaeiemierstcie stars 146
OL Hels. -secae see le seen eee ee eel 231
Skins, Apparatus for making and mounting. 178
of eel (Anguilla vulgaris)...---....-. 216
Skin scrapers and parers.........--2.------ 76
SEippeteees -eeanecicee sere cance aa emeteer 55
Skunk, Alaska Sable ...............0---<.4- 190
CommMontieecce secs ce ce ces ees emer 4
Mair Of. fOr) DLUSNEB 2=- ase oe neste 217-219
Hittle: Striped eis. ~s.scfeos-=/iseleei=s 4
Mexi Canis cee secre see ce saan Jed
POrpoisGmeseccts cerca a eee lp
SECrObLON Of anne os cca acloea ee eee 229
Striped (Spilogale zorilla) ...-....-. 190
Wii 6-DaCkeGre sets mac sees ectercem 4
Sac sS\CANSe sam ciseeetee se ste aint ae = eterna 247
Slate, Polishin o/0Ls< eee se cect eemiace einai 207
Sled ges; Weer! nace onae n-ne see 6 emeineennie 142
DORs aarceeee asesmeee snes Teese Fee 142
Steeple Sharks cs san aen ene eiesaceeeneinee 69
SOG ERR DUE Adak conc Sticeon toca Soames te 131
SSCs cree ae oreete ea iatcre ee clea se retort 131
Slime Habe wes eles nen a eats maleate aie 70
Slings ston. seers toe aa ae ears 167
LOT SONS ct soe seme tea tate ete eis i 95
Bird (used by Eskimos).......---.--- 86
AnGisernpWOPacoo cen tenome a onre « 89
Sdddloieceosn sense asee atten recemede - 95
Shoulder... --.- SAM eats eie ose ceinas.a< « 95
and spears thrown by straps. ...-.- -- 88
SUSI ree tate Ree ee ctanialaieisi oa clam =joi= os 93
SUverin o-RMiVene mec aerate ses son amiccn 6 == T4-75
Slugs, Dried (Limax, &c).............-..-- 184
lume SMO bmearea eerste. canes tose. ae o- 71
BROUGH Reeeetstiein Seis cc's cls ones ares ~ 71
Ie GLO EO Mere tateia de stein ine Seals sw a wwwiaaisie 71
Small-footed Pouched Gopher .....-.------- 17

338

INDEX OF OBJECTS.

: Page Page.
Small-mouthed Black Bass ............----- AQ || Soles volgarig 7 0es,caoancecctasscuatena = seen
Small-spotted Dolphin.........-.-.-----..-. 43) | Soleliee co o2 2: hesceepeeee Raisers a econ a 26

BPN GL Roast oso ee ea ee 53, 56 | Soluble glass, Infusorial earth for ........ is 208
BGI G REO fe cue ek em ae vince olde one oe eieamtaate 183 | Somniosus microcephalus .....-.......-.... 69
Smoked glewives..-.....cscesccn cee cnwse re 183 | Sonora Ground Squirrel .................... 16

NAN DUG <~ ae eee eee eee ane TRS: | SOUNGHLECOYS: Ape ne ang ccce a cael bod SLO
Herrin gs |2 os ea 183 | Sounding-machine, Bull-dog.............-.. 86
MUO Shia see nee ee 183 SO0OD a sense enna 80
OUulSGhAN- «renee en eee ea en aa 188'.|\ Bounde en 5- Soees. 2. - soe se ee one ee 185
BALMON 2 os a sel ven ween etwas ee tent 183 of cod and hake, Isinglass from. ..221-222
SOU POON aan ane ee ween eee eae 184 | Southern Barracuda.......-..ie0----<------, BB
WHILCHAN so cacschermeseeenets eos) eae MMC GY ss =< ee oe eee ene eee 27
Smoke-drying apparatus ....-...-.--------- 169 PPS Doha ie eee 25
Smoking-ont apparatus.. 5: -26.2-s--0eew-cee) | 106. | SOWELDY SW DANG nm nin aileten ents seme remter 12
Smoke-houses, Halibut.........-.--.----.-. 169 | Spades, Blubber-mincing..........-....-.-. 77
StULPOON ea ew eee wn eNeona= = 169 Cath grees eeenere ean see eee 76-77
Smooth-back Flounder ...........--.-.---+- 26 SEA tan eee ae ee eta eet 77
Smoot WOog-Nglae nc a nane eee anaes 69 al frond yoo cca\ ones reed eee 77
Sting Ray <2 se. es ecco wana seie = 66 SPDTORG ogee sense ae eee 77
SMUCGCS sone ee eee ele oe ere ae 165 Wale Poe ao aeeen nae eh eeeseee 76
Sriail’ Sea pececceewee uence eee yes ee 33 Whaleman's boat... -....2--22:<03s¢ 78
Srintles Sag se. etna toa dae ates ae 251 WO ener aren ee seats en eee 77
Snake-Hshts sos sea oan eee aioe 56.| Spanish Gady-fish 22> -----+~..---=ss-eee= 36
SHAKGtONES -- san seen nso ses eraeat eee 86 PMACK ENOL aren knoe nae eee 41
SBP POt sae os ew aes Caetano 48-49 mackerel, Salted. ......... 222. ses ~ 185
Bastard. .3----ce+ n= -teaeedeusaes 46 OLB. n~ Seon aoe eee ee eer 36
GIA n es race soe athe ee ence enone oe 48, | Sparpis conaces.... 2... 2.<ce snes eee eee 22
Ge er 7 eee ee OB ES 48°) Sparidte co o-oo wp ns ox ea tminde Bee ane eee 46
MAN OTOMG meee noe ees Vee aan 48) |hSparusiaculeslus---. 1h sree k ee eats 46
Rede re. ee ae at ee 47 | Spat, Stools for receiving natural and artifi-
Red-DaMied seesce seen ee sewers reeees 49 ee aaa ea cae, Pte er 248
Star one ecvnsesd set ecne coed eee 50 | Spawning-race (Ainsworth) ................ 245
Snappiny Lortoikd.-.--2-sscene cece oe 22 | Spawning salmon, Strait-jacket for ......... 245
Buses eotus ee ee eo. eee eC eee aes 134 | Spawning-screen roller (Collins).........-... 245
BAUUIG! 22-2 ee ene ae ees 184 | Spawning-vat (Bond).-.--.....-....-....... 245
Biko sn ao necccee arte e caeee seer 86)/|) Sppantalla, 55 aoscus 25 sec eee nee eae 135
Rinlic 30 doe ode ca cudee eee tes mee tee \ 86. | Spearfish Sudicers-1:% 22:36 se sos een 52
Boot-pathis---h<- wee ee sean reenact 164 | Spears; iBanbed!s-c72. . 20 oagseedew ate - sae 82
DRUM ee ec en cor ce ceo mora aetae 86 Detachable-head ..... ...-.........-. 83-85
Snipe Wel. coc. nds. ees sees ee tan ueet at coee 63 Riel. ep eciasa~ccckenn seco Rene 82
BnO0d8 oo. oa eee eee oa nee eee ae 116 Hixed ead? icc. ce cntees) eeeeeen 82
RSE ode Seadoo eee see e ae eee 116 Harpoon |. 5: Jose aces teewaas Senna 85
GMD ec pa ao ccc. oes. do ened eee 116 TIES oo 5a ces an eee eee 88
Silkworm-put.os.2.. sc cee ue ore 116 Ouiachen”-(5- a. y=n2e ees eae eres 82
WarGratwccnases ness cede sneered eee 116 (WAUDIBUCA DS) s1c2n mats pone eee 88
SUOwW-PORGION <a cassie cewlew ve seuke nenenees 166 (with throwing-sticks) .......-....- 88
PLODES so cece ees ee eee eee 78 Thrusting...-.--..-------------+--- 78
BHOGS nen cee ed een cee cae 142 | Species of fish exhibited in the Allegrettiand
BRUM PI, «wae eae eee no Sanne 11 Banta refrigerators in Government build-
Bonkine. oo ULiooee eae eee estes 172 ing, May 10 to November 10...........-- 179-181
Soap, Arsonical Sos. cccs can coceesiee cates 178 | Specimens of American commercial sponges 223
commion, Jmporieidt....susvenw seeec ee 297 Apparatus for collecting --...---- 233
Kxports of.././iusuniadsnceass tebeea nee 297 of Cowry (Cyprew moneta) ....-- 206
fancy, Imports Of-2-<c+-+s-5 02s -1ene es 297 of Mediterranean sponges. ..---- 223
Soaps, Consumption of ...............----- 296-297 of natural history, Consumption
zrom ‘fish-oil -. .-orgasucusee epeneree 227 OF Sis danvcddguved'cntaglumehns 299
DION Of. o.oo Socun se osndeunoneee 296-297 of plants for food ........-...... 248
from’ mammal off -...2 22. ..2.t26 1.25, 225.) Speckled Grant ......--- .-..-...<2.-4 ee |
Soft parts of other invertebrates, Prepara- Sperm Whale .. 2.2.6.2. cesececatwneenessnes 12
MOM Okay was causwcneda ducnvecesepaseeaeeee 171 Ambergris of..........------- - 228
RPROUPIL RTOS. on cc on ss se ccscte ene eee 22 Saw bone 1208 U4 Bs. ios eee 199-200
RRB eters Reet vic eae Soc and ewacuzee ee 26, 28 Teeth of (Physeter macroceph-
MONON SIE ew ive wala eck ee ee ee 36 Qlua) asc wdedrs lotuheae OUR eeee 198
Spotted California .........p......... 90.1 Spermti-oll) 205520 20 dese wccww sess et eeasees 225

at eae

INDEX OF

“ Page.

Sperm oil, Exports of ......-- Sees cieihineteermtels 297

Se een: pooe ooo conese re aseedagueestenges 225

OX DOLU Ole eet eee sise ence anata 297

PropaArAuonmotee.-+-- 6. -sas- Ko 174

and wax, Imports of............. 297

Spermophilus annulatus...........-...-.--- 16

us FRAN Meelis ace nie <eisiceiace 15

nf grammurus (Beechyi)----.--- 15

a IR ee eee we oe wie cantare 15

os PAGXAC AUS ot:=aiei-vaisisie\n ninis'a'nw w/a 15

x PRET ule lore te errs =n fons Sea 15

BS HRIGHANUBONL =e - te)nec)= 'eieiners « 16

se SPHGSOM Bue secis~ se - ecm 1 ome 16

. GEYCUGARMOIS soars ainta nia = 15

ee MOwNACMO ME ener ew ante (ste <ie1s 21a « 16

: tridecem-lineatus -....-.----- 15

Sphacelaria fusca........------------------- 270

ny TAOUGAIS epee tela aocia mnie alain © 270

Spherozyga Carmichaelii..........--.-..-.- 271

SSD UAL PUIG oer eileen meal mini is oceininicin = 22

Sphyrena borealis.....-.---------------.--- 52

“ PICOO Aen cnine sien ae nme ainateise'= aia" 63

SSD GEOG) emelaeen mice ele te om = ninns 52

Sphyrna zygena....--.---------.---2------- 68

Sphymids .------- 22-200. -------------- 68

PMCOOUAINPLOVSsactce encase ose ain- ss << 5-2 186

IN GNM AG OM eer ree aiesieleiciniaeialaca/ein'si onic 186

SSDIGOES WOK OL tame cla tiem ela fee cinles i= meinen cin'a'!- 196

NEG Diptera eeismee craton in'si-lelcle <== 222

PSD HSU eee ae ces ciceiseenaelalaci-inien =\c'e'cin-nia 39

Spike tele ay. cease cee sein soe aisle ntaiap s'els o.s0 29

DPIRGS. MATING cece cccaccecsscce ss c------L0L—162

SDT LALUS eee ieee se teeta se aera iiiaan a0 97

BPHOCIO MOTI Actes ccciseceecescccciec c= -- d

SCs ae ee eae rae eisle seiscinoclele/</</e,<=\s 69

PINCH DOP ISM se ssnscccccenca ca elenee nee csi 69

Spines of echinoides........... ..-----.---- 208

SSUES tote sees atele sce cie ccelinisinwivivioe icin 138

Meee eet ee OPES) 170-171

SSIs hale Keene ereiieieiari- = acloteisisiv elec s a0 nie 70

SBA see ceeek oer eereccsissisissiciinc s<is 66

RIP ILDSS NWA eta a laleletelslatye cle wisie’e ic/=\esieiee 243

SSO UMLIN A CENUISSLING on science es cle cc nce cine 271

STROM Deve EU ING eteeaee ciecinn rs selalelatec scleinisia.n's 231

Pe SHOMCE-LONES et ce ee eee ciclo s steels nicie< soc 223

SPONPE-LONOS= cake o me o- se niccescasmes oc 86

POUL PS GcOmmereesnetee ca cetiea ce eclecsesc 263-264
American commercial, Specimens

Oleic eter eeecans docedaciesnice 223

PENT ONtS Ofseretee ea ee acietcccoes 296

Mediterranean, Specimens of ....- 223

Propagation of. ..-.........-.--06 248

PNP eG-pilitosaase te stet te Sad cae a atele naa waa 223

Spoon-baits, plain and fluted ...........--- 101-102

PIPUOUMM MORON Danes isiciee slaticnsinesis velo ceise 138

BO LS tense ae otal ea nise ara cine clean cre minal 119

Splanchno-skeleton of fer, Parts of ....-.-- 199

PPR C-LVOS sons «hemes nem oe =nls oo eiciale 72-73, 75

PaO basse Samosa ess aha ./etacaw sere seen 45

Yellow-tailed ....... Selec rea ree an see 45

SIDOLLCOR BASS sete uae et sacle cnnace eae nee 45

MELO an serarceee seo neaae seca aan 41

CC OGUID I ate aac reseiae eee ee eae 30

BEY LSS eet tetera aoe il eel tal 24

Holey Calitorms sae eens aceawesdsn = 28

OBJECTS. 339
Page.
SPOLLEG! SKALO eee cctela de winter else iain aim clatwin ns 66
SQUCLEROUC een cat clesie alas vette oats 44
Mato teeeeaa cisco ateee a = se niets soaes 27
RW ycIOU UO eee stemtec sees csicinicae: sis’ 31
Spoued-tin SHAPE ees aminle meclsieieee.wsle cn - 68
SSPIGAC OES oa ta laicle aetaie wlan ia wiowiatelelelaninieteierern|= == 117
SpLlring HITd Nets sasce sects se see web ieele nia 135
Spring-door: traps... -.-.-.-0---------.------- 13
SPYING CBee atm cio wree wivteicieisin = nln) (n> [0 <n miniviinbo 134
SPLlin G-PUNB ee ec aiaeiejeicc ee aen= cal= sa ale mina aml 89, 135
SPLING-NOOKS oo aa cerns eeie“'wiw= -cscininicjewnins.« 135
Springs) Stomach’: occ. once stein mae = senjan 136
Spring-weirs (St. Lawrence)...--.-.--------- 130
SS DUUS pect te series cle atnera lobe ain ala imtale mim ate a 142
Spyridid ACwle ata ves tere cicee= pain ewann elena 268
si AAMENUOSS=piee oe cintewlnvelse cia tan clea 268
SQUaie esses tease eee sae cae aan see 67
Squalus americanus --<..:..-.--..-.------- 69

Square-flipper Seal (Erignathus barbatus) .. 6, 192

Squatinad uments so cece sets secs 67
Squatimides ene at ae enone ole Aneel 1a 67
Squsbese ue sess ee ese atone aan eleeiee stalls 44
(Scienide), Isinglass from ..--. 222
Silvenmeoecconesee ceeesescccee a 44

Spoured tessa ecineeemecenieais 44

SSCA tars ele tains see eeie cies eeteisieisiales 137
ANG Cubes manent ocemtcee settee eee 251
ANGIE S cee meee cseieso cise cm sielsistc[-i a 82, 188
Squirrel emcee cic ceee cas sielsieicieieelsiscemiesates 44, 50
CaliformiaiGrayie-cece-seseiacce sete 14,15

TO rar erection nae octets se aleretrio araiare 14

Grayeeeeee apse see ee cceecternae 14

HainOfee eee eee eee een ee eee 217-218

arnis/ Grounds se seee sence aes 15
Mexican Grounds -p este a0 sates ee Bie 15
Missouristriped=-2is-ccte. cess =" 15

PTAIVIOt eee tee oe eee ne eeeiscee ees 15

Ree sree se ace nce aeemae eens 14
Red-mouth ees. -aeee se cwtele inne aa 47

Ringed! Ground’ a=c-cesesesseecnane 16
Round-tailed Ground. .......-..-.-. 15
Townsend’ siGround a=... <6 eo 16
Tinft-caredeees! ccussscivleceecsicc cles 14

SAYS SWIpPCG wo secssce ee aeeeeeese 15

Sonora Ground) ssececesm-a\-5e et 16
SquirneleH ake cee ateeee aortic lelee earl ane 29
Squirrel sho ks saree eaten area reereneite 80
Squirrels, Jerked, andothersmallmammals. 182
Stands, Fish Commission..........--------- 178
Sta plin eee eee ee eae ele cetedaiemaraie 170
UALS = see eee eee a celcesieinioeleels etree siera == 262
Stargazer, Naked! o.oo cc ccnennne-e 32
Star-nosedeMolotccestcasenacate sce ece'es [eon 14
Stal SUAPPSv eee sacs atencle sive sehen canna 50
Stationary COVELS oie tian ccneaencencvccec'e 141
SURV CS tte ee eee niet aiinaisiais ecinicie ety eam e 142
HUCRINOD Seer een ceric scieie'elinisaisiein'e ies 0 149-150
PD AIOE hale alate atta etl eniencsce seman 173
StGALING MIN POLUs Olivera ckisacsine e525 ss-se= =< 297
Stearines, Manufactured .............------ 225
a USO ULANSn (aitelsiecicistecise ciccee eee 184-135
Stenogramma interrupta ...-....----------- 267
Stenotomus argyrops ....-...--------------- 46
PILED MISH WAN ee ewe dt cireisaee ccneseceoons 242
Stephanolepis setifer ........-.------------- 25

340 =

Page.

Steps, by arrangement of rockand bowlders 242
MCN OLAS 2)5 2 ox cence cos eeacceo eee ees 31
SMCHASUA PUNCAIIS: ...o-oose ees eau ee eae 31
Stickle-back, Four-spined..-.............-.-- ot
@ INOW: MOPKis-2 05 one soe oes 53
Ten-spineds-2css~ scxsteveseee 53
Stioks,'Curved 2. 0c oon eee eee teeene 87
Glue (for fastening arrow-head) ...-. 89
Morled 55 foc aeser ens cae cee eee en 87
PUSRING Rao ancinee hl acne ee ek er ereee = 160
Straits Reon ce decenecase sees ene 87
FUDYOW bad ote cep ame ear eetaee 87
Still-hunting, Lanterns for ...............-. 141
SRL aj eee ee ae eta eee et 66
Californias tty... uemenendeats see ee 65

RAED setae daa beset ease eae 66

SMICOtN se aaron ween eats somes 66
Stizostedium canadense.........---..------- 49
RELLMGU ec ete nein Sere aera 49
Stock-makers’ bone, Manufacture of......-. 173
SUOMACH-BPLMN CS. conn debe teeter ena ax etce eae 2 136
SPONGE HEAG GA CUDA esa. erneb een an nec suaess 71
LONG UAMLIVER ooo sesame an coins aiee eee 75-76
Stones (thrown by hand) ...............-... 87
PSE ieee oe mo st seer ane atte 71

BIGOO ss Seaton sap on ea co ates wee 162
DIR GODS oot. scream cede enews wen eaee 139
Stools for oyster spat................-.-.-.-. 248
StOppin ee. onc smasas ca en caw siou saab sce 170
SUODS) OOU seca a eee aes Re sae cane 153
Storage-tank, museum, Agassiz model...... 176
LORE Ap OAM ac dene vedere ess eee eaeae 25
SO SUOB Ia 5 enue eee iano ote rere Pee 137
SLOWER aro onic onc aoe at ader een eee eres 162
Stowing and cutting in ......-...c..s.s.scs- 174
Burs eny RIGS: .ee.o- asp oen see pede ee 71-76
AGORA ta os = doe cio ete Sala iste os 87
Strait-jacket for spawning salmon.......... 245
Strape; Capes c co ese seer see en cena eee anes 95
DETOLONELE (oosccte eu eumie ene eset eee 162
fOr yA NG. onic ne caw nen naan 162

“S SUneeCin O-300N8 1s god co sane = dice a aaaeens 171
DULIPGO BARS! soon esa nh ade sw ee ean pace 51
GOphene eens ae nne Orne comet e x 15

LIPSTIS) . sctwedanadaus ateeeuhenk nee ce 33

MiUGi es unwenwulaneees Perera 53
PELDlivnceintp cava ee ips ieee es aes 37
POMpols8nresck faweruima tones anaes ss 10, 11,

Sea RODIN wksunetcnacwkesdare yaaa 33

Skank, oc.2-ssanchubwecsededasses ena 190

SUCKOL Uivavs inna ccceunstceuennis ages 61
Striped: bass tackle c.cnsunsccpesesnavenceman 96
ERLE BSN AN 9) ow ncn on cen mets aie eat ce 173
SIULOIMOCGICED »... so cvhndendaebhanue ab tas ee 43
SUOmU0S, SDGUS Of a ssscudeacveluhes auuade 206
BEPC ROMING'. «i. hs ads ope Renee RR ee 136
PRETO DINOS 3c duiecu en oan dea comes ecioah aise 800
SERRE ESARED LOY 6 wa ernin sw ute st wd ee 219
sponge, Preparation of ............ 171
Stuflings, Manufacture of ............. ----170-171
PPOperawon'Of . op n.csansccunduuey 170

OO EO edna wos ckeomsnws enn e ae 64
Long-nosed ......... Wb ania ab ee 65

RUM anne inns aude iaa kee 216

Oil Capea kehwkstehakns shu nayaenes 227

INDEX OF OBJECTS.

; Page-
Storgeon, Sharp-rioséd ..-.- .s5./2.-s-secee- 62
Shovt-1086 9.5.22. .-niey Seat desae 64
Shovel nosed) 22 -.s-dennece tween 65
Smoked 34. . s. ey eee 184
SMOKE-DOUSES ==. nc San onan eee 16%
Sublimate, Corresive ...........-22..-.--- 136, 178
Sucker; Blgek,.c2 2 o> <exceenanee oer 61
CHAD ES ed ewan oes te ee ol
Common ==. 3- 5.2 tan ued ieee eee eee 6L
Good's ie ies say een ans atone eee 61
Spear-0sn sae. canoe nwa 52
Sbriped. soos. eee ee ee 61
Sword-fish: 2-222. 35-a ldo es eee 52
SuCK er UeN cee ooh ee eee eee 62
Sugar of milk, Imports of -.:..............-- 299
Suit, Oil-skin a3. sccc wanes eee ess cee eae 165.
Suite, Hunting so. -S-encncss oe eae eeee 164
‘Water-proof s.<50. sam covcedoteeer eee 164
Sulphur-bottom Whale ............-.-----.- 13
POU PRU tere se een an eset raise heban ses 172.
Sun-drying apparatus ....-....- 2... ese-s- 168
Sunfish. ose oe oh 2 23, 48
OU a pectic tes ss evade en eee 226
Supplies, Commissary ........0----...-2<.. 162-164
Purfaceilines .22- 22 5.cct ssyeees pies eee 97
WOW TIGES f facele wan a cele et eee 129
Surf-tackle for throwing and hauling ....... 96
Surgical apparatus .-/....--..5.2<-cnseccees 223
instruments, Manufacture of ...... 173
Suspender-maker’s bone, Manufacture of... 173-
PW AUS = aia cclneln ain ae oe we acl eee ten 93
Swab-tanples:. .. 2 5s scosey sen aaa eee 87
Swallows, esculent, Nests of ............... 187
Swan (Cygnus americanus) ........--.--.... 195-
OUIS OL cose. coos ae = Sa ee eee 219
SNVANIS, CD OWINOL «oxy oticwn a mew emaene tuners 220-
Syell felt staaces sent nes ea eee eee scans 24
Swimming-birds, Decoy (carved in wood)... 139
Swinple-tail seca ccat awe scan vasactugecwed 68
Swivels\o.. 2-kt a. cknivasscoutareneaee 117, 121-122
SWOPd Bi oun oh oie can hee ne Dae ve eon 39
BONG Of. focse cessed 200
Bales on oo ec pemasa ae cee 185.
SUCK? se6 -ueewue cc cntaee eee 52
Sycotypns, Shells of J75-- 0-08 co tawscsenemen 206
Synephobranchidw. 25.0 3. os nde oon wanennne 63
Synaphobranchus pinnatus..............-.. 63
Synentopgnath! 2s 22th perce aan 54
Syugnathidee,.s.. eines nc aaeenenas 25
Syngnathus Peckianus ........... .sseass--. 25
Synodontidea:. - on ae owen ewe eken dn ae 56
Synodus feetens ..... dimiech augiek tacgaeease 56
SyT IPOs os ean Pek wee, bs ce pee apron . 90.
SYTINGOS «fa on nds a eae aos Sade ee eee 247
For IWJ6Cting - anes veataeeass seesne 176

Ly
Dable-farnlture::...-cceann-eeahe nanan eee 163
Dahled,.»icvess i-veocss aanscaaiovhh eens 169
Mackle, AMM oo. inc nnganenkigne miele 95
BOGAN dessus tev suys coaeeckas Sehan 96.
BIQORADRBS nai cinjnjpmn speedo Se eed 95.
Binefish 5.0. shce anapnce ones s 96.
DOMUNG: cn ncne cn celles see ate 96
Sl y-Tshing |. .cdews aadvas vaewe andennn 95

’
sc i i a ee ea il

‘jin

INDEX OF

" Pace. |
Yackle for fishing below surface........---- 96-97 |
Pasque and Cuttyhunk bass. ....--. 96
IRGC Hts ee aa cisele sa ecco at 96
SS ATO Ese aaa ates cloisonne tata 95
SAM eee arises le en man io-tia emia 95
Seb wen amas he cise nici eee nee 97
Bac NCOs DANS ie Get wisi since atacand 96
STs eee eee Scene cies sate oie 96
for surface-fishing..............00.. 95-96
SP IOG-CTALLIN D%/clois cick e.e a'a/siurn aja'elatelceiatel« 96
MERON In Gemem cen soelee ain )= (swan 96
ENT O UU pere ape tee ola (erat stereos niet ra eie nents 95
BEWARE Peon cra wis erie s sec e emanate 96
MTeeniotoca lateralis... 5... 2-02 .-encesenens 37
BRAG OID OM sa secicin's vie lcictewinia ae cinia tle ceiniele]eroI~e 48
pb ch EAE SAT opts icici c ween cols aims) e ominie ele aisiaccl 39
SEAT OPPELOLTIN Dye cincndamicaljanlvaina.clseciaisieawe.s)= 60
WEL RG) Saas ceeacepaae soscp doudeooseurdops 29
BRAN GW. HXPOLUS\OL a s0 cin sic ceils <os cise sce 297
Em pOLtsOlteean sec ec eco actince ccc 296-297
RSID meee sacitae ematinnc sas oe seieinclect=i- 13
fame decoy-brants:..- <= co. 6-| Sac c cee s ans 139
ECO OUCKS ocala emcianiemoeieceiec ania e 139
Tamias quadrivitattus............ ...e0----- 15
SRI QUCLALS tse near sereise cerae rise) ses'n is 15
PER UUIALUG nowisislaalsistele sie[sisicionicsioisissicics 14
PHO LOS tee eee eet hectic seal sisisictoine 87
DTG 2 Gas anos nese ele mcceeileiaise’s'sinichs 87
IGET O Wises ceene nie neinislee nsec == 87
Oyster-bed (see under B 12)........ 243
SWaDec soccer merase eee ccc te 87
DWIOGCL ccd cmictceme rn siciseteioeitte ou eis occ 87
PRAMS oarion tenia casiaice cieisbieste ae wesanicmaes 176, 246
with Freiburg aerating apparatus 247
(SLIGH) Geared se poss adaeeadrosascear 247
‘Tanners’ refuse, Gelatines from ......-.-.-. 187
PE ASR NR TTD coo ope foe cr tara eee at ae oy 172
leather, Processes of.-......--..--- 172
BEAONIA SOHLOSO GL wer. aes = nc iaoe (-2 => sie ctee mais 269
BRAraNOUs PAN CMON s sane eee te sree hea Me 8
rangifer (groenlandicus).......-.. | 8
PRADDMINS -eeleee saan sateeeac ates aes nash 59
Tar and sweet-oil ointments .-...-.-......-- 165
Tatusia septem-cinctus.......-.......-..--. 20
BE ALO Pisenyiaere incensed Cacao yoo ateeig soe soe 36
PRATITOPMONIMIS soc cece See sence eteess eats 36
Tautogolabrus adspersus.......-........--. 36
Tawing or oil-dressing leather, Process of.. 172
RAWLS RALTOUNSI<'0no2 crete cece «2.2. 510.5% 35
Maxidea'americana ..\.-225.:-----2.2-2.0-00 4
Taxidermist’s tools for stuffing ......-....-. 178
PR AAG OLINY (atte Nara sie seas inin ai s'n/=ielaisieieiene 20 178
Pea ZITO eee tte oe eninge ss ° 170 |
MeSuinOl: ALIPALOD tates ssi emank cn - <= 199 |
Of Veatsimesesseaceeescnes kas. case css 197
OMCO Re ieseesaeeeraeine ease ace an LOT
WigtOXOS tere er seser ek ee ese is cewace 197
OL VCCCATIER! ae cv seieeein sacs nos aie. me LOT,
of peccary (Dicotyles sp.) .-.-....--. 198
DOMMMOMLDS eee telee oe ses accent 71
GR SUAD Kate semeecicttelnsicivascc rem ccaeles 199
of sperm-whale (Physeter macroceph-
als): s.-2 Pa aaa ne oe Deed Settee 198
of wolves...... ein folate Sete aie ecesanta 197
MelGOCOPliale seek oan Seen esse 26 |

OBJECTS. 341
Page.
MelESCOPE-SIPNUA co. ascie selsen a aici oalobniaie = mise 93
TElESCOPES soo se cee nian sas am ns ele gonna ate 166
WidbORianter cere esse e.cloms acane 166
Ten-spined Stickle-back .-.-..-.----....--- 53
Tenthididss. oe seceedecctesecee een eee t= oo 38
PRONUS Ros ok a cessisloc eae alate relearn niet Stl ale 162
Terrapin, Diamond-back .....-.....-.------ 21
culture, Methods of. --..--.-=.--- 245
MIOVIGS = nae essee ee eee a eeeeine 21
Red-bellied! essmereaaeries ser 21
Testadinatac..s--.- so ssseaee ean acacia 21
Mestudinids: . 52 5is,4. 22s s-cchiosie ole se sees mk
estado berlandieris. «ec ce cleeeise= oar 21
Caroling 2 .s-ea soos cesseeieeee= 21
SROGHOPSiNe ase eprom dela oie ccciweinlelete onl eeatels 243
Metrapturusialbidus ya... 4 J-ces sa seniecenee 39
MRELrOCOM leo VIGalUS ace «2 =n necis ata says 24
Metrodontid @\. «q[:.0..¢sseai<'s socni= cin sietesane 24
Texas) Ponched Gopher - -..- 56. sence. a- 17
Mextilowabrics pases <= cts -c1-sideias 3 atest 195
fabrics; Heathers for <<... sccecs-< ae 220
Manufacture Of... .). <..--- 170-171
MThalarctos: maritimus): <<. - <= ce. nano ee 5
Thalassochelys caouana -...----- preety 22
The chase and the fisheries. .-...--..-.-..-- 71
The Fish Commissioner, Reports of .-..--. 233-237
PRISE MW iaUOL sels (= \s:ere'eiois1 state’ ain (e a= oe arate «1 Bese) Gi
ERNOMOMMY Ss CLUSIUS! <1! ata'eleiaieisinie = lek =a 17
= Gal POLES ea oni lee tee ete 17
Thread-fish.....-.--'- Se te Dahatetels tale os seston 42
SEVOLTIN Dyate cioye wiata oleic clos arsjeie ea sin torso 60
EIENTES MOLE ter statics at eile sioie iste elle siale efter ieeer= 68
Mhroatine- knives; .. 5. cs. - =emesinaiee we esas 74
MATOat! OL SOR-11OM'= 2 < vals e cis = ow snide telscas 215
IRATNOAT-SPAGOS i. ciet e o.oe\- orel<ieleleinieie’s wtareiaivievin lots 77
EPEATO Was tlOKS arte steels einioleisin's = slotelayersteiereio ee 87
STDS UI OV LO CS eins sere cern miae es seer ates ea 78
SPORES Mant aialais tia slelriael ote eteciatorate 78
Thumb, American Miller’s..............---- 34
Thymallus tricolor ...-......---.+---------- 58
Mide-drailime tackle’: <\-s-=a\aelelelaealalareoe 96
PU OCT, SUA ATK where cae ata oiata Yel ole on eal late atettkal= 69
CMNGGleie eter ceases vee acta eee eee 230
ETRIMV.GSSOLS Mes ets terete eo iciciete els slesieeleiieictenices 246
Uirh yond ete) Ole seeoracuE sec oc soso seca once ace 131
ROSSER ert a state tal oot= ate oaetere tere nee erent 32
MM ODAGEO-PiPES LAS We. sielse=iajein ates eae elevate - 54
Tobacco, snufl, used as preservatives .---.- 178
Mogele-pin\ ewes a. ete ele aie eee alerts ial 161
Molin e=harts) vessel weer eee meee eee eer 137
Poni COd dan cease seem esaoee asa es 29
TRON OS Gaiam ees tee ore oe aera eeeineaetelala =iwlare 85
Gorse ect ctcetaae Seaeinere se a's 86
Oyster oes eee ater acia nara 85
SnakGhe eee esc emmetsase tees salen no \ci> 86
DOU Osean esa eiata net stein else salam 86
(Gwovhandles recesses can sic .c:nie 85
MON CUES COM Seema enats tse = ccna cc 185
Salted, of buffalo, deer, horse... - . 184
salted, Imports of ......-....--.--- 276
MOO Bia cae ele deine cle ceiciauiic aieccis ein ialain a eene wae 162, 178
PASTEL OATS Peete era eaten es alee cia cale'a)<imm wine 177
CO BS yin Deer ee atet etal eteiess wclcle = cin! 2° 168
VIR er toe casos aia abe <2 =0s 178
PENCIL Bene ict ated Sie led ital otee lc sista. ine nie's welnin mle 71

42 INDEX OF OBJECTS.
Page. | Page.
Tools for making artificial flies..........--. 138) |) Drapes) Springer... 2.5.06 sees a eeeeees 134
POC GUT eee eee eee SR este il 177 SLOG cee aelte ieg «sin tia ao eal atone 134, 135
Ora pin y Jenne eee rete ee eee 177-178 SUOPROY ee oecuces spas nee eee 131
for stufling, Taxidermists’ .........-- 178 | Trawl-line rollers....... Daa uc ema eee Eee 119
Tooth-picks, Quills used in making -..-..-.--- 219 Tub for (see under Trawl.)
Manufacture of...........--.-- Mie |) Pra wl-Hilege Soe tee oc cunwscinane eran ates 9T
Top-shells (Turbinide) .....-....--..--.---. 206 |) (irawlMBGAI «2 cco a See noes copes sas eee 129
POTCDON © bans cal daan'e paces aecteme sient omemdde 167" | (Crawl: Ober) (ec oocac wc creme ensostebecsace ce 129
Torped Midge. a aon wp wa en wen awism eps meni es 6G) | Pica WI an een «ence en re een ae eee 129
DIMOU 0 sc cesakrte tenses see cetemece cates 66° |) Travel 2 ocer esses se aac ces eel te a eee 246
OCCIOONUSUN ene eee nn eee ene 66 Caseof (Clatk’s) 22. Jo. 2, co eee 247
TOTPOdGOS cea cn aca tee pea eee eine er 136 Troughs with sieve-bottom -.......-- 245
Tortoise-shell (Eretmochelys squamata) ..-. 205 Vertical wire-cloth................--- 246
7 rane mp Sees one tee age) ea an cae 188) | °* "Treading hurdles 5.2520. aneess seeee eee 171
Preparawoniol, --- se. - <<. <- 174: || Prehaly. Saceawacec seins own less dents aaa eee 229
‘Tortoise, SUNPPIOP = csacacues| eo ncecesresews) oe) | REPICNOCHIUD acc dn suse ace es ese eaee eee 9
Tower-shells (Trochids) ...........--...--- 206} Trichechus manatus............. 22 cone 9
NTO WAN PSN OUR soe ae ee ae aces we oe aie or ate 129! ||) Criehinnid ps sae wre e nae ee eee 39
Townsend's Ground Squirrel ......-.--..--. 16.| Trichiurus leptorus’-<... 22.5 ses-c--e oes 39
REV ESD a clea rela etete a ae oie pete ee P77 | eimchodiodOn pilosns<s- 6.00.0 ene 24
SP YAGGNS eo auc aco cate are at eases ams maesenie 116\,| “ridacha, SHES Of... 2... + -=neee eee eer 206
Trachurops crumenophthalmus ..-...------ 400 | MEIN ie wae ane ance vane <p a oe Se ie 33
Trachynotus carolinus... 72... 2.2.65. ses0-- 42) |) “brimming, Heather nance ss. dec aen eee 214
oe OV SUL ine encanta te pte 22 | OY COA ES eee ceo ateive an ad eee 22
Mrade Tce \(ACCERSOLY) wcoseee asec estes ny LUG | pO, MIN POLES OL nw. nce oe sok aa eee ee 276
EET AUNE NOLS terete eme'o sian clea melee ose aiiae sia 129 )i)*eiple-tarl Wlashere 2 6 soso wc ceux ea a eee eee 51
EETAININGICUOUS ia sete aoe sealer 126 | Tripods and stand, Camera with model ...-. 178
‘Transportation, Methods Of... ---.<c..n~ tn -ee-lOe |) LEIPOM, O00). oo oe ence cen sadan erase pe emaaaee 207
Transporting apparatus .......-......-.-.-- 247 | Trisotropis undulosus -...........-..-.-.-.- 50
eggs, Apparatus for........-.- 2A7 | SLTitON, SROUBIOL 2a. vere cea wennese = aaeeo ee 206
fishy ATparatus for s---5--.-5-.) 24d |) EROLUNP=SpOONS? = 20-0 -- seo tes ecp an ees 138
"Drath Ding) ene) . oct saccade oc enn hee vicmn 1855) Vorollinp-tackie ee ooo. sec cee oe eee 96
TaD PIUNGi sy ~2- nen coe eo hoenak eRe 128) | irom Didivin MV6 osc... owen an ee ere 229
MU TCa Ps CLUE Bm ete tate ae il rele oe ce ee BON) SETOUP HAS < .27< 20 ccc, bape caecum ete oe ee 245
SUES DDI: secs acon aera a ce ae eee ete 166 Brackett sh: <2.2--.4<2<ee aoe sees 245
LOTS a eckas ae ein aes eet 142 CUATE! Risin nen = cae ae ee 245
ALLS DO io es detect 5 omit oan Kea war eee ee eet 131 Gravel-bottomed .-........-....---. 245
BALCH ocse ate cael bree eta ee 131 DP eee ote oe a 245
Basa ten omeshwabrs tanec ageaeepmcnie 133 with sieve-bottom trays .... ...... 245
BOW usc rece sis eee oo eaaee 134 or tables (for picking eggs)........ 246
BOK se nee don Cares an onan tae eee 133 WiAsOn' se eee ee 545
Ciateh ii gees wee nc ee ee eee 134 | Trout, Artificial flies for.............--.... 102-114
Wob-ldnke Oind son. ee sc cee enna es 134 Brook = Ai csswwen acne | eeu enna 58
OSS DO Wises eae Seen dans ale eee 135 DAKO oo nc doen ae a ee a ee 58
CYmBiiNg. can dndccku cone aac ec eae 135 INGIDAYOUSI ia. 5. 5 jennie da ono eee 58
DOOD se aoe catc enn eae aaoenene 133-134 UGRED, 5 uis6 a ect oe on en tae Spaces 186
Double Dox wes dec ceee caresses ets 133 | OUWBRRS econ oe en eee eee 58
OG iar fone ine ata a wiin'a pared eae 131 | IVAN ies end dae tae oboe Ghent eee 58
Ball 5. Soc. suns cod wotcnuieep erin pines 135 PROGR s c6.ccann Sepa aa on Seay ine 35
MiZUTe-toutices and uedieeeno wee eee ae 135 TACKIG 'o 3 5 ase ewan demeesa seen th iterk 95
with hanging doors ...........-.....- 183 | Trowbridge’s Hare ......-...............--- 20
ELAYPOGIL, - nceneenan rca Peacoat ane 185) || Deo Welle sos 5- cis an) Se me meeege as og ens ene 79
POWOU). oc ncg eh edn ea seke ee doe aa ia 184,185 | ‘Trnmpet-fish.......0. sic. 2csce4 ebinhss kes M
DAU STING «occa unk nate gcc 131-133 | Trnnk-fahi < oa <atneme sls eas 5 case bableene eee 24
IBA is 2's inn Ju opts beim ten yaa 135 ; Trygon centrura ....-..-.0-. .22-+--seneene 66
WONG. Sond nu cadewedes muse rae ete 135 | St TiQBtAtss oxts sdasac cbse cucesk nee 66
TNOLG UO BY. . os. conunwe am aot eeen ies 131 WW SQDIBR s iacnananeos ude nangaine een 66
NGWNOURR Ys. Jé5-4 sah oeukas eaaaaeeee 134, 185 | Try Poni dee & os. noc cera ckank nents n= es oe 66
TNODGG aati donc wasn nnn eee eee 134 Devink Cosa dios tees abies ened Gu eeeeeereeee 174
1 ee ivdwennann te sawn air apeencmee 181, |) De y-POte <n snc ween den eenendodesssuceashsene 175
POOR i om a cna 5 Unis ao eer ee 135 | *TrPes, SIONON 2. ccencnsseen at ank a aneenee eee 247
OCR OG a dius iowa n wa Wane orn ose Genes 181 | Gab, line, Whaleman's.....0... «..22-csssa-5- 119
ION URL He a ee tg aya Sr | TS, G20 peau e dickies « kandpat nese = cee 169
RGR ee vac keke anasn nal Ma. son. ee 194 | Pubs; Balt, vats, &6-....2.20.-0.skverees sue 170
PGW A INOM 5 6 ane vate n<ucaccrcess 180° | Dob; Mireine. 5. cans cece s-cuaseb neon eene ome 114
3 .
.

itis

—

INDEX OF

Page.
Tub for traw-line (see Trawl) ------ -------- 119
Einrtt-CAred SCUINTO se =e cee dence acienene 14
Mulé prass, Raftiot. ......-- 2 je -cn= ace<-- ~~ 144
BRSEIININY, Cth ara seat ao te tet wim he mt oa) = = o(> imine 40
SL OULO atone aoe Se el ore Cian ek tae 40
APNE DINATIAVOUCRTIS) <----c— 2-2 eon ee ~ eens 269
MT DOb eon erce ne ese a aaa ee ee oleae 28
(Greenlan Wieser se cee oe cee nce eae ane 28
SSO GUO metalation oie ee cot 27
Turkey, Canned ~-.....---<--.----..+---,----- 185
GVO feet pease arian 9 win inintn olar 219
DREAD She Pate ele ae eta eaten ctes = = 131
The Bs G5 Sedeppsorsedesoneacssoedeace 173
srmitellas SNOMS\OL- <n <a nimecin= mics = cee w - d6ie.=2 207
Tursiops erebennus .-:-.---.---..----.----- 10
se Ge Nee ae eretetersceaistics sc '-se ass 10
Siprthe PAU CA bOl =o eerteese ar -'matm ic lala seein 22
(Cann GOie eee ee sere eeisamatecte sey lalate 185
CrOGMeee reese cone emer inele wisn S pan si's 22
awk billig sise at amare ee seein eri 22
Meatherbackieccesscccoee asses cas 22
or verhead esc cemasce= ese-= 5. 22
Olean reine Seine wet ee ron ciatejaavas:s 226
Pacific: Greenigana-a<a2- pists 3-2 so ~ 22
PAC TIC PLANES DIN ore laceiner- ain <is,5.5.= = 22
Salted Soran foe cre wee ets eictasy< oi alsa « 185
DOl-SN6l Eee cee eset ten see ences 22
SOUD ses sie inc em aamicise sere tmeei ects 185

Tusks of mammoth elephant (Elephas primi-
RZGIRLLIS ) eater eset eres coat sa =i 197
Olay AITO Se ee ae tee emiaarecleecicinie 197
Tassah, Silk of (Bombyx pernyi).----.------ 196
BRR oy AE) CovIN CG UUILIN ope letsberare late fe rash Santas areca ohare 130
SPW INUOUMLINGS oe cee cian mls otis sus fala onieloy= 114-116
ER ristin O-TOOS vace as eae ote eine ek wis cfos< 82

U.
Udotea conglutinata...........-...-.-...-.- 270
‘flabellata ==<22=2.2t2-=s-s0eeee2 22. 270
Wlvafasciatar 222 -erec saeco eee eee ne cee s 271
foe ISCISBLIN Diy. @ ec cee as oas atts ese 271
Umbrella-makers’ bone, Manufacture of.... 173
Wamiaks) see -eeces sec aee ena ssees es Sacccce ce 144
iUNarmed Clubs 4. ceeine esecseeene- ces oc 71
(WmAnidesa viSCOBB) can) wiose ee cece ee: 34
(WTANORCOPICS 2.1.2 - bn tee at ees 32
Urpnlatae nc ceac Reet tee ec eves enias 7
WTOphY Cis TELUS. - Se ceee wear alto ences =a 30
Wwaidie)- scents ee etree cass cee sce sot. 4
Ursus americanus .-...2..25--25.22--5--+-- D
BOO MNOLTIDIUIGK os eta eat eee ae eels besa 4
Ve

ACO IIOMID Nese ciate ae oles salen ae nas aol 230
Vat, Spawning (Bond)......-.....-.-..----¢ 245
LER eee aie sialacialai eosin) elie eal iw cleia ¢eereian 245
ISON O eeea seater econ aes aca -hasia = 177
EROLDOU BS temie ein otaisie’aiaisl=eaisinn's olnfe=ai<'aletela 245
VISE Be OLIN eect oe are = mie eel clei lm a mol 177
ROD RY Ree ee ence nae eta vaniametcee 245
Vaucheria piloboloides .....-..------------- 271
WIGIIICIOR fe caien a an eae icanna acne eee 142
Venison, Dried and smoked.......... .---- 182
RON FRONIUS A Octet eis teeta oct tiles ame 276

OBJECTS. " 343
Page.
WViEItE DI SDATIOSS creienisc aceotele «hasan ore = 200
Vertical wire-cloth trays .......--..--.----. 246
Vesicatory preparations from beetles, &c... 231
Vessels, fishing, Schooner-rigged ...--...-.. 149
Ni ees eeictaiatevaisiasialnlolcteiesteisinters)atni= i 246
VG US ieee aaa ee ie ee neni ne ete te wiciate|n 'sints!=1-1s 95
WiG216O Seen caasia seers em emits Saieinta =e im = 184
Vie RISE a eisai ae etenenintan eles e(atnitaieleie a cre 176
NWACTIOMA DAI ec eters tester =a 195
Virginia Deer (Cariacus virginianus).- ----- 8-9, 193
ATG pees cee so eee ae eaminyaiat 18
Viscera of bears, Parchment from. --.------ 215
Ofgho Gee eae eres) -Eenaat em areeter 215
OLMO RNs ee acise a eel cient ieyae lee eeeeinios 215
of seals, Parchment from ....-..---- 2
Otusheepressct-sase- 4 -eeecs som eener 215
Womer Setipinnis. ----cccee-enncce ea ianjlee'e 41
W.

Wad-cutters (accessory) -........----..----- 92
WV) LI a ee aiwin eininlniclnye sinstaintcieiet='=)=/elelnila 92
Bollkgeeeca meas pcmesemeretee teria. 92
Waders, Decoy (carved in wood) .-..-..---- 139
Decoy (stamped in tin)..........-. 139
Wiads) erepared)-siesersiee sanicererj-n eet peter 92
SWiaie ONS er epee tere sabes inen cre ry tee eet 142
Wallets for lines and other tackle ..--- 167
RV Vic See teria esieg en ernie beiaeie ea \nfela ave 6
leather ......-+---+-2+---+++-2e+-+- 208
Sinewsiofess snes =<! ar WOteEEe 215
ROSS Often -ieini- eater eaten Aaa 197
Waste, Bone and) ivory. ....-.152-- 22 2-- 222: 200-201
WiatorsRabDitiees = <o-i-ic-/af oaisic eainetaioe lente ate 20
Water-guns ........----------ssence- =~ 22 = 90
Wiater-telescopes..-..... 02... - ss. ccectee sane 166
Wuater-thiete-- open cnccee science sect atee ee 161
AWitELspLoOl STItS \s2 set = se means eee 164
Watery, Mlounder - . 5.5. 22100. 0. atm emirates 27
Wax (Coccus|pehlah) ..-.-... 2.2 -. seas 230
XPOLGSOLe jac felons elena 299
Imports! Of feieae¢ -2e. -- eee telnet 299
Manufactures of: -...---- 0.222.500. nce 299
MOTE AMEN, Sa5nnoncmagusasasnoco Doles ac 241-243
IWWib BiksIS Mees acoso ota alalassinle = i=in 44
Weapon-holders...---..-..--.iss2--te. 2 -4% 95
IWiGASCIS Ye aon oe sacmie selcims tosion ete (erteeleeeeLOO,
air Of. 22 -seeeeeeaheee eee eee 195
Weaving .-.-.-.--.-----+-----------0---<5- 170-171
Hair zisedins.45s4 ees eee eee 212
worsted ClothsSzcecss-iseescess-eent. | LZ0
WrebySpiders}c.- ecco sea eeet eee sceeacaeh 22m
Weequashing or fire-fishing, Lanterns for... 141
Weighing-scalessc cee cee emcee ccc. sunar = 92
Weights (dropped) ic. cee. yaaa. 87
Dan] Gd eeereceemiee ce itelelentertcias sie 5 87

PS RU ILO eres lotto tafe te eia'et fale cfutatnatat ohne 71
VOLES CSB etaateleate ble ediatate Wolo cioe oS 'o 134
Mel WithlOadersinsitercatcs asec niece 132
CUIBDOUNUN saree torre ttf ana 5 132

River, with pockets .......-.--..-.- 131
Salmon (Upper Columbia River).... | 151
Spring (St. Lawrence) -..--......--- 130
Wresticoastioysters...05..00ei) 2-2... 5.5-.) 254
WVOSUEINVATPONUING =o. scus sone ccc mennn == 56

344 INDEX OF

Page.

Whale-boat (whale-fisheries) ............---. 146

Whalebone brushes, Manufacture of.--..--. 173

Consumption of .........--.---- 290

NOI a as aslo oe oe oe eee ere 196

1: OS ee 115

manufactures, Other ........... 174

Preparation of........-.... 170, 173, 174

springs, Eskimo..--...:---..... 136

(in manufactured state) ....... 203-205

Whale, Bottle-head.........-.-......-..-... 12

BowDead Sass ae secre see oe cee 13

Winbao)ke22---ca- eee ener cenn =e 12-13

and fish oil, Exports and imports of. 296-297

GUBRG Soc are one maee na an ee 12

MGR) ie owe see oere ener eels 12

LUI DAGK sane nara pee ere eee 12

Paciho: Right: scasn-.e- 22 eee 13

Porpoise|Sperm |<... -<2coene sn asee ss 12

IPN Sraccacccwossaesescenan eee y= 13

SOLA Sore once id nae eae oe 12

Sharp-headed Finner .........-....- 13

SOW ELIDY Beavcaeeace sense crocee see 12

HNGMM sneer eee se ene 12

Sulphur-Dopuom -2 o-sccaneawaberesies 13

Whites =< Gcbose ence ee eceecee 10

WHAG-IANGES 52. Sacco ote c acon caper eases a 78

Wihale-line drag “2 ss. nae racan sarees 117
Whale-oil, Instruments and appliances of

MENGSK see ase te eee ae 174-175

Retraction of (with models). ...174-175

Wihale-spades ce oec week now ace nasea saases 76

Whalemen’s boat-spades ..........-...-.--- 78

GUD ine: . ¢ = seeveiwa eee ee oes 119

boat-hatchets ................. 16

boatekmives:s-2c2-5 «nee meee aes 73

HOOKS’. on <6-- to eee 81

PYWIDALIN O- OUIS © os tuner econ anne am cau eae 91

Whales 6,5Oi trom (22-so-n.cscaua-seeee 223-224

Wheelbarrows for bait-clams.............-. 138

Witleal-taniples: << o. ck ss eekceun<eht ee ets 87

Whilting-tackle <<- oe. putas o nsec eee see 96
Whip-makers’ stock and whips, Manufac-

RUIN Ol cae eee es adn senate ne ote tee 173
Wibins, (DOP .- cao. nnsueeecawactes usaenes 126
Whistles: Dog=:t-s2sc 4 Ssscseen cece 136-137
White-backed Skunk. --....-2......ccsccase 4
AV Dite BABE ses atone toeieney comente ee <a 51

BO@Si eens s ace ene awe vice evn e ee 5

Cat cc sccsconevcwosum sue sown sememe 188

coral (Oonlifia)).+..s=0cn nas ckeaee ae 207

Hare... ci can attt eae anew ae eee 18
Minot: dnannveses snes ketaen tees 53

5 en nr ee ee ee: 205

POQOD x2 sa 0'e aeemcioe knee meee eter oen 51
MaDDIb . 2 o2jcnaaune>pankeeneue cee 18
WiHAIO. 2.2 ~ so ccdece conan Meee 10

RU MIR DS oo ois nn ek wm are See eee 10, 57
Chief Mountain Lake .......... 57

Perino 5. 5 ua. nora eateries 57
Dilaahcspenvocicnab uo sete 227

POO cts ais canals o open veneer 183
Witite-T00ved PIOUSe 26.2.2. es ctv nevsnaeten 17
White-haired Poreupine.................... 18
White-headed Grampns ......°7...........- 11

OBJECTS,
Page.
WGI: eae cde toe ana cotna aancen eens 30
AR is bce eras Saas Sneiens ae me meee 57
Wholesale destruction apparatus. ......---. 136
‘Wide spades (4-5 20 nose soe Soe sean eae 77
Wage; air used 0x tc... scp fabcvac decodes 217
Williamson's troughs. ........-........-s.<- 245
"Winches, ‘Gunwale.-- 5.5.25 ee ccngeneee 119
Wander 22 ene. one are nna ope heen 119
Wind-pangesec, <<. a. os -ncewane ae eee 93
Windlasses \Semens 2 ne eee 119
Window and plate glass, Infusorial earths
POR atin” Sen ee oa: eae eee teen 208
‘Wings of ‘beetles: ~~ >. 2-2 ae ee 208
Wing-shell, Byssus of (Pinna nobilis) --.--. 196
Wonter Mlound6r2s.2---.etae teu aaeea ae 26
SNAG coe nap cere aaa eres 60
WiPG ATANIGS 22- coma) caenc ese meev.ccsd one tere 178
ANOOUSS «corte seen eee aoe 116
Wolf(Canis'lopus)is,22sc- ose cao eee 188
GCIRWB fee con ncsc cece tana ee aeeene 203
WRolisfight = ome serotonin scien steel eee 32
Wolverine (Gulo luseus) .................-. 4,190
Wolves, “Reeth af-- 2-2) <2 +. sae andes oe eee 197
Woodchuck or Siffleur (Arctomys monax). .16, 197
Woo0den canoes: -. +... < = ness nome eee sees 143
PPAMOB...2 nc cace = tpne eos eeee eee 178
Woodland Caribou (Tarandus rangifer)..--. 8, 193
Wood-powder <2 3- <2 2 san saepenneceneeeeees 91
WWiGOURAb AA... isa = 3250 nc eran oe eee 15
Wool as medium for pigments......-....... 219
cloths, Preparation of ..-........-.... 170
SOX DOULS Okie = 2a fname eee 287-288, 301
MOGEUM ere end fone cn een eee 219, 225
Goat's (for wigs, dc.) .-----.-2.-...<- 195, 217
GN MMe ed eacann sect oe ee eee 217
DOM POTU Ole a sa ae es ee 285-286, 301
and hair of mammals, Preparation of. 170
pelts; Imports of ..- <5 i. Poeeek 290
SUCOU Boi wees tee aaa eee 195
Sheep’s (on skin) .....-...-.-. 218
WODK ck. <a aeeee enn asaee S eee ee Wz
Woolen carpets, Exports of................287-288
WOOLEY S 2 to ote ee eee eee 136
Work, Results of, United States Fish Com-
MinSiOn é.oes ged era ae Le 233-241
WORE. moog oe on owe ere eon aeee pee a 187, 184
WMO ce bec ese ose. o denon oe renee 184
Unitestingl enna asin ee es ee se
and leeches, injurious. ...........-... 262
and leeches, useful.................. 262
Chemical products from ............ 231
PropeapanOn Ok, f-sos es can cnc amv cee 248
“Worms” and other loading tools....-..... 93
Worsted cloths, Weaving. ................ -- M0
Wrangelia penicillata ...............-...-.- 268
Wtist-pnetdes 20. cece ees ptee tee dee eee 166
Wry-mouth, Spotted ..............-g------ 31
Waurdemannia cotacea.........d..-...cssc-e 267
x.
MAphias PIMA \j.20. tcc easc wees s eee sey 39
Riphidiontides.< .<.cedecnc senwevewodweassaee 32
Niphiid@....... 22.02. eens secereeeseseeenes o

INDEX OF OBJECTS. 345

We | Page.
Page. | yellow-tailed Spot...----- esses eee ec eeeee- 45
Yak (Poéphagus grunniens)...-.----------- 195 |
Yellow Crevallé ..--------------+- 022-2 -77° 41 LA
SM Onher sc lc ces ca ciclo macnenwacwrcmses 16
es Zalophus Gilliespii ---.------+---++2e80 00 5
ackerel|----------0----ee2-05 200 7- 42 ee
enGli 49 ZADWO! «=v ose maeielnormmermar==c coc 12
Pike- ee oe Yer oe jg | Zipblinw - ----2--<--seemcsesseeyae oe ces 12
Tail eS cA 45 | Zoarees anguillaris ...+..---+++++++eeeee-77- 31
Weenie eric ye idea Zonichthys fasciatus .-.-----+++e-ee-eee--2- 2
Yellow-finned Grunt ......-.----+---+e-22*- aT enc ae a5
Yellow-footed Marmot....----- sccnccdsecnan 16 ets is Se kee rac seaman 569
Vellow-haired Porcupine .....ee-seerereeees 18 ODAEN onesies saamsewesinomsciacicls eras

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7

INDEX OF CONTRIBUTORS.

A.
Page.
PADD Ott HDI Cs Uae croteica:elctororaersiainmi=i~ aisle =e oe 240
Abert, Lieutenant J. T...........--..------- 17
Academy of Natural Sciences -..-...---.--- 17
darn aia Gute Sa proseee canoes asad 131, 132,148
PACT cE A PRON GID orc oiorene a tataleictntercle iis er oot 236

Agassiz, Alexander, 24, 26, 28, 41, 44, 45, 47, 50
53, 55, 59, 60, 62, 63, 65, 66, 70

PRTG TY Crate ye atelvte lo wiclewisteimieele/='ai=e = anieta siete 4,7, 14
Alaska Commercial Company -.---. 5-6, 126, 160, 191
Allegretti Refrigerator Company...-...----- 168
PAM GTIs clic Gb) = otaretc le ote: cln’a olla lefeloinelelminel=i=-is)=1ni= 115
PAN yes) 40) Seeniets tone attaateevae mane ee rege Sead
PAU VE Hem W ale cin a/c io atlas annie ens = 146
American Needle and Fish-Hook Company. -97, 98,

99, 100

American Net and Twine Company. -125, 126, 127,
128, 130, 131, 132, 133

American Sardine Company. .--..----.------ 186
American Whip Company. ..---.----------- 203, 205
PAs AMES Dn eteneseceeeeecee 252, 256, 257, 258
PANTIES Rote te settee ee see inaieimias isos se 186, 187
PAM OLSON TO lets eats se chsieloe cigars minrclata/aie 265
PATIL GD Net mies cielo gate inte et ntecmeinlelaict= aia 7
Army Medical Museum ............-...---- 182
Atkins |Ci Gores 5232. 57, 235, 237, 239, 241, 242, 243,
244, 245, 247, 248
Atwood, Capt. N. E............ 228, 224, 226, 227, 251
PAC OUT PEM eters acielainjaioio eisinialaatelalal=ip a (ela)=[n/ainv= = 265
B.
MSAD COC KSMIIT- OW 6 EL iclewitisiolatcteta weratala te re/ateiste eiet= 226
Baird) Ssh en 11, 14, 17, 21, 22, 24, 27, 28, 40, 64, 66,
68, 78, 83, 84, 86, 131, 132, 144, 190, 192, 200, 235
BS AOI CMP CAL ie ee ale a feletee ela latetaleivre'almlnefelate =) ala 5
IBOMTah Ge cAcs ease creed tao omepser SSGaccse 168
BAT Ola Cee ce tes tome ach wan ae atoms, sic ore 8
Rar tnG lls ene tela cith cee tel aortic we cte csc 240
SSRN STON peratote erate yaya satctatataleraret atari teaver Ia a 8
PESATTUUUTNA ons Lee fore erapat abate Veta cts Se tetsis a Pauls chee 9
BAIT YS Re Vas Cree erectus wee tk cet elee 14
Bartlett, J. H., & Sons ......-..---- 100, 197, 198, 200
BEL OHO OMni EN Ge caecircamicrnt cence amet bocts 265
[Battya dee ee cra ee aioe el cce as. eccNleede
RE COT ROUCIUILD is joey arse cisiate/ eae atelste ster 161
BGAN CL ATIOLOMM EL ioieierelsiciessieictels icjorerciars Raatest 22, 26
BED Koy uie Hel ra ieectet cetcieelaiacioniscclis sate 15
RGEC SUITS nea pisp elem sei isincrieoaeanifarack ene 265
SEU RLOU LM OARS aici aija1a.eiarelan Seles oats ein 259
Eel rida teen eer eaten ee has 14, 18, 19
Bergland, Lieutenant. ..............--..-..- 10
Biddle Menry die secebe sont tcccie asc ees 7
IBinOHOTE Ree ene OM Meee 15, 16, 263
BISDOD RNa Eiccin sa acie case ae mest races spaiea 145, 148
Black fordyE. G-.........--- 258, 254, 255, 257, 259, 260
Boaramans Gray eos as cs eke saa eee ee eae 7,14
Boots Mansi A: note ec se Saltese osee 265
Boston Society Natural History ............ 263

Page
BOCCCI Mit tarcrarctnla’aictora'e'e!alatolete/eteielelwarwietcisio wcle'e 4
Bowchon, Brandley .......cccccccerceseees 236
Bown gh tery Driv Licisicweleisioslelataieinte\taiaiaaieloe ala 94
Lt ratinned lo eaa sade acspseosod- sacdasscconds 9
Bossange, Gustave -........-2..025 2-..2- 205, 228
Brackett, As Gicececeeciaseceses tee eee aae 8, 16
Brackethy bn cA:vecirerescls seis ceisesis seta meteaee 246

Bradford & Anthony. . ..77, 80, 82, 96, 97, 99, 102,114,
116, 120, 128, 138, 258

Brand) ©. C 220)... SEE Ses a ae eee 91
BTrANS LOL DT ys srsistosetrehawilieteyot=lale aaj loess 260
IBTASHOE Mba teeth ciesecemainae ceenlesesar 139, 140, 148
IB TOC Kec Atn ioe ceptarrcvsiore shale elalae alelnielatect= =e ett 238
Brewer, James D.......... sisie ten eataae 241, 242
IBTOCCICVALK El ivcmceiieseneec ciselersieniewisisiei= cere 239
BLOW Lh COlececeeaeiccrisciacntioe cteiatiseie 154
IBTOWA AVAL VEL eielesinze s's'siclejasiais icicle winless 220, 221
IBTILISHUNTUSOUM sa q se ofeise icin smacie se menicecisise 23
BUCKS MONAEHANCH. dev ele sit-mrsae eee bac eas 165
BS Sie es PT a pede ad a aaela tet tepeloldeieie a= 101
Burling vWwalliamy Cee sce te Stee sek 144
BUPT tt AUPANCIS se s-claciesisieiaeemannctelceeetoe 139, 140
Burt) Hannah, Mrsisuseat techie hecteient a 7D
C.
Warleyaibsd ren WE (oc! icc ce.c icici slninle 256, 257, 259, 261, 264
Castine Packing Company......-.----------- 261
Central Wharf Company ..75, 100, 101, 117, 121, 122,
165
Chapman WWiciD sai cielo seins io cieline ie 121
Chapman, W. D., & Son. .-.-- Sarason eee 102
Chase We pHa ai =e 138, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 169
Chester, Capt. H.C ............ 146, 149, 153, 197, 244
Chicago Feather-Duster Company...------. 220
@hurchilll General S)-ce ct cece eae ae taneie 7
Clarke rae feria. of oie wie is apeialarete lee eter tor 246
(Clark G60Lge accel sleceee ees 57
Clank James. c-cccsecs cee eee eee 154
lark eee ee enctese cele csicte olniateiareceteer 86, 198, 260
Ola ONG Wie eet seis el sreraisiors siastereiotrteamiatas 246
Glario.ge Sneidere -sece ese meeieetenieteeeeeso 90
Clauchton, HeiO}-ee.cceeeseseeeeeee--eeee 132
@leyelandsD ye ceceeassenaeeeee eee eee 265
Cleveland, Capt. Josiah..........-......... 132, 133
Cleveland William! soo cto eels cnet es en 147
Coleman,” Walter tees eretclete was rms a 151, 153
Coleman, Walter, & Sons.............--.--. 150
Coleman, ‘William: \ ic. .2 5 ite cee eee eee 155
Colt’s Fire-Arms Manufacturing Company - 90, 91
Collins) SOS2 Witte tec ce ceabiet tree ts 30, 56, 65, 97
COUTISMV EO pemeetne seen sm ram cose cc e 9
Colyer, Vincent..-.. -..... 83, 88, 89, 94, 159, 162, 205
Wonimap ene whe kerr ece cece. non as a ase 198
WALLOT erie teeters tosis base aides 165
Carroll Michaelsansss2.--)e secs sece+s cee 12
Castine Packing Company ...-....--.------ 164

Cape Ann Isinglass and Glue Company . --221, 222

347

348

Page.

