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SMITHSONIAN

MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS.

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a panko: yrewe
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TABLE OF CONTENTS.

ArtIcLE I. (858.) Tar Constants or Nature. Part IV. Aromic

WeicHt DETERMINATIONS: A DIGEST OF THE INVESTIGA-
TIONS PUBLISHED SINCE 1814. By GrorGE F. BECKER.
1880. Pp. 152.

ArtictE II. (441.) Tur Constants oF Nature. Part V. A ReEcAL-

ArRTIcLE III.

ARTICLE LV.

CULATION OF THE Atomic Wercuts. By FRANK WIGGLES-
WORTH CLARKE. 1882. Pp. 293.

(437.) CHEcK List oF PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN
Institution, December, 1881. 1881. Pp. 22.

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By Wiiiam J. Rees. 1882. Pp. 342.

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS.
308

THE

CONSTANTS OF NATURE.

PEASE SE PV :,

ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS:
A DIGEST
OF THE INVESTIGATIONS PUBLISHED SINCE 1814.

BY

GEORGE F. BECKER.

WASHINGTON :
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
AUGUST, 1880.

ADVERTISEMENT.

The following forms the fourth part of a general work on the
“ConsTaANts OF NaTuRE,”’ of which the first three are as fol-
lows :

Part I and Supplement.—Specific Gravities, Boiling Points and

Melting Points, by F. W. Clarke.

Part I1—A Table of Specific Heats for Solids and Liquids, by
F. W. Clarke.

Part I1I.—Tables of Expansion by Heat for Solids and Liquids,
by F. W. Clarke.

The manuscript of the present work has been presented to the
Smithsonian Institution by Mr. G. F. Becker and is published at
the expense of its fund.

’ S. F. BAIRD,

Secretary Smithsonian Institution.

WasHInetTon, August, 1880.

III

po ee ew tee

Of the fundamental importance of the most accurate
attainable knowledge concerning the true atomic weights
of the elements there can be no two opinions. If the enor-
mous mass of known facts relating to the properties of
matter is ever to be brought under wide generalizations, it
is with the simple substances that a beginning must be
made, and with the simplest property of these substances,
the relative weights of their ultimate particles. Berzelius
held this view and the labors of Mendelejeff, Meyer and
others leave no question as to the fact of a relation between
the atomic weights and the properties of simple and com-
pound matter. Accurate information on the subject, how-
ever, is not easily attainable; different writers on chemistry
follow different authorities, and some even take a mean
between the results arrived at by experimenters of different
degrees of skill and accuracy, or assume some convenient
number without experimental foundation. Nowhere, to my
knowledge, is there even an approximately complete list of
the determinations that have been made.

Forced back, myself, upon the original memoirs for in-
formation, I believed that I should do other chemists a
service in presenting to them a short but systematic digest
of each investigation on the subject, including the following
points, so far as they could be ascertained: The nature of
the material experimented upon, and the method of its
preparation; the experimental method adopted to effect the
determination, and the number of experiments; the mean
result reached by the experiments, and the extreme differ-
ence between the results; such a record of the constants
employed in the calculation as will enable any one to recal-
culate the results for different constants; and the place in
literature where the original paper is to be found.

The following pages are the result. From the information

2 PREFACE,

he will find in them, the experienced chemist will, in most
cases, I think, be able to decide which determination offers
the best guarantees for accuracy, or at least between which
determinations his choice must lie, forming his judgment to
a great extent independently of the comparative reputation
of the observers—not always a safe guide where one is, in a
general way, the unquestionable superior of the other—and
no guide at all when the names carry on the whole an equal
weight. As a record of the direction investigations have
taken and of analytical methods of the most exact character
also, I hope that this digest may not be without value.

As this compilation would serve rather to mislead than
to assist investigators, unless it be accurate and practically
exhaustive, it seems proper to explain the manner in which
it has been prepared. Believing it best to work independ-
ently of any previous compilations, I selected as my base
the three great German journals—Poggendorff’s Annalen,
Liebig?s Annalen, and EHrdmann’s Journal fiir Praktische
Chemie. My choice was determined not only by the posi-
tion these journals take in chemico-physical science, but by
the fact that their indices are admirable, and their tone
cosmopolitan; all of them, until lately, having furnished
their readers with the scientific news of the time, and with
abstracts from and translations of the important papers
published elsewhere and in whatever language, as well as
with original investigations. The indices of these journals
Tread through from beginning to end, making an extract
of every entry which bore on the subject of atomic weights,
or which I suspected might do so. In studying the arti-
cles thus reached, every reference to other atomie weight
determinations was preserved, and the originals, so far as
possible, sought out; a task in which the Royal Society’s
Catalogue of Scientific Papers was of the greatest assistance.
Having exhausted the supply of information in these jour-
nals, I turned to Berzelius’ Jahresbericht, and to its continua-
tion edited by Kopp, Liebig et al., and made a study of their
contents by the same method. Later, I made a similar
systematic study of the Annales de Chimie et de Physique, the
Bericht der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, the Chemical

PREFACE. 3

News, Fresenius’ Zeitschrift fiir Analytische Chemie, the
Journal of the Chemical Society, the Proceedings of the Royal
Society, and the Philosophical Transactions, and of Silliman’s
American Journal of Science. I have also made some use of
the Philosophical Magazine, and a great deal of use of the
Paris Comptes Rendus. These publications are not so in-
dexed as to make their contents readily available; but what
appears in the Comptes Rendus is pretty sure to be noticed
elsewhere, and [I scarcely think that any determinations
there published have escaped me. I have also made use of
the Bibliotheque Universelle, Archives des Sciences of Geneva,
(an incomplete set, unfortunately,) the Zeitschrift fiir Berg-
FHiitten-und Salinen- Wesen im Preussischen Staate, Thomson’s
Annals of Philosophy, Gilberts Annalen der Physik und der
Physikalischen Chemie, the British Association Reports, the
Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, the Transactions
of the Academies of Brussels and of St. Petersburg,and have con-
sulted numerous works on chemistry, particularly Berzelius’
Lehrbuch der Chemie and Gmelin-Kraut’s Handbuch der Chemie.

I have not thought it necessary, or even desirable, to ex-
tend my search for atomic weight determinations further
back than Wollaston’s famous “Table of Equivalents,”’
published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1814. It is
true that numerous determinations had been made before
that time, but, with the exception of those mentioned by
Wollaston, few which can be of either interest or value to
the chemist of the present day, except from a purely histori-
cal point of view. From Wollaston’s table onwards, I have
not felt that the purposes of this paper permitted of any
selection between atomic weight determinations, however
valueless many of them might appear to my own judgment.
Indeed, it has cost me more labor to put many ill-made and
ill-reported investigations into proper form for this digest
than was required for a majority of those determinations
upon which I set the highest value. In the attempt to make
a complete collection of the determinations since the time
indicated, a few may have escaped my search; but, if so,
they must have fallen singularly dead upon the chemical
world, and would be unlikely to repay further labor in seek-

4 PREFACE.

ing them. On the other hand, I have rigidly excluded
atomic weights calculated from analyses never designed so
to be used. Any chemist, upon whose experiments we
could rely, would proceed in a very different manner in
making an atomic weight determination, from that which
he would select for an ordinary analysis, and to put his
credit at stake by calculating atomic weights from analyses
not designed for this use is alike unfair to him and to the
scientific public, which is asked to receive as an atomic
weight determination what really is not such.

The purpose of this paper is distinctly not critical, and
the remarks I have added to, or inserted in, the digest are
simply explanatory. Ihave, however, frequently mentioned
criticisms which have appeared in literature when they
seemed pertinent.

As for the accuracy with which the digests have been
made, | may state that the preponderating importance of
this point has been constantly before my mind. In the
effort to crowd the maximum amount of information into
the fewest words, I have had occasion to refer to most of
the papers digested a number of times, and at long inter-
vals. I have always taken advantage of such occasions, as
well as those on which I have met with a reprint, transla-
tion or abstract of a determination, to verify the rough
draughts of my digests. Only in a couple of instances have
I thus discovered a trifling error. On the other hand, I
have been able to detect and point out numerous misprints
and miscalculations in the original sources. While, there-
fore, I cannot hope entirely to have escaped error in the
thousands of values I have copied, and the almost equal
number of calculations I have made, I have strong hopes
that the accuracy of this digest will be found at least on a
par with that of the original papers.

When, as is the case with provoking frequency, chemists
have given their analytical data, but have omitted to state
the atomic weights, or other constants, assumed in calculat-
ing their results, I have recalculated their data with accepted
constants, which I have in each case stated. I have also, in
many instances, recalculated determinations of importance,

PREFACE. o

in which constants varying considerably from those now
received were assumed. I[ have further reduced the deter-
minations originally given in terms of O = 100, or of O =
15.96, toO = 16. No confusion, however, will be found
between the numbers for which the original investigators
are responsible and my own. All values which I have cal-
culated are in italics, or, with my explanations, enclosed in
square brackets. The only arithmetical operation I have
permitted myself to perform without these indications is a
multiplication or division by two; and even in such cases
it will usually appear from the digest itself that this opera-
tion has been performed.

The abbreviations of the literary references are essentially
those adopted in the Royal Society’s Catalogue of Scientific
Papers. The first reference in each case is to the source
upon which I have depended. When two references are
necessary, they are connected by the word and. When my
authority is not the original source, that to which it is ac-
credited in my authority is also mentioned.

In conclusion, I shall be grateful to any one who, by
drawing my attention to omissions or mistakes, will assist
me in perfecting a labor which has occupied all my availa-
ble time for twenty months.

BERKELEY, CauL., April, 1878.

PostTscRIpt.

In preparing the following paper, I designed making it
preliminary to a discussion of the various determinations
and of the value to be assigned to each, and in this work I
had already made some progress. After presenting this
paper to the Institution, however, I learned that Prof. F. W.
Clarke had been for some time engaged on a similar under-
taking, and to him I gladly resigned the discussion of the
data here compiled. The two papers will appear in the
same form, and may be regarded as complementary.

Gor. B:

’ A e
uh hen
j f “ur

‘

bh shy

ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

ALUMINIUM.

The specific heat of aluminium, as determined by Regnault
and by Kopp, and the vapor density of volatile compounds,
as determined by Deville and Troost and by Odling, indicate
that the atomic weight of this element is about 27.5. (Gme-
lin-Kraut, Handbuch der Chemie, 1, 39; and L. Meyer, Moderne
Theorien der Chemie, 50.)

J.J. Berzeiius: 27.267 (O = 16).

100 parts of anhydrous aluminic sulphate decomposed by
heat, gave 29.934 parts of oxide. Preparation not described.
Number of experiments, probably 1. In Berzelius’ Lehrbuch
these data are calculated for S = 200.75, and give Al =
170:9 (O'—100, nor -27.074 (0 = 16.) [it S == 32, the data
give Al = 27.267.] (Poggend. Ann., 8, 1826, 187.*)

T. Toomson: 30 (O = 16).+

Thomson found, probably from analysis of the sulphate,
(see appendix,) that 125 Al=100 O. Thomson supposed
aluminic oxide to be a protoxide. [If it is a sesqui-oxide,
the data give Al at 30.] (Zhomson’s System of Chemistry, 7th
ed., 7, 1831, 454.)

W. W. Martner: 20.55 (O = 16).

According to this chemist 0.646 grammes of chloride,
prepared according to Woehler, gave 2.055 grammes argen-

* This article by Berzelius, which contains the particulars of a large part
of his earlier atomic weight determinations, will be referred to frequently
in the course of this paper. It is unfortunately full of misprints, all of
which are, by no means, corrected in the table of errata at the end of the
volume. The correctly printed values of the atomic weights discussed in
it are to be found in Poggend. Ann., 10, 1827, 339.

+ It must be remarked, in justice to Dr. Thomson, that his atomic weight
determinations are, properly speaking, of a different nature from those of
other chemists. So thoroughly persuaded was he of the truth of Prout’s
hypothesis, (that the atomic weights of the elements are all exact multiples
of that of hydrogen,) that his experiments were directed merely towards
ascertaining which multiple, in any case, was to be adopted.

7

8 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

tic chloride, and 0.2975 aluminic oxide. (Silliman’s Amer.
Journ., 27 1835, 138, 241.) Berzelius points out the incon-
sistency of these data. (Berzelius’ Jahresbericht, 15, 1885,
138.)

Cy Tissime: 27.731 (O = 16).

Determined by dissolving aluminium in chlorhydric acid,
evaporating to dryness with excess of nitric acid and de-
composing the nitrate by heat. The aluminium employed
contained 0.135 per cent. sodium. 1.935 of this metal gave
8.645 oxide. [If Na = 23, these data give Al = 27.12. |
The metal was prepared by heating aluminic fluoride with
purified sodium in a graphite crucible. (Paris Comptes
Rend., 46, 1858, 1105.) |

J. Dumas: 27.446 (O = 16).

Determined by six experiments on the titration of aluminic
chloride with argentic nitrate. The mean result was Al =
13.723 (0=8); extreme difference 0.09. ‘The aluminic chlo-
ride, which had been prepared on a large scale, was purified
by sublimation over iron-filings and over aluminium filings,
and by a third sublimation in a current of hydrogen over
aluminium filings, after which it was melted. Experiments
on the oxidation of aluminium were found unsatisfactory on
account of the difficulty of obtaining the metal pure. They
gave Al at from 13.74 to 13.89. Dumas takes Ag = 108;
Cl = 35.5. (Ann. de Chim. et de Phys., (3,) 55, 1859, 151.)

W. Opiine: 27.5 (O = 16).

Determined from the vapor density of aluminium methide
and ethide at 220° and upwards. (Phil. Mag., (4,) 29, 1865,
316.)

—. Isnarp: 27 (O = 16).

Pure aluminium dissolved in chlorhydric acid, evaporated
and heated to redness, gives 17 of its weight in oxide. (Paris
Comptes Rend., 66, 1868, 508.)

Pelouze and Fremy give 27.357 (O = 16); 170.98 (0 =
100,) for the atomic weight of aluminium, and assert that
this value is derived from the composition of potash-alum,.
but they give no authority for the value. The experiments
were made by precipitation with barium chloride. ( Traité
de Chimie, 3d ed., 7, 50.)

ANTIMONY. 9

ANTIMONY.

From the specific heat of antimony, as determined by
Bunsen, Regnault, and others, and from the vapor density
of volatile compounds, as determined by Mitscherlich, Loe-
wig and Schweizer and others, it is certain that the atomic
weight must be about 120. (Gmelin-Kraut, l. c.; and L.
Meyer, l. ¢.)

J.J. Berzevius: 129.03 (O = 16) ; 806.452 (O = 100).

100 parts of pure antimony, oxidized with nitric acid,
evaporated to dryness, and heated to redness, gave 124.8
antimonic antimoniate. The number of experiments and
the preparation of the metal are not given. (Poggend. Ann.,
&, 1826, 23.)

R. ScHneipER: 120.3 (0 = 16); 751.9 (O = 100).

Determined by experiments on the reduction of native
antimonic ter-sulphide in a current of hydrogen. The only
foreign substance to be found in the mineral was silicic acid,
which was determined in each case. The temperature was
kept as low as possible, and the amount of sulphide vola-
tilized, and of that undecomposed by the process, was
determined. ‘The mean composition, as ascertained by eight
experiments, was 71.48 antimony—extreme difference, 0. 078;
and 28.52 per cent. sulphur. The atomic weight was cal-
culated from the mean for S = 200. (Poggend. Ann., 98,
1856, 293.) Schneider published a preliminary note in
Poggend. Ann., 97, 1856, 483, in which, from a portion of
the above-mentioned experiments, he deduced the value
120.25.

H. Rose and Weser: 120.626 (0 = 16).

Rose published this determination expressly as a confirma-
tion of Schneider’s value. Antimony ter-chloride was dis-
solved in water containing tartaric acid, and decomposed
by hydrogen sulphide. Sulphur was removed from the
filtrate by ferric sulphate, and the chlorine determined with
argentic nitrate. 2.162 antimony chloride were found equiv-
alent to 4.097 argentic chloride. [If Ag = 107.93 and Cl
= 55.457, these data Five Spi 120626; or,)tor: © = 100;
Sb = 753. 92.] Rose, adopting some other values gets
1508.67 [twice 754. 34. He also recaleulates some earlier

10 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

analyses of the ter-chloride, and the penta-chloride (Poggend.
Ann., 3, 1825, 443) made by himself by the same method,
which give respectively 1512.91 and 1508.6. (Poggend. Ann.,

9S, 1856, 455.)

W.P. Dexter: 122.3886 (0 =16); 764.6 (O = 100).

Attempts were made to determine the atomic weight of.
antimony from its reducing action on the chloride of gold,
but no constant result was obtained. Berzelius’ method (vide
supra) was, therefore, adopted. From the mean of ten irre-
proachable experiments Dexter deduces the value 1529.2;
extreme difference, 8. The metal was prepared as follows:
From antimony tartrate, sodium metantimonate was pre-
pared, and antimonic acid separated out with nitric acid.
The antimonie acid was reduced with carbon, and melted
with another portion of antimonic acid to remove traces of
sodium, ete. It was also heated in a current of hydrogen
to remove traces of oxide. The investigation was carried
out in Bunsen’s laboratory, and with his assistance. (Pog-
gend. Ann., 100, 1857, 563.)

J. Dumas: 122 (0 = 16).

Neither the reduction of cervantite nor of the sulphide,
nor the oxidation of metallic antimony gave accordant re-
sults. Dumas, therefore, resorted to the analysis of the
ter-chloride with argentic nitrate. The chloride was pre-
pared by three different methods, and was dissolved in water
acidulated with tartaric acid. Seven experiments gave an
average of 121.975; extreme difference, 0.69. Ag = 108;
Cl = 35.5. (Ann. de Chim. et de Phys., (3,) 1859, 175.)

F. Kussner: 122.24 (O = 16).

In four experiments crystals of antimony ter-oxide were
employed. This oxide had been sublimed in a current of
pure, dry carbonic acid. A known weight of the compound
was nearly oxidized in a chlorhydrie acid solution by a
known, slightly insufficient, weight of potassic chlorate.
The remainder was titrated with a standard solution of
potassic bi-chromate, and countertitrated with ferrous chlo-
ride. The mean result was Sb = 122.16. In three experi-
ments metallic antimony was employed. It was prepared
by reducing the precipitate formed when ammonic hydrate
is added to stibium-ammonium tartrate. The metal was
oxidized in chlorhydrie acid solution by potassie chlorate,
(not weighed,) aud reduced to antimony ter-chloride by

ANTIMONY. aE

stannous chloride. The excess of this reagent was chlori-
dized by mercuric chloride, calomel being separated by fil-
tration. The experiment was continued exactly as in the
cases where the oxide was taken to start with. The mean
of the experiments on metallic antimony was 122.34. The
mean of the seven experiments above described is 122.24;
extreme difference, 0.94. K = 39.12; Cl = 107.97. Kessler
also made experiments by Rose’s method, but got discord-
ant results. (Poggend. Ann., 113, 1861, 145.)

B. Unger: 119.76 (0 = 16).

Determined by analysis of sodium sulph-antimonate,
(Schlippe’s Salt.) (Aopp’s Jarresbericht, 1871, 325; Arch.
der Pharm., (2,) 147,193; 148,1.) A single determination
by a method from which great accuracy could not be ex-
pected oe s23),Nal = 23.) ''s P! Cooke, Jr, im: Proc.
Amer. Acad., 13, 6.)

J. P. Cooks Jr.: 120 (O = 16).

Cooke objects to the determinations of Dexter and Dumas,
on the ground that there is no sufficient evidence of the
absence of higher or lower compounds of the same elements
in the salts employed.

In two experiments antimony was dissolved and precipi-
tated as sulphide, which was heated to 240° before weigh-
ing. The formation of free S was prevented, occluded
tartaric acid was determined, but occluded oxy-chloride was
neglected. The experiments gave each Sh = 120.6 for S
= 32. In thirteen experiments Sb was dissolved in a mini-
mum of nitric acid, and the solution boiled over bullets of
Sb to complete saturation. The sulphide was then precipi-
tated in an atmosphere of carbon di-oxide. The precipitate
contained no free 8. The oxy-chloride was driven off at
180° and determined. The tartaric acid was decomposed
at 210° and determined. The errors are opposed and min-
ute. The mean of the weighings of sulphide, dried at 180°,
gave Sb = 119.994 for 8 = 32; extreme difference, 1.01.
The mean of weighings of sulphide heated to 210° gave Sb
= 120.295; extreme difference, 1.07. General mean Sb =
120.145. Fifteen analyses of antimonious bromide gave the
Br contents at 66.6665 per cent. for Ag = 108, Br = 80, with
an extreme difference of 0.195. This composition gives Sb
120. In seven experiments the iodide was analyzed. For
IT=127 and Ag=108, it gave a mean of 76.051 per
cent. Sb, or Sb = 120. It was also shown that the chloride

12 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

cannot be prepared free from oxy-chloride, and that its Sb
and Cl contents correspond to Sb =120. Metallic Sb was
prepared by reduction of sodic antimoniate, or of oxide,
with potassic cyanide, or by Liebig’s method. In all cases
it was fused for several hours under its own oxide. The
haloid salts were purified by fractional recrystallization and
distillation, in part in a current of carbon di-oxide. (Proc.
Am. Acad., 12, 1877, 1.)

ARSENIC.

The specific heat of metallic arsenic, as determined by
Regnault, and the vapor density of a number of volatile
compounds, as determined by Dumas, Mitscherlich, Bunsen,
and others, prove that the atomic weight of this element
must be in the neighborhood of 75. (Gmelin-Kraut, l. c.;
and L. Meyer, l. c.)

J. J. Berzevius: 75.1 (O = 16); 469.4 (O = 100).

2.203 grammes of arsenious acid, heated with sulphur in
a distilling apparatus in such a manner that sulphurous
acid, but no sulphur, could escape, set free 1.069 grammes
sulphurous acid. If 8 = 200.75, the value follows. (Pog-
gend. Ann., 8, 1826, 22; and Lehrbuch, 5 ed., 3, 1205.)

J. Dumas: 75 (O = 16).

Dumas found the vapor density of arsine 2.695. [This
value multiplied by 28.94278 gives As = (sensibly) 75.]
(Ann. de Chim. et de Phys., 33, 1826, 337.)

J. PELoUZE: 75 (O = 16); 468.75 (O = 100).

A known weight of arsenic ter-chloride was introduced
into a nitric acid solution of a known weight of perfectly
pure silver, the chloride being in slight excess. The excess
of chloride was then titrated with decimal silver solution.*
As the mean of three experiments Pelouze found As =
937.50; extreme difference, 0.8. Ag = 1349.01; Cl =
443.2. The ter-chloride was repeatedly distilled to free it
from excess of chlorine. It was colorless, dissolved com-

* This method, which has been frequently employed in the determination
of atomic weights, will be referred to as ‘‘ Pelouze’s method.”

BARIUM. 13}

pletely in chlorine, and boiled between 134° and 185°.
(Paris Comptes Rend., 20, 1845, 1047.)

J. Dumas: 74.94 (O = 16).

Determined by four experiments on the titration of arsenic
ter-chloride with argentic nitrate, the ter-chloride being
prepared in several lots. The number is the mean of the
experiments; the extreme difference being 0.15. Dumas
takes Ag = 108; Cl = 35.5. (Annal. de Chimie et de Physique,
(3,) 55, 1859, 174.)

I’. Kesster: 75.2 (O = 16).

In six experiments arsenious acid was titrated with potas-
sic bichromate and counter-titrated with ferrous chloride.
The number so obtained was 75.15. In twelve experiments
a known weight of arsenious acid was oxidized in caustic
potash solution by potassic chlorate, the arsenious acid be-
ing slightly in excess, acidified with chlorhydrice acid and
the excess of arsenious acid titrated with potassic bichro-
mate and counter-titrated with ferrous chloride. The oxi-
dizing action of the potassic bichromate was experimentally
determined. The number obtained from these experiments
was 75.24. Five experiments were made with acid instead
of alkaline solutions of arsenious acid; they gave 75.15.
The arsenious acid was colorless, transparent, volatilized
without any residue, and was thoroughly dessicated. Kess-
ler assumed K = 39.12; Cl=107.97. (Poggend. Annal.,
95, 1855, 210; 113, 1861, 140.)

BARIUM.

The specific heat of barium compounds, especially of the
chloride, as determined by Regnault and by Kopp, shows
that the atomic weight of this element lies in the neighbor-
hood of 137. (Gmelin-Kraut, |. ¢.)

Wo.uaston and Kiaprotuy. 139.2 (0=16); 870
(Or 100):

Klaproth found that 100 parts of carbon di-oxide were
equivalent to 352.57 parts barium oxide, and that 34 parts
sulphuric anhydride were equivalent to 66 parts of barium

14 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

oxide. If C=75.4,and S = 200, the value follows. (Phil.
Trans., 104, 1814, 20.)

J. J. Berzevius: 136.79 (O = 16).

100 parts of barium chloride gave 138.08 and 138.06 parts
argentic chloride. [If Ag = 107.98, and Cl = 35.457, the
above value follows.] Berzelius also determined barium
from the sulphate; 100 parts barium chloride gave 112.17
and 112.18 parts sulphate. Calculated for S = 200.75 this
determination is almost identical with the other; Berzelius,
however, expressly adopts the former. [Calculated for S =
32.0742, it gives 135.74.] (Poggend. Annal., 8, 1826, 189,
and Lehrbuch der Chemie, 5th ed., 3, 1229.)

EH. Turner: 137.4 (O'=16):

Turner determined the chlorine contents of barium chlo-
ride at 34.016 per cent. by precipitation with- silver. This
number was the mean of the best two experiments made,
and the value follows from it on the assumption that Cl =
85.42. The barium chloride was prepared from native car-
bonate by solution in chlorhydriec acid, precipitation of
impurities with barium oxide, ignition of the chloride, treat-
ment with alcohol, and recrystallization. (Phil. Trans., 119,
1829, 291.*)

T. Toomson: 136 (O = 16); 850 (O = 100).

Thomson had formerly determined this atomic weight at
875 by mixing potassic sulphate with barium chloride in
such proportions that the supernatant liquid contained no
sensible amount of either sulphuric acid or barium. Turner
having shown the fallacy of this method, Thomson substi-
tuted ammonium sulphate, and also sulphuric acid for the
potassium salt, and found 9.5006 barium oxide equivalent to
5.00 sulphuric anhydride. He also analyzed the chloride
with argentic nitrate, assuming silver = 1375, and chlorine
= 450, and reached the same conclusion with reference to
barium. (Zhomson’s System of Chemistry, 7th ed., 1, 1831,
426.)

* Turner made the discovery in the course of this investigation that
barium sulphate carries down other salts, such as potassic sulphate, which
cannot be extracted from the precipitate by any degree of washing, and that
determinations, with barium sulphate, are consequently unreliable. Al-
though Berzelius drew attention to the importance of the observation, and
Thomson was obliged to acknowledge errors in his work from this cause,
the fact was for a long time nearly forgotten, as can readily be proved from
the contents of this digest.

BARIUM. 15

—. SALVeTAT: 136 (O = 16); 850 (O = 100).

Determined from the loss of weight ensuing on the de-
composition of barium carbonate by sulphuric acid. Details
not given. (Paris Comptes Rendus, 17, 1843, 318.)

J. PELOUZE: 187.28 (O = 16); 858.01 (O = 100).

Into a nitric acid solution of a known weight of perfectly
pure silver, a known and slightly more than equivalent
weight of barium chloride was introduced. The excess
was titrated with decimal silver solution. The value is the
mean result of three experiments, which give an extreme
difference of 0.22 for O =100. The barium chloride was
purified by recrystallizations continued till determinations
gave a constant result, and was dessicated in part at 200°,
and in part at a temperature just below redness. Pelouze
took Ag = 1349.01, and Cl = 443.2. (Paris Comptes Rendus,
20, 1845, 1047.)

C. Marienac: 137.08 (O = 16); 856.77 (O = 100).

Determined by six experiments on the equivalence of sil-
ver and barium chloride performed by Pelouze’s method,
(vide supra.) 100 silver were found equivalent to 96.3865
barium chloride; extreme difference, 0.038; hence the value
taken. Marignac takes Ag = 1349.01, and Cl = 443.2. The
barium chloride was purified as follows: Commercial chlo-
ride was crystallized from boiling aqueous solution; the
crystals were heated to redness, dissolved in boiling water,
treated with carbon di-oxide, filtered and crystallized, and
these crystals were washed with alcohol and again recrystal-
lized. Determinations were made at each stage and the
purification was continued until constant results were ob-
tained. (Liebig, Annal., 68, 1848, 214; Bibl. Univ., Arch. des
Sciences, &, 265.)

H. Struve: 136.26 (O = 16).

100 parts of barium chloride gave 112.0938 parts of sul-
phate as a mean of two experiments; extreme difference,
0.005. S=32; Cl = 35.4624. (Liebig, Annal., 80, 1851,
' 204; Oefversigt af Kongl. vet. Acad. Foehr., 6, 165.)

T. AnpREws: 137.578 (O = 16).

Andrews obtained this number from two nearly coinci-
dent experiments of which he gives no details. (Brit. Assoc.
Rep., 1852, pt. 2, 33.)

16 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

C. Marienac: 137.16 (O = 16).

Three experiments were made on the titration of air-dried
barium chloride in crystals by Pelouze’s method, (vide supra.)
Five grammes of the salt required for precipitation (1)
4.4205; (2) 4.4195; (8) 4.4210 grammes silver. Three ex-
periments were made on the conversion of the same barium
chloride into sulphate. Ten grammes of the salt gave (1)
9.543; (2) 9.544; (8) 9.542 grammes sulphate. In each of
the latter experiments the water was determined, and was
found to vary no more than 0.0005 grammes. Comparison
of the two series gives for Ag == 108, S=16, and O=
8; barium equal to (1) 68.57; (2) 68.61; (8) 68.55; in mean
68.58, or one-half of 137.16. This result is independent of
the possible trace of water the chloride might have con-
tained. In another series of three experiments the water
was driven off at a low red heat and determined, and the
salt analyzed by Pelouze’s method. It was proved that
barium chloride is not decomposed at the temperature em-
ployed. (1) gave 68.61; (2) 58.59; and (8) 68.55, or a mean
of 68.583. The salt for the experiments marked (1) was
prepared by recrystallization and precipitation with alcohol ;
that for (2) by a repetition of the same process, and for
(3) by resolution of (2) and precipitation with chlorhydric
acid gas. Marignac proved that the precipitated argentic
chloride contained entirely insignificant traces of barium
salt. Cl— 35.5. (Bibl. Univ., Archives des Sciences, Nowv.
Série., 1, 1858, 209.)

J. Dumas: 137 (O' = 16).

Determined by fifteen experiments on the titration of
barium chloride with argentic nitrate, which give a general
average of 68.516 with an extreme difference of 0.11. The
barium chloride was prepared from pure nitrate and pure
carbonate, and from commercially pure chloride after it had
been freed from lead by precipitation with barium sulphide.
The chloride was precipitated from solution by chlorhydric
acid gas and melted in a current of chlorine to prevent oxi-
dation. Ag=108; Cl=35.5. (Annales de Chimie et de
Physique, (3,) 55, 1859, 137.)

BERYLLIUM.

The atomic heat of beryllium has been determined by J.
Emerson-Reynolds by direct comparison with that of silver.

BERYLLIUM. oe

In a calorimetric apparatus constructed for the purpose, the
amount of heat given off during cooling by 108 parts of
silver heated to 100° was found to be equal to that commu-
nicated by a little more than 9.2 parts of beryllium under
the same conditions. Assuming the atomic weight of
the metal to be 9.2, the atomic heat found would be 5.91.
The smallness of this number the observer accounts for by
supposing that there was a trace of platinum present intro-
duced by the use of platinum vessels in the course of re-
duction. (Phil. Magq., (5,) 3, 1877, 38.)

J. J. Berzetius: 14.5 (O = 16).

Berzelius analysed the salt formed by saturating dilute
sulphuric acid with beryllium oxide. From the amount of
barium sulphate obtained he inferred that the atomic
weight of beryllium was 331.261 on the supposition that
the oxide was Be, + O, and that the salt was neutral. Ber-
zelius took O = 100; S= 200.75, and Ba = 855.29. [Awde-
jew having discovered that this salt is basic, this value is
reduced to 90.638; or, for O=16, to 14.5.] Berzelius
accepted Awdejew’s determination in preference to his own.
(Poggend. Annal., 8, 1826, 187; and Lehrbuch der Chemie, 5th
ed., 3, 1225.)

T. THomson: 36 (O = 16).

Experiments not given. The value is four times nine,
and may have arisen from a mistake as to saturation.
(System of Chem. 7 ed., 1, 1831, 459.)

—. Awprsew: 13.85 (0 =16); 86.58 (O = 100).

Beryllium sulphate, in chlorhydric acid solution, was de-
composed with barium chloride. In the filtrate the excess
of barium chloride was precipitated with sulphuric acid,
and the beryllium oxide thrown down with ammonia, dried,
heated, and weighed. The beryllium sulphate was prepared
from pure carbonate by treatment with sulphuric acid and
precipitation with alcohol. It was purified by recrystalli-
zation. Four experiments were made, the mean of which
calculated for S = 201.165, gave Be = 58.084 with an ex-
treme difference of 1.955. (Poggend. Annal., 56, 1842, 106.)
Weeren recalculated these analyses for S = 200 and got
57.42, [or % of 86.58.] (Poggend. Annal., 92, 1824, 124.)

2

18 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

J. Wereren: 13.83 (0 = 16); 86.46 (O = 100).

Weeren followed the same method as Awdejew, except
that he precipitated the beryllium with ammonium sulphide,
the oxide being soluble in excess of ammonia. The mean
of four experiments gave 57.64, the extreme difference
being 1.52 for O = 100, [57.64 is 2 of 86.46.] Weeren
took S = 200. (Poggend. Annal., 92, 1854, 124.)

G..._Kiatzo: 13.89 (O = 16).

Klatzo made five analyses of the sulphates containing
seven and four molecules of water, precipitating the sul-
phuric acid as barium sulphate, and the beryllium as oxide
by means of ammonia. From a comparison of the sum of
the oxide found in all the analyses with the total amount of
barium sulphate found, Klatzo deduces Be = 9.227, for Ba =
137, and 8 = 32. [If Ba is taken equal to 187.16, and S =
32.07, and if each of the analyses is calculated for itself, Be
= 13.89. The extreme difference is 0.45.] The sulphates
were purified by recrystallization, and treatment with alco-
hol. (rdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chemie, 106, 1868, 227;
Klatzo, Ueber die Constitution der Beryllerde, Dorpat, 1868.)

L. F. Nilson and O. Pettersson have redetermined the
specific heat of beryllium within a few weeks. They find
the specific heat 0.4079, corresponding to a trivalent metal
and a sesqui-oxide. The investigation seems to have been
made with great care, while that of Emerson-Reynolds was
merely preliminary. (Berlin, Bericht der chem. Gres., 11, 1878,
386.)

BISMUTH.

Dulong and Petit, Regnault, and Kopp, have determined
the specitic heat of Bismuth. It corresponds to an atomic
weight of about 210. (Gmelin-Kraut, l. c.)

P. LaGerusetm: 212.86 (0 =16); 1330.377 (0 =
100).

Metallic Bismuth was oxidized in a weighed vessel by
nitric acid, and the nitric acid expelled by heat. 10 grammes
of bismuth gave 11.1275 oxide. (Berzelius’ Lehrbuch der
Chemie, 5th ed., 3, 1216; Stockholm, Akad. Handl., 34, 1818,
219.)

BORON. 19

R. ScHNEIDER: 208 (0 = 16); 1299.98 (0 = 100).

Determined by eight experiments on the conversion of
metallic bismuth into oxide by solution in nitric acid and
decomposition of the nitrate in the same vessel. The es-
caping gases were led through nitric acid, and the bismuth
caught in this way was separately converted into oxide and
weighed. In four experiments the bismuth was prepared
by the reduction of basic nitrate, and for the other four by
the reduction in hydrogen of the oxide formed in those
which preceded. 100 bismuth oxide were found to contain
a mean of 89.655 metal; extreme difference, 0.048. (Pog-
gend. Annal., 82, 1851, 303.)

J. Dumas: 210.44 (O = 16).

Determined by seven experiments on bismuth chloride,
which was decomposed in solution by sodium carbonate,
and the sodium chloride thus formed titrated with silver
solution. The value taken is the mean result. The extreme
difference is 1.12. Dumas takes Ag = 108, and Cl = 35.5.
The bismuth chloride was prepared by the action of chlo-
rine on bismuth, and was purified by fractional distillation
over bismuth. That employed in the experiments was
colorless. (Annal. de Chimie et de Physique, (8,) 55, 1859,
176.)

BORON.

The specific gravities of a number of volatile compounds
of boron have been determined by Dumas, Woehler and
Deville, and others, and correspond to an atomic weight of »
about 11. (Gmelin-Kraut, l. c.; L. Meyer, 1. c.)

H. F. Weber has discovered that the specific heat of boron
rises rapidly with the temperature, becoming nearly constant
at 600°. Above this temperature its specific heat is 0.5, and.
its atomic heat 5.5. (Poggend. Annal., 154, 1875, 575.)

J.J. Berzetius: 11.01 (O = 16).

Davy’s investigations having shown that boracie acid con-
tains about 68 per cent. oxygen, and having thus established
the formula of borax, Berzelius determined the atomic
weight from the water contents of that salt. He found in
three experiments, without variation, 47.1 per cent. Gme-
lin-Kraut recalculates this composition with Stas’ atomic

20 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

weights, and gets the value given. (Poggend. Annal., 8, 1826,
£9: ))

~A. Laurent: 10.86 (O = 16).

Laurent found that borax retains some water even when
melted, which, however, can be expelled by the addition of
iceland spar. By repeating Berzelius’ experiments, and
adding a known weight of spar, he found the water con-
tents in two experiments 47.15 and 47.20. He did not
regard the experiments as accurate. Gmelin-Kraut recalcu-
lates these data with Stas’ atomic weights, and gets B=
10.91 and 10.81. (Paris Comptes Rendus, 29, 1849, 5.)

WoEHLER and DEvILLE: 10.87 (O = 16).

These chemists titrated the bromide and the chloride of
boron with argentic nitrate. They do not offer the analy-
ses as atomic weight determinations, but Dumas applies the
data to this object. Taking Ag = 108, and Cl = 35.5, Dumas
calculates from the analysis of the chloride prepared by the
action of H Cl on B, B=11; from the analysis of the
chloride prepared by the action of Cl on B, B = 10.6; from
the analysis of the bromide prepared by the action of bro-
mine on boron, B=11. (Annal. de Chimie et de Physique,
(3,) 52, 1858, 88; 55, 1859, 129.)

T. THomson: 10.67 (O = 16).

Thomson supposed boracie acid to be composed of one
atom of boron and two of oxygen, and concluded from
Davy’s and his own experiments that the atom of B was
exactly equal to that of O. For the correct composition of
the acid his value must be reduced one-third. (System of

Chem., 7th ed., 7, 1831, 214.)

BROMINE.

Mitscherlich determined the vapor density of bromine,
and Regnault the specific heat in a solid condition at very
low temperatures. Both of these constants correspond to
an atomic weight of 80. (G'melin-Kraut, l. c.; I. Meyer, l. e.)

A. J. Bauarp: 75 (0 = 16); 468.85 (O = 100).
1.27 potassium bromide decomposed with sulphuric acid

BROMINE. Dl:

gave a residue of 0.973 potassic sulphate. [If this analysis
is calculated with Stas’ atomic weights, it gives Br = 74.65. ]
In another experiment 100 parts of argentic bromide reduced
with zine, the excess of which was extracted with sulphuric
acid, gave 58.9 parts silver. [Calculated with Stas’ data
this gives Br = 75.3.] Balard mentions no special precau-
tions in the preparation of his salts for this determination.
(Annal. de Chimie et de Physique, 32, 1826, 357, 362.)

J. Lizzie: 75.29 (O = 16); 470.55 (O = 100).

2.521 potassic bromide precipitated with argentic nitrate
gave 4.041 argentic bromide. The potassic bromide was
obtained by adding potassic hydrate to an alcoholic solution
of bromine until the solution began to lose color. (Annal.
de Chimie et de Physique, 33, 1826, 331.)

J.J. BERZELIUS: 78.264 (O = 16); 489.15 (O = 100).

Berzelius suspected that insufficient precautions had been
taken in the preceding determinations to get rid of chlorine.
He washed bromine for a long time, and converted it into
zine bromide and ammonium bromide. These salts he par-
tially precipitated with argentic nitrate to get rid of chlorine.
From the filtrate he precipitated argentic bromide which he
washed, dried, and melted. 7.202 of this bromide, decom-
posed in a current of chlorine, yielded 5.546 argentic chlo-
ride; 7.8805 bromide gave 6.069 chloride. If Ag = 1351.607,
and Cl = 442.652, the mean value of Br is as above; differ-
ence, 0.09. (Poggend. Annal., 14, 1828, 565; Kongl. vet.
Akad. Handl., 1828.)

C. Lorwie: 75.76 (O = 16).

According to Gmelin-Kraut, Handbuch der Chemie, the
determination was published in a treatise entitled Brom und
Seine Chemische Verhdltnisse, Heidelberg, 1829.

C. Marienac: 79.957 (O = 16).

In three experiments a known weight of silver was dis-
solved in nitric acid, precipitated with potassium bromide,
and the argentum bromide dried at 200° and weighed. [For
Ag = 107.93 these experiments give Br = 79.938, with an
extreme difference of 0.018.] Jn vacuo this result is, accord-
ing to Stas, 79.968. In seven experiments a known weight
of silver was precipitated by a determinate amount of potas-
sic bromide by titration. [If K = 39.137, and Ag = 107.93,

22 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

this gives bromine = 79.924 with an extreme difference of
0.046.] In vacuo this becomes, according to Stas, 79.945.
In four experiments potassium bromate was decomposed by
heat, and the potassic bromide weighed. [For K = 39.137
these experiments give bromine at 80.11 with an extreme
difference of 0.56. These latter are evidently much less
accurate than the preceding, and I have therefore averaged
the first and second series in vacuo.] The KBr was prepared
by heating bromate purified by recrystallization. (Berzelius’
Lehrbuch der Chemie, 5th ed., 3, 1194; Bibl. Univ., 46, 18438,
357.) ,

W. Wattace: 79.74 (O = 16).

Determined by analysis of arsenic ter-bromide, by titra-
tion with argentic nitrate, according to the method of
Pelouze, (see arsenic, Pelouze’s determination.) Three ex-
periments were made, giving a mean of 79.738; extreme
difference, 0.051. As=75; Ag=107.97. The arsenic
and bromine were directly combined, and the compound
was purified by fractional distillation and recrystallization.
(Phil. Mag., (4,) 18, 1859, 279.)

J. Dumas: 80 (O = 16).

Determined by three experiments on the conversion of
argentum bromide into chloride in acurrent of dry chlorine.
The mean is 80.03; the extreme difference is 0.18. Silver
is taken at 108, and chlorine at 35.5. The argentum bro-
mide was prepared with bromine free from iodine, and was
purified from chlorine by digestion with argentum bromide.
(Annal. de Chemie et de Physique, (8,) 55, 1859, 162.)

di.JS.SOTAS +7 7-004 1 O——= Lo):

Four complete syntheses (the weight of each of the con-
stituents, and of the compound being determined) were
made of argentum bromide, a known weight of silver being
converted into sulphate, and precipitated with a known
weight of bromine which had been converted into hydro-
bromic acid. The mean result was that 100 Ag = 74.0805
Br; with an extreme difference of 0.004. Two analyses of
argentic bromate, made by reducing the salt in suspension
with sulphurous acid, gave for the molecular weight of the
bromide 187.84, and 187.90, mean 187.87. A comparison
of these data gives Br = 79.940. [This, I think, must be a
misprint for 79.949.] Fourteen experiments were made on
the equivalence of KBr and Ag by Pelouze’s method, (see

CADMIUM. Zo

As, Pelouze’s determination.) The mean result was that
100 Ag =110.345 KBr; extreme difference, 0.029. This
gives Br’== 70.908 for’ Ag’— 107.938, and K — 39.1387. The
bromate of silver was prepared from potassic bromate and
silver salts. For the preparation of Ag see Stas’ determi-
nation of it. The potassic bromate was prepared by the
action of chlorine on a mixture of KBr and KHO. The
bromide was prepared by the action of heat on bromate, by
treating bromine with KHO, and in other ways. No reagents
were probably ever prepared with such care as those em-
ployed in this and the accompanying determinations. The
weights are all in vacuo. (Stas, Untersuch. tiber Chem. Pro-
port., Leipzig, 1867.)

CADMIUM.

Regnault, Kopp, and Bunsen have determined the specific
heat of cadmium, which corresponds to an atomic weight
of 112. Deville and Troost determined the density of cad-
mium vapor at above 1000°. It answers to an atomic weight
of 114. (Gmelin-Kraut, |. c.; L. Meyer, l. c.)

F. StroMEYER: 111.48 (0 = 16); 696.767 (O = 100).

Stromeyer found that. 100 parts of cadmium combine with
14.352 parts of oxygen to form the oxide. (Berzelius’ Lehr-
buch der Chemie, 5th ed., 3, 1219; Schweigger’s Journ., 22, 1818,
362.)

T. Toomson: 172 (O =16); 700 (O = 100).

Thomson says that he has shown this to be the true value
by analysis of the sulphate in two different states. (System
of Chem., Tth ed., 7, 1831, 555.)

K. von Haver: 112 (0 = 16); 700 (O = 100).

Determined by nine experiments on the reduction of cad-
mium sulphate to sulphide in a current of hydrogen sulphide
under pressure. The mean of the experiments gave Cd =
55.999; extreme difference, 0.16. Von Hauer took S = 16.
The sulphate was purified by repeated recrystallizations and
by conversion into oxide. It was dried at 200°. The sul-
phide was in each case carefully examined for undecomposed
sulphate. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak.Chem., 72, 1857, 346.)

24 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

J. Dumas: 112.24 (O = 16).

Determined by six experiments on the titration of cadmium
chloride with argentic nitrate. The mean of all the experi-
ments was Cd = 56.12; extreme difference, 0.49. The third
experiment varies considerably from the rest, and Dumas
seems inclined to omit it in the average. If it is left out,
the mean becomes 56.06; extreme difference, 0.29. Dumas
takes Cl = 35.5; Ag=108. The cadmium chloride was
prepared in two lots by solution of cadmium in chlorhydric
acid, evaporation and melting for several hours in a current
of chlorhydrice acid gas. (Annal. de Chimie et de Physique,
(8,) 55, 1859, 158.)

H. Lenssen: 112.06 (O = 16).

Three experiments were made on the decomposition of
cadmium oxalate, the salt and the resulting oxide being
weighed. The mean result was Cd = 56.03; extreme dif-
ference,0.19. C=6. The oxalate was prepared from pure
chloride by precipitation with oxalic acid, washing and dry-
ing at 150°. It was carefully tested, and was found to be
anhydrous. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chemie, 79, 1860,
281.

CAISIUM.

The great similarity between ceesium and the other alka-
line metals renders the deduction of its atomic weight from
its equivalent sufficiently certain.

Krrcouorr and Bunsen: 123.35 (O = 16).

Determined by three experiments on the analysis of the
chloride with argentic nitrate. The value is the mean;
extreme difference, 0.13. The cesium was separated from
the other alkalies by extracting a mixture of oxides and car-
bonates with alcohol. It was converted into chloride by
precipitation with platinum chloride, reduction of the dou-
ble chloride in hydrogen and solution. These operations
were repeated until the cesium salt gave sensibly the same
results after successive purifications. Its purity was also
tested spectroscopically. Silver was taken at 107.94, and
chlorine at 35.46. (Poggend. Annal., 113, 1861, 363.)

~

CASIUM. 25

JoHNSON and ALLEN: 133 (O = 16).

Determined by four experiments on the precipitation of
cesium chloride with argentic nitrate. The mean result
was Cs = 138.036; the extreme difference, 0.842. Ag =
107.94; Cl = 385.46. Ceesium and rubidium were separated
by partial crystallization of their bitartrates. The cesium
bitartrate was converted into chloride by precipitation with
platinum chloride, reduction and solution. The nitrate
formed on the precipitation of the exsium chloride with
silver was reconverted into cesium chloride and redeter-
mined, and so on. The purity of the salt was tested spec-
troscopically. (Stlliman’s Amer. Journ., (2,) 25, 1863, 96.)

R. W. Bunsen: 133 (O = 16),

Determined by three experiments on the precipitation of
eesium chloride with argentic nitrate. The mean result
was 132.99; extreme difference, 0.02. Ag — 107.94; Cl
= 385.46. In order to prepare pure chloride, a mixture of
cesium and rubidium salts was converted into carbonates,
a little more tartaric acid was added than was necessary to
form acid tartrate with the rubidium and neutral tartrate
with the cesium, and the mixture was exposed on a filter
to the action of a saturated atmosphere of aqueous vapor.
The cesium salt is deliquescent, and gradually passes
through the filter, while the rubidium salt is unaffected.
The cesium tartrate was turned into pure chloride by re-
peated precipitation with platinum chloride, reduction in
hydrogen and solution. The determinations were made on
the product of successive purifications, and only those were
taken into consideration which were made after analysis
showed a constant composition. The spectroscope was em-
ployed to test the purity of the salt. (Poggend. Annal., 119,
1863, 5.)

—. Mercer: 133 (O = 16).

The fact of this determination, without details, is men-
tioned by Frankland. (Chem. News, 8, 1863, 18.)

R. GopreFFrroy: 132.557 (O = 16).

Derived from the mean of four analyses of ceesium chlo-
ride with argentic nitrate, the extreme difference being
0.185. Cl=85.5; Ag=108. The cesium was separated
from the other alkalies by the fractional crystallization of
their alums continued until the cszsium compound was

26 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

spectroscopically pure. The aluminium was removed with
ammonia, the sulphuric acid with barium chloride and
traces of barium with ammonium carbonate. The cesium
chloride, which was not deliquescent, was dried at 150°.
(Liebig’s Annal., 181, 1876, 185.)

CALCIUM.

Bunsen has determined the specific heat of calcium. It
corresponds to an atomic weight of 40. (Gmelin-Kraut, I. ¢.)

F. H. Wotraston: 40.786 (0 =16); 254.6 (O=
100).

Wollaston found that 43.7 parts of carbon di-oxide satu-
rated 56.3 parts of lime. If C= 75.4, the value follows.
(Phil. Trans., 104, 1814, 20.)

J.J. BERZELIUS: 40.32 (O = 16); 252.075 (O = 100).

301 parts of anhydrous calcium chloride gave 775 parts
argentic chloride. If Cl = 443.28 and Ag = 1349.66 the
value follows. This analysis, made in 1818, was erroneously
calculated from a mistake in setting down its results and
the atomic weight of Ca was taken at 256.019. (Poggend.
Annal., 8, 1826, 189; and Lehrbuch der Chemie, 5th ed., 3,
1227.)

-J. Dumas: 40 (O = 16).

Three experiments were made on the calcination of cal-
cium carbonate which contained 0.03 per cent. of ferric oxide
and silicic acid. The weight of the residue was in mean
56.07, or, subtracting 0.03, 56.04, with an extreme difference
of 0.08. These figures give almost exactly 40. The weigh-
ings are reduced to vacuum. (Paris Comptes Rendus, 14,
1842, 537.)

—. SaLvetaT: 40 (O=16); 250 (0 = 100).

It is to be inferred from the context that this determina-
tion was made from the loss of weight ensuing on the de-
composition of calcium carbonate by heat or sulphuric acid.
(Paris Comptes Rendus, 17, 1848, 318.)

CALCIUM. 27

C. Marienac: 40.208 (O = 16); 251.8 (0 = 100).

Determined by precipitating calcium chloride with argen-
tic nitrate; Ag = 1349.01; Cl = 443.2. Marignac laid no
weight on this determination finding it impossible to pre-
pare calcium chloride which did not show an alkaline re-
action. The presence of caustic lime would make the result
erroneously high; no doubt Berzelius’ early analysis was
defective from the same cause. (Berzelius’ Jahresbericht, 24,

1844, 103; Bibl. Univ., 46, 1843, 367.)

ErpMann and Marcuanp: 40.007 (O = 100).

Four experiments were made on the calcination of cal-
cium carbonate enclosed in a double platinum crucible in a
wind-furnace, till the weight was constant. A mean of 56
per cent. calcium oxide was found with an extreme dif-
ference of 0.05. This gives Ca=40 for C=12. Two ex-
periments were made by decomposing calcium carbonate
by sulphuric acid. These gave a mean of 43.99 carbonic
acid; difference, 0.02. The value taken is the mean of all
experiments. The carbonate was prepared by precipitating
ealcic chloride with ammonium carbonate, and drying at
160° to 180°. Contirmatory experiments were made on ice-
land spar. The weighings are reduced to vacuum. (Jird-
mann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 26, 1842, 472.)

Berzelius maintained that Erdmann and Marchand em-
ployed material containing water, chlorine and magnesium.
Erdmann and Marchand answered that there could be no
magnesium and was no chlorine but that they had convinced
themselves that spar is the only compound of certain and
constant composition. Berzelius replied that they then
admitted that their carbonate contained water. Erdmann
and Marchand appealed to their experiments on spar, upon
which Berzelius made experiments showing that spar, too,
retains water at 200°. This Erdmann and Marchand de-
nied and finally assert that all the carbonic acid is not driven
off at any attainable temperature, and that their results
were therefore too high instead of being too low. The
error they estimate to exactly cover the difference between
their averages and 40. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem.,
$1, 1844, 257; 37, 1846, 75; 50, 1850, 237.)

Erpmann and MarcuanD: 40.062 (O=16); 250.39
(7100):

The spar experiments referred to above. Six analyses were
made as before, giving a mean of 56.028 oxide; extreme

28 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

difference 0.047. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chemie, 31,
1844, 268.) Another experiment, in which the absence of
water was proved, gave 56.03 lime. The weighings are re-
duced to vacuum. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 37,
1846, 77.)

J. J. Berzentius: 40.264 (0 =16); 251.651 (0 =
100).

Five experiments were made on the conversion of caustic
lime into sulphate. The value is the mean for S = 200.75;
extreme difference 0.962 for O =100. The lime was care-
fully purified and burnt, but Berzelius says nothing of test-
ing it for carbonic acid, upon which Erdmann and Marchand
found an objection. Berzelius expresses himself ill satisfied
with the results. (Liebig’s Annal., 46, 1848, 241; also
Lehrbuch der Chemie, 5th ed., 3, 1228.)

J. Dumas: 40.02 (O = 16).

Five experiments were made on the titration of calcium
chloride with argentic nitrate. They give a mean of 20.065,
but Dumas considers only three of them as entitled toa
voice. These give 20.01; extreme difference, 0.03. The
calcium chloride was prepared by dissolving marble in
chlorhydric acid, digestion with lime water, filtration,
evaporation, treatment with chlorhydric acid and heating
in a current of chlorine. For the three experiments
averaged the chloride was kept melted in the current of gas
for from 8 to 10 hours. Ag =108; Cl= 35.5. (Annal. de
Chimie et de Physique, (3,) 55, 1859, 129.)

CARBON.

The specific gravity of gaseous carbon compounds shows
that the atomic weight must be nearly 12. (Gmelin- Kraut,
l.c.) Weber has shown that the specific heat of carbon at
high temperatures obeys Dulong and Petit’s law.

F. H. Wouttaston: 12.064 (O = 16); 75.4 (O = 100).

Biot and Arago found the specific gravity of carbon di-
oxide 1.5196, and that of oxygen, 1.1036. Calculation from
these data gives the value. (Phil. Trans., 104, 1814, 20.)

CARBON. 29

J. J. BERZELIUS: earlier determinations.

In 1817 Berzelius attempted to determine the atomic
weight of carbon by two analyses of plumbic carbonate.
[These analyses calculated for Pb = 206.926 (Stas,) give C
= 11.998 and 11.984, or 74.99 and 74.90.] Considering the
difference too great, ‘he calculated the atomic weight from
Biot and Arago’s determination of the specific g eravities of
carbon di-oxide and oxygen, 1.10359 and 1.51961. Berze-
lius gives 75.33 as the result; [I make it 75.394.] Subse-
quently, (1819,) Berzelius and Dulong, determined these
specific gravities more accurately at 1.524 and 1.1026 whence
he calculated C = 76.437. This number was accepted until
Dumas showed it to be false, although in the mean time
carbon di-oxide had been shown to be a condensible gas.
According to Dumas, Berzelius at one time accepted a value
76.52 of which I have found no account. In Berzelius’
Lehrbuch, 3, 1174, 76.48 is a misprint for 76.487. (Berzelius’
Lehrbuch der Chemie, 5th ed., 3, 1197, et passim.)

i DaeMson 12 (O'==16); 75 .(O == 100).

Thomson found the specific gravity of carbon di-oxide
1.52673. Assuming the specific gravity of oxygen at 1.1111,
chiefly to accord with the supposition that air is a compound
containing 20 per cent. of oxygen, he calculates the atomic
weight of carbon at 75. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem.,
8, 1886, 872; Records of General Science, by R. D. Thomson,
1836, 179.)

J. Dumas: about 72.16 (0 =16); 76 (0 = 100).

From analysis of well crystallized naphthaline, Dumas in-
fers that the atomic weight of carbon cannot be so high as
76.44, and must be nearly as above. (Poggend. Annal., 44,
1838, 110.)

J.J. Berzevius: 12.23 (0 = 16); 76.458 (O = 100).

One experiment was made on the decomposition of plum-
bic carbonate by heat, which gave C = 76.405. [If Pb =
206.926, the data give C =12.185, or 76.157.] Another
experiment was made on the oxalate, ‘which gave C = 76.511.
Berzelius regards these results as confir matory of the value
76.438. The plumbic carbonate was prepared by precipi-
tating the nitrate with ammonium carbonate. The oxalate
was obtained by decomposing the acetate with oxalic acid.
(Liebig’s Annal., 30, 1839, 241.)

30 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

G. Fownes: 12.12 (O = 16).

Determined by three analyses of naphthaline with cupric
oxide, the usual precautions being observed. The value is
the mean; extreme difference, 0.14. The naphthaline was
purified by slow sublimation in a florence flask, and was
brilliantly white. Fownes does not regard his results as
conclusive as to the exact value. (Phil. Mag., (3,) 15, 1839,
62.)

E. Mrtscneruicn: 12.016 (0 = 16); 75.1 (O = 100).

Experiments made on the analysis of naphthaline by the
ordinary method of organic analysis gave never more than
75.2, and those which seemed most accurate very nearly 75.
(Mitscherlich’s Lehrbuch der Chemie, 4th ed., 1, 1844, 595.)

Dumas and Stas: 12 (O = 16); 75 (0 = 100).

Determined by fourteen experiments on the combustion
of carbon in oxygen, the resulting carbon di-oxide being
weighed. In five cases natural graphite was employed, and
in four graphite from charcoal pig-iron. Both were puri-
fied by treatment with acid and heating in chlorine. The
necessary oxygen was developed in the combustion-tube
from potassic chlorate and cupric oxide. In five experi-
ments diamond was employed, and the oxygen was furnished
from a gasometer. The oxygen was displaced by air, espe-
cially purified from carbon di-oxide by milk of lime. The
products of combustion were collected in tubes filled with
pumice stone moistened with sulphuric acid, Liebig potash-
bulbs and tubes filled with dry potash. The mean of the
experiments on graphite gave C = 74.982; those on dia-
mond gave 75.005; the extreme difference was 0.238. The
observers point out that the result would not be affected by
reduction to vacuum. (Annal. de Chimie et de Physique, (8,)
1, 1841, 5.)

Liebig thinks that potash must have been volatilized, and
says that there is no assurance that the oxygen was com-
pletely expelled by air. He also points out that the analyses
of camphor and benzoic acid, accompanying the investiga-
tion, show an excess of carbon for C=75. (Liebig’s
Annal., 38, 1841, 195.)

ErpMany and Marcuanp: 12.009 (O = 16); 75.054
(O'== 100).

Erdmann and Marchand repeated Dumas’ and Stas’ ex-
periments. Five experiments on diamond gave C = 75.028 ;

CARBON. 31

extreme difference, 0.38. Three experiments on natural
and one on artificial graphite gave C = 75.087; extreme
difference, 0.13. The number is the mean of all experi-
ments. Erdmann and Marchand adopt 75. Calcium chlo-
ride was used in these experiments instead of sulphuric
acid to avoid objections as to the possible volatility of the
acid. (rdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 23, 1841, 159.)

BerZELIUS and Ligesiag and REDTENBACHER: 12.119
(Oz 16) 5 (o.741.(O = 100):

Five analyses by Berzelius of the tartrate of lead, the
decomposition being effected by heat, gave 62.7431 per cent.
plumbic oxide; extreme difference, 0.045. Several analyses
of plumbic racemate gave a mean of 62.75 per cent. oxide;
extreme difference, 0.05. The salts were prepared by frac-
tional precipitation of plumbic acetate with tartaric and
racemic acids respectively. They were dried at 100°. (Pog-
gend. Annal., 19, 1830, 306.) From the analyses of the
tartrate Liebig and Redtenbacher calculate C = 75.771, and
from the racemate 75.711, taking Pb = 1294.489 and H =
6.2394. (Liebig’s Annal., 38, 1841, 137.)

Liepie and ReprensacuHEr: 12.137 (O =16); 75.854
(O = 100).

Determined by decomposing known weights. of organic
salts of silver in a covered crucible by heat and weighing
the silver. Five analyses of each of the following salts
showed that 18.6113 Ag = 28.8098 acetate; 9.6171 Ag =
16.223 tartrate; 16.2641 Ag = 27.438 racemate; 16.0596
Ag = 25.9019 malate. If Ag = 1351.607 and H = 6.23894,
the above value for C follows, with an extreme difference
for the 20 analyses of 0.765,(O0 = 100.) The figures are all
calculated for vacuum. [If Ag = 107.93 and H = 1.0025,
the average number obtained from the mean of each set of
analyses gives C = 12.06865 or 75.429.] The acetate was
prepared by partially neutralizing pure acetic acid with
ammonia, precipitating with argenti¢ nitrate and recrystal-
lizing the salt from hot aqueous solution. The crystals
were dried at 103°. The acetic acid was prepared from
plumbie acetate. The tartrate was prepared by adding tar-
trate of sodium and potassium to a hot (80° to 85°) dilute
solution of argentic nitrate till a small permanent precipi-
tate was formed, and cooling the solution. The racemate
was prepared from pure acid racemate of ammonium like
the tartrate. The malate was prepared from calcium

oo ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

malate and argentic nitrate. The salt thus obtained was
dissolved in nitric acid, and reprecipitated with ammonia
added drop by drop, not to complete neutralization, washed
and dried. (Liebig’s Annal., 38, 1841, 139.)

A. Strecker recalculated Liebig and Redtenbacher’s
analyses given above, independently of the atomic weight
of silver, from the difference in their atomic composition,
employing the method of least squares. He found C=
75.415 + 0.061, or 12.066 + 0.01. In the same way, and
from the same analyses he calculated the atomic weight of
silver at 1348.79, or 107.9032. [The close coincidence be-
tween this result and Stas’, is certainly worthy of remark. |
(Liebig’s Annal., 59, 1846, 280.)

Marignac repeated Liebig and Redtenbacher’s experi-
ments and got almost the same results, but, by varying the
method so as to preciude loss by spirting, different ones.
(Liebig’s Annal., 59, 1846, 287.)

Stas had the same experience as Marignac, and also
ascribes Liebig and Redtenbacher’s high results to loss by
spirting. (Bulletin de Acad. Roy. des Sciences de Belgique,
16, 1849, 9.)

C. Marienac: 11.986 (O = 16).

Determined by three analyses of the acetate of silver. The
salt was decomposed by heat in a tube in such a way that
the products of decomposition were forced to pass through
porous silver, and loss by spirting was impossible. 100 parts
of the salt were found to contain a mean of 64.664 silver, with
an extreme difference of 0.005 in vacuo. [If Ag = 107.93,
these figures give the above value.] Marignac regards the
analysis as a confirmation of Dumas and Stas’ determina-
tion. . The acetate was prepared by solution of argentic
carbonate in acetic acid and successive recrystallizations.
(Liebig’s Annal., 59, 1846, 287; Bibl. Univ., Arch. des
Sciences, 1. 1846.)

Strecker believes that the silver in Marignac’s determina-
tion must have retained carbon. (Lbid. 284.)

F. von WrepbeE: 12.019 (O=16); 75.12 (O = 100).

Von Wrede determined the specific gravity of carbon di-
oxide, taking into consideration its variation from the law
of Marriotte. He found it equal to 1.52087 pS

. 1 + at.
He also found the specific gravity of oxygen 1.1052 and

CARBON. 33

that of carbonic oxide 0.96779. Comparison gives C =
75.11 to 75.14. (Berzelius’ Jahresbericht, 22, 1842, 72.) Berze-
lius adopted this determination.

According to Gmelin-Kraut, 7, (2,) 70, Regnault’s value
for the specific gravity of oxygen combined with von Wrede’s
for carbon di-oxide gives C = 12.0037, and with that for car-
bonic oxide C = 12.0105.

J. S. Stas: 12.005 (0 = 16); 75.029 (0 = 100).

Determined by passing carbonic oxide over a known
weight of pure cupric oxide, and weighing the carbon di-
oxide formed. Stas got from eight experiments C = 74.993
to 75.055. [The number taken is the mean of the results,
which is misprinted in Stas’ paper 75.039.] The carbonic
oxide was prepared from oxalic acid by the action of sul-
phuric acid. It was purified from carbon di-oxide by pass-
ing through potash tubes, and from oxygen by passing over
hot copper filings, and was kept in a gasometer over water,
in which was dissolved a solution of stannous oxide in pot-
ash. The cupric oxide was prepared by igniting pure cupric
nitrate. The carbonic acid formed in the experiments was
caught in potash and sulphuric acid tubes. The amount of
carbon di-oxide weighed was from 23 to 67 grammes. The
weighings are reduced to vacuum. (Bulletin de Acad. Roy.
des Sciences de Belgique, 16, 1849, 9.)

GRAPHON.

B. C. Bropie: 33 (O = 16).

By the action of potassic chlorate and nitric acid on gra-
phite, Brodie obtained a compound of carbon, oxygen and
hydrogen containing 11 atoms of carbon, and by the action
of heat on this substance two others containing, respectively,
22 and 66 atoms. The first of these is analogous to the
hydrated oxide of silicon obtained by Buff and Woehler,
if Si= 21. From this fact, and the specific heat of gra-
phite, Brodie concludes that the atomic weight of the
graphitic form of C is 33. (Phil. Trans., 149, 1859, 249.)
Graham-Otto points out that if Si = 28, graphon must be
44, and that, in that case, the argument from the specific
heat loses its applicability.

3

34 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.
CERIUM.

The specific heat of metallic cerium, as determined by
W. F. Hillebrand, is 0.04479, and the atomic heat 6.18 if the
atomic weight is 138. (Poggend. Annal., 158, 1876, 86.)

It is well known that cerium is always accompanied in
nature by lanthanium and didymium. The former was dis-
covered in 1839, and the latter in 1843, both by Mosander.

W. Hisineer: 137.93 (O = 16).

According to Hisinger, as reported by Berzelius, the lower
oxide of cerium contains 14.821 O per 100 Ce, giving the
atomic weight at 574.718 for O = 100, if the lower oxide is
regarded as a protoxide. (Poggend. Annal., 8, 1826, 186.)

T. Tuomson: 150 (O = 16).

Thomson analysed the sulphate and obtained for cerium
the value 625, (O = 100.) [He probably took barium = 70.]
(System of Chem., 7th ed., 1, 1831, 466.)

EH. J: Onno 138.91, (O — 16).

According to Gmelin, Otto found in an approximate de-
termination Ce = 578.8, and recorded it in his revised trans-
lation of Graham’s Chemistry, 7, 1840, 222.

A. Beringer: 138.48 (O = 16).

[Three analyses of cerous chloride with silver give the
atomic weight of cerium at 576.875, or 92.22, if Ag =
107.93, and Cl = 35.457. Inconsistent results are given for
an analysis of the sulphide.] Three analyses of the sul-
phate in which the oxide was determined, gave 57.4717 per
cent. so-called protoxide, [or Ce = 576.31, or 92.21, if S =
82.0742.] Analysis of the formate gave Ce = 577.04 for
C = 75.85. The material for the preparations was ceric
oxide obtained from cerite, and purified from lJanthanium
by digestion with very dilute nitric acid. The lower oxide
was assumed to be Ce O. = (Liebig’s Annal., 42, 1842, 184.)

R. Hermann: 138 (O = 16).

The lower oxide was assumed to be Ce O. 23.523 parts of
anhydrous cerous sulphate gave 29.160 parts of barium sul-
phate, giving Ce=575, for O=100, Ba= 856.88, and
S = 201.16. The salt was obtained by precipitating basic

CERIUM. 35

sulphate from a sulphuric solution of the cerite oxides, and
converting this precipitate into the neutral salt. (drdmann’s
Journ. fiir Prak, Chem., 30, 1848, 184.)

C. RAMMELSBERG: 137.93 (O = 16).

Hermann states that Rammelsberg experimented on
cerium salts free from lanthanium, and got Ce = 574.7, the
lower oxide being supposed to contain one atom of oxygen.
[I cannot find the original paper.] (Lrdmann’s Journ. fiir
Prak, Chem., 30, 1843, 184.)

C. Marienac: 141.79 (O = 16).

The result of seven experiments on the titration of cerous
sulphate, prepared from basic sulphate, with barium chlo-
ride. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 48, 1849, 406;
Bibl. Univ. Arch des Sciences, 8, 265.) Marignac subsequently
made experiments which showed these results to be too high
from the impurity of the barium sulphate precipitate, (see
note to Turner’s determination of Barium,) and that the
number 575 (for O = 100 and cerous oxide Ce O) was more
probable. (Annal. de Chimie et de Physique, (8,) 38, 1853,
148.)

T. KspruuF: 174.56.

Kjerulf obtained, by three organic analyses of cerium
oxalate, Ce = 727.33 on the protoxide theory,O = 100. The
salt was prepared by dissolving cerium oxide in oxalic acid.
(Liebig’s Annal., 87, 1853, 12.) Bunsen points out that this
must have been a basic salt. (Lbid, 105, 1858, 50.)

R. Bunsen and J. JEGEL: 138.192 (O = 16).

The lower oxide was presumed to contain one atom of
oxygen. In two experiments cerous sulphate was decom-
posed with ammonium oxalate. The sulphuric acid thus
liberated was determined with barium sulphate; the ceriuin
oxalate precipitate was decomposed by heat with the forma-
tion of ceric oxide, which was weighed and the additional
oxygen, introduced by heating, determined by iodometrie
titration. The salt was not anhydrous; the water contents
was estimated by difference. The experiments gave respec-
tively 57.49 and 57.46 per cent cerous oxide in the anhydrous
salt, or Ce = 576.3 and 575.25 if S = 200. One experiment

yas made on hydrous cerium oxalate. The cerous oxide
was found as before; the water was determined and the

36 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

oxalic acid was estimated by difference. This gave 60.02
per cent. cerous oxide, calculated for the anhydrous salt, or
Ce = 575.65. The salts were prepared from cerite as fol-
lows: the mineral was digested with sulphuric acid, the
sulphates formed were leached with water and with dilute
nitric acid; this solution was treated with hydrogen sul-
phide, chlorhydric acid was added and cerium oxalate was
precipitated. The oxalate was heated with magnesia to
convert the cerium into the higher oxide, which was dis-
solved in concentrated nitric acid. After diluting the solu-
tion, chemically pure basic sulphate was precipitated. In
the preparation of cerous sulphate and oxalate oxidation
was prevented by the action of sulphurous acid. (Liebiq’s
Annal., 105, 1858, 45.)

C. RaMMELSBERG: 138.216 (O = 16).

One experiment on the organic analysis of cerium oxalate
by heating in a current of oxygen behind copper oxide gave
Ce = 575.9, (0 = 100,) or, 92.144, (0: — 16.) cerous, oxide
being regarded as Ce O. Rammelsberg does not adopt his
own, but Hermann’s determination. (Poggend. Annal., 108,
1859, 44.)

C. Wor: 136.992 (O = 16).

Determined from experiments on the sulphate, prepared
and analyzed as by Bunsen and Jegel. Wolf purified the
basic sulphate by solution in nitric acid and reprecipitation
in hot water, aided by recrystallizations. He found that
the oftener these processes were repeated the smaller was
the atomic weight resulting from the analysis. The purifi-
cations were repeated until the salt was spectroscopically
free from didymium, and was perfectly white, (that employed
by other investigators had been yellowish or buff.) The
value taken, 45.664, [or 4 of 136.992,] was the smallest
and last value reached. The investigation was made in
Bunsen’s laboratory. (Silliman’s Am. Journ., (2,) 46, 1868,
53.)

Co, Wines 2o7.007(O.— 6).

Two experiments were made on the decomposition of
hydrous cerium sulphate with oxalic acid, the cerium oxalate
being converted into ceric oxide by heat. The amount of
cerous oxide in the ceric oxide was calculated according to
Wolf's results, giving for the atomic weight of cerium 45.64
and 45.69, S being 32. The cerium was six times recon-

CHLORINE. 37

verted into basic sulphate, and repeated recrystallizations
were made. - The salt was white and spectroscopically pure.
The determination was made in Gibbs’ laboratory. (Sil/i-
man’s Amer: Journ. (2,) 49, 1870, 356.)

D. MENDELEJEFF: 1388 (O = 16).

Mendelejeff first suggested raising the atomic weight of
cerium from 92 to 138. His reasons were a specific heat
determination which he had made with very impure metal,
and the fact that the supposed sesquioxide had never been
shown to exist. He believes that the atomic weight will
be found somewhat below 138, because that is the atomic
weight of barium. (Liebig’s Annal., suppl., &, 1871, 186.)

H. Bururie: 140.648 (O = 16).

Determined from ten analyses of the hydrous oxalate per-
formed by combustion in a current of pure oxygen behind
copper oxide. The water was collected in tubes filled with
ealcic chloride, and the carbonic acid in potash. Five ex-
periments in which the cerium oxide was not determined
gave a mean of 94.1304, on the supposition that cerous
oxide contains 1 atom of oxygen and that O = 15.96, with
an extreme difference of 0.0445. Five determinations in
which the cerium was determined as ceric oxide gave
94.2260, with an extreme difference of 0.0431. Carbon was
taken at 11.97. The mean result is Ce = 94.1782 for the
above mentioned assumptions, [or 140.648 for O = 16, and
on the supposition that cerous oxide is a sesqui-compound. |
The oxalate was prepared from basic nitrate purified by
Gibbs’ method of oxidation with minium and nitric acid.
The salt was spectroscopically pure. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir
Prak. Chem., 120, 18738, 222.)

CHLORINE.

The density of chlorine gas and the specific heat of chlo-
rine compounds leave no doubt that the atomic weight of
this element is nearly 35.5. (Gmelin-Kraut, l. c.)

Marcet, Berzetius, WoLuaston: 35.28 (0 = 16).

Marcet, by experimenting on the calcination of pure mar-
ble, and on the saturation of chlorhydric acid with lime,

8 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

Qo

found as the mean of many trials, that 50.77 calcie carbo-
nate are equivalent to 56.1 calcic chloride. Wollaston,
taking the equivalent of calcic carbonate at 630, and that
of calcium at 255, calculates the equivalent of chlorine at
441 for 0 = 100. Wollaston cites Berzelius as having ob-
tained the same number by the conversion of plumbic ear-
bonate into chloride. (Phil. Trans., 97, 1807, 301; 104,
1814, 20.)

J. J. BeRzevius: 35.412 (0 =16)5 221-327 (O—
100).

The molecular weight of potassium chloride was ascer-
tained from four experiments on the decomposition of
potassium chlorate, which on being heated lost 39.15 per
cent. oxygen. This gives for the chloride 932.567, (0 =
100.) 100 parts of potassium chloride were further found
equivalent to 192.4 parts argentic chloride, and 100 parts of
silver to 132.75 argentic chloride. The value follows.
Berzelius in his Lehrbuch accepts Marignac’s determination
and ascribes the error of the value he had obtained to the
imperfect decomposition of that portion of the chlorate
which was carried off as dust during the experiment. (Pog-
gend. Annal., 8, 1826, 17; also Lehrbuch der Chemie, 3, 1189,
dao.)

EK. TuRNER: 35.42 (O = 16).

Turner made two experiments on the decomposition of
plumbie chloride with argentic nitrate. Assuming the
atomic weight of lead at 103.6, and that 100 silver = 152.8
chloride, these analyses gave Cl = 35.43 and 35.48. Turner
also decomposed corrosive sublimate with calcie oxide neu-
tralized with nitric acid and precipitated with argentic
nitrate. If mercury = 201, these analyses give a maximum
of 35.28, and a minimum of 35.21, of which Turner selects
the largest. From calomel treated in the same way, he
arrived at the value 35.35. From his experiments on the
composition of argentic chloride (and apparently compari-
son with potassic chloride and chlorate) Turner got
35.45. The mean of the other experiments was 35.35, but
Turner considers 35.42 as being the most likely value. The
plumbum chloride was prepared from the carbonate, and
was purified by recrystallization, as was also the corrosive
sublimate. The calomel was “ prepared by Mr. Howard,”
and retained traces of moisture at 300°, which would make
the atomic weight derived from its analysis too small. The
values are for vacuum. (Phil. Trans., 123, 1833, 529.)

CHLORINE. 39

F. Penny: 35.454 (O = 16).

Six experiments on the conversion of silver into nitrate
gave 100 Ag = 157.441 nitrate; extreme difference, 0.028.
Twelve experiments by three different methods on the con-
version of silver into chloride gave 100 Ag = 132.837 chlo-
ride. Four series of experiments on the interconversion of
potassic chloride, chlorate and nitrate gave for the difference
between the molecular weights of the chloride and the
nitrate 26.56. Corresponding experiments with sodium
salts gave the same difference 26.568. The mean combined
with the data for the silver salts gives the molecular weight
of argentic chloride at 148.424, and Cl = 35.454. For fur-
ther details see Penny’s determinations of potassium, sodium,
nitrogen and silver. The weighings were calculated for
vacuum. (Phil. Trans., 129, 1839, 32.*)

R. Painurrs: 35.688 (O = 16).

In order to avoid the error possibly incurred by the melt-
ing,of argentic chloride, ete., Phillips mixed known and
nearly equivalent quantities of silver dissolved in nitric acid,
or of crystallized argentic nitrate, with ammonium chloride ;
filtered, washed, and precipitated the comparatively minute
amount of chlorine in the filtrate with silver solution. The
fusion of this small quantity could cause no loss of import-
ance. Phillips confesses that his ammonium chloride was
acid and the only conclusions he draws are that Cl = 36,
N=14, 0O=8 and H =1 may be taken without consider-
able error if silveris 108. [The method seems to have been
original and is nearly that afterwards adopted by Pelouze.
The acidity of the ammonium chloride would of course give
Cl too high.] (Phil. Trans., 129, 1839, 35.)

C. Marienac: 36.001 (0 = 16); 225.007 (O = 100).

Determined by passing chlorhydric acid gas over hot
cupric oxide and condensing the water formed. The mean
of three experiments was Cl = 450.013; the extreme differ-
ence is 0.2 for O=100. The gas was made from recrys-

* This is one of the most elegant investigations of the kind to be found
in chemical literature, though it scarcely receives a mention except from
Stas, who accords to it the praise it deserves. Stas’ wonderfully exhaustive
researches were necessary to prove beyond question that chemistry has a
mathematical basis, and that the atomic weights of the elements are incom-
mensurate. Penny’s investigation, taken in connection with Stas’, shows
that the highest degree of accuracy is not incompatible with the simplest
means when they are applied with the care and acumen, without which
exact results cannot, under any circumstances, be obtained.

‘

40) ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

tallized sea-salt and concentrated sulphuric acid and was
dried by passing through nine tubes filled with sulphuric
acid and pummice stone and with calcium chloride. The
water was collected in a condenser to which drying tubes
were appended. (Paris Comptes Rendus, 14, 1842, 570.)

A. Laurent: 35.468 (0 =16); 221.672 (O = 100).

Determined by three analyses of chloronaphthalintetrach-
loride, which he found to contain 58.22; 58.29; 58.28; per
cent. Cl. The mean is 58.27 from which the value follows.
(Paris Comptes Rendus, 14, 1842, 456.) _

According to Maumené, Laurent confessed that his salt
was impure, containing chlorose compounds, in Gerhardt’s
Comptes Rendus, 1845, 108. (Annal. de Chimie et de Physique,
(8,) 78, 1846, 45.)

C. Martenac: 95.87 (0 =16); 221.07 (O = 100).

One synthesis of argentic chloride showed that 100 silver
equals 32.74 chlorine. Berzelius had found 32.75, which
Marignac adopts. Marignac found by six experiments on
the decomposition of potassie chlorate by heat, that the
molecular weight of potassic chloride was 932.14. He tested
the equivalence of potassic and argentic chlorides by pre-
cipitating the former with argentic nitrate, filtering with-
out the use of paper througha funnel with a capillary neck.
The precipitate was dried and weighed, then melted and
reweighed, no loss being observable. 100 potassium chlo-
ride gave 192.33 and 192.84 argentic chloride in two ex-
periments, or reduced to vacuum, 192.26. Hence the atomic
weight is 442.13. The potassic chloride was prepared by
heating chlorate which had been purified by repeated
recrystallizations. (Liebig’s Annal., 44, 1842, 23.)

C. Marienac: 35.456 (O =16); 221.6 (O = 100).

In accordance with Pelouze’s suggestion, Marignac re-
peated his determination of the composition of argentic
chloride and of the equivalence of potassic and argentic
chlorides, retaining the molecular weight of potassic chlo-
ride mentioned in the last paragraph. That value was
obtained from the mean of six experiments on the decom-
position of the chlorate which gave the percentage of oxygen
at from 39.155 to 39.167; mean 39.161. Pelouze had got, as
the mean of three experiments, 39.157. (Paris Comptes Rendus,
15, 1842, 959.) Marignac made eleven experiments on the
equivalence of silver and potassium chloride by Pelouze’s

CHLORINE. 41

method, a known weight of silver being dissolved in nitric
acid and added to a known and nearly equivalent amount
of potassic chloride in solution, after which the excess was
titrated with decimal standard solution. 100 parts of silver
were precipitated by from 69.049 to 69.067, in mean by
69.062 chloride. 100 parts of chloride were precipitated by
from 192.33 to 192.37, in mean by 192.348 silver. Five
experiments were made on the composition of argentic
chloride by dissolving silver in nitric acid, with precautions
against loss by spirting, precipitation with chlorhydric acid,
washing, drying, melting and weighing in the same vessel.
100 parts of silver gave from 132.825 to 132.844 chloride,
mean 132.84. Calculation from these data gives in vacuo
Ag = 1349.01; K = 488.94; Cl = 443.20; for O = 100 [or
A — NOT DE 5) Ki 99.115 5\\ Cl ==80-406, for: O —= 16.]
(Berzelius’ Jahresbericht, 24, 1844, 58; Bibl. Univ., 46, 1843,
300.)

C. GERHARDT: 86 (O =16).

By heating potassic chlorate in a current of oxygen Ger-
hardt got, when he took precautions against loss by spirt-
ing, a mean of 60.949 chloride, from which he deduces 86
for chlorine without giving further data. (Paris Comptes
Rendus, 21, 1845, 1280.) Marignac shows that no data have
ever been published which, in connection with Gerhardt’s
experiments, would give this value for chlorine. He adds
further experiments of his own which, without aiming to
establish more exactly the true atomic weight, prove it less
than 36 (Liebig’s Annal., 59, 1846, 284; Bibl. Univ., Arch.
des Sciences, 1, 1846.)

EK. J. Maumené: 35.462 (O = 16).

Maumené made seven aualyses of argentic chloride by
reduction in a current of pure hydrogen. Five of these ex-
periments were made with quantities less than 10 grammes,
and gave a mean of 100 silver = 32.736 Cl. Two experi-
ments were made with about 30 grammes each, and gave 100
silver equal to 82.86 and 32.853 chlorine. Maumené pre-
fers the latter, and deduces from them for chlorine the value
443.67 or 35.494 taking silver according to his own experi-
ments at 1350.32. [If silver is taken at 107.93 (Stas) the
same analyses give 35.462.] (Annal. de Chimie et de Physique.
(3,) 18, 1846, 41.)

42 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

A. Laurent: 35.5 (0 =16); 221.88 (O = 100).

A single experiment was made as follows: pure silver
was weighed off and placed in a matrass, nitric and chlor-
hydric acids were added, the liquid was evaporated and
the chloride melted. An empty test was carried on at the
same time to act as tare. Silver was taken at 1350. (Paris
Comptes Rendus, 20, 1849, 5.)

J. Dumas: 35.5 (O = 16).

Determined by chloridizing different weights of pure silver
by heating the metal in a current of chlorine. Experiments
on 10 grammes and 20 grammes gave a mean of 35.5055,
the difference being 0.013, for chlorine, if silver is 108.
(Annal. de Chimie et de Physique, (8,) 55, 1859, 135.)

J. 8. Stas: 35.457 (O = 16).

Stas found the atomic weight of chlorine by three inde-
pendent methods:

(1.) From analysis of argentic chlorate and synthesis of
argentic chloride. A known weight of the chlorate was
dissolved in water, precipitated with sulphuric acid to secure
advantageous division of the salt, and reduced while in
suspension by aslow stream of sulphurous anhydride. The
chloride was washed, dried, and weighed in the flask in which
it was produced. The minute amount of chloride present
in the chlorate was collected and taken into consideration,
and the wash-water was carefully examined for silver. Two
analyses (of about 140 and 260 grammes) gave for the
molecular weight of the chloride 143.383 and 143.407, mean
143.395. <A variety of syntheses of argentic chloride in the
wet and in the dry way showed that 100 parts silver com-
bined with nearly 32.850 parts chlorine. Stas assumes that
none of his syntheses can possibly have given too much
chloride and accepts the relation stated. These data give
Cl = 35.458.

(2.) From the mutual relations of potassic chlorate and
chloride and argentic chloride, combined with the composi-
tion of the last. The chlorate was decomposed either by
gentle heat or in the wet way with chlorhydric acitl. 100
parts of chlorate were found to contain 60.846 parts chlo-
ride as the mean of eight experiments ; extreme difference,
0.012, which gives the molecular weight of potassic chloride
at 74.59. The relation between potassic and argentic chlo-
ride was ascertained by Pelouze’s method, (see Marignac’s

CHROMIUM. 43

determination above.) Twenty experiments on quantities
of 32 grammes, and less, of silver gave 100 parts Ag =
69.103 parts KCl; extreme difference, 0.008. These data
combined with the composition of argentic chloride given
above, indicate for chlorine 35.460.

(3.) The composition of argentic nitrate was determined,
and the difference between the atomic weights of nitrogen
and chlorine. In two experiments silver was dissolved in
nitric acid, the solution evaporated to dryness, and the
nitrate kept melted until there was no further loss of
weight. The result obtained was that 100 silver = 157.484
nitrate; difference, 0.008. rom series of experiments on
the relation of the chlorides of potassium, sodium, lithium
and silver to the nitrates, Stas found the difference between
a chloride and a nitrate from 26.586 to 26.591; mean 26.588.
These data show that the atomic weight of chlorine lies
between 35.455 and 35.460, and confirm the mean of all the
determinations of Penny, Marignac, and Stas, 35.457. The
silver for this investigation was either distilled or compared
with distilled silver; it was found impossible to reduce
the amount of silica in the alkaline salts below 0.002 of one
per cent., it was therefore determined and allowed for;
every possible method of purification by recrystallization
and otherwise was resorted to to ensure purity. The weigh-
ings are all reduced to vacuum. (Stas, Unters. tiber Chem.
Proport., Leipzig, 1867.)

CHROMIUM.

The specific heat of chromium, as determined from that
of the oxide by Kopp, Regnault, and Neumann, corresponds
to an atomic heat of from 5.4 to 5.98, if the atomic weight
is taken at 52.4. (Gmelin-Kraut, I. c.)

J.J. Berzeiius: 56.29 (O = 16); 351.819 (O = 100).

100 parts of plumbic nitrate, on precipitation with potas-
sic chromate, gave 98.772 parts plumbie chromate. The
value follows for Pb = 1294.498, and N = 88.518. (Poggend.
Annal., 8, 1826, 22.)

T. THomson: 64 (O = 16); 400 (O = 100).

3.14 grains of metallic chromium, converted into chromic
acid by heating with potash and nitre, gave a precipitate of
16.23 grains plumbic chromate. (Phil. Trans., 117, 1827,
159.)

44 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

EH. Peuigot: 52.48 (O = 16); 328 (O = 100).

Peligot reached this value by a careful carbon determina-
tion of chromous acetate, produced by precipitating a dilute
solution of chromium protochloride with sodium acetate,
C=75. Peligot does not regard the experiment as defini-
tive, the salt possessing but little stability. (Annal. de
Chimie et de Physique, (3,) 12, 1844, 527.)

N. J. Bertin: 52.54 (O =16); 328.89 (O = 100).

Five experiments were made on the decomposition of
argentic chromate with chlorhydric acid and alcohol. The
silver chloride was washed in the flask in which it was pre-
cipitated, treated with aqua regia, melted and weighed with-
out removal. The decanted fluid and the wash-water were
evaporated to dryness with excess of ammonia, treated with
water and the chromium oxide filtered off, heated to redness
and weighed. [Nothing is said of the recovery of any
argentic chloride that might have been removed by the
decantation.] The value taken is calculated from the com-
parison of the amounts of argentic chloride and of chro-
mium oxide obtained, Ag = 1349.66; Cl = 443.28. The
extreme difference is 1, forO =100. The argentic chro-
mate was prepared by adding nitrate to a solution of potassic
chromate. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 38, 1846,
145.)

V. A. Jacquenin: 560.08 (O = 16); 313 (0 = 100).

By washing and purifying violet chromium chloride,

Jacquelain obtained a substance which he took to be the

pure chloride and which was more soluble than the un-

purified salt. He analysed it by melting with soda, and

arrived at the above number. (Liebig’s Annal., 64, 1847,
275 ; fevue Scient., 14, 198.)

A. Mopere: 53.563 (0 = 16); 334.769 (O = 100).

Moberg made twelve experiments on the decomposition
of chromium salts by heat. In two cases the sulphate
dried at a low red heat was decomposed by strong ignition
in a platinum crucible ; the results being, 335.65 and 335.29
for chromium. ‘Ten experiments were made on the decom-
position of ammonium-chromium-alum which had been
dried in a pulverized state for a long time. These deter-
minations gave from 333.965 to 335.739. The value taken
is the mean. The alum employed was prepared from pure
material, and was repeatedly recrystallized. S=200; N=
87.5. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 43, 1848, 115.)

CHROMIUM. 45

J. Lerort: 52.97 (O = 16).

Determined by fourteen experiments on the precipitation
of barium with sulphuric acid from a nitric acid solution of
barium chromate. The barium chromate was prepared by
precipitating potassium chromate with barium nitrate and
drying the precipitate at 250°. [If these analyses are cal-
culated for barium = 137 and S = 82, they give 100 barium
chromate = 60.244 barium oxide, extreme difference, 0.26,
and the atomic weight as above. Lefort seems to have
taken Ba = 136.72. Berlin points out the correction which
I have verified.] (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 51,
1850, 261; Journ. de Pharm. et de Chim., 18, 27.)

R. WILDENSTEIN : 53.485 (O = 16).

Determined by thirty-two experiments on the precipitation
of barium chloride, desiccated at a red heat, by pure, neutral
potassic chromate. The mean of these analyses gave 100
barium chromate = 81.70 barium chloride; extreme difter-
ence 0.35. Wildenstein calculates 334.48 without giving
the assumption for chlorine. [If Cl = 35.457; Ba = 137,
the value follows.] (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 59,
1853, 28.)

F. Kessuer: 52.3 (O = 16).

Kessler reached this value by comparing the oxidizing
action of potassic chromate with that of potassic chlorate on
arsenious acid. Six experiments were made on the oxidiz-
ing power of the chromate and twelve on that of the chlorate
by a method of titration. By combining the maximum of
one with the minimum of the other series, Kessler finds the
atomic weight of chromium between 25.93 and 26.40; in
mean 26.15, K being = 39.12 and Cl = 35.45. Confirma-
tory experiments were made on the oxidation of ferrous
chloride in the same way. These gave a mean of 26.1.
(Poggend. Annal., 113, 1861, 187 ; 95, 1855, 208.)

M. Stewart: 52.094 (O = 16).

Determined from the amount of chlorine in sublimed
violet chromium chloride. Siewart criticises Kessler’s de-
termination and deduces from the latter’s data a value 25.02.
(Kopp’s Jahresbericht, 14, 1861, 240; Halle, Zeitschr. fiir die
Gesammt. Naturwis., 17, 530.)

Kessler points out that the number 25.02 is a misprint in
the Jahresbericht, and that Siewart’s paper ascribes to him
the value 26.02. (Poggend. Ann., 117, 1862, 352.)

46 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

COBALT.

The atomic heat of cobalt as determined by Regnault is
6.27 if the atomic weight is assumed at 58.8. (Gmelin-
Kraut, l. ¢c.)

K. Rotuorr: 58.98 (O = 16); 368.65 (O = 100).

269.2 parts of cobalt oxide converted into neutral cobalt-
ous chloride and precipitated with argentic nitrate gave
1029.9 argentic chloride, according to Berzelius’ report.
(Poggend. Annal., 8, 1826, 185.) Berzelius recalculates this
analysis for Cl = 221.64 and Ag = 1349.66, and gets the
value taken. (Berzelius’ Lehrbuch, 3, 1220.)

R. ScHnemDER: 60.006 (O = 16); 375.04 (O = 100).

Determined from four analyses of the oxalate. The car-
bon was determined as in organic analysis; the metal by
heating a known weight of the salt first in acurrent of air,
then in one of oxygen, and by reduction of the oxide in hydro-
gen. The mean of the four analyses gave cobalt at 30.003,
with an extreme difference of 0.026 for C=6. The
oxalate was prepared by converting the chemically pure
cobalt of commerce into roseo-cobaltie chloride, from which
the metal was again reduced, then dissolved in chlorhydric
acid and carbonate precipitated, which was digested with
oxalic acid. (Poggend. Annal., 101, 1857, 398.)

Marignac objects to this determination that the oxalate,
being insoluble, may very likely have retained portions of
the carbonate which could not be removed by washing.
(Bibl. Univ., Arch. des Sciences, (2,) 1, 1858, 372.)

Schneider answers that he obtained nearly identical results
from lots prepared at different times, and that he believes
that he has convinced himself that the oxalate contained no
carbonate. (Poggend. Annal., 107, 1859, 610.)

Gibbs, reporting Schneider’s determination, remarks:
“Very numerous and carefully made analyses of the ammo-
nium-cobalt bases, executed in my laboratory, indicate 29.5
as the true equivalent of cobalt.” (Silliman’s Amer. Journ.,
(2,) 25, 1858, 438.)

C. Marranac: about 59 (O = 16).

Five experiments were made on the decomposition of
cobalt sulphate by heat. This salt can be readily dried
without decomposition, and the acid is completely driven
off by heat, but the resulting protoxide contains a slight

COBALT. 47

excess of oxygen. In order to remove this excess it was
melted under a known weight of an acid silicate of lead.
The results for cobalt varied from 29.32 to 29.38. The sul-
phate was purified by recrystallization. Marignac also ex-
perimented on the chloride. The weight of this salt varies
greatly with the moisture of the atmosphere when crystal-
lized, and attempts to desiccate it usually result in the
formation of some insoluble compound. Three analyses of
chloride appearing to contain one molecule of water, and
dried at 100°, performed by titration with silver solution,
gave cobalt at 29.42 to 29.51. Five experiments were made
in the same way on chloride either melted in acurrent of
chlorine or of chlorhydric acid gas, or calcined with ammo-
nium chloride. These determinations gave from 29.36 to
29.42. (Bibl. Univ., Arch. des Sciences, (2,) 1, 1858, 374.)
[Marignac, in another investigation in the same volume,
takes Ag = 108; Cl = 35.5.]

J. Dumas: 59 (O = 16).

Determined by five experiments on the titration of cobalt
chloride with silver. The mean result for cobalt was 29.542 ;
extreme difference 0.09; Ag=108; Cl = 385.5. The chlo-
ride was prepared by dissolving pure cobalt in aqua regia,
evaporating in the presence of excess of chlorhydric acid
and heating to redness in a current of chlorhydric acid gas.
In two of the determinations cobalt from a different lot,
which had been heated in a vacuum was employed. (Annal.
de Chimie et de Physique, (8,) 55, 1859, 148.)

W. J. RussEwi: 58.74 (O = 16).

Determined by fifteen experiments on the reduction of
cobalt oxide in hydrogen. ‘The value is the mean; the ex-
treme difference is 0.19. To obtain pure cobalt oxide
Claudet’s salt was prepared, purified by recrystallization,
etc., reduced in hydrogen, the metal dissolved in nitric acid
and the resulting salt decomposed by heating in a stream
of carbon di-oxide. (Chem. Soc. Journ., (2,) 1, 1863, 57.)

Schneider considers that no sufficient precautions were
taken to exclude air in these experiments, and that higher
oxides were formed. (Poggend. Annal., 130, 1867, 310.)

E. von SommMaruea: 60 (O = 16).

Determined by seven experiments on the reduction of
purpureocobaltic chloride in a current of hydrogen. The
mean of the experiments is 29.965; four of them give a

48 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

mean 29.996. The extreme difference is 0.093. The salt
was prepared by solution of the carbonate in chlorhydric
acid, addition of ammonia in excess, exposure to the air,
washing of the precipitate with acidulated, then with pure
water and drying at 110°. A special examination showed
it free from other metals. Sommaruga took Cl = 35.5;
N=14. (EHrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 100, 1867, 118 ;
Sitz.-Bericht der k. k. Akad., 1866.) ~

C. WINKLER: 59 (O = 16).

This value is derived from the mean of five experiments
on the precipitation of gold from a solution of neutral
erystallized chloride of gold and sodium. The metallic
cobalt employed was prepared by the reduction of purpureo-
cobaltic chloride. The latter was made from oxide, and was
purified by recrystallization. Gold was assumed at 196.
The mean of the results was 29.496; extreme difference,
0.071. (Hresenius’ Zeitschr. fiir Anal. Chem., 6, 1867, 22.)

P. WELESKY: 58.98 (O16):

Determined from the analysis of cobalti-cyanides, per-
formed by drying the salt at 100°, and heating to redness,
first in a current of oxygen then of hydrogen. Four experi-
ments with phenylammonium-cobalti-cyanide gave cobalt at
from 29.38 to 29.59. Two experiments with ammonium-
cobalti-cyanide gave from 29.46 to 29.55. Mean, 29.48;
extreme difference, 0.21. A single experiment by Winkler’s
method gave 29.42. (Berlin, Bericht der Chem. Gres., 2, 1869,
592.)

W. J. Russet: 58.76 (O = 16).

Determined by the amount of hydrogen set free by the
solution of cobalt in hydrochloric acid. The value is the
mean of 2 (or 4%) trials. The cobalt employed was that
reduced by Russel in his former experiments on the same
atomic weight. (Chem. News, 20, 1869, 20.)

R. H. Lee: 59.10 (0 = 16).

Determined by analysis of cobalti-cyanide salts. They
were decomposed in a crucible by heating from above. The
carbon separated was burned off in air and then in oxygen,
and the metallic oxide reduced in hydrogen. Six experi-
ments on the strychnine salt gave a mean of 59.05. Six
experiments on the brucine salt gave 59.15. Six experi-

COPPER. 49

ments, made with especial care, on the reduction of pur-
pureo-cobaltic chloride by hydrogen gave 59.09. (Reported
by Gibbs. Berlin, Bericht der Chem. Gres., 4, 1871, 789.)

COPPER.

Regnault, Kopp, and others have determined the specific
heat of copper. It corresponds to an atomic heat of about
6if the atomic weight is taken at 63.3. (Gmelin-Kraut, l. c.)

R. Cuenevix: F. H. Wo.taston: 64(0 = 16); 400
(O = 100.)

Chenevix found 20 parts of oxygen equivalent to 100 parts
of copper, whence Wollaston deduces the atomic weight.
(Phil. Trans., 104, 1814, 21.)

J. J. Berzerius: 63.296 (O = 16); 395.6 (0 = 100).

Determined by two experiments on the reduction of cupric
oxide with hydrogen, which gave 395.695 and 395.507. The
water was not weighed. (Poggend. Annal., 8,1826, 182; and
Lehrbuch, 3, 1216.)

ERpMANN and Marcuanp: 63.456 (0 =16); 396.6
(O = 100.) 7

Determined by four experiments on the reduction of
large quantities of cupric oxide in a current of hydrogen.
The hydrogen was displaced by air after the completion of
the reduction. The weight of the oxide and of the copper
were reduced to vacuum, but not that of the weights em-
ployed. To obtain pure cupric oxide, pure vitrol was pre-
pared and electrolytically décomposed. The copper thus
obtained was dissolved in nitric acid, and the nitrate decom-
posed by heat. The value is the mean; the extreme differ-
ence is 0.056 for O = 8, or 0.112 for O = 16. (Hrdm. Journ.
fiir Prak. Chem., 31, 1844, 389.)

Berzelius points out that these analyses vary among them-
selves much more than his own. He makes the difference
somewhat greater than it really is by neglecting the reduc-
tion to vacuum. (Jbid., 37, 1846, 72.)

Hampe shows that these analyses, correctly calculated,
give Cu= 63.46. (Zeitschr. fiir Berg Hiitten-und-Sal- Wesen
im Preus. St., 21, 1873, 261.)

t

50 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

J. Dumas: 63.5 (O = 16).

Dumas says that experiments on the reduction of cupric
oxide and on the sulphidation of copper have shown him
that the atomic weight of copper lies between 31.5 and 32,
near 31.75, but that his experiments cannot be regarded as
decisive. (Annal. de Chimie et de Physique, (3,) 55, 1859, 129.)

Mitton and ComMAILLE: 63.128 (O=16); 394.55
(O = 100).

These (three) experiments were in most respects a repeti-
tion of Erdmann and Marchand’s. The value is the mean;
the extreme difference is 0.49 for O = 100, or 0.0784 for O
=16. The sulphate was prepared free from iron or zine
by dissolving copper in ammoniacal sulphate or nitrate.
The oxide was obtained by heating the nitrate. (Paris
Comptes Rendus, 56, 1863, 1249; and 57, 1863, 145.)

Fresenius sees no reason for preferring this to Erdmann
and Marchand’s value. (Mresenius’ Zeitschr. fiir Anal. Chem.,
2, 1863, 474.)

W. Hamre: 63.3296 (O = 16).

In three experiments cupric oxide was reduced in a cur-
rent of hydrogen with all possible precautions. The hydro-
gen was displaced by air before weighing, though it was
shown by experiment that porous copper does not condense
hydrogen. ‘The metal was heated till incipient melting was
observed. The reduction and melting were repeated “Wwith-
out altering the weight. Hampe attempted to control his
results by reconverting the metal into oxide, but was unable
to effect complete oxidation. The water produced by the
reduction was found to be perfectly pure. The mean result
was Cu = 31.6696, maximum, 31.6729, minimum, 31.6648.
The oxide was prepared from metallic copper. ‘To obtain
pure metallic copper, sulphate free from bismuth was elec-
trolytically decomposed, the finely divided metal well washed,
then melted, firstin a current of carbon di-oxide, afterwards
in hydrogen, and then again in carbon di-oxide. From the
metal, basic nitrate was formed and from this salt, by heat-
ing first in air and then in oxygen, oxide. In two experi-
ments the atomic weight of copper was determined by
decomposing cupric sulphate by electrolysis, and weighing
the metal. The residual fluid was ey aporated, and a minute
amount of copper, which had escaped decomposition, was

DIDYMIUM. oul:

recovered and determined as sulphide. ForS = 16.037 and
O = 8, these experiments gave Cu = 31.6577 and 31.66.
The value taken is the mean of the two series. All weigh-
ings were reduced to vacuum. (Zeitschr. fiir Berg Hiitien-
und Sal.- Wesen im Preus. St., 21, 1873, 260.)

DIDYMIUM.

W. F. Hillebrand found the specific heat of this metal
0.04563, which corresponds to an atomic heat of 6.60 for
an atomic weight of 144.78. (Poggend. Annal., 158, 1876, 78.)

C. Marienac: 148.8 (0 =16); 930 (0 = 100).

Determined by decomposing disulphate with barium chlo-
ride. Assuming the lower oxide as a prot-oxide, he calcu-
Jated the atomic weight at 620. As Marignae was not
confident of the purity of his salt, and subsequently became
certain that the method was untrustworthy, details are
unnecessary. (Liebig’s Annal., 71, 1849, 313.)

C. Marienac: 143.81 (0 = 16); 898.8 (0 = 100).

Five experiments were made on the sulphate by decom-
position with ammonium oxalate. The didymium oxalate
was heated to redness, and the resulting oxide weighed.
On the assumption that the oxide was protoxide, these
determinations gave a mean of 598.2 for Di, with an ex-
treme difference of 2.5. Three experiments were made on
the chloride, the insoluble oxychloride, which is unavoida-
ble in drying the salt, being separated. The chlorine was
determined with silver, and the Di as in the previous experi-
ments. These determinations gave Di at 600.2, with an
extreme difference of 5.2 for Cl = 443.2 and S= 200. The
salts were prepared from cerite. The cerium was extracted
by treatment at first with dilute and afterwards with con-
centrated nitric acid. The sulphates of Di and La were
separated by partial precipitation with oxalie acid and by
partial recrystallization. (Annal. de Chimie et de Phys., (3,)
38, 1853, 148.)

R. Hermann: 142.44 (0 = 16); 890.25 (O = 100).

In one experiment sulphate which had been heated to a
low red heat, was dissolved, decomposed with ammonium

52 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

oxalate, the precipitate incinerated and the oxide weighed.
The result was Di = 594.46, on the prot-oxide hypothesis,
for S = 200. In one experiment the chloride was decom-
posed with argentic nitrate, oxychloride being filtered off
and allowed for, and the argentic chloride weighed. This
experiment gave Di = 592.54 for Cl = 443.2. For the prep-
aration of the salt see Lanthanium. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fur
Prak. Chem., 82, 1861, 387.)

H. Zscutrscue: About 144 (O = 16).

In five experiments the sulphate was exposed to a white
heat until the weight became constant and the oxide on
being tested showed no traces of sulphur. The results
varied from Di= 46.585 to 48.08, probably, Zschiesche
thinks, on account of the presence of La. S=16. Di was
separated from La by the partial precipitation of the nitrates
with oxalic acid, the first portion falling being redissolved,
and the partial precipitation repeated twenty times. (Hrd-
mann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 107, 1869, 74.

C. Erk: 142.695 (O = 16).

The sulphate was decomposed with ammonium oxalate,
the oxalate incinerated and the oxide weighed. The sul-
phuric acid was also precipitated as barium salt, and
weighed. Three experiments gave a mean of Di = 95.13,
on the prot-oxide hypothesis, with an extreme difference of
0.78. The Di salt was found to contain yttrium which was
removed by repeated fractional precipitation with sodium
sulphate. This re-agent precipitates a double salt of Di and
sodium. The purification was continued until the atomic
weight became constant. (Kopp’s Jahresbericht, 1870, 319
Jena’ sche Zeitschr, fiir Med. und Nat., 6,299.) |

Casselmann thinks that the salt may still have retained
yttrium, and Fresenius objects to the barium sulphate
determination on the well-known grounds. (Fresenius’
Zeitschr, 10, 510.)

D. MENnDELEJEFF: 138 (O = 16).

From the analogy between Di and cerium and other
elements, and from the fact that it forms two oxides, Men-
delejeff believes that its lower oxide is a sesqui-oxide and
its atomic weight 138. Mendelejeff points out that an
error is to be apprehended in the received values from the
fact that we have no guarantee of the pureness of Di salts
can recrystallization. (Liebig’s Annal. Suppl. 8, 1871,

ERBIUM. 5S

P. T. Cuzve: 147.01 (0 = 16).

Determined by the conversion of didymium oxide into sul-
phate. The number is the mean of six experiments; ex-
treme difference 0.58. The Di was separated from lantha-
nium by repeated precipitations of basic nitrate from nitric
acid solution, conversion into formate and decomposition of
this salt by heat. (Kopp’s Jahresbericht, 1874, 259. Bulle-
tin Soe. Chimique, (2,) 21, 246.)

W. I. Hintepranp: 144.78 (O = 16).

Determined by one experiment on the conversion of
metallic Di into nitrate, and then, by heat, into oxide. The
impurities were determined. The metal was reduced elec-
trolytically from the chloride. (Poggend. Annal., 158, 1876,
78.)

ERBIUM.

The physical and chemical analogies of the salts of this
element have led Mendelejeff (Liebig’s Annal., Suppl. 8, 1871,
195,) and P. T. Cleve (Kopp’s Jahresbericht, 1874, 260; Bul-
letin Soc. Chimique, (2,) 21, 844,) to regard it as triatomic,
and its atomic weight as about 170.

M. DenaFontaInE: 113.04 (O = 16).

M. Delafontaine investigated gadolinite by Mosander’s
method, and obtained besides yttrium, two substances which
he regarded as erbium and terbium. From the sulphates,
in which he supposed the metals to exist as protoxides, he
determined erbium at 496 and terbium at 471 for O = 100.
Popp (Liebig’s Annalen, 131, 189,) and Bunsen and Bahr
(lbid, 137, 1,) have shown that Mosander’s method gives
only mixtures. Delafontaine’s terbinm is thought to have
been chiefly the erbium of other chemists. (Liebig’s Annal.,
184, 1865, 108.)

Baur and Bunsen: 168.9 (O = 16).

A known weight of erbium oxide was treated with a very
slightly excessive quantity of sulphuric acid; the solution
evaporated and the excess of acid driven off at as low a
temperature as possible. The increase of weight indicates
112.6 forS = 32. The oxide was prepared from gadoli-

54 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

nite. The mineral was decomposed with chlorhydric acid,
and the earths precipitated with oxalic acid. The oxalates
were converted into nitrates, the cerium metals separated
with potassic sulphate, and calcium and magnesium with
ammonia. If the nitrates of yttrium and erbium are dis-
solved in boiling water, basic erbium nitrate with some
yttrium crystallizes out, leaving yttrium nitrate with some
erbium in solution. The process of partial crystallization
was continued as long as the atomic weight of the erbium
salt continued increasing. Bahr and Bunsen believe, how-
ever, that the atomic weight may be some hundredths higher.
The salt was spectroscopically free from didymium. (Liebig’s
Annal., 137, 1866, 2.)

P. T. Creve and O. M. Horetunp: 170.55 (O = 16).

Determined from four syntheses of the sulphate, giving
113.7 on the diatomic hypothesis. The oxide was purified
by heating the nitrates, ete., according to Berlin. (Blom-
strand in Berlin, Ber. der Chem. Ges., 1873, 1467; Bull. Soc.
Chimique, 1873, 193 and 289.)

FLUORINE.

Dumas and Peligot and others have determined the vapor-
density of a number of fluorine compounds. They corres-
pond to an atomic weight of about 19. (L. Meyer, I. c.)

HH, Davy: 18.86 (© =6):

Determined by the conversion of Derbyshire spar into sul-
phate. 100 parts of spar gave a maximum of 175.2 parts
calcic sulphate. [If S= 32; Ca=40; the value follows. ]
(Phil. Trans., 104, 1814, 64.)

J.J. BERZELIUS: 18.85 (O = 16).

Determined by conversion of calcic fluoride into sulphate.
100 parts fluoride gave, in mean of three experiments, 175
parts sulphate; extreme difference, 0.2. [If S=32; Ca
= 40; the value follows.] (Poggend. Annal., 8, 1826, 18,
and Lehrbuch, 3, 1196.)

GALLIUM. 55

PP; Lopyan2 19) (O'== 16),

Determined by six experiments on the conversion of fluor-
spar into calcic sulphate. The mean result was 100 parts
spar equal 174.86 sulphate, with an extreme difference of
0.38. Spar from Derbyshire was pulverized, digested with
chlorhydrie acid, and the foreign matter removed by lutra-
tion in water. It was completely dissolved in sulphurie acid,
the excess of which was driven off by heat continued
till a constant weight was obtained. == 200; Ca = 250.
(rdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 47,1849, 104; Annal. de
Chim. et de Phys., (8,) 25, 1849, 291.)

EK. Fremy.

This chemist says that his analyses essentially confirm
Berzelius’ determination. (Annal. de Chimie et de Phys., (3,)
47, 1856, 27.)

Je Dumas 19 -(O:==16).

Determined by the conversion of fluorides into sulphates.
A single experiment on the conversion of calcic fluoride
_gave 18.96; two experiments on sodic fluoride, 19.06; and
two on potassic fluoride, 18.99. The mean.is 19.01; ex-
treme difference, 0.12. Ca=20; Na= 23; K=39; S=
16. The alkaline salts were well crystallized and were fused
before use. (Annal. de Chim. et de Phys., (3,) 56, 170.)

S. pE Lucca: 18.96 (O = 16).

Determined by four experiments on the conversion of a
pure spar from Gerfalco into sulphate. The extreme differ-
ence was 0.15. The decomposition was very difficult. The
loss on ignition and the residue left on evaporation of the
acid employed were taken into consideration. [S apparently
= 16; Ca= 20.] (Paris Comptes Rendus, 51, 1860, 299.)

GALLIUM.

Berthelot has determined the specific heat of gallium at
0.079 corresponding to an atomic heat of 5.52, if the atomic
weight is 69.9. (Paris Comptes Rend., 86, 1878, 786.)

56 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

L. DE BotsBaupRan: 69.9 (O = 16).

This chemist “has prepared several chlorides, [samples
of chloride ?] several bromides, and several anhydrous iodides
of gallium. He has determined the atomic weight of gal-
lium, and found it 69.9, (mean of two experiments.)” (Paris
Comptes Rend., 86, 1878, 756.)

GOLD.

Dulong and Petit and Regnault have determined the
specific heat of gold. It corresponds to an atomic weight of
about 200. (G'melin-Kraut, I. c.)

J.J. Berzenius: 196.4 (0 = 16).

Determined by the amount of mercury necessary to pre-
cipitate a known weight of gold from solution of chloride.
142.9 mercury were found equivalent to 93.55 gold. [If
Hg = 200, this gives Au = 196.397.] (Poggend. Annal., 8,
1826, 178.)

T. Tomson: 200 (O = 16).

This value is derived from a somewhat inaccurate experi-
ment on the reduction of auric chloride by ferrous sulphate.
(lidinb. Trans. Roy. Soc., 11, 1831, 26.)

J.J. Berzenius: 196.73 (O = 16).

Determined by five experiments on the relative amount,
of gold and of potassic chloride in the residue obtained by
heating the double chloride of the two metals in an atmos-
phere of hydrogen. [Calculated for KCl = 74.594, (Stas,)
these experiments give a maximum of 196.79, minimum of
196.63 and a mean of 196.727. The atomic weight derived
from the first experiment is misprinted in the Lehrbuch, as
is the mean in the Jahresbericht.] (Berzelius’ Jahresbericht,
26, 1846, 41; and Lehrbuch, 3, 1845, 1212.)

A. Levon: 196.26 (0 = 16).

A known weight of gold was converted into chloride, and
this salt decomposed in boiling solution by a current of
pure, washed sulphurous acid. The sulphuric acid formed

HYDROGEN. DL

was precipitated as barium salt, and the atomic weight cal-
culated by comparison of the gold employed and the barium
sulphate obtained. 1000 gold gave 1782 sulphate. [If the
atomic weight of S = 32.0742, and that of Ba = 137.08, the
above value follows.] (Annal. de Chimie et de Phys., (8,) 20,
1850, 355.)

HYDROGEN.

The density of hydrogen as determined by a great num-
ber of investigators, especially Regnault, is about ;, of that
of oxygen. If oxygen is 16, the atomic weight of hydrogen
is consequently about 1.

The atomic weights of the elements are compared either
with that of oxygen or with that of hydrogen. The main
advantage of assuming hydrogen as unity is the simplicity
of the approximate values expressed in terms of the atomic
weight of this element. The hypothesis of Prout has also
had much influence in giving currency to this unit. The
advantages of oxygen as a standard of comparison consist
in the fact that it combines with all the elements, except
fluorine, and in the superior accuracy of the determination
of its specific gravity. The percentage variation between
Regnault’s determinations of the specific gravity of hydrogen
was thirty-six times as great as occurred in his experiments
on oxygen. Unnecessary complication in the approximate
values of the atomic weights is as well avoided by assuming
oxygen at 16 as by taking hydrogen at 1.

These reasons for the adoption of the atomic weight of
oxygen as a standard of comparison appear to me conclu-
sive, and accordingly all values in this paper have been re-
duced to O = 16.

F. H. Wouuaston: 1.06 (O=16); 6.64 (0 = 100).

Gay-Lussac and Humboldt having. shown that two vol-
umes of hydrogen and one of oxygen form water, and Biot
and Arago having determined the specific gravity of these
gases, Wollaston calculated the above atomic weight. (Phil.
Trans., 104, 1814, 20.)

BeErzetius and Dutone: 0.9984 (0 = 16); 6.24 (O
— 100).

Determined by three experiments on the reduction of
cupric oxide by hydrogen. The hydrogen was made from

58 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

pure materials, and passed through a solution of litharge
in potash, and ovér a coarse powder of caustic potash
before use. The resultant water was caught in calcic chlo-
ride and weighed. The determination was also confirmed
by experiments on the specific gravity of oxygen and
hydrogen. The minimum result for hydrogen was 0.9934,
the maximum 1.0086. (Zhomson’s Annals of Phil., 2, 1821,
48.)

DP. THOMSON )7 (Oi 16)6.251(@/==100):

Thomson found the Sp. Gr. of H = 0.0694. Taking that
of O as 1.1111 on theoretical grounds (the supposed com-
pound nature of air, etc.,) he calculates the above value.
(Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 8, 1836, 374; Records
of Gen. Sci., R. D. Thomson, 1836, 179.)

J. Dumas: 7:0012 (O' = 16) 6:2575:(O =100);

Determined by nineteen experiments on the reduction of
cupric oxide with pure hydrogen. The gas was made from
pure materials and was passed through solutions of plumbie
nitrate and argentic sulphate, and over potash, and dried
with cold sulphuric acid or with phosphoric acid. The
weighings of the oxide and of the reduced copper were
made in vacuo. [Dumas corrected the results obtained for
the air contained in the sulphuric acid, but does not ex-
plain how he estimated it, while certain other possible cor-
rections are not mentioned.]| The mean of the corrected
results is 12.515. The extreme difference is 0.09 for O =
100. Without the correction for absorbed air the mean is
12.533, [or 1.00264]; maximum 12.583; minimum 12.481.
(Paris Comptes Rend., 14, 1842, 537.)

ErpMann and Marcuann: 1.0016 (0 =16); 6.26
(O-—= 100):

Determined by eight experiments on the reduction of
eupric oxide with hydrogen, the number is the mean of the
results. In four of the experiments the correction for
vacuum was calculated. These gave H = 12.548; extreme
difference, 0.067. In four experiments the weighings were
made in vacuo. These gave a mean of 12.492, with an ex-
treme difference of 0.015. The oxide employed was either
copper scale or was produced from cupric nitrate. The
hydrogen was made from pure zine and sulphuric acid, and
was purified with potash in solution and in lumps, mercuric
chloride, sulphuric acid, and chloride of calcium. In the

INDIUM. 59

last five experiments the gas was also passed over red-hot
copper to remove traces of oxygen.) * (Hrdmann’s Journ.
fiir Prak. Chem., 26, 1842, 461.)

J. 8S. Stas: 1.0025 (O = 16).

From all the investigations that have been made on the
specific gravity of the gases, the composition of water, etc.,
Stas is inclined to believe that the atomic weight of hydrogen
cannot be less than above. Stas found that 100 silver were
equivalent to 49.5973 ammonium chloride. [If N = 14.044,
and Cl = 35.457, this relation would give H = 1.0074.]
(Stas, Untersuch. tiber. Chem. Prop., Leipzig, 1867.)

J. THoMsEN: 1.0025 (O = 16).

Thomsen made three experiments on the oxidation of a
known volume of hydrogen by cupric oxide, and five ex-
periments on the combustion of a known volume of hydro-
gen in oxygen, which proved that 2 litres of hydrogen gave
1.6082 grammes of water under normal conditions, and at
latitude 45°. According to Regnault, 1 litre of oxygen and
2 litres of hydrogen would weigh 1.6084 grammes. Hence
1 volume oxygen and 2 volumes hydrogen form water; and
Aig) —— 06) Lorin == 16, == 1 0025.) (Berlin,
Ber. der Chem. G'es., 3, 1870, 928.)

INDIUM.

Bunsen found the specific heat of In 0.565 and 0.574,
which correspond to an atomic weight of about 114. (Pog-
gend. Annal., 141, 28.)

¥’. Rercu and T. Ricurer: 111.39 (O = 16).

In one experiment pure indium was dissolved in nitric
acid, the oxide precipitated with ammonia and weighed.
This experiment gave In = 463.4 for O = 100, and on the
supposition that the metal was di-atomic. In a second ex-
periment indium sulphide was dissolved in nitric acid, and
the resulting sulphuric acid precipitated with barium chlo-
ride. This gave In = 464.9. The numbertaken is the mean.

= 200. ‘The metal was prepared from the oxide. After
the removal of lead, etc., with hydrogen sulphide, the oxides

60 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

of iron and indium were precipitated with ammonia, the
precipitate dissolved in acetic acid and impure indium sul-
phide reprecipitated. This operation was repeated, and the
last traces of iron were removed by partial precipitation
with ammonia. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 92,
1864, 484.)

C. WINKLER: 107.754 (O = 16).

Determined by decomposing the nitrate by heat, and
weighing the resulting oxide. The mean result of three
experiments was In = 35.918 for O = 8, and assuming
the univalence of the metal. Extreme difference, 0.079.
Metallic indium was prepared by solution of the ‘impure
sulphide in chlorhydric acid, precipitation of indium by
barium carbonate, solution in sulphuric acid, and precipita-
tion by ammonia of the oxide which was reduced by
hydrogen. [This indium seems to have contained iron. |
(Lirdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 94, 1865, 1.)

C. WINKLER : 119.439 (O'=='16),

In two experiments the double chloride of gold and so-
dium was decomposed by pure indium, giving 37.73 and
37.80 for O = 8, and assuming univalence for the metal.
In two experiments the nitrate was decomposed by heat,
giving In = 87.845 and 37.879. In one experiment the
oxide was precipitated from nitric acid solution by ammonia.
This experiment gave In = 387.811. The number taken is
the mean. The impure indium sulphide was purified as in
Winkler’s former determination with barium carbonate, but
this process requires to be repeated several times. ‘The re-
duction of the oxide was performed with sodium, the excess
of which was removed from the regulus by cupellation in
soda. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 102, 1867, 282.)

R. Bunsen: 113.76 (O = 16).

Determined by converting metallic indium into oxide by
means of nitric acid and heat. He seems to regard the ex-
periment only as confirmatory of Winkler’s. ~The metal
was the same which served for the determination of the
specific heat, and was carefully tested for all impurities.
(Poggend. Annal., 141, 1870, 28.)

IODINE. 61

IODINE.

Dumas determined the specific gravity of iodine vapor.
It answers to an atomic weight of about 127. (Annal. de
Chim. et de Phys., 33, 1826, 337.)

L. J. Gay-Lussac: 123.9 (O = 16).

100 parts of iodine were found equivalent to 26.225 parts
of zine. [If Zn = 65, these figures give the atomic weight
at 128.9.] (Poggend. Annal., 14, 1828, 559; <Annal. de
Chimie, 91, 1814, 5.)

WiPRoun 7267 (O'== 16).

Prout found 100 parts of iodine equivalent to 25.8 parts
of zinc. [If Zn = 65, this gives [=125.97.] (Thomson’s
Annals of Phil., 6, 1815, 323.)

I. THomson: 124 (0 = 16); 775 (O = 100).

Thomson found 20.5 potassic iodide = 19.75 zine iodide,
= 20.75 plumbic nitrate. [If K = 39.1, and plumbic nitrate
= 331, the relation given leads to an atomic weight of 124.41. ]
Thomson thinks that his iodine may have been somewhat
impure, as he purified it only by sublimation. (Thomson’s
System of Chem., 7th ed., 1, 1831, 81.)

J. Dumas: 126.12 (O = 16).

Dumas determined the density of iodine vapor at 8.716
for air=1. [Referred to the molecular weight of oxygen,
this density gives the above number for the atomic weight. |
Dumas thinks it probable that it can be more accurately
determined by analysis. (Annal. de Chim. et de Phys., 38,
1826, 337.)

J.J. BERzZELIUS: 126.26 (O = 16); 789.14 (O = 100).

Determined by decomposing a known weight of argentic
iodide in a current of chlorine, melting the chloride and
expelling free chlorine by atmospheric air. The number is
the mean of two experiments; difference, 0.01. Ag =
1851.607; Cl = 442.653. The iodide was prepared by pre-
cipitation from a solution of potassic iodide with argentic
nitrate. The first portion of the precipitate was set aside
as possibly contaminated with chlorine. (Poggend. Ann.,
14, 1828, 562.)

62 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

C. Marianac: 126.844 (O = 16).

In five experiments a known weight of silver was dissolved
in nitric acid and precipitated by a known amount of potas-
sic iodide according to Pelouze’s modification of Gay-Lussac’s
method. The mean result was 100 Ag = 153.74 KT in air;
extreme difference, 0.14. Stas has recalculated this result
for Ag = 107.93, and K = 39.137. The atomic weight so
found is, im vacuo, 126.847. In three experiments a known
weight of silver was dissolved and precipitated as iodide;
mean result, 100 Ag = 217.511liodide. Extreme difference,
0.04. From these data Stas gets I = 126.84. The iodine
was purified by recrystallization as potassic iodate. The
methods employed by previous experimenters were ineffec-
tual. (Berzelius’ Jahresbericht, 24,75; Bibl. Univ. de Geneve,
46, 1842, 367; also, Stas, Untersuch. tiber Chem. Prop., 153.)

E. Minion: 126.07 (O = 16); 787.915 (O = 100).

Three experiments were made on the decomposition of
potassic iodate. The mean loss of oxygen was 22.473 per
cent; extreme difference, 0.03. If K = 488.94, this gives | =
1580.98. In three experiments argentic iodate, which had
been dried for a long time at 200°, was employed, which lost
17.0467 per cent. oxygen; extreme difference, 0.03. If Ag
= 1849.01, these data give I= 1570.73. [Berzelius cites
this as an atomic weight determination; Millon, however,
seems to have regarded it only as a confirmation of Ber-
zelius’ number.| Millon prepared pure iodine by passing a
current of chlorine through a solution of KI till the precipi-
tated I was redissolved, and reprecipitating with an excess
of KI. (Annal. de Chim. et de Phys., (8,) 9, 1848, 407.)

V. A. JAcQUELIN: 125.6 (O =16); 785 (O = 100).

Determined by the analysis of iodic acid with silver.
The acid was prepared by the oxidation of iodine with
nitric acid of sp. gr. 1.5. The purity of the preparation
does not seem to have been tested. Ag=1351. (Hrd-
mann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., &1, 1850, 458; Annal. de Chim.
et de Phys., (8,) 20, 1850, 332.)

J. Dumas: 127 (O = 16).

Determined by the conversion of argentie iodide into
chloride in a current of dry chlorine. Two experiments
gave 127.04 and 127.01 for Ag = 108; Cl = 35.5. In Gme-
lin-Kraut’s Handbuch these data are recalculated for Ag =

IODINE. 63

107.98 and Cl = 35.457, giving I = 126.941 and 126.928.
The argentic iodide used was prepared from zine iodide
which had been prepared from iodine in large crystals.
The argentic iodide was fused. (Annal. de Chim. et de
Phys., (8,) 58, 1859, 163.)

J.S. Stas: 126.851.

Stas ascertained the molecular weight of argentic iodide
as follows:

In two complete analyses, a known weight of argentic
iodate was decomposed by heat in a current of pure, dry
nitrogen. The oxygen set free was caught by hot copper
and weighed, as well as the residual argentic iodide. In
one experiment argentic iodate was dissolved in ammonia,
precipitated by sulphuric acid, (to secure advantageous divi-
sion of the salt,) and reduced while in suspension by a slow
current of sulphurous acid. The mean molecular weight
reached was 234.779; extreme difference, 0.063. The sam-
ples of iodate employed were prepared: (1.) From argentic
sulphate and potassic iodate, mixed boiling, the latter in
excess, thorough washing and drying in air freed from
organic particles; (2.) By the reaction of potassic iodate on
argentic hyposulphite. The purity of the salt was carefully
tested.

Stas ascertained the composition of argentic iodide as
follows:

(1.) A known weight of argentic nitrate was precipitated
by hydro-iodic acid and the argentic iodide washed, dried,
and weighed in the same vessel. (2.) A known weight of
Ag was dissolved in nitric acid, converted into sulphate,
dissolved in very dilute sulphuric acid, and precipitated with
hydro-iodic acid. The precipitate was washed at tempera-
tures increasing up to 90°. (8.) A known weight of argen-
tic sulphate was allowed to react on a known and nearly
equivalent weight of iodine in an aqueous solution of sul-
phurous and sulphuric acids at 10°, and in the dark,till all
the iodine was taken up. The excess of iodine was titrated
with silver solution, and the iodide weighed. This method
was employed in two experiments. (4) differed from (3)
mainly in the conversion of the iodine into ammonium
iodide before bringing it into contact with argentic sul-
phate. Four experiments were made by the last method.

The mean composition of the iodide, as derived from all
the experiments, is 100 Ag = 117.5348 iodine. From these
data Stas calculates the atomic weight of I at 126.857, and

64 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

that of silver at 107.928. [The sum of these weights is not
the molecular weight, and this, as well as recalculation of
the data, shows that the number is a misprint for 126.851.
Stas’ results are, therefore, even closer to Marignac’s than
his memoir would indicate. |

Most of the experiments were made with iodine prepared
by the decomposition of nitric iodide decomposed in a large
volume of water at 65°. The iodine was further purified
by distillation over barium oxide and by other means. For
the preparation of silver see that metal. All possible pre-
cautions were observed in the preparation of all reagents
and in the conduct of the experiments. (Stas, Untersuch.
tiber Chem. Prop. Leipzig, 1867.)

IRIDIUM.

Regnault determined the specific heat of iridium. It cor-
responds to an atomic weight of about 198. (Gmelin-Kraut,
lc.)

J. J. Berzevius: 197.19 (O = 16).

Berzelius determined this value from analysis of potas-
sium chloro-iridiate. This salt reduced in hydrogen lost 29
per cent., the same quantity lost by the corresponding pla-
tinum salt, (vide platinum.) Berzelius originally calculated
the atomic weight of the platinum metals both from the
loss of chlorine of these double salts and from the relation
between the metal and the potassic chloride left after reduc-
tion. In his Lehrbuch he points out the impossibility of
complete desiccation, and resorts exclusively to the latter
method of calculation. With respect to iridium he merely
asserts that its atomic weight is the same as that of plati-
num, without there, or elsewhere, giving data as to the
amounts of iridium and potassic chloride found in the
reduced salt. It is, therefore, open to question whether he
assumed the identity from the loss on reduction or not. [It
Pt =Ir, and if KCl = 74.594, the value follows; see plati-
num.| Osmium and iridium were separated by fusion with
nitre, solution, and distillation. The residue was fused with
potassic chloride and sodium carbonate. On solution the
iridium remains behind. This residue was repeatedly roasted
and reduced to drive off osmium compounds. The potas-
sium chloro-iridiate was formed from the pure metal. (Pog-
gend. Ann., 13, 1828, 468; Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl., 1828.)

IRON. 65

Cyl ersug= We M. Warr: 197.6: (O'= 16).
Watts recalculated two analyses of potassium chloro-
iridiate by Claus from the loss in reduction, and for Cl =
35.457, (Stas.) From one analysis he finds K = 39.87, and
Ir = 198.56; from the other K = 39.938, and Ir = 196.62.
(Chem. News, 19, 1869, 302.)

IRON.

Regnault, Kopp and others have determined the specific
heat of this metal. It corresponds to an atomic weight of
about 56. (Gmelin-Kraut, l. c.)

L. J. Toenarp: F. H. Wouuaston: 55.2 (O = 16);
345 (O = 100).
Thenard determined the composition of the oxide at 22.5

O and 77.5 Fe, whence Wollaston calculates the value.
(Phil. Trans., 104, 1814, 21.)

J. J. Berzenius: 54.27 (O=16); 339.213 (O=
100).

Determined by repeated experiments on the oxidation of
iron, such as is used for piano wire, with nitric acid. The
carbon was determined and allowed for. Berzelius in his
Lehrbuch shows that the error in this determination lay in
the unsuspected presence of soluble silica and on reiinalysis
he found enough of it to correct the number when taken
into account. (Poggend. Ann., 8, 1826, 185.)

G. Maanus: 54.25 (0 =16); 339.06 (O = 100).

Magnus’ experiments were made by reducing ferric oxide
in a current of hydrogen at about the temperature of boil-
ing mercury. He regarded them simply as comfirmatory
of Berzelius’ number. (Poggend. Ann., 3, 1825, 84.)

Hf’, StROMEYER: 55.6 (O = 16).

Determined by reducing ferric oxide at a red heat by
hydrogen. The oxide is reduced only with great difficulty
at a lower temperature. The mean of the experiments
gave the oxygen contents at 30.15 per cent., [whence I have
calculated the value.] (Poggend. Ann., 6, 1826, 475.)

5

66 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

H. Capiraine: 51.36 (0 = 16); 821 (O = 100).

Determined by the peroxidation of galvanically reduced
iron and by measuring the hydrogen evolved on the solution
of iron in sulphuric acid. (Annal. de Chim. et de Phys., (8,)
2, 1841, 126.)

H. WAcKENRODER: 55.48 (O = 16). |

Wackenreder helped Stromeyer in his reduction of ferric
oxide, of which he gives the details. He also describes five
experiments of his own, which gave the oxygen contents of
ferric oxide at from 30.01 to 30.38. He took no precautions
to purify his hydrogen and thinks that the loss of oxygen
may have been apparently reduced. [80.195 oxygen cor-
responds to the above value for Fe.] (Berzelius’ Jahresbe-
richt, 24, 1844, 121; Archiv. der Pharm., 36, 1844, 22.)

SvANBERG AND Noruin: 55.97 (O=16); 349.809
(O = 100). |

In seven experiments a known weight of iron was dis-
solved in nitric acid and the salt decomposed by heat. The
operation was performed in a glass flask. The mean re-
sult in vacuo, was 349.104; extreme difference, 0.803. In
seven experiments ferric oxide was reduced with purified
hydrogen. The mean was Fe = 350.514; extreme differ-
ence, 0.735. The number .taken is the mean of all the ex-
periments, in vacuo. SBerzelius in his Lehrbuch cites the
experiments and, by neglecting the reduction to vacuum,
gets a slightly different number. He also expresses a pre-
ference for the experiments by reduction. (Berzelius’ Jah-
resbericht, 24, 1844, 121; and Poggend. Ann., 62, 1844, 270.)

J.J. Berzevius: 56.05 (0 = 16); 350.382 (O = 100).

Berzelius, as a check on the last determination, made two
experiments on the oxidation of iron by nitric acid with
special precautions against partial reduction. The number
is the mean; difference, 0.101. The iron was melted down
with glass and magnetic oxide. In his Lehrbuch he adopts
the mean of these experiments and Svanberg and Norlin’s
reduction determinations. (Poggend. Ann., 62, 1844, 270.)

ERDMANN AND Marcuanp: 56.016 (O = 16); 850.1
(O00):

Erdmann and Marchand made eight experiments on the
reduction of ferric oxide in a carefully purified current of

LANTHANIUM. 67

hydrogen. The weighings of the metal were made in
vacuo to avoid possible reoxidation in displacing the gas by
air. The number is the mean of the experiments; extreme
difference, 1.4 forO = 100. The ferric oxide was prepared
by incineration of the oxalate, moistening the residue with
nitric acid and reheating. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak.
Chem., 32, 1844, 1.)

DBE Oro 4.21 (O == 16). 339.01 (O' = 100).

Determined by two experiments on the reduction of pure
ferric oxide in a current of hydrogen. 100 parts of oxide
gave 69.31 and 69.35 parts metallic iron. (Annal. de Chim.
et de Phys., (3,) 30, 1850, 188.)

E. Maumenii: 56.0016 (O = 16); 350.01 (O = 100).

Maumene made six experiments by dissolving iron wire
in aqua regia, precipitating with ammonia, heating the pre-
cipitate to redness and weighing. The number is the mean ;
extreme difference, 0.34. Maumené had convinced himself
by analysis of the extreme purity of the wire. (Hrdmann’s
Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 51, 1850, 350.)

4

J. Dumas: 56.2 (O = 16).

Two experiments on the precipitation of ferric chloride by
argentic nitrate gave each 28.1. <A single experiment by
the same method on ferrous chloride which was slightly
yellow, gave 28.1. An experiment made on ferrous chlo-
ride, which had been heated in a current of hydrogen and
of HCl and was colorless, but contained metallic iron, gave
when the admixture was determined, 27.99. Dumas takes
Ag =108; Cl = 35.5. (Annal. de Chim. et de Phys., (8,) 55,
1859, 157.)

LANTHANIUM.

W.F. Hillebrand has determined the specific heat of
metallic lanthanium. It corresponds to an atomic heat of
6.23, if the atomic weight is taken at 189. (Poggend. Ann.,
158, 1876, 82.)

Several investigations on the atomic weight of lanthanium
were made previous to Mosander’s announcement of the
discovery of didymium. F. J. Otto found it 108.41 shortly
after its discovery, and announced it in his translation of

4

68 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

Graham’s chemistry. (G'melin’s Handbuch, 5th ed., 1, 46.)
Choubine, from analysis of the chloride and of the sulphate,
arrived at 108.45. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 26,
1842, 443.) Rammelsberg determined it from the sulphate,
which was rose-colored, at 193.17. (Poggend. Ann., 55, 1842,
65.) R. Hermann found La= 144 from rose-colored sul-
phate. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 30, 1843, 198.)

C. G. MosanpER: 189.2 (0 =16); 870 (O = 100).

Mosander says that his experiments show the true value
to be in the neighborhood of 680, (the metal being assumed
bivalent,) but that his salts were not pure, and the determi-
nation of little value. (Poggend. Ann., 60, 1843, 301.)

C. Martenac: 141.12 (0 = 16); 88? (0 = 100).

Eleven experiments were made on the decomposition of
the sulphate by barium chloride. The results vary greatly.
Marignac wrote later (Annal. de Chim et de Phys., (8,) 38,
1853, 148) that experiment had convinced him of the incor-
rectness of this determination, and that the true value is
about 575. (La bivalent.) (Liebig’s Ann., 71, 1849, 306.)

M. Horzmann: 139.22 (0 =16); 870.15 (O=100).

In three experiments La sulphate was decomposed by
ammonium oxalate. In the filtrate from the precipitated
oxalate the sulphuric acid was determined as barium salt.
The oxalate was decomposed by heat, and the lanthanium
oxide weighed. These experiments gave a mean of 580;
extreme difference, 5.6; for bivalent lanthanium. In three
experiments the iodate was decomposed by oxalic acid, the
oxide determined as before, and the iodine titrated by Bun-
sen’s method. These experiments gave a mean of 580.2;
extreme difference, 5.3. S = 200; Ba= 855. In the prepa-
ration of the salts analyzed the cerium was separated by
peroxidation with magnesium oxide and precipitation as
basic sulphate. After the removal of yttrium by potassic sul-
phate, the lanthanium and didymium salts were separated,
by making a saturated solution of the sulphates at a temper-
ature of three or four degrees, and gradually raising the
temperature. Lanthanium salt then crystallizes out nearly
pure. The purification was repeated until the salts were
not discolored when heated in an open crucible over the
glass-blower’s lamp. Bunsen assisted at this investigation.
(Erdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 75, 1858, 343.)

LANTHANIUM. 69

C. Czupnowicz: 140.3 (0 = 16); 876 (0 = 100).
Czudnowicz especially disclaims making this as an atomic
weight determination and he adopts Holzmann’s value.
The salt analysed was the sulphate, and the method the
same as that employed by Holzmann. (Hrdmann’s Journ.
fiir Prak. Chem., 80, 1860, 31.)

R. Hermann: 139.82 (0 = 16); 870.75 (0 = 100).

Hermann analyzed the carbonate by decomposing it over
mercury by sulphuric acid, and measuring the carbon di-
oxide liberated. The residue was heated to redness and
weighed. This experiment gave La = 580.4, the metal
being assumed as bivalent. The carbonate was prepared
by precipitating the sulphate with sodium bicarbonate. In
three experiments the sulphate was decomposed by ammo-
nium oxalate and the oxide, obtained by incinerating the
oxalate, weighed. These analyses gave La = 580.7. In
one experiment the chloride was analysed with argentic
nitrate, giving La = 580.4. The number taken is the mean;
extreme difference 2.3. In the preparation of the salts,
cerium was separated as basic sulphate, La and didymium
were partially separated by crystallization after which a por-
tion of the nearly pure sulphate was precipitated by ammo-
nia, and this precipitate digested with the mother liquor.
Didymium sulphate is by this means completely precipitated.

= 200; Cl= 443.2; C=%75. Hermann remarks that
his former determination was made with impure material.
(Erdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 82, 1861, 395.)

H. ZscuiescHe: 135.27 (O = 16).

Determined by six experiments on the sulphate. The
water was driven off at 230°, and the anhydrous salt ex-
posed to a white heat until the weight became constant, and
on being tested, showed no sulphur. The mean result was
La = 45.09; extreme difference, 1.15. In preparing the
salt from cerite, the cerium was peroxidized with red lead
and nitric acid and was precipitated as basic nitrate. The
didymium was separated by partial precipitation with
oxalic acid and concentration, these operations being re-
peated as long as the absorption lines of Di were percepti-
ble in the spectroscope. A correction was made for the
loss of weight of the crucible, and there was no dust upon
its sides. S=16. (Lrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem.,
104, 1868, 174; 107, 1869, 72.)

70 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

CO. Erk: 135.39 (O = 16).

Determined by analysis of the sulphate by the method
employed by Holzmann. The bases were separated by the
methods which Hermann used. Yttrium was also elimi-
nated. Fresenius in his Zeitschrift, 10, 509, objects to the
details of the Erk’s manipulation of barium sulphate.
(Kopp’s Jahresbericht, 1870, 319; Jena Zeitschr. fiir Med. und
Nat., 6, 1870, 299.)

D. MENDELEJEFF: 180 (O = 16).

As La forms but one oxide, the salts of which are not,
according to Marignac, isomorphous with those of the
lower oxide of didymium, Mendelejeff concludes that it
belongs to the same group, but that its oxide is a binoxide,
and its atomic weight 180. (Liebig’s Ann., Suppl., 8, 1871,
190.)

C. Marienac: 138.75 (O = 16).

By heating the sulphate till all acid was expelled, Marig-
nac, in two experiments, determined La (bivalent) at 92.52
and 92.56; by precipitation with ammonia and heating at
92.24 and 92.48. The sulphate was purified by a great num-
ber of partial recrystallizations, and showed only doubtful
traces of didymium in the spectroscope. S=16. (Anna.
de Chim. et de Phys., (4,) 30, 1878, 67.)

P. T. CuevE: 189.15 (0 = 16).

Determined by the conversion of lanthanium oxide into
sulphate. The number is the mean; extreme difference
0.55. The oxide was purified from didymium by repeated
partial precipitation from nitric acid solution with ammonia,
basic didymium nitrate going down. The lanthanium
was finally precipitated with oxalic acid. The oxide was
found to be spectroscopically pure by Thalén. (opp’s Jah-
resbericht, 1874, 257; Paris Bull. de la Soc. Chim., 21, 196,
246, 544.)

LEAD.

Regnault, Kopp and others have determined the specific
heat of lead. It answers to an atomic weight of about 207.
(Gmelin- Kraut, l. c.)

LEAD. 71

J. J. Berzetius and F. H. Woutaston: 207.4 (0 =
16); 1295 (O = 100).

Berzelius found 16.5 parts carbon di-oxide eqnal to 83.5
lead oxide, whence the value, if C=75.4. [If C=12,
these figures give lead at 206.67.] Berzelius also determined
the composition of the oxide at 7.15 oxygen and 92.85 lead,
giving Pb = 207.52 or 1297. (Phil. Trans., 104, 1814, 20.)

J. J. Berzenius: 207.12 (0 =16); 1294.498 (0 =
100).

Determined by the reduction of a known weight of oxide
of lead by hydrogen and the weight of the resultant lead ;
mean of four nearly coincident experiments. (Poggend.
Ann., 8, 1826, 184.

— Longchamp is credited in some books with an atomic
weight determination of lead. He made none, but only
speculated on the composition of minium, taking Berzelius’
determination as a basis. (Annal. de Chim. et de Phys., 34,
1827, 105.)

J. J. Berzetius: 207.078 (0 =16); 1294.242 (0 =
100).

This value is the mean of six experiments on the reduc-
tion of the oxide in a current of hydrogen. The oxide was
produced by the decomposition of the nitrate by heat. As
this compound reacts upon Pt, the crucible was lined out
with a coating of a very basic nitrate, which prevented the
lumps of neutral salt from coming in contact with the cruci-
ble. The glass in which the oxide was reduced was not
attacked. [The third analysis is miscalculated. It should
show an atomic weight of 1295.595. The mean is, there-
fore, as above, and the extreme difference 2.421.] (Poggend.
Ann., 19, 1830, 314.) é

J. J. Berzenius: 207.14 (0 =16); 1294.645 (0 =

100).
In his Lehrbuch, Berzelius selects five analyses made by
the above method, three of them the same. These give the

above mean, with an extreme difference of 0.704 for O =
100. (Lehrbuch, 3, 1219.)

HK. Turner: 207.8 (0 = 16).
Determined by experiments on the conversion of metallic
lead and of oxide of lead into the sulphate by solution in

72 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

nitric acid and evaporation with sulphuric acid. In three
experiments, Turner found 100 lead = 146.401 sulphate ;
extreme difference 0.055. Berzelius had found 100 Pb=
146.419 sulphate ; extreme difference 0.078. Turner takes
the mean of his own and Berzelius’ determinations, 146.41.
In one experiment Turner found 100 oxide = 135.92 sul-
phate. Combination of these results gives Pb = 103.6 [or
more accurately 103.65.] The oxide was prepared from
subnitrate. The lead was prepared from plumbic acetate
which was converted into carbonate, then into nitrate, in
which form it was recrystallized, then again into carbonate,
and reduced by black flux. On testing, it was found per-
fectly pure. Weighings reduced to vacuum. (Phil. Trans.,
123, 1833, 524.)

C. Martenac: 207.04 (O = 16).

Marignac made four experiments on plumbie chloride by
Pelouze’s modification of the silver titration method. He
found Pb = 103.57-.49-.55-.46. The number taken is the
mean. The salt was titrated cold, argentic chloride being
soluble in hot solutions of plumbic nitrate. The plumbic
chloride was purified by recrystallization, and, after being
pulverized, was dried at about 200°. According to Marig-
nac there is no difficulty in desiccating it completely at this
temperature. Ag=108; Cl= 85.5. Marignac found it
impossible to convert the chloride into the sulphate com-
pletely. (Bibl. Univ., Arch. des Sciences, (2,) 1, 1858, 228.)

J. Dumas: 207.1 (O = 16).

From a single experiment on the precipitation of the
chloride with argentic nitrate. The chloride used was
heated for twelve hours in a current of dry HCl, and the
amount of water retained determined. Dumas found it im-
possible entirely to desiccate the salt without decomposition,
drying at 250° does not desiccate it. Cl= 35.5; Ag = 108.
(Annal. de Chim. et de Phys., (8,) 55, 1859, 129.)

J. 8. Sas: 206.926 (O = 16).

According to the mean of 10 syntheses of plumbic nitrate,
100 lead = 159.9703 nitrate; extreme difference, 0.023. If
N = 14.044, this relation gives Pb = 206.918. Stas also
made six syntheses of the sulphate, which gave in mean
100 Pb = 146.4275 sulphate; extreme difference, 0.024. If
S = 382.0742, this relation gives Pb = 206.934. The syntheses
were made in the same way as in the determination of the

LITHIUM. te

atomic weight of silver. The drying of the nitrate could
be accomplished only in vacuo and at about 155°. The
weighings are for vacuum. The lead used was prepared
from commercial acetate by precipitation with metallic lead,
of copper, ete., conversion into sulphate, then into carbo-
nate and reduction by potassic cyanide or black flux. (Stas,
Untersuch. tiber Chem. Prop. Leipzig, 1867, 324.)

LITHIUM.

Regnault has determined the specific heat of lithium. It
corresponds to’an atomic weight of about 7. (G'melin-
Kraut, 1. ¢.)

The earliest determinations of this constant seem to
have been made with a double salt of lithium and potassium,
at all events with a very impure material. According to
Arfvedson, 420.4 lithium chloride give 1322.4 argentic
chloride, whence he deduces as the atomic weight the num-
ber 127.757 [or 10.22.] (Poggend. Ann., 8, 1826, 189.) L.
N. Vauquelin found 430 lithium sulphate equivalent to
875 barium sulphate. [If S = 32; Ba = 187.08, this rela-
tion gives Li = 9.27.] Vauquelin does not describe the
preparation of his salt. (Annal. de Chem. et de Phys., 7, 1818,
287.) C.G. Gmelin found Li = 191.21 [or 7.65.] (Poggend.
Ann., 15,480; Gilbert’s Ann., 62,1819, 399.) Kralovanszky
by two analyses of the sulphate with barium chloride got
Li at from 10.096 to 10.168 (NLiebig’s Ann., 121, 94;
Schweigger’s Journ., 54, 1828, 231.) Thomson and Stro-
meyer also each got similar values. (Zhomson’s System of
Chem., 7th ed., 7, 1831, 420.)

R. Hermann: 6.085 (0 = 16); 88.03 (O = 100).

Experiments were made on the carbonate by decomposing
it with acid over mercury, and measuring the resultant
di-oxide. For C = 75.38, these determinations give Li =
38. Several experiments were also made by analyzing the
sulphate with barium chloride. For S = 201.06 and Ba =
856.88, these give Li = 38.05. Hermann precipitated
lithium carbonate with ammonium carbonate, and subse-
quently converted it into sulphate. The chloride was pre-
pared from the phosphate by Berzelius’ method. (Poggend.
Ann., 15, 1829, 480.)

74 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

J. J. Burzentus: 6.593 (0 =16); 40.83 (O = 100).

Berzelius found that 1.874 lithium sulphate gave 3.9985
barium sulphate, and calculated this relation for S = 200.75;
Ba = 855.29. He also found 4.4545 melted carbonate =
6.653 sulphate, but rejected the analysis. (Lehrbuch, 3, 1229,
and Jahresbericht, 10, 1830, 96.)

RR: HaGen 6.57 (O == 16):

Hagen precipitated lithium sulphate with barium chlo-
ride, and found that 0.852 dry lithium sulphate gave 1.8195
barium sulphate whence he calculates Li= 6.493. [If
Ba = 137.08; S = 82; this relation “gives Ti =(6:57.]|
(Poggend. Ann., 48, 1839, 363.)

J. W: Matter: 6.95 (0 = 16); 86.897 (0-100);

In two experiments a known weight of lithium chloride
was precipitated by argentic nitrate, and the argentic chlo-
ride weighed. In one experiment lithium chloride was
titrated with argentic nitrate by Pelouze’s method. The
number is the mean; the extreme difference is 0.18 for O
=100. Mallet takes Ag = 1349.66; Cl = 443.28. The
alkalis were separated from the lithium salt by repeated
treatment with ether and alcohol. The salt was examined
for impurities, and was fused with a little ammonium chlo-
ride to prevent the formation of oxy-chloride. (Silliman’s
Amer. Journ., (2,) 22, 1856, 349.)

i. Troost: 6.5 (© = 16).

Troost found this number from analysis of the carbonate
which had been crystallized from water containing carbon
di-oxide and dried at 200°, but does not regard it as defini-
tive. (Annal. de Chim. et de Phys., (8,) 51, 1857, 111.)

Jd. W. Matte 7, (0 = 16):

Troost having objected to Mallet’s former method of
determination, he redetermined it by precipitating the
sulphate with a standard solution of barium chloride,
the precipitating power of which had been tested on the
sulphates of magnesium and sodium. This method was
adopted to avoid the well-known imperfections of the sul-
phur determination. Compared with sodium sulphate the
atomic weight of Li was found = 6.92 and 6.95. Compared
with magnesium sulphate it was found = 7.07 and 7.09.

LITHIUM. 75

Mg = 24; Na= 23. The sulphate was prepared from car-
bonate, and dried somewhat below a red heat. (Silliman’s
Amer. Journ., (2,) 28, 1859, 349.)

K. Diexi: 7.026 (O = 16).

Determined by analysis of lithium carbonate with Bun-
sen’s apparatus and in his laboratory. Four experiments;
extreme difference, 0.024. C=12. The salt was purified
from alkalis by precipitation as carbonate, resolution in acid
and reprecipitation, repeated until the sodium line was no
longer visible. Diehl found that precipitation of the sul-
phate with barium chloride gave a nearly constant error on
account of the retention of lithium in the precipitate, and
led to nearly the same results as Berzelius got. (Liebig’s
Ann., 121, 1862, 93.)

i ‘Eroosr: 7 (O\== 16).

Troost found 1.309 grammes lithium chloride = 4.42
argentic chloride, and 2.75 lithium chloride = 9.3 argentic
chloride. From these analyses he deduces the values 7.03
and 6.99. By decomposing the carbonate, dried at 100°,
with silicic acid, he found 0.97 carbonate = 0.577 carbon
di-oxide and 1.782 carbonate = 1.059 di-oxide, and infers
for Li 7 and 7.02. In one experiment the carbonate was
converted into sulphate. 1.217 carbonate gave 1.808 sul-
phate. Troost calculates Li= 7.06. [If Cl = 35.457; Ag
= 107.98; C=12; S = 32; these determinations give, in
the same order as above, 7.01; 6.94; 6.98; 7.02: 7.07.]
The carbonate was purified by solution in water containing
carbon di-oxide, and reprecipitation by boiling, the opera-
tion being repeated until the salt was spectroscopically pure.
(Paris Comptes Rend., 54, 1862, 366.)

Je Sa pras: (022 (O;== 16),

According to the mean of three determinations, 100 parts
of silver = 39.358 lithium chloride; extreme difference,
0.005. If Ag = 107.93; Cl = 35.457; this ratio gives Li
= 7.022. This value is confirmed by experiments on the
conversion of the chloride into the nitrate, the results of
which give Li=7.018. The comparison with silver was
made according to Pelouze’s modification of the silver titra-
tion method. The chloride was purified from alkalis, after
preliminary treatment with ether and alcohol, by pouring
the dissolved salt into a boiling solution of ammonium car-

76 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

bonate containing ammonia in excess. All weighings re-
duced to vacuum. (Stas, Untersuch. iiber Chem. FProp.,
Leipzig, 1867.)

MAGNESIUM.

Regnault and Kopp have each determined the specific
heat of this metal. It answers to an atomic weight of
about 24. (Gmelin-Kraut, l. c.)

J. J. Berzetius: 25.3 (0 = 16); 158.139 (O = 100).

Determined by dissolving magnesium oxide in dilute sul-
phuric acid, evaporating and heating to incipient redness.
100 oxide were found = 293.985 sulphate. The sulphate
was perfectly soluble in water and had therefore lost none
of its acid. The oxide was purified by solution in an
aqueous solution of carbon di-oxide and reprecipitated by
boiling. S = 200.75. (Poggend. Ann., §, 1826, 188; and
Lehrbuch, 3, 1227.)

Marchand and Scheerer recalculated this analysis for S =
200 and reached the value 157.74. They assert that the
oxide may have contained alkalis and that the sulphuric
acid carries off magnesium sulphate in volatilizing. (rd-
mann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 0, 1850, 892.)

W. Henry: F. H. Woutaston: 23.36 (O = 16); 146
(O = 100).

Henry found that magnesium sulphate contained 33 per
cent. magnesium oxide. If S = 200 the value follows.
(Phil. Trans., 104, 1814, 21.)

— Lonecuamp: 15.35 (O = 16).

In two experiments, Longchamp found that five parts of
crystallized magnesium sulphate are equivalent to 4.91
barium sulphate. [If Ba = 137.08; S = 32, the number
follows.] Longchamp found 53 per cent. water which is
much too high. According to Marchand and Scheerer, the
data for the anhydrous salt give Mg = 97.37, for S = 200;
Ba = 856.8, [or 15.74.] (Annal. de Chim. et de Phys., 12,
1819, 265.)

L. J. Gay-Lussac: 23.62 (O = 16).

16.205 grammes crystallized sulphate were found equal
to 15.845 barium sulphate, and 19.895 magnesium sulphate

MAGNESIUM. 77

to 18.3455 barium sulphate. Calculating from the anhy-
drous salt Gay-Lussac found from these experiments re-
spectively Mg =147.23 and Mg = 148.09 for Ba = 856.8;
S=200. The salt was found to contain 51.43 water.
[Calculated from the anhydrous salt these data give Mg
= 23.55 and 23.68. Calculated from the hydrous salt (7
molecules water) the numbers give 24.14 and 24.41, if S=
32; Ba = 137.08.] Gay-Lussac remarks that the sulphate
is partially decomposed at a red heat. (Annal. de Chim. et
de Phys., 13, 1820, 308.)

T. ScHEERER: 24.16 (O =16); 150.97 (O = 100).
Mean of six experiments on the precipitation of the sul-
phate with barium chloride. Extreme difference, 0.79. S$
= 200.75; Ba = 855.29. After weighing, the barium sul-
phate was treated with dilute HCl and the chloride thus
extracted allowed for. (Poggend. Ann., 69, 1846, 535.)

T. ScHEERER: 24.21 (O = 16); 151.33 (O = 100).
Barium sulphate formed as in the last determination was
fused with soda, the barium carbonate dissolved in HCl, and
reprecipitated as sulphate. In the filtrate additional mag-
nesia was found. If the error in the former determination

was the same, its corrected value would be as above.
(Poggend. Ann., 70, 1847, 407.)

SVANBERG and NoRDENFELDT: 24.72 (0 = 16);
154.504 (O = 100).

Four experiments were made on the calcination of the
oxalate, and three on the conversion of the magnesia so
obtained into sulphate. The oxalate was dried at from
100° to 105° and heated to redness until the weight was
constant. The oxide was dissolved in sulphuric acid, evapo-
rated and the excess driven off by heat. The oxalate was
prepared from the sulphate by precipitation with sodium
carbonate and digestion with oxalic acid. The number is
the mean of all experiments; extreme difference, 0.514.
2005705) C-— foes Ei 12.48) \(Erdmann’s Journ.
fiir Prak. Chem., 45, 1848, 473.)

According to Marchand and Scheerer, the data give Mg
hoa Ag tOr S200; WH 12/531. 0'== 75.

MarcHanD and ScHEERER: 24.03 (0 =16); 150.19

(O = 100).
Eleven experiments were made in calcining massive mag-
nesium carbonate from Frankenstein, and weighing the

78 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

caustic magnesia formed. The carbonate was dried at
300°, and the carbon di-oxide, which passes off above 230°,
was caught by caustic baryta solution and determined. The
traces of carbon di-oxide not expelled by a yellow heat
were set free by solution in chlorhydric acid and also de-
termined as barium carbonate. The silicic acid, ete., were
also determined. The mean in air is 150.84; im vacuo as
above. Extreme difference, 0.57. C= 75. Eleven other
experiments were made with comparatively impure material
and less precaution, tending to confirm the above. (Hrd-
mann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 50, 1850, 409.)

T. ScHEERER: 24 (O = 16); 150 (O = 100).

By separating the neutral sulphates of magnesium and
calcium by means of alcohol, Scheerer found that the mag-
nesites used by Marchand and himself contained from one-
fourth to one-half per cent. calcium oxide. This correction
would make their determination almost exactly 250 or 24.
(Liebig’s Ann., 110, 1858, 236.)

V., A. JACQUELIN: 24.208 (O — 16); 152,55 (O7—
100).

Anhydrous, neutral magnesium sulphate, obtained by
solution of the oxide in sulphuric acid and heating to red-
ness, gave 83.56 per cent. pure oxide. The method adopted
is not described. This oxide by treatment with sulphuric
acid gave the original amount of sulphate. If S = 200,
the number follows. (Annal. de Chim. et de Phys., (8,) 32,
1851, 195.)

A. MacponnELL: 23.9 (O =16).

Determined from analyses of anhydrous and of crystal-
tized magnesium sulphate. (Brit. Assoc. Rep., 1852, part
2,36; and Kopp’s Jahresbericht, 5, 364.)

J. F. Baur: 24.77 (0 = 16); 154.842 (O = 100).

A known weight of purified magnesium oxide was dis-
solved in sulphuric acid, evaporated and heated to redness
till the weight was constant. The number is the mean of
three experiments; extreme difference, 0.515. The oxide
was obtained from meteoric olivin. After removal of the
heavy metals, the solution was evaporated to dryness with
soda, washed and heated to redness. The oxide so obtained
was dissolved in acetic acid, oxalic acid was added, the

MANGANESE. 79

solution evaporated nearly to dryness, and the oxalate
thoroughly washed. Bahr says that the presence of alkalis

could not be suspected. = 200. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir
Prak. Chem., 56,1852, 310; Cfversigt af Akad. Ferh., 1851,
303.)

Scheerer says that oxide so prepared retains carbonic
acid, that sulphate is carried off in heating the sulphate to
redness, and that the presence of alkalis is to be suspected.
(Erdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 56, 1852, 489.)

J. Dumas: 24.6 (O =16).

Dumas made eleven experiments on the titration of mag-
nesium chloride with argentic nitrate. He found great
difficulty in preparing pure chloride, and does not feel con-
fident of his results. The number is the mean; extreme
disterence, 40.28... Ag — 108; Cl — 35.5. ~The: chloride
was prepared from various salts, but was in all cases finally
heated in an atmosphere of HCl. Dumas points out,
however, that this process does not remove oxide if present.
(Annal. de Chim. et de Phys., (8,) 56, 1859, 129.)

MANGANESE.

Regnault has determined the specific heat of manganese.
It corresponds to an atomic weight of about 55. (G'melin-
kraut, 1. ¢.)

J. J. Berzenius: 66.93 (0 =16); 355.787 (O =
100).

By dissolving manganese in nitric acid, evaporating and
heating to a low red, Berzelius found 100 Mn = 142.16
oxide. It was not known at the time that the oxide might
be partially reduced by this process. -(Poggend. Ann., 8,
1826, 185; and Jahresbericht, 9, 136.)

J. A. Arrvepson: 56.25 (0 =16); 351.56 (O=
100).

From 1.508 chloride Arfvedson obtained 3.408 argentic
chloride. If Ag =1351.607; Cl = 221.325; the number
follows. (Berzelius’ Jahresbericht, 9, 1829, 136; Afhandl. 7.
Fysik., 6, 236.)

80 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

i. TURNER 57.9) (O' = 16):

Turner analyzed the carbonate in an apparatus similar to
Bunsen’s. He found 34.72 per cent. carbon di-oxide and
8.427 water. For C=6, he calculates Mn = 28.024. By
dissolving the protoxide in sulphuric acid, evaporating and
heating to redness, he found 9 oxide = 19.01 sulphate. If

= 16, this gives Mn = 27.96. A second experiment gave
27.93. From 12.47 Mn chloride he obtained 28.42 argentic
chloride. [If Cl = 35.5, Ag = 108; this gives Mn = 54.9.]
The carbonate was obtained by precipitation with potassium
carbonate. The protoxide was obtained by reduction of
higher oxides in hydrogen. ‘The chloride was melted in a
current of HCl gas. (dinb. Trans., 11, 1831, 143.)

J. J. Berzevius: 55.34 (O = 16); 845.9 (O = 100).

Berzelius repeated Turner’s experiments, taking larger
quantities. From the chloride he got from 345.84 to .96;
from the sulphate from 346.03 to .29. Ag = 1351.607; Cl
= 221.825; S= 201.165. (Berzelius’ Jahresbericht, 9, 1830,
136.)

J.J. Berzetius: 65.14 (O = 16); 344.684 (O = 100).

In his Lehrbuch he apparently takes the analyses of the
chloride above cited, recalculated for Cl = 221.64; Ag =
1349.66. (Lehrbuch, 3, 1224.)

R. Branpes: 57.06 (O = 16); 356.602 (O = 100).

Determined by analysis of crystallized chloride. The
chlorine was determined by precipitation with silver. The
Mn was precipitated as carbonate, and converted into oxide
by heat. The water was determined by difference, and the
composition of the oxide was assumed to be as given by
Berzelius, (!) whose values for Ag and Cl were also taken.
(Poggend. Ann., 22, 1831, 256.)

K. von Haver: 54.98 (0 = 16); 843.632 (O = 100).

Determined by nine experiments on the reduction of the
sulphate to sulphide by heating the salt in a current of
hydrogen sulphide. The reduction was performed in a
porcelain tube enclosed in a charcoal fire. Number, mean ;
extreme difference, 0.84, for O=16. The sulphate was
prepared from a pyrolusite containing only silica, iron, and
barium. It was reduced to protoxide, dissolved in sulphu-
ric acid, oxidized with nitric acid, precipitated with oxalic

MERCURY. 81

acid, converted into red oxide, dissolved in chlorhydric acid
and alcohol, precipitated with ammonium carbonate, dis-
solved in sulphuric acid, repeatedly heated to redness and
recrystallized, and was dried at 300°. Accurate experi-
ments on the reduction of the red oxide proved impractica-
ble on account of the hydroscéopicity of the compound.
Two experiments on the oxidation of the protoxide, under-
taken as a check on the other method, gave 27.486 and
27.527 for O=8; S=16. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak.
Chem., 72, 1857, 361; Sitz.-Bericht der k. k. Akad., 1857.)

J. Dumas: 54.96 (O = 16).

Determined by the decomposition of the chloride with
argentic nitrate. The number is the mean of five experi-
ments; extreme difference, 0.1 for O=16. Cl= 85.5;
Ag=108. Dumas had previously made experiments on
the reduction of the hyperoxide to protoxide by hydrogen.
These gave the atomic weight at from 25.99 to 26.09 for
O=8. Dumas believes that a part of the oxide was re-
duced to metal. The peroxide was prepared from nitrate
of the protoxide. (Annal. de Chim. et de Phys., (8,) 55, 1859,
150.)

— Rawack: 54.02 (O = 16).

Determined, in Schneider’s laboratory, by reducing a
known weight of red oxide to protoxide in a current of
dry hydrogen, and weighing the water formed. The num-
ber is derived from the mean of six selected experiments.
The extreme difference is 0.22 forO =16. (Poggend. Ann.,
107, 1859, 607.)

RR. Scunerper: 54.038 (O = 16).

The mean result of four analyses of the oxalate by the
ordinary method of organic analysis. Extreme difference,
0.04 for O=16. C=12. The oxalate was prepared from
chemically pure sulphate by precipitation with sodium car-
bonate, digestion with oxalic acid, and drying over sulphu-
ric acid. (Poggend. Ann., 107, 1859, 613.)

MERCURY.

The specific heat of mercury in the solid state, as observed
by Regnault, and the vapor density, as determined by Dumas,
correspond to an atomic weight of slightly above 200.

(Gmelin-Kraut, l. c.; L. Meyer, l. c.)
6

82 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

Fourcroy anD THENARD, Davy, WoLLAsSTON: 200.8
(O= 16); 1255 (O=100).

Fourcroy and Thenard found 80 = 100 Hg. Davy found
30 O = 880 Hg, giving Hg = 1266. The latter also found
134 Cl = 380 Hg, which for Cl = 441, gives Hg = 1254.
(Phil. Trans., 104, 1814, 21.)

N. G. SerstroreM: 202.53 (O= 16); 1265.822 (0 =
100).

Determined by three analyses of the oxide according to
which 100 Hg = 7.89, 7.9, and 7.97 O. (Berzelius’ Lehr-
buch, 3, 1215.)

KH. Turner: 200.72 (0 = 16).

Turner made a number of determinations of this atomic
weight but regarded the value he adopted, 202, only as
an approximation. From the oxide, prepared from nitrate,
he got 200.77 and 199.97. The compound was decomposed
by heat, and the products carried over silver and gold ina
narrow tube. Four experiments were made on mercuric
chloride which was decomposed by pure calcic oxide, and
the Cl precipitated with argentic nitrate. [These analyses
recalculated for the Stas’ atomic weights of Ag and Cl
give 202.079, 201.701, 201.815.] Turner also made two
experiments on the reduction of the chloride with stan-
nous chloride, the Hg being collected, dried and weighed.
[These experiments recalculated give 199.423 and 199.289. ]
The mercuric chloride was purified by recrystallization,
Weighings reduced to vacuum. (Phil. Trans., 123, 1883,
535.)

ERDMANN AND Marcuanp: 200.14 (O = 16); 1250.6
(O = 100).

Determined from the mean of four experiments on the
reduction of the oxide in a current of carbon di-oxide.
Copper, carbon (from sugar) oxide, and carbon, were intro-
duced in successive layers in a combustion tube. Dry car-
bon di-oxide was passed through and the mercuric oxide
heated. The metal was collected in a receiver to which a
tube filled with gold foil was appended. The metal was
perfectly clean. Moisture was removed by a stream of dry
air after distillation. The oxide was purified by heating it
to incipient decomposition the metallic fumes being removed

MOLYBDENUM. 83

by acurrent of dry air. It was tested before being analysed.
The extreme difference in the results was 0.8 for O = 100.
All weighings in vacuo. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem.,
31, 1844, 392.)

E. Mitton: 199.94 (O = 16); 1249.63 (O = 100).

Millon made two experiments by heating mercuric chlo-
ride with calcic oxide in a current of hydrogen and con-
densing the metal. The experiments gave 73.87 and 73.82
percent. mercury. If Cl = 442.64, the value follows. The
chloride was dissolved in ether and sublimed. It was per-
fectly soluble in ether and alcohol, and was well crystallized.
(Paris Comptes Rend., 20, 1845, 1291.)

L. SvanBereG: 200 (O = 16); 1250 (O = 100).

Svanberg made three experiments by the same method
employed by Millon. The mean result was 1248.47; ex-
treme difference, 0.94; but Svanberg shows that there was
probably loss, and that the larger the quantity of chloride
employed the higher the result. He regards Erdmann and
Marchand’s result as most probable, but in need of con-
firmation. Cl = 448.28. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak.
Chem., 45,1848, 468; Kongl. Vet. Akad. Handl., 1845, 135.)

MOLYBDENUM.

Regnault determined the specific heat of molybdenum.
It answers to an atomic weight of about 96. (G‘melin- Kraut,
Gte;)

J. J. Berzerius: 95.36 (0 =16); 596.1 (O = 100).

One hundred parts of anhydrous plumbic nitrate, dis-
solved and precipitated with neutral ammonium molybdate,
gave 110.68 parts plumbic molybdate. If Pb = 1294.645,
N = 87.53, the value follows. Berzelius expresses himself
dissatisfied with the accuracy of the determination. (Pog-
gend. Ann., 8, 1826, 23; and Lehrbuch, 3, 1208.)

SVANBERG AND STRUVE: 92.12 (O =16); 575.829
(O == 100).

After trying various methods without getting accordant
results, these chemists made ten experiments on the sul-

84 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

phide by roasting it first in a current of moist, and then of
dry air. Three experiments were excluded as imperfect.
The remainder gave a mean of 89.7523 molybdic acid from
100 sulphide; extreme difference, 0.22. The value follows
for S= 200. Objections have been made (Liebig’s Ann.,
68, 211) that the difference in weight between the acid and
the sulphate is too small for the purpose of the determina-
tion, and that the different analyses give very different
atomic weights. The sulphide was prepared by melting
together molybdic acid, sulphur, and caustic potash, and
leaching the product with water and chlorhydric acid. The
sulphide was dried in a current of hydrogen. The molyb-
die acid was dissolved in ammonia to prove the absence of
sulphide. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 44, 1848, 315.)

N: J. BERLIN: 97.96 (O = 16); df4-fo (O — 100).

Determined by four analyses of the double mono-sesqui-
molybdate of ammonium by heating gently with nitric acid
in a platinum crucible until only molybdic acid was left.
Extreme difference, 3.32 for O=100; N =175; H =12.5.
The preparation of the salt is not given. (Hrdmann’s Journ.
fiir Prak. Chem., 49, 1850, 446.)

J.) Dumases96)\(O—— 16).

Dumas made five experiments on the reduction of molyb-
dic acid (prepared from the natural sulphide) by means of
hydrogen. The reduction was begun at a low temperature
in a glass tube, and completed in an unglazed porcelain tube
in a reverberatory furnace, where it was kept till several
hours heating produced no further alteration in weight.
The molybdenum did not assume a metallic appearance.
The number is the mean; extreme difference, 0.8 for O =
16. (Annal. de Chim. et de Phys., (8,) 65, 1859, 142.)

M. DearontaIne: 92 (O=16); 575 (O = 100).

This chemist made many experiments in various ways
without being able to reach constant results, and only re-
marks that his experiments indicate Svanberg and Struve’s
value as the best. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 95,
1865, 187; Bibl. Univ., Arch. des Sciences, 23, 1865.)

H. Desray: 95.94 (O = 16).

Debray made three experiments on the reduction of
molybdic acid. The acid was first converted into the red

MOLYBDENUM. 85

oxide in platinum, and at a low temperature, and the small
portion of the acid volatilized during this operation was
caught and determined. The reduction was completed in
a porcelain tube at a white heat. Debray gives his results
at 48.03; 48.04; and 47.84. [The analytical data, recalcu-
lated, give 95.30; 95.55; 95.73; perhaps on account of
misprints. Reduction to vacuum would still further reduce
the numbers.] The acid was purified by sublimation in
platinum, conversion into ammonium salt, and regeneration
by heat. In two experiments ammoniacal solution of molyb-
dic acid was evaporated in the dark with excess of argentic
nitrate, the argentic molybdate dissolved out and the excess
of silver determined. Debray found 5.510 acid = 7.657
silver, and 7.236 acid = 10.847 silver. Hence he calculates
M=48 and 47.98. [A little calculation shows that the
first data are misprinted. They should read 5.11 acid =
7.657 silver. The corrected data give for Ag = 107.938; M
= 96.06 and 95.99. The mean of the recalculated analyses
is 95.73.] (Paris Comptes Rend., 66, 1868, 732.)

L. Meyer: 96.10 (O = 16).

Calculated from three analyses of the dichloride, two
analyses of the tetrachloride, and two analyses of the pen-
tachloride, made by Leichte and Kempe in Meyer’s labora-
tory. The dichloride was analyzed by heating in a current
of hydrogen sulphide, and subsequently in a current of
hydrogen. Molybdenum disulphide is the residue. The
HCl formed was caught in ammonium hydrate and precipi-
tated by argentic nitrate, after the hydrogen sulphide had
been driven off by boiling in a flask provided with a con-
densing drip-tube. The tetra and pentachloride were
decomposed with nitric acid, excess of ammonium hydrate
was added, and molybdenum trisulphide precipitated with
ammonium sulphide. A weighed portion of the dry pre-
cipitate was converted into disulphide by heating in a cur-
rent of hydrogen. The chlorine of the higher chlorides
was determined in the filtrate after precipitation of the
trisulphide. By comparing the amount of chloride analyzed
with the amount of argentic chloride obtained, Meyer finds
in mean M = 95.92; extreme difference, 1.87 for O = 15.96.
By comparing the amount of disulphide with that of argen-
tic chloride, M = 95.75; extreme difference, 1.35. By com-
paring the amount of chloride analyzed with the amount of
disulphide obtained for one analysis of tetrachloride and
two analyses of pentachloride, he gets M = 95.94; extreme
difference, 2.15. The general mean is M = 95.86; extreme

86 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

difference, 215") Ap 102664) S31, 085 Cl ab.a0
O = 15.96. The specific gravities of the chlorides not hav-
ing been determined, the weighings are not reduced to
vacuum. The pentachloride was prepared from M by heat-
ing it in a current of Cl entirely free from air. The metal
had been freed from oxide by heating in an atmosphere of
HCl. By moderate heating of the pentachloride in dry H,
and by distilling pentachloride over the product in dry
carbon di-oxide, the trichloride is obtained. The trichlo-
ride heated in carbon di-oxide is decomposed into tetrachlo-
ride and di-chloride, which latter must be purified with
warm dilute nitric acid. (JLiebig’s Ann., 169, 1874, 360,
344.)

NICKEL.

Regnault has determined the specific heat of nickel. It
corresponds to an atomic weight of about 59. (Gmelin-
Kraut, l. ec.)

E. Rotnorr: 59.09 (0 = 16); 369.333 (O = 100).

Rothoff converted 188 parts of oxide into chloride, a
neutral solution of which gave 718.2 parts argentic chlo-
ride. If Ol = 221.64, Ag = 1849.66, the value follows.
(Berzelius’ Lehrbuch, 3, 1221.)

P. BERtTHIER.

Lassaigne having announced the atomic weight of nickel
at 500, (Schweigger’s Jahrbuch, 9, 108,) Berthier re-ex-
amined the subject and found Rothoff’s number confirmed.
(Berzelius’ Jahresbericht, &, 1825, 148; Annal. de Chim. et de
Phys., 25, 1824, 148.)

ERDMANN AND Marcuand: $8.2 (O = 16); 365.9 (O
=i),

Determined ‘ with all precaution” by the reduction of
the oxide with hydrogen. The results varied from 29.1 to
29.3, but Erdmann has reason to believe the smaller number
the more accurate. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem.,
55, 1852, 202.)

NICKEL. 87

H. SaIntTE-CLAIRE DEVILLE:

100 parts fused nickel, containing three-tenths per cent.
silicon and one-tenth per cent. copper, gave 262 parts anhy-
drous, yellow nickel sulphate, ‘‘ corresponding to the atomic
weight as given by Berzelius.”’ (Annal. de Chim. et de Phys.,
(3,) 46, 1856, 182.)

R. ScHNEIDER: 58.05 (O = 16); 362.8 (O =100).

Determined from four analyses of the oxalate. The car-
bon determinations were made by the ordinary method of
organic analysis, because some hydrocarbon forms when
the salt is decomposed by heat alone. The metal was de-
termined by heating a known weight of the salt first in air
and then in a current of oxygen, and subsequent reduction
by hydrogen. In the preparation of the salt the usual pre-
cipitate with ammonium sulphide was washed with dilute
chlorhydric acid, and the cobalt separated with barium car-
bonate and chlorine. From the nickel salt obtained the
oxalate was precipitated with oxalic acid. The number is
the mean of four analyses; extreme difference, 0.082 for O
= 8. (Poggend. Ann. 101, 1857, 396.)

C. Marienac: 59 (O = 16).

Marignac made two analyses of the sulphate by decom-
posing the salt by heat. The decomposition is perfect. To
avoid errors arising from possible reduction of a portion of
the oxide, it was moistened with nitric acid, and recalcined
at a moderate temperature. The results obtained were Ni
= 29.2 and 29.5. The sulphate was purified by recrystalli-
zation. He also made experiments on the chloride by titra-
tion with argentic nitrate, according to Pelouze’s modifica-
tion of Gay-Lussac’s method. Three such analyses gave
from 29.4 to 29.5. In one experiment he also evaporated
the nickel nitrate, after filtering off the argentic chloride,
and converted it into oxide by heat. This experiment gave
Ni = 29.64. The chloride, whether it be distilled or cal-
cined with ammonium chloride, is apt to leave an insoluble
residue the weight of which must be deducted. S16;
Ag =108; Cl=35.5. (Bibl. Univ. Arch. des Sciences, (2,)
1, 1858, 375.)

J. Dumas: 59.028 (O = 16).

The number is the mean result of five experiments on
the titration of the chloride with argentic nitrate; ex-

88 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

treme difference 0.08. Ag=108; Cl=35.5. In three
eases the nickel chloride was prepared by dissolving fused
nickel in aquia regia, repeated evaporation to dryness with
HCl, and heating for from twelve to twenty-four hours in a
current of HCl gas. In two cases it was produced by pass-
ing a current of chlorine over spongy nickel. The chloride
analyzed was crystalline and volatile without residue.
(Annal. de Chim. et de Phys., (8,) 55, 1859, 149.)

R. SCHNEIDER: 58.058 (O = 16).

In consequence of Marignac’s criticism (that as nickel
oxalate is insoluble it cannot be purified by recrystalliza-
tion) Schneider repeated his former determination, making
special tests for oxalic acid, sodium, and chlorine, with the
above result. (Poggend. Ann., 107, 1859, 616.)

W. J. RussEvi: 58.738 (0 = 16).

Determined from the mean of thirteen experiments on
the reduction of the oxide in hydrogen. Extreme differ-
ence, 0.12 forO =16. The oxide was prepared from three
specimens of commercial nickel, which were first converted
into pure oxalate and then into nitrate. The oxide was
obtained by decomposing the nitrate by a very strong heat.
(Journ. Chem. Soc., (2,) 1, 1863, 61.)

Schneider remarks that a portion of the oxide analyzed
may have been reduced during the process of decomposing
the nitrate. (Poggend. Ann., 130, 1867, 310.) Marignac
points out the same danger. (Bibl. Univ., Arch. des Sciences,
(2,) 1, 874.)

EK. von Sommaruea: 58.026 (O =16).

Determined from the amount of barium sulphate obtained
by precipitating the double sulphate of nickel and potassium
with barium chloride. The number is the mean of six
experiments; extreme difference, 0.168 forO = 8, S=16;
Ba [no doubt] = 68.5; K=—39.2. The salt was prepared
by solution of commercial nickel in sulphuric and nitric
acid, adding potassic sulphate to the solution, and repeatedly
recry stallizing the double sulphate. (Erdmann? s Journ. fiir
Prak. Chem., 100, 1867, 115; Sitz.-Ber. derk. k. Akad., 1866.)

C. WINKLER: 59.05 (O = 16).

Determined by the amount of gold precipitated from a
solution of neutral crystallized potassium chloro-aurate by

NIOBIUM. 89

a known weight of nickel. The number is the mean of
four experiments; extreme difference, 0.186 for O=16,
Au=196. The nickel was prepared as follows : commer-
cial nickel carbonate was dissolved in chlorhydric acid,
cobalt was repeatedly precipitated with sodium hypochlo-
rite, copper, ete., were removed with hydrogen sulphide,
the nickel was precipitated with sodium carbonate, the pre-
cipitate dissolved in chlorhydric acid, the chloride sublimed
and reduced in a current of hydrogen. (Sresenius’ Zeitsch.,
6, 1867, 22.)

W. J. RussEni: 58.76 (O = 16).

Determined by the amount of hydrogen set free by solu-
tion of nickel in chlorhydric acid. The nickel was that
obtained in Russell’s former determination of the atomic
weight of nickel. (Chem. News, 20, 1869, 20.)

R. H. Lee: 58.01 (O = 16).

Determined by analyses of nickel cyanide salts. They
were decomposed in a platinum crucible by heat from above.
The carbon separated out was burned off first in air and
then in oxygen. The metallic oxide was reduced in a cur-
rent of hydrogen. The mean of six experiments on the
strychnine salt gave Ni = 58.04. The mean of six experi-
ments on the brucine salt gave Ni = 57.98. The salts were
purified by recrystallization. (Berlin. Bericht der Chem.
Ges., 4, 1871, 790.)

NIOBIUM.

The vapor density of the chloride and of the oxychloride,
as determined by Deville and Troost, places the atomic
weight at about 94. (Paris Comptes Rend., 56, 1868, 891.)

H. Rose: 122 (O = 16).

Rose deduced the atomic weight of niobium from analy-
ses of what he supposed to be the tetrachloride, determin-
ing the niobium as niobic acid, and the chlorine as argentic
chloride. The results, which varied greatly, indicated the
value 97.64. [Marignac having proved that the salt is a
pentachloride, this number becomes 122.] Marignac showed

90 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

that Rose dealt with a compound containing a large amount
of the corresponding tantalium chloride. (Poggend. Ann.,
104, 1858, 439.)

Rose; RamMetssere: 94 (O = 16).

Rose analysed the oxychloride, but did not recognize it
as an oxychloride. Rammelsberg calculated the atomic
weight from Rose’s figures and found that the highest chlo-
rine contents corresponds to an atomic weight of 94.
Rose’s salt must have been nearly pure as there is no cor-
responding tantalium compound. (Poggend. Ann., 136,
1869, 353.)

R. Hermann: 104.8 (O = 16).

Hermann deduces this value from analyses of a number
of chlorides and sodium salts. The formulas which he
gives these compounds are complicated, unlikely, and un-
supported by evidence. Marignac has shown that Her-
mann’s salts contained tantalium. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir
Prak. Chem., 68, 1856, 73.)

C. W. BiomstranD: 95 (O = 16).

Blomstrand made three determinations of the chlorine
contents of the pentachloride, getting 64.712 per cent., ex-
treme difference, 0.32. He also made eleven determina-
tions of the niobium in the same compound, weighing it as
niobic acid. 100 chloride gave in mean 49.794 acid. The
atomic weight calculated from the chlorine. contents is
96.67; from the niobic acid, 96.16. Blomstrand also made
experiments on sodium niobate which led him to the con-
clusion that the most probable number is 95. (Gmelin-
Kraut, 2, part 2, 73; Acta Univ. Lund., 1864.)

C. Marienac: 94 (O = 16).

Determined from a number of analyses of potassium
fluoniobate containing two atoms of potassium. The com-
pound was decomposed by sulphuric acid with which it
was evaporated to dryness. The residue was leached with
water, the filtrate evaporated and the potassic sulphate
melted and weighed. The sulphuric acid remaining with
the niobic acid was driven off by heat and the acid weighed.
The salt being readily soluble and crystallizing well, can
easily be purified from all substances except titanium which
Marignae knows no way of separating or determining.

NITROGEN. 91

The larger the amount of titanium present, the lower will
the atomic weight be; Marignac therefore takes the highest
value. (Liebig’s Ann., S. 4, 334, 288, 338; Bibl. Univ.,
Arch, des Sciences, 23, 1865, 25, 1866.)

NITROGEN.

Regnault has determined the specific gravity of nitrogen.
It indicates an atomic weight slightly above 14. (G'melin-
Kraut, l. ¢.)

Biot and Arago; Wo.Luaston: 14.07 (0 = 16);
Si.f (0 == 100).

Biot and Arago found the specific gravities of N and H
0.96918 and 0.07321. If H=13.27 the value follows.
[This very accurate value is of course the result of two
compensating errors.] (Phil. Trans., 104, 1814, 20.)

J.J. Berzevius; 14.167 (O = 16); 88.518 (O =100).

Calculated from the specific gravity as determined by
Berzelius and Dulong, compared with that of oxygen. By
decomposing the nitrate of lead by heat, Berzelius also
found N = 88.61 for Pb =1294.498. (Poggend. Ann., 8,
1826, 14.)

EK. Turner: 14.15 (O = 16).

Determined by experiments on the nitrates of lead, silver,
and barium, which were precipitated with sulphuric and
hydrochloric acids, and gave respectively N = 14.201;
ia0o 14.07, at Ebi 1036; Ba —'68.7 >: Cl = 35.42; 8
= 16.085; the weighings being reduced to vacuum. The
salts were purified by recrystallization. Turner recom-
mends more direct methods. (Phil. Trans., 123, 1833, 537.)

T. THomson: 24 (O = 16).

From the hypothesis that air is a compound containing
four parts of N and one part oxygen, and from the average
of various selected determinations of the specific gravity of
oxygen, Thomson concludes the specific gravity of oxygen
is 1.1111, and that of N 0.9722. These numbers stand

92 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

to one another as 16 to 14. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak.
Chem., 8, 1836, 375; Records of General Science, by R. D.
Thomson, 1836, 179.)

F. Penny: 14.018 (O = 16).

From the mean of three series of experiments (vide
Penny’s determination of potassium) it follows that 100
potassie chloride = 135.636 potassic nitrate. Penny found
the molecular weight of KCl = 74.527 ; hence the difference
between a chloride and a nitrate is 26.560. Similar experi-
ments were made on the sodium salts. In four experiments
100 sodium chlorate were found = 54.930 chloride ; extreme
difference, 0.02. In three experiments, 100 sodium chlo-
rate were found = 79.882 sodium nitrate; extreme differ-
ence, 0.015. In six experiments 100 sodium nitrate were
found = 68.771 chloride; extreme difference, 0.013. In
seven experiments 100 chloride were found = 145.416
sodium nitrate; extreme difference, 0.016. These data
give sodium chloride = 58.5, and the nitrate = 85.068, or
the difference between a chloride and a nitrate = 26.568.
Penny found Cl= 35.454. If NO,—Cl = 26.564, N =
14.018. Weighings for vacuum. (Phil. Trans., 129, 1839, 25.)

L. SvanBerG: 13.91 (O = 16).

Determined by four experiments on the decomposition of
plumbie nitrate by heat which gave a mean of 67.4016 per
cent. oxide; extreme difference, 0.0087. [If Pb = 206.926
(Stas) the value follows.] (Berzelius’ Jahresbericht, 22, 1842,
38

:)
C. Marienac: 14.02 (0 = 16); 87.625 (O = 100).

Marignac made five experiments by dissolving a known
weight of silver in nitric acid and melting and weighing
the nitrate formed. The silver carried out of the retort by
the vapors was precipitated and determined. The mean
result was that 100 silver 157.430 nitrate; extreme
difference, 0.046; or, if Ag = 1349.01, N = 87.535. Six
experiments were made by the decomposition of a known
weight of argentic nitrate with a known weight of potassic
chloride by Pelouze’s method. Mean, 100 KCl = 227.986
argentic nitrate; extreme difference, 0.18. This gives N =
87.685 if K = 488.94 and Cl = 443.2. Seven experiments
by the same method showed that 100 silver dissolved in
nitric acid = 49.522 ammonium chloride; extreme differ-

NITROGEN. 93

ence, 0.063; Hence N = 87.655. The weighings are re-
duced to vacuum. (Berzelius’ Jahresbericht, 24, 1842, 44;
Bibl. Univ. de Grenéve, 46, 1842, 363.)

T. ANDERSON: 13.95 (O = 16); 87.204 (O = 100).

Determined by four experiments on the decomposition
of plumbic nitrate by heat at a sufficiently low temperature
to permit of complete decomposition. The number is the
mean; extreme difference, 0.198 for O=100. Pbh=
1294.5. (Annal. de Chim. et de Phys., (8,) 9, 1848, 254.)

J. PEtouze: 14.014 (O = 16); 87.59 (O = 100).

A known weight of argentic nitrate was brought.in con-
tact with a known and slightly excessive weight of ammo-
nium chloride and the excess titrated with silver solution.
One experiment gave N = 175.58; a second gave N =
174.78. Ag=13849.01; Cl=443.2. The ammonium
chloride was purified by sublimation and recrystallization.
(Paris Comptes Rend., 20, 1845, 1047.)

iP BENBRODE = 22 (O == 16); 87.5,(O = 100).

Experiments on the decomposition of plumbic nitrate by
heat gave N = 87.5 plus a vanishing quantity if Pb =
1294.2239. (Leibig’s Ann., 70, 1849, 286.)

J. Dumas: 14 (O = 16).

Determined by experiments on the combustion of ammo-
nia and cyanogen. Particulars not given. C=6; H=1.
(Annal. de Chim. et de Phys., (8,) 55, 1859, 184.)

J. 8. Sras: 14.044 (O = 16).

Stas made seven determinations of the relation between
silver and its nitrate by dissolving pure silver in nitric acid,
evaporating to dryness and keeping the salt melted until
there was no further loss of weight. In two of these experi-
ments the salt was melted in vacuo. The mean result was
that 100 Ag = 157.472 nitrate; whence N= 14.040. Later
Stas made two more experiments by the same method with
all possible precautions to secure accuracy. These gave 100
Ag = 157.484 nitrate and N = 14.042. By the conversion
of the chlorides of potassium, sodium, lithium and silver
into nitrates, Stas found the difference between a chloride
and a nitrate 26.5882. This gives N= 14.045. The weigh-

94 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

ings are reduced to vacuum. Cl = 35.457; Ag = 107.98.
(Stas, Unters. iiber Chem. Prop. Leipzig, 1867.)

OSMIUM.

Regnault has determined the specific heat of osmium. It
corresponds to an atomic weight of about 199. (Gmelin-
Kraut, l. ¢.)

J.J. BERZELIUS: 199.04 (O = 16).

Berzelius analyzed potassium chloro-osmate by reduction
in a current of hydrogen and solution of the potassium
chloride from the residue. 1.8165 grammes of the double
salt lost 0.8805 in reduction and the residue was composed
of 0.401 potassium chloride and 0.535 osmium. The atomic
weight may be calculated either from the chlorine lost or
from the relation of the chloride to the metal in the residue.
Berzelius preferred the latter as more probably accurate.
[If K = 39.187; Cl = 35.457 (Stas;) this relation gives
199.04.] According to W. M. Watts, (Chem. News, 79,
302) the loss of chlorine gives for Stas’s values Os = 199.42.
Hyperosmic acid was separated from iridium compounds by
distilling at a gentle heat. The first portion is perfectly
pure. The metal was precipitated from chlorhydrie acid
solution of hyperosmic acid by mercury and subsequently
purified by heating in a current of hydrogen. Potassium
chloro-osmate was formed by heating comminuted metal
and KCl inacurrent of chlorine. (Poggend. Ann., 13, 1828,
530; Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl., 1828.)

E. Frumy: 199.65 (O =16); 1247.8 (O = 100).

Pure osmium was burned in a current of oxygen and
the fumes led over potassic hydrate, by which they are
absorbed. An additional potash tube did not increase in
weight. Corks were avoided. Number of experiments not
given. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 38, 1844, 409 ;
Journ. de Pharm. et Chim., 1844, 241.)

DevitLeE and Desray: 198 (O = 16).

These chemists determined the vapor density of hyper-
osmic acid by Dumas’ method, finding it 8.89 at 246°,

PALLADIUM. 95

and 8.87 at 286°. They hence consider it probable that
the atomic weight of osmium is the same as that of plati-
num. The acid was very pure and was prepared by the
combustion of metallic osmium in oxygen. (Paris, Comptes
Rend., 44, 1857, 1101.)

OXYGEN.

The atomic weight of oxygen is assumed at 16 for the
reasons stated under hydrogen, q. v. If hydrogen is taken
as unity, © — 16.96:

PALLADIUM.

Regnault determined the specific heat of palladium. It
corresponds to an atomic weight of about 106. (G'melin-
Kraut, l. c.)

J. J. Berzenius; 106.51 (0 = 16).

In his earliest determinations of this constant, Berzelius
saturated the metal with sulphur, getting about 711 for S
= 201.165; and decomposed the chloride with mercury,
getting 704. [711 appears to be a misprint for 714.618 the
number given with corresponding data at Poggend., 8, 180.]
In this investigation a known weight of potassium chloro-
palladate was reduced in a current of hydrogen, the weight
of the residue determined, the potassium chloride leached
from the residue and the metallic palladium weighed. The
double salt was strongly heated, but not to fusion, in a current
of dry air before weighing. It being impossible to desiccate
this and the similar platinum-metal salts completely with-
out decomposition, the atomic weight was calculated from the
relation between the metal and the KCl. Berzelius found
0.575 Pd = 0.809 KCl, and 0.851 Pd = 1.192 KCl. [If KCl
= 74.594 (Stas) the former gives Pd = 106.036, the latter
106.509.] Berzelius had reason to consider the latter analy-
sis the more accurate. (Poggend. Ann., 12, 1828, 454 ; Kong.
Vet. Acad. Handl., 1828.)

96 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

PHOSPHORUS.

The specific heat of this element, as well as the density
of phosphorus and its numerous volatile compounds in the
gaseous state, corresponds to an atomic weight slightly
above 31. (G'melin-Kraut, I. c.)

V. Ross; F. H. Woxtaston: 35.1 (O = 16).

Wollaston adopted the analysis of Rose, who found that
phosphoric anhydride contained 53.28 per cent. oxygen and
46.72 per cent. phosphorus. [This relation gives the above
value.] (Phil. Trans., 104, 1814, 20.)

J.-J. Brerzetius: 37.3825 (O = 16).

Berzelius made experiments on the reduction of auric
chloride and of argentic sulphate by phosphorus. His re-
sults were 0.38115 P—=13:98 Ac: 0:829) P= 87/12 Au:
0.754 P = 7.93 Au. [The first of these analyses is misprinted
in the original memoir (Gilbert’s Ann., 53, 433).] In the
Lehrbuch it is miscalculated as Ruecker has shown. Ber-
zelius preferred deducing the atomic weight of P from that
of silver, because the atomic weight of the latter was more
accurately known than that of gold. [If Ag = 107.93, the
data give P = 31.325, for Au = 196.67 the latter analyses
give P = 31.176 and 31.165.] In all the experiments the
precipitated metal was boiled with the solution when the
reduction was nearly complete. A trace of gold was
observed to precipitate after the experiments were over.
The silver was heated to redness before weighing. [J. P.
Cooke, Jr., has shown (atomic weight of antimony) that
silver is volatile at a red heat. Berzelius must therefore
have got too large a result.] The phosphorus was distilled,
melted in a glass tube and cooled very slowly, to permit

traces of oxides to rise to the surface, and the lower portion
of the tube with the phosphorus broken off and instantly
weighed. (Gilbert’s Ann., 53, 1816, 433, and Lehrbuch 8,
1188.)

J. PEtouze: 32.024 (0 = 16); 200.15 (O = 100).

A known weight of argentic nitrate was brought in con-

tact with a known and slightly excessive weight of phos-

phorous chloride and the excess titrated. The number of
experiments is not given. Ag = 1349.01; Cl = 443.2.

PHOSPHORUS. 97

The terchloride was prepared by chloridizing finely divided
P with dry chlorine, adding finely divided P, decanting,
agitation with tin amalgam and rectification over the same.
The fluid was colorless and did not give any precipitate
with water. (Paris, Comptes Rend., 20, 1845, 1047.)

V. A. Jacquztin: 29.83 (0 =16); 186.438 (O =
100).

Determined by experiments on the chlorides of phos-
phorus with argentic nitrate and plumbic oxide. The re-
sults are utterly discordant. (Paris, Comptes Rend., 33,
1851, 693.)

A. ScHROETTER: 31.0274 (O = 16).

Determined by burning perfectly pure amorphous phos-
phorus in dry oxygen and weighing the phosphoric anhy-
dride. The number is the mean of 10 experiments ;
extreme difference, 0.1242. Previous to burning, the phos-
phorus was heated for a long time in carbon di-oxide or
hydrogen. It was burned not in powder but in lumps.
(Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 53, 1851, 485; Sitz.-
Bericht der k. k. Akad., 1851.)

B. C. Bropiz: 31.31 (O = 16).

Three experiments made by oxidation of phosphorus
with aqua regia and determination as magnesium pyrophos-
phate gave this mean. Brodie seems to regard these deter-
minations only as evidence that the atomic weight needs
redetermination. (Journ. Chem. Soc., 5, 1852, 295.)

J. Dumas: 31.03 (O = 16).

Determined by five experiments on the titration of the
terchloride with argentic nitrate. The chloride was pre-
pared by the action of dry chlorine on amorphous phos-
phorus and distillation after the chlorine had been displaced
by carbon di-oxide. The portion distilling between 76°
and 78° only was used. The number is the mean of the
results; extreme difference, 0.08. Ag=—108; Cl = 85.5.
(Annal. de Chine. et de Phys., (8,) 55, 1859, 172.)

98 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

PLATINUM.

Regnault and Kopp have determined the specific heat of
platinum. It answers to an atomic weight of about 197.
(Gmelin-Kraut, l. c.)

J.J. BERzELIUS: 197.19 (O = 16).

Determined by the same method as osmium, q. v., from
a single experiment on potassium auroplatinate. 2.135
potassium chloride accompanied 2.822 platinum. [If KCl
= 74.594 (Stas,) this gives the above value.] The salt was
prepared by precipitating an alcoholic solution of platinum
chloride with potassium chloride, washing with alcohol and
heating to redness in a current of chlorine. Berzelius re-
marks that the metal used in his former determinations
was impure. (Poggend. Ann., 13, 1828, 468, and Lehrbuch,
3, 1213.) ,

T. AnpReEws: 197.88 (O = 16).

Determined by three experiments on potassium chlo-
roplatinate. The salt was dried:at 105° in vacuo, decom-
posed by zinc, the excess of zine removed by acetic acid,
the solution filtered off, and the chlorine titrated. The
number is the mean; extreme difference, 0.22. The values
assumed for Ag and Cl are not given. They were most
likely Marignac’s. (Brit. Assoc. Rep., 1852, part 2, 33.)

J. S. Stas made preparations for determining the atomic
weight of platinum, but not being able to produce potas-
sium chloroplatinate entirely free from water, and being
unacquainted with Bunsen’s method of accomplishing this
end, resigned the attempt. He made, indeed, three analy-
ses by the same method employed by Berzelius, but un-
fortunately does not communicate the results. (Stas, Unter-
such, tiber Chem. Prop., Leipzig, 1867, 265.)

POTASSIUM.

Regnault determined the specific heat of potassium. It
corresponds to an atomic weight of about 39. (Gmelin-

Kraut, |. c.)

POTASSIUM. 99

M. H. Kuaproru; F. H. Woutaston: 39.517 (0 =
16).

Klaproth found that 441 Cl = 591 potassium oxide.
Hence Wollaston deduced the value 491 (O = 100) for
K. [If Cl = 35.457, this relation gives K = 39.517.] (Phil.
Trans., 104, 1814, 20.)

J. J. Burzevius: 39.193 (0 = 16); 244.958 (O =
100).

Berzelius found that 100 KCl=192.4 Ag Cl. If Ag =
1851.607; Cl = 442.65; the above value follows. (Poggend.
Ann., 8, 1826, 190.)

F. Penny: 39.073 (O = 16).

Penny made six experiments on the conversion of the
chlorate into the chloride. Potassic chlorate was dried at
about 105°, dissolved in a flask with HCl, evaporated, dried
and weighed. The cake contained some free HCl. It was
broken up, pulverized, and a known quantity heated to dull
redness but not to fusion, and the HCl expelled allowed for.
The mean result was that 100 KCl O, = 60.823 KCl; ex-
treme difference, 0.015. This relation gives KCl = 74.527
and if Cl = 35.454 (Penny,) the value for K follows.
Numerous experiments were also made on the introconver-
sion of the nitrate, the chloride and the chlorate, which
established the difference between a chloride and a nitrate,
besides confirming the value of K. The salts were purified
by recrystallization and were carefully tested for impurities.
The weighings are all for vacuum. (Phil. Trans., 129, 1839,
18.)

C. Marienac: 39.2 (0 = 16); 245 (O = 100).

By six experiments on the decomposition of the chlorate
by heat, 100 chlorate were found to lose 39.161 oxygen;
extreme difference 0.012; hence KCl = 932.14. By com-
paring this value with the molecular weight and the compo-
sition of argentic chloride, Cl was calculated at 442.18, leav-
ing for K the number 490. Confirmatory experiments were
made on potassic perchloride. The chlorate was purified by
recrystallization. The weighings are for vacuum. (Liebig’s
Ann., 44, 1842, 23.)

100 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

C. Marienac: 39.115 (0 =16); 244.47 (O = 100).

Having determined the atomic weight of chlorine from
syntheses of argentic chloride, and found it 443.2, the
molecular weight of KCl in the last determination, gives
K = 244.47, for vacuum. JBerzelius, by rejecting some
analyses and the correction for vacuum, deduces the value
244.429. (Berzelius’ Jahresbericht, 25, 1845, 31; Bibl. Univ.
de Geneve, 46, 1842, 350.)

J. PELouZE: 39.144 (O = 16); 244.65 (O = 100).

A known weight of KCl was brought into contact with a
known amount of silver dissolved in nitric acid, the chlo-
ride being slightly in excess. This excess was titrated with
a decimal solution of silver. The number is the mean of
three experiments. Ag = 1349.01; Cl= 443.2. The chlo-
ride was prepared by heating the chlorate and recrystalliz-
ing the residue. (Paris Comptes Rend., 20, 1845, 1047.)

According to Pelouze, Levol found the molecular weight
of KCl 466.245, which combined with Marignac’s value of
Cl would give K = 244.645 or 39.143. (Jbid.)

K. J. Maumeni: 38.96 (O=16); 243.502 (O=
100.)

The mean of three experiments on the decomposition of
KCl with an excess of argentic nitrate showed that 100
KCl =192.75 AgCl. If Ag =1350.32 and Cl = 443.67,
according to Maumené’s determinations, the number fol-
lows. The KCl was prepared from the chlorate by heat.
To confirm his values for K and Cl, he made seven experi-
ments on the decomposition of the chlorate by heat, and
found that 100 chlorate gave 60.791 chloride. An unac-
counted for increase in the weight of the flask occurred in
these experiments. (Annal. de Chim. et de Phys., (3,) 18,
1846, 41.) ,

J. 9. OLAS : 39.137 (Ol—=a6),

According to the mean of seven determinations, 100
parts of KCl dissolved in nitric acid, and evaporated to
dryness give 135.6423 parts of nitrate; extreme difference,
0.017. If Cl—=85.457; N—14.044; the value follows.
This value is confirmed by previous experiments which
gave 39.130. Potassic chloride, by whatever means it is
prepared, still retains silica. Stas, therefore, determined

RHODIUM. 101

the amount of silica in the KCland allowed for it. Weigh-
ings for vacuum. (Stas, Untersuch. tiber Chem. Prop.,
Leipzig, 1867.)

Stas mentions that Dumas, who was the first to place K
at 39, afterwards became convinced that this number was
too low. (bid, page 318.)

RHODIUM.

Regnault has determined the specific heat of rhodium.
It corresponds to an atomic weight of about 104. (Gmelin-
Kraut, l. ¢.)

J. J. Berzetius: 104.3 (O =16 ).

Berzelius made two analyses of dipotassic chlororhodiate.
This salt can be completely desiccated in a current of chlo-
rine at a red heat without decomposition. 3.146 grammes
gave on reduction in a current of hydrogen 0.930 Cl, and
the residue contained 1.304 KCl and 0.912 metallic rhodium.
[If KCl = 74.594, Cl = 35.457, (Stas,) the atomic weight of
the salt calculated from the Cl contents is 359.831, and that of
Rh 104.272. The relation between the Rh and the Cl gives
Rh =104.312. The relation between the KCl and the Rh
gives Rh = 104.840. The mean is 104.308.] Berzelius
made a second analysis of the crystallized salt in which he
determined the water of crystallization. [Under the same
suppositions and in the same order, the resulting values for
Rh are 106.279; 104.762; 103.708.] In the Lehrbuch only
the former analysis is used to deduce the atomic weight.
Rhodium was separated from other metals by its insolu-
bility in aqua regia. The double salt was formed by heat-
ing finely pulverized Rh in mixture with KCl in a current
of chlorine. The double salt was dissolved in water, pre-
cipitated with aleohol, washed with alcohol and dried.
(Poggend Ann., 13, 1828, 437; Kongl. Vetens. Akad. Handl.,
1828.)

In his earlier determination (Rh = 750.68 for O = 100)
Berzelius mistook an hydrated oxide for a chloride. (Jbid.)

102 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

RUBIDIUM.

Kopp determined the specific heat of rubidium chloride.
It corresponds to an atomic weight of about 85. (Gmelin-
Kraut, l. ¢.)

KircHHorr and Bunsen: 85.36 (O = 16).

Determined from the mean of four experiments on the
precipitation of the chloride with argentic nitrate. The
extreme difference was 0.24. Ag = 107.94; Cl = 35.46.
An impure mixture of rubidium and potassium chlorides,
nearly free from lithium and the earths, was partially pre-
cipitated with platinum chloride and the precipitate freed
from KCl by repeated boiling with water. The residue
was reduced in a current of hydrogen, the rubidium chlo-
ride extracted with water, and reprecipitated with platinum
chloride. This process was repeated until the potassium
lines in the spectrum disappeared. The rubidium was then
converted into a mixture of carbonate and oxide, and the
caesium separated by extraction with alcohol. The amount
of silver precipitated was also tested from time to time and
the purification continued till this became constant. (Pog-
gend. Ann., 113, 1861, 389.)

J. PIccaRp: 85.41 (O = 16).

Determined by four analyses of rubidium chloride with
argentic nitrate. The number is the mean; extreme differ-
ence, 0.09. The separation of potassium from rubidium
was effected for the different analyses by 6, 7, and 8 succes-
sive partial precipitations with platinum chloride, and the
separation of caesium by thirty successive extractions of
the anhydrous carbonates with warm absolute alcohol. The
salt analysed was spectroscopically pure. Ag = 107.94;
Cl = 35.46. The experiments were made with Bunsen’s
assistance. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 86, 1862,
449.)

L. Grandeau, who is sometimes credited with making a
determination of Rb, expressly disclaims doing so. He
mentions Bunsen’s value as the true atomic weight and says
that his analyses of the sulphate, undertaken to test its
purity, led him to adopt the number 85.4; apparently for
brevity’s sake. (Annal. de Chim. et de Phys., (8,) 67, 1863,
227.)

SELENIUM. 103

R. GopEFFroy: 85.476 (O = 16).

Determined by four analyses of rubidium chloride prepared
and analysed exactly as Godeffroy determined cesium, q. v.;
extreme difference, 0.04. Cl= 35.5; Ag=108. (Liebig’s
Ann., 181, 1877, 189.)

RUTHENIUM.

Bunsen has determined the specific heat of ruthenium.
It corresponds to an atomic weight of about 104. (Gmelin-
Kraut, 1. ¢.)

C. HE. Craus: 104.57 (0 = 16).

Determined from three analyses of potassium chlororuthe-
niate by the same method Berzelius had employed for other
platinum metals. Claus found an average of 28.783 per
cent. Ru; extreme difference 0.48, and 41.063 KCl; ex-
treme difference, 0.51. [If K = 39.137, Cl = 35.457; this
composition gives Ru = 104.57. The weighings as given
in the memoir are misprinted.] Claus also determined
the chlorine with silver; the results were such as to show
that the salt was not anhydrous, though it had been dried
at 200° in an atmosphere of Cl. The salt was prepared by
the evaporation of a solution of ruthenium and potassic
hydrate in aqua regia, solution of other chlorides of Ru in
dilute HCl, and removal of basic compounds by mechanical
concentration in water. Claus later takes the atomic
weight of Ru=104. In this memoir he puts it at 651.387
(O = 100,) 104.22 (O = 16,) without mentioning the values
of Kand Cl. (Poggend. Ann., 65, 1845, 218.)

SELENIUM.

Regnault determined the specific heat of selenium, which
accords with an atomic weight of about 79. (G'melin- Kraut,

l. c.)

104 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

J. J. Berzerius: 79.23 (O = 16).

Berzelius found that 100 Se absorb 179 dry chlorine gas,
and that the product was exactly decomposed by water into
chlorhydric acid and selenious acid. [If Cl = 35.457 (Stas)
the value follows.] (Poggend. Ann., 8, 1826, 21.)

F. Sacc: 78.55 (O = 16); 490.93 (O = 100).

Sace’s experiments are very discordant. He made three
experiments on the reduction of a known weight of sele-
nious acid with ammonium bisulphite and chlorhydrie acid.
The mean result was Se = 490.388; extreme difference, 5.5.
In four experiments barium seleniate was decomposed by
heating to redness with sulphuric acid in excess. The salt
was found to contain 41.95 selenious acid; extreme differ-
ence 0.04. For Ba = 856.877 the resulting value is 491.49.
The selenium was purified by solution in nitric acid, evap-
oration and sublimation, and by reduction with HCl and
ammonium bisulphite. Selenious acid was prepared by
oxidation with nitric acid. Barium seleniate was prepared
by precipitation of barium nitrate with sodium seleniate and
heating to redness. Sace regards 490.3 as the most prob-
able value of Se. (Annal. de Chim. et de Phys., (8,) 31, 1851,
11S)

A. ScHroretter: 78.6 (O = 16).

Details not given. (Kopp’s Jahresbericht, 4, 1851, 318 ;
Sitz.—Bericht der k. k. Acad., 6, 1851, 214.)

ERDMANN AND MarcuanD: 78.6 (O=16); 492.5
(O'= 100):

Determined from experiments on mercuric selenide by
the same methods employed for the determination of 8,
q. v. Three experiments gave 71.726, 71.731, 71.741, per
cent. mereury. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 55,
1852, 202.)

J. Dumas: 76.46 (O = 16).

Determined by seven experiments on the chloridation of
selenium. The chloride was condensed in a tube cooled to
— 20°, after which the escaping gases were led through
other tubes filled with asbestos. The extreme difference
in the results was 0.46. Cl= 35.5. (Annal. de Chim. et de
Phys., (8,) 55,1859, 129.)

SILICON. 105

O. Prerrersson and G. Exman: 79.08 (O16):

Determined by five analyses of selenious acid. A warm
solution of the acid was acidified with chlorhydric acid,
precipitated with sulphurous acid and the selenium collected
on a glass filter. Many precautions are necessary in the
precipitation and drying. The value is the mean; extreme
difference, 0.04. (Berlin, Bericht der Chem. Gesell., 9, 1876,
1212; in extenso in the Acta of the Scientific Soc. of Upsala.)

SILICON.

The vexed question of the composition of silicic acid has
been settled by H. F. Weber, who found that the specific
heat of this element becomes nearly constant above 200°
and that the atomic heat is 5.8 for Si= 28. (Poggend.
Ann., 154, 1875, 575.)

J.J. BERZELIUS: 29.63 (O = 16); 185.19 (O = 100).

100 parts of silicon, which had been heated to redness,
and freed from silicic acid by hydrofluoric acid, gave 208
parts silicic acid, whence the value. Berzelius also made
analyses of barium fluosilicide from which he calculated
the oxygen contents of the acid at 51.975. This gives for
the-atomic weight of 81 29.58. (Poggend. Ann., 8, 1826, 20;
and Lehrbuch, 3, 1200.)

J. PELOUZE: 28.46 (0 =16); 177.88 (O = 100).

A known weight of perfectly pure silver, dissolved in
nitric acid, was brought in contact with a known and slightly
excessive weight of silicon tetrachloride and the excess
titrated with decimal silver solution. The value is derived
from the mean of two experiments; difference 0.76 for O
= 100; Cl = 443.2, Ag = 1349.01: The chloride was pre-
pared by Ebelmen ; it was perfectly transparent, volatilized
without residue, and had been dried for a long time ina
vacuum. (Paris, Comptes Rend., 20, 1845, 1047.)

J. Dumas: 28.02 (O = 16).

Determined from the mean of two experiments on the
tetrachloride which was weighed off in a glass bulb and

106 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

introduced, so enclosed, into a vessel containing water.
The bulb was broken and the chlorine contents titrated with
argentic nitrate. The difference between the experiments
was 0.2 for O—16, Ag = 108, Cl = 385.5. The chloride
was repeatedly rectified; its boiling point was 59°. (Annal.
de Chim. et de Phys., (3,) 55, 1859, 129.)

J. ScHIEL: 28.01 (O = 16).

Determined by two analyses of the tetrachloride. The
salt was decomposed with a slight excess of ammonium
hydrate and the chlorine titrated with argentic nitrate.
The atomic weights of Cl and Ag used are not stated.
Schiel found 0.6738 silicic chloride = 2.277 argentic chlo-
ride, and 1.8092 silicic chloride = 4.418 argentic chloride.
[For Ag = 107.93, Cl = 35.457, these data give Si=
28.18, and 27.89.] (Liebig’s Ann., 120, 1861, 94.)

SILVER.

Dulong and Petit, Regnault and others have determined
the specific heat of silver and found it in accord with an
atomic weight of about 108. (Gmelin-Kraut, l. c.)

Marcet; Davy; WENZEL; WOLLASTON.

Wollaston in his table of equivalents mentions that Marcet
found 441 Cl = 1350 silver, and Davy the same quantity of
chlorine = 1860 silver. Wenzel found 200 sulphur = 1360
silver. (Phil. Trans., 104, 1814, 21.)

J. J. Berzeuius: 108.129 (0 =16); 675.804 (O=
100).

Berzelius found that 100 silver gave 132.75 argentic chlo-
ride. Taking Cl = 221.325 he calculates Ag = 1351.607.
He expresses uncertainty whether or no this value should
not be reduced to one half. (Poggend. Ann., 8, 1826, 180.)

EK. Turner: 108 (O = 16).

Turner determined the composition of argentic chloride
at 100 silver to 132.8 chloride. These numbers are for

SILVER. : 107

vacuum. If Cl = 35.42 (Turner) the value follows. (Phil.
Trans., 123, 1833, 536.)

F. Penny: 107.97 (0 = 16).

Penny made six experiments on the conversion of silver
into nitrate. The silver was dissolved in cold nitric acid,
the solution evaporated, and the nitrate fused all in one
flask and with precautions against loss by spiriting. He
found 100 Ag = 157.441 nitrate; extreme difference, 0.028.
In five experiments the nitrate from the preceding determi-
nations was converted into chloride, by means of chlorhy-
dric acid, in the same flask, dried, fused, and weighed.
Penny could detect no decomposition in fusion. He found
100 Ag = 182.8372 chloride; extreme difference, 0.01. In
two experiments silver was dissolved in nitric acid, precipi-
tated with chlorhydric acid, evaporated and fused, giving
132.830 and 132.838. The mean of all seven experiments
is 132.836. Penny takes 132.837. From the relations of
the chlorides, chlorates, and nitrates of potassium and
sodium, Penny had determined the difference between the
atomic weights of a chloride and a nitrate at 26.565. This
gives the molecular weight of argentic chloride at 143.424
and Ag = 107.97. The silver used, as well as the water
and the acids, were carefully tested for impurities and a
minute amount of solid residue in the twice distilled water
and in the acids was allowed for. The weighings were all
reduced to vacuum. (Phil. Trans., 129, 1839, 27.)

C. Marienac: 108 (O == 16); 675 (O = 100).

Silver was dissolved in nitric acid and precipitated with
chlorhydric acid. One experiment, reduced to vacuum,
gave 100 silver = 132.74 chloride, which Marignac consid-
ered confirmatory of Berzelius’ value, 132.75. He therefore
adopted the latter number. 100 potassic chloride were
found to produce 192.26 argentic chloride, in two experi-
ments, the difference between which was 0.01. By analysis,
by means of heat, of potassic chlorate, Marignac had found
the molecular weight of the chloride 932.14, these relations
give the molecular weight of argentic chloride at 1792.13
and the atomic weight of silver at 1350. The potassic
chloride was prepared by heating the chlorate and cooling
the resulting chloride over sulphuric acid. (Liebig’s Ann.,
44, 1842, 23.)

108 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

C. Marienac: 107.922 (0 = 16); 674.505 (O = 100).

Marignac redetermined the relation between silver and
potassic chloride by Pelouze’s method. He found 100 Ag
= 69.062 KCl in six experiments, the extreme difference
between which was 0.018. In five experiments he found
100 KCl = 192.348 Ag; extreme difference 0.04. He also
redetermined the composition of argentic chloride. The
silver was dissolved in a long-necked flask and the fumes
passed into asecond flask containing water. Solution being
effected, the water from the second flask was added to the
contents of the first, and the whole precipitated with HCl.
The chloride was washed, dried, melted and weighed in the
same flask. The result was 100 Ag = 132.84 chloride;
extreme difference 0.019. Combination of these data with
Marignac’s old value for the molecular weight of KCl,
932.14, gives Ag = 1349.01. All weighings reduced to
vacuum. erzelius revised the result by throwing out one
experiment and by rejecting the correction for vacuum.
He thus got Ag = 1349.66. (Berzelius’ Jahresbericht, 24,
58; 25, 81; Bibl. Univ. de Genéve, 46, 1842, 350.)

In opposition to Prout’s hypothesis, Marignac cites his
analyses of argentic acetate, in which the escaping gases
were forced to pass over porous silver. They gave in three
experiments 64.664 silver from 100 acetate; extreme dif-
ference 0.005. If C=75, this gives Ag = 1849.6. He
also found 100 Ag = 157.455 nitrate. [If N = 87.5, this
gives Ag = 1348.88.] He also found 100 Ag = 49.556
ammonium chloride. (Liebig’s Ann., 59, 284; Bibl. Univ.
de Geneve, 1846.)

Liepia and REDTENBACHER; STRECKER: 107.903 (O
= 16); 674-396 (© — 100):

Strecker recalculated Liebig and Redtenbacher’s analyses
of argentic acetate, tartrate, racemate and malate by the
method of least squares, and from the difference in the
atomic composition of these salts. He obtained for Ag the
value 1348.79. Vide Carbon. (Liebig’s Ann., 59, 1846, 280.)

EK. J. Maumené: 108.026 (O=16); 675.16 (O=
100).

In four experiments argentic oxalate was mixed with sand
in a flask and decomposed by heat in a current of air. The

SILVER. 109

products of decomposition were passed over cupric oxide,
and through drying tubes and potash tubes. In five experi-
ments the acetate was treated in the same way, but not
mixed with sand. The mean result was Ag = 1350.32;
extreme difference 0.77. Maumené found it very difficult
to purify the oxalate, which showed traces of nitric acid
after 100 washings. (Annal. de Chim. et de Phys., (8,) 18,
1846, 41.)

J. Ss oric:, £07.95, (O = 16).

Thirteen syntheses of argentic iodide, performed by
bringing hydroiodic acid in contact with argentic sulphate
or nitrate, gave 100 Ag = 117.5348 iodine. Three analyses
of argentic iodate, performed by decomposition by heat in
a current of nitrogen or by reduction of the salt, while in
suspension, by a current of sulphurous anhydride, gave
Agl = 234.779. Hence Ag = 107.928. Four syntheses of
the bromide, performed by bringing hydrobromice acid in
contact with argentic sulphate, gave 100 Ag = 74.0805 Br.
Two analyses of argentic bromate, by reduction while in
suspension with sulphurous anhydride, gave Ag Br=
187.87. Hence, Ag = 107.921. Seven syntheses of argen-
tic chloride, three of them by combustion of silver in chlo-
rine, three by precipitation with HCl, and one by precipita-
tion with ammonium chloride, gave 100 Ag = 82.8445 Cl.
Stas adopts the number 32.85 on the supposition that no
excess of chlorine was possible. The chloride was fused.
Two analyses of the chlorate, accomplished by heat or by
evaporation with chlorhydric acid, gave Ag Cl = 143.395.
Hence Ag = 107.937. Five syntheses of the sulphide, per-
formed by heating silver in a current of sulphur vapor, or
of hydrogen sulphide, gave 100 Ag = 114.8522 argentic
sulphide. Six analyses of the sulphate by reduction in a
current of hydrogen, showed that 100 sulphate contained
69.203 silver, hence Ag =107.920, [107.926 ? vide Sulphur. ]
From analysis of potassium chlorate, Stas had determined
the molecular weight of KCl at 74.59. By twenty-four
determinations he found 100 Ag = 69.103 KCl, hence
Ag = 107.943. The silver was prepared either by Levol’s
method or by decomposing an ammoniacal solution of
argentic nitrate with a mixture of ammonium sulphite and
a copper salt. The metal was heated to the boiling point
until the sodium line disappeared and the metallic fumes
were a pale blue. To test its purity, it was compared with
distilled silver. See Stas’s determinations of Cl, Br, I, §,

110 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

and K. All weighings reduced to vacuum. (Stas, Unter-
such. tiber Chem. Prop., Leipzig, 1867.)

SODIUM.

The specific heat of sodium has been determined by Reg-
nault and indicates an atomic weight of about 23. (Gmelin-
Kraut, t.-c.)

H. Davy; F. H. Woutuaston: 23.28 (O = 16); 145.5
(O== 100):

Davy found that 184 Cl combine with 88 Na to form
sodium chloride. If Cl = 441, the value follows. (Phil.
Trans., 104, 1814, 20.)

J. J. BeRzeLIus: 23.164 (O = 16).

Berzelius found that 100 Na Cl = 244.6 Ag Cl. [If Ag
Ol = 143.887, (Stas,) the value follows.] (Poggend. Ann., 8,
1826, 189.)

F..Penny : 23.046 '(O = 16).

Penny made four experiments on the conversion of the
chlorate into the chloride by means of HCl. A known
weight of the salt was dissolved in a flask in the acid and
evaporated, dried and weighed without removal. The
sodium chloride was not fused. The mean result was that
100 chlorate equals 54.930 chloride; extreme difference, 0.02.
This relation gives the molecular weight of the chloride at
58.5. Penny had found the atomic weight of Cl = 35.454;
hence the value for Na. [If Cl= 85.457 (Stas,) Na =
23.043. Stas himself found 23.043.] The sodium chlorate
was prepared by precipitating potassium chlorate with
sodium bitartrate, and purifying the sodium chlorate by
recrystallization. The weighings are for vacuum. (Phil.
Trans., 129, 1839, 25.)

J. PELOUZE: 22.97 (O=16); 148.59 (O =100).

A known weight of perfectly pure silver was dissolved
in nitric acid, and brought in contact with a known and

STRONTIUM. Lit

slightly excessive weight of sodium chloride, and the excess
titrated with decimal silver solution. The mean result of
three experiments was that 100 Ag =51.141 Na Cl; ex-
treme difference, 0.033. The value follows for Ag =
1349.01; Cl= 443.2. The sodium chloride was prepared
either from sodium sulphate and barium chloride, or from
sodium carbonate and chlorhydric acid, or from a very pure
rock salt. It was repeatedly recrystallized and was dried
at 200° or melted. (Paris Comptes Rend., 20, 1845, 1047.)

J. Dumas » 23.011 (O = 16).

Determined from the mean of seven experiments on the
titration of sodium chloride with argentic nitrate ; extreme
difference, 0.09. Ag=108; Cl=35.5 [Dumas gives the
mean as 23.014 instead of 23.0114.] For five experiments
Na Cl recrystallized ten times and melted was employed.
For two experiments (giving an average of 23.036) the
residue from the incineration of the acetate was used to
prepare Na Cl, which was recrystallized four times and
melted. (Annal. de Chim. et de Phys., (8,) 55, 1859, 129.)

J. 8. Sras: 23.043 (O = 16).

According to the mean of 10 determinations 100 Ag =
54.2078 Na Cl; extreme difference 0.0033. The sodium
chloride was found to contain a minute quantity of silicic
acid which reduces the result from Na = 23.049 to 23.045
for Ag = 107.93; Cl = 35.457. According to the mean of
five determinations 100. Na Cl = 145.4526 sodium nitrate ;
extreme difference 0.025. If N=14.044 this gives Na =
23.045. The lowest determination gives Na = 23.042. The
sodium chloride was purified by recrystallization and in part
by conversion into sodium chloroplatinate. The weighings
are for vacuum. (Stas, Untersuch. tiber Chem. Prop., Leip-
zig, 1867.)

STRONTIUM.

Regnault determined the specific heat of strontium chlo-
ride. It corresponds to an atomic weight of about 87.5.
(Gmelin-Kraut, l. c.)

12 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

M. H. Kiaproru; F.H. Wounaston: 94.4 (Oc= 6).
590 (O = 100).

Klaproth found 42 sulphuric anhydride = 58 strontium
oxide; whence the value for S= 200. (Phil. Trans., 104,
1814, 20.)

FE. STROMEYER; 87.34 (O =16); 545.929 (O = 100).

According to Berzelius, Stromeyer found that 100 stron-
tium chloride = 181.25 argentic chloride; whence the value,
for Ag = 1349.66; Cl= 221.64. (Berzelius’ Lehrbuch, 3,
1229.) In Gilbert’s Ann., 54, 1816, 251, Stromeyer refers to
this analysis as by V. Rose. Stromeyer himself found 0.5
grm. carbonate = 75.5394 c. ¢. carbon di-oxide [which
gives Sr = 88.26 if 1000 c. c. carbon di-oxide weigh
1.96433 grm.] Stromeyer calculated Sr = 552.28 for O =
100.

—. SatvetTat: 88 (O=16); 550 (O = 100).

Determined from the loss of weight of strontium carbo-
nate by calcination and on driving off carbon di-oxide with
sulphuric acid. Details not given. (Paris Comptes Rend.,
17, 1848, 318.)

J. Petouze: 87.68 (0 = 16); 548.02 (O = 100).

A known weight of perfectly pure silver was brought in
contact with a known and slightly excessive amount of
strontium chloride and the excéss titrated with decimal
silver solution. The number is the mean of two experi-
ments; extreme difference, 0.2. Ag=1849.01; Cl=
443.2. The chloride was purified by recrystallization and
was dried at 200° or below redness. (Paris Comptes Rend.,
20, 1047.)

C. Marienac: 87.54 (O = 16).

Marignac made experiments on three different prepara-
tions of strontium chloride, (1,) (2,) (3.) Compared with
silver by Pelouze’s method it was found that ten grammes
strontium chloride = (1) 8.103; (2) 8.099; (3) 8.101 silver.
The same strontium chloride converted into sulphate gave
(1) 6.887; (2) 6.8855; (8) 6.884 sulphate. In both these
series of experiments the strontium was weighed as air-
dried, hydrous, crystalline chloride. Comparison gives Sr

SULPHUR. 1138

= (i) 43.79; (2) 43.82; (3) 43.77. In each experiment of
the latter series the water was determined by driving it off
ata red heat. It was proved that the chloride does not
undergo decomposition at this temperature, and the water
contents was found to vary no more than 0.0005 of the
total weight. In three more experiments the water was
determined, and the anhydrous salt analysed by Pelouze’s
method giving (1) 43.77; (2) 48.74; (3) 43.76. Ag = 108;
Cl = 35.5; S=16. The chloride was prepared (1) from
the chemically pure chloride of commerce by precipitating
barium with sulphuric acid, separation of lime by precipi-
tation of the strontium chloride by HCl gas and washing
with chlorhydric acid. The purity was tested by the solu-
bility of a portion converted into sulphate. The chloride
was finally redissolved and precipitated with alcohol. (2)
was prepared from (1) by a repetition of the same process.
(3) was prepared from (2) by reerystallization. (Bibl. Univ.,
Arch, des Sciences, (2,) 1, 1858, 220.)

J. Dumas: 87.52 (O = 16).

Determined from the mean of six experiments on the
analysis of strontium chloride with argentic nitrate. The
extreme difference was 0.14, Cl = 35.5; Ag=108. The
salt was purified by boiling with sulphuric acid, and pre-
cipitation with and recrystallization from chlorhydric acid.
These processes were in some cases several times repeated.
The pure salt was fused in a current of HCl] gas. (Anznal..
de Chim. et de Phys., (8,) 65, 1859, 129.)

SULPHUR.

Deville and Troost and others have determined the den-
sity of sulphur in the gaseous form. It corresponds to an
atomic weight of about 32. The specific heat of sulphur
also agrees moderately well with this value. (G'melin-Kraut,
Pac ls.; Meyer. 1. c.)

J.J. Berzecios; F.H. Wouiaston: 32 (O = 16);
200 (O= 100).

According to Wollaston, Berzelius found that plumbic
sulphide was composed of 86.64 lead and 13.368. Hence
the value, for lead = 1295. (Phil. Trans., 104, 1814, 20.)

8

114 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

J. J. BeRzELIUS: 32.19 (O = 16) 201.165 (O = 100).

A known weight of lead was dissoived in pure nitric acid,
precipitated with sulphuric acid and evaporated. The mean
result of four experiments was that 100 Pb = 146.44 sul-
phate. The variation was only in the fifth figure. If lead
= 1294.498 the value follows. [If this relation is recalcula-
ted with Stas’s atomic weight of lead, S = 32.096.] (Poggend.
Ann. 8, 1826, 16.)

HE. Turner: 32.17 (O = 16).

Determined from syntheses of plumbic and baric sul-
phates. The former gave 16.088, the latter, 16.087. Ba=
68.7, Pb = 103.6. The numbers are for vacuum. Vide
Barium and Lead. (Phil. Trans., 123, 1833, 589.)

T. THomson: 32 (O = 16); 200 (O = 100).

This chemist found the specific gravity of sulphurous
acid in mean of two experiments, 2.22216, almost exactly
double 1.1111 which he takes (on utterly untenable grounds)
for the specific gravity of oxygen. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir
Prak. Chem., 8, 1836, 870; Records of General Science by R.
D. Thomson, 1836, 179.)

ErpMANN and Marcuanp: 32.004 (O = 16); 200.026
(O'= 100).

Determined by four experiments on the decomposition of
mercuric sulphide by copper, in a current of carbon di-
oxide, the mercury being caught in a cold receiver. The
mean composition was found to be for vacuum 86.211 mer-
cury and 13.789 sulphur, extreme difference, 0.017 Hg. If
Hg = 1250.6, the value follows. In purifying the sulphide
it was first heated to drive off excess of sulphur and then
sublimed three times, the first and last portions of the sub-
limate being rejected. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem.,
31, 1844, 396.)

J. J. Berzetius: 82.12 (0 = 16); 200.75 (O = 100).

Berzelius’ former value, 201.165, is changed by the new
value for lead, 1294.645 to 200.8017. Three new experi-
ments were made by gently heating argentic chloride in a
current of hydrogen disulphide. The ,mean of three ex-
periments gives S = 200.706; extreme difference 0.11. Cl
= 443.38, Ag = 1349.66. (Berzelius’ Jahresbericht, 25, 1845,
37, and Lehrbuch, 3, 1185.)

SULPHUR. 115

H. Struve: 32.002 (O = 16).

Determined by six experiments on the reduction of a
known weight of argentic sulphate in a current of hydro-
gen. The number is the mean; extreme difference, 0.146.
Ag=108. The sulphate was prepared by precipitating
the nitrate with an excess of sulphuric acid, and drying at
a high temperature. (Liebig’s Ann., 80, 1851, 203; Berze-
lius’ Jahresbericht, 30, 20.)

J. Dumas: 82.0196 (O = 16).

Determined by five experiments on the combustion of
silver in sulphur vapor. The number is the mean; ex-
treme difference, 0.054. Ag=108. The sulphur was
purified by repeated distillation. The silver was heated to
redness in a current of sulphur vapor, the excess of sulphur
being afterwards distilled off in a current of carbon di-oxide.
(Annal. de Chim. et de Phys., (8,) 56, 1859, 147.)

J. S. Sas: 32.0742 [?] (O = 16).

According to the mean of six analyses of argentic sul-
phate by decomposition in a current of hydrogen at as low
a temperature as possible, 100 sulphate yield 69.203 [more
exactly 69.20317] silver; extreme difference, 0.012. Five
syntheses of the sulphide, performed by heating silver in a
current of sulphur vapor or hydrogen disulphide, showed
that 100 silver = 114.8522 sulphide; extreme difference,
0.005. By comparing these figures, which are for vacuum,
Stas deduces S = 32.0742; Ag =107.920. [There seems
to be a trifling error in this calculation. The weighings
seem to be correct, for the means correspond to the de-
tails given. As given, the numbers indicate S = 32.058;
Ag = 107.926. The latter is almost identical with Stas’s
mean value, 107.930.] The sulphate was prepared by the
action of sulphuric acid on argentic nitrate, or by solution
of silver in sulphuric acid. The salt was heated above the
boiling point of sulphuric acid. (Stas, Unters. tiber Chem.
Prop., Leipzig, 1867.)

116 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

TANTALIUM.

Deville and Troost have determined the vapor density of
tantalium chloride. It agrees with an atomic weight of
182. (Paris Comptes Rend., 64, 1867, 294.)

J.J. BERZELIUS: 167.74 (O = 16).

Berzelius decomposed the sulphide in dry chlorine gas
and decomposed the resulting chloride with water. 99.75
parts sulphide yielded 89.35 tantalic acid. On the suppo-
sition that the acid contains three atoms of oxygen Berze-
lius calculates the atomic weight at 1148.365 for S = 200.75.
[If the acid contains five atoms of oxygen the value becomes
167.74.] (Poggend. Ann., 4, 1825, 14, and Lehrbuch, 3,
1209.

oe denies that the sulphide formed, as Berzelius pre-
pared it, by heating tantalium in carbon disulphide vapor
is a constant compound. (Poggend. Ann., 99, 580.) Marig-
nac, however, shows that Berzelius, Rose and Hermann,
obtained constant results from its analysis, from 89.50 to
90 acid from 100 sulphide. If Ta=182, the sulphide
would give 90.24 acid. (Liebig’s Ann., S, 4, 1866, 358.)

H. Rost: 272 (0 = 16).

Out of twelve analyses of the chloride, in which both
the chlorine and the tantalic acid were determined, Rose
selected two in which the agreement was best. [These
analyses calculated for Ag = 107.93, Cl = 35.457, give Ta
= 171.96.] The chloride was prepared from tantalice acid
especially freed from tungsten and tin by mixing with car-
bon, drying in carbon di-oxide, and heating in a current of
chlorine in which the salt was allowed to cool. Excess of
chlorine was expelled by dry air, and the salt was hermeti-
cally sealed in glass. Rose supposed the acid to contain
two atoms of oxygen and therefore deduces the value 859.81
(O =100). (Poggend. Ann., 99, 1856, 75.)

Marignac seems to prove that the material with which
Rose dealt contained niobium. He states that the chlorides
of the two elements cannot be separated from one another,
and that there are no characteristics by which their purity
can be decided. (Liebig’s Ann., S, 4, 1866, 352.)

TELLURIUM. 117

R. HERMANN:

Hermann made many analyses of tantalium salts to
which, however, he ascribes quite incomprehensible for-
mulas. Marignac has shown that his methods were utterly
inadequate to produce pure preparations. He assumes two
atoms of tantalium and three atoms of oxygen in the acid
and gives the atomic weight as 645. (0=100.) (Hra-
mann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 70, 1857, 193.)

C. Marienac: 182 (O = 16).

Berzelius’, Rose’s and Marignac’s analyses of the double
fluoride of tantalium and potassium show that the fluorine
is combined with Ta and potassium in proportions of two
to five. The salt has also exactly the crystal form of the
niobium salt. Hence the acid is a ditantalic pentoxide.
Four experiments were made on this salt by drying at
100°, moistening with sulphuric acid and heating grad-
ually till the excess of acid was driven off. The potassic
sulphate was leached out, evaporated, melted and weighed,
and the tantalic acid heated to redness and weighed. The
mean potassic sulphate contents was found to be 44.29 per
cent; extreme difference, 0.15. The mean amount of tan-
talic acid obtained was 56.59; extreme difference, 0.25. If
K = 39, these data give Ta = 182.3. Four analyses were
also made of the ammonium salt. This contained traces
of potassium which were determined and allowed for in
each case. The mean amount of tantalic acid obtained was
65.25 per cent; extreme difference, 0.34. This gives Ta =
182, the number which Marignac adopts. The salts were
obtained by dissolving tantalic acid, which had not been
heated to redness, in fluohydric acid, adding potassic or
ammonic hydrate and purifying by recrystallization. These
salts are much less soluble than the corresponding niobium
and titanium salts. (Liebig’s Ann., S. 4, 1866, 234.)

TELLURIUM.

Regnault and Kopp have each determined the specific
heat of tellurium and found it in accord with an atomic
weight of about 128. (G'melin- Kraut, I. ¢.)

118 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

J. J. Berzentius 129.03 (0 = 16); 806.452 (0 =
100).

A known weight of metallic tellurium was oxidized with
nitric acid, the excess of acid being driven off by heat. It
was found that 100 Te gave 124.8 telluriousacid. (Poggend.
Ann., 8, 1826, 24.)

J. J. Burzenivs : 128.28 (0 = 16); 801.716> (Oi
100).

Determined as before but with purer material. Three
experiments were made, which gave 802.838, 801.786, 801.74.
Berzelius took the mean of the latter two. The tellurium
was prepared from tetradymite by heating with potassium
carbonate and olive oil in a closed crucible, dissolving the
potassium telluride so formed in water free from air, pre-
cipitating the tellurium by a current of air and distilling it
in a current of hydrogen. (Poggend. Ann., 32, 1834, 16.)

K. von Haver: 128.06 (O =16).

Determined from the mean of five experiments on the
precipitation of bromine with argentic nitrate from the
double bromide of potassium and tellurium. The bromine
contents was found to be 69.9236 per cent., for Ag = 108.1;
Br = 80; extreme difference 0.172. If K=39.2, the
value follows. The salt was prepared by mixing tellurium
and potassic bromide in atomic proportions, adding water
and bromine, heating to drive off excess of bromine and
repeated recrystallization. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak.
Chem., 78, 1858, 98; Sitz-Bericht der k. k. Acad.)

J. Dumas: 129 (0 = 16).

No details are given. (Annal. de Chim. et de Phys., (3,)
55, 1859, 129.)

THALLIUM.

Regnault determined the specific heat‘of thallium. It
agrees with an atomic weight of 204. (Gmelin-Kraut, l. c.)

A. Lamy: 204 (0 = 16).

Three analyses of the chloride with argentic nitrate gave

THALLIUM. 119

a mean of 204; extreme difference 1.2. An experiment on
the precipitation of the sulphate with barium nitrate gave
204.3. [The atomic weights used were probably those ac-
cepted by Dumas.] The salts were purified by recrystalli-
zation. (Annal. de Chim. et de Phys., (3,) 67, 1863, 411.)

W. Crooxzs: 202.96 (O = 16).

These determinations were made from the sulphate, which
was prepared with great care. By decomposing the sulphate
with potassic iodide and weighing the thallic iodide formed,
the atomic weight was found at 202.73; by precipitation
‘ with barium nitrate, 203.55; with chlorhydrie acid and
alcohol, thallic chloride being weighed, 201.85; from the
amount of sulphate produced from a known weight of metal,
203.1; by precipitation with platinum chloride, 203.56. The
values taken for Cl, I, etc., are not given; [they were prob-
ably those accepted by Dumas.] (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir
Prak. Chem., 92, 1864, 277; Chem. News.)

H. WertTHER: 204 (O = 16).

In five experiments Werther decomposed thallic iodide
with potassic hydrate and zinc, both perfectly pure, and
precipitated the iodine with silver. The mean result of
these experiments was Tl = 204.4; extreme difference 1.7.
[The value assumed for I is not stated. One experiment,
which gave exactly 204, according to Werther, recalculated
for Ag’— 107.93; IT ==126.85 gives Tl’= 203.63.] Three
experiments were made by decomposing the iodide with
ammoniacal solution of argentic nitrate and weighing the
argentic iodide formed. These determinations gave Tl =
203.47; extreme difference 0.3. The preparation of the
iodide is not given. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 92,
1864, 136.)

M. Hepperiine: 203.94 (O = 16).

Hebberling made three experiments on the sulphate by
precipitation with barium chloride, which gave in mean Tl
= 204.13; extreme difference 0.2. He also made two ex-
periments on the chloride by precipitation with argentic
nitrate. These gave 203.8 and 203.5. The atomic weights
assumed are not stated. [If Ag =107.93; Cl = 35.457;
the first analysis of the chloride gives Tl = 203.44. The
data for the second analysis are misprinted. If a probable
correction of a single figure is made, the data give Tl =

120 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

203.026.] The salts were purified by recrystallization.
(Liebig’s Ann., 134, 1865, 11.)

W. Crookes: 204.155 (O = 16).

Determined by experiments on the solution of metallic thal-
lium in nitric acid and evaporation to dryness. The number
is the mean of ten experiments; extreme difference, 0.038.
The balance stood in a partial vacuum, and the weighings
were made at two different pressures and calculated for
vacuum. Very elaborate precautions were taken through-
out. Crookes also mentions determinations made with
barium nitrate, but gives no data. The thallium was pre-
pared in seven different lots by the reduction of as many
different salts which had been purified by recrystallization
&c. The metal was fused in lime. The reagents were ex-
pecially prepared by methods similar to those of Stas.
Crookes took N = 14.009, O = 15.96, and calculated for T]
the value 203.642. [If O = 16, the value becomes 204.155. |
(Phil. Trans., 163, 1873, 277.)

THORIUM.

From the isomorphism existing between thorium, tin,
and titanium, and from the similarity of thorium to zir-
conium, Delafontaine and Marignac believe the oxide to
contain two atoms of oxygen. (Liebig’s Ann., 131,.100.)
Neither the specific heat of this element nor the vapor
density of any of its compounds has been determined so
far as I know.

J.J. BERZELIUS; 298 (O = 16); 1887.72 (O = 100).

From the sulphate, precipitated by heating a solution of
the salt and redissolved in cold water, Berzelius got the
values 748.493 and 735.713 by precipitating with barium
chloride. He also analysed the double sulphate of potas-
sium and thorium. From the relation between the sul-
phuric acid and the thorium oxide found, the atomic weight
would seem to be 750.63, while the relation between the
potassic sulphate obtained, and the amount of oxide gives
740.6. These numbers are calculated on the supposition
that the oxide contains a single atom of oxygen. Ba =

THORIUM. 12t

855.29, S = 200.75, K = 488.856. (Poggend. Ann., 16, 1829,
898, and Lehrbuch, 3, 1224.)

J. J. CHYDENIUS: 236.64 (O = 16).

This chemist analysed the sulphate, the double sulphate
of potassium and thorium, the oxalate, the acetate and the
formate, getting results which vary from 228.52 to 243.76.
He averages with his own results analyses made by Ber-
zelius and by Berlin, which, however, alter the result in-
appreciably. According to Delafontaine, the methods
employed for purification are ineffectual. Chydenius
assumes a single atom of oxygen in the oxide. (Poggend.
Ann., 119, 1863, 55.)

N. J. Beruin: 231.64 (0 = 16).

* Chydenius reports two analyses of the oxalate by Berlin
which gave for thorium 57.87 and 57.95, or 231.48 and
231.80. (Poggend. Ann., 119, 1863, 56.)

M. DeLaFonTAINE: 231.5 (O = 16).

Determined from analyses of the sulphate. Fourteen
experiments on the decomposition of this salt, by the heat
of a strong double-draught lamp, gave a mean of 52.51 per
cent. oxide; extreme difference, 0.83. In three experiments
the sulphur contents of the salt was determined by precipi-
tation with barium chloride after the sulphate had been
decomposed with ammonium oxalate. The mean amount
of sulphuric anhydride so found was 31.92 per cent.; ex-
treme difference, 0.78. Three experiments on the water
contents gave 15.68 per cent; extreme difference, 0.21.
The sum of these means is 100.11. The value of thorium
was calculated from the relation of the oxide to the sul-
phuric anhydride for S = 82, Ba = 137. The salt was pre-
pared from thorite and from orangite by decomposition
with sulphuric acid and recrystallization of the sulphate
with the help of heat. The purification was continued
until the crystals and the mother liquor had exactly the
same composition. Marignac assisted at this investigation.
(Liebig’s Ann., 131, 1864, 100.)

P. T. Cleve: 233.88 (O = 16).

Cleve made six analyses of the anhydrous sulphate, get-
ting in mean Th = 233.8; extreme difference, 1.36. From

wee ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

analyses of the oxalate he got 233.97; extreme difference,
0.6. (Kopp’s Jahresbericht, 1874, 261; Bull. Soe. Chim.,
(2;) 27,5-116:)

EN:

Regnault and Kopp have each determined the specific
heat of tin. It agrees with an atomic weight of about 118.
Dumas, Cahours and others have determined the vapor
density of volatile tin compounds with a similar result.
(Gmelin-Kraut, l.c.; I. Meyer, 1. ¢.)

J. J. Berzevius; 117.647 (0 =16); 735.294 (0 =
100).

Berzelius determined this value by oxidizinggpure tin foil
by means of nitric acid and weighing the oxide. He found
100 tin = 127.2 stannic acid. (Poggend. Ann., &, 1826, 184.)

G. J. Munprr: 116112) (O)==416) ; 725.7 (0 100):

Two experiments were made by oxidizing tin with nitric
acid, evaporating, drying, and heating to redness. They
gave each 100 tin = 127.56 stannic acid; whence the value.
All possible precautions are said to have been taken. The
metal was prepared by the reduction of pure oxide with
soot and a flux. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 48,
1849, 85; Scheikundige Onderzoek., 5. Deel, 260.)

C. L. VLAANDEREN: about 118. (0 = 16).

Determined from experiments on the oxidation and re-
duction of tin and stannic acid in vessels of various ma-
terials. The experiments regarded as the most accurate
were made on the reduction of the acid in a current of
hydrogen in porcelain vessels. The acid had been heated
in platinum. These experiments gave 59.04 and 59.12.
Stannic acid heated in glass or porcelain was found to
retain nitric acid. (Kopp’s Jahresbericht, 11, 1858, 138;
Mulder, Scheikundige Verh. en Onderzoek., 2. Deel, 150.)

J. Dumas: 118.08 (O = 16).

Two experiments were made on the oxidation of pure
tin by nitric acid. The stannic acid being heated white

TITANIUM. 23

hot in platinum vessels gave for the atomic weight 59.1
and 58.96. The tin employed was prepared from pure
chloride. Two experiments on the titration of the chlo-
ride with argentic nitrate gave 59.06 and 59.03. Ag =
108, Cl = 35.5. (Annal. de Chim. et de Phys., (8,) 55, 1859,
156.)

TANT UM:

The specific heat of titanic acid has been determined by
Regnault and by Kopp, and indicates an atomic weight of
about 50. Dumas determined the vapor density of the
tetrachloride at 6.836. [If the molecular weight of O=
32, and if Cl = 35.457, this gives Ti = 56.025.] (Gmelin-
Kraut, l. c., and Poggend. Ann., 9, 1827, 441.)

He Rose: 67.27 (© = 16):

Determined by roasting titanium sulphide and weighing
the titanic acid formed. The highest result obtained was
1.017 sulphide from 0.757 acid. This result Rose adopted on
the supposition that an excess was impossible. For S=
201.16 these data give Ti= 62.25 (0 =16); 389.1 (O=
100.) [IfS= 32, Ti =61.17.] The sulphide was prepared
by heating titanic acid in a current of carbon disulphide.
(Gilbert’s Ann., 73, 1823, 135.)

Rose subsequently expressed the opinion that the sulphide
employed in this analysis was impure, and contained unde-
composed titanic acid, but afterwards came to the conclu-
sion that it was perfectly pure, accounting for the variation
of the results from those he obtained later by the theory
that the sulphide and the oxide of this element, like those
of tantalium, were entirely dissimilar compounds. Marig-
nac has shown that tantalium sulphide is of normal consti-
tution. (Poggend. Ann., 99, 1856, 576.)

H. Rosu: 48.28 (O = 16).

Titanium chloride was decomposed with water, titanic
acid precipitated by ammdnic hydrate, and the chlorine
precipitated from the filtrate with argentic nitrate. Taking
Ag = 1351.607, Cl = 221.325; Rose calculated the chlorine
contents in four experiments at from 74.43 to 74.53 per

124 : ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

cent; mean 74.46 and Ti at 303.686. According to Gmelin-
Kraut, these analyses recalculated for Stas’s values give Ti
= 48.28. The chloride was prepared by the action of chlo-
rine on a mixture of titanic acid and carbon, and was recti-
fied four or five times over potassium and mercury. It was
clear and developed no chlorine on decomposition with
water. (Poggend. Ann., 15, 1829, 145.)

C. G. MosanDER: 47.33 (0 =16); 295.81 (O = 100).

Mosander determined the oxygen contents of titanic acid
at from 39.83 to 40.82 per cent.; mean 40.427. Mosander
never described the method of analysis. [The oxygen con-
tents was probably determined from the chloride, for the
above data give Ti = 294.7, while Berzelius records the de-
termination as having given 295.81.] (Poggend. Ann., 19,
1830, 212, and Berzelius’ Lehrbuch, 3, 1211.)

J. PIERRE: 50.36 (O = 16).

Determined by three experiments on the titration of the
chloride with argentic nitrate by Pelouze’s method. Pierre
does not give the values taken for Cland Ag. He calcu-
lates the atomic weight of Ti at 314.69. [If Ag = 107.938,
Cl = 35.457; his data give Ti = 314.75 (O= 100); 50.36
(O =16), with an extreme difference in the latter case of
0.08.] He made two other determinations giving lower
results, but it was found that the chloride employed was
slightly decomposed by contact with air. The chloride
was prepared from artificial titanic acid which was free
from iron, and was further purified by fractional distilla-
tion. (Annal. de Chim. et de Phys., (3,) 20, 1847, 257.)

A. Demoty: 56.512 (O = 16).

Determined by experiments on the tetrachloride. The
salt was decomposed with water, the titanic acid precipi-
tated by ammonic hydrate, and the chlorine precipitated in
the filtrate, after the excess of ammonic hydrate had been
volatilized and the solution acidified. Both precipitates
were weighed. Demoly calculates the atomic weight of Ti
at 350, without mentioning what values he accepted for
silver and chlorine. [If Ag = 107.93, Cl = 35.457;° the
atomic weight, calculated from the argentic chloride, is
3538.2 (O = 100); or 56.512 (O = 16), with an extreme differ-
ence in the three experiments of 0.88 for O=16.] The
chloride was prepared from rutile by preliminary conver-

TUNGSTEN. 125

sion into nitride, &c. It was purified by rectification over
mercury and potassium. (Liebig’s Ann., 72, 218; Laurent
and Gerhardt, Comptes Rend., 1849, 325.)

TUNGSTEN.

Regnault has determined the specific heat of tungsten,
and Roscoe the vapor density of the chloride. These ex-
periments place the atomic weight of tungsten at about 184.
(Gmelin-Kraut, l. c.; LL. Meyer, l. c.)

J. J. BERZELIUS: 189.26 (0 =16); 1183.355 (O =
100).

A weighed quantity of tungstic acid was reduced in a
current of hydrogen, again weighed, then re-oxidized and
reweighed. The number is the mean result of the two
operations. The number is given in Berzelius’ Lehrbuch
as 1188.36 with the data, which are also given in Poggend.
Ann., 8, 23. It is pointed out in Graham-Otto that this
value must be misprinted, an observation which I have
verified. (Poggend. Ann., 4, 1825, 152.)

Berzelius made an earlier determination than the fore-
going by the oxidation of the sulphide, getting 1207. He
points out the source of error in this experiment arising
from the formation of irreducible sulphate. (Berzelius’
Jahresbericht, 5, 1825, 121.)

R. Scunerer: 184.12 (O =16)5" 1150-78) (O;==100),

Schneider made five experiments on the reduction of
tungstic acid with hydrogen in a porcelain tube heated by
a charcoal fire. These analyses gave the mean contents of
the acid at 79.316 tungsten per hundred; extreme differ-
ence, 0.096. This composition corresponds to an atomic
weight of 1150.39. He also made three experiments on
the combustion of tungsten, getting a mean of 79.327
tungsten per 100 acid; extreme difference, 0.005, or an
atomic weight of 1151.17. The value taken is the mean.
The tnngstic acid was prepared by decomposing ammonio-
tungstic sulphide with chlorhydric acid, washing the pre-
cipitate with acid, solution in ammonia, reprecipitation with
chlorhydric acid, and so on until a perfectly pure product
was obtained. The tungstic acid was finally dried and

126 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

heated to redness. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 50,
1850, 163.)

R. F. Marcuanp: 184.1 (O = 16); 1150.6 (O = 100).

Determined from two experiments on the reduction of
tungstic acid in a current of hydrogen, and two experiments
on the combustion of tungsten. These determinations
were made in the same manner as and at the same time
with Schneider’s. The extreme difference was 3.5 for O =
100. (Liebig’s Ann., 77, 1851, 263.)

J. B. von Borck: 183.816 (O = 16); 1148.85 (O =
100).

Determined by seven experiments on, the reduction of
tungstic acid at a white heat by hydrogen, and by two ex-
periments on the combustion of tungsten. The number is
the mean; extreme difference, 10.88 for O=100. The
tungstic acid was prepared from Wolframite by fusing the
mineral with potassium carbonate, solution in water con-
taining alcohol, precipitation with calcic chloride and de-
composition of the calcic tungstate with chlorhydric acid.
The tungstic acid so produced was converted into ammonium
salt which, on decomposition, yields a compound free from
iron and manganese. (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem.,
54, 1851, 254.)

A. RicuE: 174 (0 = 16),

This value was reached by five determinations of the
amount of water produced by the reduction of tungstic
acid in a current of hydrogen, which gave a mean of 87.07 ;
extreme difference, 1.78. The tungstic acid was obtained
by heating the ammonium salt, or by the decomposition of
the oxychloride produced by heating tungstic acid and
carbon in a current of chlorine. (Annal. de Chim. et de
Phys., (8,) 50, 1857, 10.)

J. Dumas: 184 (O = 16).

Dumas made six experiments on the reduction of tungstic
acid in hydrogen at a high temperature in a nacelle of un-
glazed porcelain, and two experiments on the titration of
the chloride with argentic nitrate. The extreme difference
between the results was 0.69 for O = 8. The acid was pre-

TUNGSTEN. 127

pared by gently heating the ammonium salt in a muffle.
(Annal. de Chim. et de Phys., (3,) 55, 1859, 144.)

EF. AS Burnout: 186.8 (O==16); 1167.5 (0: =
100).

Bernoulli made five experiments on the reduction of
tungstic acid by hydrogen in a porcelain tube at a very
high temperature, two experiments on the amount of water
formed in reduction, and four experiments on the oxidation
of tungsten. The mean result was W = 93.41; extreme
difference, 0.75. [If experiment 9, in which oxidation
seems to have taken place, is left out, the mean becomes
93.35; extreme difference, 0.18.] The tungstic acid was
prepared from ammonium tungstate which had been boiled
for several days with nitric acid. The tungstic acid was
heated to redness. One part of it was green, another part
yellow. The determinations from the different colored
acids did not differ, and Bernoulli considers them isomeric
modifications of the same compound. There appear to be
misprints in the data given. (Poggend. Ann., 111, 1860,
599.)

C. ScHEIBLER: 184 (O = 16).

Scheibler reached this value by five determinations of
the water contents (9 molecules) of barium metatungstate.
From determinations of the barium and the tungsten in
the same compound Scheibler reached other values, but he
regards the water determination as the most trustworthy.
(Lrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 83, 1861, 328.)

EK. Zettnow: 183.952 (O = 16).

Determined from analyses of ferrous tungstate and
argentic tungstate. A known weight of ferrous tungstate
was melted with sodium carbonate and the mass dissolved.
The ferric hydrate was thoroughly washed, dissolved in
chlorhydriec acid, reduced to ferrous chloride with zinc of
known composition, and titrated with potassic permanga-
nate in several measured portions. Four such series of
experiments were made, and gave a mean of 92.038 for W ;
extreme difference, 0.33. The ferrous tungstate was pre-
pared by melting pure anhydrous sodium tungstate with
ferrous chloride and sodium chloride, dissolving, separat-
ing impurities, crystallizing, washing the crystals with
water, chlorhydric acid and sodium carbonate. The argen-

128 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

tic tungstate was decomposed with nitric acid and titrated
with sodium chloride or decomposed with ‘hot sodium
chloride solution, the argentic chloride being weighed.
Five experiments gave a mean of 91.915 for W; extreme
difference, 0.13. The argentic tungstate was prepared by
the precipitation of sodium tungstate with argentic nitrate,
thorough washing and drying in yellow light. The per-
manganate solution was prepared according to Mohr and
tested with ammonio-ferrous sulphate. Ke =28, Ag =
108. (Poggend. Ann., 130, 1867, 30.)

H. E. Roscoz: 184.04 (O = 16).

Determined by reducing tungstic acid in a current of
hydrogen, by reoxidizing the metal, and by reducing the
chloride in a current of hydrogen, the chlorhydric acid
being condensed and estimated as argentic chloride. In
the experiments on the acid, that compound was reduced,
and reoxidized three times with almost identical results.
The mean of the second and third reductions of the same
sample gave W = 183.84. In the experiments on the
chloride, the chlorine and the tungsten were each deter-
mined, and gave a mean of 184.25 for Cl= 35.5. The
tungstic acid was prepared by the decomposition of the
chloride, washing and heating to redness in a platinum
vessel. It was canary yellow. The chloride was prepared
from pure tungsten. (Liebig’s Ann., 162, 1872, 366.)

URANIUM.

No certainty exists as to the relation between the equiva-
lent and the atomic weight of uranium. The latter is com-
monly accepted as about 120. Mendelejeff gives grounds
for supposing it to be 240, (Liebig’s Ann., S. 8, 1871, 178,)
and L. Meyer regards it as probably 180, a value which
accords well with the specific heat of the black oxide as
observed by Regnault. (Gmelin-Kraut, l. c.) For the pur-
poses of this paper it seems best to retain the customary
value.

J. A. ARFVEDSON: 128.6 (O = 16).

Determined by experiments on the reduction of uranoso-

URANIUM. 129

uranic oxide and on the oxidation of uranous oxide. By
combustion of uranous oxide in oxygen he found in two ex-
periments that 100 oxide combined with 3.695 and with
3.73 oxygen. From the reduction of the green oxide he
found that 100 uranous oxide combine with 3.67 oxygen.
He deduces as*the mean 3.688. Regarding uranous oxide
as the metal, Arfvedson calculated the atomic weight at
2711.86. [If the lower oxide is a protoxide, the data give
128.6 for O=16.] The uranous oxide was prepared from
pitchblende by solution in aqua regia, precipitation of heavy
metals with hydrogen sulphide, precipitation with ammonic
hydrate, solution in ammonium carbonate to remove iron,
reprecipitation, heating to redness, washing with chlorydric
acid to remove impurities, and reduction in hydrogen.
(Poggend. Ann., 1, 1824, 254.)

HePevigon:1779.123 (O' = 16):

In two experiments the amount of carbon in the acetate
eas found to be 11.27 and 11.3; mean 11.285. In one ex-
periment the uranic oxide was determined at 67.3 per cent.
[From these data the above value follows.] Peligot takes
120 or 750,C ='75. The preparation of the salt is not
given. Peligot mentions the oxalate and gives analyses,
but does not deduce an atomic weight from them. (Annal.
de Chim. et de Phys., (8,) 5, 1842, 39.)

J. J. EBELMEN: 118.86 (O=16); 742.875 (O=
100).

Ebelmen made six experiments on the reduction of the
oxalate to uranous oxide by hydrogen and heat. The value
follows with an extreme difference of 0.65 for C=75; H
=12.5. All the weighings were reduced to vacuum. To
obtain pure oxalate, the nitrate was precipitated by oxalic
acid and this preparation decomposed by heat. The oxide
thus obtained was digested with chlorhydric acid, washed,
dissolved in nitric acid, recrystallized, and precipitated with
oxalic acid. The oxalate was dried at 100°. According
to Rammelsberg the reduction of the oxalate is accompa-
nied by the separation of carbon which remains with the
oxide. (Annal. de Chim. et de Phys., (8,) 5, 1842, 189.)

BerzeELius, ARFVEDSON, MarcuanD: 128.4 (O= 16);
802.49 (O = 100).

While Arfvedson was making his first determination,
Berzelius also made an experiment on the combustion of ura-

130 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

nous oxide getting 103.685 uranic from 100 uranous oxide.
Marchand (Hrdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 23, 1841,
498) got in the same way 103.668. The average of the
combustion experiments of all three chemists is 103.694,
whence Berzelius calculates the value. (Berzelius’ Jahres-
bericht, 22, 1842, 118.) Peligot and Rammelsberg, as well
as Marchand, point out faults in this method, such as the
probable condensation of hydrogen in the protoxide and
the tendency to form higher oxides. (Poggend. Ann., 59,
1843, 4.) |

C. RAMMELSBERG.

This chemist made experiments on the reduction by
hydrogen of the green oxide, prepared in various ways,
and got results varying from 580.4 to 767.6 for O = 100.
(Poggend. Ann., 59, 1848, 9.) By precipitation of uranous
chloride with silver he reached the number 787.5 for Cl =
442.65. The chlorine contents found varies in three ex-.
periments from 73.89 to 74.46. The chloride was prepared
by heating uranous oxide in an atmosphere of chlorine.
(Poggend. Ann., 55, 1842, 321.)

J. WERTHEIM: 119.42 (0 =16); 746.36 (O = 100).

Determined by three experiments on the decomposition
of the double acetate of uranium and sodium. The mean
loss of acetic acid by heating the salt to redness was 32.477
per cent.; extreme difference, 0.036. The number follows
for C= 75, H= 6.25, Na= 390.9. [In Poggend. Ann., 57,
484, an abstractis given of a paper read before the academy
(of Berlin?) by Mitscherlich, in which he states that Wert-
heim’s experiments above described give 740.512. Berze-
lius in his Jahresbericht, 23, 187, makes or quotes the same
statement, so also does Rammelsberg, Poggend. Ann., 59,
4, and it has been repeated elsewhere. I have recalculated
the data given by Wertheim and find the results correctly
deduced in his own report. For Na = 23.048 (Stas); the
data give U = 119.53.] The salt was prepared from urani-
nite by solution in nitric acid, precipitation with hydrogen
sulphide, evaporation of the filtrate to dryness, solution
in hot water, crystallization and recrystallization, heating
the crystals to drive off nitric acid, solution in acetic acid,
digestion with sodium carbonate and recrystallization.
(Erdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 29, 1848, 209.)

VANADIUM. 131

C. RaMMELsBERG: about 120 (O = 16).

Determined in six experiments, undertaken at Berzelius’
suggestion, by treating uranous oxide with nitric acid and
sulphuric acid and weighing the sulphate. It is very diffi-
cult to weigh the uranous oxide which constantly increases
in weight. Two experiments were made on the green
oxide, which was prepared either by heating uranous oxide,
or the nitrate, in air. Two experiments were made on
magnesium uraniate by dissolving the compound in nitric
acid and heating to redness. The compound was found
unstable in character. One experiment was made by heat-
ing the double acetate of uranium and sodium and three
experiments by heating the double acetate of barium and
uranium. The results obtained varied from 633.17 to
753.76. Rammelsberg considers the determinations confir-
matory of Wertheim’s and Ebelmen’s. (Poggend. Ann.,
66, 1845, 95.) :

BP Paicor. 120. (0) =16))5,/ 450) (O'— 100).

Determined by combustion of the oxalate in a current of
air, both the carbonic acid and the green oxide of uranium
being weighed. At first Peligot got only 730 as the atomic
weight by this process, but by repeating the recrystalliza-
tion of the salt until determinations gave constant results,
he got a mean of 750. He says that he came to the same
value by comparing the amount of uranic oxide obtained
from the acetate with the weight of the salt employed.
(Paris Comptes Rend., 22, 1846, 487.)

VANADIUM.

Roscoe has determined the vapor density of vanadium
chloride. It agrees with an atomic weight of about 51.
(L. Meyer, I. c.)

J. J. Berzevivs: 52.47 (O = 16).

Berzelius made four experiments on the relation between
the higher and the lower oxides of vanadium, three by re-
duction with hydrogen at a very high temperature and one
by oxidation. He supposed the higher oxide to have the
formula VO,, and the lower VO, and consequently got for

132 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

the atomic weight the number 855.84 (O=100). R.
Schneider has shown that the data as given by Berzelius are
discordant, (Poggend. Ann., 88, 319,) a fact of small import-
ance in view of the succeeding investigation. The higher
oxide analyzed by Berzelius was produced by gently heat-
ing the ammonium salt. (Poggend. Ann., 22, 1831, 14;
Kongl. Vet. Akad. Handl., 1831.)

Roscoe examined some ammonium vanadate which Ber-
zelius had sent Faraday and found that it contained phos-
phorus. (Liebig’s Ann., S, 6, 1868, 93.)

H. E. Roscoz: 51.83 (O = 16).

Roscoe made four experiments on the reduction of vana-
dic acid (V, O,) in carefully purified hydrogen. The acid
was prepared from ammonium vanadate. To free this
compound from phosphorus and silicic acid it was powdered,
decrepitated with sodium in an iron crucible, washed with
water and with chlorhydric acid, re-oxidized with nitric
acid, chloridized in a current of chlorine, the chloride rec-
titied and decomposed with water. The acid so obtained
was dried, moistened with sulphuric acid, exposed to the
fumes of fluohydric acid for ten days and melted. This pure
acid was first heated for several hours in dry air and after-
wards in hydrogen. The mean result of fourexperiments was
V = 51.371; extreme difference, 0.228. Nine experiments
were made on the titration of the chloride by Pelouze’s
method. Hight experiments were also made on the analy-
sis of the chloride with argentic nitrate by the ordinary
method. The mean of the seventeen experiments on the
chloride gives the contents in chlorine at 61.276 per cent.;
extreme difference, 0.69. This composition indicates an
atomic weight of 51.29. Roscoe takes Cl = 35.457, Ag =
107.98. The vanadium chloride was purified by rectifica-
tion over sodium in a current of carbon di-oxide. ~ The re-
agents were prepared according to Stas. (Liebig’s Ann., S,
6, 1868, 86.)

Roscoe mentions atomic weight determinations by Czud-
nowicz as giving 55.35. This chemist, however, did not
calculate an atomic weight from his analyses, but used that
obtained by Berzelius. (Poggend. Ann., 120, 1863, 17.)

YTTRIUM. tS3

Ye ERIM:

The composition of yttrium oxide is not definitely settled.
Mendelejeff concludes from the general behavior of its
compounds that it is a sesqui-oxide. As, however, all the
chemists who have made atomic weight determinations of
this element have considered it a prot-oxide, I shall assume
it to be so and the atomic weight, therefore, about 60.

J. J. BERZELIUS: 64.29 (0 = 16); 401.84 (O = 100).

This determination was made before the discovery of
erbium and can scarcely be correct. The value was reached
by analysis of the sulphate with barium chloride. Ba =
856.88, S= 201.165. (Poggend. Ann., 8, 1826, 186; 0,
1827, 341.)

Ni Js BERLIN -59.7.(O.—= 16):

According to Blomstrand in Berlin, Ber. der Chem. Ges.,
1873, 1467. Ican find no other record of this determina-
tion which probably appeared in the Forhandl. ved de Skandi-
naviske Naturforsk, 1860, 448.

@;) Pore: 68. (O == 16);

The mean of four analyses of the sulphate showed that
40.15 oxide were equivalent to 38.23 sulphuric anhydride,
giving a molecular weight for the oxide of 42.015; extreme
difference, 0.018. The yttrium was precipitated with sub-
limed oxalic acid, the free acid being afterwards neutralized
with ammonia. The sulphuric acid was precipitated with
barium chloride in the filtrate with precautions. Popp, who
denies the existence of erbium and terbium, separated yttri-
um from the cerite oxides by precipitation with barium
carbonate, yttrium remaining in solution, S=16, Ba =
68.5. (Liebig’s Ann., 131, 1864, 183.)

M. DELAFONTAINE: about 64 (O = 16).

Delafontaine does not pretend that this number is exact.
It is derived from analyses of the sulphate. His method
of separation was essentially Mosander’s, which was proved
by Popp and by Bunsen and Bahr to give impure salts.
(Liebig’s Ann., 124, 1865, 108.)

154 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

Baur and Bunsen: 61.7 (O = 16).

Determined by saturating the oxide with sulphuric acid
as in the determination of erbium, g. v. Partial recrystal-
lization does not produce pure yttrium nitrate, but only
concentrates traces of didymium in the salt. Didymium
rust be separated with potassic sulphate. Erbium nitrate
is more easily decomposed by heat than yttrium nitrate.
The nitrates were therefore partially decomposed, yttrium
nitrate dissolved out and the process repeated until there
was no trace of erbium or didymium visible in the spectro-
scope. The mean of two determinations gave Y = 30.85;
difference, 0.1. S=16. (Liebig’s Ann., 137, 1866, 21.)

M. DeELaFonTAINE: 58.5 (O = 16).

Determined by three experiments on the sulphate which
gave in mean 48.23 per cent. oxide for S= 32. [In the
Jahresbericht this determination is reported as giving Y =
74.5. Yttrium is apparently a misprint for yttrium oxide. ]
The yttrium salt seems to have been prepared according to
the method of Bahr and Bunsen. (Kopp’s Jahresbericht,
1866, 184; Bibl. Univ., Arch. des Sciences, (2), 25, 1866, 112.)

P. T. CLeve anv O. M. Hozetunp: 59.7 (O = 16).

Determined by analysis of the sulphate. The oxide was
purified by heating the nitrates, etc., according to N. J.
Berlin. (Blomstrand, in Berlin, Bericht der Chem. Gres.,
1878, 1467; Bihang till Vet. Akad. Handl, 1873, B. 1, 3,
No. 8.)

ZINC.

The specific heat of zinc has been determined by Regnault
and others. The vapor density of volatile organic com-
pounds has been determined by Frankland and others.
These experiments agree in placing the atomic weight at
about 65. (Gmelin-Kraut, l. c.; L. Meyer, I. c.)

Gay-Lussac, BerzeLius, Wotuaston: 65.547 (0 =
16); 409.67 (O = 100).

In his experiments on the oxidation of zinc Gay-Lussac

ZINC. 135

found that 100 Zn = 24.41 oxygen. This value is repeatedly
cited in his memoir. (Gilbert’s Ann., 30,1811, 297; Me-
moire D’ Arceuil, 2,174.) Wollaston.gives the same figures
on Gay-Lussac’s authority. (Phil. Trans., 104, 1814, 21.)
Wollaston calculates from these data Zn = 410, (O = 100.)
Berzelius in each of two experiments got 100 Zn = 124.4
oxide. (Gilbert's Ann., 37,1811, 460.) In Poggend. Ann.,
8, 1826, 184, as well as in his Lehrbuch, Berzelius cites
Gay-Lussac as having found 100 Zn = 24.8 oxygen. He
states that his own determinations were in perfect accor-
dance with these figures, and calculates from them the
atomic weight of zine at 403.226 or 64.52, and this was the
accepted value for many years. I cannot find any other
determinations by either of these chemists, and am obliged
to suppose that there was a mistake made in recording the
data from which Berzelius made his calculations; if so,
it is remarkable that neither Berzelius nor the other
chemists who determined this value perceived it; for the
question was reopened during Berzelius’ life, and A. Erd-
mann made his determination at Berzelius’ request.

V. A. JAcQuELIN: 66.24 (O = 16); 414 (O = 100).

This number was reached by measuring the amount of
hydrogen developed by a known weight of zinc from sul-
phuric acid on the supposition that the specific gravity of
hydrogen is 0.0624. The results seem to have been incon-
sistent. Subsequently Jacquelain arrived at the same
number by oxidizing an impure zine of known composi-
tion. (Paris Comptes Rend., 14, 1842, 636; and Annal. de
Chim. et de Phys., (3,) 7, 1848, 204.)

P. A. Favre: 66,(O0 =16); 412.5 (O = 100).

Favre made four experiments on the combustion of zinc
oxalate, the carbon di-oxide being collected and its weight
compared with that of the oxide. The mean result was
Zn = 412.66; extreme difference, 1.11. C=75. He also
made three experiments by passing the hydrogen developed
by a known weight of zine over cupric oxide, the water
being caught. These experiments gave in mean Zn =
412.16; extreme difference, 0.65 for H = 12.5. (Annal. de
Chim. et de Phys., (3), 10, 1844, 163.)

A. Erpmann; 65.05 (0 = 16); 406.591 (O = 100).

Determined by oxidizing pure zine with nitric acid, and

136 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

driving off the acid by heating the salt in a porcelain cruci-
ble. Platinum is attacked. The number is the mean of
four experiments; extreme difference, 0.698. The zinc
was prepared by mixing pure oxide with carbon, and distill-
ing ina current of hydrogen. (Berzelius’ Jahresbericht, 24,
1844, 132; Gfversigt af Kongl. Vet. Akad. Handl., 1, 3.)

ZIRCONIUM.

Deville and Troost have determined the vapor density of
the chloride. It agrees with an atomic weight of about 90.
(L. Meyer, 1. c.)

J. Js BDERZEEIVS : °59:6' (O16);

In one experiment the sulphate was decomposed with
ammonic hydrate, the oxide weighed and the sulphuric
acid precipitated with barium chloride. In five experi-
ments the sulphate was decomposed at a white heat, ammo-
nium carbonate being added at the close of the operation.
The mean result was that 100 parts of sulphuric anhydride
unite with 75.8538 parts of zirconium oxide; extreme differ-
ence, 0.23. Berzelius deduces the value 840.08 for O =
100, S = 201.165; on the supposition that the oxide con-
tains three atoms of oxygen. [Being a binoxide, this re-
lation gives Zr = 89.6 for O=16.] The sulphate seems to
have been prepared by dissolving the oxide in sulphuric
acid and expelling the excess of acid by heat. (Poggend.
Ann, 4, 1825, 126.)

R. HERMANN:

This chemist made some experiments on the chloride
getting in three determinations a mean of 839.45 for O =
100 and on the tri-oxide supposition. The extreme differ-
ence was 20.1. Cl = 443.65. The chloride was produced
by heating the oxide with carbon in a current of chlorine.
Hermann adopts not his own but Berzelius’ determination.
(Erdmann’s Journ. fiir Prak. Chem., 31, 1844, 77.)

C. Marienac: 90 (O = 16).

Determined from analyses of potassium fluo-zirconiate.
The salt was decomposed with sulphuric acid, the excess

ZIRCONIUM. Len

of acid driven off by heat, the residue weighed, the
potassic sulphate leached out with water, and the residue
again weighed. Marignac does not pretend that the deter-
mination isaccurate. The results gave from 45.01 to 45.48.
He thinks that some potassic sulphate may have escaped
solution, and therefore takes the minimum. K = 39,8 =
16.

According to Marignac, Deville also found the atomic
weight of zirconium somewhat higher than Berzelius by
analysis of the chloride with which he determined the
vapor density. (Annal. de Chim. et de Phys., (8,) 60, 1860,
257.)

i! a? ; poe 4 wi ; CL sat in VTi
I ¥ Ls teh ie

(
ayy

APPENDIX.

DETERMINATIONS BY T. THOMSON.

In Thomson’s Annals of Philosophy, volumes 16 and 17,
1820-21, Thomson published a series of papers descrip-
tive of experiments undertaken for the purpose of verifying
Prout’s hypothesis. His method consisted in mixing re-
agents in what he considered equivalent proportions, “and
after. precipitation examining portions of the supernatant
liquid for an excess of each of the salts supposed to neu-
tralize one another. In all except four cases, either the
salt analyzed was a sulphate and the precipitant barium
chloride, or the determination was dependent upon such
an analysis ; yet although Thomson took barium = 70, in
‘no instance was he able to detect either barium or sul-
phuric acid in the residual solution when the quantity of
the re-agents corresponded to the atomic weights which he
adopts. Comparison of his results with those reached by
more accurate experimenters will make this exact neutrali-
zation appear impossible, nor were his contemporaries able
to repeat his experiments successfully. Thomson’s deter-
minations are, as such, utterly valueless, yet as they were
for many years extensively accepted in English and Ameri-
can scientific literature they are inserted here for reference.
In the following table Thomson’s numbers are multiplied,
when necessary, for the sake of comparison with the values
now accepted.

DETERMINATIONS INVoLVING Barium = 70.

Pen eTe ee ee hh 76 Magnesium ..___- Se es 24
Bariuma pened Vt 140); Maneanese)32. 252.222 56
iemmthy oo veo ri NG} ROS (6) Sef) | ey a ea 52
aleve LO 40) PNitrogentel See Be 14
areon ese ok Pow uk IDs Phosphorus 34552 25 8k. 32
Smionme ea) 05! J oie e BGs Obassiinim, oh tos LeIe Lh Zi 40
PMroMMUMy V6) 22 213 Ue DON STiVer ks Lar tial ANE ears 110
BB create aN et Hid OORT eee st I Dt 24
Poppers ate oly: G4 Stromtium se fee es ok 88
Miso ol a 96 PoulphuUE ee LS OnU eT 32
cadet he Ue ZA play A011 6\t Ai fea ie ah 68

140 ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

Tuomson FurtTHER DETERMINED—

Antimony at 132 by oxidation.

Boron at 12 from analysis of borax.
Mercury at 200 by conversion of the oxide into chloride.
Tin at 116 by oxidation with nitric acid.

REDUCTION OF WEIGHINGS TO VACUUM.

In discussing the analyses recorded in the foregoing pages,
or in reconciling atomic weight determinations by various
chemists, it may be found convenient to employ the follow-
ing table. The maximum error involved is less than 0.01
per cent. or 0.1 milligram per gram.

GRAM WEIGHTS BEING OF BRASS, FRACTIONS OF PLATINUM.

For substances the sp. gr. of which exceeds 6.1; no cor-
rection is necessary.

For substances the sp. gr. of which is less than 6.1 :—

To correct the entire grams ; multiply their number by the
correction in the table opposite the sp. gr. of the substance,
found in the first column, and add the preduct to the observed
weight.

To correct the fractions of a gram, multiply the correction
opposite the sp. gr. of the substance, found in the third col-
umn of the table, by the first two decimal figures of the
observed weight, if the sp. gr. of the substance is Jess than
3, and by the first decimal only, if the sp. gr. exceeds 3, and
add the product to the observed weight.

ALL WEIGHTS USED BEING OF PLATINUM.

For substances the sp. gr. of which exceeds 7.8, no correc-
tion is necessary.

For substances the sp. gr. of which is less than 7.8 :—
Multiply the correction opposite the sp. gr. of the substance,
found in the ¢hird column, by the number of grams, tenths
and hundredths observed, if the sp. gr. falls short of 3, or
by the number of grams and tenths, if the sp. gr. exceeds
8, and add the product to the observed weight.

The table shows within what limits it is necessary to know
the sp. gr.

APPENDIX. 141

( Weights of Brass) for | Correction per Gram.|( Weights of Platinum) for

Specific Gravity between—| Error < yy Mg. Specific Gravity between—

27.738 and 11.064 —0.000 067 gram.

11.064 6.904 0.000 000 51.766 and 13.568
6.904 5.019 +0.000 067 13.568 7.807
5.019 8.943 0.000 133 7.807 5.480
3.943 3.247 0.000 200 5.480 4.222
3.247 2.759 0.000 267 4.222 3.433
2.759 2.3899 0000 333 3.433 2.893
2.399 2.122 0.000 400 2.893 2.500
2,122 1.903 0.000 467 2.500 2.201
1.903 1.724 0.000 533 2.201 1.965
1.724 1.576 0.000 600 1.965 1.776
1.576 1.452 0.000 667 1.776 1.619
1,452 1.377 0.000 733 1.619 1.488
1.377 1.254 0 000 800 1.488 1.377
1.254 1.174 0.000 867 1.377 1.281
1.174 1.103 0.000 933 1.281 1.197
1.103 1.041 0.001 000 1.197 1.124
1.041 0.985 0.001 067 1.124 1.059

0.001 1383 - 1.059 1.002
0.001 200 1.002 0.950

(Sill. Amer. Jour., 16, 1878, 265; Liebig’s Ann., 195, 1879,
222.)

INDEX TO AUTHORITIES.

Acta Universitatis Lundensis, 90.

Afhandlingar i Fysik, ete., 79.

Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 8, 10, 12, 18, 15, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 28,
30, 35, 40, 41, 42, 43, 47, 50, 51, 55, 56, 61, 62, 68, 65, 66, 67, 71,
72, 73, 74, 77, 78, 79, 81, 84, 86, 87, 88, 93, 97, 100, 102, 104,
106, 109, 111, 113, 115, 118, 119, 128, 124, 126, 127, 129, 135,
137.

Berlin, Bericht der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 18, 48, 49, 54, 59,
89, 105, 134.

Berzelius’ Lehrbuch der Chemie, 7, 12, 14, 17, 18, 22, 23, 26, 27,28, 29, 38,
46, 49, 54, 56, 71, 74, 76, 80, 82, 83, 86, 98, 105, 112, 114, 116,
120, 121, 124.

Berzelius’ Jahresbericht iiber die Fortschritte der Chemie, etc., 8, 41, 56,
62, 65, 66, 74, 78, 79, 80, 86, 92, 98, 100, 108, 114, 115, 125, 130,
136.

Bibliothéque Universelle de Genéve, Archives des Sciences, 15, 16, 22, 27,
32, 41, 46, 47, 62, 72, 84, 87, 88, 91, 98, 100, 108, 113, 134.

Bihang till Vetenskaps Akademien Handlingar, 134. (See Kongliga Ve-
tenskaps Akademien. )

British Association Reports, 15, 19.

Bulletin de la Société Chimique, 53, 54, 122.

Bulletin de l’Académie Royale des Sciences, ete., de Belgique, 32, 33.

Chemical News, 25, 48, 65, 89.

Edinburgh Royal Society Transactions, 56, 80.

Erdmann’s Journal fiir Praktische Chemie, 18, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 31, 35, 37,
44, 45, 48, 49, 52, 55, 58, 59, 60, 62, 67, 68, 69, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81,
88, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 102, 104, 114, 117, 119, 122, 126, 127,
130, 136.

Fresenius’ Zeitschrift fir Analytische Chemie, 48, 50, 52, 89.

Forhandlinger ved de Skandinaviske Naturforskeres, 138.

Gilbert’s Annalen der Physik, etc., 96, 123, 135.

Gmelin-Kraut, Handbuch der Chemie, 7, 9, 12, 18, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 26, 37,
43, 46, 49, 56, 62, 64, 65, 68, 73, 76, 79, 81, 83, 86, 90, 91, 94, 95,
96, 98, 101, 102, 103, 106, 110, 111, 113, 117, 118, 122, 123, 125,
128, 134.

Halle, Zeitschrift fir die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften, 45.

Jenuische Zeitschrift fir Medicin und Naturwissenschaft, 52.

143

144 INDEX TO AUTHORITIES.

Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie, 94.

Journal of the Chemical Society, 47, 88, 97.

Klatzo, Ueber die Constitution der Beryllerde, 18.

Kongliga Vetenskaps Akademien Handlingar, 21, 83, 94, 95, 101.

Kopp’s Jahresbericht uber die Fortschritte der Chemie, 45, 52, 53, 78, 104,
122, 134.

Laurent and Gerhardt’s Comptes Rendus Mensuels, ete., 125.

Liebig’s Annalen der Chemie, etc., 15, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 37, 40,
41, 48, 51, 52, 58, 54, 68, 73, 75, 78, 86, 91, 93, 99, 103, 106, 107,
115, 116, 117, 120, 121, 125, 126, 128, 182, 138, 184.

Meyer, L., Moderne Theorien der Chemie, 7, 9, 12, 20, 28, 81, 118, 122.

Mitscherlich’s Lehrbuch der Chemie, 30.

(Efversigt af Vetenskaps Akademien Feerhandlingar, 79,136. (See Kong-
liga Vetenskaps Akademien. )

Otto’s German Translation of Graham’s Chemistry, 33, 34, 67.

ParisComptes Rendus, 8, 13, 15, 20, 26, 40, 42, 50, 55, 56, 58, 75, 83, 85, 89,
98, 95, 97, 100, 105, 111, 112, 116, 131, 135.

Pelouze, Traité de Chimie, 8.

Philosophical Magazine, 8, 17, 22, 30.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 14, 26, 28, 38, 37, 28, 39,
43,49, 54, 56, 65, 71, 72, 76, 82, 91, 92, 96, 99, 106, 107, 110, 112,
113, 114, 120.

Poggendorff’s Annalen der Physik, etc., 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21,
24, 25, 26, 29, 38, 36, 38, 48, 45, 46, 49, 51, 53, 54, 59, 60, 61, 64,
65, 65, 67, 68, 91, 94, 95, 98, 99, 101, 102, 108, 104, 105, 106, 110,
114, 116, 118, 121, 122, 128, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 181, 132,
138, 135, 136.

Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 11, 12.

Schweigger’s Journal fiir Chemie und Physik, 23, 86.

Scheikundige Verhandelingen en Onderzoekingen, 122.

Silliman’s American Journal of Science, 25, 26, 37, 46, 74, 75.

Sitzungs-Bericht der k. k. Akademie zu Wien, 48, 81, 88, 97, 104, 118.

Stas, Untersuchungen tiber Chemischen Proportionen und Atomgewichte,
28, 48, 59, 62, 64, 73, 76, 94, 98, 101, 110, 111, 115.

Stockholm Akademien Handlingar, 18. (See Kongliga Vetenskaps Akade-
mien. )

Thomson’s System of Chemistry, 7, 14, 17, 20, 28, 24, 29, 61, 73.

Thomson’s Annals of Philosophy, 58, 61, 189.

Thomson, R. D., Records of General Science, 92, 114.

Zeitschrift fir Berg Hiitten-und Salinen-Wesen im Preussichen Staate, 49,
51.

INDEX TO ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.

ALLEN. (JOHNSON and) BERZELIUS, J. J.
Gaesrumeeee 25 Chlorine ---- .37, 38
AlnmIniumM\s==— ses === ii Chromium) 2222= 43
ANDERSON, T. | Copperssis 95. 49
Nitrogen 2222-22. 93 Hlworin'e/ === 54
ANDREWS, T. Coldje ara = 504)
Banumysso2 = 15 lodine = 22222252 61 |
Platinum ____~-- 98 Tridinnt 22 264
ARHMONY oe — saa 9, 140 | irons = sees 65, 66
ARAGO. (BIoT and) | ead aeuste ea 7
Carbonls======5 28 | Teithiim) 2252525 74 |
Nitrogen! sa === O1)| Magnesium -_-_~- 76 |
ARFVEDSON, J. A. Manganese __ 79, 80 |"
Eithiunys 2. 73 Molybdenum ___ 83)
Manganese -_--- 79 Nickelma =i es 87
Uranium ___128, 129 Nitrogen ---==2- 91
ATSENI Cee wee cee 12 Osmiumes2o 22 94 |
AWDEJEW. Palladium __-_-_ 95
Beryllium! ==—22- 17 Phosphorus -_-- 96
Platinum oo 98
BAuR, J. F. Potassium’ 222222 99
Magnesium. ___- 78 Rhodium) ,22 2025 IOI
Baur, J. F., and R. W. Selenium ______ 104 |
BUNSEN. | Silicon eee 221054)
Bx biumie ss 53 | Silvers 29274. 3s 106 |
SVicini ina eee 134 | Sodium: == 110
BALARD, A. J. | Sulphur __-_113, 114 |
Bromine assess — 20 | Mantaliume === 116
Bemagren Seeks 13 | Tellurium -__.__ 118
BERINGER, A. ‘hhorumiye a a 2. 120
Cenumi=seee == 34 ine eee ae 22)
BERLIN, N. J. dtunostenS=22 222125
Chromium==2=22 44 Uranium)==2 = 129 |
Molybdenum _-- 84 Vanadium _____- 131 |
honmumae a 121 Mitriumes sas I 3 3|
Witte sae = 133 Zine SR S34:
BERNOULLI, F. A. | Zirconium ~____- 136,
pinmosten= = = 127 |
BERTHIER, P. BERZELIUS and DULONG.
Nickel eye eu 86 | Fy droveniaes 57
Benyllinm) 2 =so- snes 16. Nitrogen = 22s I |
BERZELIUS, J. J. _BERZELIus and LIEBIG.
Aluminium __--- 7 | Carbonsesee na == 31
Antimony ----.- g BtoT and ARAGO
IATSenIG === aa 12 Carbone ss. ss 28
Baines Sa 14) Nitrogenase sea gI
Beryllium ~___-- Py eismuth. 22 2228) 185.130
Boronsee ee sea) 1G | BLOMSTRAND, C. W.
Ipromine; sana 21 | NTO DIU eee 90
Caleium=s"2= 26, 28 | BOISBAUDRAN, L. DE
Carbone ss sens 29 | Gallia 56

10

Borck, J. B. von

Mungsten-' 2-2 126
IBoroneees see 19, 140
BRANDES, R.

Manganese _-__- So:
BRopik, B. C.

Graphon/22222—" 33

Phosphorus _ .__- 97
Bromine se sea eee 20
BuEuRIG, H.

Ceniumipes ese 37
BUNSEN, R. W.

Cxesiumeeee eee 25

Indiamee see 60

| BUNSEN, R. W., and J. JEGEL.

Cerium vse 35
BUNSEN, R. W. (J. F. BAUR

and)

Eerbiimiss see 53

Vittrmys ee oe 134
BUNSEN. (KIRCHOFF and)

Geesium\= = eee 24

Rubidium 22. __ 2 102
Cadmiumees esse 23

(@seST UIT ee eer re Ea 24
Calcnm=s sass ae 26, 139
CAPITAINE, H.

| fron 22" sess 66
Carbonless 28
Cerim~p== see eae 34

| CHENEVIX, R.

| Copperss==s-2 = 49
Chlorine 292 as 37, 139
_CHOUBINE.

Lanthanium ____ 68
Chromium. ose eee 43
CHYDENIUS, J. J.

Mhorumiseses 121
Craus, Cab:

Traidiumya ses e = 65

Ruthenium _-___- 103
CrEnvE;ses 1.

| Didymium____-_- 53
Erba 6 yS OL 8 53
| Lanthanium -___ 70

Whorumesste 2 121
CrevEw Paehecand Ol Me

HOEGLAND.

erbium sae 54

Nittrium) 2a ae 134
145

146

Cobalt 222 See 222 '40;;130
CoMMAILLE. (MILLON and)
Coppers=saaeuke 50
Cooke ihr.
Antimony/222 222701
Copper ---------- 49, 139

CROOKES, W.
Thallium___119, 120
CZUDNOWICcz, C.

Lanthanium__-_-- 69
Davy, H.

Bluorne?s2ss—e= 54

Mercurysoee = 82

Silvers sea seens 106
Davy, J.

Sodinmeas a 110
DEBRAY, H.

Molybdenum ___ 84
DrsrRAy. (DEVILLE and)

Osmium 222 2294)
DELAFONTAINE, M.

Hrbiumy-s =e 53

Molybdenum ___ 84

Mhonumyss.e—= 121

Yttrium ___-133, 134
Demo_y, A.

Ditaniumy jess = 124
DEVILLE, H.SAINTE-CLAIRE

Nickel asses 87
DEVILLE and DEBRAY.

Osmiumeess=— =
DEVILLE. (WOEHLER and)

Boronya2s=oases 19
DEXTER, W. P.

Antimony ~----- 10
Didymium 22 sees 51
Dien1, K.

Teithinn see es 5
DULONG. (BERZELIUS and)

Ely drogen’ 222=== 57

Nitrogén 22-2" gI
Dumas, J.

Aluminium _-_-- 8

Antimony .-—_-- 10

Arysenic)s <== 12,13

Bariumyes2 S222 16

Ibismiuth/eses oes = 19 |

Bromine 2-22 == 22

Cadmiume 2222. 2

Calcium's25=— 26, 28 |

Carbon 22522225129)

Chlorine=2e2 42 |

Cobalpaesee ree 47

Copperas 50)

Blnorne ssa 55

Hydrogen -_____ 58

Todinezec==. 61, 62

ron se sea ee 107

Lead Sassaaseee 2

INDEX.
Dumas, J.

Magnesium _--_-- 79

Manganese --_-- 81

Molybdenum____ 84

Nickel et 87

Nitrogen) 2.22 ae= 93

Phosphorus ~--_- 97

Potassium ~_~~~- 100

Selenium ______- 104

Silicon ease sans 105

Sodiumies= == Ill

Strontium, -=—-—__ 113

Sulphuresas- ase 115

Tellurium __~--_- 118

Binns sien cM 122

chunostenwes == 126
Dumas and STAs.

Carboni2see=e— 30
EBELMEN, J. J.

Uranium = 22222129

) EINBRODT, P.

Nitrogen" =2=2=— 98
EKMAN, G. (O. PETTERSSON

and)

Selenium -2s=—= 105
Dita eee 53
ERDMANN, A.

PAN CD: eee eae et 135
ERDMANN and MARCHAND.

Calcrumiaeeee= 27

Carbong=s=s es. 30

Copper) 2=-==-= 49 |

Hydrogen _____- 58

Tron ses See 66

Mercury; wes ==—— 82

Nickels aa eae s 86 |

Selenium -.~-_- 104

Sulphur 2222. 114
ERK, /C.

Didymium_____- 52

Lanthanium _-_. 70)
FAvRE, P. A.

Zine as anes 135
Blvorness. === ee 54
Fourcroy and THENARD.

Mercurie 22 82
Fownes, G.

Carbon=e2=e-e—= 30
FReEmy, E.

Hluorine; =e 55

Osmiumss2see2s 94
FREMY. (PELOUZE and)

Aluminium ____-

Gallium ye 2 4a See 55)
| Gay-Lussac, L. J.
lodine == 61
Magnesium _-_-_- 76

Gay-Lussac, L. J.

Zinc se eee 134
GERHARDT, C.
Chlorine 222 41
Gipps, W.
Certume=2=5 37
Cobalt saa aes 46
GMELIN, C. G.
Withium\y sss 73
GMELIN-KRAUT.
Boronss ssa ae 19
Carboni=ss22a2 33
lodine222 8 62
GODEFFROY, R.
Ceesitime = SoG
Rubidium) 22222 103
Gold) 22. Sees 56
Graphontc2 2 Use pes 33
HAGEN, R.
aithiumiyesseee 74.
HAmpE, W. .
Coppers=== tees 50
HAvER, K. VON
@admiumyeseees 23
Manganese _--_-- 80
Mellarnium 222s 118
HEBBERLING, M.
Thallium), s2=—= 119
Henry, W.
Magnesium ____- 76
HERMANN, R.
Centum! 222s 34
Didymium____-- 51
Lanthanium__ 68, 69
(ithiume ss 73
INiobiumi==s2—— go
Tantalium/ 22-3 117
Zirconium, = 2s 136
HILLEBRAND, W. F.
Didymium _-__- 53
HIsINGER, W.
Cenumye see 34
HoEGLuND, O. M. (P. T.
CLEVE and)
BD ese 54
Vittrum eee 134
HouzMANN, M.
Lanthanium ___. 68
iiydrosenys 2-2 2==-=—== 57
Jeli) 2 ase eG
Todine 22 5 sete ee TOT
Wierda 2. ee 64
{rons -2= see 65, 139
ISNARD
Aluminium ____- 8
JACQUELAIN, V. A.
Chromiums222—— 44

JACQUELAIN, V. A.
fodinewese sess 62
Magnesium _-__-- 78
Phosphorus ----- 97
Tai pee an eg 13

JEGEL, J. (R. BUNSEN and)
Ceriumpeeenee = 35

JOHNSON and ALLEN.
Geesinmie ae 25

Kemp. (LEICHTE and)
Molybdenum____ 85

KeEsster, F.

Antimony -_---- 10

IAYSEDIC = eee 13

Chromiumip 22s 5
KKIRCHHOFF and BUNSEN.

Cesium see oae 24

Rubidium !22-=2 102
KJERULF, T.

@erinimye aes 35
KLApPROTH, M. H.

Potassium, <==. 99

Strontium’ 2=-——- 112
KLAPROTH. (WOLLASTON

and)

anim =o 13
KLATzOo, G.

Beryllium 2222" 18
IKRALOVANSZKY.

ithivme = sa 7B
KRAuT. (GMELIN—)

IBOTOnW ser oe 19

Carbonws= 22 = 33

fodineyi 2244 2573 62
LAGERHJELM, P.

Bismuth: ss 18
Lamy, A.

sBhalliiim) 22 oe ee 118

Lanthanium ____ 67
LASSAIGNE.

INickele eee 86
LAURENT, A.

Boron), jee A 20

Chlorine ____ 40, 42
Readwsn sors Sus 70, 139
LEE, R:H.

Cobalie = eeu 48

INiGkele eS eno 2 89
LeErorT, J.

Chromium ___-_-

LEICHTE and KEMPE.
Molybdenum -__ 85
LENSSEN, E.

Cadmiumes=2 == 24
LEvot, A.

Goldwasser 56

Rotassiaum\s=.— 2 100

INDEX.
LIEBIG, J.
Bromine» 2 22_- 21
LiEsBIG and REDTENBACHER.
Carbon j2222)a5 31
Silvers seer 22 108
Liesic. (BERZELIUS and)
Garbonwaetes sy 31
ith nay eee le 73
LoEwie, C.
IBrOmMINe oes = es 21
LONGCHAMP.
Magnesium ___..- 76
LovyeT, P.
Rlvorne yee ee 55
Lucca, S. DE
Eluorme 22S22 35 55
MACDONNELL, A.
Magnesium _-____- 78
Magnesium__-____. 76, 139
MAGNus, G.
Tron es see eres 65
MALLET, J. W.
ith eee 74
Manganese _______ 79, 139
MARCET.
Chlorme 22222 37,
Silver sen oe Uriel 106
MARCHAND, R. F.
(unesten eam 126
Uranium ___----129
MARCHAND and SCHEERER. |
Magnesium ____- 76
MARCHAND. (ERDMANN
and)
Calemmes nels 2
Carbomy-s2s. 30 |
Copper_-------- 49
ELydrogeny=2s—— 55
Tron eae Sen OO
Mexciinya ssa 82
Nickel ener S6
Selenium ~_.__.. 104
Sulphune=sa as 114
MARIGNAG, C.
Barium) 2252 15, 16
iBromine=ssa—2 22 21
Calcrumi sees 27
Carbon) Aaa 32
Cenumgse se se—= 35
Chlorine ---- 39, 40
Cobalt ee a6
Didymium ~___-- 51
Todine sass == a62
Lanthanium ____ 68
Ikead pueene e 2
INickel(paeiees = 87
Niobium ___-_-- go
Nitrogenj= e222 == 2

Potassium __ 99, 100

147

MARIGNAG, C,
| Silver tite. 107, 108
| Strontiumy 20k 112
Tantalium ______ 117
Zircontumi\ 4212 136
| MATHER, W. W.

Aluminium ____. 7
MAUMENE, E. J.

Chlorine) 2222 41

Troms eee ra ee 67

Potassium iene 100

SVE rg ees eee anne 108
MENDELEJEFF, D.

Cerny s2 yo = 37

Didymium ___-_ __ 52

Sr biuany sees a 53

Lanthanium -___ 70

Wranium, 252") 128
MERCER.

Cesiunyee ees 25
Mercury. == umes 81, 140
MEYER, L.

Molybdenum ___ 85

Uranium. 222128
MILLON, E.

lodine eee 22e 62

Mercury eee 83
MILLON and CoMMAILLE.

| Coppers2= 2222550
MITSCHERLICH, E.
Carbon ee aes 30
MosErG, A.
| Chromium 223. 2 44
Molybdenum _________ 83
| MOSANDER, C. G.

Lanthanium ____ 68

Aitaniumy eee 124
MuLpe_R, G. J.

Duras epee 122
Nickel @ ius Sajal 86, 139
INTO brunt aes eke Seems 89
NGL SC Inlet eae gI
NORDENFELDT. (SVANBERG

and)

Magnesiunt _____ a7
NORLIN. (SVANBERG and)

Tiron eos seer ces
ODLING, W.

Aluminium _____ 8
Osminmes Seve eee eee 94.
Orroy |:

Cerumiyess 5-2 34

Lanthanium ._-. 67
Oxyconplses sep 95
Palladiumypes soso 95
PELIGOT, E.

Chromium =—==S 44

148

PELIGOT, E.
Uranium -_-129, 131
PELOUZE, J.

Arsenic! eee 12
iBariumie sees 15
Chlorme?==- 23 40
Nitrogeni=s =e 93
Phosphorus __-__- 96
Potassiumya == = 100
Siliconse=s= == 105

Sodiumysssses == 110

Strontium _____- 112
PELOUZE and FREMY.

Aluminium ____- 8
PENNY, F.

Chlorine = 2222 39

Nitrogen we 2s=== 92

Potassium =i=-=- 99

Silyernee= == sees 107

Sodiumi=s=2 == 110
PETTERSSON, O., and G.

EKMAN.

Selenium s== a= 105
PHILLIPS, R.

Ghlorine}= see 39
Phosphorus_ -_~__- 96, 139
PICCARD, J.

Rubidium ==-== 102
PIERRE, J.

‘Mitaniwmso2 == 124
Platmumtss= a= eee 98
Popp, O.

Wittritmseee 133
Potassiumia= = eee 98, 139
Prout, W.

Todine 222 = (61
RAMMELSBERG, C.

@eriumi2s"22 35, 36

Lanthanium __-. 68

INiobiumyse= 2s 90

Uranium __-130, 131
RAWACK. .

Manganese _._-- 81

REDTENBACHER. (LIEBIG
and)

Carbone sa 31

Silverssss sa 108
REGNAULT.

Hy drogen'=225—— 7

Njtrogenl= sans I
REICH, F.,and T. RICHTER.

medium’ 222525== 59
RIcCHE, A.