CONPAG Cla A cast ace cates in denna Sanne 253, 256, 257
Conwell, DAvid- cocccess wenn <o Se tee eee 165
Cook: Cant. Caleb ......<5 20 2o2.euteesene 224, 295
Cook, Coleman ....... 2.200. c0-2e--e0n-s-<=- 100
Cook, FSD .<- 5-5-5 sc- ones s actarwancecuame 99, 100
MG CO Wale his- occ ence maar CAR kaa eaten 200
Cook; Lemuel:.<...-..-,------=== 82, 96, 100, 101, 121
GOOK, Wik woes naepecasmanannn keene eee 73, 78
Cooper, J: Gc enon enn ccen sce nccsesescenrse=- 19
Copley, C <<<... pc ncnennne cnr nanomecsan=5r= 23, 31
Couch, Lieut: DUN ce a<-cenenae Senne 19, 94, 147, 166
Cones, Dr. Elliott .........----7, 9, 16, 19, 56, 57, 141
Cragin & Sheldon ..-......----------------+ 147
Grondall, Coo son - weenie ewer am evi wek ines a = 197
Grandall; 1.,/& C0. .-0. <0 -sencneccec=<se~a=- 115
Crittenden, A. R....... 75, 79, 82, 83, 97, 99, 101, 117,
122, 149, 165, 200, 256, 264

Cimon ieee messin senile na aie ncmeiccinns 165
GHOUES AN sec ncmen seamen ere ean en apee 149
snl DEYtHON Las oars ste encase eee ean 9,19
Curley, Rev. James. ...-.-.-------------- 84, 89, 116
GHThIB MGA cece cee emer pee een seen 20
Cusick, Lieutenant.--.---.....-2.5- 2s. --- 201

D.

Dall, W. H ..6, 8, 10, 12, 76, 81, 83, 85, 88, 89, 92, 94, 99,
100, 115, 131, 132, 134, 142, 144, 160, 166, 192,
197, 201, 214, 216, 251, 252, 254, 256, 257, 265

MOniell We Cccemseeeasce se. = valence 236
Darrow Manufacturing Company .---...--. 209
Wawisy Mis, An Sc-aces caso sees sew eae eee 265
Davis, Benjamin <<< <2... .5- nnn cwcicn~s <n as 256
IDNs SAR ena s nent ee s.1e eee renee ee 75
ORO, cho bs cee ae eine ee ears ap ana 253
Dewrece A.D, COs aes eae 251, 252, 258
Delano, George, & Co......-.--.------ 223, 224, 225
Delong & Sons .........-.-- eee eames 159, 160
Dewey -------------as0-- Se een a es 259
POIROT, UO DONG. oeecacie tam aisles wea ee tan pinnae 253
‘‘Dobsis Club,” through Judge H. Jewell... 58
MIGUC peas UN conn ad aa es cere nea k eee sare ieee 6
Dodge, R. T .-. 2.2 cceee ce cee senens ess ne anne 159
DIOWIOR Gein sence neon ont atwlemsmactee ea eens 17
DOWNES) al Ole cece ce in eerie coat ne ce en reas
DOVO, Mi6e nt wew nme no'ss Sadanen eee ne cuneetae 198
DPORRGY cha tora ew aso c meen nue anes cee 115
Drexler) | O euccn acne de woewawsudennvmaxen 4, 13, 14,16
Donan Waaseeesss eee SS 232
Dunckled, Ha kr. cnos as eoeeea ceece ee awn: 162
E.

Eagle Preserved Fish .....-.....«-+--++---- 186
Maton, rot. ; O- -cavcuesheser sue kein pean 265
Maninnds, MC .c oc asunsuetagemyesusite eens 237
Edwards, V. N ...10, 11, 23, 24, 27, 30, 41, 46, 51, 58, 63,
66, 68, 69, 258, 260

Elliott, H. W ....5, 84, 100, 116, 117, 129, 135, 144, 191,
197, 208

Elwell, Samuel, jr. ...78, 75, 78, 119, 122, 151, 153, 156,

160, 165, 258

IRATE MAMSIIWY (EU oa v,on\rwa ous a<iveuee ree aes 15
PEIGINORE GOLDEN Us Siacdescsnvewokcunhwogedl 190
ReMPTAOT Es NV GRLOINL in oh nord ga ein aan os vince commie Wey 146
FOS TNG Ge sake nang oven SO sep ob eek as 144
Eureka Manufacturing Company ........... 90

INDEX OF CONTRIBUTORS.

,
Page
Wen OLN oe tie ae od oe ose ae ee 25
TOSS (Geo. cos aden sateen ne es tae eee a eee ae 13
Exploring Expedition U.S...... 22, 99, 100, 166, 252
F.

Paddervdin, A552 -cn< needa ens ea ie eee 288
Fairlie, James. sc ctse- ~ sc hac uss peese eee 20
WaltA ds ccc ah ednedsa< anceps eee eee 14
ANOW, Wilkes bananas con eee Sete 234, 239, 265
Heiner, Viéut:d OM 225-5 c40+ > ence eee eS 83
Rentier, ©.A:.2:22<-ssckaeclbe sack ee eae 145
Herguson:§: W.-cepcces ob e =e sees ae eee 2
Herguson, Maj: Booc2. ty 25-2 eee 79, 148, 149, 246

Fish Commission, U.§-.5, 10, 13, 23, 37, 39, 49, 51, 70,
74, 75, 78, 80, 82, 83, 87, 91, 119, 128, 129, 133, 141,
149, 151, 160, 166, 169, 178, 198, 246, 247, 260, 264

Misher), Capt: cl08.- 7. aes cence dena eis eee 198
tab gh, OS Wee seein hs hee ae ee ee ee 140
DAE Ta el legen oe ne cree were nie ee tata eee

Forest and Stream Publishing Company. .74, 80, 95,
96, 101, 102, 114, 118, 121, 127, 129, 138, 140, 163, 167

Foster, George B......--- 72, 73, 75, 117, 121, 122, 200
Freeman, Sanford. -.......-.--...<-. 100, 162, 199, 200
Branch? HeetB 22 dresses soncirtae =< apy 123, 124, 126, 127
| Waller) CHB Ses Se eck an capacw senna 253, 256
Weeey; COLid.. <-os-2-.- noone ee eee 9
° G.
GADD WW otMisens ks Wwaners mens anes 9
Gardiner Captc J. -W. Dons. -2. essa aneenes 128, 180
Gaudet: CoP... 2osc co eieeeeeee nea 99
Ghissline Dich oncesee see eeeee een ean 216
Giubbes MOTs Bosc concentte cance senses 265
Gibbs, Theo . .. 4, 83, 85, 99, 100, 115, 128, 130, 143, 202
Gifford. Sohn Diss: ... 2.05 oan ee aes 148
Gifford THOMAS di ase osc occa decease oseboerae 101
Gilberto. 2c ote nce akon ees 199, 258
Gillipele Mico. dese canst cm och ee oe eee 9
Gill: Dheo <2. eae enesee see eheesoee 32, 235, 238
Gilpin, Dr. Bernard........-.....----- nates 7
Goodale." Iigs cutee cbs epee eee 187
Goole WG. 225 ncmadsecoces ante npiaehr eee 21,144

Goode, G. Brown. . ..17, 19, 21, 24, 25, 38, 42, 44, 46, 48,
50, 51, 53, 55, 60, 62, 70, 79, 80, 101, 119, 129,
132, 133, 160, 161, 210, 215, 216, 258, 273

= Cee eee eee cease

Gordon Ws Avex cic nees se cnc sean we ncdente 204
Government of Newfoundland.............. 6
Governor of Newfoundland ..............-.-. 192
Gower, BuiA.Ge. cn cpene ncn Gee eee eee 157
Curate BOW oc oa tse cates 77, 80, 81, 82, 99, 160
GYAVOR, Ey ES eck ntnas sotene cawas ane eee 157
Graves, Frederick .sscs5.dencnccss neds umnnue 147
Graves; d edict (anton nes bee Ce ee ee 120
Green) GoLinvandents pelea aca alee eee 132
Green, Seth: 2.5 tes cnckunantaeseb athe 246
Grieve, Walter Co 222-2 <wnwiuspectaces aus 223
Griffins Bto\ i... <t.50euss~ ssn ceec ae oanenene 183
Grower Hy Asc. sas nde eee 159
sulf Porpoise Fishing Company ..-....-..-. 214

| Gunnison, Captain. .......... Saat heeetiee 197, 215

H.
Faire ulOS 6 a ands mai ase a ceents eeenniiers 236
Haldeman, Prof. S.:\8: ..... <n ses nes ot eneren @
Fall Can’. G..3hi vuseeceet seme 78, 83, 84, 100, 201, 268
| Hal), Revie acy cccrncaveantecphesssaneemne 2c.
».

INDEX OF CONTRIBUTORS.

Page.
Hallet: Captain ccreees-=--aeoerscee eas cce ss 148
Hallett ynrecmanaasence.c 2. ce. oe auee eee eens 100, 101
IRISTEACPNITAS Re ccems cae acon taeeianeee 265
PANIIT CAS Craton os cane civcc coe deeee Oper enas ° 236
IRMIM ONG dank scoot ace ocadeawele aaseenpesee ee 19
HATO GS GGr Ain Li anate mals teem els = minieiaine aeeietate iG
RUAN ONE OG MDOT emik =inoie wtais, sical miso = arale ote 199, 202, 252
I SIVOY) GC ELOLG ON) <\0'<:s5< o.sisc soe oo.c.0cisslomcie=-'s 254
VEU POV > Mlroinae a <icfaiainins ate see regia 6
Fisiven syWwalliams & ‘C0. << ss0e.sac,. acnecesue 223
TRIER OSA. wraisrato cos waits Swe ncieacameere T7
TSC OU GD ecole te om nie sn aenine Same Sere msec 50
HIB VOGN OM aV kine saeicce os cance ~osts ss 7, 8, 17, 19, 190
EROS UI e a eects (ae diate oainwis sais aidigisizisle oe 6, 8, 84, 144
PERCU at yo seicict tao od axraicicihawicin acta 2 anicts 264
EIB KIMANI COE A My): eee on tanes cic cninccome cers 14, 15
Hegeman Portable Folding Boat Company.. 145
Hemphill, H ...... 251, 254, 256, 257, 260, 262, 265, 271
Henderson, J. H......... seme asae te vee 203, 210, 216
RETA PEN eie sees hoa sjooen cle vas ae e nee 14
PFReMn IN DM C.eOn Gem mcisste ciate ntoicinis otcls'alsmieic’= «js 164
EV OMINy let Oe cite ciniets Soe ee wen se ae sale ste sess 16
Frerpighh@s AS 165 CO cm. setaaa tclecetsinas cu: 188, 195
HT OREON G Mies aerya asa =ic Se sisis 2 Walelefe te eels 133, 134
GS DOlGMW MSE: «=< cc serie a aesiseicen acs 77, 81, 82, 161
Hessel Rndolph | a. ost ac= cee sees eee ee neat
IGSRO RUOTOS: 2 S.n-cresawde snicsscelee cee Se cece 241
PERS rT bi MUNG ocr scien cleme cremate er eels Sew ee 55
Ei Pang Ge GuHOnd! <3 <t-csjen =e eee 25 130, 146, 159
ntcheocks GON) evn we cee te Be loeiaaie seein 22
Of Dre AnH: sos 2h see cee ease. 94, 99, 201
ERDOP GRAN O OLD eieis cele nw ciyacinwan tone se s\(0 186
GUE Hp Wet Safed aie ate ie ae eeee w< 265
Hooper, Wm. E., & Sons...........---- 126, 130, 133
Horan SEONG yee eeth a= oe sana ee 133, 134, 135
IOTLON WT ot Me eee Seta ciseres ics jae oe 86, 95, 210
PROT ORBRAB ras-/- sis eas t eae sense ccsiccsedsas 94
HN esey aCe Pe ok hn aoe selene! aww Scones ease 246
ELON ALO VV ne Aeemsaelsacinas csiaic\ciaystelemion cece clas 88
IG WATT FAW sible misses micas eareeecc ees aoe 85
HO wland Cag tila 2: ce scm sees 73, 76, 146, 175
Ly OL Tenkre EUs Ae wich a ofa eipte mone aoe nie Seca 14-15
Hoyt Bros. ..-.-- Resto ere emetic Seer 252, 253, 263
TTT eG Grane meee emies d or chess els cm ciah 258
mri bert. Cap trikes Henne st ante <seesiescs2es 30, 82
PUG HINSON wa Grey hor COS cee dace ee eee 211
PREPCIINA OM KON bo OO saeissaceelteuciccere 131

ae
DOL cele iA cic eitie fmla'elnic.aseiale's sisiswisiccie’a mic 237
ISAAC OIC Dice tow saeaiceeteree vais snuewalec 268, 264
J.

NCR ADE Beni nase ine e a aieiwe elles | state debated 7
PU SRRTLORS OV ALARMED ED. wleimtarcts om ert arn ule koma wale a we 101
PREUIENLGS ON ae ane ait maa ct actor oth nora s alec ionats Siento 18
PRON MO, see aan osu dete scenats 32, 36, 39
PGMS RAG hyo 5% Sa adloenleios edu wl Siiis see ae 14
CICA VV iss cna tow te clincas saved Aeesemoed 4,18
WOME RUS Erte pen ware Sad dint Pmcar dicintem ie tse 57
BVOC UL OO lee Mamas aie so ieee ue verde me aaivca cen 197, 258
ONES Vel eee eo eec whee cada ow agate Miser eae ae 44
ones; Stratton ss 0-5 50 eae wen ao eenek ee 166

John Russell Cutlery Company...........--. 71-76

349

| Page.
| JOHNSON MH Melee soos ce sce sek oe cas stems 27, 29, 32, 34
lsdohinson’ Capt Gel ssi tate ssc oct 52
Johnson) & Younes sre sense coe 129, 132, 148, 169
JOU yy ouisee- tesenan acon ees ee eae cele 139
Judge, Md wink 5250. scsceeeeeeee ooo 137
Jadee: Gwin wWesee ae atone neers eee ae 93
K.
Weerraurds hi. Cs vés| Coseeceae ener eneneeeee 205
Welsey, ec eosmer)-2s-22 eat niceerce ate 169
HOM PED ay Ooh CO nose ecetsiae ae cece ae ae 185, 259, 261
Kennedy, Andrewss2. ccs sscacencsce cee 119, 161, 198
Kennerly, Dre.c- css - Santos yee 9, 19, 143, 190, 193
Kennicott)R.-.--.--2--2 18, 99, 100, 128, 134, 138, 190,
193, 210,215.
KennardyiGRarles aw 22s tes 2-0-5. see eee 205
OM by ne eesen te ee Acts nate nia ore ce eestor’ see 13
Kempball yrs bac-soscecsee ec cs tee eee 201
CRORE RIN Gere see eras ee sinc cease Sacer oe 18
RSTO AGU tes Mem Were ersas sitesi scisceein se ene 85
STOVE ieee eniaects Seem ciaise cae cae wee 15
Karbys MumMparey sie. . css ose ce sees 81, 82, 151
KAT D YA mW eo Wel eciaa oases dae coe ea eanenee 193
Nitin Cees hee seen ene oes Secs c ae e ee 14
NONE Sey Ritecae sec sea aiciaciu cate be gae soot nee 39
Kohn Gustaveiceacac += os: 21, 253, 256, 258, 260, 261
IK OPSCH MH taney sae cise ceis eects weeleeeeee 239
Kirideria COON see ee ce eee caceee eae 139, 140
SUEZ Roe recta sace ace eee e ey ea ee 253
L.
RIN Oy nee mele Seta foc Suivse cas coe maven 23
anmanyOharles a. sence ceesecceecsasnene 235
Meweai7-awalliam Nis. <sel--enc cele aoe eens 221, 222
EAS 71 ON CMH sate = ioic'are Saale ces ee = oe eee 20
athamsdamM ese sen. assess see tenmeee 43, 1382, 141
TEA WIerOSOD DG 05,02 cells ~ieis'ac aaele oe seen 149, 175
awrence,cAliredc.cacssase se odaee cote 10
IS OMLeN CEVA OS sea: ccis\sac = oa See eee 260
MSCAVEN WOLD Js El s= <2 co 2.0 eoeseeninerenee 8
SOU Mis mek totes cee Nadas fee aisiel caters eee 32
Meonard, He ay sjos-ccisenis «ca eteiaie nee ee 121
WesleyiiAly Miss. 02 ce el oaldacoe ste ee eeeeeoees 168
WEB1IO: Cy Cia ae oats were eie s Cacia eee 48
MEG CY ye) «Ake esiee see ame eee eee eee 263
Dewis, George Hii. =- cece steete eee See 99
Juewis, William" 222 o Leck scene ees en 91
ineoln; George i. ----.- .s- sees sae aeenees 201, 202
Liverpool Free Public Museum ......-..--. 29, 30
UCE,/ JASON teases oscaee:. eed Rion Worcs ciate 67
uyman; Theodore: Jss- se endes os aa eet 237
Jiymany Walliam see eae ncermae tenceitetesis cet: 156
M.
(Macy NE Badciiiss cee ee ee tae 76, 78, 81, 151, 161
Mahrenhol ar ctccte. secscestes a )ccmocncces 208, 216
Mann Ohmi Hserasone oases: cckccos sc 101
Miaristalds GortnGuWGincsaccasccccc ce wnenies 114, 115
Marcy, CAptalittecss.2-<9o-2ccccseseeecss. 19
Martins Canin sndiae ota acee cscs e woe see =a: 89
Marvin Bros. & Bartlett...........------. 226, 227
Massachusetts Arms Company....--.- 90, 91, 92, 98
IMA DEr negates Sere Seah enn asine vers. -30; 08, 240
Heater Pee eee pola tao oboe wcde ea 253
VOPR UREN ARUN TIn Wa ieee pe cies ciclo uci sleie wixiaince ns 146

McBride, Bara d .--cccsccesecccsuscege cancve 102
MoCaleb, Vinaldn cco. cc nn cncnheapsmen gunmen 78
MoGlain, 5 OU. <nccccc ot vanwne sabmenetn wicdee 246
McCurdy, Alex....72, 75, 80, 96, 101, 122, 160, 161, 162
PT GO OTIS os arn ncn cm ee wearer 242
MoDonald, ‘Allan Ti- <2 <snconcvanvacedscearune 119, 155
MGR SddGN, hy cccaccaxs ashes meeudcwsnn usea sae 150
McFadyn, Malcolm .......2..20'-ses-0s-0=- 149, 198
MacFarlane, R.....-- 6, 16, 75, 83, 86, 99, 100, 115, 126,
127, 136, 138, 144, 162, 166, 202, 203, 208, 215
MoWarlane i tesa nats scaemepinamnn aoa 15
MoKennies Mo vcccccnasedenwns-neanmitee sashes 237
MoLaughlin, WB. <<... ccssenvecscasaqene=s 132
McLeod. REV; Rn iisnpinagdoo<cwcciccccncctsuuy 8
Maryland Academy of Science -.....-..-.--- 69
IM GG ie Bile een oe nat we ota meena antes 252, 259
Mevlér, Gen 6 Coxe avnaon- esterases 185, 186
Meigs, General MC .<-.- 5.25 cons. wont =x 86
Merchant. FDU ncceswaevanesemein ase xs 71, 97, 122
Merrill Dri J: Cite one nica ae oe ane cae ae cst 5, 21
Middleton, Carman & Co ...-.-----.-------- 28
Miles, George W ....---. 86, 94, 217, 218, 219, 227, 232
Millar er! CF Ace ec cme aoe ni a oes 257
Milner, J. W....--- 21, 45, 59, 60, 65, 122, 138, 149, 169,
235, 237, 239, 241, 260
Minor, Dr. T. T....------ 4, 85, 88, 89, 97, 116, 126, 214
Molihavsen? Hs.bs.2----- anne e chee eceins 7
MGOPG LD DOMRS tee ces acs anos ce eR eon ee 37, 38
Morris: Wiliant conc- > ose osc asnwsmadoues 96, 141
MORES WV LIAM vase ne vaahe ten teeme oben 264
Motte Mrai@nlincenc. sat ecucwades nina 205, 220, 258
MNT ig Ce WONess sean ace Uopack saan steeinont 223
Museum of Comparative Zoology .-.------- 55, 66
N.
INQSODS dt oe aor en nen eeae hacen naar a emer 101
National Institantion.-........-.<<.eses-as-« 4,5, 12
National Preserving Company......---.--:. 182
IN GIROTI Ua Wc ete ce eee eee taeda 240
INGWDALEG) 0.0 Sisac hewee a Vase. weaves tees UO ee
INIGHOLG Us Als on dnp de pan dew mee Fda 94, 95
Nickerson, George Y..10, 83, 84, 117, 197, 198, 199, 205
INSIONKOBEIUL owas couse sce Seo navcmmaceeens 2.
NOMAD ABA tee sanvs wohecparecuccsen teas 94
Norris; DHGdGeus acc ccs cascn ch qa semen aue 120, 121
North American Oil Company..-...-.-----. 224, 227
North Pacific Exploring Expedition. ......127, 128
New York Condensed Milk Company .-.... 182, 229
0.

Odell, D. csesc8 Cee hwtes wuvetdn baat cere =e 183
Onion; Ji 8 pcicatecunds senses devacune cove 7
P.

Packard, A-'S.) §rais ase clecacvncmcs sancesnsp= 239
Pago, G.§ .........ccccsecswcccasnanssasuens 58
Palmer, E........ 9, 20, 57, 63, 83, 86, 87, 93, 95, 99,

141, 143, 159, 166, 182, 184, 195, 200,

209, 210, 215, 224, 256, 265

PAIMGET, CORED «nwa eewen nd ouamman Sena ee ems 22
OW ia cis ax ascnemwnniku sep mle eee eee 262
PEEEOE SLOLUOIG (once. dnnadwcnbvcs as netekwom 90
POPSET Ci wcasedeés neces odin cane Ceee 258
Paermales, D. D:.ccewecscess of et 132
PRISON, OMAR pac daw'scacicry sccnae 82, 101, 117, 165
PRyNG, Nv Biogas senesnt ace eee cence cdunds 131, 200

INDEX OF CONTRIBUTORS.

Page.

Peabody, George H ..........- anaes fanaa 224
Pendle ie wanes otetee an pars desea tae oe eeen ee 14
PALO, W rls seue eee ad soc eeae caceme ee eee 258
Peterson: N. Cenc. cc suclancauesnvnewonserenee 257
BUTE CALL erae aoe ho oe aie otter eater 239
POuUarO, Oe a wewe one sae cae ae eens 18
POn1e 66 BOING ae «wet oda ad ewies denn ates 176
POpG MG tae sam cocina te ne ete were ee 4
Portland Packing Company.... -..163, 164, 185, 186,
259, 261

Rotter 60 Eds. sicantuwacandarasecenaees 260
Potter, C UAVs ths pata ens ais ceo samen 44, 133
PPOLUAT VOCS len ae acess abe ae ee 228
Powell, Maj. J. W..... 80, 86, 95, 122, 130, 142, 202, 209
POWELL Siene tiecen eenicee ee Sy i ocess 42, 46, 59

Powers, Stephen.85, 96, 99, 122, 126, 128, 134, 139, 144,
183, 194, 202, 230, 262

Phinney, On ewe pan nde apne nn cane 57
PBs Wisc eeewe cme amen maces eens se aaa 16
IPTIGKs WalAan, hey ol GD) ae ce wale Staten ae 30
PUES a WY irses ae soe pene ee 26
R.
Randolph, Septimia, Miss..............----- 243
Reminpton e& Pons, l-.~=-- 4-2-2 soe eens eee 90, 93
ences kretuie: secs aa ane aoe eee 191, 192, 194, 199

Renfrew, G. R., & Co....10, 69, 188, 189, 190, 193, 208,
210, 214, 215, 223, 229

RICH) Now ell B\.-- weave oases sencdn dese 100,117 °
Richsrd, 0+. Me. ss ccc scam ewe uae eotreen ene 45, 62
| IGHArdsOn, JAINGS)-~.cn-'s pseu oe see 255, 256, 264
Ridgway, Robert ......... -.-------<- 13, 15, 22, 139
img. Dientuly Min. ovens. sees 99-101, 143, 189
Rodgers, Herbert M., & Cow. oo sceaeee 226
Rodgers, Capt. John .......----.---------- 83, 85, 88
Rogers (Ci W) - scee's oc ere aenn ae aaae aie 247
Ross, B,R..... "__4, 15, 86, 90, 99, 115, 142, 143, 189, 190
Ross’ & Hardesty: ...... 2s. sc nenn can Jsunees 18
ROSS Ridin Gatece sim cacenure ae 166
TORS; Ws As, R510 wrmccc cence ecu sane mae 264, 265
Roth) ORM one cacaesice yous eae ene eee eee 245
ROG Os hte oo amin m ceewie men ce bee a ee es 242
TROUHTOGK, 20 =. sce muss mene ane ee 94, 215
Rowe, Capt. E. L ......-. ..-.------- 72, 74, 101, 121
Ss.
Salistury, 8. .ts0n cess o-ncuusoun shee eeeeeen 85
Samuels i. once ven cvcdesdpanwencwecverone 19, 20
Sor Prot C, Oi. s.cescea neustb nen ceceneers 239
Sartoriusy Dr cs. areces oo nhs nea eeaenennee 128
Sawyer, IA ..2. ecco ccscansneuteccusmn=uee 153
Scammon, Capt. C.M...... masse 6, 2, 10, 11, 13, 202
DOHAGNG G: SIOS'< 2c aaccwcseas sdauus 183, 186, 222, 227
Schaffer 20)usuwowtussn anc tateneebeasaueane 229
Schayer Bros...... 0... ccceeesceesceccesnens 216
Schott. Dit $24. seat stween cg eens soe 259
Schultz, Alexander. .......--..---e+0+------ 238
Schumaoher, Paull ..... aneca.05s<dicaceeess 252
Soott, ALR... & Co ncccie cn sencnsununceacenes 145
Scoville & Johnson ...... 22.20. scenes casase- 163
Scupham, J. R.....-.-....-- dewausinchewdannn 260
Sevey, J. A nnn ce case cccnensecnccecewes 208, 204, 205
BIDIOY: «<x s Sccue a Guecseccudeaubanuneweeombee 44
Simpson, Capt. J. H..........n0c-e-cs00s 16, 19, 189
ShafferrDw El cock nsscapmsdcesehas dnenmeneen 257
Shardlow, Joseph... ..c.cue..pene tenes 197, 198, 199

INDEX OF CONTRIBUTORS.

Page

SDA Wek Sic ceca cent sae mines cesiccesnipocwess 36, 48
SMW AR elites Meret nin soins aren ofl \ercciecela's 13
RHOLWOllnd Meta see vas oeiawonacc voeccseucace 240
SnunteiO shi sosecs ee sess ceicie = Sahisiakiececers 146°
STUY Cadlles Wa SOM sais ce tic ce cco s accesses 149
BRIUMOTO i eetam en ace scenic ccctvecncey 52
RS RIE Me eee eta iestee at= ial Sinlocicisie'sin = 66, 168
SRINNOT Dy Ne ase rsae sa cealowelcis desc cicicc ss os 101
sae Mirsos Es owen cise cisco sec escae 246
Real SEOs Ace eee eS 70, 224, 225, 227
RUG eae masa sie me ntiseacs ces cccseccese 238
SELLA Osean arse et ences etc scw ces 132
PIMOS SOME lec mateere sci smite ela sicisiec oe cc 237
RSULULEM VG CAV esac ciel uit pi Oeeis atetiew esos oS <c.a 151
Smithsonian Institution ....... 83, 84, 85, 88, 90, 131,

188, 189
DOUAAKEVIOZ "PNEO).ccciccesccs cic ecccnccecce 236

Southwick, J. M. K. .82, 96, 99, 101, 117, 119, 128, 131,
132, 148, 153, 244

Spangler, George >... -=--- so. 2<decc-0-s-2-- 64, 65
POTN Re OMMIS ne ecisca smmiorie =e ictej~< om aie 92
RUM OMAN Ae Vi owen ses eros cncisie/sitc= scl ois - 238
Samah helen beeeseete eet 227, 228, 230, 265
SILOM relat eereierate ante ate syee nica cies ceiaeioeici = 8
starling e& Stevens .-.---2-:--.----2.-.----. 146
IIS DNL Ys CAP UAIM \-itnln cso lelniajclmcliaiaieis oes oe 4
SS DORIAN SLUG | satan create ie sia binteis ete l= or~icie 44, 48, 50
SUGOL AGL CON LO yee cece iobss cia a /cciaie's wic'ejej<'> oe 82
DESIZOLPAIOZ ANGEL men ceo cesta cleeccws cscs. 237
SOLD Deke wT nin cere aceicteie ssiaiiatac acs: 6 209
RILGEN DELS Wee eeiee ae atea et ae o> = a 8
SIDE V ENA VELONTY: A: j..ciciiclsinrcincers cases scdmeies 139, 140
Stevenson: é> JAMES: .)--.</-cece wccetewecels 16
DMWOlltHaM oss foals seem ae ccle ince cet 58, 237
SEMPSOD Weesee en wees oto: 31, 252, 254, 256, 263
shone Mise AMADEL sw iictic cide cmcc clic ccines 260
Stone & Hooper ....-..--....--- Reece es ace 244, 247

Stone, Livingston. .28, 34, 35, 37, 53, 58, 65, 67, 85, 128,
147, 148, 183, 184, 198, 210, 235, 239, 240, 241, 246, 247

SDGUROK Oey Mis cercttey- facies ae cs Sees Se sces 86
Strater, Herman, & Sons.........---..----- 139, 140
PIUISGL LOM a UT eet nae oy Ciacci oct c's s 265
SUCHIGY HON iGo sacha csspqene Souls hewcceees 259
Suckley, Dr. George -9, 14, 16, 65, 84, 143, 189, 190, 235
SSN UM ena WOU eee ee efajcciare ccc 'sies) icin 25, 44

Swan, J. G..9, 78, 80, 82-85, 88, 94, 96, 99, 100, 116, 117
128, 143, 159, 160, 183, 184, 193, 195, 197, 201, 202,
214, 215, 222, 251, 257, 259

BIT COA EL ONT Vy ater ersicieitnieiele ce tioazesiee <7 147
Sata Lee eet ld a alsiard ate, ae Ss) tates SSag'an x 7
RIME MI SLE eee ots ta esetta ns aba e's 240
abs
BEET hel MER acacia a telac ciawiancinavedevewsw ese 99
RAO TAN ABD sata) ous ocean cw scecieces 119, 122, 153
Thomas, General George H...........-. 8, 9, 15, 199
SRUOMAS, OUI 2 hi. S xncic aces. enna teecasee 99
PUHOUISOM Vy ALIGN 5s a2 iste onc cos clap on cice © 40
REMOMBOU TUS Ele eke ae cA ase eae cd aul os 12, 76, 78, 119
SHOULD WGN eLalic ccs seca aaSos aks ac'csccueey 253
EDinNISelu Mosel soae cies cto ucancowcne at 14
EUROR VOL Gry Oo OOewsracnewemavccaenes 190, 191
PURGES UN CMP c cciue ase cor crmads Macscacaoeuh cee 221
SUT ORG COM Ge Utne sect tea cieecey Seases es 227, 132

Page.
Trowbridge, Lieut. W. P........--..-- eerie 17, 190
RWIS Me Ol eames ecn ane ebscasiscin sce c'scsesls 4
U.
Underwood & Co................-- 163, 164, 185, 259
Underwood, Willits... ccccccesesceonms 261
United States Northern Boundary Survey-. 7
We
WielOn tine eM toe spicocceeemelistanaipaseiseiecie 182
Wardens tas-necccstecnoscesccesaccetan 94, 142, 198
Wieliey Dred Wirscsisicmciea= aisaleciticidcecictecs 66, 82, 83
Werner Avieas sa cciescscetecss 234, 237, 258, 261, 262
WiOrr CHE ee ceca stec since Seuwoeswieciccia seems 260
WilellesiWrazcteencasterctesccstcteccccs eee 15
NViOSS)-A dol pheweser seme cnn aecaaatsiat 73, 75, 77, 83, 170
W.
WialkersDanieleesmanncsercise ashes esisscmers 150
WrallaceyJobnissesmeas cede selec an -lain- DL 0) Or O60)
Waltham; é& Graham? =. ecrs2 asses seas oem 90
WiarktD epartmentresscsn\actesccminole cece a smes!> 94
Ward irate oan sccre sce ems/ie ace oni 5, 9, 16, 21, 67
Warren: Tiett:G.Ks. 22. os ccccuentecnsee 8, 86, 94
Wrelch;iGeorgerasa- secs cece neecnceseanecls 4
WrelpleyiDrpeisen sees oe aac cee raaine 8, 18
Wrermich &w\Wrand elites cont ast neces tene's 216
Weesterberger tirana cress stein 22-1 seeiisie= ale 200
Weston) WilhliamMEl aoe. 2 see ctocae cose se 160, 161
Wiallishy He ate een conse causes cane seweaee 253
Wheeler, Lieut. George M.....:.......5..-- 190
Wiheelen: Wr e se se accede Sa aceeene ai
Wihipple; Wient.“AmiWe eases cee oe scacecacice 83
White Manufacturing Company.......-.... 141
Wihite: DreJMBeee. Seaucce wenaes celseee 141, 148, 144
WihiteRieat. JiWire cesses acca se eree eens 116
Whitney Arms Company................... 90, 91
Wilcox, Crittenden & Co..... 73, 74, 83, 85, 117, 122,
128, 180, 150-157, 159-162
Walcox Dnannery ce <cmn-e\--citwion ou ce wel serie 209
Wilkens: William; 'éc\Co) +22 --5-seeees eens ee 218, 219
Williams) Havenr& Coie aeseace ct aeciccescece 146
Williamson Dien Ras csncea access ncectees 15
Wallis; JiR pace cee ecriecc oe ome mentar 18
IWialmObiS 2552 a5 sacec meets wera neceeecsceers 60
IWIUSON MDP == FeSue nein ee aeatamin vie eeieoeiene 20
Winans) ie ROAS esate ce emai stein aateteareee a 118
Winchester Repeating Arms..............- 91, 92
Wilkes: Dieutenant.2sc..--<cneenenee eases 159
Wilkes, Capt. Charles ..-...... 8, 83, 92, 143, 197, 198
WiOddtord, (Philip wiresss-eiaecscseatne cece eee 202
W oltz, Gi aW acta Sites edeeteee stele Seciacieelacios 138
{ SWroltz, TouN crs ss scevecn aire sencacareclet 133, 134
WOO; Weil accecens Daiae awaits mimleloraeelate/a aceuias 8
Woodhouse wD0Ctoreoeecssccee cteci kee cs 14, 16
Wicoditord vb hinip hic aceme cance sae ee 1c oe 201
Wyeth Johnie Broveencec.< cscs. 225, 226, 228, 229
X.
RAN THA ie OHM eto mican sare lets apie ec cbicicla'ed 9, 258
is
RUD ON WEL Orettaine a alate cian visas e wid 48, 49, 51, 135, 236
VOI CPA UN ieee ea esisin oals(cmccis esi abiece cis 265
MOUU PW itis seme nedeclekvcee ah ecicencs- 5% pp LOG
POULIN ove Vee il etemtstar se Sn Sece' oa wla sw clas 96, 97, 102, 117

Department of the Bnterior:

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.

elo, PIN

OF THE

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

IN oe uk 2.

PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOER.
1879.

ADVERTISEMENT.

This work is the fifteeenth of a series of papers intended to illustrate
the collections of Natural History and Ethnology belonging to the
United States, and constituting the National Museum, of which the
Smithsonian Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of
August 10, 1846.

It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and printed by
authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior.

SPENCER F. BAIRD,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,
Washington, April 15, 1879.

CONTRIBUTIONS

ieee AT EelSrOR

OF

ARCTIC. AMERICA.

MADE IN CONNECTION WITH

THE HOWGATE POLAR EXPEDITION, 1877-7,

BY

Pep WwWiG KUMLTRIN,

NATURALIST OF THE EX

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE,
Leo.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

°
INTRODUCTION. By LUDWIG KUMLIEN ....-.-.-

ETENOLOGY.,. .By/SUDWIG CORMLTEMN = sonnet ain teles sete ontae ee ae ee
MAMMATS; By LUDWIG KUMLIGN) 2c o--s5sso series noe eee ee eee
BIRDS; (By LUDWIG OMRON <= cope Se ia am ene seen e a ae alot cnta ieee
Fisures. By TarLEeTON H. BEAN
CRUSTAURA, MAB Y: Si Ls OMUDHie dhs sete ies state ee ae ie lee an on reer ee eee
ANNELIDES. By A. E. VERRILL
MOLLUSKS 2BY, Wott. DAT o-sha er ceo e ener ea 2aes see ocr eEes
Mo.uuvuscorps. By A. E. VERRILL
RADIATES:. PBYA. (i. WVORBIEis son scloc ees dicen len meas sae ete pee eee
Insects: DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA. By W. H. EDwarps
INSECTS: HYMENOPTERA, NOCTURNAL LEPIDOPTERA, DIPTERA, COLEOPTERA,

NEUROPTERA, AND ARACHNIDA. By 8. H. SCUDDER AND OTHERS. ...--.--.....
PLANTS.: (By ABAIGRAY scone). a2 donc teed wens cheep loons eae Sor nae
LIGHENS,.. Bye DWARD“DUCKEEMAN <7 ~scoccee- cen cenncee comee ce wae eae
AtG&. By W.G. FaRLow
MINERALS. By F. M ENDLICH

we eee Ce wwe ee ee wee ee eee

ee ee we ee eee

Page.

11
47
69
107
139
141
145
147
151

155

159
163
167
169
171

[INTRO DUCELON.

By LupwiG KUMLIEN.

~ The vessel conveying the Howgate preliminary Polar Expedition was
the “Florence” of New London, Conn. She is a fore-and-aft schooner of
fifty-six tons, and was built in Wells, Me., in 1851, for mackerel, and
was subsequently used as a sealer in the southern seas.

Although a staunch and fair sea-boat, as far as her diminutive dimen-
sions could allow, a less suitable vessel for the purpose could hardly
have been chosen. ‘To say that she was too small for thorough scientific
work covers the ground, but quite fails to convey a proper idea of what
drawbacks all scientific labors were subjected to on this account.

The schooner was fitted out in New London, and sailed on the morn-
ing of August 3, 1877, unfortunately at least two months later than
desirable, had her object been purely scientific.

The primary object of the expedition, by Captain Howgate’s order,
was to collect material, skins, skin clothing, dogs, sledges, and Eskimo,
for the use of a future colony on the shores of Lady Franklin Bay.
The secondary object of the expedition was scientific work; and, thirdly,
whaling was to be one feature of the cruise.

So far as the primary object is concerned, the expedition was as suc-
cessful as could be expected: a large amount of skins was collected
and made into clothing; the services of sixteen Eskimo were secured,
who were willing to accompany the coming steamer northward; nearly
thirty dogs were secured, and several good sledges, with an ample sup-
ply of whales’ jaw-bones for shoeing the runners for some years.

As has been stated by Captain Howgate, ‘‘ the peculiar nature of her
mission lifted the enterprise from the level of an ordinary whaling voy-
age to the higher plane of geographical discovery.” Every one, except
the scientists, had a “‘ lay” in the voyage; and, so far as the crew was
concerned, their “lay” was to be their only remuneration ; as a natural
consequence, whaling became the primary object to them. The expe-
dition was also fairly successful in this direction.

As far as the scientific work is concerned, some valuable work was
5

6 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

done, especially by Mr. Sherman in meteorology; still, nearly all the scien-
tific labors were prosecuted under very discouraging conditions. The
lack of any place to work in save a snow-hut on shore, in which neither
sufficient light nor heat was to be obtained, rendered it very difficult to
prosecute certain investigations. The late date of sailing and the early
departure from the winter harbor deprived us of the most interesting
and profitable season for scientific research.

The outward trip presented nothing to break the usual monotony of a
long sailing voyage: fogs and light winds prevailed till off the north of
Resolution Island, when astrong northeast gale was encountered. The
schooner was heavily loaded and poorly trimmed, so that some uneasi-
ness for safety was naturally felt, especially as we were close inshore
among icebergs and rocks, in a thick fog and on an unknown coast. One
boat was stove in and a few barrels of provisions washed from deck;
otherwise no damage was done.

The first anchorage was in Niantilic Harbor, on the western shore of
Cumberland Sound, September 12, forty-one days after leaving New
London. Some natives were secured here, to assist in whaling; and all
their worldly possessions, including dogs, sledges, boats, &c., were taken
upon the decks, and the schooner weighed anchor and started for the
opposite side of the sound. A short stay was made at the Kikkerton
Islands, and on the 6th of October the Florence dropped anchor in the
little harbor of Annanactook, at about lat. 67° N., long. 68° 50’ W.

Arrangements were at once begun by Mr. Sherman and myself to erect
a shelter that would serve for an observatory and general working-place ;
an eminence on a little rocky islet in the harbor was chosen for this
purpose, and our tent raised. Instrument-shelters were erected, and the
meteorological work began in earnest.

As soon as the snow became compact enough, we engaged the Eskimo
to build a snow-house for us, in which our tent served as a lining.

[t was often difficult to get from the ship to the shore on account of
the ice or unusually stormy weather.

We improved every opportunity at this late day to secure specimens;
but as the ice soon formed over the sound, our endeavors were far from
satisfactory, especially as we were unable to procure a boat with any
degree of certainty, as they had to be kept in readiness for whaling.

The winter was spent by Mr. Sherman in taking observations; and to
judge from the manner in which he assiduously applied himself to his

work, night and day, through all weathers and under the most discour-

INTRODUCTION. if

aging circumstances, the results of his labors cannot fail to be very val-
uable and do justice to Mr. Sherman’s indefatigable perseverance and
scholarly attainments. We spent our time in procuring and taking care
of specimens, as well as taking our “ watch” at the observatory when
not too busy with other work.

From our peculiar surroundings and the isolation to which we were
necessarily subjected, we lost much of our wonted enthusiasm during the
long, dreary winter, and found rest only in continual work.

The spring of 1878 was stormy and backward, and the prevalence of
southerly gales kept the ice closely packed about us till the fore part of
July. This treacherous condition of the ice, and early departure from
the winter harbor, robbed us of any opportunity to prosecute extended
researches, except in the immediate vicinity of the harbor; thus the
most valuable season was completely lost to us.

The Florence left her winter harbor on the 6th of July, having all the
collected material for the future Arctic colony stored in her hold, and
sixteen Eskimo and twenty-eight dogs on deck.

In the unnecessary haste of departure many valuable preparations had
to be abandoned for want of time to get them aboard, as well as space
to store them.

Short stoppages were made at two or three points on the outward
passage from the sound, and on the 19th of July we rounded Cape Merey
and took the pack-ice of Davis Straits. It was on this day that the
schooner received the bump which afterwards cost us so much trouble
and anxiety.

The pack proved to be quite loose, but extensive, and the floes rather
small, but the winds were invariably contrary and quite stiff, and the
almost impenetrable fog made the navigation dangerous and tedious ;
we were often obliged to tie up to a floe and await a “lead” in the pack,
or the lifting of the murky fog veil.

Godhayn Harbor, Disko Island, Greenland, was reached on the 31st
of July. We were all in high spirits in anticipation of news from home,
if not the presence of the expected expedition steamer. Of course the
double disappointment was sorely felt.

The advent of the expedition was awaited with great anxiety, more
especially as no word had been sent us via Denmark, so we naturally
concluded the vessel or vessels were belated from some cause ; but when
three weeks of waiting brought us no news, the anchor was weighed, and
the Florence put on a course for Cumberland once more, to return the
Eskimo and their effects to their country.

§ NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

During our sojourn in Godhaven every attention was paid to our com-
fort by the highly enlightened Danes resident there, and these three
short weeks were to us the most enjoyable of the whole cruise. We
pursued our scientific labors here as elsewhere when an anchorage was
made, but in this case had the misfortune of being on an old and well-
rorked field.

On the evening of the 22d of August, the Florence left Godhaven and
sped on a southerly course, with a fair north wind; this soon veered to
ESE. and blew a gale. For four days the schooner lay hove-to under
close-reefed storm-sail, while the hatches were battened down over the
poor natives in the hold. We were entirely at the mercy of the elements
and drifted with the sea. An impenetrable fog, with heavy rain, con-
tinued the whole time, and we were drifting among hundreds of ice-
bergs, but luckily did not come in contact with any.

On the 27th land was sighted on our starboard quarter, and subse-
quent observations proved us to be in the mouth of Exeter Sound! We
had drifted completely across Davis Straits.

On the 31st of August we again anchored at Niantilic, and most will-
ingly landed our passengers and all their goods, and enjoyed a few days
of rest,—rest from the howling of wind and wave and from the far less
musical squall of the juvenile Eskimo and the fiendish howls of the dogs.
We could also enjoy the luxury of clean and free decks once more, the
first time since June.

On the 12th of September willing hands headed the Florence for home,
very glad indeed to near the long-wished-for shores of the United
States, but little dreaming of the terrible passage we were about to en-
counter.

We started with a fair free wind, which soon increased to a gale; and
as the vize of the schooner forbid scudding with more than a whole sail
breeze, we were obliged to heave-to for two days. From this time till
the 26th, when we made St. John’s, Newfoundland, we were in a con-
tinual gale nearly the whole time. At the commencement of each storm,
and they followed one another in quick succession, we made a fair run
for a few hours, and then hove-to till the storm abated.

On the 11th of October, the Florence left St. John’s, Newfoundland,
ior the United States. The passage was one of unusually severe weather:
one storm followed an other before the sea could go down, and to add
to our misery the schooner sprang a leak on the evening of the 19th,
while carrying a good deal of canvas, with stiff free wind and heavy

INTRODUCTION. a

head sea. We were somewhere off Sable Island at the time, our exact
bearings being unknown tous. The pumps were kept manned, and dili-
gent search made for the leak, but without avail. Such a condition of
affairs cast a shadow of gloom over the whole company: our provisions
gone, ship leaking badly, and not knowing at what moment it might
gain on us; the elements in all their fury let loose, so that we were en-
tirely in their power, drifting helplessly at the mercy of raging billows,
without knowledge of our position within a hundred miles. On the
evening of October 25, Thatcher’s Island lights were sighted, and the
Florence seemed to have become animated, for with a fair NW. breeze
she sped like a thing of life, and before midnight we saw the reflected
lights of Boston on the clouds, and the next morning dropped anchor in
Provincetown, Mass. Provisions were secured and some slight repairs
made.

On the morning of October 30, the Florence lay alongside of the same
dock she had left fifteen months before, every man brought back alive
and well.

i , ; a
of oats eae Paes ah
“dirt othlle a .
09 dP) Bis yh nian
nti Plea

“bg

ei ul u aa Akg Uahouan
i yi di geen ks
4 re ala Py Py hate
Ny St eae i ee oe

i;
®

Hee N O LO Gay:
FRAGMENTARY NOTES ON THE ESKIMO OF CUMBERLAND SOUND.

By LupwiGg KUMLIEN.

The Cumberland Straits, Sound, Gulf, or Inlet, extends from about
lat. 65° N. to lat. 6794+ N. It is the Cumberland Straits of Baffin, its
original discoverer at the end of the sixteenth century; the Hogarth
Sound of Captain Penny, who rediscovered it in 1839; and the North-
umberland Inlet of Captain Wareham in 1841.

During the last quarter century it has often been visited by Scotch
and American whalemen, ships frequently wintering on tbe southwest-
ern shores. .

It is at present unknown if it be a sound or gulf; it is generally con-
sidered as a gulf, but some Eskimo say that the Kingwah Fjord, one of
the arms extending to the NE., opens into a large expanse of water,
to them unknown. Icebergs are also sometimes found in this fjord that,
from their positions, seem to have come from the northward, and not
from the south.

The eastern shore of this sound forms the western boundary of that
portion of Cumberland Island which lies between its waters and Davis
Straits, and known as the Penny Peninsula.

In about lat. 66° N. the Kingnite Fjord extends from the sound in an
ENE. direction, and nearly joins Exeter Sound from Davis Straits;
they are separated only by a portage of a few miles. The Cumberland
Eskimo make frequent excursions to the eastern shore via these fjords,
but seem to have extended their migrations but a short distance north-
ward, finding Cumberland Sound more to their tastes.

The width of Cumberland Sound opposite Niantilie is about vhirty
miles, possibly its widest part. It is indented by numerous and large
fjords, few, if any, of them having been explored; many islands are scat-
tered along both shores, and in some instances form quite considerable
groups.

The present Eskimo are few in numbers. We would estimate the

entire population, men, women, and children, on both sides of the sound,
iL

12 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

from Cape Mercy on the east to Nugumeute on the west, not to exceed
four hundred individuals. It is certain that within the last thirty yeers
the mortality has been very great among them; even the whalemen
remark an astonishing diminution in their numbers at the present day,
as compared with twenty years ago.

Numerous traditions exist among them of the time when they warred
with other tribes, aad old men, now living, have pointed out to us islands
that were once the scene of battles, where the besieged party was starved
into submission by their enemies. According to the usual story, the
hurling of stones was one of the most effective and common modes of
warfare; this was especially the case when one party could get* upon a
ledge above the other. At the present day they are peaceful and quiet,
have no recognized leader, and no desire to fight, even if their numbers
would permit of it.

As the story goes, the present population were the victors in those
fights, and took possession of the country they now inhabit. Some say
they came from the northwest, and found another tribe, which they
overcame and drove away. Their stories on this subject vary, and
sometimes with tliis unusually interesting tradition, as well as many
others, they get events of a very recent date hopelessly mixed up with
the rest; and it is no unusual instance to find that some whaler with a
good imagination has supplied and restored lost portions of the nar-
rative, to their entire satisfaction; but these restorations are chiefly
remarkable for their utter disregard of truth or possibility.

The following tradition is a translation from one of the most reliable
natives we became acquainted with:

“A long time ago (tichemaniadlo)* other Innuits (Eskimo) were found
here; they were called “Tunak” ;t they were very strong, very large, and
had short legs and large arms; they had very wide chests. Their clothes
were made of bear skins, and their knives from walrus tusks. Did not
use bows and arrows, but only the harpoon-lance; they harpooned the
reindeer in the water, from their kyacks; used very large kyacks. The

“Here arises a great difficulty: tichemani signifies a long time, i. e., it may be any-
where from a week to a year; tichemaniadlo is a very much longer period, generally
conceded to antedate the advent of the whites; at least, this was the only example
we could bring up which they could understand, except their own ages, which we could
ascertain with less certainty. When a very long period (as in this case) is represented
as having intervened, they repeat tichemaniadlo several times, but how much time is
added by each repetition we are unable to say.

t Variously pronounced, ‘’Tunare,” ‘*Tunnnk,” or ‘*Tunnak,”
oe

ETHNOLOGY. i

Tunuks made houses out of stone.* They were able to lift large stones.
We were afraid of them; we fought with them and killed them. They
(the Tunuks) came in the first place from Greenland.t The women made
clothes from their own hair. They had no dogs at that time, but they
made sledges and harnesses, and finally (witchow=by and by) put the
harnesses on three rocks, one white, one red, and one black; they then
called, and when they looked they found the stones had been trans-
formed into dogs. After a time they got plenty dogs; then they went
about more. The present Eskimo could not understand their language.
They lived to a great age (LZ. tukewouk nami = did not die!). Far to the
west some Eskimo lately saw some Tunuks; they had bear-skin cloth-
ing. In the Tunuks land (where?) the musk ox (oming muk), bear, and
seals are abundant. They build walls of stones on the land, and drive
the reindeer into ponds, and catch them in kyacks. They have a large,
long callytong (coat, or jumper jacket) that they fasten down around
them on the ice while they are watching a seal’s hole; underneath this

* Vide sketch of foundation, No.1. Stone foundations of a somewhat peculiar pat-
tern are found in many of the larger fjords. The subject of the sketch was about four-
teen feet in its greatest diameter (the larger enclosure) inside; the smaller one about
ten feet. The arrangement is much the same as the Eskimo use at the present day, a
raised platform in the end opposite the entrance for a sleeping and general lounging
place, and two smaller platforms on either side, where the lamps are kept, and where
the garbage accumulates.

These foundations are now mere ruins. Some of the stones in the walls are so large
that it must have required the united efforts of several men to place them in position.
The stones gradually diminish in size from the foundation upward. Standing walls are
from two to three feet high, and might have been a foot higher, to judge from the
loose stones lying about. There was probably a frame-work of whale ribs, over which
the seal-skin covering was spread.

On the north side of this foundation were seven kyacks, built of small stones; they
lie parallel to each other, and are from ten to fifteen feet in length; they are built of
a single row of stones, and only one tier high. These are said to indicate the number
of inmates that have died. They appear to us more like the work of children. In
the lamp-places we found the remains of Pagomys fotidus (abundant), Phoca barbata,
Cistophora cristata, Trichechus rosmarus, Ursus maritimus (the three last-named species

occur now only as stragglers in the vicinity), Rangifer tarandus, Beluga catodon, Larus

? (mollissima, probably). Other bones are found, but not

?, and Somateria
recognizable from decay. No implements were found except a stone skin-scraper.
The present Eskimo say these stone foundations were made by the Tunuks. They are
found in various out-of-the-way places, especially in the greater Kingwah Fjord.
tAbout twenty years ago, a man and women (Greenlanders) landed near Cape Mercy,
having got adrift on a piece of ice on the Greenland coast. From this occurrence we

conjecture that the story has received a modern addition.

*

14 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

g-rment, on the ice, they place a lamp; over this lamp they cook meat.
Jneir eyes are sore all the time. We are afraid of them; do not like
taem; glad they have gone away.”

This tradition differs somewhat in the particulars when told by differ-
et individuals, but the main points are essentially the same. Many
-will not tell it all; some, only parts of it. The ridiculous story about
the dogs is firmly believed by the present Eskimo as the origin of these
animals.

That the Tunuks have been seen of late years in the west is not im-
probable,—that is, natives, differentin dress and stature; but they were
most likely the tribe known as the Pelly Bay Eskimo from the north
shores of Hudson’s Straits and from Fox Channel, they being larger
and more robust than the Cumberland Eskimo of the present day. It is
certain that since the whalers have begun coming among the Cumber-
land Eskimo, and introduced venereal diseases, they have deteriorated
very much. They now almost depend upon ships coming, and as a con-
sequence are becoming less expert hunters, and more careless in the
construction of their habitations, which are merely rude temporary shel-
ters made at a few minutes’ notice. Great suffering often ensues from
living in these miserable huts. The seal skin that should have gone to
repair the tent is bartered to the whalemen for a little tobacco, or some
valueless trinket, which is soon thrown aside. The men are employed to
catch whales, when they should be hunting in order to supply the wants —
of their families; and the women, half clad, but sporting a gaudy calico
gown, instead of their comfortable skin clothes, and dying of a quick
consumption in consequence, when they should be repairing garments
or preparing skins, are loafing around the ships, doing nothing for
themselves or any one else.

The Cumberland Eskimo of to-day, with his breech-loading rifle,
steel knives, cotton jacket, and all the various trinkets he succeeds in
procuring from the ships, is worse clad, lives poorer, and gets less to eat
than did his forefathers, who had never seen or heard of a white man.

There is a practice among them that is probably of long standing, and
is regularly carried out every season, of going into the interior or up
some of the large fjords after reindeer. They generally go during the
months of July and August, returning in September, to be on hand when
the fall whaling begins. The purpose of this reindeer hunt is to procure
skins for their winter clothing. Nearly all return to the sound to winter.
They have regular settlements, which are hardly ever entirely deserted

ETHNOLOGY. 15

at any season. The principal ones are known as Nugumeute, Niantilic,
Newboyant, Kemesuit, Annanactook, Oosooadluin, Ejujuajuin, Kikker-
ton, and Middliejuacktuack Islands, and Shaumeer, situate at different
points on both sides of Cumberland Sound. During the winter they con-
gregate at these points in little villages of snow-huts.

The present principal headquarters are at the Kikkerton Islands, or at
Niantilic, according to which point the whalers winter. The old harbor
of Kemasuit, once the winter harbor of whalers and a favorite resort of
the Eskimo, is now deserted, except by a few superannuated couples,
who manage to catch enough seal to live on. ,

As a rule, the present race is of short stature, the men from five feet
three inches to five feet six. There are some exceptions, but they are
in favor of a less rather than a greater height. The womenare a little
shorter. The lower extremities are rather short in proportion to the
body, and bow-legs are almost the rule. This probably arises from the
manner in which the children are carried in the mother’s hood, as well
as the early age at which they attempt to walk. The habit of sitting
cross-legged may also have a tendency to produce this deformity. Their
hands and feet aresmall and wellformed. Their handsare almost covered
with thescars of cutsand bruises. Itseems that in healing theinjured part
rises, and is always afterwards disgustingly prominent. There is a great
variation in the color of their skin, and a description that would answer
for one might not apply at all to another. Even among those that are
of pure breed there are some whose skins are no darker than a white
mans would be if subjected to the rigors of wind and cold, and the
never-removed accumulation of soot and grease. Others again seem to
have been “born so.” The children, when young, are quite fair. The
eyes are small, oblique, and black or very dark brown. The hair is
black, straight, coarse, and very abundant. It is rarely wavy or curly
among the full-blooded Innuits.

There are, of course, exceptions to the above in cases of half-breeds.
Their faces are broad and flat, with rather large lips and prominent
cheek-bones.

Infanticide is not practiced among the Cumberland Eskimo at the
present day. I have learned from some of the most intelligent that this
barbarous custom was in vogue in former times, however. Among the
natives of Repulse Bay and those living on the north shores of Hudson’s
Straits, it is practiced to a considerable extent, especially with the tribe
known as the Pelly Bay natives. The practice is confined almost en-

26 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

tirely to female children, the reason being, they tell us, that they are
unable to hunt, and consequently of little account. It seems to have
been referable to the same cause among the Cumberland Eskimo. Their
intercourse with the whites seems to have modified some of the most
barbarous of their primitive habits.

Twins are not common, and triplets very rare. The males outnumber
che females. Infanticide may, to some extent, be the cause; but lung
diseases, which are alarmingly prevalent, seem more fatal to the women

than to the men.
"Children are often mated by the parents while they are still mere in-
fants. ‘There is such an extreme laxity of morals that the young women
almost invarialy become wives only ashort time before they are mothers.

It is impossible to say at what age the women cease to bear children, —
as they have no idea of their own age, and few are able to count above
ten. Puberty takes place at an early age, possibly at fourteen with the
female. They are not a prolific race, and it is seldom a woman has more
than two or three children, and often only one, of her own; still many,
or almost all, have children; but inquiry will generally divulge the fact
that some of the children have been bought. Almost every young woman
has or has had a child, but the identity of the father is in no wise neces-
sary in order to insure the respectability of the mother or child. Such
children are generally traded or given away to some elderly couple as
soon as they are old enough to leave the mother. The foster-parents
take quite as good care of such adopted children as if they were their
own. ;

So far as we could learn, they do not generally practice any rites or
ceremonies of marriage. The best hunter, or the owner of the largest
number of dogs and hunting-gear, will seldom have any difficulty in
procuring the woman of his choice for a wife, even though she has a
husband at the time. It is a common practice to trade wives for short
periods or for good. They appear to have marriage rites sometimes, but
we could induce no one to tell us, except one squaw, who agreed to,
but only on condition that we became one of the interested parties and
she the other. This was more than we had bargained for, and, although
generally willing to be a martyr for the cause of science, we allowed this
opportunity to pass without improving it.

Monogainy is at the present time the most prevalent. Polygamy is
practiced only in the case of a man being able to provide for two or more

wives. Three, and even four, are known of, but rare. Neither do two

ETHNOLOGY. Li

or three wives in one hut make an altogether harmonious household;
but all little difficulties are generally settled by the husband, in a man-
ner better calculated to insure reverence to masculine strength than
respect for superior intelligence.

The scarcity of women at present in proportion to the men makes
polygamy a luxury only to be indulged in by the wealthy. Divorce, if
it can be called by that name, is very frequent among them. ‘All that
is needed is that the husband tires of his wife, or knows of a better one
that he is able to procure. Neither does it seem to trouble the woman
much: she is quite sure to have another offer before long; and a change
of this kind seems to benefit both parties. One rather remarkable and
“very laudable practice among these people is the adoption of young
children whose parents are dead, or, as often happens, whose mother is
the only recognized parent. Orphans, so to speak, are thus twice as
common as among civilized nations. These children, whether bought
or received as a gift, are always taken as good care of as if they were
their own, especially if they are boys.