Mmunssten= 2 s——— 126
RICHTER, T. (F. REICH and)

Indi peye 59
RIVOT le. ks.

Tron Ses sae 67
RhodiwmMes= == s ae IOI

INDEX.

Roscokr, H. E.

M@ungsten #2 -—= 128

Vanadium -_____ 132
RosE, H.

Niobium -___ 89, 90

Tantalium 222225 116

Titanium 28us 23
Rosk, H., and WEBER.

Antimony 22222 9
Rose, V.

Phosphorus ____- 96

Strontium —_____ 112
RotuHorr, E.

Cobal as ears 46

Nickel asses 86
Rubidionnes nena 102
RUSSELL, W. J.

Cobaltos=222 47, 48

Nickel------ 88, 89
Ruthenium === ee 103
SACG WE:

Selenium 2222 104
SALVETAT.

ibariwmy see ee 5

Galcrums = 26

Strontiime = 112
SCHEERER, T.

Magnesium__ 77, 78

SCHEERER, T. (MARCHAND
and)

Magnesium__ 76, 77

SCHEIBLER, C.

shunostenye a 127
SCHIEL, J.

Silicon =a 106
SCHNEIDER, R.

Antimony;== === 9

Bismuthee sae 19

Cobalt ss=ssas= 46

Manganese _-__-_- 81

Nickel: 2235"— 87, 88

WungstenQe====— 125
SCHROETTER, A.

Phosphorus _-__- 97

Selenium Los==- 104
SEFSTROEM, N. G.

Mercury S2225—— 82
Selenium #2 103
SIEWART, M.

Chromium ____-- 45

Silicontee 222 =ees =O
Silver, 22-5222 106, 139
Sodiumesssee= III, 139
SOMMARUGA, E. VON

Cobalt 22222226 47

Nickel 2] S282 22 88
SPAS) Je:

Bromine 2—— = 22

Carbon, === 82538

| STAS, J. S.

Chiorine 23 ae

Hydrogenjes=s = 59

Todine?==2 =a es 63

keadhs ate ee 72

(eee 75

INitroceniasteees 93

Potassium ~__~-- 100

Silver< sees eee 109

Sodium == Ill

Sulphur ssa nS
Stas, J. S. (J. Dumas and)

Carbon 22 =e]= 20
STRECKER, A.

Carbon) =—=2 2 3

Silvers====es 108
STROMEYER, F.

Cadmium) Sees ~23

iron == s eee 65

cithiim, 2a 3

Strontium .-._—. 112

Strontium) pee III, 139
| STRUVE, H.

Bari 222222 —— 15

Sulphuneess sae 115
STRUVE, H., (L. SVANBERG

and)

Molybdenum ___ 83
Sulphur eos 113, 139
SVANBERG, L.

Mercitry, === 83

INIEO gene =a g2
SVANBERG and NORDEN-

FELDT.
Magnesium _._-- 77
| SVANBERG and NORLIN.
Tron ee 66
SVANBERG and STRUVE.

Molybdenum ___ 83

Tanilime ee 116
| Delirium Sse ST,
THALEN.

Lanthanium ____ 70
Thalligmy 2 118
THENARD, L. J., and F. H.

WOLLASTON.

[ron 2 soso a= On
THENARD L. J.,(FOURCROY

and)

Mercitysae soe 82
THOMSEN, J.

iy drorene=s= 59
THOMSON, T.

Aluminium __-_-- 7,

Antimony —~----- 140

Arsenic a2 2es 139

Barium) 14, 139

Beryllium 17

Bismutha=ses—— 139

INDEX. 149

Tuomson, T. | TURNER, E. WOEHLER and DEVILLE.

- Boron) 222 20, 140 Nitrogen) 22 s=— gl Boron 19
Cadmiums2222— 23 Silvers 2 eos 2ee 106 Graphon --__--- 33
Calciumpesee === 139 Sulphur=225 225 114| WoLrF, C.

Carbone ==== 29, 139} Cextume ees 36
@ertumyes eee 34 UNGER, B. WOLLASTON, F. H.
Chionne =e 139 Antimony _____- 11 Calciumvze22222 26
Chromium 2243, 139 Uranium -._--2--2---- 128 Carbonate 28
Cobalt =saees=: 139 Chlorine =. 37
Copper 222s s=- HAO) Vanadium) 222s 131 Coppert aa ess 49
Gold; seen es 56| VAUQUELAIN, L. N. Hydrogen ______ 57
Hydrogen -_-~-. 58 ieithiome esa 73 Magnesium -_ ____ 76
lodine ees tes tes 61 | VLAANDEREN, C. L. Mercury, 222252 82
TOT eee ees 139 AB irate USES eas Sante 122 INitrozenyee se as gI
ead sees 2s =: 139 Phosphorus _____ 96
Withwumes=-— = 73 Potassiumyss 222" 99
Magnesium -_ -_-_- 139} WACKENRODER, H. Silvers oes eae 106
Manganese -_---- 139 [ironies ees ee OG Sodium IIo
Mercury sess 140} WALLACE, W. Strontium) 222225 112
Nickel uaa e es 139 Bromine; sess = 22 Sulphures sores. 1I3
Nitrogen -_._91, 139 | WATTs, W. M. ZINC pe ee tte 134
Phosphorus ___-- 139 Iridium) == — oe es 65 | WoLLAsTONand KLAPROTH.
Potassium: 22 = 139 @smiumy 2222 =" 94 Bariumipees se 13
Silversea eee 139| WEBER. (H. Rosr and) WOLLASTON. —( BERZELIUS
Sodium 32222-2130 Antimonya-= 2.2 9 and)
Stroutiumyse-==s 139 | WEEREN, J. [Weacdieins s hare 71
Sulphurl> 22s 114. Beryllium 17| WOLLASTON. (L. J. THE-
Peet ree ic 140| WELESKY, P. NARD and)
7AM Cae ce ate 139 Cobalieeesaea = 48 iron Ze] esses 05
sWbortuni 22-22 eee 120| WENZEL. WREDE, F. VON
“Tite ee ee 122, 140 UVC ree eee nes 106 | Carbonyesee sass 32
TISSIER, C. WERTHEIM, J.
Aluminium _-.-- § Uranium) 222 130

pliitamiumy 222 oS 123} WERTHER, H. Nittriumye sae ee 133

Troost, L. Avhallimm =e 119
Withimes 2 74, 75 | WILDENSTEIN, R.

sinmastene essa ea 125 Chromium _-_---- 45 | ZETTNow, E.

TURNER, E. WIna, C. H. fliunostensase=== 127
IS pba tine ees, 14 Ceriumyse nee iB OllPZ IM Chae ee 134, 139
Chlorine 222" 38 | WINKLER, C, Zixcomumy ss a= ee 36
ead) aes eres. 71 Cobalteae aes 48 | ZSCHIESCHE, H.

Manganese _--_- 80 Indium === 2—— 60 Didymium-__--_-- 52
Mercury: 222-22 82) iINickeli=ee=e—= == 88 Lanthanium __-- 69

pes ii

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SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS.
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(ELE:

CONSTANTS OF NATURE.

TP SASEL en Vi

eee -olb@ Wai sMen@ iN)

Soya

eh ATOMIC WHIGE Ts.

BY

FRANK WIGGLESWORTH CLARKE, S.B.,

Professor of Chemistry and Physics in the University of Cincinnati.

WASHINGTON:
Sai SON LAN TINS £1 tT OREO IN:
1882. ©

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ADVERTISEMENT.

The present publication is one of a series devoted to the discus-
sion and more precise determination of various “Constants of
Nature;” and forms the Fifth contribution to that subject pub-
lished by this Institution.

The First number of the series, embracing tables of “Specific
Gravities” and of Melting and Boiling Points of Bodies, prepared
by the same author, Prof. F. W. Clarke, was published in 1873.
The Forth part of the series, comprising a complete digest of the
various “Atomic Weight” determinations of the chemical elements
published since 1814, commencing with the well-known “ Table of
Equivalents” by Wollaston, (given in the Philosophical Trans-
actions for that year,) compiled by Mr. George F. Becker, was
published by the Institution in 1880. The present work which may
be regarded as practically supplementary to that digest, (or perhaps
rather as the memoir to which that digest is introductory,) com-
prises a very full discussion and re-calculation of the “Atomic
Weights” from all the existing data, and the assignment of the
most probable value to each of the elements.

The manuscript of the work was presented to the Institution
in its completed form by Prof. F. W. Clarke, the cost of publica-
tion only being at the expense of the Smithsonian fund.

SpencER F. Barrp,
Secretary of Smithsonian Institution.

WasHINGTON, January, 1882.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS.

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PAGE.
vii
xii

39
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57
64
67
72

82
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93
96
100
108
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114
117
127
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176
180
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185
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202

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2

CONTENTS.

Tinie aes ee hel te Nay AA Se GL A or

Didynaium se ee eee se ch ee ee,
The Yttrium Group. Scandium, Yttrium, Ytterbium, Erbium, Ter-
bium, Phillipium, Decipium, Thulium, Samarium, etc. -_-_----.._-

» Columbium: (Niobinm)o2 <2 ee Ce Soe
oo ek ea rn ee ES eee A tee ate an eo
SP Teer unre 2 2 et SS RO i ict i eek hey Bt ne ER

INTRODUCTION.

In the autumn of 1877 the writer began collecting data
relative to the determinations of atomic weights, with the
purpose of preparing a complete resumé of the entire sub-
ject, and of recalculating all the estimations. The work
was fairly under way, the material was collected and partly
discussed, when I received from the Smithsonian Institu-
tion a manuscript by Professor George F. Becker, entitled
“Atomic Weight Determinations: a Digest of the Investi-
gations Published since 1814.” This manuscript, which has
lately been issued as Part IV of the “Constants of Nature,”
covered much of the ground contemplated in my own
undertaking. It brought together all the evidence, pre-
senting it clearly and thoroughly in compact form; in
short, that portion of the task could not well be improved
upon. Accordingly, I decided to limit my own labors to a
critical recalculation of the data; to combine all the figures
upon a common mathematical basis, and to omit everything
which could as well be found in Professor Becker’s “ Digest.”

At the very beginning of my work certain questions con-
fronted me. Should I treat the investigations of different
individuals separately, or should I combine similar data to-
gether in a manner irrespective of persons? For example,
ought I, in estimating the atomic weight of silver, to take
Stas’ work by itself, Marignac’s work by itself, and so on,
and then average the results together; or should I rather
combine all series of figures relating to the composition of
potassium chlorate into one mean value, and all the data
concerning the composition of silver chloride into another
mean, and, finally, compute from such general means the
constant sought to be established? The latter plan was
finally adopted; in fact, it was rendered necessary by the
method of least squares, which method was alone adequate
to supply me with good processes for calculation.

(v11)

VIII INTRODUCTION. ~

The mode of discussion and combination of results was
briefly as follows. The formule employed are given in
another chapter. I began with the ratio between oxygen
and hydrogen; in other words, with the atomic weight of
oxygen referred to hydrogen as unity. Each series of ex-
periments was taken by itself, its arithmetical mean was
found, and the probable error of that mean was computed.
Then the several means were combined according to the
appropriate formula, each receiving a weight dependent
upon its probable error. The general mean thus established
was taken as the most probable value for the atomic weight
of oxygen, and, at the same time, its probable error was
mathematically asssigned.

Next in order came a group of elements which were best
discussed together, namely, silver, chlorine, potassium, so-
dium, bromine, iodine, and sulphur. For these elements
there were data from thirteen experimenters. All similar
figures were first reduced to common standards, and then
the means of individual series were combined into general
means. Thus all the data were condensed into twenty
ratios, from which several independent values for the atomic
weight of each element could be computed. The probable
errors of these values, however, all involved the probable
error of the atomic weight of oxygen, and were, therefore,
higher than they would have been had the latter element
not entered into consideration. Here, then, we have sug-
gested a chief peculiarity of this whole revision. The
atomic weight of each element involves the probable errors
of all the other elements to which it is directly or indirectly
referred. Accordingly, an atomic weight determined by
reference to elements whose atomic weights have been defec-
tively ascertained will receive a high probable error, and its
weight, when combined with other values, will be relatively
low. For example, an atomic weight ascertained by direct
comparison with hydrogen will, other things being equal,
have a lower probable error than one which is referred to
hydrogen through the intervention of oxygen; and a metal
whose equivalent involves only the probable error of oxygen

INTRODUCTION. IX

will be more exactly known than one which depends upon
the greater errors of silver and chlorine. These points
will appear more clearly evident in the subsequent actual
discussions.

But although the discussion of atomic weights is osten-
sibly mathematical, it cannot be purely so. Chemical con-
siderations are necessarily involved at every turn. In as-
signing weights to mean values I have been, for the most
part, rigidly guided by mathematical rules; but in some
eases I have been compelled to reject altogether series of data
which were mathematically excellent, but chemically worth-
less because of constant errors. In certain instances there
were grave doubts as to whether particular figures should
be included or rejected in the calculation of means; there
having been legitimate reasons for either procedure. Prob-
ably many chemists would differ with me upon such points
of judgment. In fact, it is doubtful whether any two chem-
ists, working independently, would handle all the data in
precisely the same way, or combine them so as to produce
exactly the same final results. Neither would any two
mathematicians follow identical rules or reach identical con-
clusions. In calculating the atomic weight of any element
those values are assigned to other elements which have been
determined in previous chapters. Hence a variation in the
order of discussion might lead to slight differences in the
final results. )

As a matter of course the data herein combined are
of very unequal value. In many series of experiments
the weighings have been reduced to a vacuum standard;
but in most cases chemists have neglected this correc-
tion altogether. In a majority of instances the errors thus
introduced are slight; nevertheless they exist, and interfere
more or less with all attempts at a theoretical consideration
of the results. For example, they affect seriously the in-
vestigation of Prout’s hypothesis, and ate often great enough
to account for seeming exceptions to it. Such questions as
these will be considered in the appendix.

Another serious source of error affecting many of the re-

x INTRODUCTION.

sults was not discovered until recently. A large number of
computations had been actually finished, involving, among
other things, the greater part of Stas’ work, when Dumas
published his investigation upon the occlusion of oxygen by
silver. Here it was shown that a very great number of
atomic weight determinations must have been vitiated by
constant errors, which, though constant for each series, were
probably of different magnitude in different series, and,
therefore, could not be systematically corrected for. At the
time of the announcement of this discovery of Dumas my
work was so far under way that I thought it best to com-
plete my discussion without reference to it, and then to
study its influence in the appendix. In the chapter upon
aluminum, however, it will be noted that Mallet eliminated
this error in great part from his experimental results.

Necessarily, this work omits many details relative to ex-
perimental methods, and particulars as to the arrangements
of special forms of apparatus. For such details original
memoirs must be consulted. Their inclusion here would
have rendered the work unwarrantably bulky. There is
such a thing as over-exhaustiveness of treatment, which is
equally objectionable with under-thoroughness.

Of course, none of the results reached in this revision
can be considered as final. Every one of them is liable to
repeated corrections. To my mind the real value of the
work, great or little, lies in another direction. The data
have been brought together and reduced to common stand-
ards, and for each series of figures the probable error has
been determined. Thus far, however much my methods
of combination may be criticized, I feel that my labors will
have been useful. The ground is now cleared, in a measure,
for future experimenters; it is possible to see more distinctly
what remains to be done; some clues are furnished as to the
relative merits of different series of results. I hope to be ©
able, from time to tinfe, as new determinations are published,
to continue the task here begun, and perhaps, also, to add,
in the near future, some data of my own establishing.

In addition to the usual periodicals the following works

INTRODUCTION. XI

have been freely used by me in the preparation of this
volume :

BeRzeELIvs, J.J. Lehrbuch der Chemie. 5 Auflage. Drit-
ter Band. SS. 1147-1231. 18465.

Van Geuns, W. A. J. Prove eener Geschiedenis van de
/Equivalentgetallen der Scheikundige Grondstoffen
en van hare Soortelijke Gewigten in Gasvorm, voor-
namelijk in Betrekking tot de vier Grondstoffen der
Bewerktuigde Natuur. Amsterdam, 1855.

Mutper, E. Historisch-Kritisch Overzigt van de Bepal-
ingen der AUquivalent-Gewigten van 13 EHenvoudige
Ligchamen. Utrecht, 1853.

Muuper, L. Historisch-Kritisch Overzigt van de Bepal-
ingen der /dquivalent-Gewigten van 24 Metalen.
Utrecht, 1853.

OupEMANS, A. C., Jr. Historisch-Kritisch Overzigt van de
Bepaling der A®quivalent-Gewigten van Twee en
Twintig Metalen. Leiden, 1855.

Sras, J.S. Untersuchungen tiber die Gesetze der Chem-
ischen Proportionen tiber die Atomgewichte und ihre
gegenseitigen Verhiltnisse. Uebersetzt von Dr. L.
Aronstein. Leipzig, 1867.

The four Dutch monographs above cited are especially
valuable. They represent a revision of all atomic weight
data down to 1853, as divided between four writers.

XII INTRODUCTION.

FORMULA FOR THE CALCULATION OF
PROBABLE ERROR.

Although the ordinary formula for the probable error of
an arithmetical mean is familiar to all physicists, it is per-
haps best to reproduce it here, as follows :

(1.) e = + .6745 Necross

Here n represents the number of observations or experi-
ments in the series, while S is the sum of the variations of
the individual results from the mean.

In combining several arithmetical means, representing
several series, into one general mean each receives a weight
indicated by its probable error; greater as the latter becomes
less, and vice versa. Let A, B, C, ete., be such mean results,
and a, 6, c, their probable errors respectively. Then the
general mean is determined by this formula:

A B c
9 fo RO
(2.) 7 asia peat ena
ee Uk ere

For the probable error of this general mean we have:

I
(3.) i a ae
In the caleulation of atomic and molecular weights the
following formule have been employed. For assistance in
connection with them my thanks are due to Professors H.
T. Eddy and E. W. Hyde of the University of Cincinnati.
Using, as before, capital letters to represent known quan-

tities and small letters for their probable errors respectively,

INTRODUCTION. XIII

we have for the sum or difference of two quantities, A and

Bb:
(4.) e=VfF+h

For the product of A multiplied by B the probable error is
©) e= 7/ (Ad)? + (Ba)?

For the product of three quantities, ABC:

(6.) e = 7/(BCa)? + (ACZ)? + (ABc)?

For a quotient, = the probable error becomes

(7.) al ae
A

e
Given a proportion, A: B::C:., the probable error of
the fourth term is as follows:

(CE) ers

(8.)

This formula is used in nearly every atomic weight cal-
culation, and is, therefore, exceptionally important. Rarely
a more complicated case arises in a proportion of this kind:

A? Bi: € - 23D + x

In this proportion the unknown quantity occurs in two
terms. Its probable error is found by this a and
is always large:

(9.) c= iG (¢ — DY (Bea? + A202) + pee tide

— By (A — By

When several independent values have been calculated
for an atomic weight they are treated like means, and com-
bined according to formulze (2) and (8.) Each final result

XIV INTRODUCTION.

is, therefore, to be regarded as the general mean of all re-
hable determinations. This method of combination may
not be the best one theoretically possible, but it seemed to
be the only one practically available. The data are too im-
perfect to warrant the use of much more elaborate processes
of discussion.

RECALCULATION OF THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

OOXGY Gallen:

The ratio between oxygen and hydrogen is the foundation
upon which the entire system of atomic weights depends.
Hence, the accuracy of its determination has, from the
beginning, been recognized as of extreme importance. A
trifling error here may become cumulative when repeated
through a moderate series of other ratios.

Leaving out of account the earliest researches, which have
now only a historical value, we find that three methods
have been employed for fixing this important constant.
First, the synthesis of water, effected by passing hydrogen
gas over red hot oxide of copper. Secondly, the exact
determination of the relative density of the two gases.
Thirdly, by weighing the quantity of water formed upon
the direct union of a known volume of hydrogen with
oxygen.

The first of these methods has been employed in three
leading investigations, namely, by Dulong and Berzelius,*
by Dumas, and by Erdmann and Marchand. The essential
features of the method are in all cases the same. Hydrogen
gas is passed over heated oxide of copper, and the water
thus formed is collected and weighed. From this weight
and the loss of weight which the oxide undergoes, the exact
composition of water is readily calculated. Dulong and
Berzelius made but three experiments, with the following
results for the percentages of oxygen and hydrogen in
in water:

O, ae
88.942 11.058
88.809 11.191
§8.954 11.046

* Thomson’s Annals of Philosophy, July, 1821, p. 50.

2 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

These figures, rather roughly determined, and by no
means exact enough to meet the requirements of modern
science, give a mean value of 16.021 for the atomic weight
of oxygen. As the weighings were not reduced to a vacuum,
this correction was afterwards applied by Clark,* who showed
that these syntheses really make O = 15.894; or, in Ber-
zelian terms, if © == 100; Hi —=' 22.583:

In 1842 Dumas; published his elaborate investigation
upon the composition of water, The first point was to get
pure hydrogen. This gas, evolved from zinc and sulphuric
acid, might contain oxides of nitrogen, sulphur dioxide,
hydrosulphuric acid, and arsenic hydride. These impuri-
ties were removed in a series of wash bottles; the H,S by a
solution of lead nitrate, the H,As by silver sulphate, and
the others by caustic potash. Finally, the gas was dried by
passing through sulphuric acid, or, in some of the experi-
ments, over phosphorus pentoxide. The copper oxide was
thoroughly dried, and the bulb containing it was weighed.
By a current of dry hydrogen all the air was expelled from
the apparatus, and then, for ten or twelve hours, the oxide
of copper was heated to dull redness in a constant stream of
the gas. The reduced copper was allowed to cool in an
atmosphere of hydrogen. The weighings were made with
the bulbs exhausted of air. The following table gives the
results :

Column A contains the symbol of the drying substance.
B gives the weight of the bulb and copper oxide. C, the
weight of bulb and reduced copper. D, the weight of the
vessel used for collecting the water. E, the same, plus the
water. F, the weight of oxygen. G, the weight of water
formed. H, the crude equivalent of H when O = 10,000.
I, the equivalent of H, corrected for the air contained in the
sulphuric acid employed. This correction is not explained,
and seems to be questionable.

* Philosophical Magazine, 3d series, 20, 341.
+ Compt. Rend., 14, 537.

OXYGEN.

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4 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

In the sum total of these nineteen experiments, $40.161
erammes of oxygen form 945.459 grammes of water. This
gives, in percentages, for the composition of water, oxygen
88.864; hydrogen, 11.186. Hence the atomic weight of
oxygen, calculated in mass, is 15.9608. In the following
column the values are given as deduced from the individual
data given under the headings F and G:

15.994
16.014
16.024
15.992
15.916
15.916
15-943
16.000
15.992
15.995
15.984
15.958
15.902
15.987
15.926
15.992
15.904
15.900
16.015

Mean, 15.9607, with a probable error of + .0070.

In calculating the above column several discrepancies
were noted, probably due to misprints in the original me-
moir. On comparing columns B and C with F, or D and E
with G, these anomalies chiefly appear. They were detected
and carefully considered in the course of my own calcula-
tions; and, I believe, eliminated from the final result.

The paper by Erdmann and Marchand* followed closely
after that of Dumas. The method of research was essen-
tially the same'as that of the latter chemist, varying only
in points of comparatively unimportant detail. The results
are given in two series, in one of which the weighings were

eB eee
* Journ. f. Prakt. Chem., 1842, bd. 26, s. 461.

OXYGEN. 5

not actually made in vacuo, but were, nevertheless, reduced
to a vacuum standard. The second series represents actual
vacuum weighings. The quantity of water formed in each
experiment, was from 41.664 to 95.612 grammes. I give
below only the percentages of oxygen and hydrogen in
water as deduced from Erdmann and Marchand’s data:

First Series.
O. H.

88.836 11.164
88.821 : 11.179
88.874 11.126
88.868 11.132

Second Series.

©} Ey
88.887 11.103
88.898 11.102
88.895 11.105
88.899 II.101

Hence, the atomic weight of oxygen is, as follows:

First Series. Second Series.
15-915 15.997
15.891 16.015
15.976 16.010
15.966 16.016
Mean, 15.9369, + .0138 Mean, 16.0095, + .0030

The effect of discussing these two series separately is
somewhat startling. It gives to the four experiments in
Erdmann and Marchand’s second group a weight vastly
greater than their other four and Dumas’ nineteen taken
together. For so great a superiority as this there is no
adequate reason; and it is highly probable that it is due
almost entirely to fortunate coincidences, rather than to
greater accuracy of work. We will, therefore, treat Erd-
mann and Marchand’s experiments as one series, giving all
equal weight, and then combine them with the results ob-
tained by Dumas. We now have—

6 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

By Dumas: 2225242 eee O = 15.9607, -++ .0070
By Erdmann and Marchand__------ ©) =15-90733; = O13
Generalimean=222 O = 15.9642, + .0060

In discussing the relative density of oxygen and hydro-
gen gases we need only consider the more modern researches
of Dumas and Boussingault, and of Regnault. As the older
work has some historical value, I may in passing just cite
its results. For the density of hydrogen we have .0769,
Lavoisier; .0693, Thomson; .092, Cavendish; .0732, Biot
and Arago; .0688, Dulong and Berzelius. For oxygen there
are the following determinations: 1.087, Fourcroy, Vauque-
lin, and Séguin; 1.1038, Kirwan; 1.128, Davy; 1.088, Allen
and Pepys; 1.1036, Biot and Arago; 1.1117, Thomson;
1.1056, De Saussure; 1.1026, Dulong and Berzelius; 1.106,
Buff; 1.1052, Wrede.*

In 1841 Dumas and Boussingault} published their deter-
minations of gaseous densities. For hydrogen they obtained
values ranging from .0691 to .0695; but beyond this mere
statement they give no details. For oxygen three determi-
nations were made, with the following results :

1.1055
1.1058

1.1057

Mean, 1.10567, + .00006

If we take the two extreme values given above for hydro-
gen, and regard them as the entire series, they give us a
mean of .0698, + .00013.

This mean hydrogen value, combined with the mean
oxygen value, gives for the atomic weight of the latter ele-
ment the number 15.9538, + .031.

Regnault’s researches, published four years later,t were of

* For Wrede’s work, see Berzelius’ Jahresbericht for 1843. For Dulong and
Berzelius, see the paper already cited. All the other determinations are taken
from Gmelin’s Handbook, Cavendish edition, v. I, p. 279.

+ Compt. Rend., 12, 1005. Compare also with Dumas, Compt. Rend., 14, 537-

t{ Compt. Rend., 20, 975.

OXYGEN. tC

a more satisfactory kind. Indeed, they are among the
classics of physical science; and probably approach as near
to absolute accuracy as is possible for experiment.
For hydrogen three determinations of density gave the
following results:
_ 06923
.06932
.06924

Mean, .069263, + .000019

For oxygen four determinations were made, but in the
first one the gas was contaminated by traces of hydrogen,
and the value obtained, 1.10525; was, therefore, rejected by
Regnault as too low. The other three are as follows:

1.10561
1.10564
1.10565

Mean, 1.105633, -_ .000008

Now, combining the hydrogen and oxygen series, we have
for the atomic weight of oxygen, 15.9628, + .0044.*

Upon combining the result of Regnault’s work with that
from Dumas and Boussingault’s we get the following value:

From Dumas and Boussingault ____. O = 15.9538, + .031
Brombplvecnaults=== sess = aean ae eee O = 15.9628, + .0044
(Generalimean =e eee ene O = 15.9627, + .0043

This result, it will be seen, agrees remarkably well with
that obtained in the experiments upon the synthesis of
water.

* Since these computations were made, Professor John Le Conte has called my
attention to the existence of slight numerical errors in Regnault’s own reductions.
As corrected by Le Conte, Regnault’s figures give 1.105612 for the density of
oxygen, and 0.069269 for that of hydrogen. Hence the atomic weight of O be-
comes 15.9611, instead of 15.9628. The difference is slight, but still it ought
not to be ignored. All the computations in the body of this work, having been
finished before I received Professor Le Conte’s figures, must stand, nevertheless,
as they are. For further details Le Conte refers to Phil. Mag., (4,) 27, p. 29,
1864; and also to the Smithsonian Report for 1878, p. 428.

8 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

The third method indicated at the beginning of this dis-
cussion has been recently employed in part by J. Thomsen*
of Copenhagen. Unfortunately this chemist has not pub-
lished the details of his work, but only the end results.
These serve to confirm the values for oxygen fixed by other
methods, but they cannot well be included in the systematic
discussion. Partly by the oxidation of hydrogen over
heated copper oxide, and partly by its direct union with
oxygen, Thomsen finds that at the latitude of Copenhagen,
and at sea level, one litre of dry hydrogen at 0° and 760
mm. pressure will form .8041 gramme of water. According
to Regnault, at this latitude, level, temperature, and press-
ure, a litre of hydrogen weighs .08954 gramme. From
these data, O = 15.9605. It will be seen at once that Thom-
sen’s work depends in great part upon that of Regnault,
and yet that it affords an admirable reinforcement of the
latter.

It is now plain, in conclusion, that all the different lines
of research point to an atomic weight for oxygen a little
below 16.00. Five distinct investigations confirm each other
wonderfully. Upon combining the values obtained by the
two chief methods we get the following final results :

From synthesis of water_----_- ---- O = 15.9642, + .0060
From gaseous densities____~- ------ O = 15.9627, + .0043

In the general mean the atomic weight of oxygen be-
comes 15.9638, with a probable error of + .0035.+

* Ber. d. Deutsch. Chem. Gesellschaft, 1870, s. 928.
+ Le Conte’s correction of Regnault’s figures introduced here would make O =
15.9622, instead of 15.9633. Difference, .oort.

SILVER, POTASSIUM, ETC. Z

SILVER, POTASSIUM, SODIUM, CHLORINE,
BROMINE, IODINE, AND SULPHUR.

The atomic weights of these seven elements depend upon
each other to so great an extent that they can hardly be
considered independently. Indeed, chlorine, potassium, and
silver have always been mutually determined. From the
ratio between silver and chlorine, the ratio between silver
and potassium chloride, and the composition of potassium
chlorate, these three atomic weights were first accurately
fixed. Similar ratios, more recently worked out by Stas
and others, have rendered it desirable to include bromine,
iodine, sulphur, and sodium in the same general discussion.

Several methods of determination will be left altogether
out of account. Jor example, in 1842 Marignac* sought to
fix the atomic weight of chlorine by estimating the quantity
of water formed when hydrochloric acid gas is passed over
heated oxide of copper. His results were wholly inaccu-
rate, and need no further mention here. A little later Lau-
rent} redetermined the same constant from the analysis of
a chlorinated derivative of naphthalene. This method did
not admit of extreme accuracy, and it presupposed a knowl-
edge of the atomic weight of carbon; hence it may be prop-
erly disregarded. Maumene’st analyses of the oxalate and
acetate of silver gave good results for the atomic weight of
that metal; but they also depend for their value upon our
knowledge of carbon, and will, therefore, be discussed fur-
ther on with reference to that element.

Let us now consider the ratios upon which we must rely
for ascertaining the atomic weights of the seven elements in
question. After we have properly arranged our data we
may then discuss their meaning. First in order we may

* Compt. Rend., 14, 570. Also, Journ. f. Prakt. Chem., 26, 304.
+ Compt. Rend., 14, 456. Journ. f. Prakt. Chem., 26, 307.
f Ann. d. Chim. et d. Phys., (3,) 18, 41. 1846.

10 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

conveniently take up the percentage of potassium chloride
obtainable from the chlorate.

The first reliable series of experiments to determine this
percentage was made by Berzelius.* All the earlier estima-
tions were vitiated by the fact that when potassium chlo-
rate is ignited under ordinary circumstances a little solid
material is mechanically carried away with the oxygen gas.
Minute portions of the substance may even be actually vol-
atilized. These sources of loss were avoided by Berzelius,
who devised means for collecting and weighing this trace
of potassium chloride. All the successors of Berzelius in
this work have benefitted by his example; although for the
methods by which loss has been prevented we must refer to:
the original papers of the several investigators. In short,
then, Berzelius ignited potassium chlorate, and determined
the percentage of chloride which remained. Four experi-
ments gave the following results:

60.854
60.850
60.850
60.851

Mean, 60.851, with a probable error of + .0006

The next series was made by Penny,f in England, who
worked after a somewhat different method. He treated po-
tassium chlorate with strong hydrochloric acid in a weighed
flask, evaporated to dryness over a sand bath, and then
found the weight of the chloride thus obtained. His results
are as follows, in six trials:

60.825
60.822
60.815
60.820
60.823
60.830

Mean, 60.8225, + .0014

eee eee
* Poggend. Annalen, 1826, bd. 8, s. 1.

+ Phil. Transactions, 1839, p. 20.

SILVER, POTASSIUM, ETC. 11

In 1842 Pelouze* made three estimations by the ignition
of the chlorate, with these results :
60.843

60.857
60.830

Mean, 60.843, + .0053

Marignac, in 1842,+ worked with several different recrys-
tallizations of the commercial chlorate. He ignited the
salt, with the usual precautions for collecting the material
carried off mechanically, and also examined the gas which
was evolved. He found that the oxygen from 50 grammes
of chlorate contained chlorine enough to form .003 gramme
of silver chloride. Here are the percentages found by Ma-
rignac:

Injchlorateionce crystallized) 222222 es 60.845
Injchlorate once! crystallized 2222 2 = = 225" - 60.835
In\chlorateitwicecrystallizede_ 222 == = 60.833
Int chloratetwice crystallized= =n eee Se 60.844
In chlorate three times crystallized_____.___- 60.839
In chlorate four times crystallized____-_-_-_- 60.839

Mean, 60.8392, + .0013

In the same paper Marignac describes a similar series of
experiments made upon potassium perchlorate, KC1O,. In
three experiments it was found that the salt was not quite
free from chlorate, and in three more it contained traces of
iron. A single determination upon very pure material gave
46.187 per cent. of oxygen and 53.815 of residue.

In 1845 two series of experiments were published by
Gerhardt. The first, made in the usual way, gave these

results:
60.871
60.881
60.875

Mean, 60.8757, -- .0020

* Compt. Rend., 15, 959.
+ Ann. d. Chem. u. Pharm., bd. 44, s. 18.
{ Compt. Rend., 21, 1280.

12 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

In the second series the oxygen was passed through a
weighed tube containing moist cotton, and another filled
with pumice stone and sulphuric acid. Particles were thus
collected which in the earlier series escaped. From these
experiments we get—

60.947

60.947
60.952

Mean, 60.9487, - .ooI1

These last results were afterwards sharply criticized by
Marignac,* and their value seriously questioned.

The next series, in order of time, is due to Maumené.t+
This chemist supposed that particles of chlorate, mechani-
cally carried away, might continue to exist as chlorate, un-
decomposed; and hence that all previous series of experi-
ments might give too high a value to the residual chloride.
In his determinations, therefore, the ignition tube, after
expulsion of the oxygen, was uniformly heated in all its
parts. Here are his percentages of residue:

60.788
60.790
60.793
60.791
60.785
60.795
60.795

Mean, 60.791, + .0009

The question which most naturally arises in connection
with these results is, whether portions of chloride may not
have been volatilized, and so lost.

Closely following Maumeneé’s paper there is a short note
by Faget,f giving certain mean results. According to this
chemist, when potassium chlorate is ignited slowly, we get

* Supp. Bibl. Univ. de Genéve, Vol. I.
+ Ann. d. Chim. et d. Phys., (3,) 18, 71. 1846.
{ Ann. d. Chim. et d.-Phys., (3,) 18, 80. 1846.

SILVER, POTASSIUM, ETC. 13

60.847 per cent. of residue. When the ignition is rapid, we
get 60.942. As no detailed experiments are given, these
figures can have no part in our discussion.

Last of all we have two series determined by Stas.* In
the first series we have the results obtained by igniting the
chlorate. In the second series the chlorate was reduced by
strong hydrochloric acid, after the method followed by

Penny:
First Series.
60.8380
60.8395
60.8440
60.8473
60.8450

Mean, 60.84276, + .0012

Second Series.
60.850
60.853
60.844

Mean, 60.849, - .OOI7

In these experiments every conceivable precaution was
taken to avoid error and ensure accuracy. All weighings
were reduced to a vacuum standard; from 70 to 142
grammes of chlorate were used in each experiment; and
the chlorine carried away with the oxygen in the first series
was absorbed by finely divided silver and estimated. It is
difficult to see how any error could have crept in.

Now, to combine these different series of experiments.

Berze lisse Calibre sul tess res eee enn Sere 60.851, - .0006
Penny, Reena ae hier ew Sere EAN ir Pays Pee 60.8225, + .0014
Pelouze, ce Bag ee Se eee ee eee ee BGO. 343% val=). 0058
Marignac, Ca ye Lisi AUS ah ed Pub et od Del AEE UE 2h 7 60.8392, + .0013
ME CEH ATC tl S Us mentum ioe lerrs. caltermae eee Ma PAs cot Bs le ak ae 60.8757, -_ .0020
fs 2 CNEL CRT I (oct Se A MD TEC ee el ss 7 60.9487, + .OOI!
Maumené, CS aNega patente tek al wel DIN LAL eM oy Ce 60.791, -- .0009
Stas, TS CRM coun eye ae yee kas ANS eS oa YN 60.8428, -- .0012
ob E21 Manoa heat ste peer Satan sh RRs TP Nhe 60.849, - .0017
General mean, from all nine series, representing forty
EXOT CTs yea ate ones nes eA 60.846, + .00038

* See Aronstein’s Translation, p. 249.

14 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

This value is exactly that which Stas deduced from both
of his own series combined, and gives great emphasis to his
wonderfully accurate work. It also finely illustrates the
compensation of errors which occurs in combining the fig-
ures of different experimenters.

Similar analyses of silver chlorate have been made by
Marignac and by Stas. Marignac’s figures I have not been
able to find,* and Stas gives but two experiments. The fol-
lowing are his percentages of oxygen in silver chlorate :+

25.081
25.078

Mean, 25.0795, -+ .OO10

For the direct ratio between silver and chlorine there are
seven available series of experiments. Here, as in many
other ratios, the first reliable work was done by Berzelius.{

He made three estimations, using each time twenty
grammes of pure silver. This was dissolved in nitric acid.
In the first experiment the silver chloride was precipitated
and collected on a filter. In the second and third experi-
ments the solution was mixed with hydrochloric acid in a
flask, evaporated to dryness, and the residue then fused and
weighed without transfer. One hundred parts of silver
formed of chloride:

* Since all the calculations were finished I have secured a copy of Marignac’s
figures. They are as follows: The third column gives the percentage of O in
AgClO,.

24.510 grm. AgClO, gave 18.3616 AgCl. 25.103
25.809 sf x 19.3345 “ 25.086
30. 306 os os 22370720 ee 25.074
28.358 e <e 21 24a 25.082
28.287 ce gs 2TOlOs sy wis: 25.03
57-170 cs Gg: 42.8366 << 25.072

Mean, 25.088, -+ .0044
The introduction of these figures into the subsequent calculations could not
produce any appreciable result. They would practically vanish from the general
mean. However, they serve here as confirmation of Stas’ work.
+ Aronstein’s Translation, p. 214.
{ Thomson’s Annals of Philosophy, 1820, v. 15, p. 89.

SILVER, POTASSIUM, ETC. 15

132.700
132.780
132.790

Mean, 132.757, + .Oo19

Turner’s work* closely resembles that of Berzelius. Silver
was dissolved in nitric acid and precipitated as chloride.
In experiments one, two, and three the mixture was evapo-
rated and the residue fused. In experiment four the chlo-
ride was collected on a filter. A fifth experiment was
made, but has been rejected as worthless.

The results were as follows: In a third column I put the
quantity of AgCl proportional to 100 parts of Ag.

28.407 grains Ag gave 37.737 AgCl. 132.844
41.917 es ce Bh sO7 ON as 132.829
40.006 cs ‘e GQ aTA zinc 132.837
30.922 ee ee 4h.070, * 132.818

Mean, 132.832, + .0038

The same general method of dissolving silver in nitric
acid, precipitating, evaporating, and fusing without transfer
of material was also adopted by Penny.} His results for
100 parts of silver are as follows, in parts of chloride:

132.836
132.840
132.830
132.840
132.840
132.830
132.838

Mean, 132.8363, + .oo12

In 1842 Marignact found that 100 parts of silver formed
152.74 of chloride, but gave no available details. Later,||

* Phil. Transactions, 1829, 291.

+ Phil. Transactions, 1839, 28.

{ Ann. Chem. Pharm., 44, 21.

| See Berzelius’ Lehrbuch, 5th Ed., Vol. 3, pp. 1192, 1193.

16 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

in another series of determinations, he is more explicit, and
gives the following data: The weighings were reduced to
a vacuum standard.

79.853 grm. Ag gave 106.080 AgCl. Ratio, 132.844

69.905 ne 92.864 <“ 132.843
64.905 a 86.210 132.825
92.362 ss 122.693 “ 132.839
99-653 a 132.383“ 132.844

Mean, 132.839, - .0024

The above series all represent the synthesis of silver chlo-
ride. Maumené* made analyses of the compound, reducing
it to metal in a current of hydrogen. His experiments
make 100 parts of silver equivalent to chloride:

132.734
132.754
132.724
132.729
132.741

Mean, 132.7364, + .0077

By Dumas} we have the following estimations :

9-954 Ag gave 13.227 AgCl. Ratio, 132.882
19.976 ce 26.542 6 132.869

Mean, 132.8755, + .0044

Finally, there are seven determinations by Stas,{f made
with his usual accuracy and with every precaution against
error. In the first, second, and third, silver was heated in
chlorine gas, and the synthesis of silver chloride thus
effected directly. In the fourth and fifth silver was dis-
solved in nitric acid, and the chloride thrown down by
passing hydrochloric acid gas over the surface of the solution.
The whole was then evaporated in the same vessel, and the
chloride fused, first in an atmosphere of hydrochloric acid,

* Ann. d. Chim. et d. Phys., (3,) 18, 49. 1846.
+ Ann. Chem. Pharm., 113, 21. 1860.
{ Aronstein’s Translation, p. 171.

SILVER, POTASSIUM, ETC. 17

and then in a stream of air. The sixth synthesis was simi-
lar to these, only the nitric solution was precipitated by
hydrochloric acid in slight excess, and the chloride thrown
down was washed by repeated decantation. All the de-
canted liquids were afterwards evaporated to dryness, and
the trace of chloride thus recovered was estimated in addi-
tion to the main mass. The latter was fused in an atmos-
phere of HCl. The seventh experiment was like the sixth,
only ammonium chloride was used instead of ‘hydrochloric
acid. From 98.8 to 399.7 grammes of silver were used in
each experiment, the operations were performed chiefly in
the dark, and all weighings were reduced to vacuum. In
every case the chloride obtained was beautifully white.
The following are the results in chloride for 100 of silver:

132.841

132.843

132.843

132.849

132.846

132.848

122.8417

Mean, 132.8445, -+ .0008

We may now combine the means of these seven series,
representing in all thirty-three experiments. One hundred
parts of silver are equivalent to chlorine, as follows :

IBerzeliusmes = etm De ee 32.757, - .0190

armenia eae ee ae os 32.832, + .0038

Pennyee nos oe eye ee Soe 32.8363, + .oo12

Marionacres= == ane eae = 82.930, =! 0024:

WMerumien@ emer se Sa ene ae 32.7364, -- .0077

TO Umass eres eee ee EE 32.8755, -+ .0044

STIG eS ed JU Deeg re 32.8445, + .0008 ®
General!mean) 2222.22 --—! 32.8418, + .0006

Here, again, we have a fine example of the evident com-
pensation of errors among different series of experiments.
We have also another tribute to the accuracy of Stas, since
this general mean varies from the mean of his results only
within the limits of his own variations.

2.

18 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

The ratio between silver and potassium chloride, or, in
other words, the weight of silver in nitric acid solution
which can be precipitated by a known weight of KCl, has
been fixed by Marignac and by Stas. Marignac,* reducing
all weighings to vacuum, obtained these results. In the
third column I give the weight of KCl proportional to 100
parts of Ag.

4.7238 grm. Ag = 3.2626 KCI. 69.067
21.725 ee TS LOOT am. 69.050
21.759 Ke T5s028 <6 69.066
21.909 cs Ti5.T30 ce 69.063
22.032 Tipe ier aio 2% 69.063
25.122 ee 17.350) 69.063

Mean, 69.062, + .0017

Stas’ experiments upon this ratio may be divided into two
series.t In the first series the silver was slightly impure,
but the impurity was of known quantity, and corrections
could therefore be applied. In the second series pure silver
was employed. The potassium chloride was from several
different sources, and in every case was purified with the
utmost care. From 10.8 to 52.4 grammes of silver were
taken in each experiment, and the weighings were reduced
to vacuum. The method of operation was, in brief, as fol-
lows: A definite weight of potassium chloride was taken,
and the exact quantity of silver necessary, according to
Prout’s hypothesis, to balance it was also weighed out. The
metal, with suitable precautions, was dissolved in nitric
acid, and the solution mixed with that of the chloride.
After double decomposition the trifling excess of silver re-
maining in the liquid was determined by titration with a
normal solution of potassium chloride. One hundred parts
of silver required the following of KCI:

* See Berzelius’ Lehrbuch, 5th edition, Vol. 3, pp. 1192, 1193.
+ Aronstein’s Translation, pp. 250-257.

SILVER, POTASSIUM, ETC. 19

first Series.
69.105
69.104
69.103
° 69.104
69.102

Mean, 69.1036, + .0003

Second Series.
69.105
69.099
69.107
69.103
69.103
69.105
69.104
69.099
69.1034
69.104
69.103
69.102
69. 104
69.104
69.105
69.103
69,101
60.105
69.103

Mean, 69.1033, - .0003

Now, combining the three series, with their thirty experi-
ments, we get the following:

Manionace Bh eess eae ee 69.062, -: .0017
StaSwIStiSenleSme ee eget soa ee eS 69.1036, + .0003
Slasa 2 dsseries ewe eee ee a caae 69.1033, - .0003

General) meantias 2 ss ese es 69.1032, -+ .0002

The quantity of silver chloride which can be formed from
a known weight of potassium chloride has also been deter-
mined by Berzelius, Marignac, and Maumene. Berzelius*
found that 100 parts of KCl were equivalent to 194.2 of

* Poggend. Annal., 8,1. 1826.

20 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

AgCl; a value which, corrected for weighings in air, be-
comes 192.32. This experiment will not be included in our
discussion.

In 1842 Marignac* published two determinations, with
these results from 100 KCI:

192.33
192.34

Mean, corrected for weighing in air, 192.26, + .003

In 1846 Marignact published another set of results, as
follows. The weighings were reduced to vacuum. The
usual ratio is in the third column.

17.034 grm. KCl gave 32.761 AgCl. 192.327
14.427 : 27-749 “ 192.341
15.028 cc 28:910) 192.374
Lod cs 29:8O2) | ** 192.334

15.216 cs 20.27 ees 192.370

Mean, 192.349, - .006

Three estimations of the same ratio were also made by
Maumené,t as follows:

10.700 grm. KCl gave 20.627 AgCl. 192.776
10.5195 “ 20: 2/73 P< 192.716
8.587 a LOG 5 OM ac 192.803

Mean, 192.765, -+ .O17

The three series of ten experiments in all foot up thus:

Marionaes042\e sea anne 192.260, + .003

TOAOyaees 21 Sek eS Se 192.349, - .006

Maumené= 2223-2. so eee 192.765, -—_ .O17
Generalmean= == 222 22 227192.204,)=—).0029

These figures show clearly that the ratio which they rep-
resent isnot of very high importance. It might be rejected
altogether without impropriety, and is only retained for the

* Ann. Chem. Pharm., 44, 21. 1842.
+ Berzelius’ Lehrbuch, 5th Ed., Vol. 3, pp. 1192, 1193.
+ Ann. d. Chim. et d. Phys., (3,) 18, 41. 1846.

SILVER, POTASSIUM, ETC. 21

sake of completeness. It will obviously receive but little
weight in our final discussion.

In estimating the atomic weight of bromine the earlier
experiments of Balard, Berzelius, Liebig, and Lowig may all
be rejected. Their results were all far too low, probably be-
cause chlorine was present as an impurity in the materials
employed. Wallace’s determinations, based upon the anal-
ysis of arsenic tribromide, are tolerably good, but need not
be considered here. In the present state of our knowledge,
Wallace’s analyses are better fitted for fixing the atomic
weight of arsenic, and will, therefore, be discussed with ref-
ference to that element.

The ratios with which we now have to deal are closely
similar to those involving chlorine. In the first place there
are the analyses of silver bromate by Stas.* In two careful
experiments he found in this salt the following percentages
of oxygen:

Mean, 20.349, -—_ .0014

There are also four analyses of potassium bromate by
Marignac.{ The salt was heated, and the percentage loss of
oxygen determined. The residual bromide was feebly alka-
line. We cannot place much reliance upon this series.
The results are as follows:

28.7016
28.6496

28.6050
28.7460

Mean, 28.6755, + .0207

When silver bromide is heated in chlorine gas, silver
chloride is formed. In 1860 Dumast employed this method

* Aronstein’s Translation, pp. 200-206.
+ See E. Mulder’s Overzigt, p. 117; or Berzelius’ Jahresbericht, 24, 72.
}{ Ann. Chem. Pharm., 113, 20.

22 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

for estimating the atomic weight of bromine. His results
are as follows: In the third column I give the weight of
AgBr equivalent to 100 parts of AgCl.

2.028 grm. AgBr gave 1.547 AgCl. 131.092
4-237 i 3-235 * 130-974
5.769 oe 4.403 * 131.024

Mean, 131.030, + .023

This series is evidently of but little value.

But the two ratios upon which, in connection with Stas’
analyses of silver bromate, the atomic weight of bromine
chiefly depends are those which connect silver with the
latter element directly and silver with potassium bromide.

Marignac,* to effect the synthesis of silver bromide, dis-
solved the metal in nitric acid, precipitated the solution
with potassium bromide, washed, dried, fused, and weighed
the product. The following quantities of bromine were
found proportional to 100 parts of silver:

74-072
74-055
74.066

Mean, reduced to a vacuum standard, 74.077, -+ .003

Much more elaborate determinations of this ratio are due
to Stas.— In one experiment a known weight of silver was
converted into nitrate, and precipitated in the same vessel
by pure hydrobromic acid. The resulting bromide was
washed thoroughly, dried, and weighed. In four other
estimations the silver was conyerted into sulphate. Then a
known quantity of pure bromine, as nearly as possible the
exact amount necessary to precipitate the silver, was trans-
formed into hydrobromic acid. This was added to the
dilute solution of the sulphate, and, after precipitation was
complete, the minute trace of an excess of silver in the clear
supernatant fluid was determined. All weighings were re-

* E, Mulder’s Overzigt, p. 116. Berzelius’ Jahresbericht, 24, 72.
+ Aronstein’s Translation, pp. 154-170.

SILVER, POTASSIUM, ETC. 23

duced to a vacuum. From these experiments, taking both
series as one, we get the following quantities of bromine
corresponding to 100 parts of silver:

74.0830
74-0799
74-9795
74.0805
74.0830

Mean, 74.081, -+ .0006

Combining this with Marignac’s result, 74.077, + .003, we —
get as a general mean the value 74.0809, + .0006.*

The ratio between silver and potassium bromide was first
accurately determined by Marignac.t I give, with his
weighings, the quantity of KBr proportional to 100 parts of
Ag:

2 gh Cima Agi —— 2.450 ebr. 110.324
2.559 <s 25823) ass 110.316
2.447 “ 2.700) 110.339
3.025 My sele{o) Gs 110.283
3-946 : 4.353 “ 110.314
11.569 ce T2e7 ORs 110.321
20.120 o 221GTe <6 110.293

Mean, corrected for weighing in air, 110.343, -+ .005

Stas,f working in essentially the same manner as when
he fixed the ratio between potassium chloride and silver,
obtained the following results:

*O. W. Huntington, in his paper upon the atomic weight of cadmium, (Amer.
Acad. Proc., 1881,) gives three analyses and three syntheses of silver bromide.
These give a mean value of Ag: Br:: 100: 74.064. This figure I record here
in order that other chemists may not overlook the work of Mr. Huntington,
although it came out too late for use in my own calculations.

7 E. Mulder’s Overzigt, p. 116. Berzelius’ Jahresbericht, 24, 72.

{ Aronstein’s Translation, pp. 334-347.

24 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

110.361
110.360
110.360
110.342
110.346
110.338
110.360
110.336
110.344
110.332
110. 343
110.357
I10.334
110.335

Mean, 110.3463, -+_ .0020

Combining this with Marignac’s mean result, 110.345, +
.005, we get a general mean of 110.8459, + .0019.

The ratios upon which we must depend for the atomic
weight of iodine are exactly parallel to those used for the
determination of bromine.

To begin with, the percentage of oxygen in potassium
iodate has been determined by Millon.* In three experi-

ments he found:
22.46
22.49
22.47

Mean, 22.473, + .005

Millon also estimated the oxygen in silver iodate, getting
the following percentages :
17.05

17.03
17.06

Mean, 17.047, - .005

The analysis of silver iodate has also been performed with
extreme care by Stas.+ From 76 to 157 grammes were used

* Ann, d. Chim. et d. Phys., (3,) 9, 400. 1843.
+ Aronsteins’ Translation, pp. 179-200.

SILVER, POTASSIUM, ETC. 25

in each experiment, the weights being reduced to a vacuum
standard. As the salt could not be prepared in an abso-
lutely anhydrous condition, the water expelled in each
analysis was accurately estimated and the necessary correc-
tions applied. In two of the experiments the iodate was
decomposed by heat, and the oxygen given off was fixed
upon a weighed quantity of copper heated to redness.
Thus the actual weights, both of the oxygen and the resid-
ual iodide, were obtained. Ina third experiment the iodate
was reduced to iodide by a solution of sulphurous acid, and
the oxygen was estimated only by difference. In the three
percentages of oxygen given below the result of this analysis
comes last. The figures for oxygen are as follows:
16.976

16.972
16.9761

Mean, 16.9747, - .0009

This, combined with Millon’s series above cited, gives us
a general mean of 16.9771, + .0009.

The ratio between silver and potassium iodide seems to
have been determined only by Marignac,* and without re-
markable accuracy. In five experiments 100 parts of silver
were found equivalent to potassium iodide as follows:

1.616 grm. Ag = 2.483 KI. Ratio, 153.651
2.503 ss 3.846 <“ « f& 9953:605
3.427 Co Fe2 Ooms <eL5 247/20
2.141 ae 322000068 csaT5 35007,
10.821 ce 16.642 ‘ DS 327104:

Mean, 153.6994, + .0178

The synthesis of silver iodide has been effected by both
Marignac and Stas. Marignac, in the paper above cited,
gives these weighings. In the last column I add the ratio
between iodine and 100 parts of silver:

15.000 grm. Ag gave 32.625 AglI. 117.500
14.790 se B2nU7 ON mae 117.512
18.545 ss 40.339 “ 117.519

Mean, corrected for weighing in air, 117.5335, -— .0036

* Berzelius’ Lehrbuch, sth Ed., 3, 1196.

26 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

Stas* in his experiments worked after two methods, which
gave, however, results concordant with each other and with
those of Marignac.

In the first series of experiments Stas converted a known
weight of silver into nitrate, and then precipitated with
pure hydriodic acid. The iodide thus thrown down was
washed, dried, and weighed without transfer. By this
method 100 parts of silver were found to require of iodine :

e
117.529
117.536

Mean, 117.5325, - .0024

In the second series a complete synthesis of silver iodide
from known weights of iodine and metal was performed.
The iodine was dissolved in a solution of ammonium sul-
phite, and thus converted into ammonium iodide. The
silver was transformed into sulphate and the two solutions
mixed. When the precipitate of silver iodide was com-
pletely deposited the supernatant liquid was titrated for the
trifling excess of iodine which it always contained. As the
two elements were weighed out in the ratio of 127 to 108,
while the atomic weight of iodine is probably a little under
127, this excess is easily explained. From these experi-
ments two sets of values were deduced; one from the
weights of silver and iodine actually employed, the other
from the quantity of iodide of silver collected. From the
first set we have of iodine for 100 parts of silver:

117.5390
117.5380
117.5318
117.5430
117.5420

117.5300

Mean, 117.5373, = -OOI5

From the weight of silver iodide actually collected we

* Aronstein’s Translation, pp. 136, 152.

SILVER, POTASSIUM, ETC. 27

get as follows. For experiment number three in the above
column there is no equivalent here:

117.529 ,
117.531
117-539
117.538
117.530

Mean, 117.5334, + .0014

Now, combining these several sets of results, we have the
following general mean :

Marion aC snes ese eee eee 117.5335, -— -0036
Staswelstysehies= ee soa ee wees 117.5325, - .0024
Sn 2 iene Sere oe eee D7 5 7 20 —tol OOS
Coes Caine en ee ee PLAS SCA. 5 OOLA:
General mean_-__-_- -=s- 117.5345, = .0009

One other comparatively unimportant iodine ratio re-
’ mains for us to notice. Silver iodide, heated in a stream of
chlorine, becomes converted into chloride; and the ratio
between these two salts has been thus determined by Ber-
zelius and by Dumas.

From Berzelius* we have the following data: In the
third column I give the ratio between AgI and 100 parts of
AgCl.

5.000 grm. AgI gave 3.062 AgCl. 163.292
12.212 fs Tet ViS Gin tak 163.360

Mean, 163.326, -- .023
Dumas’} results were as follows:

3.520 grm. AglI gave 2.149 AgCl. 163.793
7.011 % Ac2Olmmse 163.770

Mean, 163.782, + .008

General mean from the combination of both series,
165.733, + .0076.
We now come to the ratios connecting sulphur with silver

*'Ann. d. Chim. et d. Phys., (2,) 40, 430. 1829.
y+ Ann. Chem. Pharm., 113, 28. 1860.

28 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

and chlorine. Other ratios have been applied to the deter-
mination of the atomic weight of sulphur, but they are
hardly applicable here. The earlier results of Berzelius
were wholly inaccurate, and his later experiments upon the
synthesis of lead sulphate will be used in discussing the
atomic weight of lead. Erdmann and Marchand deter-
mined the amount of calcium sulphate which could be
formed from a known weight of pure Iceland spar; and
later they made analyses of cinnabar, in order to fix the
value of sulphur by reference to calcium and to mercury.
Their results will be applied in this discussion towards ascer-
taining the atomic weights of the metals just named. For
our present purposes only three ratios need be considered.

First in order let us take up the composition of silver
sulphide, as directly determined by Dumas, Stas, and Cooke.
Dumas’* experiments were made with sulphur which had
been thrice distilled and twice crystallized from carbon di-
sulphide. A known weight of silver was heated in a tube
in the vapor of the sulphur, the excess of the latter was dis-
tilled away in a current of carbon dioxide, and the resulting
silver sulphide was weighed.

I subjoin Dumas’ weighings, and also the quantity of
Ag,S proportional to 100 parts of Ag, as deduced from
them:

9.9393 grm. Ag = 1.473 S. Ratio, 114.820
9.962 As Ley fists a CU LEAL OLE
+ 30.637 ss 4.546 “ “¢ 114.838
30.936 se 4.586 << | 1042 824
30.720 56 A554 c “114.824

Mean, 114.8234, + .0029

Dumas used from ten to thirty grammes of silver in each
experiment. Stas,f however, in his work, employed from
sixty to two hundred and fifty grammes at a time. Three
of Stas’ determinations were made by Dumas’ method, while
in the other two the sulphur was replaced by pure sulphu-

* Ann. Chem. Pharm., 113, 24. 1860
+ Aronstein’s Translation, p. 179.

SILVER, POTASSIUM, ETC. 29

retted hydrogen. In all cases the excess of sulphur was ex-
pelled by carbon dioxide, purified with scrupulous care.
Impurities in the dioxide may cause serious error. The
five results come out as follows for 100 parts of silver:

114.854

114.853

114.854

114.851

114.849

Mean, 114.8522, ++ .0007

The experiments made by Professor Cooke* with reference
to this ratio were only incidental to his elaborate researches
upon the atomic weight of antimony. They are interesting
however, for two reasons: they serve to illustrate the vola-
tility of silver, and they represent, not syntheses, but reduc-
tions of the sulphide by hydrogen. Cooke gives three series
of results. In the first the silver sulphide was long heated
to full redness in a current of hydrogen. Highly concord-
ant and at the same time plainly erroneous figures were ob-
tained; the error being eventually traced to the fact that
some of the reduced silver, although not heated to its melt-
ing point, was actually volatilized and lost. The second
series, from reductions at low redness, are decidedly better.
In the third series the sulphide was fully reduced below a
visible red heat. Rejecting the first series we have from
Cooke’s figures in the other two the subjoined quantities of
sulphide corresponding to 100 parts of silver :

7.5411 grm. Ag,S lost .9773 grm. S._ Ratio, 114.889

5.0364 : SOS 240) mcs (oy) LTA OS2
2.5815 ss “23455 ~< “ - 114.886
2.6130 o aeeyeyfee Ws 0) 104.802
2.5724 <s a3334 nls SV eD LAL SOL
Mean, 114.888, -- .oo12
1.1357 grm. Ag,S lost .1465 S. Ratio, 114.810
1.2936 a sRO7OMS Sella S23

Mean, 114.8165, + .0044

* Proc. American Acad, of Arts and Sciences, v. 12. 1877.

30 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

Now, combining all four series, we get the following re-
sults:

=r

Dumas ose 2 eset eee eee 114.8234, -- .0029
Stasis elves Soe eee 114.8522, + .0007
Cooke's) 2dia2 ein sae ee 114.888, -+ .0012
ce 2 ee ee 114.8165, + .0044
General mean-22==2-22— 114.8581, -- .0006

Here again we encounter a curious and instructive com-
pensation of errors, and another evidence of the accuracy of
Stas.

The percentage of silver in silver sulphate has been de-
termined by Struve and by Stas. Struve* reduced the sul-
phate by heating in a current of hydrogen, and obtained
these results :

5.1860 grm. Ag,SO, gave 3.5910 grm. Ag. 69.244 per cent.

6.0543 sé 4.1922 © 69.243 oe
8.6465 i 5.9858 és 69.228 a
11.6460 cS 8.0608 es 69.215 ce
g. 1090 as 6.3045 se 69.212 Se
9.0669 ss 6.2778 as 69.239 se

Mean, 69.230, + .004

Stas,t working by essentially the same method, with from
56 to 83 grammes of sulphate at a time, found these per-
centages :

69.200
69.197
69.204
69.209
69.207
69.202

Mean, 69.203, + .0012

Combining this mean with that from Struve’s series we
get a general mean of 69.205, + .0011.

* Ann. Chem. Pharm., 80, 203. 1851.
+ Aronstein’s Translation, pp. 214-218.

SILVER, POTASSIUM, ETC. OL

The third and last sulphur ratio with which we have now
to deal is one of minor importance. When silver chloride
is heated in a current of sulphuretted hydrogen the sul-
phide is formed. This reaction was applied by Berzelius*
to determining the atomic weight of sulphur. He gives the
results of four experiments; but the fourth varies so widely
from the others that I have rejected it. I have reason to
believe that the variation is due, not to error in experiment,
but to error in printing; nevertheless, as I am unable to
track out the cause of the mistake, I must exclude the fig-
ures involving it entirely from our discussion.

The three available experiments, however, give the fol-
lowing results: The last column contains the ratio of silver
sulphide to 100 parts of chloride.

6.6075 grm. AgCl gave 5.715 grm. Ag,S. 86.478
9.2323 ce 7.98325 << 86.471
10.1775 £ S.8007/5) sacs 86.472

Mean, 86.4737, -— .0015

We have also a single determination of this value by
Svanberg and Struve.t After converting the chloride into
sulphide they dissolved the latter in nitric acid. A trifling
residue of chloride, which had been enclosed in sulphide,
and so protected against change, was left undissolved.
Hence a slight constant error probably affects this whole
ratio. The experiment of Svanberg and Struve gave 86.472
per cent. of silver sulphide derived from 100 of chloride.
If we assign this figure equal weight with the results of
Berzelius, and combine, we get a general mean of 86.4733,
EO OA,

For sodium there are but two ratios of any definite value
for present purposes. The early work of Berzelius we may
disregard entirely, and confine ourselves to the considera-
tion of the results obtained by Penny, Pelouze, Dumas, and
Stas.

* Berzelius’ Lehrbuch, 5th Ed., Vol. 3, p. 1187.
+ Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 44, 320. 1848.

oe THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

The percentage of oxygen in sodium chlorate has been
determined only by Penny,* who used the same method
which he applied to the potassium salt. Four experiments
gave the following results:

45.060

45-075
45.080

45.067

Mean, 45.0705, -+ .0029

The ratio between silver and sodium chloride has been
fixed by Pelouze, Dumas, and Stas. Pelouze} dissolved a
weighed quantity of silver in nitric acid, and then titrated
with sodium chloride. Equivalent to 100 parts of silver he
found of chloride:

54-158

54.125
54-139

Mean, 54.141, + .0063

By Dumast we have seven experiments, with results as
follows: The third column gives the ratio between 100 of
silver and NaCl.

2.0535 grm. NaCl = 3.788 grm. Ag. 54.211
2.169 oe 4.0095 se 54-097
4-3554 if 8.0425“ 54-155
6.509 ce T2014 Oeics 54.178
6.413 “ 11.8375“ 54-175
2.1746 s 4.012 % 54.202
5-113 i 9-434 9) 0 54.187

Mean, 54.172, + .0096

Stas,|| applying the method used in establishing the sim-
ilar ratio for potassium chloride, and working with salt from

* Phil. Transactions, 1839, p. 25.

+ Compt. Rend., 20, 1047. 1845.

+ Ann. Chem. Pharm., 113, 31. 1860.
|| Aronstein’s Translation, p. 274.

SILVER, POTASSIUM, ETC. 33

six different sources, found of sodium chloride equivalent

to 100 parts of silver:
54.2093
54.2088
54.2070
54.2070
54.2070
54.2060
54.2076
54.2081
54.2083
54.2089

Mean, 54.2078, + .0002

Now, combining these three series, we get the following
result :

Belouze te sae ee 54.141, + .0063
ID) mas eee ee ee RR 54-172, - .0096
Stas amet re ee ee ee 54-2078, + .0002

Generalimeanse2 =e 54.2076, + .0002

Here the work of Stas is of such superior excellence that
the other series might be completely rejected without ap-
preciably affecting our calculations.

We have now before us the data establishing, with greater
or less accuracy, twenty different ratios relating to the
atomic weights of the seven elements under discussion. In
these we are to discuss the results of about two hundred and
fifty separate experiments. Before beginning upon our cal-
culations we will tabulate our ratios, and number them for
convenient future reference. Of course it will be under-
stood that the probable errors given below relate to the last
term of each proportion :

(2) Percentage of Om, KGlO, 2 2-=2---_... 39.154, == .00038
(2.) cs s ISBrO, 222 ose. 28.6755, - .0207
(3-) cf oe TOF ape a ae eae 22.473, -+ .0050
(4.) ce os NaC] © jee eee 45.0705, ++ .0029
(5-) ee es NG ClO eee ee 25. 07055 == .COLO
(6.) c eC OBO) rane weeeac sols 20.349, -: .0O14
(7-) oe ‘e NO Me eee ee a 10107) 71-1 ==2. C009
(8.) = AC MMVAC SO heen cena 2 69.205, -: .OOII

34. THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

(9.) Ag: NaCl:: 100: 54.2076, + .0002
(10.) Ag: KCl:: 100: 69.1032, + .0002
(112) Ags KBr: 100": 110.3459; == O09
(12.) Ag: KI:: 100: 153.6994, + .0178
(13.) Ag: Cl:: 100: 32.8418, + .0006

A

)

)

)

)

) =e

) Ag: Br:: 100: 74.0809, + .0006
(5 pAle cil eT OON Bhi 5 34 5a

)

)

)

)

)

.0009
(16.) Ag: Ag,S:: 100: 114.8581, + .0006
(17.) KCl: AgCl:: 100 : 192.294, + .0029
(18.) AgCl: AgBr:: 100: 131.030, + .023
(19.) AgCl: AgI :: 100: 163.733, + .0076
(20.) AgCl : Ag,S :: 100 : 86.4733, + .Oor!

Now, from ratios 1 to 7 inclusive, we can at once, by
applying the known atomic weight of oxygen, deduce the
molecular weights of seven haloid salts. Let us consider
the first calculation somewhat in detail.

Potassium chlorate yields 59.154 per cent. of oxygen and
60.846 per cent. of residual chloride. For each of these
quantities the probable error is + .00038. The atomic
weight of oxygen is 15.9633, + .0055, so that the value for
three atoms becomes 47.8899, + .0105. We have now the
following simple proportion: 59.154 : 60.846 :: 47.8899 : x, =
the molecular weight of potassium chloride, = 74.4217.
The probable error being known for the first, second, and
third term of this proportion, we can easily find that of the
fourth term by the formula given in our introduction. It
comes out + .0164. By this method we obtain the follow-
ing series of values, which may conveniently be numbered
consecutively with the foregoing ratios:

(21.) KCl, from (1,) = 74.4217, + .0164
(22) KBr) 152 \(2;) aot 7 l= 0902
(23°) kar < (35) = 165.210), ==..0529
(24.) NaCl, “ (4,) = 58.366, =+,.0137
(25.) Ag€l, <7 (5,) =="143-0625,, ==)-0320
(26.) AgBr, (6,) = 187.453, -- .0432
(27.) Agl, “ (7,) = 234.195, =: -0530

With the help of these molecular weights we are now
able to calculate eight independent values for the atomic
weight of silver:

SILVER, POTASSIUM, ETC. 35

First, from (10) and (21,) Ag = 107.696, + .024
Becondss) shir ( TE) ms 22,) == 107.948, =. 087
Third, Se (L2)ecennl(235)\lp si —— OZ. A SO) t= 027)
outta cee ((Q))\n 6) (243) Sc = KOTO 71,7 O25
Fifth, RU (CEQI Mern( 25, et == TO7.094, =1=.024)
Sixth, ce) (aa) 66 (265) = 107681, 3=\025
Seventhyen ctgey((HS))eeese (275) “oO 750505 = 7024:
Bighth yeccmn(cS))) yes .(LO,)) Ke OZ. 7125-025
General mean, “* — 107.675, - .0096

It is noticeable that six of these values agree very well.
The second and third, however, diverge widely from the
average, but in opposite directions; they have, moreover,
high probable errors, and consequently little weight. Of
these two, one represents httle and the other none of Stas’
work. Their trifling influence upon our final results be-
comes curiously apparent in the series of silver values given
a little further along.

When we consider closely, in all of its bearings, any one
of the values just given, we shall see that for certain pur-
poses it must be excluded from our general mean. For
example, the first is derived partly from the ratio between
silver and potassium chloride. From this ratio, the atomic
weight of one substance being known, we can deduce that
of the other. We have already used it in ascertaining the
atomic weight of silver, and the value thus obtained is in-
cluded in our general mean. Butif from it we are to deter-
mine the molecular weight of potassium chloride, we must
use a silver value derived from other sources only, or we
should be assuming a part of our result in advance. In
other words, we must now use a general mean for silver
from which this ratio with reference to silver has been re-
jected. Hence the following series of silver values, which
are lettered for reference :

Atm General meamdrom-allveight==.22=s2sae0" 107.675, -+ .0096
B % rejecting the/frste. 2 oO72071, 010s
Cc we oe Secondie eases = 107.671, -- .0097
D fe L irc eae etait 107.679, -- .o100
E a co fourth ees es 107.675, - .o104
F “ oe Pitta e23ce) hae oe 107.671, + .O105
G ie es Sixth aes wae 107.674, + .o104
H £6 i seventh_______ 107.678, + .O105
I cs a ele theaeaaes 107.679, -+ .O104

THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

9

These values are essentially the same, both in magnitude
and in weight. For all practical purposes any one of them
is as good as any other. Still, on theoretical grounds, it
may be well to keep them distinct and separate in the re-
mainder of this discussion.

We are now in a position to determine more closely the
molecular weights of the haloid salts which we have already
been considering.

For silver chloride, still employing the formula for the
probable error of the last term of a proportion, we get the
following values:

Bromy(5)\22e ss eels AgCl = 143.062, + .032
From (13) and (F) —---- <7 — 143.032) O14!
From (17) and (21)_---- << == 143-1085) )-034
From (18) and (26)_-._-- i) 143,001 .-= O41
From (19) and (27)----- (co -—- TAS sOR Gs =F O88

General mean__-. “ == 143.045, + .0108

Subtracting from this the atomic weight of silver, 107.675,
+ .0096, we get for the atomic weight of chlorine, Cl =
30.370, + O14.

For silver bromide we have these results :

Prom (6)/ 20222 A Br 18 7.455, =) OF
From (14) and (G) ------ “© = 187.440, + .018
From (18) and (25) ------ = ES 74545) == O53

General mean_-_-_-_ <== 187.443) == .016

Hence, using the general mean for silver as above, Br =
19.768, += .019.
Silver iodide comes out as follows :

Bromy (7) esos sae AgI = 234.195, + .053
Krom (15))vanda(E)2==s== = 1234-2375 ==) -023
From (19) and (25)------- <6 234.240), 054.

General mean___--- 665 3234152225 1= O19

Hence I = 126.557, + .022.

For the molecular weight of sodium chloride we have:
From(4)i.. = 22-5 22-222 Na€l—5 8.266," = orgy,
From (9) and (E) ------ «© = 58.368, + .0056

General mean__.. ‘“ = 58.3676, + .0052

SILVER, POTASSIUM, ETC. a7

Hence, if chlorine = 35.370, + .014, then Na = 22.998,
a OUT
For potassium chloride:

Brome (Tse ee KCl = 74.4217, + .016

From (10) and (B) __-_-- “¢ — 74.4041, -- .007

Bromii(07)/and (25) --2--- oh 74207 5 y=) OL 7,
General mean_____ “= 74.4057, + .0062

For potassium bromide we get:

Br OmMi(2) oe sane nee oe Nbr =v TO. U0 75 11.090
From (11) and (C) -____- <%= 1ES-810,.5 ORS
General mean_-__-_- TTS. 815,13. OL17
And for potassium iodide :
TOD (2) hee eee ee SOF 2TO; == O53
rom. (12)rand’(D)2--. 22 = - i= TO5.502,, == 029
Generall’mean 222222 <== 165.432, --).026

Now, taking the molecular weights of these three potas-
sium salts in connection with the atomic weights just found
for chlorine, bromine, and iodine, we get these values for
potassium :

Hromithe*chlonde e222 22 = K = 39.036, + .o16
Krom: theibromide =22-5_ == = == 39.047, =-— .022
Hromithe iodideces sso. a “ — 38.875, + .034

Generalmeanya— = 22222 se 39.019, + .O12

Finally, the three sulphur ratios give us three estimates
for the atomic weight of sulphur. In the third of these I
have applied the “A” value for silver and the general mean
for silver chloride:

Prom (8) and. (1)222.,2- 28S) 37.968, .or4
From, (1O)-dnd .(7) 22 aS (TOO 5.022
rom (20) c= sss bese ‘)—-1 32:04, -1=).020

Generalimeanees= 2.25" Sy /31-904, == O12

We may now appropriately compare the results of this

38 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

discussion with the atomic weights deduced by Stas from
his own experiments only. His values are given under two
headings: one for oxygen = 16, the other for O = 15.96.
As we have been using the figure 15.9633 for oxygen, here
is at the outset a discrepancy. Starting from this value we

found :
Ag = 107.675, + .0096

@l2= 35-3705 = -O14
Br = 79.768, + .o19 —
i Y= 126.557,= 022
Na = 22.998, + .o1I
I =) 39:019) ==--012
Si t=) 3.9845, 012

If we assume 16 to be the true figure for oxygen, we get
the following results, which I have placed in a column par-
allel with the values found by Stas:

The New Values. Stas. Differences.

Silvers 107.923 107.930 -007
Chlorine sa 35-451 35-457 -006
Bromine seas 79.951 79.952 -OO1
lodine=ess=san5 126.848 126.850 .002
Sodium == 23.051 23.043 .009
Potassium’=s22 == 39.109 20.137) .028
Sulphur ee 32.058 32.074 -O16

These differences are insignificant. No other criticism
could more severely test the character of Stas’ work, or more
definitely illustrate his magnificent accuracy of manipula-
tion.

NITROGEN. 39

NITROGEN.

The atomic weight of nitrogen has been determined from
the density of the gas, from the ratio between ammonium
chloride and silver, and from the composition of certain
nitrates.

Upon the density of nitrogen a great many experiments
have been made. In early times this constant was deter-
mined by Biot and Arago, Thomson, Dulong and Berzelius,
Lavoisier, and others. But all of these investigations may
be disregarded as of insufficient accuracy; and, as in the case
of oxygen, we need consider only the results obtained by
Dumas and Boussingault, and by Regnault.

Taking air as unity, Dumas and Boussingault* found the
density of nitrogen to be—

.970
-972
-974

Mean, .972, + .00078

For hydrogen, as was seen in our discussion of the atomic
weight of oxygen, the same investigators found a mean of
.06938, + .00018. Upon combining this with the above
nitrogen mean, we find for the atomic weight of the latter
element, N = 14.026, + .0295.

By Regnault} much closer work was done. He found the
density of nitrogen to be as follows:

-97148
.97148
-97154
-97155
.97108
.97108

Mean, .97137, - .000062

* Compt. Rend., 12, 1005. 1841.
+ Compt. Rend., 20,975. 1845.

40) THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

For hydrogen, Regnault’s mean value is .069263, +
.000019. Hence, combining as before, N = 14.0244, +
.0039.*

The value found by combining both series of experiments
is N = 14.0244, + .0039.

In discussing the more purely chemical ratios for estab-
lishing the atomic weight of nitrogen, we may ignore, for
the present, the researches of Berzelius, of Anderson, and of
Svanberg. These chemists experimented chiefly upon lead
nitrate, and their work is consequently now of greater value
for fixing the atomic weight of lead. Their results will be
duly considered in the proper connection further on.

The ratio between ammonium chloride and silver has
been determined by Pelouze, by Marignac, and by Stas.
The method of working is essentially that adopted in the
similar experiments with the chlorides of sodium and potas-
sium.

For the ammonium chloride equivalent to 100 parts of

silver, Pelouzet found:
49-556
49-517

Mean, 49.5365, + .O13

Marignact obtained the following results. The usual
ratio for 100 parts of silver is given also:

8.063 grm. Ag = 3.992 grm. NH,Cl. 49.510
9.402 ‘s 4.656 oe 49.521
10. 339 a 5-120 ne 49.521
12.497 ee 6.191 te 49-540
11.337 : 5.617 ‘ 49-546
11.307 . 5-595 ‘ 49.483
4.326 s 2.143 . 49.538

Mean, 49.523, + .0055

* Professor Le Conte, in his corrections of Regnault’s calculations, already
cited in a foot note to the chapter on oxygen, finds for the density of nitrogen the
value 0.971346. Hence N = 14.0225. This correction is very slight, but it
should be considered in any future revision of the atomic weights.

+ Compt. Rend., 20, 1047. 1845.

t Berzelius’ Lehrbuch, 5th Ed., 3d v., 1184, 1185.

NITROGEN. 4]

But neither of these series can for a moment compare
with that of Stas.* He used from 12.5 to 80 grammes of
silver in each experiment, reduced his weighings to a vac-
uum standard, and adopted a great variety of precautions
to ensure accuracy. He found for every 100 parts of silver
the following quantities of NH,Cl:

49.600
49-599
49-597
49.598
49.597
49-593
49-597
49-5974
49.602
49-597
49.598
49.592

Mean, 49.5973, -: .0005

Now, combining these three series, we get:

Pelonze sys sos See ey ae eee 49.5365, + .013

Mangnactiss jes 22 yee === 49.523, == .0055

SAS Sane eee eee eee 49.5973, - .0005
General means !20= 2222 49.597, -: .0005

The quantity of silver nitrate which can be formed from
a known weight of metallic silver has been determined by
Penny, by Marignac, and by Stas. Penny? dissolved silver
in nitric acid in a flask, evaporated to dryness without
transfer, and weighed. One hundred parts of silver thus
gave of nitrate:
157-430
157-437
157.458
157-440
157.430
157-455

Mean, 157.4417, -- .0033

* Aronstein’s Translation, pp. 56-58.
+ Phil. Trans., 1839.

42 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

Marignac’s* results were as follows. In the third column
they are reduced to the common standard of 100 parts of
silver: :

68.987 grm. Ag gave 108.608 grm. AgNO,,. 157-433
57-844 . 91.047 ‘ 157.401
66.436 i 104.592 ‘ 157-433
70.340 es 110.718 gs 157.404
200.000 cc 314.894 ee 157-447

Mean, 157.4236, + .oo61

Stas,t employing from 77 to 405 grammes of silver in
each experiment, made two different series of determina-
tions at two different times. The silver was dissolved with
all the usual precautions against loss and against impurity,
and the resulting nitrate was weighed, first after long drying
without fusion just below its melting point; and again,
fused. Between the fused and the unfused salt there was in
every case a slight difference in weight, the latter giving a
maximum and the former a minimum yalue.

In Stas’ first series there are eight experiments; but the
seventh he himself rejects as inexact. The values obtained
for the nitrate from 100 parts of silver are given below in two
columns, representing the two conditions in which the salt
was weighed. The general mean given at the end I have
deduced from the means of the two columns considered sep-
arately :

Onfused. Fused.
157-492 157-474
157-510 157.481
157.485 157-477
157.476 157.471
157.478 157-470
157-471 157.463
157.488 157.469
Mean, 157.4857 Mean, 157.472

General mean, 157.474, + .0014

* Berzelius’ Lehrbuch, 5th Ed., 3, pp. 1184, 1185.
+ Aronstein’s Translation, pp. 305 and 315.

NITROGEN. 43

In the later series there are but two experiments, as fol-
lows:

Onfused. Fused.
157-4964 157.488 *
157-4940 157-480

Mean, 157.4952 Mean, 157.484

General mean, 157.486, +- .0003

Now, to combine all four sets of results:

Benny, S22 Se eee aS 157-4417, + .0033
Nari oral Cm ey ane Ronee wean eens 157.4236, + .oo61
Stas wish Sernicssae sa eee 157-4740, - .oo14
tas 2 CRSeHieS eae sees Sa 157.4860, + .0003

Generaljmeanes =e ee 157-479, -— .0003

For the direct ratio between silver nitrate and silver chlo-
ride there are two series of estimations. A weighed quan-
tity of nitrate is easily converted into chloride, and the
weight of the latter ascertained. In two experiments Tur-
ner* found of chloride from 100 parts of nitrate:

84.357
84.389

Mean, 84.373, + .OII

Penny,t in five determinations, found the following per-
centages :
84.370
84.388
84.377
84.367
84.370

Mean, 84.3744, -- .0025

The general mean from both series is 84.5748, + .0025.

The ratio directly connecting silver nitrate with ammo-
nium chloride has been determined only by Stas.{ The

* Phil. Trans., 1833, 537-
+ Phil. Trans., 1839.
{ Aronstein’s Translation, p. 309.

44 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

usual method of working was followed; namely, nearly
equivalent quantities of the two salts were weighed out, the
solutions mixed, and the slight excess of one estimated by
titration. In four experiments 100 parts of silver nitrate
were found equivalent to chloride of ammonium as follows:

31.489
31.490
31.487"
31.486

Mean, 31.488, + .0006

The similar ratio between potassium chloride and silver
nitrate has been determined by both Marignac and Stas.

Marignac* gives the following weights. I add the quan-
tity of KCl proportional to 100 parts of AgNO, :

1.849 grm. KC] — 4.218 grm. AgNO,. 43.836
2.473 f 5.640 rj 43.848
3-317 fs 7-565 ss 43-847
2.926 ee 6.670 % 43.868
6.191 “ 14.110 ne 43-877
4.351 ‘ 9.918 y 43.870

Mean, 43.858, -+_ .0044

Stas’ results are given in three series, representing silver
nitrate from three different sources. In the third series the
nitrate was weighed in vacuo, while for the other series this
correction was applied in the usual way. For the KCl
equivalent to 100 parts of AgNO, Stas found:

First Series.
43-878
45-875
43-875
43-874

Mean, 43.8755, -& .0005

* Berzelius’ Lehrbuch, 5th Ed., 3d vol., 1184, 1185.
+ Aronstein’s Translation, p. 308.

NITROGEN. 45

Second Sertes.

43.864
43.869
43.876

Mean, 43.8697, + .0023

Third Sertes.
43-894
43.878
43.885

Mean, 43.8857, -& .003I

pining ¢ > series we have:
Combining all four series we have

IVDelid Tel Cee ree ed een etn ear ere ae 43-858, + .0044
Stas; ustiseries: 22" ee ee ee 43-8755, - .0005
Soe CMe usa tia inet abet es eval eae uel 43-8697, + .0023
Seo Ci ccayerete ear niet. Shr ei eee Lad 43.8857, + .0031
General mean___-- ------ 43.8715, -_ .0004

There have also been determined by Penny and by Stas
a series of ratios connecting the alkaline chlorides and chlo-
rates with the corresponding nitrates. One of these, relat-
ing to the lithium salts, will be studied further on with ref-
erence to that metal.

The general method of working upon these ratios is due
to Penny.* Applied to the ratio between the chloride and
nitrate of potassium it is as follows: A weighed quantity of
the chloride is introduced into a flask which is placed upon
its side and connected with a receiver. An excess of pure
nitric acid is added, and the transformation is gradually
brought about by the aid of heat. Then, upon evaporating
to dryness over a sand bath, the nitrate is brought into
weighable form. The liquid in the receiver is also evapo-
rated, and the trace of solid matter which had been mechan-
ically carried over is recovered and also taken into account.
In another series of experiments the nitrate was taken, and
by pure hydrochloric acid converted into chloride; the pro-
cess being the same. In the following columns of figures I

* Phil. Trans., 1839.

46 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

have reduced both series to one standard; namely, so as to
express the number of parts of nitrate corresponding to 100
of chloride:
first Series. —KCl treated with HN Os.

135.639

135-637

135.640

135.635

135.630

135.640

135.630

Mean, 135.636, + .oorl

Second Series.—K NO, treated with HCl.
135.628
135-635
135.630
135.641
135.630
135-635
135.630

Mean, 153.633, + .OOI!

Stas* results are as follows:

135-643
135.638
135.647
135.649
135.640
135-645
135.655

Mean, 135.6453, + .O0O14

These figures by Stas represent weighings in the air. Re-
duced to a vacuum standard this mean really becomes
135.6423.

Now, combining, we have:

Renny, Sh SerieS 225 oe 5003 0.8 = OOM
SEN OLY EAN Mee alee Seer 35.633, = .OOII
ptasice 1222 oe ae ee 135.6423, - .OO14
Generallaneaneeas ss see 135-6363, + .0007

* Aronstein’s Translation, p. 270.

NITROGEN. 47

By the same general process Penny* determined how
much potassium nitrate could be formed from 100 parts of
chlorate. He found as follows:

82.505
82.497
82.498
82.500

Mean, 82.500, + .0o12

For 100 parts of sodium chlorate he found of nitrate:

79-875
79.882

79.890

Mean, 79.8823, - .0029

For the ratio between the chloride and nitrate of sodium
Penny made two sets of estimations as in the case of potas-
sium salts. The subjoined figures give the amount of
nitrate equivalent to 100 parts of chloride:

first Series.— NaCl treated with HNO3.

145.415
145.408
145.420
145-424
145.410
145.418
145.420

Mean, 145.4164, + .0o15

Second Series.—NaNO, treated with HCl.

145.419
145.391
145.412
145.415
145.412
145.412

Mean, 145.410, + .0026

* Phil. Trans., 1839.

48 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

Stas* gives the following series:

145-453
145.468
145.465
145-469
145,443
Mean, after reducing
to vacuum standard, 145.4526, + .0030

Combining, we have as follows:

Penny tstSerles= == asea ae 145.4164, + .O0O15
CO CS htc ee ae eee a 145.410, -+ .0026
StaS ea sate ee ee eee a LAGOA S 2 Ott OO8O
General mean_____- ---- 145.4185, + .0012

We have now, apart from the determinations of gaseous
density, nine ratios, representing one hundred and fourteen
experiments from which to calculate the atomic weight of
nitrogen. Let us first collect and number these ratios :

(1.)) Ags AgNO: 1OO?:/157/:4795 ==) 0003

(2.) AgNO, : AgCl :: 100 : 84.3743, + .0025
(3.) AgNO, : KCl:: 100 : 43.8715, + .0004
(4.) AgNO, : NH,Cl:: 100 : 31.488, + .0006
(5.) Ag: NH,Cl:: 100: 49.597, + .0005

(6.) KCl: KNO;):):200%.535:6363; == 0007
(7.) KClO, : KNO, : : 100°: 82.500, 4= .co12
(8.) NaCl : NaNO, :: 100: 145.4185, -- .oo12
(9.) NaClO, : NaNO, :: 100: 79.8823, + .0029

From these ratios we are now able to deduce the molec-
ular weight of ammonium chloride and of the three nitrates
named in them. For these calculations we may use the
already determined atomic weights of silver, oxygen, potas-
sium, sodium, and chlorine, and the molecular weights of
silver chloride and sodium chloride. These two molecular
weights involve, respectively, the most probable values for
silver, sodium, and chlorine. We cannot, however, appro-
priately use the directly determined molecular weight of
potassium chloride, since the most probable value for the

* Aronstein’s Translation, p. 278.

NITROGEN. 49

atomic weight of potassium is only in part derived from
that salt. The following are the values which we shall
employ :

Ag = 107.675, + .0096
K == 301019} 3=).012
Na = 22.998, -+ .OII
Cle i 352370, O LA:
QO; = 47.8899, == .o105
AgCl = 143.045, -+ -o108

NaCl = 58.3676, + .0052

Now, from ratio number five we can get the molecular
weight of ammonium chloride, NH,Cl = 53.4048, + .0048,
and N = 14.0386, + .0158.

From ratio number four an independent value for nitro-
gen can be calculated, namely, N = 14.0330, + .015.

For the molecular weight of silver nitrate three values
are deducible, namely :

HOM (1) eee ee AgNO, = 169.5655, + .O151
rome (2) eee (0) == 1169.15302) 41-0138
Oni (3) oan eee « = 169.5612, + .0429

General mean- “ = 169.5489, + .0099

Hence N = 13.9840, + .0174.
The molecular weight of potassium nitrate is twice cal-
culable, as follows :

roma (6) eens ee KNO, = 100.8985, + .0255
Bromi(7) == mee Sees « = 100.8801, + .0178
General mean-_- ‘“ = 100.8863, + .0146
And N= 13:97 74, = 0216.
So also for sodium nitrate we have:
Bromi(G)eer= iit ese NaNO, = 84.8773, + .0076
Brome (Q) =o ease eae « = 84.8809, + .0099
General mean-- ‘“ = 84.8785, + .oo60

And N = 13.9906, + .0163.
We have now before us six estimates of the atomic weight
of nitrogen. It only remains for us to combine these after
4

0 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

CU

the usual method, as follows, in order to obtain the most
probable value:

I. From specific gravity of N----_--_---_N = 14.0244, + .0039
2.) if wammoniumachlorides === eases <¢ — 14.0336, + .0153
32 enlixatio number fours sss ee © —= 14.0330, + .O150
Aare Sime SIlVer nitrate = ee eens “ — 13.9840, + .0174
ee SmepOtassiumne nitrates sere “ == 13.9774, + .0216
Gn Com sodiummitrates- == a) == eae “ — 13.9906, + .0163

Generalimeans =] eee ““ == 14.0210, + .0035

If oxygen is 16, this becomes 14.0291. Stas found N =
14.044. The difference is .015, showing a remarkably close
agreement.

CoA BiOwNes.

Although there is a large mass of material relating to the
atomic weight of carbon, much of it may be summarily set
aside as haying no value for present purposes. The density
of carbon dioxide, which has been scrupulously determined
by many investigators,* leads to no safe estimate of the con-
stant under consideration. The numerous analyses of hydro-
carbons, like the analyses of naphthalene by Mitscherlich,
Woskresensky, Fownes, and Dumas, give results scarcely
more satisfactory. In short, all the work done upon the
atomic weight of carbon before the year 1840 may be safely
rejected as unsuited to the present requirements of exact
science. As for methods of estimation we need consider but
three, as follows :

First—The analysis of organic salts of silver.

Second.—The determination of the weight of carbon dioxide
formed by the combustion of a known weight of carbon.

* Notably by Lavoisier, Biot and Arago, De Saussure, Dulong and Berzelius,
Buff, Von Wrede, Regnault, and Marchand. For details, Van Geuns’ monograph
may be consulted.

CARBON. Ph

Third=-The method of Stas, by the combustion of carbon
monoxide.

The first of these methods, which is also the least accu-
rate, was employed by Liebig and Redtenbacher* in 1840.
They worked with the acetate, tartrate, racemate, and malate
of silver, making five ignitions of each salt, and determining
the percentage of metal. From one to nine grammes of
material were used in each experiment.

In the acetate the following percentages of silver were

found:
64.615
64.624
64.623
64.614
64.610

Mean, 64.6172, + .oo18

After applying corrections for weighing in air this mean

becomes 64.6065.
In the tartrate the silver came out as follows:

59-297
59-299
59.287
59-293
59-293
Mean, 59.2938, + .0014
Or, reduced to a vacuum, 59.2806

In the racemate we have:

59.290
59.292
59.287
59.283
59.284

Mean, 59.2872, - .ooI2
Or, corrected, 59.2769

* Ann. Chem. Pharm., 38,137. Mem. Chem. Soc.,1,9. Phil. Mag., (3,)
19, 210.

Dy THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

And from the malate:
61.996
61.972
62.015
62.059
62.011
Mean, 62.0106, + .0096
Or, corrected, 62.0016

Now, applying to these mean results the atomic weights
already found for oxygen and silver, we get the following
values for carbon:

romitheacetatejas== ae = C = 12.0306, + .0047
ce tartrate 2s ase 5127035031) 0004)

Se racemateles= =o. ae ¢ — 12.0413, += .0063

ee Malate tense ee “ — 12.0408, + .0054
Generalimeans-—- === “ = 12.0363, -—- .0028

Now these results, although remarkably concordant, are by
no means unimpeachable. They involve two possible sources
of constant error, namely, impurity of material and the vol-
atility of the silver. These objections have both been raised
by Stas, who found that the silver tartrate, prepared as Liebig
and Redtenbacher prepared it, always carried traces of the
nitrate, and that he, by the ignition of that salt, could not
get results at all agreeing with theirs. In the case of the
acetate a similar impurity would lower the percentage of
silver, and thus both sources of error would reinforce each
other and make the atomic weight of carbon come out too
high. With the three other salts the two sources of error
act in opposite directions, although the volatility of the
silver is probably far greater in its influence than the im-
purity. Even if we had no other data relating to the atomic
weight of carbon, it would be clear from these facts that
the results obtained by Liebig and Redtenbacher must be
decidedly in excess of the true figure.

A different method of dealing with organic silver salts
was adopted by Maumené,* in 1846, for the purpose of estab-

* Ann. d. Chim. et d. Phys., (3,) 18, 41.

CARBON. 58
lishing, by reference to carbon, the atomic weight of silver,
We will simply reverse his results and apply them to the
atomic weight of carbon. He effected the combustion of
the acetate and the oxalate of silver, and, by weighing both
the residual metal and the carbon dioxide formed, he fixed
the ratio between these two substances. In the case of the
acetate his weighings show that for every gramme of me-
tallic silver the weights of CO, were produced, which are
shown in the third column:

8.083 grm. Ag = 6.585 grm. CO,. .8147
II.215 cs 9.135 se .8136
14.351 ee 11.6935 as .8148

9.030 a 7.358 « .8148
20.227 ce 16.475 ce .8145

Mean, .81448

The oxalate of silver, ignited by itself, decomposes too
violently to give good results; and for this reason it was not
used by Liebig and Redtenbacher. Maumené, however,
found that when the salt was mixed with sand the combus-
tion could be tranquilly effected. The oxalate employed,
however, with the exception of the sample represented in
the last experiment of the series, contained traces of nitrate,
so that these results involve shght errors. Jor each gramme
of silver the appended weights of CO, were obtained:

14.299 grm. Ag = 5.835 grm. CO,. .4081
17.754 : 7-217 “ -4059
11.550 es 4.703 uC .4072
10.771 c 4.387 ry -4073
8.674 “ 3-533 -4073
11.4355 sf ATOSS Fi. -4073

Mean, .40718

Now, one of these salts being formed by a bivalent and
the other by a univalent acid, we have to reduce both to a
common standard. Doing this, we have the following re-
sults for the ratio between the atomic weight of silver and
the molecular weight of CO,; if Ag = 1.00,

54 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

' From the acetate, CO, = .40724, -- .000076
«oxalate, “ == .40718, + .000185

General mean, ‘* == .40723, -+ .000071

Here the slight error due to the impurity of the oxalate
becomes of such trifling weight that it practically vanishes.

Prom: these data, if’ Ag == 107.675; == 0096; 'COx
43.8485, + .0086.

HHenceG.— 11-9219)-- 7 Oli

As has already been said, the volatility of silver renders
all the foregoing results more or less uncertain. Far better
figures are furnished by the combustion of carbon directly,
as carried out by Dumas and Stas* in 1840 and by Erdmann
and Marchand? in 1841. In both investigations weighed
quantities of diamond, of natural graphite, and of artificial
graphite were burned in oxygen, and the amount of dioxide
produced was estimated by the usual methods. The graphite
employed was purified with extreme care by treatment with
strong nitric acid and by fusion with caustic alkali. I have
reduced all the published weighings to a common standard,
so as to show in the third column the amount of oxygen
which combines with a unit weight (say one gramme) of
carbon. Taking Dumas and Stas’ results first in order we
have from natural graphite:

1.000 grm. C gave 3.671 grm. COQ,. 2.6710
.998 es 3.660 £ 2.6673
.994 ce 3-645 ec 2.6670
1.216 és 4.461 sc 2.6686
1.471 ss 5-395 a 2.6676

Mean, 2.6683, + .0005

With artificial graphite:

.992 grm. C gave 3.642 grm. CO,. 2.6714
.998 ss 3.662 ce 2.6682
1.660 Js 6.085 + 2.6654
1.465 cc 5-365 ee 2.6744

Mean, 2.66985, + .0013

* Compt. Rend., t1, 991-1008. Ann. Chim. Phys., (3,) 1, I.
+ Journ. f. Prakt. Chem., 23, 159.

CARBON. 55

And with diamond:

.708 grm. C gave 2.598 grm. CO,. 2.6695
.864 ce 3.1675 “ 2.6661
1.219 ce 4.465 cc 2.6628
1.232 ss 4.519 ce 2.6680
1.375 rise 5-041 cs 2.6662

Mean, 2.6665, +_ .0007

Erdmann and Marchand’s figures for natural graphite
give the following results:

1.5376 grm. gave 5.6367 grm. CO,. 2.6659
1.6494 06 6.0384 es 2.6609
1.4505 - Cy ea a 2.6647

In one experiment 1.8955 grm. of artificial graphite gave
6.9355 grm. CO,. Ratio for O, 2.6628. This, combined with
the foregoing series, gives a mean of 2.6636, + .0007.

With diamond they found:

.8052 grm. gave 2.9467 grm. CO,. 2.6596
1.0858 ce 3.9875 ss 2.6632
1.3557 ef 4.9659 2,6629
1.6305 s 5:97945 “ 2.6673

«7500 es 2.7490 fs 2.6653

Mean, 2.6637, + .0009

Now, combining all these series, we get the following
result:

Dumas and Stas, Ist set ___.---- 2.6683, -: .0005
ce Xa lili ee pete 2.66985, +- .0013

ce Bed ee ae 2.6665, -+ .0007
Erdmann and Marchand, Ist-_._ 2.6636, + .0007
6s 2d__-- 2.6637, - .0009
Generalimeanl2222)22 22 2.66655, + .0003

Hence, if O = 15.9633, + .0035, C = 11.978, + .0030.

Another very exact method for determining the atomic
weight of carbon was employed by Stas* in 1849. Carefully
purified carbon monoxide was passed over a known weight

* Bull. Acad. Bruxelles, 1849, (1,) 31.

56 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

of copper oxide at a red heat, and both the residual metal
and the carbon dioxide formed were weighed. The weigh-
ings were reduced to a vacuum standard, and in each ex-
periment a quantity of copper oxide was taken representing
from eight to twenty-four grammes of oxygen. The method,
as will at once be seen, is in all essential features similar to
that usually employed for determining the composition of
water. The figures in the third column, deduced from the
weights given by Stas, represent the quantity of carbon
monoxide corresponding to one gramme of oxygen:

9.265 grm. Oi= 25.483 CO. 1.75046
8.327 eo 22.900 “ 1.75010
13.9438 € 2 Seal tcc 1.75040
11.6124 ce 312035), <5 1.75008
18.763 iz 51.6055 “ 1.75039
19.581 a 53-8465 “ 1.74994
22.515 oe 61.926 * 1.75043
24.360 sé 67.003) ** 1.75053

Mean, 1.75029, -+_ .00005

Hence the molecular weight of carbon monoxide is
27.9404, = .0062.- And C = 11.9771, 2 .0071.

Now, in order to complete our discussion, we must com-
bine the four values we have found for carbon :

1. By Liebig and Redtenbacher_._C = 12.0363, + .0028
2. By Maumené’s figures — ----~- — 11.9210;,2= ,OLl1
3. By combustion of carbon___-- “ — 11.9730, - .0030
4 Bysstas) methodist ee == 01-0771, == 007%

Generalsmean® 222222222 (12 0O2N, 1.0019

But values one and two are hardly reliable enough to be
included in our final estimate. They involve dangerous
constant errors, and ought, therefore, to be disregarded.
Rejecting them altogether, and taking a general mean from
values three and four, we get for the most probable figure
for the atomic weight of carbon, C = 11.9736, + .0028. If
oxygen is 16,then carbon becomes 12.0011. | In other words,
the ratio between oxygen and carbon is almost exactly 16
to 12.

BARIUM. 57

BARIUM.

For determining the atomic weight of barium we have a
series of six ratios, established by the labors of Berzelius,
Turner, Struve, Pelouze, Marignac, and Dumas. Andrews*
and Salvetat,f in their papers upon this subject, gave no
details nor weighings; and, therefore, their work may be
properly disregarded. First in order in point of import-
ance, if not first chronologically, is the ratio between silver
and anhydrous barium chloride, as determined by Pelouze,
Marignac, and Dumas.

Pelouze,t in 1845, made the three subjoined estimations
of this ratio, using his well known volumetric method. A
quantity of pure silver was dissolved in nitric acid, and the
amount of barium chloride needed to precipitate 1t was ac-
curately ascertained. In the last column I give the quan-
tity of barium chloride proportional to 100 parts of silver:

3-860 grm. BaCl, ppt. 4.002 grm. Ag. 96.452
5-790 fs 6.003 gs 96.452
2.895 eC 3.001 ce 96.468

Mean, 96.4573, -- .0036

Essentially the same method was adopted by Marignac||
in 1848. His experiments were made upon four samples of
barium chloride, as follows. A, commercial barium chlo-
ride, purified by recrystallization from water. B, the same
salt, calcined, redissolved in water, the solution saturated
with carbonic acid, filtered, and allowed to crystallize. C,
the preceding salt, washed with alcohol, and again recrys-
tallized. D,the same, again washed with alcohol. For 100
parts of silver the following quantities of chloride were re-
quired :

* Chemical Gazette, October, 1852.

+ Compt. Rend., 17, 318.

{ Compt. Rend., 20, 1047. Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 35, 73-
|| Arch. d. Sci. Phys. et Nat., 8, 271.

58 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

A.

96.356
96.345
96.362

Mean, 96.3543, -& .0033

B.

96.356
96.452

Mean, 96.354, + .0013

ro
96.358
96.363

Mean, 96.3605, + .0017

D.

96.346
96.384
96.361
96.377

Mean, 96.367, + .0057
Dumas* employed barium chloride prepared from pure
barium nitrate, and took the extra precaution of fusing the
salt at a red heat in a current of dry hydrochloric acid gas.
Three series of experiments upon three samples of chloride
gave the following results:

Series A.
1.7585 grm. BaCl, = 1.826 grm. Ag. Ratio, 96.303
3-842 3-988“ 96.339
2.1585 cs 22405) ys 96.340
4.0162 4 4.168 ss 96.358

Mean, *96.3325, - .0068

* Ann. Chem. Pharm., 113, 22. 1860. Ann. Chim. Phys., (3,) 55, 129.

BARIUM. 59

Series B.
1.6625 grm. BaCl, = 1.727 grim. Ag. Ratio, 96.265
2.4987 ss 2.5946 “ 96.304
3.4468 ‘i B57. hoa 99.306
4.0822 ‘s A220 )5) acs 96.290
4.2062 ee 4.3683)“ 96.289
4.4504 cs 4.629 a 96.271
8.6975 cS 9.031 ce 96.307

Mean, 96.2902, -+ .0043

Series C.
2.2957 grm. BaCl, = 2.3835 grm. Ag. _— Ratio, 96.316
4.1372 4.293 e 96.371
4.2662 <s 4.430 cs 96.303
4.4764 is 4.647 es 96.329
5.6397 5.852 ‘ 96.372

Mean, 96.3382, + .0096

We have now eight series of experiments upon this ratio,
representing thirty distinct estimations. Combining, we get
a general mean as follows:

REO zee seinen Sere 96.4573, + .0036
Miaritona chp A@e ee aaeren ee een) 00535435 - 0033
« Be ees ee ee Se 96.3540, + .O0013

as Coen ee eS ee 96.3605, + .0017

a TORS es ere ge Seta 96.3670, + .0057

I aSe WANS ae te ete ties ue SL 96.3325, — .0068
COR SMES eect ata aR eon Belg RI Se 96.2902, + .0043

CO i oa IM a a fag nt ma 96.3382, - .0096
Generallmean 2-2-2 96.3596, +_ .0009

The ratio between silver and crystallized barium chloride
has also been fixed by Marignac.* The usual method was
employed, and two series of experiments were made; in the
second of which the water of crystallization was determined
previous to the estimation. Five grammes of chloride were
taken in each determination. The following quantities of
BaCl,.2H,0 correspond to 100 parts of silver:

* Journ. f. Prakt. Chem., 74, 212. 1858.

60 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

A. B.
113.109 113.135
113.135 113.122
113.097 113.060
Mean, 113.114, -+ .0074 Mean, 113.106, + .0154

The general mean from both series is 115.118, + .0067.

The direct ratio between the chlorides of silver and
barium was early established both by Berzelius* and Tur-
ner.t Berzelius found that 100 parts of dry barium chlo-
ride gave of silver chloride:

138.06
138.08

Mean, 138.07, + .007

Turner made five experiments, with the following results:
. 137-45
137-54
137.70
137.62

137-64

Of these, Turner regards the fourth and fifth as the most
exact. These give a mean of 137.63, + .007, while the
other three are in mean 137.563, + .049. Combining Ber-
zelius’ figures with those of Turner, we get as follows:

Berzeliusi sae 2 oe eee, 138.07, =: .007
Murer; {0.29 22eece ee 137-563, + .049
2) Ay Gea eae eco aoe sens 137,03 0n= = 007)
General mean--.=- --==—- 137.841, -- .0047

Incidentally to some of his other work Marignac{ deter-
mined the percentage of water in crystallized barium chlo-
ride. Two sets of three experiments each were made, the
first upon five grammes and the second upon ten grammes
of salt. The following are the percentages obtained :

* Poggend. Annal., 8, 177.
+ Phil. Trans., 1829, 291.
t Journ. f. Prakt. Chem., 74, 212. 1858.

BARIUM. 61

A, B.
14.790 14.80
14.796 14,81
14.800 14.80
Mean, 14.795, - .0019 Mean, 14.803, -- .002

General mean of both series, 14.799, + .0o14

The ratio between barium nitrate and barium sulphate
has been determined only by Turner.* According to his
experiments 100 parts of sulphate correspond to the follow-
ing quantities of nitrate:

112.000

II1.990
112.035

Mean, 112.028, + .o14

For the similar ratio between the sulphate and the chlo-
ride there are experiments by Turner, Berzelius, Struve,
and Marignac. Turnerf found that 100 parts of chloride
ignited with sulphuric acid gave 112.19 parts of sulphate.
By the common method of precipitation and filtration a
lower figure was obtained, because of the slight solubility of
the sulphate. This point bears directly upon many other
atomic weight determinations.

Berzelius,t treating barium chloride with sulphuric acid,
obtained the following results in BaSO, for 100 parts of
BaCl,:

Mean, 112.175, -- .0034

Struve,|| in two experiments, found :

112.0912
112.0964

Mean, 112.0938, + .oo18

~ Phils) Trans.) 18335 538:

+ Phil. Trans., 1829, 291.

{ Poggend. Annal., 8, 177.

|| Ann. Chem. Pharm., 80, 204. 1851.

62 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

Marignac’s* three results are as follows:

8.520 grm. BaCl, gave 9.543 BaSQ,. Ratio, 112.007
8.519 “ Os5440 8S 112.032
8.520 a 03542) 5 I1I.995

Mean, I12.011, + .OO7I

Rejecting Turner’s single result as unimportant, we ma
oS ’

combine the other series : .
Berzelins 2 eae Sees See oe See E275 ec OORY
Strive 2 shee es Heeeenences 112.0938, - .0018
Mariana cre mens een meen eae II12.01I, - .oo7I
General mean === 112.106, -+ .OO15

The data from which we are to calculate the atomic weight
of barium may now be tabulated as follows:
1.) Ag, : BaCl, :: 100 : 96.3596, + .0009
2.) Ag, : Bal 2h Oxi: 100/113 135-1 /0007
3.) BaCl, : 2AgCl :: 100: 137.841, + .0047
4.) Per cent. of H,O in BaCl,.2H,O, 14.799, + .0014
5.), BasO?: BaN;O,; :: 112/028, == -o14
6.) BaCl, : BaSO,:: 100: 112.106, + .0015

From these ratios, with the aid of the atomic weights
already established, we can immediately calculate four inde-
pendent values for the molecular weight of BaCl,:

Bromr(h)) Se see wees Ba@), ==\207..5 10) ==). 009
Biromy(2)) see ee {= 7207,002.1 ==) .027)
iBromi)(3))| 22s eee (6) 207.530) = OL7,
Promy|(4)) (sae ae $1) ==" 20058371045

General mean_--. ‘“* = 207.505, =: .O11

We have here an interesting example of the compensation
of constant errors. Ratios (2) and (4) both represent work
done by Marignac upon barium chloride containing water
of crystallization. If now, as is not improbable, the salt
contained a trifling excess of water, the molecular weight of
barium chloride as calculated from (2) would come out too
high, while on the other hand the result from ratio (4)
would err in the opposite direction. In point of fact, the

* Journ. f. Prakt. Chem., 74, 212. 1858.

BARIUM. 63

two results in the present calculation nearly compensate
each other, and, on account of their relatively high prob-
able errors, they exert but an unimportant influence upon
the general mean.

In conclusion, we have three independent values for the
atomic weight of barium:

From mol. wt. of BaCl, -.._.Ba = 136.765, + .031
Hrombration(h)\)2eees=2 2 = Sao <= T9017 OS ust) 304:
Hromypratioy (OG) Sa ee © == 136.595, == .300

General mean _------- “ = 136.763, + .o3I

If O = 16, then Ba = 137.007. In other words, the ratio
between oxygen and barium is almost an exact ratio between
two whole numbers.

In the above discussion it will at once be noticed that the
second and third values for Ba have very high probable
errors, and that they therefore exert almost no influence
upon the general mean. This fact by no means renders
them worthless however, for, at the lowest estimate, they are
useful in confirmation of the better determinations. It is
also highly probable that the method of discussion, rigidly
carried out, does not do them absolute justice.

64. THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

STRONTIUM.

The ratios which fix the atomic weight of strontium re-
semble in general terms those relating to barium, only they
are fewer in number and represent a comparatively small
amount of work. The early experiments of Stromeyer,*
who measured the volume of CO, evolved from a known
weight of strontium carbonate, are hardly available for the
present discussion. So also we may exclude the determina-
tion by Salvétat,/ who neglected to publish sufficient details.

Taking the ratio between strontium chloride and silver
first in order, we have series of figures by Pelouze and by
Dumas. Pelouzet employed the volumetric method already
described under barium, and in two experiments obtained
the subjoined results. In another column I append the
ratio between SrCl, and 100 parts of silver:

1.480 grm, SrCl, = 2.014 grm. Ag. 73.486
2.210 oe 3.008 cs 73-471

Mean, 73.4781, -- .0050

Dumas,|| by the same general method, made sets of ex-
periments with three samples of chloride which had pre-
viously been fused in a current of dry hydrochloric acid.
His results, expressed in the usual way, are as follows:

Series A.
3.137 grm. SrCl, = 4.280 grm. Ag. Ratio, 73.2944
1.982 es 2.705 ae 73.2717
3-041 sé 4.142 se 73.4186
3-099 5 4.219 yf 73-4534

Mean, 73.3595, -& .0303

* Schweigg. Journ., 19, 228. 1816.
+ Compt. Rend., 17, 318. 1843.

+ Compt. Rend., 29, 1047. 1845.
| Ann. Chim. Phys., (3,) 55,29. 1859. Ann. Chem. Pharm., 113, 34.

STRONTIUM. 65

Series PR.
3.356 grm. SrCl, = 4.574 grm. Ag. Ratio, 73.3713
6.3645 i: 8.667 “ 73-4327
Worse ee 9.712 ss 73.4246
Mean, 73.4095, -+ .0130
Series C.
7.203, orm. otCl, == 9.511 grm. Ag. Ratio, 73.5195
2.206 cs 3.006 ae 73.3866
4.268 ee 5.816 ce 73-5529
4.018 i BAT Tet iat 73-3613
Mean, 73-4551, + .0321
Combining, we have:
Relouzejs See see oe ee ee 73.4781, + .0050
aS eA ee ee 73-3595, E -0303
cc Seek oye ee 73.4095, + .O130
i hl Clipe pad ee alles epee TAG HE 1.0320
Generalimeane 2S sae S 73.4655, + .co46

The foregoing figures apply to anhydrous strontium chlo-
ride. The ratio between silver and the crystallized salt,
SrCl,.6H,O, has also been determined in two series of ex-
periments by Marignac.* Five grammes of salt were used
in each estimation, and, in the second series, the percentage
of water was first determined. The quantities of the salt
corresponding to 100 parts of silver are given in the last
column :

Series A.
5 grm. SrCl,.6H,O = 4.0515 grm. Ag. 123.411
- a 4.0495 * 123.472
a cs 4.0505 ce 123.442

Mean, 123.442, + .OI2

Series B.
5 grm. SrCl,.6H,O = 4.0490 grm. Ag. 123.487
& « 4.0500 cs 123.457
a me 4.0490 es 123.487

Mean, 123.477,

Ir

.007

General mean of both series, 123.470, + .006

* Journ. Prakt. Chem., 74, 216. 1858.

66 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

In the same paper Marignac gives two sets of determina-
tions of the percentage of water in crystallized strontium
chloride. The first set, corresponding to “B” above, comes
out thus:

40.556
40.568
40.5066

Mean, 40.563, + .0024

In the second set ten grammes of salt were taken at a
time, and the following percentages were found :
40.58

40.59
40.58

Mean, 40.583, + .0020

General mean, from both series, 40.575, + .O0O15

The chloride used in the series of estimations last given
was subsequently employed for ascertaining the ratio be-
tween it and the sulphate. Converted directly into sulphate,
100 parts of chloride yield the quantities given in the third
column :

5.942 grm. SrCl, gave 6.887 grm. SrSQ,. 115.932
5.941 oe 6.8855 oe 115.949
5-942 #6 6.884 <s 115.927

Mean, 115.936, - .004

Now, to sum up the ratios and calculate the atomic
weight of strontium.
(1.) Ag: SrCl, :: 100 : 73.4655, + .0046
(2.) Ag: SrCl,.6H,O :: 100 : 123.470, + .006
(3.) Per cent. of H,O in SrCl,.6H,O, 40.575, + .0015
(4.) Sr€l, : SrSO, ;: 100: 115.936, a= .004

We now have the molecular weight of SrCl,, as follows:

Brom) (ti) soo eee Srl, == 158.208, == -Or7
Brom) ((2)e22 =o ic) (== DUS Ss O34:
irom y(s) eo ee eg ee by On aye Ose

General mean- ---- ‘<= 158.124, += .O14

I

CALCIUM. G7

And for the atomic weight of strontium itself we have
two values, as follows:

1. From mol. wt. of SrCl,----Sr = 87.384, + .032
Zee Erorny (4) ese Sue re See (== 901705, 244:
Generalimeanse ase 22s 168 387.374) 21-032

if O46, then: Sr = 87.575.

CEASE CU, NE.

For determining the atomic weight of calcium we have
sets of experiments by Berzelius, Erdmann and Marchand,
and Dumas. Salvetat* also has published an estimation,
but without the details necessary to enable us to make use
of his results. I also find a referencet to some work of
Marignac; which, however, seems to have been of but little
importance. The earlier work of Berzelius was very in-
exact as regards calcium, and it is not until we come down
to the year 1842 that we find any material of decided value.

The most important factor in our present discussion is the
composition of calcium carbonate, as worked out by Dumas
and by Erdmann and Marchand.

In 1842 Dumas{ made three ignitions of Iceland spar,
and determined the percentages of carbon dioxide driven
off and of lime remaining. The impurities of the material
were also determined, the correction for them applied, and the
weighings reduced to a vacuum standard. The percentage
of lime came out as follows:

56.12
56.04 +
56.06

Mean, 56.073, - .o16

* Compt. Rend., 17, 318. 1843.
7+ See Oudeman’s monograph, p. 51.
{ Compt. Rend., 14, 537. 1842.

68 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

About this same time Erdmann and Marchand* began
their researches upon the same subject. Two ignitions of
spar, containing .04 per cent. of impurity, gave respectively
56.09 and 56.18 per cent. of residue; but these results are
not exact enough for us to consider further. Four other
results optained with artificial calcium carbonate are more
noteworthy. ‘The carbonate was precipitated from a solu-
tion of pure calcium chloride by ammonium carbonate, was
washed thoroughly with hot water, and dried at a tempera-
ture of 180°. With this preparation the following residues
of lime were obtained :

56.03
55-98
56.00
55-99

Mean, 56.00, -++ .007

It was subsequently shown by Berzelius that calcium car-
bonate prepared by this method retains traces of water even
at 200°, and that minute quantities of chloride are also held
by it. These sources of error are, however, in opposite di-
rections, since one would tend to diminish and the other to
increase the weight of residue.

In the same paper there are also two direct estimations of
carbonic acid in pure Iceland spar, which correspond to the
following percentages of lime:

56.00
56.02

Mean, 56.01, -- .007

In a still later paper} the same investigators give another
series of results based upon the ignition of Iceland spar.
The impurities were carefully estimated, and the percentages
of lime are suitably corrected :

* Journ, fiir Prakt. Chem., 26, 472. 1842.
+ Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 31, 269. 1844.

{

CALCIUM. 69

4.2134 grm. CaCO, gave 2.3594 grm. CaO. 55-997 per cent.

15.1385 gs 8.4810 i 5BOro227) ¢¢
23.5503 ss 13.1958 ee 56.031 ss
23.6390 ss 13.2456 fs KO.OB 2 iss
42.0295 . 23-5533 ah 56.044“
49.7007 ss 27.8536 As 56.042 .
Mean, 56.028, + .0047

Six years later Erdmann and Marchand* published one
more result upon the ignition of calcium carbonate. They
found that the compound began giving off carbon dioxide
below the temperature at which their previous samples had
been dried, or about 200°, and that, on the other hand,
traces of the dioxide were retained by the lime after ignition.
These two errors do not compensate each other, since both
tend to raise the percentage of lime. In the one experiment
now under consideration these errors were accurately esti-
mated, and the needful corrections were applied to the final
result. The percentage of residual lime in this case came
out 55.998. This agrees tolerably well with the figures
found in the direct estimation of carbonic acid, and, if com-
bined with those two, gives a mean for all three of 56.006,
+ .0043.

Combining all these series we get the following result:

peqpnmaseene heats. held Seon es iy 56.073, -& .016
Erdmann and Marchand__-- ._~- 56.006, -+ .007

£6 Coe ey cae ee 56.028, -+ .0047

KS Co) Sica ee 56.006, -+ .0043
Generaljmedn] see oe eee 56.0198, - .0029

For reasons given above this mean is probably vitiated
by a slight constant error, which makes the figure a trifle
too high.

In the earliest of three papers by Erdmann and Marchand
there is also given a series of determinations of the ratio
between calcium carbonate and sulphate. Pure Iceland

* Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 50, 237. 1850.

70 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

spar was carefully converted into calcium sulphate, and the
gain in weight noted. One hundred parts of spar gave of
sulphate:

136.07

130.06

136.02

136.06

Mean, 136.0525, -+ .007I

In 1848 the atomic weight of calcium was redetermined
by Berzelius,* who investigated the ratio between lime and
calcium sulphate. The calcium was first precipitated from
a pure solution of nitrate by means of ammonium car-
bonate, and the thoroughly washed precipitate was dried
and strongly ignited in order to obtain lime wholly free
from extraneous matter. ‘This lime was then, with suitable
precautions, treated with sulphuric acid, and the resulting
sulphate was weighed. Correction was applied for the trace
of solid impurity contained in the acid, but not for the
weighing in air. The figures in the last column represent
the percentage of weight gained by the lime upon conversion
into sulphate :

1.80425 grm. CaO gained 2.56735 grm. 142.295
2.50400 a BES 7050). « 142.592
3-90000 i 555140 “ 142.343 "
3.04250 ‘ 4.32650 <* 142.202
3-45900 i 4.93140 “ 142.567

Mean, 142.3998, + .0518

Last of all we have the ratio between calcium chloride
and silver, as determined by Dumas.¢ Pure calcium chlo-
ride was first ignited in a stream of dry hydrochloric acid,
and the solution of this salt was afterwards titrated with a
silver solution in the usual way. The CaCl, proportional
to 100 parts of Ag is given in a third column :

* Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 31, 263. Ann. Chem. Pharm., 46, 241.
Ann. Chim. Phys., (3, , 129. 1859. Ann. Chem. Pharm., 113, 34.
yS., (35) 55 5

————

CALCIUM. ‘tL

2.738 grm. CaCl, = 5.309 grm. Ag. 5E5 73
2.436 < Aap at yi 51.490
1.859 ee 3.617 cs 51.396
2770 es iagtotels. eg 51.424
2.240 e. 4.3585 “ 51.394

Mean, 51.4554, — .0230

We have now four ratios to calculate from, as follows:

(1.) Per cent. of CaO in CaCO,, 56.0198, + .0029
(2) CaOr-7SO,, 31: eh 3998, + .0518
(35)5€acoO; cay :: 100 : 136.0525, - .0071
(4.) Ag: CaCl, :: 100: ate + .0230

These give us the subjoined values for calcium:

Prom\y (Ip) 2 saoe eee Gee Ca = 39.955, — .OI!
rom (2) eeee eat een eee “= 40.030, = ..023
Brom (3) ee sales eke eee “© = 39.925, - .068
IR TOMY (4) eons ie Sas wee eS “ — 40.069, + .058

General¥ meant = sone <== 139.900;.--2. O10

lOc 1t6ethen Ca — '40:082.

A glance at the above figures will show that, if, as is
probable, the value deduced from the composition of calcium
carbonate is a trifle too high, the general mean must be too
high also. It is, therefore, interesting to see what result the
very latest of Erdmann and Marchand’s experiments will
lead to. They found, after taking every precaution, in a
single experiment that calcium carbonate yielded 55.998 per
cent. of lime. From this we get Ca = 39,905; or, if O =
16, Ca = 39.997. It is possible, then, that “ Prout law”
may hold good for calcium.

ize THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

LEAD.

For the atomic weight of lead we have to consider experi-
ments made upon the oxide, chloride, nitrate, and sulphate.
The researches of Berzelius upon the carbonate and various
organic salts need not now be considered, nor is it worth
while to take into account any work of his done before the
year 1818. The results obtained by Dobereiner* and by
Longchamp? are also without special present value.

For the exact composition of lead oxide we have to de-
pend upon the researches of Berzelius. His experiments
were made at different times through quite a number of
years; but were finally summed up in the last edition of
his famous “ Lehrbuch.”{ In general terms his method of
experiment was very simple. Perfectly pure lead oxide was
heated in a current of hydrogen, and the reduced metal
weighed. From his weighings I have calculated the per-
‘centages of lead thus found and given them in a third
column:

Larlier Results.

8.045 grm. PbO gave 7.4675 grm. Pb. g2.8217 per cent.
14.183 a 13.165 *: 278224)
10.8645 os 10.084 se 92:8160" 7
13.1465 o 12.2045 a 92.8346 “«
21.9425 os 20. 3695 ss O22Sesh ms
11.159 cs 10.359 a 92.8309“
Latest.
6.6155 ce 6.141 Es 92.8275 “*
14.487 es 13.448 ce 92.8280 <*
14.626 es 13.5775 as Q2183 hana
Mean, 92.8271, + .0013

For the synthesis of lead sulphate we have data by Ber-
zelius, ‘Turner, and Stag. Berzelius,|| whose experiments

* Schweig. Journ., 17, 241. 1816.

+ Ann. Chim. Phys., 34, 105. 1827.
febda gy se leo.

|| Lehrbuch, 5th Ed., 3, 1187.

LEAD. 13

were intended rather to fix the atomic weight of sulpbur,
dissolved in each estimation ten grammes of pure lead in
nitric acid, then treated the resulting nitrate with sulphuric
acid, brought the sulphate thus formed to dryness, and
weighed. One hundred parts of metal yield of PbSO,:

146.380

146.490

146.440

146.458

Mean, 146.419, + .o12

Turner,* in three similar experiments, found as follows:

146.430
146.398
146.375

Mean, 146.401, -L .oII

In these results of Turner’s absolute weights are implied.

The results of Stas’ syntheses,} effected after the same
general method, but with variations in details, are as follows.
Corrections for weighing in air were applied :

146.443
146.427
146.419
146.432
146.421
146.423

Mean, 146.4275, -- .0024

Combining, we get the subjoined result :

IBEYZelUIS ee ss es eee lee 146.419, -- .o12

SUNG Yrs es A ea eee 146.401, -+ .OI!

Sta ee a ee ET TAO 42 7b = OO24
General mean.-_..--__. 146.4262, + .0023

Turner, in the same paper, also gives a series of syntheses
of lead sulphate, in which he starts from the oxide instead

* Phil. Trans., 1833, 527-538.
3

} Aronstein’s Translation, 333.

i

74 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

of from the metal. One hundred parts of PbO, upon con-
version into PbSO, gained weight as follows:

35-84
35-71
35-84
35-75
35:79
35.78
35-92

Mean, 35.804, + .o18

These figures are not wholly reliable. Numbers one, two,
and three represent lead oxide contaminated with traces of
nitrate. The oxide of four, five, and six contained traces
of minium. Number seven was free from these sources of
error, and, therefore, deserves more consideration. The
series as a whole undoubtedly gives too low a figure; and
this error would tend to slightly raise the atomic weight of
lead.

Still a third series by Turner establishes the ratio between
the nitrate and the sulphate; a known weight of the former
being in each experiment converted into the latter. One
hundred parts of sulphate represent of nitrate:

109.312
109.310

109.300

Mean, 109.307, + .002

In all these experiments by Turner the necessary correc-
tions were made for weighing in air.

For the ratio between lead chloride and silver we have a
series of results by Marignac and one experiment by Dumas.
There are also unavailable data by Turner and by Ber-
zelius.

Marignac,* applying the method used in his researches
upon barium and strontium, and working with lead chlo-
ride which had been dried at 200°, obtained these results.

>

* Journ, fiir Prakt. Chem., 74, 218. 1858.

LEAD. io

The third column gives the ratio between PbCl, and 100
parts of Ag:

4.9975 grm. PbCl, = 3.8810 grm. Ag. 128.768
4.9980 o 3.8835 es 128.698
5.0000 ee 3.8835 cs 128.750
5.0000 < 3.8860 se 128.667

Mean, 128.721, + .o16

Dumas,* in his investigations, found that lead chloride
retains traces of water even at 250°, and is sometimes also
contaminated with oxychloride. In one estimation 8.700
grainmes PbCl, saturated 6.750 of Ag. The chloride con-
tained .009 of impurity; hence, correcting, Ag: PbCl, ::
100 : 128.750. If we assign this figure equal weight with
those of Marignac, we get as the mean of all, 128.7266, +
013. The sources of error indicated by Dumas, if they are
really involved in this mean, would tend slightly to raise
the atomic weight of lead.

The synthesis of lead nitrate, as carried out by Stas,f
gives excellent results. Two series of experiments were
made, with from 103 to 250 grammes of lead in each deter-
mination. The metal was dissolved in nitric acid, the solu-
tion evaporated to dryness with extreme care, and the
nitrate weighed. All weighings were reduced to the vacuum
standard. In series A the lead nitrate was dried in an air
current at a temperature of about 155°. In series B the
drying was effected in vacuo. 100 of lead yield of nitrate:

A.

159.973
159-975
159.982
159-975
159.9608
159.973

Mean, 159.9743, - .0012

* Ann. Chem. Pharm., 113, 35. 1860.
7 Aronstein’s Translation, 326.

THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

~I
O>

B.
159.970
159.964
159-959
159.965

Mean, 159.9645, -+ .0015

Mean from both series, 159.9704, -_ .0O010

There still remain to be noticed two’ sets of experiments
upon lead nitrate, which were originally intended to estab-
lish the atomic weight of nitrogen. Lead nitrate was care-
fully ignited and the residual oxide weighed. The first
series, bearing Svanberg’s name,* gives simply the percent-
age of oxide found, as follows:

67.4030
67.4036
67.4043

7-3956

Mean, 67.4016, + .0014

The second series is by Anderson,} and gives the weigh-
ings upon which the percentages rest. The latter come out
thus:

5.19485 grm. PbN,O, gave 3.5017 grm. PbO. 67.4071 per cent.

9.7244 “ 6.5546 ‘ 67.4037“
9.2181 cs 6.2134 <e 67.4044 “
9.6530 "4 6.5057 C7 S95i its

Mean, 67.4027, + .0016

It will at once be seen that these series are identical; the
discordance between the first figures of the two being un-
doubtedly due to some misprint in the weighings of the
Anderson set. How it happens that the same work has
been published by two separate authors I will not attempt
to explain; neither will I undertake to determine which of
the two is really entitled to credit.

* Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 27, 381. 1842.
7 Ann. Chim. Phys., (3,) 9, 254. 1843.

LEAD. UT

We have now seven ratios upon which to base our com-
putations:
(1.) Per cent. of Pb in PbO, 92.8271, + .0013
2.) Per cent. of PbO in PbN,Q,, 67.4016, + .oor

26) 97 4
(3.) Pb: PbSO, :: 100: 146.4262, + .0023
(4.) PbO : PbSO,:: 100: 135.804, + .o18
(5.) PbSO, : PbN,O, : : 100 : 109.307, + .002
(6.) Pb: PbN,O, :: 100 : 159.9704, + .oOo10
(7-) Ag: PbCl, :: 100 : 128.7266, + .013

Discussing these separately, we get an equal number of

values for the atomic weight of lead :

rom (iy see ne et eee Pb — 206.587, + .059
CMD) ee ae re ner Soa 2072 OA OW = OAT
SSeS) eee See ee POO ART ot OAT
coe (A eae ee eee eee OO Na eat TS
Coal) egeeoe eyeenee ee “ = 204.803, -- .329
6S eel (©) eee ae Verne A “© = 206.454, -E .037
6 ROE (7d) aes Severe es EB so == 1206.47; == O42

Generaliimeanv=2 222 ‘ — 206.604, + .o19

If O = 16, this becomes Pb = 207.079.

In the above discussion are included several values which
diverge widely from this general mean, and which, for
other reasons, are probably erroneous. Although but one of
these carries much weight, it is as well to exclude them, and
to base our computations upon the others. If, now, we
reject the second, fourth, and fifth values, we get for the
atomic weight of lead, Pb = 206.471, + .021. If O = 16,
this becomes Pb = 206.946.

From the synthesis of the nitrate Stas found 206.918, and
from the sulphate, 206.954. The agreement of these values
with our own general mean is certainly very close.

78 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

FLUORINE.

Theatomic weight of fluorine has been determined only
by one general method, namely, by the conversion of flu-
orides into sulphates. Excluding the early results of Davy,*
we have only to consider the experiments of Berzelius,
Louyet, Dumas, and DeLuca, with reference to the fluorides
of calcium, sodium, potassium, barium, and lead.

The ratio between calcium fluoride and sulphate has been
determined by the four investigators above named, and by
one general process. The fluoride is treated with strong
sulphuric acid, the resulting sulphate is ignited, and the
product weighed. In order to ensure complete transforma-
tion special precautions are necessary ; such, for instance, as
repeated treatment with sulphuric acid, and so on. For
details like these the original papers must be consulted.

The first experiments in chronological order are those of
Berzelius,+ who operated upon an artificial calcium fluoride.
He found, in three experiments, for one part of fluoride the
following of sulphate:

1.749
1.750
1.751

Mean, 1.750, = .0004

Louyet’s researches{ were much more elaborate than the
foregoing. He began with a remarkably concordant series
of results upon fluor spar, in which one gramme of the flu-
oride yielded from 1.734 to 1.737 of sulphate. At first he
regarded these as accurate, but he soon found that particles
of spar had been coated with sulphate, and had therefore
escaped action. In the following series this source of error
was guarded against.

* Phil. Trans., 1814, 64.
+ Poggend. Annal., 8,1. 1826.
t Ann. Chim. Phys., (3,) 25, 300. 1849.

FLUORINE. 79

Starting with fluor spar, Louyet found of sulphate as

follows:

1.742
1.744
1.745
1.744
1.7435
1.7435

Mean, 1.7437, -- .0003

A second series, upon artificial fluoride, gave:

1.743
1.741
1.741

Mean, 1.7417, -& .0004

Dumas* published but one result for calcium fluoride.
495 grm. gave .864 grm. sulphate, the ratio being 1 : 1.7455.

De Luca} worked with a very pure fluor spar, and pub-
lished the following results. The ratio between CaSO, and
one gramme of Cal, is given in the third column:

-9305 grm. CaF, gave 1.630 grm. CaSQ,. 1.7518
.836 “ 1.459 ce 1.7452
502 << 8755 ee 1.7440
-3985 S ojos 1.7428

If we include Dumas’ single result with these, we get a
mean of 1.7459, + .0011.
Upon combining all these series, we get as follows:

IB EEZe See eee es ee e715 OO st = OOO"
ICOM CERTSEISETICS =a ei eniny SAUER 1.7437, =k .0003
ce Zin Cay Sere Se ed SMa 1.7417, = .0004
DeucalandyDumassse esses 1.7459, -- .OOII
Generalvmean eee ea ae 1.74493, + .0002

For the ratio between the two sodium salts we have ex-
periments by Dumas and by Louyet.{ According to Louyet
one gramme of NaF gives of Na,SO,:

* Ann. Chem. Pharm., 113, 28. 1860.
+ Compt. Rend., 51, 299. 1860.
{ See the papers already quoted.

80 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

1.686
1.683
1.685

Mean, 1.6847, +- .0006

The weighings published by Dumas are as follows:

-777 grm. NaF give 1.312 grm. Na,SO,. Ratio, 1.689
W737 e 2.930 ce £1087,

Mean, 1.688, + .0007

The general mean of both series is 1.6863, + .0004.

Dumas also gives experiments upon potassium fluoride.
The quantity of sulphate formed from one gramme of flu-
oride is given in the last column:

1.483 grm. KF give 2.225 grm. K,SQO,. 1.5002
1.309 ce 1.961 te 1.4981

Mean, 1.4991, -+ .0007

The ratios for the fluorides of lead and of barium are due
entirely to Louyet. One gramme BaF, gave of BaSQ,:
1

I.
1

Ny

3
31

OO W Oo
°

3

Mean, 1.331, -— .0004

With the lead fluoride a new method of treatment was
adopted. The salt was fused, powdered, dissolved in nitric
acid, and precipitated by dilute sulphuric acid. The evap-
oration of the fluid and the ignition of the sulphate was

then effected without transfer. Five grammes of fluoride
were taken in each operation, yielding of sulphate:

6.179
6.178

6.178

Mean, 6.1783, + .0002

We now have five ratios to calculate from, as follows:

FLUORINE. 31
(1.) Cak, : CaSO, 2: 1.0 : ¥.74493, +: .0002
(2.) NaF : Na,SO, :: 1.0 : 1.6863, + .0004
(3.) KF : K,SO)? 1.0%: 1.4991, ==) .0007
(4:)| Bak, : BaSO, <: 1/0: 1.3310; += .0004
(se) eb bis PbSO;71:75.0 3)G.1 7.53; =) C002

From these we get five values for F:

Bromy (hypo os ececos oleae F — 18.926, + .009
CS (GD) Sa ee ‘== 10.O50,/== .O14.
CBW (aie see eee ee he tae (691820755, == 082
Sea eee 2 i 6) ==) 19-9983). 033
ONS) eaten ae eee f= 19.092, 3=) O16

General mean_______- “ — 18.984, + .0065

If O = 16, this becomes 19.027.

Before leaving the subject of fluorine we must notice two
possible sources of error beyond the always to be considered
one of impurities in the materials employed. First, an in-
complete conversion of a fluoride into a sulphate would lead
to results tending to raise the atomic weight of fluorine.
On the other hand, the value for fluorine which has most
weight is that derived from calcium fluoride. But it was
shown under calcium that the atomic weight determined for
that metal was probably a trifle too high. This error, intro-
duced into our fluorine calculations, tends to lower our final
results. These two errors, then, if they really exist, will, in
part at least, compensate each other.

82 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

PHOSPHORUS.

The material from which we are to calculate the atomic
weight of phosphorus is by no means abundant. Berzelius,
in his Lehrbuch,* adduces only his own experiments upon
the precipitation of gold by phosphorus, and ignores all the
earlier work relating to the composition of the phosphates.
These experiments we will consider with reference to gold.

Pelouze,* in a single titration of phosphorus trichloride
with a standard solution of silver, obtained a wholly erro-
neous result; and Jacquelain,{ in his similar experiments,
did even worse. Schrotter’s criticism upon Jacquelain suf-
ficiently disposes of the latter.||

There are, in short, but two investigations upon the
atomic weight of phosphorus which have any value for
present purposes, namely, the researches of Schrotter and of
Dumas. These chemists worked with different materials
and by different methods, and yet obtained beautifully con-
cordant results.

Schrotter§ burned pure amorphous phosphorus in dry
oxygen, and weighed the pentoxide thus formed. One
gramme of P yielded P,O, in the following proportions :

28909
28783
29300
28831
29040
28788
28848
28856

28959
28872

Mean, 2.289186, + .00033
Hence P = 30.9562, + .0074.

* 5th Ed., 1188.

+ Compt. Rend., 20, 1047.

t Compt. Rend., 33. 693.

\| Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 57, 315.

¢ Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 53, 435. 1851.

nN i) NS N NS Be w KH NK WN

PHOSPHORUS. 83

Dumas* prepared pure phosphorus trichloride by the
action of dry chlorine upon red phosphorus. The portion
used in his experiments boiled between 76° and 78°. This
was titrated with a standard solution of silver in the usual
manner. Dumas publishes weights, from which I calculate
the figures given in the third column, representing the
quantity of trichloride proportional to 100 parts of silver :

1.787 grm. PC], = 4.208 grm. Ag. 42.4667
1.466 - 3-454. 6 42.4435
2.056 a Aidqq | 42.4443
2.925 se 6.890 a 42.4528
3-220 <C 7.582 co 42.4690

Mean, 42.4553, -- .0036

Hence P = 31.0314, + .0467.

Now, combining these two values, we have:

BVO CHTOLCHE == ans aaa ee P = 30.9562, + .0074
By Wumass ens see == 31.0314, += .0467
General mean_.-_---- “ — 30.9580, + .0073

If O = 16, this becomes 31.0292.

The fact here noticeable, that Dumas’ figures give a value
for P slightly higher than that deduced from those of
Schrotter, may be accounted for upon the supposition that
the phosphorus trichloride contained traces of oxychloride.
Such an impurity would tend to raise the apparent atomic
weight of phosphorus, and its occurrence is by no means
improbable.

* Ann. Chem. Pharm., 113, 29. 1860.

é

84 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

BORON.

The atomic weight of this element has been determined
by Berzelius and by Laurent, and calculated by Dumas
from some experiments by Deville.

Berzelius* based his determination upon three concordant
estimations of the percentage of water in borax. Laurentt
made use of two similar estimations, and all five may be
properly put in one series, thus:

47.10
47.10 + Berzelius.
47.10 |

eto Laurent.
47.20 J

Mean, 47.13, + .013

Hence B = 10.948, + .028.

Dumas’t calculations were based on Deville’s analyses of
the chloride and bromide of boron, which give the ratios
between AgCl and BCl,, and between AgBr and BBr,. Re-
ducing the weighings to a common standard, 100 parts of
silver chloride correspond to the quantities of boron tri-
chloride given in the third column:

.6763 grm. BC], — 2.447 grm. AgCl. 27.303
-923 ; 3-395 i 27.187

Mean, 27.245, = .059

‘Hence B = 10.808, - 174.

With the bromide, 2.446 BBr, gave 5.496 AgBr. If we
assign this experiment equal weight with one in the chlo-
ride series, and include the probable error of Br, B =
10.964, + .364.

The three values combine as follows :

* Poggend. Annal., 8,1. 1826.
+ Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 47, 415. 1849.
t{ Ann. Chem. Pharm., 113, 31. 1860.

SILICON. 85

HrOMUbOrakeeee eee e neue Bi TOVQ4gS I= O28
iBrom—B Glass osor sane! TO: 808, 4.174
BrOmMEB Br eae ene eee ae “ = 10.964, + .364

Generalimean=s=25-5=< ‘== TO}O4N, = .023

Or 6B —— 10.966:
Further investigation of the atomic weight of boron is
evidently desirable.

SILICON.

Although Berzelius* attempted to ascertain the atomic
weight of silicon, first by converting pure Si into SiO,, and
later from the analysis of BaSiF,, his results were not satis-
factory. We need only consider the estimations of Pelouze,
Schiel, and Dumas.

Pelouze,f experimenting upon silicon tetrachloride, em-
ployed his usual method of titration with a solution con-
taining a known weight of silver. One hundred parts of
Ag gave the following equivalencies of SiCl,:

39-4325
39-4570

Mean, 39.4447, + .0083

Hence Si = 28.408.

Essentially the same method was adopted by Dumas.t
Pure SiCl, was weighed in a sealed glass bulb, then decom-
posed by water, and titrated. The results for 100 Ag are
given in the third column:

2.899 grm. SiCl, = 7.3558 grm. Ag. 39-411
1.242 us 3-154 a 39-379
3.221 s 8.1875 ce 39.340

Mean, 39.377, + .014
Hence Si = 28.117.

* Lehrbuch, 5 Aufl., 3, 1200.
+ Compt. Rend., 20, 1047. 1845.
{ Ann. Chem. Pharm., 113, 31. 1860.

86 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

Dumas and Pelouze’s series combine as follows:

Pelouzel a. eee en ean 39-4447, - .0083
Wumas) 2 Se eee ee 39.377, = .014
General mean.__.------- 39.4265, + .0071

Hence SiCl, = 169.810, + .034.

Schiel,* also studying the chloride of silicon, decomposed
it by ammonia. After warming and long standing it was
filtered, and in the filtrate the chlorine was estimated as
AgCl. One hundred parts of AgCl correspond to the quan-
tities of SiCl, given in the last column:

.6738 grm. SiCl, gave 2.277 grm. AgCl. 29.592
1.3092 se 4.418 ce 29.633

Mean, 29.6125, + .0138

Hence SiC], = 169.4387, == 080, and Sit = 27-957.
Combining the values for SiCl, we have this result :

Pelouze and Dumas-_--~- SiCl, = 169.810, + .034
SchiclaS ease ae « == 169.437, = .080
General mean _---- s == 169.675, a= :031

Hence Si 28.195,>= 066" or. if O16) Sn 8200:

It will be observed that all of these determinations rest
upon the composition of SiCl,, a compound for which it
would not be easy to guarantee absolute purity. All the
errors likely to occur in the determination of the atomic
weight would be plus errors, so that the value deduced
above is almost certainly too high. |

* Ann. Chem. Pharm., 120, 94.

LITHIUM. 87

DEEL MM.

The earlier determinations of the atomic weight of lithium
by Arfvedson, Stromeyer, C. G. Gmelin, and Kralovanzky
were all erroneous, because of the presence of sodium com-
pounds in the material employed. The results of Berzelius,
Hagen, and Hermann were also incorrect, and need no
further notice here. The only investigations which we need
to consider are those of Mallet, Diehl, Troost, and Stas. °

Mallet’s experiments* were conducted upon lithium chlo-
ride, which had been purified as completely as possible. In
two trials the chloride was precipitated by nitrate of silver,
which was collected upon a filter and estimated in the ordi-
nary way. The figures in the third column represent the
LiCl proportional to 100 parts of AgCl:

7.1885 grm. LiCl gave 24.3086 grm. AgCl. 29.606
8.5947 o 29.0621 ce 20.574

In athird experiment the LiCl was titrated with a standard
solution of silver. 3.9942 grm. LiCl balanced 10.1702 grm,
Ag, equivalent to 13.511 grm. AgCl. Hence 100 AgCl =
29.563 LiCl. Mean of all three experiments, 29.581, + .0087.

Diehl,+ whose paper begins with a good resumé of all the
earlier determinations, describes experiments made with
lithium carbonate. This salt, which was spectroscopically
pure, was dried at 130° before weighing. It was then
placed in an apparatus from which the carbon dioxide gen-
erated by the action of pure sulphuric acid upon it could
be expelled, and the loss of weight determined. From this
loss the following percentages of CO, in Li,CO, were deter-
mined:

59.422
59.404
59-440
59-401

Mean, 59.417, + .006

* Silliman’s Amer. Journal, November, 1856. Chem. Gazette, 15, 7.
+ Ann. Chem. Pharm., 121, 93.

88 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

Diehl’s investigation was quickly followed by a confirma-
tion from Troost.* This chemist, in an earlier paper,t had
sought to fix the atomic weight of lithium by an analysis
of the sulphate, and had found a value not far from 6.5;
thus confirming the results of Berzelius and of Hagen, who
had employed the same method. But Diehl showed that
the BaSO, precipitated from Li,SO, always retained traces
of Li, which were recognizable by spectral analysis, and
which accounted for the error. In the later paper Troost
made use of the chloride and the carbonate of lithium, both
spectroscopically pure. The carbonate was strongly ignited
with pure quartz powder, thus losing carbon dioxide, which
loss was easily estimated. The subjoined results were ob-
tained:

.970 grm. Li,CO, lost .577 grm. CO,. 59.485 per cent.
1.782 $6 1.059 os 5OAzT Oc

Mean, 59.456, -k .020

This combined with Diehl’s mean, 59.417, + .006, gives a
general mean of 59.420, + .0057.

The lithium chloride employed by Troost was heated in
a stream of dry hydrochloric acid gas; of which the excess,
after cooling, was expelled by a current of dry air. The
salt was weighed in the same tube in which the foregoing
operations had been performed, and the chlorine was then
estimated as silver chloride. The usual ratio between LiCl
and 100 parts of AgCl is given in the third column:

1.309 grm. LiCl gave 4.420 grm. AgC]. 29.615
2.750 ce 9.300 ef 29.570

Mean, 29.5925, + .O145

This combined with Mallet’s mean, 29.581, + .0087. gives
a general mean of 59.584, -+ .0075.
Finally, we come to the work of Stas,t which was exe-

* Zeit. Anal. Chem., I, 402.
+ Annales d. Chim. et d. Phys., 51, 108.
{ Aronstein’s Translation, 279-302.

LITHIUM. 89

cuted with his usual wonderful accuracy. In three titra-
tions, in which all the weights were reduced to a vacuum
standard, the following quantities of LiCl balanced 100
parts of pure silver:

39.356

39-357

39.361

Mean, 39.358, -: .OoI

In a second series of experiments, intended for determin-
ing the atomic weight of nitrogen, LiCl was converted into
LiNO,. The method was that employed for a similar pur-
pose with the chlorides of sodium and of potassium. One
hundred parts of LiCl gave of LiNO,:

162.588
162.600

162.598

Mean, 162.5953, = .0025

We have now the following ratios from which to deduce
the atomic weight of lithium:

(1.) AgCl : LiCl :: 100: 29.584, + .0075
(2.) Ag: LiCl :: 100: 39.358, -_ .oo1

(3.) LiCl : LiNO, : : 100 : 162.5953, +: .0025
(

Hence two values for the molecular weight of LiCl:

Brom (1) sees os eee LiCl — 42.3187, + .0039
MEOM (2) i022 tS “= 42.3787, + .olII
General mean... “© == 42.3720, -- .0037

For lithium itself we get three values:

From molecular weight of LiCl_-_Li = 7.002, + .o15
Hrombratio(@)\=saeeseeos sae ears “ — 7.0287, + .042
Brompration(4)) sean tone “== 7.0085, + .008

General meani-=--—-—=-- 7.0073) == 007,

If O = 16, then Li = 7.0235. Stas himself gives 7.022
as his determination. Difference, .0015.

90 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

RUBIDIUM.

The atomic weight of rubidium has been determined by
Bunsen, Piccard, and Godeffroy ; but only from analyses of
the chloride.

Bunsen,* employing ordinary gravimetric methods, esti-
mated the ratio between AgCl and RbCl. His rubidium
chloride was purified by fractional crystallization of the
chloroplatinate. He obtained the following results, to which,
in a third column, I add the ratio between RbCl and 100
parts of AgCl:

One grm. RbCl gave 1.1873 grm. AgCl. 84.22
cc 1.1873 ce 84.225
Ke 1.1850 ss 84.388
fs 1.1880 es 84.175

Mean, 84.253, -- .031

The work of Piccard} was similar to that of Bunsen. In
weighing, the crucible containing the silver chloride was
balanced by a precisely similar crucible, in order to avoid
the correction for displacement of air. The filter was
burned separately from the AgCl, as usual; but the small
amount of material adhering to the ash was reckoned as
metallic silver. The rubidium chloride was purified by
Bunsen’s method. The results, expressed according to the
foregoing standard, are as follows:

1.1587 grm. RbCl = 1.372 AgCl + .oorg Ag. 84.300
1.4055 es 1.6632 © “ .0030 *“ 84.303
1.001 ee TOGO! 1O0O2AENSS 84.245
1.5141 oe 17934 ‘ .OO18 “* 84.313
Mean, 84.290, - .O0105

Godeffroy,{ starting with material containing both ru-
bidium and cesium, separated the two metals by fractional
* Zeit. Anal. Chem., 1, 136. Poggend. Annal., 113, 339. 1861.

+ Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 86, 454. 1862. Zeit. Anal. Chem., 1, 518.
t Ann. Chem. Pharm., 181, 185. 1876.

CASIUM. 91

erystallization of their alums, and obtained salts of each
spectroscopically pure. The nitric acid employed was tested
for chlorine and found to be free from that impurity, and
the weights used were especially verified. In two of his
analyses of RbCl the AgCl was handled by the ordinary
process of filtration. ‘In the other two it was washed by
decantation, dried, and weighed in a glass dish. The usual
ratio is appended in the third column :

1.4055 grm. RbCl gave 1.6665 grm. AgCl. 84.338
1.8096 8 2.1461 ee 84.320
2.2473 s 2.665 cs 84.326
2.273 se 2.6946 ay 84.354

Mean, 84.3345, - .0051

Combining the three series, we get the following result :

bunsengeee essa = 84.253, - .031 Rb — 85.150

Riccardi sess a 84.290, -- .O105 5852203

Godeffroy ---..--- 84.3345, + .0051 O57 203
General mean___ 84.324, -: .0045

ibience Bub — $5.251, = 018. TiO — 16, Rb = 85.529.

CASIUM.

The atomic weight of cesium, like that of rubidium, has
been determined from the analysis of the chloride. The
earliest determination, by Bunsen,* was incorrect, because
of impurity in the material employed.