Among the Eskimo employed by the Florence was a family that had
two children, who passed for brother and sister. One, the boy, was a
nephew of ‘‘ Eskimo Joe,” of Polaris fame. He had been bought from
the Hudson’s Straits Eskimo, some two hundred miles to the south. He
was a perfect little satan; and, though he gave us much annoyance, he
was a never-failing source of amusement to us all. The girl, again, was
a native of Exeter Sound, on the west coast of Davis Staits; still, both
were considered as their own children, and well cared for.

Half-breeds are said to be of more irritable temperaments, and less
able to bear exposure and fatigue, than the full-blooded Eskimo.

The food of the Cumberland Eskimo consists entirely of flesh, and in
most sections of the sound of Pagomys fetidus. In fact, this animal is
their principal dependence for food, fuel, clothing, and light. The
Eskimo will eat a few of the berries of Vaccinium uliginosumand Empetrum
nigrum, the roots of Pedicularis, and occasionally a little Fucus vesiculo-
sus in winter, but this constitutes a very small and unimportant part of
their food.

As soon as the ice has fairly left the sound, the Eskimo hunter leaves
the winter encampment, with his family and such portions of his house-
hold goods as will be needed, and takes a tour inland or up some of the
large fjords after reindeer. The larger part of lis possessions, including
sledge, dogs, harnesses, winter clothing, &c., he secretes among the rocks
in some unfrequented spot. His dogs are put on some little rocky islet,

Bull. Nat. Mus. No, 15-——2

18 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

to shitt tor themselves. They eke out a scanty subsistence by making
good use of their time at low tide, Cottus scorpius constituting the greater
part of their food at this season.

There are at present so many whaleboats owned by these Eskimo,
that they experience little difficulty in making quite extensive cruises,
three or four families constituting a boat’s crew. They will load a whale-
boat to within an inch or two of the gunwale, and then set out for afew
weeks of enjoyment and abundance. The squaws do the rowing and the
“captain” stands majestically in the stern with the steering oar, while
the rest of the men are either asleep or on the lookout for game. The
cargo consists of their tent-poles, the skin-tents, pots, and lamps, with
sundry skin-bags containing the women’s sewing and skinning utensils.
Their hunting-gear, of course, forms a quite conspicuous portion of the
contents of the boat. Very few there are at present who have not be-
come the possessors of a half-barrel, and this vessel occupies a conspic-
uous place in the boat, and is almost constantly receiving additions of
animal matter in some shape; a few young eiders or gulls will soon be
covered up with the intestines of a seal and its flesh. From this recep-
tacle all obtain a piece of meat whenever they feel hungry. This ves-
sel is never emptied of its contents, except by accident or when searcity
of material forbids its repletion; and, as the temperature at this season
is wellup in the “sixties” during the day, this garbage heap becomes
so offensive as to be unbearable to any one but an Eskimo.

They proceed at a very leisurely rate, rowing for a few minutes and
then stopping for a time, chatting, smoking, or eating. When they feel
tired they haul up on the rocks and have a sleep, and then resume the
journey in the same vagabond manner. If, while thus eruising, any live
creature that they think there is any possibility they can capture comes
in sight, all hands become animated, the oars are plied with redoubled
energy, guns and spears are in readiness, and every one is eager for the
sport. Hours are often consumed in chasing half-grown duck or young
loon, which when procured is but a bite; but the fun of the chase seems to
be the principal object, and they enjoy it hugely. Thus they journey till
they reach some suitable locality, when the boat is unloaded, the toopiks
raised, the lamps put in their places, and all is ready for a grand hunt.
The men divide and seatter over the mountains, leaving the camp in
charge of the women and children; these busy themselves by hunting
for and destroying every living creature that they can find.

On the return of the hunters, who perchance have brought some skins
and a hunk of venison, there are joyous times in camp; the meat is dis-

ETHNOLOGY. 19

posed of first, and then the younger people engage in various games,
while the older ones gather around some aged crone, who excitedly
recounts the hunts of her girlhood days, plentifully intermixing stray
portions of the old sagas and legends with which her memory is replete.
Thus they live from day to day, the men hunting and the women stretch-
ing the skins, till the season comes around when they must return to
the coast. Happy, contented, vagabond race! no thoughts of the mor-
row disturb the tranquillity of their minds.

When a deer is killed any distance from camp, the meat is cached,
with the intention of returning after it in winter; but with what the
wolves and foxes devour and what the Eskimo never can find again,
very little is brought back.

Many have now firearms of some pattern or other; and though they
will hunt for a ball that has missed its mark for half a day, they do not
hesitate to fire at any useless creature that comes in their way. Those
that have no guns use bows and arrows made from reindeer antlers.
Sometimes the deer are driven into ponds, and even into the salt water,
and captured in kyacks with harpoons.

They have an interesting custom or superstition, namely, the killing
of the evil spirit of the deer; some time during the winter or early in
spring, at any rate before they can go deer-hunting, they congregete
together and dispose of this imaginary evil. The chief ancoot, angekok,
or medicine-man, is the main performer. He goes through a number of
gyrations and contortions, constantly hallooing and calling, till suddenly
the imaginary deer is among them. Now begins a lively time. Every
one is screaming, running, jumping, spearing, and stabbing at the imag-
inary deer, till one would think a whole mad-house was let loose. Often
this deer proves very agile, and must be hard to kill, for I have known
them to keep this performance up for days; in fact, till they were com-
pletely exhausted.

During one of these performances an old man speared the deer, another
knocked out an eye, a third stabbed him, and so on till he was dead.
Those who are able or fortunate enough to inflict some injury on this
bad deer, especially he who inflicts the death-blow, is considered ex-
tremely lucky, as he will have no difficulty in procuring as many deer
as he wants, for there is no longer an evil spirit to turn his bullets or
arrows from their course. -

They seldom kill a deer after the regular hunting season is over, till
this performance has been gone through with, even though a very good
- opportunity presents itself,

20 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

Salmo salar, and one other species of Salmo that I could not procure
enough of to identify, are caught to some extent in June and September
in some of the larger fjords; they are mostly caught with a spear, but
sometimes with a hook. (For description vide under hunting-gear, &c.)

When these fish are caught, they are put into a seal-skin bag, and it
remains tied up till the whole becomes a mass of putrid and fermenting
fish, about as repulsive to taste, sight, and smell as can be imagined.
Cottus scorpius, which contributes so largely towards the Greenlander’s
larder, is not utilized by the Cumberland Eskimo, except in cases of a
scarcity of other food supplies; the fish is abundant in their waters,
however, and fully as good eating as they are on the Greenland coast.

Birds and their eggs also contribute towards their sustenance in sea-
son; they are extremely fond of eggs, and devour them in astonishing
quantities.

The “black skin” of the whale, called by them muktuk, is esteemed
the greatest delicacy. When they first procure a supply of this food,
they almost invariably eat themselves sick, especially the children. We
found this black skin not unpleasant tasting when boiled and then pickled
in strong vinegar and eaten cold; but the first attempts at masticating it
will remind one of chewing India rubber. When eaten to excess, espe-
cially when raw, it acts as a powerful laxative. It is generally eaten
with about half an inch of blubber adhering. ;

The greater portion of their food is eaten raw, especially in winter.
When they cook at all, they only “simmer” it over their lamps in a pot
of soapstone. These pots are from eight to twenty inches in length,
usually about sixteen inches, and though of variable patterns, the length
is generally three times the width or depth. Among such Eskimo as
are able to procure old cast-away meat-cans from around the ships, tin
has superseded the soapstone both for lamps and boiling-pots.

In summer, especially when on hunting excursions, they very often
“fry” meat by making a little fireplace of stones, and laying a flat piece
of stone on the top. The opening to receive the fuel supply is to wind-
ward. Tor fuel at such times they use Cassiope tetragona and Ledum
palustre; these shrubs make a quick and very hot fire. It would be
comparatively an easy task for these people to gather enough Cassiope
tetragona during the summer to burn during the coldest weather, and
not rely wholly upon blubber.

When the Eskimo have been simmering meat, especially seal, in their
boiling-pots, they pour off the liquex and mix it with about an equal

ETHNOLOGY. Dt

quantity of blood; this makes a thick and rather greasy soup that must
be quite nourishing; the children are very fond of it. It seems possible
that from this dish has originated the popular error that these people
drink oil, a notion that is simply preposterous.

I found among some of these people a little speon, or rather a minia-
ture scoop, made of ivory, which they used to drink the soup with seal
appears to be an old utensil, now fast going out of use, for they can now
procure tin mugs. A reindeer’s rib, pointed at one end, is used to fish
up the meat with, and sometimes to convey it to the mouth. These
instruments are found in the graves, but seem to be but little used at
the present day.

When a Seal is brought to the encampment, especially if they have not
been plenty for some days, all the villagers are invited to the hut of the
lucky hunter, and the seal is soon dispatched. A couple of the younger
men skin the animal and distribute the pieces to the assembled company
as fast as needed. The testicles, being considered as the choicest titbit,
are usually handed over to the hostess; the spinal cord is also rated as
one of the choicest portions of the animal. During these feasts they
gorge themselves to their utmost capacity, and are in good humor and
hilarious. Though there may be ever so poor prospects to procure more
food for the morrow, this does not deter them from gluttonously devour-
ing the last morsel, and then go on allowance till they can get a fresh
supply. I have seen them thus gorge themselves, and then lie down to
sleep with a piece of seal meat by their side, which they attacked every
time they awoke.

The intestines of birds, notably Lagopus and Somateria, are looked
upon as choice parts, and birds brought to the encampment are gene-
rally “drawn” by the hunters. The fatty excrescence at the base of the
upper mandible of the male Som. spectabilis is too great a temptation
for them. It was with great difficulty that we could induce them to
bring these birds to camp without having them thus mutilated.

Since whalers began to cruise in the Cumberland waters, they have
found that it is decidedly to their advantage to hire boats’ crews of
natives to assist in the capture of whales. They make good whalemen.
When such crews are secured, they wisely count in all of their family in the
bargain, so that to secure the services of a crew of seven men one must
feed thirty or more. While working for whalers, these Eskimo depend
almost wholly on the ship for their food supply ; as a consequence, they
are fast becoming poor hunters, and prefer to lounge around a vessel

22 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

and pick up such scraps as offer themselves rather than to strike out for
themselves and live independently and in comparative plenty.

As to meals, or regular meal-times, they eat when hungry, if they have
anything. They always eat in the morning before going out to hunt;
but the principal meal is in the evening, on their return. When supplied
with rations by the ships, they often have their regular meals aboard;
but this does in no wise hinder them from taking their usual evening
allowance of raw meat when they return to their huts.

That the Eskimo possess considerable powers of abstinence cannot
be disputed; but it is not so remarkable after all, for they certainly have
had ample experience in this direction. That they are able to bear tem-
porary or sustained exertion better than the whites is doubtful. They
are acclimated and have clothing suited to the climate, and readily adapt
themselves to the rude shelter of a snow-bank, if necessary; but give a
healthy white man as good clothes, and he will stand as much fatigue,
and perhaps more.

While hunting with the Eskimo, we often had our nose and face frozen,
when it did not seem to affect the Eskimo in the least; but when it came
to a tramp through the snow all day long, few of them would stand it
any better than we could.

Some have judged their powers of endurance from the manner in
which they will follow their game; but it seems to us it is rather their
wonderful patience, for we have known them to follow animal tracks for
a whole day, when we confess we could not discover the faintest trace
of a track, except at long distances apart. They will discover any traces
of animals on the snow that a white man would pass by and not notice.
When traveling either on the ice or water, they make the journey by
short, easy stages, stopping as soon as they feel the least tired, and re-
cruiting; if they were required to walk a given distance, as on a regular
march, they would give out.

The Cumberland Eskimo are known to make better and more beau-
tiful clothing than the tribes of Northern Hudson’s Bay and Straits.
During the summer, and, in fact, at all seasons, except when the weather
is very severe, the outer garment of the men is made from the skins of
adult—or, more properly speaking, yearlings,as they are the best—
Pagomys fetidus. In very cold weather, they betake themselves to deer-
skin clothing; but as these clothes are less strong than the seal-skin,
they make the change as soonas the weather permits. The women wear

the deer-skin clothes much later in the season than the men; their dress

ETHNOLOGY. 23

is also made of the same kind of seai, unless they are tortunate enough
to procure Callocephalus vitulinus, which skins are so highly prized that
they use them even though there is only sufiicient for a part of the fronts
of their jackets.

Both the men and women wear a garment the exact duplicate in shape
-under the outer one; this garment is made either from the young seal
in the white coat or of reindeer.

The coat of the men does not open in front, but is drawn on over the
head like a shirt, and has a hood that fits the head snugly, while the
woman’s hood is large and loose, and the jacket is quite loose-fitting, so
as to receive the child, which is always carried in the hood. The woman’s
jacket further differs from the men’s in being shorter in front, and end-
ing in a rounded point, while behind it reaches quite to the ground in
the form of a lance-shaped train. This appendage is caught up in the
same manner as the fashionable train of the present day among civil-
ized nations, when the condition of the ground is unfavorable for its
trailing. After all, is not this fashion borrowed from the Eskimo?
There is often an approach towards this prolongation in the men’s jack-
ets, especially when made of deer skin, but never so long as on the
woman’s. Neither do little girls have a long train to the jacket; but as
soon as they arrive at the age when they are no longer looked upon as
children, they learn to imitate their mothers. There are never any pock-
ets in the jackets of either sex, the hood serving for this purpose.

The pants of the men are made from the same material as the coat,
with the exception that the young seal in the white coat is often used for
the outer as well as the inner garment. The pants reach only to the
upper part of the pelvis, and are kept up by means of a string around
the body. They reach a little below the knee, where they are met by
the boots. When made of deer skin, they are usually ornamented by
fringes of cut skin around the lower edges.

The women’s pants differ from: the men’s in being composed of two

separate pieces, the lower reaching from a little below the knee to the
middle of the thigh, and are kept in place by a string which runs to
the upper edge of the other portion. The lower portion of these panta-
loons is removed while they are at work in their igloos, and the bare
thigh used, as a board would be, to lay the seal skin on while cleaning
the blubber from it. The women have the habit of thrusting their hands
between the upper and lower pantaloons the same as we do ina pocket;
in fact, they use this space as a sort of pocket.

Little girls wear their breeches like the men till they get to be ten or

24 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

twelve years of age. Very small children are dressed in a fawn-skin
jacket without attached hood; but their heads are, nevertheless, well
bundled up in a double fawn-skin hood that fits the scalp closely. This
hood is never removed, except perchance by accident, till the child out-
grows it. The lower extremities are usually not clad at all.

The children are carried on the mother’s back inside her jacket. The
cut of the jacket is such that the child goes down as far as the mother’s
waist, when the closeness of the jacket prevents it going any farther.
The hood allows the child freedom for its arms and head, but the legs
are cramped underneath its body, and this is probably one cause of
bow-leggedness and possibly the shortness of the lower extremities. I
haye seen the Eskimo mother, with a child fast asleep in her hood, build-
ing a toopik. This work often necessitated her stooping over so much
as to seemingly endanger the dumping of the infant over her head on
the ground; still, it did not seem to inconvenience the child in the least,
as it slept soundly through the whole proceeding.

The kamik, or, as generally pronounced, kumming, or boots, are prin-
cipally made from the skins of adult Pagomys fatidus, with the hair off,
the soles being made from the skin of Phoca barbata. For winter wear
a very beautiful and serviceable boot is made from the skin of reindeer
legs sewed together lengthwise; they are used only in dry snow, being
quite useless when the snow is wet. Another style of boot is to have
the leg of netsick skin, but with the hair on. These boots reach nearly
to the knee, and are kept in place by means of a string around the top,
and also secured by a seal-skin cord passing over the instep and around
the heel. They are generally sewed with sinews from reindeer; but for
boots the sinews from the dorsal vertebrae of Beluga catodon are pre-
ferred when they can be procured.

The stocking worn next to the foot is of heavy reindeer skin, the hair
side next the foot; they reach above the knee. Over the stocking is
worn a sort of slipper made from the eider-duck. The bird is skinned
by making an incision on the back near one wing; through this open-
ing the body is removed. The skin is cleaned of the fat by the Eskimo’s
teeth, and the skin farther prepared by chewing it. The tail-feathers
‘are removed, and this end becomes the toe of the slipper, the feather
side being worn inside. Its upper edges are bound with some kind of
skin to give it additional strength, and if the entire slipper is covered
with cloth will last a long time. They are very warm and comfortable.
Larus glaucus is often used for this purpose. For children they use Uria
grylle and Rissa tridactylus skins. Over all this is worn another slipper

' ETHNOLOGY. 25

made from the netsick skin, with the hair on, and the hair side worn
outward and the hair pointing from the toe backwards. This very much
facilitates the drawing on of the boot.

Jor summer wear the young of the netsick in the woolly coat is substi-
tuted for reindeer for the stockings. Dog skin is also sometimes used for
stockings, but not so commonly among the Cumberland Eskimo as among
those of Hudson’s Straits, who use dog skins for pants as well as stock-
ings.

All the clothing is sewed with sinews, reindeer or white whale. The
reindeer sinews are dried in bulk as they come from the animal, and are
split off as needed. ‘The fibres are separated as fine as necessary, and
then drawn quickly between the teeth to secure a more uniform size. The
women all sew towards themselves, using the thimble on the first finger ;
they seldom use but one kind of seam; the edges of the skin are care-
fully matched together, and joined by sewing over and over the overcast
seam. Their thimbles (called tikik, also signifies first finger) are made
from the skin of Phoca barbata ; in shape they are merely an oblong
piece sufficiently large to cover the point of the finger. A rim is cut
around the outside edge for about one half its length ; this forms a sort
of loop under which the finger is passed, and in this manner it is kept
in place. We found this style of thimble much more convenient than
the metal one of the usual form.

Very few of the Cumberland Eskimo at the present day use anything
but steel needles, or bone ones made after the same pattern. We have
seen an instrument said to have been used as a needle that is consider-
ably different from anything we ever saw before. An Eskimo brought
it to us, and wanted a hatchet in exchange. We thought it certain he
would return and offer to trade at our terms, but he did not, and we
never saw him again. This tool was almost exactly like an awl in shape,
but had an eye near the point. They must have had to thread this in-
strument for each stitch. The needle part was apparently of deer horn
and the handle of walrus ivory.

The favorite and principal tool of the women is a knife shaped like an
ordinary mincing-knife. Nearly all the Cumberland Eskimo have now
procured iron enough from some source or other so that they can have
an iron knife of this pattern. Before they could procure enough iron,
they made the knife of ivory, and merely sank flakes or pieces of iron
into the edge, in the same manner as the natives of North Greenland do
at the present time. This same practice of sinking iron flakes into the

26 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

edge was also used on their large skinning-knives, which were made from
a walrus tusk, and much atter the pattern of an ordinary steel butcher-
knife. Some of these ivory knives have no iron in them; but at the
present time they are used principally, if not entirely, for cutting snow
and removing ice from their kyacks.

The women seldom use any other kind of knife than such as just de-
seribed. With them they remove the blubber from the skins, split skins,
cut up meat, and when sewing this instrument is used instead of scissors.
They begin a garment by sewing together two pieces of skin and shap-
ing them as they go along by means of the knife, cutting for an inch or
two and then sewing. They always push the knife from them when
working it.

Tattooing does not seem to be as prevalent now as formerly, for it is
mostly on the aged women that one finds it at present. The markings
resemble India ink in appearance, and are done with gunpowder at pres-
ent. Still, some use the old method, by taking the juice of Fucus vesicu-
losus L. (or a closely allied species), and some small algw that appar-
ently contain a good deal of iodine, and mixing with lampblack.

Instances came under our observation of people of apparently great
age,—say seventy years and over, to judge from appearances; they had
gray hair (a rare thing among the Eskimo), and were nearly blind;
the women had the teeth worn close to the gums by chewing skins.

It is impossible to arrive at any definite conclusion regarding their
age, as they keep no record of time and cannot refer to any past event
by any means of notation. We could not learn of the rudest attempt at
picture-writing or hieroglyphics; and, as they possess no records what-
ever, their traditions are handed down from generation to generation
without being fixed by any means which allow even an approximate
estimate of their growth and prosperity.

Most of them are unable to count beyond their ten fingers, and many
are unable to go over six; some, again, are said to have names for num-
bers to twenty, but they are few. The numerals are differently pro-
nounced, and we found difficulty in getting one sufliciently conversant
with them to give us the numerals to ten.

One=Atdusa, or atausat.

Two=Jlécho.

Three=Pingasuit, or pingasat.

Four=Séseminé, or sesemat.

Vive= Tédlimené, or tédlimdt.

~!

ETHNOLOGY. g

Six=Arkbinigan.

Seven=Pingashuing (2).

Hight=Aukbinigan-machoni (6 and 2).

Nine=Schischimani (? ?).

Ten= Kowolin.

Above ten they are said to count their toes and take ten and one, ten
and two, &e.; but we were unable to find one who knew their names.
They will tell you they have caught seals or birds up to six, but if more
they generally put it amashuadly (a good many), which may be any nwn-
ber from seven upwards.

In the treatment of the sick they are very superstitious, and in fact
they resort almost entirely to their ancoot, angekoks, or medicine-men.

The following is a Greenlander’s legend that proposes to give a reason
why people die: “The cause of people’s dying is laid to a woman, said
to have discoursed thus: ‘Let the people die gradually, otherwise they
will not have room in the world.”

Others relate it in this manner: “Two of the first people quarreled.
One said: ‘Let it be day and let it be night, and let the people die’ The
other said: ‘Let it only be night and not day, and let the people live.
After a long wrangle it came to pass as the first had said.”

It is interesting that this same curious legend exists among the Eskimo
of Cumberland Sound; they say though that “those who quarreled
finally arranged matters and had both entire day and entire night at the
different seasons, so that both parties might be suited.”

The lungs of Lepus glacialis are considered as a sure cure for boils and.
all manner of sores; they draw, they say, and their manner of applying
them is the same as we would a poultice. They must be applied as
soon after the animal’s death as possible, and while they are yet warm.

In cases of scurvy they never use Cochliaria, but the stomach of a
freshly killed reindeer, with the vegetable contents, instead. If the
scurvy patient be very bad, the limbs are bound with pieces of the deer’s
stomach, whale or seal’s blubber, or any kind of fresh meat. If a whale
can be caught at such a time, the patient is sometimes bodily shoved into
the carcass, or the lower extremities only are sunken into the flesh.

The most prevalent disease among them seems to be lung disease ; it
is alarmingly common, and consumption probably kills more than all
other diseases combined.

The whalemen have introduced venereal diseases among them, which
have spread at a terrible rate, and devastate the natives almost like <

pest.

28 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

I could not learn that they have any knowledge of the medical prop-
erties of any plant or shrub. Some of the coarser kinds of alg@ are
procured at low tide from the cracks in the ice, and eaten raw, but only
because they are fit to eat, they say; the roots of Pedicularis are also
sometimes eaten.

When the women are about to be confined they are placed in a small
snow-hut, if if be winter, and in a little skin tent, if summer, by them-
selves. Their only attendant is a little girl, who is appointed by the head

ancoot of the encampment. <A little raw meat—deer, if they have it—is
put into the hut with her, and she is left to give birth to the child as best
she can. The reason she is removed from her tent is, that should mother
or child die in the tent nothing pertaining to the equipment of the estab-
lishment could ever be used again, not even the tent-covering or
the husband’s hunting-gear. In some instances they are obliged to
modify this custom somewhat. We have known them to cut the tent-
cover about two feet from the ground all around and use the upper por-
tion. A man’s wife accidentally shot herseif in her igloo, but the gun was
too great a sacrifice; he used it, but the rest of his household effects
were left to waste away where they lay. We knew of another instance
where the tent-poles were brought into use again in the course of a year
after a death had occurred beneath them.

As soon as the mother with her new-born babe is able to get up and
go out, usually but a few hours, they are taken in charge by an aged
female ancoot, who seems to have some particular mission to perform in
such cases. She conducts them to some level spot on the ice, if near the
sea, and begins a sort of march in circles on the ice, the mother follow-
ing with the child on her back; this manceuvre is kept up some time,
the old woman going through a number of performances the nature of
which we could not learn, and continually muttering something equally
unintelligible to us.

The next act is to wade through snow-drifts, the aged ancoot leading
the way. We have been informed that it is customary for the mother
to wade thus bare-legged, but (whether from modesty or the tempera-
ture of — 50° I. we cannot say) on some occasions this part of the
performance is dispensed with.

When a sick person gets so far gone that they deem recovery improb-
able, he is removed from the hut, and either dragged out upon the rocks ©
to die, or a little snow shelter may be constructed for him, and some
scraps of raw meat thrown in to him. Usually such proceedings are apt

2

to end fatally o the patient, even though his ailment might not have
been so dangerous had proper care been taken. We know of one

ETHNOLOGY.

we

instance where a man was thus put out to die seven different times; but
he recovered and crawled back to his igleo, and looks now as if he was
good for a number of years yet. Stories are common.of how aged and
infirm people are put out of the way by the younger ones, to rid them-
selves of a useless burden; but of this we know nothing from personal
observations, or from reliable sources.

Occasional instances of suicide happen, generally when the person is
afflicted with some incurable disease. Hanging seems to be the favorite
mode of killing themselves.

The ancoot’s manner of operating is various, and almost every one has
some method peculiar to himself. We could get but a glimpse of some
of them, as they are averse to having a white man witness their perform-
ances, and we had the greatest difficulty in getting any one to explain
to us their meaning. The following legend is supposed to give the
directions for becoming an ancoot; it is interesting that this legend does
not differ essentially from the Greenlander’s. (Vide Grenlands nye
Perlustration, Eller Naturel-Historie, Hans Egede, 1741.)

We would here add that those who become ancoots are only such as
are naturally possessed of a more penetrating mind than their fellows,
generally the biggest rascals in the encampment, who seldom pay any
attention to what is right or just, but ply their vocation so as to win for
themselves renown among their fellows, and possess themselves of any
coveted article as remuneration for their services.

The manner in which one may become an ancoot, or angekok.

Any one wishing to become an ancoot must go away a long distance
from where there is any other person. Then he must find a large stone,
and seat himself by it, and call on Torngarsuk.* This spirit will then
make himself present to him. The would-be ancoot will at first be very
much frightened at the arrival and appearance of this spirit, so much
so that he is seized with severe pains, and falls down and dies, and re-
mains dead for three days. Then he comes to life again, and returns
home a very wise man.

* Torngarsuk of the natives of South Greenland, and Tornarsuk of North Greenland,

is the highest oracle, the master spirit of these people. There are many spirits of less
power, called Tornat; these can be seen only by the angekoks, after their meeting with
Torngarsuk, It appears that this word signifies the greatest spirit of Good, as well as
of Evil. They now call the Devil Torngarsuk, and in their ancient belief their God, po

to speak, the same.

‘

30 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

An ancoot’s duty is, first, to mutter over the sick, that they may become
well again; secondly, he will talk with Torngarsuk, and get information
from him as to how he must manage so that they will have success im
their undertakings; thirdly, of him he learns if any one is about to die,
and what the cause is, or if some unusual death or misfortune is about
to occur to the people.

Their devotion and belief in the ancoots are unlimited; they can never
be induced to trespass on the commands or disbelieve the prophecies
of these important personages. When one has been a very successful
ancoot for a long time he may become a great ancoot; this necessitates
a period of fasting, and then, as the story goes, an animal they call
amarook (the same word is used for wolf, and for an animal which is
probably mythical, unless it can be a Gulo) comes into his hut and bites
the man, who immediately falls to pieces; his bones are then conveyed
to the sea, where he lives for some time as a walrus; he finally returns
among his people, a man in appearance, but a God in power.

If the prophecy of an ancoot does not come to pass as he had said it
would, any phenomenon of nature, as a halo, corona, aurora, &c., is suf-
ficient to have broken the spell, and the ancoot loses nothing of his repu-
tation by the failure, for it is then believed that the measure, whatever
it might have been, was not pleasing to Torngarsuk.

The people come to these soothsayers after all manner of information.
We knew of one case where a young woman asked an ancoot if her yet
unborn child would be a boy or girl. He retired outside the hut for a
few moments, and when he returned he said it would “be a boy”; but
he adds, “If it is not a boy, it will be a girl”! For this valuable infor-
mation he charged three seal-skins and a knife. As a general thing,
the ancoots are paid according to their reputation; still, it is very sel-
dom they refuse to give them what they ask for in return for their valu-
able services.

They seem to have an idea of a future state, but what we denominate °

as the region down below they consider as the best place. In Egede’s
Greenlands nye Perlustration, year 1741, is given a legend which is
almost exactly the same as one that is found among the Cumberland
Eskimo at the present day. But Egede says, in the Danish translation,
“Timmel,” heaven, as though this was the equivalent for the Green-
lander’s word; the Eskimo of Cumberland say “topani,” which means
simply “up.” They do not distinguish any difference in the soul’s con-
dition after death, or rather of the two places where they expect to live

ETHNOLOGY. El

hereafter; one differs from the other only in this wise, that if death is
caused by certain means they go to the one, and if they die a natural
death they go to the other.

The following is their idea of the future: “In the spirit-land all will
have it as good as or better than they had it on earth.” Yet they desig-
nate two places where the soul goes after death, viz: “Some go up;
others far down into the earth.” But the lower place is considered pref-
erable. This is described as a beautiful land, with everlasting sunshine,
where the seal and reindeer abound in fabulous quantities, and food is
consequently abundant. To this latter place go only such as are killed
by other Eskimo, women who die in childbirth, such as drown in salt
water, and whalers ; they think, this being the better place, it is a sort of
recompense for the suffering they underwent on earth; all the rest go up.

In this connection we will mention that the Cumberland Eskimo think
the aurora borealis is the spirits of dead Eskimo dancing and having a
good time generally. It has even considerable influence over them, and
they are weil pleased to see a bright awrora. The Greenlanders, on the
other hand, say it is the spirits of dead Eskimo fighting.

We have been told by some that those who hunt in the kyack and get
lost or driven upon the ice or some uninhabited island are supplied with
food from these regions; that is, living game is thrown in their way for
them to capture, so they will not starve. This is firmly believed by them.

Unlike the Greenlanders, the Cumberland Eskimo of the present day
have no permanent habitations. They may live at the same locality for
several winters in succession, but each year construct a new snow-house.
The Greenlander has a permanent sod or stone hut, and lives in tents
only while away hunting. The Cumberland natives live in snow-houses
from the time the snow gets firm enough to be fit to build with till it
melts,in June. They generally begin the construction of the snow-house,
or igloo, in the latter part of October. A place is chosen which is shel-
tered from the north, under the lee of a rock, if possible, and where there
is a considerable depth of snow. They begin by treading a circular
space about sixteen feet in diameter; on this they keep piling snow and
stamping it down as hard as possible till the whole mass is a raised
platform as hard as ice. They then cut out a square block from the mid-
dle, about eighteen inches deep. After this block is removed they have
a chance to cut others from around the sides, and this space is enlarged
till it becomes of the desired dimensions. ‘The sleeping platform is left
as they finished treading it, no blocks being cut from this portion; it

32 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

also serves to stand on while constructing the wall, which is always done
from the inside, the builder being furnished with fresh snow-blocks from
the outside when his supply gives out. The wall is built in a spiral form,
so that, if viewed from above, it would have the appearance of a conical
coil.

The only tools used in building are a saw, if they can get it, for saw-
ing out the blocks, and a long knife, made from a walrus tusk, for trim-
ming them into shape. In cutting and fitting the blocks of snow, they
show skill and ingenuity, so that they make as perfect an arch as the best
mason. When the hut is done, or rather enclosed, there is neither door
nor window, and the builder is a prisoner. A door, however, is soon
made, but at the opposite end from where the entrance is to be; through
this aperture the women and children begin dragging in the “furniture,”
while the men * chink” up the places where the blocks join each other.
The structure is so strong that it readily bears a man’s weight on the
top. When everything is ready inside and out, the lamps are lit; some-
times more than the usual number are procured, and trimmed to burn as
brightly as possible; the heat begins to melt the inner surface of the
structure, but it soon freezes and forms quite a coating of ice; this, of
course, adds considerably to the strength of the building. The inside is
now lined with the seal-skin tent of their summer toopiks, fastened up
all around the sides and top by means of small pegs of wood or bone.
A window is cut through the wall over the entrance-way, facing the
south; it consists of a halfmoon-shaped bow of whalebone, over which
are stretched the intestines of Phoca barbata, sewed together lengthwise.
This window admits the light quite well.

The entrances are long, low structures, sometimes only two, often four
or even five. They gradually diminish in size from the igloo, but each
one has a door, which is so low and narrow that a large person is unable
to get through them, even on hands and knees. The door to the hut
proper is barricaded at night with a slab of ice or the scapula of a whale.
Ice is also sometimes substituted instead of seals’ intestines for the win-
dow. On either side of the entrance-ways, the dogs are allowed to lie,
but never inside the dwelling apartment.

About one-half of the floor at the end opposite the entrance-way is
from one to two feet higher than the rest. On this platform they keep
all their skins, and it is used for a general lounging and sleeping place.
On the top of the snow they lay a coating of Cassiope tetragona, or some-
thing of this sort, and neatly spread the skins over it. One can see at

ETHNOLOGY. 3:

almost any time an impish-looking head, covered with uw thick mat of
tangled black hair, plentifully powdered with reindeer-hair of various
lengths and colors, protruding from among the pile of skins. The whole
family crowd together on this platform, like so many pigs. The lainps
are kept burning day and night, and the woman’s place is directly in
front of them on the sleeping-platform. Here they sit cross-legged and
work. Back of the lamps and around them they pile up their meat.
This accumulation of garbage is only cleaned out when it becomes neces-
sary to make room for a fresh supply. This pile of putrifying flesh soon
becomes extremely offensive both to sight and smell. Meat is sometimes
brought in the huts that is already spoiled, even though the tempera-
ture may be 50 degrees below zero. This often happens with deer. We
think the cause may be that the body of the animal immediately freezes
on the outside and forms a coating of non-conducting ice, which pre-
vents the escape of gas, which instead permeates the tissues. If the
animal is disemboweled as soon as killed, it does not happen. Several
carcasses, still warm, are often piled one upon the other, and the animal
heat is probably sufficient to start decomposition before the mass freezes.

Around the lamps lie the bones they have picked the meat from, and
such other parts as are discarded in time of plenty. This rubbish is not
thrown out, but rooted among after a fresh supply, as it is needed.

Nearly every igloo has a little addition on one side, with an opening
to it from the inside of the main hut. In this they keep their deer-skin
clothes when not in use, and also an extra blubber supply. Over the
lamp is hung a half-moon-shaped frame of whalebone, with seal-skin
thongs drawn tightly across. On this they put their foot-gear to dry
during the night.

When the snow begins to melt, and their igloos tumble, they have a
sad time for a few days. The skin-tent, or toopik, must now be brought
into requisition and do service alone. For the toopik they select a flat
rock, from which the snow has melted, and by means of two sets of
poles, those for the front end of the structure the shortest, and lashed
together at the top, like an Indian wigwam, with a ridge-pole between
them. Over this the skin cover is spread, and secured to the rock by
means of stones laid on the lower edge. All the after portion of this
tent is made from seai-skin, with the hair on, on the back generally a
large male Pagophilus grenlandicus. The forward part is made from what
they term mamma, which is prepared from the skins of the netsick in
the following manner: After the blubber has been removed in the usual

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 15——3

34 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

way (the skins of pregnant females and those suckling young are the
best), they split the skins, or rather remove a membrane that lies be-
tween the blubber and the skin proper. The splitting is done with the
woman’s knife. The skin is laid upon a flat surface and the knife pushed
away from the operator. When the mamma is removed from the skin it
is treated in the same manner as the skins, stretched, and dried in the
sun. It is tough and transparent, and, being very oily, does not easily
get saturated with water.

When the toopik is about to be raised, the skin covering is first
stretched out upon the rock, and the poles are pushed underneath, and
then raised up, stretching the cover as tightly on the poles as possible.
The toopik is carried with them when they go hunting in summer.

Such habitations are of variable dimensions, regulated by the number
of occupants somewhat, but more by the industry of the hunter and the
economy of his wife, for the skins need repairing very often; and, as a
consequence, many of the more shiftless natives have extremely poor
shelters, patched up with dog and bear skin and old cast-away pieces of
canvas, Which they have paid well for in serviceable seal-skins.

Their greatest concern is to procure the poles. At present many get
broken oars, lance-poles, &c., from the whalers; but still, ingeniously
lashed together, bone supports for the tent are yet found among them.
The inside arrangement of the toopik does not differ essentially from
that of the igloo, except it may be a little nastier as a rule and smell a
trifle stronger. Sometimes whale-ribs are made use of instead of poles,
and are very ingeniously lashed together. These were more in vogue
formerly, before they could procure poles from the ships.

We think they were perhaps less nomadic in past times, as there are
still extant sod foundations, which were no doubt used as permanent
abodes.

At the present day, so many of the Cumberland Eskimo have pro-
cured some kind of firearms that their primitive modes of hunting and
their hunting implements have, to a great measure, been modified, and
even in some instances altogether lost. Bows and arrows are fast be-
coming an institution of the past; they do not now rely on them for
killing reindeer as they did at one time. Bows and arrows are found
around the settlements, broken and out of repair; the arrows, of differ-
ent kinds, lying about unused, or doing service as some other tool. The
children all live bows and arrows; but they seldom kill larger game
than snowbirds and lemmings.

ETHNOLOGY. 35

Of prime importance to the Eskimo is his wang, or spear. At the
present day, the sealing spear is often made from an old whale-lance,
having a wooden handle and an iron harpoon-head (vide sketches).

The socket of the lance is put on the opposite end of the handle, and is
used for a variety of purposes. This kind of spear is very useful to the
Eskimo in catching the seals in their atluks through the ice. They are
extremely expert in the use of this Weapon, and possess such marvelous
patience that they will stand by a seal’s atluk all day awaiting the re-
turn of the animal.

This spear is carried on all occasions wherever they go and whatever
kind of game they pursue. The opposite end of the spear from which
the harpoon is fastened is also their principal tool in building fox-traps
of ice, cutting down hummocks so as to get their sledges over the shore-
ice, &c. Not the least important use of this instrument is to sound the
ice with it. In traveling they very often come to places where the
rapid running tide has worn the ice very thin, and by means of this
spear they carefully feel their way along. They will even cross on a
floe that is completely rotten by feeling around till they get upon amore
solid spot and then advancing. They are very much averse to getting
into the water, as none of them are able to swim.

The harpoon-head used with this spear is made of iron, and is about
three and a half inches in length and one inch between the outside tips
of the barbs. They manufacture them entirely by filing, and will sit
and file for many days till they get the instrument in the desired form.

For whales and walrus they use a much different weapon, the same,
we imagine, as they used before the whites came among them. Itis a
large, awkward, bulky-looking affair, with a shaft made from the horn
of Monodon monoceros, or from parts of a whale’s jawbone, ingeniously
lashed together, when wood is not procurable. Some have the handle

vomposed of as many as eight to a dozen pieces, beautifully and com-
pactly lashed together, till the whole is as firm as though it were com-
posed of a single piece.

Although such large spears were not rare among these natives, we
found difficulty in getting them to part with them. A favorite harpoon-
head is also hard to procure, though they may not have used it for years.
Some considerable value seems to be attached to these old implements,
especially if they have been successful with them in former times. We
depend more upon the illustration here given of this spear than upon
the choice of words. Their old harpoon-head for seals was probably

36 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

of the pattern here figured. This specimen is from a grave at Exeter
Sound, and greatly resembles in pattern the iron seal harpoon-heads of
the present day. Others were made like the walrus harpoon, but hay-
ing barbs, instead of being iron-tipped. A very ingenious contrivance
about these old spears is the perfect ball-and-socket joint which unites
the eeheemung, or bone portion (on which the harpoon is placed), with
the shaft. The shaft, if made of wood, has a bone tip, which is cupped
to receive the rounded end of the echeemung ; they are kept in place by
two thongs of seal-skin, which makes it sufficiently firm to use, but at
the same time will allow the eeheemung to double upon the shaft without
breaking when an animal is struck.

As before mentioned, so few bows and arrows are now in use that it
is almost impossible to procure a bow and set of arrows that are actually
or have beeninuse. In the following illustration, no less than eight differ-
ent patterns of arrows are represented. We have derived our informa-
tion from various sources besides our own observations. We had in-
structed some of the most intelligent Eskimo to make for us wooden
models of all the different kinds of arrows that they ever knew were in
use. So far as we were able to procure or see the original, these models
were faithfully and well executed, and leaves us no reason to think that
they in any instance imposed upon us. Some of the arrows we have
seen in the possession of sailors that had bartered for them for a mere
song, but would not trade them to us, under the impression that they
would bring fabulous sums in the States. They now probably adorn
some third-rate gin-shop.

Of the arrows figured, No. 1 is made from reindeer antlers, with short
wooden shaft, an old and very common form of arrow. No. 2 is perhaps
still older, This is also made of reindeer horn. It is more common on the
Greenland coast than among the Cumberland Eskimo. No. 3 is the
only one of the kind I saw, and this I was unable to procure; the head
was of flint, and the next piece of bone, with the wooden shaft lashed in
two places, showing probably a scarcity of wood. No. 4 was a rare (?)
form of arrow among the Cumberland Eskimo. The head was made of
stone, with the forward portion of the shaft of bone and the rest of wood.
No. 5 was iron-tipped, a favorite pattern when iron was searee. No, 7
is now the style used by the children, and was probably the next pattern
suggested after No. 5, as any pointed piece of iron can be utilized for
this form of arrow. No. 6 has a lance-shaped and somewhat elongated
iron head; such arrows were made only when they could get a considera-

ETHNOLOGY. 3

ble iron supply. No. 8 is bone-tipped. I could not learn why the point
should be so bent, but many had them so, and even preferred it. All
their arrows were lashed with finely separated deer sinews. ‘The feather-
vanes were nearly always made from the primaries of Stria scandiaca or
Graculus carbo. The arrows were all short; in fact, their length depended
somewhat on the wood supply. We were unable to find but a single
specimen of flint arrow-heads in the graves.

The bow is made from reindeer antlers; these are split, using only
one of the halves in the construction of the bow. It is always made in
three pieces, ingeniously lashed together. On the back of the bow are
three or more strings, made like the bow-string; these are fastened at
both ends of the bow, and also securely at the middle of the back. This
of course gives additional strength to the affair, and is a convenient
place to carry an extra string. The bows are very short, often not more
than thirty inches. Not every Eskimo is able to manufacture his own
bow; but each encampment has generally at jeast one skilled mechanic,
who supplies the rest.

Bows and arrows were principally used in the capture of the reindeer,
hare, and birds, seldom seals. These bows are surprisingly elastic, and
the Eskimo are able to use them with wonderful dexterity. In shooting
this weapon, the string is placed on the first joint of the first and second
fingers of the right hand.

Another Eskimo implement fast going out of use is the kaktvak, or
salmon spear. <A glance at the figure will give a better idea of this in-
strument than we can express in words. The two outside tines are each
about seven inches in length, and are made of reindeer antlers. Near
the tip and curving inward is a tooth-like prong about one and three-
fourths inches in length. The points of these teeth come to the end of
the middle tine, which is about six inches in length, perfectly straight,
and made from walrus ivory. The three tines are securely lashed to a
piece of the jaw-bone of the whale, of varying length, sometimes only a
foot, but often two or three feet. When the bone shaft is too short to
use, they generally have a short wooden handle lashed to it to make it
the desired length. ‘The two outside tines of this spear are very elastic,
and spring out when a fish is struck, but close again when the body of
the fish has passed beyond the tooth points which project inward. It
is thus impossible for it to escape, the central tine having entered the
body.

Another instrument, generally used in connection with the kakivak, is

38 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

the ajdk-kaljijak, or ivory fish-bait. It is about four inches in length,
and is made to look as much like a fish as possible. A line is passed
through the middle of the back, and is fastened on the belly; here is a
small ivory hook that reaches from an inch to two inches below the fish.
The principal use of the ajakkaljujak is not, however, to hook fish, but
to Jure them within reach of the spear. The Eskimo takes his ivory fish
and bobs it up and down in the water, generally in a tide crack or a
hole in the ice on purpose, and watches till he spies a fish making for it.
He then gently begins to haul in on his line, if the fish follows the lure,
till it is within reach of his spear; sometimes a greedy fish will swallow
the bait and get caught with this primitive gear. At the present
day they seldom use this implement. Iron fish-hooks are supplied them
from the ships; but they are poor fishermen compared with the Green-
landers.

One little implement of comparatively insignificant importance seems
not to have been superseded by any modern substitute as yet. It is the
kadjuk, a small piece of ivory of different shapes, used to insert in the
lips of the seals while dragging them over the ice. We have given illus-
trations of the principal patterns we found in use. No. 8is the same as
No. 7 when seen from the top. This is a very ingenious piece of work.
The main body of the piece is hollow, and the portion No. 11 has a head
which prevents it pulling through, but at the same time turns freely,
and prevents the line from twisting when the seal turns over. It is so
well made that the inside piece cannot be got through any of the open-
ings. No. 5, is No. 2 seen from the top. No. 10 is sometimes used as a
part of the clasp on the sealing line. Nos. 1, 4, and 9 are the common-
est patterns. Nosealer’s line is without one or more of these imple-
ments of some pattern or other; they are all made from walrus ivory.

Of prime importance to the Eskimo hunter is his hook for catching
the young seal. Here again their old pattern has been modified by
their contact with the whites. A glance at the accompanying figures.
will sufliciently explain the shape of these implements. The upper
figure represents the ancient pattern; it was found in a grave in the
Greater Kingwah Fjord, but so much decayed as to fall to pieces when
handled; the hook part was made from a portion of a reindeer’s antler,
with a small barb cut near the point. Its resemblance to the iron hook
of the present day is very apparent.

The sealing hook of the present day is made generally from a discarded
whale lance; the handle is a light wooden shaft about five feet in length.

ETHNOLOGY. 5

This instrument is used only to catch the young of Pagomys fatidus,
while they are still in the white coats; they are caught either while lying
beside the atluk on the ice or while still in the snow-burrow. When an
Eskimo sees a young seal on the ice, he begins to make his way cautiously
toward it, stopping frequently, and giving the animal ample opportunity
to satisfy its curiosity. The seal will work its head and fore part of the
body in a jerky, awkward manner, and keep edging nearer and nearer
to its atluk ; the Eskimo watches every movement of the seal, and knows
just the proper moment to advance a step or two and then stop. This
manceuvre is kept up till he gets near enough to reach the seal with his
hook. He then makes a quick jump, at the same time striking the hook
into the animal. Sealing among the Cumberland Eskimo is sufficiently
described under our notes on Pagomys fetidus, in the report of the mam-
mals, for us to leave it out of this paper.

When a seal-skin is about to be prepared for drying, the blubber is
first removed somewhat roughly; the skin is then laid on a board, and.
with the woman’s knife the membrane underneath the blubber is sep-
arated from the skin. The knife must be very sharp to do this suecess-
fully. The operators always push the knife from them; it takes consid-
erable experience in order to do the jeb well. When all the blubber is
removed, which will take three or four hours of faithful work, the skin
is taken outside, and by means of the feet is rolled and rubbed around
in the snow for some time, and by this process they succeed in removing
every trace of grease from the hair. When thoroughly washed, the skin
is put upon the stretchers, if it be winter, to dry; these stretchers are
merely four poles, which are lashed together at the corners like a quilt-
frame, the proper distance apart to suit the size of the skin. The skin
is secured in place by seal-skin thongs passed through little slits along
its edges and made fast to the poles. When the skin is properly stretched
upon the frame,it is put above the lamps inside the snow-hut to dry. As
the sun gets higher and begins to have some _ effect, the skins are
stretched, flesh side up, on the southern slopes of snow-banks, and are
secured by means of wooden or bone pegs about a foot in length. As
the season advances and the snow melts they begin to stretch the skins
upon the ground by means of the before-mentioned pegs. The skins
are not allowed to rest upon the ground, but are raised a few inches to
allow the air to cireulate underneath. Skins dry very fast when exposed
in this manner.

The first days of spring are always a busy time with the Eskimo

40) NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

women. One thing is, they get more freshly killed skins to prepare, and
then they generally have a surplus stock of the winter’s catch which
they could not take care of by the slow process of drying over the
lamps in the huts during winter. The skins of the young in the white
coats are dried in some considerable quantities, as it takes about fifteen
to make a single suit of clothes, and many have double suits made from
this material. They have no idea of any tan, and prepare the skins
merely by rubbing them with their skin-scrapers.

We insert a sketch of a very old skin-scraper, such as are now found
only in the old graves. It is made of stone, with a wooden handle,
which is fastened to the stone by means of a strip of whalebone. An-
other and later pattern is made from the scapula of a reindeer. <A bet-
ter idea of its make can be got from the sketch than by a description.
Such scrapers are stillin use, but serve as a sort of auxiliary to a scraper
made from a tin can, resembling a little scoop in shape, and having a
wooden handle. This is the style of scraper made at the present day,
and is by far the most effective instrument of the three. The manner
of using these scrapers is to take the skin firmly in the left hand and
putting the knee or foot upon the lower part of it holding it securely,
while the scraper is worked with the right hand, pushing downward
with some force. If the skins are very dry, when they begin they are
somewhat softened by rubbing with the hands, or even chewing the
most stubborn parts. They continue using these tools upon a hide
till 1t gains the desired pliability. All the work of stretching, drying,
cleaning, washing, and softening the skins falls upon the women.

The skins of Phoca barbata are stretched on a frame like those of the
netsick, but not till the hair has been removed. The cutting of the hair
is one of the nastiest and most disgusting sights one canimagine. It gen-
erally falls to the lot of some old woman to do this. The skins are allowed
to lieand become somewhat putrid, a portion of the blubber remaining on.
The only tool used is the woman’s knife before mentioned. When about
to clean one of these skins, the squaw takes off her boots, stockings, and
pantaloons, and, tucking her feet under her body, lays this dirty, bloody,
ereasy, stinking skin on her bare thigh, the flesh side down. She then
pushes the knife against the hair, cutting, or rather shaving it off As
her hand becomes too oily to hold on to the skin, she puts her fingers
into her mouth, and thus cleans them. When properly cleaned, it is
dried in the manner already spoken of, except that the back and belly
of the animal are dried separately, as the skin is different on those por-

!

ETHNOLOGY. 4]

tions of the body, and would dry unevenly, When dry, it is almost as
stiff and hard as a board. This skin is used mainly for the soles of
hoots; the pattern is cut from the hide, and then chewed till it beeomes
sufficiently softened to sew. This last operation is also mainly per-
formed by the old squaws. When they are too old to sew, they become
oojook chewers as the last resort, and when their teeth fail them they
are better off in the grave.

Seal-skins are also manufactured into drinking cups; such cups gen-
erally have a depth and diameter of about three inches. A. short,
straight piece of bone, mostly the humerus of a gull or duck, is sewed
into the upper rim on one side, projecting outside about two inches and
a half; this serves for a handle. The hair side of the skin is used for
the inside of the vessel. Larger vessels, somewhat resembling a small
sack, were used to carry water in at their encampments; but when out
traveling, they mostly carry their water supply in a seal’s stomach, pre-
pared for the purpose.

We would naturally expect these people to be very expert in making

various devices for capturing their game in traps or snares. This does
not seem to be the case, however. They make a fox-trap, which is nothing
more than a little round hut of ice, with a hole in one side just large
enough for the fox to crawl into. Inside the hut is a large slab of ice, ”
which rests horizontally upon a small upright piece of ice; the end of
the upright rests on the bait, and when the fox pulls at the meat he
draws the upright down, and the ice slab falls upon him and he is a sure
prisoner.

Another manner of catching foxes is.to make an ice house much
larger, so high that a man can readily stand up in it. A small funnel-
shaped hole, just large enough to admit the fox,is made at the top of
the structure, and the bait is hung inside just out of his reach. The
fox will work a long time trying to secure it, and finally crawl in and
jump down upon the floor of the hut, but then he is unable to get out
again.

A sort of snare is sometimes made for hares. It is nothing more than
a seal-skin line, with a number of slip-nooses upon it; this is laid across
the runs of the animals, or upon their feeding-grounds. They are often
caught in this manner; but the foxes are generally the only ones bene-
fited by the capture; all that the Eskimo finds is a little hair and a few
bones the next morning.

Birds are sometimes snared in about the same manner, except that

42 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

they use finely braided deer sinews for the snares, instead of seal-skin.
They take a good many eiders on their nests in this manner.

When traveling over the frozen wastes in winter they use snow-shoes.
These are half-moon-shaped, of whalebone, with seal-skin thongs tightly
drawn across. They are about sixteen inches long. Another pattern
is merely a frame of wood, about the same length, and eight or ten
inches wide, with seal-skin thongs for the foot to rest on. As their dogs’
feet often get very sore while traveling on crusty snow, they make them
little moccasins of seal-skin to protect the feet.

Nearly all the Eskimo become snow-blind in spring, though they use
eye-blinkers of wood. These are only a piece ot wood fitting closely
over the eyes, and having a horizontal slit about one-sixteenth of an
inch wide; it affords a good deal of protection to the eyes, but they are
generally not put on till the condition of their eyes forbids them going
without. Some eye-blinkers of bone were found in a grave; they were
apparently very old, and of a different pattern, but so much decayed as
not to admit of handling.

All the Cumberland Eskimo of the present day have sledges of wood.
This has either been bartered from the whalemen or secured from the
wrecks of ships. There are, nevertheless, some remains occasionally
found of sledges that were composed entirely of bone, whales’ jaw-bone
apparently. They were made in many pieces, and ingeniously lashed
together. All their sledges of the present day are shod with bone, and
when about to undertake a journey they pour warmed blood upon the
under surface of the bone shoeing; some use water, but this does not
last nearly so long as blood, and is more apt to chip off. This coating
makes a very smooth surface, and also protects the runners. AIL their
sledges have a sort of upright on the back end. This is nothing more
than a deer’s head, with the antlers attached, the antlers being lashed
on the top edge of either runner. This serves for a variety of purposes,
and is very handy indeed.

The kyack of the Cumberland Inuit does not seem to have undergone
any change in pattern since the whites came among them. Still, these
craft are extremely rude and bulky, compared with the Greenlanders’
kyack; neither do they compare with the Greenlanders in expertness in
its use. These kyacks are mostly so large that they would readily carry
two persons, and quite heavy. They do not carry so much gear upon
their kyacks as the Greenlanders; the seal spear, walrus spear, and bird
spear, with their respective lines, are about all, unless they are after some

ETHNOLOGY. 43

special kind of game, as, for instance, bears; then they carry a bear
lance, which, however, does not materially differ from the whale lance.
The omiak, or woman’s skin boat, is now rare among them, as they are
able to procure whale-boats from ships, and one boat will accommo-
date several families. Some of these boats still exist in the vicinity of
Nugumeute and farther south. It required about fifteen skins of Phoca
barbata to construct one, and several years’ accumulation of drift-wood.

It seems very probable that before the advent of whalemen they prac-
ticed a great many rites and ceremonies, many of which are now obso-
lete, or exist only in tradition. Sometimes one of these old customs will
be repeated, but, as a general thing, not in the presence of a white man,
if they can help it.

One of these customs, which possesses a good deal of interest, is their
manner of greeting a stranger. When a stranger arrives at an encamp-
ment, and is personally unknown to all or the major portion of the
inhabitants of the village, he receives an introduction after the follow-
ing manner: The villagers (the men) form themselves into a single
rank, all of them, with the exception of the stranger and the head ancoot
of the village, having hare-skin mittens on; they then begin a monoto-
nous singing chant, keeping time with their arms, swinging them in
front, raising the hand as high as the shoulder, with arm slightly bent,
and then describing a half circle by lowering the hands as far as the
abdomen. Finally, the ancoot and the stranger step out from the ranks
and face one another. Both have mittens of seal-skin. The stranger
complacently folds his arms over his breast, and inclines his head to
one side, so as to fully expose his cheek, while the ancoot deals him a
terrible blow on it, sometimes felling him to the ground. The two actors
now change parts, and it becomes the stranger’s turn to strike, which
he does with a vengeance; the two then kiss each other, and the cere-
mony is over. The stranger is now duly initiated to share in any and
all their customs, and due hospitality is shown him by all. Among his
privileges he can also choose for himself a wife during his sojourn.

Another custom, which was once very popular, is the following: Am
ancoot dresses himself up in the most hideous manner, having several
pairs of pants on, among the rest, and a horrid-looking mask of skins.
The men and women now range themselves in separate and opposite
ranks, and the ancoot takes his place between them. He then picks
out a man and conducts him to a woman in the opposite ranks. This
couple then go to the woman’s hut and have a grand spree for a day

44 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

or two. This manner of proceeding is kept up till all the women but one
are disposed of. This one is always the ancoot’s choice, and her he re-
serves for himself. The people thus assembled are, of course, all well
known to him, and he understands pretty well how to mate them so as
to meet general approbation.

When the women have their monthly courses, they will not work, nor
visit the ship, or even each others’ huts.

The dead are generally covered with a little pile of stones, so arched
over as to form a sort of tomb. It is also quite common at the present
time to leave the dead fully exposed upon the rocks. All the Eskimo
have a great horror of handling a corpse, so that when a person is very sick
he is carried out to die, and where he lays the stone pile is erected around
him. The hunting implements and many of the valuables of the deceased
are put by him; such things as he will need for a long time inside, and
the rest outside of the grave. We have feund in one grave the skeletons
of two dogs, remains of a sledge, whip, &c., and the partial skeleton
ot a Pagomys fetidus. The right femur of the Eskimo skeleton in the
grave was deformed, and had the appearance of having been broken and °
allowed to grow together without setting. He was probably lame dur-
ing life, and the dogs and sledge had been given him in order to facili-
tate his traveling to the happy hunting-grounds. In another grave we
discovered portions of a kyack. That decayed bow and arrows, spears,
and all their hunting implements, were at one time plenty in graves, is
very apparent; but of late years they have so amended this usage that
it isno longer necessary for the articles to remain very long, so they are
taken out and used by the relatives. In very recent graves we found
tin cups and pots, knives, and even one fork and spoon, comb, pieces of
cloth, needles, thread, thimble, and in one a photograph and a Harpers?
Weekly newspaper, tab for meat, &e.; in fact, all the equipments and
treasures of the deceased. The more valuable of these articles were out-
side, and would undoubtedly soon have been appropriated by the rela-
tives. This is the reason that so little is found in graves at the present
day. In the old graves the wood and bone implements seem to decay
very fast, and ean seldom be handled without falling to pieces. AJl the
graves contain entire or partial skeletons of some animal or bird, mostly
the netsick seal. This was put in for food, undoubtedly. Very few
graves contain the perfect skeleton of the inmate. The dogs, wolves,
and foxes despoil the graves, and scatter the bones in every direction. It
is seldom that these tombs are so well constructed that the dogs cannot

tear them down.

ETHNOLOGY. A

As a rule, they are not kind to the aged or feeble. We know of one
instance where an old cripple, who had no one who would recognizé his
authority, was obliged to go sealing for himself. He had but one dog,
and no sled; so, taking a seal-skin and allowing the dog to drag it, he
was conveyed to the sealing-ground on this novel conveyance. There
were every day large sleds leaving the encampment, but no one offered
to help the old man, as there was no prospect of his being able to recip-
rocate the favor.

Among their many superstitious notions, the wearing of charms about
the person is one of the most curious. These are called a@mgoouk, or
amusit, and may be nothing but pieces of bone or wood, birds’ bills or
claws, or an animal’s teeth or skin. To these charms they attribute
supernatural powers, and believe them to be able to keep the wearer
from sickness or misfortune. It is a common custom for the wife to
throw a piece of seal’s blubber on her husband’s kyack when he is about.
to go hunting; this will give him success. Little strips of deer-skin are
hung about the person in different places to insure success in some under-
taking or to ward off some misfortune, real or imaginary. We discov-
ered one of these charms, which seemed to possess unusual interest. It
was worn by a little girl about eight years old. She had a small envel-
ope of seal-skin that was worn on the back of her inside jacket. We
succeeded in bribing her grandmother to show us the contents of the
envelope, which proved to be two small stones, the one a bluish flint, the
other apparently meteoric iron. The tradition connected with these
stones, the grandmother said, is that a very long time ago an Eskimo,
from whom she was a lineal descendant, had discovered the iron, and
bad picked up a stone to break a piece off and take home with him;
but when he struck the iron fire flew from it, and he soon learned how
to make use of this accidental discovery, and became a great man among
the people. At this point we lost the thread of the old woman’s narrative,
and all we could further learn was that these two smail pieces had been
preserved in the family for successive generations, and were inherited by
her from her mother, and that she had now given them to her grandchild,
the child’s mother being dead. The child will in turn give it to her
children. She thought this charm of inestimable value, and could not
be induced to part with it, for, she said, “No one has yet died while
wearing this charm.”

Another charm of great value to the mother who has a young babe
is the canine tooth of the polar bear. This is used as a kind of clasp to

46 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

a seal-skin string, which passes around the body and keeps the breasts
up. Her milk supply cannot fail while she wears this.

Many of the ancoots by long practice become quite competent jug-
glers, and often take advantage to show off their powers to the edifica-
tion of their friends. A common trick with a full-fledged ancoot is to
come suddenly into a hut with a harpoon toggled on his breast, and the
handle sticking in his back, the wound bleeding profusely. Such demon-
strations make a lasting impression upon the minds of those who wit-
ness it, and it becomes no less marvelous when they see that he survives,
without even a mark after the wound.

A very interesting legend is one which they tell as to the origin of
man, as regards creation, and the beginning of all things. They say it
came so of itself. Of the creation of man they say: In the beginning
there grew up from the earth aman; he got a wife from one of his
thumbs (!), and from this pair the race has originated. But the whites,
whom they call cablunet, or codlunak, they have sprung from dogs. An
Eskimo woman at one time gave birth to human beings and dogs. These
latter she put in an old boot, and threw them out into the sea, saying,
“Go hence, and become white people.” From this they say whites live
on the sea, and their ships are like the Inuits’ boots, round at both

MAMMALS.
FRAGMENTARY NOTES ON THE MAMMALIA OF CUMBERLAND SOUND.

By LupwiGa KUMLIEN.

The following list contains little else than fragmentary notes on such
species as I procured, or with certainty identified, during my short so-
journ in the northern waters of Cumberland Sound (the Hogarth Sound
of Penny), at about lat. 67° N.

The region about our winter harbor was marvelously barren, and very
few mammals are found there. Its location is such that many of the
species that frequent the southern waters are seldom found about An-
nanactook, as it is so far “inland.” It is a rarity for a bear to stray up
the sound any distance, and some of the seals and most of the cetaceans
are only of irregular occurrence.

Near the southern entrance of the sound, however, the harp seal, polar
bear, walrus, and many of the cetaceans, are regular visitors. I have
not the least doubt that many cetaceans are found in these waters that
IT did not see. Should I place confidence in the information of whale-
men regarding whales, I could easily make out many species, and some
very marvelous ones; but my experience has been that whalemen gen-
erally are not to be relied upon in this matter, as they confound species
to such a degree that one can never unravel the snarl, and their own
peculiar nomenclature makes matters worse instead of better.

My stay was also much too short for anything like a satisfactory inves-
tigation of certain interesting problems. Iwas even obliged to leave
some valuable skeletons, and could have procured many more had there
been any place to stow them away on shipboard.