In 1863 Johnson and Allen published their results.+
Their material was extracted from the lepidolite of Hebron,
Maine, and the czesium was separated from the rubidium as
bitartrate. From the pure cesium bitartrate ceesium chlo-
ride was prepared, and in this the chlorine was estimated as

* Zeit. Anal. Chem., 1, 137.
+ Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, (2,) 35, 94.

92 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

silver chloride by the usual gravimetric method. Reducing
their results to the convenient standard adopted in preced-
ing chapters, we have, in a third column, the quantities of
CsCl equivalent to 100 parts of AgCl:

1.8371 grm. CsCl gave 1.5634 grm. AgCl. 117.507
2.1295 ce 1.8111 <e 117.580
2.7018 x 2.2992 oc 117.511

1.56165 < 1.3302 a 117.399

Mean, 117.499, - .025

Shortly after the results of Johnson and Allen appeared
a new series of estimations was published by Bunsen.* His
ceesium chloride was purified by repeated crystallizations of
the chloroplatinate, and the ordinary gravimetric process
was employed. The following results represent, respectively,
material thrice, four times, and five times purified :

1.3835 grm. CsCl gave 1.1781 grm. AgCl. Ratio, 117.435
1.3682 ee 1.1644 co 117-503
1.2478 % 1.0623 cs 117.462

Mean, 117.467, + .013

Godeffroy’s work} was, in its details of manipulation, suf-
ficiently described under rubidium. In three of the experi-
ments upon cesium the silver chloride was washed by
decantation, and in one it was collected upon a filter. The
results are subjoined :

1.5825 grm. CsCl gave 1.351 grm. AgCl. Ratio, 117.135

1.3487 e 1,150 ss 117.265
1.1880 oe 1.0141 ee 117.148
1.2309 es 1.051 se 117.107
Mean, 117.164, + .023

We may now combine the three series to form a general
mean :

* Poggend. Annal., 119, 1. 1863.
+ Ann. Chem. Pharm., 181, 185. 1876.

we)
wo

THALLIUM.
Johnson and Allen._.-_---- 117.499, + .025 Cs'—=91327706
Bunsen Goes Soe ee 117.467, + .013 £o5- a2 00K
Godefiroy ean oe eee 117.164, + .023 (24227
General mean _-____- 117.413, -— .O10

lence: Cs; 32.585, 2 .024> orf O = 16,Cs == 132.918.

THALLIUM.

The atomic weight of this interesting metal has been
fixed by the researches of Lamy, Werther, Hebberling, and
Crookes. Lamy and Hebberling investigated the chloride
and sulphate; Werther studied the iodide; Crooke’s experi-
ments involved the synthesis of the nitrate. The last men-
tioned work was so thorough and admirable that the other
researches are included here only for the sake of historical
completeness.

Lamy* gives the results of one analysis of thallium
sulphate and three of thallium chloride. 3.425 grammes
T1,S0O, gave 1.578 germ. BaSO,; whence 100 parts of the
latter are equivalent to 216.920 of the former. In the thal-
lium chloride the chlorine was estimated as silver chloride.
The following results were obtained. In the third column I
give the amount of TICI proportional to 100 parts of AgCl:

3.912 orm. TICl gave 2.346 grm. AgCl. 166.752
3.000 c 1.8015 sc 166.528
3.912 ce 2.336 ss 167.466

Mean, 166.915, + .1905

Hebberling’st work resembles that of Lamy. Reducing
his weighings to the standards adopted above, we have from
his sulphate series, as equivalent to 100 parts of BaSO,, the
amounts of T1,SO, given in the third column:

AeZeltAnal Chemin, 2201. loos:
+ Ann. Chem. Pharm., 134, 11. 1865.

94 ‘THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

1.4195 grm. T1,SO, gave .6534 grm. BaSQ,. 217.248
1.1924 cs -5507 ss 216.524
.8560 @ -3957 iS 216.325

Mean, 216.699

Including Lamy’s single result, as of equal weight, we get
a mean of 216.754. + .1387.

From the chloride series we have these results, with the
ratio stated as usual:

.2984 grm. TIC] gave .1791 grm. AgCl. 166.611
5452 ef BB 2 Oa eta 166.321

Mean, 166.465, + .097

Lamy’s mean was 166.915, + .1905. Both means com-
bined give a general mean of 166.555, + .0860.

Werther’s* determinations of iodine in thallium iodide
were made by two methods. In the first series TII was de-
composed by zine and potassium hydroxide, and in the
filtrate the iodine was estimated as AgI. One hundred
parts of AgI correspond to the amounts of TII given in the
last column : i

.720 grm. TII gave .51 grm. Agl. 141.176
2.072 ca 1.472 ke 140.761
.960 ce .679 cs 141.384
385 ce 273 ‘e 141.026
1.068 ef -759 oe 140.711

Mean, 141.012, + .085

In the second series the thallium iodide was decomposed
by ammonia in presence of silver nitrate, and the resulting
AgI was weighed. Expressed according to the foregoing
standard the results are as follows:

1.375 grm. TlI gave .978 grm. Agl. Ratio, 140.593

1.540 ec 1.095 cs 140.639
1.380 fe -981 <¢ 140.673

Mean, 140.635, -— .o16

General mean of both series, 140.648, + .016.

* Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 92, 128. 1864.

THALLIUM. 95

From the foregoing results three values for the atomic
weight of thallium are calculable:

Hromithe/sulphates2o= 222022 Tl = 204.169, + .166
Hromitheychloridé22o2 22h Sh —— 20355704 == e020
From the iodide _._-___~_—- «<\ == 203.886, == .054

In 1873 Crookes,* the discoverer of thallium, published
his final determination of its atomic weight. His method
was to effect the synthesis of thallium nitrate from weighed
quantities from absolutely pure thallium. No precaution
necessary to ensure purity of materials was neglected; the
balances were constructed especially for the research; the
weights were accurately tested and all their errors ascer-
tained; weighings were made partly in air and partly in
vacuo, but all were reduced to absolute standards; and un-
usually large quantities of thallium were employed in each
experiment. In short, no effort was spared to attain as
nearly as possible absolute precision of results. The details
of the investigation are too voluminous, however, to be cited
here; the reader who wishes to become familiar with them
must consult the original memoir. Suffice it to say that the
research is a model which other chemists will do well to
copy.

The results of ten experiments by Professor Crookes may
be stated as follows. In a final column we may state the
quantity of nitrate producible from 100 parts of thallium.
The weights given are in grains:

Thallium. T/NO, + Glass. Glass Vessel. Ratio.
497-972995 1121.851852 472.557319 130.3875
293-193507 II11.387014 729.082713 130.3930
288.562777 971.214142 594.949719 130.3926
324.963740 1142.569408 718.849078 130.3900
183.790232 1005.779897 766. 133831 130.3912
190.8425 32 997-334615 748.491271 130.3920
195.544324 1022.176679 767.203451 130.3915
201.816345 1013.480135 750.332401 130. 3897
295.683523 1153.947672 768. 403621 130.3908
299.203036 1159.870052 769.734201 130.3917

Mean, 130.3910, ++ .00034

* Philosophical Transactions, 1873, p. 277.

96 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

Hence, using the atomic weights and probable errors
previously found for N and O, Tl = 203.715, + .0365. If
O:= 16, Th 204183:

Crookes himself, using 61.889 as the molecular weight of
the group NO,, gets the value Tl = 203.642; the lowest
value in the series being 208.628, and the highest 203.666 ;
an extreme variation of 0.038. This is extraordinary ac-
curacy for so high an atomic weight, at least as far as
Crookes’ work is concerned. But its value depends in reality
upon the accuracy of other chemists in fixing the atomic
weights of N and O; a slight variation in either of the
latter constants producing a large variation here. What
Crookes really has done has been to fix with almost abso-
lute certainty the ratio between Tl and NO,. If the latter
group should have the molecular weight 62, in accordance
with Prout’s hypothesis, then Tl = 204.008. In other
words, the ratio thus fixed by Crookes is almost exactly
represented by two whole numbers, and supports Prout’s
hypothesis in a very decided way. Crookes himself seems
to have overlooked this fact, for he regards his results as
militating against the hypothesis in question.

GLUCINUM.

The atomic weight of glucinum is at present much in
doubt; our knowledge of it depending upon the unsettled
question whether the oxide is G1O or G1,O,. The formula
G1O agrees with Mendelejeff’s law, and is advocated by
Reynolds,* Lothar Meyer,f and Brauner.t{ The symbol
G1,O,, on the other hand, is favored by Nilson and Petters-
son,|| and by Humpidge.§ Humpidge, Meyer, and Brauner

* Phil. Mag., (5,) 3, 38. 1877. Chem. News, 42, 273. 1880.

+ Ber. der Deutsch. Chem. Gesell., 13, 1780. 1880. Also, 11,576. 1879.
{ Phil. Magi; (5,) tise Jan. icor.

|| Berichte, 11, 381 and g06. 1879. Also, 13, 2035. 1880.

@ Chem. News, 42, 261. 1880.

GLUCINUM. 97

offer only theoretical discussions of the subject; Reynolds
and Nilson and Pettersson have determined the specific
heat of the metal, but give opposed results. In the follow-
ing calculations the simpler formula will be assumed, not as
a finality, but because of its accordance with the system of
Mendelejeff.

The data from which we are to calculate the atomic
weight of glucinum have been determined by Awdejew,
Weeren, Klatzo, Debray, and Nilson and Pettersson. Ber-
zelius’* single experiment on the sulphate may be left out
of account.

Awdejew,t+ whose determination was the earliest of any
value, analyzed the sulphate. The sulphuric acid was
thrown down as barium sulphate; and in the filtrate, from
which the excess of barium had been first removed, the
glucina was precipitated by ammonia. The figures which
Awdejew publishes represent the ratio between SO, and
G1O, but not absolute weights. As, however, his calcula-
tions were made with SO, = 501.165, and Ba probably =
855.29, we may add a third column showing how much
BaSO, is proportional to 100 parts of G1O:

SiOz. G/O. Ratio.
4457 1406 921.242
4531 1420 927-304
7816 2480 915.903
12880 4065 920.814

Mean, 921.316, + 1.577

The same method was followed by Weeren and by Klatzo,
except that Weeren used ammonium sulphide instead of
ammonia for the precipitation of the glucina. Weerent
gives the following weights of GlO and BaSO,. The ratio
is given in a third column, just as with the figures by
Awdejew:

* Poggend. Annal., 8, I.
+ fe 56, 106. 1842.
if cs 92,124. 1854.

98. THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

GO. BaSO,. Ratvo.
-3163 grm. 2.9332 grm. 927.031
ZO 2m 2503771 16s 918.419
-2954 “ 2.7342 “ 925.592
«5204, “ 4.8823“ 902.946

Mean, 918.497, + 3.624

Klatzo’s* figures are as follows, with the third column
added by the writer :

G/lO. BaSO,. Ratio.
-2339 grm. 2.1520 grm, 920.052
-1QIO™ T7550" g1tg.162
E207 iS 2.4872 < 930.490
neti, Beinn y une 923.710
.2800 “ 2.5842 * 922.989

Mean, 923.281, + 1.346

Combining these series into a general mean, we get the
subjoined result :

Awe) ew ieee oe See toe ene eae 921.316, + 1.577
Wieeren tess ese ee ONS AQT 3135024
Klatz 0 2ae se Sea 923.281, + 1.346

General mean__----.--.. 922.164, + 0.985

Hence GIO = 25.224, + .269.

Debray+ analyzed a double oxalate of glucinum and am-
monium, Gl(NH,),C,O,. In this the glucina was estimated
by calcination, after first converting the salt into nitrate.
The following percentages were found:

Les

re?
11.6

Mean, 11.433, -_ .o8I

The carbon was estimated by an organic combustion. [.
give the weights, and put ina third column the percentages
of CO, thus obtained:

* Zeitschrift fiir Anal. Chem., 8, 523. 1869.
+ Ann. de Chim. et de Phys., (3,) 44, 37. 1855-

GLUCINUM. 99

Salt. 60>. Per cent. CO).
.600 grm. -477 grm. 79.500
3603) 16° PATO) ce 79.270
.600 <“ 24775 76 79.500

Mean, 79.423, + .052

Calculating the ratio between CO, and GIO, we have for
the molecular weight of the latter, GIO = 25.220, + .180.
The agreement between this result and the one previously
deduced from the sulphate is certainly very striking.

Last of all and best of all we come to the determinations
recently published by Nilson and Pettersson.* These chem-
ists sought to use the sublimed chloride of glucinum, but
found it to contain traces of lime derived from a glass tube.
They finally resorted to the sulphate as the most available
salt for their purposes. This, which they write Gl,(SO,);
12H,O, and which we formulate as GISO,.4H1,0, yields pure
glucina upon strong ignition. The subjoined percentages
of glucina were thus obtained :

14.171
14.169
14.160
14.176

Mean, 14.169, -— .0023

Hence G1O = 25.048, and Gl = 9.085, + .0055. If O =
forGle=—— 9106.) lf SO, — 80) then Gl. — 9.096.

If the oxide is G1,O,, then the value Gl = 9.085, + .0055
becomes Gl = 13.628, + .0082.

It would be easy enough to combine this value for Gl
with those derived from the experiments of the investi-
gators previously cited, but it is hardly worth while. All
the other estimations have such high probable errors that
they would practically vanish from the general mean.
Their influence would hardly extend to the third decimal
place, and they may therefore be neglected.

* Compt. Rend., g1, 168. 1880.

100 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

MAGNESIUM.

There is perhaps no common metal of which the atomic
weight has been subjected to closer scrutiny than that of
magnesium. The value is low, and its determination should,
therefore, be relatively free from many of the ordinary
sources of error; it is extensively applied in chemical anal-
ysis, and ought consequently to be accurately ascertained.
Strange discrepancies, however, exist between the results
obtained by different investigators; so that the generally
accepted figure cannot be regarded as absolutely free from
doubt.

The determinations of Berzelius* and other early chemists
need not be here considered. Nor does the estimation made
by Macdonnell} deserve more than a passing mention. He
puts the atomic weight of magnesium at 23.9, but gives no
details concerning his method of determination. The re-
searches which we have to consider are those of Scheerer,
Svanberg.and Nordenfeldt, Jacquelain, Bahr, Marchand and
Scheerer, and Dumas.

Scheerer’s method of investigation was exceedingly sim-
ple.{ He merely estimated the sulphuric acid in anhydrous
magnesium sulphate, employing the usual process of pre-
cipitation as barium sulphate. He gives no weighings, but
reports the percentages of SO, thus found. In his calcula-
tions, O = 100,SO, — 500.75, and BaO = 955.29. It-is
easy, therefore, to recalculate the figures which he gives, so
as to establish what his method really represents, viz., the
ratio between the sulphates of barium and magnesium.

Thus revised, his four analyses show that 100 parts of
MgSO, yield the following quantities of BaSO, :

* Lehrbuch, 5 Aufl., Bd. 3, s. 1227.
+ British Association Report, 1852, part 2, p. 36.
t Poggend. Annal., 69, 535. 1846.

MAGNESIUM. 101

Per cent. S Oz.

193.575 66.573
193.677 66.608
193.767 66.639
193.631 66.592

Mean, 193.6625, + .0274

Hence, using the atomic weights deduced in previous
chapters for Ba, S, and O, Mg = 24.544, + .0311. In a sub-
sequent note* Scheerer shows that the barium sulphate of
the foregoing experiments carried down with it magnesium
salts in such quantity as to make the atomic weight of mag-
nesium 0.39 too low. Corrected, Mg becomes = 24.545.

The work of Bahr, of Jacquelain, and in part that of
Svanberg and Nordenfeldt, also relates to the composition
of magnesium sulphate. Jacquelain’s experiments were as
follows.+ Dry magnesium sulphate was prepared by mix-
ing the ordinary hydrous salt to a paste with sulphurie acid,
and calcining the mass in a platinum crucible over a spirit
lamp to constant weight and complete neutrality of reaction.
This dry sulphate was weighed and intensely ignited three
successive times. The weight of the residual MgO having
been determined, it was moistened with sulphuric acid and
recalcined over a spirit lamp, thus reproducing the original
weight of MgSO,. Jacquelain’s weighings for these two
experiments show that 100 parts of MgO correspond to the
quantities of MgSO, given in the last column:

1.466 grm. MgSO, gave .492 grm. MgO. 297.968
4g2 Ne ME@:) 9 P4660." MgSO; 297.968

Jacquelain also made one estimation of sulphuric acid in
the foregoing sulphate as BaSO,. His result, (1.464 grm.
MgSO, = 2.838 grm. BaSO,,) reduced to the standard
adopted in dealing with Scheerer’s experiments, give for 100
parts of MgSO,, 193.852 BaSO,. If this figure be given
equal weight with a single experiment in Scheerer’s series,

* Poggend. Annal., 70, 407.
+ Ann. d. Chim. et Phys., 3 serie, 32, 202.

102 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

and combined with the latter, the mean will be 193.700, +
.0331. Frém this the atomic weight of magnesium becomes
24.244, + .033. This again, corrected according to Scheerer
for the magnesium salts carried down by the barium sul-
phate, becomes 0.39 higher, or Mg = 24.283. Of course
this correction, determined by Scheerer for a single experi-
ment, can only be a rough approximation in a mean like
the foregoing. It is better than no correction at all, the
character of the error involved being known.

Bahr’s* work resembles in part that of Jacquelain. This
chemist converted pure magnesium oxide into sulphate, and
from the increase in weight determined the composition of
the latter salt. From his weighings 100 parts of MgO equal
the amounts of MgSO, given in the third column:

1.6938 grm. MgO gave 5.0157 grm. MgSO,. 296.122
2.0459 i 6.0648 Zs 296.437
1.0784 < 3.1925 & 296.040

Mean, 296.200, + .0815

About four years previous to the investigations of Bahr
the paper of Svanberg and Nordenfeldt} appeared. These
chemists started with the oxalate of magnesium, which was
dried at a temperature of from 100° to 105° until it no
longer lost weight. The salt then contained two molecules
of water, and upon strong ignition it left a residue of MgO.
The percentage of MgO in the oxalate comes out as follows:

7.2634 grm. oxalate gave 1.9872 grm. oxide. 27.359 per cent.
6.3795 z: 1.7464 7 27-375> 0
6.3653 of 1.7418 ‘s 27304 ss
6.2216 cf 1.7027 es 27308 mics

Mean, 27.3665, -+ .0023

In three of these experiments the MgO was treated with
H,SO,, and converted, as by Jacquelain and by Bahr in
their later researches, into MgSO,. One hundred parts of
MgO gave of MgSO, as follows:

* Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 56, 310. 1852.
+ Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 45, 473. 1848.

MAGNESIUM. 103

1.9872 grm. MgO gave 5.8995 grm. MgSO,. —- 296.875
1.7464 ss 5-1783 se 290.515
1.7418 fs 5.1666 ce 296.624

Mean, 296.671, + .072

We have now for this ratio between MgO and MgSO,
three series; not at all concordant. We may combine them,
assigning to each of Jacquelain’s two results a weight cor-
responding to one of Bahr’s:

jacquelainyee eee oe oe eres es 297.968, + .0999

Balinese aera eens een ese) 296.200, - .O815

Svanberg and Nordenfeldt______ 296.671, + .072
(Generali meant.) Seay 296.806, + .0475

In 1850 the elaborate investigations of Marchand and
Scheerer* appeared. These chemists undertook to deter-
mine the composition of some natural magnesites, and, by
applying corrections for impurities, to deduce: from their
results the sought for atomic weight. The magnesite chosen
for the investigation was, first, a yellow, transparent variety
from Snarum; second, a white opaque mineral from the
same locality; and, third, a very pure quality from Frank-
enstein. In each case the impurities were carefully deter-
mined; but only a part of the details need be cited here.
Silica was of course easily corrected for by simple subtrac-
tion from the sum of all of the constituents; but iron and
calcium, when found, having been present in the mineral as
carbonates, required the assignment to them of a portion of
the carbonic acid. In the atomic weight determinations
the mineral was first dried at 300°. The loss in weight
upon ignition was then carbon dioxide. It was found, how-
ever, that even here a correction was necessary. Magnesite,
upon drying at 500°, loses a trace of CO,, and still retains a
little water; on the other hand, a minute quantity of CO,
remains even after ignition. The CO, expelled at 300°
amounted in one experiment to .054 per cent.; that retained
after calcination to .055 per cent. Both errors tend in the

* Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 50, 385.

104 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

same direction, and increase the apparent percentage of
MgO in the magnesite. On the yellow mineral from Snarum
the crude results are as follows, giving percentages of MgO,
FeO, and CO, after eliminating silica:

COS MeO. FeO.
51.8958 47-3278 -7764
51.8798 47-3393 -7809
51.8734 47.3154 S112
51.8875 47-3372 -7753

Mean, 47.3299 — .0037

After applying corrections for loss and retention of CO,,
as previously indicated, the mean results of the foregoing
series become—

CO). MgO. FeO.
51.9931 47-2743 -7860

The ratio. between the MgO and the CO,, after correcting
for the iron, will be considered further on.

Of the white magnesite from Snarum but a single anal-
ysis was made, which, for present purposes may be ignored.
Concerning the Frankenstein mineral three series of anal-
yses were executed. In the first series the following results
were obtained :

8.996 grm. CO, = 8.2245 grm. MgO. 47.760 per cent. MgO.
7-960 ‘ 7-2775 ie 47.761 ef
9.3265 < 8.529 cs 47-797 :
7-553 ¢ 6.9095 S 47-775 -

Mean, 47.766, + .0022

This mean, corrected for loss of CO, in drying, becomes
47.681. I give series second with corrections applied:

6.8195 grm. MgCO, gave 3.2500 grm. MgO. 47.658 per cent.
11.3061 ze 5-3849 Se A7Z.020 | a
9-7375 4.635 _ 47.599“
12.3887 6 5-9033 < 47.650 “
32-4148 es 15.453 ry 47.674 “
38.8912 cs 18.5366 es 47-663 “
26.5223 12.6445 <s AW.O75, | se

Mean, 47.650, + .0069

MAGNESIUM. 105

The third series was made upon very pure material, so
that the corrections, although applied, were less influential.
The results were as follows:

4.2913 grm. MgCO, gave 2.0436 grm. MgO. 47.622 per cent.

27.8286 a“ 13.2539 ee Az.027 = ics
14.6192 ce 6.9692 & AqTco72). —s
18.3085 ce 8.7237 ce 47-648 *

Mean, 47.642, + .0077

_In a supplementary paper* by Scheerer, it was shown
that an important correction to the foregoing data had been
overlooked. Scheerer, re-examining the magnesites in ques-
tion, discovered in them traces of lime, which had escaped
notice in the original analyses. With this correction the
two magnesites in question exhibit the following mean
composition :

Snarum. Frankenstein.
Or ee 55 222 52.131 52.338
Mo@) kas ee ees 46.663 47-437
Ca@ aan ese ee -430 a22
Re OQ) sae -776 me

100.000 100.000

Correcting for lime and iron, by assigning each its share
of CO,, the Snarum magnesite gives as the true percentage
of magnesia in pure magnesium carbonate, the figure 47.624.
To this, without serious mistake, we may assign the weight
indicated by the probable error, + .0037; the quantity pre-
viously deduced from the percentages of MgO given in the
uncorrected analyses.

From the Frankenstein mineral, similarly corrected, the
final mean percentage of MgO in MgCO, becomes 47.628.
This, however, represents three series of analyses, whose
combined probable errors may be properly assigned to it.
The combination is as follows:

* Ann. d. Chem. und Pharm., 110, 240.

106 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

.0022
.0069

.0077

Ir tr It

Result, -+ .0020, probable error of the general mean.

We may now combine the results obtained from both
magnesites :

Snarum mineral_~-—.- - Per cent. MgO, 47.624, -- .0037
Frankenstein mineral __- a 47.628, + .0020
General mean__-_ cs 47.627, + .0018

The last investigation upon the atomic weight of magne-
sium which we have to consider is that of Dumas.* Pure
magnesium chloride was placed in a boat of platinum, and
ignited in a stream of dry hydrochloric acid gas. The
excess of the latter having been expelled by a current of dry
carbon dioxide, the platinum boat, still warm, was placed
in a closed vessel and weighed therein. After weighing, the
chloride was dissolved and titrated in the usual manner
with a solution containing a known quantity of pure silver.
The weighings which Dumas reports give, as proportional to
100 parts of silver, the quantities of MgCl, stated in the
third column :

2.203 grm. MgCl, = 4.964 grm. Ag. 44.380
25205 ce 5-678 cs 44.408
2.363 " Sug 259) a 44.376
3-994 7a 9.012 44-319
2.578 s 5- OBA) 44.189
2.872 S 6.502 ce 44.171
2.080 ce 4.710 oe 44.161
2.214 Us 5-002 és 44.262
2.086 ae 4.722 fs 44.176
1.688 3.823 ae 44.154
1.342 ce 3.031 ss 44.276

Mean, 44.261, -- .020

There are now before us the following ratios, from which
to deduce the sought-for atomic weight :

* Ann. Chem. Pharm., 113, 33. 1860.

MAGNESIUM. 107

(1.) MgSO, : BaSO, :: 100: 193.700, + .0331

(2.) MgO : MgSQ, :: 100 : 296.806, + .0475

(3.) Per cent. of MgO in oxalate, 27.3665, + .0023
(4.) Per cent. of MgO in carbonate, 47.627, + .oo18

(5.) Ag: MgCl, :: 100: 44.261, + .020

From these we find three values for the molecular weight
of MgO:

.

Rrom\(2)=22eec esse MeO) AONs 87.) 21.0126
roman (3) oses eee “= 40.603, + .0069
Biromnl (Ai Gee ses oe ere == 30.922, 4=' .0030

General mean_-__-. ‘== 40.054, — .0027

We have also three values for the atomic weight of mag-
nesium :

From molecular weight of MgO_-------- Mg = 24.091, + .0044

Mromberatio (1, ) corrected iss ts= sees 6124.23, .033

Brom ration(G)) DO umasie ees veel (== 24) 570, = 032
Generali canes see el ees “ = 24.103, + .0043

Or, if O = 16, Mg becomes = 24.159.

In this general mean all the determinations are included,
good or bad. Dumas’ result is unquestionably wrong; the
error, probably, being due to the presence of oxychloride in
the MgCl, which was used. It is doubtful whether any
precautions could have eliminated that error. If we take
only Marchand and Scheerer’s work on magnesium carbon-
ate as having positive value, we shall get from their analy-
ses the following result, viz: Mg = 23.959, + .0046. Or,
if O = 16, this becomes 24.014. The atomic weight of mag-
nesium, therefore, varies from the whole number 24, only
within the ordinary limits of experimental error.

108 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

ZAIN.

The several determinations of the atomic weight of zinc
are by no means closely concordant. The results obtained
by Gay-Lussac* and Berzelius} were undoubtedly too low,
and may be disregarded here. We need consider only the
work done by Jacquelain, Favre, and Axel Erdmann.

In 1842 Jacquelain published the results of his investiga-
tions upon this important constant.{ In two experiments a
weighed quantity of zinc was converted into nitrate, and
that by ignition in a platinum crucible was reduced to oxide.
In two other experiments sulphuric acid took the place of
nitric. As the zinc contained small quantities of lead and
iron, these were estimated, and the necessary corrections ap-
pled. From the weights of metal and oxide given by
Jacquelain the percentages have been calculated :

Nitric Series.

9.917 grm. Zn gave 12.3138 grm. ZnO. 80.536 per cent. Zn.

9.809 cs 12.1800 ce 80.534 ss
Sulphuric Series.

2.398 “6 2.978 grm. ZnO. 80.524 ce

3-197 a 3.968 ce 80.570 <

Mean of all four, 80.541, -: .007
Hence Zn = 66.072, + .028.

The method adopted by Axel Erdmann || is essentially the
same as that of Jacquelain, but varies from the latter in cer-
tain important details. First, pure zinc oxide was prepared,
ignited in a covered crucible with sugar, and then, to com-
plete the reduction, ignited in a porcelain tube in a current
of hydrogen. The pure zinc thus obtained was converted
into oxide by means of treatment with nitric acid and sub-

* Mémoire d’Arceuil, 2, 174.

+ Gilb. Annal., 37, 460.

{ Compt. Rend., 14, 636.

|| Poggend. Annal., 62, 611, Berz. Lehrb., 3, 1219.

ZINC. 109

sequent ignition in a porcelain crucible. Erdmann’s figures
give us the following percentages of metal in the oxide:

80.247
80.257
80.263
80.274

Mean, 80.260, + .0037

Hence Zn = 64.9045, + .019.

If we combine the results of Jacquelain with those of Erd-
mann, we get a mean percentage of zinc, 80.3824, + .0032;
and an atomic weight of Zn = 65.168, + .018. The reason
for the discordance between the two experimenters will be
considered further along.

Favre* employed two methods of investigation. First,
zinc was dissolved in sulphuric acid, the hydrogen evolved
was burned, and the weight of water thus formed was de-
termined. To his weighings I append the ratio between
metallic zinc and 100 parts of water:

25.389 grm. Zn gave 6.928 grim. H,O. 366.469
30.369 ce 8.297 a 366.024
31.776 ee 8.671 ce 366.463

} Mean, 366.319, + .088
Hence Zn = 65.8038, + .020.

The second method adopted by Favre was to burn pure
zinc oxalate, and to weigh the oxide and carbonic acid thus
produced. From the ratio between these two sets of weights
the atomic weight of zinc is easily deducible. From Favre’s
weighings, if CO, = 100, ZnO will be as given in the third
column below:

7.796 grm. ZnO = 8.365 grm. CO,,. 93.198
7-342 : foo sans 93-137
5.2065 cc 5.588 ce 93-173

Mean, 93.169, + .Oo12

Hence Zn = 65.8395, + .022. ici

* Ann. Chim. Phys., (3,) 10, 163. 1844.

~

110 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

A fourth combustion of the oxalate is omitted from the
above series, having been rejected by Favre himself. In this
the oxide formed was contaminated by traces of sulphide.

The four values for zine now before us are so discordant
that a combination of them after the usual method can have
only a trifling significance. The following is the result thus
obtained :

From Jacquelain’s figures ._-Zn = 66.072, + .028
From Favre’s water series___ “* — 65.803, -t .020
From Favre’s oxalate series__ ““ — 65.8395, + .022
From Erdmann’s figures---- ‘* — 64.9045, + .OoI9

Generalimeans==222. SOS 15575 == OMI

It will be seen that three of these values agree tolerably
well, placing the atomic weight of zinc in the neighborhood
of 66, while the other is, in round numbers, about a unit
lower. This lower figure, however, has the smallest proba-
ble error, and it will be found also, upon careful considera-
tion, that it is less likely than the others to be vitiated by
experimental inaccuracies. Both chemically and mathe-
matically it is the best.

Upon comparing Erdmann’s results with those of Jacque-
lain two points are worth noticing: first, Erdmann worked
with purer material than Jacquelain, although the latter
applied corrections for the impurities which he knew were
present; secondly, Erdmann calcined his zine nitrate in a
porcelain crucible, while Jacquelain used platinum. In the
latter case it has been shown that portions of zine may be-
come reduced and alloy themselves with the platinum of
the crucible. Hence a lower weight of oxide from a given
quantity of zinc, a higher percentage of metal, and an in-
creased atomic weight. This source of constant error has
undoubtedly affected Jacquelain’s experiments, and vitiated
his results. In Erdmann’s work no such errors seem to be
present.

Over Favre’s experiments Erdmann’s have the important
merit of simplicity. In the latter it is difficult to detect
sources of error; in the former it is easy. In Favre’s water

CADMIUM. el

series it was essential that the hydrogen should first be
thoroughly dried before combustion, and then that every
trace of water formed should be collected. A trivial loss of
hydrogen or of water would tend to increase the apparent
atomic weight of zinc.

In the combustion of the zinc oxalate equally great diffi-
culties are encountered. Here a variety of errors are possi-
ble, such as are due, for example, to impurity of material,
to imperfect drying of the carbon dioxide, and to incomplete
collection of the latter. It may not be easy to prove that
such errors actually did creep into Favre’s work, and yet
their possibility hinders us from absolutely accepting his
results. .

All things considered, then, Erdmann’s determination of
the atomic weight of zinc is the one most entitled to credit,
and must be taken for the present in heu of the general
mean deduced from all four of the values. This determina-
tion, Zn = 64.9045, + .019, becomes, if O = 16, 65.054.

CADMIUM.

The earliest determination of the atomic weight of this
metal was by Stromeyer, who found that 100 parts of cad-
mium united with 14.352 of oxygen.* With our value
for the atomic weight of oxygen these figures make Cd =
111.227. This result has now only a historical interest.

The more modern estimates of the atomic weight of cad-
mium are four in number, by v. Hauer, Lenssen, Dumas,
and Huntington. Of these that by v. Hauert+ comes first
in chronological order. He heated pure anhydrous cad-
mium sulphate in a stream of dry hydrogen sulphide, and
weighed the cadmium sulphide thus obtained. His results

* See Berz. Lehrbuch, 5th Ed., 3, 12109.
+ Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 72, 350. 1857.

112 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

were as follows, with the percentage of CdS in CdSO, there-
from deduced:

7.7650 grm. CdSO, gave 5.3741 grm. CdS. 69.209 per cent.

6.6086 cs 4.5746 sc 697222 )mmass:
7.3821 a Cerny ee OOl2457 me
6.8377 ce 4-7336 cs OO:228)08 0 6
8.1956 cs 5-6736 a 69822 7e ic
7.6039 ss 5-2634 es 607220) Rt
7-1415 4.9431 s 69.217.“
5-8245 S 4.0335 i 69.251“
6.8462 “é 4.7415 sé 69.257 se

Mean, 69.231, + .0042

Lenssen* worked upon pure cadmium oxalate, handling,
however, only small quantities of material. This salt, upon
ignition, leaves the following percentages of oxide:

.5128 grm. oxalate gave .3281 grm. CdO. 63.982 per cent.
.6552 cs -4193 es 63.996 “
-4017 ‘ 2573 cs 64.053) <6

Mean, 64.010, + .o14

Dumas+ dissolved pure cadmium in hydrochloric acid,
evaporated the solution to dryness, and fused the residue in
hydrochloric acid gas. The cadmium chloride thus ob-
tained was dissolved in water and titrated with a solution
of silver after the usual manner. From Dumas’ weighings
I calculate the ratio between CdCl, and 100 parts of silver:

2.369 grm. CdCl, = 2.791 gim. Ag. 84.880
4.540 oh 52340) oc: 84.892
6.177 ‘e 7.260 ss 85.803
2.404 cs 2.841 cs 84.618
3-5325 Fi 4.106 “ 84.794
4.042 ee 4.767 ss 84.791

Mean, 84.843, + .626

Latest of all comes Huntington’s{ work, done under the
direction of Professor J. P. Cooke. Bromide of cadmium

* Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 79, 281. 1860.
+ Ann. Chem. Pharm., 113, 27. 1860.
t Proc. Amer. Acad., 1881.

CADMIUM. 113
was prepared by dissolving the carbonate in hydrobromic
acid, and the product, dried at 200°, was purified by sub-
limation in a porcelain tube. Upon the compound thus
obtained two series of experiments were made.

In one series the bromide was dissolved in water, and a
quantity of silver not quite sufficient for complete precipi-
tation of the bromine was then added in nitric acid solu-
tion. After the precipitate had settled, the supernatant
liquid was titrated with a standard solution of silver con-
taining one gramme to the litre. The precipitate was
washed by decantation, collected by reverse filtration, and
weighed. To the weighings I append the ratio between
CdBr, and 100 parts of silver bromide:

1.5592 grm. CdBr, gave 2.1529 grm. AgBr. Ratio, 72.423

* 3.7456 : Seni 24in YN 72.415
2.4267 ce 3.3511 éc 72.415
* 3.6645 i 5.0590 e 72.435
* 3.7679 “s 5.2016 : 72.437
2.7938 ss 3.8583 ce 72.410
*® 1.9225 x 2.6552 6 72.405
3-4473 + 4-7593 * 72-433

Mean, 72.4216, + .0028

The second series was like the first, except that the weight
of silver needed to effect precipitation was noted, instead of
the weight of silver bromide formed. In the experiments
marked with an asterisk, both the amount of silver required
and the amount of silver bromide thrown down were deter-
mined in one set of weighings. The third column gives the
CdBr, proportional to 100 parts of silver :

* 3.7456 grm. CdBr, = 2.9715 grm. Ag. 126.051
5.0270 es 3.9874 ce 126.072
* 3.6645 ge 2.9073 cs 126.045
* 3.7679 ee 2.9888 oe 126.067
* 1.9225 <s 1.5248 se 126.082
2.9101 oe 2.3079 se 126.093
3.6510 o 2.8951 ‘ 126.110
3.9782 = 3.1551 é¢ 126.088

Mean, 126.076, + .0052

114 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

From the first series ___- CdBr, = 271.498, + .032
From the second series__ “ = 271.505, + .027
General mean_.-. “ = 271.502, + .0215

Hence Cd = 111.966, + .043.

According to Huntington’s own calculations these experi-
ments fix the ratio between silver, bromine, and cadmium
as Ag: Br: Cd:: 108: 80: 112.31. This result militates
strongly against Prout’s hypothesis.

Upon combining all the determinations we get the follow-
ing result:

Ve ELA e rae et Sepak sean Cd = 111.684, + .o40
fsenssen a= =. 2 bee “ — 111.803, + .062
Dumas2-2 3" ese Rese =.) == DLT.900, =12005
untingtone. 28 “ — I11.966, + .040

General’ mean=! 2222 «< == 151.835, +E .024

Or, if -O. = 16, them Cae. 1121092:

It will be seen that Dumas and Huntington’s determina-
tions, both made with haloid salts of cadmium, agree with
wonderful closeness, and so confirm each other. On the
other hand, v. Hauer’s data give a value for the atomic
weight of cadmium which is much lower. Apparently, v.
Hauer’s method was good, and the reason for the discrep-
ancy remains to be discovered. Until it is ascertained I
prefer to use the above mean value for Cd, rather than to
adopt one investigation and reject the others.

MERCURY.

In dealing with the atomic weight of mercury we may
reject the early determinations by Sefstrom* and a large
part of the work done by Turner.f The latter chemist, in
addition to the data which will be cited below, gives figures

* Sefstrém. Berz. Lehrb., 5th Ed., 3, 1215. Work done in 1812.
t Phil. Trans., 1833, 531-535.

MERCURY. 115
to represent the percentage composition of both the chlo-
rides of mercury; but these results are neither reliable nor
in proper shape to be used.

First in order we may consider the percentage composi-
tion of mercuric oxide, as established by Turner and by
Erdmann and Marchand. In both investigations the oxide
was decomposed by heat, and the mercury was accurately
weighed. Gold leaf served to collect the last traces of mer-
curial vapor.

Turner gives four estimations.* Two represent oxide ob-
tained by the ignition of the nitrate, and two are from com-
mercial oxide. In the first two the oxide still contained
traces of nitrate, but hardly in weighable proportions. A
comparison of the figures from this source with the others
is sufficiently conclusive on this point. The third column
represents the percentage of mercury in HgO:

144.805 grains Hg = 11.54 grains O. 92.619 per cent.
125.980 se 10.08 “ 927502)),) ¢°
173.5061 G Hero 2 ance Q2:625n Mi ise
114.294 fe Quroupniss 923620), 16

Mean, 92.614, -- .0050

In the experiments of Erdmann and Marchandy every
precaution was taken to ensure accuracy. Their weighings,
reduced to a vacuum standard, give the subjoined percent-
ages:

82.0079 grm. HgO gave 75.9347 grm. Hg. 92.594 per cent.

51.0320 i 47-2538 Ki 92-590) thie
84.4996 ee 78.2501 gs 92.604 “*
44.6283 Ke 41.3285 oe 92.606) 6
118.4066 cs 109.6408 gs G25 07s

Mean, 92.5996, - .O0I5

Combining, we have:

ei eee care eR Se nea e 92.614, - .0050
Erdmann and Marchand _-_---. 92.5996, + .oO15
Generalimean {ooo ha 92.601, + .0014

* Phil. Trans., 1833, 531-535. _
7 Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 31, 395. 1844.

116 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

With a view to establishing the atomic weight of sulphur
Erdmann and Marchand also made a series of analyses of
pure mercuric sulphide. These data are now best available
for discussion under mercury. The sulphide was mixed
with pure copper and ignited; mercury distilling over and
copper sulphide remaining behind. Gold leaf was used to
retain traces of mercurial vapor, and the weighings were
reduced to vacuum :

34.3508 grm. HgS gave 29.6207 grm. Hg. 86.215 per cent. Hg.

24.8278 ss 2 AO20 hanes 86.206 se
87.207 GG 32.08416 <“ 86.207 oe
80.7641 oe 69.6372 a 86.223 cc

Mean, 86.2127, + .0027

For the percentage of mercury in mercuric chloride we
have data by Turner, Millon, and Svanberg. Turner,* in
addition to some precipitations of mercuric chloride by silver
nitrate, gives two experiments in which the compound was
decomposed by pure stannous chloride, and the mercury
thus set free was collected and weighed. The results were
as follows:

44.782 grains Hg = 15.90 grains Cl. 73-798 per cent.
73-09 ES 25-97 i 73-7 :

oo
f

Mean, 73.791, = .005

Millon} purified mercuric chloride by solution in ether
and sublimation, and then subjected it to distillation with
lime. The mercury was collected as in Erdmann and Mar-
chand’s experiments. Percentages of metal as follows:

ST STS
G2 G2 G2 Lo
maw nm

Co = “I

oo
~I

Mean, 73.845, -+ .o10

Svanberg,t following the general method of Erdmann
* Phil. Trans., 1833, 531-535.
+ Ann. Chim. Phys., (3,) 18, 345 1846.
{ Journ. ftir Prakt. Chem., 45, 472. 1848.

CHROMIUM. pty

and Marchand, made three distillations of mercuric chlo-
ride with lime, and got the following results:

12.048 grm. HgCl, gave 8.889 grm. Hg. 73.780 per cent.
12.529 « 9.2456 7 94n
12.6491 se 9.3363 es FZeotOuy Nes

Mean, 73.795, + .006

Combining these series we have:

shuren ea Sone eee et ESS 737 Os =) O05

IVT ribs eee he ek oe 73.845, -—E .O10

Svanberoge eon ee eee 73-795, — .006
Generalgmeanes == eae 73.798, -- .0034

In this mean Turner’s figures undoubtedly receive undue
weight, for, on experimental grounds, they are probably in-
ferior to both of the other series. It is better, however, that
the general mean should remain as it is, than that I should
deal arbitrarily with any of the data.

We now have three figures to calculate from:

Per centjof Hown HgeOli- 2224 92.601, - .0014
¢ Hosea = 86.2127, + .0027
oe Hig@lgy 222 73-798, -k .0034

These give us three values for the atomic weight of mer-
cury and a general mean as follows:

BrompleOles sae 2s eee = TOOW 7,605, = O50
rom HeSee ees s 2) seas *F = 200.010, 7.088
Brom: He@) oso sok ot “ = 199.239, + .086

General mean ---~-- “ = 199.712, + .042

If O = 16, then this becomes 200.171.

CHROMIUM.

Concerning the atomic weight of chromium there has
been much discussion, and many experimenters have sought
to establish the true value. The earliest work upon it havy-

118 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

ing any importance was that of Berzelius,* in 1818 and
1826, which led to results much in excess of the correct
figure. His method consisted in precipitating a known
weight of lead nitrate with an alkaline chromate and weigh-
ing the lead chromate thus produced. The error in his de-
termination arose from the fact that lead chromate, except
when thrown down from very dilute solutions, carries with
it minute quantities of alkaline salts, and so has its apparent
weight notably increased. When dilute solutions are used,
a trace of the precipitate remains dissolved, and the weight
obtained is too low. In neither case is the method trust-
worthy.

In 1844 Berzelius’ results were first seriously called in
question. The figure for chromium deduced from his ex-
periments was somewhat over 56; but Peligott now showed,
by his analyses of chromous acetate and of the chlorides of
chromium, that the true number was near 52.5. Unfortu-
nately, Peligot’s work, although good, was published with
insufficient details to be useful here. For chromous acetate
he gives the percentages of carbon and hydrogen, but not
the actual weights of salt, carbon dioxide, and water from
which they were calculated. His figures vary considerably
moreover ; enough to show that their mean would carry but
little weight when combined with the more explicit data
furnished by other chemists.

Jacquelain’st work we may omit entirely. He gives an
atomic weight for chromium which is notoriously too low,
and prints none of the numerical details upon which his
result rests. The researches which particularly command
our attention are those of Berlin, Moberg, Lefort, Wilden-
stein, Kessler, and Siewert.

Among the papers upon the atomic weight under consid-
eration that by Berlin is one of the most important.|| His
starting point was normal silver chromate; but in one ex-

* Schweigg. Journ., 22, 53, and Poggend. Annal., 8, 22.
+ Compt. Rend., 19, 609 and 734; 20, 1187; 21, 74.

t Compt. Rend., 24,679. 1847.

|| Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 37, 509, and 38, 149. 1846.

CHROMIUM. 119

periment the anhydrochromate Ag,Cr,O, was used. ‘These
salts, which are easily obtained in a perfectly pure condition,
were reduced in a large flask by means: of hydrochloric acid
and alcohol. The chloride of silver thus formed was washed
by decantation, dried, fused, and weighed without transfer.
The united washings were supersaturated with ammonia,
evaporated to dryness, and the residue treated with hot
water. The resulting chromic oxide was. then collected
upon a filter, dried, ignited, and weighed. 'The results were
as follows:

4.6680 grm. Ag,CrO, gave 4.027 grm. AgCl and 1.0754 grm. Cr,Os.

3.4568 es 2.983 cs -7960 oh
2.5060 éc 2.1605 ce -5770 cs
2.1530 es 1.8555 cs -4945 ft
4.3335 grm. Ag,Cr,O, gave 2.8692 sf 1.5300 <

From these weighings three values are calculable for the
atomic weight of chromium. The three ratios upon which
these values depend we will consider separately ; taking first
that between, the chromic oxide and the original silver salt.
In the four analyses of the normal chromate the percentages
of Cr,O, deducible from Berlin’s weighings are as follows:

23-037
23.027
23.025
22.968

Mean, 23.014, + .OII

And from the single experiment with Ag,C@r,O, the per-
centage of Cr,O, was 35.506.

Yor the ratio between Ag,CrO, and AgCl, putting the
latter at 100, we have for the former:

115.917
115.883
115.992
116.033

Mean, 115.956, - .023

120 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

In the single experiment with anhydrochromate 100 AgCl
is formed from 151.035 Ag,Cr,O,.

Finally, for the ratio between AgCl and Cr,O,, the five
experiments of Berlin give, for 100 parts of the former, the
following quantities of the latter:

26.705
26.685
26.707
26.650
26.662

Mean, 26.682, -_ .0076

These results will be discussed in connection with the
work of other investigators at the end of this chapter.

In 1848 the researches of Moberg* appeared. His method
simply consisted in the ignition of anhydrous chromic sul-
phate and of ammoniacal chrome alum, and the determina-
tion of the amount of chromic oxide thus left as residue.
In the sulphate, Cr,(SO,),, the subjoined percentages of
Cr,O, were found. The brackets indicate two different
samples of material, to which, however, we are justified in
ascribing equal value :

-542 grm. sulphate gave .212 grm. Cr,O,. 39-114 per cent.
1.337 3 -523 + S911]
-5287 ss +207 ce 30a 5Gi meee

1.033 és .406 ce 20.403) 1
.868 sc 341 se 30.2500 j

Mean, 39.1946, + .0280

From the alum, (NH,),Cr,(SO,),.24H,O, we have these
percentages of Cr,O,. The first series represents a salt long
dried under a bell jar at a temperature of 18°. The crys-
tals taken were clear and transparent, but may possibly
have lost traces of water,t which would tend to increase the
atomic weight found for chromium. In the second series
the salt was carefully dried between folds of filter paper, and

* Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 43, 114.
} This objection is suggested by Berlin in a short note upon Lefort’s paper.
Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 71, 191.

CHROMIUM. 11

results were obtained quite near those of Berlin. Both of
these series are discussed together, neither having a remark-
able value:

1.3185 grm. alum gave .213 grm. Cr,O,. —-116.155 per cent. ]
7987 ee 129 és TOUS Te |
1.0185 “ -1645 re TOMUG Ey pce
1.0206 s .1650 se TOSTO7 2 pis |
.8765 cs .1420 oe LOVZOTI ee !
.7080 ce .1242 ck LOn7 Zac’ f
1.6720 oe 2707 ee TO. 190)” 66
.5410 ce -0875 es TOM AN oss |
1.2010 ss - 1940 a TOW sa |
~ 1.0010 ce .1620 ee 16.184 * J
a7 TS ee -1235 ce 16.007. ‘*
1.374 cs -2200 gs TO2OD2) ii. \

Mean, 16.143, + .0o125

The determinations made by Lefort* are even less valu-
able than those by Moberg. This chemist started out from
pure barium chromate, which, to thoroughly free it from
moisture, had been dried for several hours at 250°. The
chromate was dissolved in pure nitric acid, the barium
thrown down by sulphuric acid, and the precipitate collected
upon a filter, dried, ignited, and weighed in the usual man-
ner. The natural objection to the process is that traces of
chromium may be carried down with the sulphate, thus in-
creasing its weight. In fact, Lefort’s results are somewhat
too high. Calculated from his weighings, 100 parts of
BaSO, correspond to the amounts of BaCrO, given in the
third column :

1.2615 grm. BaCrO, gave 1.1555 grm. BaSQ,. 109.174
1.5895 se 1.4580 ss 109.019
2.3255 2.1340 ee 108.974.
3.0390 < 2.7855 ce 109. 101
2.3480 x 2.1590 ce 108.754
1.4230 oe 1.3060 ue 108.708
1.1975 cs I. 1005 c 108.814
3.4580 es QaLOOOM Nt wicg 109.119
2.0130 se 1.8430 ie 109.224

* Journ, fiir Prakt. Chem., 51, 261. 1850.

eo? THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

3.5570 grm. BaCrO, gave 3.2710 grm. BaSQ,. 108.744

1.6470 Ke 1.5060 iG 109.363
1.8240 se 1.6725 ce 109.058
1.6950 S 1.5560 se 108.933
2.5960 a 2.3870 ee 108.756

Mean, 108.9815, + .0369

Wildenstein,* in 18538, also made barium chromate the
basis of his researches. A known weight of pure barium
chloride was precipitated by a neutral alkaline chromate,
and the precipitate allowed to settle until the supernatant
liquid was perfectly clear. The barium chromate was then
collected on a filter, washed with hot water, dried, gently
ignited, and weighed. Here again arises the objection that
the precipitate may have retained traces of alkaline salts,
and again we find deduced an atomic weight which is too
high. One hundred parts BaCrO, correspond to BaCl, as
follows:

81.87 81.57
81.80, 81.75
81.61 81.66
81.78 81.83
81.52 $1.66
81.84 81.80
81.85 81.66
81.70 81.85
81.68 81.57
81.54 81.83
$1.66 81.71
81.55 81.63
81.81 81.56
81.86 81.58
81.54 81.67
81.68 81.84

Mean, 81.702, + .o14

Next in order we have to consider two papers by Kessler,
who employed a peculiar volumetric method entirely his:
own. In brief, he compared the oxidizing power of potas-
sium anhydrochromate with that of the chlorate, and from

* Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 59, 27.

Co

CHROMIUM. V2:

his observations deduced the ratio between the molecular
weights of the two salts.

In his earlier paper* the mode of procedure was about as
follows: The two salts, weighed out in quantities having
approximate chemical equivalency, were placed in two small
flasks, and to each was added 100 ce. of a ferrous chloride
solution and 30 ce. hydrochloric acid. The ferrous chloride
was added in trifling excess, and, when action ceased, the
amount unoxidized was determined by titration with a
standard solution of anhydrochromate. As in each ease
the quantity of ferrous chloride was the same, it became
easy to deduce from the data thus obtained the ratio in
question. I have reduced all of his somewhat complicated
figures to a simple common standard, and give below the
amount of chromate equivalent to 100 of chlorate:

120.118
120. 371
120.138
120.096
120.241
120.181

Mean, 120.191, + .028

In his later papert Kessler substituted arsenic trioxide
for the iron solution. In one series of experiments the
quantity of anhydrochromate needed to oxidize 100 parts
of the arsenic trioxide was determined, and in another the
latter substance was similarly compared with the chlorate.
The subjoined columns give the quantity of each salt pro-
portional to 100 of As,O,:

Tiger On. KCIO,.
98.95 41.156

98.94 41.116

99.17 41.200

98.98 41.255

99.08 41.201

99.15 41.086
41.199

Mean, 99.045, -+ .028 41.224

_* Poggend. Annal., 95, 208. 1855.
+ Poggend. Annal., 113, 137. 1861.

124 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS. :

KC1O;.
41.161
41.193

41.149
41.126

Mean, 41.172, + .009

I’'rom the data given in the earlier paper, if we use our
recent values for chlorine, potassium, and oxygen,

K,Cr,0, = 293.937, -& .086
And from the later, ce == 294150, += 119
General mean, s = 294.013, + .0697

Finally, we come to the determinations published by Sie-
wert,* whose work does not seem to have attracted general
attention. He, reviewing Berlin’s work, found that upon
reducing silver chromate with hydrochloric acid and al-
cohol, the chromic chloride solution always retained traces
of silver chloride dissolved in it. These could be precipi-
tated by dilution with water; but, in Berlin’s process, they
naturally came down with the chromium hydroxide, mak-
ing the weight of the latter too high. Hence too large a
value for the atomic weight of chromium. In order to find
a more correct value Siewert resorted to the analysis of sub-
limed, violet, chromic chloride. This salt he fused with
sodium carbonate and a little nitre, treated the fused mass
with water, and precipitated from the resulting solution the
chlorine by silver nitrate in presence of nitric acid. The
weight of the silver chloride thus obtained, estimated after
the usual manner, gave means for calculating the atomic
weight of chromium. His figures, reduced to a common
standard, give, as proportional to 100 parts of chloride of
silver, the quantities of chromic chloride stated in the third
of the subjoined columns:

* Zeitschrift Gesammt. Wissenschaften, 17, 530. 1861.

CHROMIUM. ~ 125

.2367 grm. Cr,Cl, gave .6396 grm. AgCl. 37.007
-2946 i -7994 x 36.853
-2593 j -7039 i 36.838
+4935 i 1.3395 to 36.842
-5850 cs 1.5884 ce 36.830
-6511 s 1.76681 ss 36.852
+5503 es 1.49391“ 36.836

Mean, 36.865, + .0158

The first of these figures varies so widely from the others
that we are justified in rejecting it; in which case the mean
becomes 36.842, - .0031.

Siewert also made two analyses of silver anhydrochromate
by the following process. The salt, dried at 120°, was dis-
solved in nitric acid. The silver was then thrown down by
hydrochloric acid, and, in the filtrate, chromium hydroxide
was precipitated by ammonia. Reduced to a uniform stan-
dard, we find from his results, corresponding to 100 parts of
AgCl, Ag,Cr,QO,, as in the last column :

-7866 grm. Ag,Cr,O, gave .52202 AgCl and .2764 Cr,O,. 150.684
1.089 ss -72249 ce GOA Onmnce 150.729

Mean, 150.706, + .oI5

Giving Berlin’s single estimation equal weight with one
of these, and combining, we get a general mean of 150.816,
074:

Siewert’s percentages of Cr,O, obtained from Ag,Cr,O,,
are as follows, calculated from the above weighings.

35-139
35.262

Mean, 35.2005, -+ .O415

Combining, as before, with Berlin’s single result, giving
the latter equal weight with one of these, we have a general
mean of 35.236, + .0335.

For the ratio between silver chloride and chromic oxide,
Siewert’s two analyses of the anhydrochromate come out as
follows. For 100 parts of AgCl we have of Cr,O,:

126 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

52.948
53-150

Mean, 53.049, + .068

This figure, reduced to the standard of Berlin’s work on
the monochromate, becomes 26.525, + .084. Berlin’s mean
was 26.682, + .0076. The two means, combined, give a gen-
eral mean of 26.676, + .074.

We may now consider the ratios before us, which are as
follows :

(1.) Percentage Cr,O, from Ag,CrO,, 23.014, + .OII
(2.) Percentage Cr,O, from Ag,Cr,O,, 35.236, + .0335
(3.) AgCl : Ag,CrO, :: 100 : 115.956, + .023

(4.) AgCl : Ag,Cr,O, :: 100: 150.816, + .074

(5-) AgCh: (Gr,0; :': 100: 26:676;-— 0074

(6.) Percentage Cr,O, in chromic sulphate, 39.1946, - .0280

(7.) Percentage Cr,O, in ammonia chrome alum, 16.143, + .0125
(8.) BaSO, : BaCrO, :: 100 : 108.9815, + .0369
(9.) BaCrO, : BaCl, :: 100: 81.702, + .o14

(10.) Molecular weight of K,Cr,O,, 294.013, + .0697

(11.) AgCl : CrCl, :: 100: 36.842, + .0031

From these ratios we can at once deduce five values for
the molecular weight of Cr,O,, as follows:

Brom)(s1)) eee os eee Cr,05 = 152-612, 3= .074
S601 (2) ee ee Se C= DS TAQO5 b=), SOS
S60 AG) See 6 = 152.634, =. 044)
Seong (G) tas ies es eee 6 ==105404043==) D235
65 W() sceemee ree oes 0 EAST 2 ene

General mean-_-- “ = 152.855, + .034
For barium chromate we get two values:

yom i(8) aoe eee BaCrO, = 253.494, + .094

$65) Pe(Q)) Seca ers eT) == )25,3-97,05 == .007
General mean_-_ “ = 253.816, + .054
From (3) we get Ag,CrO, = 331.739, + .070

<1(4) ee Ag, CrO, = 48470 na 205
SS AGL adie CrCl, = 158.102, + .018

Finally, from these intermediate data we derive six values
for the atomic weight of chromium :

MANGANESE. 127

EerormyBaCr@)seseeee le uh Cr==153..200; = 004)
Se Gs Opa eset Bee eee = 52-482, — .018
SANGALO) ee see ann th 2S BO t=O)
CAG. Cr. ©, ene eee oe ce) 525195,;2>/.L00
SOK Cr, O; ae oe 52eL TOs 107.5
cor Cr Oe ou ee So aS ‘150-992, )==7.047
General mean! 22 22 2223 £0 GLAD iest= SOLS

Orit @r—vnOeere terns Ce 2S 74!

On account of the wide discrepancies between different
data, and of the known constant errors vitiating some of the
series of experiments, the foregoing general mean can have
but little real value. In fact, a careful consideration of all
the work represented in it will show that the most accurate
estimate of the atomic weight of chromium must be deduced
from the experiments of either Berlin, Kessler, or Siewert.
Berlin’s figures, taken by themselves, and combined, give,
if the single analysis of silver anhydrochromate be assigned
equal weight with a single analysis in the monochromate
series, Cr — o2900, = (O19: or, if O'— 16, Cr — 02.511.

Siewert’s results, both for chromic chloride and the silver
anhydrochromate, properly combined, give Cr = 52.009,
+ 025. If O = 16,this value becomes Cr = 52.129. In
brief, the atomic weight of chromium may be nearly 52.5,
or it may be 52. Only a revision of all the experiments
could enable us to decide positively between these values.
But as Siewert has pointed out probable sources of error in
Berlin’s work, I am inclined to give preference to the lower
value.

MANGANESE.

Rejecting the early experiments of J. Davy and of Arf-
vedson, the first determinations of the atomic weight of
manganese which we encounter are those of ‘Turner* and of
Berzelius.+ Both of these chemists used the same method.

* Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 11, 143. 1831.
+ Lehrbuch, 5th Ed., 3, 1224.

128 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

The chloride of manganese was fused in a current of dry
hydrochloric acid, and subsequently precipitated with a
solution of silver. From the subjoined weighings I calcu-
late the ratio given in the third column between MnCl, and
100 parts of AgCl:

4.20775 grm. MnCl, = 9.575 grm. AgCl. 43-945 | pervelins
3.063 = 6.96912 « 43.950 J :
12.47 grains MnCl, = 28.42 grains AgCl. 43.878—Turner.

Mean, 43.924, + .O15

Hence the molecular weight of MnCl, is 125.662, + .045.

Many years later Dumas* also made the chloride of man-
ganese the starting point of some atomic weight determina-
tions. The salt was fused in a current of hydrochloric acid,
and afterwards titrated with a standard solution of silver
in the usual way. 100 parts of Ag are equivalent to the
quantities of MnCl, given in the third column :

3.3672 grm. MnCl, = 5-774. erm. Ag. 58.317
3.0872 cs 5-293 a 58.326
2.9671 <c BlOS7igay 6 58.321
1.1244 ee 1.928 es 58.320
1.3134 ae 2.251 ce 58.321

Mean, 58.321, + .oo1

Hence MnCl, = 125.594, + .011. This, combined with
Berzelius and Turner’s figures, gives MnCl, = 125.598,
+..011. And Mn = 54.858, + .081.

An entirely different method of investigation was followed
by v. Hauer,t who, as in the case of cadmium, ignited the
sulphate in a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen, and deter-
mined the quantity of sulphide thus formed. I subjoin his
weighings, and also the percentage of MnS in MnSO, as
calculated from them:

* Ann. Chem. Pharm., 113, 25. 1860.
+ Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 72, 360. 1857.

MANGANESE. 129

4.0626 grm. MnSO, gave 2.3425 grm. MnS. 57.660 per cent.

4.9307 - 2.8442 : §7:613
5.2372 x 3.0192 57-649“
7-0047 ‘ 4.0347 - 57-600
4.9175 - 2.8297 ‘ 57-543.)
4.8546 i 2.7955 5 575850 ae
4.9978 rs 2.8799 % 57.625 «
4.6737 a 2.6934 ‘. 57-629“
4.7240 : 2.7197 s 57-572)

Mean, 57.608, + .008
Hence Mn = 54.785, + .031.

This method of v. Hauer’s, which seemed to give good
results with cadmium, is, according to Schneider,* inappli-
cable to manganese; for the reason that the sulphide of the
latter metal is liable to be contaminated with traces of oxy-
sulphide. Such an impurity would bring the atomic weight
out too high. The results of two different processes, one
carried out by himself and the other in his laboratory by
Rawack, are given by Schneider in this paper.

Rawack reduced manganoso-manganic oxide to manga-
nous oxide by ignition in a stream of hydrogen, and weighed
the water thus formed. From his weighings I get the values
in the third column, which represent the Mn,O, equivalent
to one gramme of water:

4.149 grm. Mn,QO, gave 0.330 grm. H,0O. 12.5727
4.649 a -370 x 12.5643
6.8865 cs 5485 os 12.5552
7.356 os 5855 ss 12.5636
8.9445 i TBS iyo pth 12.5361
11.584 cs .922 oc 12.5572

Mean, 12.5582, + .0034

Hence Mn = 53.911, + .026.

Here the most obvious source of error lies in the possible
loss of water. Such a loss, however, would increase the
apparent atomic weight of manganese; but we see that
the value found is much lower than that obtained either by
Dumas or y. Hauer.

* Poggend. Annal., 107, 605.

130 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

Schneider himself effected the combustion of manganous
oxalate with oxide of copper. The salt was not absolutely
dry, so that it was necessary to collect both water and car-
bon dioxide. Then, upon deducting the weight of water
from that of the original material, the weight of anhydrous
oxalate was easily ascertained. Subtracting from this the
CO,, we get the weight of Mn. If we put CO, = 100, the
quantities of manganese equivalent to it will be found in
the last column :

1.5075 grm. oxalate gave .306 grm. H,O and .7445 grm. CO,. 61.3835

2.253 di -4555 ce 1.1135 <6 61.4291
3-1935 as 652 a 1.5745 ‘6 61.4163
5.073 sf 1.028 ce 2.507 e 61.3482

Mean, 61.3943, + .0122

Hence Mn = 53.904, + .014.

This result agrees beautifully with the value calculated
from Rawack’s experiments.

Now to combine the four independent values which we
have thus far obtained :

BromyMmCl) 22222 =222—-=-- Mnj— 54.858, = 031
Card MNS Ogee = eee sae ae £6 154. TOG sss ORE
cE Nine Ol seeceee te oe eee ‘== 53: ODIs. 5020
< MnG@O 2 eases ea nes “ = 53.904, + .014

General mean______- = 54.129; == <OLL
Tf © Sa Oke ae oA QT

The considerations already cited, however, go to show
that this general mean must be slightly affected by some
plus constant error. It is probable, therefore, that a more
correct figure will result from rejecting the first and second
values in the above combination, and taking the data fur-
nished by Rawack and Schneider alone. Combining their
figures, we get as follows. Mn = 53.906, + .012. Or, if
OG Min, "54.029.

Since the foregoing calculations were made Dewar and
Scott * have reported the following experiments. [rom the

* Nature, Sept. 15, 1881, p. 470.

IRON. 13
complete analysis of silver permanganate, putting Ag = 108
and O = 16, they find in three estimations Mn = 55.51,
54.04, and 54.45. From the analysis of pure MnO,, made
from the nitrate, Mn = 53.3 to 53.6. Up to the date of
writing a detailed account of the methods employed has
not been published.

IRON.

The atomic weight of iron has been determined almost
exclusively from the composition of ferric oxide. Beyond
this there are only a few comparatively unimportant ex-
periments by Dumas relative to ferrous and ferric chlorides.

Most of the earlier data relative to the percentage of metal
and oxygen in ferric oxide we may reject at once, as set
aside by later investigations. Among this no longer valua-
ble material there is a series of experiments by Berzelius,
another by Dobereiner, and a third by Capitaine. The
work done by Stromeyer and by Wackenroder was probably
good, but I am unable to find its details. The former found
50.15 per cent. of oxygen in the oxide under consideration,
while Wackenroder obtained figures ranging from a mini-
mum of 30.01 to a maximum of 30.38 per cent.*

In 1844 Berzelius+ published two determinations of the
ratio in question. He oxidized iron by means of nitric acid,
and weighed the oxide thus formed. He thus found that
when O = 100 Fe = 350.27 and 350.369.

Hence the following percentages of Fe in Fe,O,.

70.018
70.022

Mean, 70.020, + .0013

About the same time Svanberg and Norlin{ published

* For additional details concerning these earlier papers I must refer to Oude-
mans’ monograph, pp. 140, I4I.

7 Ann. Chem. Pharm., 50, 432. Berz. Jahresb., 25, 43.

{ Berzelius’ Jahresbericht, 25, 42.

oD THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

two elaborate series of experiments; one relating to the
synthesis of ferric oxide, the other to its reduction. In the
first set pure piano-forte wire was oxidized by nitric acid,
and the amount of oxide thus formed was determined. The
results were as follows:

1.5257 grm. Fe gave 2.1803 grm. Fe,O,. 69.977 per cent. Fe.
2.4051 i 3-4390 : 69.936
2.3212 ee 3.3194 se 69.928 Ke
2.32175 ke 3.3183 ce 69.968 ef
2.27/72 se 3.2550 ce 69.960 ce
2.4782 cs 3.5418 ce 69.970 ‘s
2.3582 s 3-3720 69.935 :

Mean, 69.9534, -+ .0050

In the second series ferric oxide was reduced by ignition
in a current of hydrogen, yielding the subjoined percentages
of metal:

2.98353 grm. Fe,O, gave 2.08915 grm. Fe. 70.025 per cent.

2.41515 ee 1.6910 cs TZOLOU5s) 6
2.99175 7 2.09455 o 70.014 “
3-5783 i 2.505925 “ 70.030 “
4.1922 cs 2.9375 ee 7ONO7 2 aac’
3.1015 “ 2.17275 <s 70:056 + ¢
2.6886 ce 1.88305 és 70:030) |\o5

Mean, 70.0354, - .0055

It is evident that one or both of these series must be
vitiated by constant errors, and that these probably arise
from impurities in the materials employed. Impurities in
the wire taken for the oxidation series could hardly have
been altogether avoided, and in the reduction series it is
possible that weighable traces of hydrogen may have been
retained by the iron. At all events it is probable that the
errors of both series are in contrary directions, and, there-
fore, in some measure compensatory.

In 1844 there was also published an important paper by
Erdmann and Marchand.* These chemists prepared ferric
oxide by the ignition of pure ferrous oxalate, and submitted

* Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 33, 1.

TRON. 35

it to reduction in astream of hydrogen. Two sets of results
were obtained with two different samples of ferrous oxalate,
prepared by two different methods. For present purposes,
however, it 1s not necessary to discuss these sets separately.
The percentages of iron in Ie,O, come out as follows:

70.013

69.962

69.979

(A.
70.030 |
69.977 J
70.044 |

\

70.015 +B.

70.055

Mean, 70.0094, + .0080

In 1850 Maumeneé’s* results appeared. He dissolved pure
iron wire in aqua regia, precipitated with ammonia, filtered
off the precipitate, washed thoroughly, ignited, and weighed,
after the usual methods of quantitative analysis. The per-
centages of Fe in Fe,O, are given in the third column: -

1.482 grm. Fe gave 2.117 grm. Fe,O,. 70.005 per cent.
1.452 as 2.074 ks 7OrOLO!, 5
1.3585 ee 1.941 cs 69.990 “
1.420 €¢ 2.0285 ce FO;O02) ins
1.492 << 2.1315 cs 69.998 “
1.554 se 2.220 ce 70.000“

Mean, 70.0008, + .0019

Two more results, obtained by Rivott through the reduc-
tion of ferric oxide in hydrogen, remain to be noticed. The
percentages are:

69.31
69.35

Mean, 69.33, + .O13

We have thus before us six series of results, which we
may now combine.

* Compt. Rend., Oct. 17, 1850.
+ Ann. Chem. Pharm., 78, 214. 1851.

134 ; THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

Berzeliuss2s) eas ae sess 70.020, -+ .0013
Erdmann and Marchand__-_-_-_-_- 70.0094, + .0080
Svanberg and Norlin, Oxyd. ---- 69.9534, -- .0050
ce Reduce. -__ 70.0354, + .0055
Matmené 22 Saaaies nes ae ee ees 70.0008, + .oo1g
Rivotsesi ea eee esos 69.33, - .013
Generalimeanss=2 22s sees 70.0075, ++ .0O10

From, this we get..Me == 55,891, == 012 | or. Or AG,
this becomes 56.0195.

Dumas” results, obtained from the chlorides of iron, are
of so little weight that they might safely be omitted from
our present discussion. For the sake of completeness, how-
ever, we will include them.

Pure ferrous chloride, ignited in a stream of hydrochloric
acid gas, was dissolved in water and titrated with a silver
solution in the usual way. One hundred parts of silver are
equivalent to the amounts of FeCl, given in the third
column :

3-677 grm. FeCl, = 6.238 grm. Ag. 58.945
3-924 o == OKO 7S) yin 58.787

Mean, 58.866, + .053

Ferric chloride, titrated in the same way, gave these re-
sults :

1.179 grm. Fe,Cl, = 2.3475 grm. Ag. 50.224
1.242 a 2.471 ¢ 50.263

Mean, 50.2435, -+ .0132

These give us two additional values for Fe, as follows:

rom eC) ooo ss ae eee Fe = 56.028, + .11g
he Clea eae «“ — 56.189, + .062

Combining these with the value deduced from the com-
position of Fe,O,, Fe = 55.891, + .012, we get this general
mean, Fe =-55.913, + .012% If O = 16, this becomes He =
56.042.

* Ann. Chem. Pharm., 113, 26. 1860.

COPPER. 135

COPPER.

The atomic weight of copper has been chiefly determined
from the composition of the black oxide and the anhydrous
sulphate. In dealing with the first named compound all
experimenters have agreed in reducing it with a current of
hydrogen, and weighing the metal thus set free.

The earliest experiments of any value were those of Ber-
zelius,* whose results were as follows:

7.68075 grm. CuO lost 1.55 grm. O. 79.820 per cent. Cu in CuO.
9.6115 cs E9397) « 79.826 ae a

Mean, 79.823, -+ .002

Erdmann and Marchand, who come next in chronologi-
cal order, corrected their results for weighing in air. Their
weighings, thus corrected, give us the subjoined percentages
of metal in CuO:

63.8962 grm. CuO gave 51.0391 grm. Cu, 79.878 per cent.

65.1590 cs 52.0363 ce 79.800) °°
60.2878 cs 48.1540 es FOsOoT Ae aos
46.2700 36.9449“ 79-846 . «

Mean, 79.8645, + .0038

Still later we find a few analyses by Millon and Com-
maille.{ These chemists not only reduced the oxide by ,
hydrogen, but they also weighed, in addition to the metallic
copper, the water formed in the experiments. In three de-
terminations the results were as follows:

6.7145 grm. CuO gave 5.3565 grm. Cuand 1.5325 grm. H,O. 79.775 per cent.

3.3945 cs 2.7085 sé .7080 cs FOs7Oten, 6
2.7880 x 2.2240 grm. Cu. TOUT TO) yc

Mean, 79.7787, + .0043

For the third of these analyses the water estimation was
not made, but for the other two it yielded results which, in

* Poggend. Annal., 8, 177.
+ Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 31, 389. 1844.
t Fresenius’ Zeitschrift, 2,475. 1863.

136 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

the mean, would make the atomic weight of copper 63.087,
+ .222. This figure has so high a probable error that we
need not consider it further.

The results obtained by Dumas* are wholly unavailable.
Indeed, he does not even publish them in detail. He merely
says that he reduced copper oxide, and also effected the
synthesis of the subsulphide, but without getting figures
which were wholly concordant. He puts Cu = 63.5.

Latest of all, and probably the best also, we have the de-
terminations by Hampe.+ First, he attempted to estimate
the atomic weight of copper by the quantity of silver which
the pure metal could precipitate from its solutions. This
attempt failed to give satisfactory results, and he fell back
upon the old method of reducing the oxide. From ten to
twenty grammes of material were taken in each experiment,
and the weights were reduced to a vacuum standard:

20.3260 grm. CuO gave 16.2279 grm. Cu. 79.838 per cent.

20.68851 a 16.51669 79.835 “
10. 10793 o 8.06926 <* 7Osoaan ease

Mean, 79.8347, - .0013

Hampe also determined the quantity of copper in the
anhydrous sulphate, CuSO,. From 40 to 45 grammes of the
salt were taken at a time, the metal was thrown down by
electrolysis, and the weights were all corrected. I subjoin
the results:

40.40300 grm. CuSO, gave 16.04958 grm. Cu. 39.724 per cent.
44.64280 ee 17.73466 Uc Bon 26) make

Mean,’ 39.725, = .0007

We now have four series of experiments upon copper
oxide, as follows:

Berzeliuseees see een eae ee 79.823, - .0020
Erdmann and Marchand -__- ---- 79.8645, + .0038
Millon and Commaille ____----- 79.7787, — .0043
Hampe ae aS ee eee ee 79-8347, -E .0013

General mean_----~- --.- 79.830, = .ooIo

* Ann. d. Chim. et Phys., (3,)
+ Fresenius’ Zeitschrift, 13, 352.

MOLYBDENUM. od

For copper we have—

From composition of CuO___-_Cu = 63.181, + .036
Cus); (Hampe)/2 222s" cc OS UL hen OL2
Generalimeanls-. 2 = Ce O341735/=-.OLt

If O = 16, then Cu becomes = 63.318.

The close agreement between the two independent values
for Cu is certainly very striking. It will be seen that
Hampe’s two estimates upon the sulphate carry (perhaps
accidentally) much greater weight than all the experiments
upon the oxide. This might seem like giving them undue
credit, were it not for the fact of the remarkable concordance
of the results above referred to. Either estimate for Cu
would be valid without the other.

MOLYBDENUM.

If we leave out of account the inaccurate determination
made by Berzelius,* we shall find that the data for the
atomic weight of molybdenum lead to two independent esti-
mates of its value; one near 92, the other near 96. The
earlier results found by Berlin and by Svanberg and Struve
lead to the lower number; the more recent work of Debray,
Dumas, and Lothar Meyer sustains the higher. The latter
value is the more probable, although both may be vitiated
by constant errors in opposite directions.

The earliest investigation which we need especially to
consider is that of Svanberg and Struve.t These chemists
tried a variety of different methods, but finally based their
conclusions upon the two following: first, molybdenum
trioxide was fused with potassium carbonate, and the car-
bon dioxide which was expelled was estimated; secondly,
molybdenum disulphide was converted into the trioxide by

* Poggend. Annal., 8,1. 1826.
+ Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 44, 301. 1848.

t

138 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

roasting, and the ratio between the weights of the two sub-
stances was determined.

By the first method it was found that 100 parts of MoO,
will expel the following quantities of CO,:

31-4954
31-3749
31.4705

Mean, 31.4469, + .0248

The carbon dioxide was determined simply from the loss
of weight when the weighed quantities of trioxide and car-
bonate were fused together. It is plain that if, under these
circumstances, a little of the trioxide should be volatilized,
the total loss of weight would be slightly increased. A con-
stant error of this kind would tend to bring out the atomic
weight of molybdenum too low.

By the second method, the conversion by roasting of MoS,
into MoO,, Svanberg and Struve obtained these results.
Two samples of artificial disulphide were taken, A and B,
and yielded for each hundred parts the following of trioxide:

89.7919 )
89.7291 fo”
89.6436 )
89.7082 |
89.7660 |B.
89.7640
89.8635 J

Mean, 89.7523, + .0176

Three other experiments in series B gave divergent re-
sults, and, although published, are rejected by the authors
themselves. Hence it is not necessary to cite them in this
discussion. We again encounter in these figures the same
source of constant error which apparently vitiates the pre-
ceding series, namely, the possible volatilization of the
trioxide. Here, also, such an error would tend to reduce
the atomic weight of molybdenum.

Upon discussing the data given in the foregoing para-

MOLYBDENUM. 159
graphs we get somewhat noticeable results. From the car-
bon dioxide series, Mo = 91.711, + .113, a figure having no
unusual interest. From the other series, if S = 31.987 and
O = 15.9633, we get Mo = 92.979, + .854; but if we take
S = 32 and O = 16, then Mo becomes = 92.133. In this
case the higher values for oxygen and sulphur lead to a
lower number for molybdenum. In the carbonate series
the assumption of 12 and 16 for C and O, respectively, makes
Mo = 92.033. In other words, if we assume the ordinary
even numbers for C, O, and $8, Svanberg and Struve’s two
methods yield more nearly concordant results than when
the revised values for these elements are taken.

Berlin,* a little later than Svanberg and Struve, deter-
mined the atomic weight of molybdenum by igniting a
molybdate of ammonium and weighing the residual MoO,.
Here, again, a loss of the latter by volatilization may (and
probably does) lead to too low a result. The salt used was
(NH,),Mo,0,,.3 H,O,and in it these percentages of MoO,
were found: |

81.598
81.612
81.558

81.555

Mean, 81.581, + .0095

Hence Mo = 91.9817, + .0776; a result agreeing quite
well with those of Svanberg and Struve.

Until 1859 the value 92 was generally accepted on the
basis of the foregoing researches, but in this year Dumast+
published some figures tending to sustain a higher number.
He prepared molybdenum trioxide by roasting the disulph-
ide, and then reduced it to metal by ignition in hydrogen.
At the beginning the hydrogen was allowed to act at a
comparatively low temperature, in order to avoid volatiliza-
tion of trioxide; but at the end of the operation the heat

* Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem:, 49, 444. 1850.
7 Ann. Chem. Pharm., 105, 84, and 113, 23. ®

140 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

was raised sufficiently to insure a complete reduction. From
the weighings I calculate the percentages of metal in MoO, :

-448 grm, MoO, gave .299 grm. Mo. 66.741 per cent.
-484 as =328 Ks 6657360 suse
.484 ce 322 fe 6655297 3
.498 se 332 ‘e 66.667 = “1
-559 93 “37ST 66.726 “
388 ee .258 ce 66.495 “

Mean, 66.649, + .030

In 1868 the same method was employed by Debray.* His
trioxide was purified by sublimation in a platinum tube.
His percentages are as follows:

5.514 grm. MoO, gave 3.667 grm. Mo. 66.503 per cent.
7.910 #s 5-265 ss 66556055
9.031 <e 6.015 oe 66.604 “

Mean, 66.556, + .020

This mean, combined with that of Dumas’, gives a gen-
eral mean of 66.585, + .017.
Hence Mo = 95.429, + .057.

Debray also made two experiments upon the precipitation
of molybdenum trioxide in ammoniacal solution by nitrate
of silver. In his results, as published, there is curious dis-
crepancy, which, I have no doubt, is due to typographical
error. ‘These results Iam, therefore, compelled to leave out
of consideration. They could not, however, exert a very
profound influence upon the final discussion.

The most recent investigation upon the atomic weight of
molybdenum is the discussion by Lothar Meyer?+ of the
experimental results obtained by Liechti and Kempt in
their analyses of the chlorides. Of these compounds there
are four: MoCl,, MoCl,, MoCl,,and MoCl;. The chlorine in
each was estimated as silver chloride, and the molybdenum

.as disulphide. From these analyses Meyer deduces three

* Compt. Rend., 66, 734.
+ Ann. Chem. Pharm., 169, 365. 1873.
. + Ann. Chem. Pharm., 169, 344.

MOLYBDENUM. 141

sets of ratios, namely: between MoCl, and n AgCl; between
MoCl, and MoS,, and between MoS, andn AgCl. We will
use only the first and last of these; the probable error of
the atomic weight deduced from the second being relatively
so high as to make the value connected with it compara-
tively unimportant. The analyses of the trichloride, being
discordant, dre here rejected.

By reducing the weighings published by Liechti and
Kemp* to a common standard we get the following per-
centage results. In MoCl, the subjoined quantities of the
original substance and of MoS, correspond to 100 parts of
AgCl:

MoC!,. MoS).
58.299 55-762
58.194 55-591
58.524 ‘ 56.065
Mean, 58.339, + .066 Mean, 55.806, + ,093

Fence MoCl..==|166.902, == 188,,and Mos, = 159:652:
+ .268.

With the tetrachloride similarly calculated we get these
figures, corresponding to 100 parts AgCl:

MoCl,. MoS).
41.492 27.957

41.319

Mean, 41.4055, + .0583

Hence MoCl, = 286.914, + .358, and MoS,, if given the
weight of a single experiment in the dichloride series,
= 159.964, + .627.

* These are as follows:

.2666 grm. MoCl, gave .2550 grm. MoS, and .4573 grm. AgCl.

-181t is .1730 £ aot ce
2530 ce .2422 ‘sc -4320 ce
-4126 grm. MoCl, gave .2780 a -9944 se
.1923 cc — oe .4054 Bs
.5810 grm. MoCl,; gave .3414 cS 1.5222 ce

.2466 a .1441 ae -6465 ce

142 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

For the pentachloride the following quantities balance
100 of AgCl:

MoCT,. MoS,.
38.168 22.428
38.057 22.289
Mean, 38.112, + .038 Mean, 22.3585, - .040

Hence MoCl, = 272:587, + .2715,and Mos, = 153:914,
sean

We have now the molecular weight of each chloride, and
three values for that of the disulphide. Combining the lat-
ter we get a general mean, as follows:

From MoCl, series___._.-. MoS, = 159.652, + .268
i MoGlL ia tas “ = 159.964, + .627
Cal MOC )2 iy ieee rh PSU)

General mean___-- “= 159.790, + .187

With these data, in addition to those given by Dumas
and by Debray, we get five estimates of the atomic weight
of molybdenum :

Dumas and Webray?sidatays 223s es Mo — 95.429, - .057
From molecular weight of MoCl,_-.---_-- “= 96.262, + .190
‘. ‘ MoCl,_ -------- = 95.434, + .363
ce cs MoG} es uses $6 10527 3475 ste) 2200
i MoS, S422 25 R105 SiG shoo
Generaliimean2 2245 soa O55 27/51 OSL

Or, if O = 16, Mo = 95.747.

It will at once be seen ‘that the most reliable results are
those obtained by the reduction of molybdenum trioxide.
Traces of oxychlorides may possibly have contaminated the
chlorides and augmented their atomic weight. Our final
figure, therefore, may be a trifle too high, but the early
value, 92, is unquestionably very far too low.

Since the foregoing discussion was written a single experi-
ment by Rammelsberg* has been brought to my notice.

* Berlin Monatsbericht, 1877, 574.

TUNGSTEN. 143
Closely following Dumas’ method, he reduced molybdenum
trioxide to metal, finding in it 66.708 per cent. of the latter,
This figure comes within the limits of variation of Dumas’
experiments, and therefore gives them additional confirma-
tion. Its introduction into the general mean, however,
would exert too little influence upon the latter to justify the
labor of recalculation.

TUNGSTEN.

The atomic weight of tungsten has been determined from
analyses of the trioxide, the hexchloride, and the tungstates
of iron, silver, and barium.

The composition of the trioxide has been the subject of
many investigations. Malaguti* reduced this substance to
the blue oxide, and from the difference between the weights
of the two compounds obtained a result now known to be
considerably too high. In general, however, the method of
investigation has been to reduce WO, to W in a stream of
hydrogen at a white heat, and afterwards to reoxidize the
metal, thus getting from one sample of material two results
for the percentage of tungsten. This method is unquestion-
ably accurate, provided that the trioxide used be pure.

The first experiments which we need consider are, as
usual, those of Berzelius.+ 899 parts WO, gave, on reduc-
tion, 716 of metal. 676 of metal, reoxidized, gave 846 WOg.
Hence these percentages of W in WO, :

79.644, by reduction.
79.905, by oxidation.

Mean, 79.7745, -- .0880

These figures are far too high, the error being undoubt-
edly due to the presence of alkaline impurity in the trioxide
employed.

* Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 8,179. 1836.
7 Poggend. Annal., 8,1. 1826.

144 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

Next in order of time comes the work of Schneider,* who,
with characteristic carefulness, took every precaution to get
pure material. His percentages of tungsten are as follows:

Reduction Series.
79-330
79-254

79.312
79.326

79-359

Mean, 79.3156, + .O112

Oxidation Series.
79+329
79-324
79-328

Mean, 79.327, -- .0o10

Closely agreeing with these figures are those of Marchand.t
published in the following year: |
Reduction Series.
79-307
79.302

Mean, 79.3045, -OOI7

Oxidation Series.
79-321
79-352

Mean, 79.3365, - .O105

The figures obtained by v. Borch{ agree in mean tolerably
well with the foregoing. They are as follows:

Reduction Sertes.
79-310
79.212
79.289
79-313
79-225
79.290
79-302

Mean, 79.277, -k .o106

* Journ, fiir Prakt. Chem., 50, 152. 1850.
+ Ann. Chem. Pharm., 77, 261. 1851.
t Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 54, 254. 1851.

TUNGSTEN. 145

Oxidation Series.

79-359
79-339

Mean, 79.349, -—: .0067

Dumas * gives only a reduction series, based upon trioxide
obtained by the ignition of a pure ammonium tungsten.
The reduction was effected in a porcelain boat, platinum
being objectionable on account of the tendency of tungstate
to alloy with it. Dumas publishes only weighings, from
which I have calculated the percentages :

2.784 grm. WO, gave 2.208 grm. W. 79.310 per cent.
2.994 cf 2.373 . 79-259 “
4.600 $6 3.649 ce 7Os820) hace
-985 ce -781 os 7O.28oi| ss
.Q17 gs wT 27, ce 70:2600 ss
-OI7 ce -728 ss TOEZSO ase
LagiLi7 cs 1.362 Se T0324
2.988 so 2.370 ‘a Tori

Mean, 79.312, + .009

The data furnished by Bernoullif differ widely from those
just given. This chemist undoubtedly worked with impure
material, the trioxide having a greenish tinge. Hence the
results are too high. These are the percentages of W:

Reduction Sertes.
79-556
79.526
79-553
79-558
79-549
78.730

Mean, 79.413, + .OogI

Oxidation Series.
79-558
79.656
79-555
79-554

Mean, 79.581, + .O17

* Ann. Chem. Pharm., 113, 23. 1860.
+ Poggend. Annal., 111, 573. 1860.
10

146 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

Two reduction experiments by Persoz* give the following
results :

1.7999 grm. WO, gave 1.4274 grm. W. 79.304 per cent.
2.249 ss 1.784 “ 79.324 “

Mean, 79.314, + .007

Finally, we have the work done by Roscoe.t This chem-
ist used a porcelain boat and tube, and made six weighings,
after successive reductions and oxidations, with the same
sample of 7.884 grammes of trioxide. These weighings
give me the following five percentages, which, for the sake
of uniformity with foregoing series, I have classified under
the usual, separate headings :

Reduction Series.
79.196
79.285
79.308

Mean, 79.263, + .023

Oxidation Series.

79.230
79-299

Mean, 79.2645, + .0233

There are still other experiments by Riche,{ which I have
not been able to get in detail. They cannot be of any value,
however, for they give to tungsten an atomic weight of about
ten units too low. We may therefore neglect this series,
and go on to combine the others:

iBerzelinsees. ee =e 79.7745, — .088
Schneider) iweduction= === 79.3156, + .O112
ce @xidationj=22— =22s— 79.327, - .0OI10
Marchand, Reduction._.--.--. 79.3045, + .0017
ic Oxidation ________- 79.3365, + .O105
v. Borch, Reduction-_--..---- 79.277, =: .o106
< Oxidation 2222-4--—- 79.349, - .0067

* Zeit. Anal. Chem., 3, 260. 1864.
+ Ann. Chem. Pharm., 162, 368. 1872.
{ Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 69, 10. 1857. y

TUNGSTEN. 147

DTT aS ee ee On LD 5p it OO
Bernouilli, Reduction_____-_-- 79.413, | == .OO1
ub Oxidation2e=25 222" 79.581, - .O17
IRersOZeee ee ees LSE 79.314, =: .007
Roscoe, Reduction_-_-_+_.=--= 79.263, + .023
en OXaG atl ones ye 79.2645, + .0233
Generalimeane 2222s a2" 79.3215, + .00085

The rejection of the figures given by Berzelius and by
Bernoulli exerts an unimportant influence upon the final
result. There is, therefore, no practical objection to retain-
ing them in the discussion.

In 1861 Scheibler * deduced the atomic weight of tungsten
from analyses of barium metatungstate, BaO.4 WO,.9 H,0.
In four experiments he estimated the barium as sulphate,
getting closely concordant results, which were, however, very
far too low. These, therefore, are rejected. But from the
percentage of water in the salt a very good result was
attained. The percentages of water are as follows:

13.053
13.054
13.045
13.010
13.022

Mean, 13.0368, + .0060

The work of Zettnow,} published in 1867, was somewhat
more complicated than any of the foregoing researches. He
prepared the pure tungstates of silver and of iron, and from
their composition determined the atomic weight of tungsten.

In the case of the iron salt the method of working was
this: The pure, artificial FeWO, was fused with sodium
carbonate, the resulting sodium tungstate was extracted by
water, and the thoroughly washed, residual ferric oxide was
dissolved in hydrochloric acid. This solution was then re-
duced by zie, and titrated for iron with potassium perman-
ganate. Corrections were applied for the drop in excess of

* Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 83, 324.
+ Poggend. Annal.. 130, 30.

148 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

permanganate needed to produce distinct reddening, and
for the iron contained in the zine. 11.956 grammes of the
latter metal contained iron corresponding to 0.6 cc. of the
standard solution. The permanganate was standardized
by comparison with pure ammonium-ferrous sulphate,
Am,Fe(SO,),. 6 H,O, so that, in point of fact, Zettnow es-
tablishes directly only the ratio between that salt and the
ferrous tungstate. rom Zettnow’s four experiments in
standardizing I find that 1 cc. of his solution corresponds to
0.0565457 grammes of the double sulphate, with a probable
error of + .0000012.

Three sets of titrations were made. In the first a quantity
of ferrous tungstate was treated according to the process
given above; the iron solution was diluted to 500 cc., and
four titrations made upon 100 cc. at a time. The second
set was like the first, except that three titrations were made
with 100 cc. each, and a fourth upon 150 ce. In the third
set the iron solution was diluted to 500 cc., and only two
titrations upon 100 cc. each were made. In sets one and
two thirty grammes of zine were used for the reduction of
each, while in number three but twenty grammes were taken.
Zettnow’s figures, as given by him, are quite complicated ;
therefore I have reduced them to a common standard. After
applying all corrections the following quantities of tung-
state, in grammes, correspond to 1 cc. of permanganate

solution :
.028301
-028291
.028311
.028301 J

First set.

-028367 }
-028368 |
.028367 [ Second set.

.028367 J

.028438 \ Third set.
.028438

Mean, .0283549, - .OOOOII5

With the silver tungstate, Ag, WO,, Zettnow employed
two methods. In two experiments the substance was de-

TUNGSTEN. 149

composed by nitric acid, and the silver thus taken into solu-
tion was titrated with standard sodium chloride. In three
others the tungstate was treated directly with common salt,
and the residual silver chloride collected and weighed.
Here again, on account of some complexity in Zettnow’s
figures, | am compelled to reduce his data to a common
standard. To 100 parts of AgCl the following quantities of
Ag, WO, correspond :
By First Method.
161.665
161.603

Mean, 161.634, + .o21

By Second Method.

161.687
161.651
161.613

Mean, 161.650, - .o14

General mean from both series, 161.645, + .o12

Finally, we have two analyses by Roscoe of tungsten hex-
chloride, published in the same paper with his results upon
the trioxide. In one experiment the chlorine was deter-
mined as AgCl; in the other the chloride was reduced by
hydrogen, and the residual tungsten estimated. By bring-
ing both results into one form of expression we have for the
percentage of chlorine in WCI,:*

53-588

53-632

Mean, 53.610, + .O15

We have now five ratios from which to calculate the
atomic weight of tungsten :

I.) Percentage of W in WO., 79.3215, -— .0008
g 37 79-3215 5
(2.) Percentage of H,O in BaO.4WO,.9H,O, 13.0368, + .0060

* The actual figures are as follows :

19.5700 grm. WCI, gave 42.4127 grm. AgCl.
10.4326 ¢ 4.8374 ‘ ‘tungsten.

150 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

(3.) Am,Fe(SO,),.6H,O : FeWO, : : .0365457, + .0000012 : .0283549, +
.OOOOI 15

(4.) AgCl : Ag,WO, :: 100 : 161.645, + .O12

(5.) Percentage of Cl in WCl,, 53.610, + .o15

From these we get five values for tungsten, as follows:

Brom 1(1) 522.322. cease W = 183.703, + .041
Cy (2) be (1833532512105 0

BES (Qi es eet ee eee $61 183.90234 = 120

Rey o(4) See aes Seen “ — 183.248, + .069

5 (G5) reece “ — 183.639, + .109
General mean=2—=—— = “« — 183.610, = .032

Orit ©) = 16) then <“'—=1184..032

URANIUM.

It is not the purpose of the present investigation to ex-
amine at all systematically such questions as are involved
in the discussion whether the atomic weight of uranium is
120 or 240. For convenience we may use the formule based
upon the smaller number, and, if eventually the larger value
proves to be correct, it will be easy to double the figures
which we obtain. Suffice it to say here, that the specific
heat of the green oxide, according to Donath,* agrees best
with the formula U,O, and the lower atomic weight. On
the other hand, the value 240 fits best into such schemes as
that given by Mendelejeff in his paper on the periodic law.
An accurate determination of the specific heat of the metal
itself is much needed, for the material with which Regnault
worked was of uncertain quality; furthermore, the vapor
density of some volatile uranium compounds ought to be
ascertained.+ Until some such data have been rigidly

* Ber. d. Deutsch. Chem. Gesell., 12, 742. 1879.

+ The value of 240 for uranium is strongly sustained by the recent experiments
of Zimmermann upon the vapor density of the tetrachlorid and tetrabromid. For
UBr, the vapor density is 19.46, while theory (U = 240) requires 19.36. For
UCI, the v. d. 13.33 was found. Theory, 13.21. (Ber. der Deutsch. Chem.
Gesell., 14, s. 1934. 1881.)

URANIUM. 151

established the controversy over the two rival values can
hardly be satisfactorily settled.

The earlier attempts to determine the atomic weight of
uranium were all vitiated by the erroneous supposition that
the uranous oxide was really the metal. The supposition,
of course, does not affect the weighings and analytical data
which were obtained, although these, from their discordance
with each other and with later and better results, have now
only a historical value.

For present purposes the determinations made by Berze-
lius,* by Arfvedson,f and by Marchand,{ may be left quite
out of account. Berzeliusemployed various methods, while
the others relied upon estimating the percentage of oxygen
lost upon the reduction of U,O, to UO. Rammelsberg’s||
results also, although very suggestive, need no full discus-
sion. He analyzed the green chloride, UCI,; effected the
synthesis of uranyl sulphate from uranous oxide; determined
the amount of residue left upon the ignition of the sodio
and bario-uranic acetates; estimated the quantity of mag-
nesium uranate formed from a known weight of UO, and
attempted also to fix the ratio between the green and the
black oxides. His figures vary so widely that they could
count for little in the establishing of any general mean;
and, moreover, they lead to estimates of the atomic weight
which are mostly below the true value. For instance, twelve
lots of U,O, from several different sources were reduced to
UO by heating in hydrogen. The percentages of loss varied
from 3.83 to 4.67, the mean being 4.121. These figures give
values for the atomic weight of uranium ranging from 92.66
to 117.65, or, in mean, 107.50. Such discordance is due
partly to impurity in some of the material studied, and
illustrates the difficulties inherent in the problem to be
solved. Some of the uranoso-uranic oxide was prepared by

* Schweigg. Journ., 22, 336. 1818. Poggend. Annal., 1, 359. 1825.

+ Poggend. Annal., 1, 245. Berz. Jahr., 3,120. 1822.

{ Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 23, 497. 1841.

|| Poggend. Annal., 55, 318, 1842; 56, 125, 1842; 59, 9, 1843; 66, 91, 1845.
Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 29, 324.

152 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

calcining the oxalate, and retained an admixture of car-
bon. Many such points were worked up by Rammelsberg
with much care, so that his papers should be scrupulously
studied by any chemist who contemplates a redetermination
of the atomic weight of uranium.

In 1841 and 1842 Peligot published certain papers * show-
ing that the atomic weight of uranium must be somewhere
near 120. <A few years later the same chemist published
fuller data concerning the constant in question, but in the
time intervening between his earlier and his final researches
other determinations were made by Ebelmen and by Wer-
theim. These investigations we may properly discuss in
chronological order. For present purposes the early work
of Peligot may be dismissed as only preliminary in charac-
ter. It showed that what had been previously regarded as
metallic uranium was in reality an oxide, but gave figures
for the atomic weight of the metal which were merely
approximations.

Ebelmen’s+ determinations of the atomic weight of urani-
um were based upon analyses of uranic oxalate. This salt
was dried at 100°, and then, in weighed amount, ignited in
hydrogen. ‘The residual uranous oxide was weighed, and
in some cases converted into U,O, by heating in oxygen.
The following weights are reduced to a vacuum standard :

10.1644 grm. oxalate gave 7.2939 grm. UO.

12.9985 ss 9.3312 oe Gain on oxidation, .3685
11.8007 ce 8.4690 < ve 13275
9.9923 ss FeL7ae a se 2812
11.0887 oC 7.9610 ‘s as .3105
10.0830 és 7.2389

6.7940 re 4.8766 <3

16.0594 rs 11.5290 es cs .4531

Reducing these figures to percentages, we may present
the results in two columns. Column A gives the percentages
of UO in the oxalate, while B represents the amount of
U,0O, formed from 100 parts of UO:

* Compt. Rend., 12, 735. 1841. Ann. Chim. Phys., (3,) 55. 1842.
+ Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 27, 385. 1842.

URANIUM. 153

A. B.
PADAO 2A ean hs Wai ey rat om yi as es
71.787 103.949
71.767 103.867
71.621 103.920
71.794 103.900
EOS We OL ib Osean
WET T ORI ih tee Pee
71.790 103.930
Mean, 71.782, + .o19 Mean, 103.913, -+ .009

From column A, the molecular weight of UO = 134.523, + .102

ss B, ce ot = 135.985, + :326

Generalmean= es 22 es UO = 134.652, + .097
romicolumnyAtes = se se See ee Ui1182'560
<s Beewes Sse See <== 120.022

From general mean of both columns __‘ = 118.689, + .097

Wertheim’s* experiments were even simpler in character
than those of Ebelmen. Sodio-uranic acetate, carefully
dried at 200°, was ignited, leaving the following percentages
of sodium uranate:

67.51508
67.54558
67.50927

Mean, 67.52331, -+- .0076

Hence the molecular weight of Na,U,O, = 634.865,
+ 191. And U = 119.282, + .048.

The final results of Peligot’s+ investigations appeared in
1846. Both the oxalate and the acetate of uranium were
studied and subjected to combustion analysis. The oxalate
was scrupulously purified by repeated crystallizations, and
thirteen analyses, representing different fractions, were made.
Seven of these gave imperfect results, due to incomplete
purification of the material; six only, from the later crys-
tallizations, need to be considered. In these the uranium

* Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 29, 209. 1843.
+ Compt. Rend., 22, 487.

154 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

was weighed as U,0,, and the carbon as CO,. From the
ratio between the CO, and U,O, the atomic weight of
uranium may be calculated without involving any error
due to traces of moisture possibly present in the oxalate.
I subjoin Peligot’s weighings, and give, in the third column,
the U,0, proportional to 100 parts of CO,:

GO GTO. Ratio.
1.456 grm. 4.649 grm. 319.299
13300) 1s AEA 2 anes 322.279
25209) <5 7sOOAy) |e 320.688
{HZOL9) es 232701 321.786
1.069 ‘ 3.447 |S 322.461
T0520 ve BESO mice 322.148

Mean, 321.443, - .338
Hence U,0O, = 428.342, + .461.

From the acetate, C,H,(UO)O,.H,O, the following per-
centages of U,O, were obtained : :

5.061 grm. acetate gave 3.354 grm. U,O,. 66.2715 per cent.
4.601 & 3.057 ce 66.4421 “
1.869 ee 1.238 cs 66.2386 “«
3.817 oe 2.541 «s 66255700"
10.182 se 6.757 ce 66;3622
4.393 Se 2.920 se 66.4694 “
2.868 ae 1.897 ce ObnI4s7 a

Mean, 66.3569, + .038

The acetate also yielded the subjoined percentages of
carbon and of water. Assuming that the figures for carbon
were calculated from known weights of dioxide, with C = 12
and QO = 16,I have added a third column, in which the
carbon percentages are converted into percentages of CO,:

eOanlhs G CO;
21.60 LL27 41.323
{ 21.16 11.30 41.433
21.10 T1.30 41.433
21.20 II.10 40.700

Mean, 21.265, + .187 11.24 41.222, + .092

URANIUM. ADS

From all of these figures we may calculate the molecular
weight of the uranic acetate as follows:

From percentage of U,O,----- @3H,(UO)O;, HO = 21216205) 242
ss COm == a = 212.999, + .476

H.O2 Se as == 211 1845-1 1.603

General mean_-_--__-- be == 212,005) = | 214!

We have now before us the molecular weights of four
uranium compounds, giving us four values for U:

(di) AU Ol=—a12 450525) .00 Fees aaa nae Ebelmen.
(2) ENanW7O7 = (624 86554 1On 22st ae Wertheim.
(63) BU ON ——14'23 3425-45) oe ae eae Peligot.
(4aG EL (UO); EO — 2125635, 4.204)

The four values for uranium combine as follows:

RSrORAG(@L) ecto ek a U = 118.689, + .097 Ebelmen.
(72) ee a ‘= L1Os202, = 043 Wertheim.
oe (3)iee eee eae eee “ — T19.830, + .150 Peligot.

CO (Ci i ae ee eae ae a ee “ — 119.885, == .215 ce
Generalimeans 22 “ — 119.241, + .O4I

Orit OG SU 1191515; or, 2391030:

Considering Peligot’s figures by themselves, and combin-
ing values 3 and 4, we have U = 119.849, + .123; or, if
@ = 16) Wi = 1204125, or, 240-250.

It is plain that the atomic weight of uranium needs to be
scrupulously revised. The foregoing figures are by no
means satisfactory. Chemically considered, it is probable
that Peligot’s work is the best, and that his results should
be given preference. His figures from the oxalate and the
acetate tally well with each other, whereas Ebelmen’s two
sets of results vary widely. From the percentage of UO
yielded by the oxalate, Ebelmen’s figures give a low value
for U. From his oxidation of UO to U,0, we get a value
nearly two units higher. Peligot, in his work with the
oxalate, found it, even after three or four crystallizations,
to be contaminated with oxalic acid, and rejected the figures
obtained from impure material. Probably Ebelmen’s low
values are due to the same impurity.

156 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

ALU MEN TIME

The atomic weight of aluminum has been determined by
Berzelius, Mather, Tissier, Dumas, Isnard, Terreil, and
Mallet. The early calculations of Davy and of Thomson
we may properly disregard.

Berzelius’ * determination rests upon a single experiment.
He ignited 10 grammes of dry aluminum sulphate,
Al,(SO,),, and obtained 2.9934 grammes of Al,O, as resi-
due: Hence if(S = 31-987 and: © = 15,9683) Al — 27-243:

In 1835+ Mather published a single analysis of aluminum
chloride, from which he sought to fix the atomic weight of
the metal. 0.646 grm. of Al,Cl, gave him 2.056 of AgCl
and 0.2975 of Al,O,. These figures give worthless values
for Al, and are included here only for the sake of complete-
ness. From the ratio between AgCl and Al,Cl,, Al = 28.925.

Tissier’s t determination, also resting on a single experi-
ment, appeared in 1858. Metallic aluminum, containing
135 per cent. of sodium, was dissolved in hydrochloric acid.
The solution was evaporated with nitric acid to expel all
chlorine, and the residue was strongly ignited until only
alumina remained. 1.935 grm. of Al gave 3.645 grm of
Al,O,. If we correct for the trace of sodium in the alumi-
num, we have Al = 27.073.

Essentially the same method of determination was adopted
by Isnard,|| who, although not next in chronological order,
may fittingly be mentioned here. He found that 9 grm. of
aluminum gave 27 grm. of Al,O;. Hence Al = 26.938.

In 1858 Dumas,§$ in connection with his celebrated revyi-
sion of the atomic weights, made seyen experiments with
aluminum chloride. The material was prepared in quantity,

* Poggend. Annal., 8, 177.

+ Silliman’s Amer. Journ., 27, 241.

t{ Compt. Rend., 46, 1105.

|| Compt. Rend., 66, 508. 1868.

@ Ann. Chim. Phys., (3,) 55, 151. Ann. Chem. Pharm., 113, 26.

ALUMINUM. 157

sublimed over iron filings, and finally resublimed from
metallic aluminum. Each sample used was collected in a
small glass tube, after sublimation from aluminum in a
a stream of dry hydrogen, and hermetically enclosed. Havy-
ing been weighed in the tube, it was dissolved in water, and
the quantity of silver necessary for precipitating the chlo-
rine was determined. Reducing to a common standard, his
weighings give the quantities of Al,Cl, stated in the third
column, as proportional to 100 parts of silver:

1.8786 grm. Al,Cl, = 4.543 grm. Ag. 41.352
3.021 mS 7.292 cs 41.459—Bad.
2.399 5.802 ae 41.348
1.922 ee 4.0525 ac 41.311
1.697 «es ARTO Ss oes 41.375
4.3165 as 10.448 ce 41.314
6.728 és 16.265 se 41.365

In the second experiment the Al,Cl, contained traces of
iron. Rejecting this experiment the remaining six give a
mean of 41.344, + .007. Hence Al = 27.441, + .082.

In consequence of these figures of Dumas, the atomic
weight of aluminum has generally of late years been put at
27.5, and the lower results deduced from the work of other
investigators have been disregarded.

In 1879 Terreil* published a new determination of the
atomic weight under consideration, based upon a direct
comparison of the metal with hydrogen. Metallic alumi-
num, contained in a tube of hard glass, was heated strongly
in a current of dry hydrochloric acid. Hydrogen was set
free, and was collected over a strong solution of caustic
potash. 0.410 grm. of aluminum thus were found equiva-
lent to 508.2 cc., or .0455 grm. of hydrogen. Hence Al =
27.035.

About a year after Terreil’s determination appeared the
lower value for aluminum was thoroughly confirmed by J.
W. Mallet.; After giving a full resumé of the work done
by others, exclusive of Isnard, the author describes his own

-experiments, which may be summarized as follows:

* Bulletin de la Soc. Chimique, 31, 153.
+ Phil. Trans., 1880, p. 1003.

158 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

Four methods of determination were employed, each one
simple and direct, and at the same time independent of the
others. First, pure ammonia alum was calcined, and the
residue of aluminum oxide was estimated. Second, alumi-
num bromide was titrated with a standard solution of silver.
Third, metallic aluminum was attacked by caustic: soda,
and the hydrogen evolved was measured. Fourth, hydro-
gen was set free by aluminum, and weighed as water.
Every weight was carefully verified, the verification being
based upon the direct comparison, by J. E. Hilgard, of a
kilogramme weight with the standard kilogramme at Wash-
ington. The specific gravity of each piece was determined,
and also of dll materials and vessels used in the weighings.
During each weighmg both barometer and thermometer
were observed, so that every result represents a real weight
um Vacuo.

The ammonium alum used in the first series of experi-
ments was specially prepared, and was absolutely free from
ascertainable impurities. The salt was found, however, to
lose traces of water at ordinary temperatures; a circums
stance which tended towards a slight elevation of the appar-
ent atomic weight of aluminum as calculated from the
weighings. Two sets of experiments were made with the
alum; one upon a sample air-dried for two hours at 21°-25°,
the other upon material ‘dried for twenty-four hours at
19°-26°. These sets, marked A and B respectively, differ
shghtly ; B being the less trustworthy of the two, judged
from a chemical standpoint. Mathematically it is the better
of the two. Calcination was effected with a great variety of
precautions, concerning which the original memoir must be
consulted. To Mallet’s weighings I append the percentages
of Al,O, deduced from them:

Series A.
8.2144 grm. of the alum gave .g258 grm. Al,O,. ‘11.270 per cent.
14.0378 cs 1.5825 + Talia 2i7.3 eee
5.6201 as 6337 ‘ Te Se ere
11.2227 os 1.2657 fs LIE Z7ouuess
10.8435 ce 1.2216 We i260) ss

Mean, 11.2724, + .00I14

ALUMINUM. 1E9
S2720S: Ue
12.1023 grm. of the alum gave 1.3660 grm. Al,Q,. 11.287 per cent.
10.4544 ce 1.1796 eS DE 2O3 i ease
6.7962 ce .7670 cs ET. 2904, 5
8.5601 cs .9654 S Te 27 Shey
4.8992 Se .5528 ce Ei283h) a
Mean, 11.2834, + .oor!

Combined, these series give a general mean of 11.2793, +
0008. Hence Al = 27.075, + .011.

The aluminum bromide used in the second series of ex-
periments was prepared by the direct action of bromine
upon the metal. The product was repeatedly distilled, the
earlier portions of each distillate being rejected, until a con-
stant boiling point of 263.°3 at 747 mm. pressure was noted.
The last distillation was effected in an atmosphere of pure
nitrogen, in order to avoid the possible formation of oxide
or oxy-bromide of aluminum; and the distillate was col-
lected in three portions, which proved to be sensibly identi-
cal. The individual samples of bromide were collected in
thin glass tubes, which were hermetically sealed after nearly
filling. or the titration pure silver was prepared, and
after fusion upon charcoal it was heated in a Sprengel vac-
uum in order to eliminate occluded gases. This silver was
dissolved in specially purified nitric acid, the latter but very
slightly in excess. The aluminum bromide, weighed in the
sealed tube, was dissolved in water, precautions being taken
to avoid any loss by splashing or fuming which might re-
sult from the violence of the action. To the solution thus
obtained the silver solution was added, the silver being
something less than a decigramme in deficiency. The re-
maining amount of silver needed to complete the precipita-
tion of the bromine was added from a burette, in the form
of a standard solution containing one milligramme of metal
to each cubic centimetre. The final results were as follows,
the figures in the third column representing the quantities
of bromide proportional to 100 parts of silver. Series A is
from the first portion of the last distillate of Al, Br,; series

160 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

B from the second portion, and series C from the third
portion :

Series A.
6.0024 grm. Al, Br, = 7.2793 grm. Ag. 82.458
8.6492 cs 10.4897 a 82.454
3.1808 «s 3.8573 ss 82.462
Series B,
6.9617 cc 8.4429 a 82.456
11.2041 ce 13.5897 se 82.445
3.7621 CG 4.5624 5 82.459
5-2842 ce 6.4085 ca 82.456
9.7338 gs 11.8047 ce 82.457
Series C.
9-3515 5 11.3424“ 82.447
4.4426 fi S30 Ta a 82.458
5.2750 : 39751 ys 82.454

Mean, 82.455, +: .ooI

Hence Al = 27.046, + .061.

The high probable error of this result is due to the high
probable error of the atomic weight of bromine.

The experiments to determine the amount of hydrogen
evolved by the action of caustic soda upon metallic alumi-
num were conducted with pure metal, specially prepared,
and with caustic soda made from sodium. ‘The soda solu-
tion was so strong as to scarcely lose a perceptible amount
of water by the passage through it of a dry gas at ordinary
temperature. As the details of the experiments are some-
what complex, the original memoir must be consulted for
them. The following results were obtained, the weight of
the hydrogen being calculated from the volume, by Reg-
nault’s data corrected for the latitude and elevation of the
University of Virginia:

Weight of Al. Vol. of H. Wt. of H. At. We.
.3097 grm. 458.8 c. c. .04106 grm. 27.012
370M as 407.9 “ .04187 « 27.005
-30200 ne 449.1 * .O4019 * 27.022
Io 941.5 “ 08425“ 26.998
GLAD iE 907.9 “ .O8125 “ 27.006
7G AK a 936.4 “ .08380 “ 26.996

Mean, 27.005, + .0032

ALUMINUM. 161

The closing series of experiments was made with larger
quantities of aluminum than were used in the foregoing
set. The hydrogen, evolved by the action of the caustic
alkal, was dried by passing it through two drying tubes
containing pumice stone and sulphuric acid, and two others
containing asbestos and phosphorus pentoxide. Thence it
passed through a combustion tube containing copper oxide
heated to redness. A stream of dry nitrogen was employed
to sweep the last traces of hydrogen into the combustion
tube, and dry air was afterwards passed through the entire
apparatus to reoxidize the surface of reduced copper, and to
prevent the retention of occluded hydrogen. The water
formed by the oxidation of the hydrogen was collected in
three drying tubes. The results obtained were as follows.
The third column gives the amount of water formed from
10 grammes of aluminum:

2.1704 grm. Al gave 2.1661 grm. H,O. 9.9802
2.9355 ie 2.9292 9-9785
5-2632 se 5.2562 Oy 9.9867

; Mean, 9.9818, + .0o17
Hence Al = 26.998, + .007.

In combining the various determinations of the atomic
weight of aluminum into one general mean, we must arbi-
trarily assign weight to the single experiments of Berzelius,
Isnard, Tissier, and Terreil. This may fairly be done by
giving to each the probable error, and therefore the weight,
of a single observation in Dumas’ series. Mather’s work
may be ignored altogether :

BrombBerzelimss=52 26s ee Ali 97 203) ==) S201
CMS TUISST ELE aint woah IVs Boh ‘127.000; ==): 201
SOUL ara Tene eh Susie ae Sea BIE t= =) 20.9395) 111.201
CGI STB) NITY A CLS geen Wels ade ae (PL 27 AAT ==) -OS2
COND EXECU shy Say mlean ee ALEC i 27.023) 1-1. 201
‘«< Mallet’s alum experiments, “« = 27.075, ++ .OII
cs yA. ce Ve 27040,))| t=’ O61
es se H ee fo 127) -OOS sii ==1|.003
& OL H,0 ‘ Se 12.0008; | == 007
General mean-._. -_- “ — 27,0092, + .0028

ct

162 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

If O = 16, Al = 27.075. Taking Mallet’s work alone,
Al = 27.0089, + .0028.

Evidently all the data except Mallet’s might be rejected
without affecting sensibly the final result. Dumas’ work is
clearly vitiated by constant errors, but the determinations
by Isnard, Tissier, and Terreil may be regarded as having
some confirmative value.

GOLD.

The only determinations of the atomic weight of gold
which are worthy of consideration are those of Berzelius
and of Levol.

The earliest method adopted by Berzelius* was that of |

precipitating a solution of gold chloride by means of a
weighed quantity of metallic mercury. The weight of gold
thus thrown down gave the ratio between the atomic weights
of the two metals. In the single experiment which Ber-
zelius publishes, 142.9 parts of Hg precipitated 93.55 of Au.
Hence, using the value for mercury given in a preceding
chapter, 199.712, Au = 196.113.

In a later investigation} Berzelius resorted to the analysis
of potassio-auric chloride, 2KClLAuCl,. Weighed quanti-
ties of this salt were ignited in hydrogen; the resulting gold
and potassium chloride were separated by means of water,
and both were collected and estimated. The loss of weight
upon ignition was, of course, chlorine. As the salt could
not be perfectly dried without loss of chlorine, the atomic
weight under investigation must be determined by the
ratio between the KCl and the Au. If we reduce to a com-
mon standard, and compare with 100 parts of KCl, the
equivalent amounts of gold will be those which I give in
the last of the subjoined columns:

* Poggend. Annal., 8, 177.
+ Lehrbuch, 5 Aufl., 3, 1212.

ta

GOLD- 163

4.1445 grm. K,AuCl, gave .8185 grm. KCl and 2.159 grm. Au. 263.775

2.2495 os -44425 x 1.172 zs 263.815
5-1300 es 1.01375 a 216722506 263.600
3.4130 cs .674 ce ET Sue 263.687
4.19975 er .8295 gs 2.188 ee 263.773

Mean, 263.730, + .026
Hence Au = 196.186, + .101.

Still a third series of experiments by Berzelius* may be
included here. In order to establish the atomic weight of
phosphorus he employed that substance to precipitate gold
from a solution of gold chloride in excess. Between the
weight of phosphorus taken and the weight of gold ob-
tained it was easy to fix a ratio. Since the atomic weight
of phosphorus has been better established by other methods,
we may properly reverse this ratio and apply it to our dis-
cussion of gold. 100 parts of P precipitate the quantities of
Au given in the third column:

.829 grm. P precipitated 8.714 grm. Au. IO51.15
754 is 7-930 : 1051.73

Mean, 1051.44, + .196

FHeneetA mw = 1951303, ==. 89:

Levol’s+ estimation of the atomic weight under considera-
tion can hardly have much value. <A weighed quantity of
gold was converted in a flask into AuCl,. This was reduced
by a stream of sulphur dioxide, and the resulting sulphuric
acid was determined as BaSO,. One gramme of gold gave
1.782 grm. BaSO,. Hence Au = 195.794.

If we give this single experiment and Berzelius’ single
result with mercury each equal weight with one analysis in
the potassio-auric chloride series, and include respectively
the probable errors appertaining to Hg and to BaSO,, we
may combine all the data as follows:

* Lehrbuch, 5 Aufl., 3, 1188.
+ Ann. d. Chim. et d. Phys., (3,) 30, 355. 1850.

164 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

Brom KG@li:vAurratios2£ 3228 Au = 196.186, + .I101
Brom Hig¢vAqwiration 2222286 sro oer, == .335
rom Ps Autratio =222 222" * — 195:303, — .589
From BaSO, : Au ratio---. “ = 195.794, + 1.234

General mean___--- == TOOLI55, == 095

Orit 'O = 16; Aw = 196.606:

As gold is a metal which can be readily applied to the
determination of the atomic weights of other elements, an
experimental revision of its atomic weight is very desirable.

NICKEL AND COBALT.

On account of the close similarity of these metals to each
other, their atomic weights, approximately if not actually
identical, have received of late years much attention.

The first determinations, and the only ones up to 1852,
were made by Rothhoff;* each with but a single experi-
ment. For nickel 188 parts of the monoxide were dissolved
in hydrochloric acid; the solution was evaporated to dry-
ness, the residue was dissolved in water, and precipitated
by silver nitrate. 718.2 parts of silver chloride were thus
formed ; whence Ni = 58.925. The same process was applied
also to cobalt, 269.2 parts of the oxide being found equiva-
lent to 1029.9 of AgCl. Hence Co = 58.817. These values
are so nearly equal that their differences were naturally
ascribable to experimental errors. They are, however, en-
titled to no special weight at present, since it cannot be
certain from any evidence recorded that the oxide of either
metal was absolutely free from traces of-the other.

In 1852 Erdmann and Marchand} published some re-
sults, but without details, concerning the atomic weight of
nickel. They reduced the oxide by heating in a current of

* Cited by Berzelius. Poggend. Annal., 8,184. 1826.
+ Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 55, 202. 1852. 5

NICKEL AND COBALT. 165

hydrogen, and obtained values ranging from 58.2 to 58.6,
when O = 16. Their results were not very concordant, and
the lowest was probably the best.

In 1856, incidentally to other work, Deville* found that
100 parts of pure metallic nickel yielded 262 of sulphate ;
whence Ni = 59.15.

To none of the foregoing estimations can any importance
now be attached. The modern discussion of the atomie
weights under consideration began with the researches of
Schneider + in 1857. This chemist examined the oxalates
of both metals, determining carbon by the combustion of
the salts with copper oxide in a stream of dry air. The
carbon dioxide thus formed was collected as usual in a
potash bulb, which, in weighing, was counterpoised by a
similar bulb, so as to eliminate errors due to the hygroscopic
character of the glass. The metal in each oxalate was esti-
mated, first by ignition in a stream of dry air, followed by
intense heating in hydrogen. Pure nickel or cobalt was
left behind in good condition for weighing. Four analyses
of each oxalate were made, with the results given below.
The nickel salt contained three molecules of water, and the
cobalt salt two molecules:

NiC, O,.3H, 0.
1.1945 grm. gave .528 grm. CO,. 44.203 per cent.
2.5555 ‘s 1.12625 ‘e AA O72) Wks
3.199 cs 1.408 és 44.014 “
5-020 © 2.214 fg 4A.MOA:) /6

Mean, 44.098, + .027

The following percentages of nickel were found in this
salt:
29.107
29.082
29.066
29.082

Mean, 29.084, -- .006

* Ann. Chim. Phys., (3,) 46, 182. 1856.
+ Poggend. Annal., 1o1, 387. 1857.

166 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

CoG, O;2H,.O.
1.6355 grm. gave .781 grm. CQ,. 47-753 per cent.
1.107 ce 5295 fs ATLOB2N ce
2.309 2 1.101 ce Az 6830
3-007 1.435 a 47.722, *

Mean, 47.7475, — .0213

The following were the percentages found for cobalt :

RN N NN
mm Amn
mM Un

WwW Oo WwW WW
bo oN
WwW MO WN

Mean, 32.5555, + .0149

In a later paper* Schneider also gives some results ob-
tained with a nickel oxalate containing but two molecules
of water. This gave him 47.605 per cent. of CO,, and the
following percentages of nickel:

31.4115
31.4038

Mean, 31.4076, + .0026

The conclusion at which Schneider arrived was, that the
atomic weights of cobalt and nickel are not identical, being .
about 60 and 58 respectively. The percentages given above
will be discussed at the end of this chapter in connection
with all the other data relative to the constants in question.

The next chemist to take up the discussion of these atomic
weights was Marignac, in 1857.; His original paper is not
accessible to me, and I am therefore obliged to give only
such features of it as I can get from abstracts and reviews.
He worked with the chlorides and sulphates of nickel and
cobalt, using apparently common gravimetric methods.
The sulphates, taken as anhydrous, were first ignited to
expel SO,-++ O, after which the residues were heated with
weighed amounts of lead silicate. The increase in weight

* Poggend. Annal., 107, 616.
+ Jahresbericht, 1857, 225. Bibl. Univ. de Genéve, (nouv, s.,) I, 373.

NICKEL AND COBALT. 167

was CoO or NiO respectively. The anhydrous chlorides
were prepared from the hydrated salts by ignition in dry
chlorine or hydrochloric acid. With cobalt, the monohy-
drated chloride, dried at 100°, was also employed. For
nickel he gives the following values, referred probably to
O— 16.5) —/32, Ae — 108, Cl — 30.5:
PROMPENIS Open sae = asa Ni = 58.4 to 59.0
SEIN eee ee frie ee 3 eh 58. ay SSO. 20.

To cobalt these values are assigned :

TOME COS ©) nese ete eee Co = 58.64 to 58.76
cre CoC ra OMe ake 1158704) 5°) 50.02
Gro ls, Laie ye fee ce Oe 2a OZ

That is, contrary to Schneider’s view, the two atomic
weights are approximately the same. ‘The values for nickel,
however, run a little lower than those for cobalt; a fact
which is probably not without significance. Marignac crit-
icizes Schneider’s earlier paper, holding that the nickel
oxalate may have contained some free oxalic acid, and that
the cobalt salt was possibly contaminated with carbonate or
with basic compounds. In his later papers Schneider rejects
these suggestions as unfounded, and in turn criticizes Ma-
rignac. The purity of anhydrous NiSO, is not easy to
guarantee, and, according to Schneider, the anhydrous chlo-
rides of cobalt and nickel are liable to be contaminated with
oxides. This is the case even when the chlorides are heated
in chlorine, unless the gas is carefully freed from all traces
of air and moisture.

Dumas’* determinations of the two atomic weights were
made with the chlorides of nickel and cobalt. The pure
metals were dissolved in aqua regia, the solutions were
repeatedly evaporated to dryness, and the residual chlorides
were ignited in dry hydrochloric acid gas. The last two
estimations in the nickel series were made upon NiCl,
formed by heating the spongy metal in pure chlorine. In
the third column I give the NiCl, or CoCl,, equivalent to
100 parts of silver :

* Ann. Chem. Pharm., 113, 25. 1860.

168 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

-9123 grm. NiC], = 1.515 grm. Ag. 60.218
2.295 <¢ 3.8115 ¢6 60.212
3.290 sé 5.464 s 60.212
1.830 cs 3.041 « 60.178
3.001 as 4.987 ce 60.176

Mean, 60.1992, + .0062
2.352 grm. CoCl, = 3.9035 grm. Ag. 60.254
4.210 se 6.990 as 60.229
3.592 ec 5.960 se 60.268
2.492 ae 4.1405 ce 60.186
4.2295 se 7.0255 ‘ 60. 202

Mean, 60.2278, + .OoII

These results give values for Co and Ni differing by less
than a tenth of a unit; here, as elsewhere, the figure for Ni
being a trifle the lower.

In 1863* the idea that nickel and cobalt have equal
atomic weights was strengthened by the researches of Russell,
He found that the black oxide of cobalt, by intense heating
in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide, became converted into
a brown monoxide of constant composition. The ordinary
oxide of nickel, on the other hand, was shown to be convert-
ible into a definite monoxide by simple heating over the blast
lamp. The pure oxides of the two metals, thus obtained,
were reduced by ignition in hydrogen, and their exact com-
position thus ascertained. Several samples of each oxide
were taken, yielding the following percentages of metal :

NiO.

78.597
78.584 I Ist sample.
78.608
78.581
78.589 j 2d sample.
78.583
78.616
78.590 hse sample.
78.588
78.590 |
78-504 | 4th sample.
78.597
78.588

Mean of all, 78.593, + .0o018

* Journ. Chem. Soc., (2,) 1, 51.

NICKEL AND COBALT. - 169
CoO~

78.591 |

78.588 |

78.550 } Ist sample.

78.598 |

78.614

78.603

78.591 faa sample.

78.591

78.588 )
. 2ds ;

78.592 (3 sample

78.597

78.598 \ ath sample.

78.595

78.589 fs sample.

78.596

Mean of all, 78.592, + .0023

These percentages are practically identical, and lead to
essentially the same mean value for each atomic weight.

In a later paper Russell* confirmed the foregoing results
by a different process. He dissolved metallic nickel and
cobalt in hydrochloric acid and measured the hydrogen
evolved. Thus the ratio between the metal and the ulti-
mate standard was fixed without the intervention of any
other element. About two-tenths of a gramme of metal, or
less, was taken in each experiment. 100 parts by weight of
Co or Ni give the following weights of H, calculated from
the volume of the latter:

Mi. Co.
3-420 | 3-395
Sate | 3-398 Ist sample.
3-416 | 3-397
3.417 } 1st sample. 3-398
3-412 3-403 -
3.415 3-401 fa sample.
3-416 | 3.401

* Journ. Chem. Soc., (2,) 7,494. 1869.

.s

170 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

Ni. Co.
3.398 3-404 } ae 1
3.409 + 2d sample. SOR oC arc
3.404 3.410 1
3.401 —3d sample. 3.407 \ ath es
3-412 )
3.408 »~4th sample. Mean of all, 3.4017, - .0009
3.410

Mean of all, 3.411, + .oo1

A glance at the tabulated discussion which closes this
chapter will show that these figures agree well with each
other, and well with those found from the analyses of the
oxides. The probable errors assigned in the hydrogen
series may be a little too low, since they ought to be modi-
fied by the probable error of the weight of a unit volume
of hydrogen. So insignificant a correction may, however,
be neglected.

Some time after the publication of Russell’s first paper,
but before the appearance of his second, some other investi-
gations were made known. Of these the first was by Som-
maruga,* whose results, obtained by novel methods, closely
confirmed those of Schneider and antagonized those of Du-
mas, Marignac, and Russell. The atomic weight of nickel
Sommaruga deduced from analyses of the nickel potassium
sulphate, K,Ni(SO,),.6H,O, which, dried at 100°, has a
perfectly definite composition. In this salt the sulphuric
acid was determined in the usual way as barium sulphate,
a process to which there are obvious objections. In the
third column are given the quantities of the nickel salt pro-
portional to 100 parts of BaSO,:

0.9798 grm. gave 1.0462 grm. BaSQ,. 93-653
1.0537 7 1.1251 cc 93-654
1.0802 <¢ 1.1535 cs 93-645
1.1865 a 1.2669 ce 93-054
3.2100 e 3-4277 - 93-649
3.2124 3-4303 . 93-648

Mean, 93.6505, - .Oor

* Sitzungsb. Wien Akad., 54, 2 Abth., 50. 1866.

. NICKEL AND COBALT. diet!

For cobalt Sommaruga used the purpureo cobalt chloride
of Gibbs and Genth. This salt, dried at 110°, is anhydrous
and stable. Heated hotter, CoCl, remains. The latter, ig-
nited in hydrogen, yields metallic cobalt. In every experi-
ment the preliminary heating must be carried on cautiously
until ammoniacal fumes no longer appear:

.6656 grm. gave .1588 grm. Co. 23.858 per cent.
1.0918 ue .2600 ee 22 Ota ace
.9058 ce ",2160 fe 2AnOA OT mice
1.5895 a: -3785 ss 22rS3, pis
2.9167 és -6957 a SEEGAT On iiss
1.8390 se -4378 ‘ 22,000I. 10
2.5010 e .5908 as 22°50) |<

Mean, 23.827, + .006

Further along this series will be combined with a similar
one by Lee. It may here be said that Sommaruga’s paper
was quickly followed by a critical essay from Schneider,*
endorsing the former’s work, and objecting to the results of
Russell.

In 1867 still another new process for the estimation of
these atomic weights was put forward by Winkler,} who
determined the amount of gold which pure metallic nickel
and cobalt could precipitate from a neutral solution of sodio-
auric chloride. Experimentally, the method seems to be
quite accurate; practically, it involves a knowledge of the
defectively ascertained atomic weight of gold. In order to
obtain pure cobalt Winkler prepared purpureo-cobalt chlo-
ride, which, having been four or five times recrystallized,
was ignited in hydrogen. His nickel was repeatedly puri-
fied by precipitation with sodium hypochlorite. From ma-
terial thus obtained pure nickel chloride was prepared,
which, after sublimation in dry chlorine, was also reduced
by hydrogen. 100 parts of gold are precipitated by the
quantities of nickel and cobalt given in the third columns
respectively. In the cobalt series I include one experiment

* Poggend. Annal., 130, 310.
7 Zeit. Anal. Chem., 6, 18. 1867.

172 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

by Weselsky which was published by him in a paper pres-
ently to be cited:

-4360 grm. nickel precipitated .9648 grm. gold. 45.191

-4367 a -9666 i 45-179
.5189 cs 1.1457 ie 45-291
.6002 ‘s 1.3286 s 45-175

Mean, 45.209, + .OI9

.5890 grm. cobalt precipitated 1.3045 grm. gold. 45.151

3147 es .6981 es 45.080
.5829 re 1.2913 ce 45.141
mo DE ee Lslgv2 oe 45-182
5821 Ke 1.2848 C 45.307
-559 as 1.241 ce 45.044—Weselsky.

Mean, 45.151, - .025

Weselsky’s paper,* already cited, relates only to cobalt.
He ignited the cobalticyanides of ammonium and of phe-
nylammonium in hydrogen, and from the determinations
of cobalt thus made deduced its atomic weight. His results
are as follows:

-7575 grm. (NH,),Co,Cy,, gave .166 grm. Co. 21.914 per cent.
5143 ‘ 213 0 2IOW2e weiss

Mean, 21.943, + .029

.8529 grm. (C,H,N),Co,Cy,, gave .1010 grm. Co. 11.842 per cent.

-6112 s .0723 es TT.S29)0 16°
.7140 es .0850 cs EIRQO5) 1c
.9420 ss . 1120 es TT SOO) 6!

Mean, 11.8665, + .o124

Finally, we come to the work done by Leet in the labora-
tory of Wolcott Gibbs. Like Weselsky, Lee ignited certain
cobalticyanides and nickelocyanides in hydrogen and deter-
mined the residual metal. The double cyanides chosen
were those of strychnia and brucia; salts of very high mo-
lecular weight, in which the percentages of metal are rela-
tively low. A series of experiments with purpureo-cobalt

* Ber. d. Deutsch. Chem. Gesell., 2, 592. 1868.
+ Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, (3,) 2,44. 1871.

NICKEL AND COBALT. 17S

chloride was also carried out. In order to avoid admixture
of carbon in the metallic residues, the salts were first ignited
in air, and then in oxygen. Reduction by hydrogen fol-
lowed. The salts were in each case covered by a porous
septum of earthenware, through which the hydrogen dif-
fused, and which served to prevent the mechanical carrying
away of solid particles; furthermore, heat was applied from
above. The results attained were very satisfactory, and
assign to nickel and cobalt atomic weights varying from
each other by about a unit; Ni being nearly 58, and Co
about 59. The exact figures will appear later. The cobalt
results agree remarkably well with those of Weselsky. The
following are the percentages of metal found :

Ln brucia nickelocyanide, NizCV1y( C3 o,N,O,).H 4. 10H, O.

5-724
5-729
5-750
5-733
5-712
5-729

Mean, 5.7295, -- .0034

Ln strychnia nickelocyanide, NixCyy9( Cf 9,No Oz). H 6.8 H, O.
6.607
6.613
6.589
6.607
6.561
6.595

Mean, 6.595, + .005

In brucia cobalticyanide, Co,Cy13( C 314,04), 1 4.20H, O.
3-759
3-720
3-739
3-748
3-747
3-749

Mean, 3.7437, - .0036

174 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

Ln strychnia cobalticyanide, Co,Cyy,( Cy Hy,N_0,)5./15.8H, 0.

4.583
4.596
4.554
4.564
4-577
4.549

Mean, 4.5705, - .005

In purpureo-cobalt chloride, Co,( VF 5)yCl,.

3-575
23.587

Mean, 23.5795, - .0o19

The last series may be combined with Sommaruga’s, thus :

Sommart gasses =— oo ee 2358.27) == O00
IEC Se Sea eee et eee 23.5795, -E -OO19
Generalimeanzsssee 2= eo 23.6045, + .0018

In discussing the atomic weights of nickel and cobalt, we
may ignore the work of Rothhoff, Erdmann and Marchand
and Deville. That of Marignac must also be omitted, for?
want of sufficient data. For nickel we have the following
ratios. The probable error assigned in No. 4, is that of a
single experiment in No. 2:

(1.) Per cent. of Niin NiC,O,.3H,O, 29.084, + .006

(2,) ee CO, from ce 44.098, - .027

(3-) Niin NiC,O,.2H,O, 31.4076, + .0026
(4.) cs CO, from se 47.605, + .053

(5-) G Ni in NiO, 78.593, + .0oo018

(6.) cS “« brucia nickelocyanide, 5.7295, + .0034
(7.) a ** strychnia ae 6.595, - .005
(8.) Ag: NiCl, :: 100 : 60.1992, + .0062

(9.) Ni: H:: 100: 3.411, + .ool

(10.) Au: Ni:: 100: 45.209, + .o19

(11.) BaSO,: K,Ni(SO,),.6H,O :: 100 : 93.6505, + .oo1

Since the proportion of water in the oxalates is not an
absolutely certain quantity, the data concerning such salts

NICKEL AND COBALT. iD

are best handled by employing the ratios between the carbon
dioxide and the metal. Accordingly ratios (1) and (2) give
a single value for Ni, and ratios (8) and (4) another. In all,
we have nine values for the atomic weight in question:

Brom (m)pands(2)2a= eee Ni = 57.907, + .0379
SG) i) seen ee “ = 57.926, + .0654
Seip NO eye see es Le =) 57.8045, = -O390
“. (7)- --------— ------ “ == 57.947, + .0467
So (CTT) peer ees eee a SL FO. 7 On OS20
TO) pees) 5S. 007,41 O130
Sa) Pere ere $= =) 5.084511 OLOS
StS) eee ee ee ey SOOO, Ew. O380
Sto (GO) seo soC sts ees «¢ == 59.120, == 10370

General mean=__——_~ “© == 58.547, + .0089

iO; GN — 58-682.

In the foregoing result it will be seen that the two sets of
figures due to Russell receive very great weight. This is
because the one set is referred directly to hydrogen, without
the intervention of the probable error of any other element ;
while the second set involves only the atomic weight of
oxygen, of which the probable error is small. As regards
accuracy of methods, however, and certainty concerning the
purity of material, Russell’s work is no better than Schnei-
der’s, and probably inferior to Lee’s. Now values one to
five in the above table represent the tolerably concordant
results of Schneider, Lee, and Sommaruga. They, combined
by themselves, give a general mean of Ni = 57.928, + .0215;
or, if O = 16, of Ni = 58.062. This value, taking every-
thing into account, I cannot but regard as more likely to
prove correct than the larger mean deduced from all the
ratios. At all events, the atomic weight of nickel needs
further careful investigation.

For cobalt these ratios are available:

(1.) Per cent. of Coin CoC,0,.2H,O, 32.5555, + .o149

(2.) se CO, from 47-7475, + .0213

(3-) £ Co in CoO, 78.592, -- .0023

(4.) ee ** purpureo-cobalt chloride, 23.6045, + .oo18

(Gs) oe «* phenylammonium cobalticyanide, 11.8665, + .0124
(6.) CC “ ammonium “e 21.943, + .029

176 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

(7-) Per cent. of Co in brucia cobalticyanide, 3.7437, - .0036
(8.) 3: * — strychnia ss 4.5705, = .005
(9.) Ag : CoCl, :: 100 : 60.2278, + .oII
(10.) Co: H:: 100: 3.4017, + .0009
(ir) Ame? Costs 1002455 Ks) 5.025
Hence we have ten values for Co, as follows:
Frome (i) and'(2)22==="2—* €Coi——5 9.605, 0394)
CSEN) 11(q))) eee ae Speen ne ee [== 9:000,-— OL 52
CE (ip) MR eRe ale ETA V— 58.003, 7.0025
600 (O)) see eee ie eae ele eee Cin Quay ee OO TO
iy (7p hee SU eal ae eos i == 150.057), ) Ss eO5or
6 (ON a eae Sane eaeey = SOO OOS
Sls ET))eeree ee ee Be Sa <<) == 59.044, +>, .0430
66 GQ) sees eee eee! «(=| 58.961, (==).0302
$6.07 (3) RR ee ee eet net Fg OOM gr les OLAS
(LO) Stee a ee eee “© — 58.794, -E .0162
General mean 22222_- “ — 58.887, + .008

TiO 16, Co 7592023:

SELENIUM.

The atomic weight of this element was first determined
by Berzelius,* who, saturating 100 parts of selenium with
chlorine, found that 179 of chloride were produced. Further
on these figures will be combined with similar results by
Dumas.

We may omit, as unimportant for present purposes, the
analyses of alkaline selenates made by Mitscherlich and
Nitzsch,t and pass on to the experiments published by Sacc $
in 1847. This chemist resorted to a variety of methods,
some of which gave good results, while others were unsatis-
factory. First, he sought to establish the exact composition
of SeO,, both by synthesis and by analysis. The former
plan, according to which he oxidized pure selenium by

* Poggend. Annal., 8,1. 1826.
+ Poggend. Annal., 9, 623. 1827.
f{ Ann. d. Chim. et d. Phys., (3,) 21, 119.

SELENIUM. UZ

nitric acid, gave poor results; better figures were obtained
upon reducing SeO, with ammonium bisulphite and hydro-
chloric acid, and determining the percentage of selenium
set free:

.6800 grm. SeO, gave .4828 grm. Se. 71.000 per cent.
3.5227 ce 2.5047 ot 7TALOD a nes
4.4870 cS 3.1930 ss FATT Oe) nes

Mean, 71.088, + .032

In a similar manner Sace also reduced barium selenite,
and weighed the resulting mixture of barium sulphate and
free selenium. This process gave discordant results, and a
better method was found in calcining BaSeO, with sul-
phuric acid, and estimating the resulting quantity of BaSO,.
In the third column I give the amounts of BaSO, equivalent
to 100 of BaSeQ, :

-5573 grm. BaSeO, gave .4929 grm. BaSQ,. 88.444

+9942 ‘ .8797 - 88.383
2351 ee .2080 ce 88.473
-9747 ce .8621 ce 88.448

Mean, 88.437, + .013

Still other experiments were made with the selenites of
silver and lead; but the figures were subject to such errors
that they need no further discussion here.

A few years after Sace’s work was published, Erdmann and
Marchand made with their usual care a series of experi-
ments upon the atomic weight under consideration.* They
alalyzed pure mercuric selenide, which had been repeatedly
sublimed and was well crystallized. Their method of ma-
nipulation has already been described in the chapter upon
mercury. ‘These percentages of Hg in HgSe were found :

71.720

7731
71.741

Mean, 71.7327, + .003

* Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 55, 202. 1852.

178 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

The next determinations were made by Dumas,* who re-
turned to the original method of Berzelius. Pure selenium
was converted by dry chlorine into SeCl,, and from the gain
in weight the ratio between Se and Cl was easily deducible.
I include Berzelius’ single experiment, which I have already °
cited, and give in a third column the quantity of chlorine
absorbed by 100 parts of selenium:

1.709 grm. Se absorb 3.049 grm. Cl. 178.409
1.810 ae 3.219 <e 177.845
1.679 ss 3.003 es 178.856
1.498 cc 2.688 oc 179.439
1.944 if 3-468 « 178.395
1.887 ss 3.382 cs 179.226
1.935 s 3-452 178.398

179.000—Berzelius.

Mean, 178.696, + .125

The question may here be properly asked, whether it
would be possible thus to form SeCl, and be certain of its
absolute purity? A trace of oxychloride, if simultaneously
formed, would increase the apparent atomic weight of
selenium. In point of fact, this method gives a higher
value for Se than any of the other processes which have
been adopted, and that value has the largest probable error
of any one in the entire series. A glance at the table which
summarizes the discussion at the end of this chapter will
render this point sufficiently clear.

Latest of all, we come to the determinations made by
Ekman and Pettersson.* They tried various methods of
investigation, and finally decided upon the two following:

First. Pure silver selenite, Ag,SeO, was ignited, leaving
behind metallic silver in the subjoined percentages :

* Ann. Chem. Pharm., 113, 32. 1860.
+ Ber. d. Deutsch. Chem. Gesell., 9, 1210. 1876. Published in detail by the
society at Upsala.

SELENIUM. 179

62.93
62.95
62.97
62.94
62.98
62.98
62.95

Mean, 62.957, + .005

Second. A warm aqueous solution of selenious acid was
mixed with HCl, and reduced by a current of SO,. The
reduced Se was collected upon a glass filter, dried, and
weighed. Percentages of Se in SeO, :

71.199
71.185
71.193
71.187
71.191

Mean, 71.191, + .oo16

This series, combined with that of Sacc, 71.088, + .082,
gives a general mean of 71.1907, + .0016.
There are now five series of figures from which to deduce
the atomic weight of selenium:
(1.) Per cent. of Se in SeO,, 71.1907, + .0016
(2.) BaSeO, : BaSO, :: 100 : 88.437, + .o13
(3.) Per cent. of Hg in HgSe, 71.7327, + .003
(4.) Se: SeCl, :: 100: 178.696, + .125
(5.) Per cent. of Ag in Ag,SeO,, 62.957, + 005

From these we get the following values for selenium:

Brom) ((ji)eeeo 222 Se = 78.894, + .018
se hat (2)eee 2 Snes PAs aaj == 7.853625 = 2053
iS) ea eoe eee 78 Or" ORO
Se aun (43) steers chat eet =O. b 7.4L) OOK!
BO (Gi emeenr eee eee eS =| 79,019, == 025

(General) meane==5 ee N17 8.7 OF.) OlL

iO — AGE Ser 115.91.

180 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

TELLURIUM.

Particular interest attaches to the atomic weight of tellu-
rium, on account of the speculations of Mendelejeff. Ac-
cording to the “periodic law” of that chemist, tellurium
should lie between antimony and iodine, having an atomic
weight greater than 120, and less than 127. Theoretically,
Mendelejeff assigns it a value of Te = 125; but all the
published determinations lead to a mean number higher
than would be admissible under the aforesaid “ periodic
law.” Whether theory or experiment is at fault remains to
be discovered.

The first, and for many years the only, determinations of
the constant in question, were made by Berzelius.* By
means of nitric acid he oxidized tellurium to the dioxide,
and from the increase in weight deduced a value for the
metal. He published only his final results; from which, if
O = 100, Te = 802.121. The three separate experiments
give Te = 801.74, 801.786, and 802.838 ; whence we can cal-
culate the following percentages of metal in the dioxide:

80.057
80.036
80.034

Mean, 80.042, ut -005

The next determinations were made by von Hauer,} who
resorted to the analysis of the well crystallized double salt
TeBr,.2K Br. In this compound the bromine was estimated
as silver bromide, the values assumed for Ag and Br being
respectively 108.1 and 80. Recalculating, with our newer
atomic weights for the above named elements, we get from
v. Hauer’s analyses, for 100 parts of the salt, the quantities
of AgBr which are put in the third column:

* Poggend. Annal., 28, 395. 1833.
+ Sitzungsb. Wien Akad., 25, 142.

TELLURIUM. 181

2.000 grm. K,TeBr, gave 69.946 per cent. Br. 164.460

6.668 $e 69.8443 oF 164.221
2.934 . 69.9113,“ 164.379
3-697 ce 70.0163 Ks 164.626
1.000 <e 69.901 se 164.355

Mean, 164.408, + .045

From Berzelius’ series we may calculate Te = 128.045,
and from v. Hauer’s Te = 127.419. Dumas,* by a method
for which he gives absolutely no particulars, found Te = 129.

In 1879, with direct reference to Mendelejeff’s specula-
tions, the subject of the atomic weight of tellurium was
taken up by Wills. The methods of both Berzelius and
von Hauer were employed, with various rigid precautions
in the way of testing balance and weights, and to ensure
purity of material. In the first series of experiments tellu-
rium was oxidized by nitric acid to form TeO,. The results
gave figures ranging from Te = 126.31 to 129.34:

2.21613 grm. Te gave 2.77612 grm. TeO,. 79.828 per cent. Te.

1.45313 a 1.81542 a 80.044 ss
2.67093 a 3.33838 a 80.007 fe
4.77828 es 5-95748 fe 80.207 ce
2.65029 i 3-31331 i 79-989 5

Mean, 80.015, -+ .O4I

In the second series tellurium was oxidized by aqua regia
to TeO, ; with results varying from Te = 127.77 to 128.00:

2.85011 grm. Te gave 3.56158 grm. TeO,. 80.024 per cent. Te.

3.09673 a 3.86897 “s 80.040 sé
5.09365 se 6.36612 < 80.012 ce
3.26604 se 4.08064 a 80.037 oe

Mean, 80.028, + .004

Combining these series with that due to Berzelius, we
have the following general mean:

* Ann. d. Chim. et d. Phys., (3,) 55, 129. 1859.
+ Journ. Chem. Society, Oct., 1879, p. 704.

182 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

Berzeliuses oe a ee a 80.042, + .005
Wills Sst Series 32 =) See dee 80.015, + .O41
CCPNVED OU big SSCs 8 2 rae ee eee ee ae 80.028, + .004
Generalimean== =e 80.035, + .003

Hence Te = 127.986, + .035.

By von Hauer’s process, the analysis of TeBr,.2KBr,
Will’s figures give results ranging from Te = 126.07 to
127.61. Reduced to a common standard, 100 parts of the
salt yield the quantities of AgBr given in the third column:

1.70673 grm. K,TeBr, gave 2.80499 grm. AgBr. 164.349

1.75225 se 2.88072 ss 164.398
2.06938 a: 3-40739 ie 164.057
3-29794 5.43228 fs 164.717

2.46545 “i 4.05742 “i 164.571

Mean, 164.538, + .048

Combined with von Hauer’s mean, 164.408, + .045, this
gives a general mean of 164.468, + .033. Hence Te =
HT On Ae

The two independent values for Te combine thus:

From) MeO ease eso eee ec: 427,05 051-1 O85
iy Weke Brace see ese e127 105 3— 307
General’ mean s2——+- “© == 127.960, + .034

i Or 6 ei ae a

A careful consideration of the foregoing figures, and of
the experimental methods by which they were obtained,
will show that they are not absolutely conclusive with re-
gard to the place of tellurtum under the periodic law. The
atomic weight of iodine, calculated in a previous chapter, is
126.557. Wills’ values for Te, rejecting his first series as
relatively unimportant, range from 126.07 to 128.00; that
is, some of them fall below the atomic weight of iodine,
although none descend quite to the 125 assumed by Men-
delejeft.

In considering the experimental methods, reference may
properly be made to the controversy regarding the atomic
weight of antimony. It will be seen that Dexter, estima-
ting the latter constant by the conversion of the metal

VANADIUM. 183

into Sb,O,, obtained a value approximately of Sb = 122.
Dumas, working with SbCl,, obtained a similar value.
Schneider and Cooke, on the other hand, have established
an atomic weight for antimony near 120, and Cooke in par-
ticular has traced out the constant errors which lurked
unsuspected in the work of Dumas and Dexter. Now in
some physical respects tellurium and antimony are quite
similar. As constant errors vitiated the recently accepted
values for Sb, so they may also effect our estimates for Te.
The oxidation of Te by nitric acid resembles in minor par-
ticulars that of Sb. The analysis of K,TeBr,, gives a low
value for Te, and yet the material may have contained
traces of oxybromides, the presence of which would render
even that lower value too high. A careful revision of the
‘atomic weight of tellurium is still necessary.

VANADIUM.

Roscoe’s determination of the atomic weight of vanadium
is the only one having any present value. The results ob-
tained by Berzelius * and by Czudnowicz + are unquestion-
ably too high; the error being probably due to the presence
of phosphoric acid in the vanadic acid employed. This
particular impurity, as Roscoe has shown, prevents the
complete reduction of V,O, to V,O, by means of hydrogen.
All vanadium ores contain small quantities of phosphorus,
which can only be detected with ammonium molybdate ;
a reaction unknown in Berzelius’ time. Furthermore, the
complete purification of vanadic acid from all traces of
phosphoric acid is a matter of great difficulty, and probably
never was accomplished until Roscoe undertook his re-
searches.

In his determination of the atomic weight, Roscoe ft

* Poggend. Annal., 22,14. 1831.
+ Poggend. Annal., 120,17. 1863.
t Journ. Chem. Soc., 6, pp. 330 and 344. 1868.

184 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

studied two compounds of vanadium; namely, the pent-
oxide, V,O, and the oxychloride, VOC],. The pentoxide,
absolutely pure, was reduced to V,O, by heating in hydro-
gen, with the following results:

7.7397 grm. V,O; gave 6.3827 grm. V,O,. 17.533 per cent. of loss.
6.5819 uy 5.4296 ce 17.507 se
5.1895 a6 4.2819. ss 17.489 G
5.0450 ee 4.1614 6 17.515 ce

5-4296 grm, V,O,, reoxidized, gave 6.5814 grm. V,O,. 17.501 percent. difference.

Mean, 17.509, + .005

Hence V = 51.264, + .025.

Upon the oxychloride, VOCI,, two series of experiments
were made, one volumetric, the other gravimetric. In the
volumetric series the compound was titrated with solutions
containing known weights of silver, which had been purified
according to the methods recommended by Stas. Roscoe
publishes his weighings, and gives percentages deduced
from them;: his figures, reduced to a common standard,
make the quantities of VOCI, given in the third column
proportional to 100 parts of silver. He was assisted by two
analysts:

Analyst A.
2.4322 grm. VOCI, = 4.5525 grm. Ag. 53.425
4.6840 s 8.7505 is 53-528
4.2188 ce 7.8807 ce 53-533
3-9490 a 7-3799 % 53-510
-9243 i 1.7267“ 53-530
1.4330 “ 2.6769 i 53-532
Analyst B,
2.8530 se 5-2853 ie 53.980
2.1252 = 3-9535 - 53-755
1.4248 t 2.6642 es 53-479

Mean, 53.586, + .039

The gravimetric series, of course, fixes the ratio between
VOCI, and AgCl. If we put the latter at 100 parts, the
proportion of VOCl, comes out as given in the third
column:

ARSENIC. 185

Analyst A.
1.8521 grm. VOCI, gave 4.5932 grm. AgCl. 40.323
.7013 cs 1.7303 ce 40.531
.7486 “ew 1.8467 ee 40.537
1.4408 by 3-5719 fs 40.337
-9453 1 2.3399 a 40.399
1.6183 ce 4.0282 cf 40.174
Analyst B.
2.1936 2 5-4039 ‘ 40.391
2.5054 oe 6.2118 s 49.333

Mean, 40.378, + .028

These two series give us two values for the molecular
weight of VOCI,:

From the volumetric series _.. VOC], = 173.096, + .126
se Cravimetnicn sha eel 27 Ota AD
General mean._---.-= Cea 7 aT 7st OOF!

Hence V = 51.104, + .104.

Combining the two values for V we get the following
result:

From VO, 022 oooh eV 55.204, = 025
COUN OC eens eee ea ¢ == 51.104, += - 104.
Generalimeane 222 ena ceo=— 516256, 32.024.

Oral O— AG Ve — olla fo:

ARSENIC.

For the determination of the atomic weight of arsenic
two compounds have been studied; the chloride and the
trioxide. The bromide may also be considered, since it was
analyzed by Wallace in order to establish the atomic weight
of bromine. His series, in the light of more recent knowl-
edge, may properly be inyerted, and applied to the determi-
nation of arsenic.

In 1826, Berzelius* heated arsenic trioxide with sulphur

* Poggend. Annal., 8, 1.

186 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

in such a way that only SO, could escape. 2.203 grammes
of As,O,, thus treated, gave a loss of 1.069 of SO,. Hence
As = 74.840. This is a close estimation; but, being drawn
from a single experiment, has so little weight that it need
not be included in our final general mean.

In 1845 Pelouze* apphed his method of. titration with
known quantities of pure silver to the analysis of the tri-
chloride of arsenic, AsCl,. Using the old Berzelian atomic
weights, and putting Ag = 1349.01, and Cl = 448.2, he
found in three experiments for As the values 937.9, 937.1,
and 937.4. Hence 100 parts of silver balance the following
quantities of AsCl, :

56.029

56.009
56.016

Mean, 56.018, ++ .004

Later, the same method was employed by Dumas,+ whose
weighings, reduced to the foregoing standard, give the fol-
lowing results:

4.298 grm. AsCl, = 7.673 grm. Ag. Ratio, 56.015
5-535 cs g.880 se 56.022
7.660 ce 13.686 ee 55-970
4.680 a S33550 ae 55-993

Mean, 56.000, + .008

The two series of Pelouze and Dumas, combined, give a
general mean of 56.014, + .0035, as the amount of AsCl,
equivalent to 100 parts of silver. Hence As = 74.829, +
.048, a value closely agreeing with that deduced from the
single experiment of Berzelius.

The same process of titration with silver was applied by
Wallacet to the analysis of arsenic tribromide, AsBr,. This
compound was repeatedly distilled to ensure purity, and
was well crystallized. His weighings show that the quanti-

* Compt. Rend., 20, 1047.
+ Ann. Chim. Phys., (3,) 55, 174. 1859.
t Philosophical Magazine, (4,) 18, 279.

ARSENIC. Sy

ties of bromide given in the third column are proportional
to 100 parts of silver:

8.3246 grm. AsBr, = 8.58 grm. Ag. 97.023
4.4368 i ASS. 1c 97.022

5.098 es Seo oes 96.970

Mean, 97.005, + .OI2

Hence As = 74.046, + .058. Why this value should be
so much lower than that from the chloride is unexplained.

The volumetric work done by Kessler,* for the purpose
of establishing the atomie weights of chromium and of
arsenic, has already been described in the chromium chap-
ter. In that investigation the amount of potassium dichro-
mate required to oxidize 100 parts of As,O, to As,O, was
determined, and compared with the quantity of potassium
chlorate necessary to produce the same effect. From the
molecular weight of KClO,, that of K,Cr,O, was then
calculable.

From the same figures, the molecular weights of KCIlO,
and of K,Cr,O, being both known, that of As,O,; may be
easily determined. The quantities of the other compounds
proportional to 100 parts of As,O, are as follows:

Tears On. KC103.
98.95 41.156

98.94 41.116

99.17 41.200

98.98 41.255

99.08 41.201

99.15 41.086

- 41.199
Mean, 99.045, + .o2 41.224
41.161

41.193

41.149

41.126

Mean, 41.172, + .009

* Poggend. Annal., 95, 204. 1855. Also 113,134. 1861.

188 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

Another series with the bichromate gave the following
figures:

99.08
99.06
99.10
98.97
98.97

Mean, 99.036,
Mean of previous series, 99.045,

.O19

a
+ .028

General mean, 99.039, + .016

Other defective series are given to illustrate the partial
oxidation of the As,O, by action of air. The foregoing
figures give us two distinct values for the molecular weight
of As,O;. In calculating from the bichromate results the
value for chromium deduced from Siewert’s determinations
will be used, viz., Cr = 52.009, + .025.

From! K-ClO, series-= 2-2 As, 0; == 197-996, 4>|.040
65 Cr Oconee 107 ima OOn
General mean_--- “ = 197.894, + .035

Hence As = 75.002, + .018.

The general mean for As comes out as follows :

From Ash. Sssuuee eS oease As = 74.829, + .048
6S GASB. 2 nei arose ett | ALOT LOGO
6 UNS Oates Bees hae 28 << ==1715.002,\==) O18

Generaljmeaneseueees xe — 74.918, + .016

If O = 16, then As becomes = 75.090.

ANTIMONY.

After some earlier, unsatisfactory determinations, Ber-
zelius,* in 1826, published his final estimation of the atomic
weight of antimony. He oxidized the metal by means of
nitric acid, and found that 100 parts of antimony gave
124.8" of \Sb;O,.. Hence, if O = 16. Sb = 129 Uses ae

* Poggend. Annal., 8, I.

ANTIMONY. 189

value 129 remained in general acceptance until 1855, when
Kessler,* by special volumetric methods, showed that it was
certainly much too high. Kessler’s results will be consid-
ered more fully further along, in connection with a later
paper; for present purposes a brief statement of his earlier
conclusions will suffice. Antimony, and various compounds
of antimony, were oxidized’ partly by potassium anhydro-
chromate and partly by potassium chlorate; and from the
amounts of oxidizing agent required, the atomic weight in
question was deduced:

By oxidation of Sb,O, from 100 parts of Sb .--_.--_Sb = 123.84
é SS DiWithia ke Cr: Ojos ae eee eee eels — A NOM
ce Sep GClOs eer Ope ae a coe 23472
és Sb,O, with “ So ye Naat Fee Sa 2 2580
ee 3] ONS Pin 6151 A Gre © Male ae See ets Rs Be oe Aye)
ce tartare cH Ceae saan ae Meeps TT OLSO

The figures given are those calculated by Kessler him-
self. A recalculation with our newer atomic weights for O,
K, Cl, Cr, 8, and C, would yield slightly lower values. It
will be seen that five of the estimates agree closely, while
one diverges widely from the others. It will be shown here-
after that the concordant values are all vitiated by constant
errors, and that the exceptional figure is after all the best.

Shortly after the appearance of Kessler’s first paper,
Schneider?t published some results obtained by the reduc-
tion of antimony sulphide in hydrogen. The material
chosen was a very pure stibnite from Arnsberg, of which
the gangue was only quartz. This was corrected for, and
corrections were also applied for traces of undecomposed
sulphide carried off mechanically by the gas stream, and
for traces of sulphur retained by the reduced antimony.
The latter sulphur was estimated as barium sulphate. From
3.2 to 10.6 grammes of material were taken in each experi-
ment. The final corrected percentages of S in Sb,S, were
as follows:

* Poggend. Annal., 95, 215.
+ Poggend. Annal., 98, 293. 1856. Preliminary note in Bd. 97.

190 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

28.559
28.557
28.501
28.554
28.532
28.485
28.492
28.481

Mean, 28.520, + .008

Hence, if S = 32, Sb = 120.3.

Immediately after the appearance of Schneider’s memoir,
Rose * published the result of a single analysis of antimony
trichloride, previously made under his supervision by Weber.
This analysis, if Cl = 35.5, makes Sb = 120.7, a value of
no great weight, but in a measure confirmatory of that ob-
tained by Schneider.

The next research upon the atomic weight of antimony
was that of Dexter,} published in 1857. This chemist, hay-
ing tried to determine the amount of gold precipitable by
a known weight of antimony, and having obtained discord-
ant results, finally resorted to the original method of Ber-
zelius. Antimony, purified with extreme care, was oxidized
by nitric acid, and the gain in weight was determined.
From 1.5 to 3.5 grammes of metal were used in each experi-
ment. The reduction of the weights to a vacuum standard
was neglected as being superfluous. From the data ob-
tained, we get the following percentages of Sb in Sb.O,:

* Poggend. Annal., 98, 455. 1856.
+ Poggend. Annal., 100, 563.

ANTIMONY. 19t

79.274
79-232
79-395
79-379

Mean, 79.283, + .009

Hence, if O'= 16, Sb = 122.46.

The determinations of Dumas* were pnblished in 1859.
This chemist sought to fix the ratio between silver and
antimonicus chloride, and obtained results for the atomic
weight of antimony quite near to those of Dexter. The
SbCl, was prepared by the action of dry chlorine upon pure
antimony; it was distilled several times over antimony
powder, and it seemed to be perfectly pure. Known weights
of this preparation were added to solutions of tartaric acid
in water, and the silver chloride was precipitated without
previous removal of the antimony. Here, as Cooke has
since shown, is a possible source of error, for under such
circumstances the crystalline argento-antimonious tartrate
may also be thrown down and contaminate the chloride of
silver. But be that as it may; Dumas’ weighings, reduced
to a common standard, give as proportional to 100 parts of
silver, the quantities of SbCl, which are stated in the third
of the subjoined columns:

1.876 grm. SbCl, = 2.660 grm. Ag. 70.526
4.336 <e 6.148 ce 70.527
5-065 Xe 7-175 is 79.592
3-475 s 4.930 “ 70.487
3-767 o 5-350 * 79-411
5-910 a 8.393 oe 70.416
4.828 Es 6.836 ce 70.626

Mean, 70.512, + .o21
Hence, if Ag = 108, and Cl = 355, Sb = 122.

In 1861 Kessler’s second paper? relative to the atomic
weight of antimony appeared. Kessler’s methods were
somewhat complicated, and for full details the original
memoirs must be consulted. A standard solution of potas-
sium anhydrochromate was prepared, containing 6.1466

* Ann. Chim. Phys., (3,) 55, 175-
7 Poggend. Annal., 113, 145.

192 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

a

grammes to the litre. With this, solutions containing
known quantities of antimony or of antimony compounds
were titrated, the end reaction being adjusted with a stand-
ard solution of ferrous chloride. In some cases the titration
was preceded by the addition of a definite weight of potas-
sium chlorate, insufficient for complete oxidation; the an-
hydrochromate then served to finish the reaction. The
object in view was to determine the amount of oxidizing
agent, and therefore of oxygen, necessary for the conver-
sion of known quantities of antimonious into antimonic
compounds.

In the later paper Kessler refers to his earlier work, and
shows that the values then found for antimony were all too
high, except in the case of the series made with tartar
emetic. That series he merely states, and subsequently
ignores, evidently believing it to be unworthy of further
consideration. For the remaining series he points out the
sources of error. These need not be rediscussed here, as the
discussion would have no value for present purposes; suffice
it to say that in the series representing the oxidation of
Sb,O, with anhydrochromate and chlorate, the material
used was found to be impure. Upon estimating the im-
purity and correcting for it, the earlier value of Sb = 123.80
becomes Sb = 122.86, according to Kessler’s calculations.

In the paper now under consideration four series of results
are given. The first represents experiments made upon a
pure antimony trioxide which had been sublimed, and which
consisted of shining colorless needles. This was dissolved,
together with some potassium chlorate, in hydrochlorie acid,
and titrated with anhydrochromate solution. Six experi-
ments were made, but Kessler rejects the first and second as
untrustworthy. The data for the others are as follows:

Sd, O35. KC1O3. K,Cr,O, sol. in ce.
1.7888 grm. .4527 grm. Ig.2 cc.
T0523) 45060 “ Brome
252005) .8806 <“ EG.59 <
hasqgou oe 23402 Ns. TO;

From these figures Kessler deduces Sb = 122.16.

ANTIMONY. 193

These data, reduced to a common standard, give the fol-
lowing quantities of oxygen needed to oxidize 100 parts of
Sb,0, toSb,O,. Each cubic centimetre of the K,Cr,O,
solution corresponds to one milligramme of O:

10.985
10.939

10.951
10.936

Mean, 10.953, -+ .0075

In the second series of experiments pure antimony was
dissolved in hydrochloric acid with the aid of an unweighed
quantity of potassium chlorate. The solution, containing
both antimonious and antimonic compounds, was then re-
duced entirely to the antimonious condition by means of
stannous chloride. The excess of the latter was corrected
with a strong hydrochloric acid solution of mercuric chlo-
ride, then, after diluting and filtering, a weighed quantity
of potassium chlorate was added, and the titration with an-
hydrochromate was performed as usual. Calculated as
above, the percentages of oxygen given in the last column
correspond to 100 parts of antimony :

Sb. KC/O;3. Kix C710, Sols cb. Per cent. O.
1.636 grm. 0.5000 grm. 18.3 13.088
3.0825 “ 0.9500 * 30.2 13.050
4.5652 “ : I.4106 “ 45-5 13.098

Mean, 13.079, -- .0096

This series gave Kessler Sb = 122.34.

The third and fourth series of experiments were made
with pure antimony trichloride, SbCl,, prepared by the action
of mercuric chloride upon metallic antimony. This prepa-
ration, in the third series, was dissolved in hydrochloric
acid, and titrated. In one experiment solid K,Cr,O, in
weighed amount was added before titration: in the other
two estimations KC]O, was taken as usual. If, according
to Siewert’s work, we take Cr = 52.009, the percentages of
oxygen in the last column correspond to 100 parts of SbCl, :

3
vo

194 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

Per cent. O.
1.8576 grm. SbCl, needed .5967 grm. K,Cr,O, and 33.4 cc. sol. 7.0338
1.9118 gs 23019) ST OK CLOR car Oe2 yin’ 7.0321
4.1235 ce .6801 * a: coon oes 7.0222

Mean, 7.0294, + .0024

The fourth set of experiments was gravimetric. The
solution of SbCl,, mixed with tartaric acid, was first pre-
cipitated by hydrogen sulphide, in order to remove the
antimony. The excess of H,S was corrected by copper
sulphate, and then the chlorine was estimated as silver chlo-
ride in the ordinary manner. 100 parts of AgCl correspond
to the amounts of SbCl, given in the third column.

1.8662 grm. SbCl, gave 3.483 grm. AgCl. 53-580
1.6832 Uo: 3.141 fe 53-588
2.7437 ‘ 5.1115 s 53-677
2.6798 <6 5.0025 ot 53-569
5-047 és 9.411 ‘s 53-629
3-8975 “ (eA5S5 ener: 53-696

Mean, 53.623, + .O15

The volumetric series with SbCl, gave Kessler values for
Sb ranging from 121.16 to 121.47. The gravimetric series,
on the other hand, yielded results from Sb = 124.12 to 124.67.
This discrepancy Kessler rightly attributes to the presence
of oxygen in the chloride; and, ingeniously correcting for
this error, he deduces from both sets combined, the value of
Sb 220%

The several mean results for antimony agree so fairly
with each other, and with the estimates obtained by Dexter
and Dumas, that we cannot wonder that Kessler felt satisfied
of their general correctness, and of the inaccuracy of the
figures published by Schneider. Still, the old series of data
obtained by the titration of tartar emetic with anhydrochro-
mate contained no evident errors, and was not accounted
for. This series,* if we reduce all of Kessler’s figures to a
single common standard, give a ratio between K.Cr,O,
and C,H,KSbO,.4H,O. 100 parts of the former will oxi-
dize of the latter:

* Poggend. Annal., 95, 217.

EE

ANTIMONY. 195

336.64

Mean, 337.30, -— .29
From this, if K,Cr,0, = 294.64, Sb = 119.8.

The newer atomic weights found in the previous chapters
of this work will be applied to the discussion of all these
series further along. It may, however, be properly noted at
this point, that the probable errors assigned to the percent-
ages of oxygen in three of Kessler’s series are too low.
These percentages are calculated from the quantities of
KCIO, involved in the several reactions, and their probable
errors should be increased with reference to the probable
error of the molecular weight of that salt. The necessary
calculations would be more laborious than the importance
of the figures would warrant, and, accordingly, in comput-
ing the final general mean for antimony, Kessler’s figures
will receive somewhat higher weight than they are legiti-
mately entitled to.

Naturally, the concordant results of Dexter, Kessler, and
Dumas led to the general acceptance of the value of 122 for
antimony as against the lower figure 120 of Schneider.
Still, in 1871, Unger* published the results of a single anal-
ysis of Schlippe’s salt, Na,SbS,.9H,0. This analysis gave
Sb = 119.76, if S = 32 and Na = 23, but no great weight
could be attached to the determination. It served, never-
theless, to show that the controversy over the atomic weight
of antimony was not finally settled.

More than ten years after the appearance of Kessler’s
second paper the subject of the atomic weight of antimony
was again taken up, this time by Professor Cooke. His re-
sults appeared in the autumn of 1877,+ and were conclusive
in favor of the lower value, approximately 120. For full

* Archiv. der Pharmacie, 197, 194. Quoted by Cooke.
+ Proceedings American Academy, v. 13.

196 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

details the original memoir must be consulted; only a few
of the leading points can be cited here.

Schneider analyzed a sulphide of antimony which was
already formed. Cooke, reversing the method, effected the
synthesis of this compound. Known weights of pure anti-
mony were dissolved in hydrochloric acid containing a little
nitric acid. In this solution weighed balls of antimony
were boiled until the liquid became colorless; subsequently
the weight of metal lost by the balls was ascertained. To
the solution, which now contained only antimonious com-
pounds, tartaric acid was added, and then, with a supersat-
urated aqueous sulphhydric acid, antimony trisulphide was
precipitated. The precipitate was collected by an ingenious
process of reverse filtration, converted into the black modi-
fication by drying at 210°, and weighed. After weighing,
the Sb,S, was dissolved in hydrochloric acid, leaving a car-
bonaceous residue unacted upon. This was carefully esti-
mated and corrected for. About two grammes of antimony
were taken in each experiment and thirteen syntheses were
performed. In two of these, however, the antimony tri-
sulphide was weighed only in the red modification, and the
results were uncorrected by conversion into the black va-
riety and estimation of the carbonaceous residue. In fact,
every such conversion and correction was preceded by a
weighing of the red modification of the Sb,S,. The mean
result of these weighings, if S = 32, gave Sb = 119.994.
The mean result of the corrected syntheses gave Sb =
120.295. In these eleven experiments the following per-
centages of S in Sb,S, were established :

28.57
28.60
28.57
28.43
28.42
28.53
28.50
28.49
28.58
28.50
28.51

Mean, 28.5182, + .o120

ANTIMONY. 197

These results, confirmatory of the work of Schneider,
were presented to the American Academy in 1876. Still,
before publication, Cooke thought it best to repeat the work
of Dumas, in order to detect the cause of the old discrepancy
between the values Sb = 120 and Sb = 122. Accordingly,
_various samples of antimony trichloride were taken, and
purified by repeated distillations. The final distillate was
further subjected to several recrystallizations from the fused
state; or, in one case, from a saturated solution in bisulphide
of carbon. The portions analyzed were dissolved in con-
centrated aqueous tartaric acid, and precipitated by silver
nitrate, many precautions being observed. The silver chlo-
ride was collected by reverse filtration, and dried at temper-
atures from 110° to 120°. In one experiment the antimony
was first removed by H,S. Seventeen experiments were
made, giving, if Ag = 108 and Cl = 35.5, a mean value of
Sb = 121.94. If we reduce to a common standard, Cooke’s
analyses give, as proportional to 100 parts of AgCl, the
quantities of SbCl, stated in the third column:

el

.5974 grm. SbCl, gave 3.0124 grm. AgCl. 53-028

12533 sf 2.3620 < 53-061
.8876 cs 1.6754 & 52.978
.8336 se 1.5674 ‘6 53-184
5326 a 1.0021 6 53-148
.7270 is 1.3691 es 53-101

1.2679 cg 2.3883 << 53-088

1.9422 ce 3.6646 G: 52.999

1.7702 - 3-3384 ph 53-025

2.5030 oe 4.7184 oo 53-048

2.1450 as 4.0410 cs 53-081

1.7697 s 3-3281 ts 53-175

2.3435 if 4.4157 5 53-072

1.3686 cs 2.5813 t 53-020

1.8638 ce 3-5146 6 53-030

2.0300 t 3.8282 ss 53-028

2.4450 és 4.6086 ee 53-053

Mean, 53.066, + .0096

This mean may be combined with that of Kessler’s series,
as follows:

198 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

Kessleno2 3220. se ee 53-623, = .O15
Cooke estes Ae eS 53-066, + .0096
General means SUSE 53-2311, + .008

The results thus obtained with SbCl, confirmed Dumas’
determination of the atomic weight of antimony as remark-
ably as the syntheses of Sb,S, had sustained the work of
Schneider. Evidently, in one or the other series a constant
error must be hidden, and much time was spent by Cooke
in searching for it. It was eventually found that the chlo-
ride of antimony invariably contained traces of oxychloride,
an impurity which tended to increase the apparent atomic
weight of the metal under consideration. If was also found,
in the course of the investigation, that hydrochloric acid
solutions of antimonious compounds oxidize in the air dur-
ing boiling as rapidly as ferrous compounds; a fact which
explains the high values for antimony found by Kessler.

In order to render “assurance doubly sure,’ Professor
Cooke also undertook the analysis of the bromide and the
iodide of antimony. The bromide, SbBr,, was prepared by
adding the finely powdered metal to a solution of bromine
in carbon disulphide. It was purified by repeated distilla-
tion over pulverized antimony, and by several recrystalliza-
tions from bisulphide of carbon. The bromine determina-
tions resembled those of chlorine, and gave, if Ag = 108
and Br = 80, a mean value for antimony of Sb = 120.
Reduced to a common standard, the fifteen analyses give
the subjoined quantities of SbBr, proportional to 100 parts
of silver bromide:

1.8621 grm. SbBr, gave 2.9216 grm. AgBr. 63.736
.9856 se 1.5422 cs 63.909
1.8650 cs 2.9268 és 63.721
1.5330 ce 2.4030 «se 63.795
1.3689 cs 2.1445 cs 63.833
1.2124 cs 1.8991 cs 63.841
-9417 < 1.4749 cs 63.848
2.5404 ss 3-9755 a 63.901
1.5269 oe 2.3905 Ss 63.874
1.8604 e 2.9180 z 63.756
1.7298 ct 2.7083 a 63.870

ANTIMONY. 199

3.2838 grm. SbBr, gave 5.1398 grm. AgBr. 63.890
2.3589 3 3-6959 cs 63.825
Lee28 es 2.0863 ow 63.859
2.6974 cs 4.2285 ce 63.791

Mean, 63.830, + .008

The iodide of antimony was prepared like the bromide,
and analyzed in the same way. At first, discordant results
were obtained, due to the presence of oxyiodide in the iodide
studied. The impurity, however, was removed by sublim-
ing the iodide in an atmosphere of dry carbon dioxide.
With this purer material, seven estimations of iodine were
made, giving, if Ag = 108 and I = 127, a value for anti-
mony of Sb =120. Reduced to a uniform standard, Cooke’s
weighings give the following quantities of SbI, proportional
to 100 parts of silver iodide:

1.1877 grm. SbI, gave 1.6727 grm. Agl. 71.005
.4010 ct .6497 cs 70.956
3.2527 ee 4.5716 ee TLL 50
1.8068 cb 2.5389 Ss 71.165
1.5970 .s 2.2456 fe Fedele
2.3201 3.2645 cs 71.071
-3496 ‘i -4927 70.956

Mean, 71.060, + .023

Although Cooke’s work was practically conclusive, as
between the rival values for antimony, his results were
severely criticized by Kessler,* who, evidently, had read
Cooke’s paper in a very careless way. On the other hand,
‘Schneider published in Poggendorff’s Annalen a friendly
review of the new determinations, which so splendidly vin-
dicated his own accuracy. In reply to Kessler, Cooke un-
dertook still another series of experiments with antimony
bromide,+ and obtained absolute confirmation of his pre-
vious results. To a solution of antimony bromide was
added a solution containing a known weight of silver not
quite sufficient to precipitate all the bromine. The excess

ee

* Berichte d. Deutsch. Chem. Gesell., 12, 1044. 1879.
+ Amer. Journ. Sci. and Aris, May, 1880, Berichte, 13, 951.

200 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

of the latter was estimated by titration with a normal silver
solution. Five analyses gave values for antimony ranging
from 119.98 to 120.02, when Ag = 108 and Br = 80. Re-
duced to a common standard, the weights obtained gave
the amounts of SbBr, stated in the third column as propor-
tional to 100 parts of silver:

2.5032 grm. SbBr, = 2.2528 grm. Ag. TIT 0Ts
2.0567 cs 1.8509 ‘6 III.119
2.6512 se 2.3860 ss LEDS
3-3953 g¢ 2.9749 ff I11.106
2.7495 se 2.4745 ce LIT P1g

Mean, III.114, + .0014

Schneider,* also, in order to more fully answer Kessler’s
objections, repeated his work upon the Arnsberg stibnite.
This he reduced in hydrogen as before, correcting scrupu-
lously for impurities. The following percentages of sulphur

were found:
28.546
28.534
28.542

Mean, 28.541, - .0024

These figures confirm his old results, and may be fairly
combined with them and with the percentages found by
Cooke, as follows:

Schneider, early Seriesses— = oe 28.520, -+ .008
<¢ late Ae ee noes 28.541, - .0024
Cocke eee eae 28.5182, + .0120
General mean_-__-.------ 28.5385, + .0023

We have now before us the following ratios, good and
bad, from which to calculate the atomic weight of antimony.
The single results obtained by Weber and by Unger, being
unimportant, are not included:

(1.) Percentage of S in Sb,S,, 28.5385, + .0023

(2.) s Sb in Sb,O,, 79.283, + .009

(3.) O needed to oxidize 100 parts SbCl,, 7.0294, + .0024
(4.) O e ze Sb,O;, 10.953, =: .0075
(5.0 as ‘e Sb, 13.079, + .0096

* Journ, fiir Prakt. Chem., (2,) 22, 131.

ANTIMONY. 201

(6.) K,Cr,O, : tartar emetic :: 100 : 337.30, + .29
(7.) Ag : SbCl, : : 100: 70.512, + .021

(8.) AgCl : SbCl, +: 100 : 53.2311, + .008

(9.) Ag : SbBr, :; 100: III.114, + .0014

10.) AgBr : ae :: 100 : 63.830, + .008

(11.) Agl: SbI, :: 100: 71.060, + .023

(

Three of these ratios give estimates for the molecular
weight of antimony trichloride, and two give correspond-
ing values for the bromide. These values may be combined,
as follows: First, for the chloride we have—

From ((3)/bss—— pease toe SbCl, = 227.094, + .115
se (7) 2 a eee See 22 Hag lis = OOM
eet (() ere whee See “= 228.433, + .039

Generalmeans-.2- © | ==228.225,-= (034

Hence sb) = 122.015, =— .055.
For the bromide we get:

Mom (Ge ee ee ees ae SbBr, = 358.926, + .032
TART owt ant St cea) et “© = 358.935, + .060
General mean._-. “ = 358.929, + .029

Hence Sb = 119.625, + .068.

From all the data eight values for Sb may be deduced.
These fall into two groups; the one near the number 120,
the other not far from 122. In making the calculation the
atomic weights found in previous chapters are applied ;
the value selected for chromium being that deduced from
Siewert’s experiments:

E. MTOM Sb,o,, Tatton (1). =. =e Sb = 120.145, + .045
2AM SD Bisa ee on eee eee —— PLOLO2h. =1= 1003 Tow.
See MODI ration (Gl \b essen es oe “ — 119.665, + .179
Apa, Wotartan emetic, Tato) (0) 52. “ == 118.690, + .278
epee OD ,O), bation (2) 52a et ee (cr 122.00, 00%
Goes SbCI,-~-------------- ----- F122. 1S sit OSS ish:
Teen eTAtLON( 4!) torte sate ose eI sv) 25271083) 11), .1O5
Sse cOKS (5) ee ee ere “© = 122.053, - .094
Generalimegnie se eee (6 ===/0 27,027, = .025
General mean of values I to 4-- “ = 119.935, - .036
cs a: en Senton——hT2 2102s = 2025

Although the means of the four lower values and of the
four higher values are thus shown to be approximately

202 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

equal in weight, we know from Cooke’s experiments that
the larger mean is vitiated by serious constant errors. Only
in value 5, the result calculated from Dexter’s experiments,
has the constant error not been pointed out. Cooke consid-
ers it probable, however, that the Sb,O, involved in this
work contained traces of some lower oxide, which, if present,
would render the atomic weight of antimony apparently too
high. Chemically considered, the preponderance of evi-
dence is strongly in favor of values 1 to 5, deduced from
the experiments of Schneider and of Cooke. These give a
general mean of Sb = 119.955, + .036; or, if O = 16, this
becomes Sb = 120.281.

This we may accept as most nearly the true result, and
reject the data of Dexter, Dumas, and Kessler altogether.

Since this chapter was written, Pfeifer has compared the
amount of antimony thrown down electrolytically, with the
quantity of silver deposited by the same current in the same
time. From rather meagre data he concludes that the atomic
weight of antimony, thus determined, may be 121. Addi-
tional investigation is promised. The figures thus far pub-
lished would weigh little as against Cooke’s experiments.
(Ann. Chem. Pharm., 209,161. 1881.)

BISMUTH.

Early in the century the combining weight of bismuth
was approximately fixed through the experiments of Lager-
hjelm.* Effecting the direct union of bismuth and sulphur,
he found that ten parts of the metal yield the following quan-
tities of trisulphide:

12.2520
12.2065
12.2230
12.2465

Mean, 12.2320

* Annals of Philosophy, 4, 358. 1814. Results adopted by Berzelius.

BISMUTH. 2038

Hence B = 215 in round numbers, a value now known
to be much too high. Lagerhjelm also oxidized bismuth
with nitric acid, and, after ignition, weighed the trioxide
thus formed. Ten parts of metal gave the following quan-
tities of Bi,O, :

11.1382
IIl.1275

Mean, 11.13285

Hence, if O = 16, Bi = 211.85, a figure still too high.

In 1851 the subject of the atomic weight of bismuth was
taken up by Schneider,* who, like Lagerhjelm, studied the
oxidation of the metal with nitric acid. The work was
executed with a variety of experimental refinements, by
means of which every error due to possible loss of material
was carefully avoided. For full details the original paper
must be consulted; there is only room in these pages for the
actual results, as follows. The figures represent the percen-
tages of Bi in Bi,O,:

89.652
89.682
89.644
89.634
89.656
89.666
89.655
$9.653

Mean, 89.6552, + .0034

Hence Bi 207.528; 2.082: or,1f O:= 16, Bi = 208.001.

Finally, we come to the results obtained by Dumas.y °
Bismuth trichloride was prepared by the action of dry
chlorine upon bismuth, and repeatedly rectified by dis-
tillation over bismuth powder. The product was weighed
in a closed tube, dissolved in water, and precipitated with
sodium carbonate. In the filtrate, after strongly acidulating

* Poggend. Annal., 82, 303. 1851.
+ Ann. de Chim. et de Phys., (3,) 55,176. 1859.

204 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

with nitric acid, the chlorine was precipitated by a known
amount of silver. The figures in the third column show
the quantities of BiCl, proportional to 100 parts of silver:

3.506 grm. BiCl, = 3.545 grm. Ag. 98.900
1.149 cs 1.168 se 98.373
1.5905 ce 1.629 oe 98.005
2.1767 se 2.225 ue 97.829
3-081 cs 34a ee 97-996
2.4158 sf 2.470 6 97.806
1.7107 sc 1.752 < 97.643
3-523 a 376055) he 97-712
5-241 uf 5-301 6 97.762

Mean, 98,003, + .og0

Hence Bi = 210.464, + .294.

The first three of the foregoing series of experiments were
made with slightly discolored material, and may therefore
be rejected. The remaining six percentages give a mean of
97.791 = whence Br ==) 209:78;, or; 11.0) = 16. Bi — Pie:

As between the unaccordant results of Schneider and of
Dumas, those of the former chemist are probably nearest
correct. His method of determination was the more reliable,
and the details which he gives concerning his manipulations
afford strong presumptions of accuracy. Doubtless the bis-
muth trichloride used by Dumas, contained, like the corres-
ponding antimony compounds, traces of oxychloride. We
may fairly assume, for all practical purposes, that the atomic
weight of bismuth cannot be far from 208.

TEN:

Stannic oxide and stannic chloride are the compounds
which have been studied in estimating the atomic weight
of tin.

The composition of stannic oxide has been fixed in two
ways; by synthesis from the metal, and by reduction in
hydrogen. For the first method we may consider the work
of Berzelius, Mulder and Vlaanderen, and Dumas.

TIN. 205

Berzelius* oxidized 100 parts of tin by nitric acid, and
found that 127.2 parts of SnO, were formed.

The work done by Mulder and Vlaanderen + was done in
connection with a long investigation into the composition of
Banca tin, which was found to be almost absolutely pure.
For the atomic weight determinations, however, really pure
tin was taken, prepared from pure tin oxide. This metal
was oxidized by nitric acid, with the following results. 100
parts of tin gave of SnO, :

127.56—Mulder.

127.56—Vlaanderen.
127.43— ie

Mean, 127.517, -— .029

Dumas{ oxidized pure tin by nitric acid in a flask of
glass. The resulting SnO, was strongly ignited, first in the
flask, and afterwards in platinum. His weighings, reduced
to the foregoing standard, give for dioxide from 100 parts
of tin the amounts stated in the third column:

12.443 grm. Sn gave 15.820 grm. SnQ,. 127.14
15.976 cs 20.301 ge 127.07

Mean, 127.105, + .024

In an investigation later than that previously cited,
Vlaanderen || found that when tin was oxidized in glass or
porcelain vessels, and the resulting oxide ignited in them,
traces of nitric acid were retained. When, on the other
hand, the oxide was strongly heated in platinum, the latter
was perceptibly attacked, so much so as to render the results
uncertain. He therefore, in order to fix the atomic weight
of tin, reduced the oxide by heating it in a porcelain boat
in a stream of hydrogen. Two experiments gave Sn =
118.08, and Sn = 118.24. These, when O = 16, become, if
reduced to the above common standard,

* Poggend. Annal., 8, 177.

+ Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 49, 35. 1849.
f{ Ann. Chem. Pharm., 113, 26.

|| Jahresbericht, 1858, 183.

206 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

127.100
127.064

Mean, 127.082, + .o12

We have now four series of results showing the quantity
of SnO, formed from 100 parts of tin. To Berzelius’ single
value may be assigned the probable error of a single experi-
ment in Mulder and Vlaanderen’s series :

Berzelimse t=. =a setae ees 127.200, + .041—Oxidation.

Mulder and Vlaanderen ___-_---__- 127.517, + .029— cs

Dumas se eee eee ee 127.105, = .024— ce

Wilaand rem: sees Meee eee 127.082, -+- .o12—Reduction.
Generali meane=== === 127.143, + .0098

Dumas, in the paper previously quoted, also gives the
results of some experiments with stannic chloride, SnCl,.
This was titrated with a solution containing a known weight
of silver. From the weighings given, 100 parts of silver
correspond to the quantities of SnCl, named in the third
column :

1.839 grm. SnCl, — 3.054 grm. Ag. 60.216
2.665 cs 4.427 ce 60.199

Mean, 60.207, + .006

All these data properly combined give us the following
values for the atomic weight of tin:

From: Sn@jjo see Sn, — 7 O24 O50)
Cah) 05 pe Sateen by ye Dee S66 — SOR ee g=t= OO)
General mean_------ “ — 117.698, -+ .040

If O = 16, this becomes Sn = 117.968.

TITANIUM. 207

TAIN PONE.

The earliest determinations of the atomic weight of tita-
nium are due to Heinrich Rose.* In his first investigation
he studied the conversion of titanium sulphide into titanic
acid, and obtained erroneous results; later, in 1829, he pub-
lished his analyses of the chloride.t This compound was
purified by repeated rectifications over mercury and over
potassium, and was weighed in bulbs of thin glass. These
were broken under water in tightly stoppered flasks; the
titanic acid was precipitated by ammonia, and the chlorine
was estimated as silver chloride. The following results were
obtained. Ina fourth column I give the TiO, in percent-
ages referred to TiCl, as 100; and in a fifth column the
quantity of TiCl, proportional to 100 parts of AgCl:

La. LOO; AgCl. Per cent. TiO). AgCl Ratio.
.885 grm. -379 grm. 2.661 grm. 42.825 33.258
26305) \< Te 2Omn ce TOS Am ee 42.481 33-147
Des Fie SF 32m Sani 42.665 335172
3-0455 “ P3220 9.198 <“ 43-423 33.100
2.4403 “ 1.056. “ TB eu 43-273 33-102

Mean, 42.933, + .I12I 33.156, + .O19

If we directly compare the AgCl with the TiO, we shall
find 100 parts of the former proportional to the following
quantities of the latter:

14.243
14.081
14.153
14.373
14.324

Mean, 14.235, -+ .036

From all these figures we can get three values for Ti, thus:

* Gilbert’s Annalen, 1823, 67 and 129.
+ Poggend. Annal., 15,145. Berz. Lehrbuch, 3, 1210.

208 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

Brom'pericent; iO; Sse2es. = Ti = 50.493, + .410
63 Ag Cl sil xe eae AOL ate te ee

co AGC; MO} a= =eeeeee “ — 49.523, + .206
General mean __.- ---- <= 482710, == LOS

These results will be discussed further along in connection
with others.

Shortly after the appearance of Rose’s paper, Mosander *
published some figures giving the percentages of oxygen in
titanium dioxide, from which a value for the atomic weight
of titanium was deduced. Although no details are furnished
as to experimental methods, and no actual weighings are
given, I cite his percentages for whatever they may be worth:

40.814
40.825
40.610
40.180
40.107
40.050
40.780
40.660
39.830

Mean, 40.428

These figures give values for Ti ranging from 46.277 to
48.231; or, in mean, Ti = 47.045. They are not, however,
sufficiently explicit to deserve any further consideration.
It will be noticed that the highest value nearly coincides
with Rose’s lowest.

In 1847 Isidor Pierre made public a series of important
determinations.t Titanium chloride, free from silicon and
from iron, was prepared by the action of chlorine upon a
mixture of carbon with pure, artificial, titanic acid. This
chloride was weighed in sealed tubes, these were broken
under water, and the resulting hydrochloric acid was
titrated with a standard solution of silver after the method

* Berz. Jahresbericht, 10, 108. 1831.
+ Ann. de Chim. et Phys., (3,) 20, 257.

TITANIUM. 209

of Pelouze. I subjoin Pierre’s weighings, and add, in a
third column, the ratio of TiCl, to 100 parts of silver:

T2Cl,. Ag. Ratio.
.8215 grm. 1.84523 grm. 44.520
-7749 * 1.73909 “ 44.506
TS. 1.74613 “ 44.527
TpLOon ss F.O12Ko) * 44.412
-8085 “ 1.82344 “ 44.339
hogar emce 1.42230) © 44.470
8155“ 1.83705 “ 44.392
8165 “ 1.83899 “ 44.399
28005) * 1.81965 “ 44.322

Mean, 44.432, + .0173

It will be seen that the first three of these results agree
well with each other and are much higher than the remain-
ing six. The last four experiments were made purposely
with tubes which had been previously opened, in order to
determine the cause of the discrepancy. According to
Pierre, the opening of a tube of titanium chloride admits a
trace of atmospheric moisture. This causes a deposit of
titanic acid near the mouth of the tube, and liberates hydro-
chloric acid. The latter gas being heavy, a part of it falls
back into the tube, so that the remaining chloride is richer
in chlorine and poorer in titanium than it should be.
Hence, upon titration, too low figures for the atomic weight
of titanium are obtained. Pierre accordingly rejects all but
the first three of the above estimations:

Brom) allliof |Pierre’s=— = 222 Ti = 49.889,
Comme giirsty (ree =aa alee FG ON25Q5

.096

ae
+ .063

The memoir of Pierre upon the atomic weight of titanium
was soon followed by a paper from Demoly,* who obtained
much higher results. He also started out from titanic chlo-
ride, which was prepared from rutile. The latter substance
was found to contain 1.8 per cent. of silica; whence Demoly
inferred that the TiCl, investigated by Rose and by Pierre

* Ann. Chem. Pharm., 72, 214. 1849. Berz. Jahresb., 30, 58.
14

210 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

might have been contaminated with SiCl,, an impurity
which would lower the value deduced for the atomic weight
under consideration. Accordingly, in order to eliminate all
such possible impurities, this process was resorted to: the
chloride, after rectification over mercury and potassium, was
acted upon by dry ammonia, whereupon the compound
TiCl, 4NH, was deposited as a white powder. This was
ignited in dry ammonia gas, and the residue, by means of
chlorine, was reconverted into titanic chloride, which was
again repeatedly rectified over mercury, potassium, and
potassium amalgam. The product boiled steadily at 135°.
This chloride, after weighing in a glass bulb, was decomposed
by water, the titanic acid was precipitated by ammonia, and
the chlorine was estimated in the filtrate as silver chloride.
Three analyses were performed, yielding the following re-
sults. I give the actual weighings:
1.470 grm. TiCl, gave 4.241 grm. AgCl and .565 grm. TiO,.

2.330 se 6.752 cs .801 «
2.880 ss 8.330 es 1.088 ce

The “.801” in the last column is certainly a misprint for
901. Assuming this correction, the results may be given
in three ratios, thus:

Per cent. TiO, from TiCl,. LiCl, : zoo AgCl. TiO, « roo AgCl.
38.435 34.662 13.322
38.669 34.508 13.344
37-778 34-574 13.061
Mean, 38.294, + .180 34.581, — .030 13.242, + .O61

These three ratios give three widely divergent values for
the atomic weight of titaniun ;

From ‘per cent. TiO)- .- =--- Ti = 3610637,-=| 5519
As Cl siiOk sae aeas “ — 43.841, + .350

se) (ARC: TiGl yas zeae “ — 56.386, + .181
General mean__-._-_- CN ——=5 2. 0O0. eh 3

The value assumed by Demoly is 56; who employs but
one ratio and ignores practically the others.

TITANIUM. Pilel:

Upon comparing Demoly’s figures with those obtained by
Rose, certain points of similarity are plainly to be noted.
Both sets of results were reached by essentially the same
method; and in both the discordance between the percent-
ages of titanic acid and of silver chloride is glaring. This
discordance can rationally be accounted for by assuming
that the titanic chloride was in neither case absolutely
what it purported to be; that, in brief, it must have con-
tained impurities; such for example as hydrochloric acid,
as shown in the experiments of Pierre, or possibly traces of
oxychlorides. Considerations of this kind also throw doubt
upon the results attained by Pierre, for he neglected the
direct estimation of the titanic acid altogether, thus leaving
us without means for correctly judging as to the character
of his material. In fact, not one of the determinations of
the atomic weight of titanium can be regarded as trust-
worthy. All depend upon the chloride, and the volatile
chlorides of metals are as a class especially hable to con-
taminations of a kind most difficult to recognize. Possibly
a series of good determinations might be based upon analy-
ses of some of the titanofluorides. I subjoin a combination
of the foregoing mean values, feeling that such a general
average is a little better than any one set of determinations
taken singly:

From Rose’s analyses_--.-_--Ti = 48.710, + .105
SPEMEAGTEEsS suas anes ee « — 49.889, + .096

Scie emoly gs mccoy jeer a ae See ty, tpee 8
General mean_-_~____- “ — 49.846, + .064

Ort) ——/16,. Ti 49.961.

This mean agrees with the average of all of Pierre’s ex-
periments.

bo
a
bo

THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

ZIRCONIUM.

The atomic weight of zirconium has been determined by
Berzelius, by Hermann, and by Marignac. Berzelius* ig-
nited the neutral sulphate, and thus ascertained the ratio in
it between the ZrO, and the SO,. Putting SO, at 100, he
gives the following proportional quantities of ZrO, :

75-84
75:92
75.80
75-74
75:97
75-85

Mean, 75.853, - .023

Hence Zr’ = 89.255, S= 4089; or at Ol =={16 Bien fe
89.461.

Hermann’s+ estimate of the atomic weight of zirconium
was based upon analyses of the chloride, concerning which
he gives no details or weighings. From sublimed zirconium
chloride he finds Zr = 831.8, when O = 100; and from two’
lots of the basic chloride 2ZrOCl,.9H,O, Zr = 835.65 and
851.40 respectively. The mean of all three is 839.62;
whence, with modern formule and O = 15.9633, Zr becomes
= 89.354.

Marignac’s results { were obtained by analyzing the double
fluoride of zirconium and potassium. His weights are as
follows:

1.000 grm. gave .431 grm. ZrO, and .613 grm. K,SQ,.
2.000 Es .864 1.232 L
.654 se .282 cs -399 a:
5.000 se 2.169 se 3.078 a

These figures give us three ratios. A, the ZrO, from 100

* Poggend. Annal., 4,126. 1825.
+ Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 31,77. Berz. Jahresb., 25, 147.
t Ann. Chim. Phys., (3,) 60, 270. 1860.

ZIRCONIUM. NS

parts of salt; B, the K,SO, from 100 parts of salt; and C,
the ZrO, proportional to 100 parts of K,SO, :

A. B. &
43-100 61.300 70.310
43.200 61.600 70.130
43.119 61.000 70.677
43.380 61.560 70.468

Mean, 43.200, + .043 61.365, + .004 70.396, + .079

romp Avhes 62 le 5 re te Zr = 89.775, -— .216
Lee Eo oe hoe ee S “ — 91.408, + .437

$A 3 Geese eta SAL ae “ = 90.476, += .138
Generaltmeane = sees <0 OOVR 20 it= 113

Or, if O = 16, Zr = 90.536.

Combining with Berzelius’ work we get this result :

Berzeliuse se here ste eee Zr = 89.255, + .039
ManionaCie ss secjnoee ee ee ol “ — 90.328, + .113
General mean____-_.. “ = 89.367, = .037

Or, if O = 16, Zr = 89.573.

These figures need little criticism. They show conclu-
sively that the atomic weight of zirconium ought to be
redetermined. Probably the method employed by Berze-
lius was the best with respect to manipulation, while on
the other hand it is likely that Marignac worked with
purer material. Hermann’s experiments could hardly have
yielded certain results, since the zirconium chloride might
so easily become contaminated with traces of moisture and
thence of oxygen.

214 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

THORIUM.

The atomic weight of thorium has been determined from
analyses of the sulphate, oxalate, formate, and acetate, with
widely varying results. The earliest figures are due to Ber-
zelius,* who worked with the sulphate, and with the double
sulphate of potassium and thorium. The thoria was pre-
cipitated by ammonia, and the sulphuric acid was estimated
as BaSO,. The sulphate gave the following ratios in two
experiments. The third column represents the weight of
ThO, proportional to 100 parts of BaSO, :

.6754 grm. ThO, = 1.159 grm. BaSQ,. Ratio, 58.274
1.0515 fc 1.832 ef See 57. 300

The double potassium sulphate gave .265 grm. ThO,, .156
grm. SO,, and .8485 K,SO,. The SO,, with the Berzelian
atomic weights, represents .4557 grm. BaSO,. Hence 100
BaSO, is equivalent to 58.408 ThO,. This figure, combined
with the two previous values for the same ratio, give a mean
of 58.026, + .214. Hence ThO, = 269.940, + .997.

From the ratio between the K,SO, and the ThO, in the
double sulphate, ThO, = 268.284.

In 1861 new determinations were published by Chyde-
nius,t whose memoir is accessible to me only in an abstract ¢
which gives results without details. Thoria is regarded as
a monoxide, ThO, and the old equivalents (O = 8) are used.
The following values are assigned for the molecular weight
of ThO, as found from analyses of several salts:

From Sulphate. From K. Th. Sulphate.

66.33, 67.02
67.13
67.75
68.03
Mean, 67.252, + .201

* Poggend. Annal., 16, 398. 1829. Lehrbuch, 3, 1224.

+ Kemisk undersédkning af Thorjord och Thorsalter. Helsingfors, 1861. An
academic dissertation.

t Poggend. Annal., 119, 55. 1863.

THORIUM. 215

From Acetate. From Formate. from Oxalate.

67.31 68.06 65.87 | Two results
66.59 67.89 65.95) _ by Berlin.
67.27 68.94 65.75
67.06 65.13
68.40 Mean, 68.297, + .219 66.54

65.85

Mean, 67.326, + .201
Mean, 65.85, -+ .123

We may fairly assume that these figures were calculated
with O = 8, C'= 6,andS = 16. Correcting by the values
for these elements which have been found in previous chap-
ters, ThO, becomes as follows:

From ‘sulphate=_<. +—._*- ThO, = 268.584, + .803
cOmmvaCetate me ssa ame == 268.735, + .805
co torinate eae 6) (==)272.5 80) 21 O77
Son oxalatetie ss Ses « == 262.804, + .493

The single result from the double potassium sulphate is
included with the column from the ordinary sulphate, and
the influence of the atomic weight of potassium is ignored.

Chydenius was soon followed by Mare Delafontaine, whose
researches appeared in 1863.* This chemist especially stud-
ied thorium sulphate; partly in its most hydrous form, partly
as thrown down by boiling. In Th(SO,),.9H, 0, the follow-
ing percentages of ThO, were found:

45-08
44.90
45.06

45-21
45-06

Mean, 45.062, + .0332

iHience PbO), ==, 263/637, S= .256.

The lower hydrate, 2Th(SO,),.9H,O, was more thoroughly
investigated. The thoria was estimated in two ways; first,
(A,) by precipitation as oxalate and subsequent ignition ;
second, (B,) by direct calcination. These percentages of
ThO, were found:

* Arch. des Sci. Phys. et Nat., (2,) 18, 343.

216 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

un Un ron un
Rw NH KR NK KH WN
fs > “yn (00
ON WN WL Lo
I)

52-53
52.13
52.13
52.43
52.60
52.40
52.96
52.82

Mean, 52.511, + .047

Hence ThO, = 266.025, + .363.

In three experiments with this lower hydrate the sul-
phuric acid was also estimated, being thrown down as
barium sulphate after removal of the thoria:

1.2425 grm. gave .400 SQ,. (1.1656 grm. BaSQ,.)
1.138 “ 2300)" ¢¢ (1.0665 ‘s )
-734 ce .2306 “ ( .6720 se )

The figures in parenthesis are reproduced by myself from

Delafontaine’s results, he having calculated his analyses with

= 100, S = 200, and Ba = 857. These data may be re-

duced to a common standard, so as to represent the quantity

of 2Th(SO,),.9H,O equivalent to 100 parts of BaSO,. We
then have the following results:
106.597

106.704
109.226

Mean, 107.509, + .585
Hence ThO, = 259.555, + 2.725.

Delafontaine seems himself to have calculated from the
ratio between the percentages of SO, and ThO, ; whence,
with our revised values for 8, Ba, and O, ThO, = 262.643.

Delafontaine’s work was soon confirmed by Hermann,*

* Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 93, 114.

THORIUM. ZT

who published a single analysis of the lower hydrated sul-
phate, as follows:

PhO sees 52.87
0 B2nnt
EEO) foot eee 15.02

100.00

Hence, from the ratio between SO, and ThO,, Tho,
263.030. Probably the SO, Peneear ase was loss upon ibe
nation.

The latest, and probably also the best determinations, are
those of Cleve,* whose results, obtained from both the sul-
phate and the oxalate of thorium, agree admirably. The
anhydrous sulphate, calcined, gave the subjoined percent-

ages of thoria:
62.442
62.477
62.430
62.470
62.357
62.366

Mean, 62.423, + .o14

ence PhO; "= 2657380, a= 1123.

The oxalate was subjected to a combustion analysis,
whereby both thoria and carbonic acid could be estimated.
From the direct percentages of these constituents no accu-
rate value can be deduced, there having undoubtedly been
moisture in the material studied. From the ratio between
CO, and ThO,, however, good results are attainable. This
ratio I put in a fourth column, making the thoria propor-
tional to 100 parts of carbon dioxide:

Oxalate. Th Oy. GOT Ratio.
1.7135 grm. 1.0189 grm, .6736 aun 151.262
1.3800 <“ oP toy, -5433 I51.114
EevOsOun: BOZO) “405 Ome 151.183
O75 ace 203208) <5 PAZAO Mate 150.896

Mean, 151.114, + .053
Hence ThO, = 265.357, + .104.

* K. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handlinger. Bd. 2, No.6. 1874.

218 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

There are now before us twelve estimates for the molecular
weight of thoria. Two of these represent single experi-
ments, and have no probable error attached to them; namely,
the one due to Hermann, and the one deduced from Berze-
hus’ K,SO,: ThO, ratio. A third value, from Delafon-
taine’s sulphuric acid estimations, has so high ‘a probable
error that it could be rejected without influencing the gene-
ral mean. These three values might all be excluded with-
out serious objection ; but it is perhaps better to arbitrarily
assign them equal weight, average them together, and give
their mean the same probable error as that which attaches
to Berzelius’ BaSO,: ThO, series. This mean is indicated
as “A” in the following combination :

Vale (stall, a ee ea eee ThO, = 263.623, + .997
Berzelius2=. sc: Soe ee ee eee “© = 269.940, + .997
Chydenius—Sulphate .-_-----..-___ — (= 2683584) a= .803
Ke Acetate 2 aeeme nek enlene == 2681735)-=!= 605

cs Hormatey=2sse= ose as ene “= 272.586, + .877

ee Oxalate = 2225s 2 eo eee, “= 262.804, + .493
Delafontaine—Higher hydrate________- $6 N=='2631027,) = 250
fs Lower fee eee *6 =="2661025,, == 363
Cleve—-Sulphate) stone o Se eee eee 205 B80 kes
se Oxalate, See ee) eee 66 205 3b nH1= alOd:
General ‘mean= —_ (22) 2 = 2 65 aan tore

Hence Th = 233.414, + .0725; or, if O = 16, Th =
239.951.

These values vary from those derived from Cleve’s experi-
ments alone only in the second decimal.

GALLIUM.

Gallium has been so recently discovered, and obtained in
such small quantities, that its atomic weight has not as yet
been determined with much precision. The following data
were fixed by the discoverer, Lecog de Boisbaudran: *

* Journ. Chem. Soc., 1878, p. 646.

INDIUM. 219

3.1044 grammes gallium ammonium alum, upon ignition,
left .5885 grm. Ga,O3,.
Hence Gai— 65.071.) Ii O = 16, Ga = 68.233:

A481 grammes gallium, converted into nitrate and ig-
nited, gave .6024 grm. Ga,O3.
Hence Ga = 69.5388: If O = 16, Ga — 69.693.

These values, assigned equal weight, give these means:
If O = 16.9633, Ga = 68.854. If O = 16, Ga = 68.963.

In brief, for all practical purposes, 69 may be assumed as
the atomic weight of gallium.

INDIUM.

Reich and Richter, the discoverers of indium, were also
the first to determine its atomic weight.* They dissolved
weighed quantities of the metal in nitric acid, precipitated
the solution with ammonia, ignited the precipitate, and
ascertained its weight. Two experiments were made, as

follows:
-5135 grm. indium gave .6243 grm. In,O,.

.699 ce 8515 cs
Hence, in mean, In = 110.61, if O = 16; a value known
now to be too low.

An unweighed quantity of fresh, moist indium sulphide
was also dissolved in nitric acid, yielding, on precipitation,
-2105 grm. In,O, and .542 grm. BaSQ,.

Hence, with BaSO, = 233, In = 111.544; also too low.

Soon after the publication of Reich and Richter’s paper
the subject was taken up by Winkler.t He dissolved in-
dium in nitric acid, evaporated to dryness, ignited the resi-
due, and weighed the oxide thus obtained.

* Journ, fiir Prakt. Chem., 92, 484.
+ Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 94, 8.

220 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

-5574 grm. In gave .6817 grm. In,O,.
.6661 s6 .8144 cc
.5011 <é .6126 ce
Hence, in mean, if O = 16, In = 107.76; a result even
lower than the values already cited.

In a later paper by Winkler* better results were obtained.
Two methods were employed. First, metallic indium was
placed in a solution of pure, neutral, sodio-auric chloride,
and the amount of gold precipitated was weighed. I give
the weighings and, in a third column, the amount of in-
dium proportional to 100 parts of gold:

In. Ait. IN Ratio.
.4471 grm, .8205 grm. 57-782
8445“ 1.4596 “ 57-858

Mean, 57.820, + .026

Hence, if Au = 196.155, = .095, In = J13 417, == 074

Winkler also repeated his earlier process, converting in-
dium into oxide by solution in nitric acid and ignition of
the residue. An additional experiment, the third as given
below, was made after the method of Reich and Richter.
The third column gives the percentage of In in In,O,:

1.124 grm. In gave 1.3616 grm. In,O,. Per cent., 82.550
1,015 cs 1.2291 ct cc 82.581
room yi: T7125 AG a (9822537,

These figures were confirmed by a single experiment of
Bunsen’s,t published simultaneously with the specific heat
determinations which showed that the oxide of indium was
In,O,, and not InO as had been previously supposed :

1.0592 grm. In gave 1.2825 grm. In,O.. Per cent. In, 82.58
592 § g 57g 23 599

For convenience we may add this figure in with Winkler’s
series, which gives us a mean percentage of In in In,O, of
82.564, + .0082. Hence, if O = 15.9633, + .0035, In =
113.385, + .060.

* Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 102, 282.
7+ Poggend. Annal., 141, 28.

CERIUM. 221

Combining results, we have the following general mean:

Bromygold seriess_o- =. = In = 113.417, += 074
com O NTC Gi ge cee Se “ = 113.385, + .060
General mean___-__- © —= 113.398, + .047

Orit O —-alaalgay—— hs 659.

CERIUM.

Although cerium was discovered almost at the beginning
of the present century, its atomic weight was not properly
determined until after the discovery of lanthanum and
didymium by Mosander. In 1842 the investigation was
undertaken by Beringer,* who employed several methods.
His cerium salts, however, were all rose-colored, and there-
fore were not wholly free from didymium; and his results
are further affected by a negligence on his part to fully
describe his analytical processes.

First, a neutral solution of cerium chloride was prepared
by dissolving the carbonate in hydrochloric acid. This
gave weights of ceroso-ceric oxide and silver chloride as
follows. The third column shows the amount of CeO, pro-
portional to 100 parts of AgCl:

CeO). AgCi. Ratio.
5755 grm. 1.419 grm. 40.557
sO7 ES a 9S 1.6595 * 40.464,
Tat 3 OO cs 2700) 6 40.560
a5 BOO) ac 15331656 40.297

Mean, 40.469, + .0415

The analysis of the dry cerium sulphate gave results as
follows. In a fourth column I show the amount of CeO,
proportional to 100 parts of BaSO, :

* Ann. Chem. Pharm., 42, 134.

D9) THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

Sulphate. CeO,. BaSO,. Ratio.
1.379 grm. .8495 grm. 1.711 grm. 49.649
T270y as ay oz fs ee Te OOM mee 49.836
re240) .7690 “ Teabags 49.838
E553)" 9595“ 1.921“ 49.948

Mean, 49.819, -+ .042

Beringer also gives a single analysis of the formate and
the results of one conversion of the sulphide into oxide.
The figures are, however, not valuable enough to cite.

The foregoing data involve one variation from Beringer’s
paper. Where I put CeO, as found he puts Ce,O,;. The
latter is plainly inadmissible, although the atomic weights
calculated from it agree curiously well with some other
determinations. For instance, in the chloride series, the
assumption of Ce,O, as the formula of the oxide obtained,
gives Ce = 137.749, while CeO, makes Ce = 141.636. The
former agrees with the results of Wolf, Wing, and others
quite fairly ; the latter is near the value obtained by Buhrig.
Obviously, the presence of didymiym in the salts analyzed
should tend to raise rather than to lower the apparent atomic
weight of cerium.

Shortly after Beringer, Hermann* published the results
of one experiment. 23.532 grm. of anhydrous cerium sul-
phate gave 29.160 grm. of BaSO,. Hence 100 parts of the
sulphate correspond to 123.926 of BaSO,.

In 1848 similar figures were published by Marignac,t
who found the following amounts of BaSO, proportional to
100 of dry cerium sulphate :

122.68

122.00
122.51

:
Mean, 122.40, + .138

If we give Hermann’s single result the weight of one ex-
periment in this series, and combine, we get a mean value
of (123.019; =: Ls. 5

* Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 30, 185. 1843.
+ Arch. des Sciences Phys. et Nat., (1,) 8, 273. 1848.

i)

CERIUM. 223

Still another method was employed by Marignac. A defi-
nite mixture was made of solutions of cerium sulphate and
barium chloride. To this were added, volumetrically, solu-
tions of each salt successively, until equilibrium was at-
tained. The figures published give maxima and minima
for the BaCl, proportional to each lot of Ce,(SO,)3. In
another column, using the mean value for BaCl, in each
case, I put the ratio between 100 parts of this salt and the
equivalent quantity of sulphate. The latter compound was
several times recrystallized :

Ce5(SiO;)s. BaCcl,. Ratio.

First crystallization-_ I1.011 grm. 11.990 — 12.050 grm. __g 1.606
a Se MZ atOds |“ 14.365 — 14.425 “ 91.657
Second cs Ea 22OOT,)< 15.225 — 15.285 “ g1.518
& fs ee 2 027i ass 13.761 — 13.821 * 91.559

& cs Ber TIO IS ice 12.970 — 13.030 ‘“ 91.654
Third ae BEATS oon ae 16.223 — 16.283 “ 91.602
‘ ‘ Eades. 15.383 — 15.423 “ 91.755
Fourth se TS it Toa 14.270 — 14.330 ‘“ g1.685.
Ss cs EAO3: 70m 15.223 — 15.283 ‘“ 91.588

Mean, 91.625, + .o16

Omitting the valueless experiments of Kjerulf,* we come
next to the figures published by Bunsen and Jegel+ in 1858.
From the air dried sulphate of cerium the metal was pre-
cipitated as oxalate, which, ignited, gave CeO,. In the
filtrate from the oxalate the sulphuric acid was estimated as

BaSO, :

1.5726 grm. sulphate gave .7899 grm. CeO, and 1.6185 grm. BaSQ,.
1.6967 ef 8504. ss 1.7500 cs
Hence, for 100 parts BaSO,, the CeO, is as follows:
48.804
48.575

Mean, 48.689, + .077

One experiment was also made upon the oxalate :
-3530 grm. oxalate gave .1913 CeO, and .0506 H,O.

Hence, in the dry salt, we have 63.261 per cent. of CeOg.

* Ann. Chem. Pharm., 87, 12.
+ Ann. Chem. Pharm., 105, 45.

224 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

In each sample of CeO, the excess of oxygen over true
Ce,O, was estimated by an iodometric titration; but the
data thus obtained need not be further considered.

In two papers by Rammelsberg* data are given for the
atomic weight of cerium, as follows. In the earlier paper
cerium sulphate is analyzed, the cerium being thrown down
by caustic potash, and the acid precipitated from the filtrate
as barium sulphate:

.413 grm. Ce,(SO,), gave .244 grm. CeO, and .513 grm BaSQ,.
Hence 100 BaSO, = 47.563 CeO,, a value which may be

combined with others, thus; this figure being assigned a
weight equal to one experiment in Bunsen’s series :

Beringer/=) 22-52 oe AULA
Bunsenvandylevel= ees nea ee 48.689, + .077
Ram mie] Sberg:ae = ei ere eee 47.563, + .108

General meanee==—pss>- oe 49.360, + .035

\

It should be noted here that this mean is somewhat arbi-
trary, since Bunsen and Rammelsberg’s cerium salts were
undoubtedly freer from didymium than the material studied
by Beringer.

In his later paper Rammelsberg gives these figures con-
cerning cerium oxalate. 100 parts gave 10.45 of carbon
and 21.73 of water. Hence the dry salt should yield 48.862
per cent. of CO,, whence Ce = 137.83.

In all of the foregoing experiments the ceroso-ceric oxide
was somewhat colored, the tint ranging from one shade to
another of light brown according to the amount of didym-
ium present. Still, at the best, a faint color remained, which
was supposed to be characteristic of the oxide itself. In
1868, however, some experiments of Dr. C. Wolf} were post-
humously made public, which went to show that pure ceroso-
ceric oxide is white, and that all samples previously studied
were contaminated with some other earth, not necessarily
didymium but possibly a new substance, the removal of

* Poggend. Annal., 55, 65; 108, 44.
+ Amer. Journ. Science and Arts, (2,) 46, 53.

CERIUM. Dad 5,

which tended to lower the apparent atomic weight of
cerium very perceptibly.

Cerium sulphate was recrystallized at least ten times.
Even after twenty recrystallizations it still showed spectro-
scopic traces of didymium. The water contained in each
sample of the salt was cautiously estimated, and the cerium
was thrown down by boiling concentrated solutions of ox-
alic acid. The resulting oxalate was ignited with great
care. I deduce from the weighings the percentage of CeO,
given by the anhydrous sulphate:

Sulphate. Water. CeQ,. Per cent. CeO).
1.4542 grm. -19419 grm. .76305 grm. 60.559
Tearoay << aTSQS, << ashy, 60.437
TeQ5O27 0a OZONE -70665 “ 60.487

Mean, 60.494, -+ .024

After the foregoing experiments the sulphate was further
purified by solution in nitric acid and pouring into a large
quantity of boiling water. The precipitate was converted
into sulphate and analyzed as before:

Sulphate. Water. CeQ,. Per cent. CeO,.
1.4327 grm. -2733 grim. -69925 grm. 60. 311
1.5056 <“ a TiTiS aes -7405 es 60.296
1.44045 “‘ Seiko) & -7052 cs 60. 300

Mean, 60.302, + .004

From another purification the following weights were ob-
tained:

1.4684 grm. .1880 grm. 7717 grm. 60.270 per cent.

A last purification gave a still lower percentage:
1.3756 grm. .1832 gr. .7186 grm. 60.265 per cent.

The last oxide was perfectly white, and was spectroscopi-
cally free from didymium. In each case the CeO, was ti-
trated iodometrically for its excess of oxygen. It will be
noticed that in the successive series of determinations the
percentage of CeO, steadily and strikingly diminishes, to

an extent for which no ordinary impurity of didymium can
15

226 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

account. The death of Dr. Wolf interrupted the investiga-
tion, the results of which were edited and published by Pro-
fessor F, A. Genth.

The experiments of Wolf seem to have hitherto escaped
general notice, except from Wing, who has partially verified
them.* This chemist, incidentally to other researches, puri-
fied some eerium sulphate after the method of Wolf, and
made two similar analyses of it, as follows:

Sulphate. Water. CeQ,. Per cent. CeO).
1.2885 grm. .1707 grm. .6732 grm. 60.225
1.4090 ‘“ LOG Te tac WaT aie 60.263

Mean, 60.244, + .Oo12

The ceroso-ceric oxide in this case was perfectly white.
The cerium oxalate which yielded it was precipitated boil-
ing by a boiling concentrated solution of oxalic acid. The
precipitate stood twenty-four hours before filtering.

We may now combine the results of Wolf and of Wing,
as follows. The two concordant experiments of Wolf’s
series three and four may be united, giving a mean of
60.267, + .001:

Woolf, rstuseriess =o ean eee 60.494, -+ .024
Coty ay cee oe ee 60.302, + .004
cc) iadivandtathyseriess= aes aaa 60.267, + .OOI1

Wing=.252 22245 ees we Cae 60.244, + .o12

General mean22—-\2-2 22)" = 60527/5-) == -OOr

This mean, the percentage of CeO, in the anhydrous sul-
phate, gives Ce = 187.724; or, if O = 16, Ce = 188.039.
This varies widely from the ordinarily accepted value as
determined by Buehrig.

In 1875 Buehrig’s+ paper upon the atomic weight of
cerium was issued. He first studied the sulphate, which,
after eight crystallizations, still retained traces of free sul-
phuric acid. He found furthermore that the salt obstinately
retained traces of water, which could not be wholly expelled
by heat without partial decomposition of the material.

* Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, (2,) 49, 358. 1870.
+ Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 120, 222

.

bo

CERIUM. 27
These sources of error probably affect all the previously
cited series of experiments; although, in the case of Wolf’s
work, it is doubtful whether they could have influenced the
atomic weight of cerium by more than one or two tenths of
aunit. Buehrig also found, as Marignac had earlier shown,
that upon precipitation of cerium sulphate with barium
chloride the barium sulphate invariably carried down traces
of cerium. Furthermore, the ceroso-ceric oxide from the
filtrate always contained barium. For these reasons the
sulphate was abandoned, and the atomic weight determina-
tions cf Buehrig were made with air-dried oxalate. This
salt was placed in a series of platinum boats in a combus-
tion tube behind copper oxide. It was then burned in a
stream of pure, dry oxygen, and the carbonic acid and
water were collected after the usual method. Ten experi-
ments were made; in all of them the above named products
were estimated, and in five analyses the resulting ceroso-
ceric oxide was also weighed. By deducting the water
found from the weight of the air-dried oxalate, the weight
of the anhydrous oxalate is obtained, and the percentages
of its constituents are easily determined. In weighing, the
articles weighed were always counterpoised with similar
materials. The following weights were found:

Oxalate. Water. GOR: CeO).
9.8541 grm. 2.1987 grm. BNOOA2OTan aun emesis
9.5368 “ 2200 ee BANE TSOP css ih UW a terete
9.2956 “ 2.0735 “ Georgy Eee
10.0495 “ 223640 1c By TOA Sea iu ee
10.8249 “ PAN Aaa BOs SO: aceent e e
9.3079) * 20907) BaStlomes: 4.6150 grm.
9.7646 “ 2.1769 <* 3.6616 * epi ges
9.9026 “ Pp PRO Feh 247 La Omce 4.8824 *
939370) <s 22 Ounce Za25 lcs ALSO Tacs
9.5324 “ 2.1267 3 7b 4.6974 “

These figures give us the following percentages for CO,
and CeO, in the anhydrous oxalate:
€O;. CeO.
eon SII Tit) Mri ets a2

AORZAGMMe oh UAT) Mae Ws iret sence
Aoe24 Oem Tite UMM IbeN RIN)? Frariease2etL

228 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

Ce Oy. Cor.
7s ty RM aa ace IO yee ye) Ae
AS.257 < 0 0 hy SN nee eee
48.258 63.417
48.257 63-436
48.262 63.446
48.249 63.429
48.253 63.430
Mean, 48.2546, - .ooI 63.4316, + .0032
From percentage CO, -----. Ce = 141.228, + .025
‘s CeO yee == 2 TAN 4 Det O20

Obviously the single oxalate experiments of Jegel and of
Rammelsberg would exert no appreciable influence upon
these mean results. They may therefore be ignored.

In combining all of these data in one general mean, we
may begin as usual by tabulating our ratios:

(12) BaSO;2 \Ces(SO7)3):): 100!) 123 O1oye= brs

(2.) BaSO, : CeO, :: 100 : 49.360, + .035
(3.) ‘Ba€l,: \Ce,(SO)) ic): 100 7916257) ore

(4.) AgCl : CeO, :: 100 : 40.469, + .0415

(5.) Percentage CeO, from anhydrous sulphate, 60.271, + .ooI
(6.) e < a oxalate, 63.4316, + .0032
(7.) es CO; ce “48.2546, + .OO1

These ratios give us four values for the molecular weight
of CeO, and two values for Ce,(SO,),:

Bron (2) 's2ssaes eee CeO, = 172.218, = 2124
660 (4) ae ee eee ee ee ES VR OOR =e 7.O
CO (5) at ee eee “ == 169.651, + .034
65009 (0) seo 2 eee < ==31'73.005,, == 033

General mean_-___- <<] 7/400) 3.028

From (1)---=— =. --Ce,(SO)),, =="507- 2347 hae

(Sg) aoa ee ce == 5701375, 205
General mean_ s = 570.093, + .156

Hence we have three independent values for the atomic
weight of cerium, as follows: ;

LANTHANUM. 229

From molecular weight of CeO,---_----- Ce = 139.563, + .024
a ss Cen(SOp) ===" == 145. 28%, 1083
From)ration(7;).€O,1n oxalatexs So ie == 941.2285 = \.025
General mean_-__.--..~_ be Noe SE “ == 140.424, - .017

Orit Ol denCer 140.747.

Buehrig’s results alone, both sets combined, give Ce =
HAS, == 0205 ort O — 16;'Co = 141523)

Wolf and Wing’s figures alone make Ce = 137.724; or, if
© = 16, Ce = 188.039.

The latter result is subject to the errors pointed out by
Buehrig as involved in the use of cerium sulphate; but the
ceroso-ceric oxide obtained in the analyses was pure white.
Buehrig’s ceroso-ceric oxide, on the other hand, was yellow.
In neither case was didymium present. All things consid-
ered, therefore, it is probable that the lower result is too low
and the higher result too high. How near the general
mean of all may be to the truth we have no evidence to
show. It is clear that new determinations are needed, made
with material yielding white ceroso-ceric oxide, and with
avoidance of the sources of error which Buehrig pointed
out.

LANTHANUM.

Leaving out of account the work of Mosander, and the
valueless experiments of Choubine, we may consider the
estimates of the atomic weight of lanthanum which are due
to Hermann, Rammelsberg, Marignac, Czudnowicz, Holz-
mann, Zschiesche, Erk, and Cleve.

From Rammelsberg* we have but one analysis. .700
grm. of lanthanum sulphate gave .883 grm. of barium sul-
phate. Hence 100 parts of BaSO, are equivalent to 79.276

BO Wi (Og Vee

* Poggend. Annal., 55, 65.

230 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

Marignac,* working also with the sulphate of lanthanum,
employed two methods. First, the salt in solution was
mixed with a slight excess of barium chloride. The result-
ing barium sulphate was filtered off and weighed ; but, as it
contained some occluded lanthanum compounds, its weight
was too high. In the filtrate the excess of barium was esti-
mated, also as sulphate. This last weight of sulphate, de-
ducted from the total sulphate which the whole amount of
barium chloride could form, gave the sulphate actually pro-
portional to the lanthanum compound. The following
weights are given :

La,(SO,)s- BaC,. rst BaSO,. 2d BaSO,.
4.346 grm. 4.758 gr. 5-364 grm. -II5 grm,
4-733 “ 5-178 5.848 “ “47. is

Hence we have the following quantities of La,(SO,), pro-
portional to 100 parts of BaSO,. Column A is deduced
from the first BaSO, and column B from the second, after
the manner above described :

A. B.
81.022 83.281 f
80.934 83.662
Mean, 80.978, + .030 Mean, 83.471, + .128
Brom iA 22S Soe es es een (a= 1382776
6O0) SB Sea aye Sees ee ee ee <r AeA 4

A agrees best with other determinations, although, theo-
retically, it is not so good as B.

Marignac’s second method, described in the same paper
with the foregoing experiments, consisted in mixing solu-
tions of La,(SO,4), with solutions of BaCl,, titrating one
with the other until equilibrium was established. The
method has already been described under Cerium. The
weighings give maxima and minima for BaCl,. In another
column I give La,(SO,), proportional to 100 parts of BaCl,,
mean weights being taken for the latter:

* Archives des Sci Phys. et Naturelles, (1,) 11, 29. 1849.

LANTHANUM. z 231

La,y(SO,)s. BaCl,. Ratio.
11.644 grm. 12.765 — 12.825 grm. QI.004
T2035 a 13.195 — 13.265 “ 90.968
10.690 << 11.669 — 11.749 <* gI.297
1227, 50m 13.920 — 14.000 ‘ gT.332
KOs 5s 11.734 — 11.814 “ 91.362
N2tO7 20 13.813 — 13.893 <“ 91.475
9.246 <“ 10.080 — 10.160 * g1.364
LOw2o2ue 11.204 — 11.264 <« gI.615
10.192 “ II1.1II — 11.171 “ 91.482

Mean, 91.322, + .048

Hence La = 140.484.

Although not next in chronological order, some still more
recent work of Marignac’s* may properly be considered
here. The salt studied was the sulphate of lanthanum, puri-
fied by repeated crystallizations. In two experiments the
salt was calcined, and the residual oxide weighed; in two
others the lanthanum was precipitated as oxalate, and con-
verted into oxide by ignition. The following percentages
are given for La,O, :

57-50 i By calcination.
57-58)

57-50 \ pot. as oxalate.
57-55 J

Mean, 57.5475, + .O1I5

The atomic weight determinations of Holzmann ft were
made by analyses of the sulphate and iodate of lanthanum,
and the double nitrate of magnesium and lanthanum. In
the sulphate experiments the lanthanum was first thrown
down as oxalate, which, on ignition, yielded oxide. The
sulphuric acid was precipitated as BaSO, in the filtrate.

La,(SO,)s. Ea One BaSO,.
.9063 grm. .5157 grm. 1.1093 grm.
R022 Ojmnce 33323 0c y7ATe2 ian’
BSOGO)NM hoyle, .9869 “

* Ann. de Chim. et de Phys., (4,) 30, 68. 1873.
7 Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 75, 321. 1858.

23 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

These results are best used by taking the ratio between
the BaSO,, put at 100, and the La,O,. The figures are
then as follows:

40.489
46.652
46.873

Mean, 46.671, + .075

In the analyses of the iodate the lanthanum was thrown
down as oxalate, as before. The iodic acid was also esti-
mated volumetrically, but the figures are hardly available
for present discussion. The following percentages of La,O,

were found:
’ 23.454
23-419
23.468

Mean, 23.447, -- .0216

The formula of this salt is La,(I03;),.3H,O.

The double nitrate, La,(NO,),.3Mg(NO,),.24H,O, gave
the following analytical data:

Salt. #1, 0. MeO. La Om
.5327 grm. .1569 grm. .0417 grm. .II31 grm.
ROgTINS Brie -O467) 055 2020s
HOO EC SROAy ames .0442 * DEO Fie
SST Dae sone 202070 Hota igs CC
a3 20R mec aR .0256 <‘* .0693 “*

These weighings give the subjoined percentages of La, O, :

21.231
21.278
21.141
21.640
21.238

Mean, 21.3056, + .058

These data of Holzmann give values for the molecular
weight of La,O, as follows:

From sulphate .__-______La,O, == 325.674, + .522
Sse lodates tae 5 see 7 322-410} = is
‘“« magnesian nitrate. “ = 324.355, + .923

LANTHANUM. Zoo

Czudnowicz* based his determination of the atomic
weight of lanthanum upon one analysis of the air-dried
sulphate. The salt contained 22.741 per cent. of water.

.598 grm. gave .272 grm. La,O, and .586 grm. BaSQ,.

The La,O, was found by precipitation as oxalate and ig-
nition. The BaSO, was thrown down from the filtrate.
Reduced to the standards already adopted these data give
for the percentage of La,O, in the anhydrous sulphate the
figure 58.668. 79.117 parts of the salt are proportional to
100 parts of BaSO,.

Hermann} studied both the sulphate and the carbonate
of lanthanum. [rom the anhydrous sulphate, by precipi-
tation as oxalate and ignition, the following perenne of
La,O, were obtained :

57-690
57.663
57-010

Mean, 57.654, + .o16

The carbonate, dried at 100°, gave the following percent-
ages:
68.47 La,O,.
27 OTC Os.
3.86 H,0.

Reckoning from the ratio between CO, and La,O, the
molecular weight of the latter becomes 325.896.

Zschiesche’s{ experiments consist of six analyses of lan-
thanum sulphate, which salt was dehydrated at 280°, and
afterwards calcined. I subjoin his percentages, and in a
fourth column deduce from them the percentage of La,O,
in the anhydrous salt:

f,0. SO; La,O,. La,O, in anhydrous salt.
22.629 33-470 43-909 56.745
22.562 33.306 44.132 56.964
22.730 33-200 44.070 57-034

* Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 80, 33. 1860.
7 Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 82, 396. 1861.
{ Journ, fiir Prakt. Chem., 104, 174.

234 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

ff, 0. SO;. La,O;. La,O, in anhydrous salt.
22.570 33-333 44.090 56.947
22.610 33.160 44.240 57.150
22.630 33-051 44.310 57-277

Mean, 57.021, + .O51

Erk * found that .474 grm. of La,(SO,),, by precipitation
as oxalate and ignition, gave .2705 grm. of La,O,, or 57.068
per cent. .7045 grm. of the sulphate also gave .8815 grm.
of BaSO,. Hence 100 parts of BaSO, are equivalent to
79.921 of La,(SO,),.

Last of all, and probably best of all, we come to the de-
terminations of Cleve.j Strongly calcined La,O,, spectro-
scopically pure, was dissolved in nitric acid, and then, by
evaporation with sulphuric acid, converted into sulphate:

1.9215 grm. La,O, gave 3.3365 grm. sulphate. 57.590 per cent.

2.0570 se 3.5705 ee Byford 0
1.6980 es 2.9445 cs 572007, 15
2.0840 6 3.6170 ce G7 OL7i mace
1.9565 cs 3.3960 cS Spo

Mean, 57.619, + .0085

From the last column, which indicates the percentage of
La,O, in La(SO,),, we get, if SO, = 80, La = 139.15.

We may now combine the similar means into general
means, and deduce a value for the atomic weight of lantha-
num. For the percentage of oxide in sulphate we have six
estimates, as follows. The single experiments of Czudnowicz
and of Erk are assigned the probable error and weight of a
single experiment in Hermann’s series :

CzndnowicZ eae === eee 58.668, + .027
rk ae eee ee ee 57-008, -b .027
lermann) 22 ee eee 57-654, -- .016
Zschiesche-e ss oe aan eee 57-021, = .O51
Maire tc. 2 22 eo oe eee 5754753 = OLS
Clev ete eee ao ae eee 57-619, + .0085
Generalimean= see 57-620, -+ .0059

* Jenaisches’ Zeitschrift, 6, 306. 1871. }
+ K. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handlingar, Bd. 2, No. 7. 1874.

LANTHANUM. 935

For the quantity of La,(SO,), proportional to 100 parts
of BaSO,, we have five experiments, which may be given
equal weight and averaged together :

IMariona ci 26 acca 81.022

Sel) (Poteet bee 80,934

- Ee © 1S Cope ee ee 79.276
CZ WACZ ey re se OTN

ree ate ere eh kt 79.921

Mean, 80.054, - .270

In all, there are seven ratios from which to calculate:
?

({1.) Percentage of La,O, in La,(SO,),, 57.620, + .0059

(2.) BaCl, : Ta,(SO,)3 : : 100 : 91.322, + .048—Marignac.

{3.) BaSO, : La,(SO,), : : 100 : 80.054, + .270

(4.) BaSO,: La,O, :: 100: 46.671, ++ .075—Holzmann.

{5.) Percentage of La,O, in iodate, 23.447, -+ .0216—Holzmann.

(6.) cS magnesian nitrate, 21.3056, + .o58—Holzmann.

(7-) <¢ es carbonate, 68.47—Hermann.

These ratios give five values for the molecular weight of
lanthanum oxide, and_,two for that of the sulphate:

ROTH (2) Sees Sere La,(SO,)3 = 568.488, + .320
RS Wi(gg) ee eee ee = 558.624, + 1.888
General mean, ut: = 568.212, + .316

Hence La = 140.846, + .160.

Brom. (i) aso2 eos La,O, = 325.791, + .074
Syn Ae awee wae aks Pe 3325-0745 e522
SSee (SE ee es BAS Se —1522, 410 aS
nS) eae == 324.355, + .923
See Agi eee ee «= 325.896, -- .488

General mean__-_. “ = 324.810, + .o61

Here the value derived from ratio (7) is given the weight
of asingle experiment in ratio (1.) Hence La = 138.460,
030.

Combining the two values for La, we get this final result :

romeo wal Os oo. os eee La = 138.460, + .031
eka (OO, )e 2-2. -— os “ = 140.346, + .160
General mean_-—_~_- 028.520.0380

Or, if O = 16, La = 138.844.

236 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

Since this value is a little under and Cleve’s a little over
139, the latter figure may fairly be used in all calculations
involving a knowledge of the atomic weight of lanthanum.

DIDYMIUM.

The atomic weight of didymium has been determined by
Marignac, Hermann, Zschiesche, Erk, and Cleve. Mosan-
der’s early experiments we may leave out of account.

Marignac* mixed a solution of the sulphate with a slight
excess of barium chloride, filtered, weighed the precipitate,
and estimated the excess of barium in the filtrate by the
ordinary method. The first precipitate always contained
didymium, and therefore weighed too much. By deducting
the weight of the second precipitate, representing the excess
of the barium chloride, from the weight of barium sulphate
theoretically formable, the weight of the latter proportional
to the quantity of didymium salt taken was found :

Di, (SO,)5. BaCl,. rt BaSO,. 2d BaSO,.
3-633 grm. 3.902 grm. 4.412 grm. .084 grm.
35862 As227 |< ANG7O mass 1075s
ate20me 325 52m ALO2 Tacs SOSSiess
ideysto) Dear 7e ee TOSTe cs <OPAUEES

These figures give us a ratio between the sulphates of
didymium and barium which we may express as follows.
Column A gives the Di,(SO,), proportional to 100 parts of
BaSO,, as calculated from the first precipitate of the latter.
Column B gives a similar ratio calculated with the second
BaSO, precipitate, this being deduced from the total BaSO,
which the chloride used could form:

A. iB:
82.344 84.685
82.539 82.626
$2.692 85.545
82.451 84.425
82.247—Erk.

Mean, 84.320, + .414
Mean, 82.455, - .052

* Arch, des Sci. Phys. et Naturelles, (1,) 11, 29. 1840.

DIDYMIUM. 237

To A I have added a single result of Erk’s, to be described
further along. It will be seen that although A is theoreti-
cally defective, its figures are much more concordant than
those in B. In fact, the latter would almost vanish for the
final general mean for the atomic weight of didymium :

Brome Aves Ges MeN Cate RD oe es a 2s) 1) =A 32920
ee Exact east Rees Re ele a (ee 5Os430

In a later paper * Marignac adopts two other methods for
establishing the atomic weight of didymium. The carefully
dehydrated sulphate was taken, the didymium was precipi-
tated as oxalate, and the latter, ignited, yielded oxide. The
following percentages of oxide were found:

58.22
58.24
58.29
58.31
58.29

Mean, 58.27, + .O1I5

The chloride of didymium was also studied. As the anhy-
drous salt could not be obtained in an absolutely definite
state, Marignac prepared neutral solutions of it and deter-
mined the ratio between didymium oxide and silver chlo-
ride. The latter compound was first precipitated in the
usual way, and filtered off; the excess of silver in the filtrate
was removed by hydrochloric acid, and after that the didy-
mium was thrown down as oxalate and weighed as oxide.
The subjoined weights of AgCl and Di,O, were found. In
a third column I give the ratio between the two compounds,
putting AgCl at 100:

AgCi. DisOn Ratio.
10.058 grm. 3.946 grm. 39.232
KuO20)n fe 1.960 38.974
ROA nc 22/7 Oman 38.946

Mean, 39.051, + .Oo61

Hence Di = 148.637, + .268.

* Ann. d. Chim. et d. Phys., (3,) 38, 148. 1853.

238 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

Hermann’s* determination of the atomic weight of didy-
mium rests on a single experiment with the sulphate. By
precipitation as oxalate and subsequent ignition, he found
that this salt yielded 58.14 per cent. of Di,O,.

Zschiesche t also analyzed didymium sulphate, which he
dehydrated at 230°, and afterwards converted into oxide by
calcination. I give his percentages, and also, in a fourth
column, the percentage of oxide from the anhydrous sul-
phate as deduced from his figures:

RO: SO; Di,O,. Di,O, in anhyd. salt.
23-19 32-97 43-83 57-070
23-03 32-39 44.58 57-919
23.00 32.56 44.95 58.006
23.547 31.938 44.515 58.225
22.550 32.870 44.570 57-554

The salt used in the first experiment probably contained
lanthanum. Rejecting this, the mean of the figures remain-
ing in the fourth column is 57.926, + .094. Hence Di =
141.007.

Erk,{ to whom reference has already been made, estimated
didymium in the sulphate by precipitation as oxalate and
calcination to oxide:

Di,(SO,)g Di, Os. Per cent. Di, Os.
.556 grm. .323 grm. 58.094
eO7An nee -3915 “ 58.087

Hermann’s single result for this percentage, 58.14, agrees
more nearly with Erk’s series than with any other. It may
therefore be averaged in with Erk’s two experiments, giving
a mean of 58.107, - .0112. Erk also obtained from .7065
grm. of sulphate .859 grm. BaSO,. This experiment has
already been averaged with Marignac’s earlier results.

The latest determinations of the atomic weight of didy-
mium were published by Cleve|| in 1874. Strongly calcined

* Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., $2, 367. 1861.

+ Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 107, 74.

t Jenaisches’ Zeitschrift, 6, 306. 1871.

|| K. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handlingar, Bd. 2, No. 8. These figures were kindly
transcribed for me by Professor Delafontaine of Chicago, as I had not access to
a copy of the original memoir.

DIDYMIUM. 239

didymium oxide was dissolved in nitric acid, the solution
was evaporated with sulphuric acid, and the weight of the
resulting sulphate was ascertained. I subjoin the weighings
and the percentage of Di,O, in Di,(SO,), :

Di, O;. Dis (SOs: Per cent. Diy Os.
2.257 grm. 3.844 grm. 58.715
1.086 “ 1.8485 “ 58.750
rapists OC 1.9615 “ 58.756
1.3635 “ 2.319 “ 58.797
1.9655 “ 3-3435 “ 58.786
e520 ce 2599) ac 58.792

Mean, 58.766, + .0087
Hence Di = 146.804. If SO, = 80, Di = 147.021.

This determination is undoubtedly the best of all, and
might properly be accepted to the exclusion of the others.
Still, it is worth while to combine all the figures into one
general mean. For the percentage of Di,O, in Di,(SO,),
we have the following data:

Mariona cpa eunt c/s a ky 58.270, - .O115
Erk and Hermann--—----.-2--— 58.107, 3: .o112
ES COVES Chi Ci een ae ie sees 57-926, + .094
Gey eer ee Sorex ee ete AS 58.766, + .0087
(Ceneralameanese ae ee 58.451, - .0059

For the atomic weight of didymium we have now three
independent values:

From per cent. Di,O, in Di,(SO,),----=-- Di = 144.604, + .031
«© Marignac’s chloride analyses____-_- i114 3403 77) 203
««’ Marignac’s and Erk’s BaSOQ, ratio. “ = 143.929, + .189

General mean=2s- -==- 2 “© — 144.573, + .0306

tO P16 — 144.906:

240 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

THE YTTRIUM GROUP.

The atomic weights of the metals in this group can only
be said to have been determined approximately. Not only
do great difficulties attend the purification of the material
used for study and the separation of the earths from each
other, but there have been and still are grave doubts as to
the actual nature of some of the latter. The figures for
scandium, yttrium, and ytterbium seem to be tolerably
good; those for decipium, philippium, thulium, erbium, and
terbium are little more than estimates; for samarium we
have no data whatever. All the atomic weights in this
group are based upon analyses or syntheses of sulphates ;
and from analogy to the cerium metals all of these elements
are regarded as forming sesquioxides.

SCANDIUM.

Cleve,* who was the first to make accurate experiments
on the atomic weight of this metal, obtained the following
data. 1.451 grm. of sulphate, ignited, gave .5293 grm. of
Sc,O,. .4479 grm. of Sc,O,, converted into sulphate,
yielded 1.2255 grm. of the latter, which, upon ignition,
gave 4479 grm. of Sc,O,. Hence, for the percentage of
Sc,O, in Sc,(SO,), we have:

36.478
36.556
36.556

Mean, 36.530
Hence, if SO, = 80, Se = 45.044.

Later and better results are those of Nilson,f who con-
verted scandium oxide into the sulphate. I give in a third
column the percentage of oxide in sulphate:

* Compt. Rend., 89, 419.
+ Compt. Rend., 91, 118.

THE YTTRIUM GROUP. 241

-3379 grm. Sc,O, gave .9343 grm. Sc,(SQ,)s. 36.166 per cent.
3015 . .8330 as 36.194
.2998 és .8257 cs 36.187
.3192 ee 8823 ss 36.178

Mean, 36.181, + .004

Hence Se-—= 45.980) == (005. or, 1h) O = 16, then Sc =
44.081. If SO, = 80, then Sc = 44.032. These values are
doubtless very nearly correct.

YTTRIUM.

For yttrium we need consider only the determinations
of Popp, Delafontaine, Bahr and Bunsen, and Cleve.

Popp* evidently worked with material not wholly free
from earths of higher molecular weight than yttria. The
yttrium sulphate was dehydrated at 200°; the sulphuric
acid was then estimated as barium sulphate; arfd after the
excess of barium in the filtrate had been removed, the
yttrium was thrown down as oxalate, and ignited to yield
oxide. The following are the weights given by Popp:

Sulphate. BaSO,. We One ff, 0.
1.1805 grm. 1.3145 grm. .4742 grm. -255 grm.
1.4295 “ 1.593“ 5745“ .308 «
8455 “ 9407 “ -3392 “ .1825 “
i OFS mse TenOshy MIG OC 2258) 6

Eliminating water, these figures give us for the percent-
ages of Yt,O, in Yt,(SO,), the values in column A. In
column B I put the quantities of Yt,O, proportional to
100 parts of BaSO, : .

A. B.
51.237 36.075
51.226 36.064
51.161 36.058
51.209 36.055
Mean, 51.208, + .OII Mean, 36.063, + .003

From B, Yt = 101.880. The values in A will be com-
bined with similar data from other experimenters.

* Ann. Chem. Pharm., 131, 179.

16

242 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

In 1865 Delafontaine* published some results obtained
from yttrium sulphate, the yttrium being thrown down as
oxalate and weighed as oxide. In the fourth column I give
the percentages of Yt,O0, reckoned from the anhydrous sul-
phate:

Sulphate. Vi50;3 TI5O. Per cent. Yt,Ox.
-9545 grm. .371 grm. .216 grm. 50.237
Dykes .9585 “ BS OS puns 49.922
2.153, “ 827“ -4935 “ 49-834

Mean, 49.998, + .o81

In another paper+t Delafontaine gives the following per-
centages of Yt,O, in dry sulphate. The mode of estima-
tion was the same as before :

: 48.23

48.09
48.37

Mean, 48.23, + .055

Bahr and Bunsen,{ and likewise Cleve, adopted the
method of converting dry yttrium oxide into anhydrous
sulphate, and noting the gain in weight. Bahr and Bunsen
give us the two following results. I add the-usual percent-
age column :

VEAOns ¥t,(SO,)3- Per cent. Yt, Os.
.7266 grm. 1.4737 grm. 49.304
57850) = T5956“ 49.235

Mean, 49.2695, + .0233

Cleve’s|| results are published in a joint memoir by Cleve
and Hoeglund, and are as follows:

* Ann. Chem. Pharm., 134, 108.

+ Arch. des Sci. Phys. et Nat., (2,) 25, 119. 1866.
t{ Ann. Chem. Pharm., 137, 21. 1866.

|| K. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handlingar, Bd. 1, No. 8.

THE YTTRIUM GROUP. 243

Yi, Oz. ¥i,(S'0,)3- Per cent. Yt, Oz.
1.4060 grm. 2.8925 grm. 48.608
1.0930)" <5 Ze2oMminunc’ 48.545
1.4540 “ 2.9895 “ 48.637
Teg 2o 5m Ze7BZOMacs 48.627
252500) ence 4.8330 ‘< 48.624
2.5780 * 53055 9s 48.591

Mean, 48.605, + .0096

This series is unquestionably the best of all. From it, if
SO, = 80, Yt = 89.485.

Combining all these data we have the subjoined general
mean for the percentage of Yt,O,:

Re pp eee Lea ee 51.208, -: .OII
Delatontaine piste sos ee ae 49.998, -: .o81
ee 2S ee aie 48.230, -E .055
Bahrrand)Bunse nets 49.2695, - .0233
Glevic ae eee cer aee Sat w, 48.605, -k .0096
Generalimeanse eee 49.637, -k .0069
Rejecting Eopp= === -=—— 48.705, - .0087

From the general mean of all, Yt = 97.616. From the
mean after excluding Popp’s work, Yt = 89.816, + .067 ;
Grit Oi— 1G Vt —) 90023:

YTTERBIUM.

For ytterbium we have one very good set of determina-
tions by Nilson.* The oxide was converted into the sul-
phate after the usual manner:

WOnOR Vb, ( SO,)9. Per cent. Yb,03.
1.0063 grm. 1.6186 grm. 62.171
1.0139 <“ MeO Anaac: 62.149
.8509 * 1.3690 “ 62.155
a yi bineice De LOOLM ics 62.145
1.0005) «5 1.6099 “ 62.147
.8090 “ TegOz 2a 62.126
1.0059 ‘“ 1.6189 “* 62.134

Mean, 62.147, -+ .0036

* Compt. Rend., 91, 56. 1880.

244 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

Hence Yb = 172.761, = 038. If O = 16, then Yb =
173.158. If SO, = 80, Yb = 173.016: The truemumber

cannot be far from 173.
ERBIUM.

Since the earth which was formerly regarded as the oxide
of this metal is now known to be a mixture of two or three
different oxides, the older determinations of its molecular
weight have little more than historical interest. Nevertl:e-
less the work done by several investigators may properly be
cited, since it sheds some light upon certain important prob-
lems.

First, Delafontaine’s* early investigations may be consid-
ered. A sulphate, regarded as erbium sulphate, gave the
following data. An oxalate was thrown down from it,
which, upon ignition, gave oxide. The percentages in the
fourth column refer to the anhydrous sulphate. In the last
experiment water was not estimated, and I assume for its
water the mean percentage of the four preceding experi-
ments :

Sulphate. Tignes 1,0. Per cent. Er,0s.
.827 grm. -353 grm. -177 grm. 54.308
1.0485 “ 4475 “ 22 Omeeee 54.407
«80g, EQami5mice nil) Tpeee 54-035
ip, WC pe getee .264 “ 54.028
1.1505 “ 405 ie i yee 54-760

Mean, 54.308, + .ogI5

Bahr and Bunsen? give a series of results, representing
successive purifications of the earth which was studied.
The final result, obtained by the conversion of oxide into
sulphate, was as follows:

:7870 grm. oxide gave 1.2765 grm. sulphate. 61.653 per cent. oxide.

Hoeglund,t following the method of Bahr and Bunsen,
secured these results:
* Ann. Chem. Pharm., 134, 108. 1865.
+ Ann. Chem. Pharm., 137, 21. 1866.
{ K. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handlingar, Bd. 1, No. 6,

THE YTTRIUM GROUP. 245

Er, Oz. Er,(SO,)s: Per cent. Er, Oz.
1.8760 grm. 3.0360 grm. 61.792
Te OOOune ZiOTOO WE. 61.821
Pp peyelii(a), G0 4250357 “¢ 61.848
qe 5 Ola PSO TTS Mee 61.853
Tere OOMm Me 27h) ss 61.850
POAT Si ase Bee On 61.861

Mean, 61.8375, -& .0063

Humpidge and Burney* give data as follows:

1.9596 grm. Er,(SO,)3 gave 1.2147 grm. Er,O,. 61.987 per cent.
_ 1.9011 sf 1.1781 ce OIOO5) yes

Mean, 61.976, -+ .0074

Combining all four series we get the subjoined general
mean for the percentage of oxide in sulphate. Bahr and
Bunsen’s single experiment is given the probable error of
one experiment in Hoeglund’s series:

Welatontan eae ee eens 54.308, -+ .0915
BabiandsBinsenes soos 61.653, - .o178
Floeghund 22 seer ee cee ve 61.8375, + .0063
Humpidge and Burney_~..------ 61.976, -: .0074
Generalumeans 242-2 61.860, - .0046
Rejecting the first ____- — 61.880, -+ .0046

Eromethe mean ofall) Hr = 170:379) == 082 or; 1f-O =
16, Er = 170.770. From Bahr and Bunsen’s determination,
Er = 168.683; and from Humpidge and Burney’s highest,
Be 170-428:

The foregoing data were all published before the com-
posite nature of the supposed erbia was fully recognized.
It will be seen, however, that three sets of results were fairly
comparable, while Delafontaine evidently studied an earth
widely different from that investigated by the others. Since
the discovery of ytterbium, some light has been thrown on
the matter. The old erbia is a mixture of at least three
earths, to one of which, a rose-colored body, the name erbia
is now restricted. For the atomic weight of the true erbium

* Journ. Chem. Society, Feb., 1879, p. 116.

246 - THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

Cleve* gives three values, but without data concerning
weighings or methods. Doubtless the oxide was converted
into sulphate, and the calculations were made with SO, =
80:

166.00

166.21

166.25

Mean, 166.153

With SO, = 79.874, this becomes 165.891, and if only O
= 16, 166.273. These figures are undoubtedly the nearest
yet reached to the true value. According to Thalen,+ who
reasons from spectroscopic evidence, the erbium of Hoeglund
was largely ytterbium.

TERBIUM, SAMARIUM, PHILIPPIUM, DECIPIUM, THULIUM,
HOLMIUM, AND SORETS EARTH X.

Concerning these substances, real or alleged, the data are
exceedingly vague. For phillippium Delafontainet} gives
an atomic weight approximating to 128 or 125, and in the
same memoir decipium is put at 171. It seems probable that
philippium may be identical with Cleve’s holmium and the
metal of Soret’s earth X, while decipium comes near Cleve’s
thulium, for which the discoverer gives a value of about
170.7.|| If decipium and thulium are identical, or if either
proves to be erbium or ytterbium contaminated with the
other, then we shall have a triad of metals with atomic
weights ranging from Er = 166 to Yb = 173, strikingly
parallel with lanthanum, cerium, and didymium. If we
take the natural arrangement of the elements as tabulated
after Mendelejeff’s plan, somewhat modified in Roscoe and
Schorlemmer’s “ Treatise on Chemistry,$ we find that such
a triad should exist, and, furthermore, that another similar

* Compt. Rend., 91, 382.

+ Poggend. Beiblatter, 5, 122. 1881.

{ Arch. des Sci. Phys. et Nat., Mars, 1880.
|| Compt. Rend., 91, 329. 1880.

@ Vol. 2, Part 2, p. 507.

COLUMBIUM. 247

group ought to lie between indium and tin. The latter
triad should have atomic weights ranging from 114 to 117;
and here possibly, or else forming a triad with yttrium, the
other metals of this group may lhe.

COLUMBIUM.*

The atomic weight of this metal has been determined by
Rose, Hermann, Blomstrand, and Marignac. Rose+ anal-
yzed a compound which he supposed to be chloride, but
which, according to Rammelsberg,t must have been nearly
pure oxychloride. If it was chloride, then.the widely vary-
ing results give approximately Cb = 122; if it was oxy-
chloride, the value becomes nearly 94. If it was chloride,
it was doubtless contaminated with tantalum compounds.

Hermann’s|| results seem to have no present value, and
as for Blomstrand’s,§ I am not able to get at a copy of his
original memoir. The results of the latter chemist are thus
summed up in Becker’s “ Digest.” Three chlorine estima-
tions in the pentachloride give, in mean, Cb = 96.67.
Eleven weighings of columbic acid from the same com-
pound make Cb = 96.16. Other experiments on sodium
columbate lead Blomstrand to regard 95 as the most prob-
able value.

Marignac J made about twenty analyses of the potassium
fluoxycolumbate, CbOF,.2KF.H,O. 100 parts of this salt
give the following percentages :

Chip saa Extremes 44.15 to 44.60 Mean, 44.36
KeSO es =- <6 57-60 * 58.05
pO ss se Baily Go Tacos:

F cf 30.62 “ 32.22

* This name has priority over the more generally accepted “niobium,” and
therefore deserves preference.

+ Poggend. Annal., 104, 439. 1858.

{ Poggend. Annal., 136, 353. 1869.

|| Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 68, 73. 1856.

4 Acta Univ. Lund,»1864.

4] Archives des Sci. Phys. et Nat., (2,) 23, 258. 1865.

248 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

From the mean percentage of Cb,O,, Cb = 98.217. If
O = 16, this becomes 93.431.

From the mean between the extremes given for K,SO,,
Che — 93:32.) hte Or AG, this becomes 94.027.

As Deville and Troost’s* results for the vapor density of
the chloride and oxychloride agree fairly well with Cb =
94, we may adopt this value as approximately correct.

TANTALUM.

The results obtained for the atomic weight of this metal
by Berzelius,+ Rose,f and Hermann || may be fairly left out
of account as valueless. These chemists could not have
worked with pure preparations, and their data are sufh-
ciently summed up in Becker’s “ Digest.”

Marignac§ made four analyses of a pure potassium fluo-
tantalate, and four more experiments upon the ammonium
salt. The potassium compound, K,Tal, was treated with
sulphuric acid, and the mixture was then evaporated to dry-
ness. The potassium sulphate was then dissolved out by
water, while the residue was ignited and weighed as Ta,O,.
100 parts of the salt gave the following quantities of Ta,O,
and K SO,

Za, O;. K,SO,.
56.50 44.37
56.75 44-35
56.55 44.22
56.56 44.24
Mean, 56.59, ++ .037 Mean, 44.295, -- .026
* Comptes Rend., 56, 891. 1863.

+ Poggend. Annal., 4,14. 18 Lehrbuch, 3, 1209.
{ Poggend. Annal., 99, 80. I
|| Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 70, 1857. ‘

4 Archives des Sci. Phys. et Nat., 26, 89, serie 2. 1866.

25-
$56.
193

PLATINUM. , 249

From these figures, 100 parts of K,SO, correspond to the
subjoined quantities of Ta,O,:
127.338
127.960
128.178
127.848

Mean, 127.831, + .120

The ammonium salt, (NH,),Tal’,, ignited with sulphuric
acid, gave these percentages of Ta,O,. The figures are cor-
rected for a trace of K,SO, which was always present:

63.08
63.24
63.27
63.42

Mean, 63.25, + .047

Hence we have four values for Ta:

From potassium salt, per cent. Ta,O; --~-- Ta = 183.033, + .343
o A Ke SOl =~ is == FSF O19; 3242
se KeSOy ss bagO tae iL O2 300s Ebr
«« ammonium salt, per cent. Ta,O; ---_ “© == 182.149, + .456

(General tavern ee “ — 182.144, + .166

OretieOs— lo. a —— 182-562.

iipwwe assume ke 3070 —— I6NH == 1975 —=32 sand N—
14; the percentage of K,SO, from K,Tal, gives Ta =
181.912; and the analyses of the ammonium salt make
Ta = 182.020. Evidently, 182 is not far from the true
value.

PLATINUM.

For this metal we have to consider only experiments by
Berzelius, by Andrews, and by Seubert. In an early paper
Berzelius* reduced platinous chloride, and found it to con-
tain 73.3 per cent. of platinum. Hence, Pt = 194.204, a

* Poggend. Annal., 8,177. 1826.

DO THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

value very near that obtained most recently by Seubert. In
his later investigations, Berzelius* studied the potassium
chloroplatinate, K,PtCl,. 6.981 parts of this salt, ignited
in hydrogen, lost 2.024 of chlorine. The residue consisted
of 2.822 platinum, and 2.135 potassium chloride. From
these data we may calculate the atomic weight of platinum
in four ways:

Ist» From: lossfofi(€l upon isnitiony eee Pe aio 722
od. weisht of Pt imimesiduess = pa eee OLAS
ely coe Ke) FO) eee ee ee ‘ie ——TOO,2IG
4th. 1s yatiolbetweenisClandiPt === ee <cy = KOOLO52

The last of these values is undoubtedly the most reliable,
since it involves no errors due to the possible presence of
moisture in the salt analyzed. If O = 16, the value be-
comes Pt = 197.104.

The work done by Andrews} is even less satisfactory than
the foregoing, for the reason that its full details seem never
to have been published. Andrews dried potassium chloro-
platinate at 105°, and then decomposed it by means of zinc
and water. The excess of zinc having been dissolved by
treatment with acetic and nitric acids, the platinum was
collected upon a filter and weighed, while the chlorine in
the filtrate was estimated by Pelouze’s method. Three
determinations gave as follows for the atomic weight of
platinum :

197.86

197.68
198.12

Mean, 197.887

If we assume that these values were calculated with K =
39 and Cl = 35.5, the mean, corrected by our later figures
for these elements, becomes Pt = 197.882. If O = 16, this
becomes Pt = 197.836. Unfortunately, Andrews does not,
in his brief note upon the subject, indicate the manner by
which his calculations were made.

* Poggend. Annal., 13, 468. 1828.
7 British Association Report, 1852. Chem. Gazette, 10, 380.

PLATINUM. Zor

Latest of all we have to consider the experiments of
Seubert.* This chemist prepared very pure chloroplati-
nates of ammonium and potassium, and from their compo-
sition deduced the atomic weight of the metal under con-
sideration. The ammonium salt,(NH,),PtCl, was analyzed
by heating in a stream of hydrogen, expelling the excess of
that gas by a current of carbon dioxide, and weighing the
residual metal. In three experiments the hydrochloric acid
formed during such a reduction was collected in an absorp-
tion apparatus, and estimated by precipitation as silver
chloride. Three series of results are given for the percent-
age of platinum in this salt, together with another single re-
sult which may be considered alone. Here are the figures :

Series 1. Series IT. Series LLT.
43-957 43.871 43.990
43-948 43-876 43-986
43.960 43.872 44.001
¢ 43.946 43-881 44.020
43-963 43-875 43-994
43-961 43-879 43-996
44.004
Mean, 43.956, + .002 Mean, 43.876, + .oo1 44.026
a 43-998

Mean, 44.001, + .003

These series represent three preparations. The additional
single experiment above referred to was made with material
belonging to series II, but recrystallized from water. This
salt gave 45.955 per cent. of platinum, a figure to which we
may assign the probable error of one experiment in the
first series. Combining, we get the subjoined general mean
percentage of Pt in (NH,),PtCl, :

SSIES leaner = ashy aces se 43.956, + .002
Ser yee ee eo Se en 41870; .+= 3008
cme een eth eke. ge eeeeleas 44.001, + .003

SETA NPE UUM It ba ae ee 43-955, - .004

General:meanee sso ea 43-907, + .0009

* Ber. der Deutsch. Chem. Gesell., 14, 865. 1881.

Bhp THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

Hence Pt 19431452. 078... Tt N44 andere
then Pt = 194.906. Calculating with Stas’ values for N and
Cl, Seubert gets from the four results combined above, the fol-
lowing figures for Pt, respectively: 194.685, 194.039, 195.034,
194.665.

For the chlorine estimations in the ammonium salt the
subjoined weighings are given :

Salt. Pes AgCi.
2.7054 grm. 1.1871 grm. 5.2226 grm.
2.2748 “ 9958 “ 4.3758 “
3.08225 1-305 Olle ce 5-9496 *

Hence 100 parts of AgCl correspond to the following
quantities of salt:
51.802
51.986
51.805

Mean, 51.864, + .041

Hence, calculating directly from the ratio between GAgC,
and’ (NEL}), PtCl,. Bt 1968 7 a soe

Seubert himself reckons the percentage of chlorine from
the weight of silver chloride, and then calculates the ratio
between Cl, and Pt.” He thus finds, with Stas’ value for Cl,
Pt = 195.330.

The potassium salt, K,PtCl,, was also analyzed by igni-
tion in hydrogen, treatment with water, and weighing both
the platinum and the potassium chloride. These percent-
ages were found: :

ets KCL
40.119 30.706
40.120 30.728
40.076 30.608
40.070 30.666
40.107 30.700
40.120 30.627
40.114 30.710
40.130 30.621
Mean 40.107, + .005 Mean, 30.682, + .009
From the first column_______ Pt = 194.370, + .068
cE Second) “GS eee Sess tO AOA Geman

PLATINUM. 255

If K = 39, and Cl = 35.5, the first column gives Pt =
194.933. Seubert, from the percentage of platinum, gets
Pt = 194.392; and from the ratio 2KCl: Pt he finds Pt =
194.494.

As with the ammonium salt, three experiments were made
upon the potassium compound to determine the amount of
chlorine lost upon reduction in hydrogen. I cite the weigh-
ings, and add in a fourth column the quantity of Kk, PtCl,
proportional to 100 parts of AgCl. This AgCl represents
but four atoms of the chlorine:

Salt, Ets AgCi. Ratio.
6.7771 grm. 2.7158 grm. 7.9725 grim. 85.006
3-5834 “ 1.4372 “ 4.2270 “ 84.774
4.4139 “ Toy 3 6 5.2144 “ 84.648

Mean, 84.809, + .071

Fence trt —=9195.002, =) 4b. Af, Ki 39) Ao — 108; and
Cl] = 35.5, then Pt = 194.955. Seubert, calculating the per-
centage of chlorine and thence the ratio Cl, : Pt, gets Pt =
194.681.

Combining all the values we have the following result
for the atomic weight of platinum:

in brom) per cent, Ptin (NH,),PtCl, -2 -— Pt = 194.314, + .078
2 OARC nN) ht] mation aa ese ai — OOS Giese 308
Crime DOIECeD tems etaiiig Kent ©) sameeren “ — 194.370, + .068
Aras Tee ee See OA OAC == 208
Bee amelie Ke PEC ration ott ls. 2 us “© — 195.002, + .415

Generalimneany = aS eee ae “< — 194.415, -- .049

Or, if O = 16, Pt = 194.867.

Seubert, taking the arithmetical mean of his eight values,
gets Pt = 194.620. He regards, however, those results as
best which are dependent upon the percentage of platinum
in the ammonium salt, and upon the complete analysis of
the potassium compound. These give him a mean of Pt =
194.461, which, if corrected by reduction to a vacuum stand-
ard, becomes Pt = 194.84.

In will be noticed that three of the ratios, calculated with

254 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

K = 39, N = 14, Ag = 108, and Cl = 39.0, give nearly
Pt 195; namely:

194.906

194.933

194-955

The general mean of all, if O = 16, gives Pt = 194.867.

Hence, for all practical calculations, the value 195 may be
safely employed.

OSMIUM.

The atomic weight of this metal has been determined by
Berzelius and by Fremy.

Berzelius* analyzed potassium osmichloride, igniting it
in hydrogen like the corresponding platinum salt. 1.3165
grammes lost .8805 of chlorine, and the residue consisted of
A01 grm. of potassium chloride, with .585 grm. of osmium.
Calculating only from the ratio between the Os and the KCl,
we have, Os = 198494 or, if ©) 16, Os 19S 9ok

Fremy’s determination + is based upon the composition of
osmium tetroxide. No details as to weighings or methods
are given; barely the final result is stated. This, if O =
159633) 18/05 = 199190" It Or NO Os sn Gao

Berzelius’ work is evidently entitled to preference, although
neither determination is in any sense equal to the present
requirements of chemical science. The values given are
doubtless several units too high. '

IRIDIUM.

The only early determination of the atomic weight of
iridium was made by Berzelius,t who analyzed potassium
iridichloride by the same method employed with the plati-
num and the osmium salts. The result found from a single

* Poggend. Annal., 13, 530. 1828.
+ Compt. Rend., 19, 468. Jour. fiir Prakt. Chem., 33, 410. 1844.
{ Poggend. Annal., 13, 435. 1828.

IRIDIUM. D5

analysis was not far from Ir = 196.7. This is now known
to be too high. I have not, therefore, thought it worth
while to recalculate Berzelius’ figures, but give his estima-
tion as it is stated in Roscoe and Schorlemmer’s “ Treatise
on Chemistry.”

In 1878 the matter was taken up by Seubert,* who had at
his disposal 150 grammes of pure iridium. From this he
prepared the iridichlorides of ammonium and potassium,
(NH,),IrCl, and K,IrCl,, which salts were made the basis
of his determinations. The potassium salt was dried by
gentle heating in a stream of dry chlorine.

Upon ignition of the ammonium salt in hydrogen, metal-
lic iridium was left behind in white coherent lamine. The
percentages of metal found in seven estimations were as fol-
lows:

43-742
43-725
43-745
43-739
43.726
43-739
43-795

Mean, 43.732, + .0035

The potassium salt was also analyzed by decomposition
in hydrogen with special precautions. In the residue the
iridium and the potassium chloride were separated after the
usual method, and both were estimated. Eight analyses
gave the following results, expressed in percentages:

Lies 2KC1. Cl,
39.881 30.829 29.290
39.890 30.842 29.277
39.868 30.813 29.300
39.876 30.835 29.289
39.877 30.825 29.287
39.879 30.811 29.310
39.882 30.814 29.285
39.883 30-792 29.288
Mean, 39.880, + .0015 30.820, + .0037 29.291, + .0024

* Ber. d. Deutsch. Chem. Gesell., 11, 1767.

256 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

From these data several values for the atomic weight of
iridium may be calculated :

From per cent. Ir in (NH,),Ir€l,-----.-—- Ir = 192.951, + .064
ee 6) IR r@) oe ood 2 ero 5 gon ar

“ RG nine say, ae eee (1 O224 A poe

« Glin) i eee 192-7575 a= 1-149
General meant =-2 22222 === NO 247025 51-1. 020

If O = 16, this becomes Ir = 193.145.

In the potassium salt, instead of calculating from the per-
centages directly, we may reckon upon the ratios between
Ir and Cl,, and between Ir and 2KC1:

Brom [r:‘Cli ratio 6 = See ee ee 2.b 2D ean
66) Al eC lsratio ae ee eee ee 1925 145-11. 044)
General means 22 2 ee ene OZ 5B O ne ORO

Or, if O = 16, Ir = 192.982.

Again, we may combine this mean with the value derived
from the ammonium iridichloride, and so estimate the re-
lative importance of the latter:

From Ko IrCl, 222 e262 22 ee i LG 2-580 eet O39
(NUE Tr@) cee ae Steet ee eee Se Gi pect OE
Generalimeansae — ee ee 28h ORG

If O = 16, this becomes Ir = 193.094.

We may assume, then, from all the facts before us, that if
O = 16, the atomic weight of iridium varies from the even
number 193 only within the limits of experimental error.

PALLADIUM.

The atomic weight of palladium has been studied by Ber-
zelius and by Quintus Icilius. In an early paper Berzelius*
found that 100 parts of the metal united with 28.15 of sul-
phur. Hence Pd = 113.63, a result which is unquestionably
far too high.

* Poggend. Annal., 8,177. 1826.

PALLADIUM. 2G

In a later paper* Berzelius published two analyses of
potassium palladiochloride, K,PdCl,. The salt was decom-
posed by ignition in hydrogen, as was the case with the
double chlorides of potassium with platinum, osmium, and
iridium. Reducing his results to percentages, we get the
following composition for the substance in question :

fa. 2KCl. Cr.
32.726 46.044 21.229
32.655 45-741 21.604
Mean, 32.690 45.892 21.416

From these percentages, calculating directly, very dis-
cordant results are obtained :

Hromipercentage on metal) ==2 2222" Pd = 106.612
fe ce Cue ea ee ANT ONG 7/0
ss s @1;,, (loss) ====—- 105796

Obviously, the only way to get satisfactory figures is to
calculate from the ratio between the Pd and 2KCl. Doing
this weet do— 1055/57; or. 11 © — 16) Pd = 105.981.

This last value varies so slightly from the even number
106 that the latter may be safely used for all purposes of
chemical calculation.

The determination made by Quintus Icilius* need be
given only for the sake of completeness. He ignited potas-
sium palladichloride in hydrogen, and found the following
amounts of residue. His weights are here recalculated into

percentages :
64.708
64.965
64.781

Mean, 64.818

From this mean, Pd = 111.879. Upon looking at the
values deduced from Berzelius’ figures, it will be seen that

* Poggend. Annal., 13, 454. 1828.

+‘ Die Atomgewichte vom Pd, K, Cl, Ag, C, und H, nach der Methode der
kleinsten Quadrate berechnet.”” Inaug. Diss. Géttingen, 1847. Contains no
other original analyses.

AU

258 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

the highest, 110.796, is calculated from the chlorine lost
upon igniting the palladiochloride. The same kind of
error which vitiates that result probably affects also these
data drawn from the palladiochloride.

RHODIUM.

Berzelius* determined the atomic weight of this metal
by the analysis of sodium and potassium rhodiochlorides,
Na,RhCl,, and K,RhCl,. The latter salt was dried by
heating in chlorine. ‘The compounds were analyzed by re-
duction in hydrogen, after the usual manner. Reduced to
percentages the analyses come out as follows :

In Na,RhCig.
Rh. 3 NaCl. Cle

26.959 45.853 27.189
27.229 45.301 27.470

27.616

Mean, 27.094 45-577
27.425
In K,RhCls,
Rh. 2KCl. Ch.

28.989 41.450 29.561

From the analyses of the sodium salt we get the following
values for Rh:

From per cent. of -metali==2522==--Nh oA, 507
oe ce NaCl 2232 25s == 102.980
ms s Gly 2282 See sc 1 TO5,090
“‘ ratio between Cl,.and Rh ___-. is 104,529
ge se NEVO US) eee <8 OA, 008

These are discordant figures, and indicate some doubt as
to purity of material. The last value is fairly good, how-
ever, and is confirmed by results from the potassium com-
pound :

* Poggend. Annal., 13, 435. 1828.

RUTHENIUM. 259

irom) per cent) of metal i222 22-2" Rh = 104.054
ue ge KC eee ee Le ““ — 104.046
ce ce CG) see ee ‘= TO4LO05
oy intion Ch, ratio) steno a See i=) LOA. OST)

FSG Miya LO pe meena eee ens [== TOA, OFT
Nicaneie Sur crise ee ee See <== 104.055

If O = 16, this becomes Rh = 104.285.

RUTHENIUM.

The atomic weight of this metal has been determined
only by Claus.* Although he employed several methods,
the only results worthy of present notice come from the
analysis of potassium rutheniochloride, K,RuCl,. The
salt was dried by heating to 200° in chlorine gas, but even
then retained a trace of water. The percentage results of
analysis are as follows:

Ru. 2KCi. Gis
28.96 40.80 30.24
28.48 41.39 + 30.22
28.91 41.08 30.04,
Mean, 28.78 41.09 30.17

Reckoning directly from the percentages we get the fol-
lowing discordant values for Ru:

From percentage of metal_-_.___-__ Ru = 103.016
ce Es DAG ee ——LOLOO
ss cs Case ene QOL O54.

Obviously, the best result 1s to be obtained from the ratio
between Ru and 2KCl. This gives Ru = 104.217; or, if
O = 16, Ru = 104.457. But little weight can be attached
to this determination.

* Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem., 34, 435. 1845.

APPENDIX.

ON DUMAS’ CORRECTION AND PROUT’S HYPOTHESIS.

In the year 1815 Prout put forth his famous hypothesis
that the atomic weights of all the elements were multiples
of that of hydrogen. His views were adopted by many
chemists, but opposed by others; among them Berzelius
and Turner; and down to the present day “ Prout’s Law”
has been the subject of earnest controversy. Of course the
fact was early recognized that in its original form the hy-
pothesis could not stand, and accordingly it was modified
by Dumas in such manner that half and quarter multiples
of the atomic weight of hydrogen were considered as well
as the whole numbers.

But of late years Prout’s hypothesis, even with its elastic
modification, has been in disfavor. Only a few chemists still
clung to it as the representative of a veritable law. The
researches of Stas were especially directed towards ascertain-
ing its truth or falsity; and his results, as well as those ob-
tained by Marignac, were such as to lead most chemists to
the belief that it had been forever overthrown. The atomic
weights determined by Stas agreed neither with whole, half,
nor quarter multiples of that of hydrogen, and the varia-
tions seemed to be wholly outside the range of recognizable
experimental errors.

In 1878, however, a probable source of error in some of
Stas’ researches was pointed out by Dumas.* Many of Stas’
ratios had involved the use of pure metallic silver, which
had been fused under a cover of borax containing a little

* Ann. Chim. Phys., (5s.,) 14, 289. :
(261)

262 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

nitre. Such silver Dumas heated to redness in a Sprengel
vacuum, and found that it gave up weighable quantities of
oxygen, which had been absorbed by the metal when in the
melted state. In one experiment a kilogramme of silver
gave 82 milligrammes of occluded gas, and in three other
cases 226,140,and 249 milligrammes respectively were found.
In other words, the silver which had been considered pure
by Stas and others, was really not pure, and a correction
became necessary in nearly all series of atomic weight de-
terminations.

The amount of this correction, which I think may here-
after be appropriately designated as “ Dumas’ correction,”
will naturally vary in different cases, and in no particular
case can we tell, without actual examination of the silver
employed, exactly how great it should be. We may, how-
ever, assume that all the metallic silver heretofore used in
establishing atomic weight ratios was subject to it; and,
reckoning from the largest error indicated in the experi-
ments of Dumas, namely, 249 milligrammes of oxygen in
the kilogramme of metal, we may ascertain its tendency
with reference to Prout’s law.

In the chapter upon the atomic weights of silver, chlorine,
bromine, iodine, potassium, sodium, and sulphur, twenty
ratios are given, of which nine are subject to Dumas’ cor-
rection. Applying it as suggested above, we get the follow-
ing results. The values previously found and given in the
chapter just quoted, we may designate as uncorrected. For
convenience in future reference I assume that O = 16:

Uncorrected. Corrected. Difference.

Silver22 22a 107.923 107.896 — .027
Chlorine gee 35-451 35.478 + .027
Bromineyesseo=ee = 79.951 79.978 + .027
Jodine2 == =a a eet 126.848 126.875 + .027
Potassium yes eee ee 39.109 39.083 — .026
SOCIUIN eee eee 23.051 23.024 — .027
Sulphuressnaoes2 32.058 SPIOSS Ah Vis Eee

The result of the correction, it will be seen, is generally

) ’ oS J

favorable to Prout’s hypothesis. Of the seven elements
YE

APPENDIX. 263

under consideration, one has its atomic weight unaffected,
one is rendered less in accord with the hypothesis, and five
approximate more closely than before to even multiples or
multiples half of hydrogen.

In the later chapters of this work the effect of Dumas’
correction is generally less striking. One general state-
ment, however, may be made concerning it. Whenever the
atomic weight of a metal is calculated from the ratio between
its haloid salts and metallic silver, the total effect of Dumas’
correction, including the above corrections for the halogens
themselves, will be to dower the final result. This point will
be further considered presently. Only chlorine, bromine,
and iodine have their atomic weights raised by the correc-
tion.

In view of Dumas’ correction the question naturally arises
as to how far other metals, used in atomic weight researches,
may occlude gaseous impurities. For example, when the
atomic weight of oxygen is fixed by the synthesis of water
over copper oxide, may not the copper occlude appreciable
quantities of the hydrogen in which it cools? If it does,
then the apparent weight of metallic copper would be too
high, and the atomic weight of oxygen would come out too
low. Such an error might possibly account for the differ-
ence between 16 and 15.9653 in the atomic weight of oxygen,
and it would also increase the atomic weight of copper as
determined by the same process. At all events, every metal
of which the atomic weight has been determined by the re-
duction of its compounds in hydrogen, ought to be serupu-
lously investigated with reference to the possible occlusion
of gaseous impurities. With all of these metals the effect
of such impurities would be to render the apparent atomic
weights decidedly too high.

Although every series of atomic weight determinations
must be considered by itself, and weighed on its own merits,
it may not be out of place for me just here to point out two
general sources of error in addition to the one we have been
considering. First, every value after oxygen, with one or
two partial exceptions, involves whatever error may attach

264 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

to the atomic weight of oxygen. If the latter be 16, instead
of 15.9633, this error in some instances becomes multiplied
to a large fraction of a unit, as the subjoined example ct
show.

If O = 16, the atomic weight of uranium = 239.030
TiO a5.9633' cc ce == 238,482
Difference eae a= eee ee ae ee EE ORS HS

Other similar errors are repeated continually. The value
assigned to any element is necessarily affected by whatever
errors may attach to the atomic weights of those other ele-
ments through whose medium it is compared with the
standard, hydrogen. Thus, the atomic weight of carbon
depends upon that of oxygen; calcium depends upon both
carbon and oxygen; and fluorine, as determined from cal-
cium fluoride, involves the foregoing elements, together with
sulphur, silver, and chlorine. Since, however, some atomic
weights are affected by plus errors and others by minus
errors, there is a fortunate tendency to compensation of
errors in cases like that of fluorine, and, in reality, better
results are obtained than considerations such as these would
lead us to look for.

Another general source of error is to be found in the fact
that some of the weighings involved in our discussions had
been reduced to absolute standards, while others were merely
uncorrected weighings in air. The errors thus introduced
into the work are doubtless small, but still they ought not to
be absolutely ignored.

Now, having considered the larger classes of errors, we
may properly pass on to a comparison of our atomic weights
with reference to Prout’s hypothesis. In order to facilitate
work, I have tabulated the figures in two columns, one
giving atomic weights referred to hydrogen as unity, the
other based upon the standard of oxygen as exactly sixteen.
Such imperfectly known elements as decipium, philippium,
samarium, terbium, and thulium‘are not included.

APPENDIX.

265

TABLE OF ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

Aluminum_-_-__-
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
IBismuthe ee
Boron
Bromine
Cadmium=22-——
Gxesnimy== pees
Calcium

Chlorine: 2222+
Chromium_-_-_-_-
Cobalt 2222
Columbium ___-
Copperas 2:

Gold

Indium
Todine

ron, 2 es.
Lanthanum -__-
Lead
iithinm=
Magnesium __-_-
Manganese --__-
Mercury
Molybdenum _-
Nickel pas

Nitrogen ss
@smitim= yaa ee
Oxypenjseee oss
Palladium --_~-
Phosphorus -_~-
Platnum =

Ruthenium ___-
Scandium) 222--
Selenium ._____

Remarks.

Cooke’s and Schneider’s data.

From Schneider’s data.

Buehrig’s data give 141.523.
(O=="165)

From Siewert’s data.

From one ratio only.

Cleve’s data give 147.021.
(SO, — 80. )

From Cleve’s data only.

Imperfectly determined.
Nilson and Pettersson’s data.

Seubert’s data.

Marchand and Scheerer’s data.
Schneider and Rawack’s data.

Schneider, Sommaruga, and

Very doubtful.
Badly determined.
Seubert’s data.
Badly determined.

Badly determined.

eat OFS’
27.009, + .003 27.075
119.955, = .036 120.231
74.918, + .o16 75.090
136.763, + .031 137.007
207.523, + .082 | 208.001
10.941, -- .023 10.966
79-708, + .019 79-951
IT1.835, - .024 | I12.092
132.583, =: .024 | 132.918
39.990, -& .OIO 40.082
11.9736, + .0028 12.0011
140.424, - .O17 | 140.747
35-3790, = .O14 35-451
52.009, + .025 52.129
58.887, -+ .008 59.023
93.812 @ 94.027
625173) 0==)- Oli 63.318
144.573, =& .031 | 144.906
165.891 166.273
18.984, + .0065 19.027
68.854 68.963
9.085, = .0055 g. 106
196.155, =— .095 196.606
1.0000 1.0023
113.398, =: .047 113.659
126.557, = .022 | 126.848
192.651, = .033 | 193.094
55-913, = .O12 56.042
138.526, = .030 | 138.844
206.471, -— .O21 206.946
7-0073, == .007 7-0235
23.959, -k .005 24.014
53-906, + .O12 54.029
199.712, -- .042 | 200.171
95-5249) == Ont 95-747
57-928, — .022 58.062
Lee.
14.0210, + .0035| 14.029
198.494 195.951
15.9633, -— .0035 | 16.000
105.737 105.981
30.958, -k .007 31.029
194.415, -- .049 | 194.867
39.019, + .O12 39.109
104.055 104.285
85.251, + .018 85.529
104.217 104.457
43.980, - .O15 44.081
78.797, + .O1L 78.978

266 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

TABLE OF ATOMIC WEIGHTS—COonrtTINUED.

H =I O = 16. Remarks,
Siliconsass==—— 28.195, + .066 28.260 | Very badly determined.
Silvers see ees 107.675, - .0096| 107.923
Sodium tae 22,996, == -O1T 23.051
Strontium ~__~_ 87.374, —& .032 87.575
Sulphur=22--—- 31.984, + .O12 32.058
Tantalum _____| 182.144, + .466 182.562
Tellurium _____ 127.960, + .034 128.254 Imperfectly determined.
Mhallium\ 2222 203.715, -& .0365] 204.183 Crookes’ data.
thorium) 2s 2—= 233-414, + .073 | 233.951
hinge wes 117.698, -++ .040 | 117.968
dutantum) 22-22 49.846, + .064 49.961 Imperfectly determined.
chunesten=== === 183.610, + .032 | 184.032
Uranium = =ssse 238.482, + .082 | 239.030
Vanadium ._.--| 51.256, == .024 SES
Ytterbium ___-- 172:761, (=).039 4907 3.958 |) kt SO, = 60, YbE—m 73.010)
Vittriums = 89.816, + .067 90.023 | Doubtful.
ZINC See ee oe 64.9045, + .O19 65.054 | Axel Erdmann’s data.
Zirconium! 225) 89.3074) =-)037, 89.573 aoa

At the close of his admirable paper on the atomic weight
of aluminum Mallet makes substantially the following ar-
gument in favor of Prout’s hypothesis. Citing the atomic
weights of eighteen elements which he considers well deter-
mined, he shows that ten of them have values falling within
one-tenth of a unit of whole numbers. Now, what is the
mathematical probability that this close approximation to
conformity, with Prout’s law, in ten cases out of eighteen, is
purely accidental, as those chemists who reject the hypoth-
esis seem to hold? Working this problem out, Mallet finds
the probability in favor of mere coincidence to be in the
ratio of 1 : 1097.8, and hence he concludes that Prout’s
views are still worthy:of respectful consideration.

Applying Mallet’s reasoning to the table of atomic weights
now before us, we find that in the first column, when H — 1,
twenty-five elements out of sixty-six have values falling
within the limits of one-tenth of a unit variation from whole
numbers: But many of the figures which fall without this
limit involve the variation of oxygen multiplied many times
over. We must therefore study the second column, which
assumes that the atomic weight of oxygen is exactly six-

APPENDIX. 267

teen. Here we have forty elements falling within the limit
of variation assigned by Mallet, and twenty-six falling
without. The variations we may properly study in some
detail.

Taking first the elements whose atomic weights vary from
even multiples of unity by less than a tenth of a unit, we
have to consider the following: aluminum, arsenic, barium,
bismuth, boron, bromine, cadmium, cesium, calcium, carbon,
cobalt, columbium, didymium, fluorine, gallium, hydrogen,
iridium, iron, lead, lithium, magnesium, manganese, nickel,
nitrogen, osmium, oxygen, palladium, phosphorus, scan-
dium, selenium, silver, sodium, sulphur, thorium, tin, tita-
nium, tungsten, uranium, yttrium, and zine. Of these,
aluminum, arsenic, barium, bismuth, cadmium, calcium,
carbon, cobalt, columbium, fluorine, hydrogen, iridium, iron,
lithium, magnesium, manganese, nickel, nitrogen, phos-
phorus, scandium, sodium, sulphur, tungsten, uranium,
yttrium, and zinc have plus variations, while boron, bro-
mine, cesium, didymium, gallium, lead, osmium, palla-
dium, selenium, silver, thorium, tin, and titanium fall
slightly under the units to which they approximate. Oxy-
gen, as the standard of comparison, of course shows here
no variation, its possible error having been transferred to
hydrogen.

Of the foregoing elements it will be seen that twenty-six
have plus variations from whole numbers, while thirteen
are minus. Among the latter, boron, gallium, osmium, pal-
ladium, thorium, and titanium have been but roughly deter-
mined. Bromine, by Dumas’ correction, has its variation
diminished. In the cases of lead, ceesium, selenium, and
tin, the cause of variation, supposing one to exist, remains
to be determined. The value for osmium is undoubtedly
several units too high, so that its agreement with Prout’s
law may be considered purely accidental. As for didym-
ium, the figure assigned is the mean of all determinations ;
whereas Cléve’s data, calculated with SO, = 80, make Di =
147.021, a variation which, like most of the others, is far
within the limits of ordinary experimental error. In the

268 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

case of silver it has already been shown that Dumas’ cor-
rection is unfavorable to it considered in its bearings upon
Prout’s law. Silver is the only element among those having
minus variations which could carry very much weight
against the hypothesis.

Among the elements whose variations are plus, colum-
bium, uranium, and yttrium have been poorly determined.
Yttrium especially may be considered doubtful. The atomic
weights of aluminum, arsenic, barium, cadmium, lithium,
phosphorus, and sodium involve Dumas’ correction to \a
greater or less extent, and will be lowered by its application,
that is, brought nearer to whole numbers. For aluminum,
certain other causes for variation were pointed out in the
chapter upon that metal; and it may be noted that the
direct ratio between it and hydrogen gives Al = 27.998,
+ .007. Here the variation is less than the probable error.
For calcium, and consequently for fluorine also, sources of
plus error were indicated in the discussion of their respective
atomic weights, and reiteration here is unnecessary. Cobalt,
iridium, iron, nickel, and tungsten all involve such errors
as may arise from the possible occlusion of hydrogen by the
metals after reduction from their compounds. For scan-
dium, the atomic weight, calculated with SO, = 80, becomes
44.032, a variation much within the limits of experimental
error. For carbon and bismuth the variations are insignifi-
eant. In short, in the majority of instances the errors may
be diminished by corrections which are in all probability
needed, and which can be easily pointed out. The more
carefully we scrutinize the data the more probable Prout’s
hypothesis appears.

Among the twenty-six elements whose atomic weights are
removed by more than a tenth of a unit from whole num-
bers, chlorine, rubidium, and strontium have values nearly
half multiples of that of hydrogen, and in each case Dumas’
correction will make the approximation still closer. Erbium,
gold, indium, lanthanum, rhodium, ruthenium, silicon, and
zirconium may be dismissed from consideration as too im-
perfectly determined to carry much weight in the present

APPENDIX. 269

discussion. For chromium, copper, molybdenum, and vana-
dium I have no criticisms to offer; but the remaining ele-
ments may be considered individually.

The value assigned to antimony, 120.231, is the general
mean of Cooke’s and Schneider’s work upon the bromide,
iodide, and sulphide. If Ag = 108, Br = 80, and I — 127,
Cooke’s data for the bromide and iodide give the following
values for Sb, all of which fall within a tenth of a unit of
the whole number 120:

Manlyabromiderseressa paar Op —— 11Q.901
Late Cee ets ke ‘SF 120.009
Ho didessertcsyase eee eee ETT O1O7.3

In the case of cerium, the value assigned in the table is
the general mean of all reputable determinations. But it is
subject to doubt on account of the facts observed by Wolf
and by Wing, whose ceroso-ceric oxide was white, while
that of all other observers was yellowish. Wolf’s and
Wing’s data, calculated with O = 16, give Ce = 138.039.
Cerium, then, is not an established exception to Prout’s law.

Glucinum and ytterbium have their atomic weights cal-
culated from analyses of the sulphates. But if Prout’s law
is true,SO, = 80. Calculated with this figure, we have
Gl = 9.096 and Yb = 173.016. Both elements thus fall
within reasonable limits of variation from the hypothetical
values.

Iodine is one of the most important seeming exceptions.
If we assume Ag = 108, and calculate the atomic weight of |
iodine only from the direct ratio between iodine and silver,
we have, with Dumas’ correction appled, I = 126.966;
that is, it comes within one-tenth of a unit of the whole
number 127.

The atomic weight of mercury depends upon analyses of
the chloride, oxide, and sulphide. Of these three com-
pounds the purity of the chloride is most easily assured.
Calculated from its composition, with Cl = 35.5, Hg =
199.971. With so high an atomic weight small errors are
easily multipled.

270 THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS.

For the atomic weight of platinum Senbert’s data give
five values, ranging both above and below the round number
195. Calculated with integer values for the other elements,
three of these figures fall very close to 195, as follows:

From per cent. Pt in (NH,),PtCl,---- Pt = 194.906
ss ce i Et@la === ——— $=) 104.033
From chlorine estimation in K,PtCl,-- “ = 194.955

Potassium is the most serious exception of all. But if
O = 16 and Dumas’ correction be applied, the general mean
from all the available data becomes K = 39.083. That is,
potassium falls within the limit of 0.1 variation.

The atomic weight assigned to tantalum is the mean of
four values. Two of these, recalculated with integers, come
out as follows:

Brom, per cent. K{SOjia i tak eee Ta:==81.912
ce ‘Ta,O, from’ (NEG); Takes ‘5 152.020

For tellurium I need only call attention to the discrepan-
cies between the several sets of determinations made by
Wills. “A reference to the chapter on tellurium will show
that his figures give results ranging from Te = 126.07 to
Te = 129.34. The mean value is therefore too much sub-
ject to doubt to carry weight as an exception.

As for thallium, the last case to be considered, I have
already shown that Crookes’ data, recalculated with integer
values for N and O, give Tl = 204.008. That is, instead of
an exception, we have here an admirable instance in sup-
port of Prout’s hypothesis.

Enough has been said in this brief resumé to show that
none of the seeming exceptions to Prout’s law are inexpli-
cable. Some of them, indeed, carefully investigated, sup-
port it strongly. In short, admitting half multiples as
legitimate, it is more probable that the few apparent excep-
tions are due to undetected constant errors, than that the
great number of close agreements should be merely acci-
dental.. I began this recalculation of the atomic weights

et
APPENDIX. aa |

with a strong prejudice against Prout’s hypothesis, but the
facts as they came before me have forced me to give it a
very respectful consideration. All chemists must at least
admit that the strife over it is not yet ended, and that its
opponents cannot thus far claim a perfect victory.

i te Cuan Prone)

na egie hea Bi Ni iM
eh i ae ie ie a
oe, ve Oy my ma

i Shh

i Lane es
mn wa! Bd) 5

AR
aa ‘

ne Me ¥ oo et , ai
He “ae

INDEX.

A:
iNilen and) johnson==s=— === = gI
Allentand) Pepysssasease=--=== 6
Aluminum Soe ieee ee Se 156
bromides Ses Sees 159
chloridesa eae ee 156
ORIG Ceuta Se ee a 156
sulphatesseueeee anon 156
pcan omni ciel inna rey 158
Ammonia chrome alum ___~--_-- 120
Ammonium chloride_..-...--_. 40
chloroplatinate =2====22—— 251
cobalticyanidesuaus eens 172
inotantalate 2s) 22252522249
inidichlonde;===s2=—2 22a 255
molybdate sess ee ee 139
PATICLETS OTR ere eee eee se eee EG
PAIN GT CVV Gyo ee han ae nee rE 57, 250
PATIL ON Vie ee ey See 188, 269
EO WC eee ere 198, 200
chloride, 190, 191, 193, 194, 197
LO did eresaae cee pees eed 199
OxId ee eke ae ea eh ay 188, 190
Sulphide=sss ee 189, 196, 200
Antimony compounds, oxidation
Ofeiaiee 189, 191, 192, 193, 194
Antimony and potassium tartrate. 194
AVPERGO) aa LS INES A a AE 6, 39
JNANOR ee Le Ch iia it
PATISCNIG Mee wae td Bulan ADL eS 185
bromid ete oe see eee TOO
cChighide si saan a ee 186
ERVO MC eh ses eent etre wee a. 123, 187
Arsenious oxide and potassium an-
hydrochromate == S222. 122107,
Arsenious oxide and potassium
Ghilonate ees. Sse 2h 187
Atomic weights, table of __-_ 265, 266
PENS LS (ay ee 97
Be
Baliye epee Sah eh ie 102, 242, 244
Bahr and Bunsen_____.-___ 242, 244
Balard, =. 2. ie ee eee 21
FES ANAUUTI pes eens wee ee 57
chloride and barium chro-
MAG Fees = eo Le 122

and barium sulphate-_ 70
and cerium sulphate__ 223

18

Barium chloride and lanthanum sul-

phate ee 230

andisilver==sseyn= sores 57

and silver chloride___ 60

Chromates eae eee ee 121, 122

MEAN EStaley eee eee AT

Mitrate eee See Le a NOL

Seleniteweae sees ae ree 177

silicofluondees=— ss -= = 85
sulphate and barium chlo-

TL LG ate et 2 Sete 61

and barium chromate_ 121

and barium fluoride__ So

and barium nitrate___ 61

and barium selenite __ 177

and cerium dioxide, 222, 224
and didymium sulphate, 236
and glucinum sulphate, 97

ance oC) Ceara eee 163
and indium oxide__-_ 219
and lanthanum © sul-
PATS se Sen e220)
and magnesium sul-
phatewveaeee nes 100
and nickel potassium
sulphates sss ee 170

and thallium sulphate, 93
and thorium sulphate. 214

and yttrium oxide____ 241

Iran ate); sae Seema ee ees 151

and uranyl acetate _______ I51
IBeringersees se amine eee eee 221
Berlini rete Sos e a Alon eos 118, 139
BD Sin Ol ieee a een eer EET AIC
Beryllium. See Glucinum -_-__- 96

Berzeliseesin Os lOw nA tou 2127. 211,
39, 60, 61, 68, 70, 72, 78, 82, 84,
86,87, 100, 108, 117, 127, 131, 135,
La Ay LG Ly h5 OslO2. L710 .e1OOs
183, 185, 188, 205, 212, 214, 248,
249, 254, 256, 258

BiotkandeATag 0 saa e ene 6, 39
TB iS ror nee ets oe de ea TES 202

chilonid eis seers er eee 208

Oxide} eee Seen S208

SU CLS ee ee 202
Blomstrancaee tees cates a me 247
Boisbawdyrange ees eee 218
BOY te ee WR $4.
BO LC ume me heehee oi Daa e E 144.
SOLO Tiernan nes aera rn tenee NMaD Ie) 84.