There seems to be a prevalent belief among the Eskimo, as well as the
whalemen, that the mammals have disappeared from this section of
country at a wonderful rate within the last few years. I found the re-
mains of Trichechus rosmarus, Cistophora cristata, and Ursus maritimus in
the ancient kitchenmiddens in Kingwah Fjord, in localities where these
animals oceur at the present day only as rare stragglers. It is hardly

probable that such large animals could have been brought any distance,
AT

4S NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

so they must at a comparatively recent date have been found in the
immediate vicinity. Icould find no trace of the musk-ox, or any Eskimo
that had seen one; but almost any of them could describe the animal
very intelligently, and would tell you they are found far to the north.
The Eskimo name for this animal, “omingmuk,” is by no means a rare
name among them, and it is possible that they were once found on Cuin-
berland Island, but are now extinct, as other species are in a fair way of
becoming.

The vicinity of the Kikkerton Islands offers many advantages to +
naturalist ; it is now a permanent whaling station, and a person coul | at
any time secure the valuable assistance of natives, besides having ample
conveniences for drying, stowing, &c. It would be comparatively easy
to secure a good skeleton of an adult right whale at this place if a per-
son went about it in the proper manner. Almost any of the smaller ceta-
ceans, and all the seals, adult, young, and feetal, could be secured at a
very trifling outlay of presents to the Eskimo.

1. Ursus maritimus, Linné.
“Nannok,” Cumberland Eskimo.

It is a rare occurrence to find a bear any distance up Cumberland
Sound; they are common about Cape Mercy, Shaumeer, and Nugumeute,
but seldom stray above Niantilic, or the Kikkerton Islands. Below
Niantilic, on the southern side of Bear Sound, in the vicinity of what
the Eskimo call Okaglik and Kokaluyah, they are quite plenty. Many
are captured here every year, especially in spring, by the Eskimo, who
fearlessly attack them in their frail kyacks, but are afraid of them on
the ice or land. From Nugumeute to Hudson’s Straits they appear to
be even more plenty, and westward, in the northern waters of Hudson’s
Bay, whalemen often procure twenty or more skins in @ season.

, In October, 1877, an enormous female with two cubs paid the Eskimo
encampment, at the Kikkerton Islands, a visit. They swam over the
Salmon Ijord, probably scenting a dead whale that was on the beach near
the huts. The bears made a lively time among the huts, and a con

siderable outlay of ammunition and dogs was made before they were
finally captured. There were about two hundred dogs and half as many
natives, besides the crews of two whalers; all this motley crowd made war
on the bears; one of the whaling captains, a little braver than the rest,
got too close to the old bear, and she dealt him a blow which knocked
his gun many feet into a snow-bank; she then began to make way with
him, but was prevented by the Eskimo and dogs. A young Eskimo was

MAMMALS. A9

served in a similar manner, but sustained quite serious injuries. Great
consternation and fear prevailed among the women and children, and
that memorable night, when the nannokes besieged their quiet camp,
was long a lively topic of ‘tonversation.

When the Florence took the pack-ice off Cape Mercy, a huge male was
suddenly espied alongside, but he did his best to get away as fast as
possible ; a boat was lowered and his capture was as devoid of excite-
ment as the killing of a sheep in a barn-yard. We had at this time six-
teen Eskimo and thirty dogs on deck, and the greater portion of the
meat was utilized as food by one or the other without any symptoms of
poisoning. During the season that Pagomys fetidus have their young,
the bears begin to wander up the fjords in search of them, and are at
this time often found a considerable distance from the open water.

In and about the old stone-hut foundations in the neighborhood of
Annanactook I found the remains of bears. There is a story among the
Eskimo that the bear, walrus, and hooded seal were once plenty there,
but for some cause do not now frequent the locality. A very young cub
skin was secured in April by a Shaumeer Eskimo. The vicinity of Cape
Mercy is one of the most frequented localities for bears; here they come
down on the pack-ice with the current from the north. Eskimo from
the region northward in Cumberland are in the habit of coming here
to hunt them.

2. Vulpes lagopus, Linné.
“Touyunaik,” Cumberland Eskimo.

The Arctic fox is quite common on both sides of Cumberland in all suit-
able localities. During the winter they often fare badly, and become quite
impudent when pressed by hunger, even coming upon the schooners’
decks at night. They were a source of annoyance as well as amusement to
us around our observatory. We were not the fortunate possessors of
enough elass to let the light in through the wall of snow that surrounded
our tent, so we had recourse to oiled sheeting stretched over the aper-
ture, borrowing the idea from the Eskimo window of seal intestine. But
as we had no dogs about our snow-house, the foxes became so bold
during the long cold nights of winter that they often came and sat
around the stovepipe that projected through the roof of the hut. Our
cloth windows had to be repaired very often, as they would tear them
down and eat them for the oil the cloth contained. It was almost
impossible to catch them with a steel trap. I tied the bait underneath
the tongue, and carefully placed the trap in a little excavation in the

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 15 t

50 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

snow, and covered the whole with snow; but they dug beneath the trap,
and secured the bait from below, often even without springing the trap.
With an ice trap made after the Eskimo pattern I was more successful.

As soon as the seals begin pupping, the foxes fare better ; this season
is in fact the grand banqueting time for these animals, after the long
sufferings and privations of winter. At this season (March, April, and
May), they destroy a great many young seals. I have often found the
remains of the seals so well skinned and cleaned that it seems impossi-
ble it could have been done by an animal. They begin by biting the
skin around the mouth, and drawing the entire animal through the aper-
ture, and turning the skin inside out; even the flippers are drawn through
to the nails, and every vestige of the meat removed. Nor is the skin
bitten in the least, although it is finely cleaned of all the fat. But the
most remarkable part of all is, that the skeleton remains intact and finely
cleaned. When the Eskimo find such skins, they always make use of
them, as they are quite as well skinned as if they had done it them-
selves. The white variety appears to be much more abundant than the
blue. According to the Eskimo, the two varieties interbreed, and the
young are sometimes dark and both parents white, and vice versa. Dur-
ing the winter months they congregate in considerable numbers about
any careass, especially a whale, and get themselves thoroughly begrimed
with grease.

It often happens that some venturesome fellow succeeds in getting
upon the ducks’ island, in breeding time, by means of the ice, and is
left there; but when the birds leave he gets enough shell-fish, &e., at
low-water to live on till the ice makes. If they are a short distance from
the mainland or from other islands, they do not hesitate to take to the
water.

3. Canis familiaris, Linné, var. borealis.
“Kidmik,” or ‘‘ Mikkie,” Cumberland Eskimo.

As might be expected, the dogs of the Cumberland Eskimo are afflicted
with the much dreaded rabies. I paid considerable attention to the
subject, in hopes of being able to throw some light on the cause of this
disease, but, like many others before me, with little success. In the first
place, so far as the dogs about our winter harbor were concerned at least,
there are other causes besides the so-called hydrophobia that lessens
their ranks, though when a dog dies this is always the cause assigned.
Some of the best dogs that died at Annanactook during the winter of
1877-78 died from injuries inflicted on the head by a club in the hands

MAMMALS. 51

of their masters. After these dogs were disabled they wandered about
the settlement staggering and howling, and were to all appearance bona
Jide victims of hydrophobia; but on dissection it was only too plain what
the matter was. Many of the dogs are so overworked and so illy treated
that they could not survive the repeated injuries inflicted upon them if
they were as strong again. )

The Eskimo have the habit of putting a slut in heat on ahefid as
leader, as by this method they considerably accelerate the movements
of the rest of the team, and save themselves some extra labor; but these
dogs often prove themselves too eager, and rupture blood-vessels. I
have seen such cases where the dog vomited clear blood, and also dis-
charged it copiously through the anus; such cases survive but a few days
generally. Again, many young dogs are taken from the mother long
before they are prepared by nature to shift for themselves. I have posi-
tive evidence of this being a prolific cause of so many young dogs dying.
Of all the dogs that died at Annanactook, at least four-fifths of the adults
were males, and the greater number of these died about the time the
females were in heat.

I was very much interested to see if the theory that hydrophobia is
prevalent only in countries where the females are subjected to indis-
criminate slaughter, or animal instinct thwarted or perverted under the
ban of an ignorant and false modesty, would work here, instances being

_cited of Turkey and other countries, where the dog is held sacred and
allowed to run at large, that hydrophobia is unknown. According to
the theory, then, that its origin is always the result of unrequited aftee-
tion, we should not find this disease among the Eskimo dogs, where it
may reasonably be expected that nature has allowed the proper propor-
tion of the sexes and man does not interfere; but here is the point:
Has the Eskimo dog unrestrained freedom to follow the instincts of
his animal nature? We answer, By no means. To be sure, there are
plenty of females, but they are appropriated by such dogs as possess the
greatest strength; the females go to them, and the weaker dogs are given
the cold shoulder. As a general thing, the possession of a slut is a dis-
puted point, which ends in a hard fight between the dogs; but there is
no further question after the battle, and the vanquished dog has to bear
a double disappointinent; this he seems unable to do, and worries hin-
self into a melancholy that soon takes the form of the so-called hydro-
phobia.

I carefully watched a team of three dogs that I often went sealing
with; one was a female and two were males; the slut seemed to be ap-

52 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

propriated .by one of the dogs without question, till one day a strange
dog from another settlement was added to the team. The possession of
the slut now became the cause of a series of severe fights, which ended
in favor of the strange dog, which immediately became the guardian of
the slut. The beaten dog began to lag and droop, and in a few days was
dead, having gone through all the stages of hydrophobia to all appear-
ance.

This was not the only instance of a similar nature that came under
my observation; still Ido not wish to be understood that I place un-
shaken faith in this theory. I had too short a time for observation, and
too few examples to warrant me in making generalizations on these
data; but I think it well worth the time for any one who does get the
opportunity not to overlook these facts. I dissected a number of the
male dogs that died from the rabies, but I never could detect any of the
organs diseased except the penis, testicles, and sometimes the kidneys.
Why this should be the case I am at a loss to say. There is one other
theory that may throw some light on the subject, viz, the constant inter-
breeding of the dogs. I have known of instances where a dog had
possession of the mother and her yearling whelps, all, mother included,
of which he was father to. It is certain that the progeny resulting
from such connections are very inferior, and tend toward degenerating
the race. It often happens that female dogs cohabit with wolves, the
dog being driven off by the superior strength of the wolf. This prog-
eny again is characterized by superior strength and great powers of
endurance, and is less apt to suffer from disease.

It sometimes happens, the Eskimo tell me, that a family goes into the
interior and remains for a year or more, but seldom loses any dogs by
disease; they have an idea that the salt-water has something to do with
their dogs dying, for they say they do not die when they live away
from it. It does not seem probable, however, that the disease would
prove contagious, assigning either of the above causes for its origin.

Again, is it positively known that the disorder is not communicable
by bite? Iam by no means sure of this. The Eskimo always carefully
get out of the way of dogs afflicted in this manner, and they told me
that if one of the sick dogs bit me I would get the same disorder. ‘This
information may have been imparted to them by-whalemen, however.
4. Canis occidentalis, var. griseo-alba, Bad.

“Amarook” (?), Cumberland Eskimo.

Wolves are frequently seen during the winter months on both shores

of Cumberland; their principal resorts, however, are further inland,
‘

MAMMALS. 53

where the reindeer herds abound. It often happens that the Eskimo
dogs and wolves interbreed; the female dog is especially liable to co-
habit with a wolf, and the progeny are considered much superior beasts,
but are very hard to manage. I have seen Eskimo dogs that corre-
sponded hair for hair with the Arctic wolf.

The Eskimo say there are packs of dogs now in some localities that
have run wild, and in all probability returned to the original wolf type.
There are stories of some kind of animal, that from the description given
by some may be a Gulo, but others say it is only the common dog; such
animals are always reported from the interior.

It is said that the female wolf is considerably fleeter than the male,
being longer-bodied. The females, the Eskimo say, always distance the
males in the chase after the reindeer, and generally succeed in killing
the deer before the male comes up.

5. Mustela erminea, Linné.

Two specimens, procured in the Kingnite Fjord, one in the summer
and one in the winter fur. Appears to follow the lemming in their
migrations; is nowhere abundant in Cumberland, and even unknown to
some of the Eskimo. Said to be able to capture the hare and ptarmi-
gan by attaching itself to some vital part and not loosening its hold
till the victim is dead. Iam rather skeptical on this, however. Still,
the Eskimo say they have seen them do it, and it really puzzles me to
tell what else they should live upon during winter, as they do not hiber-
nate.

6. Myodes torquatus, (Pall.) Keys. & Blas.
“A wingak,” Cumberland Eskimo.

I procured but a single specimen of the lemming; this was caught
near Cape Mercy. They may yet be common somewhere along the
sound, as I saw traces in different places where we stopped. According
to the Eskimo, they are getting less common every year. Whalemen
have told me that twenty years ago some ships procured as many as
four hundred skins at Niantilic, in the spring, from the young Eskimo,
who killed them with bows and arrows. From what I could learn of the
Eskimo, the lemming is very irregular in its migrations, appearing in
great numbers at one place, and then disappearing for many years.

7. Lepus glacialis, Leach.
**Okoodlook,” Cumberland Eskimo.

Common in all suitable localities. Many do not undergo any change

of color during summer, and I doubt if it be more than partial change

54 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

with any. I have seen pure white specimens during all the summer
months, and occasionally one about half-gray. The Eskimo firmly
believe that the lungs of the hare applied fresh to a boil or sore of any
kind is a sure cure. The specimens I examined in Cumberland were
much smaller than Greenland specimens.
8. Rangifer tarandus, (Linné) Bd.

“ Tuktoo,” Cumberland Eskimo,

The reindeer are found in considerable numbers on both sides of Cum-
berland Sound, but by far the greater number on the western shore e. It
is no rare instance to find them during the summer months on the sea-
coast; they seem to delight in feeding upon the fuci exposed at low
tide. In winter they retire to the larger valleys and go farther inland,
being seldom seen on the coast at this season of the year.

The Eskimo go reindeer-hunting every summer, commonly during the
months of July, August, and September. At this season they make
quite extensive excursions inland, where the deer are more abundant
and ntuch more easily procured. Within the last few years they are
reported as less common on the Penny Peninsula; but I hear of no appar-
ent diminution in their numbers to the west and southwest, especially
toward Lake Kennedy, where they are reported as very abundant.

3efore the introduction of firearms among the Eskimo by the whale-
men, they took advantage of the liabits of the deer in coming down to
the coast, and drove them into the water, where they were easily cap-
tured with a kyack. The Eskimo bring the skins back with Bain to
their winter encampment, having cached the meat for the ostensible
purpose of returning for it in winter. This seldom happens, however,
and the wolves generally make way with it. It is said that when a herd
is first approached by a hunting party that has been living on the sea-
coast, they scent them along way off, but that they soon lose this power;
the fact being, I take it, that the peculiar odor of the salt-water has left
the Eskimo. During the winter they herd together in large droves, and
when a suitable valley is found paw up the snow for a considerable
extent, till it looks as if a herd of swine had been rooting in the snow.
These droves are continually beset by packs of wolves, which keep a vig-
ilant watch for any that unluckily stray out of the herd, for such a one
is immediately attacked and run down. It is seldom, however, that the
wolves can do much damage to the herd when they keep together, as
they form a circle, with the weaker ones in the centre, and can thus keep
the wolves at bay.

MAMMALS. 55

9. Callocephalus vitulinus, (Linné) F. Cuv.
**Kassigiak,” Cumberland Eskimo.

The so-called “ fresh-water seal” of the whalemen is one of the rarer
species in the Cumberland waters. They are mostly met with far up
the fjords and in the fresh-water streams and ponds, where they go after
salmon. They are rather difficult to capture, as at the season they are
commonly met with there is so little blubber on them that they sink
when shot. The skins are highly prized by the Eskimo women for their
jackets, and if they do not have enough for the entire garment will
use what they have, always putting it within the most convenient sight
of the wearer. It is said by the Eskimo that the young remain in the
white coat but three or four days, differing greatly in this respect from
Pagomys fetidus. Neither do they make an excavation underneath the
snow for the reception of the young, like the above-mentioned species,
but pup later in the season, on the bare ice, fully exposed. The adult
males often engage in severe combats with each other. I have seen
skins so scratched up that they were nearly worthless; in fact, the
Eskimo consider a “ kassiarsoak” (a very large kassigiak) as having an
almost worthless skin, and seldom use it except for their skin tents. The
skins of the young, on the contrary, are a great acquisition. It is said,
possibly with a shade of exaggeration, that the affections of the Eskimo
damsel can be secured by a present of kassigiak skins, when all ordinary
means of persuasion have failed to move her.

10. Pagomys fcetidus, (Fab.) Gray.

**Netsick,” adults generally ; ‘‘ Tigak,” adult males; ‘‘Netsiavik,” young after
shedding and till one year old; ‘ Ibeen,” young in white coats, of the Cum-
berland Eskimo. ‘‘ Pickaninny pussy,” young, pigeon- English of the whalers,

This seal is very common in all the fjords and bays from Hudson’s
Straits northward along Cumberland Island to the extreme head of Cum-
berland Sound, on all the outer islands about Cape Mercy, and on the
west coast of Davis Straits. I have seen skins from Lake Kennedy
that L could not distinguish from those found in Cumberland Sound.
This seal was never noticed but a few miles from land; was not met with
in the pack-ice, nor on the Greenland coast except far up the fjords.
This was in July and August; but Lam informed that they become more
connnon toward autumn, and are found in considerable numbers some
distance from land; they are less common here, however, than on the
west coast.

It was a source of great curiosity to the Greenlanders to see the

56 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

clothing of the Cumberland Eskimo made from the skins of the young
seal; they at first mistook it for bear. Iwas informed that, in the vicinity
of Disko at least, they never procure enough of the skins of the young
in the white coat to use them for clothing to any extent.

In the Cumberland waters they are resident, and do not migrate at all
unless much disturbed, and then they merely seek a more secluded
locality. On the Greenland coast they appear to migrate up the ice

fjords in summer, but to be more generally distributed at other seasons. :

The netsick shows a decided predilection for the quiet still bays and
fjords, seldom venturing far from land. They are the only seal caught
through the ice in winter, and are consequently the chief and almost
sole dependence of the Eskimo for food, fuel, light, and clothing.

The skins of the adults are made into summer clothing, while the
young are in great demand for under-garments and for trousers.
Children often have entire suits of the young in the white coats; such
clothing looks very beautiful when new, but it is new but a few
days, and after this it is repulsive enough. The females were found
enceinte in the latter part of October, and a foetus nearly ready for birth
was taken from the uterus January 16. It was two feet from the end of
nose to the end of hind flippers. It was so doubled in the uterus, how-
ever, as to occupy a space hardly a foot in length; the hind flippers
were turned forward on the tibi, the fore flippers hugged the sides, and
the head bent over on the neck and inclined to one side.

In a large fjord known as the Greater Kingwah the tide runs so swiftly
at one locality that it never freezes for a space varying from ten to one
hundred acres. Here the netsick gather in considerable numbers all
winter, and it is a favorite resort for such Eskimo as are fortunate
enough to possess a gun. Being but a fewmiles from our winter harbor,
there were almost daily excursions to these tide rifts by our Eskimo
hunters. After the 1st of March very few pregnant females were killed
at this place, they having by this time chosen the localities for having
their young. Those killed after this date were all adult “ tigak,” or old
stinking males.

It was interesting that the young—yearlings and some two-year olds,
such as had not yet arrived at maturity—were seldom, if ever, killed in
this open water, but lived in colonies by themselves. When an Eskimo
finds a number of atluks (breathing-holes) near together, he always marks
the place by raising little mounds of snow near the holes, for he knows

that here is a colony of young animals, which have better skins and

MAMMALS. 5T

meat than the old ones, and are moreover much easier to capture. I
have counted nearly seventy of these atluks on a space of two acres.

When a pregnant female has chosen the place where she is to have
her young, she makes an excavation from six to ten feet in length under
the snow, and from three to five feet wide, the height varying with-the
thickness of the snow covering. The atluk is at one extremity of this
excavation, and in such a position that it is always a ready channel of
retreat in case of danger.

The first young found in the Upper Cumberland waters was during
the early days of March; still I have taken a foetus from the mother in
the middle of April. The most profitable time for hunting the young
seal is during the month of April; after this date they have shed so
much that the skins are nearly worthless till the hispid hair has got to
be of the proper length, when they are considered as the prime article,
and second only to the young of Callocephalus vitulinus in quality.

The first young one I procured that had begun to shed was April 15.
I have seen examples that were nearly or quite destitute of the white
coat, but still not having the next coat in sight. Such specimens on
close examination will be found to have a very fine coat of the new hair,
but so short as not to be perceptible except on close examination, still
showing the exact location and distribution of the dark and light mark-
ings; the skin at this time is very black, and often much scratched up,
probably by the mother in trying to make the young one shift for itself.
I often examined the stomachs of young as well as adults, but till after
they had begun shedding the white coat, and were, in all probability,
25 to 30 days old, I found nothing but the mother’s milk. After they
begin to shift for themselves, their food, for a time at least, consists of
Gammari of different species.

Before the young shed the white coat, they are from 23 to 56 inches
from the nose to end of flippers; the average the season through, from
a good series of measurements, was about 30 inches. They are very
variable in color; some are pure white; others very white on the lower
parts, but more or less dusky on back; others again are a fine straw-
yellow, with the same dusky variation as in the white ones. The yellow
is also variable in the intensity of shade. Rarely some are found that
are quite dusky all over, especially on the head and back; these are
generally small and scrawny individuals. The hair is also quite as vari-
able in texture as in color. In some it is fine, long, and woolly (mostly
in the pure white examples). In others it is straight or wavy, while

58 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

some have short and quite hispid hair. They weigh at birth from four
to six and one-half pounds, but grow at an astounding rate, becoming
exceedingly fat in a few days. The blubber on the young a few days
old is almost white and thickly interspersed with blood-vessels; it is not
tit to burn. There is usually but one young at a birth; still twins are
not of rare occurrence, and one instance came under my observation
where there were triplets, but they were small, and two of them would
probably not have lived had they been born. The season for hunting
the young at lat. 67° N. begins about the middle of March and con-
tinues until the latter part of April. The first two weeks of April are
the most productive, as later the hair is apt to be very loose, and many
even have large bare patches on them.

When the season fairly opens, the Eskimo hunter leaves the winter
encampment with his family and dog-team for some favorite resort of
this seal; he soon constructs his snow-hut, and is as well settled as if it
had been his habitation for years, for the seals he catches bring him
and his family food and fuel, and snow to melt water from is always
plenty, so that his wants are easily supplied, and he is contented and
happy.

The manner of hunting the young seal is to allow a dog to run on
ahead of the hunter, but having a strong seal-skin line about his neck,
which the Eskimo does not Jet go of. The dog scents the seal in its ex-
cavation, which could not have been detected from the outside by the
eye, and the hunter, by a vigorous jump, breaks down the cover before
the young seal can reach its atluk, and if he be successful enough to eut
off its retreat, it becomes an easy prey; otherwise he must use his seal-
ing-hook very quickly, or his game is gone. It sometimes happens that
the hunter is unfortunate enough to jump the snow down directly over
the hole, and gets a pretty thorough wetting. The women often take
part in this kind of sealing, and many of them are quite expert. The
children begin when they are four or five years old. The teeth and flip-
pers of their first catch are saved as a trophy and worn about the little
fellow’s neck. The next year when he begins, this will give him good
luck, they think.

There exists a considerable spirit of rivalry among the mothers as to
whose offspring has done the best, size, &c., considered, This runs to
such a high pitch that I have known some mothers to catch the seal, and
then let her child }ill it, so as to be able to swell the number of his
captures.

MAMMALS. 59

Some of the Eskimo hunters belonging to the Florence brought as
many as seventy at one load. They were kept frozen, and we almost
lived on the meat during the season, and learned to like it very much.

Some of the hispid seals pup on the ice without any covering what-
ever. Six instances of this nature came under my observation, and they
were all young animals. The young exposed in this manner almost
always fall,a prey to foxes and ravens before they are old enough to
take care of themselves.

As the season advances and the young begin to shed their coats, the
roof of their igloo is often, or perhaps always, broken down, and the
mother and young can be seen on sunny days basking in the warm sun-
shine beside their atluk. The mother will take to the water when the
hunter has approached within gunshot, and leave the young one to shift
for itself, which generally ends in its staring leisurely at the hunter till
suddenly it finds a hook in its side; a stout seal-skin line is then made
fast to its hind flippers, and it is let into the atluk; it, of course, makes
desperate efforts to free itself, and is very apt to attract the attention of
the mother if she is anywhere in the vicinity. The Eskimo carefully
watches the movements of the young one, and, as soon as the mother is
observed, begins to haul in on the line. The old one follows nearer and
nearer to the surface, till at last she crosses the hole at the proper depth,
and the deadly harpoon is planted in her body, and she is quickly drawn
out. If the mother has seen the hunter approaching the atluk, however,
she will not even show herself. I have never known of an instance
where they have attempted to defend their offspring from man. I once
saw a raven trying to killa young seal while the mother was making
frantic but very awkward attempts to catch the bird in her mouth.
When the young first assume the coat of the adults (about the time the
ice begins to loosen), they seem possessed of a vast amount of curiosity,
and while swimming near the land, as they almost always do, can be
lured within gunshot by whistling or singing. They would often play
about the schooner, diving underneath and coming up on the opposite
side, apparently enjoying it hugely. They delight to swim among the
pieces of floating ice in the quiet bays. The young and yearlings of this
species are often found together in small bands. The adult females will
average four feet and a half to the end of the flippers. Such specimens
are probably from four to seven years old; the males are a little larger.
There is great variation in the skulls, but the sexes can readily be dis-
tinguished by the skull alone, the males having a longer and narrower
head, with the ridges more prominent.

60 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

It is only the adult males (called “ tigak,” stinker, by the Eskimo)
that emit the horribly disagreeable, all-permeating, ever-penetrating
odor that has suggested its specific name. It is so strong that one can
smell an Eskimo some distance when he has been partaking of the flesh.
They say it is more nourishing than the flesh of the females, and that a
person can endure great fatigue after eating it. If one of these tigak
comes in contact with any other seal meat, it will become so tainted as
to be repulsive to an educated palate; even the atluk of the tigak can
be detected by its odor.

There is sometimes caught a hairless variety of this seal that the Es-
kimo call “okitook.” I have seen one such skin. It had a few fine
curly hairs scattered over it, but they were very different in texture
from the ordinary hair. I do not know if the specimen otherwise dif-
fered from the ordinary seal. The food of the adults consists largely of
different species of crustaceans, and during winter especially they sub-
sist to a considerable extent upon fish. I have found in them the re-
mains of Cottus scorpius, C. graenlandicus, Gadus ogac (commonly), and
Liparis vulgaris. During the time the adults shed for nearly a month
previous I could detect nothing but afew pebbles in their stomachs.
They become poor at this time, and will sink when shot in the water.
The milk is thick and rich, and is sometimes eaten by the natives. The
excrement looks like pale, thickly clotted blood.

There are sometimes found albinos, of which the Eskimo tell marvelous
stories, one being that when they rise to breathe in their atluks they
come stern first, and, in fact, they think such animals have their breath-
ing apparatus on the posterior end of the body. I imagine this origi-
nated from a native once harpooning an albino in its atluk and finding
his harpoon fastened in one of the hind flippers.

Toward spring, when the sun is shining brightly, these seals can be
seen in all directions basking on the ice. They are to all appearance
asleep, but manage to wake up regularly every few minutes to make
sure that there is no danger about. At this season it is a favorite
method of the Eskimo to hunt them by crawling flat on his belly toward
the seal, and when discovered to imitate the movements of the animal,
and to advance only when the seal looks in the opposite direction. In
this manner they often approach so close as to be able to push them
away from their atluks. This seal is of some commercial importance.
The Scotch whalers often buy from the natives during the winter a thou-

sand skins. These are brought with the blubber, and often cost the pur-

MAMMALS. 61

chaser not over 3 to 7 cents, and this mostly in tobacco, trinkets, or ship
stores. To encourage them to procure more skins, they are furnished
with a cheap breech-loading gun and a few hundred cartridges, which
they soon waste, and then their guns are of course worthless. At the
‘ate both young and adults are slaughtered at the present day, they
will soon become so scarce that there will not be enough to supply the
rants of the natives.
11. Pagophilus greenlandicus, (Miill.) Gray.
* Kiolik,” Cumberland Eskimo.

The saddle-back is of frequent occurrence about the southern waters
of Cumberland Sound in spring and autumn. It is rather rarely found
singly, but generally in considerable schools. They are even occasion-
ally found as far up the sound as Annanactook, but mostly the young.
Their procreation is unknown to the Cumberland Eskimo. A few schools
were noticed at different times during September, 1877, and October,
1878, from the islands off the middle Labrador coast to Cumberland, at
times at considerable distances from land. Every Eskimo who can
secure it will have an adult male kiolik skin on the back of his toopik.
The skins are here never used for clothing, the hair being too short and
thin. They disappear from Cumberland when the ice makes, and return
again in spring with open water, but stay only a short time. The flesh
is much inferior to the netsick.

12. Phoca barbata, O. Fab.
“Oojook,” Cumberland Eskimo; ‘‘Oo-sook,” Greenlanders.

This seal was first noticed a little to the southward of Cape Chidly,
and thence northward to our winter harbor in about lat. 679 N. Ac-
cording to the Eskimo they are the most common about Cape Mercy,
Nugumeute, and the southern Cumberland waters, where they remain
the year around, if there is open water. They remain in the sound only
during the time there is open water, as they have no atluk.

On the west coast of Davis Straits they are not rare, but are said by
whalemen to diminish in numbers above lat. 75° N. They appear to be
more common on the southern shores of the west coast of Davis Straits
than on the northern, so that the natives go southward some distance
to secure the skins. Was noticed among the pack-ice in Davis Straits
in July and August.

The ogjook delights in basking upon pieces of floating ice, and gen-
erally keeps well out at sea. I have never seen any numbers together,
but almost always singly. The old males do not seem to agree well, and

62 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA,

often have severe battles on the ice-floes when they meet. They use the
fore flippers, instead of the teeth, in fighting.

In Cumberland they begin working northward as fast as the floe
edge of the ice breaks up, arriving in the vicinity of Annanactook about
the latter days of June. In autumn they move southward as fast as
the ice makes across the sound, always keeping in open water. They
are seldom found in the smaller fjords or bays, but delight in wide ex-
panses of water. They dive'to great depths after their food, which is
almost entirely erustacea, mollusks, and even clams of considerable size.
This seal has a habit of turning a summersault when about to dive,
especially when fired at; this peculiarity, which is not shared by any
other species that I have seen, is a characteristic by which it may be
(listinguished at a considerable distance. During May and June they
crawl out upon an ice-floe, to bask and sleep; at such times they are
easily approached by the Eskimo in their kyacks and killed. An adult
will often measure ten feet between the two extremes. The color is
variable ; the tawniness more or less clouded with lighter or darker mark-
ings irregularily dispersed. By July some of them become almost
naked. At this season their stomachs contained nothing but stones;
some of them nearly of a quarter pound weight. They seem to eat noth-
ing during the entire time of shedding, probably six weeks. Certain it
is they lose all their blubber, and by the middle of July have nothing
but “ whitehorse,” a tough, white, somewhat cartilaginous substance, in
place of blubber. At this season they sink when shot. Some specimens
were procured that had searcely any teeth at all, and in many adults
the teeth can almost be plucked out with the fingers. The young are
born upon pieces of floating ice, without any covering of snow. The
season of procreation is during the fore part of May. After the young
have shed their first woolly coat (which they do in a few days), they
have avery beautiful steel-blue hair, but generally so clouded over with
irregularly dispersed patches of white that its beauty is spoiled.

A foetus was procured near the Middliejuacktwack Islands April 28,

Its extreme length was four feet seven inches.

Inches,
mength of head: 3) 4, esos weed etna ees eee asaaute 83,
eVigth of muzzle... 5 2..sds's ok RN cna odes hae cele 4.9
Wioth of fore flipper - .c .2o7sns cue eke bm bus be ph haietacteeter ls aaa 4.3
Length of fore flipper to end of nails......0- 22. <c<seusmepaceeeae> 35
Greatest expanse of hind flipper... ss... =s= o<csenis sigens seen 15.95
Lene OF LAG flippete. ..-.....> cao von cecil es meee eee 12
From end of nose to eye .............. dhin te eet ite e te aate piven ee oe
Distance between eyes .......... ..2ees esse indians wees Se cuaen. Oe

MAMMALS. 63

Color uniform grizzly mouse-color, with a tinge of olive-gray. Muz-
zle, crown, and irregular patches on back and fore flippers white. From
nose to eyes a black line crossing the head back of the eyes, forming a
perfect cross. Nails horn-blue, tipped with white. Ivis dark brown.
Nose black. Muzzle wide; lips full and fleshy, giving the animal a
bull-dog expression. Body long and slender. Beard pellucid, abundant,
white, stout, the bristles growing shorter from the eye toward the nos-
trils. Hind flippers large and heavy, looking disproportionate. The
hair rather short, but fine and somewhat woolly. There was interspersed
another kind of hair, stiff and of a steel-blue; the next coat, I take it.

The Eskimo are firm in the belief that the ogjook sheds its first coat
within the uterus of the mother. In this instance there was certainly
plenty of loose hair in the uterus; but the specimen had been dragged
some miles in its envelope over the rough ice, and banged around consid-
erably, besides having been kept three or four days in an Eskimo igloo
among a heap of decaying garbage, so it is not to be wondered at if the
hair was loose. There was little blubber on the specimen, and this was
thickly interspersed with blood-vessels. Theintestines toward the anus
were filled with dung. The kidneys were very large, the heart remark-
ably so. The cartilaginous prolongation of the thorax, so prominent
in Pagomys fetidus, is wanting in this species.

The ogjook is of great value to the Eskimo, who prize the skins very
highly. All their harnesses, sealing-lines, &c., are made from the raw
skins; besides this, they make the soles of their boots, and sometimes
other portions of their dress, from the skin. In such localities as the
whalemen do not visit, and the natives are obliged to construct skin
boats, this seal is in great demand. It takes fifteen skins for an ominak,
or skin boat, and these skins require renewing very often. The skin of
the back and belly dries unevenly, so the Eskimo skin the animal by
cutting it longitudinally along both sides, and drying the skin of the
upper and lower parts separately. It is a prevalent belief among whale-
men that seals’ livers, and more especially those of this species, are poison-
ous; but I am inclined to rate this as imagination. We ate the livers
of all species we procured without any bad effects.

13. Trichechus rosmarus, Linné.
“Awouk” and ‘ Tvik,” Cumberland Eskimo.

The walrus is quite common about Cape Mercy and the southern waters
of Cumberland, but at the present day rarely strays far up the sound.
Their remains, however, are by no means rare, even in the Greater King-

G4 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

wah, and many of the old Eskimo hut foundations contain the remains
of this animal. The Eskimo say they got mad and left; certain it is
they are found around Annanactook only as stragglers at the present
day. Considerable numbers were observed on pieces of floating ice near
Cape Mercy in July. About Nugumeute they are largely hunted by the
Eskimo living there. The Eskimo say the tusks of the male always
bend outward toward the tips, while those of the female bend inward.

14. Cistophora cristata, (Erxleb.) Nilss.

The bladder-nose appears to be very rare in the upper Cumberland
waters. One specimen was procured at Annanactook in autumn, the
only one L saw. The Eskimo had no name for it, and said they had not
seen it before. I afterward learned that they are occasionally taken
about the Kikkerton Islands in spring and autumn. I found their
remains in the old kitchenmiddens at Kingwah. A good many indi-
viduals were noticed among the pack-ice in Davis Straits in July.

CETACEA.
1. Balzna mysticetus, Linné.
“Akbilk,” Cumberland Eskimo.

Also called “ Pumah.” I think the word had its origin in this wise.
When whalemen first began to cruise in these waters, few, if any of
them, had a knowledge of the Eskimo language, and, to make the natives
understand what they were after, imitated the spouting of the whale by
blowing. ‘Lhis was soon taken up by the Eskimo as the “codlunak”
(white man’s) word for whale, and soon came into general usage, and
thus one of the first words was made that now constitutes a part of the
pigeon-English of the whalemen’s jargon.

The Cumberland Sound, or Hogarth Sound of Penny (Northumber-
Jand Inlet of Wareham in 1841), has been renowned among Scotch and
American whalemen for more than a quarter of a century as a favorite
resort of the right whale, and one of the most profitable whaling sta-
tions on the globe, But this locality, like all others, has been so thor-
oughly hunted nearly every season for a number of years that it no
longer sustains its pristine renown as a profitable whaling ground.

So many ships were sometimes found here at one time that there arose
a great spirit of strife among the crews as to which vessel would procure
the most whales, and as a consequence whales were struck when there
was but the slightest chance of securing them, and the line had to be
cut to set them free. Such whales in all probability die, but not before

MAMMALS. : 65

they have succeeded in permanently frightening others, which, instead
of seeking the upper waters of the sound for a few weeks’ quiet feeding,
strike out and are seen no more.

Instead of allowing these animals to go up the sound, and find their
favorite feeding grounds, they are attacked and chased as soon as they
Show themselves at the mouth of the sound. In fact, they have been
so persistently persecuted that now very few pass up above Niantilic or
the Kikkerton Islands.

The fall whaling begins late in September and continues till the ice
makes across the sound. The whaling at this season is attended with
great danger and hardships to the crews, and it is while prosecuting
this fall “ fishing” that the foundation to many a stubborn case of scurvy
is laid.

The spring whaling begins generally in March or April, and continues
along the floe edge until July, when the ice has left the sound.

The Eskimo from the southern part of the sound and along the coast
from Nugumeute to Hudson’s Straits report whales as found in those
localities all winter; it is then quite probable that they reproduce on
these coasts during the latter part of winter.

According to Eskimo tradition, these animals were once very abund-
ant in the Cumberland waters, and their remains now bleaching on the
rocky shores faithfully testify to this fact.

Of late years, whalers frequenting Cumberland Sound have been in
the habit of employing natives to catch whales, supplying them with
boats and all necessary equipments. It is needless to say that they are
more successful than the whites in this hunt.

With their own primitive gear, the Eskimo seldom attacked a large:
whale; but yearlings were frequently caught. I was: presented with a
harpoon-head by the captain of a Peterhead whaler, that had been taken
out of a very large whale caught near the Kikkerton Islands; it was im-
bedded in the muscles, so that the whale must have been struck while it
was quite small in order that the harpoon should have pierced through
the blubber. The weapon is, moreover, of a pattern which the Eskimo
I showed it to say they never saw before; but I must confess I can see
but a very slight difference in it from those in use at the present day.

The “black skin,” called ‘*muktuk” by the natives, is considered as
a great delicacy; when they have not eaten of this food for some time,
and then get an opportunity to indulge to their heart’s content, they eat
till they can hardly move.

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 15

a

66 ; NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

2. Physalis antiquorum, Gray.
Razor-back of whalers.

I cannot positively assert that the razor-back frequents the Cumber-
land waters to any great extent; in fact, 1 somewhat doubt if it does,
one reason being possibly the scarcity of fish. I have seen it north
of Hudson’s Straits and about Cape Mercy, as well as on the Greenland
coast in Disko Bay.

3. Megaptera longimana Gray.
Hump-back of whalers.

I could not ascertain that this whale is common in Cumberland at any
season. It frequents the southern waters, but is little troubled by the
whalers. The Eskimo do not seem to have a very clear idea of it.

4. Orca gladiator, (Bonn.) Sund.

“Killer” of whalers.

The killer is a very common whale in the Cumberland waters. They
arrive with the white whales, which they follow up the fjords. Many
thrilling stories are told by the Eskimo as well as whalemen of desperate
tights between this animal and other whales. The Eskimo are rather
afraid of it, especially the solitary kyacker. I have known the white
whales to come in close proximity to the ship and lie along her sides,
when they were pursuetl by these voracious sea-wolves.

5. Phoceena communis, Brooks.

The porpoise is by no means rare, especially in the southern waters
during spring and autumn. I neither saw nor heard of them in the
vicinity of Annanactook.

6. Beluga catodon, (Linné) Gray.
White fish, or White whale, of whalers. “Killeluak,” Cumberland Eskimo.

The white whales begin to work up the sound as soon as the ice begins
to loosen. They become very abundant, especially in the Great Kingwah
Kjord. In July many hundreds repair to the sand-beaches of this fjord,
and some whalers have attempted to catch them in nets, but with indif-
ferent success. They are sometimes driven up jnto shallow water at
flood tide, and by the receding of the water many are left high and dry.
It is a question of interest what they go into this fjord after. It is not
to have their young, as they are already with the mothers; nor does it
seem to be after food, as little or nothing is found in their stomachs at
this time. One thing 1 noticed, when they go up the fjord they have a
ragged appearance and dirty color, and, according to some whalemen,

MAMMALS. 67

are covered with parasites; but after they have been rolling and rub-
bing themselves on the sand-beaches for a few days they look much
smoother and their color is a creamy white. The Eskimo say the males
and females keep separate, but I do not think there is much truth in
this statement. Some think they go on these shoals to avoid the attacks
of the killers, which play sad: havoe among them outside, but do not
follow them into shallow water ; but if this were the reason, they would
take refuge in any small bay or inlet, and not choose this particular fjord
year after year. I found no external parasites, but the internal ear
cavity was nearly filled with worm-like animals nearly two inches long.
They were firmly attached by one end, and stood erect, having some-
what the appearance of very coarse hairs. While migrating into the
sound they always keep just at the floe edge, and if the ice is broken do
not seem to like getting among it. In the winter of 1876-77, a couple
got belated and froze up in the Kingwah tide rifts. They were harpooned
by the Eskimo in January. A considerable number of these whales are
caught by the Eskimo from their kyacks.

7. Monodon monoceros, Linné.
Narwhal of whalemen. ‘ Killeluaksuak,” Eskimo.

By no means abundant, but of regular occurrence in spring and au-
tumn. These whales give the Eskimo much trouble to capture, on
account of their agility. The horn is often used for the handle of the
harpoon, and for various other purposes where wood is scarce.

Palio:

By LupwiG KUMLIEN.

The following list is of necessity fragmentary and very incomplete
from various reasons. In the first place, the expedition did not arrive
at the proposed winter-quarters until October, when the weather had
become so inclement that most of the birds had gone southward. Dur-
ing the brief stops that were made at different harbors in the autumn of
1877, I was often obliged to remain on shipboard for want of a boat,
instead of cruising about, as I would otherwise have done. Of course
I often went out with the Eskimo; but as they were looking for whales
and seals, I got only such birds as accidentally came in our way. In the
spring, the schooner was under weigh before the birds had fairly begun
nesting. The last three weeks of our sojourn in the winter harbor I was
prevented from making any explorations, except in the immediate vicin-
ity of the harbor, on account of the ice, which was driven northward by
the long-continued southerly gales. This ice formed so perfect a barrier
about us that we could not get out of the harbor, and to have ventured
among it with a boat when the strong currents were whirling and erash-
ing it in every direction would have been a piece of foolhardiness that
could but have resulted disastrously.

There is no point on either side of Cumberland Gulf or Sound that
is less suitable for a naturalist than was Annanactook Harbor. It is
formed by a cluster of small rocky islands, the outermost of a large
group lying between the Greater and Lesser Kingwah Fjords. The
nearest point to the mainland from the harbor was about nine miles.
There were extensive valleys, with large grassy flats and sandy beaches,
much frequented by different kinds of birds, both for feeding and breed-
ing grounds.

When the season was so far advanced that these places became the
resorts of birds, I seldom got an opportunity to go on a cruise, for with
the inclemency of the weather, the uncertainty of procuring a boat, and

the treacherous condition of the ice, it was almost sure that one or the
69

70 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

other of these drawbacks would indefinitely postpone a contemplated
journey. At this time I had the use of but one hand, and could not
manage a kyack.

All the islands in the vicinity of Annanactook are rocky—solid rock,
in fact—with extremely scanty vegetation. The shores are generally
steep bluffs, and very little beach is exposed at low tide. A few miles
up the Greater Kingwah, however, are very extensive beaches, and
thither all the waders congregated as soon as the ice began to loosen
from the shores. After leaving our winter harbor, the Florence made
brief stops at different points, but for such short periods that it gave
me very little time for explorations.

After our arrival on the Greenland coast I received very great assist-
ance from Governor Edgar Fencker and lady, of Godhayn, through whose
kindness I procured many valuable specimens. I can never forget the
kindness and unbounded hospitality of this educated and refined gen-
tleman and enthusiastic naturalist.

To Inspector Kriirup Smitz and lady, of Godhayn, I am under very
great obligations, not alone for the valuable donations of interesting
Eskimo implements, but for their untiring zeal in making our sojourn
as pleasant as possible, and the ready and entertaining information on
many little known subjects pertaining to Arctic matters.

I was not a little surprised, as well as delighted, to find in Governor
Fencker a person perfectly familiar with the birds of North America as
well as Europe. During his eleven years’ residence in Northern Green-
land he has, of course, added much to the knowledge of Arctic ornithol-
ogy, and I was pleased to learn that he contemplated giving the world
the benefit of his observations in an illustrated work on the birds of
Greenland. Such a work, embellished with his superb drawings, can-
not fail to rank very high among the ornithological literature of the age.

I have not the least doubt that future explorations in Cumberland
waters will yield a much richer harvest than I gathered. Many species
will be added, especially if the Lake Kennedy region is visited in sum-
mer,

For the benefit of any future explorer who may visit this section of
country I will give what appears to me the best route and manner of
reaching Lake Kennedy. A person wintering in Cumberland will be
very apt to be stationed either at Niantilic on the western shore, or the
Kikkerton Islands on the eastern, a little farther to the north. These
points are favorite resorts tor Eskimo in winter, and hunting parties

BIRDS. 71

leave both settlements for the interior every summer, so there would be
no difficulty in securing Eskimo guides and assistants, who are abso-
lutely necessary to the success of such an enterprise. Good strong dog-
teams, to carry boats and all the required equipments, can be secured
from the Eskimo, they driving their own teams.

The start should be made in May, and the course up the so-called
** Mollu Keitook ” fjord that opens into the gulf about forty miles north
of the Kikkerton Islands on the western shore. This fjord can at this
season be traveled with ease with sledges its entire distance—about
ninety miles. During this stage of the journey the Eskimo could secure
enough seal in the fjord for both man and beast. When the inland
country was reached, reindeer would make a very acceptable substitute.
But this supply should in no wise be solely depended upon. When the
head of the fjord is reached there will be found a fresh-water stream, the
eastern exit for the Kennedy Lake waters. This stream should be fol-
lowed to the lake. If it be late in the season, a whale-boat may be taken
up the stream with comparative ease. There are some places where the
stream runs in narrow gorges, but the surrounding country offers suitable
places for a portage over such points, into the numerous lake-like ex-
pansions that will be met with. If it be in May there will be found an
abundance of snow for traveling with sledges on the land, and the com-
paratively level cliaracter of the country, which becomes more strikingly
so as one nears the lake, will present but few obstacles to a good dog-
team.

A light canvas tent should be a part of the equipment. While the
snow lasted this could be inclosed within a wall of snow, and later be
made very comfortable with a stone wall.

The lake abounds in numerous small islands, has sandy as well as
grassy beaches, and is a favorite resort for myriads of waterfowl. It is
so large that one cannot see across it. Its location is probably between
the 66th and 67th parallels of north latitude. Salmon are abundant in
its waters, and a seal that, from the skin, I could not distinguish from
Pagomys fotidus, abounds in considerable numbers. The vicinity is the
favorite feeding-ground of immense herds of reindeer. Wolves and
foxes are very numerous, and among the Eskimo there is mention of an
animal that from their descriptions and drawings seems to be a Gulo.

Fossils (Silurian) seem to be very abundant, and petrifactions mar-
velously perfect abound in the lowlands. The surrounding country has
much the general aspect of a high northern prairie, being quite flat and

72 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

sustaining a good growth of grass and plants. The ascent to the Cum-
berland coast on the east and the Fox Channel on the west is so gradual
that it is hardly perceptible, the coast-line in both instances being pre-
cipitous. This is especially true of the western slope, where it is so
gradual that it is with the greatest astonishment one saddenly finds
himself on the summit of an enormous cliff, with the breakers of Fox
Channel dashing on the rocks below him and an expanse of water stretch-
ing to the westward as far as the eye can reach.

The western outlet of the lake is larger than the eastern, and is said
to empty through a deep gorge near Point McDonald.

A far less satisfactory time to go is after the breaking-up of the ice.
There is no doubt it could be performed with less labor and fatigue at
this time, but for the naturalist the best season would be over.

When the collections are ready, they can be safely cached till winter, —
and brought down in comparative safety on dog-sledges. A very inter-
esting station for a naturalist would be near the mouth of the gulf, in
the vicinity of the Kikkerton Islands; at this place there would be open
water in April or May, and many valuable birds could be secured before
they scatter over the country to breed. When the birds arrive at
Annanactook, the season is already so far advanced that they immedi-
ately begin nesting. I have concluded to retain in the present list many
species on very slight evidence in the hope that it may in some degree
assist future explorers and put them on the lookout for some species
that might otherwise escape their notice.

The birds do not congregate in large numbers on the islands in
Cumberland to breed, the way they do to the southward and on the
Greenland coast. There is an exception with Somateria mollissima.
Some species that breed by myriads two hundred miles to the southward,
and are equally numerous on the coast of Greenland to 75° N. lat.,
are found only as occasional stragglers in the Cumberland waters,

Some idea of the barrenness of the islands around Annanactook may
be arrived at from the fact that from October to July one hare and
two ptarmigans were brought in, and there were twelve Eskimo that
hunted the greater part of the time, and I was out on every occasion
when I thought it at all likely that such game couid be procured, Scoteh
whalers have told me that near Nuguimeute they have had as high as
two hundred ptarmigans during the winter, and hares in abundance.

I have added the Eskimo names of the birds in such instances as I
could do so with certainty. The Greenlanders’ names are often quite

BIRDS. la

different from the Cumberland Sound Eskimo; these have also been
added. These names will be of use to any one visiting this region not
conversant with the Eskimo language.

1. Turdus alicie, Bd.

One specimen caught on shipboard off the coast of Newfoundland,
October 22, 1878.

2. Saxicola conanthe, Bechst.

Breeds along both shores of Cumberland and on the west coast of
Davis Straits, but rare.

One of the commonest land birds on Disko Island, Greenland, and
around Disko Bay, both on the islands and mainland. I showed speci-
mens to Eskimo from Nugumeute and Frobisher Straits, and they in-
stantly recognized them and said they breed there, but are not plenty.

3. Anthus ludovicianus, Bechst.
Kung-nuk-took, Cumberland Eskimo. 2

The first specimens were seen in the spring at Annanactook Harbor on
the 30th of May. There was no bare ground; but they frequented the
tide-rifts at low water, searching after small marine animals.

It looked very strange to see this bird running about among the stones
and in the water like a Cinclus. 1 examined the stomachs of specimens
killed in these localities, and found them to contain Gammarus, Laemodi-
podia, Caprella, and a few small mollusks! There can be no doubt that
they were feeding on this food from necessity, and not choice, for there
was no bare ground and no insects at this time. During the first of
June we had the severest snow-storm of the season, and I think most
of them perished. ‘They would come around the observatory and shelter
themselves as best they could. They were so far reduced that they were
easily caught with the hand.

In autumn they leave for the south about the middle of September.
At this season, besides their diet of insects, they feed on the berries of
Empetrum nigrum and Vaccinium uliginosum. During summer their food
consists almost entirely of insects, largely of dipterous larvie, which they
procure among the carices around the fresh-water ponds. At Annanac-
took they began building about the 20th of June. The nest was always
placed deep in a rock crevice, so far in, in fact, that I could not secure
any of the nests I found. On the Greenland coast, especially in the
vicinity of habitations, they often build in a tussock, much iike a sparrow;
but there the ravens are not so numerous or destructive to birds and
eggs as in Cumberland.

74 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

They practice every artifice to decoy an intruder from the vicinity of
the nest—shamming lameness, and uttering the most plaintive cries ; flit-
ting from crag to crag before the pursuer till they have led him far be-
yond the nest, when suddenly they seem to have recovered, and take
longer flights, till at last they jump up very smartly and fly away ap-
parently highly elated at the little ruse they have so successfully prac-
ticed.

This little bird is considered a great enemy by the Eskimo. They say
it warns the reindeer of the approach of the hunter, and, still worse,
will tell the reindeer if it be a very good shot that is in pursuit, that
they may redouble their efforts to escape. The Eskimo never lose an
opportunity to kill one of these birds. I have seen one with a rifle
wasting his last balls in vain attempts to kill one when he knew that
there was a herd of reindeer not more than a quarter of a mile away.
They are generally distributed on both sides of Cumberland Sound and
the west shores of Davis Straits to lat. 68° N. at least, but nowhere
very abundant. Toward autumn they become more or less gregarious,

and seem to migrate along the seashore.

4. Sitta carolinensis, L.

Caught on shipboard off the coast of Newfoundland October 22.

5. Dendreeca coronata, (L.) Gray.

A single example, an adult male, in Godhayn Harbor, Greenland,
July 31, 1878.
G6. Siurus nevius, (Bodd.) Coues.

Caught on board the Florence in Straits of Belle Isle, August 18.
7. Tachycineta bicolor, (Vieill.) Cab.

A. couple of these swallows followed the schooner for two days in sue-
cession off Belle Isle, in August, 1877. Where were they during the

night?

8. Pyrrhula ?

July 19, 1879, while hunting among the mountains near Oosooadluin
Harbor, in the northern waters of Cumberland, my attention was called
by a bird whistling somewhat like Ampelis garrulus, but louder and
clearer. I soon discovered it flitting among some small willows on the
grassy ledges of a perpendicular cliff about 1,500 feet above tide-level.
1 could not scale the cliff, and had to content myself by watching it. It
was apparently nesting among the willows, but kept continually just

BIRDS. 15

out of range. At the time I pronounced it undoubtedly the female
of Pyrrhula europea, which it resembled very much indeed, but now I
incline to the belief that it was more likely the male of Pyrrhula cassinii,
and that the female was sitting. I made a life-size drawing of it, and
showed it to all the Eskimo in the vicinity. None could recognize it ;
but some said they had seen such a bird at Lake Kennedy, but that they
were “tummumik abertook,” all red. This may have been Pinicola enu-
cleator, Carpodacus purpureus, or Pyrrhula europea, as I doubt not but
the last species would be called “all red” by an Eskimo. The red part
would certainly make the most lasting impression on his mind. I tried
for some hours to procure this bird, but at last it flew over a ravine that
I could not cross. I never got an opportunity to revisit the locality,
and this interesting discovery had to be left unsettled. The bird was
apparently slate-colored on the breast, the upper and lower tail-coverts
conspicuously white, the top of head and throat much darker than the
back. The flight was undulating. It kept whistling almost constantly,
which led me to think it was a male bird.

9. Carpodacus purpureus, (Gm.) Gray. |

During a dense fog, September 1, 1877, off Resolution Island, north
of Hudson’s Straits, one of these birds was caught on board the Flor-
ence. The Eskimo describe a bird about the size of the purple finch
that occurs in the interior, and is “all red.” Such information is, how-
ever, in no manner reliable, as “ abertook” may be any color from umber
to vermilion, and “all,” especially when it comes to red, may be but a
small part of the plumage.
10. Loxia leucoptera, (Wils.).

Caught on board the schooner in a fog off Bonne Bay, Newfoundland,
August 15,1877. Very common in the low pines at the head of Con-
ception Bay, Newfoundland, October, 1878.

11. 4giothus linaria, (L.) Cab.
“Anarak,” Cumberland Eskimo. ‘‘Orpingmatook,” Greenlanders.

Arrive in Cumberland as soon as the snow begins to disappear from
the mountain sides. I found them about Niantilic and the Kikkerton
Islands in September and October, but very few at our winter harbor.
They are now common from Nugumeute to Hudsow’s Straits, and inland
toward Lake Kennedy. Wherever there is a valley with any consider-
able vegetation, especially low willows, they are almost sure to be found.
Observed abundantly on Disko Island, Greenland, where I found half-

76 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

fledged young in the last days of July. The nest here was built in small
willows, like a Chrysomitris. Aithough they seemed to be migrating in
October, I did not see any flocks, but only a few straggling individuals.
They seem to wander from the land very often in fogs. I have counted
a dozen or more in the rigging at one time from Hudson’s Straits to Ni-
antilic. Off Kokkertarsoak Islands, on the Labrador coast, as much as
one hundred miles from land, these birds came aboard of the schooner
ina gale. They were all young birds.

12. #giothus holbolli, Reinhdt.

A large linnet was caught in a thick fog in Grinnell Bay, September
3,1877. It measured 6.25 inches in length. The specimen was “picked”
by one of the ship’s company while I went down into the cabin after my
skinning tools. The body (without feathers) was preserved in alcohol,
and Mr. Ridgway pronounces it 42. holbélli. It was the only speci-
men I procured that differed in the least from a typical linaria.

13. Chrysomitris tristis, (L.) Bp.

An adult male caught on shipboard, August 22, 1877, off Cape Mug-
ford, Labrador.

14, Plectrophanes nivalis,.(L.) Meyer.
‘*Koperniak,” Cumberland Eskimo. ‘‘Kopanauarsuk,” Greenlanders.

The first snowbird seen at our winter harbor was April 5, an adult
male. The weather was quite severe, and there was no bare ground.
1t staid about the vessel some days, gleaning a scanty subsistence from
the cook’s rubbish pile. After this date I saw none until May 8. ‘They
then began to appear around the Eskimo encampments, and were in
full song, ail a very beautiful song they have. Never did I so enjoy ¢
bird’s song as I did their lively ditty after the long, silent, dreary winter.

sy the 15th five pair had arrived in the neighborhood, and the males

seemed to try and outdo each other in their efforts to be musical. Such
companions were they for me that I had no heart to destroy them, much
as I wanted specimens in full plumage. The young Eskimo had no
such seruples, however, and supplied me with specimens killed with
their bows and arrows.

By the last days of May they had paired and chosen their breeding-
places. The first eggs were procured June 20. The nests are very often
in such deep fissures in the rocks that it is impossible to get at them.
They are obliged to hide away their nests in this manner to escape the
ravens. One of the most favorite positions for the nest is inside of an

BIRDS. Ct

Eskimo grave ; 7. ¢., inside the stone cairn that they erect over the body.
I have even seen a nest built in an Eskimo cranium. The nest is large
and bulky, nearly the entire structure being composed of Poa arctica
and other grasses, and invariably lined with feathers or hair. One nest,
found July 11, that contained small young, was thickly lined with the
hair of Vulpes lagopus. Some contain only feathers; others both hair and
feathers. The number of eggs in all the nests I found was six. They
present an almost endless variation in size and coloration, great differ-
ence being observable even it the same nest.

_ The snow bunting is generally distributed on both sides of Cumber-
land, but is nowhere abundant. Almost any locality is suitable, but I
doubt if the food supply would be sufficient if they did not scatter well
over the country. They are very common on Disko Island and around
Disko Bay. Half-fledged young were taken near Godhavn August 2.
The first plumage of the young is a uniform ashy gray. The food of the
snowbird in summer consists largely of aquatic dipterous larvee. For
these they are constantly searching among the grass at the edges of fresh.
water ponds. During the autumn they feed mostly on various kinds of
seeds. They are very fond of the berries of Hmpetrum nigrum and Vaceci-
nium uliainosum. As soon as the young are full-grown, they begin to
congregate in small loose flocks, and move southward with the first snows
of September. The young have by this time become lighter in plumage,
and the russet wash begins to appear on the head and neck. They were
often seen on board the schooner on the passage, at one time two hun-
dred miles at sea, off Cape Chidly. There seems to be a striking difference
in the size between Greenland and Alaskan specimens, the latter being
the larger.

15. Plectrophanes lapponicus, (L.) Selby.
“Kidligak,” Cumberland Eskimo. ‘‘ Narksormutak,” Greenlanders.

Not nearly so common as the preceding in Cumberland. In the
autumn of 1877, I found a good many in the vicinity of Niantilic, but
nowhere else; saw no males in the breeding plumage after September.
During the summer of 1878, I procured one single specimen in June. I
think they breed in the interior on the level land, and do not frequent
the sea-coast so much as P. nivalis. I found them very common on
Disko Island, and procured eggs and young in July and August. Their
food at this time seemed to be entirely dipterous larvee, for which they
searched about fresh-water pools. In autumn they feed on seeds and
berries. Many lit on the schooner during fogs and storms all the way

-

78 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

from Cape Chidly to Niantilic. According to the Eskimo they are more
common than nivalis from Nugumeute southward and in the interior.
There appears to be quite a marked difference in specimens from Green-
land and from Alaska, and a comparison of a large series may give some
interesting results. The Eskimo say they will eat blabber and meat if
their food gets covered by snow. Ihave seen a specimen that was so
covered with some oily substance that the feathers on the breast and
belly were matted together. I am told by Nugumeute Eskimo that in
summer the males “ akapok amasuit” (talk a great deal). From this I
infer that they are probably lively songsters during the breeding season.

16. Junco hyemailis, (L.) Scl.

Once obtained on shipboard off Belle Isle, October, 1878.

17. Scolocophagus ferrugineus, (Gm.) Sw.

Caught on shipboard during a gale off the north coast of Newfound-
land, October, 1878,

18. Corvus corax, Linné.
Tudliak,” Cumberland Eskimo, ‘‘ Kernetook,” Greenlanders; but also called
“Tulluak.”

The raven is extraordinarily common on both shores of Cumberland
and on the eastern shore of the Penny Peninsula. In winter they con-
gregate about the Eskimo encampments, where they can almost always
get dead dog, if nothing more. All the specimens collected by me in
Cumberland are of remarkable size, much larger than any I ever saw on
the Greenland coast. The same was remarked by Governor Fencker, of
Godhavyn, who said he never could see any reason why the American
raven should be called a variety of the European till he saw my speci-
mens from the western coast of Davis Straits.

When the raven gets closely pressed by hunger, he will attack almost
anything but man. Young reindeer fall an easy prey to them. When
they attack a young deer, there are generally six or seven in company,
and about one-half the number act as relays, so that the deer is given
no rest. The eyes are the first parts attacked, and are generally speed-
ily plucked out, when the poor animal will thrash and flounder about
till it kills itself. In the capture of the young of Pagomys fetidus they
evince a considerable degree of intelligence. I have, on different ocea-
sions, witnessed them capture a young seal that lay basking in the sun
near its hole. The first manceuvre of the ravens was to sail leisurely

over the seal, gradually lowering witheach circle, till at last one of them

BIRDS. 79

suddenly dropped directly into the seal’s hole, thus cutting off its re-
treat from the water. Its mate would then attack the seal, and en-
deavor to drag or drive it as far away from the hole as possible. The
attacking raven seemed to strike the seal on the top of the head with
its powerful bill, and thus break the tender skull. In two instances I
allowed the combat to proceed until the seal was killed, and then drove
the ravens away. JI found no marks on the seal, except the blows on
the head, which had fractured the skull in two places.

December 13, 1877, I witnessed a very amusing chase after a Lepus
glacialis. There were two ravens, and they gave alternate chase to the
hare. Sometimes the raven would catch the hare by the ears, and hare
and raven would roll down the mountain side together thirty or forty
feet, till the raven lost his hold, and then its companion would be on
hand and renew the attack. They killed the hare in a short time, and
immediately began devouring it. :

They are extremely destructive to the eggs and young of all birds
that have an open nest. They breed so early in the season that the
young are fully fledged by the time the eiders begin laying, and the
entire raven family then take up their abode on the duck islands, and
gorge themselves with eggs and young. Nor is it only the eggs they
eat, buf their mischievous nature must out, and [ have seen them drive
the duck from her nest and deliberately break the eges.