274 INDEX.
Boronibromid ete eee e ee 84 ; Cobalticyanide of phenylammo-
chlorides 22 tee ee 84. LLU Sh ee 172
1ahgehbieyS) Gugle See ee ee ee eae g6 Osi Cchnia= == aes 174
Bromine ere et aie en ee ee OF. 20a Columb c.aCl Caan ae eee 247
Brucia cobalticyanide_...-_. .--- TV SN A CoO Lela Lo Tera sons Sc a ime 247
nickelocyanide===sessa=— 3 Oxychloride ss aa aepeaan 247
BUG bir cece ee eee ee ieee 226 pentachlonde = ====—= =a 247
Uitte Ee eee ae ae Onl Cooke Saas 29, 112, 195, 198, 199 .
Bunsen_--__- OQONOM, 92522059242 207 al Copper=es ae ee 135
Bunsenyandgepe lees eee as a8 CxIde= = === apes F,103050;) 135
IBUTN EY Re eee ee Sh eZ sulphate =e eee es 136
Subsulphide == =——— ae =e 136
Cc. Crookes esos 2 2 oe aaa 95
Czudnowicz tae) == eee 183, 233
Cadminm\yle 2 es era 2 ee Ill
KO mIG Cys eee aan ee 112
chicrides= sss eee 112 D.
Oxalatene Seer ies Sue 112
sulphates oes ewes III :
Sulpnideses sae anne me am III re Bae Goh te eee 6, 78: 17
AS 2S UT ee ese eae llr a Bae gI De eens Fea wok ILE oe Be
Ditartratene= ses Len ien alee gl aes an Tp Tad Vie as Cee oe
Rae nan ME eae ene oI elafontaine_===—~==-- 215, 242, 244
. De Luca 2 = 7
eash ae eee G7 acai NLRC er Talia a heme Bae
Can pOM aera ae eee 67 AD ONS ANSS Ae ee ae Le eG

and calcium sulphate. 69
Chloriden ses =a TO
LUO LIC Ga ee i Ne 78
oxide and calcium sulphate, 70

Sulphatea esses ase 69, 70,
Capitaine tones. es ae eee ee 131
Carbon eae ae re ee eae 50

lites tole So ES ile TI)

IN ON OXI Gs ee eee eS
G@avendis ly ese se aan 6
Cerium Sesser enna 221, 269

chlorides sea ss eee 221

fORMAte+ ase a Ak ere en ean 222

Oxalate meses 228 oO A227

OX1G C2 eee ee DTD

sulphate, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225

Sulphides >= aon een 2 22
Chionney 2 eae Sebeee ke ee uO
@houbines#-s2 322 4 es A 22

Ghromevalum\ =e 2 eae 120
(Chroma Se sa ete ee 117
ACETALC eee ea oT NS
chloride Ae See 12
sulphate ss2s cose UES 120
@hy denius see as ee 214
Clarke ee as ee ae as as 2
Glaus eae ee See eh e250

Cleve__.. 217, 234, 238, 240, 242, 246

@leverand Eloeslund ===s=-2s2 242

Cobalt aes eee ee Ceo 164
Chioridesae sesso 166, 167
Oxalate cs = See a 166, 168
Sulphatess espe seo = 166

Cobalticyanide of ammonium___. 172
of ibricla =2See ees e7sah

Deville Ge ase ee aa ae a OAR OALS

DMevilletandiiroost=a= 2 see eee 248
Dewan andyscotteaas= seme toe 130
Dextery a2 see 190
Diamonda eee ess eee 54
Didymium ss e230
chloridese. 2s Sewanee 237
oxalate; ee 237,
Oxide; fase tie 237
sulphates le 22. eee 6
Dich lek eeue eee eet ae 87
Doebereiner ae eee ee FZ mus
Dulong and Berzelius _-____- Te Os0gO

Dumas, 1, 2, 16, 27, 28, 30, 58, 64, 67
70, 75, 79, 80, 83, 84, 85, 106, 112,
128, 134, 136, 139, 145, 156, 167,
178, 181, 186, 191, 203, 205, 206,

261
Dumas and Boussingault_----_- 6, 39
and Gtasie2 us Sek see eee
DIMAS Ore ChONys asa a 201
E.

belmen=2eaco= 22 nee so eee 152
Ekman and Petterson _..___-_<. 178
Br biOm ee A ee eee eee 244
Oxldeess =. J = eee 244
Sulphates sees a eae
Erdmann |(Axel)) --2-— 2 22a 108

Erdmann and Marchand_- 1, 4, 28, 54,
68, 69, 115, 132, 135, 164, 177
Br ee ee a eee 224 ea

INDEX. 275
ish | Indiumisulphide, 22 Saas eee 219
Todinet sss Sees Sa eee ret 9, 269
Hagets 22 253 Gene ae 12 andusilventi ses tae 25
a vine © Fi Sab ee eae Ne ee ot LOOM eladinmius ssSelo se aS Nee eS 254
BerG Chloride eee es OA TOM ee ewes ee Lee ETT
ORIEN ea ee 131 chlorides; ayes See na
Ferrous chlorides22e asses = os 134 OXI CvERE Se ae Cann 2 ea 131
EULIDS Cae Ce eee teen col 147 |: LUN estate ese Seance) LAT,
Hlnorine=eeeee ee eee ee 7S |ISH al eee eww emt ee oe ee ee 156
TUOTsS par ae ee 78)
Houreroy,= seesaw eso 6 J.
ITEM Y pee eee ee LS 2h:
Jacquelainso.3 22. - $2, 101, 108, 118
G. Wiese ese ees siete eS ee eee ce 223
JohnsontandiAul ene. ees sae gl
Gallaum) 5.22244 sere ee 218
ammonium alum _.--___-- 219 K.
Mithate eee TO
Oxide UR eae ae a 21 ull eiemp ype el see eS 140
Gay-Ibussacet thon swe sk FOS: | iesslen esses 122, 187, 189, 191, 199
Conti neeeerees eeeee e S2 ON itwallh one ee eee eres ae oS
Gerhardtiaeseos sacs eee se LGW PACjenuliys sok ws S e ae ee eS 22
Glacmume tsa sya nme ees OOF260 i latzole se OU Se See 98
and ammonium oxalate =.= 98 | Kralovanzky_..--. --.------=_- 87
sulphates ees sa O7
Gren i ry a RE See as Ja L.
(Godefioy= se eae OO, 7
Golde ee eu oith alah Eek ee NS TO2ip |e leagerhy elmyae se seers Se ee ee 202
ATG WGOleyN yee ee B72 ail pati yee a ae Oe 93
mn Grae ee ed 22 Om elean than mye ee ee 229
MENClby Sees ee na ean 162 CaLbondtees ene ee ea 232.
Micke | ew vee Sr 172 LOd ates eal an Meee 232
PHOsphonissese = 163 magnesium nitrate __-___._ 232
AGrap hitter eee waste ee eS enh 5 a. Oxalate ss bese Ue Ses 231
OXId ere see ew fae ee 232
H. Sulphatcms semen eee ee 229
eaurenty same wiah we RUC iTe ey eh 9, 84
FE Weer e rite sap opus hee EO ets 37 jl bavoisiens = a= essa ee ee! 6, 39
PLamMpej pes oee aes See 13 Onl ied ds less ew ee es 72
ianeree een ese Lee wits T2O0 Tl OO chloride ste Camels se 74.
ie bberlin ones s Walser ues eee ehromateee ae ee 118
Hermann, 87, 212, 216, 222, 233, 238, fluorides = suse ae Ue 80
247, 248 Mitratess= ee.) Sete eee 75
til carder shee ene a TSS and lead oxide 2 76
oe cludes eee 242, 244 and lead sulphate....- 74
lig rina rine en ae aes Lk, 246 Oxidev mies LaLa e ee 72
io eae ae i 2s oa and lead sulphate.__- 74
inn pid comes eee eee = OON2A5 Sulphates= = Sey eee 72
Humpidge and Burney --__-- ---- 245 and lead fluoride_ -_-~- 80
Mn oto Wee a ee Gi and lead nitrate _-__- 74.
Fiydrogene eee we 2 Tn O57) and leadioxidevs=sa——) 7/4.
and aluminum______- iS 7 wlOOn mae: Contessa ae eee = 7, 40
Cobalpeee Ue saath ir BOQ | eece eee ee Mel tne ee 172
Hick e aeeeee ays en OO) | belonteeee saa eas eee nee OE
[UensSenyaae eee Sey es ST 112
i Teieil omen ee cae 205)
Liebig and Redtenbacher -___-_-- 51
iceland) sparen te ee were 67h Luechti-and:Kenip 2-5 -225<-=-- 140
Mau eee eee ee LP Se STOP Meare wes De CL 87
OKIdem eee li Ls. 219 carponatess 229 Sto 02. 87

276 INDEX.
leithiumechlondesees aa 375/59) |mNickel oxalatel==_aee eee 165, 166
MILPALe es aL eee 89 Oxide. 225 Se Sees 164, 168
sulphate tees oo ete OS potassium sulphate _______ 170
InGewig wes Sse ue ee oe 21 sulphate2===s= === 165, 166
(ongchampes-s == =. eae ae 72a |NDISON Sees sere eee 96, 99, 240, 244
Wowy ellen aes eee ee eee = 78, 79 ange ettersson= == == eras 96, 99
Niobium. See Columbium___---- 247
M. Nitrogen, = 2 22 = eSeeeee 39
INttzSCh. (2 = Sa eee 176
Macdonnell esse 2S 2a eee TOO, Nordentelde== 22252 sae= eee 102
IMaenesitea see aa 1037 Norlin ee 20 eee ear
Mia Grtes rig ee enn ee 100
carbonates soso 103 oO.
chloride, 2252 eee) Se aTOO
lanthanum nitrate___. ~~~ 232) )\ Osmium ss joes an see een 254
oxalateco se US. See ees 102) Oxygen 225 ee
oxide; Jase ise uo ee IOI
sulphates= 2 aes eT OO P.
DUG ATNAE Cees ae ee eee
Malaguti #22. s22o out ee £43. |) (Palladium) 222s) Se eee
Mall ct sees San es 87, 157, 267 sulphide S22 ese eee 256
ian ranes cya eee eee 127 a |eeligotsese eee ane LUSse05 Lolly ue
chioride;2 te ses Se eae 128 | Pelouze, 11, 32, 40, 57, 64, 82, 85, 186
dioxide. =e Dba jrennye = eee LOTS 32514 1455 47)
oxalatesso eos oad ee F300 |sPepys-e esate ee Se See ee 6
sulphatest ee eee 129i) Rersozpeeerens 22 area hee ees 146
sulphide. 52 22224 Loe 284) Pettersson 22 soe ee 96, 99, 178
Manganoso-manganic oxide -__-_- 120) tetera ee ee OD:

Marchand, 1, 4, 28, 54, 68, 69, 103,
115,132; 135,144, UO1, 104, 177

Marchand and Scheerer_-_---~_- 103

Marignac, 9, II, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19,
22, 23, 25, 40, 42, 44, 57, 59, 60,
62, 65, 74, 166, 212, 222, 230, 231,
236, 237, 247, 248

Mathers aueoe soi sbe ee Se 156
Maumenés=s == o— 9, 12, 19, 52, 133
Mendelejeff’s law __ 96, 150, 180, 246
Mercury s2ue sees eo ee 114, 269
andigold) === 2=== sean 162
chlonde2= == 116, 269
Oxide 2. 2 sa eee ees - 115
selenidec 22 22a ees 77
Sulphidess22= 22e2-5-- =) LO
Meyer, uotharsssucns 96, 140
Millon 222s See oe 24, 116, 135
andiGommailles2== esses
Mitscherlich and Nitzsch_-_----_ 176
Moberc, Saas eee eo ea 120
Moly bdenumys==— 2225 22—— a 137
Chlondes See eas So AAO
Sulphideses ee eee eee 137
HAOKICG ste ae 137
IMosandene see = 208, 229, 236
Mulder and Vlaanderen _-__-___- 205
N.
Nickel at eo eee ee Lau 164
chlonde = esses 166, 167

Phenylammonium cobalticyanide_ 172

Aoi oy oven ee RE Se 246
Phosphorus) seen eee ere 82
andi pola 2 eee et
PeLtOKId Cane eee 82
trichlondes === area 83
Piccardhats es Se ee eee ee gO
Pierreve ee ss ees oe eee 208
Platinum yes ee oA
dichloride = 222s. e222 uae 249
Popp) 2 -aes esa ee Sarak
Potassium) S222 ee 9, 270

anhydrochromate --_~ 123, 187
and tartar emetic -.-- 194

Alinich) Oni esse eee 162
bromate see ere a 21
bromides ae eee 23
Chlorate sas oe eee ae 10

and arsenious oxide__ 187
and potassium nitrate. 47

chloride and gold .___ -__- 162
iridime = Ssee 256
Osmium 22 oeeeee 254
palladium —---_- 257
platinum: Soe 250

potassium nitrate. 46
rhodium —=-—- 4 250
ruthenium -_---. 259
silver, 2. 2 =e 18
silver chloride___ 19
silver nitrate... 44
Aioride 2222 eee 2226 70

INDEX. Dad
Potassium fluoxycolumbate —___-_ ATER SCHELD CL ees at eee eee whe 147

IOC Ate = enneene ene Sr LOM OChiel sty SU ee ee 86

midichloridel= === 2h Ase SS COLI pers Saltau sene eee ete eae ate 195
nitrate and potassium chlo-
Tuten ae tense sete <1) k 47
nitrate and potassium chlo-
Tid eyes eee st 46
osmichlonde 2225-2222 — 254
palladichlonide === sss — 257
palladiochloride ________- 257
perchloratel====—ssaee ae TE
platinochloride -..-__- 250, 252
rhodiochlomdesasse= === 258
rutheniochloride -____-_-- 259
sulphate and potassium fluo-
rid cya ees Sik 70
and potassium tantalo-
AUOTIG eras ee 248
andithoriae = sae 2IA'h|
andyzinconlaye== === 2112
tantalofluondessasousn == 248
tartrantimoniters==— == —2=— 194
ZILCOMUOR Ceres ee ee 213
[prowl sihypothesisi === ae 261
Purpureo-cobalt chloride___. 171, 174
Q.
Ouinnissleinses eee eee e257,
Re
Rammelsberg, 142, 151, 224, 229, 247
Rawackeee = Sah Seg ee 129
Rvedtenbacher pene = ne ae 51
Necmaill teas ae eas See 6, 39, 150
JReicheandeichter eens sea a ae 219
ayn OLS sae eae mene ee he 96
Ino diimipe es eee ee OCS
ARC Me mae wee MONEE Ueno 146
Tar CG Tere rey ent 219
1 ERO) Ap a I 2g Sa 33
Gs COC EEE teen ne 146, 183
ROSGe ees =e IT OO 207.) 247.240
RO thin O fie es see es Se 164
Ratoni ere ee Rein BLY WIE =
chloride seae se skeet
Rosse leew ees Sees 168, 65
RII Ge MIME eee a a See 259
S.
SAC Coe ere ees aes 176
Salveta tess mee ee a ose 57; 64, 67
SAIC pU Tite eeny ee es, ee 6
SCAUCUIM eae 1240
CRMC epee eae SS 240
SU pia tome es cee o 240
Scheeren se 100, IOI, 103, 105

Schneider, 129, 144, 165, 166, 171, 189,
199, 200, 203

SCHrOtler ee Seige Fae a ae ae 82
Sefstromp ea seal ee 114
RS CST RUB ed a eee 6
Sel emir esa eee eee ee OTS
Chlortd ey= aa 176, 178
Gioxid eae wees en ee 176, 179

Seti bert etic ele eo wales 25T255
DIC WEL Eee A ee 124
Silicon ees Se ae tas ee 85
Chlovidex@e= Ss Anu a 85
dioxideg sis see ee is 85

Sliver eee ee bees sre Fa Lae Mes er eee Ss 9
and aluminum bromide ___ 160
chloride 2-2 157

ammonium chloride__ 40

antinony, ===) 202
bromidem*=s5 2425200

chlorides. kor

arsenious bromide.___ 187
chiondemueess= == 186

barium chloride______ 57

bismuth chloride_____ 204

cadmium bromide-___ 113

chlorides ae = 112

calcium chloride -____ 70

cobalt chloride ______ 168
fermicychlonide sees 34

ferrous chloride______ 134

leads chloride 222 === 74

lithium chloride _____ 89
magnesium chloride__ 106
manganese chloride__ 128

nickel chloride -____- 168
phosphorus trichloride, 83

potassium bromide_-_ 23

chlorides eae as 18

TOdId eRe ays ae 25

silicon chloride______ 85

silver nitrate) 222 = 41

sodium chloride ___-_ 32

strontium chloride _-__ 64

tin tetrachloride_ ____ 206

titanium chloride -___ 208

vanadium oxychloride, 184

occlusion of oxygen by__. 262

AC etate ree see aeee se aiuel Cees
anhydrochromate -__- I19, 125
Ibromate ee ae 21
IGT G Ce ee nee ee 22

and antimony bromide 198
and boron bromide___ 84
and cadmium bromide, I12
and silver chloride___ 21
and tellurium potassi-

um bromide, 180, 181

278 INDEX.
Silverichlorate 2-= sees ee 14 | Sodium susulphantimonite -_-_~_ 1g5
chlonides= 2 14 | lranate 22 ee et 153
‘and ammonium platin- Sommatrgas= a. == eee 170
chlondesssesaaaes 252). SOLEUS Earthie Nea tes ee eee 246
and antimony chloride, Stas; 13, 14, 16, 18,/21),225/225)24) 25,
194, 197 26, 28, 30, 32, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43,
and barium chloride__ 60 44, 46, 48, 54, 55, 73, 75, 89
and) boron) chloride.) S4ymsubniteis. ees 189, 200
and ceroso-cericoxide, 221 | Stromeyer-_------_- 64, 87, III, 131
and. chromicichloride: 124 |) (Strontium £-—= =e ees 64
and didymium oxide_ 237 chloride and silver__._--- 64
and lithium chloride-_ 87 and strontium sulphate, 66
and manganese _chlo- Struyess- 4 ee aes BON2 1 Ol 37,
ridé-- 5-22 = 128 4 Sizy. chnialcobalticyanide===-e== 174
and molybdenum chlo- nickelocyanide Sasa ene ai72
ridesse2e S40. TAT 4) SUlphur. Sas ee Ore
and potassium —_chlo- Svanberg,_-31, 76, 102, 116, 131, 137,
Tide hemsu somes 19 and! Nordentfeldt==22e= = 102
and potassium platin- and JNorlin 2222222 ee 131
chlonde= === 253 and) Struvess ee ase ae 31, 137
and rubidium chloride, 90
and silicon chloride__ 86 rT:
and silver bromide_-_ 21
chromate =2— 179) Wantalum 222 Se 24851270
JOdIG meena 27 oxide 222222 eu as ee eee 248
mitre Agua Marta CMC EC ess eee ee 194
Ssulphide2222) 3i\n)Rellurium =e 180, 270
tungstate ___ 149 digxid ese 180, 181
and thallium chloride, potassium bromide__-_- 180, 181
3, 94 ‘erbium so22 oe ee 246
and titanium: chloride; (207/43) Were Sees ee eee 157
dioxide 207, 210) || (halénees) Se ee 246
and vanadium oxychlo- thallium Se eee ee 93
Tide eee eS 185 chlonde saa nos
chromateaes seis eho iodide salle ee 94
HOUalte Seas eee eS 24 nitvate. a 95
lOdid ele ee ee ee 25 sulphate=_ i220 eee 93
and antimony jodide= 11.99) ||) hhomSeni ss === === ae 8
and: silver chlorides 22) 127) 1) ihomsonee=s= ee eee 6, 39
and. thalliumjodidels, 1o4)) |) Whorium = essa ee ee Eee
malates=so cece eee 52 acetdte=<- Sse 215
Nitrate’? eo eee 41 formate Sues nes eee 215
and potassium chloride, 44 oxalate: HUE Ane eee PT 2L7
and silver chloride_-_ 43 Oxide) eee eee oe
Oxalaterss- 2 =. eee 53 Sulplatene saa 2 TA eUSs 207
permanganate =a P37) Thullumie asso eee ee le 246
Tacemate <2 ee Si) |- Dine see es ee 204
Selenite ?s 22 eae 178 dioxide pas ees noe Oy
Sulphate s2 = ses ee 30 tetrachlorideje === ee 206
Sulphide sass ee ee eee 28. Missier! sae eteeres sere a eas 156
and silver.chlonde-2] 93 i1y) ilitaniumtes = eae ee a eee 207
tantrates=s se ee Pap ammoniochloride ________ 210
tungstate ssa ee ee 149 chlorides == 522 25= 2075 200210:
Sodio-uranic acetate -__--__ Ssh ating) dioxide! 222 S25 se 207, 208
Sodlumpe aoe se ee ne a eee 9, 31 Sulphide 2] 22-2 22-2 e 207
chlorate 2 es a 32) | roost) =222-- 25-425 sae 88, 248
CHIOTIC Ge eee eee 32 e\ehunesten®=—— <= eS eee 143
columbate wees = see ee 247 OxIG eS i222 Ae
Auoride! cass Guse eae tek 2S 70 | Turner__15, 60, 61, 73, 114, 115, 116,
rhodiochloride=—-_--_-_ = 258 127

INDEX. 279
Wi Wilnicle races eres Gee eS 171, 219
VO Lier UAT Re Saal ee 224
Unger = Ses a ee POSING GC passe a aN eee 6
Uiei he a ee 150
acctale eae =e ee 153 x.
oxalate: Sees eee 152
Oxid Gs eames tee a DG Tis ye OTC SICALER 2 Stas a 246
Sul phatesee sae eae 151
tetrabromides22 2222250 = 150 Ki
tetrachloride ....-_.. 150, 151
Miter biirnge sees aoe 243, 269
We OX epee an ny rg earn 243
Sulphate sass ee 243
Wanadiimeeeses= sees eee foe POSH MCCLURE Cee 241
OXI CS) eee eee ee ee 183 Oxide RAE ee eee 241
oxychlorides= ==. = 22 222 184 Sulphate see eee 241
Wau qtielimce sk siijme cay Ne a 6
Wigandere nisms eee ea eee 205 Z.
Ww. ELEN O Wipe ee ee eee 147
Zimmermann eee ae 150
Wackenroderp=sam ene ere UQig eZines as WN sees ee 108
Wiallacen ee ieee ee Ley L8G Oxalateeiiaase ea tn) se TOO
WE ee eer Lier I NL .. 190 @OX1C Ce ee eee ee 108
WIG Cre mitre See SP O7m ZL Conia eee ee eT
Wiiertive ina yeneeeenmeireters een ree erat Cio chionideneee ease. as 212
VSS 1S Key meenererees ens es tS TD dioxid eye e ne eee ee 2
Wraiclenisteime esas ce ho ies oo 122 potassium fluoride__-_- -_-- 212
PRLS pete Soh oe eR ok « 181 Sulphate ane ae ee OT
MNAND yo 5 Goda Soo a ool 220 PZSChiesChese mee = eee 233, 238

; pat

hea
On, ae
ee

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS.

437

CHECK LIST

or

PEBEECAT EONS

OF THE

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,

DECEMBER, 1881.

WASHINGTON,D.C::
1881.

7 : vd nie: a ¥ Us in
a >) sett err tyenP tet ( Ae fe
of if) Pei He LONE ; Wks btrele he ; tie ti cH }
+ : 7
hs
“ . ‘
pu ®
Ves
é .
» a
» f
ae
-
°

CHECK LIST

OF

| PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN: INSTITUTION,

Lo December, 1881.

Where no price is affixed the work cannot be furnished.

Publications marked * do not appear in the Contributions, Col ections, or Reports.

Size a 3 a
No. AUTHOR. TITLE. hy Sa lbieae | es
Serres. | ay | a Ay
A Journal of Regents, 8v0.* 32 1846
B Report of Organization Committee Svo.* 32,1847
Cc Digest of Act of Congress, 8v0.* 8 |1847
D Dallas, G. M. Address at Laying Corner Stone,) 8vo * 8 |1847
E Henry, Jos. Exposition of Bequest, 8vo.* 8 |1847
\
F First Report of Secretary, 8vo.* 48 1848
G First Report of the Institution, | 8vo.* 38 1847
H Second Report of Institution, 8vo.* 208 1848
Ie Third Report of Institution, 8vo. * 64 1849
J Programme of Organization, 4to.* 4 1847
K Correspondence, Squier & Davis, | 8vo.* 8 11847
First Report ef Organization Com-} Svo.* 8 1846
mittee,
M Reports of Institution up to Jan.) 8vo.* 72 1849
1849,
N Officers, Regents, Act, «c., 8vo0.* 14 1846
0 Act to establish Smithsonian In-)
stitution, 8vo.* 8 1846
P |Owen, R. D. Hints on Public Architecture, 4to.* 140 1849/10.00
Check List of Periodicals, Ato. * 28 1853
1 Squier, E. G.and|Ancient Monuments of Missis-
Davis, E. H. sippi Valley, S.C. 1, | 346 1848
{
2 | Smithsonian Contributions tu |
Knowledge S.C. 1, | 360 1848

\

|
|

LIST OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS.

SIze

|

a : 8
‘ sayin
No. AUTHOR. TITLE. cee Siete
| Serigs.| § | A / ¢
3 |Walker, S.C. Researches, Planet Neptune 8. C. 11, | 60/1849
4 Walker, 8. C. Ephemeris of Neptune for 1848, | S. C. m1, 8}1848
5 Walker, S.C. Ephemeris of Neptune for 1849, S.C.11, | 32\1849
6 |Walker, S.C. |Ephemeris of Neptune for 1850, | S.C. m, | 10/1850]
7 Walker, S.C. Ephemeris of Neptune for 1851, | S. C. 1, way
8 ‘Downes, John (Occultations in 1848, 4to.* 12)1848
9 Downes, John (Occultations in 1849, 4to.* 24/1848
10 Downes, John (Occultations in 1850, 4to.* 26/1849
11 Downes, John Occultations in 1851, S.C. 1, | 26)1850
12 Lieber, Francis Vocal Sounds of L. Bridgeman, | S. C. 1, 8
13 |Ellet, Charles (Physical Geography of U. S. SrC ants Hae
14 Gibbes, RR. W. |Memoir on Mosasaurus, |S. @. 11, | 14/1850
}
15 Squier, E.G. {Aboriginal Monuments of N. Y. | 8. C. 1, eee
16 Agassiz, Louis (Classification of Insects, S.C. 1, | 28/1850
17 Hare, Robert |Explosiveness of Nitre, SiC. a1 20, a
18 Gould, Jr., B. A. | Discovery of Neptune, 8vo0.* 56 1850)
19 Guyot, A. Directions for Meteorological Ob-)
servations, | 8yo. * 40)1850)
20 Bailey, J. W- Microscopic Examination of
Soundings, [eSs Cs Iz; 16 1851
21 Annual Report of Smithsonian
Institution for 1849 8vo. 272)\1850)
22 \|Gray, Asa Plante Wrightiane. Part I, S. C. 11,} 146 id
|
23 |Bailey,J.W. (Microscopic Observations in S.
| Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, S.C. um, | 48/1851
24 Walker, 8. C Ephemeris of Neptune, 1852.
| | Appendix I, S. C. u11,} 10/1853)
25 Jewett, Chas. C. Public Libraries of United States, Svo. 210 ee 50
26 Smithsonian Contributions to |
| Knowledge, S. C. 11, | 5641852)
27 Booth, J.C, and Improvements in Chemical Arts, M.C. mu, | 216 1852.50
Morfit, C. .
28 Annual Report of Smithsonian
Institution for 1850, 8vo. ea
29 |Downes, John eeculestions in 1852, §.C.m,| 34 a
1

LIST OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 5
Size a 3s 2
No. AvurTHor. Tite. ek fel ears ass
Sgrigs. | A |/aQ)]
30 Girard, Charles |Fresh-WaterFishesofN.America| S.C. m1,| 80 1851
31 Guyot, A. Meteorological Tables, 212 1852
32 |Harvey, Wm. H. Marine Alge of North America.
Part I, 8. C. x11, | 152/1852)
33 Davis, Chas. H. |Law of Deposit of Flood Tide, | S.C. 1,| 141852 .75
34 Directions for Collecting Speci-
mens, M.C.11,| 40 1859) free
35 Locke, John Observations on Terrestrial Mag-
netism, 4 SiC. rz; |) (3001852
36 Secchi, A. Researches on Electrical Rheo-
metry, .C. 11,) 60 1852
37 Whittlesey, Ch, Ancient Works in Ohio, 8. C. 111, 20 1851
38 Smithsonian Contributions to
Knowledge, S.C. 111, | 564,1852
39 Smithsonian Contributions to
Knowledge, 8. C. rv, | 426 1852
40 Riggs, 8. R. Dakota Grammar and Dictionary,| S. C. rv, | 414 1852
41 Leidy, Joseph (Extinct American Ox, SC. v; 20 1852
42 Gray, Asa Plante Wrightiane. Part II, | 8.C.v, | 1201853)
43 Harvey, Wm. H. Marine Alge of North America.
Part II, S.C. v, | 262 1853)
|
44 Leidy, Joseph (Flora and Fauna within Living | |
Animals, C.v, , 68 1853
45 Wyman, Jeffries Anatomy of Rana Pipiens, 83 Cv; 52 1853)
46 Torrey, John Plante Fremontiane, Sa CG. vi, | 24 1853}
47 \Jewett, Chas. C. Construction of Catalogues of
Libraries, 8vo.* 108 1853) .50
48 Girard, Charles Bibliographia Americana Ilis- | |
torico Naturalis, | S8vo. ¥ 64 1852
49 Baird, S. F. and Catalogue of Serpents, M. C. 11, | 188,1853) 1.00
Girard C.
50 Stimpson, Wm. Marine Invertebrata ofGr.Manan S.C. vi,| 681853 1.50
51 Annual Report of Smithsonian
Institution for 1851, 8vo. 104 1852
52 Coffin, Jas. H. Winds of the Northern Hemi- |
sphere, S. C. vi, | 200 1853}
|
53 Stanley, J. M. (Catalogue of Portraits of Indians, | M. ©. 11,) 76/1852
j |
54 \Downes, John Occultations in 1863, S.C. vi,| 361853

No.

50

56

60
61
62

63

64

65
66

67

68

-~I
or

LIST OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS.

|
|
|

}

|
}

SIZE ch :
oR Sie
AUTHOR. TITLE. Rees eo a
Smithsonian Contributions to
Knowledge, 8S. C. v, | 5381853
Smithsonian Contributions to
Knowledge, S. C. vi, | 484)1854
Annual Report of Smithsonian
Institution for 1852, 8vo. 96 1853
Leidy, Joseph Ancient Fauna of Nebraska, 8. C. vi, | 126)1853
Chappelsmith, J. Tornado in Indiana, S. C. vir,) 12/1855
Torrey, John Batis Maritima, Sa Cz svar, 8)1853
Torrey, John Darlingtonia Californica, S.C. vz, | 8/1853
Melsheimer,F.E. Catalogue of Coleoptera, 8vo.* 190) 1853
|
Bailey, J. W. LNew Species of Microscopie Or-
ganisms, 8. C.vu,} 16/1854
List of Foreign Correspondents
of Smithsonian Institution, 8v0.* 16 1856
Registry of Period. Phenomena, | folio, * 4 1854
|
Annular Eclipse, May 26, 1854 | 8vo.* 14 1854
Annual Report of Smithsonian
Institution for 1853, 8vo. 310 1854
‘Mitchell, B. R. &| Vocabulary of Jargon of Oregon,| 8vo.* 22/1853
Turner, W. W. |
List of American Correspondents
of Smithsonian Institution, 8vo.* 16 1853
Lapham, I. A, Antiquities of Wisconsin, S. C. viz, | 108)1855
Haven, §. F. Archeology of the United States, |S. C. vii1,) 1721856
Leidy, Joseph _— Extinct Sloth Tribe of N. America, S. C. vis,-| 70/1855
|
Publications of Societies in Smith-
sonian Library, )S. C. viz, | £0)/1855
Catalogue of Smithsonian Publi-
cations, M. C. v, 52) 1862)
Annual Report of Smithsonian
“Institution for 1854, 8vo. 464 1855
Smithsonian Contributions to
Knowledge, iS. C. vir, | 262/1855
Annual Report of Smithsonian
Institution for 1855, | 8vo 440 1856)
Smithsonian Contributions to
Knowledge, 8. C. vinr,) 566)/1856,

|

2.00

84

85

86
87
88

89
90
91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98
99

100
101
102

LIST OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS.

AUTHOR.

a

‘Runkle, John D.
Alvord, Benj.
Olmsted, D.
Jones, Joseph

Meech, L. W.

Force, Peter

Mayer, Brantz
Coffin, Jas. H.

Gibbs, W. and
Genth, F. A.

Brewer, Th. M..

Hitchcock, E.

Runkle, John D.

Harvey, Wm. H.
Harvey, Wm, H.
Kane, E, K.

Bowen, T. J.

ee J.M,
Hill Thos.

|

Osten Sacken, R.

Size eZ a
TITLE OR 8 e e
; Seres.| 2 14 | &
Tables for Planetary Motion, Sy Curx, 64:1856) 1.00
|Tangencies of Circlesand Spheres, S. C. vii1,|. 16/1856, 1.00
Secular Period of Aurora Borealis 8. C. vim1,} 52/1856
Investigation on A. Vertebrata, |S. C. viir,} 150)1856) 1.50
‘Relative Intensity of Heat and
Light of the Sun, [ten Ceo KeXe 58 1856
|Auroral Phenomena in North
Latitudes, S. C. viri,| 122)1856
Publications of Societies in Smith-
onian Library. Part II, S.C. virr,} 38/1856
Mexican History and Archxology|S. C. 1x, 36 1856
Psychrometrical Tables, M. C. 1, 20;1856| .25
Ammonia Cobalt Bases, Sa DX, 72°1856) 1.00
North American Oology. PartI, |S. C. x1, 140/1857) 5.00
Illustrations of Surface Geology, |S. C. 1x, | 164 1857
Annual Report of Smithsonian
Institution for 1856, 8vo. 468 1857
Smithsonian Contributions to
Knowledge, S.C. rx, | 482)1857|
Meteorological Observations for
1855, 8vo0.* 118|1857
Asteroid Supplement to New
Tables for 5“), S. C. rx, | 72/1857] 50
s
Marine Algee of North America.
Part III, nC 142/1858
Marine Algxw of North America.
3 parts complete, Ato. 568) 1858)
Magnetic Observations in the
Arctic Seas, SaC. x, 72/1859} 1.00
4
Yoruba Grammar and Dictionary,|S. C. x, 232)1858|
Smithsonian Contributions io
Knowledge, Sara Xi, 462 1858)
Eclipse of the Sun, Sept. 7, 1858, S.C. x1, 22'1859)| .50
Map of Solar Eclipse, Mar.15, 58, 8vo.* 81858) free
Catalogue of Diptera of North
America, IM. C. 111, | 11211858)

No.

103
104
105
106 |

107

108 |

LIST OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS.

AUTHOR. TITLE.
Caswell, A. Meteorological Observations, Pro-
vidence, R. I.,
Kane, E. K. Meteorological Observations in

Baird, 8. F.

Baird, S. F.

Baird, 8. F.

109
110
111
112 }
113

114

115

116

117
118
119

120

122 |

123

124

‘Bache, A. D.

Sonntag, A

Rhees, Wm. J.

Morris, John G,

Whittlesey, Ch.

Hildreth, S$. P.

and Wood, J.

Bache, A. D.

Arctic Seas,

‘Catalogue of North American
Mammals,

Catalogue of North American
Birds,

‘Annual Report of Smithsonian
Institution for 1857,

Catalogue of N. American Birds,

Annual Report of Smithsonian

Size
OR
SERIES.

|

IS. C. x11,

SC.x1;

4to.*

4to.*

8vo.

M. C. 11,

Institution for 1858,

‘Annual Report of Smithsonian
Institution for 1859,

®
Smithsonian Contributions to
Knowledge,

Smithsonian Contributions to
Knowledge,

Magnetic and Meteorclogical Ob-
servations at Girard Coll. Pt. I,

Terrestrial Magnetism in Mexico,

Report on Invention of Electro-
Magnetic Telegraph,

List of Publie Libraries, &e.

Catalogue of Publications,
in Smithsonian Library,

&e.,

Catalogue of Lepidoptera of North
America,

\Fluctuations of Level in N. A.
Lakes,

‘Meteorological Observations at
Marietta, 0O.,

|Magnetic and Meteorological Ob-
servations at Girard Coll. Pt. II,

Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col-
lections,

Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col-|
lections,

Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col-
lections,

8vo.
8vo.

S.Casnr,

S.C. -x11,

S.C. xu,

S.C.

x1;

M. C. un,

8vo.*
MaC. 0x1)
M. C. 111,

SiGe kar,

SCnxvily |

S.C. x11,

M.'C. 1,

\M.C. 1,

| 715

M. C. 111, |

| PAGES.

188.

22

42

438
24

448

540

22

92

40
84

| 264

76

28

52

28

738

772

1860
1859

1857/

1858

1858
1859

1859

1860

:1859

1860

1859
1859

1861
1859

1859

1860

1860

1867

1862

1862

1862

1862

| DATE.

.25

29

No.

125

126

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

AUTHOR.

Loomis, E.
Lea, Carpenter,
&e,

\Kane, E. K.
Kane, E. K.
Smith, N. D.
Bache, A. D.
Morris, John G.

Hagen, H.

Mitchell, 8. W.

Morgan, L. H.

‘Loew, H. and
Osten Sacken

Binney, W. G.

Binney, W. G.

Binney, W. G.

Prime, Temple

LIST OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 7

Size 2 om es

OR 5 I O

TITLE. Ea ese =
SERIES. aera

\Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col-
lections, |M. C. 1v, | 762 1862
Le Conte, John L. Coleoptera of Kansas and New| -

Mexico, S.C. x1, | 641859] 1.25
Storms in Europe and America,

Dec. 1836, S.C. x1, | 281860] 1.25
Check List of Shellsin N.America M. C. 11, 52,1860} .25
Astronomical Observations in the

Arctic Seas, (Se C: ser, 56 1860| 1.00
Tidal Observations in the Arctic

Seas, S.C. xu.| 901860) 1.50
Meteorological Observations in)

Arkansas from 1840 to 1859, §S.C. x11, 96,1860, 1.25
Magnetic and Meteorological Ob-
servations at Girard Coll. Pt.III\S. C. x1i1,} 16/1862) .25
Synopsis of Lepidoptera of North, |

America. Part I, M. C. rv, | 386/1862 2.00
Synopsis of Neuroptera of North)

America, |M. C. 1v, | 368)1861)
Venom of the Rattlesnake, |S. C. x11, 156}1860

Le Conte, John L. Classification of Coleoptera of |

North America. Part J, IM. C. 111, | 312/1862!
Cireular to Officers of Hudson’s |

Bay Co., |M.C. vii, | 6 1860,
Circular as to Degrees of Rela-

tionship, M.C. 11, 84/1860)
Collecting Nests and Eggs of

North American Birds, M. C. 11, 22/1860) free

Le Conte, John L. List of Coleoptera of North Ame-

rica. Part I, |M. C. v1, 82\1866| .75
‘Monographs of Diptera. Part I, |M.C.v1, | 246/1862) 1.50
Bibliography of North American|

Conchology. Part I, iM. C. v, | 6581863 3.00
‘Land and Fresh-Water Shells of |

North America. Part IT, M. C. vir,| 172/1865, 1.25
Land and Fresh-Water Shells of

North America. Part III, \M. C. vit,) 128.1865 1.00
Monograph of American Corbicu- |

lade, M.C.vu,| 92,1865, .76

'

8 LIST OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS.

No.) AUTHOR.

TITLE.

146 M’Clintock, Sir
eee,

149
150
151

152 Carpenter, P. P.
155 Guyot, A.

154

155 Whittlesey, Ch.
156 Egleston, T.

157 Henry, Jos. and
Coffin, J. H.

158 |
|

159 Mitchell, S. W. &
Morehouse, G. R.

160 Gibbs, G.

161 Gibbs, G.
162 Bache, A. D.

|

163

164 |

165 Allen, H.

166 Bache, A. D.

167 |Le Conte, Jno. L..

168

|

Meteorological Observations in
the Arctic Seas,

Annual Report of Smithsonian
Institution for 1860,

| Directions for Meteorological Ob-
servations,

Annual Report of Smithsonian
Institution for 1861,

Annual Report of Smithsonian
Institution for 1862,

Smithsonian Contributions to
Knowledge,

Lectures on Mollusca,

Tables, Meteorological and Phy-
sical,

List of Foreign Correspondents of
Smithsonian Institution,

Ancient Mining on Lake Superior
Catalogue of Minerals,

‘Results of Meteorological Obser-
vations from 1854 to 1859,

Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col-
lections,

Anatomy and Physiology of Re-
spiration in Chelonia,

Instructions for Ethnology and
Philology,

Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon

|
‘Magnetic and Meteorological Obs.
at Girard Coll. Pt. IV, V,& VI,

Cireular on History of Grass-
hoppers,

Smithsonian Museum Miscellanea

Mouograph of the Bats of North
America,

Magnetic Survey of Pennsylvania

|New Species of North America)
Coleoptera. Part I,

Cireular Relative to Birds from

Middle and South America,

Size a wees cs
OR o 5 S
Sees. | 1 | 5 | &
S. CO. x1u,| 164)1862) 1.50
8vo. 448)1861)
M.C.1, 72/1860
8yvo. 464 1862
8vo. 446 1863
8. C. xin, 558 1863
8vo.* 140/1861
MEIC: 1 638)1859
MEIC seve 56 1862
S.C. xim,| 34/1863
M.C. vi1,| 56)1863) .50
4to.* 1270 1861
M.C.v, | 774/1864
S.C. xm,} 50/1863) 1.00
M.C. vui,| 56/1863
M.C. vir,) 60/1863) .50
S.C. x1u,| 78/1862) 1.00
McoiC2 11, 4/1860) free
M.C.vin1,| 88/1862) .50
M. C. vir,| 110!1864
S.C. x111,| 88/1863) 1.00
M.C. v1, | 1801866) 1.00

M.C. re

4 1863) free

LIST OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 9
| Size a 3 hk cs
No. AuTHOR. Tinie. S CBee cs ects
BRIES. | “ | 4 | &
| o
169 | |Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col- | |
lections, M.C. vi, | 888)1867)
170 Comparative Vocabulary, 4to.* 20 1863) free
171 Loew, H. Monograph of the Diptera of |
North Ameriea. Part II, M. C. vi, ; 372/1864
|
172 |Meek, F. B. and |Paleontology of the Upper Mis- |
Hayden, F. V.| souri. Part I, S. C. xiv,} $58)/1865
|
173 |Dean, John Gray Substance of the Medulla |
Oblongata, S.C.xvi,| 801864 2.50
|
174 |Binney, W.G. Bibliography of North American
Conchology. Part II, (M. C. rx, | 302/1864) 2.00
| |
175 |Bache, A. D. Mag. and Met. Observ. at Girard | |
Coll. Parts VII, VIII, & IX, |S. C. x1v,| 72)1864) 1.00
176 Circular, Collecting North Ame-
rican Shells, Mee Ces rr; 4 1860)" free
|
177 |Meek, F. B. Check List of Invertebrate Fos- |
sils of North America, M. C. vir;; 42,1864] .25
{
178 Circular to Entomologists, |M.C. vit, | 21860) free
179 Catalogue of Publications of So- |
cieties, M. C. 1x, | 5961866
180 |Draper, H. Construction of a Silvered Glass | |
Telescope, S. GC. x1v,| 60,1864) 1.00
181 Baird, 8. F. Review of American Birds in |
Smithsonian Museum. Part I,|M. C. x1r, | 484 1866) 2.00
182 Results of Meteorological Obser-
vations from 1854-1859. Vol. II,| 4to.* 5461864, 2.50
|
183 | Meek, F. B. Check List of Invertebrate Fos- |
sils of North America, M.C. vir,; 34,1864) .25
184 Smithsonian Contributions to
Knowledge, S. C. x1v,| 4901865)
185 | List of Birds in Mexico, &., | 8vo.¥ | 81863) free
|
186 Bache, A. D. Mag. and Met. Observ. at Girard |
College. Parts X, XI, & XII, 'S. C. xiv, 42 1865, -50
187 Annual Report of Smithsonian)
Institution for 1863, | Svo | 420 1864)
188 Annual Report of Smithsonian
Institution for 1864, Svo. 450 1865)
189 Scudder, S.H. [Catalogue of Orthoptera of North | |
America, |M %. vii1,| 110/1868) 1.00
190 |Henry, Joseph IMeiC 2x; 41865 free

eae Relative to Tornadoes,

|

|
1

10

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

bo
So
bo

203

204

205

208 |Pickering, Chas.

209

210

211

LIST OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS.

AUTHOR.

Leidy, Joseph

Binney, W. G &

Bland, T
Bache, A. D.

|Hayes, I. I.

Whittlesey, Ch.

Kane, E. K.

Newcomb, §.

Conrad, T. A.

Stimpson, Wm.

Pumpelly, R.

Cleaveland, P.

| Size
OR
TITLE. | Series.
|
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col-
lections, iM. C. vit,
Cretaceous Reptiles of the U. S., 8. C. xrv,)
‘Duplicate Shells from Expedition
| of Capt. Wilkes, 8vo.*
Land and Fresh-Water Shells of
North America. Part I, M.C. vimt,|
‘Girard College Observations.
Complete. Parts I to XII, Ss. C.
Physical Observations in the
Arctic Seas, 1S. C. xv,
Glacial Drift of Northwestern
States, SC eve
Physical Observations in the
Arctic Seas. Complete, 8. C.
Orbit of Neptune, SC cy,
Check List of the Invertebrate
Fossils of North America, M. C. vit,
|Hydrobiing and Allied Forms, |M.C. vu,
Geological Researches in China,
Mongolia, &e. Scie xvi
List of Works published by
Smithsonian Institution, M.C. vit.
Meteorological Observations,
Brunswick, Me., 1807-1859, |S. C.xv1,
Circular for Archeology and Eth-|
nology, | M.C. vii,
Smithsonian Contributions to
Knowledge, iS. C. xv,
Relative to Scientific Investiga-
tions in Russian America, ‘M.C. vii1,
Gliddon Mummy Case in Smith- |
sonian Institution, ie C. xvi,
Annual Report of the Smithsonian!
| Institution for 1865, | 8vo.
Arrangement of Families of Birds,
in Smithsonian Institution, ‘M.C. VIII,
|
‘Smithsonian Contributions to
| Knowledge, S.C. xv,
.

340

| PAGES.
| DATE.

878) 1867

142 1865

1865

1869
262}1865
286 1887
38/1866
1860
1161866

46 1866

64 1865

173) 1866
12)1866
60) 1867
2/1867}
620) 1867
10) 1867
6/1867
siete
te

498) 1870

| PRICE. |

| free

1.00

free

-50

Ee

No.

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

220
221

223
24

225

226

227
228

229

234

LIST OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS.

AUTHOR.

Hoek, M,
Morgan, L. H.

Swan, Jas. G.

Coffin, James H.

‘Schott, Chas. A.

|Gould, B. A.

Gill, Theod.

Gill, Theod.
Baird, S. F.
‘Stockwell, J. N.

Ferrel, Wm.

Baird, S. F.

Osten Sacken, R.

|

Size a z 3
TITLE. oR Sei eg =
Series. | S| A | &
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col- |
lections, M.C. vint,| 921)/1869
|
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col-
lections, M. C. rx, | 918.1869
Annual Report of Smithsonian
Institution for 1866, 8vo 470 1867
Annual Report of Smithsonian
Institution for 1867, 8yvo. 506 1868)
List of Photogravh Portraits of
North Americin Indians, M. C. xiv,| 42 |1867
Meteoric Shower, 1867, Nov. 13, | 8vo.* 4 1867)
Systems of Consanguinity and Af-
finity, S.C. xvu,| 616 1869
Monograph of Diptera of North
America. Part IV, M.C. virr,; 358 1869 2.00
‘Indians of Cape Flattery, S. C. xvi, | 1181870
Orbit, &e., of Meteoric Fire Ball,
July 20, 1860, S.C. xvi, | 56)1869) 1.00
iTables of Rain and Snow in |
United States, -1§.C.xviu,| 178)1872) 3.00
On the Transatlantic Longitude, |S. C. xv1, | 110 1869) 1.00
‘Annual Report of Smithsonian
Institution for 1868, 8vo.* 473 1869
|List of Foreign Correspondents of
Smithsonian Institution, 8vo.* 56,1870
List of Publications of Smithson-
ian Institution, Svo. 34/1869
|Families of Mollusks, Me ©. x; 65/1871} .25
Annual Report of Smithsonian
Institution for 1869, 8vo. 430) 1871
\Smithsonian Contributions to '
| Knowledge, S.C. xvu,| 6161871
List of Families of Mammals, M. C.x1, | 104:1872} .25
|
|/Memoranda Food Fishes, M. €. x, 8 1871
Secular Variations of Orbits of |
Planets, S.C. xviu,| 220 1872) 2.00
Converging Series, Ratio of Dia- |
meter, and Circum. of Circles, |S.C.xviii,| 6 eat 25
Circular Relative to Food pe hca Cixi || 14 ede free

No.

—__

235 |Henry, Joseph (Circular

246

247
248
249

250

LIsT OF SMILMSONIAN PUBLICATIONS.

AUTHOR.

Henry, Joseph
Henry, Joseph

Rhees, Wm. J.
Harkness, Wm,

Barnard, J. G.
Wood, H. C.
Clark, H, J.

Gill, Theod.
Hilgard, E, W.

Rau, Charles
Carpenter, P. P.
Tryon, G. W.
De Saussure, H.
Clarke, F. W.
Loew, H.
Baird, 8S. F.
Watson, S,

Jones, Jos.

S1zE
OR
Tithe. SERIES.
Relative to Thunder-
storms, M. C. x,
|Circular Relative to Heights, |M.C. x,
Circular Relative to Lightning-
rods, M. C. x, —
List of American Libraries, and
Public Institutions, MBC ix,
Magnetic Observations on the
Monadnock, S. C. xvi,
haem of Rotary Motion, S.OoxIx,
|Fresh-Water Algz of N. America,|S. C. xrx,
Lucernariz. 8: Cl scxit

List of Foreign Correspondents of
Smithsonian Institution, MC. x,
Annual Report of Smithsonian
Institution for 1870, 8vo.
Check List of Smithsonian Publi-
cations to July, 1872, M. C. x,

Smithsonian Contributions to

Knowledge, 8. C. xvi,
List of Families of Fishes, M. C. x1,
Geology of Lower Louisiana, S.C. xxin,
Annual Report of Smithsonian

Institution for 1871, 8vo.
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col-

lections, MiGs x;
Memoir of Von Martius, ;R. 1869,
Amertean Mollusea, M.C.x,
hes Af Seer ae ae
Monograph of Hymenoptera, M. CO. x7,
Specific Gravity Tables. Part I, ae C. xu,
Monograph Diptera. Part III, |M.C. x1,
Systematic List of For. Corresp. |M. C. x,
Botanical Index, [a Cu xy;
Antiquities of Tennessee, S.C. xxu,
Regulations of Smith. Inst’n, a

181}1876
42/1872

free

free
free
free
2.00

7.50
7.50

2.00

2.00
3.00

261

262
263
264
265
266

272
273
274
275

276
277
278

279
280
281
282

283
284
285
286

287

LIST OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 13
| np | Woden fe cee
Size aA 8
AUTHOR TITLE a Sib eae (des
2 ; SERIES. | 4, A es
| cee te
‘Packard, A. S. {Directions for Collecting and Pre-
serving Insects, Ms C2 x1 60 1873 free
‘Newcomb, §. Orbit of Uranus, S. C. xix, | 296.1873 3.00
Astronomical Telegram Circular, M. C. x11, 411873 |
\LeConte, J. L. (NewSpecies Coleoptera. PartII, M. C. x1, 74,1873
|
‘LeConte, J. L. (Glgscifoation Coleoptera. Part IT, M. C. x1, 72/1873
‘Woodward, J. J. Toner LectureI. Cancerous Tu-
mors, M. C. xv, 44,1873, .25
‘Swan, J. G. Haidah Indians, SC. xox 22/1874 1.00
Coffin, J. H. Winds of the Globe, SoCoxx, || 7811875
|Habel, Simeon, [Sculptures of Santa Lucia Cosumal-
whuapa in Guatemala. S.C. xx11,| 94/1878
Osten Sacken, | Ieee
eC cubes Catalogue of Diptera of North Am. M. C. xvi, | 394/1878| 2.00
Annual Report of Smithsonian)
Institution for 1872, 8vo. 4561873
| Smithsonian Contributions, S. C. xrx, | 660)1874
|
Miscellaneous Collections, Me Ca xr 796 1874!
Miscellaneous Collections, M.C. xi, | 767/1874|
Annual Report of Smithsonian
Institution for 1873, Svo. 452)1874
Clarke, F. W. (Specific Heat Tables. Part II, |M.C. x1rv,| 58/1876) .50
Schott, C. A. Temperature Tables, S. C. xx, | 360/1876) 3.00
Check List of Smithsonian Publi-
cations, M. C. 24/1874
‘DaCosta, J. M. (Toner Lecture III. The Heart, |M. C. xv, 32)1874) .25
Alexander, S. |Harmonies of Solar System, S. C. xx, | 104/1875| 1.00
Newcomb, §, Planetary Motion, S.C. xxi, | 40/1874/
‘Wood, H.C, Toner Lecture IV. Study of
Fever, M. C. xv, 50/1875) .25
Gill, Theod. Catalogue of Fishes, M. C. xiv, |» 56,1875, .25
Smithsonian Contributions, S.C. xx, | 794/1876)
Smithsonian Contributions, S. C. xx1, | 543 1876
Annual Report of Smithsonian
Institution for 1874, 8vo. 416 1875
Rau, Charles, Archeeological Collection, Nat
{ Museum, S.C, xxi, | 118 1876 2.00

14 LIST OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS.
Size 2 # 2
OR S eB _
No. AUTHOR. TITLE. Sunius. “aes Z
a riaaeeg|
288 Clarke, F.W. |Specific Gravity Tables. Supp.I,,M.C©.x1v,| 62/1876 .50
289 Clarke, F.W. (Tables, Expan.by Heat, Pt. III.|M-C. xrv,! 58/1876 .50
290 List of Smithsonian Publications,| 8Vvo. x111,/ 12/1876
291 Brown-Séquard, )Toner Lecture II. The Brain, |M.C.xv, | 261877 .25
292 Cope, E. D. Batrachia. Bulletin National
Museum, No. 1, M. C. xirt,). 106 1875
293 |Kidder, J. L., Birds Kerguelen Island. Bulle- | |
Coues, E, tin National Museum, No. 2, |M. C. XI1,| 61 1875,
294 Kidder, J. L., Nat. Hist. Kerguelen Island.
and others, Bulletin Nat. Museum, No. 3, |M. C. x111,; 122 1876,
295 |Lawrence, G. N. Birds of Mexico. Bulletin Nat.
Museum, No. 4, M. C. xut,| 56,1875,
| |
|
296 (Goode, G. B. Fishes of Bermuda. Bull. Nat.
Museum, No. 5, M.C. x11,|_ 82,1876
297 |Goode, G. B. Classification of Animal Re-
sources, ete. Bulletin Nat.
Museum, No. 6, M. C. xi11,) 139)1876
298 Annual Report of Smithsonian |
Institution for 1875, 422)1876
299 Annual Report of Smithsonian
Institution for 1876, 8vo. 488) 1877,
300 Keen, W. W. Toner Lecture V. Continued
Fevers, |M. C. xv, 72,1877) «25
301 (Check List of Smithsonian Publi-
cations to July, 1877, MC. xiv, | 121877,
302 Adams, Wm. Toner Lecture VI. Subcutaneous
Surgery, M.C. xy. ZO BT 29
303 |Streets, Thos. H.) Natural History of Hawaiian and
Fanning Islands and Lower
California. Bulletin National
Museum, No. 7, M. C. x11, | 172/1877
304 |Dall, Wm, H Index to names applied to Bra-
chiopoda. Bulletin Nat. Mus.,
No. 8, M. C. xi1,| 88/1877
305 Jordan, David S.|North Amer. Ichthyology, No. 1.
Review of Rafinesque’s N. Am.
Fishes. Bulletin of Nat. Mus.,
No. 9, M. C. xmt,} 53/1877
306 Jordan, David S.|North Amer. Ichthyology, No. 2.
Notes on Cottidae, &e. Bull.
Nat. Mus., No. 10. M. C. xu, } 120)1877
307 Baird, S. F. Report on Centennial Exhibition
| R. 1876, | 22(1877

of 1876,

—_—

LIST OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS.

No. | AUTHOR.

a

308

399

310 |

|

311

313

l
‘

314

319

320

324

325

326 |

TITLE.

Jordan, D.§.,and) North Amer. Ichthyology, No. 3

Brayton, A. W.

Barnard, J. G.
Holden, Edw. 8.

Eggers, Baron,

Elliot, D. G.
Dall, Wm. H.
Baird, 8. F.

Baird, 8. F.

Shakespeare,

Goode, G. Brown,

Distribution of Fishes of S. C..
Ga., and Tenn. Bulletin Nat
Museum, No. 12,

List of Foreign Correspondents of
the Smithsonian Institution to
Jan. 1878,

Internal Structure of the Earth,

Index Catalogue of Books Relat-
ing to Nebule,

Smithsonian Miscellaneous Coll.
(Bull. N. M., 1-10.)

Flora of St. Croix and Virgin Is-
lands. Bull. Nat. Mus., No. 13,

Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col-
lections.

Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col-
lections,

Circular in Reference to American!

Archeology,

Classification and Synopsis of
Trochilide,

Remains of Man from Caves in
Aleutian Islands.

Circular. Inquiries Relative to
Crawfish aud Crustacea,

|Cireular Relating to Collections of

Living Reptiles,

Toner Lecture, VII. - Inflamma-
tion in Arteries atter Ligature,
ete.

Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col-
lections.

Annual Report of the Smithsonian
Institution for 1877,

‘Circular relative to Scientific and
Literary Exchanges,

Circular. Business Arrangements

of the Smithsonian Institution,)M. C.

\Catalogue of Collection of Animal
Resourcesand Fisheries of U.S.

S1zB
OR

SERIES.

Mo Cox;

8. C, xxIll,

M.

M.

. XIV,

SxXIs

M.
M. ©. xiv,
M. C. xv,
MinC vi,
S.C. xox,
SaCe xxrr:
M. C. xv,
Min Cy Xsvry
M. C. xvi,
M. C. xvI,
Svo.
M. C. xev1,
XVI,

Bulletin Nat. Museum, No. 14, |M. C.

| PAGES.

237)

126

982

136

1878

1878

1879

911 1878

880

74

950

500

bo

Ti

367

1878

1879

1880

L879

1872

1879

| Pricer.

to
or

50

| free

3.00

| free

free

25

free

free

16

LIST OF

SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS.

|
|

No. | AUTHOR. TITLE.

|
. | “as

327 Smithson, James, Scientific writings of, .

328 Rhees, Wm, J. ‘Smithsonian Institution. Doeu-
ments Relative to its Origin!
and History,

|
329 Rhees, Wm. J. Smithsonian Institution.
nals of Board of Regents and)
| Reports of Committees,
|
330 Rhees, Wm. J. Smithson and his Bequest,
331 Rau, Charles, The Palenque Tablet,
|

332 | Proceedings of the Nat. Museum
for 1878. Vol. I,

333 Proceedings of the Nat. Museum'

| forlsio= aVols LE

334 Elliot, D. G. ‘List of Described Species of Hum-

ming-Birds,

335 Rhees, Wm. J. ListofPrincipal American Libra-
ries, Museums, Societies, etc.,

336 ‘Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col-.
lections,

337 ‘Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col-

| | leetions,

338 ‘Welling, J.C. Life and Character of Joseph
Henry,

339 Taylor, Wm. B, The Scientific Work of Joseph|
Henry,

340 | ‘Smithsonian Contributions
Knowledge,

$41 | Annual Report of Smithsonian
Institution for 1878,

342 Kumlien, L. Contributions to Natural History
of Aretic America.
the Nationa] Museum, No. 15,

343 Henry, Joseph, Annual Reports of Sec. of S.I.,

1865-77,

344 Check List of Smithsonian Pub-|
lications,

345 Annual Report of Smithsonian
Institution for 1879,

346 ‘Smithsonian Contributions
Knowledge,

347

Jour-

to.

Bulletin of,

to!

Cloud Charts, |

M.

SIZE
OR
SERIES.

'M. C. xvi,

|M.Cixvur,|

MiG. xi,

SiC .exxrr,

Cr xt,

M C.

XVII,

|M.C. xvi1t,

M. C. XXI,
S. C. xxi,

Svo.

M. C.
R.

M. C. xvi,

8vo.

1S. C. Xx111,

%

eX RS,

XVI ||

PEXSVIIe |

MiG. xxr, |

|

631

1027

851
76

90
524
504

22

30

225

548

16

M. C. xxr,| 1661879 .75

766

2
|

(1879 2.50
1879 2 00
1879.75
as79 2.00
1879 1.00
(1880 1.00
1879 20
1879 free
J
1880
1880
1880
1880
1880
: ve
|
1879,
1880 free
1879 free
1880,
1881
1851 free

LIST OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 17
No. | AUTHOR. ITLE. Sena x | 2 |Z
348 Baird, S. F. Fishes of New Jersey Coast, iR. 1854, 40 1855|
349 Waring, G.E. |Toner Lecture VIII. Sanitary
Drainage of Washington. M. C. 261880 .25
350 ; Map of Stars. (For Aurora obs.)! * 1 1856 free
351 Cooper, J. G. ‘Forests of North America, R. 1858, 36 1859
352 Whitney, W. D. Lectures on Linguistics, R. 1863, 22 1864 free
353 Schott, C. A. |Tables of Rain Fall, (2d edition). S. C. 269 1881 3.00
354 Delaunay, M. Essay on Velocity of Light, R. 1864, 31,1864 free
355 Wetherill, C. M. Ozone and Antozone, R. 1864, 12 1864
356 Memorial of Joseph Henry, M. C. xx1,| 532 1880 free
357 Wood, H.C. Researches on Fever, 8.C.xx1,| 263,1878) 2.50
308 Becker, G. J. Atomic Weights. Constants of
Nature. Part IV, Mies 152 1880 1.00
359 Planisphere of the Heavens, * 11864 free
360 Desor, E. Palafittes, or Lacustrian Con-
structions, R. 1865, 53 1865
351 |Baegert, J. Aborigines of California, R. 1863-4,| 41 1865
362 Rau, Charles, Artificial Shell Deposits in New |
: Jersey, R. 1864, 6 1865)
363 Lewis, James, |Instructions for collecting Land
and Fresh Water Shells, ~ |R. 1866, 8 1860 free
364 Lilljeborg, W. Classification of Birds, R. 1865, 16 1866. free
365 |Ross, Hardisty,|Tinneh or Chepewyan Indians, |R. 1866, 25 1856)
Jones, Gibbs,
366 Edwards, A.M. |Directions for collecting Diato-
macea, * 7 1867, free
367 Rothrock, J. T. (Flora of Alaska, R. 1867, 33 1867 free
368 Rau, Charles, [Indian Pottery, R. 1866, 11 1867
369 Abbe, C. Dorpat and Poulkova, R. 1867, 23 1867)
370 Rau, Charles, [Flint Implements in Illinois, |R. 1868, 9 1868
371 Newton, H. A. /|Metric Tables, R. 1865, 23 1868 free
372 Rau, Charles, Drilling in Stone without Metal, R. 1868, 11 1869
373 | Meteorological Stations and Ob- .
servers, R. 1868, 42 1869 free
374 Schott, C. A. Rain Charts for Summer, Win-
ter, and Year, 8. C. xvi, 81870 free

18

LIST OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS.

SIZE

No | AUTHOR TITLE oR 2 a | f
yl . . S z } <4 < f
| ene Sale ea eee
375 Taylor, W.B. Origin and Nature of Force, R. 1870, 19 1870 free
376 Hunt, T. Sterry Chemistry of the Earth, R. 1869, 26 1871 free
377 |Babinet, M. Diamond and Precious Stones, R. 1870, 33 1872 free
14 }
378 |Roehrig, F. L. 0.) Dakota Language, R. 1871, 19 1872 free
379 |Henry, Joseph, |Eulogy on Alex. D. Bache, IR. 1870, 28 1872 free
380 |Peabody, A. P. Scientific Education of Mechan-|
ics, IR. 1872, 13 1873 free
381 |Schott, C. A. |Temperature Chart of U.S. for |
Year, etc., 11873 free.
382 |Rau, Charles, |North American Stone Imple.| |
ments, 1872, 16 1873
383 |Bransford, J. F. Archeological Researches in| |
Nicaragua, aG:: 100 1881 2.50
384 |Baird, S. F. Circular for Shipping Fresh Fish, M. C. 4188! free
385 |Rau, Charles, Ancient Aboriginal Trade in| |
North America, een, 49 1873
| |
386 |Brezina, A. Crystallography, R. 1872, 36 1874 free
387 |Schott, C. A. Temperature Charts, Summer |
Winter, Year, Ce xexr, 3 1874 free
| |
388 |Schott, C. A. /Temperature Chart—Year, ee 11874 free
389 |Henry, Joseph, Investigation of Nluminants, _R. 1880, 25 1881 free
390 |Hilgard, J, E, Tides and Tidal Action in Har- |
bors, R. 1874, 22 1875 free
391 ‘Act to Establish Smithsonian |
Institution, |M.C.xviri,} 10 BET free
392 |Romer, F. F. Prehistoric Antiquities of Hun- |
gary, 1876, 9 aaet
393 Gillman, Henry, Mound-builders. Ancient Man)
in Michigan, |\R. 1875, 13,1877 free
494 |Abbott, C.C.- (Stone-age in New Jersey, \R. 1875, 136 1877 free
395 |Taylor, Wm. B, |Kinetic Theories of Gravitation, R. 1876, 80 1877 free
396 |McParlin, T. A, History and Climate of New)
Mexico, 1877, 30 1877 free
397 |Mason, Otis T. (Latimer Collection of Antiqui-,
ties, 1876, 23 1877 free
|
398 |Abbe C, Meteorological Memoirs (Trans-
lations), IR. 1877, 104 1878 free
?, pa
.

403
404
405
406
407
408

409

410

411

412

413

4i4
41d

416

417
418

419

420

421 |

422

LIST OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 19
Size me || ore es
OR Se rey
AvTHoR. TITLE. Sr Sm |) sti |
ERIES. | “| ag | &
| |
Holmgren, F, |Color-blindness, R. 1877, 72 1878 free
Jones, Chas. C. (Aboriginal Structuresin Ga., (R. 1877, 13 1878 free
‘Weismann, A. Change of Mexican Axolotl to |
Amblystoma, R. 1877, 29 1878 free
Rau, Charles, Stock in-trade of Aboriginal
Lapidary, |R. 1877, 9 1878 free
Rau, Charles, Gold Ornament from Florida, R. 1877, 6 1878 free
Haldeman, 8S. S. Polychrome Bead from F.orida, R. 1877, 6 1878 free
Taylor, Wm. B. Henry and the Telegraph, |R. 1878, 103 1879 free
Henry, Joseph, | Researches in Sound, 1878, 106 1879) free
Gray, Asa, |Memoir of Joseph Henry, 1878, 35 1879, free
Baird, S. F. Report of Secretary of Smith-
sonian Institution for 1878, |R. 1878, 60 1879) free
Sherman, W.T. |Report of Museum Building
Parker, P. and) Commission and of the Archi.
Baird, S. F. tects for 1879} R. 1879, 18 1880) free
Holden, E. 8. Reports of Astronomical Obser
vatories for 1879, R. 1879, 60 1880) free
Lautenbach,B.F. Irritation of Polarized Nerve, |R. 1878, 59 1880, free
Cope, Edw. D Zoological Position of Texas.
Ball. Nat. Mus., No. 17. M C. 51 1880
Goode, G. B. Berlin Fishery Exhibit. Bull.
Nat. Mus., No. 18. M. C. 278 1880
Schott, C. A. Base-Chart of the U. S. * 1/1880} .15
Knight, Edw. H. Savage Weapons, R. 1879, 90 1880 free
/Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col-
lections, M. C. xrx, 1034,1880
Mayer, Alfred M. Henry as a Discoverer, M.C.xx1, | 361880) free
|Baird, S. F. Report of Secretary of Smith-
sonian Institution for 1879, |R. 1879, |76 1880: free
Baird, S. F. Report of Secretary of Smith-
sonian Insti‘ution for 1880, |R. i880, 88 1881 free
Mason, Otis T. Anthropological Investigations
in 1879, R. 1879, 30 1881 free
|
Boehmer, G. H. Index to Smithsonian Anthropo- |
logical Articles, R. 1879, 10 1881) free
Ridgway, Robt. |Nomenclature of N. American |
Birds. Bull. Nat. Mus.,No, aM: C. 941881 .25
\

20 LIST OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS.
om le lel é
No AUTHOR. TITLE. Senizs. | 4 A | 2
423 Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col-
lections, M. C. xx, | 846 1881
424 ‘Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col-
lections, \M. C. xx’,/ 773 1881,
425 Proceedings of National Museum
for 1880. Vol. ILL,, M. C 594 1881,
426 Holden, E.S.and Synopsis of Herschel’s Writings, R. 1880, 118 1881 free
| Hastings, C.S.| - |
427 Holden, E. S. ‘Recent Progress in Astronomy, |R. 1880, 39 1881 free
428 Hawes,G. W. Recent Progress in Geology and |
Mineralogy, |R. 1880, 30 1881 free
429 Barker, G. F. Recent Progress in Physics and)
Chemistry, \R. 1880, 65 1881 free
430 Farlow, W.G. Recent Progress in Botany, R. 1880, 19 1881 free
|
451 Gill, Theodore, Recent Progress in Zoology, R. 1880, 62 1881 free
| |
432 |Mason, Otis T. Recent Progress in Anthro- |
pology, 1880, 51 1881 free
|
453 Mason, Otis T. Visit to Luray Cavern, Va. R. 1880, 12 1881 free
|
434 ee W.T. Report of National Museum
Parker, P.and Building Commission and of
Baird, 8. F. the Architects for 1880, R. 1880, 12 1881 free
|
435 |Loud, F. H. Discussion of Snell’s Barometric) |
Observations, \R. 1880, 23 1881 free
436 List of Periodicals received by |
Smithsonian Institution, R. 1880, 9 1881 free
437 Check List of Publications of, | |
Smithsonian Institution, M. C. 22 1881) free
| |
438 Holden E. §. and Reports of Astronomical Observ- |
Boehmer, G. H. | atories for 1880, R. 1880, 128 1881 free
; j
»

ti i

LIST OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS.

WORKS IN PREPARATION.

Monograph of Chitonide. By P. P. CARPENTER.

Bibliography of the Fishes of Western North America. By
TuEoporE Ginn. Bulletin of the National Museum, No. 11.

Synopsis of the Fishes of the United States. By Davin S.
Jorpan. Bulletin of the National Museum, No. 16.

An Index of Names used for Zoological Genera, comprising
70,000 titles. By Samurn H. Scupper. 8vo. Bulletin of the
National Museum, No. 19.

The Writings of American Zoologists. Index Bibliography,
No. I. Publications of Spencer Fullerton Baird.. By G. Brown
Goope. 8yvo. Bulletin of the National Museum, No. 20.

Flora of the District of Columbia. By Lester F. Warp. Bul-
letin of the National Museum, No. 22. .

Collector’s Manual of Marine Zoology. By RicHArp RATHBUN.
Bulletin of the National Museum, No. 23.

Tables showing the amount of Precipitation of Rain and Snow
for each Month and Year at upwards of 2000 stations in the United
States. By Cuaries A. Scuorr and H. H. Courtenay.

Regulations for the Telegraphic Announcement of Astronomical
Discoveries. By S. F. Batrp.

The Constants of Nature. Part V. A Revision of the Atomic
Weights. By Frank W. CLARKE.

List and Index of Publications of the Smithsonian Institution
from 1846 to 1881. By Wm. J. Ruegs.

List of Foreign Correspondents. By Gro. H. BozHMer.

: f e i hs :
| BER

end

Op RD)

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS.
478

CATALOGUE OF PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,

(1846 — 1882,)

WITH AN

ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF ARTICLES

IN THE

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE, MISCELLANEOUS COL-
LECTIONS, ANNUAL Reports, BULLETINS AND PROCEEDINGS
oF THE U. 8S. NatronaL Museum, AND Report
OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY.

Bys WLULIAM, J... REE ES;

CHIEF CLERK OF THE INSTITUTION.

WASHINGTON:
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
1882.

\

JUDD & DETWEILER, PRINTERS,
WASHINGTON, D. C.

CONTENTS.

Smithsonian Contributions
Miscellaneous Collections

Annual Reports

Bulletins of the U. 8. National ee

Report of Bureau of Ethnology

ie
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
i.

Copyright
Use of illustrations

co

Size of editions ;
Distribution of publications

11. Rules of distribution

12. Form of application for publications

ea
>

13. Price list of publications
List or Pupticatrons, A to Q
List oF Pusiicarions, Regular Series, 1-478

CLASSIFIED List OF SEPARATE PUBLICATIONS
Anatomy, Physiology, Medicine, and Surgery

Anthropology
Architecture

Astronomy

Bibliography

Biography

Biology

Botany

Chemistry and Mectinalieny
Electricity and Magnetism
Geology

Mathematics

Meteorology

Microscopy

Mineralogy

Miscellaneous
Paleontology

Philology E : :

Proceedings of the U. 5. National Museum

Ga)

Page.

Vil
VII

XIIT
XTV

91
92
92

96
97
Si
98
98
99
100
100
100
102
102

IV CONTENTS.
Page.
CLASSIFIED List oF SEPARATE PUBLICATIONS—Continued. j
- Physical Geography { , : : : : : 3 eS
Physics ; ; : . ; : ; : . | LOS
Terrestrial Physics : : ; ; ; ; : . 104
Zodlogy—Birds_. : : : : : : : 7 104
Fishes. : : : é ; ‘ : Aree
Insects. : : : ; ’ : : = LOS
Mammals : 4 5 : : ; : ~ » SOG
Mollusks : 2 : ; : : : wa or
Radiates : : , , t : Ae
Reptiles é : : 3 : 5 | HALO
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE—
Table showing date, number of pages, illustrations, &e. . . 108
MIscELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS—
Table showing date, number of pages, illustrations, &e. . . 109
ANNUAL Reports OF THE INsTITUTION—
Table showing date, number of pages, illustrations, &e. . . 110
PUBLICATIONS OF THE U. 8. Natrona Musrum—
Table showing titles, number in Smithsonian series, &e. . . 111
BuLuetins oF THE U. 8S. Natrona MusrEum—
Table showing date, number of pages, illustrations, &e. . . 112
BULLETINS OF THE U.S. Nationat Musevm, collected in volumes—
Table showing date, number of pages, illustrations, &e. . . 112
PROCEEDINGS OF THE U. 8S. Natrona Musrum—
Table showing date, number of pages, illustrations, &e. . . 1138
PUBLICATIONS OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY—
Table showing date, number of pages, illustrations, &e. . . 1138
Publications haying separate numbers in the Smithsonian series but
included in the Annual Reports of the Institution : 5
Publications not Pee in regular series of “ aaah “ Col-
lections,” or “ Reports” : : .? SEG:

List of papers ce in the Goninon to island giving.
authors, titles, and commissions of reference . : ; aR

ALPHABETICAL INDEX of all articles in Smithsonian publications . 121

ee anh en. ia |
oy (eM

? nw
md

a p

PREFACH.

The present catalogue embraces all the articles published by the Smith-
sonian Institution from its organization in 1846 to the first of July, 1882, a
period of thirty-six years.

At the beginning nothing was issued but pamphlets explanatory of the
plan of the Institution and brief annual reports of the proceedings of the
Board of Regents, indicated in the catalogue by the letters A, B, C, D, E, F,
G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O,Q. An elaborate work, (P in the catalogue), by
Rosert DALE Owen, on public architecture, with special reference to the
plans of the Smithsonian Institution} prepared on behalf of the Building
Committee, was printed at the expense of the Institution in 1849, but did
not form part of the regular series organized by the Secretary of the Institu-
tion, Prof. Henry.

1. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE.

The series entitled “Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge,” in quarto
form, was commenced in 1848 by the publication of Squier and Dayis’
Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. The following “Advertise-
ment” of the first volume, prepared by Prof. Henry, has been inserted in

every succeeding volume to indicate the character and design of’ the series:

“This volume is intended to form the first of a series of volumes, consist-
ing of original memoirs on different branches of knowledge published at the
expense and under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution. The publi-
cation of this series forms part of a general plan adopted for carrying into
effect the benevolent intentions of James Smithson, Esq., of England. This
gentleman left his property in trust to the United States of America to found
at Washington an institution which should bear his own name, and have for
its objects ‘the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men.’ ‘This trust
was accepted by the Government of the United States, and an act of Con-
gress was passed August 10, 1846, constituting the President and the other
principal executive officers of the General Government, the Chief Justice of
the Supreme Court, the Mayor of Washington, and such other persons as
they might elect honorary members, an establishment under the name of the
‘Smithsonian Institution, for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among

(v)

VI PREFACE.

men.’ The members and honorary members of this establishment are to hold
stated and special meetings for the supervision of the affairs of the Institution
and for the advice and instruction of a Board of Regents, to whom the finan-
cial and other affairs are entrusted.

“The Board of Regents consists of three members ea-officio of the estab-
lishment, namely, the Vice-President of the United States, the Chief Justice
of the Supreme Court, and the Mayor of Washington, together with twelve ’
other members, three of whom are appointed by “the Senate from its own
body, three by the House of Representatives from its members, and six citi-
zens appointed by a joint resolution of both houses. To this Board is given
the power of electing a Secretary and other officers, for conducting the active
operations of the Institution.

“To carry into effect the purposes of the testator, the plan of organization
should evidently embrace two objects, one, the increase of knowledge by the
addition of new truths to the existing stock ; ; the other, the diffusion of knowl-
edge thus increased among men. No restriction is made in favor of any kind
of “knowledge, and hence e each branch is entitled to and should receive a share
of attention.

“The act of Congress, establishing the Institution, directs, as part of the
plan of organization, the formation of a Library, a Museum, and a Gallery
of Art, together with provisions for physical research and popular lectures
while it leaves to the Regents the power of adopting such other parts of an
organization as they may deem best suited to promote the objects of the
bequest.

“After much deliberation, the Regents resolved to divide the annual income,
thirty thousand nine hundred and fifty dollars, into two equal parts, one part
to be devoted to the increase and diffusion of knowledge by means of original
research and publications, the other half of the income to be applied in
accordance with the requirements of the act of Congress to the gradual
formation of a Library, a Museum, and a Gallery of Art.”

(The Programme of Organization, adopted December 8, 1847, follows.)

“In accordance with the rules adopted in the Programme of Organization,
each memoir in this volume has been favorably reported on by a Commission
appointed for its examination. It is however, impossible, in most cases, to
verify the statements of an author; and, therefore, neither the Commission
nor the Institution can be responsible for more than the general character of
a memoir.

The total number of papers published in the 25 volumes of “ Contribu-
tions” is 119, with an aggregate of 12,456 pages, 1,567 wood cuts, 525 plates,
and 16 maps, each volume averaging 5413 pages.

2. MiscELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS.

In the year 1862, another series was instituted, entitled “Smithsonian

Miscellaneous Collections” each volume of which has the following preface :

“The present series, entitled “Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections,” is
intended to embrace all the Sb Reanene issued directly by the Smithsonian

PREFACE. VII

Institution in octavo form; those in quarto constituting the “Smithsonian
Contributions to Knowledge.” -The quarto series includes memoirs, embrac-
ing the records of extended original investigations and researches, vesulting
in what are believed to be new ‘truths, and constituting positive additions to
the sum of human knowledge. The octavo series is designed to contain
reports on the present state of our knowledge of particular branches of
science ; instructions for collecting and digesting facts and materials for
research ; lists and synopses of species of the organic and inorganic world;
museum catalogues ; reports of explorations ; aids to bibliographical investi-
gations, etc.; generally prepared at the express request of the Institution and
at its expense.

“The position of a work in one or the other of the two series will some-
times depend upon whether the required illustrations can be presented more
conveniently in the quarto or the octayo form.

“Tn the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, as well as in the present
series, each article is separately paged and indexed, and the actual date of its
publication is that given on its special title page, and not that of the volume
in which it is placed. In many cases works haye been published and largely
distributed years before their combination into volumes.

“While due care is taken on the part of the Smithsonian Institution to
insure a proper standard of excellence in its publications, it will be readily
understood that it cannot hold itself responsible for the facts and conclusions
of the authors, as it is impossible in most cases to verify their statements.”

The total number of papers published in the 25 volumes of “ Miscellaneous
Collections” is 122, each volume averaging 882} pages, with an aggregate of
20,299 pages, 2,868 wood cuts, and 45 plates.

3. ANNUAL REPORTS.

By the act of Congress organizing the Institution it was made the duty of
the “ Board of Regents to submit at each session a report of the operations,
expenditures, and condition of the Institution.” These Annual Reports
form a third series of Smithsonian publications. They consist of the reports
of the Secretary to the Board of Regents of the operations and condition of
the Institution ; the reports of committees of the Board; reports of lectures;
extracts from correspondence; original or translated articles relating to the
history and progress of science, ete.

The first report was submitted by the Board to the second session of the
29th Congress, 1847, and formed an octavo pamphlet of 88 pages. A similar
report was presented annually thereafter, varying in size from 64 pages to
326, printed in pamphlet form with paper covers up to 1853, when Congress
ordered the report to be bound in cloth. In the volume for that year the
essential portiow of the contents of the preceding seven reports was reprinted,

VIII PREFACE.

and this is now considered as the first of a set of Smithsonian Reports.
The number of pages was limited between 1854 and 1876 to 400. In the
latter year this restriction was removed, and since then the average number
of pages has been 600.

The number of copies of these reports for general distribution ordered
by Congress has been very variable, the largest being 7,500 in 1874 and
1875, and the smallest 150 in 1847. The number of copies granted the
Institution each year is shown in the following table:

Number of extra copies furnished the Institution by Congress for distribution,

FOR THE No. OF oe FOR THE No. OF eae FOR THE | No. oF
YEAR. CopPlIEs. YEAR. CopPlEs. YEAR. COPIES.
Maa
1847 150 1859 2,000 1871 | 5,000
1848 1,000 | 1860 2,000 1872 5,000
1849 500 1861 2,000 1873 6,000
1850 1,000 1862 2,000 1874 | 7,500
1851 2,000 1863 2,000 1875 | 7,500
1852 2,000 1864 2,000 1876 6,500
1853 3,000 1865 2,000 | 1877 6,500
1854 2,500 1866 2,000 1878 6,500
1855 2,500 1867 2,000 | 1879 7,000
1856 2,500 1868 2,000 1880 7,000
1857 5,000 1869 3,000
1858 "5,000 1870 5,000

The total number of pages in the 35 volumes of Annual Reports is 14,419,
average 412 pages; total number of woodcuts, 1,898.

4. BULLETINS OF THE U. S. NationaL Museum.

In the year 1875 a fourth series of publications (octavo) was commenced,
entitled “ Bulletins of the National Museum,” intended to illustrate the col-
lections of natural history and ethnology belonging to the United States,
constituting the National Museum, of which the Smithsonian Institution is
the custodian.

Twenty of these Bulletins have been published, with an aggregate of 3,103
pages, 45 plates, and 1 map.

4

©
>

aa eee
x pe Wd

PREFACE. IX

5. PROCEEDINGS OF THE U. S. Nationat Museum.

In imitation of the practice of those learned societies which publish peri-
odically descriptions of new species, &c., in the form of proceedings of weekly
or monthly meetings, and thus present to the world the discoveries connected
with the establishment at the earliest practicable moment, it appeared to be
very desirable that the National Museum should have some medium of
prompt publication for announcing descriptions of specimens received, (many
of which are new species,) as well as other interesting facts relative to natu-
ral history furnished by correspondents of the Institution. To meet this
want a fifth series of publications, (octavo,) entitled ‘“ Proceedings of the
National Museum,” was commenced in 1880. They are printed in successive
signatures as fast as material sufficient for 16 pages is prepared, and dis-
tributed at once to scientific societies and leading active working naturalists
in this country and in Europe,* each signature having printed at the bottom
of its first page the date of actual issue, for settling any questions as to
priority of publication. Of this series four volumes have been published,
comprising 2,221 pages, with 28 cuts and 19 plates.

6. Reports OF THE BuREAU OF ETHNOLOGY.

_ The sixth series of publications is the annual report (in Imperial octavo)
of the Bureau of Ethnology, placed by Congress in charge of the Smithso-
nian Institution. The first volume of this series was issued in 1881, and
consists of 638 pages, with 543 cuts, 54 plates, and 1 map.

The distribution of this volume to individuals is wholly by Members of
Congress and the Director of the Bureau, Major J. W. Powell—the Institu-
tion haying copies at its disposal only forthe libraries on its regular list of
distribution for its own full series.

7. CoPYRIGHT.

No copyright has ever been secured on the publications of the Institution.
They are left free to be used by compilers of books without any restrictions,
except that full credit shall be given to the name of Smithson for any
extracts which may be made from them.

* Prof. Baird’s report for 1880.

aX PREFACE.

8. Use or ILLUSTRATIONS.

Copies of the wood cuts used by the Institution are granted to authors or
publishers on payment of the actual cost of production of electrotypes,
and promise to give proper reference to the article in which they originally
appeared.

9. Size oF EDITIons.

In the first experiments of the Smithsonian system of publication, the
proper magnitude of the editions necessary to meet the immediate and future
demand could not be accurately ascertained. The number of copies of the
Contributions then fixed upon, has since been found inadequate, although it
was larger than that usually issued by other institutions. The edition has,
therefore, been augmented, until at the present time 1,000 copies of each
article are set aside to be combined into volumes, and an extra number, vary-
ing with the probable demand, struck off for separate distribution, and for
sale.

Each article is complete in itself, with separate paging, title, and index,
and without any necessary relationship to others combined with it in the
same volume.

Of the early volumes of Smithsonian Contributions, the edition, for reasons
already explained, was less than of the succeeding ones, so that complete
sets cannot now be furnished.

In the year 1862, the plan of stereotyping every article printed by the
Institution was adopted, the plates being carefully preserved, thus making it
practicable at any time to issue new editions except where expensive litho-
graphic plates were used, a limited number, only, of impressions from these
having been taken. :

A number of the earlier articles in octavo were out of print before the
commencement of the series of “ Miscellaneous Collections,” and consequently
are not included in them. f

The printing of the “Bulletins” and “Proceedings” is authorized by the
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR and paid for out of its fund. An edition
of 1,000 copies is published, of which one-half is distributed by the Depart-
ment of the Interior and one-half by the Institution. As the pages are
stereotyped, the cost of additional copies is slight; and for the purpose of
making sure that a sufficient number of sets will be accessible forever to

PREFACE. XI

students in all parts of the world, it has been considered expedient to print
1,500 additional copies of each for incorporation in the Miscellaneous Col-
lections.*

10. DistTRIBUTION OF PUBLICATIONS.

The distribution of the publications of the Institution is a matter which
requires much care and judicious selection, the great object being to make
known to the world the truths which may result from the expenditure of the
Smithson fund. For this purpose the Conrrinutions are so distributed
as to be accessible to the greatest number of readers; that is, to large central
libraries.

The volumes of Contributions are presented on the express condition that,
while they are carefully preserved, they shall be accessible at all times to
students and others who may desire to consult them, and be returned to the
Institution in case the establishments to which they are presented at any time
cease to exist.

These works, it must be recollected, are not of a popular character, but
require profound study to fully understand them; they are, however, of im-
portance to the professional teacher and the popular expounder of science.
They contain the materials from which general treatises on special subjects
may be elaborated.

Full sets of the publications cannot be given to all who apply for them,
since this is impossible with the limited income of the Institution, and, indeed,
if care be not exercised in the distribution, so large a portion of the income
will be annually expended on the production of copies for distribution of
what has already been published that nothing further can be done in the way
of new publications. It must be recollected that every addition to the list of
distribution not only involves the giving of the publications which have
already been made, but also of those which are to be made hereafter.{

The rules governing the distribution of the Smithsonian publications are
appended. To enable institutions not coming within their provisos, as well as
individuals, to procure copies of such as may be desired, a small number is set
aside and sold by the Institution at a price which is intended merely to cover
the actual cost of their publication.

* Prof. Baird’s report for 1880.
+ Prof. Henry’s report for 1876.
{ Prof. Henry’s report for 1873.

XII PREFACE.

11. Ruues ror DISTRIBUTION OF THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

To Institutions.

The publications of the Smithsonian Institution are furnished :

1st. To learned societies of the first class, which present complete series of
their publications to the Institution.

2d. To libraries of the first class, which give in exchange their catalogues
and other publications; or an equivalent, from their duplicate volumes.

3d. To colleges of the first class, which furnish catalogues of their libraries
and of their students, and all publications relative to their organization and
history.
4th. To public libraries containing 25,000 volumes.

5th. To smaller public libraries, where a large district would be otherwise
unsupplied.

6th. Institutions devoted exclusively to the promotion of particular
branches of knowledge may receive such Smithsonian publications as relate
to their respective objects.

To Individuals.
The gratuitous distribution to individuals, of the publications of the Insti-
tution, is restricted :

1st. ‘To those who are engaged in original research in the branch of science
to which the book asked for pertains.

2d. To those who require it in the business of instruction.

3d. To donors to the museum or library of the Institution.

PREFACE. XIIL

12. Form oF APPLICATION FOR PUBLICATIONS.

To the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.
Date, 18
In behalf of the , we respectfully apply
for the publications of the Smithsonian Institution, on condition that all vol-
umes received shall be carefully preserved, be accessible to any person who
may wish to consult them, and be returned to the Smithsonian Institution in

case the establishment at any time ceases to exist.

1. Name of Establishment

2. Location—Town

aea@haracten-- == 22 — Mint ca I ES lp SS eS a 8 Serna ete
Cemex clint Sea Le PTO PCLt ya eee en ee ee le ie eee Sena ea one en eee
6. Permanent fund ____- ie Lia alpen Got Sereno see ys See Sl eee
PITTA ET) COM) Cee eee res Se nS Neen ha ee ee eee
SMO UES MNS Dine me = ae at oe Ie eee See nn noe ea nee canna aoe a ae
See Niudisctionspersonsshaving use Of DOOKS! 2 22a ho eee ooo eee onan aaa
seen Date ot last-catalopue of library _~.——.’_..---------+-.----__-_-- 5-35 -- «=~ == ==

Betta piibinetionssmade: soc 2 a Se See ee ee ee ene eee ee tates

(Send printed list if possible. )
oN ote Shoe OiiGersrir residents 22% 22a es ae eS Re Se cate leone
SO CelAny f-tei a= te ae ee ee ee oe ee
\eibrarianee= =o. 2-2 en eee a a eee oa ae nine

13. Addresses of principal scientific men connected with the Establishment and subjects in

MUINCHESHIC EIA y@InECTeSted ss es ere ee en ao acon cae

I recommend the above application.

eee eee ee ae eee ee Sa est amma LEMNOEY Of CONZTESS;

XIV PREFACE.

13. Price List or SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS.

Where no price is given the work is out of print, and cannot be furnished.
Of those marked “free” the edition is limited, and copies are only given to
those specially interested in the subjects to which they pertain, who are col-

Jaborators of the Institution or contributors to its library or museum.

'
‘
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ier OF PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

Nore.—A to Q indicate early publications not embraced in the regular series.

Journal of Proceedings of the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution,
at the city of Washington, beginning on the first Monday of Sep-
tember, 1846. 1846. 8vo., pp. 32.

Report of the Organization Committee of the Smithsonian Institution,
with the resolutions accompanying the same and adopted by the
Board of Regents; also, the Will of the testator, the Act accepting
the bequest, and the Act organizing the Institution. 1847. 8vo.,
pp. 32.

Digest cf the Act of Congress establishing the Smithsonian Institution.
August 10, 1846. 8vo., pp. 8.

Address delivered on occasion of laying the Corner Stone of the
Smithsonian Institution, May 1, 1847. By Grorar M. Datuas,
Chancellor of the Institution. 1847. 8vo., pp. 8.

Smithson’s Bequest. Professor Hrenry’s exposition before the New
Jersey Historical Society, at its meeting in Princeton, on Wednesday,

September 27. 1847. 8vo., pp. 8.

First Report of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution to the
Board of Regents; giving a Programme of Organization, and an
account of the operations during the year. Presented December 8,
1847. 1848. 8vo., pp. 48.

[First] Report from the Board of Regents, submitted to Congress, of
the operations, expenditures, and condition of the Smithsonian Insti-
tution. Senate Doc. 211; 29th Congress, 2d Session. 1847. 8vo.,
pp. 38.

Second Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, to the Senate and House of Representatives, showing the opera-
tions, expenditures, and condition of the Institution during the year
1847. 30th Congress, Ist Session. Senate Miscellaneous No. 23.

1848. 8vo., pp. 208.
(1)

2

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

H. Report for 1847—Continued.

CONTENTS.

Report of Prof. J. Henry, and Proceedings of the Board.

GaLLaATIN, A.; Ropinson, E.; Bartuert, J. R.; Turner, W. W.;
Morton, 8. G.; Marsy, G. P. On publication of Squier & Davis’s
Ancient Monuments.

Jewett, C. C. Report on plan of library.

Loomis, E. Report on meteorology of the United States.

Espy, J. P. On meteorology.

Third Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian
Institution, for the year 1848. 30th Congress, 2d Session. H. R.
Miscellaneous, No. 48. 1849. 8vo., pp. 64.

CONTENTS.
Report of Prof. J. Henry, and Proceedings of the Board.
JéweErT, C. C. Report on library.
Stevens, H. Prospectus of a Bibliographia Americana.
Hark, R. Letter relative to gift of apparatus.
Guyot, A. On metric system for scientific observations.

Programme of organization of the Smithsonian Institution. Presented
in the first annual report of the Secretary, and adopted by the Board
of Regents, December 13, 1847. 1847. 4to., pp. 4.

Correspondence relative to the acceptance for publication of the ethno-
logical memoir of Messrs. Squier and Davis. 1847. 8vo., pp. 8.

[First] Report of the Organization Committee of the Smithsonian In-
stitution. Reprinted from the National Intelligencer, December 8,
1846. 8vo., pp. 8.

Reports, ete., of the Smithsonian Institution, exhibiting its plans,
operations, and financial condition up to January 1, 1849. From
the third annual report of the Board of Regents. Presented to Con-
gress February 19, 1849. 1849. 8vo., pp. 72.

Officers and Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, with the act of
Congress accepting the bequest, and the act incorporating said Insti-
tution. 1846. 8vo., pp. 14.

An Act to establish the Smithsonian Institution. Approved Aug. 10,
1846. pp. 8.

Hints on Public Architecture, containing, among other illustrations,
views and plans of the Smithsonian Institution ; together with an
appendix relative to building materials. Prepared on behalf of the
Building Committee of the Smithsonian Institution, by RoBerr
Dare Owen, chairman of the committee. 1849. 4to., pp. 140, 99
woodcuts, 15 plates.

Check list of periodical publications received in the reading-room of
the Smithsonian Institution, for the year 1853. 1853. 4to., pp. 28.

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 3

REGULAR SERIES.

1, Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley ; comprising the results
of extensive original surveys and explorations. By E. G. Squier
and E. H. Davis. 1848. 4to., pp. 346, 207 woodcuts, 48 plates.
(Ss Cur)

2. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Vol. I. 1848. 4to., pp.
360, 207 woodcuts, 48 plates.

CONTENTS.
Squier and Davis. Ancient Monuments, Mississippi Valley. No. 1.

3. Researches relative to the Planet Neptune. By Sears C. WALKER.
1849. 4to.,; pp. 60., (S. C. 11)

4, Ephemeris of the Planet Neptune for the Opposition of 1848. By
Sears C. WALKER. 1848. 4to, pp.8. (S.C. 11)

5. Ephemeris of the Planet Neptune from the date of the Lalande Obser-
vations of May 8 and 10, 1795, and for the Opposition of 1846, ’47,
"48, and 749. By Sears C. Waker. April, 1849. 4to., pp. 32.
. (sa@art,)
6. Ephemeris of the Planet Neptune for the year 1850. By Sears C.
Waker. April, 1850. 4to., pp. 10. (S. C. 1)

7. Ephemeris of the Planet Neptune for the year 1851. By Srars C.
Waker. December, 1850. 4to., pp. 10. (S.C. m1.)

8. * Occultations visible in the United States during the year 1848. By
JoHn Downes. 1848. 4to., pp. 12.

9. * Occultations visible in the United States during the year 1849. By
JoHN Downes. 1848. 4to., pp. 24.

10. * Occultations visible in the United States during the year 1850. By
JoHN Downes. 1849. 4to., pp. 26.

11. Occultations visible in the United States during the year 1851. By
JoHN Downes. October, 1850. 4to., pp. 26. (S.C. 1.)

12. On the Vocal Sounds of Laura Bridgman, the Blind Deaf Mute at
Boston ; compared with the Elements of Phonetic Language. By
Francis Lirper. 1850. 4to., pp. 32, one plate. (S. C. 1.)

13. Contributions to the Physical Geography of the United States. Part
IT. On the physical geography of the Mississippi valley, with sug-
gestions for the improvement of the navigation of the Ohio and,

* These three papers by Mr. Downes, Nos. 8, 9, 10, were not published in the series
of Contributions.

14,

15.

16.

7

iS:

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

other rivers. By CHARLES ELLeET, Jr. 1850. 4to., pp. 64, 2 wood-
cuts, 1 plate. (S. C. 11.)

A Memoir on Mosasaurus, and the three Allied New Genera, Holcodus,
Conosaurus, and Amphorosteus. By Rosrert W. Gisses. Novem-
ber, 1850. 4to., pp. 14, 5 plates of 28 figures. (S. C. 11.)

Aboriginal Monuments of the State of New York. Comprising the
results of original surveys and explorations; with an illustrative
appendix. By E. G. Squier. 1850. 4to., pp. 188, 79 woodcuts,
14 plates of 33 figures. (S.C. 11.)

The Classification of Insects from Embryological Data. By Louis
Acassiz, 1850. 4to., pp. 28, 8 woodcuts, one plate of 23 figures.
@S::C.11.)

Memoir on the Explosiveness of Nitre, with a view to elucidate its
agency in the tremendous explosion of July, 1845, in New York.
By Rospert Hare. 1850. 4to., pp. 20. (S. C. 11.)

Report on the History of the Discovery of Neptune. By BrnsAMIN
AptHore GOULD, JR. 1850. 8vo., pp. 56.

Directions for Meteorological Observations, intended for the first class
of observers. By ArRNoLtD Guyor. 1850. 8vo., pp. 40, 9 woodcuts.

Microscopical Examination of Soundings, made by the United States
Coast Survey off the Atlantic coast of the United States. By J. W.

. Battey. January, 1851. 4to., pp. 16 and 1 plate of 68 figures.
(Sa. 12)

Fourth Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian
Institution, for the year 1849. 31st Congress, lst Session. Senate
Miscellaneous No. 120, 8vo., pp. 64, with appendix of 207 pp.
House of Representatives Miscellaneous No. 50. 1850. 8vo., pp,
272.

CONTENTS.
Report of Prof. J. Henry, and Proceedings of the Board.
Gray, Asa. Account of Lindheimer’s, Fendler’s and Wright’s botanical
explorations in New Mexico and California.
Aaassiz, Louts. On the formation of a museum.
List of meteorological observers.
JEWETT, C. C. Report on library and catalogue system.

Jewett, C. C. Report on public libraries of the United States.
Plante Wrightians Texano-Neo-Mexicanx. By Asa Gray. Part I.
March, 1852. 4to., pp. 146, 10 plates of 127 figures. (S. C. 11.)
An account of a collection of plants made by Charles Wright in West-
ern Texas, New Mexico, and Sonora, in the years 1851 and 1882.

Microscopical Observations made in South Carolina, Georgia, and
Florida. By. J. W. Barmey. 1851. 4to., pp. 48, 3 plates of 85
figures. (S. C. 11.)

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 5

24, Ephemeris of the Planet Neptune for the year 1852. By Sears C
WALKER. 18538. Ato. pp.10. (S.C. 111.)

25. Notices of Public Libraries in the United States of America. By Cuas.
C. Jewerr. Printed by order of Congress as an appendix to the
Fourth Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian
Institution. 1851. 8vo., pp. 210.

26. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Vol. II. 1851. 4to., pp.
572, 89 woodcuts, 24 plates.

CONTENTS.

Waker, 8. C. Researches relative to Neptune. No. 3.

Lieper, F. Vocal sounds of Laura Bridgman. No. 12.

BaILey, J. W. Microscopical soundings off Atlantic Coast. No. 20.
EvLuet, C. Physical geography of the Mississippi Valley. No. 13.
GIBBEs, R. W. Mosasaurus and three allied genera. No. 14.

Agassiz, L. Classitication of insects from embryological data. No. 16.
Hare, R. Explosiveness of nitre. No. 17.

BaILEy, J. W. Microscopical observations in S. C., Ga., Fla. No. 23.
Squier, E.G. Aboriginal monuments of State of New York. No. 15.

WALKER, S.C. Ephemeris of Neptune for 1848. No. 4.
WaLker, 8S. C. Ephemeris of Neptune for 1846, ’47, 48, ’49. No. 5.
WatLker, 8. C. Ephemeris of Neptune for 1850. No. 6.

Wa ker, 8S. C. Ephemeris of Neptune for 1851. No. 7.
Downes, J. Occultations visible in the United States in 1851. No. 11.

27, On Recent Improvements in the Chemical Arts. By JAmeEs C. Boorn
and CAMPBELL Morrir. 1852. 8vo., pp. 216. (M. C. 11.)

28. Fifth Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian In-
stitution, for the year 1850. Special session, March, 1851. Senate
Miscellaneous No. 1. 1851. 8vo., pp. 145. (Extra edition of 326 pp.)

CONTENTS.

Report of Prof. J. HENry, and Proceedings of the Board.

Jewerr, C. C. General catalogue system for libraries.

Barrp, 8S. F. Report on museum, and statistics of British Museum.

Memorial of the Regents to Congress, relative to the Smithson Fund.

Squier, E.G. Antiquities of Nicaragua.

Report of Commission on General Stereotype Catalogue of Pub. Libraries.

CuLsertson, T. A. Expedition to the Mauvaises Terres and Upper
Missouri. ;

Porter, T. C. List of plants of Upper Missouri.

Harris, E. List of birds and mammalia of Missouri river.

CuLrertson, T. A. Indian tribes of the Upper Missouri.

Jewert, C. C. Copyright books from 1846-1849.

29. Occultations visible in the United States during the year 1852. By
Joun Downes. 1851. 4to., pp. 34. (S.C. 11.)

6

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

Contributions to the Natural History of the Fresh Water Fishes of
North America. By CHARLES GirARD. Part I—A monograph of
the Cottoids. December, 1851. 4to., pp. 80, 3 plates of 48 figures.
(S@A11:)

A Collection of Meteorological Tables, with other tables useful in Prac-
tical Meteorology. By ARNoLD Guyot. 1852. 8vo., pp. 212.

Nereis Boreali-Americana: or, Contributions to a History of the
Marine Algze of North America. By Witi1am Henry Harvey.
Part I—Melanospermee. January, 1852. 4to., pp. 152, 12 colored
plates of 29 figures. (S. C. 111.)

The Law of Deposit of the Flood Tide: its Dynamical Action and
Office. By CHarLes Henry Davis. 1852. 4to., pp. 14. (S.C.
III.)

Directions for Collecting, Preserving, and Transporting Specimens of
Natural Histogy. March, 1859. 8vo., pp. 40, 6 woodeuts. (M.
C.11,)

Observations on Terrestrial Magnetism. By Jonn Locker. April,
1852. 4to., pp. 30. (S. C. m1.)

Researches on Electrical Rheometry. By A. Sreccur. May, 1852.
Ato., pp. 60, 3 plates of 15 figures. (S. C. m1.)

Descriptions of Ancient Works in Ohio. By CAs. WHITTLESEY.
1851. Ato., pp. 20, 7 plates of 18 figures. (S. C. m1.)

Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Vol. III. 1852. 4to.,
pp. 562, and 55 plates.

CONTENTS.
Locke, J. Terrestrial magnetism. No. 35.
Sreccur, A. Electrical rheometry. No. 36.
GIRARD, C. Monograph of the cottoids. No. 30.
Harvey, W.H. Marine alge of North America. Part I. No. 32.
Gray, A. Plante Wrightiane Texano-Neo-Mexicane. Part I. No. 22.
Davis, C. H. Law of deposit of the flood tide. No. 33.
Wauittirsey, C. Descriptions of ancient works in Ohio. No. 37.
Waker, 8. C. Ephemeris of the planet Neptune for 1852. No. 24.
Downes, J. Occultations visible in United States during 1852. No. 29.

39. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Vol. IV. 1802. Ato., pp-

426.

CONTENTS.

Riggs, 8. R. Dakota Grammar and Dictionary. No. 40.

4O. Grammar and Dictionary of the Dakota Language. Collected by the

members of the Dakota mission. Edited by S. R. Rices. 1852.
Ato., pp. 414. (6. C. rv.)

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 7

41. Memoir on the Extinct Species of American Ox. By Josrepn Lerpy.
December, 1852. 4to., pp. 20, 4 plates of 15 figures. (S. C. v.)

42. Plante Wrightiane Texano-Neo-Mexicane. By Asa Gray. Part II.
February, 1853. 4to., pp. 120, 4 plates of 39 figures. (8. C. v.)

43. Nereis Boreali-Americana; or, Contributions to a History of the Marine
Alge of North America. By W. H. Harvey. Part Il—Rhodos-
permer. March, 1853. 4to., pp. 262, 24 plates, colored, of 64
figures. (S.C. v.)

44, A Flora and Fauna within Living Animals. By JosrepH Lerpy.
April, 1853. 4to., pp. 68, 10 plates of 140 figures. (8. C. v.) -

45. Anatomy of the Nervous System of Rana pipiens. By JmErrries Wy-
MAN. March, 1853. 4to., pp. 52,4 woodcuts, 2 plates of 29 figures.
(S: Cov.)

46. Plante Frémontiane: or, Descriptions of Plants collected by J. C.
Frémont in California. By Joun Torrey. 1853. 4to., pp. 24,
10 plates of 89 figures. (S. C. vz.)

47. On the Construction of Catalogues of Libraries, and their publication
by means of separate stereotyped titles. With rules and examples.
By CuHarvesC. Jewett. 1852. 8vo., pp.78. 1853. 8vo., pp. 108.

48. Bibliographia Americana Historico-Naturalis; or Bibliography of
American Natural History for the year 1851. 1851. By CHaRruEs
GirARD. December, 1852. 8vo., pp. 64.

49. Catalogue of North American Reptiles in the Museum of the Smith-
sonian Institution. By S. F. Barrp and C. Girarp. Part I.—Ser-
pents. January, 1853. 8vo., pp. 188. (M. C. m1.)

50. Synopsis of the Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan: or the region
about the mouth of the Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick. By Wm.
Srimpson. March, 1853. 4to., pp. 68, 5 plates of 57 figures.
(S.C. VE)

51. Sixth Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian
Institution, for the year 1851. 52d Congress, Ist session, Senate Mis.
No. 108. 1852. 8vo., pp. 104.

CONTENTS.
Report of Prof. J. Henry, and Proceedings of the Board.
Jewett, C. C. Smithsonian library and copyright system.
Barrp,S. F. Natural history explorations in the United States in 1851.
ForEMAN, E. Meteorological system and correspondence.
Lerpy, J. Report on fossils from Nebraska.
Turner, W. W. Indian philology.

8 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
S1. Report for 1851—Continued.
Report of Committee of American Association for Promotion of Science,
on a system of combined meteorological observations for North
America.

52. Winds of the Northern Hemisphere. By James H.Corrin. Novem-
ber, 1855. 4to., pp. 200, 6 woodcuts, 13 plates of 238 figures. (S.
C. v1.)

53. Catalogue of Portraits of North American Indians, and Sketches of
Scenery, etc., painted by J. M. Srantey. Deposited with the Smith-
sonian Institution. December, 1852. 8vo., pp. 76. (M. C. 11.)

54, Occultations of Planets and Stars by the Moon, during the year 1853.
By Joun Downes. 1853. 4to., pp. 36. (S. C. v4)

55, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Vol. V. 1853. 4to., pp.
538, 4 woodcuts, 45 plates.

CONTENTS.

Leipy, J. Flora and fauna within living animals. No. 44.

Leipy, J. Extinct species of American ox. No. 41.

Wyman, J. Anatomy of the nervous system of Rana pipiens. No. 45.
Harvey, W. H. Marine alge of North America. Part II. No. 43.
Gray, A. Plante Wrightiane. Part II. No. 42.

56. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Vol. VI. 1854. 4to., pp.

RQ

484, 9 woodcuts, 53 plates.
CONTENTS.

Torrey, J. Plante Frémontiane. No. 46.

Torrey, J. Batis maritima. No. 60.

TorReEY, J. Darlingtonia californica. No. 61.

Stimpson, W. Marine invertebrata of Grand Manan. No. 50.
Corrin, J. H. Winds of the Northern Hemisphere. No. 52.
Leipy, J. Ancient fauna of Nebraska. No. 58.

Downes, J. Occultations during the year 1853. No. 54.

57. Seventh Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian
Institution, for the year 1852. 32d Congress, 2d Session, Senate Mis.
No. 53. 1853. 8vo., pp. 96.
CONTENTS.

Report of Prof. J. Henry, and Proceedings of the Board.

Jewett, C. C. Report on library and the Halliwell manuscripts.

Barrp, 8. F. Scientific explorations in America in 1852.

ForEMAN, E. Report on meteorological system.

58. The Ancient Fauna of Nebraska: or, a Description of Remains of Ex-
tinct Mammalia and Chelonia, from the Mauvaises Terres of Ne-
braska. By Josep Letpy. June, 1853. 4to., pp. 126, 3 woodcuts,
25 plates of 126 figures. (S. C. vr.)

59. Account of a Tornado near New Harmony, Indiana, April 30, 1852,

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 9

with a map of the track, ete. By Joan CHapprrsmirn. April,
1855. 4to., pp. 12, 2 woodcuts, 1 map, 1 plate. (S. C. viz.)

60. Observations on the Batis maritima of Linneus. By Jonn Torrey.

April, 1853. 4to., pp. 8, 1 plate of 21 figures. (S. C. vz.)

61. On the Darlingtonia Californica ; a new pitcher-plant from Northern

62.

63.

California. By Jonn Torrey. April, 1855. 4to., pp. 8, 1 plate of
9 figures. (S. C. vr.)

Catalogue of the Described Coleoptera of the United States. By F. E.
MELSHEIMER. July, 18538. 8vo., pp. 190.

Notes on New Species and Localities of Microscopical Organisms. By
J. W. Batuey, February, 1854. 4to., pp. 16, 7 woodcuts, 1 plate
of 39 figures. (S. C. vm.)

64. List of Foreign Institutions in Correspondence withthe Smithsonian

65.
66.

Institution. 1856. 8vo., pp. 16.
Registry of Periodical Phenomena. Folio, pp. 4.
The Annular Eclipse of May 26,1854. 1854. 8vo., pp. 14, 1 map.

67. Eighth Annual Keport of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian

Institution for the year 1853. 38d Congress, Ist Session, Senate
Doe. No. 73, pp. 269. House of Representatives, Mis. Doc. No. 97.
1854. 8vo., pp. 310.*

CONTENTS.

Report of Prof. J. Henry, and Proceedings of the Board.

JEWETT, C. C. Report on library.

Barrp, 8. F. Report on publications, exchanges, museum, and explora-
tions. 7

BuiopeeT, L. List of meteorological observers.

Pearce, J. A. Report of Committee of Regents on distribution of Smith-
sonian income. .

MeracuamM,J. Minority report of Committee on income.

Smiruson, J. Will of

Rusu, R. Letter from, relative to James Smithson.

GILBERT, D., President of the Royal Society. Notice of Smithson.

SmirHson, J. List of papers presented by, to the Royal Society.

SMiTHsoN, J. Contributions to the Annals of Philosophy.

Act of Congress accepting Bequest, July 1, 1836.

Act of Congress to establish the Smithsonian Institution, August 10, 1846.

BERRIEN, J. McP. Construction of the Act establishing the Smith-
sonian Institution.

Henry, J. Address on the Smithsonian Institution.

* This is the first of the series of annual reports published by Congress as a bound

volume.

10 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
67. Report for 1853—Continued.
Everett, E.; Sparks, J.; Pierce, B.; Lonerettow, H. W.; Gray, A.
teport of American Academy of Arts and Sciences on Organization
of Smithsonian Institution.
Henry, J. First Report of the Secretary, Dec. 8, 1847. (Reprint.)

ce Second Report of the Secretary for 1848. es
oe Third Report of the Secretary for 1849.
e Fourth Report of the Secretary for 1850. oe
< Fifth Report of the Secretary for 1851.
SG Sixth Report of the Secretary for 1852. ee

68. Vocabulary of the Jargon or Trade Language of Oregon. By B.
Rusu Mircuet., with additions by W. W. Turner. April, 1853.
8vo., pp. 22.

69. List of Domestic Institutions in correspondence with the Smithsonian
Institution. 1853. 8vo., pp. 16.

70. The Antiquities of Wisconsin, as Surveyed and Described, by I. A.
LarHam. May, 1855. 4to., pp. 108, 65 woodcuts, one map, 54
plates of 112 figures. (S. I. viz.)

71. Archeology of the United States; or Sketches, Historical and Biblio-
graphical, of the progress of information and opinion respecting Ves-
tiges of Antiquity in the United States. By Samuret F. Haven.
July, 1856. 4to., pp. 172. (S. C. viz.)

72. A Memoir on the Extinct Sloth tribe of North America. By JosEPH
Lerpy. June, 1855. 4to., pp. 70, 16 plates of 139 figures. (S.
C. vil.)

73. Publications of Learned Societies and Periodicals in the Library of
the Smithsonian Institution. December 31, 1854. Part 1. 1855.
4to., pp. 40. (S. C. vir.)

te
74. Catalogue of Publications of the Smithsonian Institution. Corrected
to June, 1862. 8vo., pp. 52. (M.C. v.)

75. Ninth Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian
Institution, for the year 1854. Senate Mis. Doc. No. 24, 33d Con-
gress, 2d session. House of Representatives, Mis. Doc. No. 37.
1855. 8vo., pp. 464, 4 woodcuts.

CONTENTS. .

Aeport of Prof. J. Henry, and Proceedings of the Board.

Barrp, 8. F. Report on publications, exchanges, museum, and explora-
tions in the years 1858 and 1854.

ALEXANDER, B.S. Report of architect.

List of meteorological stations and observers.

MarsuH, G. P. Lecture on the camel.

BRAINARD, D. Lecture on nature and cure of bites of serpents and the
wounds of poisoned arrows.

Loomis, E. Lecture on the zone of small planets between Mars and
Jupiter.

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. ot
75. Report for 1854—Continued.

CHaNnninG, W. F. Lecture on the American fire alarm telegraph.

Reep, H. Lectures on the Union.

RusseEL1, R.; Henry, J. Lectures and notes on meteorology.

Hare, R. On John Wise’s observation of a thunderstorm.

Gispons, H. Climate of San Francisco.

Logan, T. M. Meteorological observations at Sacramento, California.

Hatcu, F. W. Meteorological observations at Sacramento, California.

FroEBEL, J. Remarks contributing to the physical geography of the
North American Continent.

Strano, J. J. Natural history of Beaver Island, Michigan.

Eorr, J. Habits of the black bass of the Ohio.

Heap, J. E. Natural history of the country about Fort Ripley, Minn.

Parvin, J. B. Habits of the gopher of Illinois.

Mann, C. Habits of a species of salamander.

Hoy, P. R. On the amblystoma luridum, a salamander inhabiting Wis.

CarLeton, J. H. Diary of an excursion in New Mexico.

Bairp, S. F. Fishes on the coast of New Jersey and Long Island.

Jackson, C. T. Catalogue of rocks, minerals, and ores collected on geo-
logical survey in Michigan.

Locket, J. Catalogue of rocks, minerals, ores, and fossils.

Foster, J. W. Catalogue of rocks, minerals, etc.

Wuitney, J. D. Catalogue of rocks, minerals, etc.

Owen, D. D. Catalogue of geological specimens.

BERLANDIER, L. Catalogue of collection of historical and geographical
manuscripts, maps, etc.

Henry, J. Circular respecting new report on libraries.

Henry, J. Circular respecting copyrights.

76. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Vol. VII. 1855. 4to.,
pp. 260, 74 woodcuts, 72 plates, two maps. “
CONTENTS.

CHAPPELSMITH, J. Tornado near New Harmony, Indiana. No. 59.

BaiLey, J. W. New species and localities of microscopic organisms.
No. 63.

Laprnam, I. A. Antiquities of Wisconsin. No. 70.

Leipy, J. Extinct sloth tribe of North America. No. 72.

Publications of societies and periodicals in Smithsonian Library. Part I.
No. 73.

77. Tenth Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian
Institution, for the year 1855. 34th Congress, Ist session, Senate
Mis. Doc. 73. House of Representatives Mis. Doc. 113. 1856.
8vo., pp. 440, 79 woodcuts.
CONTENTS.
Report of Prof. J. Henry, and Proceedings of the Board.
Bairp, 8. F. Report on publications, exchanges, museum, and explora-
tions.
List of meteorological observers.

Correspondence :
Hamitron Coutuece, Clinton, N. Y. Examination of Spencer’s Tele-

scope.

12 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
77. Report for 1855—Continued.
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, Boston, Mass. Thanks
to Smithsonian Institution for Exchanges.
STonE, WM. J. On plaster casts of antique and modern statues, ete.
ILLINoIs Srare Boarp or Epucation. Meteorological system for
every State.

BurLer, A. P. Report of Senate Judiciary Committee on the Manage-
ment of the Smithsonian Institution, Feb. 6, 1855.

Harvey, W. H. Lecture on marine alge.

Morris, J.G. Lecture on natural history as applied to farming and
gardening.

Morris, J. G. Lecture on insect instincts and transformations.

Cuace, G. I. Lecture on oxygen and its combinations.

SmirH, J. L. Lecture on meteoric stones.

SNELL, E. 8S. Lecture on planetary disturbances.

Logan, T. M. On the climate of California.

Morris, O. W.; Henry, J. Quantity of rain at different heights.

Guyot, A.; Henry J. Directions for meteorological observations,

Henry, J. Earthquake directions.

Henry, J. Aurora directions.

GreEN, J. Account of a new barometer.

Henry, J. Registration of periodical phenomena.

MASTERMAN, 8. Observations on thunder and lightning.

LETTERMAN, J. Sketch of the Navajo Indians.

Cuineman, T. L. Topography of Black Mountain, North Carolina.

RoBrInsoN, E.; LupEwie, H. E.; Squier, E. G.; Murpuey, H. C.;
Hopeson, W. B.; Irvine, W.; Prescott, W. H.; Sparks, J.;
Bancrort, G.; Hawks, F. L. Communications relative to pub-
lication of Spanish works on New Mexico, by BucKINGHAM SMI?H.

MULLER, J. Report on recent progress in physics—Galvanism.
. s

78. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Vol. VIII. 1856. 4to.,
pp. 564, 52 woodcuts, 9 plates.

CONTENTS.

Haven, 8. F. Archeology of the United States. No. 71.

OtmsteD, D. Recent secular period of aurora borealis. No. 81.

AtvorpD, B. Tangencies of circles and of spheres. No. 80.

Jones, J. Chemical and physiological investigations relative to verte-
brata. No. 82. :

Force, P. Auroral phenomena in higher northern latitudes. No. 84.

Publications of societies and periodicals in Smithsonian Library. Part
II. No. 86.

79. New Tables for determining the Values of the Coefficients in the Per-
turbative Function of Planetary Motion, which depend upon the
ratio of the mean distances. By Jonn D. Runkir. November,
1856. 4to., pp. 64. (S. C. rx.) ;

80. The Tangencies of Circles and of Spheres. By Brengamin ALvorp.
January, 1856. 4to., pp. 16, 25 woodcuts, 9 plates of 20 figures.
(S)@2 via)”

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. ey

8]. On the recent Secular Period of the Aurora Borealis. By DENIson
OumstED. May, 1856. 4to., pp. 52. (S. C. vit.)

82. Investigations, Chemical and Physiological, relative to certain Ameri-
can Vertebrata. By JosepH Jones. July, 1856. 4to., pp. 150, 27
woodcuts. (S.C. vu.)

838, On the Relative Intensity of the Heat and Light of the Sun upon
Different Latitudes of the Earth. By L. W. Mrercu. November,
1856. 4to., pp. 58, 5 woodcuts, 6 plates of 9 figures. (S. C. rx.)

84. Record of Auroral Phenomena observed in the higher Northern Lati-
tudes. By Perer Force. July, 1856. 4to., pp. 122. (S. C. virt.)

85. Publications of Learned Societies and Periodicals in the Library of the
Smithsonian Institution. Part II]. May, 1856. 4to., pp. 38. (S,
C. VIII.)

86. Observations on Mexican History and Archeology, with a special
notice of Zapotec Remains, as delineated in Mr. J. G. Sawkins’s draw-
ings of Mitla, ete. By Brantz Mayer. November, 1856. 4to.,
pp. 26, 17 woodcuts, 4 plates of 6 figures. (S. C. rx.)

87. Psychrometrical Table for Determining the Elastic Force of Aqueous
Vapor, and the Relative Humidity of the Atmosphere from indications
of the Wet and the Dry Bulb Thermometer, Fahrenheit. By JAmrs
H. Corrin. 1856. 8vo., pp. 20. (M.C. 1.)

88. Researches on the Ammonia-cobalt Bases. By Woxucorr Grppgs and
FREDERICK AuG. GentH. December, 1856. 4to., pp. 72, 21 wood-
euts GS) Chix)

89. North American Odlogy. By Taomas M. Brewer. Part I. Rap-
tores and Fissirostres. 1857. 4dto., pp. 140, 5 plates of 193 figures.
(S2' Cy x1.)

90. Illustrations of Surface Geology. By Epwarp Hrrcncock. April,
1857. 4to., pp. 164, 2 woodcuts, 12 plates of 89 figures. (S. C. 1x.)

91, Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution,
for the year 1856. 34th Congress, 3d session, Senate, No. 54, House
of Representatives, Mis. Doc. No. 55. 1857. 8vo., pp. 468, 69
woodcuts®

CONTENTS,

Report of Prof. J. Henry, and Proceedings of the Board.

Barrp, S. F. Report on publications, exchanges, museum, and explora-
tions.

List of meteorological stations and observers.

Kout, J. G. Ona collection of the charts and maps of America,

Rerp, D. B. Architecture in relation to ventilation, warming, lighting,
fire-proofing, acoustics, and the general preservation of health.

14

91.

92.

93.

94.

95.

96.

97.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
Report for 1856—Continued.
Henry, J. Syllabus of a course of lectures on physics.
Hewry, J. Acoustics applied to public buildings.
Barrp, S. F. Directions for collecting, preserving, and transporting —
specimens of natural history.
Git, T. Fishes of New York.
Guest, W. E. Ancient Indian remains near Prescott, Canada West.
SHARPLESS, T., and Patrerson, R. Phonography.
Institutions in which phonography is taught.
Watt, G. P., and Sawxkins, J.G. Report on the survey of the economic
geology of Trinidad.
BasBaGE, C. On tables of the constants of nature and art.

Henry, J. On the mode of testing building materials, and an account
of the marble used in the extension of the United States Capitol.
SMALLWoopD, C. Description of the observatory at St. Martin, Isle Jesus,

Canada East.
Merecu, L. W. Relative intensity of the heat and light of the sun.
MULLER, J. Report on recent progress in physics—electricity.

Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Vol. IX. 1857. 4to., pp.
480, 45 woodcuts, 22 plates.

CONTENTS.

MeeEcH, L. W. Intensity of heat and light of sun upon different lati-
tudes. No. 83.

Hircucock, E. Illustrations of surface geology. No. 90.

Mayer, B. Mexican history and archeology, and Zapotec remains.
No. 86.

Gipps, W. and Gentu, F. A. Researches on ammonia-cobalt bases.
No. 88.

LUNKLE, J. D. New tables, planetary motion. No. 79.

RunKLe, J. D. Asteroid supplement to new tables. No. 94.

Smithsonian Meteorological Observations for the year 1855. (Printed
for examination by the observers.) 1857. 8vo., pp. 118.

Asteroid Supplement to New Tables for determining the Values of
b and its derivatives. By Jonn D. Runxkue. May, 1857. 4to.,
ppei2. (S.C: rss)

Nereis Boreali-Americana: or, Contributions to the History of the
Marine Algz of North America. By Wittiam Henry Harvey.
Part III.—Chlorospermere. March, 1858. 4to., pp. 142, 14 plates of
44 figures. (S. C. x.) ®

Nereis Boreali-Americana: or, Contributions to a History of the Marine
Algz of North America. By Wittiam Henry Harvey.” Three
parts in one vol., with 50 plates. May, 1858. 4to., pp. 568. [Nos.
32, 45, 95.]

Magnetical Observations in the Arctic Seas. By Evisua Kent Kane.
Made during the Second Grinnell Expedition in search of Sir John

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 15

Franklin, in 1858-5455, at Van Rensselaer Harbor, and other
points on the west coast of Greenland. Reduced and discussed by
Charles A. Schott. 1859. 4to., pp. 72, 1 woodcut, 2 plates. (S.
OExe)

98. Grammar and Dictionary of the Yoruba Language. With an intro-

ductory description of the country and people of Yoruba. By T. J.
Bowen. June, 1858. 4to., pp. 232, 1 map. (S.C. x.)

99. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Vol. X. 1858. Ato., pp.
462, 1 woodcut, 16 plates, 1 map.
CONTENTS.
Harvey, W.H. Marine alge. Part III. Chlorospermez. No. 95.

Kant, E. K. Magnetical observations in the Arctic seas. No. 97.
Bowen, T. J. Grammar and dictionary of the Yoruba language. No. 98.

100. An Account of the Total Eclipse ‘ofthe Sun on September 7, 1858,
as observed near Olmos, Peru. By J. M. Gruiss. April, 1859.
Atg., pp. 22, 1 woodcut, 1 plate. (S.C. xr.)

101. Map of the Solar Eclipse of March 15, 1858. By Tuomas Hut.
January, 1858. 8vo., pp. 8, 1 plate.

102. Catalogue of the described Diptera of North America. By R. OsTEN
Sacken. January, 1858. 8vo., pp. 116. October, 1859. (M. C.
III.)

103. Meteorological Observations made at Providence, Rhode Island, from
December, 1851, to May, 1860. By A. CaswrLi. October, 1860.
Atou pp- 188) (S.C) ix.) ;

104. Meteorological Observations in the Arctic Seas. By E. K. Kane.
Made during the Second Grinnell Expedition in search of Sir John
Franklin, in 18535455, at Van Rensselaer Harbor, and other points
on the west coast of Greenland. Reduced and discussed by Charles
A. Schott. November, 1859. 4to., pp. 120, 10 woodcuts. (S. C. x1.)

105. Catalogue of North American Mammals, chiefly in the Museum of
the Smithsonian Institution. By Spencer F. Batrp. July, 1857.
4to., pp. 22.

106. Catalogue of North American Birds, chiefly in the Museum of the
Smithsonian Institution. By Spencer F. Barrp. October, 1858.
4to., pp. 42.

107. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, for the year 1857. 35th Congress, 1st Session, Senate Mis. Doe.
No. 272, House of Representatives, No. 185. 1858. 8vo., pp. 458,
100 woodcuts.

wer tA ee

16 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
107. Report for 1857—Continued.
CONTENTS.

Report of Prof. J. Henry, and Proceedings of the Board.

Batrp, 8. F. Report on publications, exchanges, museum, and explo-
rations.

List of meteorological stations and observers.

STANLEY, J. M. Report of Committee of Regents on gallery of Indian
portraits.

ConTAXAKI, Miss Eriza B. Present of ornamental album from Greece.

CuaseE, 8. P. On telegraph.

GaLE, L. D. On telegraph.

Haut, J. On telegraph.

Mason, C. On telegraph.

Henry, J. On telegraph.

Henry, J. On telegraph, deposition of, Sept. 1849.

Henry, J. Communication relative to a publication by Prof. Morse.

FELTON, C. C. Report of special committee of Board of Regents on the
communication of Prof. Henry relative to the electro-magnetic
telegraph. ,

Henry, J. History of the electro-magnetic telegraph.

LeConte, J. Lecture on coal.

ALEXANDER, S. Lecture on vastness of the visible creation.

FrEnpDLER, A. Meteorology and ethnology, Colonia Tovar, Venezuela, S. A.

Logan, T. M. Meteorology of Sacramento, California.

Dewey, C. On best hours to find mean temperatures.

Wissner, J. Meteorology of the District of Columbia.

MasrerRMAN, 8. Observations on natural phenomena, shooting stars,

aurora, etc.
MUuLueER, J. Report on recent progress in physics. (Electricity, gal-
vanism. )

108. Catalogue of North American Birds, chiefly in the Museum of the
Smithsonian Institution. By Spencer F. Barrp. 1859. 8vo. pp.
DAS (Me Cra)

108*. Same Title, (printed for labelling, with one side of each leaf blank.)

109. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, for the year 1858. 35th Congress, 2d Session, Senate Mis. Doc.
No. 49. House Rep., No.57. 1859. 8vo., pp. 448, 48 woodcuts.

CONTENTS.
Report of Prof. J. Henry, and Proceedings of the Board.
Correspondence :
ScHLEIDEN, R.. Free freight between Germany and United States to
Smithsonian Institution by the North German Lloyd.
Saprne, E. On continuance of magnetic observations.
Barrp, S. F. Report on publications, exchanges, museum, and explora-
tions.
List of meteorological stations and observers.
Caswe.1i, A. Lecture on astronomy.
Cuvier, M. Memoir of Priestley.
Bairp, 8. F.~ Instructions for collecting nests and eggs of American birds,
Barro, 8S. F. Instructions for collecting insects.

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. if
109. Report for 1858—Continued.

LeConrs, J. L. Instructions for collecting coleoptera.

Curemens, B. Instructions for collecting hymenoptera,

Unter, P. R. Instructions for collecting orthoptera.

Unter, P. R. Instructions for collecting hemiptera.

Unter, P. R. Instructions for collecting neuroptera.

Lorw, H.; Osten SAcken, 5. Instructions for collecting diptera,

CiemEns, B. Instructions for collecting lepidoptera.

Taytor, A. 8S. Grasshoppers and locusts of America.

Morscuutsky, V. On means of destroying the grasshopper.

Martins, C. Vegetable colonization of the British Isles of Shetland,
Faroe, and Iceland.

DrCanvpoiitn, A. Causes which limit vegetable species towards the
north in Europe and similar regions.

Coorrer, J. G. Distribution of the forests and trees of North America,
and catalogue of the native trees of the United States.

BuLackiston ; BLAND; WILLIs, J. R. Birds of Nova Scotia.

Branp; WruiisJ. R. Birds of Bermuda.

Duprez, M. F. Atmospheric electricity.

Mutier, J. Recent progress in physics. (Galvanism.)

Henry, J. Meteorological stations, cost of establishment of.

Hopeins, J. G. Meteorological stations of Upper Canada.

Dupuey, T. Earthquake at New Madrid, Missouri.

Naixii, D. W. Dispersion of a cloud by an electrical discharge.

Hare, R. Method of forming small weights.

FRIEDLANDER, J. Plan of a Bibliography.

Lyon, 8.8. Antiquities from Kentucky.

GARDINER, R. H. Barometer, rain and snow gauges.

Guest, W. E. Snow gauge.

GARDINER, R. H. Opening and closing of Kennebec river, Maine.

Canupas, A. Earthquakes in Guatemala.

Humepureys, A. A. Method of ascertaining the amount of water in
rivers.

110. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, for the year 1859. 36th Congress, Ist Session, House of Repre-
sentatives, Mis. Doc. No. 90. 1860. 8vo., pp. 450, 57 woodcuts.

CONTENTS,
Report of Prof. J. Henry, and Proceedings of the Board.
Batrp, 8. F. Report of publications, exchanges, museum, and explora-
tions.
List of meteorological stations and observers.
Prarck, J. A. Notice of Richard Rush.
Feiton, C. C. Notice of W. W. Turner.
Friton, ©. C. Notice of Washington Irving.
BacuE, A. D. Notice of James P. Espy.
BacuE, A. D. Notice of G. Wuirdemann.
Henry, J. Notice of Parker Cleaveland.
Correspondence :
DvuKeE or NorvuUMBERLAND. Presentation of books.
Henry, J. Account of Priestley’s lens.

18 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
110. Report for 1859—Continued.
CunARD, E. Free freight to Smithsonian Institution, between United
States and England.

Logan, W. E. Request for duplicate shells.
Ross, B. R. Observations in Hudson’s Bay Territory.

Jounson, S. W. Lectures on agricultural chemistry.

CARPENTER, P. P. Lectures on the shells of the Gulf of California.

Mapier, M. Movement of the stars around a central point.

Dra Rive, A. Report on the transactions of the Society of Physics
and Natural History of Geneva, from July, 1858, to June, 1859.

Rerzius, A. Present state of ethnology in relation to the form of the
human skull.

Frourrens, M. Memoir of Pyramus de Candolle.

Airy, G. B. On the means which will be available for correcting the
measures of the sun’s distance in the next twenty-five years.

Powett, B. Report on the state of knowledge of radiant heat, made to
the British Association in 18382, 1840, and 1854.

Hirearp, J. E. Description of the magnetic observatory at the Smith-
sonian Institution.

PoeGENDoRFF, J. C. On the use of the galvanometer as a measuring
instrument.

MA ttet, R. On observations of earthquake phenomena.

CaseLLA, L. Description of meteorological instruments.

GREEN, J.; WURDEMANN, W. On filling barometer tubes.

Wetsu, J. The construction of a standard barometer, and apparatus and
processes employed in the verification of barometers at the Kew

Observatory.
111, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Vol. XI. 1859. 4to., pp.
502, 20 woodeuts, 23 plates.
CONTENTS.
Brewer, T. M. North American Odlogy. Part 1. Raptores and Fissi-
rostres. No. 89.
Gitutss, J. M. .Total eclipse of the sun, September 7, 1858, in Peru. *

No. 100. *
Bacur, A. D. Magnetic and meteorological observations. Part I. No.
113.

Kane, E. K. Meteorological observations in the Arctic seas. No. 104.

LeConre, J. L. Coleoptera of Kansas and Eastern New Mexico. No.
126.

SonntaG, A. Observations on terrestrial magnetism in Mexico. No. 114.

Loomis, E. On certain storms in Europe and America, December, 1835.
INOW 272

112. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Vol. XII. 1860. 4to.,
pp. 538, 15 woodcuts, 3 plates.
‘ CONTENTS.
Kane, E. K. Astronomical observations in the Arctic seas. No. 129,
WuittteEsey, ©. Fluctuations of level in North American lakes. No.
Gs

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 19
112. Contributions to Knowledge. Vol. XII—Continued.
CaswEL1, A. Meteorological observations at Providence, Rhode Island,
283 years. No. 103.
SmitH, N. D. Meteorological observations near Washington, Arkansas,
20 years. No. 131. :
MircHe.i, 8S. W. Researches upon venom of the rattlesnake. No, 155.

113. Discussion of the Magnetic and Meteorological Observations made at
the Girard College Observatory, Philadelphia, in 1840—-41~42—45-—
"4445. PartI. Investigation of the eleven year period in the am-
plitude of the solar-diurnal variation and of the disturbances of the
magnetic declination. By A. D. Bacur. November, 1859. 4to.,
pp. 22, 5 woodcuts. (S. C. x1.)

114. Observations on Terrestrial Magnetism in Mexico. Conducted under
the direction of Baron Von MUtuuer, with notes and illustrations of
an examination of the voleano Popocatepetl and its vicinity. By
Aueusr Sonnrac. February, 1860. 4to., pp. 92, 4 woodcuts, one
plate. (8. C. x1.)

115. Proceedings of the Board of Regents.of the Smithsonian Institution,
in relation to the Electro-Magnetic Telegraph. 1861. 8vo., pp. 40,
7 woodcuts. (M. C. 11.)

116. List of Public Libraries, Institutions, and Societies in the United
States and British Provinces of North America. By Wriviam J.
RuHeEES. 1859. 8vo., pp. 84.

117. Catalogue of Publications of Societies and of other Periodical Works
in the Library of the Smithsonian Institution, July 1, 1858. Foreign
Works. 1859. 8vo., pp. 264. (M. C. m1.)

118. Catalogue of the Described Lepidoptera of North America. By JoHn
G. Morris. May, 1860. 8vo., pp. 76. (M. C. m1.)

119. On Fluctuations of Level in the North American Lakes. By CHARLES
WaittLEsEy. July, 1860. 4to., pp. 28, 2 plates of 4 figures. (S.
@jexr1.)

120. Results of Meteorological Observations made at Marietta, Ohio,
between 1826 and 1859, inclusive. By S. P. Hitprers. To which
are added results of observations taken at Marietta, by JosrpH
Woop, between 1817 and 1823. Reduced and discussed by Charles
A.Schott. September, 1867. 4to., pp. 52, 14 woodcuts. (8. C. xvi.)

121. Discussion of the Magnetic and Meteorological Observations made at
the Girard College Observatory, Philadelphia, in 1840-’41’—42’-43—
"4445. By A.D. Bacur. Part Il.—Investigation of the solar-
diurnal variation in the magnetic declination and its annual inequality.
June, 1862, 4to., pp. 28, 8 woodcuts. (S. C. x11.)

a) ee ee a

20 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

122. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vol. J. 1862. 8vo., pp. 758,
23 woodcuts.

° CONTENTS.

Directions for meteorological observations. No. 148.
CorFin, J. H. Psychrometrical tables. No. 87.
Guyot, A. Meteorological and physical tables. No. 153.

123. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vol. II. 1862. 8vo., pp. 714,
33 woodcuts.
CONTENTS.
Bootu, J. C.; Morrir, C. Recent improvements in chemical arts.
No. 27.
_ . Proceedings of Board of Regents in relation to the electro-magnetic tele-
graph. No. 115.
Sranutey, J. M. Catalogue of portraits of North American Indians.
No. 53.
Barrp, 8S. F. Catalogue of North American birds. No. 108.
Barry, 8. F.; Grrarp, C. Catalogue of North American reptiles. Ser-
pents. No. 49.
Check-list shells North America. No. 128.
_ Directions for collecting specimens of natural history. No. 34.
Henry, J. Circular to officers Hudson Bay Company. No. 137.
Instructions for collecting nests and eggs. No. 189.
North American grasshoppers. No. 168.
North American shells. No. 176.
Morean, L. H. Circular respecting relationship. No. 138.

124. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vol. Ill. 1862. 8vo.,
pp. 776, 49 woodcuts.
CONTENTS.
OsTEN SackeN, R. Catalogue diptera North America. No. 102.
Morris, J.G. Catalogue described lepidoptera North America. No. 118.

Le Convex, J. L. Classification coleoptera. I. No. 136.
Catalogue publications of societies in Smithsonian library. No. 117.

125. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vol. IV. 1862. 8vo.,
pp. 762, 30 woodcuts.
CONTENTS.
Haagen, H. Synopsis of North American neuroptera. No. 134.
Morris, J. G. Synopsis of North American lepidoptera. No. 133.
126. The Coleoptera of Kansas and Eastern New Mexico. By Joun L.
Le Contre. December, 1859. 4to., pp. 64, 2 plates of 35 figures,
iamap: .(S:'C. x1.)

127. On Certain Storms in Europe and America, December, 1836. By
Evias Loomis. February, 1860. 4to., pp. 28, 13 plates. (S. C. x1.)

128.

129.

130.

131.

132.
s

133.

134.

135.

136.

137.

138.

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. ml

Check-lists of the Shells of North America. By Isaac Lwa, P. P.
CARPENTER, Wm. Stimpson, W. G. Bryney, and Tempie PRIME.
June, 1860. 8vo., pp. 52. (M. C. 11.)

Astronomical Observations in the Arctic Seas. By E. K. Kane.
Made during the Second Grinnell Expedition in search of Sir John
Franklin, in 1853, 1854, and 1855, at Van Rensselaer Harbor, and
other points in the vicinity of the northwest coast of Greenland.
Reduced and discussed by Charles A. Schott. May, 1860. 4to.,
pp. 56, 3 woodcuts, 1 map. (S. C. x1.)

Tidal Observations in the Arctic Seas. By E. K. Kane. - Made
during the Second Grinnell Expedition in search of Sir John Frank-
lin, in 1853, 1854, and 1855, at Van Rensselaer Harbor. Reduced
and discussed by Charles A. Schott. October, 1860. 4to., pp. 90,
3 woodcuts, 4 plates. (S.C. xmr.)

Meteorological Observations made near Washington, Arkansas, from
1840 to 1859, inclusive. By Narsan D. Smirx. October, 1860.
4to., pp. 96. (S..C. x11.)

Discussion of the Magnetic and Meteorological Observations made at
the Girard College Observatory, Philadelphia, in 1840—41—42—43-
44~45. By A.D. Bacue. Part III.—Investigation of the influence
of the moon on the magnetic declination. June, 1862. 4to., pp. 16,
3 woodcuts. (S. C. xii.)

Synopsis of the Described Lepidoptera of North America. By JoHn
G. Morris. Part I—Diurnal and crepuscular lepidoptera. Feb-
ruary, 1862. 8vo., pp. 386, 30 woodcuts. (M. C. tv.)

Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America. With a list of the
South American species. By Hermann Hacen. July, 1861. 8vo.,
pp. 368. (M. C. rv.)

Researches upon the Venom of the Rattlesnake. With an investiga-
tion of the anatomy and physiology of the organs concerned. By
S. Werr Mircneit. December, 1860. 4to., pp. 156, 12 woodcuts.
(SiG. xar)

Classification of the Coleoptera of North America. By Joun L. Le
Contr. Part I. March, 1862. 8vo., pp. 312, 49 woodcuts. (M.
@.-17)

Circular to Officers of the Hudson’s Bay Company. 1860. 8vo., pp.
On MC) in ME Csvir.)

Circular in reference to the Degrees of Relationship among different
Nations. By Lewis H. Morean. January, 1860. 8vo., pp. 54.
(M. C. 11.)

140.

141.

142.

1438.

144,

145.

146.

147.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

. Instructions in reference to Collecting Nests and Eggs of North

American Birds. January, 1860. 8vo., pp. 22, 20 woodcuts. (M.
C. 11.)

List of the Coleoptera of North America. Prepared for the Smith-
sonian Institution. By Jonun L. Le Conte. Part I. April, 1866.
8vo., pp. 82. (M..C. vr.)

Monographs of the Diptera of North America. By H. Lorw. Part I.
Edited, with additions, by R. Osten Sacken. April, 1862. 8vo.,
pp. 246, 15 woodcuts, 2 plates of 42 figures. (M. C. vr.)

Bibliography of North American Conchology, previous to the year
1860. By W. G. Binney. Part I—American Authors. Mareh,
1863. 8vo., pp. 658. (M. C. v.)

Land and Fresh-Water Shells of North America. By W. G. Bryney.
Part I1.—Pulmonata Limnophila and Thalassophila. September,
1865. 8vo., pp. 172, 372 woodcuts. (M. C. viz.)

Land and Fresh-Water Shells of North America. By W. G. Bry-
why. Part I1J.—Ampullariide, Valvatide, Viviparidee, fresh-water
Rissoide, Cyclophorid, Truncatellide, fresh-water Neritidze, Heli-
cinide. September, 1865. 8vo., pp. 128,253 woodcuts. (M. C. vir.)

Monograph of American Corbiculade, (recent and fossil.) By TempLe
Prime. December, 1865. 8vo., pp. 92, 86 woodcuts. (M. C. viz.)

Meteorological Observations in the Arctic Seas. By FrRANcts Lxo-
potp McCuryrock. Made on board the Arctic searching yacht
“ Pox,” in Baffin Bay and Prince Regent’s Inlet, in 1857, 1858, and
1859. Reduced and discussed by Charles A. Schott. May, 1862.
Ato., pp. 164, 15 woodcuts, | map. (S. C. xii.)

Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, for the year 1860. 56th Congress, 2d Session. Senate Mis.
Doc., No. 21, 1861. 8vo., pp. 448, 73 woodcuts.

CONTENTS.

Henry, J. Secretary’s report of operations.

BoarD OF REGENTS, Proceedings of

Barrp, 8. F. Report on publications, exchanges, museuna, and explora-
tions.

List of meteorological stations and observers.

List of meteorological material contributed to Smithsonian Institution.

ES

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
147. Report for 1860—Continued.

Correspondence : :

CITIZENS OF PHILADELPHIA. Memorial relative to Lowe’s aeronautic

voyages across the Atlantic.

Lepsius, R. Presentation of books on Egypt.

Miuuer, F. On Smithsonian exchanges.

Hincks, WM. On Smithsonian exchanges.
Henry, J. Reply to memorial on Lowe’s aeronautic voyage.
Henry, J. On currents of the atmosphere and aerial navigation.
Rogers, F. Lectures on roads and bridges.
CaRPENTER, P. P. Lectures on mollusca, or shell fish, and their allies.
Mortot, A. General views on archeology.
The microscope.
Nicxies, M. J. Scientific Congress of Carlsruhe, 1858.
Cuvier, M. Memoir of René Just Haiiy.
SABINE, E. Magnetic storms.
GARDINER, R. H. Disappearance of ice.
FENDLER, A. Temperature of St. Louis, Missouri.
Dewey, C. Best hours for temperature observations.

: Hewry, J. Description of Smithsonian anemometer.

Newton, A. Suggestions for saving parts of the skeleton of birds.
Votium, E. P. On the wingless grasshopper of California.
WuRDEMAN, G. Specimens of flamingo, etc., from South Florida.
GESNER, W. Habits of pouched rat, or salamander of Georgia.
BARNARD, V._ Birds of Chester county, Pennsylvania.
Cooper, J. G. Forests and trees of Florida and the Mexican Boundary.

bo
Go

148. Directions for Meteorological Observations and the Registry of Peri-
odical Phenomena. 1860. 8vo., pp. 72, 23 woodcuts. (M. C. 1.)

149. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, for the year 1861. 37th Congress, 2d Session, House of Repre-
sentatives Mis. Doc., No. 77. 1862. 8vo., pp. 464, 25 woodcuts.

CONTENTS.

Henry, J. Secretary’s report of operations.
Boarp or REGENTS, Proceedings of
Barrp, 8. F. Report on publications, exchanges, museum, and explora-
tions,
List of meteorological stations and observers.
List of meteorological material contributed to Smithsonian Institution.
Kina, C. B. Catalogue of engravings presented to the Smithsonian Insti-
tution.
Correspondence :
FLADGATE, CLARKE, and Fincu. Smithson’s residuary legacy.
Kunuarpr & Co. Free freight to Smithsonian Institution, between
United States and Germany.
Troyon, F. Lacustrian habitations.
Mortor, A. Archeology.
Hitt, A. J. Map of antiquities of United States.
Royat ACADEMY OF ScrENCE, Maprip. Exchanges.

24 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
149. Report for 1861—Continued.
* Mexican Soc. or Grog. AND Srarysrics. Exchanges.
Hacen, H. Neuroptera.
HAMILTON CoLLEGE, Ciinton, N. Y. Exchange of specimens.
Copp, J. A. Acknowledgment for books.
SHEPARD, C. U. Arrangement of mineralogical collection.
University or Toronto. - Scientific co-operation.
Royat HorricuLTuRAL Society, Lonpon. Exchange of publica-
tions.
BETHUNE, OC. J. Acknowledgment for books.
Pease, W. H. Acknowledgment for shells, ete.
Circular of the Institute of Rupert’s Land.
CRUMMELL, A. Facts respecting Liberia College.
GIBBS, G.; AND OTHERS. Recommendation of Shea’s Indian lin-
guistics.
Sura, J.G. Account of library of Indian linguistics.
Wootsey, T. D. Eulogy on Cornelius C. Felton.

os Cox, 8.8. Eulogy on Stephen A. Douglas.
Rogers, F. Lecture on bridges.
ALEXANDER, S. Lecture on the relations of time and space. :

Hayes, I. I. Lecture on Arctic explorations.
Fiovurens, M. Memoir of Geoffroy Saint Hilaire.
LavueeEL, A. Thesun, its chemical analysis.
Lex, Dr. Progress of astronomical photography.
LEsPIAULT, PRor. Small planets between Mars and Jupiter.
Durour, C.; Kamrz. Scintillation of the stars.
DausréE, M. Metamorphism and the formation of crystalline rocks.
Crate, B. F. Nitrification.
Hunt, T. 8. History of petroleum or rock-oil.
ALLEN, Z. Explosibility of coal oils.
Destructive effect of iron-rust.
Troyon, F. Lacustrian cities of Switzerland.
RuTIMEYER, A. Fauna of Middle Europe during the Stone Age.
Troon, F. Report on ethnological collections of Museum at Lausanne.
Troyon, F. Archeological researches made at Concise.
PEALE, T. R. Ancient mound in St. Louis, Missourt.
Ginpss, G. Instructions for archeological investigations
Henry, J. Circular, ancient mining in Lake Superior Copper Region.
Morean, L. H. Suggestions relative to ethnological map of North
America.
Covrs, E.; Prenriss,S. 8. List of birds of the District of Columbia.
PRIZE QUESTIONS :
Holland Society of Science, Harlem.
Batavian Society of Experimental Philosophy of Rotterdam.
Society of Arts and Sciences of Utrecht.
Royal Academy of Netherlands.

150. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, for the year 1862. 57th Congress, 3d session, House of Repre-
sentatives Mis. Doc., No. 25. 1863. 8vo., pp. 446, 94 woodcuts.

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 25

150. Report for 1862—Continued.
CONTENTS.
Hewry, J. Secretary’s report of operations.
Boarp oF REGENTS, Proceedings of
Barrp, 8. F. Report on publications, exchanges, museum, and explora-
tions.
List of meteorological stations and observers.
List of meteorological material contributed to Smithsonian Institution.
Correspondence :
Stanton, E. M. Deposit of Beaufort library.
Cansy, E. Deposit of Bishop Johns’ library.
Srptey, H. Meteorological telegrams.
ENGLEMANN,G. Heights of mountains in Colorado.
Guyot, A. On mountain measurements.
HvuBBARD, J. 8. Investigations of Biela’s comet.
Daruineton, W. History of Chester county, Pa.
Lyman, THEODORE. Ethnographical collections.
Dz ScHiaGiIntweit, H. Ethnographical collections.
Daa, L. K. Ethnological Museum of Norway.
Ditxte, I. Antiquities in Missouri and Tennessee.
Reip, A. Skulls and mummy from Patagonia.
Gispss, G. Philological circular.
Ginss, G. Ethnological map of United States.
Gipss, G. Indian vocabularies.
Warkins, E. A. Systems of relationship of Cree Indians.
FLACHENECKER, G. Indian languages.
Prase, W. H. Natural history of Pacific islands.
Wirtz, H. R. Herbarium captured in Tennessee.
‘Merrentus, G. Acknowledgment for ferns.
Der Saussure, H. Hymenoptera.
Romero, M. Explorations of John Xantus in Mexico,
Bacue, A. D. Eulogy on James A. Pearce.
BARNARD, F. A. P. Lectures on the undulatory theory of light.
Witson, D. Lectures on physical ethnology.
Mortot, A. Lecture on the study of high antiquity.
Luspock, J. North American archeology..
Fiovurens, M. Historical sketch of the Academy of Science of Paris.
Friovurens, M. Memoir of Leopold von Buch.
Frourens, M. Memoir of. Louis Jacques Thenard.
QUATREFAGES, M. Memoir of Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire.
Puirson, T. L. The catalytic force,-or studies on the phenomena of
contact.
HerRscHeEL, J. On atoms.
Lestzey, J. P. On the classification of books,
Riep, A. Human remains from Patagonia.
PRIZE QUESTIONS :
London Institution of Civil Engineers.
Provincial Society of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht.
Royal Danish Society of Science.
Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna.

-

26 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

151. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Vol. XIII. 1863. 4to.,
pp. 558, 80 woodcuts, 4 plates, 3 maps.

CONTENTS. $

Kane, E. K. Tidal observations, Arctic seas. No. 130.
McCuintocx, F. L. Meteorological observations, Arctic seas. No. 146.
WuittLesey, C. Ancient mining on shores of Lake Superior. No. 155.
BacueE, A. D. Discussion, Girard College observations. Part II. No.
121.
BacueE, A. D. Discussion, Girard College observations. Part III. No.
1382.
Bacur, A. D. Discussion, Girard College observations. Parts IV, V,
Vi No.t62:
BacuHeE, A. D. Magnetic survey of Pennsylvania, &c. No. 166.
MircHe.yi, 8S. W.; Morenouser, G. R. Researches upon anatomy and
physiology of chelonia. No. 159.
152. Lectures on Mollusca or “ Shell-fish,” and their Allies. Prepared for
the Smithsonian Institution. By Pxrinip.P. Carpenter. 1861.

8vo., pp. 140.

1538. Tables, Meteorological and Physical, Prepared for the Smithsonian
Institution. By Arnotp Guyor. Third edition, revised and en-
larged. 1859. 8vo., pp. 688. (M. C. 1.)

CONTENTS,

I. Thermometrical tables, A.
II. Hygrometrical tables, B.
III. Barometrical tables, C.
IV. Hypsometrical tables, D.
V. Meteorological corrections, E.
VI. Miscellaneous tables, F.

154. List of Foreign Correspondents of the Smithsonian Institution. Cor-
rected to January, 1862. May, 1862. 8vo., pp. 56. (M.C. v.)

155. Ancient Mining on the Shores of Lake Superior. By CHARLES
Wuirtiesey. April, 1863. 4to., pp. 34, 30 woodcuts, 1 map. (S.
C. xIIt.)

156. Catalogue of Minerals, with their Formulas, ete. By T. Eauesron.
June, 1863.~ 8vo., pp. 56. (M. C. vit.)

157. Results of Meteorological Observations made under the direction of
the United States Patent Office and the Smithsonian Institution, from
the year 1854 to 1859, inclusive, being a Report of the Commissioner
of Patents made at the first session of the 36th Congress. Vol. I.
1861. 386th Congress, Ist session, Senate Ex. Doc. 4to., pp. 1270.

158. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vol. V. 1864. 8vo., pp. 774.

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 27
158. Miscellaneous Collections. Vol. V—Continued.

CONTENTS.

Binneéy, W.G. Bibliography of North American conchology. No, 142.

Catalogue of publications of the Smithsonian Institution to June, 1862.
No. 74.

List of foreign correspondents of the Smithsonian Institution to January,
1862. No. 154.

159. Researches upon the Anatomy and Physiology of Respiration in the
Chelonia. By S. Were Mircneit and Grorcre R. Morenouse.
April, 1863. 4to., pp. 50, 10 woodeuts. (S. C. xr.)

160. Instructions for Research Relative to the Ethnology and Philology
of America. By Grorce Gipgs. March, 1863. 8vo., pp. 56.
(M. C. vir.)

161. A Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon or Trade Language of Oregon.
By Grorce Gipss. March, 1863. 8vo., pp. 60. (M. C. viz.)

162. Discussion of the Magnetic and Meteorological Observations made at
the Girard College Observatory, Philadelphia, in 1840—-41-’42—43-
4445, Second section, comprising Parts IV, V,and VI. Horizon-
tal force. Investigation of the eleven (or ten) year period and of
the disturbances of the horizontal component of the magnetic force,
with an investigation of the solar diurnal variation, and of the an-
nual inequality of the horizontal force, and of the lunar effect on the
same. By A. D. Bacure. November, 1862. 4to., pp. 78, 11 wood-
euts. 7S) C: x11)

163. Circular in Reference to the History of North American Grasshop-
pers. January, 1860. 8vo., pp. 4. (M. C. 1.)

164. Smithsonian Museum Miscellanea. 1862. 8vo., pp.88. (M. C. vit.)

.
CONTENTS.

Abbreviations of names of States and Territories of North America, for
labelling insects, shells, &c.

A series of small figures, from 1-1643.

A series of medium figures, from 1-2747.

A series of large figures, from 1—2599.

Blank check-list of specimens.

No. 5. consists of columns of figures from 1 to 1,000, and of two series, 25
and 50, to the 8vo. column. All these are stereotyped and printed
with from one to eight columns on each page, with blank spaces of
greater or less extent, as may be required.

165. Monograph of the Bats of North America. By H. Auten. June,
1864. 8vo., pp. 110, 73 woodcuts. (M. C. vir.)

28

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

166. Records and Results of a Magnetic Survey of Pennsylvania and parts

167.

168.

169.

170.

17.

172.

173.

174.

175.

of Adjacent States, in 1840 and 1841, with some additional records
and Results of 1834, 1835, 1843 and 1862, and a map. By A. D.
Bacue. October, 1863. 4to., pp. 88,1 map. (S. C. x1m.)

New Species of North American Coleoptera. By Jonn L. Le Conve.
Part I. March, 1863. April, 1866. 8vo., pp. 180. (M.C. v1.)

Circular Relative to Collections of Birds from Middle and South
America. December, 1863. 8vo.,spp. 2. (M. C. vut.)

Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vol. VI. 1867. 8vo.,
pp. 888. 15 woodcuts, 7 plates of 106 figures.
CONTENTS.
Lorw, H. Monograph of diptera. Part I. No. 141.
Loew, H. Monograph of diptera. Part II. No. 171.

Le Conte, J. L. List of coleoptera of North America. No. 140.
Le Contr, J. L. New species of North American coleoptera. No. 167.

Comparative Vocabulary. May, 1863. 4to., pp. 20.

Monographs of the Diptera of North America. By H. Loew.
Part II. Edited by R. Osten Sacken. January, 1864. 8vo.,
pp. 372, 5 plates of 44 figures. (M. ©. vr.)

Paleontology of the Upper Missouri; a Report upon Collections
made principally by the Expeditions under command of Lieutenant
G. Ik. Warren, United States Topographical. Engineers, in 1855 and
1856. Invertebrates. By F. B. Meex and F. V. Haypen. Part I.
April, 1865. 4to., pp. 158, 48 woodcuts, 5 plates of 41 figures. (S.
C. xiv.)

The Gray Substance of the Medulla Oblongata and Trapezium. By:
JoHn Dean. February, 1864. 4to., pp. 80, 5 woodcuts, 16 plates
of 65 figures. (S. C. xvr.)

Bibliography of North American Conchology previous to the year
1860. By W.G. Bryney. PartII. Foreign authors. June, 1864.
8vo., pp. 802. (M. C. 1x.)

Discussion of the Magnetic and Meteorological Observations made at
the Girard College Observatory, Philadelphia, in 1840, 1841, 1842,
1845, 1844 and 1845. Third section, comprising Parts VII, VIII,
and IX. Vertical force. Investigations of the eleven (or ten) year
period and of the disturbances of the vertical component of the mag-
netic force, and appendix on the magnetic effect of the aurora bore-
alis; with an investigation of the solar diurnal variation, and of the

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 29

annual inequality of the vertical force; and of the lunar effect on
the vertical force, the inclination, and total force. By A. D. Bacuer.
April, 1864. 4to., pp. 72, 14 woodcuts. (S. C. xrv.)

176. Circular in Reference to Collecting North American Shells. January,
1860. 8vo., pp. 4. (M. C. 11.)

177. Check-list of the Invertebrate Fossils of North America. Cretaceous
and Jurassic. By F.B.Mrrex. April, 1864. 8vo., pp. 42. (M.
C. vit.)
178. Circular to Entomologists. 1860. 8vo., pp. 2. (M. C. vim.)
+

179. Catalogue of Publications of Societies and of Periodical Works, be-
longing to the Smithsonian Institution, January 1, 1866. 1866. 8vo.,
pp. 596. (M. C. 1x.)

180. On the Construction of a Silvered Glass Telescope, fifteen and a half
inches in aperture, and its use in Celestial Photography. By Henry
Drarer. July, 1864. 4to., pp. 60, 53 woodcuts. (S. C. xiv.)

181. Review of American Birds in the Museum of the Smithsonian Insti-
tution. By S. F. Barrp. Part I—North and Middle America.
June, 1864—June, 1866. 8yo., pp. 484, 80 woodeuts. (M. C. xi.)

182. Results of Meteorological Observations made under the Direction of
the United States Patent Office and the Smithsonian Institution, from
the year 1854 to 1859, inclusive, being a Report of the Commissioner
of Patents made at the first session of the 36th Congress. Vol. II.

Part I. 36th Congress, Ist session. Senate Ex. Doc. 1864. 4to.,
pp. O46.

188. Check-list of the Invertebrate Fossils of North America. Miocene.
By F. B. Meex. November, 1864. 8vo., pp. 34. (M. C. vi.)

184, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Vol. XIV. 1865. 4to.,
pp. 490, 158 woodcuts, 25 plates.

CONTENTS.

Bacur, A. D. Discussion Girard College observations. Parts WIT,
NORDENEX No. bib.

Bacuet, A. D. Discussion Girard College observations. Parts X, XI,
XII. No. 186.

DraprEr, H. Construction of silvered glass telescope and its use in celes-
tial photography. No. 180.

MexExk, F. B.; Haypen, F. V. Paleontology of the Upper Missouri.
No. 172.

Livy, J. Cretaceous reptiles of the United States. No. 192.

a

30 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

185. List of the Described Birds of Mexico, Central America, and the
West Indies not in the Collection of the Smithsonian Institution.
: January 1, 1863. 8vo., pp. 8.

186. Discussion of the Magnetic and Meteorological Observations made at
the Girard College Observatory, Philadelphia, 1840-41~42—45—4-4
45. Fourth section, comprising Parts X, XI and XII. Dip and
total force; analysis of the disturbances of the dip and total force ; |
discussion of the solar diurnal variation and annual inequality of the
dip and total force ; and discussion of the absolute dip, with the final
values for declination, dip and foreg between 1841 and 1845. By A.
D. Bacnr. April, 1865. 4to., pp. 42, 8 woodcuts. (S. C. xrv.)

187. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, for the year 1863. 38th Congress, Ist Session. House of Rep-
resentatives, Mis. Doc. No. 85. 1864. 8vo., pp. 420, 56 woodcuts.

CONTENTS.
Henry, J. Secretary’s report of operations.
Boarp oF REGENTS, Proceedings of
Barrp, 8. F. Report of publications, exchanges, museum, and explora-
tions.
List of meteorological stations and observers.
Meteorological material contributed to Smithsonian Institution.
Correspondence :
Gou.p, B. A. Discussion of Piazzi’s astronomical observations.
PackarpD, F. A. Project of an outline history of education in the
United States.
CHAMBER OF COMMERCE OF BorRDEAUX. Exchange of publications.
AGRICULTURAL AssocraTIoN oF MiLnan. Exchange of publications.
Irwin, B. J. D. Tucson meteorite.
Santiago Arnsa. Tucson meteorite.
Poon, H. Cone-in-cone.
HuNGARIAN NationaL MuskeumM. Acknowledgment for birds.
UNIVERSITY OF CHRISTIANIA, Norway. Ethnological specimens
presented.
Imp. Gronoa. INstrrurE, VIENNA.” Tertiary fossils presented.
British MusreuM. Electrotypes of engravings of shells granted.
Fisoer, J.G. Acknowledgment of perrennibranchiates.
Haipinger, W. Honorary medal to Von Martius.
Hupson’s Bay Co. Kennicott’s explorations.
Wuitnty, W. D. Lectures on the principles of linguistic science.
DreBraumMont, Evtz. Memoir of C. F. Bautemps-Beaupré.
ALEXANDER, C. A. Origin and history of the Royal Society of London.
WETHERILL, C. M. Modern theory of chemical types.
De La Rive, A. Phenomena which accompany the propagation of elec-
tricity in highly rarefied elastic fluids.
Marcet, Pror. Report on Society of Physics and Natural History of
Geneva; from July, 1862, to June, 1865.

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. Dk

187. Report for 1863—Continued.

PLATEAU, J. Experimental and theoretical researches on the figures of
equilibrium of a liquid mass withdrawn from the action of gravity.
Part, Ll:

History of discovery relative to magnetism.

GAUTIER, Pror. Researches relative to the nebula.

Merino, St. M. Figure of the earth.

ARAGO, F. Hronautic voyages, etc.

_ GLAISHER, JAs. Account of balloon ascensions.

BaAxkGERT, JAc. Aboriginal inhabitants of the California peninsula.

Jones, J. M. Kjcekken-meedding in Nova Scotia.

Mortot, A. Abstract of Dr. Keller’s report on lacustrian settlements.

Rav, C. Agricultural implements of the North American stone period.

TROWBRIDGE, D. Ancient fort and burial ground in Tompkins county,
New York.

Ketuey, O. H. Ancient town in Minnesota.

Foster, J. W. Ancient relics in Missouri.

DANILsEN, A. F. Mound in East Tennessee. :

Purple dyeing, ancient and modern.

Peare, T. R. Method of preserving lepidoptera.

FIGANIERRE, M. Account of remarkable accumulation of bats.

Tables of English and French weights and measures.

: Table for conversion of centigrade degrees to Fahrenheit’s scale.

188. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, for the year 1864. 858th Congress, 2d Session. House of Rep-
resentatives, Mis. Doe. 1865. 8vo., pp. 450, 50 woodcuts.

CONTENTS.
Henry, J. Secretary’s report of operations.
Boarp or REGENTS, Proceedings of
Wess, T. W. Account of Prof. Henry Draper’s telescope.
Leripy, Jos. Review of ‘ Cretaceous reptiles of United States.’’
Barrp,8.F. Report on publications, exchanges, museum, and explorations.
List of foreign institutions from which donations to the library have been
received in exchange. 1860-64.
List of meteorological stations and observers.
Meteorological material contributed to Smithsonian Institution.
Watuiacu, R.; Henry, J. Report of Committee of Regents in relation
to the fire, January, 1865.
Fourier, Jos. Memoir of Delambre.
Detaunay, M. Kssay on the velocity of light.
WETHERILL, C. M. Ozone and antozone.
Jamin, J. Vegetation and the atmosphere.
BEcQUEREL, M. Preservation of copper and iron in salt water.
Preservation of wood.
Caoutchoue and gutta percha.
, Von Karontyt; Craic, B. F. Products of the combustion of gun-cotton
and gun-powder.
PETTENKOFER, Max. Apparatus for testing the results of perspiration
and respiration. é
Lamont, J. The solar eclipse of July 18, 1860.

32 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS !
188 Report for 1864—Continued. |
DePrapos, M. Le Baron. LEelipse of the sun, April 25, 1865. |
Dusy, M. Report on the transactions of the Society of Physics and
Natural History of Geneva, 1861.
DECANDOLLE, A. Report on the transactions of the Society of Physics
and Natural History, 1862.
Troyon, Frep. On the crania helvetica.
PLATEAU, J. Experimental and theoretical researches on the figures of
equilibrium of a liquid mass withdrawn from the action of gravity,
Cte. arte aul, WT eave
Rav, C. Artificial shell deposits in New Jersey.
Ginss, G. The intermixture of races.
Baxrcert, J. Aboriginal inhabitants of the California peninsula. Part II.
Morwot, A. The study of high antiquity in Europe.
PRIZE QUESTIONS :
Holland Society of Sciences at Harlem.
Imperial Society of Natural Sciences of Cherbourg.
Reyab Prussian Academy of Sciences.
Imperial Academy of Sciences at Vienna.
EXPLORATIONS:
Scientific expedition to Mexico. A report addressed to the Emperor
of France by the Minister of Public Instruction.
Kirsy, W. W. A journey to the Yukon, Russian America. ‘
Feiuner, J. Explorations in Upper California in 1860.
Hoy, P. R. Journal of an exploration of Western Missouri in 1854.
Tables of English and French weights and measures. :
Table of chemical equivalents of sixty-three elements.

189. Catalogue of the Orthoptera of North America described previous
to 1867. By Samuret H. ScuppeEr. October, 1868. 8vo., pp. 110.
(M. C. vit.)

190. Queries Relative to Tornadoes. By JosepH Henry. §$vo., pp. 4, 1
woodcut. (M. C. x.)

191. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vol. VII. 1867. 8vo., pp.
878, 815 woodeuts.
CONTENTS.
ALtEN, H. Monograph of bats of North America. No. 165.
BinnEY, W. G. Land and fresh-water shells of North America. Part

i wNo.al4s:
Binney, W. G. Land and fresh-water shells of North America. Part?
III. No. 144:

Srimpson, W. Hydrobiine. No. 201.

Pre, T. Monograph of American corbiculade. No. 145.

Conran, T. A. Check-list of fossils—eocene and oligocene. No, 200.

Merk, F. B. Check-list of fossils—miocene. No. 183.

Merk, F. B. Check-list of fossils—cretaceous and jurassic. No. 177.

Ea@veston, T. Catalogue of minerals. No. 156.

Gisss, G. Dictionary of Chinook jargon. No. 161.

Gisss, G. Instructions for ethnological and philological research. No. 160.

List of works published by the Smithsonian Institution to January, 1866.
No. 203:

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. oer

192. Cretaceous Reptiles of the United States. By Josepn Lerpy. May,
1865. 4to., pp. 142, 35 woodcuts, 20 plates of 309 figures. (8S. C.
XIV.)

193. Duplicate Shells Collected by the United States Exploring Expedition
under Captain C. Wilkes. 8vo., pp. 4.

194. Land and Fresh-water Shells of North America. Part [—Pulmonata
geophila. By W. G. Binney and T. Buanp. February, 1869.
8vo., pp. 328, 723 woodcuts. (M. C. viit.)

195. Discussion of the Magnetic and Meteorological Observations made at
the Girard College Observatory, Philadelphia, in 1840-41-42—43-
"44-7455 Parts [I to XII inclusive. (Nos. 113™, 121", 132*™,
1620", 175*, 186*"".) 4to., pp. 262, 49 woodcuts.

196. Physical Observations in the Arctic Seas. By Isaac I. Hayes. Re-

duced and discussed by Charles A. Schott. June, 1867. 4to., pp.
286, 15 woodcuts, 3 maps, 3 plates. (S. C. xv.)

197. On the Fresh-water Glacial Drift of the Northwestern States. By
CHARLES WHITTLESEY. May, 1866. 4to., pp. 38, 14 woodcuts, 1
map, 1 plate. (S. C. xv.)

198. Physical Observations in the Arctic Seas. By Exvisoa Kenr Kanr.
Made during the Second Grinnell Expedition in Search of Sir John
Franklin, in 1858, 1854, and 1855, at Van Rensselaer Harbor and
other points on the West Coast of Greenland. Reduced and dis-
cussed by Charles A. Schott. Part I—Magnetism. II.—Meteorology.
IIi—Astronomy. I1V.—Tides. (Nos. 97*, 104™,, 129%", 130*"1)
1859-60. 4to., pp. 340, 17 woodcuts, 1 map, 6 plates.

199. An Investigation of the Orbit of Neptune, with General Tables of its
Motion. By Srwon Newcoms. January, 1866. 4to., pp. 116.
(S. C. xv.)

200. Check-list of the Invertebrate Fossils of North America, Eocene

and Oligocene. By T.A.Conrap. May,1866. 8vo., pp. 46. (M,
C. vit.)

201. Researches upon the Hydrobiine and Allied Forms; chiefly made
upon materials in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. By
Witiram Srimpson. August, 1865. 8vo., pp. 64, 32 woodcuts.
(M. C. vir.)

202. Geological Researches in China, Mongolia, and Japan, during the
years 1862 to 1865. By RarHarn, Pumpeiity. August, 1866. 4to.,
pp- 178, 18 woodcuts, 3 plates of 10 figures, 6 plates of 15 maps. (S.

C. xv.)
3

b4

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

208. List of Works published by the Smithsonian Institution. January,

1866. 8vo., pp. 12. (M. C. vit.)

204. Results of Meteorological Observations made at Brunswick, Maine,

between 1807 and 1859. By PARKER CLEAVELAND. Reduced and
discussed by Charles A. Schott. May,1867. 4to., pp. 60, 8 woodcuts.
(S.C. xvi.)

. s
205. Circular Relating to Collections in Archeology and Ethnology. By

JosEPH Henry. January, 1867. 8vo., pp.2. (M.C. vir.)

206. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Vol. XV. 1867. 4to.,

pp. 620, 47 woodcuts, 13 plates, 4 maps.

CONTENTS.

Newcoms, 8. Orbit of Neptune. No. 199. :

WuittLesry, UC. Fresh-water glacial drift of Northwestern States. No.
197.

Pumpe.tiy, R. Geological researches in China, Mongolia, and Japan.
No. 202.

Hayes, I. I. Physical observations in the Arctic seas. No. 196.

207. Suggestions Relative to Objects of Scientifie Investigation in Russian

208.

209.

America. By JosrpH Henry. May, 1867. 8vo., pp. 10. (M.
C. vit.)

The Gliddon Mummy Case in the Museum of the Smithsonian Insti-
tution. By CHarves Pickertne. June, 1867. 4to., pp. 6, 1 plate.
Sy Ciexvrs)

Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Insti-
tution, for the year 1865. 39th Congress, Ist Session, House of
Representatives Mis. Doc. No. 102. 1866. 8vo., pp. 496, 189 wood-
cuts.

CONTENTS.

Henry, J. Secretary’s report of operations.
BoaRD oF ReGeNts. Proceedings of
Barrp, S. F. Report of publications, exchanges, museum, and explora-
tions.
List uf addresses of foreign institutions since 1862.
List of meteorological stations and observers.
List of meteorological material contributed.
Correspondence :
Henry, J. Letter to Secretary of Treasury on payment of interest
in coin.
Lerpy, J.; Tryon, G@. W. Report on shells presented to Academy
of Natural Sciences.
Mexican Soc. oF Grog. AND Statistics. Exchange system.

209.

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 35

Report for 1865—Continued.

Evans, J. Climate of Colorado.

GiveN, W. F. Remarkable electric phenomenon.

Hate, C. Explorations of the Nile.

Minine Depr., MELBOURNE. Exchange system.

CARLETON, J. H. Meteorites in Mexico.

ConraD, T. A. Chalk found in United States.

REGENTS OF UNIVERSITY oF STATE OF NEW York. Acknowledg-
ment for specimens.

McMasters,§$. Y. Language of Navajos said to resemble the Welsh.

Gisss, G. Indian languages.

Lisspoa, M. M. Books on Brazil presented.

BRAZILIAN Nat. Hist. Museum. Specimens from Brazil presented.

BERN Museum. Request for Bison.

IMPERIAL LIBRARY OF VIENNA. Books presented.

Bruce, Ff. W. A., British Minister. Introducing and recommending
Dr. Berendt.

De Irisarri, A. T., Guatemalan Minister. Introducing and recom-
mending Dr. Berendt.

Motina, L., Costa Rican Minister. Introducing and recommending
Dr. Berendt.

Rosine, J. Exchange system.

GOVERNMENT OF BREMEN. Exchange system.

Hopetns, J. G. Meteorological system of Canada.

British MuseuM. Acknowledgment of specimens.

Toronto Universiry. Objects of the Museum.

Petrror, E. Account of the Indians of British America.

Act of Congress to transfer Smithsonian Library to Library of Congress.

BaRnarpD, J. G. Eulogy on Gen. Jos. G. Totten.

FLourENS, M. Memoir of Ducrotay de Blainville.

CHossat, Dr. Report on the transactions of the Society of Physics and
Natural History of Geneva, from July, 1868, to June, 1864.

PiLantamour, M. E. Report on the transactions of the Society of Physics
and Natural History of Geneva, from July, 1864, to June, 1865.

Loomis, E. Aurora Borealis, or Polar Light ; its phenomena and laws.

THE SENSES. Sense of feeling ; sense of smell.

Marrevcci, C. Lectures on electro-physiology.

Desor, E. Palafittes or Lacustrian constructions of the Lake of Neu-
chatel.

PuLatTEeAu, J. Experimental and theoretical researches on the figures of
equilibrium of a liquid mass withdrawn from the action of gravity,
ete. Part V.

LILLJEBORG, W. Outline of a systematic review of the classification of
birds.

PRIZE QUESTIONS :

Royal Danish Society of Sciences.

Imperial Academy of Sciences of Vienna.

Pontifical Academy of the Nuovi Lincei. ;

Royal Scientific and Literary Institute of Lombardy.

Imperial Society of Science, Agriculture, and Arts of Lille.

Dunkirk Society for the encouragement of sciences, letters, and arts.
Newton, H. A. Metric system of weights and measures, with tables.

36 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

210. Arrangement of Families of Birds, adopted provisionally by the
Smithsonian Institution. By S. F. Barrp. June, 1866. 8vo., pp. 8.
(M. C. vt.)

211. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Vol. XVI. 1870. 4to.,
pp. 498, 76 woodcuts, 18 plates.
CONTENTS.

Dean, J. Gray substance of the medulla oblongata and trapezium. No.
173.

CLEAVELAND, P. Meteorological observations, Brunswick, Maine, 53
years. No. 204.

Hitpretu, 8. P. Meteorological observations, Marietta, O. No. 120.

Pickerine, C. Gliddon mummy case. No. 208.

Corrin, J. H. Orbit and phenomena of a meteoric fire ball. No. 221.

Goutp, B. A. Transatlantic longitude. No. 223.

Swan, J.G. Indians of Cape Flattery. No. 220.

212. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vol. VIII. 1869. 8vo., pp.
921, 730 woodcuts, 4 plates.
CONTENTS.

OsTEN SACKEN, R. Monograph of the diptera of North America. Part

TV <. Nio.F 20:
ScuppgER, 8S. H. Catalogue of the orthoptera of North America. No.
189.

Brnney, W. G.; BuLanp, T. Land and fresh-water shells of North
America. Part I. No. 194.

Barrp, S. F. Arrangement of families of birds.. No. 210.

Henry, J. Circular to officers of the Hudson’s Bay Company. No. 137.

Henry, J.; Gipss, G.; Barrp, S. F. Suggestions relative to scientific
investigations in Russian Ameriea. No. 207.

Henry, J. Circular relative to archeology and ethnology. No. 205.

Henry, J. Circular to entomologists. No. 178.

Henry, J. Circular relative to colleetions of birds from Middle and
South Americg. No. 168.

3ArRD, S. F. Smithsonian Museum miscellanea. No. 164.

213. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vol. EX. 1869. 8vo., pp. 914.
CONTENTS. ,
Binney, W.G. Bibliography of North American conchology. Foreign
authors. Part II. No. 174.
Catalogue of publications of societies and of periodicals in Smithsonian
Library, 1866. No. 179.

214. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, for the year 1866: 39th Congress, 2d Session, House of Repre-
sentatives, Mis. Doc. No. 83. 1867. 8vo., pp. 470, 70 woodcuts.

CONTENTS.
Henry, J. Secretary’s report of operations.
BoarpD OF REGENTS. Proceedings of

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 37
214. Report for 1866—Continued.

Batrp, 8. F. Report on publications, exchanges, museum, and explo-
rations.

List of meteorological stations and observers.

Act of Congress to receive into the United States Treasury the residuary
legacy of Smithson, ete.

Memorial of Board of Regents to Congress relative to the fund.

Henry, J. Memoir of W. W. Seaton.

Report on system of accounts.

Fiourens, M. Memoir of Magendie.

THE Senses. Sense of taste; sense of hearing; sense of sight.

Huaains, W. Results of spectrum analysis applied to the heavenly bodies.

External appearance of the sun’s disk.

Moreno, ABBE. Accidental or subjective colors: Persistence of images,
contrast, irradiation, daltonism, ete.

PLATEAU, J. Figures of equilibrium of a liquid mass withdrawn from
the action of gravity. Part VI.

GossE, Dr. Report on the transactions of the Society of Physics and
Natural History of Geneva, from July, 1865, to June, 1866.

Gisps, G. Notes on the Tinneh or Chepewyan Indians of British and
Russian America. 1. The Eastern Tinneh, by Bernard R. Ross, Esq.
2. The Loucheux Indians, by William L. Hardisty. 3. The Kutchin
Tribes, by Strachan Jones, Esq.

Von Hettwatp, F. The American migration, with notes by Prof.
Henry.

Rav, C. Indian pottery.

Brinton, D.G. Artificial shell deposits of the United States.

Ditie£, I. Sketch of ancient earth-works of Ohio.

Pile-work antiquities of Olmutz.

Estes, L. C. Antiquities on the banks of the Mississippi river and Lake
Pepin.

Gispbps, G. Physical Atlas of Nortn America.

Davis, KE. H. On ethnological research.

ScHERZER ; ScHwaArz. Table of anthropological measurements.

International Archeological Congress, organized by the Archeological
Academy of Belgium, in concert with the French Society of Arche-
ology. Antwerp, 1866.

Hiaeins, H. H. On vitality, with notes by Prof. Henry.

Lewis, J. Instructions for collecting land and fresh-water shells.

Woop, H. C. Instructions for collecting myriapods, phalangide, ete.

WETHERILL, C. M. Plan of a research upon the atmosphere.

Lewis; QuaLe. Account of the cryolite of Greenland.

EXTRACTS FROM THE METEOROLOGICAL CORRESPONDENCE OF THE I[NSTI-

TUTION.—

Henry, J. Remarks by
Dennis, W. C. Evaporation in Florida.
Dennis, W.C. Fresh-water in the ocean.
Dewey, C. The winds.
Bawtzevi, J. Winds in Florida.
Warp, L. F. Barometer tube breaking suddenly.
ANDREWS, 8S. L. Meteors.

38 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
214. Report for 1866—Continued.
Baurour, J. The wind and fog.
Huntineton, G. C. Climate of Kelley’s Island, Ohio.
MAa.Luinixroot, C. Changes of wind.
CargEn, F. L. Meteorological discovery.
FENDLER, A. Meteorology of Colonia Tovar.
Hiuuier, 8. L. Effect of lightning.
BannisteR, H. M. Formation of clouds over Gulf stream.
Bannsster, H. M. Climate of Alaska.
Vaittant, M. Horary variations of the barometer, with notes by Prof.
Henry.
ENGLEHARDT, M. Formation of ice at the bottom of water.
Sartorius, C. Earthquake in Eastern Mexico, January, 1866.
DrevtzER, O. E. Statistics relative to Norwegian mountains, lakes, and
the snow-line.

215. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, for the year 1867. 40th Congress, 2d Session, Senate Mis.
Doc. No. 86. 1868. 8vo., pp. 506, 10 woodcuts.

CONTENTS.

Hewry, J. Secretary’s report of operations.

Boarp of Recents. Proceedings of

Batrp, 8. F. Report of exchanges and museum.

Bairp, 8. F. List of expeditions and other sources from which the speci-
mens in the Government Museum have been mainly derived.

List of meteorological stations and observers.

Meteorological material contributed in addition to the regular observations.

Cuiuss, A. Report of the architect.

Correspondence :

- Amer. AcAD. or Arts AND Scrences. Exchange system.
Knieut, G. H. New system of weights and measures with 8 as the

metrical number.
Boies, E.C. Account of Portland Society of Natural History.
BATH AND WEstT OF ENG. Soc. ror ENcour. or Aqanric., ARTS, ETC.
Exchange system.

HamBura Zoou. GARDENS. Exchange of specimens.
Cuicaco AcaD. oF Sciences. Acknowledgment for specimens.
Taytor, W. B. Report on improved system of numeration.
Sr. Peterspure AcaAD. oF ScrENCcES. Exchange system.
ZISGENBALS, H. Schlagintweit ethnographic collection.
Lioyp, W. A. Sparrows sent to United States.
Lioyp, W. A. Exchange of specimens.
Museum or Nat. Unty. of GREECE. Exchange of specimens.
LABOULAYE, M. Acknowledgment for books on education.
ACAD. oF ScrmeNnces, StockHotm. Acknowledgment of birds.
Goutp, J. Acknowledgment of birds.
Mayperry, 8. P. Gradual approach of sea upon land.
University or Costa Rica. Exchange of specimens.

Guiitp, R. A. Biographical notice of Chas. C. Jewett.

Gray, A, Biographical notice of W. H. Harvey.

Agassiz, L. Report on use of new hall in Smithsonian Building.

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 39
215. Report for 1867—Continued.

Memorial of Regents to Congress asking appropriations for Museum.

DrBraumont, E. Memoir of Legendre.

PreLtTieR, F. A. Memoir of J. C. A. Peltier.

Scientific researches of Peltier.

Maiuty, E. History of Royal Institution of Great Britain.

Der La Rive, Pror. Michael Faraday, his life and works.

Frovrens, M. The Jussieus and the natural method.

Marry, M. Natural history of organized bodies.

Marrerucci, C. On the electrical currents of the earth.

Considerations on electricity.

Electricity—Account of lightning discharges, with notes by Prof. Henry.
G. W. Dodge, O. M. Poe, J. C. Cresson, H. Haas, H. J. Kron, B. F.
Mudge, New Haven Journal, S. D. Martin, G. Wright, C. G.
Boerner, W. 8S. Gilman, C. W. Dean, J. A. Osborne.

Darwin, C. Queries about expression for anthropological inquiry.

PeErtTicRew, J. B. Modes of flight in relation to aeronautics.

Man as the contemporary of the mammoth and reindeer in Middle Europe.

JAMIN, M. Photo-chemistry.

ABBE, C. Description of the observatories at Dorpat and Poulkova.

Tytor, E. B. On traces of the early mental condition of man.

ETHNOLOGY :
Gunn, D. Indian remains, Red River Settlement, Hudson’s Bay
Territory.
Reap, M.C. Ancient mound near Chattanooga, Tenn.
Piparon, W. Ancient burial mound in Indiana.
Berryoun, BE. L. Ancient remains in Colorado.
AGNeEw, 8. A. Mounds in Mississippi.
Wuitney, J. D. Cave in Calaveras county, California.
Ethnological Department of the French Exposition, 1867.
HaypeEn, F. V. Notes on Indian history.
Metes, J. A. Description of a human skull from Rock Bluff, Il.
Kapsis, M. Introduction to the study of the Coptic language.
SMART, C. Notes on the Tonto Apaches.
BERENDT, C. H. Explorations in Central America.
Gunn, D. Notes of an egging expedition to Shoal Lake, Lake Winnipeg.
Rorurock, J. T. Sketch of the flora of Alaska.

METEOROLOGY :
Hurricane in the island of St. Thomas.
Latimer, G. A. Earthquakes in St. Thomas.
Maritime disasters of the Antilles.
Dickinson, A. B. Eruption of a voleano in Nicaragua.
Younc, W. J. Cloud-bursts.
Woopworrn, A. Meteorite in Mexico.
Simson, R. Meteorite in Mexico.
Ernst, G. A. Meteorology of Caracas, South America.
Tucxert, F. F. On barometer tables. ;
Latimer, G. A. Great hurricane at Tortola, St. Thomas, and Porto
Rico.
Prxz, N. Cyclone in the Indian Ocean.

40 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
215. Report for 1867—Continued.
PRIZE QUESTIONS:
Royal Danish Society of Sciences.
Pontifical Academy of the Nuovi Lincei.
Dr La Rut, W. Abbreviations used in England, 1867.

216. List of Photographic Portraits of North American Indians in the .
Gallery of the Smithsonian Institution. 1867. 8vo., pp. 42. (M.
Co xry:)

217. Letter by M. Hoek in reference to the Meteoric Shower of November
18th, 1867. 8vo., pp. 4.

218. Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family. By
Lewis H. Morean. 1869. 4to., pp. 616, 6 woodcuts, 14 plates.
(S. C. xvi.)

219. Monographs of the Diptera of North America. By R. Osten
Sacken. Part IV. 1869. 8vo., pp. 358, 7 woodcuts, 4 plates of
92 figures. (M. C. vii.)

220. The Indians of Cape Flattery, at the entrance to the Strait of Fuca,
Washington Territory. By James G. Swan. March, 1870. 4to.,
pp. 118, 44 woodcuts. (S. C. xvr.)

221. The Orbit and Phenomena of a Meteoric Fire Ball, seen July 20,
1860. By James H. Corrin. May; 1869. pp. 56, 3 woodcuts, 1
map. (S. Co auvi13)

222. Tables and Kesults of the Precipitation, in Rain and Snow, in the
United States, and at some stations in adjacent parts of North Amer-
ica, and in Central and South America. By Cuarues A. Scnorr.
March, 1872. 4to., pp. 178, 8 woodcuts, 5 plates, and 3 double
charts. (S. C. xvii.)

223. The Transatlantic Longitude, as determined by the Coast Survey Ex-
pedition of 1866. By Bensamiy AprHorpe GouLp. October, 1869.
Ato., pp. 110, 2 woodcuts. (S. C. xv1.)

224. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, for the year 1868. 40th Congress, 3d Session. House of Rep-
resentatives, Ex. Doc. No. 83. 1869. 8vo., pp. 474, 40 woodcuts.

CONTENTS.
Henry, J. Secretary’s report of operations.
BoarpD OF REGENTS, Proceedings of
List of meteorological stations and observers.
List of meteorological material contributed to Smithsonian Institution.
DELAFIELD, R. Report of Committee of Regents on Washington canal.
FLOURENS, M. Memoir of Cuvier.
FLoureEns, M. History of the works of Cuvier.
Dr Beaumont, E. Memoir of Oersted.
Notice of Christian Frederic Schenbein, the discoverer of ozone.

224.

225.

226.

227.

228.

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 41

Report for 1868—Continued.

Henry, J. Appendix to notice of Schcenbein.

Hacen, G. Memoir of Encke.

Rawson, R. Memoir of Eaton Hodgkinson.

Cazin, A. Recent progress in relation to the theory of heat.

MULLER, J. Principles of the mechanical theory of heat.

Macrint, L. Continuous vibratory movement ofall matter, ponderable
and imponderable.

TYNDALL, J. Radiation.

DavusBreéeE, M. Synthetic experiments relative to meteorites.

Brusu, G. J. Catalogue of meteorites in the mineralogical collection of
Yale College.

Der Saussur#, H. Observations on the electric resonance of mountains.

Stewart, B. Experiments on aneroid barometers.made at the Kew Ob-
servatory.

Eviery, R. L. J. Address of the president of the Royal Society of Vic-
toria.

WartTMAnn, E. Report on the transactions of the Society of Physics
and Natural History of Geneva, from July, 1867, to June, 1868.
Broca, P. History of the transactions of the Anthropological Society

of Paris, from 1865 to 1867.
Rau, C. Drilling in stone without metal.
Rav, C. Agricultural flint implements in southern Illinois.
Notice of the Blackmore Museum, Salisbury, England.
PRIZE QuESTIONS : .
Holland Society of Sciences of Harlem.
Imperial Academy of Sciences, Belles Lettres, and Arts, of Bordeaux.

-Potiock, J. Assay of gold and silver coins at the Mint of the United

States.

Table of foreign gold and silver coins.

List of publications of the Smithsonian Institution up to July, 1869, with
systematic and alphabetical index.

List of Foreign Correspondents of the Smithsonian Institution ; cor-
rected to January, 1870. April, 1870. 8vo., pp. 56.

A List of the Smithsonian Publications, from 1846 to 1869. Novem-
ber, 1869. 8vo., pp. 34.

Arrangement of the Families of Mollusks. By THroporE GI...
February, 1871. 8vo., pp. 65. (CM. C. x.)

Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, for the year 1869. 41st Congress, 3d Session. House of Rep-
resentatives, Ex. Doc. No. 153. 1871. 8vo., pp. 480, 38 woodcuts,
1 map.

CONTENTS.

Henry, J. Secretary’s report of operations.

Boarp OF REGENTS, Proceedings of

List of meteorological stations and observers.

List of meteorological material contributed to Smithsonian Institution.

.
\

42 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
228. Report for 1869—Continued.
BERTHRAND, M. Kepler: his life and works.
Araaco, M. Eulogy on Thomas Young.
Dr Beaumont, E. Memoir of Auguste Bravais.
Rav, C. Memoir of C. F. P. Von Martius.
Marreuccti, C. Life and scientific labors of Stefano Marianini.
Hunt, T.5S. Chemistry of the earth.
Marreruccr, C. Electrical currents of the earth.
Marty, M. Phenomena of flight in the animal kingdom.
Bapinet, M. The northern seas.
LompBarp, H. C. Report on the transactions of the Society of Physics
and of Natural History of Geneva, July, 1868, to June, 1869.

Srmpson, J. H. Coronado’s march in search of the ‘*Seven Cities of
Cibola.”

Lussock, J. Social and religious condition of the lower races of man.
Hux ey, T. H. Principles and methods of paleontology.

Scnuorr, A. Remarks on the ‘‘Cara Gigantesca’’ of Yzamal, in Yucatan.
tan.

BEcQuEREL, M. Forests and their climatic influence.
BRENNDECKE, F. Meteorites.

AxicH, $8. Remarkable forms of hail-stones in Georgia.
Sartorius, C. Eruption of the voleano of Colima.

229. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Vol. XVII. 1871. 4to.,
pp. 616, 6 woodcuts, 14 plates.

CONTENTS.

MorGan. Systems of consanguinity and affinity of the human family.
No. 218.

230. Arrangement of the Families of Mammals. By THroporr GIL.
November, 1872. 8vo., pp. 104. (M. C. xr.)

231. Memoranda of Inquiry relative to the Food Fishes of the United
States. By S. F. Barrp. 1871. 8vo., pp. 8. (M. C. x.)

232. The Secular Variations of the Elements of the Orbits of the Eight
Principal Planets, Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus, and Neptune, with tables of the same; together with the
obliquity of the ecliptic and the precession of the equinoxes in both
longitude and right ascension. By Joun N. Srockwety. 1872.
4to., pp. 220. (S. C. xvitr.)

233. Converging Series expressing the Ratio between the Diameter and
the Circumference of a Circle. By Wma. Ferrey. April, 1871.
Ato., pp. 6. (S. C. xvitz.)

234. Questions Relative to the Food Fishes of the United States. By
» -§: Barry. 1871. “8vo., pp. 14. ine x=)

235. Instructions for Observations of Thunder Storms. By JosepH
Henry. 1871-@8vo., p. 1.5 (M.C.x.)

236.
237.

238.

239.

240.

241,

242.

243.

244

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 43

Circular Relative to Heights. By JosrpH Henry. 1871. 8vo., pp.
2: ICME @Fx:)

Directions for constructing Lightning Rods. By JosepH Henry.
1871. 8vo., pp. 4. (CM. C. x.)

List of the Institutions, Libraries, Colleges, and other Establishments
in the United States in correspondence with the Smithsonian Institu-
tion. By Wm. J. Ruers. July, 1872. 8vo., pp. 256. (M.C. x.)

Observations on Terrestrial Magnetism, and on the Deviations of the
Compasses of the United States Iron Clad Monadnock during her
cruise from Philadelphia to San Francisco, in 1865 and 1866. By
Wm. Harxness. 1872. 4to., pp. 226, 2 woodcuts, (S. C. xvirt.)

Problems of Rotary Motion presented by the Gyroscope, The Pre-
cession of the Equinoxes, and The Pendulum. By J. G. BARNaArp.
1872. 4to., pp. 56, 6 woodcuts. (8. C. xrx.)

A Contribution to the History of the Fresh Water Algz of North
America. By Horatio C. Woop, Jr. 1872. 4to., pp. 272, 21
plates of 340 figures. (S.C. x1x.)

Lucernarie and their Allies. A Memoir on the Anatomy and Physi-
ology of Haliclystus Auricula and other Lucernarians, with a Dis-
cussion of their Relations to other Acalephe, to Beroids and: Polypi.
By H. J. Crarx. 1878. 4to., pp. 188, 11 plates of 149 figures.
(S2@) xxii.)

List of Foreign Correspondents of the Smithsonian Institution ; cor-
rected to January, 1872. 1872. 8vo., pp. 66. (M. C. x.)

Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, for the year 1870. 42d Congress, Ist Session. House of Rep-
resentatives, Ex. Doc. No. 20. 1871. 8vo., pp. 494, 28 woodcuts.
CONTENTS.

Henry, J. Secretary’s report of operations.

BoarpD oF REGENTS, Proceedings of

List of meteorological stations and observers.

List of meteorological material contributed to Smithsonian Institution.

Henry, J. Eulogy on Alexander Dallas Bache.

Bacur, A. D. Lecture on Switzerland.

Henry, J. Ona physical observatory.

Arago, M. The History of my Youth, an autobiography.

Araco, M. Eulogy on Herschel.

Life and labors of Henry Gustavus Magnus.

Anpverson, M. B. Life of Prof. Chester Dewey.

Taytor, W. B. Thoughts on the nature and origin of force.

44

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

244. Report for 1870—Continued.
Von Liesie, J. Induction and deduction.
Havueuton, 8S. Relation of food to work, and its bearing on medical

practice.

Reynoups, J. E. Hydrogen as gas and as a metal.
WisEeMan, N. Identification of the artisan and artist.
BaBineT, M. The diamond and other precious stones.

ETHNOLOGY :

Gisss, G. On the language of the aboriginal Indians of America.

Witirams, H. C. On antiquities in some of the Southern States.

GARDNER, W. H. Ethnology of the Indians of the valley of the
ted River of the North. ;

Fixcx, H. Account of antiquities in the State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

DunNING, E. O. Account of antiquities in Tennessee.

STEPHENSON, M. F. Account of ancient mounds in Georgia.

Dayton, E. A. Explorations in Tennessee.

Harwoop, A. A. Account of the sarcophagus in the National Mu-
seum, now in charge of the Smithsonian Institution.

Grant, E. M. Account of the discovery of a stone image in Tennes-
see, now in possession of the Smithsonian Institution.

Biypen, E. D. On mixed races in Liberia.

Fow er, J. On shell-heaps.

Peat, T. R. On the uses of the brain and marrow of animals
among the Indians of North America. A

Lyon, 8.8. Report of an exploration of ancient mounds in Union
county, Kentucky.

Barranpt, A. Sketch of ancient earthworks on the Upper Missouri.

STELLE, J. P. Account of aboriginal ruins at Savannah, Tennessee.

STELLE, J. P. Account of aboriginal ruins in Hardin Co., Tennessee.

TERRESTRIAL: PHYSICS:

CAMPBELL, J. V, The earthquake in Peru, August 18, 1868.

PatmireERt, Prof. The electro-magnetic seismograph.

Jounson, W. W. On the distribution of forest trees in Montana,
Idaho, and Washington.

SarGent, W. D. Influence of the aurora on the telegraph.

METEOROLOGY :

Pory, A. New classification of clouds.

Taccuint, P. On the evaporation observed at Palermo, in 1865 and
1866.

ZANTEDESCHI, F, On the electricity of induction in the wrial strata
of the atmosphere, which, in the shape of a ring, surround a
cloud that is resolving into rain, snow, or hail.

PALMIERI, Prof. On the presence of electricity during the fall of
rain.

Exvxriorr, R. 8. Climate of Kansas.

PortER, Commodore. Account of a hail storm on the Bosphorus.

Bacue, G. M. Account of a hail storm in Texas.

245. Check List of Publications of the Smithsonian Institution to July,

1872.

1872. _-8vo., pp. 21. (M. C. x.)

. OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 45

246. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Vol. XVIII. 1872. 4to.,
pp. 646, 10 woodcuts, 5 plates, 3 charts.
CONTENTS.
Scuott, C. A. Tables of rain and snow. No. 222.
StocKWeEL1, J. N. Secular variations of the orbits of planets. No. 232.
Harkness, W. Observations on terrestrial magnetism. No. 239.
FERREL, W. Converging series, expressing the ratio between the diame-
ter and the circumference of a circle. No. 233,

247. Arrangement of the Families of Fishes, or Classes Pisces, Marsipo-
branchil, and Leptocardii. By THroporr Girt. November, 1872.
SVOs, Pp oseMls C.. Xr.)

248. On the Geology of Lower Louisiana and the Salt Deposit on Petite
Anse Island. By Eucene W. Hitcarp. June, 1872. 4to., pp. 38,

4 woodcuts, 2 plates. (S.C. xxu.)

249, Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, for the year 1871. 42d Congress, 1st Session. Senate Mis. Doc.
No. 149. 1875. 8vo., pp. 478, 3 woodcuts. .

CONTENTS.

Henry, J. Secretary’s report of operations.

Boarp or Recents, Proceedings of

List of meteorological stations and observers.

Meteorological material contributed to Smithsonian Institution.

Meteorological articles received by the Institution, and deposited in the
Library of Congress. Auroras, earthquakes, etc.

Dover, N. 8. Memoir of Sir John Frederick William Herschel.

ARAGO, M. Eulogy on Joseph Fourier.

Opuiina, W. Professor Thomas Graham’s scientific work.

Heitmuoutrz, H. On the relation of the physical sciences to science in
general.

KorNHUBER, G. A. Alternate generation and parthenogenesis in the
animal kingdom.

Reicuarpt, W. Present state of our knowledge of eryptogamous plants,

StockweELi, J. N. Recent researches on the secular variations of the
planetary orbits.

De Forest, E. L. Methods of interpolation applicable to the graduation
of irregular series, such as tables of mortality. Part I.

DE Saussure, H. Report on the transactions of the Society of Physics
and Natural History of Geneva, from July, 1870, to June, 1871.

Expedition toward the North Pole:
Hewry, J.; Hrriaarp, J. E.;»Nrwcoms, 8.; Barry, 8. F.; Mrrex,

F. B.; Agassiz, L. Scientific instructions to Captain Hall.

ETHNOLOGY :
Comrort, A. J. Indian mounds near Fort Wadsworth, Dakota.
Bertuoup, E. L. Antiquities on the Cache la Poudre River, Weld

county, Colorado Territory.

Lyon, W. B. Antiquities in New Mexico.

46 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS °
249. Report for 1871—Continued.
SpainHour, J. M. Antiquities in Lenoir county, North Carolina.
McConne tt, E. M. Account of the old Indian village, Kushkush-
kee, near Newcastle, Pennsylvania.
GrRossMANN, F. E. Pima Indians of Arizona.
Crook, G. Indian mode of making arrow-heads and obtaining fire.
Prerer, R. Ancient mound near Lexington, Kentucky.
Brown, D. Shell-heap in Georgia.
Scuort, A. Remarks on ancient relic of Maya sculpture.
Mucu, M. Ancient history of North America.
Reurie, F. L. O. On the language of the Dakota or Sioux Indians.
METEOROLOGY, with notes by Professor Henry :
Larimer, G. Meteorology of Porto Rico.
Couuins, Colonel. Meteorology of the Green river country.
LaMark. Distinction between tornadoes and tempests.
MEEK, J. B. Account of a tornado which occurred in Spruce Creek
Valley, Centre county, Pennsylvania.
Henry, J. Effect of the moon on the weather.
Knieut, R. T.; Henry, J. Connection of gales of wind and appear-
ance of the aurora.
Harrison, W. Account of a storm in Butler county, Kansas, June
23, 1871.

250. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vol. X. 1873. 8vo., pp.
913, 5 woodcuts.

e

CONTENTS.

CARPENTER, P. P. Mollusks of western North America. No. 252.

GILL, T. Arrangement of the families of mollusks. No. 227.

Henry, J. Instructions for observations of thunder storms. No. 235.

Henry, J. Circular relative to heights. No. 286.

Henry, J. Directions for constructing lightning rods. No. 237.

Henry, J.- Queries relative to tornadoes. No. 190.

Barrp, 8. F. Questions relative to the food fishes of the United States.
No. 234.

Barry, 8. F. Memoranda of inquiry relative to food fishes. No, 234.

Ruergs, W. J. List of institutions, ete., in the United States in corres-
pondence with the Smithsonian Institution. No. 238.

List of foreign correspondents of the Smithsonian Institution, for 1872.
No. 248.

Check list of publications of the Smithsonian Institution, 1872. No. 245.

251. Memoir of C. F. P. Von Martius. By C. Rav. 1871. 8vo., pp. 12.

252. The Mollusks of Western North America. By P. P. CARPENTER.
December, 1872. 8vo., pp, 446, 4 woodcuts. (M. C. x.)

CONTENTS.

Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard
to the mollusca of the west coast of North America.

Review of Professor C. B. Adams’ ‘‘ Catalogue of the Shells of Panama ”’
from the type specimens.

252.

253.
254.
255.
256.

257.

258.

259.

260.

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 47
Mollusks of Western America—Continued.

Diagnoses of new forms of mollusks collected at Cape St. Lucas, Lower
California.

Contributions towards a monograph of the pandoride.

Diagnoses of new forms of mollusca from the Vancouver district.

Diagnoses of new species and a new genus of mollusks, from the Reigen
Mazatlan collection; with an account of additional specimens pre-
sented to the British Museum.

Descriptions of new species and varieties of chitonidz and acmeide, from
the Panama collection of the late Prof. C. B. Adams.

Diagnoses of new species of mollusks from the west tropical region of
North America.

Diagnoses of new forms of mollusca from the west coast of North Amer-
ica, first collected by Col. E. Jewett.

Diagnoses of new forms of mollusca, collected by Col. E. Jewett, on the
west tropical shores of North America.

Diagnoses des mollusques nouveaux provenant de Californie et faisant
partie du Musée de 1’Institution Smithsonienne.

On the pleistocene fossils collected by Col. E. Jewett, at Santa Barbara,
California; with descriptions of new species.

Land and Fresh Water Shells of North America. Part IV. Strepo-
matide (American Melanians). By Gro. W. Tryon, Jr. Decem-
ber, 1873. 8vo., pp. 490, 871 woodcuts. (M. C. xvr.)

Synopsis of American Wasps. Solitary Wasps. By Hrnry DE
SaussurRE. December, 1875. 8vo., pp. 430, 4 plates of 31 figures.
(M.C. x1v.)

The Constants of Nature. Part I. Specific Gravities: Boiling and
Melting Points; and Chemical Formule. By FRANK WIGGLEs-
WORTH CLARKE. December, 1873. 8vo., pp. 272. (M. C. x11.)

Monographs of the Diptera of North America. Part III. By H.
Lorw. December, 1873. 8vo., pp. 381, 4 plates of 116 figures.
(ME Csxi)

Systematic Index to List of Foreign Correspondents of the Smith-
sonian Institution. 1872. 8vo., pp. 80. (M. C. x.)

Bibliographical Index to North American Botany ; or, Citations of
Authorities for all the recorded Indigenous and Naturalized Species
of the Flora of North America; with a Chronological Arrangement
of the Synonymy. Part I. Polypetale. By Sereno Watson.
March, 1878. 8vo., pp. 484. (M. C. xv.)

Explorations of the Aboriginal Remains of Tennessee. By Joseru
Jones. October, 1876. 4to., pp. 181, 110 woodeuts. (S. C. xx1r.)

Regulations of the Smithsonian Institution. January, 1872. 8vo.,
pp. 41, 1 woodcut.

48
261.

262.

263.

264.

265.

266.

267.

268.

269.

270.

271.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

Directions for Collecting and Preserving Insects. By A.S. Packarp,
Jr. 1873. 8vo., pp. 60, 55 woodcuts. (M. C. x1.)

An Investigation of the Orbit of Uranus, with General Tables of its
Motion. By Stwon Newcoms. August, 1875. 4to., pp. 296. (S.
CERT.)

Circular of Instructions to Observatories relative to Telegraphic
Announcements of Astronomical Discoveries. By JosepH Henry.
May, 1873. 8vo., pp. 4. (M. C. x11.)

New Species of North American Coleoptera. Part II. By Joun L.
Lr Contre. 1873. 8vo., pp. 74. (pp. 169-240.) (M. C. x1.)

Classification of the Coleoptera of North America. Part II. By
Joon L. Le Conte. June, 1873. 8vo., pp. 72. (pp. 279-3848.)
CM Cxsai:))

On the Structure of Cancerous Tumors and the mode in which
Adjacent Parts are Invaded. Toner Lecrure No. I. Delivered
March 28, 1873. By J. J. Woopwarp. November, 1873. 8vo.,
pp. 44. 5 woodcuts. (M. C. xv.)

The Haidah Indians of Queen Charlotte’s Islands, British Columbia,
with a brief description of their Carvings, Tattoo Designs, ete. By
James G. Swan. July, 1874. 4to., pp. 22,7 plates of 24 figures.
(SC lh xaxay)

The Winds of the Globe; or, the Laws of Atmospheric Circulation
over the Surface of the Earth. By James Henry Corrin. The
tables completed and maps drawn by S. J. Coffin, with a discussion
and analysis of the tables and charts by Alexander Weeikof.
December, 1875. 4to., pp. 781, 4 woodcuts, 26 plates of 221 figures.
(SFC. sexs)
The Sculptures of Santa Lucia Cosumalwhuapa, in Guatemala, with
an account of travels in Central America and on the Western Coast
of South America. By S. Haspen. 1878. 4to., pp. 94, 8 plates of
20 figures. (S. C. xx11.)

Catalogue of the described Diptera of North America. By C. R.
OstEN Sacken. 1878. 8vo., pp. 324. (M. C. xv1.)

Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, for the year 1872. 42d Congress, 3d Session. House of Rep-
resentatives, Mis. Doe. No. 107. 1873. 8vo., pp. 456, 109 woodguts.

CONTENTS.
Henry, J. Secretary’s report of operations.
Boarp or ReeGENTS, Proceedings of

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 49

271. Report for 1872—Continued.

List of meteorological stations and observers.

Henry, J. Notes relative to George Catlin.

Report of Committee of Regents on Corcoran Art Gallery.

Agassiz, L. Narrative of the Hassler expedition.

Bacusr, A. D. Bequest to National Academy of Sciences.

Corcoran, W. W. Deed of gift of Art Gallery.

TonrErR, J. M. Deed of foundation of Toner lectures.

TynpattL, J. Trust fund for the promotion of science in the U.S.

Hamitton, J. Bequest of $1,000 to Smithsonian Institution.

Henry, J. Circular sent with specimens presented.

Araao, M. Eulogy on Ampére.

Fiscuer, F. Scientific labors of Edward Lartet.

Peasopy, A. P. Scientific education of mechanics and artisans.

Baver, A. Organic bases.

Kuerzinsky, Prof. Nitrogen bodies of modern chemistry.

Eexeston, T. Scheme for the qualitative determination of substances by
the blowpipe.

Blowpipe apparatus of Hawkins and Wale.

Suess, E. Boundary line between geology and history.

Brezina, A. Explanation of the principles of crystallography and crys-
tallophysies.

Watkorr, A. Meteorology in Russia.

Donati, G. B. Phenomena in telegraphic lines during the aurora borealis.

ETHNOLOGY :

Broca, P. The Troglodytes, or cave dwellers, of the valley of the
Vézere.

Rau, C. Ancient aboriginal trade in North America.

Rav, C. North American stone implements.

Brurr, J. G. Indian engravings on the face of rocks along Green
River valley in the Sierra Nevadas.

Lez, J.C. Y. Ancient ruin in Arizona.

Barranpt, A. Haystack mound, Lincoln county, Dakota.

Breep, HK. E. Earthworks in Wisconsin.

Dean, C. K. Mound in Wisconsin.

Warner, J. Big elephant mound in Grant county, Wisconsin.

Curts, J. B. Ancient relics in northwestern Iowa.

PERRINE, T. M. Mounds near Anna, Union county, Illinois.

Perer, R. Ancient mounds in Kentucky.

SrepHENson, M. F. Mounds in Bartow county, Georgia.

McKiniry, W. Mounds in McIntosh and Early counties, Georgia.

Horcuxiss, T. P. Indian remains in Caddo parish, Louisiana.

Lockett, 8. H. Mounds in Louisiana.

Prae, T. R. Prehistoric remains in vicinity of City of Washing-
ton, D. C.

Devereux, J. H. Catalogue of cabinet of Indian relics presented
to Smithsonian Institution.

Devereux, J. H. Ancient pottery from Phillips County, Arkansas.

Krier, J. On the accuracy of Catlin’s account of the Mandan cere-
monies.

50 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

272. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Vol. XIX. 1874. 4to.,
pp. 640, 6 woodcuts, 21 plates.

CONTENTS.

Barnard, J. G. Problems of rotary motion. No. 240.
Woop, H. C. Fresh-water alge of North America. No. 241.
NeEwcoms, 8S. Orbit of Uranus. No. 262.

2783. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vol. XI. 1874. 8vo., pp.
790, 55 woodcuts, 4 plates.

CONTENTS.

Gitt, T. Arrangement of the families of mammals. No. 230.

Gitt, T. Arrangement of the families of fishes. No. 247.

Loew, H. Monograph of the diptera of North America. Part III.
No. 256.

Packard, A.S. Directions for collecting and preserving insects. No.

261.

Le Contr, J. L. New species of North America coleoptera. Part II.
No. 264. 4

Ler Conte, J. L. Classification of North America coleoptera. Part IT.
No. 265.

274. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vol. XII. 1874. 8vo., pp.
767, 86 woodcuts.

CONTENTS.

Barrp, 8. F. Review of American birds. Part I. No. 181.

CLARKE, F. W. The constants of nature. Part I.—Specific gravities.
No. 255.

Henry, J. Circular on Telegraphic announcements of astronomical
discoveries. No. 263.

275. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, for the year 1873. 43d Congress, 1st Session. Senate Mis.
Doc. No. 130. 1874. 8vo., pp. 452, 33 woodcuts.

CONTENTS.

Henry, J. Secretary’s report of operations.

Boarp or Recents, Proceedings of

Bartrp, 8. F. Report on Museum and exchanges.

Enpuicu, F. M. List of minerals in the National Museum.

Classified record of monthly meteorological reports preserved in the
Smithsonian Institution.

Classified list of meteorological publications, and meteorological articles
in periodicals deposited in Library of Congress in 1873.

GARFIELD, J. A. Biographical notice of S. P. Chase and L. Agassiz.

HAMLIN, H. Biographical notice of S. P. Chase.

Parker, P. Biographical notice of L. Agassiz.

HAMILTON, J. Bequest deposited in United States Treasury.

Donex, N..S® Memoir of Charles Babbage.

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. dl
275. Report for 1873—Continued.
Henry, J. On the ‘“‘ Moon-Hoax.”’
BaBBaGE, C. Extracts from writings of
STEBBINS, R. P. Memoir of Louis Agassiz.
Gray, A. Memoir of John Torrey.
Stevens, J. A. Memoir of George Gibbs.
Darton, J. C. Origin and propagation of disease.
HeLMHOLZ H.; Maxwe tt, J. C. Later views of the connection of
electricity and magnetism.
Goutp, B. A. Account of the astronomical observatory at Cordoba,
Argentine Republic.
Maitty, E. Estimate of the population of the world.
Morin, A. Warming and ventilating buildings. Part I.
DeForest, E. Additions to a memoir on methods of interpolation.
Part II.
ETHNOLOGY :
ScHUMACHER, P. Remarks on the Kjokken-Méddings on the North-
west Coast of America.
Brrenpt, C.H. Ona grammar and dictionary of the Carib or Karif
danguage, with some account of the people by whom it is spoken.
GILLMAN, H. The mound-builders and platyenemism in Michigan.
Mason, O. T. The Leipsic ‘‘ Museum of Ethnology.”
PERRINE, T. M. Antiquities of Union county, Illinois.
Parron, A. Antiquities of Knox county, Indiana, and Lawrence
County, Illinois.
Miscellaneous Correspondence :
Dati, W. H. Explorations on the Western coast of North America.
Pierson, W. M. Discovery of a large meteorite in Mexico.
Brunot, F. R. On the habits of the beaver.
* Jrevons, W.S. Ona national library.
PRIZE QUESTIONS oF SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES :
Society for the Encouragement of Science, Literature, and Art, Dun-
kirk, France.
Society of Science, Art, and Literature of Hainaut, Mons. Belgium.
Royal Institute for the Encouragement of the Natural, Economical,
and Technological Sciences, Naples, Italy.
Royal Academy of Science, Literature, and the Fine Arts, Brussels,
Belgium.
Society of Sciences of Haarlem, Holland.

276. The Constants of Nature. Part II. A Table of Specific Heats for
Solids and Liquids. By Frank W. Crarke. April, 1876. 8vo.,
pp. 58. (M. C. xiv.)

277. Tables, Distribution, and Variations of the Atmospheric Temperature
in the United States and some adjacent parts of America. By
CHARLES A. Scuorr. April, 1876. 4to., pp. 360, 10 woodcuts, 2
plates, 3 maps. (8. C. xxz.)

278. Check-list of Publications of the Smithsonian Institution. July, 1874.
8vo., pp. 24.

52

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

279. On Strain and Over-action of the Heart. Toner Lecture No.

III. Delivered May 14th, 1874. By J. M. DaCosta. August,
1874. 8vo., pp. 32, 2 woodcuts. (M. C. xv.)

280. Statement and Exposition of certain Harmonies of the Solar System.

281.

282.

283.

284.

285.

By StepHen ALEXANDER. March, 1875. 4to., pp. 104, 20 wood-
euts.. (9. C.scxn)

On the General Integrals of Planetary Motion. By Simon Newcoms.
December, 1874. 4to., pp. 40. (S. C. xxt.)

A Study of the Nature and Mechanism of Fever. Toner Lecture
No. IV. Delivered January 20, 1872. By Horatio C. Woop.
February, 1875. -8vo., pp. 50. (M. C. xv.) ’

Catalogue of the Fishes of the East Coast of North America. By
THEODORE Git. 1875. 8vo., pp. 56. (M. C. xtv.)

Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Vol. XX. 1876. 4to.,
pp. 794, 4 woodcuts, 26 plates.

CONTENTS.
CorFin, J. H. The winds of the globe. No. 268.

Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Vol. XXI. 1876. Ato.,
pp. 543, 50 woodcuts, 9 plates, 5 maps.

CONTENTS.

ALEXANDER, S. Harmonies of the solar system. No. 280.

Newcomps, 8. Integrals of planetary motion. No. 281. :

Swan, J.G. MHaidah Indians of Queen Charlotte’s Islands, British Co-
lumbia. No. 267. ;

Scuotrr, C. A. Tables, atmospheric temperature in the United States.
No. 277.

286. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Insti-

tution, for the year 1874. 43d Congress, 2d Session. House Doc.
No. 56. 1875. 8vo., pp. 416, 46 woodcuts.

CONTENTS.

Henry, J. Secretary’s report of operations.

Boarp of Regents. Proceedings of

List of articles deposited by the Smithsonian Institution in the Corcoran
Art Gallery.

List of Indian vocabularies received from the Wheeler Expedition.

MitcHe.tt, 8S. W. Inquiries relative to the disease known as ‘‘ Chorea.”’

Classified record of meteorological material preserved in the Smithsonian
Institution. Auroras, instruments, meteors, rain, wind, general
meteorology, local meteorology.

Gray, A.;Coppétr, H. Report of Committee of Regents on the Smith-
sonian Museum.

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 03
286. Report for 1874—Continued.
AraGo, M. Eulogy on La Place.
Mairtty, M. Eulogy on Quetelet.
Dumas, M. Eulogy on A. A. de la Rive.
Hitearp, J. E. Tides and tidal action in harbors.
LemstroM, S.; DE LA Rive, A. A. Electricity of the atmosphere and
the Aurora Borealis.
Dr CanpDoLue, A.; Gray, J. E. Ona dominant language for science.
Scuorr, C. A.; Evrererr, J. D. Underground temperature.
DuPre, W.; Henry, J. Earthquakes in North Carolina, 1874.
Dea Rive, A. A. Report on the transactions of the Society of Physics
and Natural History of Geneva, from July, 1872, to June, 1873.
Morin, A. Warming and ventilating buildings. Part II.
-ETHNOLOGY :
ScouMAcHER, P. Ancient graves and shell-heaps of California.
Kine, W. M. Account of the burial of an Indian squaw, San Ber-
nardino county, California.
McWouorter, T. Ancient mounds of Mercer county, Illinois.
Pratt, W. H. Antiquities of Whitesides county, Illinois.
FarquHarson, R. J. A study of skulls and long bones, from mounds
near Albany, Illinois.
Tirrany, A.S. The shell-bed skull.
Hitt, G. W. Antiquities of northern Ohio.
Ropertson, R. S. The age of stone, and the troglodytes of Breck-
inridge county, Kentucky.
Davis, A. C. Antiquities of Isle Royale, Lake Superior.
Smiru, J. W.C. Antiquities of Yazoo county, Mississippi.
Wrieut, D. F. Antiquities of Tennessee.
Law, A. E. Antiquities of Blount county, Tennessee.
CusHine, F. H. Antiquities of Orleans county, New York.
Ropertson, R. S. Antiquities of La Porte county, Indiana.
Ropertson, R.S. Antiquities of Allen and De Kalb counties, Ind.
Haitze, J.; McHenky, J. W. Antiquities of Jackson county,
Tennessee.
AnpERson, W. Antiquities of Perry county, Ohio.
Bryan, O. N. Antiquities of Charles county, Maryland.
Kron, F. J. Antiquities of Stanley and Montgomery counties,
North Carolina.
MircHett, A. Antiquities of Florida.
BartraM, J. Antiquities of Florida.

287. The Archeological Collection of the United States National Museum,
in charge of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. By
CHARLES Rav. 1876. 4to., pp. 118, 340 woodcuts. (S. C. xx1z.)

288. The Constants of Nature. First supplement to Part I. Specific Gravi-
ties, Boiling Points, and Melting Points. By Frank W. CLARKE.
April, 1876. 8vo., pp. 62. (M. C. xrv.)

289. The Constants of Nature. Part III. Tables of Expansion by Heat
for Solids and Liquids. By Frank W.Crarke. April, 1876.
8vo., pp. 58. (M. C. xtv.)

54 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

290. Circular for Distribution at the Centennial Exhibition, 1876, contain-
ing List of Smithsonian Publications and Rules of Distribution ; List
of Foreign Agents; Number of Foreign and Domestic Institutions
in Correspondence ; List of Regents, Officers, and Assistants of the
Institution. 1876. 12mo., pp. 12.

291. Dual Character of the Brain. Tonrr LecturEe No. II. Delivered
April 22, 1874. By C. E. Brown-S£quarp. January, 1877. 8vo.,
pp: 26. (CM. C. xy.)

292. Check-list of North American Batrachia and Reptilia; with a Sys-
tematic List of the Higher Groups, and an Essay on Geographical
Distribution based on the specimens contained in the United States
National Museum. By Epwarp D. Copr. 1875. 8vo., pp. 108.
(M. C. xin.) Bulletin of the National Museum No. 1.

293. Contributions to the Natural History of Kerguelen Island, made a
Connection with the American Transit-of- Venus Expedition, 1874—75.
By J.H. Kipper. I.—Ornithology, by Elliott Coues. 1875. 8vo.,
pp. 61. (M.C. xur.) Bulletin of the National Museum, No. 2.

294. Contributions to the Natural History of Kerguelen Island, made in
connection with the United States Transit-of-Venus Expedition,
1874-75. By J. H. Kipprr. II—Oology, Botany, &e. 1876.
8vo., pp. 124. (M. C. xi.) Bulletin of the National Museum, No. 3.

CONTENTS.

Kipper, J. H.; Cours, E. Oology.
Borany :
Gray, Asa. A.—Phenogamia, filices, et lycopodiacer.
James, T. P. B.—Musci.
TuckERMAN, E. C.—Lichenes.
Fartow, W.G. Alge.
Crozer FLora.
EnpuicH, F. M. Geology.
Kipper, J. H. Mammals.
Gitt, T. N. Fish.
Dati, W. H. Mollusks.
INSECTS:
OstEN-SackeEn, C. C. Diptera.
Hagen, H. A. Pseudo-neuroptera.
SmirH, 8. I. Crustaceans.
Verrityt, A. E. Annelids, echinoderms, and anthozoa.
KersHner, E. Collection.
Kipper, J. H.; Cours, E. A study of chionis minor.

295. Birds of Southwestern Mexico, collected by Francis E. Sumichrast for
the United States National Museum. By Grorer N. Lawrence.

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. do

1875. 8vo.,pp.56. (M.C. xu.) Bulletin of the National Museum,
No. 4.

296. Catalogue of the Fishes of the Bermudas. Based chiefly upon the
collections of the United States National Museum. By G. Brown
Goopr. 1876. 8vo., pp. 84. (M.C. xm.) Bulletin of the Natio-
nal Museum, No. 5.

297. Classification of the Collection to illustrate the Animal Resources of
the United States. A List of Substances derived from the Animal
Kingdom, with Synopsis of the Useful and Injurious Animals and a
Classification of Methods of Capture and Utilization. By G. Brown
GoopE. 1876. 8vo.,pp.140. (M.C. xu.) Bulletin of the National
Museum, No. 6.

298. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Insti-
tution, for the year 1875. 44th Congress, Ist Session. Senate Mis.
Doc. No. 115. 1876. 8vo., pp. 422, 354 woodcuts.

CONTENTS.

Henry, J. Secretary’s report of operations.

Board oF REGENTS, Proceedings of

Barrp, 8. F. Report on Museum and explorations.

Baird, 8. F. Report on the proposed plan of exhibit by the Smithsonian
Institution at the International Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia.

ParKER, P. Eulogy on Henry Wilson.

AraGco, M. Eulogy on Alexander Volta.

DE CanpDouuE, A. Probable future of the human race.

Dr Canpouie, A. Report on the transactions of the Society of Physies
and Natural History of Geneva, from July, 1873, to June, 1874.

Prestwicu, J. The past and future of geology.

Wex, H. G. :Diminution of the water of rivers and streams,

Taytor, W. B. Refraction of sound.

Henry, J. On the organization of local scientific societies.

ETHNOLOGY:
Moatitiet, G. DE; CHANTRE, E. International code of symbols for

charts of pre-historic archeology.

GittMAN, H. Characteristics pertaining to ancient man in Michigan.
Axpport, C. C. The stone age in New Jersey.

299. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, for the year 1876. 44th Congress, 2d Session. Senate Mis.
Doc. No. 46. 1877. 8vo., pp. 488, 73 woodcuts.

CONTENTS.

Henry, J. Secretary’s report of operations.

Board or REGENTS, Proceedings of

Barrp, 8S. F. Report on Museum and explorations.
Barry, 8. F. Report on Centennial Exhibition of 1876.
Centennial awards to Smithsonian Institution.

56

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

299. Report for 1876—Continued.

300.

301.

302.

303.

Gray, A.; Sarcent, A. A.; Clymer, H. Report of Committee on the
Museum.
Bancrort, G. Memorial to Congress, in behalf of the Regents, for new
museum.
List of collections presented by foreign commissioners to the United States.
ArRaAGo, M. Eulogy on Gay Lussac.
FratyHo, A. Biographical sketch of Dom Pedro II.
Taytor, W. B. Kinetic theories of gravitation.
Pitar, G. The revolutions of the crust of the earth.
Kirxwoop, D. The asteroids between Mars and Jupiter.
ETHNOLOGY :
Mason, O. T. The Latimer collection of antiquities from Porto Rico
in the National Museum at Washington, D. C.
Romer, F. F. Pre-historic antiquities of Hungary.
BiLonvEL, 8. Jade. A historical, archeological, and literary study
of the mineral called ‘Yu by the Chinese.
WILLIAMSON, G.- Antiquities in Guatemala.
Berenpt, C. H. Collection of historical documents in Guatemala.
Srrona, Moses. Observations on the pre-historic mounds of Grant
county, Wisconsin.
Snyper, J. F. Deposits of flint implements, Illinois.
SmirH, C. D. Ancient mica mines in North Carolina.
Peet, S$. D. Double-walled earthwork in Ashtabula county, Ohio.
ELtswortH, E. W. Ancient implement of wood, from Connecticut.
Powers, S. Centennial mission to the Indians of Western Nevada
and California. ;
Doyiz, W. E. Indian forts and dwellings, Indian Territory.
Brackett, A. G. The Sioux or Dakota Indians.

On the Surgical Complications and Sequels of the Continued Fevers.
With a Bibliography of works on Diseases of the Joints, Bones,
Larynx, the Eye, Gangrene, Haematoma, Phlegmasia, ete. ToNnER
LecturE No. V. Delivered February 17, 1876. By Witt1am W.
Kren. March, 1876. 8vo., pp. 72, 5 woodcuts. (M. C. xv.)

List of Publications of the Smithsonian Institution, July, 1877. 1877
Svo., pp. 72. (M. C. xtv.)

Subcutaneous Surgery, its Principles, and its recent Extension in
Practice. Tonrr Lecrure No. VI. Delivered September 13, 1876.
By Witr1am Apams. April, 1877. 8vo., pp. 20. (M. C. xv.)

Contributions to the Natural History of the Hawaiian and Fanning
Islands and Lower California, made in connection with the United
States North Pacific Surveying Expedition, 1873-75. By Tuos. H.
Srreets. 1877. 8vo., pp.172. (M.C. xi.) Bulletin of the
National Museum, No. 7.

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 57

303. Natural History of Hawaiian Islands—Continued.
CONTENTS.

ORNITHOLOGY.
HERPETOLOGY.
ICHTHYOLOGY :
I. Fishes of Upper and Lower California.

II. Fishes of the Hawaiian Islands.

Ill. Fishes of the Fanning Islands.

IV. Fishes from the Samoan Islands.
CRUSTACEA.
Borany.

304. Index to the Names which have been appplied to the Subdivisions of
the Class Brachiopoda, excluding the Fudistes, previous to the year
1Sticee prea: DALE. , 1877. Svo.,ipp.(88.., (CM. C. x1.)
Bulletin of the National Museum, No. 8.

305. Contributions to North American Ichthyology. Based primarily on
the collections of the United States National Museum. I.—Review of
Rafinesque’s Memoirs on North American Fishes. By Davin S.
JORDAN. 1877. 8vo., pp. 56. (M.C. xu.) Bulletin of the National
Museum, No. 9.

306. Contributions to North American Ichthyology. Based primarily on
the Collections of the United States National Museum. II. A.—
Notes on Cottide, Etheostomatide, Percidse, Centrarchide, Aphodo-
deridx, Dorysomatide, and Cyprinidze, with revisions of the genera
and descriptions of new or little known species. B.—Synopsis of the
Siluride of the Fresh Waters of North America. By Davin S.
JORDAN. 1877. 8vo., pp. 124, 45 plates of 100 figures. (M. C.
xu.) Bulletin of the National Museum, No. 10.

307. Report on the Centennial Exhibition, Philadelphia. By 8. F. Barrp.
1877. 8vo., pp. 22.

308. Contributions to North American Ichthyology, based primarily on the
collections of the United States National Museum. IJ. A.—On
the Distribution of the Fishes of the Alleghany Region of South
Carolina, Georgia, and Tennessee, with descriptions of new or little
known species. By Davin S. Jorpan and ALempert W. Brayron.
B.—A Synopsis of the Family Catostomide. By Davin S. JorpDaAn.
1878. 8vo., pp. 237. (M.C. xxumr.) Bulletin of the National Mu-
seum, No. 12.

309. List of Foreign Correspondents of the Smithsonian Institution. Cor-
rected to January, 1878. March, 1878. 8vo., pp.120. (M. C. xv.)

310. On the Internal Structure of the Earth, considered as affecting the
Phenomena of Precession and Nutation; supplementary to article
under the above head, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge,

Vol. XIX, No. 240, being the third of the Problems of Rotary Mo-

58 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
tion. By J.G. Barnarp. August, 1877. 4to., pp. 19, 4 woodcuts.
(S2@sxccmm,)

311. Index Catalogue of Books and Memoirs relating to Nebule and
Clusters, etc. By Epwarp 8. Hotpen. November, 1877. 8vo.,
pp 126. (MaC xiv.)

312.. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vol Xai” 1878), Syoe
pp. 982, 45 plates. Bulletins of the National Museum, Nos. 1-10.
CONTENTS.
Corr, E. D. North American batrachia and reptilia. No. 292.
Kipper, J. H.; Cours, E. Birds of Kerguelen Island. No. 293. |

Kipper, J. H., and others. Oology, botany, &c., of Kerguelen Island.
No. 294.

LAWRENCE, G. N. Birds of Mexico. No. 295.
GoopE, G. B. Fishes of Bermuda. No. 296.
GooprE, G. B. Classification of animal resources. No. 297.

Streets, T. H. Natural history of Hawaiian Islands, Fanning Islands,
and Lower California. No. 303.

Dati, W. H. Index of brachiopoda. No. 304.
JorDAN, D.S. North American Ichthyology. Nos. 805 and 306.

313. The Flora of St. Croix and the Virgin Islands. By Baron H. F. A.

Eecers. 1879. 8vo., pp. 1389. (M.C. xxi.) Bulletin of the Na-
tional Museum, No. 18.

814, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vol. XIV. 1878. 8vo.,
pp. 911, 4 plates.
CONTENTS.
De Saussure, H. Synopsis of American wasps. No. 254.
GILL, T. Catalogue of fishes. No. 283.
CLARKE, F. W. Specific gravity tables. Supp. I. No. 288.
CLARKE, F. W. Specific heat tables. No. 276.
CLARKE, F. W. Tables of expansion by heat. No. 289.
Catalogue of photograph portraits of North American Indians. No. 216.
Check list of Smithsonian publications to July, 1877. No. 301.
HoupEN, E.S. Catalogue of books relative to nebule. No. 311.

315. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vol. XV. 1878. 8vo.,
pp. 880, 53 woodcuts.

CONTENTS.
Watson, S. Botanical index. No. 258.
Woopwarp, J. J. Toner Lecture I. Cancerous tumors. No. 266.
Brown-Sfquarp, C. E. Toner Lecture II. The brain. No. 291.
Da Costa, J. M. Toner Lecture III. The heart. No. 279.
Woop, H.C. Toner Lecture IV. Study of fever. No. 282.
Kren, W. W. Toner Lecture VY. Continued fevers. No. 300.
Apams, W. Toner Lecture VI. Subcutaneous surgery. No. 302.

List of foreign correspondents of the Smithsonian Institution to January,
1878. No. 309.

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 59

315. Miscellaneous Collections. Vol. XV—Continued.
Circular in reference to American archeology. No. 316.
Circular. Inquiries relative to crawfish and crustacea. No. 319.
Circular relating to collections of living reptiles. No. 320.

316. Circular in reference to American Archeology. 1878. 8vo., pp. 15,
38 woodcuts. (M. C. xv.)

317. A Classification and Synopsis of the Trochilide. By Danren Grraup
Euuiot. 1879. 4to., pp. 289, 127 woodcuts. (S. C. xxm1.)

318. On the Remains of Later Pre-historic Man, obtained from Caves in
the Catherina Archipelago, Alaska Territory, and especially from the
Caves of the Aleutian Islands. By W. H. Datu. 1878. 4to.,
pp. 44, 10 plates of 39 figures. (S. C. xxmz.)

319. Circular of Inquiries relative to the Natural History of the American
Crawfish and other Fresh Water Crustacea. 1878. 8vo., pp. 8,
2 woodcuts. (M. C. xv.)

320. Circular relating to Collections of Living Reptiles. 1878. 8vo.,
pps2. GME Ce: xve)

321. The Nature of Reparatory Inflammation in Arteries after Ligatures,
Acupressure, and Torsion. Toner Lecrurr No. VII. Delivered
June 27,1878. By Epw. O. SHAKESPEARE. March, 1879. 8vo.,
pp. 74, 7 plates of 11 figures. (M. C. xvi.)

322. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vol. XVI. 1880. 8vyo.,
pp. 950, 871 woodcuts, 7 plates.

CONTENTS.

Tryon, G..W. Land and fresh water shells. Strepomatide. No. 253.

OsTEN SACKEN, C. R. Catalogue of diptera. No. 270.

SHAKESPEARE, EH. O. Nature of reparatory inflammation. No. 321.

Circular relative to scientific and literary exchanges. No. 324.

Business arrangements of the Smithsonian Institution. No. 825.

Eziot, D. G. List of species of humming birds. No. 334.

List of the principal scientific and literary institutions in the United
States. No. 335.

List of publications of the Smithsonian Institution. No. 344,

323. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, for the year 1877. 45th Congress, 2d Session. Senate Mis.
Doc. No. 35. 1878. 8vo., pp. 500, 49 woodcuts.

CONTENTS.

Henry, J. Secretary’s report of operations.

Boarp OF REGENTS, Proceedings of

Bairp, 8. F. Report on Museum and explorations.

Barrp, 8. F. List of explorations furnishing collections to the National
Museum, 1838 to 1877.

60 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

$23. Report for 1877—Continued.

Hoimeren, F. Color blindness in its relation to ponders by rail and
sea.

Henry, J. Color blindness.

PLantamour, E. Report on the transactions of the Geneva Society of

Physics and Natural History, from June, 1874, to June, 1875.
Mutter, J. Report on the transactions of the Geneva Society of Physics

and Natural History, from June, 1875, to June, 1876.

Favre, A. Report on the transactions of the Geneva Society of Physics
and Natural History, from June, 1876, to June, 1877. ;
ETHNOLOGY :
Cannon, G. L. Antiquities of Jefferson and Clear Creek counties,
Colorado.

Srrone, Moses. Antiquities in Wisconsin.

Hart, J. N. pe. The mounds and osteology of the mound builders

of Wisconsin.

Breep, E. E. Pits at Embarrass, Wisconsin.

Movutton, M. W. Mounds in Delaware county, lowa.

Knapp, Mrs. G. Earthworks on the Arkansas river, sixteen miles

below Little Rock.

Lyxins, W. H. R. Antiquities of Kansas City, Missouri.

SuHaw, J. The mound builders in the Rock river valley, Illinois.

CocHRANE, J. Antiquities of Mason county, Illinois.

Hitt, G. W. Ancient earthworks of Ashland county, Onio.

CasE, H. B. Flint implements in Holmes county, Ohio.

Mixxer, F. Mound in Trumbull county, Ohio.

FRIEL, J. Antiquities of Hancock county, Kentucky. ¢

Ropertson, R. 8. Antiquities of Nashville, Tennessee.

CLARK, W. M. Antiquities of Tennessee.

Jones, Jr., C. C. Aboriginal structures in Georgia.

BaiLey, W. B. F. Antiquities of Spalding county, Georgia.

Gaines, A. §.; Cunntneuam, K. M. Shell-heaps on Mobile river,

Rav, C. The stock in trade of an aboriginal lapidary.

Rav, C. Observations on a gold ornament from a mound in Florida.

Hatpeman, 8.8. Ona polychrome bead from Florida.

Harrison, A. M. Colored bead dug from a mound on the eastern

coast of Florida.

Mayperry, 8. P. Shell-heaps at the mouth of Saint John’s river,

Florida.

Taytor, W. M. Ancient mound in western Pennsylvania.

SHeparp, E. M. Deposit of arrow heads near Fishkill, New York.

Gisss, G. J. Stone celts in the West Indies and Africa.

Gat, F. L. The Indians of Peru.

Bowers, 8. History and antiquities of Santa Rosa Island, California.
McParuiin, T. A. Notes on the history and climate of New Mexico.
Weismann, A. On the change of the Mexican axolotl to'an amblystoma,
AxsBr, OC. Short memoirs on meteorological subjects, translated by, viz:

Hann, J. On the diminution of aqueous vapor with increasing alti-

tude in the atmosphere.

Hann, J. On the influence of rain upon the barometer and upon the

formation of precipitation in general.

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 61
323. Report for 1877—Continued.

Hann, J. Atmospheric pressure and rain-fall.

Hann, J. The luws of the variation of temperature in ascending
currents of air.

Souncke, L. The law of the variation of temperature in ascending
moist currents of air.

Reye, T. Rain-fall and barometric minima.

Hann, J. On the relation between the difference of pressure and the
velocity of the wind according to the theories of Ferrel and
Colding.

Ferret, W. Reply to the criticisms of J. Hann.

CotpinG, A. Some remarks concerning the nature of currents of air.

Corpine, A. On the whirlwind at St. Thomas on the 21st of August,
1871.

Prstin, M. On the relation between barometric variations and the
general atmospheric currents.

324. Circular relative to Scientific and Literary Exchanges. 1879. 8vo.,
pp: 2.) AEC! xvi) Free.

325. Business Arrangements of the Smithsonian Institution. January,
1879. 8vo., pp. 7. CM. C. xvt.) Free.

326. Catalogue of the Collection to illustrate the Animal Resources and
the Fisheries of the United States, exhibited at Philadelphia, in 1876,
by the Smithsonian Institution and the United States Fish Commis-
sion, and forming a part of the United States National Museum.
By G. Browne GoopE. 1879. 8vo., pp.367. (M.C. xxi.) Bud-
letin of the National Museum, No. 14.

327. The Scientific Writings of James Smiruson. Edited by W. J.
Rees. 1879. 8vo., pp. 166, 32 woodcuts, 1 plate. (Portrait.)
(MLC) sexe.)

CONTENTS.
Smiruson, J. Scientific writings.
Jounson, W. R. Memoir on the scientific character and researches of
James Smithson.
Irby, J. R. McD. Works and character of James Smithson.

328. The Smithsonian Institution. Documents relative to its Origin and
History. By Wuatam J. Rures. 1879. 8vo., pp. 1027. (M. C.
XVII. )
CONTENTS.
SmMIrHson, J. Will of

Correspondence between attorneys in England, Department of State,
Richard Rush, and others relative to the bequest of Smithson.

Rusu, R. The case stated.

Opinion of English counsel.

Decree of Chancery Court awarding bequest to the United States.
Account of case of the United States.

Bill of costs of the case of the United States.

RuswH, R. Accounts of

SmirHson, J. Schedule of personal effects.

62 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
328. Smithsonian Institution. Documents—Continued.
SmitTHson, J. Residuary legacy of

Congressional proceedings in relation to the bequest. 1835 to 1877.
Twenty-fourth to Forty-fourth Congress.

Henry, J. Digest of act of Congress to establish the Smithsonian Insti-
tution.

ADAMS, J.Q. Extracts from Memoirs of, relative to Smithson bequest.

TREASURY OF U.S. Accounts of, with Smithson fund.

Proposed applications of Smithson bequest.

Report of Organization Committee of the Board of Regents of the Smith-
sonian Institution.

Henry, J. Programme of organization of Smithsonian Institution.

Letters relative to the programme of organization.

329. The Smithsonian Institution. Journals of the Board of Regents,
Reports of Committees, Statistics, ete. By Wiiiram J. RaHegs.
1879. 8vo., pp. 851. (M. C. xvumir.)
CONTENTS.

Journal of Proceedings of the Board of Regents from 1846 to 1876. 3

Report of the Special Committee of the Board of Regents on the distribu-
tion of the income.

Report ef the Special Committee of the Board of Regents—Prof. Felton—
on the present of the Greek album from Miss E. Contaxaki.

Report of the Special Committee of the Board of Regents—Prof. Felton—-
on the purchase of the Stanley Indian gallery.

Henry, J. Communication relative to a publication by Prof. S. F. B.
Morse.

Report of the Special Committee of the Buard of Regents on the invention
of the electro-magnetic telegraph.
Report of the Special Committee of the Board of Regents relative to the
Smithsonian fire of January 24, 1865.
Act of Congress to transfer custody of library to Library of Congress.
Act of Congress to receive into Treasury of the United States residuary
legacy of Smithson, and to authorize increase of fund to a million
dollars.
Report of the Special Committee of the Board of Regents on best use of
new hall of Institution.
Report of Executive Committee of the Board of Regents on the Wash-
ington city canal.
Report of the Executive Committee of the Board of Regents relative to
the Corcoran Art Gallery.
Report of the Special Committee of the Board of Regents on the museum.
EULOGIES AND BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES:
Agassiz, L.; Bache, A. D.; Chase, S. P.; Cleaveland, P.; Douglas,
5. A.; Espy, J. P.; Felton, C. C.; Harvey, W. H.; Irving,
W.; Jewett, C. C.; Pearce, J. A.; Priestley, J.; Rash, B.;
Seaton, W. W.; Totten, J. G.; Turner, W. W.; Wilson, H.;
Wurdeman, G.

Agassiz, L. Narrative of expedition through Straits of Magellan to
California.

Bacue, A. D. Will of, establishing Bache Scientific Fund.
Corcoran, W. W. Deed of gift and trust of Corcoran Art Gallery.

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 68
329. Smithsonian Institution. Journals, &c.—Continued.

Toner, J. M. Deed of, establishing Toner Lectures for advance of medi-
cal science.

TyNDALL, J. Deed of, establishing trust for promotion of science in the
United States.

Hamiztton, J. Bequest of, to Smithsonian Institution.

Circular sent with specimens of natural history, etc., presented to institu-
tions.

Journal of the Executive Committee from Sept. 12, 1846, to Dec. 21, 1849.

Report of the Executive Committee, from 1847 to 1875.

Journal of the Building Committee, from Feb. 17, 1847, to Dec. 1, 1847.

Report of the Building Committee, 1847-1867.

General financial and statistical statements, receipts and expenditures,
classified, 1846 to 1877.

Statistics of literary and scientific exchanges, additions to the library, etc.,
1846 to 1877.

Appropriations from National Treasury by Congress for Smithsonian In-
stitution and National Museum, 1846-1876.

List of Regents of the Institution from 1846 to 1879, according to mode
of appointment, residence, ete.

Act of Congress to establish the Smithsonian Institution, August 10, 1846.

The same, according to the Revised Statutes.

F By-Laws of the ‘‘ Establishment.”

The ‘ Establishment”’ of the Smithsonian Institution, organization and
journal of proceedings, 1846 to 1877.

Examination of Professor Henry by the English Government Scientific
Commission, June 28, 1870.

330. Smithson and his Bequest. By Wriittam J. Rogers. 1880. 8vo.,
pp- 76, 9 plates. (M. C. xxr.)

CONTENTS.

Life of Smithson.

Legislation of Congress in relation to the bequest.

List of first Board of Regents.

Obituary notice of Smithson, March, 1880.

Dutens, L. Account of the First Duke of Northumberland.
Notice of the First Duke in The Gentleman’s Magazine, 1786.
Coffin-plate inscription of Hugh Smithson.

Account of Earl Percy.

Notice of Smithson’s paper on ‘“ Tabasheer.”’

Davy, Sir H. Notice of Smithson’s paper on ‘‘ Calamines.’’
Illustrations of presentations of books to Smithson.
BERZELIus. Notice of Smithson’s researches.

Extracts from Smithson’s scientific writings.

Catalogue of the library of Smithson.

Notice of the city of Washington, in Harriott’s travels.
Notice of the city of Washington, in Weld’s travels.

331. The Palenque Tablet, in the United States National Museum, Wash-
ington, D. C. By CHartes Rav. 1879. 4to., pp. 90, 2 plates.
(S. C.mre,)

64 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

332. Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum for 1878. Vol. I. 1879.
8vo., pp. 524, 8 cuts, 8 plates. (M. C. xrx.)

CONTENTS.
Brean, T. H. Description of a new sparoid fish, Sargus holbrookii, from
Savannah bank.
On the occurrence of Sticheus punctatus (Fabr.) Kroyer, at St.
Michael’s, Alaska.
On the identity of Ewchalarodus Putnami Gill, with Pleuronectes glaber
(Storer) Gill, with notes on the habits of the species.
Description of a species of Lycodes (L. Turneri) from Alaska.
See also under Goode and Bean.
Bexipine, L. A partial list of the birds of Central California.

Coox, C. The manufacture of porpoise-oil.
Dati, W. H. Description of new forms of mollusks from Alaska con-
tained in the collections of the National Museum.
Postpliocene fossils in the Coast Range of California.
Fossil mollusks from later tertiaries of California.
Note on shells from Costa Rica kitchenmidden, collected by Drs.
Flint and Bransford.
Distribution of Californian tertiary fossils.
Descriptions of new species of shells from California in the collections
of the National Museum.
Report on the limpets and chitons of the Alaskan and Arctic regions,
_ descriptions of genera and species believed to be new.

Epwarps, V. N. On the occurrence of the Oceanic Bonito, Orcynus
pelamys (Linné) Poey, in Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts.
Gitt, T. Synopsis of the pediculate fishes of the Eastern Coast of Ex-
tratropical North America.
Note on the Antennariide.
On the proper specific name of the common pelagic antennariid
Pterophryne.
Note on the Ceratiide.
Note on the Maltheide.
Goopk, G. B. The Clupea tyrannus of Latrobe.
The occurrence of Belone latimanus in Buzzard’s bay, Massachusetts.
The voices of Crustaceans.
A revision of the American species of the genus Brevoortia, with a
description of a new species from the Gulf of Mexico.
The occurrence of Hippocampus antiquorum, or an allied form, on
St. George’s Banks.
The occurrence of the Canada porcupine in West Virginia.
On two fishes from the Bermudas mistakenly described as new by Dr.
Giinther.
Goove, G. B.; Bean, T. H. The Craig flounder of Europe, Glyptocep-
halus cynoglossus, on the coast of North America.
The Oceanic Bonito on the coast of the United States.
Description of Caulolatilus microps,a new species of fish from the
Gulf coast of Florida.

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 65

332, Proceedings of National Museum. Vol. I—Continued.

GoopE, G. B.; Bean, T. H. Onanew serranoid fish, Epinephelus Drum-
mond-Hayi, from the Bermudas and Florida.

Descriptions of two new species of fishes, Lutjanus Blackfordii and
Lutjanus stearnsii, from the Coast of Florida.

A note upon the Black Grouper (Epinephelus nigritus (Holbrook)
Gill) of the Southern coast.

Descriptions of two gadoid fishes, Phycis Chesteri and Haloporphyrus
viola, from the deep-sea fauna of the Northwestern Atlantic.

Description of Argentina syrtensium, a new deep-sea fish from Sable
Island Bank.

The identity of Rhinonemus caudacuta, (Storer) Gill with Gadus
cimbrius Linn.

Note on Platessa ferruginea D. H. Storer, and Platessa rostrata H. R.
Storer.

On the identity of Brosmius brosme americanus Gill, with Brosmius
brosme (Muller) White.

Jackson, J. B.S. Arsenic acid for protecting anatomical preparations
from insects.

JEFFERSON, J. P. On the mortality of fishes in the Gulf of Mexico in
1878.

JEFFERSON, J. P.; Porter, J. Y.; Moorz, T. On the destruction of
fish in the vicinity of the Tortugas during the months of September
and October, 1878.

JorpDan, D.S. Notes on a collection of fishes from Clackamas river,
Oregon.

JorDaNn, D. S.; Grupert, C. H. Notes on the fishes of Beaufort harbor,
North Carolina.

Lawrence, G. N. Catalogue of the birds of Dominica, from collections
made for the Smithsonian Institution, by Frederick A. Ober,
together with his notes and observations.

Catalogue of the birds of St. Vincent, from collections made by Fred.
A. Ober, under the directions of the Smithsonian Institution.
with his notes thereon.

Catalogue of the birds of Antigua and Barbuda, from collections
made for the Smithsonian Institution, by Fred. A. Ober, with
his observations.

Catalogue of the birds of Grenada, from a collection made by Fred.
A. Ober for the Smithsonian Institution, including others seen
by him, but not obtained.

Catalogue of the birds collected in Martinique, by Fred. A. Ober for
the Smithsonian Institution.

Catalogue of a collection of birds obtained in Guadeloupe for the
Smithsonian Institution, by Fred. A. Ober.

A general catalogue of the birds noted from the islands of the Lesser
Antilles visited by Fred. A. Ober; with a table showing their
distribution, and those found in the United States.

Lurron, N.T. On the breeding habits of the sea-catfish (Ariopsis milberti ?)

Merritt, J. C. Notes on the ornithology of Southern Texas, being a
list of birds observed in the vicinity of Fort Brown, Texas, from
February, 1876, to June, 1878.

66 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
332. Proceedings of National Museum. Vol. I—Continued.
Pory, F. Notes on the American species of the genus Cybium.
Pratt, R. H. Catalogue of casts taken by Clark Mills of the heads of
sixty-four Indian prisoners of various western tribes, and held at
Fort Marion, St. Augustine, Florida, in charge of R. H. Pratt.
’ Ripeway, R. Ona new humming bird (Atthis Ellioti) from Guatemala.
A review of the American species of the genus Scops, Savigny.
Descriptions of several new species and geographical races of birds
contained in the collection of the United States National Museum.
Description of two new species of birds from Costa Rica, and notes on
other rare species from that country.
Descriptions of new species and races of American birds, including a
synopsis of the Genus Tyrannus, Cuvier.
Srearns, 8S. A note on the Gulf menhaden, Brevoortia patronus, Goode.
STEINDACHNER, F. Note on Perca flavescens.
Witmor, 8. Notes on the western gizzard shad, Dorosoma cepedianum
heterurum (Raf.) Jordan.

333. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum for 1879. Vol. II. 1881.

8vo., pp. 005, 2 wood cuts, 7 plates. (M. C. xrx.)
CONTENTS.
Bran, T. H. A list of European fishes in the collection of the United
States National Museum.

On the species of Astroscopus of the Eastern United States.

On the occurrence of Hippoglossus vulgaris, Flem., at Unalashkaaand
St. Michael’s, Alaska.

Description of an apparently new species of Gasterosteus (G. atkinsii)
from the Schoodic Lakes, Maine.

Description of a new fish from Alaska (Anarrhichas lepturus), with
notes upon other species of the genus Anarrhichas.

Notes on collection of fishes from eastern Georgia.

Description of a new species of Amiurus (A. ponderosus) from the
Mississippi river.

Descriptions of two species of fishes, collected by Prof. A. Dugés in
Central Mexico.

Descriptions of some genera and species of Alaskan fishes.

See also under Goode and Bean.
Brewer, T. M. Notes on the nests and eggs of the eight North Ameri-
can species of empidonaces.
Cooper, J. G. On the migrations and nesting habits of west coast birds.
Coves, E. Fourth instalment of ornithological bibliography, being a list
of faunal publications relating to British birds.
Garxr, H. ®n the birds of Heligoland.
Goopr, G. B. A study of the trunk fishes (Ostraciontide), with notes
upon the American species of the family.

A preliminary catalogue of the fishes of the St. John’s river and the
east coast of Florida, with descriptions of a new genus and three
new species.

Description of a new species of amber fish (Seriola stearnsiz) obtained
neat Pensacola, Fla., by Mr. Silas Stearns.

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 67
333. Proceedings of National Museum. Vol. I[—Continued.
Goopr, G. B.; Bran, T. H. Description of Alepocephalus bairdit, a new
species of fish from the deep-sea fauna of the western Atlantic.
Description of a species of Lycodes (L. pavillus), obtained by the
United States Fish Commission. °
Description of a new species of Liparis (L. ranula), obtained by the
United States Fish Commission off Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Catalogue of a collection of fishes sent from Pensacola, Fla., and vi-
cinity, by Mr. Silas Stearns, with descriptions of six new species.
Description of a new genus and species of fish, Lopholatilus chame-
leonticeps, from the south of New England.
On the occurrence of Lycodes vahlii, Reinhardt, on La Have and
Grand Banks.
Catalogue of a collection of fishes obtained in the Gulf of Mexico by
Dr. J. W. Velie, with description of seven new species.
Harger, O. Notes on New England Isopoda.
Jorpan, D. S. Notes on certain typical specimens of American fishes in
the British Museum and in the Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, at
Paris.
Description of new species of North American fishes.
Notes on a collection of fishes obtained in the streams of Guanajuato
and in Chapala lake, Mexico, by Prof. A. Duges.

Kipper, J. H. Report of experiments upon the animal heat of fishes,
made at Provincetown, Mass., during the summer of 1879, in connec-
tion with operations of the United States Fish Commission.

Locxrneron, W. N. Review of the Plewronectide of San Francisco.
Descriptions of new genera and species of fishes from the coast of

California.

Merritt, J.C. On the habits of the Rocky Mountain goat.

Prarr, R. H. List of names, ages, tribe, &c., of Indian boys and girls
at Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, Virginia, plaster
easts of whose heads were taken by Clark Mills, Esq., March, 1879.

SmiruH, 8. I. Occurrence of Chelura terebrans, a crustacean destructive

to the timber of submarine structures, on the coast of the United
States.

Notice of a new species of the Willemesia group of crustacea (recent
Eryontide. )

Verrity, A. E. Notice of recent additions to the marine invertebrata of
the northeastern coast of America, with descriptions of new genera
and species and critical remarks on others.

Verritt, A. E.; Rarupun, R. List of marine invertebrata from the
New England coast, distributed by the United States Commission of
Fish and Fisheries.

Wuire, ©. A. Descriptions of new species of carboniferous invertebrate

fossils.

Descriptions of new cretaceous invertebrate fossils from Kansas and
Texas.

Note on Endothyra ornata.

Note on Criocardium and Ethmocardium.

68 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

334. List of described species of Humming Birds. By Dante, Grraup
Eviror. 1879. 8vo., pp. 22. (MC. xv.)

335. List of the Principal Scientific and Literary Institutions in the United
States, May, 1879. 1879. 8vo., pp. 6. (CM. C. xvr.)

336. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vol. XVII. 1880. 8vo.,
pp. 1034.
CONTENTS.
Documents relative to the origin and history of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion. No. 328.
337. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vol. XVIII. 1880. 8vo.,
pp. 851. :
CONTENTS.

Journals of the Board of Regents, Reports of Committees, Statistics, etc.
No. 329.

338. Notes on the Life and Character of Joseph Henry. Read before the
Philosophical Society of Washington, October 26, 1878. By JAMEs
C. WELLING. 1880. 8vo., pp. 30,1 plate. (Portrait.) (M.C. xx1.)

339. A Memoir of Joseph Henry: a Sketch of his Scientific Work. Read
before the Philosophical Society of Washington, October 26, 1878.
By Witr1aM B. Taytor. 1880. 8vo., pp. 225, 1 plate. (Portrait.)
CML. C.exsxar3)

340. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Vol. XXII. 1880. 4to.,
pp. 537, 474 woodcuts, 20 plates.

CONTENTS.
Jones, J. Explorations of aboriginal remains of Tennessee. No. 259.
Haset, 8. Sculptures of Santa Lucia Cosumaluhuapa, in Guatemala,
No. 269.
Rav, C. Archeological collection of U.S. National Museum. No, 287.
Rav, C. Palenque tablet in the U. 8S. National Museum. No. 331.
Dati, W. H. Remains of later pre-historic man in Alaska. No. 318.

341. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, for the year 1878. 45th Congress, 3d Session. Senate, Mis.
Doc. No. 59. 1879. 8vo., pp. 575, 12 woodcuts.

CONTENTS.

Barrp, 8. F. Secretary’s report of operations.

Report of Government explorations and surveys.

Acts and resolutions of Congress relative to the Smithsonian Institution
and the National Museum. Forty-fifth Congress, 2d and 3d Sess.,
1878, 1879.

Boarp oF REGENTS, Proceedings of

Gray, A. Biographical memoir of Joseph Henry.

ARAGO, F. Biography of Condorcet.

Favre, E. Biographical notice of Louis Agassiz.

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 69

341. Report for 1878—Continued.

TayLor, W. B. Henry and the telegraph.

Lavrrensacu, B. F. Irritation of a polarized nerve.

Woop, H. C. Researches upon fever.

Leconvre, J. Constants of nature.

List of apparatus available for scientific researches.

OpeR, F. A. Ornithology of the Carribee Islands.

KUMLIEN, L. Report of explorations in Greenland.

Henry, J. Researches in sound.

342. Contributions to the Natural History of Arctic America, made in
connection with the Howgate Polar Expedition, 1877-78. By
Lupwic Kumuien. 1879. 8vo.,pp.179. (M.C. xxi.) Bulletin
of the National Museum, No. 15.

CONTENTS,
Kumuten, L. Ethnology, mammals, and birds.
Bean, T. H. Fishes.
VERRILL, A. E. Annelides, molluscoids, and radiates.
DatL, W. H. Mollusks.
INSEcrs :
Epwarps, W.H. Diurnal lepidoptera.
_ ScuppER, 8. H. and others. Hymenoptera, nocturnal lepidoptera,

diptera, coleoptera, neuroptera, and arachnida.
Grav. AY Plants:
TUCKERMAN, E. Lichens.
Fartow, W.G. Alge.

343. Annual Reports of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution,
JosepH Henry, 1865 to 1877. 1880. 8vo., pp. 548.

344, Check-list of Publications of the Smithsonian Institution, July, 1879.
1379: Svo;. pp. 16- (M.C! xvi.)

345. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, for the year 1879. 1880. 46th Congress, 2d Session. Senate
Mis. Doc. No. 54. 8vo., pp. 631, 216 woodcuts.

CONTENTS.
Bairp, 8. F. Secretary’s report of operations.
Boarp or ReGENts, Proceedings of
Acts and resolutions of Congress relative to the Smithsonian Institution
and the National Museum. 45th Congress, 8d Session; 46th Con-
gress, 2d Session. 1878-1880.
Report of the National Museum Building Commission.
Report of the Architects.
AHEES, W. J. James Smithson and his bequest.
Kwnicut, KE. H. A study of the savage weapons at the Centennial Exhi-
bition, Philadelphia, 1876.
ANTHROPOLOGY :
Worsaar, J. J. A. The preservation of antiquities and national
monuments in Denmark.
‘ Havarp, V. The French half-breeds of the Northwest.

70 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
345. Report for 1879—Continued.
Norris, P. W. Prehistoric remains in Montana, between Fort Ellis
and the Yellowstone river.
Brackett, A. G. The Shoshone or Snake Indians: their religion,
superstitions, and manners. .
Burr, R. T. Ruins in White river cafion, Pima county, Arizona.
Armstrone, T. Mounds in Winnebago county, Wisconsin.
AnpeErRson, W.G. Mounds near Quincy, Ill., and in Wisconsin.
Evans, S. B. Notes on some of the principal mounds in Des Moines
valley.
DauLBeERG, R. N. and C. Composition of ancient pottery found near
the mouth of Chequest creek, at Pittsburg, on the Des Moines river.
BroapHEAD, G. C. Prehistoric evidences in Missouri.
THompson, T. Mounds in Muscatine county, Lowa, and Rock Island
county, Illinois,
Ta@iiner, A. Antiquities of Rock Island county, Illinois.
OruLeER, A. Stone cists near Highland, Madison county, Illinois.
MircHe.y, B. Mounds in Pike county, Illinois...
ApaAms, W. H. Mounds in the Spoon River valley, [linois.
Quick, KE. R. Mounds in Franklin county, Indiana.
JACKMAN, F. Mounds and earthworks of Rush county, Indiana.
Jones, Jr., C. C. Primitive manufacture of spear and arrow points
along the line of the Savannah river. .
GESNER, W. Mica beds in Alabama.
Hoven, J. Mounds in Washington county, Mississippi.
Bropnax, B. H. Mounds in Moorehouse Parish, Louisiana.
BraucHamep, W.M. Wampum belts of the Six Nations.
ANDkEws, F. D. Indian relics from Schoharie, New York.
Watxker,S.T. Preliminary explorations among the Indian mounds
in Southern Florida.
Waker, 8S. T. Report on the shell heaps of Tampa bay, Florida.
Nurrer, F. H. Mounds on Gideon’s farm, near Excelsior, Henne-
“pin county, Minnesota.
Mason, O. T. Summary of correspondence of the Smithsonian Insti-
tution previous to January 1, 1880, in answer to circular No. 316.
Mason, O. T. Anthropological investigations during the year 1879.
Borumer, G. H. Index to papers on anthropology published by the
Smithsonian Institution, 1847 to 1878.
Pisxo, F. J. On the present fundamental principles of physics.
Von BaumuaueEr, E. H. A universal meteorograph, designed for de-
tached observatories.
HoupeEn, E. 8S. Reports of American observatories.

346. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Vol. XXIII. 1881.
4to., pp. 766, 160 woodcuts, 18 plates of 165 figures.
CONTENTS,
Cuiark, H. J. Lucernarie and their allies. No. 242.

HinGarp, E. W. Geology of Lower Louisiana and Petite Anse Island.
No. 248.

BARNARD, J. G. Internal structure of the earth. No. 310.
Exxiot, D..Ge Classification and synopsis of the trochilide. No. 317.
Woop, H.C. Fever; a study in physiology. No. 357.

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 71

347. Nomenclature of Clouds. Two lithographic plates. 1851. 8vo.

348. Report on the Fishes of the New Jersey Coast, as observed in the Sum-
mer of 1854. By Spencer F. Barrp. 1855. 8vo., pp. 40.

349. Suggestions for the Sanitary Drainage of Washington City. Toner
Lecture No. VIII. Delivered May 26, 1880. By Grorce E.
Warne, Jr. June, 1880. 8vo., pp. 26.

350. A Map of the Stars near the North Pole; for observations on the
Aurora. Copied from the Map used in the Toronto Observations.
1856. 15 inches by 12 inches.

351. On the Distribution of the Forests and Trees of North America; with

notes on its Physical Geography. By J. G. Cooper. 1859. 8vo.,
pp. 36, 1 woodcut.

352. Brief Abstract of a series of six Lectures on the Principles of Lin-
guistic Science. Delivered at the Smithsonian Institution in March,
1864. By Witi1am D. Wuitney. 1864. 8vo., pp. 22.

353, Tables and Results of the Precipitation, in Rain and Snow, in the
United States, and at some stations in adjacent parts of North Amer-
ica, and in Central and South America. Collected by the Smith-
sonian Institution, and discussed under the direction of Joseph Henry
and Spencer F. Baird, Secretaries. By CHarues A. Scnorr. May,
1881. 4to., pp. 269, 8 woodcuts, 5 plates, 5 charts.

354, Essay on the Velocity of Light. By M.Drraunay. Translated for
the Smithsonian Institution by Alfred M. Mayer. 1864. 8vo.,
pp. ol.

355. Ozone and Antozone. By Coartes M. Werueriuy. 1864. 8vo.,
pp. 12.

356. A Memorial of Joseph Henry. (Published by order of Congress.)
1880. 8vo., pp. 532, 1 plate.

CONTENTS.
‘InrropuctTion. Proceedings in Congress relative to public commemora-
tion.

Parr I.—Oxssxrquius or JosepH Henry.

Waitt, M. R. Mortuary announcement.
Proceedings of the Board of Regents.
The funeral, May 16, 1878.

Hopes, C. Prayer at the funeral.
MircHett, 8.8. Funeral sermon.

Parr [1].—Memoriat Exercises av THE CAPITOL.
Announcement by Executive Committee of the Regents.
McCosu, J. Introductory prayer.

Hamuin, H. Address.

72 LIST OF PUBLIUVATIONS
396.—Memorial of Joseph Henry—Continued.
Wituers, R. E. Address.
Gray, A. <Address.
CLYMER, H. . Reading of telegrams.
Rogers, W. B. Address.
GARFIELD, J. A. Address.
Cox, 8.8. Address.
SHERMAN, W. T. Address.
SUNDERLAND, B. Concluding prayer.

Parr IT I1.—MEMoRIAL PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
Proceedings of the Philosophical Society of Washington.
Proceedings of the Albany Institute.

Meraps, O. Memorial minute.

Proceedings of the United States Light-House Board.
Dov, 8. B. Memorial discourse.

Cameron, H. C. Reminiscences.

WELLING, J. C. Memorial address.

Taytor, W. B. Memorial address.

LoverRInG, J. Obituary memoir.

Newcoms, 8. Biographical memoir.

Mayer, A. M. Memorial address.

APPENDIX. Proceedings in Congress regarding the erection of a monu-
ment to Joseph Henry.

357. Fever: A Study in Morbid and Normal Physiology. By Horarto

C. Woop. January, 1878. 8vo., pp. 263, 16 woodcuts, 5 plates of
16 figures. (S. C. xxmI.)

358. The Constants of Nature. Part IV. Atomic Weight Determinations:

A Digest of the Investigations published since 1814. By Grorcr F.
Brecxer. August, 1880. 8vo., pp. 152.

359. A Planisphere of the Visible Heavens, extending to 40° of south decli-
nation, for observations on Meteoric displays. Prepared by a Com-
mittee of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. 1864. 30
inches by 24% inches,

360. Palafittes, or Lacustrian Constructions of the Lake of Neuchatel
By E. Desor. Translated for the Smithsonian Institution. 1865.
8vo., pp. 53, 118 woodcuts.

861. An account of the Aboriginal Inhabitants of the California Peninsula,
as given by JAcop BAarcert, a German Jesuit Missionary, who lived
there seventeen years during the second half of the last century.
Translated and arranged for the Smithsonian Institution, by CHARLES
Rav. 1865. 8vo., pp. 41.

362. Artificial Shell-deposits in New Jersey. By CHartes Rav. 1865.
8vo., pp. 6, 1 woodcut.

368. Instructions for collecting Land and Fresh Water Shells. By JAMES
Lewis. 1866. 8vo., pp. 8.

364.

365.

366.

367.

368.

369.

370.

371.

372.

378.

374.

375.

376.

377.

378.

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 13

Outline of a Systematic Review of the Class of Birds. By W. Liuuse-
BORG. Translated for the Smithsonian Institution. 1866. 8vo.,
pp. 16.

Notes on the Tinneh or Chepewyan Indians of British and Russian
America. 1.—The Eastern Tinneh; by Brernarp R. Ross. 2.—
The Loucheux Indians; by Winu1am L. Harpisry. 3.—The Kut-
chin Tribes; by Srracnan Jones. Compiled by Grorcr Grpps.
1866. 8vo., pp. 25, 11 woodcuts.

Directions for Collecting, Preserving, and Transporting Specimens of"
Diatomacea, and other Microscopic Organisms. By Artrour M.

Se

Epwarps. 1867. 8vo., pp. 7.

Sketch of the Flora of Alaska. By J.T. Rorwrock. 1867. 8vo.,
pp. 30.

Indian Pottery. By Cuarues Rav. 1867. 8vo., pp. 11, 9 wood-
cuts,

Dorpat and Poulkova. By CLevELAND ABBE. 1867. 8vo., pp. 23.

A Deposit of Agricultural Flint Implements found in Southern Illi-
nois. By CHarLes Rav. 1868. 8vo., pp. 9,5 woodcuts.

The Metric System of Weights and Measures, with Tables. Prepared
for the Smithsonian Institution. By H. A. Newron. 1868. 8vo.,
pp. 23.

Drilling in Stone without the use of Metal. By Cuarnrs Rav.
1869. 8vo., pp, 11, 12 woodcuts.

Meteorological Stations, and Observers of the Smithsonian Institution,
in North America and adjacent Islands, from the year 1849, to the
end of the year 1868. 1869. 8vo., pp. 42.

Three Rain-Charts of the United States, showing the distribution by
Isohyetal lines of the mean precipitation in rain and melted snow.
1, for the Summer months; 2, for the Winter months; 3, for the
Year. 1870. 20 inches by 14 inches.

Thoughts on the Nature and Origin of Force. By WrtiiAm B.
Taytor. 1870. 8vo., pp. 19.

On the Chemistry of the Earth. By T. Srerry Hunt. 1871. 8vo.,
pp. 26.

The Diamond and other Precious Stones. By M. Basiner. Trans-
lated for the Smithsonian Institution, by John Stearns. 1872. 8vo.,
pp. 33.

The Language of the Dakota or Sioux Indians. By F. L. O. Ranrie.
1872. 8vo., pp. 19.

74

379.

380.

381.

382.
383.
384.
385.

386.

387.

388.
389.

390.
391.

392.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

Eulogy on’ Prof. Alexander Dallas Bache, late Superintendent of
the U. S. Coast Survey, President of the National Academy of
Sciences, ete. By JosepH Henry. 1872. 8vo., pp. 28.

The Scientific Education of Mechanics and Artizans. By ANDREW
P. Peazsopy. 1873. 8vo., pp. 13.

Temperature-Chart of the United States, showing the distribution, by
Isothermal lines, of the mean temperature for the Year. 1873. 164
inches by 103 inches.

North American Stone Implements. By CHArtes Rav. 1873.
8vo., pp. 16, 7 woodcuts.

Archeological Researches in Nicaragua. By J. F. Bransrorp.
1881. 4to., pp. 100, 202 woodcuts, 2 plates of 40 figures.

Circular in reference to Shipping Fresh Fish and other Animals. By
S. F. Barro. . 1881. 8vo., pp. 4.

Ancient Aboriginal Trade in North America. By CHarurs Rav.
1873. 8vo., pp. 49.

Explanation of the Principles of Crystallography and Crystallo-
physics. By Aristapes Brezina. Translated for the Smithsonian
Institution, by T. Egleston. 1874. 8vo., pp. 36.

Three Temperature-Charts of the United States, showing the distribu-
tion, by Isothermal curves, of the mean temperature of the lower
atmosphere. 1, for the Summer months ; 2, for the Winter months;
3, for the Year. 1874. 28 inches by 19% inches.

Temperature-Chart of the United States, showing the distribution, by
Isothermal lines, of the mean temperature for the year. 1874. 20
inches by 153 inches.

An Account of Investigations relative to Illuminating Materials.
(From the Light-House Board Report for 1875.) By JosrpH
Henry. 1881. 8vo., pp. 25.

On Tides and Tidal Action in Harbors. By Junius E. Hirearp,
1875. 8vo., pp. 22, 15 woodcuts.

An act to establish the Smithsonian Institution, ete. Revised Stat-
utes: Title xxx. 1875. 8vo., pp. 10.

The Prehistoric Antiquities of Hungary. An Address delivered by
F. F. Romer, at the Opening of the International Anthropological
Congress, held at Budapest, September, 1876. Translated for the
Smithsonian Institution, by Charles Rau. 1877. 8vo., pp. 9.

393.

394.

395.

396.

397.

398.

399.

400.

401.

402.

- 408.

404.

405.

406.

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 75

The Mound Builders, and Platyecnemism in Michigan. By Henry
GILLMAN. 1874. 8vo., pp. 28, 12 woodcuts. Also, Certain Char-
acteristics pertaining to Ancient Man in Michigan. By Henry
GILLMAN. 1877. 8vo., pp. 15, 15 woodcuts.

The Stone Age in New Jersey. By C. C. Asporr. 1877. 8vo. pp.
156, 58 plates of woodcuts, containing 225 figures.

Kinetic Theories of Gravitation. By Wimr1am B. Taynor. 1877.
8vo., pp. 80.

Notes on the History and Climate of New Mexico. By Tuomas A.
McParuin. 1877. 8vo., pp. 30.

The Latimer Collection of Antiquities from Porto Rico, in the
National Museum at Washington, D.C. By Orts T. Mason. 1877.
8vo., pp. 25. 14 plates of woodcuts, containing 60 figures.

Short Memoirs on Meteorological Subjects: By Julius Hann; L,
Sohncke; Theodore Reye; William Ferrel; A. Colding ; and M.
Peslin. Compiled and Translated for the Smithsonian Institution by
CLEVELAND ABBE. 1878. 8vo., pp. 104.

Color Blindness in its Relation to Accidents by Rail and Sea. By
Fritaior Hoimeren. Translated for the Smithsonian Institution,
by M. L. Duncan. 1878. 8vo., pp. 72, 5 woodcuts.

Aboriginal Structures in Georgia. By CHaries C. Jones, Jr.
1878. 8vo., pp. 15, 5 woodcuts.

On the change of the Mexican Axolotl to an Amblystoma. By
Avcust WEISMANN. ‘Translated for the Smithsonian Institution, by
Henry M. Douglass. 1878. 8vo., pp. 29.

The Stock-in-Trade of an Aboriginal Lapidary. By Cuarues Rav.
1878. 8vo., pp. 9, 16 woodcuts.

Observations on a Gold Ornament found in a Mound in Florida.
By CHarues Rav. 1878. 8vo., pp. 6, 1 woodcut.

On a Polychrome Bead from Florida. By 8. S. Hanpreman. 1878.
8vo., pp. 6, 2 woodcuts.

An Historical Sketch of Henry’s Contribution to the Electro-Mag-
netic Telegraph ; with an account of the origin and development of
Prof. Morse’s invention. By Wititam B. Taytor. 1879. 8vo.,
pp 105.

Henry on Sound. A Summary of Researches in Sound conducted in
the service of the United States Light-House Board, by JosrpH
Henry, during the years 1865 to 1877. 1879. 8vo., pp. 106, 12
woodcuts.

76 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

407. Biographical Memoir of Joseph Henry. Prepared in behalf of the
Board of Regents. By Asa Gray. 1879. 8vo., pp. 35.

408. Report of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, for the year
1878. By S..F. Barrp. 1879. 8vo., pp. 60.

409. Report of the National Museum Building Commission, and of the
Architects, for 1879. 1880. 8vo., pp. 18, 2 folding plates.

410. Reports of Astronomical Observatories for 1879. By E. S. HoLpEy.
1880. 8vo., pp. 60.

411. The effect of Irritation of a Polarized Nerve. By B. F. Lauren-
BACH. 1880. 8vo., pp. 59.

412. On the Zoological Position of Texas. By Epwarp D. Cope. 1880.
8vo., pp. 55. Bulletin of the National Musewm No. 17.

418. Exhibit of the Fisheries and Fish Culture of the United States of
America, at the Internationale Fischerei Austsellung, at Berlin, April
20, 1880, and forming a part of the collection of the National Museum,
made by the United States Fish Commission. Prepared under the
direction of G. Brown Goopr. 1880. 8vo., pp. 279. Bulletin of the
National Museum, No. 18.

414, Base Chart of the United States. Prepared by CHartes A. Scuorr.
1880. (283 x 193 inches.)

415. A Study of the Savage Weapons at the Centennial Exhibition, Phila-
delphia, 1876. By Epwarp H. Knicur. 1880. 8vo., pp. 90, 147
woodcuts.

416. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vol. XIX. 1880. 8vo.,
pp. 1034.
CONTENTS.
Proceedings of the U. 8. National Museum. Vol. I. 1878. No. 382.
Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum. Vol. II. 1879. No. 838.

417. Henry as a Discoverer. A Memorial Address, delivered before the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, August 26,
1880. By Atrrep M. Mayer. 1880. 8vo., pp. 36.

418. Report of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, for the year
1879. By Spencer F. Barrp. 1880. 8vo., pp. 76.

419. Report of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, for the year
1880. By Spencer F. Barrp. 1881. 8vo., pp. 88.

420. Anthropological Investigations in 1879. By Orts T. Mason. 1881.
8vo., pp. 30.

421. Index to Anthropological Articles in Publications of the Smithsonian
Institution. By Grorcr H. Baumer. 1881. 8vo., pp. 10.

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 77

422. Nomenclature of North American Birds chiefly contained in the
United States National Museum. By Roperr Ripaway. 1881.
8vo., pp. 94. Bulletin of the National Museum, No. 21.

423. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vol. XX. 1881. 8vo.
pp. 846.

CONTENTS.

Bulletin of the Philosophical Society of Washington :
Vol. I, March, 1871, to June, 1874, pp. 218.
Vol. II, October 10, 1874, to November 2, 1878, pp. 452.
Vol. III, November 9, 1878, to June 19, 1880, pp. 169.

424. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vol. XXI. 1881. 8vo.,

eeo

pp. 775, 42 woodcuts, 15 plates.

CONTENTS.
Rueres, W. J. James Smithson and his bequest. No. 330.
Smiruson, J. Scientific writings. No. 827.
Jounson, W. R. Scientific character and researches of Smithson. ‘No.
327.
lepy, J. R. McD. The works and character of Smithson. No. 327.
A memorial of Joseph Henry. No. 356.

425. Proceedings of the United States National Museum for 1880. Vol.
IIT. 1881. 8vo., pp. 595, 5 cuts, 2 plates.
CONTENTS.

Bean, T. H. Description of a new hake (Phycis earlii), from South
Carolina, and a note on the occurrence of Phycis regius in North
Carolina.

Check-list of duplicates of North American fishes distributed by the
Smithsonian Institution in behalf of the United States National
Museum, 1877-’80.

Carriz, S. T. On the genitalia of male eels and their sexual characters.

Enpiicu, F. M. List of species and varieties of minerals in the National
Museum of the United States in 1879.

GARMAN, S. Synopsis and descriptions of the American Rhinobatide.

Gitu, T. On the identity of the genus Lewrynnis Lockington, with
Lycodopsis Collett.

Goopr, G. B. Descriptions of seven new species of fishes from deep
soundings on the Southern New England coast, with diagnoses of
two undescribed genera of flounders and a genus related to
Merlucius.

Fishes from the deep waters on the South coast of New England ob-
tained by the United States Fish Commission in the summer
of 1880.

Theo frigate mackerel (Auxis Rochei) on the New England coast.

Notacanthus phasganorus, a new species of Notacanthide from the
Grand Banks of Newfoundland.

Hay, O. P. Ona collection of fishes from Eastern Mississippi.

78 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

425. Proceedings of National Museum. Vol. I[]—Continued.
HEILPRIN, A. On some new species of eocene mollusca from the Southern
United States.
Jordan, D.S. Notes on a collection of fishes from East Florida, ob-
tained by J. A. Henshall.
Notes on a collection of fishes from St.*John’s river, Florida, obtained
by A. H. Curtiss. ;
Note on a forgotten paper of Dr. Ayres, and its bearing on the nom-
enclature of the cyprinoid fishes of the San Francisco markets.
Note on ‘‘ Sema” and ‘ Dacentrus.”’

Description of a new species of Caranx (Caranx Beani), from Beaufort,

North Carolina.
JorpDAN, D.S.; Ginrpert, C. H. Notes on a collection of fishes from

San Diego, California.

Description of new flounder (Xystreurys liolepis), from Santa Catalina
Island, California.

Description of a new ray (Platyrhina triseriata), from the coast of
California.

Description of a new species of ‘ rock cod”’ (Sebastichthys serriceps),
from the coast of California.

On the occurrence of Cephaloscyllium laticeps (Duméril) Gill on the
coast of California.

On the oil shark of Southern California (Galeorhinus galeus. )

Deseription of a new flounder (Pleuronichthys verticalis), from the
coast of California, with notes on other species.

Notes on sharks from the coast of California.

On the generic relations of Platyrhina exasperata.

Description of a new species of Sebastichthys (Sebustichthys miniatus),
from Monterey bay, California.

Description of a new species of ‘rock fish’ (Sebastichthys carnatus),
from the coast of California.

Description of a new species of ray (Raia stellulata), from Monterey,
California.

Description of a new species of Xiphister and Apodichthys, from
Monterey, California.
Description of two new species of Sebastichthus (Sebastichthys entome-
las and Sebastichthys rhodochloris), from Monterey bay, Cal.
Description of a new agonoid fish (Brachiopsis xyosternus), from
Monterey bay, California.

Description of a new flounder (Hippoglossoides exilis), from the coast
of California.

Description of a new species of ray (Raia rhina) from the coast of
California.

Description of two new species of fishes (Ascelicthys rhodorus and
Scytalina cerdale), from Neah Bay, Washington Territory.

Description of two new species of scopeloid fishes (Sudis ringens and
Myctophum crenulare), from Santa Barbara channel, California.

Description of two new species of flounders (Parophrys ischyurus and
Hippoglossoides elassodon), from Puget Sound.

Description of seven new species of sebastoid fishes, from the coast of
California.

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 79
425. Proceedings of National Museum. Vol. LI1I—Continued.
Jorpan, D.S.; GirpErt, C. H. Description of a new embiotocoid (Abeona
aurora), from Monterey, California, with notes on a related species.
Description of a new flounder (Platysomatichthys stomias), from the
coast of California.

Description of a new embiotocoid fish (Cymatogaster rosaceus), from
the coast of California.

Description of a new species of deep-water fish (Icichthys Lockingtoni),
from the coast of California.

Description of a new embiotocoid fish (Ditrema atripes), from the
coast of California.

Description of a new scorpenoid fish (Sebastichthys maliger), from the
coast of California.

Description of a new scorpenoid fish (Sebastichthys proriger), from
Monterey Bay, California.

Description of a new agonoid (Agonus vulsus), from the coast of Cali-

fornia.
Description of a new species of Hemirhamphus (Hemirhamphus Rose),
from the coast of California.
Description of a.new species of notidanoid shark (Hexanchus corinus),
from the Pacific coast of the United States.
Description of a new species of Nemichthys (Nemichthys avocetta),
from Puget Sound.
Description of a new species of Paralepis (Paralepis coruscans), from
the Straits of Juan de Fuca.
List of the fishes of the Pacific coast of the United States, with a table
showing the distribution of the species.
On the generic relations of Belone exilis (Girard).
Notes on a collection of fishes from Utah Lake.
Description of a new species of rockfish (Sebastichthys chrysomelas),
from the coast of California.
Lawrence, G. N. Description of a new species of bird of the family
Turdide, from the island of Dominica, W. I.
Description of a new species of parrot of the genus Chrysotis, from
the island of Dominica.
Description of a new species of Jéterws, from the West Indies.
Locxineton, W. N. Remarks on the species of the genus Chirus found
in San Francisco market, including one hitherto undescribed.
Description of a new fish from Alaska ( Uranidea microstoma).
Description of a new species of Agonide (Brachyopsis verrucosus),
from the coast of California.
Description of a new genus and some new species of California fishes
(Icosteus enigmaticus and Osmerus attenuatus).
Description of a new chiroid fish (Myriolepis zonifer), from Monterey
Bay, California.
Description of a new sparoid fish (Sparus brachysomus), from Lower
California.
Note on a new flat fish (Lepidopsetta isolepis), found in the markets of
San Francisco.
Description of a new species of Prionotus (Prionotus stephanophrys),
from the coast of California.
Ratusun, R. The littoral marine fauna of Provincetown, Cape Cod,
Massachusetts.

80

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

425. Proceedings of National Museum. Vol. I1[—Continued.

426.

427.

428.

429.

430.

Riveway, R. Revisions of nomenclature of certain North American
birds.

A catalogue of the birds of North America.

Catalogue of Trochilide in the collection of the United States Na-
tional Museum.

Ryver, J. A. On Camaraphysema, a new type of sponge.

List of the North American species of myriapods belonging to the
family of the Lysiopetalide, with a description of a blind form
from Luray Cave, Virginia.

SmirH, R. On the occurrence of a species of Cremnobates at San Diego,
California.

SmitH, 8. I. Preliminary notice of the crustacea dredged in 64 to 325
fathoms off the south coast of New England by the United States
Fish Commission, in 1880.

Swan, J.G. The surf smelt of the northwest coast, and the method of
taking them by the Quillehute Indians, West Coast of Washing-
ton Territory. ;

The eulachon or candle fish of the northwest coast.

Verrityt, A. E. Notice of recent additions to the marine invertebrata of
the northeastern coast of America, with descriptions of new
genera and species, and critical remarks on others.

Part II.—Mollusca, with notes on Annelida, Echinodermata, etc.,
collected by the United States Fish Commission.

Part II1.—Catalogue of mollusca recently added to the fauna of
Southern New England.

Wuirr, C. A. Note on the occurrence of Productus giganteus in Cal.
Note on Acrothele,

Description of a new cretaceous Pinna from New Mexico.

Note on the occurrence of Stricklandia salterit and S. davidsoni in
Georgia.

Description of a very large fossil gasteropod, from the State of Puebla,
Mexico.

Descriptions of new invertebrate fossils from the mesozoic and
cenozoic rocks of Arkansas, Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah.

A Synopsis of the Scientific Writings of Sir William Herschel.
By Epwarp S. HoLpEen and Cuarues 8. Hasrines. 1881. 8vo.,
pp. 118.

Record of Recent Progress in Science, 1879 and 1880. Astronomy.
By Epwarp 8. Hotpen. 1881. 8vo., pp. 39.

Record of Recent Progress in Science, 1879 and 1880. Geology and
Mineralogy. By Grorcr W. Hawes. 1881. 8vo., pp. 30.

Record of Recent Progress in Science, 1879 and 1880. Physics and
Chemistry. By Grorcre F. Barker. 1881. 8vo., pp. 65.

Record of Recent Progress in Science, 1879 and 1880. Botany. By
Wo. G. Fartow. 1881. 8vo., pp. 19.

431.

432.

433.

434.

435.

436.

437.

438.

439.

440.

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 81

Record of Recent Progress in Science, 1879 and 1880. Zoology. By
THEODORE GILL. 1881. 8vo., pp. 62.

Record of Recent Progress in Science, 1880. Anthropology. By
Ottis T. Mason. 1881. 8vo., pp. 51.

Report of a visit to the Luray Cavern, in Page County, Virginia,
under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution, July 13 and 14,
1880. 1881. 8vo., pp. 12, 6 woodcuts.

Report of the National Museum Building Commission and of the
Architects for 1880. 1881. 8vo., pp. 12.

Discussion of the Barometric Observations of E. 8. Snell. By F. H.
Loup. 1881. 8vo., pp. 25, 7 woodcuts.

List of Periodicals received by the Smithsonian Institution. 1881.
8vo., pp. 9. i

Check-list of Publications of the Smithsonian Institution to December,
1881. 1881. 8vo., pp. 22.

Reports of Astronomical Observatories for 1880. By E. 8S. Hotpren
and GrorGE H. Baumer. 1881. 8vo., pp. 128.

Warming and Ventilating Occupied Buildings. By Arraur Morin.
Translated for the Smithsonian Institution by Clarence B. Young.
1882. 8vo., pp. 92, 32 woodcuts.

Articles on Anthropological Subjects contributed to the Annual Re-
ports of the Smithsonian Institution from 1863 to 1877. By CHARLEs
Rav. 1882. 8vo., pp. 180, 53 woodcuts.
CONTENTS.
Rau, C., Preface by. (February, 1882.)
BaAeEGERT, J. Account of the aboriginal inhabitants of the Californian
peninsula. Translated and arranged for the Smithsonian by Chas.
Rau. From Smithsonian Report for 1863-64. No. 361.
Agricultural implements of the North American stone period. From
Report for 1863.
Artificial shell deposits in New Jersey. From Report for 1864. No. 362.
Indian pottery. From Report for 1866. . No. 368.
Drilling in stone without metal. From Report for 1868. No. 372.
Deposit of agricultural flint implements in Southern Illinois. From Re-
port for 1868. No. 370.
Memoir of C. F. P. Von Martius. From Report for 1869. No. 251.

Ancient aboriginal trade in North America. From Report for 1872.
No. 385.

North American stone implements. From Report for 1872. No. 382.

Romer, F. F. Prehistoric antiquities of Hungary. Translated by Chas.
Rau. From Report for 1876. No. 392.

Stock in trade of an aboriginal lapidary. From Report for 1877. No. 402.

Observations on a gold ornament from a mound in Florida. From Report
for 1877. No. 403.

82 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

441. The Constants of Nature. Part V. A Recalculation of the Atomic
Weights. By Frank WicGLeswortH CLARKE. 1882. 8vo.,
pp. 295.

442. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, for the year 1880. Forty-sixth Congress, 3d Session, Senate
Mis. Doc. No. 31. 1881. 8vo., pp. 782, 13 woodcuts.

CONTENTS.

Bairp, 8. F. Secretary’s report of operations.
List of periodicals received by the Institution.
Rules for the examination of specimens submitted to the Institution.
Taytor, F. W. Report of the chemist.
Additions to the collections of the National Museum.
Additions to Museum by the Berlin International Fisheries Exhibition.
Stevenson, J. Report of explorations in New Mexico and Arizona.
Receipts and distribution of specimens.
Goopk, G. B. The first decade of the U. 8. Fish Commission.
Report of the Executive Committee on the Henry statue.
Report of the Executive Committee for 1880.
Boarp oF REGENTS, Proceedings of
Report of the National Museum Building Commission for 1880.
Report of the Superintending Architects of the Museum Building.
ReEcorD or REcENT SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS:
Batrp, 8. F. Introduction.
Houipen, BE. 8. Astronomy.
Hawes, G. W. Geology.
BARKER, G. F. Physics.
BARKER, G. F. Chemistry.
Hawes, G. W. Mineralogy.
Fartow, W.G. Botany.
Gitt, T. Zoology.
Mason, O. T. Anthropology.
Mason, O. T. Bibliography of anthropology.
Mason, O. T. Abstracts of anthropological correspondence,
Mason, O. T. Report on Luray Cavern.
Loup, F. H. Discussion of Prof. Snell’s barometric observations.
Henry, J. Investigation of illuminating materials.
Hoipen, E. S.; Hastrnes, C. S. Synopsis of the scientific writings of
William Herschel.
Houpen, E.S8.; Baumer, G.H. Reports of astronomical observatories.

443. Results of Meteorological Observations made at Providence, Rhode
Island, extending over a period of forty-five years, from December,
1851, to December, 1876. By ALExisCAsweLt. 1882. Ato, pp. 40.

444, Guide to the Flora of Washington and Vicinity. By Lesrrer F.
Warp. 1881. 8vo., pp. 265. One map. Bulletin of the National
Museum, No..22.

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 83

445, Plan of Organization and Regulations of the United States National
Museum. By G. Brown Goopr. 1882. 8vo., pp. 58. Two
woodeuts. (Cireular of U. S. National Museum, No. 1.)

446. Circular addressed to Friends of the Museum. By Spencer F.
Barrp. 1882. 8vo., pp. 2. (Circular of U. 8. National Museum,
No. 2.)

447, Circular in reference to Petroleum Collections. By Spencer F.
Barrp. 1882. 8vo., pp. 4. (Cireular of U.S. National Museum, No. 3.)

448, Circular concerning the Department of Insects. By Sprncrer F.
Barrp. 1882. 8vo., pp. 2. (Circular of U. S. National Musewn,
No. 4.)

449, Establishment and Officers of the Smithsonian Institution and Na-
tional Museum, January 1, 1882. 1882. 8vo., pp. 2. (Circular of
U.S. National Museum, No. 5.)

450. Classification and Arrangement of the Materia Medica Collecetion.
By James M. Fuinr. 1882. 8vo.,pp.2. (Circular of U.S. National
Museum, No. 6.)

451, A Classification of the Forms in which Drugs and Medicines appear,
and are administered. By James M. Fuint. 1882. 8vo., pp. 8.
(Circular of U. S. National Musewm, No. 7.)

452. Memoranda for Collectors of Drugs for the Materia Medica Section
of the National Museum. By James M.Fuinr. 1882. 8vo., pp. 2.
(Circular of U.S. National Museum, No. 8.)

458. Circular in reference to the Building-Stone Collection. By Spencer
F. Barrp. 1882. 8vo., pp. 6. (Circular of U. S. National Museum,
No. 9.)

454. Two letters on the work of the National Museum. By Barner
Puiturps. 1882. 8vo., pp. 10. (Circular of U.S. National Museum,
No. 10.)

455. A Provisional Classification of the Food Collections. By G. Brown
GoopF. 1882. 8vo., pp. 18. (Circular of U. 8. National Museum,
No. 11.)

456. Classification of the Collections of the U. S. National Museum to
illustrate the Art of Taxidermy. By W. T. Hornapay. 1882.
8vo., pp. 2. (Circular of U. S. National Museum, No. 12.)

457. Outline of a Scheme of Classification for the Collections in the United
States National Museum. By G. Brown Goopr. 1882. 8vo.,
pp. 4. (Circular of U.S. National Museum, No. 13.)

84 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

458. Circular requesting material for the Library of the United States
National Museum. By Spencer F. Barrp. 1882. 8vo., pp. 4.
( Cireular of U.S. National Museum, No. 14.)

459. The Organization and Objects of the United States National Museum.
By G. Brown Goopr. 1882. 8vo., pp. 4. (Cireular of U. S.
National Museum, No. 15.)

460. Directions for Collecting and Preserving Plants. By Lester F.
Warp. 1882. 8vo., pp. 32.

461. Check-List. Flora of Washington and Vicinity. By Lesrer F.
Warp. 1882. 8vo., pp. 62.

462. Catalogue of Old World Birds in the U.S. National Museum. By
Rosert Ripeway. 1882. 8vo., pp. 20.

463. Bibliography of the Fishes of the Pacific Coast of the United States,
to the end of 1879. By THroporEe Gitt. 1882. 8vo., pp. 77
(M. C. xxut.) Bulletin of National Museum, No. 11.

464. Directions for Collecting and Preserving Fish. By Tarteron H.
Brean. 1881. 8vo., pp. 6.

465. List of Marine Invertebrates, mainly from the New England Coast,
distributed by the U.S. National Museum. Series II. By Ricnarp
RatTHBuUN. 1881. 8vo., pp. 6.

466. Directory of Officers, Collaborators, Employés, ete., of the Smith-
sonian Institution, National Museum, Geological Survey, Bureau of
Ethnology, and Fish Commission. 1882. 8vo., pp. 8.

467. Proceedings of the United States National Museum for 1881. Vol.
IV. 1882. 8vo., pp. 600, 13 cuts, 2 plates. (M. C. xxmz.)

CONTENTS.

Barry, 8. F. Notes on certain aboriginal shell mounds on the coast of

New Brunswick and of New England.

Bean, T. H. Descriptions of new species of fishes (Uranidea marginata,
Potamocottus Bendirei) and of Myctophum crenulare J. and G.

Notes on some fishes from Hudson’s Bay.

Descriptions of new fishes from Alaska and Siberia.

Directions for collecting and preserving fish.

A preliminary catalogue of the fishes of Alaskan and adjacent waters.

A partial bibliography of the fishes of the Pacific coast of the United
States and of Alaska, for the year 1880.

Notes on a collection of fishes made by Capt. Henry E. Nichols,
U.S. N., in British Columbia and Southern Alaska, with descrip-
tions of new species and a new genus (Delolepis).

See also under Goode and Bean.
Benpire, C. Notes on Salmonide of the upper Columbia.

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 85

467. Proceedings of National Museum. Vol. 1V—Continued.

Boyp, C. H. Remains of the walrus (?) in Maine.

Carin, W. E. Observations of Siredon lichenoides.

Dati, W.H. On the genera of chitons.

On certain limpets and chitons from the deep waters off the eastern
coast of the United States.

Enpuicu, F. M. An analysis of water destructive to fish in the Gulf of
Mexico.

Fartow, W.G. Report on the contents of two bottles of water from
the Gulf of Mexico, forwarded by the Smithsonian Institution.

GitBerT, C. H. See under Jordan and Gilbert.

Git, T. Note on the Latiloid genera.

Guazier, W. C. W. On the destruction of fish by polluted waters in the
Gulf of Mexico.

Goopz, G. B. The Taxonomic relations and geographical distribution of

the members of the swordfish family, (Xiphiide.)

Goopz, G. B.; Bran, T. H. Description of a new species of fish, Apo-

gon pandionis, from the deep water off the mouth of Chesapeake
Bay.
Benthodesmus, a new genus of deep-sea fishes, allied to Lepidopus.

Hawes, G. W. On the mineralogical composition of the normal meso-

zoic diabase upon the Atlantic border.
On the determination of feldspar in thin sections of rocks.

INGERSOLL, E. On the fish mortality in the Gulf of Mexico.

JAPANESE LEGATION, Washington. Catalogue of a collection of Jap-
anese cotton fibre presented to the U. S. National Museum by the
Government of Japan, together with the amount of the annual crop
of Japan and the price of cotton.

Jounson, 8. H. Notes on the mortality among fishes of the Gulf of
Mexico.

JorDAN, D. 8.; Jovy, P. L. Check-list of duplicates of fishes from the
Pacifie coast of North America, distributed by the Smithsonian Insti-
tution in behalf of the United States National Museum, 1881.

JorDaAN, D. S.; Gripert, C. H. Notes on the fishes of the Pacific coast

of the United States.

Description of Sebastichthys mystinus.

Description of a new species of Ptychochilus (Ptychochilus Harford)
from Sacramento river.

Note on Raia inornata.

Notes on a collection of fishes, made by Lieut. Henry E. Nichols,

U.S. N., on the west coast of Mexico, with descriptions of new

species.

List of fishes collected by Lieut. Henry E. Nichols, U.S. N., in the
Gulf of California and on the west coast of Lower California,
with descriptions of four new species.

Descriptions of thirty-three new species of fishes from Mazatlan,
Mexico.

Description of a new species of Pomadasys from Mazatlan, with a key
to the species known to inhabit the Pacific coasts of tropical
America.

86 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
467. Proceedings of National Museum. Vol. [V—Continued.
Description of a new species of Xenichthys (Xenichthys ocyurus) from
the west coast of Central America.
Descriptions of five new species of fishes from Mazatlan, Mexico. ©

Jovy, P. L. Description of a new species of Squalius (Squalius alicie)
from Utah Lake.
Lawrence, G. N. Description of a new sub-species of Lovigilla from
the island of St. Christopher, West Indies.
Locxrnaton, W. N. Description of a new genus and species of Cottide.
LuaaeEr, O. The occurrence of the Canada porcupine in Maryland.
McKay, C. L. A review of the genera and species of the family Cen-
trarchide, with a description of one new species.
Moore, M. A. Fish mortality in the Gulf of Mexico.
Pirz, A. Methods of making and preserving plaster casts.
PLATEAU, F. The rapid preparation of large myological specimens.
Porter, J. Y. On the destruction of fish by poisonous water in the Gulf
of Mexico.
Ratusun, R. List of marine invertebrates, mainly from the New Eng-
land coast, distributed by the United States National Museum.
(Series II.)
List of Marine invertebrates from the New England coast, distrib-
uted by the United States National Museum. (Series ITI.)
Rav, C. List of anthropological publications by
Ripeway, R. Ona duck new to the North American fauna.
On Amazilia Vucatanensis, (Cabot,) and A. cerviniventris, Gould.
A review of the genus Centurus, Swainson.
List of species of Middle and South American birds not contained in
the United States National Museum.
List of special desiderata among North American birds.
Catalogue of Old World birds in the United States Naticnal Mu-
seum.
Notes on some Costa Rican birds.
Description of a new fly-catcher, and a supposed new petrel, from the
Sandwich Islands.
Description of a new owl from Porto Rico.
Descriptions of two new thrushes from the United States.
On two recent additions to the North American bird fauna, by L.
Belding.
2yDER, J. A. On Semper’s method of making dry preparations.
SHuFELDT, R. W. Remarks upon the osteology of Opheosaurus ventralis.
Smitu, R. Description of a new Gobioid fish, (Othonops eos,) from San
Diego, California.
Description of a new species of Gobiesox, (Gobiesor rhessodon,) from
San Diego, California.
Smiru, S. B. On the Chinook names of the salmon in the Columbia
River.
StrsNEGER, L. Description of two new races of Myadestes obscurus, Lafr.
TRANSLATION. Metallic castings of delicate natural objects.
True, F. W. On the North American land tortoises of the genus Xero-
bates.
On the rare rodent Cricetodipus parvus (Baird) Coues.

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 87

467. Proceedings of National Museum. Vol. [V—Continued.
Warp, L. F. Catalogue of a collection of Japanese woods presented to

the U. 8S. National Museum by the University of Tokio, Japan.
Wuire, C. A. Oncertain cretaceous fossils from Arkansas and Colorado.
Anonymous. The comparative action of dry heat and sulphurous acid
upon putrefactive bacteria.
APPENDICES—Circulars of the U. S. National Museum :

No. 1. Plan of organization and regulations of the Museum.

No. 2. Circular addressed to the friends of the Museum.

No. 3. Cireular in reference to petroleum collections.

No. 4. Circular concerning the department of insects.

No. 5. Establishment and officers of the Smithsonian Institution and Museum.

No. 6. Classification and arrangement of the materia medica collection.

No. 7. A classification of the forms in which drugs and medicines appear and are administered.
No. 8. Memoranda of collectors of drugs for the materia medica section of the National Museum.

No. 9. Circular in referen’e to the building-stone collection.

No. 10. Two letters on the work of the National Museum.

No. 11. A provisional classification of the food collections.

No. 12. Classification of the collections to illustrate the art of taxidermy.
No. 13. Outline of a scheme of Museum classification

No. 14. Circular requesting material for the library of the Museum.

No. 15. The organization and objects of the National Museum.

No. 16. Plans for the installation of collections.

No. 17. Contributions and their acknowledgment.

No. 18. List of publications of the United States National Museum.

468. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vol. XXII. 1882. 8vo.,
pp. 1200, cuts 18, plates 4.

CONTENTS.

Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum. Vol. III. 1880. No. 425.
Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum. Vol. IV. 1881. No. 467.

469. List of Foreign Correspondents of the Smithsonian Institution. Cor-
rected to January, 1882. 1882. 8vo., pp. 174.

470. Nomenclator Zoologicus. An Alphabetical List of all Generic Names
that have been employed by Naturalists for Recent and Fossil Ani-
mals from the earliest times to the close of the year 1879. In two
parts. Part I—List of Generic Names employed in Zoology and
Paleontology to the close of the year 1879, chiefly supplemental to
those catalogued by Agassiz and Marschall, or indexed in the Zoolog-
ical Record. BySamurL H.Scupper. 1882. 8vo., pp. 398. Bul-
letin of the National Museum, No. 19.

471. List of Marine Invertebrates from the New England Coast, distributed
by the U. S. National Museum. Series III.—Educational Series.
By Ricuarp Ratuspun. 1881. 8vo., pp. 4.

472. Plans for the Installation of Collections in the U. S. National Mu-
seum. By G.Brown Goopr. 1882. 8vo., pp. 2. (Circular of U.
S. National Museum, No. 16.)

88 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

473. Contributions to the United States National Museum, and their Ac-
knowledgement. 1882. 8vo., pp. 2. (Cireular of U. S. National
Museum, No. 17.) .

474. List of Publications of the United States National Museum. 1882.
8vo., pp. 12. (Cireular of U. S. National Museum, No. 18.) —

475. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vol. XXIII. 1882. 8vo.,
pp. 1003. Bulletins of the National Museum, Nos. 11 to 15.

CONTENTS.

Gitt, T. Bibliography of fishes of Pacific coast. Bulletin No.11. No.
463.

JORDAN, D.S.; Brayton, A. W. Fishes of Alleghany region of South
Carolina, Georgia, and Tennessee, andsynopsis of Catostomide. Bul-
letin No. 12. No. 308.

Eacers, H. F. A. Flora of St. Croix and the Virgin Islands. Bulletin
No. 18. No. 818.

GooprE, G. B. Catalogue of collection illustrating animal resources and
fisheries of the United States. Bulletin No. 14. No. 326.

Kumuien, L. Natural history of Arctic America. Bulletin No. 15.
No. 342.

476. First Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary
of the Smithsonian Institution, 1879-80. By J. W. Powe 1, Di-
rector. 1881. Royal 8vo., pp. 638. 3435 cuts, 54 plates, 1 folded
map.

CONTENTS.

PoweEL., .!. W. Report of the Director of the Bureau.

PowELL, J. W. On the evolution of language.

PowELL, J. W. Mythology of the North American Indians.

PoweELL, J. W. Wyandot government.

Powe, J. W. Limitations to the use of some Anthropological data.

Yarrow, H. C. Study of the mortuary customs of the North American
Indians.

Hoven, E.S. Studies in Central American picture-writing.

Royce, ©. C. Cessions of land by Indian tribes to the United States.

MALLERY, Garrick. Sign language among North American Indians,
compared with that among other peoples and deaf-mutes.

Pitiine, J. C. Catalogue of linguistic manuscripts in the library of the
Bureau of Ethnology. :

Dorsey, J. O. Illustration of the method of recording Indian languages.
How the rabbit caught the sun ina trap. (An Omaha myth.)

Gatscuet, A. 8S. Details of an Indian conjurer’s practice. (In the
Klamath Lake dialect.)

GatscHEeT, A.S. The relapse. (In the Klamath Lake dialect.)

Riaes, 8S. R. A dog’s revenge. (A Dakota Fable.)

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 4 89
477. Report on International Exchange, with list of Official Publications
of the U. 8S. Government, between 1868 and 1881.

By Georce H.
Baumer. 1882. 8vo., pp. 113.

478. Catalogue of Publications of the Smithsonian Institution up to July
1, 1882, with Index to all Articles in the “ Smithsonian Contributions
to Knowledge,” “ Miscellaneous Collections,’ “ Annual Reports,”

“ Bulletins and Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum,” etc.
By Witu1aM J. Ruees. 1882. 8vo., 1882, pp.

fig "Piss ite
bh eky Be. ALATE ‘¥

CLASSIFIED LIST OF SEPARATE PUBLICATIONS

It:

Ee
elie
BV
ive
VEL:
Vil.
WALLET:

1EXe

X.

XO
xo
SelIN:
AY
7c
aE:
XVII.
XVIII.
XIX.
XX.
XXI.
XXII.
XXITI.
CLV):
XXYV.
ROVE:
X XVII.
XXVIII.
XXIX.

OF THE

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

SUBJECTS.

Anatomy, PuystoLtoay, MrepiciNe, and SURGERY.

AntHROPOLOGY. (See also Philology.)
ArcHmoLoey. (See Anthropology.)
ARCHITECTURE.

ASTRONOMY.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. :

BioGRAPHY.
Brotoagy. (See also Anatomy, Botany, Microscopy, Paleontology, and
Zoology.)

BorTany.
CHEMISTRY and TECHNOLOGY.
Evectricity and MAGNETISM.
Erunotogy. (See Anthropology, also Philology.)
GroLtogy. (See also Paleontology.)
Magnetism. (See Electricity, etc.)
MATHEMATICS.
MeEpIcINE and SurcERY. (See Anatomy, etc.)
METEOROLOGY.
MIcROSCOPY.
MINERALOGY.
MISCELLANEOUS.
NaTuRAL History. (See Biology.)
PALZONTOLOGY.
PHILOLOGY.
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.
Puysics. (See also Terrestrial Physics.)
PuystoLocy. (See Anatomy, etc.)
TrcHNOLOGY. (See Chemistry, etc.)
TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS. °
ZooLoagy.—Birds.

Fishes.

Insects.

Mammals.

Mollusks.

Radiates.

Reptiles, and Batrachians.

Shells. (See Mollusks.)

91

92 CLASSIFIED LIST OF SEPARATE PUBLICATIONS

I.—ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, MEDICINE, anp SURGERY.