The Eskimo accuse the raven of warning the deer of the approach of
the hunter by a peculiar croak not uttered at other times. This helps
to add odium to their not over-enviable reputation. They are constant
attendants of the Eskimo while seal-hunting. If the hunter procures
more seal than he can take back with him, he will cover them with snow
and return for them; but the operation has been watched by the black
robbers trom the neighboring cliffs, and a good number of them are soon
made acquainted with the discovery, and as soon as the Eskimo is gone
the seal is exhumed and soon reduced to the mere skeleton. I tried on
several occasions to catch them by baiting a hook with a piece of meat,
and carefully concealing the string in the snow. They took hold of the
meat very cautiously, and lifted it till they saw the string, And then flew
away in great haste.

During the winter, while making skeletons, I used to throw the refuse
outside of the observatory; and I have repeatedly watched the ravens
sit around and wait till I went to dinner, about 3.30 p.m. 1t was then,
of course, quite dark; but as soon as I left the hut they came and got
their meal, but were extremely cautious, often turning the pieces over

80 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

many times before they swallowed them, and even throwing and tossing
them, to be sure that there was no trap about it. Some pieces that
looked suspicious they would not eat, but walked around them and
turned them over, but could not be convinced that there was not some
trickery about them. Ihave often found them hunting about the ob-
servatory after some stray scraps, even on my return from dinner, when
it was so dark that I could not see them but a few feet away. On moon-
light nights I have known them to make visits to the rubbish pile out-
side our observatory; but such cases are rare, and only at the season
when they cannot get any food without the greatest difficulty. At
Annanactook Harbor they began building as early as March 20, but L
saw some carrying pieces of skin and hair from the Eskimo encampments
many days earlier than this, and when we had a temperature of —40°
Fahr.

They nest only on the south side of the highest and most inaccessible
cliffs, so the nest can seldom be reached. I examined one nest built on
a little shelf of a high cliff. It was composed almost entirely of pieces
of Eskimo skin clothing, among which were scattered the larger wing-
bones of gulls, the larger primaries of several species of birds, twigs of
ssalix, &c. The inside had a good lining of Poa alpina, and a consider-
able quantity of reindeer, fox, and dog hair, the whole presenting a very
cozy appearance indeed. As soon as the seals begin to pup under the
snow on the ice, they follow the foxes, which find the seal and drag them
out. Now the ravens can fare well on the leavings. The Eskimo firmly
believe that it does not hurt the ravens’ eggs to freeze. They say the
shell cracks, but the inner membrane is very thick and tough. I found
that the Scotch whalers are also of this opinion, some positively assert-
ing that they had known frozen ravens’ eggs to hatch!

The young are full-fledged by the latter part of May. During the
autumn months they feed largely on the berries of Vaccinium uliginosum
and Empetrum nigrum. Ihave often observed them fishing at low tide
among the stones. I killed a couple to ascertain the nature of the food
they got. I found it to be Cottus scorpius and Liparis vulgaris ?, with a
few small ertistaceans.

They are resident in Cumberland the entire year, but appear more
numerous in winter, from their habit of staying about the Eskimo en-
campments.

The raven is considered as worse than useless by the Eskimo. They
make no use of them except to wipe the blood and grease from their
hands and face with the feathers.

BIRDS. $1

19. Empidonax flaviventris, Bd.

Taken at sea off Cape Farewell, Greenland, September, 1878. This
is, I think, the first recorded instance of its occurrence in Greenland.

20. Brachyotus palustris, (Bechst.) Gould
‘*Sutituk” (?), Greenlanders.

Apparently rare. Found breeding in the Kingnite Fjord in the Penny
Peninsula; also in the Greater Kingwah. Probably will be found more
common in the interior toward the southwest in Hall’s Land, if it be the
species described to me by Eskimo from there. They say it nests under-
neath an overhanging shelf of rock on or near the ground. Appears to
be rare on the coast of Greenland. Is found as far north as 70° N. lat.

21. Nyctea scandiaca, (L.) Newt.
“Opigjiak,” Cumberland Eskimo. ‘‘ Opik” and ‘‘ Opirksook,” Greenlanders.

I was very much surprised not to find this owl morecommon. At the
Kikkerton Islands and up Kingnite Fjord were the only localities where I
met it on the west coast. From Hudson’s Straits to Nugumeute, in Hall’s
Land, it is more common, probably on account of the greater abundance
of hares and ptarmigans in this region. It probably breeds on the
Hunde Islands in Disko Bay, and on the “ islands” (the rocks projecting
through the glacier) in the glacier on the mainland, to the eastward of

tittenbenck, Greenland. They are by no means strictly nocturnal. I
have seen them chasing ptarmigan at midday in Octeber, when the sun
was shining brightly. I have seen them coursing along the shore at low
tide, apparently fishing; but whether they were hunting for snipe or fish
I am unable to say, as they were so shy that I could not get within rifle
range of them. The primaries are highly prized by the Eskimo for their
arrows. These birds migrate to the southward about the same time as
the majority of the waterfowl.

22. Falco candicans, Gm.
“ Kirksoveasuk,” Greenlanders.

During the whole year’s collecting on Cumberland Island I saw but
one single specimen, late in November, 1877. He was beset by a large
concourse of ravens that were teasing him, as the jays do hawks and
owls at home. According to the Cumberland Eskimo, they are very
rare, and seldom seen except in winter. Many do not know them at all.
On Disko Island, especially in the Godhavn district, they are common
and resident. These hawks seem to prefer nesting in the vicinity of
“bird rocks,” where they can procure plenty of birds with very little

Buil. Nat. Mus No. 15 6

82 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

trouble. In winter they subsist wholly on ptarmigans and hares. Goy-
ernor Fencker, during his long residence in Northern Greenland, has had
good opportunities for studying this bird, and he thinks there is but one
species inhabiting the country, having known of instances where the
parents of a nest represented the two extremes of plumage. Nor does
the difference seem to be sexual, seasonal, or altogether dependent upon
age, but more probably partaking of that remarkable phenomenon famil-
iar in Scops asio.

During my frequent excursions about Disko Island I often had an
opportunity of witnessing this hawk preying upon jaegers, kittiwakes,
&e., but was surprised that they are not possessed of swifter flight. A
duck hawk would have made a short job of catching a kittiwake that
one of these hawks followed till he fairly tired the bird out. Their sue-
cess seems to depend more upon a stubborn perseverance than alacrity
of flight. The flesh of the young birds is by no means despicable food,
and is highly prized by the Danish colonists.

23. Falco communis, Gm.
A regular breeder in Cumberland. Usually found about the Eider

Islands. Procured nearly full-fledged young in August that were taken
from the nest on a high cliff in the Greater Kingwah Fjord.

24. Astur atricapillus, (Wils.) Jard.
A single specimen, at Niantilic, September 19, 1877.

25. Haliaétus albicilla, Linné.
‘‘Netkoralik,” Greenlanders.

I saw this eagle at American Harbor, in October, 1877, at two differ-
ent times. In the spring of 1878 I often noticed a pair that finally
built a nest on a high but not inaccessible cliff in Kingwah Fjord. |
could have shot the birds, but waited until I should be able to procure
the eggs, and then get the birds. Unfortunately the wind set in from
the south, and I could not get near the place on account of ice till the
Florence set sail for the Greenland coast. Enough was ascertained,
however, to show that this bird does breed on the western shores of
Davis Straits, although probably sparingly. On the coast of Green-
land it is by no means uncommon. Eggs were procured from Claushayn

a]

through the kindness of Governor E. Fencker.
26. Lagopus albus, (Gmel.) Aud.
“Akagik” (both species), Cumberland Eskimo.
Very few ptarmigan were found about our winter harbor; but, from

the Eskimo accounts, they are quite common in the larger valleys, where

BIRDS. 83

there is aranker growth of willows. The stomachs of those I examined
of this species contained willow buds and small twigs. From Nugu-
meute southward and westward in the interior they are abundant
according to the Eskimo stories, but which species is of course impossi-
ble to say. They begin to change color as soon as the snow commences
to melt, in lat. 67° N. about the middle of May. This change in plun-
age is more tardy as one goes farther north. I was informed by intelli-
gent Greenlanders that north of Upernavik, near the glacier, they had
found ptarmigans nesting, and that the male was in perfect winter plum-
age. This was probably L. rupestris. If this be true, it is possible that
in sections where much snow remains during the summer the change is
very late, or, perhaps, does not occur at all.

27. Lagopus rupestris, (Gmel.) Leach.
“Akagik,” Cumberland Eskimo, ‘‘Akeiksek,” Greenlanders.

I am unable to throw any light on the distribution of these birds in
Cumberland, as I was unable to procure but a single specimen of this
species and two of the preceding. The crop was crammed full of sphag-
num moss.

28. Agialitis semipalmata, (Bp.) Cab.
“ Koodlukkaleak,” Cumberland Eskimo,

Arrived at Annanactook about the middle of June. By no means
rare. Breeds on the mossy banks of fresh-water ponds along both the
Kingwah Fjords, as well as other localities in Cumberland. It seems
remarkable that the Cumberland Eskimo should discriminate between
this and the following species, when they confound all the larger gulls
under one name. They told me that 2. hiaticula was larger, flew
faster, and had a stronger voice than semipalmatus!! All of which is
true. The condition of the ice at the time these birds were nesting
kept me from visiting their breeding-grounds, although but a few miles
away. They migrate southward as soon as the fresh water is frozen.

29. Aigialitis hiaticula, (L.)
“Tukagvajok,” Greenlanders.

I am not aware that this species has hitherto been introduced into the
North American fauna, though long known as a common bird on the
Greenland coast, where 42. semipalmata is rare. It is apparently more
common than the preceding in Cumberland. Arrives about the same
time, and breeds in similar localities. Very common about Disko Island,
Greenland, where young birds were procured. This bird is readily
distinguishable from -4%. semipalmata by its greater size and more

S4 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

robust form, in having a white patch above and behind the eye, and
much wider pectoral band; it will also be found that only the outer and
middle toes are united by a web.
30. Strepsilas interpres, (L.) Ill.

“Telligvak,” Greenlanders.

Common about Disko Bay, Greenland, and northward to 75° N, lat.
at least. Breeds on the Green, Hunde, and Whale Islands in Disko
Bay. They nest among the Sterna arctica, and it is impossible to dis-
tinguish between the eggs of the two species. Not observed in Cum-
berland Sound, nor on the east coast of the Penny Peninsula; still, the
bird was instantly recognized by the Cumberland Eskimo, when they
saw it on the Greenland coast, and they had the same name for it as the
Greenlanders.

31. Recurvirostris americana, Gm.

I enter this bird on my list on Eskimo authority,—poor authority, it
is true, but I have in my possession a drawing, made by a wild Eskimo,
that is so unmistakably this bird that I do not hesitate to accept it,
especially when he gave me a perfect description, and that without any
attempt on my part to draw him out. He says he saw them for the first
time in the summer of 1877, while reindeer hunting, south of Lake
Kennedy.

32. Lobipes hyperboreus, (L.) Cuy.
“Shatgak,” Cumberland Eskimo.

Arrives in Cumberland in June. Large flocks were repeatedly seen
going to and coming from their breeding-grounds in Kingwah Fjord. Not
nearly so common in Cumberland as the following species. The remarks
on the habits of P. fulicarius as observed by me will apply to this spe-
cies onlyin part. I have seen them as far south and farther north, and
nearly as far from land, as the following species, but only a few indi-
viduals. They seem to prefer the shore more, are often noticed running
about on the ice-cakes, and when they see anything in the water they
want jump in after it. Breed plentifully on the islands in Disko Bay
and around Upernavik; on these islands they nest among Sterna macrura,

on the rocks; in Cumberland, around fresh-water ponds, on grassy

)
banks. They are apparently less gregarious than P. fulicarius, and
prefer the smaller bays to the more open and boisterous waters. I have
often seen a whole flock alight on the drift-ice and feed by jumping into
the water after the food when seen; but /ulicarius would have lit in the
water in the first place. Eggs were procured on the Green Islands in

Disko Bay.

BIRDS. 85

33. Phalaropus fulicarius, (L.) Bp.
“Shatgak,” Cumberland Eskimo. ‘‘Whale-bird,” or ‘‘Bowhead Bird,” of
whalemen.

These birds were met with at great distances from land. The first
seen on our outward passage was on August 4, 1877, in lat. 41° N.,
long. 68° W.; here large flocks were met with. As we proceeded north-
ward, their numbers increased till we reached Grinnell Bay. Off the
Amitook Islands, on the Labrador coast, two hundred miles from the
nearest land, I saw very large flocks during a strong gale. Hardly a
day passed but some were seen, either flying about in a rapid and vig-
orous manner, often rising to a considerable height, and then suddenly
darting off in the direction of a spouting whale, or swimming about
with that grace so eminently characteristic of the phalaropes. They
follow the whales, and, as soon as a whale is seen to blow, immediately
_ Start for him, as a quantity of marine animals are always brought to the
surface.

Very few were seen north of Frobisher Straits, for the weather by
this time had probably become too severe for them, and I think the
birds seen on the passage were migrating southward. I am more in-
clined to think so, as the next year, in going over nearly the same route
a month later, very few were seen. They arrive in Cumberland with
the breaking-up of the ice, and from this time till they begin breeding
are seldom seen on the shore, but cruise out in the sound. Whalemen
always watch these birds while they are wheeling around high in the
air in graceful and rapid circles, for they know that as soon as they
sight a whale blowing they start for him, and from their elevated posi-
tion they can of course discern one at a much greater distance than the
men in the boat. I doubt if it be altogether the marine animals brought
to the surface by the whale that they are after, for if the whale remains
above the surface any length of time they always settle on his back and.
hunt parasites. One specimen was brought me by an Eskimo that he
had killed on the back of an Orca gladiator ; the cesophagus was fairly
crammed with Lernodipodian crustaceans, still alive, although the bird
had been killed some hours; they looked to me like Caprella phasma
and Cyamus ceti. According to the Eskimo who killed it, the birds were
picking something from the whale’s back. I have often seen them dart
down among a school of Delphinapterous leucas and follow them as far as
I could see. On one occasion a pair suddenly alighted astern of my boat,
and were not three feet from me at times; they followed directly in the
wake of the boat, and seemed so intent on picking up food that they

86 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

paid no attention whatever to us. They had probably mistaken the
boat for a whale.

They are without doubt the most graceful of all birds on the water, so
light and buoyant that they do not seem to touch the water. While
swimming, they are continually nodding the head and turning from one
side to the other. They have greater powers of flight than either hyper-
boreus or wilsoni, and tly much more swiftly. In Cumberland, as well as
on the Greenland coast, they nest with hyperboreus.

Governor Fencker tells me they are not found as far north as hyper-
boreus ; probably few breed above 75° N. lat. Are common on the out-
lying islands between Nugumeute and Hudson’s Straits. About the
entrance of Exeter Sound, on the east coast of Penny Peninsula, are
some islands which the Eskimo call ‘“Shatgak nuna”—Phalaropes
land—so they are probably very common there.

When they begin nesting they live more on shore, and probably get
their food along the beaches at low tide. There is great variation in
plumage, even among the apparently adult birds, in spring. I think it
quite probable that they do not attain their full plumage the first year.
34, Tringa minutila, Vieill.

Noticed in Niantilic, September, 1877, and in Disko Fjord; Greenland,
August, 1878.

35. Tringa fuscicollis, Vieill.

Breeds in Kingwah and Kingnite Fjords, and probably in other suit-
able localities on both shores of Cumberland Sound. Considerable num-
bers were observed along the beach near Nuboyant, on the west shore,
in July; they were in all probability breeding. We were cruising close
to shore, but I could not land.

36. Tringa maritima, Briinn.
“Sigereak,” Cumberland Eskimo. ‘‘Sarbarsook,” Greenlanders.

The purple sandpiper is the first wader to arrive in spring and the
last to leave in autumn. The 4th of June is the earliest date I met them
wt Annanactook; this was during a heavy snow-storm, and the earliest
date possible that they could have found any of the rocks bare at low tide.
The flock lit on the top of one of the small islands in the harbor, and
sheltered themselves from the storm by creeping behind and underneath
ledges of rocks; they then huddled together like a flock of quails in
winter. I have often noticed the same habit with them in late autumn,
while they were waiting for low tide. They remained in the vicinity of
Annanactook till November,—as late as they could tind any exposed

BIRDS. 87

shore at low tide; were very common in all the localities that I visited
on Cumberland Island. Saw a good many on the Greenland coast. It
is said that some remain in the fjords of South Greenland all winter.

They seem completely devoid of fear, and can almost be caught with
the hands. Although such lovers of the rocky sea-shore, they uest on
the borders of fresh-water lakes. Hundreds were breeding a few miles
from our winter harbor, but it was impossible to reach the mainland on
account of the treacherous condition of the floating ice. The specimens
collected by me on Cumberland Island differ so much from the Alaskan,
that I conjecture the probability of a western variety when a series can
be brought together for comparison.

By the latter days ot June very few were to be seen on the sea-shore,
they having gone inland to breed.

They appear very sociable, and when a large flock is together they
keep up a lively twitter, by no means unpleasant. <As the breeding
season approaches, the males have a peculiar cry, resembling somewhat
that of Actiturus bartramius, but lower and not so prolonged. When
this note is uttered they assume a very dignified strut, and often raise
the wings up over the back and slowly fold them again, like the upland
plover. After the breeding season commences very few are seen on the
sea-shore till the young are full-grown. They are somewhat crepuscular
in their habits.

37. Tringa subarquata, (Gould) Temm.

Not uncommon in North Greenland. Eggs were procured at Chris-
tianshaab, Greenland, through the kindness of Governor Edgar I’encker.
Not observed on any part of Cumberland that I visited.

38. Tringa canutus, Linné.

A small flock lit on the schooner’s deck in November after the harbor
was frozen over. Saw none in the spring or summer. Seem to be quite
common in North Greenland, but probably do not nest south of lat.
70° N.

39. Calidris arenaria, Linn.
One small flock in September, 1877, at Niantilic; no specimens were
procured.

40. Limosa hudsonica, (?) (Lath.) Sw.

Two godwits were seen near Cape Edwards, on the west coast of
Sumberland Sound, in September, 1877, but I could not, with certainty,
ascertain the species.

88 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

41. Totanus melanoleucus, (Gm.) Vieill.

A single specimen on Arctic Island, Cumberland Sound, September
14, 1877.
42. Numenius borealis, (Forst.) Lath.

A few flocks seen passing northward up Kingwah Fjord in June.
One specimen procured. Not noticed in autumn. Well known to the
Cumberland Eskimo.

43. Grus
Quite common in some localities. Breeds in Kingwah and Kingnite

? (probably fraterculus).

Fjords in Cumberland, in Exeter Sound, and Home Bay on the west
coast of Davis Straits. Common, especially during spring, at Godhayn.

44. Cygnus ?

Swans occasionally occur in the Southern Cumberland waters; but the
species is uncertain, as I could not procure a specimen. Said to be of
regular occurrence in the Lake Kennedy region.

45. Anser albifrons, var. gambeli, (Hart.) Coues.

Not observed in any numbers about our winter harbor, but undoubt-
edly occurs in abundance on the fresh-water lakes. This is probably
the goose that the Eskimo take in such great numbers at Lake Kennedy,
where they drive them towards the sea-coast while they are in moult.
Are common on the Greenland coast to 72° N. lat., and probably much
farther. Large flocks were met with on the pack-ice in the middle of
Davis Straits, July 24, 25, and 26. Eggs were procured in the Godhaven
district in Greenland. The skin of the breast is sometimes used by the

dskimo for under-garments.

46. Anser hyperboreus, Pall.
Appears to be rare and migratory in the Cumberland waters. Saw a
few specimens in early spring and late autumn.

47. Branta hutchinsii, Sw.

A single specimen procured June 10 in Kingwah Fjord. The Eskimo
who killed it said he has seen many to the southward of Nugumeute.
Saw no Canada geese at any time during my stay.

48. Anas boschas, Linn.
‘*Kaertooluk,” Greenlanders.

Not observed in Cumberland, and unknown to the Eskimo. Not rare
on the Greenland coast as far north as Upernavik. The flesh of this
duck on the coast of Greenland is scarcely fit to eat, being almost as
rank as a loon’s.

BIRDS. 89

49. Bucephala ?

Flocks of whistlers were observed on three occasions in May; but L
could not with certainty identify the species,as none were killed. B.
islandica is quite common in the Godhavn district on the coast of
Greenland; breeds near Christianshaab.

50. Histrionicus torquatus, (Linn.) Bp.
“Tornauiartook,” Greenlanders.

Three examples seen, and one killed at Annanactook. Not uncom-

mon in the Godhayn district on the Greenland coast.

51. Harelda glacialis, (Linn.) Leach.
“Agingak,” Cumberland Eskimo. ‘‘Aglek,” Greenlanders.

Arrived at the head of Cumberland during the latter days of May.
As soon as there was extensive open water they became quite numer-
ous, and their loud and incessant cries could be heard at any hour out of
the twenty-four. They nest on the small rocky islands, especially about
the Greater Kingwah Fjord, but singly, and not in colonies. They are
gregarious when they first arrive, but soon pair and scatter. Common on
the whole Greenland coast, and breed far to the north. These ducks
are the noisiest birds for their size I have ever met. During the breed-
ing plumage, scarcely any two males can be found that are precisely
alike.

52. Polysticta stelleri, (Pall.) Eyton.

A beautiful adult male was shot in Disko Fjord in August, 1878. The
specimen is now in the collection of Governor Edgar Fencker of God-
havn. During the time we were blockaded by the ice-jam at Annanac-
took Harbor, in Cumberland, I saw three or four of these eiders. At
one time a superb specimen sat for hours on a cake of ice but a short
distance from the ship; but I could not reach it on account of the break-
ing ice. I watched him a long time with a good glass, and there is no
question of its identity. In late autumn I saw some that I think were
of this species.

53. Somateria mollissima, (Linn.) Leach.
““Metuk,” Cumberland Eskimo. ‘Mettek” and ‘Amaulik,” Greenlanders.
This eider is one of the commonest birds in Cumberland, and the only
species that congregates together in any considerable numbers to breed.
They are at all times gregarious. The old males separate from the
females and young as soon as the breeding season is over, and assemble
by themselves in large flocks. They also migrate southward much

90 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

sarlier than the females and young. During the autumn of 1877 we
procured about seventy of these birds; but not a single adult male was
shot or even seen. They were met with in large flocks at sea off the
outer islands on the east coast of Hall’s Land; here I also remarked
that they seemed to be all males. As soon as there is any open water
they are found in spring; still they were not common at Annanactook
till the latter days of May. Eskimos from the south reported them on
the floe edge near Niantilic early in May, and I saw a few on an iceberg
near the Middliejuacktwack Islands on the 30th of April. They can
stand almost any temperature if they can find open water. I saw one
adult male in the tide rifts of the Greater Kingwah in January. The
day I saw him it was —d0° F.; but he proved too lively for me. The
Eskimo could have procured him on different occasions; but they had
some superstitious notion regarding so unusual an occurrence, and
would not kill it.

In the fall of 1877 IL often found broods still unable to fly, though
more than three-fourths grown, as late as the middle of October. Small
flocks continued about the open tide-holes till November 17. At this
date I killed six young males; the temperature was —7° Fah. They
had at this time about fifty miles to the open water.

Their food in autumn consists almost entirely of mollusks. I have
taken shells from the esophagus more than two inches in length; from
a single bird I have taken out forty-three shells, varying from one-
sixteenth to two inches in length. The adult birds in spring did not
seem to be quite so particular; in them I found almost all the common
forms of marine invertebrates, and sometimes even a few fish (Liparis,
and the young of Cottus scorpius).

sy the first week of June they were abundant; enormous flocks would
congregate on an ice-field and hold high carnival. I have watched such
gatherings with a great deal of interest. When thus assembled, some
old veteran would make himself conspicuous, and jabber away at a ter-
rible rate, often silencing the greater portion of the rest, who appeared
to listen for a short time, when the entire crowd would break out, each
one apparently expressing his or her opinion on the subject. There
always seemed to be the best of good feeling in those meetings, how-
ever, and all points were apparently settled to every one’s satisfaction.
I have often lain behind a rock on their breeding-islands and watched
them fora long time. On one occasion we disturbed a large colony, and
the ducks all left the Nests. I sent ny Eskimos away to another island,

BIRDS. 9|

while I remained behind to see how the ducks would act when they
returned. As soon as the boat was gone they began to return to their
nests, both males and females. It was very amusing to see a male alight
beside a nest, and with a satisfied air settle himself down on the eggs,
when suddenly a female would come to the same nest and inform him
that he had made a mistake,—it was not his nest. He started up, looked
blankly around, discovered his mistake, and with an awkward and very
ludicrous bow, accompanied with some suitable explanation, I suppose,
he waddled off in search of his own home, where he found his faithful
mate installed. Now followed an explanation that seemed to be hugely
enjoyed by all in the vicinity. A pretty lively conversation was kept
up, probably on the purport of our visit, as they seemed much excited.
J could spare no more time to watch them, and crept out from my hiding-
place into full view of all, and a look of greater disgust and astonish-
ment than these birds gave me is difficult to imagine; they evidently
regarded such underhand work beneath the dignity of a human being,
and probably rated me worse than a gull or raven. So sudden and
unexpected was my appearance that many did not leave their nests, but
hissed and squaked at me like geese; these same birds left their nests
before when the boat was within a quarter of a mile of the island.

The first eggs were procured June 21. The islands on which they
nest are but small barren rocks, of an acre or less in extent, and often
but a few feet above high tide-mark. There are a few patches of Poa
arctica and Cochlearia officinalis scattered about, and these contain the
greater number of nests. Each nest has a little circle of green sod about
it, which is manured every year and becomes quite luxuriant. These
mounds are sometimes a foot high and as much in diameter, having been
used as a nest for many years in succession. Very little repairing is
necessary to fit the nest for the reception of the eggs,—merely a little
grass or moss. but little down is used till’ the full complement of eggs
is laid. The nests are often so close together that it is impossible to
walk without stepping on them. A nest seldom contains more than five
eggs, often three or four, and I never saw as many as six but twice.

The principal breeding-places in Cumberland are between lat. 66° and
672 N. The lower of these places is about ten miles off shore from
Mallukeitu; the greatest number of birds nest here. The seven islands
to the northward about twenty-five miles are favorite resorts; also the
small islands to the SE. of Annanactook. There is also a group known

92 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

to the Eskimo as the ‘“‘Shutook” Islands, in the Greater Kingwah, where
1 found them extremely abundant. In the Mallukeitu Fjord, according
to the Eskimo, is another very much frequented breeding-place, but I
did not visit it.

Thousands of eggs could be gathered on these rocks during the latter
part of June and the first three weeks of July. It seems to me that it
would pay whalemen to gather the down which can here be secured in
great quantities. The islands are so close together that they could all
be worked within two days of each other. There are a great many im-
mature birds, both male and female, that do not breed; they assemble
in large flocks, and are often met with at considerable distances from
land. I have found such flocks commonly in Cumberland, on the west
coast of Davis Straits and Baffin’s Bay, and on the Greenland coast
abundantly. Many large flocks were seen in the middle of Davis
Straits, among the pack-ice, in the latter part of July. During the first
days of August I saw immense flocks of eiders on the western end of
Disko Island, all males, flying southward. The specimens collected by
me in Cumberland present certain striking and remarkable points of
difference from specimens from the South Labrador and Newfoundland
coasts, especially in the form and size of bill. I had prepared a series of
skulls, selected from over two hundred birds, that was calculated to show
the variation among them; but, unfortunately, they were among the
specimens that I had to leave behind, in the unnecessary haste of our
departure, of which I was given but a few hours’ warning.

These ducks are of great use to the Eskimo; their eggs are eagerly
sought after and devoured in astonishing quantities. The birds them-
selves constitute a good portion of their food at certain times, and the
skins are used for a portion of their foot-gear in winter, and sometimes
for clothing. We found the flesh of the young in autumn very acceptable
indeed; but the adults in spring were rather rank. Some specimens
were procured that weighed over five pounds. They become extremely
fat by the end of June; and when an Eskimo can get a number, he will
eat little else but the fat. I was often saved much labor by having them
remove the fat from the skins, which they did with their teeth, and much
more effectually than I could have done it with a knife. These birds
suffer much from the depredations of gulls and ravens. Larus glaucus
eyen nests among the ducks, and the ravens live off the eggs and duck-

lings the entire season.

BIRDS. 93

54. Somateria spectabilis, (L.) Boie.
‘“‘Kingalalik,” Cumberland Eskimo. ‘“Siorakitsook” and ‘ Kingalik,” Green-
landers.

The king eiders were not noticed till the 20th of June. I saw a few
large flocks at different times during spring; but there were a hundred
mollissima to one spectabilis. They appear to keep by themselves, and
not to mix with mollissima, at least during the breeding season. I never
saw any on the eider islands. The Eskimo say that some years they
are very plenty and others very few are found. One Eskimo told me
that he once found them nesting in great numbers some distance up the
Greater Kingwah, but not in company with the common eider. They
arrive later and leave earlier than mollissima. In July I saw many of
these ducks, males and females, about America Harbor. The sexual
organs of those I procured were not developed, and they were all in the
plumage of the female. I suspected them to be such birds as were
thached very late the preceding season. Saw a great many in the same
plumage on the west coast of Davis Straits and around Disko Island ;
many of the males seemed to be assuming the plumage of the adult.
Governor Fencker told me that there were always a good number of these
birds around in summer that did not breed. Many flocks of male birds
were noticed west of Disko, all flying southward. Governor Fencker
has procured identified eggs of this duck at Upernavik by shooting the
parent on the nest. They are very common around Disko, but breed
farther north. I shot a half-grown young in Kingwah Fjord in October,
1877. The lump of fat at the base of the bill of the adult males is
esteemed a great delicacy with the Eskimo, and it is very seldom they
bring one back that does not have this choice tit-bit removed.

55. Gademia ?

From the Middle Labrador coast north to lat. 67°, I saw at different
times large scoters, but could not identify the species.

J will here make mention of a duck that I saw on two or three oceasions.
It seemed to have the size and general make-up of a scoter, but had
much white on the scapulars and about the head. A duck was winged
by one of the ship’s officers; he said it had a white ring around the neck
and the rest of the body was nearly all black. The bird that I saw was
unknown to me; it may possibly have been the Camptolamus labra-
dorius. I find in my notes that the first one I saw was pronounced a
partially albino scoter; but, seeing more just like it, I gave this theory up.

94 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

56. Mergus serrator, Linné.
“Pye,” or ‘Pajk,” Cumberland Eskimo and Greenlanders.

A regular breeder in Cumberland, but not very common. Nests on
the perpendicular faces of high cliffs. Found on the Greenland coast
to 75° N. lat. at least, and probably farther. Begins nesting in Cumber-
land about July 1.

57. Sula bassana, Briss.

Noticed at different times from Beaver Island, Nova Scotia, to lat.
65° N., most numerously in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the South
Labrador coast. Not observed in Cumberland.

58. Graculus carbo, Linné.
‘*“Okaitsok,” Cumberland Eskimo and Greenlanders. ?

A regular breeder in Cumberland; did not appear to be common, but
the Eskimo say that some years they are quite plenty. The primaries
were formerly in great demand for their arrows.

59. Buphagus skua, (Briinn.) Coues.
**Sea-hen” of whalemen.

One specimen procured at sea, lat. 41° N., long. 68° W., Atlantic Ocean.
Others were seen at the time. Appears to be of frequent occurrence on:
the George’s, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotian banks in winter. Seen
near Lady Franklin Island, north of Hudson’s Straits, in September;
they then had young ones on the rocks.

60. Stercorarius pomatorhinus, (Temm.) Vieill.

“Tshungak,” Cumberland Eskimo and Greenlanders.

These birds were first observed at Bonne Bay, Newfoundland, Au-
gust 16. From this point northward to 71° N. they were common at
nearly all points,sand from Belle Isle to Hudson’s Straits they were
abundant. They nest about Nugumeute and Grinnell Bay, but not in
Cumberland Sound. On the western shore of Davis Straits they are
common, and nest at the mouth of Exeter Sound and at Shaumeer. I
have, however, nowhere found them so very common as on the southern
shores of Disko Island; at Laxbught and Fortuna Bay there must have
been many hundred pairs nesting. Their breeding-place was an inac-
cessible cliff, about half a mile from the seashore. The greater number
of the birds nesting here were in the plumage described in Dr. Coues’s
monograph of the Laridz as the nearly adult plumage; but there were
also a good many birds that were unicolored blackish brown all over,
but with the long vertically twisted tail-feathers. That these were breed-
ing I think there can be no doubt, as I saw them carrying food up to

BIRDS. 95

the ledges on the cliff, for the young I suppose. They were very shy
at Disko, and the greatest caution was required to shoot them. I shot
none, even in full plumage, that did not have some white on at least one
of the tarsi. They live to a great extent upon the labors of the kitti-
wake, though they do not hesitate to attack Larus leucopterus and even
glaucus. They are destructive to young birds and eggs. It is a common
sight to see five or six after one gull, which is soon made to disgorge,
and then the jaegers fight among themselves for the morsel, which often
gets lost in the mélée. Eggs were procured at Claushavn, Greenland ;
the nest contained three eggs.

61. Stercorarius parasiticus, Briinn.

“Tshungak,”’ Cumberland Eskimo and Greenlanders.

This species seems to have the same general distribution as the fore-
going, but, so far as my observations went, far from as common. Eggs
were obtained from the Waigat Straits. They do not breed in Cumber-
land Sound; in fact, I rarely saw one in the Cumberland waters. This
species seems to depend on Rissa tridactyla for the greater part of its
food.

\

62. Stercorarius buffoni, (Boie) Coues.
“Tshungak,” Cumberland Eskimo and Greenlanders.

A very few of these birds visited the upper Cumberland waters in
June, and soon disappeared. I doubt if they breed there. I saw but
very few in all the localities I visited. Seems to be more common on the
east than on the west coast of Davis Straits. One fine specimen was
found dead on the ice, with a wrought-iron nail three inches in length in
the esophagus. The nail had probably fallen out of a whale-boat that
had been dragged over the ice, and the bird had mistaken it for a fish.
This species has probably the most northerly range of any of the jaegers.
Breeds in the Waigat Straits and about Omenak on the Greenland coast.
Said by the Eskimo to be the first to return in the spring. ‘They cer-
tainly were the first to visit Annanactook.

63. Larus glaucus, Briinn.
“Nowgah,” Cumberland Eskimo. ‘ Naga,” Greenlanders.

This gull is thefirst bird to arrive in spring. In 1878 they made their
appearance in the Kingwah Fjord by the 20th of April. It was still about
seventy miles to the floe edge and open water; still they seemed to fare
very well on the young seals. Many are caught by them, and those par-
tially devoured by foxes are carefully cleaned of every vestige of flesh. At
this season, the Eskimo delight in capturing them in various ways. One
of the most popular is to build a small snow-hut on the ice in a locality

96 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

frequented by the gulls. Some blubber or scraps of meat are exposed
to view on the top, and seldom fails to induce the bird to alight on the
roof of the structure. This is so thin that the Eskimo on the inside can
readily see the bird through the snow, and with a quick grab will break
through the snow and catch the bird by the legs. Some use a spear,
thrusting it violently through the roof of the hut. Many are kited by
exposing pieces of blubber among the hummocky ice and lying concealed
within proper distance for bow and arrow practice.

3y the middle of May they had become very abundant about Annan-
actook; still, there was no open water within fifty or sixty miles.
These were all adults in full plumage; saw no iminature birds till July.
They settle on ice around the Eskimo encanpments, and even on the
rocks in close proximity to the huts. During this season they keep up
an almost constant screaming at all hours of the day and night.

May 24, I noticed a couple of pairs building. I think this is the earliest
date they would begin nidification at this latitude. June 4, I saw a
few L. glaucus among a large flock of Som. mollissima that were diving
for food outside the harbor in a small lead in the ice. As soon as the
duck came to the surface, the gull attacked it till it disgorged something,
which was immediately gobbled up by the gull. The gull picked several
times at what was disgorged, which leads me to the belief that the food
was small crustaceans. This piratical mode of living is very character-
istic of Larus glaucus. At this season of the year there was so little open
water in the vicinity that they would have had great difficulty in procur-
ing any food therefrom themselves. I have taken the eggs by June 8,
when there was more than a foot of newly fallen snow on the rocks; but
the greater number do not nest within two weeks of this time.

A great many of these birds nest in Cumberland on what the Eskimo
call ““Nawyah nuna”—land of the Glaucous Gulls. This is an enormous
cliff about one and one-half miles inlength and over 2,000 feet in height,
and nearly perpendicular. This cliff is about four miles from the sea-
shore to the ENE. of America Harbor. Many hundreds of nests are
seattered about on the little projecting shelves of rock, and the birds
sitting on them look like little bunches of snow still unmelted on the cliff.
The ascent to this locality is very laborious; but the marvelous beauty
of the place will well repay any future explorer to visit it, for the plants
that grow in such rich profusion at the base of the cliff, if nothing more,

This is the most common gull in Cumberland during the breeding
season. I did not see any south of Resolution Island in September and

BIRDS. 97

in October, but a very few as far south as the Kikkertarsoak Islands
on the Labrador coast. They are far less common on the Greenland
coast than LJ. leucopterus, while in Cumberland it is just the opposite.
Eskimo from Cape Mercy tell me they are found all winter off the cape
and about Shaumeer. <A single specimen staid in the tide-rifts of the
Greater Kingwah during the winter of 1877-78. In autumn they remain
in the upper Cumberland waters as long as they continue open.

I have examined some nests that were built on the duck islands,
always on the highest eminence; the structure seemed to have been
used and added to for many years in succession, probably by the same
pair. In shape they were pyramid-formed mounds, over four feet at the
base and about one foot at the top, and nearly two and a half feet in
height. They were composed of every conceivable object found in the
vicinity, grass, sea-weed, moss, lichens, feathers, bones, skin, egg-shells,
&e. The normal number of eggs is three, but often only two are found.
Have taken the downy young in the latter part of June. I had an op-
portunity of seeing how these young hopefuls are instructed in egg-
sucking. ‘The parent carried a diteles egg to the nest and broke a hole
in it, and the young one just helped himself at his leisure. After the
young are full-fledged, these birds are eminently gregarious, and are
often seen feeding in considerable flocks. The flesh is highly esteemed
by the Eskimo; we found the young by no means despicable food.

The Eskimo use the skin with the feathers on for a part of their win-
ter’s foot-gear. They are extraordinarily greedy and voracious; nothing
in the animal kingdom seems to come amiss to them. I have seen a
half dozen tugging at an Eskimo dog skin; but this proved too much
for them, though they made desperate attempts to get off some small
pieces, which they would have eaten had they succeeded. Eggs,
young or disabled birds, fish, and crustaceans are their common fare.
They are also very fond of feeding upon seal careasses. The first plum-
age of the young is much lighter than that of a yearling bird. This is
just the opposite of L. leucopterus, they being the darkest when young.
The young of L. glaucus gets darker in autumn, but when first fully
fledged resembles more the bird of two years, except that there is no
trace of blue on the mantle, and they have somewhat darker primaries.

64. Larus leucopterus, Faber.
‘“Nowyah,” Cumberland Eskimo, ‘‘ Nayangoak,” Greenlanders.
The Eskimo do not distinguish between L. glaucus, leucopterus, glau-
cescens, and argentatus ; uhey are all NHOWY rah”; in fact, I am led to
sull. Nat. Mus. No.

98 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

think it a sort of general term as they use it,—something like “ gull.”
This species is far less common in Cumberland than glaucus. On the
Greenland coast it is the most common gull, except Rissa tridactyla.
My opportunities for studying leucopterus were not very extensive, and
my conclusions may be too hasty; but still it is worth while for others
that may get better opportunities, to observe if the following points
of difference are constant:

First. Leucopterus, 24 inches or less; glaucus, 27 to 52 inches.

Second. Tarsus and toes of lewcopterus in fully adult birds often orange-
red, and not flesh-colored as in glaucus.

Third. Ring around the eye in leucopterus tlesh-colored; in glaucus,
reddish purple.

Fourth. Young of glaucus in first plumage as light as the bird of the
second year; the young of leucopterus nearly as dark as the young of
glaucescens. The bill is also weaker and thinner than in glaucus.

Governor Iencker says he has often had birds that answered nearly
to the description of Z. hutchinsii, but with chrome-yellow bill, with ver-
million spot, and not flesh-colored, with dusky tip; these birds were
always found to measure less, however, than the average glaucus, which
is directly the opposite of my experience with hutchinsii. There may be
a gradation between the two species as far as regards size; but the
above cited points of difference have proved good so far as my obser-
vations have gone. They mix indiscriminately with glaueus at all
times, but are always readily distinguishable by their smaller size.
Eggs were procured at Claushavn, Greenland, which are indistinguisha-
ble from those of glaucus except in size. A fine specimen, a full-fledged
young, was secured on the Hunde Islands, Disko Bay, that had four
feet, the second pair growing out of the knee-joint in front.

65. Larus glaucescens, Licht.
‘‘Nowyah,” Cumberland Eskimo.

So far as I am aware this is the first instance on record of this bird
being taken on the Atlantic coast. They are quite common in the
upper Cumberland waters, where they breed. Arrived with the open-
ing of the water and soon began nesting. The nest was placed on the
shelving rocks on high cliffs. Two pairs nested very near our harbor;
but the ravens tore the nest down and destroyed the eggs. Only a sin-
gle well-identified egg was secured. This gull is unknown to Governor
Fencker on the Greenland coast. They remained about the harbor
a great deal, and were often observed making away with such scraps as

BIRDS. 99

the cook had thrown overboard; were shy and difficult to shoot. Full-
grown young of this species were shot in the first days of September3
these were even darker than the young of L. argentatus, the primaries
and tail being very nearly black.
66. Larus marinus, Linn.

‘+ Nayardluk,” Greenlanders.

Observed in Cumberland only in late autumn; cannot ascertain that
they breed there; quite common on the Greenland coast form 63° to 709
N. lat. Abundant in October on the South Labrador coast and New-
foundland. Hundreds daily frequent St. John’s Harbor, Newfoundland.

67. Larus argentatus, Briinn.
**Nowyah,” Cumberland Eskimo,
Not uncommon in Cumberland, and breeds to lat. 672 N. A mere
straggler on the Greenland coast. Specimen shot June 20 in Cumber-
land contained ova as large as buckshot.

68. Pagophila eburnea, Gm.
‘*Nayauarsuk,” Greenlanders.

Very common in Kingwah Fjord and vicinity just before it froze up,
for a few days only. None seen in spring. Does not breed in Cumber-
land. By no means common on the Greenland coast. The food of those
I examined consisted of small crustaceans. I saw one trying to swallow
the wing of a Som. mollissima that the cook had thrown overboard, when
I shot it. The wing was so lodged in the esophagus that it would cer-
tainly have choked the bird had it not disgorged. Those that visited
our neighborhood seemed to have a very decided preference for meat.
I once saw three or four alight on a seal that had just been killed, and
attempt to get at the flesh. They are easily decoyed within shot by
strewing pieces of meat on the ice. Were one of the most abundant
and greedy birds around a- whale carcass that had been killed in the
vicinity. The specimens I procured that were nearly in adult plumage
had a greenish yellow bill at base and bright yeilow tip, with no dusky
markings; the younger birds only had the bill clouded with dusky.
There appears to be a marked difference in the size of the sexes, the
female being one to two inches shorter than the male.

69. Rissa tridactyla, Linn.,
“Nowavah” (Little Nowyah), Cumberland Eskimo. ‘Tattarat,” or “Tatarak,”
Greenlanders and Eskimo about Frobisher Straits.
The kittiwake was first noticed in the Straits of Belle Isle, on our
outward passage, the 18th of August, 1877. From this point northward

100 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

they were with us constantly, if we were near land or far out at sea, in
storm or calm, fog or snow; no day—scarcely an hour—but some of these
interesting birds were our companions; often a few individuals only, at
other times flocks of many hundreds or even perhaps thousands on the
islands of the north Labrador coast. In Cumberland they are by far the
most common gull, and in fact the most abundant species in fall, but so”
far as I could learn do not breed there. From September till the ice
covered the water they were extraordinarily abundant, congregating in
immense flocks. When the tide runs strong they follow the stream for
many miles in regular order, about half their number constantly dipping
into the water, while the rest fly on ahead a few feet; while thus feeding
they remind one of a flock of passenger-pigeons feeding in a grain-field.
The food obtained at such a time is mostly small crustaceans.

When a good feeding-place is found, the whole flock settles down, and
so close together that almost any number can be shot. The jaegers are
always on the alert for such flocks, and when they get near the gulls,
they all foolishly take wing, when the jaeger singles out a likely looking
subject, which is soon made to disgorge. The flock soon settles again,
and the same manceuyre is repeated.

I did not see a single kittiwake in the upper Cumberland waters
during spring or summer, where there were thousands the previous
autumn. A very few immature birds were noticed on an iceberg, July
18, near Cape Mercy; but these were all I saw till nearing the Greenland
coast, where they are more common still. The flesh is highly esteemed
by the Danes resident on the Greenland coast; in fact, they form no in-
considerable portion of their meat supply during the latter part of July
and August and September. We found the flesh of the young quite ac-
ceptable.

A few young birds were observed along the east coast of the Penny
Peninsula as far as Exeter Sound, and in the pack-ice an occasional
specimen was seen; but when nearing the coast of Disko their numbers
increased to thousands. They followed the schooner constantly from
this point till we got to the southern shores of Newfoundland, where few
were seen.

Among the specimens collected by me were some that had scarcely
any hallux, while in others it was as well developed as in any gull, and
having a perfect nail. There is also every gradation between the two.

[ saw a gull a little larger than tridactyla, in Godhavn Harbor, one
day; it had a black head, The same afternoon Governor Fencker saw

BIRDS. 101

it in tront of one of the Eskimo huts, feeding from a pile of garbage;
he also failed to secure it. The bird looked to me like an adult Z.
franklini, a bird not hitherto taken up as belonging to the Greenland
fauna.

70, Xema sabinii, (Sab.) Leach.

On the 6th of October, 1877, on the passage from the Kikkerton
Islands northward, a pair of these birds kept close to the stern of the
schooner for many miles. I could easily have shot them, but it would
have been impossible to procure them had I done so. Saw no others at
any time.

71. Sterna macrura, Naum.
“Emukitilak,” Cumberland Eskimo and Greenlanders.

On the 19th and 20th of June there were thousands of these birds
about Annanactook Harbor, but this was also the only time I saw any.
The Eskimo say they breed on the Seven Islands in Cumberland some
years. They were first noticed in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in Au-
gust. I’rom this point they seemed more or less common along the en-
tire Labrador coast and the islands north of Hudson’s Straits, but not in
Cumberland. On the Greenland coast they are abundant, in suitable
localities, to lat. 73° N. In Disko Bay they are very common, and breed
by thousands. They begin migrating southward during the latter days
of August, when the young are large enough to take care of themselves.
Appeared to be plenty at the mouth of Exeter Sound, where “ kaplin”
are very abundant.

72. Pulmarus glacialis, Leach.
“Oohudluk,” Cumberland Eskimo, ‘Kakordluk” (white) and ‘‘Igahsook”
(dark), Greenlanders.

On our outward passage these birds were first noticed off Belle Isle,
August 20, From this point northward their numbers increased ; they
were everywhere close in shore and far out at sea, at all times and in all
weather. Nearly all the Fulmars I saw in the autumn of 1877 were
light-colored; saw none so dark as I did in the spring. They were very
common in Cumberland till the middle of October. Were especially
abundant off shore, Cape Chidly, Resolution Island, Grinnell Bay, and
Irobisher Straits, during the latter part of August, September, and fore
part cf October. These were white with a pearly grey mantle and bright
yellow bill. I also procured a few that were ashy; these I presumed
were young birds; but in July, 1878, I found a few of these dark-colored
ones, darker than any I ever saw in fall, breeding near Quickstep Harbor,

102 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

in Cumberland, on some small rocky islands. When fresh these durk-
colored birds have a bright olive-green gloss, especially apparent on the
neck and back. The bill is shorter, stouter, and thicker, dusky brown
instead of yellow. On Blue Mountain, Ovifak, Greenland, these birds
breed by myriads to the very summit of the mountain, about 2,000 feet.
Here I could see but few dark birds; even the full-fledged nestlings were
white.

In Exeter Sound and to the northward along the west shores of Davis
Straits and Baflin’s Bay, the dark variety seems to predominate. Near
Cape Searle they are extraordinarily abundant, breeding by thousands
on the Padlie Island, and they are so tame about their nesting-places
that they can be killed with a stick. The eggs, even after being blown,
for many months still retain the musky odor peculiar to the birds. Per-
fectly fresh eggs are quite good eating, but if a couple of days old the
musky odor has so permeated them, even the albumen, that they are a
little too much for a civilized palate.

So far as my observations went, more dark birds were seen in spring
than in fall, so the dark plumage cannot be characteristic of the young.

The mollimoke is one of the greediest of birds. I have seen them
feeding on the carcass of a whale, when their looks and actions were per
fectly those of a vulture,—completely begrimed with blood and grease,
and so full that they could not take wing. I found great difficulty in
procuring white specimens that were not more or less daubed over with
* ourry,’’? especially about the head and neck. These birds possess ex-
traordinary powers of flight, and are marvelously graceful on the wing,
rising with the billow and again settling into the trough of the sea with-

out any apparent motion of the wings.

73. Cymochorea leucorrhoa, Coues.
Noticed sparingly about Cape Merey and Exeter Sound. Two speci-
mens seen in Disko Fjord in August, when they were probably nesting.

Far Jess common on the passage southward than the following.

74. Oceanites oceanica, Keys.

Traced as far north as Resolution Island on our outward passage; on
the homeward, first seen about one hundred miles south of Cape Fare-
well.

75. Puffinus kuhli, ( Briss.) Boie.
Cémmon from Belle Isle to Grinnell Bay. Not observed in Cumber-

land, on the Greenland coast.

BIRDS. 103

76. Puffinus major, (Briss.) Faber.
Abundant from Belle Isle to Resolution Island. Not observed in
Cumberland.

77. Colymbus torquatus, Linn.
“Toodlik,” Cumberland Eskimo and Greenlanders.
Quite common in Cumberland, where it breeds. Saw no specimens
that approached the variety adamsi.

78. Colymbus arcticus, Linn.
© Codlulik,’” Cumberland Eskimo.

Not common, but breeds in Kingwah Fjord. First specimen shot June
24. Saw a few in autumn near Grinnell Bay. Not found in North
Greenland according to Governor Fencker.

79. Colymbus septentrionalis, Linn.
“Kuksuk,” Cumberland Eskimo. ‘‘ Karksauk,” Greenlanders.

Very common in all the localities visited by me. Begins nesting in
the upper Cumberland waters in the latter part of June. The nest is
placed on the low rocks with very little grass and moss beneath the
eggs. They are very noisy, especially during the mating season. Do
not leave as long as there is open water.

80. Utamania torda, Leach.
* Akparnak,” Greenlanders.

Was seen on many occasions and often in close proximity to the ship
from the outer islands of the Middle Labrador coast to Frobisher Straits.
They were often noticed considerable distances from land. Are not
found in Cumberland, but by no means rare on the entire west coast of
Greenland to latitude 69° N. Off the North Labrador coast I noticed
on several occasions a small auk (?) intermediate in size between Jer-
gulus alle and Uria grylle, with much the same pattern of coloration as
the former, but with tufts or plumes of white feathers on the head. I
saw some with single young, and at one time killed three at a single
discharge ; but the ship was under such headway that the sailor sta-
tioned on the waist could not reach them with his pole and net. The
bird is entirely unknown to me, but I suspect it will be found to be one
of the small auks hitherto supposed to belong only to the North Pacific.

81. Fratercula arctica, (L.) Ill.

**Killaugak,” Greenlanders.
Observed abundantly in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and thence north-
ward to Hudson’s Straits. Not known to the Cumberland Eskimo;
but common on the Greenland coast to 70° N. at least. Breeds plenti-

104 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

fully on the Hunde and Green Islands in Disko Bay, where eggs were
procured. There seems to be no appreciable difference in Gulf of St.
Lawrence specimens and those from North Greenland except in size.
82. Mergulus alle, L.

* Kaerrak,” Greenlanders.

Common on the north coast of Labrador, off Resolution Island, Grin-
nell Bay, and Frobisher Straits, but did not see any in Cumberland.
I showed specimens to the Eskimo, and they called it a young “ akpa”
(Lomvia arra). So I presume the bird is very rare, if found at all, in
the Cumberland waters. Still they are abundant off Exeter Sound and
to the northward on the west coast of Baffin’s Bay. Governor Fenc-
ker says they nest to latitude 75° N., and perhaps farther. Nest
abundantly on the Whale Islands in Disko Bay. I procured young off
Resolution Island in the fore part of September. They were very
common among the pack-ice in Davis Straits during July. Often a
considerable number would be seen sitting on the ice. They seem
devoid of fear. I have caught them from the schooner’s deck with a
net on the end of a pole while they were swimming alongside.

83. Uria grylle, (L.) Lath.
‘*Pesholak,” Cumberland Eskimo. ‘‘ Serbek,” or ‘‘ Sergvak,” Greenlanders.

Was first observed off Resolution Island in the first days of Septem-
ber, 1877. They were then busily engaged fishing and carrying the fish
up the cliffs to the young, which were not yet in the water. They are
most expert divers and are often seen fishing where there is a consider-
able depth of water. I once shot an adult female that was carrying a
little Morrhua 7 inches in length up to her young. This was on the 19th
of September, and the young were not more than three-fourths grown
atthis date. I visited no locality either on Cumberland or on the Green-
land coast where this bird was not abundant. Some sections are of
course more suitable than others, and here they are very numerous.
They began to change into the winter plumage in the latter part of Sep-
tember. Some of the earlier-hatched young were much earlier than
this, but the adults were not in perfect winter dress till the middle of
October. They remained about our winter harbor as long as there was
open water, and even one or two staid in the Kingwah rifts all winter.
In spring they returned as soon as there was open water. About the
Southern Cumberland waters some remain all winter,—the Eskimo
say only the young birds. At Annanactook Harbor they began nest-

ing about June 25. The normal number of eggs is two; very rarely

BIRDS. 105

three are found. Always nest in crevices and fissures of cliffs, where it
is often extremely difficult to get at them. They are very tame; but it
is next to an impossibility to shoot one on the water if the bird is watch-
ing you, for they dive quite as quickly as a loon. I have seen three
entirely black specimens, which I considered to be U. carbo. One was
procured in Cumberland, but was lost, with many others, after we arrived
in the United States. I have examined specimens of carbo since in the
Smithsonian collection, and my bird was nothing but a melanistic speci-
men of U, grylle. I also have seen an albino specimen.

There were a few birds in an air-hole in the ice near our harbor in the
latter days of June that to all appearance resembled the autumn plum-
age of the young; but the ice was too treacherous for me to venture out, —
so | sent an Eskimo. He returned and reported them ‘“ Kanitucalo
pechulak” (very near a Guillemot). But if he meant that they were
in imperfect plumage or another species closely resembling grylle, L could
not make oat. He could not get close enough to the air-hole to procure
the specimen he killed, and I never saw or heard anything more of them.

84. Lomvia arra, Brandt.
“Akpa,” Cumberland Eskimo and Greenlanders.

I had hoped to be able to throw some light on the subject of the re-
lationship of the Murres, but I find my material corresponds with my
opportunities for observation—very poor and unsatisfactory. I first met
these birds in numbers off the coast of Resolution Island, but many were
seen farther south. About Grinnell Bay and Frobisher Straits they are
common even as far as the mouth of Cumberland, but apparently quite
rare in the waters of that sound The Eskimo say they formerly bred
in great numbers on the Kikkerton Islands; but they have now appa-
rently abandoned them. There are large breeding-places about Cape
Merey and Walsingham, the largest ‘“rookery” being on the Padlie
Islands in Exeter Sound. On the Greenland coast they are very abund-
ant, breeding by thousands in many localities. Observed plentifully in
the pack-ice in July. All the specimens collected by me were typical
arra. I procured but one single troile. The var. ringvia, Briinn., Goy-
ernor Fencker has not met during eleven years’ collecting on the Green-
land coast; and var. troile appears to be far from common. There is a
remarkable variation in the distribution of the dark color, some being
white on the throat quite to the bill, and again 1 have seen specimens
entirely black. The dark markings on the eggs of J. arra and troile, as
well as A. torda, can readily be obliterated with luke-warm water.

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FISHES

COLLECTED IN CUMBERLAND GULF AND DISKO BAY.

By TARLETON H. BEAN.

The collection of fishes made by Mr. Kumlien embraces ten species, a8

follows :
1. Boreogadus saida.

bo

Gadus ogac.

oe

Gymnelis viridis.

>

Liparis vulgaris.

. Cyclopterus lumpus.

. Cottus scorpius.

. Cottus scorpius sub-species gronlandicus.

a)

7
8
9. Gymnacanthus pistilliger.

10. Gasterosteus pungitius sub-species brachypoda.

With these I have combined several species collected by Lieut. W. A.
Mintzer, U. S. N., in Cumberland Gulf in 1876, the two following being
additions to Mr. Kumlien’s list:

11. Lycodus mucosus.

12. Salvelinus Naresi.

Besides giving a report upon these twelve species recently obtained
by the United States National Museum, I have made a list ot the spe-
cies recorded from Northeastern North America, which is by no means

Cottus scorpioides.

complete, but is as nearly so as the limited time allowed me for search-
ing would permit. Of course there are many Greenland species which
we may be sure are found also on our northeastern coast, but we have
as yet no positive evidence of their occurrence.

The additions to our collections and to our knowledge of the species
made by Mr. Kumlien are by far the most important contributions from
the region in question hitherto received by the museum, and that excel-
lent naturalist deserves hearty acknowledgments for the valuable ma-
terial which he has secured in the face of great obstacles. Two of the

_ species taken by him have not before been recorded from the northeast
107

108 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

coast—Cottus scorpius and Gasterosteus pungitius sub-species brachypoda.
Many of the others are extremely rare in collections.

Lieutenant Mintzer’s collection also, though small in the number of
species, is rich in interest, and has greatly extended our acquaintance
with some of the rarest of northern forms.

Family, PLEURONECTID &.

1. Pleuronectes Franklinii Giinther.

Pleuronectes Franklinii GUNTH., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, p. 442.

Pleuronectes (Rhombus) glacialis Ricu., VY. B. A., iii, 1836, p. 258.

Platessa glacialis Ricn., Voy. Herald, Fishes; 1854, p. 166, pl. xxxii.

tichardson records the species from Bathurst’s Inlet (67° 40/ N., 1099

W.); Dr. Giinther has Arctic American specimens from Dr. Rae and the
Haslar collection. Judging from the descriptions given by Richardson
and Giinther, Pleuronectes Franklinii is very closely related to P. glaber
(Storer) Gill.

2. Hippoglossus vulgaris Illeming.
Halibut KUMLIEN, in lit. eb. 16, 1879.

Mr. Kumlien writes me, that “in February a large halibut was caught
in a seal breathing-hole by an Eskimo, but it was something entirely un-
known to them,”

It may be that this was not Hippoglossus vulgaris, but Platysomatichthys
hippoglossoides (=Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Walb.) Gill).

‘amily, GADID AS.

3. Boreogadus saida (Lepech.) Bean.
Gadus fabricit Ricu., Faun. Bor. Amer., 1836, p. 245: GiUnruEer, Cat. Fishes
Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, p. 336.
Boreogadus polaris Git, Cat. Fishes E. Coast N. A., 1873, p. 17.

21746. (310.) Annanactook, Cumberland Gulf, A. L. Kumlien. D.14,18,18. A.
21,19. P.17. V.6. Length 250 millimetres.

The inequality of the caudal lobes mentioned by Gill* is evident in
this example; the length of the upper lobe, measured from the origin of
the middle caudal rays, is 31 millimetres, of the lower lobe 27. The
outline of the lower lobe is decidedly convex below. The middle caudal
rays, instead of pursuing the horizontal of the median line of the body,
are slightly raised, giving the fin a peculiar shape, which may perhaps
be due to outside cireumstances, or may be characteristic of the adult.

*Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, p. 233.

FISHES. 109

The inequality of the lobes and the singular shape are not present in the
smaller individuals referred to below.

Mr. Kumlien sent the following notes of color: ‘ Brassy red; belly
white; eye red. Fins dark purple brown.” <A sketch of this specimen
by Mr. Kumlien has the caudal lobes equal.

21747. (481.) Kingwah Fjord, Cumberland Gulf, A..L. Kumlien. D. 13, —, 20. A.
16,21. V.6. Length 180 millimetres.

“Found on a seal-hole. Iris silvery white. J ins dark purple brown.
Belly and lower parts silvery. Back brassy olive brown.”—umlien.

21748. (857.) Head of Cumberland Gulf, A.L.Kumlien. D. 13,16,20. A. 19,21.
P.19. V.6. Length 160 millimetres.

‘‘Dark brassy red, becoming blue-black on head. Silvery white on
belly. Pectorals white. All the rest of the fins dark purple-blue.”—
Kumiien.

21753. (369.) Cumberland Gulf, Jan. 2, 1878, A.L. Kumlien. Length 112 millim.,

“The principal food of Pagomys fetidus at this season.”—HKumlien.

I have followed the lead of Malmgren* and Collett? in employing the
name Gadus saida Lepech. Professor Collett has made a direct com-
parison of examples of this form of cod from Archangel, Greenland,
Spitzbergen, and Nova Zembla, and he believes the polaris of Sabine,
1824, Fabricit of Richardson, 1836, and agilis of Reinhardt, 1838, to be
identical with G. saida. The only difference that he observed is that
individuals from the White Sea have, as a rule, darker fins than the
rest, which he justly attributes to a difference in the surroundings of
the bottom in the different places. They agree in squamation, structure
of the teeth, position of the anus, and in every particular of the structure
of the body so completely that they cannot possibly be separated.¢

4. Pollachius carbonarius (Linn.) Bon.
Merlangus carbonarius Ricu., Last of the Arctic Voyages, 1855, p. 375.
Richardson records the species from Davis Strait.

5. Gadus morrhua Linn.
Gadus morrhua Ricw., V. B. A., iii, 1836, p. 243.
Richardson states that Davis observed many cod in the possession of
the Eskimo who live between Cape Raleigh and Cumberland Strait.

*Ofy. Kgl. Vet. Akad. Férh. 1864, p. 531.
t Christiania Vid. Selsk. F6rh. No. 14, 1878, (p. 80).
t Men iévrigt stemme de i Skjelbekledning, Tandbygning, Stillingen af Anus og i
ethyert Punkt af deres Legemsbygning saa fuldkommen oyverens, at nogen Adskillelse

mellem den ikke er mulig.—Collett, 1. ¢.

110 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

6. Gadus ogac Rich.
Gadus ogac Ricu., Faun. Bor. Amer., iii, 1836, p. 246.
Gadus ovak Ruprt., Vid. Selsk. Naturvid. og Math. Afh., deel vii, 1838.
Gadus ogat KréyvER, Voy. en Seand., &e., pl. xix.

21723. (1417.) g Godthaab, Greenland, August 11, 1878. D. 13, 19, 22. A. 22,
21. V.6. Length of specimen 330 millimetres.

A black spot on the second dorsal, § as long as the eye, between the
thirteenth and fifteenth rays.

21724. (1418.) 9 Godthaab, Greenland, August 11, 1878. D. 14, 18, 20. A. 20,
1s. V.6. Length of specimen 359 millimetres,

The lateral line shows an interruption, measuring 22 millimetres on the
left side, the right being normal. ‘The first portion of the lateral line
ends at the vertical through the interspace between the first and second
dorsals; the second portion begins at the vertical let fall from the sixth
ray of the second dorsal.

21725. (1419.) 2 Godthaab, Greenland, August 11, 1878. D. 14,17,18. A. 19,
20. V.6. Length of specimen 300 millimetres.

Richardson records this species at Cape Isabella, Peninsula of Boothia.

Gadus ogac Rich., may be only a variety of G. morrhua Linn., as
claimed by Dr. Giinther; but after examining many specimens of the
latter species and comparing them with Mr. Kumlien’s examples, I prefer
to consider these distinct from G. morrhua and identical with Richard-
son’s species. It may be that a larger series would lead me to the same
conclusion reached by Dr. Giinther. I have studied all the common cod
in the United States National Museum, a very large series, recently in-
creased by the addition of a monster weighing 100 pounds, and find that
Gadus ogac is distinguished from G. morrhua by several important ehar-
acters, among which are (1) a more slender caudal peduncle; (2) a longer
barbel; (3) a larger eye; (4) a greater distance between the eyes; (5) a
longer pectoral; and (6) the more advanced position of the ventrals.
These differences may be seen in the tables of measurements, in which
are given the proportions of parts of the body in hundredths of the total
length without the caudal.

The general color of Mr. Kumlien’s specimens is very dark brown, and
the sides are marbled with white.

FISHES.

Table of Measurements.

Species, Gadus ogac Rich.

111

Current number of specimen .......-.--------- 21,723. 21,724. 21,725.
Weocalityaeseeae eee eas es cece dnceemcias sss Greenland. Greenland. Greenland.
Millime- | 190ths | yritime. | 20°thS | writtime. | 100ths
tres. 1 tres. tres.
ength. | length. length.
Extreme length (without caudal) .......-..--. BOGS. cues S80) |seecca = 27683 Sa s5 Ses
Length to end of middle caudal rays ....-..... S80N Ee tases B50) |Ronesae 300}|saeeee
Body:
Wrens neh totialistsascccmmecnnesscccec| sess ees cs Bi |i occrese Say sane eer 5h
Head:
(Greatestilon othe. ccccesccmae cee circ wslclece|nwnmenccins 274 Nea ata BO |oemectiee 30
Width of interorbital area .-. De Paceiee in|. eee Se 9
Length of snout. .....-..--.- Oe | memeeee eae \) WeLOl? | Seen comer: | aeeaeeen
Length of barbel.............. WI omacoaatiod | GF |easceces 64
Men Cho LMaxTNANys coat ws sceias «team cinwe|leenaclaces aA al pee eae doh |eer eens 13
Meng iinofmandibleljacencces snc cleseneseimas|ccoceeicce- Oe | Sreteeteereeei== 15h ales eeee: 16
PAM ELEL OLOLDLG pe sess ca toce<ieto Sincisinios cee |\sacss ace si- Gis Saceecceee Gi hascceotee 64
ee OEE f 1 t 143 16 14
enothiot lonresttay)-.s-.. neces scinevces|acecice ces Sesecc te =p) eel Ole | ceeegeneee
Pe :
MENON, see ses eee ctaeesacele cise oeecccecec|mccwecnincs GM) \Seeseecee LT eseeaaes 174
Ventral:
DIStAN CE MLOMIANOUG =~ - so sle sn eeine sesso] ecto ceciee DOM |Reeiaecince 20 eae eres 25
Teen Oo yean see scene na sinels seit clojess| ere ateieleratar DSP enemiiesiee oO aeeeee eee 15
Moria eee ee Sb te ee cc Sdc AS IDIOSE te Ae 141890) [eee 145175 18 eee
Pan ae Or aE CM NN 88S LC SAT estat Diets) eee 19; ile se
MONULAl eearmtescecesencmaccaiscasessccicisccce| Mime Oileccemcmstt |) ll Oh Cocco. (iia esaneae
Table of Measurements—Continued.
Species, Gadus morrhua Linn.
Current number of specimen. ..-..-. 17,405. 17,406 a. 17,406 b. 17,406 c.
2 Lofoten, Nor- Bergen. Bergen. Bergen.
Mocalityperses sees ao eee sae ; aa 8 8
0 0
metres. length. metres.| ) ength. metres.| 1 ength. metres.| yon ath.
Extreme length (without caudal) -. SIDM ascease ANS ieee cir BOON S22 52 c
se eth to end of middle caudal rays. SAD Seiererne AaS \aectele 330) |seeeeene
OY :
eastiheis itor calls- ssc ess lcmes oie see siectee| oe an'ac Oa Gases GRieeceseee 6
Head:
(Greatestilength 2225. escce7- =| has -= 2 - OE emma | Uns | paramere SOM ester 28
Width of interorbital area .....|......-- Wie Coen a ii eo Sree ae Tad ee atch 7
Bengthiohenoutes. csctec ce cse-| se cececnlonmceascleeccaece ONS | eereverers OW Serr aescr 9
Menothior Darbelsssws-soc- -secclsocese.oe OS ileae eects | 44 |... DA, | ete oan 5
Benpth of maxillary-<-----scs--|tcce- c= LSM paae ete A ee cei ROI peaisae a 12
Length of mandible ............|........ Rs eeiersrare 3 LOSS ee oer IS Rees sok 144
DIAMELCL OL OLDIbis = 2 can - obec) cane ceee OF) |Seeaecne Si |eeeneeee Gl Saeco 54
Dorsal (first) :
Benet WOLlOonyOSU Tass cte=tsea||\tomeseios (csc ms seeps ceniss LO eens LOD eset 14
Becworals
HONIG Ll tatteratataietaiofataieiolactaielels aiaieleel eine sim wie AIS ee cick 13} Pesce aa ae aetre 14
Ventral: ‘ , i
Distance from snout ...........].....--- Dinner 26M eras cee. OTA Nees nee 27
Length .......... ala enna ieee ales 44s esas TEN eee ee TOS) | Seeeeeas 14

Pi? NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.
Family, LYCODIDZS.

7. Gymnelis viridis (Fabr.) Rhdt.

21739. (726.) Head of Cumberland Gulf, June 13, 1878. Length of longer 63 millim.
Length of shorter 59 millim.

“Gravel beach, at low tide.”.—Awmlier.

21749, (648.) Head of Cumberland Gulf, May 30, 1878. a,109millim. 6,103 millim.
ce, 65 millim. d, 60 millim.

“ Coogjannernak of the Eskimo.”—Kumlien.

21757. (661.) Head of Cumberland Gulf, June 6, 1878. D. 95, A. 77. Length of
specimen 104 millim,

“Gravel beach.”—Kumlien.

21758. (647.) Head of Cumberland Gulf, May 30,1878. D, 105. Length of example
147 millimetres.

“Tide-rifts, among stones.”—umlien. Color-sketch accompanying.

21759. (646.) Head of Cumberland Gulf, May 30,1878. D, 102. Length 142 millim.

“Tide-rifts, among stones.”—wmlien.

21760. (645.) Head of Cumberland Gulf, May 30,1878. D. 100. Length 142 millim.

“ Tide-rifts, among stones.,—Kumlien.

21999. (86.) Niantilic, Cumberland Gulf, August, 1876. W. A. Mintzer, U. 8.N. a,
210 millim. 0, 176 millim.; D. ca. 95; A. 77; P. 13. c, 175 millim.; A. 75; P. 12,
d, 124 millim.; A. 78; P. 13.

“Pound between high and low water mark.”—Mintzer.

This species is recorded from Prince Regent’s Inlet (Rich., F. B. A.,
iii, 1836, p. 271; stomach of kittiwake gull); Northumberland Sound,
76° 53’ N. (Rich., Last Are. Voy., 1855, p. 367, pl. xxix, and as var.
unimaculatus, p. 371, pl. xxx); lat. 81° 52’ N. (Giinth., P. Z. S., 1877, p.
293), and Franklin Pierce Bay (Giinth., op. cit., p. 476).

Kroyer has found in the stomachs of specimens examined by him,
“crabs . . . . onee Gammarus locusta Linn.; another time Ento-
mostraca.”* Prof. Robert Collett found in the mouth of a specimen
secured in the summer of 1878 by the Scandinavian Expeditions, an
example of Modiolaria laevigata Gray.t
8. Lycodes mucosus Nich.

Lycodes mucosus Rici., Last of Arctic Voyages, 1855, p. 326, pl. xxvi.

16930. Cumberland Gulf, W. A. Mintzer, U. S. N.

A single individual of this species, originally described from North-
umberland Sound, was found by Lieutenant Mintzer, and presented by
him to the United States National Museum. From the appearance of
the specimen it must have been picked up dead; but it ts ina good state

*Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, 3 R., I. B. (author’s extra), p. 34.
t@hristiania Vid. Selsk. Forh. 1878, No. 14, (p. 78).

FISHES. 113

of preservation. As there is little on record concerning the species, and
the example under consideration is much larger than the types, and,
while it agrees in all important particulars with Richardson’s descrip-
tion and figure of L. muscosus, still shows some differences in the meas-
urements, I have drawn up a description and prepared an accompanying
table of measurements. It will be observed that in Lieutenant Mintzer’s
specimen the head is longer and wider and the height and width of
body slightly less than in the types, which variations may be accounted
for by the difference in size.

Like all the other described species of Iycodes, except L. paxillus
Goode & Bean, of which I have knowledge, the width of the body at the
vent is very much less than just behind the pectorals, and the height
of the body at the same point is also considerably less than it is in the
anterior part of the body; in other words, the body tapers decidedly,
and the tail is much compressed.

Description.—The length of the example is 430 millimetres (17 English
inches). Scales are entirely wanting.

The greatest height of the body (at the pectorals) is contained 8 times
and its greatest width (just behind the pectorals) 9 times in the total
length. The width at the vent is contained 8 times in the length of the
head, and twice in the length of the longest dorsal ray. The height at
the ventrals about equals the height of the body at the pectorals. The
height of the body at the vent equals half the greatest width of the head,
and is contained 114 times in the total length.

The head is very large, its length being 3% of the total, and its
greatest width contained 53 times in the whole length. The distance from
the tip of the snout to the nape is + of total length, and 4 of the length
of the mandible. The distance between the eyes is contained 6 times
in the length of the head. The length of the snout is 4 of the length
of the head. The nostrils are much farther from the eyes than from each
other, their distance from the eyes being contained 44 times in the length
of the head. The length of the upper jaw is contained 64 times in the
total length ; of the lower jaw, 6% times ; the upper jaw slightly exeeed-
ing the mandible in length. The eyes are very small, close together,
and high, their long diameter being equal to 34, of the length of the
head.

The distance from the tip of the snout to the beginning of the dorsal
fin is contained 34 times in the total length. The first ray of the dorsal
is contained 52 times in the length of the head, and the longest, 4 times.

The distance of the anal from the snout is 34 of the total length and

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 15 8

114 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

almost equals twice the distance of the pectoral from the snout. The
first anal ray is contained 94 times in the length of the head, the longest
4} times. The vent is nearly in the middle of the total length.

The distance from the tip of the snout to the base of the pectoral is
contained 34 times, and the length of the pectoral 6% times in total
length. The length of the pectoral equals that of the mandible, and
only slightly exceeds one-half of the length of the head.

The distance of the ventral from the tip of the snout equals the length
of the head. The length of the ventral equals the long diameter of the
eye.

Radial formula.—D. (including half of candal) 90; A. (including half
of caudal) 71; P.18; V. 3.

Colors.—These agree, in the main, so closely with Richardson’s de-
scription of them, that it is unnecessary to say more than that the cross-
markings are faint and narrow.

The gape of the mouth is very wide. The character and arrangement
of the teeth agree perfectly with the original description.

Table of Measurements,

Current number of specimen. ..---- awne ceitgues Sp naccace™ Atueeraanen m= 16,930.

OCAIGY sae tee = se ne Som weenie eee atinn eee ense naam enon ep nner Cumberland Gulf.

Mitlime- | 190ths of| Times in
tres. | length. total.

Rxtreme length ...--.. --. 2220.2 nnn ee new ene wna cn cnc ens ccnnescnnnns 430 | enamel eee ee

Body:
Greatest height (at pectorals) ....-...-------.--------- +202 eee ene|aee eee eee 124 8
Greatest width (behind pectorals) ....--- 2.2.0. cece efedennee ne 1 9
WAGtR SU VON: oo nee e soo enema vaidec uw amenesnpaststnnaemaenenre|ovesc=cuns 3} |Inhead 8
Meicht at ventralee - fa sets aceeeee eeeken thoes asaee an ee Esai =n deemer rs 13 |Nearly 8
Height at Vent. .. 2-2. ccc cnn nc ence nec ccnccennnsncesencen cenacs|eccesecons 8.7 114

Head :
GTeOR OBEN thn. eee rae am sa nite es aad o Some ne ing eas see La aero 28 34
Distance from ANON tO DANG nc sacs coca ne ercondewernecaseswuesaut|pesasacas 20 5
GiGGTORG W100. 5 <ues.s 4s pean nee crac ee auidean de eae n oom cbpenean| saeco te 174 53
DIBtICE DEUWOGI GY OB ncn nano a coc ce cc eect was wwessektne nae ceumon|oansecenee 4¢ |Inhead 6
Lexie Of BUOU is. cate wee poche wipes eens etchant rem eel ee |e 9} |Inhead 3
Distance of nostrils Trom Gy) 2-5-6 ede ve con eet os, aunocussnccc|aaswecnen= 6% |Inhead 44
Length of upper jaw.......-...--.-..-- z 16 7
Length of mandible...........--. ann te 15 6%
Distance from snout to orbit ...... Sees 93 10%
Long diameter of 6ye@. ..<- <2 <ccassece~se==~anm | 22 |In head 10%

Dorsal : |
Distance from) ANON ws ncvesun coon obs sosunds wa scon nn dukpenbpea staclund bean eae 81 34
Weneth OF GIaC ay ove no nc awe Wee ued anna ncckbouy sananndsne scene eel ieaese eS 5 20
Length of longest Tay ieknecssac oss wekhhomsantans> wantus aboe ines al Geet’ 7 14

Anal : |
Distance from anout ots. <-cscennacaes she ensiaks acne eumween ds aa=Wi ional 55 ly
Peneth Gf Mise Tay isl tecs wk secenakevebea soe ensheas Seon adund sue | pees eee 8 33
Bength of longest Pave. «. vesunwud eva aaWhen cuba awe tase eeene eaon lames eens 6} 15
Distance of vent from ‘enous. ocks a. denckessmaee sees cen, caaecetees SS, see eee 55 1%

Pectoral :
Distance Trom snot <<< <0. ntwus sod ecokkuteneuntce seu ee eeeier stele deena 284 3t
i142 er eee ee Pye em NM fem i Sy Mier oe ee

Ventral:
Distance from snout
POD PU dante qn ee ss sna cen vaen

DS ae ee ee ere

ARG Poca papinhe nse penn ee

PROGOUIS cade web bricunnup es speUh hae andpanxcatnnmneianenee aememaraas

WEQPOR on ayunkp aw enSseme iene cScncveasnch Sun suns anbunhp oh nanan ame

Seales

A ee ee eee eee ewe ee eee eee wee eee eee eeeeee

FISHES. 115

9. Lycodes polaris (Sabine) Rich.
Blennius polaris SABINE, App. Parry’s First Voy., p. eexii.
Tycodes polaris Ricu., Last Are. Voy., 1855, p. 362.

Described from North Georgia, lat. 75° N., long. 110° W. Recorded,
also, from the west side of the Peninsula of Boothia by Capt. J.C. Ross.
10. Uronectes Parryi (Ross) Giinther.

Ophidium Parrit Ross, in Parry’s Third Voy., App., p. 109; Polar Voyage, p.
199.—Ricu., F. B. A., iii, 1836, p. 274.

Discovered in Baffin’s Bay and Prince Regent’s Inlet. Observed near

Felix Harbor, ejected by a glaucous gull.—fRich., 1. ¢.

Family, STICH HID.

11. Centroblennius nubilus (Rich.) Gill.
Lumpenus nubilus Ricw., Last Arc. Voy., 1855, p. 359, pl. xxviii.
This species was described from Northumberland Sound, lat. 76° 53/ N.

Family, ZIPHIDIONTID ©.

12. Murenoides fasciatus (Schn.) Gill.
Gunnellus fasciatus Ricu., Last Are. Voy., 1855, p. 357, pl. xxvii.

Richardson records the species from Northumberland Sound.

Family, CYCLOPTERID,

13. Eumicrotremus spinosus (Fabr.) Gill.
Cyclopterus spinosus GUNTH., P. Z. 8., 1877, pp. 293, 476.

Giinther has examined specimens from Franklin Pierce Bay.
14. Cyclopterus lumpus Linn.

21726. (1411.) Godthaab, Disko Island, Greenland.

Mr. Kumlien brought down a single specimen 430 millimetres in length,
and furnished the following notes of color: “ Varying shades of dusky
olive green. Dorsal light. Belly nearly white. Iris umber.”

Family, LIPARIDID™.

15. Liparis vulgaris Fleming.
Liparis lineata (LEP.) KRGyER, Nat. Tidsskrift, ii, 2, p. 284; iii, 1, p. 244; Voy.
en Seand., &c., pl. xiii, fig. 2.

Liparis lineatus COLLETT, Christiania Vid. Selsk. Forh. 1878, No. 14, (p. 32).
21762. (657.) Annanactook, Cumberland Gulf. D. 42. A. JI, 34. P.35. C. 11.
Taken in “7 fathoms. Nee-fitz-shak of the Eskimo.”—Kumlien.
21763. (859.) Head of Cumberland Gulf, June 29, 1878. (a) D. 19, 23; A. 34.

(by D. 19, 215 “A. 35.
“ Pastened to kelp in 7 fathoms.”—Kuwmlien.
21764. (860.) Annanactook, Cumberland Gulf, June 29, 1878.
“ Fastened to kelp.,.—umlien. |

116 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

21765. (858.) Head of Cumberland Gulf, June 29,1878. D.41. A.34. P.34. C.10,

‘“Tastened to kelp in 5 fathoms.”—Kumlien.

21752. (573.) Annanactook, Cumberland Gulf.

Referred doubtfully to L. vulgaris. The specimen is young and in bad
condition. It was taken in 9 fathoms.

Richardson (F. B. A., iii, 1836, p. 265) mentions this species from the
west side of Davis Strait in lat. 70°, and from Regent’s Inlet.

Professor Collett found the alimentary canal of one of his specimens
filled with small amphipods, one of them being Caprella septentrionalis
Kv., together with many individuals of Protomedeia fasciata Kr.*
16. Liparis Fabricii Kroyer.

Liparis Fabricti GUNTHER, P. Z. S., 1877, pp. 294, 476.

Dr. Giinther has examined specimens Os. in Discovery Bay and

Franklin Pierce Bay.

. Family, AGONID ZS.

17. Aspidophoroides monopterygius (Bloch) Storer,
Aspidophoroides monopterygius GUNTH., P. Z. 8., 1877, p. 295

A young individual was taken in 30 fathoms, lat. 65° N ., long. 53° W.—
Giinther, 1. e.

Family, COTTIDA.
18. Cottus scorpius Linn.

21989. (151.) Q Niantilie Harbor, Cumberland Gulf, A. L. Kumlien.

21742. (180.) g Niantilie Harbor, Cumberland Gulf, A. L. Kumlien.

Mr. Kumlien collected this individual on the 25th of September, 1877,
at which time its colors must have been exceedingly brilliant, judging
from the traces which still remain. He states in his notes, that it lives
‘among the rocks at the bottom, feeding largely on erustacea and mol-
lusks.” Cottus scorpius, and the sub-species grénlandicus, but especially
the latter, formed an important part of the food supply of the expedi-
tion.

These specimens of Cottus scorpius are clearly identical with Seandi-
navian examples of the same species, as may be seen from the tables of
measurements which follow. In all the tables it must be remembered
that the unit of length is the total length without caudal. So far as I
know, the true Cottus scorpius has not previously been found on the
east coast of America, A young individual, catalogue-number 10374,
collected at Eastport, Me., by the United States Fish Commission, may
be compared with one a trifle larger, catalogue-number 22060, which

* Colle tt, i Cc.

FISHES.

117

was presented to the United States National Museum by Prof. Robert

Collett.
is very striking.
far south as Eastport.

The agreement between these two in ail essential particulars
We may safely record this species, then, at least as
The true Cottus scorpius may be distinguished

from the sub-species which follows by its narrower interorbital distance,

and the lesser length of the dorsal spines, particularly the anterior ones.

Table of Measurements.

Species, Cottus scorpius Linn.

Current number of specimen ....--.--.---.-----

Locality

Extreme length
Length to origin of middle caudal rays
Body:
Greatestihereh ti asassriecesiciia-== == 1-1-1
Greatest width (at pectoral base)
Height at ventrals
Least height of tail.......-.-..-. easels
Head:
Greatestilengthy. cseseceassstaetiss soe sacs
Distance from snout to nape
Greatest width at base of przop. spines. ...-.
Width of interorbital area--...........-..--
Length of snout .....- -
een Sth Of MpPPSLjAWeen-- osteo c= scc acc < ce
Length of mandible
Distance from snout to orbit
Diameter of orbit
Dorsal (spinous) :
Distance from snout
Length of base
Length from end of dorsal to origin of mid-
Glejcandall Ways) onic a2 eis cee Belsei-alem seein
Rene OL TITStISpINer ss. -s.oscecsecememsass
Length of second spine...-.....-.......--..
Lenguh of thirdispine:-<.--<--sse<-- --s5 2a
Length of fourth spine
Length of fifth spine
Length of sixth spine
Length of seventh spine
Length of eighth spine
Length of ninth spine
Length of tenth spine
Length of lon gestitay, 22. <8. caceec sce cease
enpth ion lasbirwyy ch. .ccissn-2---2-nesecce
Anal:
Distance from snout
Wen OL OM DAS cat ete de wae seca code asa.
eng tioL Grsh TAY. lana ss occe slekeckwiede ve
Length of longest ray .-...--....-..--..2..-
Meneih Of lastiTays kj cssces scene sece ore
Caudal:
Length of middle rays'..-.0.22.-.5-5-s22<--
Pectoral:
Distance from snout (upper axil)
Length
Ventral:
Distance from snout
Length

POCtOrall Sas casasceet sae cn rat ies ecinth aia aptate opens ;
WiGILUIRs aeate Somaicitncr es rade anette tek ose weed

21,742 a, ¢. 21,989, 9. 10,374, juv.

Cumberland Gulf. | Cumberland Eastport, Me.
Gulf.
Millime. | 2°88 | mani. | 200ths | yeni. | 100ths
tres. length. metres. length. metres. length
aN} eal eee TSO} |Seee stone tetsiah oe ec
A ORs aero DOW Sra etotare, a ep aleaseces
Be mata alee setae on | lsetarenrotaie Den | Seteelomets 24
Sete eeraitate AN aeteeetorae Dili efersierslarat- 20
Re oeet ee nae Zot wees 24) i heseeste 24
duet Gaiceeaneee Giles ssee 6}
Sota iisieaieel BS) sess he B8ho lee cteecloe 39
aeueeeieesce 26) | Sees sti Diehl eee saa 28
sete leeslalats 23) liza 23) ii|lessies ee 23
laa Fie acca dal tae ee 5
Swieielesicia Uw Wlekeacade Oe aeeiseinier 8
Saaee ees TRE oc oeee TG inex Secu 17
oe eee nee Oe eae cee 20) i eessi tee 19
Se eeeeeeae LOR peace LO ee sccesalscme cas
see eeetew ates Sh issansae. Sin posemstes 10
Se eetetele iene SE leaceriaas BONG |Peameaate 35
ee teetersis alcels 230g Semester DF |Prterm antes 22
eee cee MOS FESS hase UW eecso0s|lascacere
Peete erate HOY Neneealiee Oi Paearseres 11
eee eteeeiisis= LEDS | merece ON Ee eaietsine 12
See aeeiamerins DO eeaeeates TO ee eraser 3
Oya sereetererece Lp les aele See 12
Le lero eeetatala 2 Saeco 11
aD ei | ete craetncte ea enero 10
UO Ssceeroc GS) | eatete eters 8
MRR Dia |e oes Opal tacae 5s
ecm atte sieere Gy |seecis ao ey Sea oe 3
UNO i ah eco: Wen rR a7 sS) K Yon sake
saoeciobonode GT) eee sors Dy creer 16
we eee telciteais BA eicciacees OH eeneHas-\isansaché
seems aces Cait easeeoer O47) ea aacees 63
eee mae estas ZO eminiofaleners ee eae ser 26
eects ney Dili cemaaee VO Wesker 6
Be eee cel Ss | eeseieeps Da eax aratelos 12
Wear pie Sad Sue Gane: a
Stata cleats 20 Restctecetae URE | erento 22
a eieetnelel sincere DOW ilisaaeee at Bae eek on ec 36
Siesta rela ays 26 Usssteees 2 recess 26
See eee PIA oa ote |tcemetsta% 34
seeeaey ee a AO tal ata ee PA Cae e eee 21
Right V.
PeReVIL g|see-+=- Ae Me: es 2k IVE Ieee co's
me (eat EXATGI A sok ERG Nee oo
Richt Te peceneee een eae ete GME earner niet
ight 19 6

Cee Rcoeee: elite te coe
Wins |\kasecen TS ie se seete TES [teens

118 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

Table of Measurements—Continued.

Current number of specimen ...... 17,433 a, o. 17,433 b, 9. 8,285, 9. 22,060, juv.
ooalley 5-72 ea epee cates | Baten, Now| Bergen War medaa | cee

metres. length. metres. length. metres. length. metres. length

Extreme length.......-- Seer eee OU precast ZOD erases sctaeeteen | eerie = 104
Length to origin of middle caudal
TEVS eco cones owcee aace meena cement Lost awe cees ADO Dees S00) [pea em SO) il eeweee
Body:
GYeatesLMelght..se-sencesrase=|aaecae cs Pag) paeeeae 20, Iewence 28
Greatest width (at pectoral
DSHS) haeceee cette ee eee leanne er ake | etem mater Be | een ap Meee 21
Height at ventrals .........---.|--..-+-- 24 |. --0---- 23 “
Least height of tail............|.......- Te leap scss ae) | aa ete te lens 7
Head:
Greatest length.............-2-|....--- AD poset oe eee 40 Nesskeck 39
Distance from snout to nape .-.|......-. SL pose case Bese scees SO nero eee 27
Greatest width at base of
PONS SDIULCS eee ance mies Hal eam sirar
idth of interorbital area. ... |..-...-.
ben guhior BiOUt shoe ostescean claw secee
Length of upper jaw ..........|----...-
Length of mandible .........-.|......--
Distance from snout to orbit. -.|.....--.
Diameter of orbit: -.<...-<-.55.|2.50<-.-
Dorsal (spinous) :
Distance from snout .........--|....-.--
Length: 0b Das0/... 220. essnsces|woscue
Greatest heights.-. <5 cso. --spioc-c oy
Length of first spine. .-.---.--.|...
Length of second spine :
Length of third spine
Length of fourth spine .
Length of fifth spine .--........|.-- oad
Length of sixth gee? Shoeloeiat [Meee a ae
Length of seventh spine. .-.---|...-..--
Length of eighth spine ..-..--.-|......-.
Length of ninth spine ......--.|...-..--
Length of tenth spine ..-....-.|...-...-
Length of longest ray, ---..-.-.|...-.---
Length from end of dorsal to
origin of middle caudal rays..|.....-..
Anal:
Distance from snout ......-.-.-|...-----
engi Of DasGhees. sos vse ctue | es aeneaee
Denguh of firaxidy- 2. ssee~ seas oo
Length of longest ray. .--.-....|......--
en gU-OL ABC Thy secs eel eae
Caudal :
Length of middle rays.........}....-...
oan ofextermal Tays.c occas -|cncceee|) 1G ao cee se] eed Orel Coomera
Pecteral:
Distance from snout (upper
BEN Re oa ae cease age tae ee BT) Napa rs ST ilawtewee ee el eae oe ee a4
GONRUNS wo cb chee caw en eidaomoa ewe ‘... a |e wearer BT weaned BB hee wansos 26
Ventral:

19. Cottus scorpius L., sub-species gr6nlandicus C. & V.
Cottus grinlandicus Cuv. & VAu., Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, p. 185: Grit, Cat. Fishes
E. Coast N. A., 1873, p. 22.
Cottus scorpius var. grénlandica LUTKEN, Aftryk af Videnskabelige Meddelelser
fra den naturhistoriske Forening Kjébenhayn, 1876, p. 16.

21728. Godthaab, Greenland, A. L. Kumlien.
21729 Godthaab, Greenland, A. L. Kumlien.

FISHES. 119

21730. Godthaab, Greenland, A. L. Kumlien.

21731. Godthaab, Greenland, A. L. Kumlien.

21740. (151.) ¢. Niantilic Harbor, Cumberland Gulf, A. L. Kumlien.
21751. (67.) Young. Arctic Id., Cumberland Gulf, A. L. Kumlien.
16931. Many young. Cumberland Gulf, Lieut. W. A. Mintzer.

[have reached practically the same conclusion concerning the rela-
tions of C. scorpius and C. grénlandicus as Dr. Liitken, Malmgren, and Col.
lett, since itis probable that they use the term ‘ variety ” inthe same sense
in which I use “ sub-species.” Dr. Liitken, however, supposes the Cottus
variabilis of Ayres to be a synonym of C. scorpius sub-species grénlandi-
cus; but it is identical with Cottus eneus Mitchill. The Cottus Mitchilli
of Cuvier and Valenciennes, which was a mere name based on the Cottus
scorpius of Mitchill, is evidently a synonym of C. scorpius sub-species
gronlandicus ; but the name Cottus Mitchilli, as used by Dr. DeKay and
Professor Gill and understood in the museum catalogues, was associated
with the species which should be called C. wneus of Mitchill. DeKay’s
Cottus wneus as described and figured is a compound of @neus and octo-
decimspinosus. His C. Mitchilli is the true eneus of Mitehill. ;

C. eneus Mitchill is the smallest of the marine sculpins of the east
coast so far as known, and appears to be the least widely distributed. Its
limits may be stated as Long Island on the south and Maine on the north.
It has the narrowest interorbital space of our five known species. It is
not uncommon to find individuals of 24 inches in length full of spawn.
The base of the anal is almost invariably shorter than that of the first
dorsal. It is highly probable that DeKay’s figure* of Cottus cneus
Mitchill was drawn from a specimen of Cottus octodecimspinosus Mitch-
ill, the only known Eastern American sculpin with so long a spine on
the preoperculum. The number of anal rays (13) in this figure has
never been recorded in Cottus aneus, but is common in C. octodecimspi-
nosus. DeKay’s figure of Cottus Mitchilli is a fair representation of the
ceneus of Mitchill.

Cottus scorpius sub-species grénlandicus has about the same southern
limit as C. eneus, but it ranges northward to Greenland. It is abundant
at Wood’s Holl, Massachusetts, in winter. The United States Fish
Commission has found it common in summer at different points along
the coast between Cape Cod and Halifax, Nova Scotia. At Salem and
Gloucester it was caught from the wharves. The stomach of an adult
of medium size, taken at Wood’s Holl, Mass., by the United States
Fish Commission, contained three crabs, Cancer irroratus.

*New York Fauna, Fishes, 1842, p. 52, pl. vi, fig. 19.

120 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

Cottus octodecimspinosus Mitchill is known from Halifax on the north
to Beesley’s Point, New Jersey, on the south, where it was collected by
Prof. 8S. F. Baird in 1854. It is considered a shallow-water species ; but
the United States Fish Commission has a specimen from 68 fathoms in
the Gulf of Maine, where the temperature was about 42° Fahr. The
greater portion of the examples were from 10 fathoms or less.

Add to these Cottus scorpioides of Fabricius, and it will complete the
list of Eastern North American species of the genus Cottus so far as
known.

As already intimated, Cottus scorpius sub-species grénlandicus is quite
readily separated from the typical C. scorpius by its wider interorbital
distance and its higher spinous dorsal, which differences are best exem-
plified in the specimens from Greenland, and appear, along with others,
in the measurement tables.

Table of Measurements.

5
.

Species, Oottus scorpius sub-species grénlandicus.

Current number of specimen. .......-....-.------------e0e. 21,781. | 21,730.
TOCRUGY, oc one wee ae ened ne eee wie nem mains cw nane nso Godthaab, Greenland, Aug. 8, 1878.
Millime- |100ths of | Millime- | 100ths of
tres. length. tres. length.
xtreme ivlenethy 5. ce ee ens cane ree eee essen aoe oe eee mae ee 35.9 tee RGN, See
ee to origin of middle caudal rays. ...........-----.--- 1852 scasesee- TRO E eee
ody :
Grontert NeipnG ey acc oc ieoe caver eiecn cue eb oan a terdecnes (teen eee BE Wesoscee ans 23
Greatest width at pectoral base....-...2..0- 22. --525-|e nese nnn Oo MSS es eels eee
Melonht ab VEntrals..cvccstuc te ceetostoheanc es apeececmedeboneawacwas Oe ree eee | 23
easiiieig nr OL talltg-.- -n-cenenee sean eee een cer sa ceea eet es Oe ceh eres | 54
Tengthiof candal peduncle... oo o1cs< ecn coe meme cane=| sen sencawsse BSP fue scence | 12
Head:
Greatest length. .-.- .. 0 ecco cence e seweenncenins cwnensfooesedscnass BO pose aa tone! 38
Distance from enont LOmane.-- sone een es seer er eee| sen e anes cee Biri] ue aeceeeas 27
Width Of mnterocbital AGA sc cncn c= nocawesusscewe scene elGaae aw acmeee Ril eens 6
On PtL/OR BUOUG ss Joe can re eee een eae ae ae oie eine | nee sere Dl ieewacee se 9
Lenpth of tpperjaw: so. <<.<caceewucswapeamnaheuas wey | saacan een DOT eee costs 19
Length of mandible............ ewan Gen see ae ceMe on byoe |e eve cenene BOR face sacs 204
Distance TLOMisnOUG LO OLD bccn. cecmac whee mice wanm ses [estan ee alse AG teens 10
Diameter Of OLDAG Sisiccs we ms napeonewknnwaneue se scMan hel paw neee cme Oy eee Secanae 9
Dorsal (spinous) :
Distance from BNOWE 2... ss ce we eee ye emcee ences vse net oasenehawnep Ob ean ewanpae 33
Length Of Das eo: ccn vanuuss waceaedaccucatnupee nas anne meee etons OT WSs an 26
Length of first sping, <.wans wa ss pene ane t eee knees soak aes 1Gh henna ecee 15
Length of Secon Gps <0 220. -ccce toon sscn ew tsuak Geeks acne seveeee = IS" Pecekenens, 164
Length of third: spine. accesses seen oe nde nas onc snecae|-csecwsa news use ness ane) seh seme k= 164
Length of fonrtht apina G25 so. cosas wears dau games oe meen ue ee 18% | esi pcttaes 163
Length of fifth spine ... cc. ens cnccscusansccscscsenemes iene =e LD IT cssglerte axe t 154
Dength of sixth spines... dense. cecpeonasuwsdceckws<nun|yonuwdbeunen IG Pscancske woe 144
Length of seventh spine at wig ek oe ce Sh eta ae iho eae baa Pk ara Pe alee sro a Oak ete eer 134
Length of eighth BPINO ..- 222. - een eeeeeencnennn ene ee ens |e ween eeenens ee 2
Dench Of Ninth spine 'ss.a.s—ns canedand anne nea da aed wan ane este es Di Aeeeee ee 74
oeneth OF tenth: SNUG. nce nduenn aan sammie dtad abe Me ann en Bee leis Is dl sweetie ae 5
Lengthof eleventh opine... csechaucecusdawacsnntcaness|s sass uvdapslaesanersneloncwneeun 3
ength of lonvest ray ~ ..- ods tuas addeenesvonsp edna Rane ee enol BP cere ate dante 19
OCU OF LARGO TRY: . cco sccntevnennustcusuncep sans nonbacs|punsewunsuwd Oe ilu ede aoe 8
Anal:
DIRPENLOS THOM BNOWG & vcs wens sc speniccurcaucastanesakwanl sgauumkeeede GAA cee 62
LAORCW OL DESO ons. sossc -emeee cs odaupy ae eOuNucamusuael | Ropten mao Bk) 1 saint etal 25
Dene Obese TA. can cd cnW Oe nave mice ndasumoneceent eel kde aie eens gl ee et 7
LSTA OX LON GORG RY cnn cncacecavahann sumNeap emcee) | sasee ote es Aa |]. ascone eee 15
Leenigthy OF TAR TAY os vain poe yevaneVeuwanckcnukatuaeee inemeene kone Chis asaas 8

FISHES.

121

Table of Measurements—Continued.

Gurrentennm ber Ol SPECIMEN << -eseeen none ee eee oe ee 21,7381. | 21,730.
OGY, seme ee eae eee emi ateretan tale eee iiss anieee as aint | Godthaab, Greenland, Aug. 8, 1878.
Millime- | 100ths of | Millime- | 100ths of
tres. length. tres. length.
Caudal:
en ein O tA CTA YS ae J aelelaleia slelnleclae asc acisinise = eeciaa |S aac ot eens bere aae cn aceee 214
Pectoral: i
Distance from snot (Upper axl) — co - qe seca s|k mace core ss 35) senses 34
GH OT eee eet eae eee ie ieiefo a winintein'sjoeie/aistore sie e sain aioli eevee 28M Boeeascene 29
Ventral:
poisnee FROMM AN OU Gere eras sae ecm aaa snes tases | sce nace sce 203512 23 Aso S4- 31
ON ete ale teat tole mmole etna ninint of nvale(em nla n'miclaleia wie bin =ie\e!| eisai aioe oi Dla a seassteraraets 24
PSPFANICHIOSLOL SIS oo —o-els-iew welsle sie eio servis gain O Saleaie so npee ; Peet vet Sten a Song tne cre
ee ete ata ee ate taaletet stale aa olete(nleictoeielew'alaieisiasicisi> c.emias meio XS 1G) so sass se XI, 17
PA TISEE eee eee elatae a tayainie nina ciee a= aieieistatastainaeeroclen sare = ciel cies TAN Pe tceeneee
Pp ; Right 17 |......
ROMOL AM eee oe ae eee ie eats ete ia cle eieelsiyaecieinet TeakEo a7 iaee ns
SVE Gere e sacra eos) eens oer acap aes ae ajeminws nsiacisere ae AES eetameee mints 1,3
Current number of specimen. ... 22. .2...0.0 005. cc ceee cones. 21,729, 21,728.
EO CANGY ee coals nce so oieseeinee em aves nesieasleus\aa ee necesener Godthaab, Greenland, Aug. 8, 1878.
Millime- | 100ths of | Millime- | 100ths of
tres. length. tres. length.
Gren Open theme ae an seis samc icim mao ate sa alaee ta cise aa 23800 eeeese ae DINE tect
Deneck to origin of midis caudalititys! ccs acs% scree see esa OB | einer ere 7 Ss pases
od
Deaat Hele totter leeaseceee= entre ce ocisscesa ee Aas ea aeee eee Be eee ee os 6
Length of caudal PeEduN Clot sk wiseas sacle = cece ceaeenleeeeecene ess LO | teesee Meee sae oe
Head:
Wid ub OlInteronpind Areag)-n. «sean sicsewdsesceeeesaace lbet scene eens
Gens COO MSD OU bse cy eaten cinco eae civ cis a coat cie ne emus eect
Length QL UPPeLYWMWasee ae ee eee ees ace aes eee eee
Length OLeMIMdDlex sees ease eet cee eee me on nem eaeces
Dorsal (spinous) :
enethionNxshispinel 2 sao ss2 cc sees vioeecicsss-osceoced | pesesece sees
Length OlSSECONGEBDIN Glee sacjeeee ne semanas tine seine) sepa ee emcee
Length OLMUNINGGS IN Ose ereret es eisleeta aetna eee aset cere see
Length OttOunUnS NINO ls =e aaae emcee mana nance
Length Oe HECNY SP ING Mesa <laisteiennl= sialelianiae Saleen es
Hen PUN OUSUELMSPIMOp oy coc. nose cack ca lawe ewes ene
Length of seventh spine
Length obeizhthispine << ---2ns-esececs
Length of ninth spine...
Length of tenth spine.....
Length of eleventh spine
Hen gubOL LON Sesuirayz wn Sais csceceaiseveceleceesacasccn
Anal:
WIS CMC ALO SNOW Laas cman scenes seis cuss se seta ve oso aloes oale te
Pectoral :
DORIC ee rae eee etna ye ec ie ae ee toa mene smeiee eel besiiarneeece
Ventral:
eee LEODM RIO beset seis eres ait cee asics a's acs duce Somnacesaece
CUO UE me meats ae tenes mace ahsteiaersipielaiclaiae eae cele omilael= ser eeeese
IBTANOMOSPOSAIS spor net seas co tcnsen one Ee wee e nce tencoes ; ae
OUR RM re cams seas eaelsiel ss eect adh oid cals bacacaicsedel ct XII, 16
PAK ALE tee eee ence caren ee snes doles eeunieeemaeoenoe 2 14
PSGUOTAUMe woe wecskuale oe orscatseaedecbettees eben coe nees ; Bight wy
SV GILT sl eres recom atec ees Anar a oeeee sca scdenee sean eae eS

122 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

Table of Measurements— Continued.

Current number of Specimen: <3 -..- - <2. cc ntawendeee encom a= 21,025 a, 9. 13,879.
WOCHIGV aa nweseneeen Sige eae aoe ees ee ee a ee eee | Halifax, N.S. Eastport, Me.
Millime- | 100ths of | Millime-
tres. length.
Fistrenioleneth 5 5. gpane 2 ae te eo ee aise a re AU) hewn canes
ae to origin of middle caudal rays. ..-........-..--.....-- 1OSH RSs Seon
y:
Greatest helen << con eso= oncdsn seme neeesatee esa teeeeeee ennai ete 6a hese ees
Greatest width....... eee america othe en aes ae oe eters aia Caer ee
Height:ab ventrals (i)ooscscc sesame ap cow oe co eee ane hee Coates 2B ihaannreeees
Heapt height of tail ane oeacone co ss eee ese eee eee cee al sane Tit ee ere
Head:
Gréatestlen Pihinn emda atienm aint enema naa ces ames ace ere a2 a eaeaee
Distnnce fromisnonut to mape c.-2 - s+ see ae ese ee bee eee [eee ene BO bed a need
Width of interorbital area -.- a22- seater ne sce cena eee Oh lao. cco ceee
Length Of anoutic: sis sceen shee see oe eee eee
Gength'of maxillany 32. .caeecowacat- wea cans ceennaeeueee
enpth of: mandible:con ccs eos cee come nee ce asion eee ene
Long diameter of orbit
Dorsal (spinous) :
Distance from BNO Wh arses soo see ae ek eee ee
Length of base...........--
Length of first spine.-.--.
Length of second spine
Length of third spine ........-.---- ae
PEN EA Of T OUD MING === etn ene e ramen cee eee
Dength of fifth pines: 22.05.5265 sasha aeons
Len pth of sixth spine: 2322s 2a. tera ncaa tease | tear eee
Lenethor seventepinosc0-c+ saosin erences ca coon a aloe een eas | pee ee
enpthiof eighth spins: 22.5 see ene seme pe nedee-o = cosas eae oe Shel eo ce cen
en eth (Ol mMiIMuh Hime ee oe se see eee ee ee oe ee eee eee OMe eee
eneth of tenthspine <3 425 20 ee ens coe pee nee nee op lemme eee» ta meee een
Een ethorOUugesurey.: conse t-te at oaeee eee aee ee een] remeeeee IS eee
Length Of Jast vay ecw: os. ee eee ne ee eee eel p eee Ba eee ae
Anal;
Distance trom snout 22. ose eke oe ee ee oe ee ee ane ole i cael (ee eee
Dength:of base 20220 22 ee ness acted ou nemo elena ee eee BO tl cee
Lon ech of frat ray. a tao Ge cee een eee ee eee eee DO Wiiteme asst
Length of longestivay<- 232 9ecen n= sence ene ede ca ee ween a| been ee eee 4G | ceeee eee
Length Of IASG LAY dec cse cho em ee cer Pacem eee mae ee eee anne eee Baloo nase
Caudal:
Teri gtniOL MING lS PAYS cuss as accece socom se cos soe se ware eee wee nes 20% |-<-=--ese~
Pectoral :
SRIStance Tro MNONG oases sce scee ae betes coe wet ee ee al ae eeeeeta Bit cena
SPOUT oo women eamteneena uv eenh eo teen cate ke ewe sete Oe 2b cls ctiesetoan
Ventral:
MB tHeS from NOU Gs cts hentia hin nee reeas ome nae na ae 3 warmers Be AN eee ae
TOA seek Sof 5, ee eae ete ae one 20 3
IBTANGHIONUO DONS taco eae naw oe es Cae ee een: ae INGE ete ceptace
Dorsal y eco Si Fee se entire ee Jedeeeet TS al seca eee
ATI Poche come es Sen EON ae ree ROE eee eee renee UO |Loaeeweepe
Oatidal ee 8 ete on oo nes Se ane ue oe oe aeeet oe ee ee cen eee +, 12, + weeee-|----------
Padtoral Sv cunwceeanructes.unstadvadeescuenvuecssatiueee AY teeth ; Bight G
VWemtiral can pee tsa ae os ee ep eh es oe cece eee ecco se oases T8 j] <ecrmte ase I,3

20. Cottus scorpioides Fabr.
Cottus scorpioides FaBrR., Faun. Gronld.: Livken, Aftryk af Videnskabelige
Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening KjObenhayn, 1876, p. 12.
21744. 7 specimens. Cumberland Gulf, A. L. Kumlien.
21745. 4 specimens. Lat. 66° 24’ N., long. 68° 49‘ W. A. L. Kumlien.
21750. (670.) Young. Head of Cumberland Gulf. A. L. Kumlien.
22327. (180.) 9 adult. Cumberland Gulf. <A. L. Kumlien. :
22330. (151.) Young. Niantilic, Cumberland Gulf. A. L. Kumlien.
22331. Young. Cumberland Gulf. Lieut. W. A. Mintzer.

Mr. Kumlien brought down many examples of a species of Cottus
which closely resembles scorpius and grénlandicus, and yet agrees with

FISHES. 123

neither of them. It is a species characterized by a very short head and
short jaws, the head constituting only one-third of the total length with-
out the caudal, and the upper jaw equalling less than one-seventh of the
same length. The length of the upper jaw of C. grénlandicus equals
slightly more than one-sixth of the total length without caudal, and in
C. scorpius it is contained only 54 times in the length exclusive of the
caudal. The species agrees with Fabricius’s description and with Dr.
Liitken’s diagnosis of Cottus scorpioides. For the sake of comparison, I
have prepared a table of measurements of the head and jaws of 9 addi-
tional specimens of C. grénlandicus to follow the measurements of C.
scorpioides. The unit of length in the tables is the total length to the
origin of the middle caudal rays.

Description.—The shape of the body resembles that of Cottus scorpius
L., but the caudal peduncle is longer and more slender.

The greatest height of the body, which is at the ventrals, equals the
distance from the tip of the snout to the nape, and is contained 44 times
in the length without caudal. The caudal peduncle is slender and long ;
its least height is less than the long diameter of the orbit, and its length
to the origin of the middle caudal rays equals the length of the longest
anal ray.

The length of the head, measured to the end of the opercular flap, is
contained 3 times in the unit of length. The width of the head at the
base of the preopereular spines equals the distance from the snout to
the nape, and nearly equals the length of the anal base. The long
diameter of the eye equals half the length of the upper jaw, and is
very little less than the length of the snout. The distance between
the eyes equals 4 of the length of the mandible, and is contained 20
times in the unit of length. The length of the snout equals $ the length
of the mandible, and is contained 14 times in the unit of length.

The distance of the spinous dorsal from the snout equals twice the
length of the longest ray of the second dorsal and is nearly or quite
equal to the length of the head. The first spine is contained 11 times,
the second 94 times, and the third, fourth, and fifth 9 times in the unit
of length. From this point the spines diminish gradually in length to
the last, which is 4 as long as the first. The longest ray of the second
dorsal is contained 64 times in the unit of length.

The distance of the anal from the snout equals twice the length of the
pectoral. The anus is directly under the origin of the second dorsal.

The length of the anal base is about equal to the distance from the

124 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

snout to the nape. The first and last rays are usually equal in length,
and equal the length of the snout. The longest anal ray equals in length
the caudal peduncle. '

The length of the middle caudal rays is contained from 5 to 6 times in
the unit of length.

The distance of the pectoral from the snout is contained 34 times, and
its length 34 to 4 times in the unit of length.

The distance of the ventral from the snout equals twice the length of
the upper jaw. The length of the ventral in females is contained 5
times (in one nearly 6 times) in the unit of length; in males, about 44
times.

Radial formula.—B. VI; D. IX-X, 15-16; A. 11-13; P. 15-16; V.I, 3.

Dr. Liitken is of the opinion that “Cottus pachypus Giinther (from
Port Leopold) is the genuine C. scorpioides,” in which opinion I fully
coincide after a comparison of Mr. Kumlien’s specimens with Fabricius’s
description of C. scorpioides and the description of C. pachypus.

Cottus scorpioides appears in Professor Gill’s List of East Coast Fishes
with a doubt as to its reference to the genus Cottus, to which genus,
however, it was properly referred by Fabricius.

Table of Measurements.

Species, Oottus scorpioides Fabr.

Current number of specimen .......-.....---..-...-. 21,745 a. | 21,745 B, o. | 21,745 ¢, 9.
Locality ... 2-22 5-0 a cee c ewes n ween eee n ene sesn cas Lat. 66° 24’ N. Long. 68° 49/'W.
|

100ths | y5;1;. | 100ths

mini. | 200ths | pin.
eee metres. | jength.

metres. engthi metres.

eetreme LOO oc sccr nasa nena one nde ne eewe sk Vana tn= 101 peeee 1 che
Length to origin of middle caudal rays........-.---- Sag eee 115
Body:
CYORCOSL NOIQNY Wo neces non eee case noneeen ee ucanelnaeresm™ ZA) | Pccietn wat] « a aaethae te eetamee
Heightiat V@nurale< 5222 ce cae ne an dt ee eee enn om kee nee 2S) He Saabs] eet ke
east heieht: or tall os oc ote cc cca eae ewes eee ate eecron | Pia mers etre
Length of caudal peduncle........-.------- Sars
Head:
Greatest length. sc 5.c acct ah 2 dune wade nannies
Distance from snout to nape ---
Greatest width...........:--.
Width of interorbital area .
Length of snout ......
Length of maxillary .
Length of mandible. ...
Diameter of orbit......
Dorsal (spinous) :
Distanod POM: SHOWS a cccaces cesu vee ceksae seen
Length of base ..........
Length of first spine -.
Length of second spine
Length of third spine..--
Length of fourth spine -.
Length of fifth spine ........
Length of sixth spine.........-
Length of scventh spine ..........c0srcccccancce
Length of eighth spino . . 50. .... 22.2... scacac]------ 0
TOPE Or Due BPG eons oe ashen shodencudnwanesloeseenns ;
Length of longest ray. .........-scccsceccese ae

FISHES.

Table of Measurements—Continued.

Species, Cottus scorpioides Fabr.

125

Current number of specimen .........---.2s-2++---- 21,745. | 21,7453, ¢. | 21,745, 9.
TerDalihyr = eee PLE sc eR ee neice Lat. 66° 24’ N. Long. 68° 49’ W.
REMI | Soon |e | See | veaniie frat
metres. length. metres. length. | ™etes. length.
Anal:
DSiAnCernoMNsnOUuee cesses Scelcicet= eee es = s
IGEN mHDOTOs DAS Ores Maes ae vale meal eaten ate
Length Oletivah Raymer eee ote ee cinelee arate
Length of longest ray :
Length of last MAVanee teclseisseec eee cpen see =aee
Caudal:
Men gu Oh MIG O TAY Sjoc scree ow ssa acleecicsslsceses|= so cces = PAs Bosc .cice «| slesaetela|| Pande |aceasets
Pectoral :
Distance trom SNOW essere ns eee aaa alersiae ler sae ili eres pe BOP Watcireyee eter
SUEY Rt rete ste ete) te area o alain arate oteyeeielerniaistaleeisietas |i elait acta) Qe | tee sek BOM ie 2jeeaae | Sotebretaer
Ventral:
MISTANCO LLOM SNOUGIR.. esc isiacie cicitaeiainiels sie cisetciele | esc ter 29 RNA ceeieee Oe iis noe zeae 26
SIE OG tae ee eer ya aetore-nalslars a icaleyninate ava ataiatelinrase seis
Branchiostegals
MOTSalee eae see Soar
BATIM se Neila. caninsaac[canineed Sere acidaabis seicececasicen seis
IRECTOTAs eros nie eee oe nae cise ene ne scckicee saecece
VENETO ee cee cate cee oat aaa acta bi Nie eiciaa a aiseattele se s,
Currenumnmber, Of SPECHMeN ant. = 2.1 socio lacleeee ase 21, 745 d, 9. 22,327, 9. a
ver-
3 : Lat. 6€° 24’ N. | Cumberland | ages.
Locality .-.--.----+- +--+ +++ seee reese eee t ee eee e ee eee eee ; Lon. 68° 49’ W. Gulf. x
|
Milli- joins Milli- ens {opal
= oO : 0
metres. length. mieur Os ie aati length.
RUIN ELON OD Nee set esa sale alsin eles) alae) ntalnioinin sraetaete alee | eotoicreraline asieiae DOB ere nse cal ee acisate
Length to origin of middle caudal rays.....-.-...--.-2.----- ODS | eeeecce OOD ieee cce sectors ae
Body:
Gira pester oh md teat mie era cae ate sree ae See | ee ace | vee ee Sa ce 23 23
Menten ual Ulueesermiece oes cent aiceeine slo miccisjeee ee emeoelle weeiemies| aeiceceers| anaes 22i6 || Rowntree
GIO hia UV ONunaG pase ee eee see sees anectae ee aiseeijseecte. lise lonese ie |scne meee 23 23
Least height of tail .......-...- TSF. See es ceeeecteo eno a eee eee es Ge liesorene 54 6
ikength ot caudal peduncle. < 222/55. c2sc cect ccc ca|scede ace Ares rete crete | yaratetetete 13
Head:

; CMORTLCRINGN OUGHT Scar on cwselse Sante selene seine sane ae 32 33
Distance from snout to nape 234 23
GRreateEstawidobioe ie. ccnceoe ce cpeiseceie se sees oncalecice se 22 23
WV ICU OLMNCOLOL DAL ATOR 52 o\ 5-5 areesleieie caine wise seeisie 53 5
OCH MUO MOU bie ee es se/ctecla sarin ce iet-fae te aa eee ecine oe 74 ve
Length Ghanasallany ep ecameeee sete anne ceca aera cee er 5 14 133
Le meth OL MANAUS eee ee aye ce se ancksecelsist late classearas ; 15 153
Distance from snout to orbit Beil aecwswe
IAMOETCM OL OL DUG seca rniaten We siain jaw eweieraisisiaheinericlciewe sicie = 7 I

Dorsal (spinous):
IS tAN COvMOMN ALOUD risen tenet i-taleo walsicincisieleinicisieaseiaeicectl|saccnc-'- BL eee 30 32
SET POOLED ARE aeta en cre ieee ato ora lie arm toaye aiele Socials an] icteric chciell she aisle myare| ever gla tesvaie e's crs
Le ngth OLGA SMS DIM Omen etn Aceh oma ercraininalna' = ais cu nels livemelacieu se oes eel eee eens 10 9
Length of seen QUIS pee oatera) eee ee alee etciee terete fe o| rare lalate | ae eral eae 11 104
Length CIBER CS DITO eee renee mere aeceei se eoae etal an cee ee5 114 11
Men mun OL TOUTE BPMtO=acr cise vee qe sscetcs ce sie aaa etatou|peececien 114 11
Lengt COTE GDI) re tenance ee eo ae ina oae am ae | nee nee 114 11
Length OUSIXEOES DIN Casa mates =e aa = ol 103 10
Length of seventh spine : 9 |'s 9
Length OXS O12 UDI R DUNO je elie tere inate arian aininiviaral a= stare stall ae men a 7
Length of ninth BO feelin er at eeins -eeeea earls =e nas) | Sareea 5 5
Length CUED UN ADIN Oke soen sansa wee Chie elsmewaseaceceeledeueee 3 3
Length CUMOM CGN DUB Vise ocean caine in se ce cetera wna aa en teeee es 16 16
Length of last A Virercieera te cele tae eras ee ein ae oMeeetealsaviomel nm seis Gero ec

Anal:
IEVIB PARI COMELOTDN ST OUD) oeaia'= teeta alata cin ol Uit Sele tae'melciate jana |miestieken 61 61
Men BUN OfDHB Alera se tance tectct dot ae aoe etn cee cele cemebne lsoauectel umecuess 23 234
ISCT UULG PeC ANU a emcees arsprolstee ate tia ela ats miia Walaa crea |e eae aioe nearer eee sees Tk ia

126 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

Table of Measurements—Continued.

Species, Cottus scorpiodes Fabr.

Current number of specimen -.-.--- ---------------++---+---- 21,745 d, 9. 22,827, 9. a
| . Aver-
Lat. 66° 24’ N.! Cumberland | ages.

Locality....--.-2-00-seeereeeeee co eeccerr reece reer tere ces ; Lon. 68° 49' W. Gulf. $
metres. length. a length. enes
Anal:,
Length of longest ray.----------+---++ sees eee ee cnn ee ens |ee eee e ee] -e eee eee [eee e ee 124 13
Length of last ray .....--------------- Wie. coe as cencsens |peasaan-|oauaeee |i peseenas 7 74
Caudal:
erp of middle rays ....-.---2--- 0c ne nee e ee en neon [anew nnn |oncnenes |e eerenne 17 19
Pectoral:
Distance from snout <....2- 205-20. ecsccecwecscccsencearelscsecmas BON ieaseaeee 380 30
ern tha aoe cee eee te eee Caen ea | cae 27) Neuseenen 25 28
Ventral:
Distance from snout .........--.------------+
Thength .. 2.2 < concen ccen--ennnsose-=----==
Branchiostegals. .....-.2-..secesr----=-=--
Dorsal 2224-5) ww.cvcwasds «agepenesm=n ane
PAT ie a aed ole mon pe ere eae ee meee
Pectoral aoc cane eennees case aene=boei —
Went sc cte ac ncccn ces hoe ke enna eran nape me male oes semen ee a
Species, Cottus scorpius sub-species grénlandicus.
Current number of specimen -.-.---.----------------- 22,272 a. 22,272 b. 22,272 ¢c.
LOAaLIty - 2-2-2 e oe cone nnn c nnn seen enn n nena newnce-= Bucksport, Me. | Bucksport, Me. | Bucksport, Me.
metres.| y,4 gth. metres. length. metres.) jo), eth.
Extreme length without candal..-......--.----------- (al |e aaa 0 seers 1B) Wee case
ree to end of middle caudal rays--..-------------- SF alpeeeeoe OT Seas $8 nies
ead:
Greatest length. -...-..-.-------------0-----+----]--20--6- lb Baaerece BO) jt eet 39
Length of upper jaw .--.-.--------------------+-|-------- IS |eehenceoe Wee toon 18
Length of mandible....--.-----.-------+---------|---+---- hee eee a= 10) eae 194
Current number of specimen ..--.------------------- 22,272 d. 22,272 f.
Locality s¢ acco ccnceseusur= ne Peer eee eee Bucksport, Me. | Bucksport, Me. | Bucksport, Me.
Milli- ays Mill | 100ths
° 0
metres.|)4) gth. metres. jo. gth. metres. length.
Extreme length without caudal ...-.---..------.----- 63 O6sine core
Length to end of middie caudal rays...---.---.------ 76 oreo
Head:
Greatest length..--..----0--c00--ccennescnencsnee[oencee--| 40 |.--.---.| 89 |--....-- 39
Length of upper Jaw ..-<----2-0--es-secenscaenen|ecnseces|) U7 faces-ec-f TT) Jeane. 17
Length of mandible..-.-.------------------------ [pate cl eee eee 19
Current number of specimen ....-..---.------+-+--+- 22,272 g. 22,272 h. 22,272 4.
TOORIGY: 22pm conc cpangetsanccnesane sat buchsassaessese Bucksport, Me. | Bucksport, Me. | Bucksport, Me.

Milli- pr Milli- 100ths Milli- oe
metres.| jength, | Metres.) pength. | MeES-| tength.

Extreme length withont caudal ...............-.----- OS lees Bi iatesnwas OF: cee
Length to end of middle caudal rays. .-.......-------- Ps Matar Ory fics. uns 10 Wee ance
Head:
Grombest GnmGl . on as- cenene san csekpesecones canassth seen eee BO oe bests 40) | ecweewns 39
Length of upper jaw ......---- rer res ree a LT alex actress IB ences 174
Tengthiof mandible... 2 o.osocic el scncevenxcheesd|eeassuas 20 alsacaseies Sie eeecses 19

FISHES. 127

21. Cottus quadricornis Linn.

Cottus quadricornis Ricu., Last Are. Voy., 1855, pp. 348-9: Ginrn., P. Z.S., 1877,
p. 293.

Richardson records the species from the Coppermine River region and
Coronation Gulf (68° 30! N., 110° W’.).—Giinther.

22. Cottus polaris Sabine.
Cottus polaris Ricu., Last Are. Voy., 1855, p. 351,

Richardson refers to this species as occurring at North Georgia, lat.
75° N., and at the Peninsula of Boothia. The radial formula appears
to me more like that of a Centridermichthys than anything else, but the
genus to which it properly belongs is uncertain.

23. Gymnacanthus pistilliger (Pall.) Gill, MS.
Cottus ventralis Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, p. 194: CoLLerr, Christi-
ania Vid. Selsk. Forh. 1878, No. 14, (p. 15).

21732. (1373.) Godthaab, Disko Id., Greenland, A. L. Kumlien. D. XII, IJ, 16.
A.18. YV.3. Ventrals nearly reach vent.

21733. (1374.) Godthaab, A. L. Kumlien. D. XII, 15. A. 19. V. 3. Ventrals
reach fifth ray of anal.

21734. Godthaab. A. L. Kumlien. D. XI, 16. A. 18 V.3. ‘Ventrals extend
little more than half way to vent.

21735. Godthaab. A. L. Kumlien. D. XI,17. A.18. V.3. Ventrals reach third
‘ ray of anal.

21736. Godthaab. A. L. Kumlien. D. XII, 17. A. 19. V. 3. Ventrals nearly
reach vent.

21737. Godthaab. A. L. Kumlien. D. XII, J, 15. A. 18. V.3. Ventrals reach
fourth ray of anal.

21741. (151.) Niantilic Harbor, Cumberland Gulf, A. L. Kumlien.

21743. (180.) Niantilic Harbor, A. L. Kumilien.

22332. Niantilic Harbor, Aug. 1876, Lieut. W. A. Mintzer.

17431. Christiania, Norway, M. G. Hetting, inspector of fisheries. D, XII, 14. A.
16. V.3. Ventrals reach fourth ray of anal.

Dr. Liitken rejects the name Gymnocanthus, Swainson, because the
genus was badly defined. There can be no difference of opinion as to
the fact that the genus was poorly characterized; but there is an attempt
at definition and a reference to a figure of the type-species, so that one
need not hesitate as to what is intended. If we begin to reject names
of genera because they are not accompanied by complete descriptions,
we may find it difficult to draw the line between what we shall accept
and what we shall reject. In retaining Swainson’s name it may not

128 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

be amiss to reproduce his description.* Concerning the specific name
pistilliger, Dr. Liitken says:t ‘Influenced by Steindachner’s notice
(Wien. Sitzungsb. 1876) on C. pistilliger, Pallas, I have sought informa-
tion concerning this species in the Berlin Museum; the type is only a
bad half skin preserved in spirits; Prof. Peters has been so obliging
as to send it to me for investigation, and I have thereby been able to
convince myself that the ‘pistils’ which Pallas describes as soft threads
with spongy heads are in reality only the half cruciform, spiny scales
which distinguish a certain part of the side of the body in C. tricuspis.
Since the name ‘pistilliger’ is thus founded on a misapprehension, its
reputed priority (1811) cannot require that it be given the preference
over the next in the series, and we should therefore fix upon the name
Phobetor ventralis, Cuv. & Val.” If we were to throw out all names
which are based upon a misapprehension it would involve us in a great
deal of unnecessary confusion, and it would be difficult to decide how
far the elimination should proceed. The fact that Dr Liitken could re-
cognize the peculiarity in which the specific name originated is a sort of
apology for its adoption by Pallas. ‘
24. Icelus hamatus Kroyer.
Tcelus hamatus GUNTH., P. Z. §., 1877, pp. 293, 476.

This species was collected in Discovery Bay, Franklin Pierce Bay, and
at Cape Napoleon, in the month of August, by Captain Feilden, and in
Franklin Pierce Bay, August 11, 1875, by Mr. C. Hart.

25. Triglops pingelii Reinh.
Triglops pingelii GUNTH., P. Z. 8., 1877, p. 476.
Taken in Franklin Pierce Bay, August 11, 1875, by Mr. C. Hart,
naturalist on board H. M. 8. ** Discovery.”
The United States Fish Commission has many specimens in its col-
lections of 1877 and 1878.

*Nat. Hist. Fishes, Amphibians, & Reptiles, II, London, 1839, pp. 181 & 271.
p. 181. Gymnocantuvs: Nape of the head contracted; eyes with bony orbits.
p. 271. GyMNOCANTHIUS Sw. Resemblingin general aspect the last, (Cotlus claviger,
C. & V.), but there are no upper orbits; spines of the head few and naked ;
ventral fins very long, and of 3 rays; dorsals distinct; the rays of the first naked
on their terminal half (?); caudal fin truncate.
G. ventralis, C. & V. iv, pl. 79, fig. 1.
t Aftryk af Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening Kj6benhayn,
1876, p.10.

FISHES. 129

Family, GASTEROSTEID/&.
26. Gasterosteus insculptus Rich.
Gasterosteus insculptus Ricu., Last Arc. Voy., 1855, p. 356, pl. xxv.

The types were from Northumberland Sound, lat. 76° 53/ N.
27. Gasterosteus pungitius Linn., sub-species brachypoda Bean.

In small streams on the sides of Oosooadlin Mountain, and in a little
pond on the top, 1,500 feet above tide-level, Mr. Kumlien collected
numerous examples of a many-spined stickleback, which resembles Gas-
terostec:s pungitius Linn., ia most particulars, but may be readily distin-
guished from it by its very short ventral spines. ‘The tables of measure-
ments and radial formule appended will show other differences, which
are, however, not so important. .

Description—tThe greatest height of body is contained 5? times in its
length to origin of middle caudal rays (in gravid females, 45 times); the
greatest width, 10 times (in gravid females, 8 times). The height at ven-
trals is contained 52 times in length of body (in gravid females, 5 times or
slightly less). The least height of tail equals half the length of the first
dorsal spine. The length of caudal peduncle is + of length of body.

The length of head equals 4 times the length of upper jaw, and is
from 4 to 35 of length of body. The greatest width of head nearly equals
length of middle caudal rays. The distance between the eyes equals
the length of snout, which equals the length of antecedent spine of soft
dorsal. The length of the operculum equals the length of ventral spine,
which is slightly less than a third of length of head. The length of
mandible equals the long diameter of the orbit.

The distance of the spinous dorsal from the snout is from 4 to 53, of
length of body, and is almost uniformly less than its length of base. The
first and second spines of the dorsal are equal in length, and are about
3 as long as the ventral spine. The last spine of the dorsal is slightly
less than the first. The antecedent spine of the second dorsal is some-
what longer than the first of the spinous dorsal, and half as long as the
first ray following it. The first ray of the soft dorsal is contained 84
times in length of body, and is three times as long as the last ray.

The distance of the anal from the tip of snout equals # of length of
body; its length of base is twice the length of its first and longest ray,
and slightly less than 4 of length of body. The anal spine is half as
long as the first anal ray (in young individuals, 2).

The length of the middle caudal rays is contained 84 times in length
ot body; the length of external rays, 74 times.

The distance of the pectoral from the tip of snout is contained 31 times
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 15 9

136 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

in the total, and about equals twice its own length. When expanded,
the pectoral extends usually to the 7th dorsal spine (6th to 8th).

The distance of the ventral from the tip of snout slightly exceeds 3, of
length of bedy. The length of the ventral spine is always a little less
than 4 of the length of the head.

ftadial formula.—D, TX-XIJ, I,10-11; A.I, 9-11; C. +,12,4+; P.10;
Wisk:

Color.—General color dull silvery, minutely punctulated with black ;
upper half of body with large irregular areas ef black; chin, throat, and
abdomen black in males, silvery in the females studied. Nilsson records
a similar condition in @. pungitius.*

The relations of Gasterosteus pungitius var. brachypoda to the pungitius
(= Pygosteus occidentalis (C. & V.) Brevoort) of New England are shown
in the table of comparative measurements which follows. I do not use
the name Pygosteus occidentalis, for the reason that our many-spined
stickleback bearing that name shows no characters by which it may be
separated from the Gasterosteus pungitius of Linné as a species, and the
genus Pygosteus has nothing to exclude it from Gasterosteus. The genus
Pygosteus, although credited to Brevoort, was not defined by him; it
appears in Gill’s Catalogue+ as a name only. The first to indicate
characters by which it was thought the genus could be distinguished
was Jordan; they areGtated to be the following: ‘Dorsal spines 7 or
more; sides mailed or not.”t So far as the squamation is concerned,
the collections of the United States National Museum show all sorts of
individual variation, and justify the ground taken by Giinther in his
arrangement of the varieties of G. aculeatus; certainly, the squamation
is not even of specific importance. The number of dorsal spines in the
specimens of G. pungitius studied ranges from 7 to 11. In Gasterosteus
inconstans,§ Kirtland, the range is from 3 to 6. I have seen a fresh-

*“ Variat abdomine nigro.”—Prod. Ichth. Scand., 1832, p. 86.

t Catalogue of the Fishes of the Eastern Coast of North America from Greenland to
Georgia, by Theodore Gill, Jan. 1861, p. 39.

+ Manual of the Vertebrates of the Northern United States, 1876, p. 248.

§ Lucalia inconstans, Jordan, Manual of Vertebrates, 1876; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1877, p. 65. The generic characters ascribed to Lucalia are: (1) ‘‘ Dorsal spines in a
right line,” which is also true in Gasterosteus aculeatus, L.; even in the many-spined
stickleback, G. pungitius, I have frequently seen the last four or five spines in a right
line, while the anterior ones preserved their zigzag arrangement ; (2) “ Ventral plates
coalesced into a narrow plate on the median line between the ventral fins,” just as in
G. aculeatus and G. pungitins; (3) “A distinct sub-quadrate post-pectoral plate,” which
is present in most sticklebacks ; the ‘‘ associated characters ” indicated contain nothing

generically distinctive.

FISHES. 131

water stickleback from Maine,* which resembles G. pungitius in many
respects, but has only 2 dorsal spines. The number of dorsal spines
would seem, therefore, to be certainly of not more than specific value.

Gasterosteus nebulosus seems to me to be separated from G. pungitius
by no constant character, but only by its habitat. Gasterosteus mainensis
is identical with G. pungitius.

Apeltes (DeKay) Jordan is well separated from Gasterosteus by the
structure of its pubic bones.

The United States National Museum has received from the Musée
d@ Histoire Naturelle, of Paris, one of the types of Gasterosteus blanchardt
Sauvage, described from specimens sent from Boston, United States.
This species is our common many-spined stickleback, G. pungitius, as will
appear from the table of measurements, and the name must be regarded
as a synonym of the latter. Itis worthy of remark in passing that the
shape of the post-pectoral plate in species of Gasterosteus, which has
been employed as an important diagnostic character, is so variable, even
on the two sides of the same fish, that it is not to be depended upon.

The sticklebacks of eastern North America, so far as observed be me,
may all be referred to the genera Apeltes and Gasterosteus.

The basis of the foregoing description of the stickleback collected by
Mr. Kumnlien is the table of measurements which follows. Only 8 exam-
ples were measured, but these show the extremes of variation in the
numerous specimens secured. In none of the individuals does the length
of the ventral spine exceed one-third of the length of the head.

Mr. Kumlien has sent me the following notes on the species: “The
Gasterosteus was taken from a pond more than a thousand feet above
the sea on the mountain side. Said ponds were not over 18 inches deep,
and of course freeze solid in winter. In fact, there was but very little
water at the time I procured the fish. It is impossible that they could
have come up from below, as the pond empties by a series of perpendicular
falls, some of them 30 feet or more. In my note-book I find that they
were light greenish above, barred with dusky brown and black; beneath
white, irregularly blotched with black. Caudal pinkish. Male (?) with
a crimson spot at base of pectoral fin.”

* Gasterosteus Atkinsii Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. ii, p. —.

132

Table of Measurements.

Current number ofspecimen .| 21,738. | 21,771.

21,766. | 21,768. | 21,773. |o1,730. 21,773¢. low 773a.

NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

Aver-
ages.

swenee

- 235

: Cumberland Cumberland Cumberland Cumberland
BAOCALLGY -----2ennanaovnenn- 5 Gulf. | Gulf. Gulf. Gulf.
co: aw: co. <c. <=. as: <c.- a
a a a
ed | Ga | Ea | Ge | Gd | Ge | Fe | Fe
34 | 38 | 88 | 38 | 38 | 88 | 38 | 32
Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba
o = a) = o a zy 2 2 e o e 2 S o =
2 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22
aS mS as AS aS aS AS aS
S| 33 | $8 | SS | $5 | SE | SE | SE
¢ J Jo g 2 Young.| Young.
Extreme length to origin of are fen Gravid. Spent ie
middle caudal rays ......-.- 48 46 47 56 57 31
Length to end of external
“caudal TAVS ao osokee oe aa 55 52 53 59 63 65 35
Bod iY
reatest hei tenses eos Sala) sad «175 23 -22 -18 18
Greatest width .........-. -10 -10 -10 13 -125 ~ 125 . 08
Height at ventrals.....-... 15 eli mL 21 - 20 -18 18
Least height of tail ...... - 03 . 03 . 03 -03] -03 . 03 . 04
< Tenge caudal peduncle} .15 - 135 14 -14 .14 -14 14
ead: .
Greatest length .......... - 275 ot -28 - 25 se oe .28
Greatest width ........... ee ak 12 12 - 115 ub oi
Width ofinterorbital area. . 06 . 06 . 065 . 06 - 06 . 06 . 06
Length of snout ........--. . 06 . 06 . 065 - 06 . 06 . 06 . 06
Length of operculum ..-.. . 08 . 08 - 09 . 08 . 08 - 08 . 09
Length of upper jaw 07 07 -07 - 06 - 06 - 06 07
Length of mandible....-.-. .08 .08 . 08 . 07 .07 - 07 - 08
Diameter of orbit........ 07 .07 . 075 .07 - 07 .07 .08
Dorsal (spinous) :
Distance from snout ....-.. -29 .27 .28 27 «25 - 26 .31
Length of base ........... - 30 32 30 33 . 34 - 34 27
Length of first spine. ----- . 06 . 05 Ome ene ees .05 - 95 06
Length of second spine ..-| . 06 . 05 . 06 - 06 . 055 . 06 06
Length of last spine .-..-- .05 . 045 . 04 -05 - 045 - 05 06
Dorsal (soft) :
Length of base.........-- 20 . 26 . 26 24 25D 25 25
Length ofantecedent spine}. 06 - 055 - 055 - 06 + 055 . 06 07
Length of first ray........ ioe eee ap Sag'l 2142 12 12
Length of longest ray .-..| .13 12 12 «13 -12 .12 ~12
Le ngth of last Tay. 6 é-te ss - 05 . 04 EU gees 045 04: \tczsceedlvstes
Anal: »
Distance from snout..-...) . 60 «07 - 09 . 63 . 60 . 63 57
Length of base 22 +20 .24 oot -23 24 24
Length of first spine aal; =«06 06 . 06 06 - 06 05 - 08
Length of first ray.......- Pouca .125 125 a 8 oat 11 .12
Length of longest ray ..... .12 125 -125 .12 12 aah. 12
Caudal:
Length of middlerays..... .12 -12 eal -12 -12 oak 12
Le neth of external rays ckp eam 14 13 13 13 14 -13
Pectoral:
Distance from snout ...... . 30 -30 .82 . 30 . 29 -28 .29
Penrice casek sec cee eue 15 16 16 ue 16 . 155 we
Ve ntral:
Distance from snout .-.-.-.. VOY -36 ar - fe : a ; = . 36
engin yes onesn ecaee sen . 09 . 08 . 09
OYSHE sec sek aa tee Coen ‘ix, i, 10 | xi, i, 11 x il iil xi/i, 10 iit x, i, 10 | ix, 1,10
Anal <meces Satasbowkeaes aime | 4,9 ii1 | i410 | ii0 | i,i0 | i,i0 10
Caudal yiiiiis on ccawen ances 'y, 12, iv|+, 12, +/+, 12, +-iv, 12, iv] v, 12, v |iv, 12, SNH crests ++, 12, +
Pectoral . (on) on cbsondeen annie 10 10 10 10 10 10
Wettrdl-..2 sodocecetodess it Fa i,1 il i,1 ‘ | ijl ii

FISHES.

Table of Comparative Measurements.

133

Gasterosteus | G. pungitius
ungitius* | var. brachy-
inn. (aver- | poda Bean

ages of 7 ex- | (averages of
amples). 8examples).
1000ths of 1000ths of
length. length.
Body: =
(TOROS OMN Lee a- Ses aaea a ea Sea lacy oe See Me eee acc eles 170 . 187
GSTS SIONS OL tere etna = eto tapers a ieee elo cmore 100 - 107
GIO Uy Me RVON UNAS sees ieee sos a= sok elaine no anaes saoet nics sie . 170 ~ 177
TESCTE) RL O70 fd a Re ee ees oe, Se oe a i . 036 . 032
TeBH GHG Calabi Me CUNGLS ace a sa 3 ea mn ee eerie es co an a . 150 - 140
Head:
Greatest length. .......-....- Bale att at tate ne eeee ettlale sell - 265 . 265
GLE DOS UR AULUNE oes sede ere ee oe asta aay nn Ne ete Sia lcre 110 -118
MGC TNORINLELOnDital ares cence secs = e-em ele cinie ee 062 - 060
WSSU PEMOL SNOWG. ©. < 5 jokes Solas osama 4a cence anne oe Seems 062 . 060
Ueno En OMONELCU lM) © ccsicaeie etnies none eee ee eeeoaecacce se. = - 084 - 080
Pen et OMMpP Per jAWise so. 32> 222 wc so cces we pac eren eee eee secscack sce, - 070 - 066
NO tea OUD LO es netem ais b= cele aise ere ee iets a ene tae e ea ae acto < - 080 - 076
HON PVGIAMELOMOLMOY Omi -0.- We ee ceric n =e cere eeeeeee mes eeee ro = 082 . 073
Dorsal (spinous) :
IRtaNCe trom SNO Wb ers «c-= 312 ae os cci nar eee ee mere re see as . 286 . 276
MRO R COT ANS eater crete eee ee fae a rs meh ete a eee erate eral a2 276 - 310
ReHY SEBVO PIES PS PINOy etaleleinia lees ees selma eal eee eee See = - 066 - 057
Menein-OnRecona/Spimne!..-:- Sanssessens scene Sense eaeerencen sent 066 . 058
ETE OIMAB LIS DINGs fest eats foe mecca nw leiceeiee cinema ee een emaioe. 050 - 050
Dorsal (soft) :
STEAL Omer are ete ale aclaela a oo alrae nice ieee sicher ere eateries ol . 250
Length of antecedent spine - 060
enc ih Ot orsh ia yeas tesa << cca -' aa - 120
Hen euh OT LOD LCSU LAY eoasiss< s2c[- ooo = = ascee S eee aataetiaasoes sensei - 120
GOT URTOPIAR UA amma mne (a nis ofals,-)='2 = ale are in esi ans elsal ee om aelsieiesiaie cas . 040
Anal:
Mistances fromignowtyes sano oe =~ 2 poco ss sae me ene seeeee see seeeek 570 - 600
IRSH TUNG HDA One ammeter sae aie cin lorelo mie cies seco anism eee ene cane 220 - 235
PTE OMNIS Spine ses ese mat cece se gon ese eicteee a 086 - 064
Sen OU OM AEA Fay Pesci nino hose ci cscemal secs ate anes ea eeasaaceee es 130 - 120
Moen PEROT IONS OSE PAY secs aco aos «ae aes ante anes eememarioee oc seme oe 130 - 120
Caudal:
Meanie tor mMiddlerayS ten = oc conse ona = skeen eee sce. ste sen sks =110) |} sn
Men SL MOLextElMal TAY Senos. -swicsn sav oc oe eee seca sae eecsegice. ei =~ - 137 - 134
Pectoral:
GANIC Er LOMU SUOMI <r sat eine soe isaac eisai mae aioe sem cre misiese eins . 300 - 300
SGN Gee tse ee os eee te ha tcins clo caiine seo pene meee eee ene ecinscmes 160 - 160
Ventral:
intanceiroms snout. 2. se oe era nscbic ielcmete cs enteen deceerios a nam acts as 370 - 357
Deny ou eee ee ena sae oo eee ceo eee seeemeresas st nes cims -121 - 083
* = Pygosteus occidentalis (C. & V.) Brevoort, from which the averages were taken.
-
Table of Measurements.
Genus, Gasterosteus.
. ‘Pungitius | Pungitius |Blanchardi Sauvage
Current number of specimen .........---------. 5 L, 22015 a. | L.,22015b. | (type) (39) 21,139.
WSO OHITG Yee eet a ise sci et sess cokers s « ; Christiania, a t. way, R. Col- Boston, U.S.

|

| Millimetres | Millimetres
and 100ths and 100ths
of length. of length.
Extreme length to origin of middle caudal rays... 33 29
eee to end of external caudal rays ....-.-...... 38 34
ody :
SS TOALOBIC HOLE WUteka. ces cianwnstee «les sates -18 .18
GTOmeSiiIOuHs Micon. veccecreetecsecueces -10 .10
ICIP HA ONL CHIS Samo aaron esos eae ce eee «18 -18
SAR DMEIONG OF Tail sh o.cs5c8 lle scarce cbse . 04 04
Length of caudal pedunclo................---- 13 -13

Millimetres and 100ths
of length.

46
abe

-16
- 09
-16
04
- 185

134 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

Table of Measurements—Continued.

Genus, Gasterosteus.

|
| Sanpeeus Pungitius | Blanchardi Sauvage

|
Current number of specimen.......-.....-..--- ; L., 22,015 a. | L., 22,0150. (type) (39) 21,139.
TvGality 2s oe ooo cae enero ee nee eee ee ee 5 | Christiania, 2 ee , RK. Col- Boston, U.S.
Millimetres | Millimetres a1
and 100ths | and 100ths | Millimetres and 100ths
of length. of length. Cee
Head:
Greatest lent <3 207 ne aac acne eee asdsen . 28 . 30 28
Greatest width chen eee cee ech eee -12 13 -12
‘Width of interorbital area ............:--..--- 06 . 06 - 06
enpth Of Mout ---..teessatncewsa sense ceteas . 06 . 06 - 06
enpthiot OperewlMen se asc econ ace ae ee nie .10 . 09 . 08
Length of maxillary...-.......2-2-----..-.--- - 07 - 07 - 07
Heneun OL mangle, saa a= san ewe sae een . 08 . 08 - 08
Diameter of Orbit-o.--=--4>-2-ceones ae eos - 08 - 08 - 08
Dorsal (spinous) :
Distance from snout. ----<.2--c<necenenvacennane 29 . 30 27
Tener Ol WERE esse escort eae eee eee . 28 - 30 . 28
ENT OF tIVSsb BDUNG seen meee cow leo mene ets . 065 - 07 - 06
Length of second spine.........-.......------ 07 - 07 . 065
Ween pth of last Bpule .-nae esas ane senate . 055 - 055 - 055
Dorsal (soft) :
TOUS OL DABS ceeas enna a ateeemen nna ees . 26 Ri - 26
Length of antecedent spine............--..... - 08 . 08 07
Wen gTR OF Arsh Lay oes a see a toe peewee 14 -15 -13
Length of longest ray .-.-...------..-.--.--- .14 15 -13
Menpth Of Isai ia saesss- seems es oem cece eanee BU lieene ee eae . 04
Anal:
Distance trom ANOUUs- 2 <= 5 ease eee epee ees . 59 . 60 - 56
Tien PUMON DANG obo ons Senos Seca teen . 24 28 . 23
PEN Pi OF rst BHC ee eco sce ewe eeadeciee sae .09 . 09 . 08
Henpun OL Ursh WAV a=). - 524) seq nateencnass a> 14 15 -13
Length of longest ray .........----------.---. -14 15 -13
engin Of lsshiiny s-20.+-ssesscesacewacastene oN, eae nemerewms - 045
Caudal:
Length of middle rays. ..........-..-....--.... 13 13 -12
Length of external rays ......-......--.....--- -14 -15 -i4
Pectoral:
Distin ce from uO Gy... seen waecs escent . 30 . 32 - 30
Mergthit ecco tetas athe cen oa | .16 la 16
Ventral:
Distance from auOub--.<--sesrausseeresee nen e .37 .39 . 36
MseO GES noe estes eee coe eke cee eee 13 .13 -12
ee ere se eee Be ites eee oer ate oe ae eee ober xX,1,12 ay IX, I, 11
BNA Serta ace Poin cp ane ee aoa mao aer anaes ; L,9 I,10
CUO ote sae oat rae ene eee ee re SV, 19, 0 +, 12, + V, 13, IV
SCAN oie a oe op eon Ae pene eee ween aint 10
Wentiral) S28 cen tec cheese ate een oe tae La TL ear f

Family, MICROSTOMID 4.

28. Mallotus villosus (Miill.) Cuy.
Matllotus villosus Ricu., F. B. A., iii, 1836, p. 187.

Signalized from Bathurst’s Inlet. Max. Kumlien mentions “ small her-
ring-like fish that enter the sound in great numbers in early spring, but
soon leave. They are called ‘ice fish’ by the whalers.” I suppose they
belong to the species named above.

Family, SALMONID 28,

29. Salmo salar (Linn.) Giinther.
Salmo salar KUMLIEN, in lit.
Mr. Kumlien writes me that this salmon was obtained in quantities in

the Cumberland waters, and that he recognized at least two species of

FISHES. - 135

Salmo, but could not secure specimens that were not split or otherwise

mutilated.
Salvelinus Naresi occurs there, as will be seen in the present paper.

30. Salmo Hearnii Rich.
Salmo Hearnii Ricu., IF. B. As, iii, 1836, p. 167.
The species was described from the Coppermine River, lat. 679 424 N.
31. Salvelinus alipes (Rich.) Gill & Jordan.
Salmo alipes Ricw., F. B. A., iii, 1836, p. 169: GUnTH., P. Z. S., 1877, p. 476.
Boothia Felix (Rich.); Discovery Bay (Giinth.).
32. Salvelinus nitidus (Rich.) Gill & Jordan.
Salmo nitidus Ricu., F. B. A., iii, 1836, p. 171.
The species was described from Boothia.

33. Salvelinus Hoodii (Rich.) Gill & Jordan.
Salmo Hoodii Ricu., F. B. A., iii, 1836, p. 173.
Richardson described it from Boothia Felix.

34. Salvelinus arcturus (Giinth.) Gill & Jordan.
Salmo arcturus GUNTH. P. Z.S., 1877, p. 294, pl. xxxii.
Dr. Giinther established the species upon specimens obtained in lat.
82° 28’ N. and 82° 34’ N.

35. Salvelinus Naresi (Giinther) Bean.
Salmo Naresi GUNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., iii, 1877, p. 476, pl. L.

22000 ©. Cumberland Gulf, Aug. 1876. Lieut. W. A. Mintzer.

22000 a. 9. Cumberland Gulf, Aug. 1876. Lieut. W. A. Mintzer.

22000 b. ¢. Cumberland Gulf, Aug. 1876. Lieut. W. A. Mintzer.

Of this small charr, Lieutenant Mintzer secured the above-named speci-
mens, and labelled them “Salmon Trout.” ‘The larger of the two females
contains well-developed ova, some of which are free in the cavity of the
abdomen. The species agrees very closely with Dr. Giinther’s deserip-
tion of S. Naresi. The description and table of measurements which
follow will afford a means of estimating the correctness of an identifica-
tion which records the species about 20 degrees south of the locality from
which it was originally described.

Description.—The greatest height of the body is contained 5 times in
the total length without caudal, and equals twice the length of the upper
jaw. The height at the ventrals equals the distance from the tip of the
snout to the nape. The least height of the caudal peduncle equals the
length of the middle caudal rays.

The greatest length of the head is contained 44 times in total length
without caudal, and about equals twice the length of the base of the first

136 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

dorsal fin. The greatest width of the head is a little less than half its
length. The distance between the eyes equals their long diameter and
half the length of the mandible. The length of the snout equals half
the length of the middle caudal rays. The length of the operculum
equals the distance between the eyes. The length of the upper jaw is
contained from 10 to 11 times in total length without caudal, and the
length of the mandible 7? times. The distance from the snout to the
orbit is 4 or nearly 4 of the distance from the same point to the base of
the pectoral. The long diameter of the eye equals 4 of the greatest
height of the body. The teeth are arranged just as in the specimens
examined and described by Dr. Giinther.

The distance of the first dorsal from the tip of the snout equals 2 of
the distance of the anal from the same point, and is contained 2? times
in total length without caudal. The length of the base of the first dorsal
is contained 8} to 9 times in total length without caudal, and of its
longest ray, 7 times.

The adipose dorsal is placed at a distance from the tip of the snout,
equal to 4 of the total length, exclusive of the caudal. Its height about
equals the distance from the snout to the orbit.

The distance of the analfrom the snout equals ? of the total length as
before ineasured. The length of the anal base equals half the length of
the head in the larger female, and ;}; of total length in the smaller.
The longest ray of the anal equals twice the distance between the eyes,
and the last ray equals half the length of the base of the first dorsal.

The length of the midle caudal rays is contained 2¢ times in the length
of the external rays and 124 times in total length.

The distance from the tip of the snout to the base of the pectoral
equals twice the greatest width of the head. The length of the pectoral
equals the distance from the snout to the nape. The fin when extended
falls short of the vertical through the origin of the first dorsal by about
one-third of its own length.

The distance of the ventral from the tip of the snout equals 3 times
the length of the pectoral. The length of the ventral equals } of total
length. The ventral terminates at a distance from the vent equal to the
least height of the caudal peduncle.

Radial formuls.—B. 10? to 112; D. 13; A. 11; P. 15 to 16; V. I, 9.

Caca pylorica.—In the larger female, 28.

The coloration cannot be made out accurately. There are a few small
spots on the side of the body, which now appear white. Parr marks are

FISHES.

137

present in all the examples, and yet there is excellent reason for believ-
ing the largest specimen at least mature.

In the measurements the unit of comparison is the length to the origin
of the middle caudal rays. The figfire of S. Naresi is employed, and
the agreement between that and the Cumberland Gulf specimens is

striking.
Table of Measurements.
Current number of specimen. ..-.-.-- 22,000, 9. 22,000 a, 9.
. Cumberland Cumberland
OGY ete mca on re eiaeraalo tala == = Gulf.
metres. length. metres. length.
Extreme length........---..------. SOAS setae DTN Reese =)
Length to origin of middle caudal
rays See eeeialale Sipe eermicc ciel 120) |S -aae- UE eared
Body:
Greatestiheiohts-5.224--=0--124|¢-<2 2-5 20! Weectere 19
Gircateae widthter cece [28 c ee AON Peni 10.
Height at ventralg..........--.|.-....- Ly eee: 15
Least heightioftail “s225-s.c--|t- 22 45. Bi ol eaeectes 8
Head:
Greatest length... ..--...c6.-).2-- 2... DS teins ayer 23
Distance from snout to nape...|......-. IG lteter 17
Groeatestiwidth) 22-220 eee es |be>- sc Ty Sle setae 103
Width of interorbital area .....|........ Ger Pesen ee 63
ene thot SNOUGs errs ceo sinein eles -2 == A eee 5
Length of opecunl mie sca sacédie| aac oree Bhileackoses a
Length of upper jaw-- Be eA ebm ete ial esociorce 9
Length Ohmandibles=s- oss ccc loos -.-=s Sg ese se2 13
Distance from snout to orbit...|.... .-. Dre en eee 5t
Long diameter of eye .-..--.--.|......-.
Dorsal (first) :
Distance tromisnoub. --4eees seca oe
BEN CMO MDARe see cere tee tena alee conn a2
Length of longest ray.-........}-....--.
Dorsal (adipose) :
Distance from snout ...-....--.|....----
eS PTD Of DANG aateise ae = aiejcce es anes
Height ee eee eerste esac ety seis
Anal:
Distance from:snout...<..---<<|.---2--.
Asen STM Ot PASO) eee => mea ao|o ss =
Length OL lon ces Tayi--f- 2 s-ts<n\|t-< 25,0100
Length of last TAVie Sec ce sence tsaseece
Caudal:
Length of middle rays .......-.].-....-. CHE acer eer 8
Length of external rays........|..-..--. Te meen 17
Pectoral:
Distance from snout ...........|.--...-- 22h ile 22
SDs nets sate atmo ae recone | eines HSE | eerecetants 17
Ventral:
eae PONTE OULU s<.ce cee cece |veccteereon Boe | ecreeien 54
OSH Obese tee e on oes <a cee coe |lnner ccm: Lobe Seas 13
Vent A TipOksy CMULALS ~/7=2)-See soe eee Ori tezseeses 74
Branchiostegals.........--..--...-. TG sie Save &, JOR Cee eee
I BRAN ee a= ae see ose sak ecto larctc 2 RBH oe eiwie 2 Bole acme
CATR ee saws era. ea nc waweis cece cee Ay rome eee MDa le atercres
COU LAr earn tae eatac cous acleresces Ge ree ss by tetew tase
AMEN Senos lane eee Meine deci ca cicse TAOS ete Oh eawmcsce
Number of cxcal appendages .....-. 2B) mace ea eiaer ee poeeeerne

Family, CLUPEIDZ.

36. Clupea harengus Linn.

Clupea harengus Ricu., F, B. A., iii, 1836, p. 231.
Richardson mentions the occurrence of the herring at Bathurst’s Inlet,

67°. N., 1090 W.

Fig. of 8. Nar-
esi in P. Z.58.,

22,000 B, o. ;
iii, 1877, pl. L.

Cumberland
Gulf.
mii. | 100ths | arinj | 100ths

oO oO
metres. length, metres. length.

eeiltee 107 | wos Oe.
FAs \Get ee TPs wee
Pye 19) ;|5. eee 19}
ae 10 * |Poee e e
RoE <6) 16) fecooent 38
Renae: Si: [ekceeres 8h
: OG Latent 22
eee. 19) ouster enecae
a ive il, |i cee | eens
Pie seh Biphicceeea| as 5
PES hit ccaae 6
Wa. fet 10%) soctcees: 10
1d (Sabet Lae

veces io one eee 8h
: 400, ngs 18
Lego Sl gto Lee 22
SPR Que eres. 18
oe Fiber 54
ee a a EGER Seo ors 124
Bes Manes AGT © Eth fase s
ABH Sucks. Oh | eos

Ata Weiss. Aig|eS. cer
amen |Lerihs wl ke os

HAG) |e os S. Tai ete
Was 2 oe. apt weeds

138 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

Family, SACCOPHARYNGIDZE.

37. Saccopharynx flagellum Mitch.
Ophiognathus ampullaceus Harwoop, Phil. Trans., 1827, p. 49, pl. 7 (fide Rich. ).
Saccopharynx ampullaceus Ricu., F. B. A., iii, 1836, p. 271.
“The individual described by Dr. Harwood, measuring four feet and
a half in length, was captured in the entrance of Dayis Strait, by Cap-
tain Sawyer, of the ship Harmony.”—RIou., l. ¢.
U. 8. NationaL Museum, April 3, 1879.

SUPPLEMENTARY NoTE.—The description of a species of Cottus from
the United States by Sauvage* has just come. to my notice. The sub-
ject of the description and figure is undoubtedly the Cottus c@neus of
Mitehill.

May 23, 1879.

* Cottus (Acanthocottus) anceps SAuvAGE, Nouy. Archiy. du Muséum d’Histoire Natu-
telle, Paris, Deuxitme Série, Tome Premier, 1878, p. 145, pl. i, fig. xini.

CRUST AG HA.

By S. I. Smit.

The following crustaceans were all collected in the Gulf of Cumber-
land.

Crangon boreas J. C. Fabricius (Phipps).

A female (No. 145) 110™™ in length, ‘“ Niantilic Island,” September 24,
1877.

Hippolyte Greenlandica Miers (J. C. Fabricius).

Two females: one (No. 1644) 100™™ in length, from stomach of Cottus
scorpius, September 6, 1878; the other (No. 207) 80™™ long, from stom-
ach of sculpin (No. 150), 1877.

Hippolyte Fabricii Kroyer.

A female (No. 537), 52™™ long, 7 fathoms, tide-hole, ‘““Annanactook
Island,” June, 8, 1878; and a male (No. 862), 42™™ in length, head of
Cumberland Gulf, June 29, 1878.

Gammarus locusta J. C.F abricius (= G. ornatus Milne-Edwards).

‘“¢ Penny Harbor, latitude 66°” (No. 225), October 4, 1877; ‘Arctic Isl-
and,” low water (No. 65), September 13, 1877; ‘‘ Annanactook Harbor”
(No. 576), June 20, 1878.

Amathilla Sabini Bate and Westwood (Leach).

Head of Cumberland Gulf (No. 86); “‘ Annanactook Harbor” (Nos. 584
and 593), 4 fathoms, June 19, 1878; (No. 585), Cumberland Gulf. ’
Hyperia medusarum Bate (O. I. Miiller).

““Annanactook Harbor,” No. 586, June 19, 1878.

Caprella septentrionalis Kroyer.

“Annanactook Harbor” (No. 583), “caught through crack in ice, 4
fathoms, on kelp,” May 19, 1878; “Grave Island beach” (Nos. 626 and
627), June 27, 1878; (No. 420).

Lepas fascicularis Ellis and Solander,

Cumberland Gulf, at surface.
139

140 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA,

Balanus balanoides Stimpson. ;

Large well-developed specimens, of the low, broad form. Arctic
Island, September 13, 1877. This and the preceding were identified by
Mr. E. B. Wilson.

There is also in the collection a specimen of Hyas araneus Leach (No.
1420), from “‘Godthaah, Greenland, September 11, 1878.” On its cara-
pax were specimens of Balanus crenatus.

ANN HEIDE SS.

By A. E. VERRILL.

ANNELIDA.

Harmothoe imbricata (L.) Malmgren.

Penny Harbor, Cumberland Gulf, low-water, October 4, 1877, lot 23...
Head of gulf, on gravel beach, May 28, and June 1, 1878, lots 642, 660,
and 664.

Nereis pelagica Linné.

Penny Harbor, Cumberland Gulf, lat. 66°, low-water, October 4 and
5, 1877, lots 221, 222,237. Head of gulf, on gravel beach, May 28, 1878,
lot 642.

Phyllodoce Gronlandica (rsted (?).
' A specimen in bad state of preservation. Cumberland Gulf.

Syliis, sp.
Penny Harbor, low-water, October 4, 1877. Head of Cumberland
Gulf, gravel beach, low-water, May 28, 1878.

Cistenides granulata (Linné) Malmgren.
Cumberland Gulf, low-water.

Thelepus cincinnatus (Fabr.) Verrill.

Amphitrite cincinnata FaBr., Fauna Gronl., p. 286, 1780.

Thelepus circinnatus MALMGREN, Nordiska Hafs-Annulater, in Ofversigt af
Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Forhandl. 1865, p. 387, pl. xxii, fig. 58 (specific name in-
correctly spelled).

Iumara flava Strmpson, Invert. of Grand Manan, p. 30, 1853.

Cumberland Gulf. Common on the American coast south to Cape
Cod, and in deeper water as far as Long Island Sound.
Malmgren and several other recent writers have erroneously written

the name of this species “circinnatus.”
141

142 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

Spirorbis lucidus (Mont.) Mérch.

Very common in Cumberland Gulf, on ascidians, alge, polyzoa, ete.,
low-water to 9 fathoms; Penny Harbor, October 4; Annanactook Har-
bor, May 20, 1878; head of the Gulf, May 28,1878.

Spirorbis quadrangularis Stimpson.
Cumberland Gulf, low-water. One specimen.

GEPHYREA.

Phascolosoma margaritaceum (Sars) Kor. & Dan. (?).

Phascolosoma margaritaceum KOREN and DANIELSSEN, Fauna Litt. Norveg.
ili, p. 135, pl. 15, figs. 43, 44, 1877.

A large specimen, about 6 inches long, from the stomach of a Cottus,
in Cumberland Sound, September 6, 1878 (lot 1685), probably belongs to
this species.

Total length 150™™; diameter of body, 18™™; length of proboscis
from anal opening to end, 112™™. Body large, round, abruptly rounded
posteriorly, with a sight mammilla at the tip; anteriorly it tapers gradu-
ally into the proboscis, which is long and becomes slender toward the
end. The surface appears early smooth to the eye, except that there
are more or less irregular transverse wrinkles and slightly raised folds.
Under a. lens it is seen to be everywhere finely transversely wrinkled
and striated, and in many parts reticulated with longitudinal wrinkles, |
while small, depressed, sucker-like organs are scattered over the surface
of the body and base of the proboscis; at the posterior end of the body
the longitudinal wrinkles become distinct grooves, converging to the tip,
with rows of suckers between them, and the circular wrinkles, crossing
the interspaces, are conspicuous. The proboscis is destitute of papille
and hooks, and is smoother than the body, with faint indications of
transverse lighter and darker bands of color. Tentacles numerous,
slender. Internally the two dorsal retractors arise only a short distance
behind the anal opening, their bases being wide apart toward the sides.
The ventral retractors, arising near the middle of the body, are large
and stout, with their thick bases close together, barely leaving space for
the nervous cord to pass between them. Segmental organs large, thick,
cylindrical, obtuse, dark brown, about 25™" long and 38"™ in diameter;
their openings somewhat in advance of the origin of the dorsal retrae-
tors and lower down on the sides. Intestine very long, forming a double
coil of numerous turns, filling the posterior part of the body to the end.
Generative organ voluminous, surrounding. the intestine. A slender

ANNELIDES. 143

transverse muscle passes from therectum to the opposite side of the body,
and the rectum is attached to the adjacent wall by a large bundle of
muscular fibers. Muscles of the body-wall form a continuous layer, with-
out distinct fascicles.

NEMERTINA.
Amphiporus Stimpsoni Verrill.

Ommatoplea Stimpsoni GIRARD, in Stimpson, Invert. of Grand Manan, p. 28, fig.
18, 1853.

Gravel beach, low-water, Cumberland Gulf, June 1, 1878, lot 663.
“Color, deep purplish brown above, lilac beneath.” Also from reef in
Penny Harbor, October 5, 1877, lot 222.

Amphiporus, sp.

Body thick, depressed, somewhat tapered to both ends, 25™™ to 35™™
long, as contracted in alcohol. Head with a small roundish cluster of
minute ocelli on the pale antero-lateral margins. Neck with a slightly
marked transverse groove, converging backward in form of a V, on the
dorsal surface. Color, in alcohol, dark bluish green; the under surface
and margins of head yellowish white. In life, “bright pea-green.”

Penny Harbor, Cumberland Gulf, lat. 66°, October 4, 1877, lot 225.
Arctic Island, low-water, September 13, 1877, lot 66.

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LIST OF SHELLS OBTAINED BY MR. LUDWIG KUMLIEN, NATURALIST TO THE HOWGATE
EXPEDITION, 1877-78, AT POINTS IN CUMBERLAND SOUND, ARCTIC REGIONS, WEST
FROM BAFFIN’S BAY.

By Wee DAL:

-

The locality at which the schooner Florence, conveying the party,
made her winter quarters, according to Mr. Kumlien’s report, was not
favorable for extensive collections in any department.

The prevalence of ice in the irregularities of the sound and other cir-
cumstances, especially the abrupt and rocky character of the shores,
rendered it difficult to obtain specimens of invertebrates, which in point
ot fact were all collected at a few small areas of beach, some of which
were a long distance from winter quarters.

Nevertheless, when the difficulties are considered, the results are very
creditable to Mr. Kumlien’s energy and perseverance, and are not with-
out value for the study of geographical distribution.

The number of specimens is small; but twenty-four species are repre-
sented, some of which were also obtained by a party under Lieutenant
Mintzer, U.S. N., who explored for minerals in nearly the same region
a year or two previous to the visit of the Florence.

As was to be expected, none of the species are new: Modiolaria faba
Fabr., which has almost been lost sight of by naturalists, and Glyci-
meris Kurriana Dkr., a species whose validity has been much questioned,
were among the most interesting forms obtained.

The species are as follows (those with an asterisk are represented by
vuly one or two specimens, and only Buceinum gronlandicum was at all
numerous) :

*Ommastrephes illecebrosa, Lesueur.

* Buccinum glaciale, Linné.

* Buccinum ciliatum, Fabr., var. Molleri, Rve.

* Buccinwm humphreysianum, Bennett (probably).

* Buccinum belcheri, Rve.

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 15——10 145

146 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

Buccinum tenebrosum, Hancock, (typical).

Buccinum grénlandicum, Chemn.

* Trophon truncatus, Strom.

Margarita umbilicalis, Brod. & Sby.

Margarita helicina, Fabr., vars.

Litorina grénlandica, Mirch.

Acmeea testudinalis, Linné.

Aeolidia papillosa, Linné.

* Dendronotus reynoldsii, Couthouy.

Mya truncata, Linné.

* Glycimeris Kurriana, Dkr. On mud fats.

Saxicava arctica, Linné.

* Astarte borealis, Gray ; attached to kelp.

* Turtonia minuta, Fabr.; in nest of Modiolaria.

Modiolaria levigata, Gray.

Modiolaria discors, Linné.

Modiolaria (Crenella) faba, Fabr.

Chiton (Tonicella) marmorea, Fabr.

ichynchonella psittacea, Fischer; dead broken valves, apparently dis-
gorged by some bird, were found on the hills at a considerable distance
from the sea. They are evidently not fossil, and are probably to be
found living in suitable places at low-water mark.

NOVEMBER 26, 1878.

SOR MUS COLES.

By, A. ES VERRIGE:

TUNICATA.

Ascidiopsis complanata Verrill.
Ascidia complanata YaBr., Fauna Gronlandica, p. 3382, 1780.—VERRILL, Amer.
Journ. Sci. i, p. 98, 1871, fig. 11. :
Ascidia callosa STIMPSON, Invert. of Grand Manan, p. 19, 1853.
Ascidiopsis complanata VERRILL, Amer. Journ. Sci. iii, p. 289, pl. viii, f. 8, 1872.

Some of the young specimens are translucent pale olive; others are
older, with a dark olive-brown, thicker, and rougher test. It appears
to be the most common species. It is broadly attached by one side,
obliquely, and both tubes are on the upper side, near one end. They
are both short and broad.

Lot No. 235, Penny Harbor, Cumberland Gulf, at low-water, Octo-
ber 4, 1877. No. 592, head of Cumberland Gulf, attached to roots
of kelp, May 19,1878. No. 595, Cumberland Gulf, May, 1878. No. 664,
head of Cumberland Gulf, on gravel beach, June 1, 1878.

Halocynthia Verrill = Cynthia Savigny (non Fabr., 1808).

The name Cynthia having been preoccupied, and no other tenable
name having been given to the group, 1 propose to substitute Halo-
cynthia for the typical section of Savigny’s genus, characterized by the
square apertures, compound tentacular appendages of the mantle, and
the development of two ovaries. The other subdivisions established
by Savigny appear to be of generic value, in the modern sense.

Halocynthia rustica Verrill.
Ascidia rustica LINN.—FABRIcIUS, Fauna Groénlandica, p. 330, 1780, pars.
Ascidia monoceros MOLLER, Kriéyer’s Naturhist. Tidssk., vol. iv, p. 95, 1842.
Ascidia condylomata PACKARD, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, p. 277, 1867.
Cynthia monoceros VERRILL, Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. i, p. 93, 1871.
Distinguished by the irregular, unequal warts and tubercles of the
surface, the larger ones mostly situated above the middle, and by the
more or less prominent subconical tubercle at the summit, between the
bases of the tubes. This terminal tubercle is often surmounted by sev-

eral hard chitinous points, and in the young a similar point often occurs
147

148 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

on some of the other tubercles. The form of the body is more or less
cylindrical, often two inches or more high and one in diameter, after
preservation in alcohol. The tubes are terminal and divergent. Color,
in lite, reddish.

The very young specimens are low and nearly flat in contraction, and
nearly smooth.

It is common on the Grand Banks, where it grows to a large size. It
has not been found on the New England coast.

Lot No. 592, head of Cumberland Gulf, attached to roots of kelp,
May 19, 1878. Both adult and young.

Halocynthia echinata Verrill.
Ascidia echinata LINNE.—FABRICcIUs, Fauna Groénlandica, p. 331.
Cynthia echinatu Stimp., Invert. of Grand Manan, p. 20, 1854.—BINNEY, in Gould,
Invert. of Mass., p. 18, pl. xxiii, fig. 3260.—VERRILL, Amer. Journ, Sci. i, p. 96,
1871.

Lot No. 596, Cumberland Gulf, May 10, 187s.

Besides the two species of this genus brought home by the expedi-
tion, the following occur on the American coast north of Cape Cod:
H. pyriformis (Rathke), Southern New England to Greenland ; H. vil-
losa (Fabr.), perhaps young of the preceding, Labrador to Greenland ;
H. tuberculum (Fabr.) = Cynthia carnea (Ag.) Verrill =-C. placenta Pack-
ard (young), Cape Cod to Greenland; I. pulchella Verrill (as Cynthia),
Eastport, Me., to Grand Banks; H. partita (Stimp.), Massachusetts
Bay to North Carolina. .

POLYZOA.

Crisia eburnea (L.) Lamouroux.
Gulf of Cumberland. One specimen.

Diastopora patina (Lam.) Smitt.

—

Annanactook Harbor, on Laminaria, 7
Halocynthia rustica, head of Cumberland Gulf, May 5, 1878.

fathoms, May 19; and on

Alcyonidium mytili Dalyell.
Gulf of Cumberland, on alge. Godthaab, Greenland, on carapax of
Hyas araneus.

Gemellaria loricata (Linné) Busk; Smitt.
Gemellaria dumosa STIMPSON, Invert. of Grand Manan.

Specimens three inches high, Penny Harbor, Cumberland Gulf, low-
water, October 4, 1877, lots 226 and 238, covered with fry of Crenella
faba; same locality, May 28, 1878.

MOLLUSCOIDS. 149

Céllaria articuiata Smitt, ex Fabricius.
Salicornaria borealis BusK.
Cellaria borealis Smirr, Ofversigt af Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Férh. 1867, p. 361, tab.
xx, fig. 17, 1867.

On Halocynthia rustica, attached to roots of Laminaria.

Head of Cumberland Gulf, May 19, 1878, lot 592. Some of the
specimens are very young, with only a single clavate joint; others are
nearly two inches high, and beginning to branch.

Membranipora Sophie Busk.
With the last (lot 592). Also from Annanactook Harbor, May 19,
1878, on roots of Laminaria, 7 fathoms.
Escharina ansata (Jolnst.) Gray.
Mollia vulgaris, forma ansata Smit, Oversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akad. Foérh.
1867, p. 14, tab. xxv, f. 78-83, 1867.

Several specimens occurred on the roots of Laminaria, 7 fathoms, An-
nanactook Harbor, May 19, 1878 (lot 597). Some agree with the var.
ansata Smitt (Lepralia ansata Johust.), but in most cases there are well-
developed calcareous papille near the sides of the apertures as in the
var. papillata.

I adopt the generic name LHscharina given by Milne Edwards to a
group, including the present species, in 1835 (in Lamarck, An. sans
Vert., ed. 2, vol. ii, pp. 218, 230), and for which he cited as the type E.
vulgaris (Moll.). Dr. Gray (List Brit. Animals in British Museum, p.
124, 1848) also restricted the name to the same and closely allied spe-
cies. Dr. Smitt, however, united this group with Hippothoa, which
seems to be a sufficienty distinct genus.

The restricted genus Hscharina, as I limit it, is characterized by the
well-mnfarked median sinus of the apertures of the zozcia, together with
the lateral avicularia, usually developed near one or both sides of the
apertures. The mode of growth is usually Lepralia-like, but may also
be Escharine. It is therefore equivalent, or nearly so, to the genus
Schizoporella, recently proposed by Hincks for the same typical species.

The genus Hscharoides, proposed by Edwards in the same work, has
also been incorrectly used by some writers; for although Gray re-
stricted it, in 1848, to one of the original species, 2. coccinea (Abildg.),
thus making it equivalent, in part, to Discopora Smith, the last-named
writer has applied it to a group, typified by /. rosacea, not included by
Edwards. As the name should be restored, in accordance with Gray’s
limitation, I have proposed elsewhere the name Lscharopsis, as a substi-
tute for Escharoides of Smitt, including two Northern Atlantic species

150 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

(BL. lobata (Lamx.)= 2H. Sarsii Smitt, and H. rosacea), both common in the
Gulf of St. Lawrence. This genus, with an Escharine growth, has aper-
tures much as in Lscharina, except that the lateral avicularia are situ-
ated within their borders by the side of the sinus.

Discopora Lam., following Edwards, should be restricted to forms like
D. Skenei, with median avicularia, the type of Lamarck being D. verru-
cosa, @ species closely related to D. Skenei, but not the Cellepora verru-
cosa of Esper, a very different form, to which Gray erroneously restricted
this generic name.

Celleporella hyalina ‘L.) Gray.
Cellepora hyalina LINN®.
Mollia hyalina SMiTT, op. cit. p. 16, tab. xxv, f. 84, 85.
Hippothoa hyalina SM1T?, Florida Bryozoa.

Very common, Annanactook Harbor, 7 fathoms, on Laminaria, May
19, and 9 fathoms, May 20, 1878, lot 570. Penny Harbor, low-water, on
Margarita helicina, October 4, 1877, lot 226. Gravel beach, head of Gulf
of Cumberland, May 28, 1878, lot 642, and on Halocynthia rustica; lot
d72, May 19.

Rea Oia Se

By A. E. VERRILL.

ECHINODERMATA.

Pentacta frondosa Jeger (Gunner, sp.).
Cucumaria frondosa ForBES, Brit. Starfishes, 1841.—DUBEN and KOREN, 1844,
One large specimen, Godthaab, Greenland, August 11, 1878.

Strongylocentrotus Drobachiensis A. Agassiz.
Penny Harbor, Gulfof Cumberland, reef at low-water, October, 4, 1877,
lot 420,

Leptasterias Gronlandica Verrill.

Asteracanthion Grénlandicus STEENST.—LUTKEN, Oversigt over Grénlands Echino-
dermata, p. 29, 1857.

Head of Gulf of Cumberland, Niantilic Harbor, lot 144; low-water,
September 25, 1877, lot 179; Arctic Island, lot 66; Penny Harbor, lat.
66°, at low-water, October 4, 1877, lot 224; also same locality, lot 290.

Leptasterias Mulleri Verrill, 1866.

Asteracanthion Mulleri Sars, Fauna Litt. Norveg., i, p. 56, f. 38,39; Oversigt af
Norges Echinodermer, p. 88.

Annanactook Harbor, 4 fathoms, May 19, 1878, lot 580.

Stephanasterias albula Vervill.

Asteracanthion albulus Stimpson, Invert. of Grand Manan, p. 14, fig. 5, 1853.
Asteracanthion problema STEENSTRUP.—LUTKEN, op. cit. p. 30.

Common in Cumberland Gulf. Gravel beach at the head of the gulf,
etc. The only lot with the date remaining is 649, May, 30, 1878. With
lot 725 is the following note: ‘Dull lilac above, yellowish white beneath.”

All the specimens are young, with the rays irregular in length and

variable in number.

The genus Stephanasterias, proposed by me for this species several
years ago, is characterized by a peculiar structure of the skeleton and
spines as well as by its remarkable method of fission, so well elucidated
by Dr. Liitken. W'nen adult, there are usually six regular equal rays,
such specimens becoming four or five inches in diameter. But in smaller
specimens, still undergoing self division, there are usually two to four

151

152 ’ NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

longer rays, with three to five shorter reproduced rays-on one side. The
rays are rounded, and uniformly covered with small clustered spinules,
arranged in divergent groups on each plate. The plates are regularly
arranged, both transversely and longitudinally, and more closely united
than in Asterias and Leptasterias. The plates of the ventral rows are
directly united with the adambulacral, so as to leave no spaces between
for the papulee, which are, therefore, absent along the ventral surface next
the adambulacral plates; on the dorsal surface they are usually arranged
in pairs. The major pedicellariz are arranged along the edges of the
ambulacral grooves, and a few usually occur in the adoral angles, between
the bases of the rays.
Ophioglypha nodosa Lyman.
Ophiura nodosa LUTKEN, Addit. ad Hist. Ophiuridarum, p. 48, pl. ii, fig. 9, a-b,
1858.

Lot 249. Annanactook Harbor, low-water, October 7, 1877. “Color

crimson.”
HYDROIDA.

Seriularia argentea Wllis and Sol.
Gravel beach, head of Cumberland Gulf, low-water, May 28, 1878.

Halecium tenellum Hincks.
Gravel beach, head of Cumberland Gulf, low-water, lot 642, May 28,
1878.

Obelia, sp.
With last. Also from Penny Harbor, low-water, October 4, 1877,

attached to Acidiopsis complanata.

ANTHOZOA.

Urticina crassicornis Eh:enberg, 1834.
Actinia crassicornis MULLER, Prodromus, 1776.
Tealia crassicornis Goss, Ann. Nat. Hist.; Actinologia Brit., p. 209, pl. iv, fig. 1.
Rhodéctinia Davisii AG.—VeRrnritt, Revision Polyps, in Mem. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist. vol. i, p. 18, (author’s copies, 1304).
Head of Cumberland Gulf, low-water, lot 667, on roots of Lami-

naria. Annanactook Harbor, May 19, 1878.

Bunodes spectabilis Verrill.

Actinia spectabilis Fasricius, Fauna Grénlandica, p. 342, 1750.
Bunodes stella VERRILL, Revision of Polyps Eastern Coast of U. S., in Mem. Bos-
ton Soc. Nat. Hist. i, p. 16, pl. i, figs. 1-8, 1864.

A more extensive acquaintance with this species, and a careful com-
parison with the description of Fabricius had, some time ago, caused me

to unite my B. stella with the Greenlandic species (see Cheek-list of

RADIATES. : 153

Marine Invertebrata), although it had not been recorded from any local-
ity between the Bay of Fundy and Greenland. The numerous specimens
in this collection serve to confirm that conclusion.

Common at low-water in the Gulf of Cumberland (lots 179, 237, 664),
Penny Harbor, October 4, lot 237. Gravel beach, head of gulf, June 1,
1878.

PORIFERA.

Two or three species of sponges, not yet determined, are in the collec-
tion. The most interesting, as well as most common one, forms elongated,
erect, rather flaccid tubes, two or three inches high and .25 to .35 in
diameter, open at top.

It occurred on the gravel beach, head of the gulf, attached to stones,
June 13, 1878, lot 770; also in lot 643.

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DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA,

By W. H. EDWARDS.

Family, PAPILIONIDZ.
Sub-family, PAPILIONINA,

Genus, Colias, Fabricius.
1. C. Hecla, Lefebvre.

One female was taken at Quickstep Harbor, Gulf of Cumberland, lati-
tude 66°, This species inhabits Southern Greenland and regions to the
westward. It has been attributed to Iceland, but, as is now supposed,
erroneously. It also inhabits Southern Lapland.

Mr. M’Lachlan, in his Report on the butterflies collected by the recent.
British Arctic Expedition, states that C. Hecla was taken as far north as
latitude 81° 45’, at Hayes Sound; and he gives information obtained
from Captain Feilden, R. N., attached to the Alert as naturalist, on the
habits of Lepidoptera in these high latitudes. “During the short period
when there is practically no night, butterflies are continuously on the
wing, supposing the sun’s surface not to be obscured by clouds or pass-
ing snow showers. That about one month in each year is the longest
period in which it is possible for these insects to appear in the perfect
state, and that about six weeks is the limit of time allowed to plant-
feeding larve, during all the rest of the year the land being under snow
and ice.” Mr. M’Lachlan doubts if there is sufficient time in each year
for the preparatory stages of the butterfly,—egg, larva, and chrysalis,—
and is disposed to think that more than one year is necessary. In the
northern United States, the larvee of Colias frequently pass the winter
when half-grown, or even younger, and I think it probable this is the habit
of Hecla. From two to three weeks at the end of the short Arctic summer,
and less time at the beginning in the following year, would seem to suf-
fice for the whole round of transformations.

In Dr. Staudinger’s Catalogue, Colias Boothii, Curtis, is put down as
a synonym of Hecla; but, in the opinion of Mr. M’Lachlan, the two
are distinct species.

155

156 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

It is remarkable that the collection of butterflies made by the British
Expedition, between latitude 78° and 82°, well toward the Arctic Sea,
should exhibit a greater number of species, namely, 5, than is known in
Southern Greenland, where we are told but 4 species have hitherto been
taken, and this northern series does not embrace the genus Chionobas,
one or two species of which are found in Greenland. Besides C. Hecla
and Argynnis Polaris, taken by Mr. Kumlien, were Argynnis Charidea,
Lycena Aquilo, and, most surprising of all, Chrysophanus Phlaas, a
species represented throughout the northern United States under a
slightly different form, Americana.

family, NYMPHALID A).
Sub-family, NyMPHALIN 25. :
Genus, Argynnis, Fabricius.
1. A. Freya, Thunberg.
Two males were taken in Southwest Greenland. This species is dis-
tributed over the boreal regions of both continents; in America, from

Greenland to Alaska; and it follows the Rocky Mountains as far to the
south as Colorado. It is subject to very little variation.

2. A. Polaris, Boisduval.

One male was taken at Quickstep Harbor. This species is more re-
stricted in distribution than Freya, and, so far as known, is limited to
Northeast America, from Labrador to the Arctic Sea. It was taken by
the British Expedition as far to the north as latitude 81° 52’, and by
the American Expedition (Polaris) at 81° 50’. It varies much in color,
and the example sent me by Mr. Kumlien is remarkably melanic on the
upper surface, the hind wings especially showing scarcely any fulvous.

Sub-family, SATYRIN As.

Genus, Chionobas, Boisduval.
1. C. Semidea, Say.
Oeno, Boisduyal.

Two males were taken at Quickstep Harbor. One of these has the
upper surface dark blackish-brown, and the discal belt on hind wings
beneath distinctly outlined on both edges. The other is light or pale
black-brown, and the belt is almost lost in the dense markings which
cover the wing. But specimens from the White Mountains of New
Hampshire show similar variation. This species inhabits Labrador,

and the Rocky Mountains at very high altitudes as far south as Colo-

INSECTS. 157

rado and New Mexico. In the White Mountains it is abundant on the
summit of Mount Washington; but in the territory between this region
and Labrador it is unknown, as also between Mount Washington and.
the Rocky Mountains. How far to the northwest of the continent it
flies is not known to me. It has not appeared in collections from
Alaska, in which Freya was represented in considerable numbers. The
peculiar distribution of this species, C. Semidea, by which it inhabits
mountain summits thousands of miles apart and not the intervening
country, and in the White Mountains of New Hampshire is thoroughly
isolated and restricted to a very small area, is explained as in the case
of plants similarly distributed and isolated (address of Prof. Asa.
Gray, Dubuque, 1872). The advance to the southward of the glacial
ice pushed before it multitudes of plants and animals, forcing them
along very distant lines of longitude in many cases; and when the re-
ceding of the ice took place, and a milder temperature began to prevail,
some species which had obtained a foothold at the south remained there,
finding a climate in which they could live, upon lofty mountains only,
being unable to exist in the lowlands. In the case of this butterfly,
such a climate was found at or near the snow-line in the Rocky Mount-
ains, and upon the summits of the White Mountains.

UNS Eier &.

HYMENOPTERA, NOCTURNAL LEPIDOPTERA, DIPTERA, COLEOPTERA, NEUROPTERA,
AND ARACHNIDA.

By 8. H. ScupDER AND OTHERS.

The insects collected by Mr. Kumlien were very few in number, amount-
ing to only sixteen species; and they appear to add little to our previous
knowledge of the fauna. Nevertheless, as all lists from high northern
localities possess a certain importance, the following is given. The
Hymenoptera were determined by Mr. E. T. Cresson; the report on the
Lepidoptera is by Mr. A. R. Grote; Mr. E. Burgess has named the Dip-
tera, Dr. J. L. LeConte the Coleoptera, Dr. H. Hagen the Neuroptera,
and Mr. J. H. Emerton the Arachnid.—SAMUEL H. SCUDDER.

The Diurnal Lepidoptera were placed in the hands of Mr. W. H. Edwards
for examination, and appear on pp. 155-157.

HYMENOPTERA.

1. No. 944. Bombus lacustris Cress. One specimen; American Harbor,
Gulf of Cumberland, July 6, 1878.

2. No. 1287. Bombus sp. near B. scutellaris Cress., and probably B. gren-

landicus Smith. One specimen; Godhavn, Greenland, August 3,
1878.

' 3. No. 1431. Limneria sp. (not described). One specimen; Disko Fjord,
Disko Island, Greenland, August 9, 1878.

NOCTURNAL LEPIDOPTERA.

4. Laria Rossii Curtis, Appendix to the Second Voyage of Sir J. Ross,
Ixi, Pl. A, fig..10.

The specimens belonging to this species are (1) a dried larva, black,
with yellowish brown hairs, and on each side a row of yellow tufts, arcti-
iform; (2) a slight cocoon formed of the larval hair like those of the
genus Orgyia; (3) a single worn male specimen of the moth. The speci-
mens were collected at Annanactook, Cumberland Island, the latter part

159

160 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

of June. The cocoon has attached to it a fragment of a lichen and
several coniferous needles, and was evidently formed on the ground;
these objects are merely slightly attached and form no part of the struc-
ture itself. The cocoon, which is close in texture, yet very frail and light,
contains the black and shining pupa, which is unusually thickly clothed
with brownish hair.

Curtis says of this species: “It is a very abundant insect, especially
in the caterpillar state, for about a hundred were collected on the 16th
of June 1832, near Fury Beach.” His description of the larva does not
well accord with the present specimen. He says: “The caterpillar is large
aud hairy, and of a beautiful shining velvety black, the hairs being
somewhat ochreous; there are two tufts of black hair on the back, fol-
lowed by two of orange.” His description of the pupa and web, as well
as of the perfect insect, agrees with the specimens now received. He
gives the food-plant of the larva as Saxifraga tricuspidata and S.
oppositifolia.

I have recorded (Psyche, 1, 131) the occurrence of this species above
the tree-line on Mount Washington, N. H. It is another instance of the
distribution of our existing species of moths, through the agency of the
change in climate attending the Glacial Epoch.

5. No. 1431. Anarta melanopa (Thunb.).

A single specimen collected at Disko Fjord, Disko Island, August 9,
1878. This species has been taken above timber-line, 15,000 feet eleva-
tion, by Lieut. W. L. Carpenter, on Taos Peak, Rocky Mountains. It is
found also in Labrador, and has been collected by Mr. George Dimmocek
near the summit of Mount Washington.

6. No. 1127.

A single specimen of a small dusky gray moth too much rubbed for
positive identification and otherwise mutilated. The eyes are naked,
the ocelliapparent. It was taken at Kikkerton Island, Gulf of Cumber-
land, July 25, 1878.

DIPTERA.
7. No. 1061. Culex sp. One specimen; American Harbor, Gulf of Cum-
berland, July 10, 1878.

8. Nos. 1061,1127. Vipula arctica Curt. Two specimens; American Har-
bor, Gulf of Cumberland, July 10, 1878; and Kikkerton Island,
Gulf of Cumberland, July 25, 1878.

9, No. 1431. Rhamphomyia sp., perhaps R. nigrita Zett. Two specimens;
Disko Fjord, Disko Island, Greenland, August 9, 1878.

INSICTS. 161

10. A Tachinid of unrecognizable genus; two pupa cases and a fly which
has escaped from one in confinement, with crumpled wings ; found
parasitic on the larva of Laria Rossii, Annanactook, Cumberland
Sound.

11. No. 12-3. Calliphora erythrocephala Meig. One specimen; Godthaab,
Greenland.

12. No. 1098. Scatophaga apicalis Curt. (=? S. squalida Meig.). One
specimen; off shore, American Harbor, Cumberland Sound, July
15, 1878.

COLEOPTERA.

13. No. 1061. Amara hematopus Dej. (Feronia); Stereocorus similis
Kirby. One specimen; American Harbor, Cumberland Sound,
July 10, 1878. The species is found generally throughout sub
arctic America.

14. No. 1641. Agabus (Gaurodytes) tristis Aubé. Five specimens in
poor preservation; Lake Caroline Mann, Cumberland Island, Sep-
tember 1, 1878. The species is abundant in Alaska and extends
down to California in the Sierra region.

NEUROPTERA.

15. No. 16H. A Limnophilid, perhaps an Halesus. Several larval cases
with dried larve in some of them; the cases are composed of
minute scales of mica. Lake Caroline Mann, Cumberland Island,
September 1, 1878.

ARACHNIDA.
16. No. 1061. Lycosa sp., probably L. grenlardica Thor. One dried

specimen ; American Harbor, Cumberlar d Sound, July 10, 1878,

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 15 11

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PANTS.

LIST OF THE PLANTS COLLECTED AT POINTS IN CUMBERLAND SOUND BETWEEN THE
SIXTY-SIXTH AND SIXTY-SEVENTH PARALLELS OF NORTH LATITUDE AND, ON THE
SOUTH SHORES OF DISKO ISLAND, GREENLAND.

By ASA GRAY.

The Howgate Expedition arrived in Cumberland Sound about the
middle of September, 1877; the ground was then covered with snow,
but this melted on the southern slopes some days later, and exposed a
few plants still in flower, Campanula rotundifolia, Lychnis apetala, Stella-
ria longipes, var. Edwardsii, &e.

In the succeeding summer the Florence left her winter-harbor early
in July, and while there was yet considerable snow remaining in the
valleys. At the time we left our winter-quarters there were but four
or five plants in flower in the vicinity, such as Taraxacum Dens-leonis,
Cochlearia officinalis, Saxifraga stellata, and Saxifraga rivularis, var.
hyperborea.

Pyrola rotundifolia, var. pumila, showed buds on a southern slope by
the last day of May, but the same plants were not in flower by July 7.
The season appeared to be unusually backward, frequent snow-storms
prevailing till the latter days of June.

At America Harbor, on the east side, and nearly opposite Annanae-
took, the winter-harbor, plants were in much richer profusion and ap-
parently more than a week earlier than at the former place.

As large a number of plants were collected here as our short stay
would admit of. A few days were also spent at the Kikkerton Islands,
and such of the islands as were accessible to us faithfully hunted over,
but mahy species were not yet in flower.

On the south shores of Disko Island, Greenland, we collected for a
few days in August, and here the bulk of our plant-collection was made.

Many species were found here that we had collected in Cumberland,
but they were strikingly more luxuriant and generally quite abundant.
In the following list the species collected at points in Cumberland Sound
will be indicated by the letter ©; those from Disko Island, Greenland,
by the letter G.—L. IK.

163

164 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

Thalictrum alpinum, L. G.

Ranunculus nivalis, L. C.

Ranunculus affiris, R. Bre C.
Ranunculus, not identified.

Papaver nudicaule, L. C and G.
Arabis alpina, L. Gand C.

Cochlearia officinalis, L. C.

Cochlearia arctica, Schl. G.

Draba stellata, Jaeq. C.

Draba stellata, var. nivalis, Reg]. C.
Draba crassifolia, Grah. G.

Draba hirta, Ll. C.

Silene acaulis, L. C and G.

Iychnis alpina, lL. G.

LTychnis apetala, Le. C.

Lychnis affinis, Wahl. C and G.
Cerastium alpinum, L. C and G.
Stellaria longipes, Goldie.

Stellaria longipes, var. Edwardsii. C and G.
Arenaria peploides, L. G.

Dryas octopetala, L.

Dryas octopetala, var. integrifolia, Ch. & Sch. C and G.
Potentilla nivea, L. C.

Potentilla maculata, Pour. C.
Sibbaldia procumbens, L. G.
Alchemilla vulgaris, L. G.

Saxzifraga rivularis, lL. C.

Saxifraga rivularis, var. hyperborea, Hook. C.
Saxifraga cernua, lL. G,

Saxifraga stellaris, Ll. C.

Saxifraga nivalis, L. Cand G,
Saxifraga cespitosa, L. C and G.
Savifraga tricuspidata, Retz. C and G,
Saxifraga oppositifolia, L. ©.
Ppilobium latifolium, lL. C and G.
Archangelica officinalis, lL. G.
Erigeron uniflorum, L. G.

Gnaphalium Norvegicum, Gunn. G.
Antennaria alpina, L. Gand C,

PLANTS. 165

Arnica alpina, Murr. G.
Taraxacum Dens-leonis, Desf. G and C.
Taraxacum palustre, DC. C.
Campanula rotundifolia, L. © and G.
Campanula uniflora, lL. G.
Vaccinium uliginosum, L. Cand G. (var.)
Arctostaphylos alpina, lL. C and G.
Cassiope hypnoides, Don. C and G.
Cassiope tetragona, Don. C and G.
Bryanthus taxifolius, Gray. G.
Rhododendron Lapponicum, Wahl. C and G.
Ledum palustre, L. Cand G.
Loiseleuria procumbens, Desv. C aud G.
Pyrola rotundifolia, L.
Pyrola rotundifolia, var. pumila, Hoo’- O and G.
Diapensia Lapponica, L. Cand G.
Armeria vulgaris, L. C and G.
Veronica alpina, L. G.
ELuphrasia officinalis, lL. G.
Bartsia alpina, L. G.
Pedicularis Langsdorffii, Fisch. G.
Pedicularis Langsdorffii, var. lanata.
Pedicularis hirsuta, L. C and G.
Pedicularis flammea, Ll. G.
Pedicularis Lapponica, L. G.
Mertensia maritima, Don. G.
Oxyria digyna, Campd. C and G.
Polygonum viviparum, L. C and G.
Empetrum nigrum, lL. C.
Betula nana, L. C and G.
Salix herbacea, L. © and G.
Salix glauca, L. C.
Salix arctica, R. Br.? C.
Habenaria albida, i. Br. G.
Habenaria hyperborea, R. Br. G. New to Greenland!
Tofieldia borealis, Wahl. C and G.

zula spadicea, DC. C.
Inuzula spadicea, var. parviflora, Mey. G.
Inzula arcuata, Wahl. ©.

166 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.

Luzula arcuata, var. hyperborea. C.
Eriophorum Scheuchzeri, Hoppe. ©.
Eriophorum vaginatum, L. ©.
Eriophorum polystachyum, L. ©.
Carex lagopina, Wahl. G.

Carex rigida, Good. G.

Carex rariflora, Wahl. G.
Hierochloa alpina, L. ©.
Alopecurus alpinus, Ts ee

Poa alpina, L. C and G.

Festuca ovina, L. ©.

Festuca ovina, var. breviflora. %.
Glyceria angustata, R. Br. G.
Woodsia hyperborea, R. Br. G.
Cystopteris fragilis, Bernh. G.
Aspidium Lonchitis, Sw. G.
Polypodium Dryopteris, L. G.
Equisetum arvense, L. G and C.
Lycopodium Selago, L. Gand ©.

LICE N &

LIST OF LICHENS COLLECTED IN THE VICINITY OF ANNANACTOOK HARBOR, CUMBER-
LAND SOUND, AT ABOUT LAT. 67° N., LONG. 68° 49’ W.

By EDWARD TUCKERMAN,

e

Cetraria nivalis, (L.) Ach. G.
Cetraria cucullata, (Bell.) Ach. G.
Cetraria islandica, (L.) Ach. G.
Cetraria islandica, var. Delisw, Br. G.
Dactylina arctica, (Hook.) Nyl. G.
Alectoria ochroleuca.
Alectoria ochroleuca, var. cincinnata, Fr. G.
Alectoria ochroleuca, var. nigricans, Ach. G.
Alectoria jubata, (L.).
Alectoria-jubata, var. chalybeiformis, Ach. G.
Theloschistes parictinus, (1.).
Theloschistes parietinus, var. pygmeus, Fr. D.
Parmelia saxatilis, (l.) Fr. G.
Parmelia saxatilis, var. omphaiodes, Fr. G.
Parmelia saxatilis, var. panniformis, Fr. G.
Parmelia physodes, (i.) Ach.
Parmelia physodes, var. encausta, Fr.
Parmelia physodes, var. alpicola, Nyl. G.
Parmelia stygia.
Parmelia stygia, var. lanata, (Mey.). G.
Parmelia conspersa, (hr.) Ach. G.
Parmelia centrifuga, (ue) Ach. G.
Umbilicaria vellea, (l.) Nyl. G.
Umbilicaria proboscidea, (L.) Stenh. G.
Umbilicaria proboscidea, var. arctica, Ach.
Umbilicaria anthracina, (Wahl.) Scher. G.
Umbilicaria cylindrica, (l.) Delis. G.
Umbilicaria hyperborea, Hotim. G.
Umbilicaria erosa, (Wel.) Hoffm. G.

167

168 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC’ AMERICA.

Peltigera canina, (L.) Woftm. G.

Peltigera pulverulenta, (Tayl.) Nyl. G.
Pannaria hypnorum, (Hoffm.) Kerb. G.
Placodium elegans, DC.

Placodium vitellinum, (Ehrh.) Hepp. G.
Lecanora rubina, (Vill.) Ach.

Lecanora rubina, var. opaca, Ach.
Lecanora tartarea, (L.) Ach. G.

Lecanora oculata, (Dicks.) Ach.

Lecanora ventosa, (L.) Ach. G.
Stereocaulon tomentosun, Fr.

Stereocaulon tomentosum, Var. alpinum, Lawy,
Stereocaulon paschale, (L.) Fr. G.
Stereocaulon denudatum, Fleerk. G.
Cladonia rangiferina, (L.) Hoftm.

Cladonia rangiferina, var. alpestris, Schoer.
Cladonia uncialis, (L.) Fr. G.

Cladonia bellidiflora, Ach. (Scheer.). G.
Cladonia cornucopioides, (i.) Fr. G.
Cladonia cornucopioides, var. incrassata, Auct. G.
Cladonia deformis, (L.) Hoftm. G.
Heterothecium pezizoideum Ach. G.
Buellia papillata, (Sommertf.) Flot. G.
Spherophorus fragilis, (L.) Pers.

2 iG

LIST OF ALGAE COLLECTED AT POINTS IN CUMBERLAND SOUND DURING THE AUTUMN
OF 1877.

By W. G. FarRLow.

Odonthalia dentata.
Rhodomela subfusea.
Rthodomela tenuissima.
Polysiphonia arctica.
Delesseria rostrata.
Delesseria alata.
Lhodophyllis veprecula.
Duthora cristata,
Phyllophora interrupta.
Phyllophora membranifolia.
Ptilota plumosa, var. serrata.
Ceramium rubrum.
Callithamnion Pylaisei.
Callithamnion Rothii.
Chordaria flagelliformis.
Dictyosiphon foaniculaceus.
Phleospora tortilis.
Sphacelaria arctica.
Chetopteris plumosa.
Ectocarpus liemalis.
EHetocarpus Farlowii.
Ectocarpus Landsburgii?
Ectocarpus firmus, var.
Monostoma ———?
Cladophora arcta.

Ulothrix flacca.

Hematococcus lacustris (Protococcus nivalis).
169

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MINERALS.

By F. M. ENDLICH.

The following is the catalogue of the minerals collected by Dr. Kuun-
lien.. Each one of the species is represented by a number of specimens
Interesting, among them, is a collection of the supposed meteoric stones
from Ovifak.

Smithsonian
number.’

9580. SUPPOSED METEORIC STONES from Ovifak, Disko Island, Green-
land.

Y581. GRANITE, probably from a drift-bowlder, Greenland.

9582. Rose QUARTZ. A large number of specimens from Greenland.

9583. ORTHOCLASE, from Niantilic Gulf, Cumberland.

9584. TOURMALINE, crystals with one end termination. Some of them
are of considerable size. Color black. Niantilic Gulf.

9585. MUSCOVITE, crystals and large plates. The latter contains some
hematitic inclusions. Niantilic Gulf.

9586. MUSCOVITE, crystals. Niantilic Gulf.

9587. ORTHOCLASE, massive, yellow. Niantilic Gulf.

9588. BIOTITE, in small crystals. Niantilic Gulf.

9589. QUARTZ, colorless. Niantilic Gulf.

9590, CHALCEDONY, gray and blue. Disko Fjord.

9591. ARGYLLITE, red, compact. Ovifak.

9592. CHALCOPYRITE, massive, in quartz. Cumberland Gulf.

9593. PYRRMOTITE, associated with some pyrite. Cumberland Gulf.

9594. SMOKY QUARTZ, massive. Cumberland Gulf.

9595. CHLORITE, crystallized. Cumberland Gulf.

9596. APATITE, crystalline. Cumberland Gulf.

9597. GARNET, variety, probably Spessartite, crystallized in clusters and
single large crystals. Cumberland Gulf.

9598. APOPHYLLITE. Small quantities associated with Chalcopyrite.
Cumberland Gulf.

171

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4
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Acidiopsis complanata ........--.--.------- 152
Acmea testudinalis ...............--------- 146
PACTANIS (CLASSICOMDIG naan oem cle anemic eins 152
eS BPCOLADIIS) 22> ace ne isn lense alan 152
Wetiturns, bartiramius ..---<-2--6=s+-.-s=-< 87
#gialitis hiaticula ..--.....<...-..---0+ «=-- 83
a semipalmata ................----- 83
#Egiothus holbolli.....-...-.....--..------- 76
oe arian seeps es eee a2 celeste ea 75
PPOOLICIS ADIL OSBie ae a claels witnin see eee stein = 146
Agabus (Gaurodytes) tristis......-..------- 161
PAPIN PAC 22 ooo 2 oer nine oe min nea sinsanio == 89
APIO 2 aan oo ao ona nnn rwn ne nema inn annie ss< 89
BA PONIES meee e aa ein = «1 os = wm nv == = 116
PA aA al Cj ake een cicainis sie alo n'a aeilela ants 38
AGC SU Oe lets ee iainiats oinnin alain ial = =t-1 83
BAUR CR ICRE Ky oe seem ar olaicla mains tae 83
PAM eae es en Re a ia nial diate 164, 105
PA ATTA Kesae ieee nie eines wie nie nlalein ini = ai=/a1s 103
Alchemilla vulgaris ......)..-.-..----------- 164
Alcyonidinum mytili ..........-.-.--.--.---- 148
PAC LOMA FDS Gale aa ein aelaia oan = sinpaalais oln ore 167
He jubata var. chalybeiformis. ...--- 167
os OGhTOloUGBies—e sna ose eee nee 167
ne ochroleuca var. cincinnata .-.-.--- 167
a ochroleuca var. nigricans ......-. 167
PA Se eee ate tte eee eile eile 169
Alopecurus alpinus -............-...-..---- 166
Amara hematopus -....-.---- grtteecseee sees: 161
PATO Keele ee aes er cine wee ieicles stele iaemis l= 30, 52
PRON NSA FPS gee eel asia ote ate anrel ares oer 27
PAM Cha SAVIN c= 2 ssees eee eaaaiscee anal 139
Ampeoouk or amusit ........................- 45
Ampelis PAaITUNNS) <- 062 sce~cceneeoas === -— 74
PAOD NEOUS eee cna ale aoe sala laa aieite salar 143
Amphiporus Stimpsoni...-...---.---------- 143
Amphitrite cincinnata.........-.-.-.--.---- 141
BASE SST He eee ental sae anil cte sie sioacis laa cia gi= 15\-
AMIS OSC NAB esses aie elle ee l= elaine 88
PAMICOO Da some cna acaelesicas es 28, 29, 30, 43, 44, 46
PASICOOM ANP OKOKS sem s alone essen a coma em 21, 27
SPAN MSEC) RS rate atte aetna telat alalo etme) oleate sl 29
PASM PLUS aes a eeepc esa a neriomc sn sie 141
PION OSE tae as acs aae sae leone cae 141
Anser albifrons var. gambeli.-....--..------ 88
SMELL OLUDT GUS seit ci<n\e si<'nlacictow ai onis/yarmat= 88
PA SUTRA LATA NIN a aeie cine oe mo ielaie lala tere = 164
ATI ITES 2 OCU tee ete tartare ane wien ai wie dem aato sls 152
Anthus ludovicianus ..........---.-.s-.---- 7
PAN SOE nioa ae asia ac « ic a'do\es'n ines 'elnien api 171
ENG ILOR eee arian a a cioc oecinauineacsicasa ss 131
PSO PMV MI COm ees Seale tan Sealy ace ccetecemnc 171
SPETea LSBU TELE Wetter rein lolere nia st ate @ cine ee om oe 164
PAC Litt eee eens ony Gini sae wauon cis Teue.ces clus 159, 161
Archangelica officinalis .........----------- 164
Arctostaphylos alpina. .....-..------------- 165
ATOCHALIAMPGDIOIOER - - 235.05 <ncwance aaonan- 164

PAST YT GM siete ojeiatclals wtwls(niei= =\s.0)<\e ele aielaietesiaiv state 171
BAST Deg NIT Stet ose] ols\slojo[ni= viniciais oin/e icicle s/e\atelelistefatel= 156
ae Gharideae: 22552253026 See = re eee 156

oe ire yaiaas- eres webct isos tees 156, 157

sé POlanIS Ne. ao tas oct oes ee aes ee 156
PATMOTI Be VU CALISS =: J)c'-1<2 asl. eisicie seis snl eae 165
PANN Comet PAN etete eee see wicec cle =iele se alee eee 165,
HA ecidiacallOsajens:c2 s20-c2 2. se se son a oes 147
i COM plan aiarset<c ='-!- sateen cee 147

EM CONUYIOMADA = cise) ee eee 147

ee SCHINATW css -ebieecke see eee 148

vz WHONOCCTOS = cioe- eee ole cine ees 147

re TSH CD: sae noes sels es, tose ee eee 147
Ascidiopsis complanata .............---..-. 147
Aspiditim: onchitiss x. 2. =---e2<-o ee eeee 166
Aspidophoroides monopterygius .--..------ 116
AR TaRieWONeALIS! = <ce ~ cee cam deen signee emi 146
‘Aisteracanthion albulus' << -<.---<2---=-s==== 151
s Mioleriv: se ese cee Sea 151

a problemais.)- <<< sces oa esete 151
PAISTCTIAG 2 neon cic eae cid eese esos na eee 152
PACH UES Aiea clots alata at pie sioieieeinte clot era ieieiaepteanes 26
PATIOS peepee ee cee aoe nee micemias seats 35, 39, 56
PAV GIGI PAM ere neice wictsin = vieayoleie lela statin rere 27
Aukbinigan-machoni...........------------= 27.
SATATOLADOLCALIS ts ceteis s = tela sieleem isle eloisiaraine mete 31
PAC WAT AM Kee tete tare ict =e ate ala = Salaam aialafutal eter 53
SALW OUI: ae aite eas Smee oie acls Sciatic ciclo tee ete 63
Baird yeeros. Weaece- - ence Hides te Meee ae 120
iBalanus/palanoides:/--\--- --<1-5--- =e eee 140
s OqsiEhniyons sanassames access Jolcaos 140
MEP SLAY ALD LD ala otal amie sarclera ocelot eet te eet 165
Beam vParleton Ee soccer ecenieeeeaine sees 107, 113
‘Belugarcatod Onan. -st oceans sea 13, 24, 66
IBebul aA MANS eps eee ate reereeeeieeiemtaalatere 165
TBO Gb ieee eee ale sein a eter erent teats 171
BirdSys ose eo dee awe aa cicictel eaten ae setae et aratate 71
Blennins polaris. <<... csecee cee eas 115
BOM pus ACUSUIS =. — ae aoe nee ere 159
ss Scutellarise- ces oc ae esa e = se 159
Boreogadus polaris -..-.......--.+-......-- 108
of BRIAR c See saeee semen Ee eeeses 107, 108

TB ony Heid ee rer settee eee erates eel ia 85
IBrachyOuus palasilise see see ena eee ale =e 81
iBranta*hntchinsi sect eee: trees oem <= 88
ES rey A eer es eee OLE Seeeeetaletete neers ee inel= == 165
BU CCIN TIN: DELON GMs elem eee alts aac ala clarence 145
a ciliatum var. Molleri.........-... 145

fe DCIS Gomer eet ce seis es mine a)-5 ¢ 145
STOMA GI CUI mannan =o oi <= oe = te 146

Be humphreysianum..........--.--- 145

a PEITO OLOS Ute ete a ae aici <\atewie ase 146
Bucephala Nee PEE al ec conan 89
Re BRATION CLUS fers ae ale nities 89
Buellia papillata............----..---------- 168

174 : INDEX,
Page. Page.
Bunodes spectabilis .....--...-:.--.2---+--- 162) )) Codlunaic «occ peeees ene = 3c eneeeee scene 46
us stellt: ot tssoe ce eeouba aces eee are 163) \, Coleopters -wanaeen ss ee aasee senna s case eae 159, 161
Buphagus SKUR «3 .\<<.cce renee a aeee == Me O05 OMEN cenen sna atenees ohne saat ene e eee 155
Burgess, Mr. E.....-.--2----2.-----s0----- 159s] COMA SOOUDIts eee ane ta ree bee ene eee 155
i) (AOGLn chee ve. aceneaee at. see ee 155, 156
Gablunat’:<c ssc ocean oon ae enee cee tees wie AG) | (Colletta erOhe a ceen sae eee ee 109, 117
Oalidris APQNaTIW)- 4. - 20. 2= = ae eerie 87,| Colymbus arctiqus = -0-2* 3225-54. - psec .n aes 103
Calliphora erythrocephala.......-..---.---- 161 " septentrionalis ................-- 103
Callithamnion Pylaiswi-......---..-.-----.---- 169 of HOXNQUALUB SS 2c coos ae eae eon esas 103
“7 ROU epee none eee 169) |) Coryusicorax sc. c.2 coset ee a ale 78
Callocephalus vitulinus .......--.--------2 28,55; 57 «|G OPORD «aie oa aia nha awn Wolo ote ere rete a 116
Campanula rotundifolia ......-.----------- 163; 165° |" Cobttnss 22.02.) ae antenatal ne 124, 138
Os UUNAOLAs S <o- oo mebuwlcce tiem cone L65'\)) .Cottos neues po .oo...cee ome ie ea en ete 119, 188
Camptolemus labradorius......------------ 93 <0) gponlandigua.ct os Jos on tee 60, 118, 119, 125
Canis familiaris var. borealis......-..-.---- 50 fe SO Matohilliiie,.w-acaseeee eee Lace 119
‘occidentalis var. griseo-alba....-...-. 52 ‘ octodecimspinosus ....--.---.------119, 120
Caprella..-. .-. 00. onc nee en --cebege sen ee=ne 73 FO NaC NUR ssa e <a e sae rene aes 124
“ septentrionalis)..----p----2-.-:-.- 116, 139 i pistilligeds. cao. os stes cements 128
Carex lagopina....-.-.--------++-+----+---- 166 SD POLANIG = aon psn ee ee arr D7
Soe ETT LOLs < osm iein ees es oe Qinsciataive ie me 5 166 $C © ((UROMCONNIS ae seg a gs eae 127
“ vigida.........----------+-eeeee eee 166 ** scorpioides ......-. 107, 108, 120, 122, 128, 124
Carpodacus purpureus ...-.-----------+---- . 0 * scorpius - . .18,20,60,80,90, 107,116, 118,119,120,
Cassiope hypnoides -.--.-------------------- 159 123
* » tetragona .--------+---+ 0-2. 20, 32, 165 ‘* scorpius var. grénlandicus.... 107,118, 120
@ellaniavarticulate, --<---.--- s+ see eo~r ese 149 thee roariatilily oo cc cs ccc eee 119, 127
“ Dorealis. -..----+-s-++++----+-+++++- 139 |\"Crangon bores: ss. << -2enese-esoe foe see 139
Cellepora hyalina ....-...-..---.----------- 150) I) Crenella taba. .covesccvc uc eecceud-Seceeenee 148
i VOITUCOSA ..--- +--+ -22-2--------- 1o0" |" Gresson; Mr. Iie D2. fcccaaten gee ee 159
Centridermichthys ..----.-----+----+------- 127"| Gribia dburmea .0.. s+ «s-2eonad soos. eee 142
Centroblennius nubilus ..-..--.-----.------- 115 || Crostacea ...--- Slate rs ee ae 62, 139
Ceramium rubrum .......------+--+-+++---- 169 | Cucumaria frondosa.........-.-.------ +++. 151
Cerastium alpinum .....--.-.--+-+-+++++-+- 164 | Cumberland Eskimo . .60, 61, 63, 64, 66, 83, 84, 85, 86,
COLRCGR: £0 <2 5. xo cen we soon IS ote in Ea ene © 64 89, 93, 94, 95, 98, 99, 101, 103, 104, 105
Cotraria cncullata: ~~ <.-o onc csncewe bees 167 Cyémud ceti. 2: 269s0 er >
‘* islandica ....-----++-+--+++seee+ ++ IST |\' Gydloptertdps acer vase cen stencaaneeeece aed 115
4. islandica var. Delis#.-..-....----- 167 | Cyclopterus lumpus.........---.-----2---+ 107, 115
* mivalis ....------+++-+++++++++-+5-- 167 as BPINOSUSL = ssc ete eee eee 115
Chetopteris plumosa......-.--------------- 169 | Cygnus eens cee ek. ee ee 88
Chalcedony... ...---------+--+--++2--e-0s-: 171 | Gymochorea leucorrhoa ..........---------- 102
Chalcopyrite <<... 22 oo enc eaemnsacsenna-ne L7d. | Gierithis «a. sackceiec aces dosuuen aus eeeueme 147
ChiGnODaS: cone econ conn n bee sansa an aan 156 “ GaYDOd ws feed een eee 148
Chionobas Semides..-..--- ---.--.. ese ae 156, 157 1c) Jaghingtat \ oct fexiscs atte ee 148
Chiton (Tonicella) marmorea...........---- 146 MONOGEXUK + fon eceseoceee see 147
GhlOrihe coins ae an oa cae vec anaes 171 “ Placenth . <i.ngassx er. vee ae ans 148
Chordaria flagelliformis ............-.----.- 169 | Cystopteris fragilis. .........2...-2s.0e0-00+ 166
Chrysomitris << 6. essa cnet os awd ann nmnansig 76
Chrysomitris tristis .........--...-.----+a.- 76..| Dactylinaarctinga. .. 2.02.56 se Secckseween en 161
Chrysophanus Phalias .......---. paceeaeaee ROG) Das Weel. ox. een semua 6 Cectane kek ae 145
Oln clus 2c23c 3.052 even pisos s sierra enaeacwae 78 || De Mags. 2222. actatesn ae sene ete eee eee 119
Cistenides pranulata.......-.---2-.<0- ee-< 141 | Delesseria nlite .i.<-2 occcws ssn --snckouemaet 169
Cistophora cristata..........-.<. .+----< 13, 47, G4 Ss CORAL. ol sah om ate ne One ane
Cli te DelidiAora 1... ose can nw ewaet sansa 168 | Delphinapterus leucas ...-...-..---..-..--- 85
cornucopioides. ....-.-...-- eesses 168 | Dendronotus reynoldsii-.............------- 146
cornucopioides var, incrassata .... 168 | De: dreeca coronata ..-...--.-..-..+---+---- 7
deformis ........-------++2-+-++5-- 168 | Diapensia Lapponica.......-.........+--<08 165
PAN GUAT Ges ons s<¥arenatenshs 168 | Diastopora patina .........-------+-+---0-- 148
rangiferina var. alpestris........-. 168 Dictyosiphon THNniICHIRCEIB - « . <= oa ge ae =e 169
UTCIRLIR 3 2 oh eee es one aia n'ee LS | Diptéra) +6 20; oscnepveaeaneoeennep tae eeeoem 159
Cladophora, acts. ...5 cone case wens avetonasic 169 |) DiscOpore ie oo cc-0% denen suet adeuexmeeeee 149, 150
Clipes hareneus <.~ 2.2 <osicas snastneeepe sr as 137 . SKe@nGI. susses=s tesa vaeeee eee 150
GU GROIN a aig a as cose as cece ee waca eae ee oe ae 137 a TUPTT GONG. ac. c a abnn«copaeeeaboee 150
Cochlearia .-....---.--...++ceeree eee eeeee .s 27 | Diurnal Lepidoptera,..........-....---..-%. 155
aretica ...-....--+.. Bet oo 6 awakens 164] Draba crassifolia. -...i2.25. 5524 eceneeee 164
officinalis ........... eet eitt 91, 163, 164 AO) TOPE h oe- des nee a pcensnecsee ane nnen 164
Codlolik cs ase enuhsanes 44 anehasdeumenaaen ioe 103 St Wtellate: coc ca nsacete nape teee eerie aes 164
/f

INDEX. | 175
Page. Page.
Draba stellata var. nivalis................-. 164 | Gasterosteus pungitius........ 107, 108, 129, 130, 131
Dryas octopetala =. 5. 2c... seen = sisanlv ae « 164 g * subsp. brachypoda.. 129
‘** - octopetala var. integrifolia........... 164 | Gemellaria dumosa.......--......2.----.-2- 148
aE NOVICA LA aes 2 tatsiels one ate awiare «SSE 148
Echinodermata. .--.--~-.-.-----s022-sascon: 1519) |i Geplyne ates ms secticw 6 sclse “ce ioc acts eee 142
Ectocarpus Farlowii --.....---.-.20.....-.- FLOSS Gul eOd OO == seese ccc tesco <i= oan 124, 130
Ms EME VAL lee a aw ietteirnoeeecae oe 169 | Glyceria angustata...........- nleta a\alatatehtaee 166
7 WOM MIs aesen ewes se iee eee 169) | (Glycimeris | Kurriana.....- 2.2.22. ees 145, 146
s TSANGR DULLED a Son wininmieinnin'nia se 169 | Gnaphalium Norvegicum...........-......- 164
INV ALUS MVE eared ss lime sate cn cpoc cee ces 1559 Gooden Gz BLOWN css cosmo ros nocw es oee nce 113
PRISON CTE UY ere rae ee ie eletee == sto oe eleaaieice = SG GraealusicanpOrmst. as -se1cca.--\asiele selene 37
PEMOLLON wig elit. ceases asec cs a ccce cise ee aoe 159U) | Gramiteyanacres crest cee edocs « Siswdwreireloeceiee 171
Empetrum nigrum ................ TTB Ti SO LOD bi GMa veeA SO wate rinse tactainrcioicwiciti cise ice cates ee 163
Empidonax flaviventris. .......-.-..--.----- BiG Grove eat shu erjesee ete te eet tala Sih Ae Sc eee 159
PHC Kees see tiaaimloc comin aciewe coos cise 101 | Grus ? (probably fraterculus) .-...-.-. 88
SSRN Mier ce\ soe cee seme ee albania aee 7 Grol O eememmetiestcs sect ctam toe ain Ioceeneee 53, 71
Epilobium latifolium.................-..--- GAS NGrunelUs tAaSGlAlOS roses cso ool te en 115
FHGUISETNM ALVENSO. <\a0 oso asses oes cn GG mGrum thence paneer 108, 110, 115, 116, 124, 130
Mi Paron UNInOrUM. S. .<2c~c<s = ccs ec cleeio-s 164 | Gymnacanthus pistilliger ....-.....-....-. 107, 127
Eriophorum polystachyum...........------ 166* (8 Giymmnelisavanidisppe-)- 2-1-0225 vise eee ee 107, 112
Hg SGHEUCHZEM coe. o 6 cone cca seine LGGH|F Gymmocanthas) jst lee elo 3 sie 'nn'e oles See 127, 128
$ WACIMAGUIN Sc aq scale ona se sen cee 166
Escharina ..--.--------+++++++++e20eeee++- 149, 150',!' Habenaria albida..-...<.....-..-2--lsseeecs 165
Escharina ansata.....--...-...---0.2.----:- 149 “ AV PELDOLEA Naoto eee 165
< lobata --~.-----++-++-++--0-eee 2+ 150 | Hematococcus lacustris (Protococeus niva-
a OS AC Ca eemrpeieie aie iamaiaina an iale aay 149, 150 Tiss) Pam eete rae errs 102s a ak oe See 169
a Sarsii.-------------.-++- Jo0s | MieonepOr meee eel ots ee. ee 159
s vulgaris -.----.-.+----+---+---++- 1490 lbalectumptene Mum. . 2%. 2.2.20) -ccs5ee seen 152
MISCHA OIE so 8 sas oss soci scieaacineses<<'e LAOH ETS Os US eee eee ee eee a eee kw 161
* coccinea.....-..--------------- 1408 eHaliasposalbicillaes. soos2.s.esselh cee 82
SSRN CLANAUMN fa.= ace ee ha sininio's nals o's alin (CoN MEaAlocunthine eae ee. oc ee oe 147
Mthnolopy.. 2. . 22-2228 wane ne nooo 13 “ CChIN ahs ase aig eee ee 148
AeA INCOUStANS = ==F =A mane <li m= a 15 “ DAH LAS eet en eee 148
Eumicrotremus spinosus ..-..-.--.--------- 115 “ mulchellawe- note a ee 148
Huphrasia officinalis --------..-......:-.--- 165 | “ MVELOMMIS) 220s sees ees 148
PETE MONS CLUS PUA satetss. ion atale ala etiam n'a wim'e wae 169 MRT CA eae 147, 148, 149, 150
. MD CUCM eee cea neler 148
Falco candicans ...--.- Bena teeta tone et 81 | “ TI LLOS Stee ee ee ee Se 148
Farlow, W.G ....-------------+++-++2+----- 169} Warelda glacialis .............-22.2--2-.s--- 89
Wenden, Captain bu. IN) <2 ec omens nen cio 155 | Harmothoe imbricata............----------- 141
Mencker, Governor Edgar .<...--...---..-. GOS META Cente ce eee Se 2 SOG Le Tee 128
HES UC MIO VIN peer eae sce oe sesms.< aloe eme LG6GR EH arwoodre ty oo. ed. ceases ete ee 12
a ovina var. breviflora.......------.- 166 | Heterothecium pezizoideum..........-.---- 168
SHO 8 oo a 2a a ania a a we te ee LOS erorochloa alpind s.--....jdeseseatoeeeeneee 166
MOTSTERCUINANCHCN 25. <<< ne on ecg eeemen <4 103 | Hippoglossus vulgaris.........---.....2..-- 108
Fucus vesiculosus..--.---. .---+----++-+-++. 19,26" | Aippolyte Babricii - 22.2... .c-.esesseee 139
Fulmarus glacialis -....-.-..-.----.++...--- Lis arp pothon Myaling -sas.sseeeee see eee nee 150
HIStrionicus tOrquatos aos. a2 eeeteee eee a9
Gadidw.........2.-------20-20 2222 ee ee eee eee 108 jeEoweate, Captains. -ma. <2 1s Jenene 5
AAS DLIC Uae. ner aos ome ian teleetaisela tees 108 Humpback of.whale's'..22s-ccces aceeeee C6
ied tt ae 2 eae a ar ae aS LODILOR elon aranGus cc. csc sous lace een 140, 148
RO le mci get-w eee te-i> 69, 107, 110 | Tv diroidae-: 3: £220 2S aetna eto ae 152
“ OGAt..- 2... +2 ee eee eee eee eee eee ee eee LUO Hixomenopterdiacad = se cee sen eens hence 159
GOON ea ea ein ee eel =e 110) |) Miyperiamedusarum:.2-5-s.-9.8.020220.-2-.- 139
MmPRCRI LN tater tal ae aod oan clan: c eee cess 109 |
AUN BLS) See aas Ae yee E SEALE Ss s+ 5% atk
ISSUER Se Anes kee Smears ee ft. 7g | been .-.,-------- 22. sess ee ee resents seen ee 53
“ TM StaRe eee ene a ie 139 | Icelus AMSG eae ee Aes cba) cialen 5 128
“ GUOMia ete eon ee 139 | Tahsook. --osccnie wane ee eee einen. 101
ESTEVES eee Oe he de het 2 Os ie ue! se 171 | STG 0 eer tat tet wet ee einen alc leicloxiniale © 59
RranCELOSERIC Deters sare eed canoe tost 129 | Imsects ...---~-----+---0+ eee ee eee ee eee 155, 159
Gasterosteus aculeatus..........-.-- .----- 130 | Ishungak wc te east ences cece een eens eee eee 94, 99
. PHS GUO UUR eh deta 8a oe u's. 2S 129 | I vile... +++ ---2 00s e eee eee eee eee ners cee eee 63
: MIINGUAIS pees caesar yess oe 131 |
. MILO UR gap = tse iss ni eee IBLE A PO COMMNONIRLIN TS sie co emcnttm as ane ed Sclalcco'na == 78

176 INDEX.
Page. | Page.
Wadjuk.. of Sssc ud bis. vseenee ce eee eee 88 | Litorina grénlandica ........1.......sc-cece 146.
TER OTTAK So nts doxuh Souci ecaat seis oe keee 104 | Lobipes hyperboreur .................-.-.-- 84, 86
PEMOPTOOMIK oss 7 cons aw cb hank we enone Eee 88 | Loiseleuria procumbens.............4-.-.. 165
Teaond tlie tn, +n<soreueskbnas detente 102s) SCO wi ANT ee) oeew eet estse cee eee oe 105
Te ANUS «eee ates oh oon pe aet ne ann each 26%) choxin leucopters «2-0. acne soe see eee 7
FRAO BATE 5 ics wana ud neoneeee da cee oncateee 108))| >) Lomare flaves.-..-.2--.... 5: eae 141
WWaasiciait 052 tos. catecavgs Jee Ee eee 652) (bampenus mmbilig: 9-2.) ees ee ee ees 115
TEBING LOOK =.= sunved«ntane nena eee #78) |; walk Oken: oD iten. ect oe eee 119, 124, 127, 128, 151
WUE © exe eno te sino centtaa tere eee aeeeae 60:)| siuzola.aronata: oo) 0 eee ee eee eee 165
TSA Ano as omnes amp amen tees RR ee Dee 103 ** arcuata var. hyperborea ............ 166
MillelM ok: psn cctccenapenmee ne woatenees oe 66 :> | \BDSGICAR*2 So; occas eee ween eee 165
Upillelnakanwk: ops css wc eceecdpesbteraa teat 67 “ spadicea var, parviflora.....-:...... 165
‘*Killer”’ of whalers ...-..--. Mose baste 66,|| yecwna Aquilo:s..-5cs25$o.cs-se5ss aseeeeee 156
FEDORA ea aloe wen omen ee see a 93,"| Sbychmis affinis\- <3: 22) seen 4 pee ees .- 164
ECS fea Cioran aloes ara Rana ee eet nee 93 Ee BlpIN Ce een = oe ee 164
WSIOM PA tren ae caver deen eee eee aee ieee 77 u. (epetaliis; 420.220. te a eee 163, 164
SOLS < ot eee are casinos ne eer es 61))| Eiycodear tei. , foe) 2 teoo se ae REE Eee 118
inksovensnles. Soee sree canoes ee see 81 ag MMNCOSUS) essa wena ee ee 107, 112, 113
PETA = 5 oom a mae wuss owen tae a akewae oee 100 4 paxillos <2. 024 ss. 57s eee eee 113
AUK kalealss | 3). wo) heesee akiew totem aaeee 83 be POlBNIS .-2<-,.. cs so eee eee 115
PROP BIS UATS WiC apis Soscn ee cate te tee 163) Diycodides= <= 22 <a anee a ee 112
IS ONGINUR Ks acga'sete ceo senate eee an eae 76 |; Lycopodium Selago .......<225.4ssss24¢-cenu 166
TROON tee peas xine ecaeet ene nan a eee 27 | Lycosa groenlandica. ........2. 2.52. se<nnas 161
EST en a lac o's <'s a wae imam op eee ana 103
Jounlien, Mr . .5, 11, 47, 69, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 115, Macho 26
116, 118, 119, 122, 124,127, 129,131, 134,145, 156,159,163 URE oe tie Sa gS? ee aaa. er 25
enn ey natok... < 0h See ce cates cnet ee 73 M'Lachlan, Mr .....--..---+---.20-0+¢osen0 a)
ss Mallotns villopue)- <2. as se.e oo eae eae 134
MWAMING So. A os nica do creneus eoswad ae enamel 33, 34
TMOG OM as wane oe wee ay sae ee 73 | Mammals .----..----------- SERS Se sens Sok 47
Lernodipodian crustaceans ...........-.--- 85 | Margarita helicina ...... .. ....-......-.. 146, 150
Wasopusie = os-ac 5k ees ee ee 23 OM DINCHHS 2 ~ase see 146
8 talbus cco tee ee eee g2 | Megaptera longimana -.--...-.--..-.-....2. 66
i) anntptriges. Sec eee me ese ont g3 | Membranipora Sophia ...........-..--...-. 149
Dantinayies sie tpee ne 148, 149, 150,152 | Mergulus alle ...-..--.-.----.--)+++++-+--- 103, 104
Ragria, ROepih tne ce ncaste ce sen ene 159,161 | Mergus serrator.....--.-.---~---++---+e-+-- Be
WAYS ne oe ee ee ee ie eee an 13 | Merlangus carbonarius..............---.-.. 109
st, 4d epremttAtnR. ed wet Deen: scene 97, 99 Mertensia maritima ....--..... 22 .scc.csense 165
hfe i te= ocd Ne eae ee 401 | Microstomids.- ----.....-..-+.-.-..- se eeeeee 134
Gur BIRT ONS eC ee 24, 92, 95, 96, 97, 98 Mintzer Diente, USN. {S22 onc es eee 108, 145
PC hakahined bee heat foe ee 98 Modiolaria (Crenella) faba................. 145, 146
fl) Jenicopteris s2.>.s%c5-a2es eee ee see 95, 97, 98 a discors.....-----+2+-++ 2-22-0025 146
pM UA eee Cares crs tan eee 99 7 TB YAGAUS 2-34 See epebe nse wenter en aS
LOcanore OCU. «<< 2c sce mses nwo eannde 168 | Mollia hyalina......-...--.-----+-++++2+++- 150
“ Pibinn << ehe e s eae 168 A) NUP aris sees ee secon a eee 149
“ rubina var, opaca ........-..-.--- 168 | Molluscoids .....-..--.--..-----++-+++++++-- 147
“ tnetavos. ok tee 19g | Mollusks ....--.----------- -+--++++++-2+05 73,145
‘“ (LONG te eee 168 Monodon MOnOCeLOS.:. .-< cscs sae eeeccasee 35, 67
LeConte, Dr. J. L........ leet re ges 160. |; MONDRtO MIN. 252772. soh een -
Tedumn palustre sus t<- cashuschscediees: cone 20, 166 NEOVTING deals nk & cox te eben’ aaa e res ‘ 104
Opae SAS CIGWIATIS s<usias anak meneame oat g 139 Muktuk . Se ne ean a Ret sas Hae 20, 65
Lepidoptera, Nocturnal ............-..-..-- 159 Murenoides TURCISUOS </5 53s oenec- sae enes eee 118
Loapralins aint cic eg cleo ouscne stat oes 149 | Muscovite......-.---..--++-+:2++-+--+e00-- 171
Leptanteriag 2 .\esere sos coh Aes a 159 | Mustela erminea ....----....---------+-++-. 53
“ Gutiniandita co... o.oo oe 151 | Mya truncata .......-.-..----------+++---- 146
“ Moallart cost ree eee 151 | Myodes torquatus................-..-. .--- 53
PB NITA PACU ie as conc anderen ae eed 27, 53, 79
PPONCDS, ois Uncle ie dcuv aroun wetadie carta © IGT: | NeGe so<3 5 sed we canoe nena een eas * 95
EamOna wdsOnlee |. onan duw abv ap heedaanw eas 87.1 Werk < 3.0 enced nase aeee eecane ee nneee 48
PAD OSMICS ben wrmitie s dente entero 115 | Nannokes .............--..--20+ eeeseeeeneee 49
RIRPUREIS said Gare ad dw tn (git ae eae eww eae ou a 00: | Warkaormutalk ... 0. see ccssevessevaccadmues 77
A TIO: oo Sawdon cated on watwenteaaeee 116 | Narwhal of whalemen................00.-+- 87
i AAAI cio me acta eee ae 115 | Nayardluk ... 2... ....-5scaseconensescsencen 99
+. Dlineattia he thie es ps tdeaee ahs 115}; NayanareUlh. on. 5 cn nwa dees nas Oe
‘Ke, Tr OORIN .Lct Voccanteean aes 80,107, 115, 116" | Nenrerting's....:.2-<a sac <c nunc daaeemeaeueen 143
.

—

Bull. Nat. Mus. No, 15 ——12

INDEX, Lit
Page. Page.
PN RE ISTROUMA IGM nam clo nin c.n.oin Sulnin~ daminean s= Bee ECBO tise te ceeeecem os Sacnes cette me ac 104
Netsiavik ......... OR Ae OHS SHE So ee 55 | Phalaropus falicarius ....................-, 84, 85
PGS TAC te nite eh sie istaras ernie nina c/efa tole a SO otro 55 | Phascolosoma margaritaceum ....-..-.....- 142
PRO IRON POR aes arte cette = pt, ths ay aie oie nee 1595161 | Phoca barbata ..-......--....-.: 18, 24, 32, 40, 43, 61
PRR Os ROM ete c = ole icn) sce ania is)= > Selstraeee 95,99 | -Phicospora tortilis- --.-. 2... -..2<.5.-sce- 2 169
PRR Ree eee emcees cnn mentee soften eet 98 | IPHODELOEAWONUralIS). <2 ae ~0- <5 sce ee 128
Wumenius borealis --..................:.--. 88 | Phocsena communis -..-....:.-.+-......----- 66
Wyctea scandiaca....................... woes 81 | Phyllodoce Grénlandica .................... 14)
PENANG eta anion ks Se eianico= etl Sa ie 156 | Phyllophora interrupta.-.........-..-...-..- 169
ss membranifolfa ..2.--...2--.52. 169
lePehysalispanmquGrom=->-- 222. .2ccen seas 66
MOUs gene cen ae ew Sees ae see wis oe 152) |erokammmnymnesyi n= <2 == p85 Jae conn 55
QOceanites oceanica:....--..........-.-....- 1020 wen CANO roge eee ote Ak So Ne 26
Odonthalia dentate >: .-.- 2). <cse6.ce.cc0cee~ 169) |feeinicolavennclestor..o-....-.2. 5-22. S222 ee 75
(@demia penetra h arsine ARs 3) mblstcodiunmelesansies 2.2 22-52 5s dee ay hates
RO Mee eer ees Fas aes cas Sere 61, 63 ICOM te = 2a li As on ae 168
BR Rreg RTM Bete es ics sot So Sos Soc hs Se ares O4G amis earnest (iit: 355-02. eee 163
WORM OOK ee ones aes Soe 5 os eee ae 53 | IPInkeGso: CACIAHS En ose 2 ee Se = eee 108
MMI eS oes Po oe on een sats -ociateeiss et sik’: 3 | Platysomatichthys hippoglossoides. -......- 108
Ommastrephes illecebrosa. -.........---..-. 145 | Plectrophanes lapponicus ---....-....------- T7
Ommatoplea Stimpsoni.-...--...-......-.--. 143 . MIVA 5: eo 76, 77, 78
Soluce sisters oy a2). esos Sees oe 101 | Pleuronectes Franklinii...................- 108
DEO Oe Kamer escent emma ee oC lia ace eect 41 ss PIAD OR Sst rien ss = as sida 108
EMS ict rn ea reel a sre s oer ae 61 me (Rhombus) glacialis -..-.....- 108
Ophioglypha nodosa. ......-....----.--..4-- 12; |) Plenmonectidlesr-os5- 0-62.52 siais2siseeeee 108
Opin TaMNOUOS% es] so see ee se es oe ajo os 152 | Poa BlpNG sane aes soa Sans she eto 80, 160
Mae eB eer ara rs ann wate a since ee ot SSA a caer eure Sh hs Ss 2s eo 9 77,91
RN ee Nha re Senet Na tes eee Shara inte 81 | Pollachius carbonarius.................--:. 109
UDITEROO Boao aioe ee nes a 81° || Polygonum wiviparom ~-+::-...-..----:---- 165
iraarelagiatOne= 3. toes se le ociiec ss <a scee 157 Polypodium Dryopteris .................--- 166
BEM Fe sere aie oe tae aera icin t ainiafel eee 159 Polysiphoniaarctica.-....-2.--<-2.-.2-+---" 169
SPIN PIMALOO NS. 3 tee eet oe was a cn ei ene 75 | Polysticta stelleri.........-....-...-.+--.-- 89
PrGnOGIARS 4.25) -c see eee eet wa cee Se LT ROLYZOR ne ere se cei. Sone aoc Soo eee 148
Dice neh a ees ye ssn ye Ug Te PERTIT ORAS 1 2. onetime 5s = 2 ae sm te oe eee 153
ORE RON STOTT Bsa a eins eI Chloe a aS 165 | Potentilla maculata ---....-...-.-.--.-..... 164
| ss MAVORe ashe ooo os sae Saat eee 164
| Protomedeia fasciata ........-..-.-..-2.--+. le
Pagomys fetidus ..13, 17, 22, 24, 39, 44, 49, 55, 63,71, | Ptarmigans .........-.....-2.2---.--2202--- 72
78, 78,109 | Ptilota plumosa var. serrata.............-.. 169
Pacophils eburned -2<- 2222-22 226 as ee GON WEuitindsrahli.s-..\02 2. ose ons ee eee 102
Pagophilus groenlandicus ...........-.-.--- 33, 61 | DEM ESTOD OLS co cl aha atdiala ste eine ee ee 103
ori ieee ere eas oe a hee SLE SAUER VO e se 22 oe 94
PaAnNatia My PNOriM'. 2: .- i ca.--. cn ae se oe GST Ey COBLEUS eee c =< -ih = 22 (eee eee 130
LEU 7) aT ES LE RAE A ee a 164 | occidentalis - -.- <2. 22 cena 130
Rete POTN OMG oe Ie nein cose ceoe o tule mtee 1b an Pe yroly rotonGiLolin. <<<.) ena sel ea 165
Parmelia centrifaga ...--.-.-.-.-...--.2.+0: 167 | ‘“ votundifolia var. pumila...,-...---- 163, 165
pa CONS DBT = x eS eee sts oes 167 | Pyrrhotite..............----------------2-+- 171
iy DPIYSOUGS ees en aie ee cal a es 16. | Mery eT Ola sa eo oe = aimee eeeaee 74
Ee physodes var. alpicola ....-...--.- 167 | OQULOPER(. 20 ne een ememeete ten a's 75
“ physodes var. encausta ........... 167

. BAKING Somer ee teense sc 2 167 | Quartz ..-.-.--<-- 20222 ieee ae ewan -- == = Lg

a saxatilis var. omphalodes ..-....-. 167 |
“ saxatilis var. panniformis.......-. 167°) Radiates <.222%o.. See enone ne ee lb}
CSAS SO Re ae eee 167 Rae, Disc. syst d tee Bree see ok OR 108
ae stygia var. lanata...........-....- 167 ; Rangifer tarandus..........-..-.- eterno 13, 54
REMLICIIATIB oe eee ee cents ole Snel ic cs bone 19,28 °| Ranunculus affinis;......-..-...-.2--.-.-.-- 164
mc LETTE Co Se aa iene Sp gee ans ae 165 ff MIVA sae t cs ce ce eek te 14
¥ TUESUI AC eae sec cet Osco 165 | 7c MOUAMEMGMOMes cots.) ioc 20 =e 164
ne PSNR OTIN so ete moe mals aes. 165 | RAmOrsiOie= o--ee et eae ars oat das e's 3. oo 66
. Langsdorfli var. lanata......... 165 | Recurvirostris americama..-..........-....-. 84
et HENNP DONIC RNC He aio Sas wm Sivas Sh ato 165 | Reinhardtius hippoglossoides. .-......-..--. 108
Peltigera canina.......-.........-......2--¢ 168 | eA HOMi wines Ae oe aee ee eee a asad od cto 161
BeeTUverulente :. 2. . 200.005 168 | ff Sri PIMeS eee ot ess: el thf 161
POMMWEMEHDIAIRS ooo Pa oc sc vow cones se cheer 13 | Rhodactinia Davisii-..-......-. Lad SO Base 152
Pentacta frondosa...........-..-..0--.200s 151 | Rhododendron Lapponicum ....-..--...---- 165

178 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Rhodomela subfusca .......--...----.e----- 169 | Sphacelaria arctica. ...............-....---. 169
cs TOTUIGAUND = hn ncin~ oman = aer ene 169 | Sphwrophorus fragilis.......-.........-..-- 168
Khodophyllis vepreoula .........-..-....--- 169 | Spirorbis luciflus.-- =... -- <3 2. veo se ence none 142
Rhynchonella psittacea.....-...-.-..--.--.. 146 e quadrangularis. ................. 142
Richardson ~- +0 -san<>-¢-> ae ee ee 108\,| “Standinger, Dr... 22090 fr eee 155
DER WSR Vy OL: ple ae re nn Clea ei ee 76 | Stellaria longipes. --- 7... 2--ss25-.--<s<-snde 164
RISA TORO VIR } on nsk oo nee cane tect oer 99 ‘ longipes var. Edwardsii ......-..- 163, 164
i Strid AOL IB eres ~<a eee See eee 24 | ‘Stephianssterias ..-2...-2---. ese see eee 151
ROO. QUBIts 3. 5. hoo eee nese eee 171 | a slivnllt, {P.c2. scan co eee eee 151
PORE SED @) aes teeta Ree eo ees 159 | Stercorarius buffoni.......-......-......--- 95
vi parasiticus. -...2--—<-.ae-uenses 9
Saccopharynpidssi,2-.---->--->=0csen soe eee 138 | se pomatorhinus ........--......- o4
Saccopharynx flagellum ............-.....-. 138 | Stereocaulon denndatum .............-...-. 168
Salicornaria borealis .......-.....0-...----- 149 ey paachals: . 22.55. Se cases 168
Salix ArCuicas =~ s5- ncaerincsicwns deans ease ee 165 +s tomientoasnm ., 5<...5202- eee 168
Bh IRL LANL OE ate erecta apt ata oe alee hat elyrter a 165 | ‘ “s var. alpinum roe 168
xt" SOR DAOBA GY fe tock oo tra eee tome ae 165 | Stereocorus similis ..........-....-...--.-- 161
SING 55 soe occ eee ee eee ee 20, 185°} Sterna arctica -. 22-2. bece i cccc ce eee 84
Oe SEEPS beeen sor eee cee ea 135 C. “MNOTUTA: coats cen cen case eee eee 84,101
Hew Muremi:c 13 en. pees tee ee ee 185 | Stichwidw................00.-2-.- iva 115
salar -. 2.2... 202... ee nese eee eee eee 20,134 | Stones, supposed meteoric...-.............. 171
SaMMIOMIOES boos Noes sie ote ee eee 134 | Strepsilas interpres .....-.......-..-.--.--- St
Selvelinus alines <--.. 22. - 2<ceseeqs=ssoscee V0 sl (Strix poandiaes ves 3c, Jc - 2 aloes ese 37
*e PS ae 8 yt I RE i ee 135 Senne Droébachiensis.......-.. 131
ef OOO 2k. ssc sean ee ee 135 | Sula bassana . x tence bore te Bau edae eee. 94
; Naresi ......-...-----..--. ALOT TSD)IB0 Wo Butitnkks: .sece po<s: > cine en 81
Mitidus ....-..-..---+.+--------- BBO 2 | SUI ts. fen ade'< | epee eee eae 141
Sarbausook. ....-. Sniclore mia/ohvid ante ate einen ee eee S 86
Reb prines teers sien ats ee eee eee eee ers 156 | Tachycineta bicolor. .........-....-2+--+04- 7
Saxicava arctica. .......--.-.------.--.-,--- 146 | Taraxacum Dens-leonis .................-. 163, 165
Saxicola:cananthe ... 9-4-0. <a0' 59-0 os asta 73 * PRLUBELG: - 5 sgnce sos A anen eee 163, 165
Saxifraga coaspitosa . .- <0. <0 cccwcnactccre AG4 Wr Pattarat -.\.s¢2e0b<cce cesceuntee ane ene ee wees a9
; COMMU es ee en as tees none ee 164 | Tealia orassicornis ........-...-..--...i.25, 152
MLV RLIS <2 5 7 - s)\a anew eee eee era 268%) Religwak 25 sone ec capt emacs soe Reneneee M4
% oppositifolia ....---.-...-..-.---. 164 | Thalictrum alpinum..........+...-.......5. 164
“ rivularis’......---.---.s-.++-+---- 164 | Thelepus cincinnatus ...........-.2.......- 141
vivularis var. hyperborea ....... 163, 164 | Theloschistes parietinus .......-........-.- 167
; BUBUATIN. J. apace ses web ame o's cde ben 164 43 ik var. pygm@us..... B7
: SCOURGE a. sok ewe cp oe ete ae 163 MichemaAnt:- s-2 2 iesn p< fer .2~ co cee see 4
o tHGUSPIORHAS 2. aUetu. woe ssesene 1627) “Dichemaninadlo.~. .- 222s. 22 2) seen neat 14
Seatophaga apicalis .............-+..2...--- CG Die. Sonn clos mca ecu atota ts reac eats eee 55, 60
SOUIBOMUN RI esas 3 ou cea ee one a ade es 27 | H6diMens 2: 3 .o-t-—-rednees 5+ noes eee ee 26
Sohimaporellaecucs=< 6. f.< bourse nel eeeeeee 149')| Tofieldia borealis: +. 22. can 2 - -eeee eens ae 165
Scolocophagus ferrugineus...........-- -.. 98 “COOH 2220. os fotos soins < oe cee emer 103
Souder, SB e sta <s.ou ons eos fae 2 159 | ‘Tormet... -.. (nvacenqns a4 Son onesteq=s=eeewe 29
Seg Rei a on2 8 a5 sesh awetan que oss ee Bete Of | “Tormauinarbook® ......5<.--</<csdt eae 89
SSOR DGG 3 Se vias amie Vote amine eas ree 104 } Domporsuk .- -..<--...-5~-weuewseuk se oes eae
Sercvak 25. fis 00S. 27s - acuta Alcceaeereaece 104 | Totanus melanoleucns................-0---- 88
Sertularia argentea. .....-....- cede. -.- 1521 Dovormeling £1... 7s aueon s ton eee ada wee 171
SGSRInING. 22. awa sd Sens ane eee ee ne eee 26°) Donyunsik. <5 os << sac cass stnueueen ee ie oD 49
Ghatak: & ao sawn eee y aetna eens tee 84,85 © Trichechus rosmarus.............-...-.-- 18, 47, 68
Sherman; Misc... aswensede cases see keee 6,7! Driplops pingelit 8. 2c. 5 at cele ees! 128
Sibbaldia procumbens. .............-....--. 164.) ringe Ganutosy--s y.ssn-dee eae eeen eee 87
SRPOTOGKS “tcc ans eens purer say en eer Rees 86 | <¢ © SPOSGIGOIUE. 5 fe aoisact tne eee eae 36
Silene ‘goalie : 25 << seen cscs basaayeseees 164 | WATIAMA . 24. ia HGR ee eee dee 3b
RaCRRI OOK 2 so sacdsscnusvaubuindeeeerees 98 () minutia’ ..vo. enn seeeee Op ce naweuy 86
Sitea carolinensin ; - 2.2 s.<-an<wekstevukwssueut 74 | i¢) * QUDSYQUSUNS << -.anaeeend aa peek e eee 87
RSRICE TAS MURS WAU «aan ww pent beens ban gas apo Oo 7 Trophon trancatus:.<.. os. <a. ssenasesunetases 146
PUREE she a5 saa Weed au mala eae ete 189 | Tuckerman, Hdwardls. oi. occ- cesses spunees 167
Bante Dts occ. sok sea ee 149 MPudlnwk <-.—-: cteeh ga e- cee eee eee 78
STG, US PDN. 555 - p dence emereehn cae ts 70, | Tukagvajok ) ...00ccsectsesnudaauneesepeee= 83
Smoky quartz ..........-... ea <dcansensish 171 |) Wuktao. <i. 72. <5e> «eens seer i
SONA GARIN oe acti va digs coees eae Snes le 28.92 | Poller hos ae eh. sive cee ies 78
Somateria mollissima .............. 13,72, 80, 08:00 | Kumelke...5 So. 22 hese ce cece eas eee 3,14
ac BHSCEBIIEE jysesss oncsy duce ssn pees 91/08 | Tonaroise;.s.c.de. ses gnat Senate widet sy 4

‘om

INDEX. 179
Page. Page.
SRR, « woe ce sees esikwsncceeees 1495) Wronectes Parryl-cna--coccncmece-cescssenc DLO
By Och cine nite tae « Cake 14] Ursus maritimus.:.................------.18, 47, 48
BESEOUCR LR ERETCSISES fe eterna = a wn we oi slem|> ssn acess 739 Urticina crassicernis............-------.-+: 152
TEGO EES GL kt ee 146) Obama tordares sh csc ates cece eae. ae 103
VEO ARCOM - od on <a fan <= =[s sas eee 169 | Vaccinium uliginosum ..........-. 19, 78, 77, 80, 165
Umbilicaria anthracina............--.----.- LOH VOLO CE MUTINY erm pete are) aiae ar ol= = aial aiol a detalat 165
Pe LEMUR PIGS ernie <i sraie ayo: oa io CT View Aes ee eee ear vue see 141, 147, 151
RAROR Mets tats lop in. ho ate Shes See AGT NVA ESO DUS reer cites cate isles aa aerate 49, 77
PRU POLED. =<) <1c)-5 sccm s acer es 167
TID DONCIO Eke aster os =n ay GT PN VILL Ot DIT Seats een a 214) see 85
proboseidea var. arctica ......- 167 |
EE Memate ciVatrcaice nasi cc eeals IGT), | SXGMASADINIT eos hoe se cce eae hemes eet a 101
RINSED ait An alc oininin hei win/a/aiaiblerela ae 1045
eee eey= ieynionin = ace 24,108) 104,105 (eZ pPMMIOMWOgs semen mene eenls tan sxc ote WS
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