No. in

Catalogue.
ADAMS. Subcutaneous surgery (Toner Lecture, No. 6) -------_-.-.-.-.._.. 302
Brown-SiQuaRD. Dual character of the brain (Toner Lecture, No. 2)---__- 291
DACosTA. ~The heart: (Toner Wecture No.3) esse eee 279
DrAan. .Medulla.oblongatai(s.’¢.) -22-2 > Saas ester eee 173
Mrint.. Classification of ‘drugs'and medicines 22." =) = See ee 451
Fuint. Classification of materia medica collection _-___...___-...._______ 450
Lint. Memoranda for’collection.of drugs:-=-- es) o 5-2 ae ee eee 452
HoLMGREN, . ‘Color-blindness 22. <2. =< 2S ee es ee eo
JonEs. Chemical and physiological investigations (s. c.)------------------- 82
Kren. Continued fevers (Toner Lecture, No.5) 22-2... ~--2— <2 es 300
LAUTENBACH. Effect of irritation of a polarized nerve-_-------------- Jaan
Lripy. -Flora and fauna within living animals (s. c.) ------_-------------- 44
MitcHELL and Morpmnouse. Chelonia (8. ¢.)_-.---=-- 22-2 222 - = oe 159
MaroH ELL; Venom ofp rattlesnakes(si¢, ) 292s 06 =) ae ot ee ee 135
SHAKESPEARE. Reparatory inflammation (Toner Lecture, No. 7)_---------- 321
Warina. Sanitary drainage of Washington (Toner Lecture, No. 8) -------- 349
Winrsaranw,, “Chance of) Mexican axolotl 2222s eee 401
Woop. Morbid and normal physiology of fever (s. c.)--------_- ---------_-- 357
Woop. Study of fever (Toners lecture, WNo74)e2 eee 282
Woopwarp. Cancerous.tumors (Toner Lecture, No. 1) ------~------------ 266
WSEMAN.- Shana spipiens (SiC ))i2ss= aes sun eee eee eee 45

II.—ANTHROPOLOGY. (See also PHILOLoeY.)

ABBOTT. Stone age in New Jersey------ Sond Soe See eee ee Be eee 394
Archeology, circular on 3 Seve 0 oa SU See a ee 205, 316
BaGERT. Aboriginal inhabitants/ofOaliforntaee. == eee see eee 361
BeuMER. Index to archeological articles in Smithsonian publications -_._-. 421
BRANSFORD. Archeological researches in Nicaragua (s. C.)------. -------- =Jac0s
Datu. Prehistoric man, Aleutian Islands (Ss. Cc.) .--25-225-22—<- -=-2-=-_-==- 318
DrEsor. Palafittes of the Lake of Neuchatel=---2—- = =— = ae eee 360
Ginzss. Ethnological and philological instructions -_--------------~--------- 160
Greggs... “‘Tinneh, or ‘Chepewyan Indians <2 2 =e eee 365
GILLMAN. Characteristics of ancient man in Michigan -_-.------------- ---- $93
GILLMAN. Mound builders and platycnemism ~__.------------------------ 393
HaseL, Sculptures in Guatemala (s. c.) ---------~------- ------ ---------- 269

HALDEMAN. Polychrome bead from Florida___--. ---- ---- ---------------- 404

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 93

ANTHROPOLOGY—Continued. Gieanenee
Pee IsnY. welnouenour MmdiaMs)-- 2025-28 So eka tee == 365
HAVEN AM ericamMarcherolomy (S.C, sono saaes -— os. ek Sse eae <2 71
indians, photopraphic portraits of, list of-22--5.-2---—=_2 -.---. -.-.----=.-. 216
OMEA Abort oinalvetracaires im: Georpia 22-2... = 2 eas c_-- 4-5 400
Posse Ani qiitios of Tennessee (S.C. ) 22-222 a ke. «©6259
PLOt eee ReUDC MINED NG IANS= sf oe ee ee 365
PKG HES ANAC CI WCHNONS 225.0 20. a eae see Fd RO ere oe ce So 415
aE aMr eATIIGnIbIeSs Of VW ISCONSin (S..0.)2--265- 2 tee et Se 70
Mason. Anthropological investigations in 1879_......._....+..-.---._----- 420
Mason. es ce SSO Aas ooo a ee a 432
MESON.) Luatimer antiquities from: Porto Rico=--= 2—_ =~ 4-2-2 a 397
EASON. | Recent progress im, anthropology 2 = 24 2s le 8 aes a ee 432
RAR Moxicant arcimolocy (SaCs)e. oo sean seen eee ee BG
MORGAN. 9 Circular rolative:to relationship... 2.22032 See ee 133
MORGAN es OyStems, Ofsconsancuinitiy (SiC) jae a ee ae ee ee 218
teen RING te. Gicdon Mummy Case (S.C. )essseon—— so - ae ea Lt 208
Powe... First annual report of Bureau of Ethnology woe a See ee 476
Raw. Ancient aboriginaltrade in North America... _-.---.-.-----...-5. 385
Rav. Archeological collection in Smithsonian Institution (s. c.)~---------- 287
Rav. Articles on anthropological subjects, (from Reports §. I.)----------__ 440
Ati -Arbiicial shell deposits in New Jersey 22--..----=- 2 sl - 362
RAW. Deposit.of agricultural flint implements_._------_-__. -4---L -. 2. =. 370
Patio Orilling inistone. without: metal2- 2 2es =. a Stee 372
rye Goldrornament ini mound in, Wlorida,=--=)-- =. ee 403
eadties el nGian; POLI yvonma ase. (aes oS aoe Se ee Lh oes ee ee 368
UA North American stones implements: eee a ee eee 382
Fume slenqilotablen(S..Cs) 2-2-2 sa oe see oo ees coe ee 331
At. Stock-In-trade of, aboriginal lapidary=.-_.__.--_. —_ -- 25 -- 2S st 402
Romer. Prehistoric antiquities of Hungary (translated by Rav) ---------_-- 392
ieee astorne Pinte bndians, 2-228 a Oe oe a ee 22S 365
Squier and Dayis. Ancient monument of Mississippi valley (s. c.)_------- a
Squier and Davis. Aboriginal monuments of New York (s. c.)----------- 15
Suen ac@atnlogue Of ;indian Portraits <.--_ 2c 2 ios Sees ee ee 53
Ne nase Oln © apo) H atbolys(S. O- )), 222) 5 SU eee eee Soe tes 220
Pret we EA nneinciAns (8, Or)= 28 ose a ae ee ee ew ee 267
Wuittiesry. Ancient mining at Lake Superior (s. ¢.)------------------~. 155
Wit TEnnShY. nciont works in Ohio” (8. ¢.) 2225226 U8. dl se a ine 37

ITI.—ARCHAOLOGY. (See ANTHROPOLOGY.)

7"

94 CLASSIFIED LIST OF SEPARATE PUBLICATIONS

IV.—ARCHITECTURE.

No. in
Catalogue.
Building=stones, circular relative, t0.—= ---22. = sees ee eee 453
OWEN. ‘Hints on public architecture. =. eas) -25- ese P

Report of National Museum building commission and architects for 1879---. 409
Report of National Museum building commission and architects for 1880..-. 434

V.—ASTRONOMY.
ABBE. Observatories of Dorpat.and Poulkova,2———— --—2 <_ ee 369
ALEXANDER.| Harmonies' of, the solar'system (8. ¢.))-22-2-- = = eae eo
Astronomical telegram) circular. 22 =__ 2-5 =e oo ae eee 263
Downes. Occultations 1848 (s. c.)_----_- SRE ee I 8
DowNEs. fr 1849 (SniG.)p a2 ee eee 9
Downes. a TSH0\(SaG.)e bo oe Sk eee 10
Downes. i LSS 1 (SiC) pea eet ees Sa eee ee ee salil
Downes. os 1802) (SiG) sas ee oe ee ee ee ee 29
DowNEs. ae US53\(GiCes)c2= 2 ee eee ee eee eee 54
DRAPER.) Bilvered-olasswelescopes((S) Cs) esas ae eee 180
Welipse, annular | G54 See ee eae ee oe eee 66
Gitziss. Solar eclipse, Peru (s.c.) -------- ee Se eee eee 100
GouLp. History of Neptune —_--- ase Se 8 ge tote at 18
GounD. “Transatlantic longitude (s.C:))- 25 ===2225= "5. eee ee 223
Hic... Map solar eclipse!-= 4... ==== 2. 2S ae eee 101
HoLpEN and Ba@HMER. Reports of observatories for 1880-----.-----______- 438
HoLpeEN and Hastines. Synopsis of Sir William Herschel’s writings______ 426
Hobpren. Index cataloruerot, Nebulec. o-oo eee 311
HorpEN. ‘Recent propress ingstronOmy == — =~ 2 oe eee Se eee 427
HoLpDEN.' Reports of observatories for 1879-___ _ “== 22 oa. s _ e
Kane. Astronomical observations arctic seas (S. C.)-------------------- 129, 198
Nrwcoms. Integrals of planetary motion (Ss. c.)-----------__----.____-__- 281
NMewcoms. Orbit‘of Neptune (§c))-2 == ==) eee 199
Newcoms. Orbit of Uranus (s:'¢.)<- + S22 2 eee a ee 2 eee 262
RUNKGE. Planetary tables) (§.¢>)2222—--es= = eee ee 79
RONKLE. ‘Planetary tables; supplempnut.2=-=- = 2S -=— ee
Star-map, cireumpolat..-_— _____S l= =e. 25 eee ee 350
Star-map, of the visible heavens oa ae Seg ec ee 359
STOCKWELU. ‘Orbitsiof plancts (Ss. C2)\ 222 = see eee ee ee ee 232
WaLkEER. ~ResearchtomNeptune (s. 'c?) ! +. 5 22a eos 2. ee eee 3

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 95

ASTRONOM Y—Continued. Cancion’.
WAKER Hphemeris Neptune, 1848 (s. c.) 2-22. -<_---. ---5 =. 2. 2__ 4
WALKER. “ WGb=1S4OM (Ronn Me SS Fee 5
WALKER. ce 1SbOr (S37 Gs) eee eens sae ee ee 6
WALKER. ie BSOLE (Sh Ce) a3 ea ees eee Se 7
WALKER. se L852) (S.iCs Se See ee ee ee ee eae 24

VI.—BIBLIOGRAPHY.

BINNEY... Bibliography of conchology, part I----_.--=---... 2. <-2.2. --.= 142
BINNEY. ot a pee Tee eS ee ee ee rr ees 174
Exchanges, list of Smithsonian, part I_----._____- eee Ss See Se eee eee 73
Exchanges, ‘ es rt Be ee ee eee eee Oe 85
Exchanges, ‘“ Sue ELON OOO Sze ee tas ers Sere eae ee ELT
etne.. Bibliopraphy of fishes’ of Pacific coast --= 2.0 22. 282. 2 463
GirArD. “Bibliography of natural history, 1851_._---.-2 =. .s--.....-... -48
HoLpEN and Hastines. Synopsis of Sir William Herschel’s writings ----_- 426
HoupeENn. Index catalogue of books and memoirs on Nebule_______________ 311
Institutions, principal literary and scientific in United States __----.---. .__- 335
sien OR tHlOG U6 SV StCMe sn a= see en se ee ee eee 47
EGET eID NCH DEATICS ers 2) on a ta a ee 25
Publications, Smithsonian: Institution, list of (successive issues,)_.---74, 203, 226,

245, 278, 290, 301, 344, 437, 478
Periodicals, received by the Institution, list of-_--_-----_--- SAE ery ere x Q, 436
Publications of learned societies in library Smithsonian Inst___-_.---__- 73, 85, 179
RueEeEs. Catalogue and index of Smithsonian publications__-_---_--_-_ ------ 479
Pere ee EU DUG) DATION iso 2 es 116, 238
Watson. Bibliography of North American botany__---___---.-------.---- 258

VII.—BIOGRAPHY.

Crave omorrot foseph. .Wenry = 5622280 2238 Ao eee Os eee t Soes 407
ENR Yee nIlocveonew lex, Dallas achen. = sais) eee eee ee coo 379
Henry, Memorial of (By numerous contributors.) -----.------.------------ 356
Ho.peEN and Hastines. Scientific writings of Sir William Herschel ._______ 426
MEAG Be EL Giinva lS anClISCOMOTOM = ajo <5 Stee eee Se et _ 417
LeNU ee NT CMOL OMe On Martius == 9 Sea ees eee oes ee ee ee 251
RaeEEs. Life and bequest of James Smithson ---.--._.-_-.---------------- 330
Taytor. Memoir of and scientific work of Joseph Henry --_--.--.-_-.-_-_. 339

WELLING,- Life and character of Joseph Henry..-- .-2---...--. .-._-_-=.. 338

96 CLASSIFIED LIST OF SEPARATE PUBLICATIONS

VIII.—BIOLOGY. (See also ANaToMy, Microscopy, PALZONTOLOGY, Borany,
and ZooLoey.)

No. in

Catalogue.
Batrp. Circular for shipping fresh-fish and other animals----__1--_.--_. 384
Circularforicollecting birds 2<=- = === 2S eee ee eee eo Ses ceo 168
Circular forcollectin's: ‘craw=fish'-2 22 -— Se ss ee ee ee ee 319
Circulartor collecting grasshoppers =_so= saan eee eae eee ee ne 163
Circularifor collecting shells] !=-2-5-2——es— eee aa Jae E eT 363
Circular for observations in “Russian tAmericasssss= = anne eee OT,
Circular to officers of#the Hudson Bay, |Co.e ae sae= ste eee eee 137
Circular to ‘entomologists 2222.2 222-2 ae en a eee eee 178
Oopn. Zoology of Pexas = -=2.24-- 2-29 see eee eee 412
Directions for collecting and preserving specimens ~--_________=_4_--_- 22 34
Directions for collecting and preserving specimens of nests and eggs_-_------ 139
EDWARDS. Directions for collecting diatomacea __..-__._-___-_-.---.__-__. 366
GILL. ‘Recent progress in Zo0logye=- 5-2 = aa eee a — “32
GirArp. Bibliography of matural Nistory, 222-22" 2 2 48
Goopr, Animal resources and fisheries exhibit, 1876 ----_-.-_______..____-___ 326
Goopx. Classification of animal resources... --....-__..___-- cosa enone 297
KIpDDER and others. Natural history of Kerguelen Island_--___-._-_____ -__- 294
KumMiien. Natural history of Arctic America_——__— 5_=- ee ee
Erpy.. .lorajand fauna wathin-animals (8. °C.) .-s2=— ae es 44
Museum miscellanea, nunibers; labels, ete. ----- 2. 22-2 a eee
PACKARD. ‘Directionsifor collecting 1nsects2— ==. =e oe eee 261
Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum___I, 332; II, 333; III, 425; IV, 467
Periodical phenomena repister)2= =~ 22-2 Se eee 65, 148
SCUDDER... List of .cenera of animals... =--_2 2 = eee
Stimpson. Marine-Invertebrata, Grand Manan, (s. c.) -------------------- 50
STREETS. Natural history of Hawaiian, Fanning Islands, ete-_..-_-.------ 303

WrEIsMANN. Ohange of Mexican iaxolotl --.< lots eee

IX.—BOTANY.

Coorrr. Forests and trees of North America... 2-2-2. -.<. -La=--=-- 351
Hacprs:. PHloravof) St. Croix 2-22 S24 se eee eee 313
Fartow. ‘Recent progress in botany ~-2-==-02 22 Soe ee ae eae
Gray. Plante Wrigchtiane, \T(s. ot 22-222 e ee ee eee 22
GRAY. ee es TL(8vi0)) £22 sso ses eee ee ae ee 42
Harvey. North American marine algw, T\(s5¢.))=-2-<--<- --= ee
HARVEY. es ee as TE (S80) -eeiS— 8 22a ee ee
HARVEY. ia G TH(s.3e)) 2202s 22-2 See 95

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 97

BOTAN Y—Continued. Gated:
Harvey. North American marine alge, complete (s. c.)_-_------------.--- 96
creek Lorne wichInyanim ast (SiiC.)e ste tase ns ona ames ae nae oe) ae
iponoOnicnl phenomena resister Of. <i eS oe 2 es nw See in enn 65, 148
ROMMROCK mm loriOl NAS k abet = ene es eee eo ee Seen eee. os So 367
Ronn tyme bapsrmaritimg (S.-C.)222 205 2 See ee obs Te eee scot oeoo 2. *60
Rogen.) Darlinetonia. Californie (S. C:)e 2 222 elses See Le 61
PemVvEne te laniie Hromontian® (8. Cs), 22 sses sesso ennaen Soko seen 46
iVeanice Check list, of flora:of Washingtoms:.- -2-3.2 252 =5 2 =f 2 ae aire F260.
Warp. Directions for collecting and preserving plants--.-_-.-----.-.-.---- 460
WaRD. Guide to the flora of Washington-_-_---.------ Pate Aes ees 444
WeATSONe | Undex:tovNorthvAmericam botany 22 == -=- eee 2 eer 258
Woop. Fresh water alge (s. Cc.) ---..------- Se ea ea ee ee eee ane 241

X.—CHEMISTRY anp TECHNOLOGY.

DARKER. mecentiprogeress in chemistry sss. 25 225.5 55 254-525-5552. 429
Buvcrn Atomic weight determinations:.2- 22225-52552. 2-93 22-2 el cece 358
BOO nnd MOR MEN. Chemica Arts 2=—j-2os)a ob ee ea eee SS 27
iPAiict eee PANSION Cab lesi. a 52:5 Se be a oe as Ce te 289
CuaAnKE, Recalculation of atomic weights. 22- -. 22-5 - 28. 222224625 25.222! 441
Ratti. We DCCC OPAVItY. tables = 0 uses vee a) ely port Seer ura 256
CLARKE. es as is ist supplement#s=~s5e.. ee see eek eke 288
iT MEIEGK se SpeCiicmeat, tables=-. 222.2522 S2e ee elk A 276
Gipsps and GrntH. Ammonia-cobalt bases (s. c.) ----------------------..~- 88
EMME He PlOsiVeness OfyMitre (S.G:)i sae aw 2 Se teh Se ue
HENRY. Investigation of illuminating materials. 2 22a ve LSS se eeee2 389
Hiei HeMmistry, Ofthoveanth: = cece oo oS ee Lede ee ee 376
Jones. Chemical and physiological investigations (Ss. c.) -----.------------ 82
Morin. Warming and ventilating occupied buildings _-------.-----_- snes 439
NEwTon. Metric system of weights and measures____------------.-------- 371
SMITHSON. Scientific writings _ Pe i ha eR r= 3 Lg 327
AUER oney- and sie telegraph <2. os ee be ee 405
Witte bn rem Aone: ANd AntOZOne Ss =-~s 52>. 2. 5- Beae= 2 Seabee asd ea 355

XI.—ELECTRICITY anp MAGNETISM.

bpaome. Marnetierdiseussion, part (s. .c:)2-2-- =< 2 ws. 113
BACHE. a os Patil (SC) per oeeeee aes eee 121
BAcHE. ue ae part III (s. Cope eee te. Boe eres Me tel A SS 132

98 CLASSIFIED LIST OF SEPARATE PUBLICATIONS
ELECTRICITY ann MAGNETISM—Continued. Caeanene!
Bacue. Mapnetic discussion; parts 1V to Vie. o.).- +. __ eee 162
BAcHE. ae 3: parts VL to Ties oe eee 175
BacHE. oe a parts. X to Ri (6 ies) =. ee 186
BacuHE. w ae parts I to XII, complete (s. c.)-_---- a at 195
BacuE. Magnetic survey of Pennsylvania (s. 0.)_-.---.----__-_ ===. i=. 166
GouLp. Transatlantic longitude by electro-magnetic signals (s. c.)---------- 223
HARKNESS. Magnetic observations on the iron-clad Monadnock (s. c.)------ 239
Hayns: Arctic observations (8;.C.)2-2==5 =e eee ee 196.
Henry. Communication to Regents on the electro-magnetic telegraph -_--_- 115
KAN®. Arctic observations (S. .C))-) ==) eee eee Soop eee ees 97, 198
Locker. Observations on terrestrial magnetism (s. c.) ----------_ ---------- 35
SeccuI. Researches on electrical rheometry (s. 0.) oe oa a ee 36
Sonntac. Terrestrial magnetism, Mexico (s. c.) ----------- Unde 114
TAYLOR. ) Henry. andthe telegraph 222-222 ses2 2 Se eee 405
XII.—ETHNOLOGY. (See ANTHROPOLOGY and PHILOLOGY.)
XITI.—GEOLOGY. (See also PALZONTOLOGY.)
Cooper. Physical'geography of North America --—----.-.---.--U-—2----. 351
Ha wEs./) Reeentipropress “in ,seolopy-2 5-22 ae oe oe ee 428
HitearD. Geology of lower Louisiana (Ss. ¢.)_----—----_ —=— ---..=..-_=.5 | 248
HITcHCotK..< Surface sgeolopy \(S: iC.)) == ee ee ee 90
Mason. Luray ‘Cavern in Virginia 22.2042 eee 433
PuMPELLY. Geology of China, Mongolia, and Japan (s. c.) -----------__-_ 202
WHITTLESEY. .Fluctuations’of lakes (8.¢:)2222- = 2 = ba eee
WHITTLESEY: ..\Glacial’ drift, (6.iC.)_---- = eee 197
XIV.—MAGNETISM. (See Evxcrriciry.)
XV.—MATHEMATICOS.
ALVORD. “langencies of circles (8./¢,) 2-2 oo oan eee eae eee ee ee
WERREL.) Convers ine iseries (8.1 C.)) = - = nee ee eee eee 233
Newcoms. General integrals of planetary motion (8. C.).-----.---.--..--.. 281

XVI.—MEDICINE. (See Anatomy, etc.)

i nce

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 99

XVII.—METEOROLOGY.
No. in
Catalogue
ASBB Ee: | Meteorolocicalimemoinse os = seca ee es 398

Bacue. Girard College observations (s. c.)-- 113, 121, 132, 162, 175, 186, 195
CASWELL. Observations, Providence, Rhode Island, 1831-1860 (s. c.)_-_____ 103
CASWELL. Observations, Providence, Rhode Island, 1831-1876 (s. c.)_------ 443

OEE PES Mitra Worn aG 0) (Sia, Os) sess en) ee ey 0 ae 59
Gloudsynomenclatunero ieee ese = ae eye ee ee eee ee eee gs Bl 347
PORN. Ne reonicrerenalln( Se Gras 25 2s no ek pe he oe Oa Se ee See 221
Womrinn . eavenremetmienh Win blesee22 UG! 522s 3 se es ee 87
COFEIN. Winds; naztherm henvisphere (8..C:) == >. == 5 a 52
Communes winds ofthe lobes (SipC1). see et 268
CODING licens lun eloaAlr CuUrrentse=s--5- 26 0 = ee eee eee oe 398.
Coping. The whirlwind of St. Thomas in 1871___.____. Peeaek er Watch eS 398
Cooper, J. G. Forests and trees of North America__-__-_-_- os es ep See eee 351
Directions for meteorological’ observations. _.—-_.._ --=- +2. - 44 -=- = 19, 148
PoREEG.e pveplysto strictures Of J. Hanns 2200-2 45 ee 398
ORORamsrRCCOrdsot AUTORAS) (S.C, ))o2-.- sess 5 ee ot 84
Guyor. Meteorological directions___.-_-_____. Pee Sine ao see ee 19, 148
Guyor., Meteorological and physical tables._+-./...--_-+--__.-=-.—_.-- 31, 153
HANNS (Diminution\ of vapor withyaltitudes=-=-" 2-2-2 = es ee 398
EVANNE Lniflience of rain.on thevbarometer=.=—2 25-55 225s seu eee ee 398
Hann. Atmospheric pressure and rain-fall_____._._.__.-___.-.__.:_.._-..____ 398
IVAN. | Uuaws of temperature in ‘ascending: currents 26 #22 22s eee a 398
EAN N. URelation between pressure? and, windits2521 = 5) is ee ete 398
EROS.) ATCC. ODSerVallols: (St Coes sae cee PEAS et Ee eee Ee oe Bane 196
ENR yeas CIrcularraltituaese 2s 222 2.2 Ue I ee ah a 236
HENRY. = directions for constructing lightning rods______.___.--__.. 237
HENRY. ut thonder=stormsie 2 ts fis 22s eee ae alee ee ee 235
HENRY. ee HORN GNOCS | ea a os tee en SSR x 190
HILDRETH AND Woop. Observations, Marietta, Ohio (s. c.)-------.---.-_-- 120
Ome Wehter, onometeorie shower. - 223i) se tate eo bears Le 217
Loup. Discussion of Snell’s barometric observations._-._-_-_.--- .--_----_- 435
MOONS SICGUG Spi LS Ooh (85. Cs) =o. —se-- 3 eee ee LOT
Map of the stars. near the north pole for aurora, .--_.---+-.5.-.~. +--+ +. 350
MGUL IN TOCh.e crete Observations (8; C.).- 5. 22a eh ee cee Ls Lk 146
MePAREIN- Olumaterot New? Mexico: 252.025 5 a oe Sees sees es 396
MEnen.. lutensity sun's, heat (§. C.)...--—. ---22 2 Se ses e eke 8. | B88
CLEAVELAND. Meteorological observations, Brunswick, Maine (s. c.) ------ 204
Kane. Meteorological arctic observations (s. ¢.) ------.-----.-----.-_-- 104, 198

iMefeorologieal observations: .1866._. 222s b is Passi be eu esl eee 93

100 CLASSIFIED LIST OF SEPARATE PUBLICATIONS

METEOROLOG Y—Continued. Gatlieae:
Meteorolorical results; 1854—59" vol. lose - seo eee eee eee LST
Meteorolomical results, 1854595 viol 2 Sse ee ee ee ees 182
Meteorological stations and observers 1849-1868-__-___ -___-_-___--_--- -_---- 373
IMGtCOrs: = NOVEDI Der aoe eh eR ee ne ee ee ee 217
OUMSTEAD.~ “Aurora (8. \C:) 222228 2 ee ee 81
Periodical phenomena, recistry) Of -- == - 2 Se eee ee ee 65, 148
PrESLIN. Relation between barometric pressure and air currents ----...----- 398
Planisphere of the visible heavens, for observation of meteors_---~---------- 359
Rain charts:for summer, winter, and years2o-— Sea ee ee eee 374
REYE.. | Rainfall andsbarometricminimea === sae ae eee 398
Scuotr. Base chart of the United States ______.-___-_- LSet See ces 414
Scuorr. Tables of rain and snow in the United States (s. c.).--------.--222, 353
scHort. ‘Tablestof- temperature (S.10.)\ 22 on te ee ee ee
SMitH. Observations, Washincton, Arkansas (8. ¢))= 22-222 oe a ee ee
SouncKe. Variation of temperature in ascending currents of moist air----- 398
Memperature chart.ot (Ui Ss. torvyent =a) eens a een eee ee ee 381, 388
Temperature charts of the U. S. for summer, winter, and year-_----__-.--... 387

XVITI.—MICROSCOPY.,
BaILEy. Microscopic observations, Southern States (s. C.) -..--------------- 23
Bazuxy. New microscopic organisms (s. ¢.)_.-------------+---=-~-------= 63
BAILEY. Soundings, coast survey, \(§: Co )es2= 22 — 2 ane re een eee 20
DAN. Medullagoblomcateas(S:aC 9) ee = ee ee eee re 173
Epwarps. Directions for collecting microscopic organisms---------------- 366
Leipy. Flora and fauna within living animals (8. c.)_-.---..---- -_-.--_-.. 44
WOODWARD, 1CancerousstiwimnOns) == poate ea ae aie ree er eae eee 266
XIX.—MINERALOGY.
BABINET) Diamond ‘and precious stones|---=-== 42228 ee See ee eee 377
BREZzINA. Crystallography and crystallophysics ~-----.-----. ---.~------- 386
EGGLESTON. ‘Catalogue of minerals. 2a oe Soe ee ee eS
HAwES. Recent progress in mineralogy+2s— 2 ae see ae ee ee 428
XX.—MISCELLANEOUS.
Relative to the Smithsonian Institution.

Act of Congress to establish the Smithsonian Institution_---- -------------.O, 391
BorHMER. Report on international exchanges ------------------~-~--.-_.- 477

. OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 101

MISCELLANEOUS—Continued. No. im

Catalogue.
Business arrangements of the Smithsonian Institution -_---.-_-.-_-_..-----~- 325
arnt: on; Oreanization, Teport Of-= 2s s2ossoass Wo 5 -s2 25 oso Jas Byes
@orrespondeneesquicr and Davis - toon eee os oe ee een K
Ciccular relative toyexchanges: =_sa5- oil eee eae eee oat 324
Circular relative to Smithsonian: Ingtitution {2 =~ 2 S22 et 290
Dauias. Address, laying corner-stone of Smithsonian Institution ___ _--__- D
Digest of act of Congress relative to Smithsonian Institution _-__.------_-... Cc
Directory of officers, collaborators and. employés—.- --..=2=- ---.==55-~--._.- 466
Establishment and officers of Smithsonian Institution and Museum .__------ “ 449
Henry.’ Exposition, Smithson’s:bequesti— 2-2 2 ss tbe E
History, Ol Omit hsoniane institution =s ses iene ee eee eas
Ni SHtWblONS wlistrolnG@OMestlGe== ss — =. tone ye ee eee ee 69, 238
astitutions Wlistiof foreign= essa 9s en OF, Loe 220, 2431469
Journals of the Board of Regents, statistics, ete_...-.------ -_-..-==-.---==. 329
Oficersjand) Regents andyact of organization=—2—--———s= -- ee N
EVABODYe) soclientiiic education. of mechanics. 2522. 22.2 ose ee eee 380
Proceedings, Regents, 1846 _-_--_~- clea gees sear ee ae ae A A
ROC TAMITMOIOMNOLPAMIZAblON See 28 ht aos ee sawn sates = J
Reomlations oO Smithsonian Institution 2=--5s- +s. -s2 = eee oon eae eee 260

Relative to the National Museum.

BALED we Circularirelativeto metroleumycollections 222. -22 2-22. 2 tee 447
PATRD wm Oircularscoriends of the) museum <2 9= ene ee ee 446
Barrp. Report on Smithsonian exhibit at Centennial, 1876 -__.__---.----~- 307
Circular of the United States National Museum, No. 1-------------------- 445
4 ue os et OD Sena ee eee See 446
s¢ ce oe gi ee ee eee ee)
fe uC ce ue EO he emetic eran x es SAE 448
s ; ce ‘ 6Coy | Weiter eee a eee 449
oT 66 6 a Css meee tee LA 450
a a ée ue Leen (paren ha Se oS 451
a : og Ut (ee Ommaney eee Se 452
ee is & sh Oma fc et. MESS
ki ce ‘ ‘ HO) ee 454
be ce ue ce CN Lee 2 ek a pas 455
‘ ws wt te UO I) eee ee eee aS a Ns 456
se oe of: Me Plies ce2 cate “occ o> 457
6 “ “ “ CON A ey ae aes eens et Ae OS
ue xe 6“ He COE ee ee eee pe eee SST — 459

“ce 13 “ 6c Ce Geen ies epee tts Ll) ke Ba 472

.

102 CLASSIFIED LIST OF SEPARATE PUBLICATBONS

MISCELLANEOUS—Continued. Gata:

Circular of the United States National Museum, No. 17__--_--------_---_ -_ 473
tt se a cf (ea Sa eae ee 474
Circular requesting material for Museum library_----—---- --------------____ 458
Classificationvofsanimal! resources so. = ee ee ee eee ee ey,
Contributions to Museum, and acknowledgement_-_____--_.-------_--_ ------ 473
Goopny Animal resources/and! tisherics2- 22 see een a ee ee ==) $26
Goonm: ‘Classification of Museum /collectionsie seen sso) oe eee eee eee 457
Goopz. Classificationyotsthestood*colllections ses eae ae eee ae 455
Goon: -Installation*of collections ineMuseum eee ee ee eee 472
Goopr. Organization and objects of the Museum _____-.-----------------. 459
GoopE. Organization and regulations of the Museum _---------.-----_---- 445
Hornapay. Classification of the collections in taxidermy -_---------~-------- 456
Eudson’s¢ Bayseircular: #25 4 Ale We es oe ae ee ee ee eels)
Puituirs.. Letters on the work of the National Museum ~___-______-----_- 454
Publications of National*Museum-Wistior es Gee eee eee eee 474

XXI.—NATURAL HISTORY. (See BroLoey.)

XXII.—PALAONTOLOGY.

Conrap. (Check listiofieocene: fossils:t 2222" - ne eee eee 200
GIBBES,, “Mosasaurusi((S.1C)) 2s soso a ee nee ee ale eee ee ere 14
Leroy: Amcient/fauna, Nebraska\(s.(C:)--- oe ce eee 58
TIDY. Cretaceous reptiles (SC. sae ee ese eee eee 192
Leroy. —Hxtinct sloths (8: C.))=-2]=-— 2—- = eae eee ee ee eee 72
JERE. “SHossiliox:(8.)C))pseee son pee ae ee ens ee ee ee eee re 41
MerrK. Check list of cretaceous and jurassic fossils ______ _-__-__ ___-_____-_- 177
Mama» Check listiof miocene:tossils ees == ee ee ee ees 183
MEEK and HAYDEN. Palwontology of Nebraska (s. c.)----—-+-- .--------- 172

XXIII.—PHILOLOGY.

BowEn. Yoruba grammar and dictionary (s. c.)-.-..--.-.-------.--__¢~-- 98

Grsps. 7 Chinookwjarcon.<: =... 22 eee ee eee 161
Gipss. Compgrative Vocabulary —_.__. ___----------__---_____________— 170
Grszs. Ethnological and philological instructions_-----_..--------------— 160

LizBer. Vocal sounds of Laura Bridgman (s. c.)------------------------- 12

MircHELL and TURNER. Vocabulary of jargon.-_--_.-_-....-_-_--....---. 68

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 103

PHILOLOGY—Continued. Calarte:
Morgan. Systems of consanguinity (s.0;)22---- 2-2 218
Riees. Dakota grammar and dictionary (s. c.)-.---__. -------------.---__- 40
Ra@uric. Language of the Dakota or Sioux Indians ___. --_.____---_-_____ 378
WeoitNey. Weeturesion Linguistics... 200. ..-.---_ = S ete ee 352

XXIV.—PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

Woorer, Lhysical seorraphy of North America -—-. .2-2222—_..- 2... - = 351
ELLET. Physical geography of the Mississippi valley (s. c.)---.-.---___ .___ 13
Haves. ) Observations inthe Arctic. seas» (65-0))=.--.< 2... 5s eek 196

PiCNRY.« Cincularrelativeltoy helghts —<2-se aa eee ee) 296

REASON.» Siiiray Cavern) in) WVirgeinias—. 2" 2-2 no 433

XXV.—PHYSICS. (See also TERRESTRIAL Puysics.)

PARKER. eeen ts propressyimy piiysics=2 52 cet Stoel es wh 429
DARNARD. — Internal: structure of the earth (8. 0.)L 222 ae Sos 2 oh 310
BARNARD. -Eroblems:of rotary motion (8:0. 2225 24 ea oe el 240
BREZINA... Crystallography and crystallophysics.2-2220 44-2. 22 Jee) 336
SIOMHEN see VV INOS Of the plobel(Sii Cs) tewk eee fe ee ee ek lta fl 8 52, 268
Davinewnbaw oL.deposit of tlood-tide (8.1C.)=-k2ces es 5 ae De eee a 33
DE PAU NAY ome HSSAVRONUVelocii yor light peu tre ae eee she ie 354
HWRAPER. -Lelescope. in photography: (s...0..)s--.--s=-s255a242 2. Ya Sse Do 180
GouLp. Transatlantic longitude (s. c.)---_----_- eerie paral se Jani trina Ba DOS
Guyor. Physical and meteorological tables.____.-_-.-__.----_-----.._. 31, 153
Ppavns ee Lbysical observations; Arctic seas’ (8. 0.) 222 aie ee 196
SUNY. 0 lu ectro-macnotic: televraphss 2222225 22s ees ae ae Dee ey 115
Henry. Investigation of illuminating materials._____....-.....__________ 389
pene DIN TOUS. © 2 -o ek ee ee es See nee tay 9 eee 237
IPP mAun Ye eCRCATCH eS On SOUNGE— 22 2 ste se toed See hee (ys 406
Ene sa Dee Vides and tastlacton so. 3 Lo Sale See hy Eee 390
ge MirR Nie © OOr- DNNGNesss 22s a2. 2a LS seen eens fo 399
nate @ Homistey. OL the entities. a <2 es 376
Kane. Physical observations, Arctic seas (8. ¢.)----_-.....-_-.--.- -._.__ 198
MHKOH,. Heat andnght of the stun’ (8. 0:)i 22 2- ee ee S
NewrOm.) eNetric welehts and measures’. 2--- 22 eon ee esse 371
ewe On, + Lenry andthe teleprapho-- 2 ss 405
‘RaVLOR;- Kinetic theories of gravitation, 5.22.2 22-0 ee 395

sawLon. 4 Neatureand.origin. or force. 228.225 ee 375

104 CLASSIFIED LIST OF SEPARATE PUBLICATIONS

PH YSICS—Continued. Gaara
Scott. Base chart of the United States -__-.-_-..---------- ---- ------ ---- 414
Seccni. Hlectrical rheometry (8. C.) 2 — <2 36
WHITTLESEY. Fluctuations, level of lakes (s. c.)------ ---.--------------- 119

XXVI.—PHYSIOLOGY. (See ANATOMY, etc.)

XXVII.—TECHNOLOGY. (See CuHEmiIstTRY, etc.)

XXVIII.—TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS.

BacueE. Discussion of magnetic observations (s. c.)---I, 113; II, 121; III, 132;
IV-VI, 162; VII-IX, 175; X-XII, 186; I-XII, 195

BacHE. Magnetic survey of Pennsylvania (s. c.)--.-------------___---______ 166
BARNARD. Problems of rotary motion, and precession of equinoxes (Ss. c.)-. 240
Corrin. Windsof theiglobes(§:(C:) = == = See ee ee aaa 268
Corrin.. Winds of the northern hemisphere (s. c.).---.--------- -------=-. 52
Davis. Dynamical action, etc., of the flood tide (s. c.)---.----------------- 33
Korce.. Record of auroral phenomena (8.\0:) 222225 eae eo eee 84
Hayes. Physical observations in Arctic seas (s. C.)------------------------ 196
Henry. Circularsrelativeto,altitudes-==22- 22825222252 eee 236
Hingarp. —Tides and tidaljaction in harbors!-22-=-<= == = See 390
Hunt. (Chemistry of the earth=—-_-_----_-* “==. Se 376
Kane. Magnetical observations in the Arctic seas (S. C.)------------------ o7
Kane. Physical observations in the Arctic seas (Ss. C.)--------------------- 198
Kane. Tidal :observations.in the Arctic’ seas (S30. === =2ase sae 130
Locxr. Observations on terrestrial magnetism in United States (s. c.)------ 35
MULueR. Observations on terrestrial magnetism in Mexico (s. C.)------ ---- 114
OxLMsTEAD. Secular period ofthe aurora (Ss. C.)----------==------ -=-- ----- 81
SonntaG. Observations on terrestrial magnetism in Mexico (s. C.)-----.---- 114
WHITTLESEY. Fluctuations of level in the North American lakes (s.c.)__-_ 119

XXIX.—ZOOLOGY.
Birds.

Barry. ‘Arrangement of sbirds---o----- (=-o eee ee a eee 210
Barap. ‘Catalogue of binds, 4t0_-— == 106
Barr. Ke A“ BYO2s.5 250 3 eee eee eee oe ee 108

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

105

ZOOLOGY—Continued. Caintagae:
Barrp. Instructions for collecting bird’s nests and eggs__-----_ --_- ----_-_-- 139
BAR Ds Shove r Ol binds pant le 22 se eee see aes eee Konya oe tee ns 181
IBBEWER: North*American cology, part 1) (SG.) 22 - ----..-- 52h see cee 89
Circular sbirdsromsouthpAum Cricn a. <= ans Sree eee ee Seat eae ase 168
Mesiderata of birds of Mexico, Central America, etce__.=-2+—...-22 <2 -. -.- 185
meron. — list of Lrochilida: (humming, birds) #222222 2222228 22 334
incroT. - Monepraphiof Crochilidm: (§.1¢:) 2 22.222. seek 317
KippErr and (Couns, Birds of) Kerguelen Tsland (22 2213-2! y= se 5 es 293
IGAWRUNOK: slsIrds Ot MexiCOe t= — 2232 6S it a Bn ke 295
LiinTsEBORG. s Outlineot classification of birds|=--2s- -s22—sse2ee— =, See see 364
Ripeway. Catalogue of old world birds in Museum_---.-----------_-_---- 462
Ripeway. Nomenclature of North American birds_-._.......-.---.-.---- 422

Fishes.
BArRD: = Circularitior shipping fresh, fish 2-222 os toe eee. 38
Earp. Circular relative to food fishes; -- 22-2 Sele 2 oo. ss eke eee 234
EUR Do HishessotNew-d ersey const=.-22- 4 Ui 22h hon l) ose eee sl 0 984s
BArED.» \lnguiny, relative-to food=fishesis22> =< 2-22 ss2- 0S Ye ee 231
Bran. Direetions for collecting and preserving fish-_--___..._.-...______-- 464
cone eee ELAN OMe OholSMes <= - 2 oeee oo tel SG ee eo bees 247
Gees biplicgraphy; of fishes’ ot, Pacifie coast.._— 222.222. 222-. ---. 22.2. 463
Scbinimms tan lOo 120) 1Ole fishesiee 5 osha see ee ke eee 283
Guuta ee lashosvor Westen. North: A monien- sco 3se-. boats ee 2 eee oN 307
Seine NOnGe rapier coulolds: (Ba CG. )b 2. 22-2 toe Oe a kek 30
Goopez. Berlin exhibit of fisheries and fish culture-.__..__.___-___-___-_---- 413
EdD tins Hish Gaye borne 2.2 ats i 8S 8 28 i oe ES A es 296
JORDAN and Brayton. Fishes of South Carolina, Georgia, and Tennessee __ 308
A PDANe SINGLOS! Ol COLIC G0= 2... ae rebant AER Soi tite Bt eid cae Oe ee eee ees 306
JORDAN. Notes on Rafinesque’s memoirs, North American fishes-_--..____- 305
Insects.

AGASSTZ em eiaesiication,OL insects (8. .0.).5)-2- sass aoe at = eon k 16
Cizcwlar toventomolopistsj2=---—-— === ---- = ae eee eet ees ee oe ee ne 178
Circular concerning department of insects---_— _<=---- 2c eee taliw.-. 448
De Saussure. Monograph of wasps, hymenoptera ~..---.---.---.__------ 254
PPAGON Oy NOSIS Of NOULOptera, 222222 ~ oo eee oo no Seed selene} 134
ieCosvE. Classification of coleoptera, part B--22-_ 22. ..aji225-2.-.+- 136
LE Conte. . e ut Danie bee es ee 2 tea 265
Le Contr. Kansas and New Mexico coleoptera (s. c.).----.-.---.--------. 126

106 CLASSIFIED LIST OF SEPARATE PUBLICATIONS

ZOOLOGY—Continued. Catala
Le Conte. List of COlCOP LCT aya aw Sn ae ee ee ere eee na ae nae eee 140
LE Conte. New species of coleoptera, part I -------__-.-. --_. -2-__- -_-=-. 167
Le Conte. ee 3 part see ee eae eee 264
onw: ~Monograpl: of -diptera; part-Ts:= 25-25 Basse eos oe ee eee 141
LoeEw. ee ae pert ee Se eee eee 7A
Lorw. et ef pent ee ee eee ke eee 256
MrpsHEercer.. - Catalogueof coleoptera...-- 2 2 oe 8 Se eee 62
Mornts., -Cataloguo-of lepidepters, =" == = ee oe eee ELS
Mortis. -Synopsis-of lepideptors— =. eS es ee ee 133
OSTEN SackEN. Monograph' of diptera, part DW 2 ~~ = 7 a ee 219
OSTEN SACKEN?-=GCatalocuciof dipteraie a ee ne ee ee 102, 270
PAGKARD. Directions forxcollecting msects= == oe =se=—se——e n 261
ScupprEr:. Catalogue of orthoptera 2i-2 S22 ee ee eee 189

Mammals.
ALLEN. Monograph, North American bats--.2— == a eee 165
Baap. ‘Oatalogue, mammals 2=—--——-—- - S a 105
Gitt. Listofsfamilies'tof mammals 2222-2 22 <3 2 oo ee een 230
Mollusks.

BinneEY. Bibliography North American conchology, part I-_---- -_-- - -ot 182
BINNEY. S ef gs Cs Tih Pele Se eee 174
Brnwey. Land and fresh-water shells, part I. Pulmonata geophila -___-___- 194
BINNEY. ve es i “TI. Pulmonata Limnophila-_._. 143
BINNEY. ae oe eS > TEE -Ampullariids; ese222 22255 144
CARPENTER. Mollusks of Western North America__-_--~~- ~~~ -------+---- 252
CARPENTER, | .Chitonids 222 22623 tee 2 ooh eeu ee eee een _ 251
CarpunrER:, Tuectures;on:molluscas==2225\22— = ee eee 152
Chock list of shells, --= 2. 23 Soe 0 ae ge ee aie 128
Civeularifor collecting: shells.-=_ 22 323 ee ee eee 176
DALL. -Index of-names applied to brachiopodas-=-2"=5"— 2-262 os ee 304
Hixploring expedition, duplicate shells-s25- 2205-2222 ae ee ee ere 193
GuiiL. Hamiliesiofsmollusks'= 2+ 22-52>2==5 25 ee ees eee ee 227
Lewis. Instructions for collecting land and fresh-water shells___-----_- --_- 363
Primm. -Oorbiculade sx=2-2>. 25.5225 S323 eee eee 145

SvrmpPson:. Hy droblin@:s2 2s 2a2sa28 2 3S ee ee Se eee eee eee
Tryon. Land and fresh-water shells, part IV. Strepomatide --.-------~~- 253

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 107

. No. i
ZOOLOGY—Continued. Catalonge,
Radiates.
Bateon Circolarion collecting: cray-lish 22s cess seo oo on ee 319
MARK.) \ UGORHArign (S. O.)=osaeso5— os co sce s en ase ese 242
RaTHBUN. List of marine invertebrates distributed, series IJ_._.._.___.___. 465
RATHBUN. Ke es a ue SO Epes cS 471
Stimpson. Marine invertebrata of Grand Manan (s. c.)------..------------ 50
Reptiles.
BArkD and Grrarp. Catalogue of, serpents.._=— _. =... ---_--- +... 49
Parnn. Circularmon.collecting reptiles=- = 222 28. 2 Sk 320
@opr. North American batrachia and reptilia _..._.__.__..-_..---._____.-. 292
MincHELL and Morenouse: Chelonia, (s.c.) 222-2 -=--=s_=-- ===. «659

Shells. (See Mollusks.)

108

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE. (Quwarto.)

CLASSIFIED LIST OF SEPARATE. PUBLICATIONS

Vor. | Dare. | Paces. | WD | Prange.) Mavs, | NO-TN
1 1848:1'-860 7). 207i) dei alvele Bi 2

TL | ASI) 572) | 8 18ers | epee 26
WT 16520 i562) eee Boye |eele es 38
yy | 1252) 426s eee eee eee 39
eal 8684) V5ae,|* eda weap Meee 55

pyle 18543) 484al) yenOliesney jiese ae 56
VII | 1855/ 260} 74| 72 | 2 76
VIII | 1856 | 564| 52] 9 |__| 78
PX 618574) 460), 45 coe ees 92
18584) 462) tesa 99

XI} 1859] 502} 20] 23 |.____- 111
KOT |SEO'| 588 / ue O He) aoe 112
XIII | 1868] 558/ 80] 4 | 8 |° 1651
TV | e655] 490 | tse) 25 Jz 184
XV | 1867| 620] 47| 18 | 4 | 206
XVI | 1870] 498] 76] 18 |_--. 211
XVII | 1871 616 6 14 i See 229
XVIII | 1872] 646} 10) 5 | 8 | 246
UK| 167471 €40| 6) ote 272
KRG S76 794 |) “Meese se 284
XXI|1876| 548] 30] 9 | 38 | 285
XXII | 1880] 5387] 474] 20 |____- 340
XXIII | 1881] 766] 160/ 18 |---| 846

Conrains Nos. oF CATALOGUE.

1.

8.12, 20, 18,44, 167 se aes
ab oG eqeeide

35, 86, 30, 32, 22, 33, 37, 24, 29.

40.

44, 41, 45, 43, 42.

| 46, 60, 61, 50, 52, 58, 54.

59, 68, 70, 72, 73.
71, 81, 80, 82, 84, 85.
83, 90, 86, 88, 79, 94.

| 95, 97, 98.

89, 100, 113, 104, 126, 114, 127.

129, 119, 108, 131, 135.

130, 146, 155, 121, 182, 162, 166,
159.

175, 186, 180, 172, 192.

199, 197, 202, 196. ,

178, 204, 120, 208, 221, 223, 220.

222, 232, 239, 233.

| 240, 241, 262.

280, 281, 267, 277.

| 259, 269, 287, 331, 318.

242, 248, 310, 317, 357.

seen li i

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 109

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS. (Octavo.)

Ill
IV

VI
VII
VIII
IX

XI
XIT
XIII
SVE
XV
XVI
XVII
XVIII
XIX
xX
XXI
XXII

XXIII.

Date.

PaGgs.

Cours. | Prares.| No. 1n

2onleteae =
Sota te oe
AOR ieee
BOR |=eess=
15 iG
Sig3)2s-=2*
730 4
5 | =eoe se
55 4
Sore ees
45" 2o n=.
sucess p 4
Ooi eran
871 7
42 | 138
18 4

SERIEs.

Contains Nos. or CaTaLOoGueE.

148, 87, 153.

27, 115, 58, 108, 49, 128, 34, 137, 139,
163, 176, 188.

102, 118, 136, 117.

134, 188.

142, 74, 154.

141, 171, 140, 167.

165, 143, 144, 201, 145, 200, 188, 177,
156, 161, 160, 208.

219, 189, 194, 210, 137, 207, 205, 178,
168, 164.

174, 179.

252, 227, 235, 236, 237, 190, 234, 288,
248, 245.

230, 247, 256, 261, 264, 265.

181, 255, 263.

292, 298, 294, 295, 296, 297, 303, 304,
305, 306.

254, 283, 288, 276, 289, 216, 301, 311.

258, 266, 291, 279, 282, 300, 302, 309,
316, 319, 320.

253, 270, $21, 824, 825, 334, 385, 344.

328.

329.

382, 333.

330, 327, 356.
425, 467.

463, 308, 318, 326, 342.

110 CLASSIFIED LIST OF SEPARATE PUBLICATIONS

ANNUAL REPORTS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. (Octavo.)

No. in

Pages. Woodeuts. “eS | lesonian ee ad.
Stor 184620224 Sao eee 38 G 1847
Ddnefor 1947.01.28 35°) 2 eh 208 H 1848
Bator aeae ) wh) Watt 64 I 1849
Mire toriiR40 lke! ie 272 21 1850
Bthy for! 18500. he ee 326 28 1851
Bib Mor 1Shi ce hee we 104 5 1852
Tibe for 1Sb0 en eee 96 57 1853
Sib ior SHS ses meege eee 310 67 1854
Gan ape CEA ation. aed he wets 464 4 76 1855
On. for 1856.22 .- ese 440 79 ea 1856
GE LOT SH Gm ae eee pee es cas 468 69 91 1857
12thefor 85a oe wee 438 100 107 1858
Sth forelS5Gss eee eee 448 48 109 1859
[4th fore S592 8 ns ee ee 450 57 110 1860
15th fore S60Re see as eee 448 73 147 1861
16th tore SG esses 464 25 149 1862
With) for ws G22 see Shere 446 94 150 , 18638
USED fOr) Gane ae eae 420 56. 187 1864
Tub for ried Sheek MS Bi 450 50 188 1865
ZO Gh for SG on. sae a aus cre 496 189 209 1866
MAUSt MiOr) UGGGes eae eee aoe 470 70 214 1867
220 OT Opes eee 506 10 215 1868
Bode MOL LOO Sap eee ee 474 40 224 1869
2AtMeroryl S69" teak ee 430 38 228 1871
DaiitforG70u. 2 2 Lol 494 28 244 1871
OEM ELOD wl Oi despa ee ees 473 3 249 1873
Aitietor al Siaa= == soe ee 456 119 271 1873
DethOrmlG(os—s2— ea ee 452 33 275 1874
Popiee ay aye 213 tne 416 46 286 1875
BOUM Orel S (Os 42 oss ee 422 354 298 1876
Blab, for 1876. __21.2 22. 488 78 299 1877
SUGe Orel iioun=<n aa 500 49 323 1878
OOO AOTE LAN Gases ooo 575 12 341 1879 2
B4theior MSOs anaes ae 631 216 845 1880
Bobs tor WesOs eee oe 782 13 442 1881

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.

No. of
Museum
Series.

o ~ oo bo

oo

|

TITLE.

Bulletin of the U. S. National Museum, No. 1

fe ae a No. 2
es ee : No. 3
x : ot No. 4|
“44 $ es Now
: a No. 6
ee : Nort
x mee No. 8 |
a ig a No. 9
: a ‘ No. 10
«“ «“ u No. 11
: a et No. 12
- : : No. 13
os ae é No. 14
w f : No. 15

ee oe a No. 16
Proceedings) Nat. Mus: Vol; T2-=-2— <-_ en
Bulletins Nat. Mus., Vol. I, Nos. 1 to 10-_---_-
Proceedimos Nat. Mus.,, Vols: [ito - 2. 222 =
Bulletin of the U. S. National Museum, No. 17

ue us o No. 18
. re a No. 19
“ ‘ ‘6 No. 20
of 2 e¢ No. 21

Proceedings Nat. Mus.,. Vol. TITs---2* 22 32_.
Bulletin of the U. S. National Museum, No. 22
Proceedings Nat. Mus., Vol. LV = =2.--.-4--.
Bulletins Nat. Mus., Vol. II, Nos. 11 to 15 __-

In Vol. of
Miscellaneous
Collections.

XIII
XIII
XIII
XIII
XIII
XIII
XIII
XIITT
XIII
XSEET
XXIII
XXIII
XXIII
XXIII
XXIII

XIX

TET
XIX

XXII

XXII
XXIII

111

(Octavo.)

No. in
Smithsonian
Catalogue.

332
312
333
412
413
470

422
425
444
467
475

112 CLASSIFIED LIST OF SEPARATE PUBLICATIONS

PUBLICATIONS OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEU M—Continued.
SEPARATE LIST OF BULLETINS.

: When In Vol. of No. in No. in.
Ne: |" plished. | PRES | Cute. Pisses.) Bone Peavey lly sortase eee
1 1875 108 XIII 1 292
2 1875 Ble XIII 2 293
3 1876 124 VUE 3 294
4 1875 56 | XO 4 295
5 1876 84 pe exe 5 296
6 1876 140 | xa 6 297
7 1877 172 | 7 303
8| 1877 Y 88 XL gs | 304
9 1877 56 | XE 9 305
10 1877 124 | 45 XT 10 306
11 1882 77 XXL Lie papas
12| 1878 237 | XXIII 12 308
13 1879 139 | OG HU 13 313
14| 1879 367 | XT 14 326
15 1879 179 | KE 15 342
16 | 16
17 1880 55 | | 20 412
18 1880 279 21 413
19 1882 398 | 22 470
20 | 23
21 1881 94 | 24° 429
72 1881 265 | 1 26 444
THE BULLETINS COLLECTED IN VOLUMES.
Vol.| Contents. Published. ae Cuts. | Plates. acetal, X., praiuhaontan
| Collections. | Series. | Catalogue.
abs se el ee allel
I| Nos. 1-10] 1878 982 |...-.| 45 | ane | 18 312
II | Nos. 11-15 | 168 | 1003 |__|. XXUUT | 28 475
| | |

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 113

PUBLICATIONS OF THE U. 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM—Continued.

SEPARATE List oF PROCEEDINGS.

| amar | | NV Rerl In Vol. of No. in No. in.
ee eae USS a blierce i) ageless Mucous | Sratiheontan
I.| 1878 | 524 | 8 8 1879 XIX ba 832
If | 1879 503 2 7 1880 | XIX 19 333
III | 1880 594 ne eae 1881 XXII 25 425
IV | 1881 | 600; 138 2 1882 | XXII 27 467

PUBLICATIONS OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY OF THE
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. (Imperial Octavo.)

No. in

Title. | Published. | Pages.) Cuts. | Plates.| Maps. |Smithsonian
| | Catalogue.
|
|
| Lond
First Annual Report, for 1879- se 1881 | 688 | 343 | 54 1 476

114 ' CLASSIFIED LIST OF SEPARATE PUBLICATIONS

PUBLICATIONS HAVING SEPARATE NUMBERS IN THE SMITH-
SONIAN SERIES, BUT INCLUDED IN THE ANNUAL REPORTS OF
THE INSTITUTION.

Vol. of
Report.
Ar yournal: of ‘Rerents 252 Se ee ee ee eee 1847
B, Reportiof Organization Committee 22s ae eee 1847
D> Address at laying cormer-stone:. “DAWiASE =e o== =e se ee 1847
Eis Hxposition, of “Bequest .eHENRy 2S ee= ens. oe ee 1847
F Hirst Reportiof Secretary. “Hitinn y= === eo == eee 1848
J. Programme of, Organization, HENRY) 22-2 -- o_o 1848
K* (Correspondence tsquier and Daviset===2so=s— == as eee ee 1848
I, First Report of Organization Committee -__-_-_-_- ee eS 1847
MS Reportsiofelinstitwtiomatons40s ose ee ane ae ee eee eee 1849
INS Officérsiand Rec ents|-22 > 2a eee oe ee 1847
25) Public, Libraries: - Jimwinwies = se oe ig ee ae ee ee 1850: *
152 Lectures on Mollusca. CARPENTUR_—.--....-=_----- w2sce= oes 1860
251 “Memoitrot Vion sMiarcuss ee lAvup ee = oe er ee ee ome 1869
307. Report on-Centonmifly vB AUR De == eee eee ee TAM Sel eae 1876
343° Annual Reports.) (Hennes aes eS ee a ee eee eee 1865-77
348 Hishesiote Newadiersey.. SOACR DS wee = ene eee ee eee 1854
3517) Rorestsioh North Americas (COOPER es=ss— see == See a= eee lone
352° (iectures on aainguishies: | Wir eINin ve ass os ee eee eee 1863
304. Wssav on’ Velocity. of hight.” “Dwi AwiN:Ack eee eee 1864
355 Ozone and antozone. s\VV ELE ERI ese == ee ee 1864
360- ‘Palafittes. | (DmESoR--==--22- 2-- ed Se oe ee 1865. ¢
361. Aboriginesof California.” BAEGERD 222-2082 =2 222 ee oe
362 Artificial Shell Deposits in New Jersey. Rau_-----.---_.. __.___.__ 1864
364. Classification of (Binds. sbrincnBOR@ 22222255. Sa eee 1865
365 Tinneh Indians. Ross and others -_-- -._ > it eee ns aan ee 1866 |
367, Plora of Alaska. | ROTHRQ(K= =a ae 1867
360) Indian’ Pottery:, “RAw 2232 22.25 eee ee ee ees 1866.
369. Dorpat'and. Poulkova: @ABBEl——. -~2" 22 2a eee Bent ake Bt see lS
370) Bint dmplements in Mlinovis: “haus-== 2 ee eee 1868
Svat Metric Tables.” Nmw@ONies] eo = oe eee See ee ree eee 1865.
372 Drillingin Stone without,Metal.. KAvue-—-22 = See 1868
373. Meteorolocical Stations and Observerss2222-- 2 Sees aaa ae ee OS
375 Origineand Nature of Worce. who R 2-25.42 ease ee ee 1870
376 Chemistry ofthe Harth. Hunt. - 2.5S0 ee a eee ees 1869
377 Diamond’and Precious Stones.” BAGINEMs2-e-) cs > 3 = eee eee 1870
378: Dakota* Language. R@uRic...23.- 26) ee eee 1871
379 Bulogy.on A. D.d@eche. HENRY... 22222-62282 25 4 See eee 1870

380.

382
S85
336

339°

390
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
415
418
419
420
421
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 115
PUBLICATIONS HAVING SEPARATE NU MBERS—Continued. _
Honor
Scientific Education of Mechanics., PrABoDY_-.-.-._-..-.----.._-.. 1872
NortheAmentcan Stone Implements: wi e225 22s 2G a= 1872
PATICION EP ANDO EL Oq in Ali oler CC sig mE ASU een ee eee ee ER 1872
Crystallography. « BREZINAs{= Se eeee test wis. Je ee ee 1872
investication.of biluminants.” HENRY -.22 sot eo tk 1880
lieceaee Hine AR De = menos ek a Aee es ene ame Guo c= SoS 1874
Prehistoric Antiquitiesof Hungary. Rommr..)-- ~~. 2222 --.-..i--_-. 1876
Mound Builders and Ancient Man in Michigan. GILLMAN__--1878 and 1875
Stone Age in New Jersey. ABBOTT -__.--_.-..-_--- Ha sl 9 ra 2 hd 1875
KinetiePheortes.ot;Gravitation. “Tawnorys.2204. 20222 ye 1876

History and Climate ot New, Mexico: McPARLIN. 2-2-2... 1877

iabinier eamiguibles: SMASON 2242 Doo ee os 2 eee 1876
MLeOROlOpical NTeMOlrs.» WARE sete ese eee cee bee 1877
@olor- pind Messe EO TMG Rh WNe =e keane ee ee ee 1877
Aboriginal Structures in Georgia.» \ JONES. - 3. sos. 2s oo ek 1877
SVE co eect te Ob Dosa pV SETISNOAEINGINN SS PST SE a Te De LB 1877
Stock-im=tradeiof Abonizinal Lapidary. “RaAwel 2225 22 es 1877
Gold, Ornamenbsrran Wonder. MAU. 22 = oie fie ge ee 1877
Polychrome Bead from Florida. HaLDEMAN__-~-.____--__-___-__--- 1877
Henry and the elesrapht Gi AYEROR Sate 2 he lB) set ee 1878
Researches'in Sound. Hewry----.----.- 0 Ls ak 1878
MiemOlnObe< Osephebionmyrs | GRAY 26 oe sete aS OMAN Mae ees CANON Te, 1878
eponv.ofoecrotany for? lS/(S.1, BATRD. aes. 0) eee oe 1878
Report of Museum Building Commission and Architects---__--------- 1879
Reports on Obsenvatoriess HonDENnseSseeo0. 22 oe A AST

Irritation of Polarized Nerve. LAUTENBACH------- IP EC SON Sa ce 1878
Davi comer Donte mn OhONNGET st ane = CESS, kh SORES ea ae 1879
Reporiomsecretary toreiSs9s “GATRD... 2! als ee ase 1879
enorivoL secretaryitor 1980; BATH Des... ee ee 1880
Anthropological Investigations. “MAson..22254222=2 80 8 1879
Index to Anthropological Articles. BaHMER WADI NA 8s Oe 2 1879
Synopsis of Herschel’s Writings. Hotpen and Hastines _______ -_-- 1880
ineceomimerorresssin Astronomy: HoupmNyoe =o sess... 1880
x ue Geology and Mineralogy. Hawzs___-...._._.._. 1880
ie es Physicsiand Chemistry. <Bammmr).2.—2. 522.00 1880
es eS Botany: BW ARTO Wise eeememn a eke SF os 1880
of ce Zoology. GILL__--- tee Sek ae ee hee 1880
ce a EO POLO Ve NEAR ONBey ego fetes ee 1880
Heport/ofeVieitto) Luray Oave:: Mason 822) oe 1880
Report of Museum .Building Commission and Architects.___-_.....--_.. 1880

116

435
436
438
439
440

CLASSIFIED LIST OF SEPARATE PUBLICATIONS

PUBLICATIONS HAVING SEPARATE NUMBERS—Continued.

Vol. of

Report.
Snell’s Barometric Observations. Loup '2222— 2-222 1660
List of Periodicals received by Smithsonian Institution-___._____----- 1880
Reports of Observatories. HoLDEN and BasHMER --~~~~~- ~----------- 1880
Warming and Ventilating Buildings. Morin __..--__-------~------ 1873-4
Anthropological “Articles.© AU: 222s ste ese oe en eee eee ee 1863-77

PUBLICATIONS NOT IN REGULAR SERIES OF “CONTRIBUTIONS,”

Ro S250N0

64
65
66
68
69
93

101

105

106

116

157

170

182

1385

193

217

225

226

260

278

290

347

350

359

366

414

437

466

“ COLLECTIONS,” OR “REPORTS.

Digest of Act of Congress. .

Hints on Public Architecture. Owen.

Check-list of Periodicals.

Report on the Discovery of the Planet Neptune. GouLp.
On Construction of Catalogues of Libraries. Jewett.
Bibliography of American Natural History for 1851. Grrarp.
Catalogue of Described Coleoptera of the United States. MuLSHEIMER.
List of Foreign Institutions.

Registry of Periodical Phenomena.

The Annular Eclipse of May 26, 1854.

Vocabulary of the Jargon. MuircHecr and TURNER.

List of Domestic Institutions.
Meteorological Observations for 1855.

Map of the Solar Eclipse.

Catalogue of North American Mammals. Barrp.
Catalogue of North American Birds. Batrp.

List of Public Libraries. RHxEEs.

Results of Meteorological Observations, 1854-1859. Vol. I.
Comparative Vocabulary.

Results of Meteorological Observations, 1854-1859. Vol. IT.
List of Birds of Mexico, &c. BatirRD.

List of Duplicate Shells collected by Wilkes.

Letter of M. Hoek on Meteoric Shower.

List of Foreign Correspondents.

List of Smithsonian Publications.

Regulations of the Smithsonian Institution.

Check-list of Publications of Smithsonian Institution.
Circular for distribution at Centennial.

Nomenclature of Clouds.

Map of Stars near the North Pole.

Pianisphere of the Visible Heavens.

Directions for collecting Diatomacea, &c. EpWarpbs.

Base Chart.

Check-list of Smithsonian Publications.

Directory of Officers and Employés.

OF THE SMITHSONIAN

INSTITUTION.

LE

LIST OF PAPERS PUBLISHED IN THE “SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBU-
TIONS TO KNOWLEDGE.”

Srpriau
NuMBER.

AvTHOR.

TitLte or WoRK.

4

CoMMIssIons OF REFERENCE.

Oo - WO

o. © a a

AG

Squier, E. G., AND

Davis, E. H
WALKER Y On .O-csccscs
IWATE 5:1 Oveccscece
Water, S. C.........
Water, S. C.........
WALkKenr, S. C.....:...
Downes, JOHN........
Downes, JOHN........
Downes, JOHN........
Downes, JOHN........
Lieber, FRANCIs....
ELLEtT, CHARLES.....
Gizges, R. W
Squier, HB. G.........

AGASSIZ, Lovis.......
Hare, Roperv.......
Bary, J. W.........
GIA VAG Als: c-s acess:

NS ATTIEV Vial Wicssrs ass

Waker, S. C........
Downes, JOHN........
GIRARD, CHARLES...
Harvey, Wm. H.....
Davis, Cuas. H......
Locke, Jonn .........
SECOHIA AL ....cccccsese.

WuitTLesry, Cu....

RAG So Riese sce ssases

Lripy, JOsEPH.......
GRAY, ABMs cece
Harvey, Wm. H....
Leipy, JOSEPH.......
Wyman, Jrrrrics...

Torrey, JOHWN........

Ancient Monuments of Mississippi Val-
ley.

Researches, Planet Neptune.

Ephemeris of Neptune for 1848.
Ephemeris of Neptune for 1849.
Ephemeris of Neptune for 1850.
Ephemeris of Neptune for 1851.
Occultations in 1848.

Oceultations in 1849.

Occultations in 1850.

Occultations in 1851.

| Vocal Sounds of L. Cae Piesc on ssctetaaces
Physical Geography of U.S..............-+00se
Memoir on Mosasaurus.....c.ccccescesseeceeseenes
Aboriginal Monuments of New York.......
Classification of insect? pian eeeeeccraeaacorane
Ex plosivenessiof, Nibre cc. .-<cases-seseceseesecses
Microscopic Examination of Soundings..
Plante Wrightiane. Part I.....................

Microscopic Observations in South Caro-
lina, Gecrgia, and Florida.

Ephemeris of Neptune, 18! Eippenaie I.
| Occultations in 1852.

Fresh-Water Fishes of North America....
Marine Algee of North America. Part I...
Law of Deposit of Flood Tide.................+
Observations on Terrestrial Magnetism...
Researches on Electrical Rheometry......

ANCIENG WiOLlkkS) IM ONO. sccccs osc cnuecccctaseess

°
Dakota Grammar and Dictionary.............

bib AML OLICAN) OX... evecranelnenenaeacansancane
Plantes Wrightiane. Part II...................
Marine Algse of North America. Part IT..

Anatomy of Rana Pipiens.......................

lathes EIrem ON ANC... cev<se.vs=sonsesnenvsaceress

Flora and Fauna within Living Animals..)

Bart-
G.

E. Robinson, D. D., J. R.
lett, Prof. W. W. Curner, S.
Morton, M. D., G. P. Marsh.

Col. W. W. S. Bliss, Miss D. L.
Dix:
Maj. A. Mordecai, Capt. F. A.

Smith, Lieut. M. L. Smith.
Prof. Louis Agassiz, Prof. Henry
D. Rogers.
Brantz Mayer, Wm. W. Turner.

Prof. C. D. Meigs, Thaddeus W.
Harris, M. D.

John Torrey, M. D., Col. J. J.
Abert.

Prof. Lewis R. Gibbes, Prof. Wm.
B. Rogers.

Prof. John Torrey, John Carey.

Prof. Wm. B. Rogers, Prof. Lewis
R. Gibbes.

Dr. Jared P. Kirtland, Dr. J. E.
Holbrook.

Prof. J. W. Bailey, Dr. Asa Gray.

Prof. L. Agassiz, Prof. A. Guyot.

Prof. Elias Loomis, Prof. Julius
i. Hilgard.

J. H. Lane, Prof. Jas. Curley.

Brantz Mayer, E. G. Squier.

Minnesota Historical Society,
Prof. W. W. Turner, Prof. C.
C. Felton.

Paul B. Goddard, M. D.,
Pancoast, M. D.

Prof. John Torrey, John Carey.

Joseph

Prof. J. W. Bailey, Dr. Asa Gray.

Prof. J. W. Bailey, Charles F.
Beck, M. D.

OS: Jackson, M. D.,
Leidy, M. D.

Dr. W. Darlington, Dr. Asa Gray:

Joseph

118

CLASSIFIED LIST OF SEPARATE PUBLICATIONS

PAPERS PUBLISHED IN SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE—Continued.

ae ; :
<8
Be | AuTHOR. Tirite to Work. | ComMIssiIons OF REFERENCE.
ag,
> oS a. >) a ae
50 | Stimpson, W™........ Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan......) A. A. Gould, M. D., Prof: J.D:
| Dana.
52 | Corrin, Jas. H...... Winds of the Northern Hemisphere........ | Prof. W. B: Rogers; Prof. Ge
| Loomis.
54 | Downes, JOHN........ Occultations in 1853.
58 | Lerpy, Joseru....... | Ancient Fauna of Nebraska.................0++ | Prof. J. Hall, J. L. Leconte, M. D.
|
59 | ‘CHAPPELSMITH, J...) Tornado in Indiana... ..<.....c.ccscscescecvssesseees | Prof. J. H. Coffin, Prof. A. Cas-
| well.
60 | Torrey, JOHN........ BabismMlaritinia,....scccesesstescesesesecsesstesecesse Prof. A. Gray, John Carey.
G1 | Torrey, JouN........ Darlingtonia Cailifornicate.ccsus:ccsessesesseccese | Prof. A. Gray, John Carey. 4
63) | SBarpeys-dl. Wie.-cron:s New Species of Microscopic Oreaninmieeel Prof. C. R. Gilman, M. D., Waldo
tae | I. Burnett, M. D.
70 | Lapwan, 1. A.........| Antiquities of WisCOnSiN................:s.c0e0 American Antiquarian Society.
71 | Haven, S. F..........| Archeology of the United States.............. | Peter Force, Brantz Mayer.
72 | Lerpy, JOSEPH........ Extinct Sloth Tribe of North America... Isaac Hays, M. D., Prof. W. L.
Horner.
ial lncecaceatcaacta-sseSeseesaees Publications of Societies in Smithsonian
Library. |
79 | RunxeE, Joun D...| Tables for Planetary Motion.....................| Prof. Benj. Peirce, Com. Chas. H.
| Davis. ' ‘
:80 | AtvorD, BENJ........ Tangencies of Circles and Spheres ......... Erte E. Church, Prof. L. R.
| | Gibbes.
81 | OLMSTED, Di.-....... Secular Period of Aurora Borealis............ Prof. J. B. Cherriman, Prof. J. H.
. | Coffin.
82 | JonEs, JOSEPH........ Investigation on Amer. Vertebrata.......... | §. Jackson, M. D., J. Leidy, M. D.,
| J. Wyman, M. D.
=33 | Mrrcu, L: W......... Relative Intensity of Heat and Light of | Prof. B. Peirce, Dr. B. A. Gould,
the Sun. | or.
$4 | Force, Peren......... Auroral Phenomena in North Latitudes. | i
Bi alecscnccssececenees eehecaeecees Publications of Societies in Smithsonian |.
Library. Part IL. |
86 | Mayer, Branvz.....,| Mexican History and Archeeology............ | S. F. Haven, E. H. Davis, M. D.
88 | Grpps, W., AND | Ammonia.Cobalt: Bas@Ss.:s<....0..cescssscscsaceess Prof. John F. Frazer, Prof. John
GentH, F. A. ' Torrey.
89 | Brewer, Tu. M.....) North American Oology. Part I........ ..... John Gould, John Cassin.
90 | Hrrencock, F........ Illustrations of Surface Geology.
94 | Runner, Joun D...| Asteroid Supplement to New Tables for BRON Benj. Peirce, Com. Chas. H.
! ; | Davis.
» 2. :
s
95 | Harvey, Wu. H....|Marine Algee of North America. Part III. Dr. John Torrey, Dr. Asa Gray.
96 | Harvey, Wm. H....| Marine Alge of North America. 3 parts | Prof. J. W. Bailey, Dr. Asa Gray.
complete. |
97 | Kane, FE. K...........) Magnetic Observations in the Arctic Seas... Prof. A. D. Bache. ‘
| }
98 | Bowen, T. J...........) Yoruba Grammar and Dictionary............. | Prof. J. W. Gibbs, Prof. W- D:
| Whitney, R. Anderson.
"100 | Gitxiss, J. M.........) Eclipse of the Sun, Sept. 7, 1858............... Prof. J. S. Hubbard, J. H. Lane.
103 | CasweEtt, A...........+} Meteorological Observations, Proyi- | (
dence, RK. I.
LOS) SANE, 3B; US consoles ate souclogical Observations in Arctic | Prof. A. D. Bache.
seas.
|
113 | Bacue, A. D.........., Magnetic and Meteorological Observa- | Prof. Benjamin Peirce, Prof. W.
| tions at Girard College. Part I. Chauvenet.

a ae)

OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

ty,

PAPERS PUBLISHED IN SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE—Continued.

Serra
NuMBER.

162

166
172

196
197

198

199
202

204

AUTHOR.

| SonnTaG, A........0.-

WHITTLESEY, CH....

Hitpreru, §. P.,
AND Woop, J.

IBAGHE: cAVy Des ccess

Lr Contr, JonHn L.

WOOMIGS Hic cucce easter
TANTS SB) Kireesteseese

CANE BID Uke eeceaes

SMITH ND oc nce sre

\; Batcrms “A.D: cs. cze.s

Mircnect, 8. W.....

M’Crintock, Sin
i

F.L
WuirtLesry, Cn....

Mircuert, S. W., &
Morenovss, G. R.

BACHE (AS Divs. -coceos

IBACHE WAR DY eiicc.:.

Merk, I. B., anp
Haypen, F. V.

DEAN, JOHN......2.0..

Bacue, A. D..........
Drapery Hs. ccc.ccs:
BACHE PA. UD sscccsuss

Lerpy, JosEpu.......

Aor AnD sic c2...

DILAMES ylcelis-ncsssee tec

WuittLesey, Cu....

ISANE, DSK. soc ciens

Newcoms, &............

Pumpetry, R

CLEAVELAND, P......

Titre or Work.

ComMisstons oF REFERENCE.

Terrestrial Magnetism in Mexico............
Fluctuations of Level in N. A. Lakes......

Meteorological Observations, Marietta,
Ohio.

Magnetic and Meteorological Observa-
tions at Girard College. Part II.

Coleoptera of Kansas and New Mexico...

Storms in Europe and America, Dec.
1836.

Astronomical Observations in the Arctic
Seas.

Tidal Observations in the Arctic Seas......

Meteorological Observations in Arkansas
from 1840 to 1859.

Magnetic and Meteorological Observa-
tions at Girard College. Part IIL.

Venom of the Rattlesnalkkce......../.........s000

Meteorological Observations in the Arctic
Seas.

Ancient Mining on Lake Superior............

Anatomy and Physiology of Respira-
tion in Chelonia.

Magnetic and Meteorological Observa-
tions at Girard Coll. Pt. 1V, V, & VI.

Magnetic Survey of Pennsylvania.

Paleontology of the Upper Missouri.
Part I.

Gray Substance of the Medulla Oblon-
gata.

Mag. and Met. Observ. at Girard College.
Parts VII, VIII, and IX.

Construction of a Silvered Glass Tele-
scope.

Mag. and Met. Observ. at Girard College.
Parts X, XI, and XII.

| Cretaceous Reptiles of the U/S...............

Girard College Observations. Complete.

Parts I to XII.
Physical Observations in the Arctic Seas.
Glacial Drift of Northwestern States........

Physical Observations in the Arctic Seas.
Complete.

Oxbitioh Neptune:s..:..2. senesssssecsessectasesecescs se

Geological Researches in China, Moni-
golia, &e.

Meteorological Observations, Bru nswick,
Me., 1807-1859.

Prof. Stephen Alexander, Prof.
Arnold Guyot.

Capt. A. A. Humphreys, Capt. A.
W. Whipple.

C. Zimmerman, F.E. Melsheimer.

Dr. 8. P. Hildreth, Prof. A. Cas-
well.

Prof. A. D. Bache.

Prof. A. D. Bache.

Franklin. Bache, M. D., Robley
Dunglison, M. D.

D. Wilson, LL. D., E. H. Davis,
M. D.
Prof. J. Wyman, Prof. J. Leidy.

Isaac Lea, Prof. Jas. D, Dana.

Dr. W. A. Hammond, Prof. Jeff-
ries Wyman.

Prof. Wolcott Gibbs, Com. J. M.
Gilliss.

t Prof. ie Agassiz, Prof. E. D. Cope.

Prof. Benj. Peirce, Prof. W.

Chauvenet.

Prof. L. Agassiz, Prof. J. P. Les-
ley.
Prof. A. D. Bache.

Adm’! C. H. Davis, Prof. Stephen
Alexander.
National Academy of Sciences.

120

CLASSIFIED LIST OF SEPARATE PUBLICATIONS

PAPERS PUBLISHED IN SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE—Continued.

SERIAL
Number.

|

277
280
281
287
310
317
318

331

353,

383
443

AUTHOR.

PickenRineG, CHAs...

Moreay, L. H........
Swan, JAs. G.........

Corrin, James H...

Senorr, Cuas. A.....
GOULD, BiAncsocts
SrockweE Lt, J. N....

FERREL, WM.........
Harkness, Wo......

Barnanp, J.G......
Woon; HN Oieesesteces
CTAB K Elen ccasnesotecs
Hireanp, E. W......
DONES: (0 OSsseccsenercccs
Newcomp, S...........
Swan, J. Gu...
Corrin, J. H..........

HABEL, SIMEON......

ScHort, C..At...-.-.s-
ALEXANDER, 6.........
Newcomgs, S...........
Rav, CHARLES........
BARNARD, J. G......
ILEIOT, DiiGieevce...

SD) ATT, GWE. JELs.s +0008

Rav, CHARLES........
Scuort, ©. A..........
WOODEN ss Cresent <esees
BransrForD, J. F....

CAB WEDD, Aces sse.cos ces

Tirte oF Work. COMMISSIONS OF REFERENCE.

Gliddon Mummy Case in Smithsonian a
Institution.

Prof. J. A. Hadley, J. H. Trum-
bull, Prof. W. D. Whitney.
George Gibbs, Jeffries Wyman.

Prof. H. A. Newton, C. A. Schott.

Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity....
Indians Of Cape Flattery.........cceccccccrerernes

Orbit, &c., of Meteoric Fire Ball, July 20,
1860.

Tables of Rain and Snow in United States.

Transatlantic Longitude.

Secular Variations of Orbits of Planets...) Prof. J. H. C. Coffin, Prof. S.
Newcomb.

Converging Series, Ratio of Diameter,
and Circumference of Circles.

Pres. Acad. Sciences. Prof. J. H.

Magnetie Observations on the Monad-
C. Coffin, Prot. F. Rogers.

nock.
Problems of Rotary Motion.

Fresh-Water Algee of North America ...... Dr. J. Torrey, Dr. F. A. P. Bar-

nard.
Lucernarie.
Geology of Lower Louisiana.
Antiquities of Tennessee ...........-sseee-ce-- Dr. G. A. Otis, Prof. 0. T. Mason.
OxbitiohWPANUIsi..- ccccsccssscnescesepssesnsesssens ones Prof. J. H. C. Coffin, Prof. AsapIn
Yard ah dianss.¢cccercesseasctces es scstcorcconccceres | J. C. Welling, Tig. DS rr Gass
Winds of the Globe. ‘ at

Prof. W. D. Whitney, J. H-

Seulptures of Santa Lucia Cosumal-
Trumbull.

whuapa in Guatemala.
Temperature Tables.

Harmonies of Solar System.

Planetary Motion.........sccccscrsececsesreeesoeeeses Prof. H. A. Newton, G. W. Hill.

Archeeological Collection, Nat. Museum. |

Internal Structure of the Earth.

Classification and Synopsis of Trochilide.

Remains of Man from Cayes in Aleutian
Islands.

The Palenque 'Tablet...........ceseesseeseseeseeees S. F. Haven, H. H. Bancroft.

Tables of Rain Fall, (2d edition.)

S. Weir Mitchell, M. D., J. J-
Woodward, M. D.
eee Mallery, H. C. Yarrow,

Researches On Fever........sssccececesessseee revere
Archeeological Researches in Nicaragua...

Meteorological Observations, Providence,
R. L., i831 to 1876.

as

ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF ARTICLES

IN THE

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE,
VoLs. 1-23. 1848-1881.

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS,
VOLS. 1-23. 1862-1882.

SMITHSONIAN ANNUAL REPORTS,
Vors. 1-35. 1846-1880.
BULLETINS OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM,

Nos. I-22, (except 16 and 20,) 1875-1881, :

PROCEEDINGS OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM,
Vols. 1-4. 1878-1881.

AND IN THE

FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY OF THE
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,
VoL. I. 1879-1880.

121

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

NOTE.—The heavy-faced figures indicate the specific number in the Catalogue of a separate publi-
cation; the ordinary, or light-faced figures indicating the number of a publication of which the
paper is only a constituent part.

“RR.” represents the annual Smithsonian Report, immediately followed by the year of the report,

and the number given to it in the Catalogue.

“Pp.” represents the Proceedings of the National Museum, followed by the year of publication
and the number given to the volume in the Catalogue.

“iE.” represents Report of the Bureau of Ethnology.

A... °

A

ABBE, C. Description of Observatories at Dorpatand Poulkova. (R. 1867) 215, 369

ABBE, C. Meteorological memoirs, translated by. (R. 1877)------------ 323, 398
ABeorr, ©. C. Stone.agein New Jersey. (R. 1876) -.22-2.----------=- 298, 394
Abbreviations of names of States, etc., for labelling collections ------_-_..- -=-- 164
Abbreviations used in England in 1867—W. Dea Rug. (R. 1867)_-------- 215
Abeona aurora—JORDAN and GILBERT. (P. 1880).----.-----------.-_-- 2-4. 425
ABICH, S. Remarkable forms of hail-stones. (R. 1869) ---------------.-.-. 228
Aboriginal indians of America, language of—G. Grpps. (R. 1870)----------. 244
Aboriginal inhabitants of Cal.—J. BaAnGrert. (R. 1863; R. 1864)_ 187, 188, 440, 361
Aboriginal lapidary, Stock-in-trade of—C. Rau. (R. 1877) --------- 323, 440, 402
Aboriginal monuments of State of New York—E. G. SqurER___-----_---. -..-- 15
Aboriginal remains of Tennessee—J. JONES ~--. 2. .----- 22 so 2 2 e- Lte 259
Aboriginal ruins at Savannah, Tenn.—J. P. STELLE. (R. 1870)_-----.---_-_ 244
Aboriginal ruins in Hardin Co., Tenn.—J. P. StentuEe. (R. 1870) --------__- 244
Aboriginal shell-mounds, New Brunswick & New Eng.—S. F. Barrp. (P.1881)_ 467
Aboriginal structures in Georgia—C. C. Jones, Jr. (R. 1877) ------ -_-- 323, 400
Abstracts of anthropological correspondence—O. T. Mason. (R. 1879; R.

Dp) 20) pl a ae DS et 2 ee -- 345, 442

Academy, Pontifical, Rome—Sce Prize questions.
Academy of Sciences—See National.

Academy of Sciences, Bordeaux—Scee Prize questions.

Academy of Sciences, Chicago, acknowledging specimens. (R. 1867) -------- 215
Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, exchange system. (R. 1867)..--------- 215

Academy of Sciences, Vienna—See Prize questions.

124 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Acalephe, anatomy and physiology of—H. J. CLarx _ nana sco ee a

Accidental or subjective colors—ABBxE Moieno. (R. 1866)-----. sau 2
Account of—
aboriginal ruins at Savannah, Tenn.—J. P. Sretie. (R. 1870) ------ -- 244
aboriginal ruins in Hardin Co., Tenn.—J. P. SteLyy. (RR. 1870) ----_- 244
aborigines of California—J. BaEGERT. (R. 1863; R.1864)_ 187, 188, 440, 361
ancient mounds, Georgia—M. F. StrrpHEnson. (R. 1870) -----------_ 244
antiquities, Tennessee—E, O. Dunnine. (R. 1870)_------------------ 244
antiquities, Vera Cruz, Mexico—H. Finck. (R. 1870)----------____-- 244
astronomical observatory at Cordoba—B. A. GouLp. (R. 1873) ------. 275
balloon ascensions—J. GLAISHER. (RS 1863). 2s. oe 187
barometer, new—Jd.'GREEN: (HR. 1855))2-22_--- See Se aes foe sees 17
burial of Indian squaw, California—W. M. Kine. (R. 1874) --------- 286.
Carib or Karif language and people. (R. 1878) --------------------.- 275.
discovery of stone image in Tennessee—E. M. Grant. (R. 1870)---. 244
Draper’s telescope—T. W. Wess. (KK. 1864) == 2. ee 188
| eclipseiof sun gan Peru, 18538—J- aM Gruniss ooo eee ene eee 100
hail storm in ‘Texas—G. Mo BacnEm. (Rk: 18/0) 2222225222 eee 244
hail storm on Bosphorus—Com. PorTER. (R. 1870) -----------.-_.-. 244
Indians of British America—EH. PrTiror. (R. 1865) ----------.-.---. 209
lightning discharges:) (R271867) 22-22-2522 as ee ee 215
Lindheimer’s botanical explorations—A. Gray. (R. 1849)---.-----_-- 21
marble used in extension of U.S. Capitol—J. Henry. (R. 1856)------ 91
“‘oecultator ’’ for indicating moon’s position—T. HiLi_---_-. ----__---- 101
old Indian village, Kushkushkee, Pa.—E. M. McConnety. (R. 1871). 249
Portland Society of Natural History—E. C. Botues. (R. 1867)------. 215
Priestley’s\lens-—J). Henry, | ((R..1859) (=e = ee 110:
remarkable accumulation of bats—M. FIGANIERRE. (R. 1863) -------- 187
sarcophagus in National Museum—A. A. Harwoop. (R. 1870) ------- 244
storm in Butler Co., Kans., June 23, 1871—W. Harrison. (R. 1871)-- 249
tornado in Spruce Creek Valley, Pa.—J. B. MEEK. (R. 1871) -------- 249
tornado near New Harmony, Indiana—J. CHAPPELSMITH--~-~-. ---__- 59
travels in Central and South America—S. HABEL--~_------ -------.---. 269
Acid, sulphurous, action of, upon putrefactive bacteria. (P. 1881) ------.---- 467
Acknowledgment of birds—Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. (R. 1867)----- 215
Acknowledement of birds—J. Gounp:. (R. 1867) 22-s=--2+- ~~ ae
Acknowledgment of contributions to National Museum. (P. 1881) ------ 467, 473
Acknowledgment of ferns—G. MretrEenivus. (R. 1862).--------.------------ 150
Acknowledgment of perennibranchiates—J. G. FisHer. (R. 1863) -.-------- 187
Acknowledgment of shells, &:.—W. H. Pease. (R. 1861) ~------------ ---- 149
Acknowledgment of specimens—British Museum. (R. 1865)...------------- 209
Acknowledgment of spe¢imens—Chicago Academy of Sciences. (R. 1867) --- 215.

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 125

Acknowledgment of specimens— Regents of Univ. of Stateof N. Y. (R.1865)_ 209

Acmeide, from Panama, new species of—P. P. CARPENTER-___._------__.--. 252
Acoustics applied to public buildings—J. Henry. (R. 1856)_----_-__.--___. 91
Acoustics, different kinds of refraction—W. B. Taytor. (R. 1875)... -.-- =21298
Acoustics, lectures on architecture in relation to—D. B. Rerp. (R. 1856) ---. 91
mNerothelemoteron——O. Avs Wi lnm (PAW 188 ()) ee a ee ee, 425

Acts of Congress—See Congress.

Apams, C. B. Catalogue of shells of Panama, review of—P. P. CARPENTER. 252
52
VS

mpAMS, ©. Boy Shellsjeollected*by,. description of LeLol Wel se ee ee 25%
Apams, W. Subcutaneous surgery. Toner lecture No. VI_-_--.----.______ 302
ApaAms, W. H. Mounds in Spoon River Valley, Illinois. (R. 1879) -_-.-._- 345
Additions to Museum by Berlin Fisheries Exhibition. (R. 1880) -----------. 442
Address at laying of corner-stone of Smithsonian building—G. M. Dauuas. D, 329
Address on the Smithsonian Institution—J. Henry. (R. 1853)_----___-__- E 67
Address, Pres. Royal Society of Victoria—R. L. J. Eunury. (R.1868)-----. 224
Addresses at memorial services of J. Henry—See Henry.

Addresses, list of, foreign institutions, since 1862. (R. 1865) -----_--__---__- 209
Administration of drugs and medicines—J. M. Fuint. (P. 1881) ------- 467, 451
Wer nayieaton—Ji HENRY. °(Bi1860)-22 222.2 seo oe oh ees ek 147
Aerial navigation, currents of the atmosphere and—J. Henry. (R. 1860)... 147
Aeronautic voyage across the Atlantic, Memorial relative to Lowe’s. (R.1860)_ 147
Aeronautic voyage, reply to memorial on Lowe’s—J. Henry. (R. 1860)_-__- 147
EMeronatie voyages-—M ARAGON. + (Ri 1863). 5. sok ese boc d ee tbe ted el AS
Aoronamiic voyage: —J. GUAISHER. (Ri 1863): 222. So5h os ieee 187
Aeronautics, modes of flight in relation to—J. B. PetTiagrew. (R. 1867) ---- 215
PAMtimity systems Of——las Jes) MORGAN —2 esas 22 ne Seca oe pe iy pean Sa 8
Pemiel Stone colts. we GUBBS.) (a1 Shit) a sees ee eee en Lp ela 323
Africa, Yoruba, account of, and grammar and dictionary .-_.-----.-----..-_- 938
Agassiz, L., biographical notice of—J. A. GARFIELD. (R. 1873) __--.--. 275, 829
AGassiz, L., biographical notice of—P. PARKER. (R. 1873) ------.----. 275, 3829
AGAREIZ, oy. biography of—-B.. HAVRE. (R. 1878) s.2-s2se5-2 fees bees 341
AGASSIZ, 07., memoir of —W.. PB. STEBBINS. ((R. 1878): 2222s o 2a eee a ee 275

AGassiz, L., supplemental list of generic names employed by—S. H. ScuppEr_ 470

AGaAssiZ, L,, papers by—

Classification of insects from embryological data _---_--____-______ ____ 16
Narrative of the Hassler expedition. (R. 1872) ------.----_. ---__. 271, 329
On thetermmation, ofa musoum:. \ (R.)1849)_ esses see te 21, 329
Report on use of new hall in Smithsonian building. (R. 1867) ~--_. 215, 329
Scientific instructions to Captain Hall. (R. 1871) ------..-----.._.-. 249
mee Of stonC—Hos. ROBERTSON: , (KR. 1874)25- -2 25-2 2e hes =) 286
AGW, 5. A. Moundsan Mississippi. (R. 1867)22-22 25-2222. se ee

Agonide, new species of, from California—W..N. Lockinaton. (P. 1880)--. 425

126 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Agonus vulsus—JoRDAN and GILBERT: (P. 1880) ..22tS seo a ee
Agricultural Association of Milan, on exchanges. (R. 1863) ------ ---------- 187
Agricultural chemistry, lectures on—S. W. JouHnson. (R. 1859) ------------ 110
’ Agricultural flint implements in Illinois—C. Rau. (R. 1868)_------ 224, 440, 370
Agricultural flint implements, Southern Ilinois—C. Rav. (R. 1868) -.-. 224, 370
Agricultural implements of N. American stone period—C. Rau. (R.1863)-_ 187, 440
Agnsa, Santrago: Tucsommeteorite., (wi8bs)) 2-222 eee eee 187
Air, temperature in ascending currents of—J. Hann. (KR. 1877) --------- 323, 398
Air, temperature in ascending moist currents of—L. Souncke. (R. 1877)_-- 328, 398
Air-currents, nature of—A. Corpine. (R. 1877)_-------~---------- ----~ 328, 398
Airy, G. B. Correcting measures of the sun’s distance. (R. 1859)---------- 110
Alabama, mica beds in—W. GEsnER. (R. 1879) _-------- ------------------ 345
Alabama, shell-heaps—A. S. Garnes and K. M. Cunntnenam. (R. 1877)---- 3238
Alaska, bibliography of fishes of, for 1880—T. H. Bran. (P. 188i)---------- 467
Alaska, climate of—H. M. BaynistEr. (RR. 1866) -—- =) =e ss eee Se 214
Alaska, description of Lycodes Turneri from—T. H. Bean. (P. 1878) ------- 332
Alaska, descriptions of new fishes from—T. HH. Bean. (P.o1881) 222 467
Alaska ‘flora of—J) 'T) Rormnouny (R186 7c saa Ses oe ee ee ees 215, 367
Alaska, limpets and chitons of, report on—W. H. Datu. (P. 1878)---------- 382
Alaska, new fish from— LH. mane, (P1879) <2! eee
Alaska, new fish from—W. N. Locxineron. (P. 1880)------- ------ -------- 425
Alaska, new forms of mollusks from—W. H. Datu. (P. 1878)-~---- Seine 332
Alaska, notes on Nichols’ collection of fishes of—T. H. Bean. (P. 1881)_.__- 467
Alaska, occurrence of Hippoglossus vulgaris at—T. H. Bean. (P. 1879) ----- 35
Alaska, occurrence of Sticheus punctatus at—T. H. Bran. (P. 1878) -------- 32
Alaska, preliminary catalogue of fishes of—T. H. Bran. (P. 1881)---------- 467
Alaska, remains of prehistoric man from caves in—W. H. Datu ----~_.------ 318
Alaska, some genera and species of fishes from—T. H. Bean. (P. 1879)------ 333
Albany, Illinois, mound skull and bones—R. J. Farquuarson. (R. 1874)--. 286
Albany Institute, memorial proceedings relative to Joseph Henry ------~----- 356
Album from Greece, presented by Miss E. B. Contaxaki. (KR. 1857) ------ 107, 329
Alepocephalus Bairdii, from deep sea Atlantic—G. B. Goopn; T. H. Bran.
(B. 1879) ------ -- <a as Bo en 335
Aleutian Islands, remains of prehistoric man from—W. H. Dati ___--------- 318
ALEXANDER, B.S. Report of architect. (WR. 1854)-2-----_-_----_-=__ ese 75, 329

ALEXANDER, C. A. Origin and history of Royal Society of London. (R. 1863) | 187
ALEXANDER, C. A., (translations by)—

Accidental or subjective colors—ABBE Moreno. (KR. 1866)------------ 214
American migration—F. von HeLtwatp. (R. 1866)_---------------- 214
Biography of Peltier by his Son. (R. 1867) ------------~_-_-=72=-=_- 215
Carlsruhe Scientific Congress—M. J. Nickies. (KR. 1860) ------------ 147
Catalytic force. L. Puirsoy. (R. 1862) ——.—_..-..__-____._—_ 160

5

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 127

ALEXANDER, C. A., (translations. by)—Continued.

Karthquake in Mexico—C. Sarrorius. (R. 1866)---..--------.____.. 214
Electrical currents of the earth—C: Marrguccr. (R. 1867)------.-_.. 215
Blectriciivews (iA lS61 cos Be ee eee ek Se Se 215
Hlectro-physiology—C. Marrruccr. (R. 1865) -----------.---.------ 209
Hxternalvappearanee! ofesum/’s disics | (Wal 866) saa o ee oS =e SSE ele 214
Figures of equilibrium of a liquid mass—J. PLarEau. (R. 1865; R.

1 SG) 3 see oe Behe eS le ch tee See ee set cat 209; 214
Formation of ice at bottom of water—M. ENGLEHARD?T. (R. 1866)_--. 214

History of Academy of Sciences of Paris—M. Firourens. (R. 1862)_- 150
History of Royal Institution of Great Britain—E. Martiy. (R. 1867) 215

Horary variations of barometer—M. VarLLant. (R. 1866)_---- ------ 214
International ArchrolocieallConeressy. (Rs [866)22- 5 2= se eae 214
Jussieus, the, and the natural method—M. FLourens. (R. 1867)------ 215
ifesoteharad ay —— Win mAh TV Wee A Ussl 8G /)\essa eee LP es ess 215
iniferor Kepler Mea Brim snp. wi (Ik 01869) ss 228s 2s eee eee 228
Man the contemporary of the mammoth. (R. 1867)_.--------------_-- 215
Memoir of A. Bravais—E. DE Beaumont. (R. 1869) --..--_--_.-~- Sees 228
Memoir of D. de Blainville—M. FLourens. (R. 1865)_-.-~---.--.-__- 209
Memoir of von Buch—M: FLouRENS. (RB. 1862). 2-2. -.-=-.--=.--2.. 150
Memoir of A. de Candolle—M. Firourgns. (R. 1859) --------------- 110
Memoirlot Delambre—J. Fourtmr: | )(Ri864). cocci sase 2. == <--- 4 188
Momomor ih. J. Hauy—MieyCuvenr: (UX: )S60)),f2522. 25-2 2 oe 147
Memoir of Legendre—H. Dz BEAuMontT. (R. 1867)---~-----.-------- 215
Memoir of L. J. Thenard—M. Fiourens. (R. 1862)_.-----.-.---____- 150
Memoir of Magendie—M. Fiourens. (R. 1866)----_---------------- 214
Memo Of meriestley——Me Cuvier. (Ra W18d8))-2 5-2 soe ae 2 Ce OS
Memoir of Geoffroy St. Hilaire—M. FLourrns. (R. 1861)-----.------ 149
MUGTOSCO De Nim (ELVES 60): eats ee ee ees te ee ean ee ee 147
Movement of the stars—M. MAarpLerR. (RK. 1859)_------__- peter eee 110
Natural History of organized beings—M. Marry. (R. 1867)---~------ 215
Palafittes or lacustrian constructions—E. Drsor. .(R. 1865) ~.-.------- 209
PhoLo-chemistry— Moy AMIN (Ri 1867) .--.-2-45ese226ih2 2 2 se 215
Pile=work antiquities:of Olmutz. | (Rv 1866) -=s2 222s es 2 214
iPrecomyationror: wood.) 4 (We1864)): ono aso ee Sak rn 188
Scientific Congress of Carlsruhe—M. J. Nickies. (R. 1860) -_-------- 147
Scintillation of the stars—C. D. Kamrz. | (R. 1861) -------.---+-+---- 149
Sense of feeling: sense of smell. (R. 1865) ----____.----. ------------ 209
Dense otncnmneas lly, LS00)\~ 2. 5a eS eee ne SUCRE este Se 214
Sense of Site (ve LOG) 5 oie SL Ue ee eee ess ek wet (214
Once OleLAntoume Fev LGUG)2 p> ea aoe eee settee elisha tee Sl 214

Small planets between Mars and Jupiter—LesprauLT. (R. 1861) ------ 149

128 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

ALEXANDER, C. A., (translations by)—Continued.

State of ethnology in relation to form of human skull—A. Pruztus.

(21859) 24 Se eo ae aS ee See 110
Transactions of Geneva Society of Physics, &c. (R. 1859; R. 1864; R.
#8665 R..1866)_ = 2-222 ea eee Se ee 110, 188, 209, 214

ALEXANDER, 'S. Harmonies of thesolarisystemisss-2- 22-2 = =a 280
ALEXANDER, 8. Lecture on relations of time and space. (R. 1861)_---_-_-- 149
ALEXANDER, S. Lecture on vastness of visible creation. (R. 1857) ------_-- 107
Ail ose —J,.. WB AU Wy ee Oe ee
Aes, Arctic,, listof— Wiis ce AR Vin Wooo ae see eee ee ee 95
Alon, Arctic America WIG HART O Wie ooo eee a 342
Alge, bibliography: of HB. Cs W 00D 2252-2 ea a ee eee 241
Mio Kerguelen sland —\WiiG. ehPAR LO Wass eee ee 294
Alge, lecture on marine—W. H. Harvey. (R. 1855) -------__--._----.-- 77
Alge, marine. Part 1, Melanospermee—W. H. Harvery-_._-----.-------_-- 32
Algeze, marine. Part 2, Rhodospermeek—W. H. Harvey ---____._--_----=.- 43
Algeze, marine. Part 3, Chlorospermee—W. H. Harvey ___--_--_ ee 95
Algz, marine. Parts’ 1,2; 3, complete—W). Hi.) Harynye.-2 2-2 eee 96
Alge, North American fresh water, history of—H. C. Woop_-_--- ..---------- 241
Aloe ivhodetsland, listof—S.7 Lh OLNEY. Boe Ses eee eee 241
ALLEN, H.. Monograph of, bats of Worth America 2222-2 oo eee 165
ALLEN, Zi. Lxplosibility of coalwoils., (Rl861) 2-22 ee ee 149
Alphabetical index of genera of birds—S. F. Barrp__-_--------------------- 108
Alphabetical index to Smithsonian publications__..=-<--<- --25---- 2 S22 478
Alternate generation and parthenogenesis—G. A. KorNHUBER, (R.1871)---- 249
Altitude, diminution of vapor with increasing—J. Hann. (R. 1877) ----- 323, 398
Ailtitudes;.circular relativesto—dJ). HIUNR Ys o22oses8 cece ee. See eee eS
ALYORD, B. Tangencies‘of, circlestand:of-spheres:sess=- 2 ences OO
Amaziliacerviniventris—Rh. RipewaAy., (P--1881) 222 467
Amazilia yucatanensis—R. Rip@way. °(P. 1881) .<-----------_. 2-5 467
Amblystoma, change of axolotl to—A. WEISMANN. (R. 1877)----------- 323, 401
Amiblystoma, luridum—P, Ro Hox) (R-18b4) Se Se ee ee
America—See Arctic, British, Central, Middle, North, Russian, South.
America, ancient history of—M.'Mucn. (R. 1871) a: 2 fee ee ea
America, collection of charts and maps of—J. G. Koun. (R. 1856) -----____. 91
America, grasshoppers and locusts of—A.S. Taytor. (R. 1858)------_--___- 109
America, language of aboriginal Indians of—G. Gipps. (R. 1870)-.--------- 244
America, storms in, December, 1836—E. Loomis.___-. .... -----_-_~__-~ .--__ 127
American Academy of Arts and Sciences—

On Smithsonian exchange system. (R. 1867)2----_. -/-_-22-2 2-2 ae 215°

Report on organization of Smithsonian. (R. 1853) ---.--------------_ 67

Thanks‘for exchimges. (R. 1855). 2s-eee Se eee ee Ut

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS.

American Antiquarian Society. Antiquities of Wisconsin ——_-.____________
PAIMOniCAnyArCh BOlOmyECINCH] Bites es sere eae ere eee ee ee
American Association for Advancement of Science—
Combined meteorological observations proposed. (R. 1851)--------__--
Memorial address on Joseph Henry. A. M. MAYER ~__~-.__-~---___~_-
American authors, North American conchology—W. G. BINNEY--_-~-~..-----

American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. Grammar and
dictionarysor-Dakotaylangiareis= sae sae pene eee eee

American corbiculadx#, monograph .of—T. PRimMn_.----.----------+-=--+.----

PATNOT I CAD ZCOLLESpON Gents mllStrOljsa sve tee ee ee en eee eee 69,

129

70

238

American Ethnological Society, report on Squier and Davis’ work. (R. 1847)_. H, K

American migration—F. Von HELLWALD; Jos. Henry. (R. 1866)____---__-
American natural history, bibliography for 1851. C. Grrarp

Amiurus ponderosus, from Mississippi river—T. H. Bean. (P. 1879)

Ammonia-cobalt bases—W. Gipps; F. A. GENTH_______-_--_.--.--.___.___-
upineeulopy on—-WivARAGo! (RV 1872) Ste 2.2 ep et
Ammphorosteus, memoir on—RK.| Wi. 'GIBBES= 222.2222) aise se ee
Arm pil aTiid 2-1 te oy SENN Yee e oe ae ee ee eee
Analyses of Chinese and Japanese coals—J. A. MAcDoNALD_.~-____-_-_______
Analysis, chemical, of the sun—A. Lauer. (R. 1861)_-.--._-------_--...
Punglysisuer blood J.D ONMS 0h). Teese NE) ahs costes hel al Soe

Analysis of water destructive to fish in Gulf of Mexico—F. M. Enpuicn. (P.

Rp yeaa eres eae alta Ved eee ee BR gh Efe th

famalysic; spectrum— W . DLUGGINS., (R.1866) - == 2st Ses ete caus
Anarrhichas lepturus, from Alaska, and other speciese—T. H. Bean. (P. 1878)

‘Anatomical preparations, arsenic acid for protecting, from insects—J. B.S.
SPA CIER ON man (hag OE be Soe So ae oo eee ae eS ey Sear

Anatomy and physiology of chelonia—S. W. Mrrcueti; G. R. Morenouse__
Anatomy and physiology of lucernarians—H. J. CLARK___----__-------.-_-_-
Anatomy and physiology of the rattlesnake—S. W. MrrcHeLu_----_.-2_____-
Anatomy of the nervous system of Rana pipiens—J. WYMAN-_-.--------___-
Ancient aboriginal trade in North America—C. Rav. (R. 1872)---- 271, 440,
Ancient and modern purple dyeing. (R. 1863) ~..-....-__ 4 ea.
Ancient burial mound in Indiana—W. Pip@ron. (R. 1867) ----------_----.
Ancient earthworks of Ashland county, Ohio—G. W. Hintu. (R. 1877)
Ancient earthworks of Ohio, sketch of—I. Ditue. (R. 1866)-----------_~_--

Ancient earthworks on Upper Missouri—A. BARRANDT. (R. 1870)_---------
Amoient fauna oleNebraska—dj. WEED Ys. oe ne Sek se
Ancient fort and burial ground, Tomp. Co., N. Y.—D. Trowpriper. (R. 1863)
Ancient graves and shell-heaps of California—P. Scuumacner. (R. 1874)._-
Ancient history of North America—M. Mucu. (R. 1871) ------------------
Ancient implement of wood found in Conn.—E. W. E_tsworta. (R. 1876) _-

a

214

130 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Ancient man in Michigan, characteristics of—H. GitbMAN. (R. 1875)--_ 298, 393

Ancient mica mines North Carolina—C. D. Smirnm. (R. 1876) --------~----- 299
Ancient mining on Lake Superior—C. WHITTLESEY -_-- -----._-_----------- 155
Ancient mining on Lake Superior, circular on—J. Henry. (R. 1861) ------- 149
Ancient monuments in the Miss. val., correspondence relative to. (R. 1847) -- H, K
Ancient monuments in the Mississippi valley—E. G. Squier; E. H. Davis __- 7
Ancient mound in western Pennsylvania—W. M. Taynor. (R. 1877),------- 323
Ancient mound near Chattanooga, Tennessee—M. C. Reap. (R. 1867) ------ 215.
Ancient mound, near Lexington, Ky.—R. Prrer. (R. 1871) --------.-----. 249
Ancient mound, St. Louis, Mo.—T. R. Peatr. (R. 1861) ~ -.-------------. 149
Ancient mounds in Georgia—M. F. StepHENsoN. (R. 1870) ---------------- 244
Ancient mounds in Kentucky—R. PretTer. (R. 1872).----_- --. ------ ------ 271
Ancient mounds of Mercer county, Illinois—T. McWuorrer. (R. 1874) --_. 286
Ancient mounds of Union county, Kentucky—S. S. Lyon. (R. 1870)-------- 244

Ancient pottery from Phillips county, Arkansas—J, H. Devereux. (R. i872) 271
Ancient pottery on Des Moines river—R. N. and C. DAHLBERG. (R. 1879) -- 345

Ancient relic of Maya sculpture—A. Scuorr. (R. 1871)_-.---.-.-.---.-----. 249
Ancient relics in Missouri—J. W. Foster. (R. 1868) -_---.-----.---.---- =o oi
Ancient relics in northwestern lowa—J. B. Currs. (R. 1872)_.--.------_-- atk
Ancient remains in Canada West, near Prescott—W. E. Guest. (R. 1856)_-_ 91
Ancient remains in Colorado—E. L. BErtHoup. (R. 1867)----------------- 215
Ancient ruin in Arizona—J. ©. Yovlime: 9 (RK. 1802) eas see 271
Ancient town in Minnesota—O. H. Ketury. (R. 1868) -----------------.— 187
Ancient works in Ohio, description of—C. WHITTLESEY---_~---_--------.--- 37
AnpERSON, M. B. Life of Professor Chester Dewey. (R. 1870) ------------ 244
Anprrson, W. Antiquities of Perry county, Ohio. (R. 1874)-------- ---__- 286.”
ANDERSON, W. G. Mounds in Illinois and Wisconsin. (R. 1879)_-.-------. 345
AnpreEws, F. D. Indian relics from Schoharie, New York. (R. 1879) ------ 345
ANDREWS,» iu. “Meteors!” (W\-01866) 52222-4222 = See eee eee 214
Anemometer, description of Smithsonian—J. Henry. (R. 1860) ------------ 147
Aneroid barometers, experiments—B. Stewart. (R. 1868) -~---------------- 224
Animal kingdom, list of substances derived from—G. B. GooDE_---~--------- 297
Animal kingdom, parthenogenesis in—G@. A. Kornuuser. (R. 1871) ~------ 249
Animal resources of United States, classification of collection—G. B. GoopE__ 297
Animal resources of United States, collection at Centennial—@. B. GooprE__.. 326
Animals, circular for'shipping—s. li) BAURD) 222s sees ne eae eee 384
Animals, flora and fauna within living—J. Lrerpy ~~. -__--. ---._----.--__.. 44
Animals, list of all generic names of—S. H. ScUDDER ---_----_-_-----.-.---. 470
Animals, synopsis of useful and injurious—G@. B. GooprE ~_---.---------.---- 297
Anna, Illinois, mounds near—T. M. Pmrrin. (WR. 1872) ---_--.--_---___ se 271
Annals of Philosophy, list of Smithson’s papers in. (R. 1853)_----_-__-__- 67, 380
Annelids'of* Arctic Amérita—A. BE. “VERRGi roe ons oe eee 342

‘
OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. rt

Annelids of Kerguelen Island—A. E. VERRILL ------------~----- ------ ---- 294
Annelids of northeastern coast of America—A. E. VERRILL. (P. 1879; P.
TGSO)\) eee eee as Ses ee ee aa 8S F-a3 = 55--2 5 +--- 333, 425
Annular eclipse of May 26, 1854____--------------------------- ------ ------ 66
Antennariidx, note on—T. Git. (P. 1878) -----=------------------------- 382
Anthozoa of Kerguelen Island—A. KE. VeRRILL-—-—------------------------ 294
Anthozoa of northeast coast of America—A. E. VERRILL. (P. 1879)-------- 333
Anthropological articles, Smithsonian, index to—G. H. BokEHMER. (R. 1879) 3845, 421
Anthropological Congress, address before—F. F. Romer. (R. 1876) ----- 299, 392
Anthropological correspondence, abstracts of—O. T. Mason. (R. 1880) ------ 442
Anthropological correspondence, summary of—O. T. Mason. (R, 1879) ------ 345
Anthropological data, limitations to use of—J. W. Powmti. (EH. 1880) ------ 476
Anthropological inquiry, queries for—C. Darwin. (R. 1867) --------------- 215
Anthropological investigations in 1879—O. T. Mason. (R. 1879) ------- 345, 420
Anthropological measurements, table of—ScnerzER; ScHwArz. (R. 1866)-. 214
Anthropological publications, list of C. Rau’s. (P. 1881)------------------- 467
Anthropological Society of Paris, transactions of—P. Broca. (R. 1868)------ 224
Anthropological Society of Vienna, address on ancient history of North
Ammcrica ven NiCr en (tv. (Sali) h=e one sae wee ane eee ee eee are 249
Penuiranolomy,anieles on.) \(iv, 1Ond) 222. aeeeee one ooo e nae ee eee 345
Anthropology, bibliography of—O. T. Mason. (R. 1880)_-------------- 442, 432
Anthropology, index to Smithsonian papers on—G. H. BoruMErR. (R.1879)-- 345
Anthropology, progress of, in 1880—O. T. Mason. (R. 1880) ----------- 442, 432
Anthropology, recent progress in—O. T. Mason. (R. 1880)------------- ' 442, 432
Antigua, catalogue of Ober’s collection of birds of—G. N. LAwrence. (P. 1878) 332
SeAntilles; maritime disasters of the. (Ri 1867)-22se 2222. Secs eeeecs ee 215
Antilles—See Lesser Antilles.
Antiquarian Society, American. Antiquities of Wisconsin--_--.--.--- -~~---- 70
Antiquities, California, Santa Rosa Island—S. Bowrrs. (R. 1877) ---------~- 828
Antiquities, Col., Jefferson and Clear Creek Cos.—G. L. CANNon. (R.1877)-- 328
Antiquities, Colorado, Weld county—E. L. Berrnoup. (R. 1871) --------~- 249
Antiquities, Denmark, preservation of—J. J. A. Worsaak. (R. 1879)_-----. 345
AMaAuibies, Wlorida—d. DARTDRAM.. (KR. 1874) 2-2 --===2 ees ee ===. = -- 286
Ambiguities, Hlorida—A’, MircHEenu. (RK. 1874)..2----22 222822 222-8 sls 286
Antiquities, Georgia, Spalding county—W. B. F. Battey. (R. 1877)-------- 323
Antiquities, Guatemala—G. WILLIAMSON. (R. 1876)_---- --...---------- ---- 299
Antiquities, Hungary, prehistoric—F. F. Romer. (R. 1876)-__----- 299, 440, 392
Antiquities, Illinois, Lawrence county—A. Parton. (R. 1873)-------.-- .-- 275
Antiquities, Illinois, Mason county—J. CocHRANE. (R. 1877) -------------- 323
Antiquities, Illinois, Rock Island county—A. ToELLNER. (R. 1879)--------- 845
Antiquities, Illinois, Union county—T. M. Perrine. (R. 1873) ------------ 275

Antiquities, Illinois, Whitesides county—W. H. Prarr. (R. 1874)--..----..- 286

,

132 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Antiquities, Indiana, Allen and DeKalb counties—R. S. Ropertson. (R. 1874) 286

Antiquities, Indiana, Knox county—A. Patton. (R. 1873)_---------------. 275
Antiquities, Indiana, Laporte county—R. S. Ropertson. (R. 1874) --------- 286
Antiquities, Kentucky—S. §. Livon. “/(R. 1858) to. ete es Bape 109
Antiquities, Kentucky, Hancock county—J. Friet. (R. 1877)-------------- 323
Antiquities, Maryland, Charles county—O. N. Bryan. (R. 1874) ------~---- 286
Antiquities, Mexico, Vera Cruz—H. Fincx. (R. 1870) -..----.---~---------- 244
Antiquities, Michigan, Isle Royale—A. C. Davis. (R. 1874)----------~----- 286
Antiquities, Mississippi river and Lake Pepin—L. C. Estes. (R. 1866) ------ 214
Antiquities, Mississippi, Yazoo county—J. W. C. Smirn. (R. 1874)_---_---- 286
Antiquities, Missouri and Tennessee—I. Dinix. (R. 1862)------------------ 150
Antiquities, Missouri, Kansas City—W. H. R. Lyxrns. (R. 1877) ---------- 323
Antiquities, New Mexico—W. B. Lyon. (R. 1871) --------_------.-------- 249
Antiquities, New York, Orleans county—F. H. Cusuina. (R. 1874) -------- 286
Antiquities; Nicaragua—H. G. Squrme:* (RB. 1850)’ 22222222 eee 28

Antiquities, North Carolina, Lenoir county—J. M. Sparnnour. (R. 1871) -- 249
Antiquities, N. C., Stanley and Montgomery counties—F. J. Kron. (R. 1874) 286

ALatiquities;;Ohio—G.W.. Hite, (Rs 1S TA) te. tae ee oe
Antiquities, Ohio, Perry county—W. AnpERSoN. (R. 1874) ---------------- 286
Antiquities, Olmutz pile-work. (R. 1866)_--..-=_25_-_--.___- = == = aa, ole
Antiquities, Porto Rico, Latimer collection—O. T. Mason. (R.1876)_.-- 299, 397
Antiquities, Southern States—H. C. WitiiaMs. (R. 1870) _---------------- 244
Antiquities, Tennessee—W. M:. Crark. “(R. 1877) ~2--222--= =~ <2 32 323
Antiquities, Tennessee—E. O. DuNNING. (R. 1870) -.---------------------- 244
Antiquities; Tennessee—Ji. JiONMS == os oan ee ee ee eee 259
Antiquities, Tennessee—R. S. Ropertson. (R. 1877)-----------------—---- 323
Antiquities, Tennessee—D. F. Wriaut. (R. 1874) ----------------------_-- 286
Antiquities, Tennessee, Blount county—Miss A. E. Law. (R. 1874)_..------ 286
Antiquities, Tennessee, Jackson county—J. Haite; J. W. McHenry. (R. 1874) 286
Antiquities, United States, proposed map of—A. J. Httu. (R. 1861)_-------- 149
Antiquities, ‘Wisconsin—I.A. Arrant. 12)! 2 Soe ee 70
Antiquities, Wisconsin—M. Strong. (R. 1877)-----------~'---------------- (828
Antiquity in Europe, the study of high—A. Mortor. (R. 1862; R. 1864)_- 150, 188
Antiquity in United States, vestiges of—S. F. HavVEN--_-------------------- 71
Antozone and ozone—C. M. WETHERILL. (R. 1864)_------------------ 188, 355
Apaches, Tonto, notes on the—C. Smart. (R. 1867) ------ ------------------ 215
Aphododerid, notes on—D:>'S. JORDAN —.2 25-2 52 Son eeee == om ae es 306
Apodichthys—Jorpan and Ginpert. (P. 1880) --_------ ee eee oe 425
Apogon pandionis, description of—G. B. Goopr; T. H. Bean. (P. 1881) ---- 467
Apparatus available for research, list of. (R. 1878) -..-.-------.------------- 341
Apparatus, blow-pipe—Hawkins and WaLE. (R. 1872)-----.-------------- 271

Apparatus for testing perspiration and respiration—PrrrenKorer. (R. 1864) 188

7
.
i
4
¢

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. ao

Apparatus, letter relative to gift of —R. Hare. (R. 1848) ---.--_-.-__.._L- a
Appropriations for Museum, memorial of regents asking for. (R. 1867)_._ 215, 329
Aqueous vapor, diminution of, with altitude—J. Hann. (R. 1877)----___ 323, 398
arachnids of Arctic! America—s, He SCUDDERo22- 2) 2223 - ee soe ts 842
PRAGO Hoe Aeronautic voyaces..« (Rs 1868) Uses es SOs te 187
Autobiography. (it. 1870) S22 esses pee i a eee 244
Biography of Condorcet:: | (RiS7 8) S254 Soe seo a 84
KulosyonyAmpere. © | (i 1872)" see Sees es es 271
Huloryontdoseph Mounier. (Ri 1S7 Piso 2 se es 249
Hulosyon Gay-lussic.. (Ro 18 76)4 eee ee StS Layee 299
Hulomyronekaerscheltnr (1. 1870) 22+ Soe ee ees ee 244
Hinloerant loa), Place. (BR SLG(4)\ se 2 Sk ee eet a eS 286
Hulocyon Alex: Volta: 1s 1870); seas & ks 2s eae os 298
Hulosyone-Chomes Youngs «(Ril869)>. 2.2525 2s 2s. ee 8 0) 228
Archeological Academy of Belgium, Archzological Congress organized by.

RUSE SIS as ai roar Bh Et ee be a eee wanna aS: 214
Archeological collection of the U. S. National Museum—C. Rav ___________- 287
Archeological Congress, International, Antwerp. (R. 1866) _-_.---_____=__-_ 214
Archeological investigations, instructions for—G. Gipps. (R. 1861)_-__. 149, 160
Archeological researches at Concise—F’. Troyon.’ (R. 1861) ---.---_-_______ 149
Archeological researches in Nicaragua—J. F. BRANSFORD_-_----------._____ 383
Archeological study of jade—S. BLonpEL. (R. 1876) -----~.------L_____ ___- 299
mrchmpolory, circular relative to American ’._2. -s-s2es<-sha22 Leck See cack 316
a cencolosy. Hreneh> society Ofje (Iv S66) ix 2k Set tes 2 he eek, O14
Archxology, general views on—A. Mortot. (RK. 1860; R. 1861)_-__.____ 147, 149

mecunchccolomy.. Moxtcan——B., MAvER (222. 2). ets ne Sule toe ne ee 86
Archeology, North American—J. Lusppock. (R. 1862) ------______-______ 150
Archpology ofthe, United States—S) Hx HAavENs.2. 2.2) sdeu2 sie a ie 71
Archeology, prehistoric, international code of symbols for charts of. (R. 1875) 298
Archeology and ethnology, circular for collecting specimens of ________ -_____ 205
Arehitect’s report—B.S. ALEXANDER. (R. 1854) --- 52 2b eee 75, 829
ue bineeL a roport—Ac OLUss.' (KR. .1867)) 2-2 2 soe ee 9215, (829
Architects’ report for 1879—Ciuss & Scuutze. (R. 1879)__-..--._..--__ 345, 409
Architects’ report for 1880—CLuss & ScuuLtzE. (R. 1880) ----__._______ 442, 434
Architecture, hints on public—R. D. Owen __-~~--_____-! ema tae Led SSeS P
Architecture in relation to ventilation, warming, lighting, fire-proofi ng, acoustics,

and the general preservation of health—D. B. Rerp. (R. 1856)________ 91
Penn) tle re wists Ot Wi TA EVAR WE Y.22 2222. Meee Siren esi iy ser 95
Arctic America, natural history of—L. KuMiign_-__.___--._________.__ 342
Arctic atmospheric pressure—I. I. Hayms____-----.---.....2222--_____ 196
PEUeIIG AUCOLAS— AL mnOR OM 2. 2p aS we ies Oe ere yk hi el 84

134 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Arctic explorations, lecture on—I. I. Hayus. (R. 1861) ---.-.-----. -_..---- 149
Arctic-latitudes and longitudes—E. K.. Kean 22225822202 eee 129
Arctic observations—See Force, Hall, Hayes, Kane, Kumlien, McClintock, Schott.

Arctic regions, limpets and chitons of, report on—W. H. Datu. (P. 1878)--- 382
Arctic: regions, record of voyage of yacht‘¢Kox= 22-25 - essee 146
Arctic seas, astronomical observations—H. K. Kann-____-----------.-------- 129
Arctic seas, magneti¢al observations—E. K. KANE___--__------.-----. --_--- 97
Arctic seas, meteorological observations—E. K. KANE____~----_----------~- 104
Arctic seas, meteorological observations—F. L. McCuintocK__---_-__--~---- 146
Arctic seas, physical: observations in—[L. I. ;MAymse2— = 2-223 ee ee 196
Arctic seas, physical observations in—E. K. KaNnE-__--~_---.-.-_--_------- = {2198
Arctic seas, tidal observations —H. (Ke Kean == <a 130
Arctic temperature—I. 1. (HAvEs. 2232-2 es ee ee ee ee ee 196
Arctic winds—I. 1. Havus:-=- 322% _sa2 Sees eee ee eee 196
Argentina syrtensium, new deep-sea fish—GoopE and Brean. (P. 1878) ------ 332
Argentine Republic, astronomical observatory—B. A. GouLp. (R. 1873)_-_-- 275
Ariopsis Milberti, breeding habits of —N. T. Lupron. (P. 1878) -----__.-__- 332
Arizona, ancient.cuin: In—Ji. ©.) ave lame a(S ie) ee oe ee 271
Arizona, explorations in—J. STEVENSON. (R. 1880)-----.-----_.--__.---__- 442
Arizona, Pima county, ruins in—R.L.(BuRR. (CR: 1879) 22232 2s eee 345
Arizona, Pima Indians of—F. E. Grossman. (R. 1871) -.-----.---._______- 249
Arizona, Tonto Apaches of —CSMAREr. (R186 7)222222 ee 215
Arkansas, cretaceous fossils from—C. A. WuitE. (P. 1881)___-___-___:_____ 467
Arkansas, earthworks in—Mrs. G. Knapp. (R. 1877) -----..-_______.__ -__- 823
Arkansas, invertebrate fossils from—C. A. WuiTr. (P. 1880)_._--__________ 425
Arkansas, meteorological observations near Washington—N. D. Smrrn_______ 131
Arkansas, Phillips county, ancient pottery—J. H. Devereux. (R. 1872)-_-. 271
ArmsTRonG, T. Mounds in Winnebago county, Wisconsin. (R. 1879)_.___- 345
Arrangement of families of birds—S. FW: Batrp 1-2-22-5- 26. ee 210
Arrangement of families of fishes—T. Gini ol St ee 247
Arrangement of families of mammals—T. GiLL -----------.--.--__-__._____ 230
Arrangement of families of mollusks—T. Ginn _-=*_ 225-5 2 227
Arrangement of mineralogical collection—C. U. SHreparp. (R. 1861) _-.___- 149

Arrangement of the materia medica collection—J.M.Frrnr. (P. 1881)__ 467, 450
Arrangements, business, of the Smithsonian Institution-....________-.--_____- 325
Arrow-heads, deposit of, near Fishkill, New York—E. M.Sueparp. (R.1877) 323
Arrow-heads, Indian mode of making and obtaining fire—G. Crook. (R.1871) 249

Arrows, lectures on wounds of poisoned—D. Brainarp. (R. 1854) _-___-____ 75
Arsenic acid for protecting anatomical preparations—J. B.S. Jackson. (P. 1878) 322
Art, on tables of constants of nature and—C. BABBAGE. (R. 1856) cass oI
Art Gallery; Corcoran, deed of gift of. (BR. 2872) 2e22.22 5 eee eee 271, 329
Art Gallery, Corcoran, deposits in, by Smithsonian Institution. (R. 1874)... 286

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS, 135

Art Gallery, Corcoran, report of Committee of Regents on. (R. 1872)---- 271, 329
Arteries, reparatory inflammation in. Toner lecture No. VII—E. O. SHaKe-

SPHAR BES ose oes as seks oe eae ees ee eee 321
Artificial shell deposits in New Jersey—C. Rav. (R. 1864)_-----_-- 188, 440, 362
Artificial shell deposits of the United States—D. G. Brinron. (R. 1866)_-__- 214
Artisan and artist, identification of the—N. Wiseman. (R. 1870)_---------- 244
Artisans, scientific education of mechanics and—A. P. PeEaBopy. (R. 1872) 271, 380
Arts, chemical, recent improvements in—J. C. Boora; C. Morrir_-_-_------- 27
Ascelicthys rhodorus—JorDAN and GILBERT. (P. 1880)_.------_----------- 425
Ascensions—See Balloons.

Assay of coins at mint of the United States—J. Potnock. (R. 1868) -----.-- 224
Asteroid supplement to new tables—J. D. RUNKLE __-_------------ ~-------- 94
Asteroids between Mars and Jupiter—D..Kirkwoop, (R. 1876) -----.------ 299
Astronomical discoveries, telegraphic announcements of—J. HENRY ___- ---~-- 263
Astronomical observations—W. HARKNESS ._-. ..-.-_---~s------- 2-2 =--- 2 239
Astronomicalkobservations, “Arctic—la il HAY ms)-= S222 se Se 196
Astronomical observations, discussion of Piazzi’s—B. A. GouLp. (R. 1863). 187
Astronomical observations in the Arctic Seas—E. K. Kanun__-_-. ------------ 129

Astronomical observatories, reports of—EK. 8S. Hotpen; G. H. Bornmer.
(SSR GS (0) eee Sowa cy see tee ee et Be eo ee ok ae 442, 438

Astronomical observatories, reports of, 1879—E. 8. Hotpmn. (R. 1879)__ 345, 410
Astronomical observatories, reports of, 1880—E. S. HotpEn; G. H. Bokumer.

(Ec ePL SS (0) ee EE A Ss ta 8 eet ed 442, 438
Astronomical observatory at Cordoba, Argentine Republic, account of—B. A.

Gorm say (LS 7,8) pe sl eee Fee tek Bas ees, 275
Astronomical photography, progress of—Dr. Ler. (R. 1861) _.-----------_- 149
NetronomucH tables oD Pt RUNREBs! $2 2s5 27k ot et IO Oe
Astronomical telegram circular—J. Hmnry ~~~. —-. -----.'.--.-_-.---..--- 263
Watronomy, lectureion—A. OAswruL.’’ (ik. 1858) 2 Le eee ok 109
Astronomy, progress of, in 1879 and 1880—E. S. HotpEn. (R. 1880) .-.- 442, 427
Astronomy, recent progress in—E. 8. Hotpren. (R. 1880) ---.-_.----_-- 442, 427
Astroscopus, species of, in Eastern United Statese—T. H. Bean. (P. 1879) -._-_-. 338
Atlantic coast, microscopic examination of soundings—J. W. BarLey-___----- 20
Atlantic, Lowe’s aeronautic voyage across. (R. 1860)_--.-_-_ .-__-_» -_---- 147
Atlas, physical, of North America, proposed—G. Grbps. (I. 1866) --..------ 214
Atmosphere, currents of the, and aerial navigation—J. Henry. (I. 1860)---. 147
Atmosphere, diminution of aqueous vapor with altitude—J. Hann. (It. 1877) 825, 898
Atmosphere, plan of research upon—C. M. WetuerILy. (R. 1866) _.--. --. 214
Atmosphere, vegetation and the—J. Jamin. (R. 1864) -.----.-------------- 188
Atmospheric circulation over the earth, laws of—J. H. Communi os 268

Atmospheric currents, relation between barometric variations and—M, PEsLin.
GE (eer ae ree eee ee ee ean O20, O96

136 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Atmospheric electricity—M. F. Duprez. (R. 1858) ---_-_--_-__. ----__----- 109
Atmospheric pressure and rain fall—J. Hann. (CReogSiiges == eee 323, 398
Atmospheric pressure, Arctic—I. L. HAWES) 22-- = = eee 196
Atmospheric pressure, Arctic—E. K. Kani -_~------------- ---------------- 104
Atmospheric pressure, Arctic—F. L. McCLintTock~-.- --------------------- 146.
Atomic volume, bibliography of—F. W. CLARKE-_-~~-~-- -----------~--------- 255.
Atomic weight determinations—G. F. BECKER-----~-~--------~------- -------- 358
Atomic weights, recalculation of—F. W. CLARKE ----_---~------------------ 441
(Aittoms——J. HIRRSCHEL, , (R:)1862) 222-2 e a
Atthis Ellioti, a humming bird from Guatemala—R, Rip@way. (P. 1878)_-- 3882
Aurora and electricity—S. Lemstrém; A. A. De La Rive. (R. 1874) -----. 286
Aurora, connection of gales of wind and—R. T. Knieut. (R. 1871)_-------- 249
Aurora, directions for observing—J. Henry. (R. 1855) .----.-------------- 77
Aurora, effect of, on magnetic declination—A. D. Bacue --_-.--------_------ 175
Aurora, influence of, on the telegraph—W. D. Sareenr. (R. 1870) --------- 244
Aurora, instructions for observations of—Toronto Observatory_-------------- 148
Aurora, magnetic effect of—A. D. BACHE -------------..------------ ---- ---- 175.
Aurora, map of stars for observations on -.--------- ~----- ------ ----.---=---- 350
Aurora, observations on—S. MasTeRMAN. (R. 1857)_---------------------- 107
Aurora, or Polar light, its phenomena and laws—E. Loomis. (R. 1865) ------ 209:
Aurora, phenomena in telegraphic lines during—G. B, Donati. (R. 1872)--- 271
Aurora, recent secular period of —D. OLMSTED_--___~----+—-- ---- ---~ -------- 81
Auroras, articles on, received by the Institution. (R. 1871; R. 1874)----- 249, 286
Auroras, records of, in high northern latitudes—P. ForcEg____--.-_---------- 8¢
Autobiography, the history of my youth—F. Arago. (R. 1870)------------- 244

Auxis Rochei, frigate mackerel, on New England coast—G. B. GoopE. (P. 1880) 425
Awards to Smithsonian Institution at the Centennial Exhibition. (R. 1876;

BBs LS 08) eee ee ees 299, 341
Axolotl changed to amblystoma—A. WrISMANN. (R. 1877) ------------ 323, 401
‘AveEs, Dr. ‘Notes:on fishes. » (P; 1880)/- 3-4 eee

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. se

=:

PABBAGE, ©. oxtracts.irom writings of. (KK. 1873)-----_—___. 2.5 = =. =~. 275
PABBAGEH. C..memoinol, by N.S. Dope. “(R. 1873),.=-2 =. 25 -_4-_-_-_ 275
BABBAGE, C. On constants of nature and art. (R. 1856)_-...---.--_-_.___- 91
BaBINET, J. The diamond and other precious stones. (R. 1870)_-----_- 244, 377
BaBINeT, J. The northern seas. (R. TEGO pene ee ee ee eee aN ap ks 228
BacuHe, A. D.—
Bequest to National Academy of Sciences. (R. 1872)-_-------.-_-- 271, 329
Discussion of magnetic and meteorological observations. Part 1 ~-_-___ 113
Discussion of magnetic and meteorological observations. Part 11______- 121
Discussion of magnetic and meteorological observations. Part 111__-_-_- 132

Discussion of magnetic and meteorological observations. Pts. Iv, v, vi_-. 162
Discussion of magnetic and meteorological observations. Pts. v11, vil, 1x. 175

Discussion of magnetic and meteorological observations. Pts. x, x1, x11__ 186

Discussion of magnetic and meteorological observations. Parts I-x1r___ 195
Mulopy ond ames. AL bearce.,. (ih: 1862)e_ 2-8) 2 eo ae 150
ecturewon switzerland: ((ivail8(0)pss2ss52 a Sas a Re ee 244
iMacnoeic surveyor POnnsylVanidess 25202 acces ok 84-2 166
INGticerofmames ke ebispiyn putes LOO) se oe ee ee eee 110
NoticororG: Wurdemanm., «(R., 1859) 25 soe ee Se ot eee ae 110
BACHE, A.D. jeulogy on, by J. Hunry.- (Ry 1870); =... --22--2--- ..=. 244, 379
BacueE, A. D., list of scientific papers of—B. A. GouLp. (R. 1870) __ 244, 329, 376
PbeCHE Greve, « Hallistorm im Texas... (R. L870)es 2-32.28 saa eee 244

Bacteria, putrefactive, action of dry heat and sulphurous acid upon. (P. 1881) 467
Baraert, J. Aboriginal inhabitants of California peninsula. (R. 1863; R.

SOAs eee eer ence ep ee ates oes eS ee ee 187, 188, 440, 361
Baflin’s Bay, meteorological observations in—F. L. McCuinrock -_------.--- 146
Bariizty, J. W.—

BAN) grag Be ee oh Se a Se oe eee os aoe eae ene SN SSSI oan 23°

IDA CORT AC Cae ne ee ee ee ee ee ose ae 25,65

MTS ONT ayes ee ate es Ee ee a Se ee eee Oe 23

Microscopical examination of soundings, Atlantic coast_____.___-_.____ 20

Microscopical observations in South Carolina, Georgia, Florida______- ~~ 23

New species and localities of microscopical Organmigmse 22°12 5225 2L 8 63
BarLtty, W. B. F. Antiquities of Spalding county, Georgia. (R. 1877)-_---- 323
Barrp, 8S. F.—

Al\phabeticstindexs oferenera of birds2s2e 24 ee ac ee. 108

ATraneemontorsamiliesof birds: 2222 esos 2 28 ote os cae 210

Catalogue of North American birds_-_-.----_.--- octavo, 108; quarto, 106

Catalogue of North American mammals_____....---...------- ---------- 105

13 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Bairp, 8. F.—Continued.

Circular concerning department of insects. (P. 1881).--------~--. 467, 448 |
Circular in reference to building-stone collection. (P. 1881)------- 467, 453 |
Circular in reference to petroleum collections. (P. 1881)------..-- 467, 447
Circular in reference to shipping fresh fish and other animals_-----_-... 384
Circular relative to scientific and literary exchanges ------_-_-_-_-_---- 324
Circular requesting material for the library of the National Museum.

CBMI8S) 22 eS eo ee ae pre ence es re ee ee 467, 458
Circular;todiriends of themMiuseum:, (B88) see ee 467, 446
Directions for collecting, preserving, and transporting specimens of natu-

ral histony..~ (Ri 856))2s< 2 ss eee eee 91, 34
Fishes on the coasts of New Jersey and Long Island. (R. 1854) -_._ 75, 348
Instructions for collecting, insects, (R,13858)2-— 2). oe ee 109
Instructions for collecting nests and eggs of North American birds.

CR1S58)); Se ae eee en oe eee ee eee eee 109, 139
List of explorations furnishing collections to National Museum, 1838 to

1877. —(R. 1877) 22-5 ee eee 323
List of sources from which specimens have been derived, 1838 to 1867.

GR: 1867) -252ce SS Sie a ee eee = eee 215
Memoranda of inquiry relative to food fishes____ -.-- .---__ ---+_. --==-- 231
Museum miseellanea== = 2222222. 22 Sate eee ee eee 164

Notes on aboriginal shell-mounds on coast of New Brunswick and of

New England. (P. 8881). Sos 2532s oo ee eer eee eee 467
Notes on Henry’s researches on sound. (R. 1878) ---------------- 341, 406
On reports of reeent scientific progress. (R. 1880) -.-----=-2-=2 <== 442
Questions relative to toodmfishes! 22-252 — aoe see ne ee ee 234
‘Register of periodical phenomena 22-2) Se eee 65, 148
Report’ of Seeretary for 1878. (RR: 1878) 32222 Soe ee ee 341, 408
Report of ‘Secretary for 18795" (R: A879) 22a ee 345, 418
Report of Secretary for 1880. (R. 1880) ------.-.---.-----. ----. 442, 419
Report on Centennial Exhibition. (R. 1876)=----— ae 299, 307
Report on and statistics of British Museum. (R. 1850) ------------__- 28

teport on plan of exhibit at the International Exhibition at Philadelphia.

(R.-4875) 22 ee ee eee ieee on hE OR ES 298

Reports on publications, exchanges, explorations, and Museum,.1851-1877.
(R. 1851-1877)_-_ 51, 57, 67, 75, 77, 91, 107, 109, 110, 147, 149, 150, 187, 188,
209, 214, 215, 224, 228, 244, 249, 271, 275, 286, 298, 299, 323

Review of American birds. Part I. North and Middle America_____- 181
Scientific instructions to Captain Hall. (R. 1871)_--------_-.--.2___. 249
Scientific investigations in Russian America. Natural history ~-------- 207
Barrp, 8. F.; Grrarp, C. Catalogue of North American reptiles. Part I.-. 49
BaLrour,; J. "The windiand fog. (R..1866)2.22-222s_ 3 ee 214
Balloon ascensions, account of—J. GuaisuER. (R. 1863) ------ ------ .------- 187

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 139

Balloon ascensions—See Aeronautics.
BACEZKEL, 3)... WandsanMlonida.).(Re 1866), c2- sts she ns elt 214

Bancrort, G. Memorial to Congress for new Museum building. (R.1876)-. 299
Bancrort, G. On publication of Spanish works on New Mexico. (R.1855)_ 77
PS ANNIGTER, HM Climatevof) Alaskay o(is0866) 2 utoe us tee So eiseeok. 214
Bannister, H. M. Formation of clouds over Gulf stream. (R. 1866)------. 214
Baptist Missionary Society. Yoruba grammar and dictionary _-------------- 98
Barbuda, catalogue of Ober’s collection of birds o®-G. N. Lawrence. (P.

US 7S) eee ae al ak eR gn as ae ant Eo 332
Barker, G. F. Recent progress in chemistry. (R. 1880)_-------------- 442, 429
Barker, G. EF.’ Recent progress in physics. (R. 1880) 2-2-2222 222 .2e 442, 429
Barnard, F. A. P. Lectures on the undulatory theory of light. (R.1862)-_ 150
BaRNaRD, J. G. Eulogy on Gen. Joseph G. Totten. (R. 1865)_____--_---_-- 209
BAenARp, JG. imternal structure of the earth’2-~+_-----_-- -2_. <_<. -_ 22. 310
HARNARD le Gree ToOblems Of rotahy MOuUoOne-— 32-6. = — 22s eke ----- 240
BaRNARD, V. Birds of Chester county, Pennsylvania. (R. 1860) ------_-.--- 147
Paromeser,sccountor: Green's. (R. 1850) 2222-2265 == <5 ae, 11, 148
HB ATLOMCLCE RG TCencsiSc an Cates se oy = eee ee ee ek Se ee 148
Barometer, horary variations of the—F. VAILLANT; J. Henry. (R. 1866) -_ 214
Barometer, influence of rain upon the—J. Hann. (R. 1877)_------------ 323, 398
Barometer, rain and snow gauges—R. H. Garpiner. -(R. 1858)-----------_- 109
Barometer tables, on construction of—F. F. Tuckrrr. (R. 1867)------------ 215
Barometer tube breaking suddenly—L. F. Warp. (R. 1866) ------.--------- 214
Barometer tubes, on filling—J. GREEN; W. WuRDEMANN. (R. 1859)_------ 110
Barometers at the Kew Observatory, verification of—J. Wetsu. (R.1859)___ 110
Barometers, experiments on aneroid—B. Stewart. (R. 1868)--------------- 224
Barometric minima and rainfall—J. T. Reyer. (R. 1877) .--------------- 323, 398
Barometric observations, discussion of Snell’s—F. H. Loup. (R. 1880) -- 442, 435
BALOMeLTIc ODServ.abions, Tesults Of 5-2 525-4 Ses ayk LES Ty RGAE 157
Barometric variations and atmospheric currents, relation between—M. PESLIN.

Glee Bip) pee eaters ts A ers Se Le eee ae 323, 398
aromotricalacaples=— Arn GiUMODNs! = Sent ee oo cee ee eee ane 153
Barranpt, A. Ancient earthworks on the upper Missouri. (R. 1870) ------ 244
BABRAN DEA, Haystack mound, Dakota.) (RB. 1872)2 222 271
Bartiett, J. R. On publication of Squier and Davis’ Ancient Monuments.

(CL ens ip ee es SS ek ee a ne H,K
BABTERAM, cae cAmtiquitiesof Plorida. (BR. 1874))----3--- 2.2 =< -=-= 286
inane chartiOmiet muted: states—C. A. ScHomi 2S 22k Sos 414
Bases, ammonia-cobalt, researches on—W. Gisss; F. A. GENTH ._---------- 88
Bases, organic—A. BAUER. (R. 1872)------------.-- ee 271
Batavian Society of Experimental Philosophy, Rotterdam. Prize questions.

149

Gi sIG cis em AL cy Mer Be ck

140 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Bath and West of England Society for encouragement of Agriculture, Arts,

ete, Jixchanges.. (B..1867) 225-3 3 eS Se a eee 215
Batis manhima—). Lorry >= eee 60
Batrachia; North American—E. (D;Copg! 2-2-2225 2 Se eS 292
Bats, account of remarkable accumulation of—M. FicanrerrE. (R. 1863)_-_ 187.
Bats of North America, monograph of—H. ALLEN _-_-_..-_-~------------_. 165
BauER, A. -Organic bases. (8.1872) 222 eee ee 271
Bay of Fundy, marine invertebrata of —W. Stimpson_----__---------------- 50
Bead, colored, from a mound at Black Hammock, Florida—A. M. Harrison.

(B..1871). 22 ee ee ee eee 523
Bead, polychrome, from Florida—S. S. HALDEMAN. (R. 1877)_--------- 323, 404

Bean, T. H.—
Check-list of fishes distributed by Smithsonian Institution. (P. 1880)_._ 425

Description of a new hake (Phycis Earlii) and note on Phycis regius.

(GE S80) ee 425
Description of new fish from Alaska, Anarrhichas lepturus, ahd notes on
genus.) (E1819) ee ee 333

Description of new sparoid fish, Sargus Holbrookit, from Savannah bank.
es) eR 332

Description of new species of Amiurus from the Mississippi. (P.1879)_ 333

Description of new species of Gasterosteus from Schoodic Lakes, Maine.

(P1810) ee eee
Description of species of Lycodes (L. Turneri) from Alaska. (P. 1878). 332
Descriptions of genera and species of Alaskan fishes. (P. 1879)-----__- 333.
Descriptions of new fishes from Alaska and Siberia. (P. 1881) -------- 467
Descriptions of new species of fishes (Uranidea marginata and Potamo-

cottus Bendirei,) and of Myctophum crenulare. (P. 1881)--------_- 467
Descriptions of species of fishes collected by Dugés in Mexico. (P.1879) 333
Directions for collecting and preserving fish. (P. 1881) _-__----__- 467, 464
Fishes of Arctic America. (Bull. 15, U.S. National Museum) ---- -_-- 542
Identity of Euchalarodus Putnami with Pleuronectes glaber and notes

on habits. “(P. 1878). = eee 332
List of European fishes in National Museum. (P. 1879) -~---~-- -.------ 333.
Notes on collection of fishes from eastern Georgia. (P. 1879)--------_- 333.

Notes on fishes collected by H. E. Nichols in British Columbia and
Alaska, with descriptions of new species and new genus (Delolepis.)

pe OL) a 467
Notes on fishes from Hudson’s) Bay. \(Po138)) S22) ee 467
Occurrence of Hippoglossus vulgaris in Alaska. (P. 1879)_---.--.----. 333

Occurrence of Sticheus punctatus at St. Michael’s, Alaska. (P. 1878). 332
Partial bibliography of fishes of Pacific coast of United States and Alaska

for 1880; (P1881) EE ee 467 (8
Preliminary catalogue of fishes of Alaskan waters. (P. 1881) --__--_-- 467
Species of Astroscopus of Eastern United States. (P.1879)----_.-_-._ 333

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS.

Bean, T. H.; Goopr, G. B.—
Catalogue of Stearns’s fishes of Florida and descriptions of new species.
(LE AES (EN) eas 8S OR TS oo oe ee ee

Catalogue of Velie’s fishes in Gulf of Mexico and description of new
pues pecias ame Ewe S10)ce ee ee erent at

Craig flounder of Europe (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus) on coast of North

FATS REG Hag i (Crue © seta eos = ee ae es ne ee ee ee Ss
Description of Alepocephalus Bairdii, new deep-sea fish, western Atlantic.
(ENS O soe weak es a a ee en See et ce

Description of Argentina syrtensium, new deep-sea fish, Sable Island
LV ea lsd tct)) a ee a ee

Description of Caulolatilus microps from Gulf coast of Florida. (P.

Weseripuon.or Lecones paritius.. (P1879). = ae
Description of new genus and species of fish, Lopholatilus chameleonticeps,
fromenNewetnoinndes Ch S19) <5 ne ge oe os

Description of new species of fish, Apogon pandionis, from mouth of
AG Hecaipeds Cray, mm (kee POON eee re ieee

Description of new species of fish (Lutjanus Blackfordiit and Lutjanus
NiCaTNs AcOMMCcoORstOL Mloridas | (bs Lone) sae nese sean ee

Descriptions of gadoid fishes, Phycis chesteri and Haloporphyrus viola,
iromenonbhwesterneatianticn + (es 1818)) = eee eae see ee

Identity of Brosmitis brosme Americanus, Gill, with Brosmius brosme
(Muller) MWhite. 1" (.1878)\22 5-4 2. eck eee ae eee DI ees

Identity of Rhinonemus caudacuta with Gadus cimbrius. (P. 1878) ----
Wew genus.of fishes; Benthodesmus., (BP. 1881))-~-.-~-- -~-~-=2--=.--=<.

New serranoid fish, Epinephelus Drummond-Hayi, from Bermudas and
ABUT Teel Seems (clea 7.) eee ee es Sener Sea se es eS

New species of Liparis (L. ranula) from Halifax. (P. 1879) ----.-----
Note on Platessa ferruginea and Platessa rostrata. (P. 1878)----------

Note upon black grouper (Epinephelus nigritus) of the Southern coast.
Pera EO) eee et Oh ch he ail oe Ri aE ee ae fe

Occurrence of Lycodes Vahlii on La Have and Grand Banks. (P. 1879.)

Oceanic bonito on coast of United States. (P. 1878) ---__--__-_--.----
BEAUCHAMP, W. M. Wampum belts of the Six Nations. (R. 1879) ---_----
Beaufort, (N. C.,) library, deposit of, by E. M. Stanton. (R. 1862) ---.-_+_--
Beaufort, N. C., notes on fishes of—D. S. Jorpan. (P. 1880) _-----.-_------
Beaufort harbor, notes on fishes of—D.S. Jorpan; C. H.GitBerr. (P. 1878)
BEeAauMont—Scee De Beaumont.
BEAUTEMPS-BEAvPRE, C. F., memoir of, by Ere pE Beaumont. (R. 1863)__
Beaver, on the habits of the—FrLIx R. Brunot. (R. 1873) -----.----------
Beaver Island, Mieh., natural history of—J. J. StRana. (Bi61854) 222 52-+ 2.

Erecxun, G. F- “Atomic weicht determinations -----..-_____.__+_. .._.-.-._.

141

333

338

332

333

142 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

BEcQUEREL, A. E. Forests and their climatic influence. (R. 1869).--_---_-_-
BECQUEREL, A. E. Preservation of copper and iron in salt water. (R. 1864.)
Beirut, Syria, account of sarcophagus from—A. A. Harwoop. (R. 1870) ----

Beipine, L. Additions to North American bird fauna by—R. Ripaway.
(Pecl881) -coesesesn 22 bee wees Ae eee ee et eee

Betpine, L. Partial list of birds of central California. (P. 1878) --_._____-

Belgium, Archeological Academy of. Archeological congress organized by.
(Ris1866) se ncuss eee BWeiGndtoee sleds i SRE

Belgium—See Prize questions.

Belgium, Society of Science, etc.—See Prize questions.

Belone exilis, generic relations of—D. S. Jorpan; C. H. GILBerr. (P. 1880)

Belone latimanus, occurrence of, in Buzzard’s bay—G. B. GoopE. (P. 1878)_-

BenvireE, C. Notes on Salmonide of Columbia river. (P. 1881) --------_---

Benthodesmus, a new genus of deep-sea fishes—G. B. Goopre; T. H. Bran.
(Ps 1881), ----+ 2.2562 tS en en yen eee eee

Bequest of A. D. Bache to National Academy of Sciences. (R. 1872)_-_-_ 271,

Bequestof S. Habel. Gh. 1879)\--2 22 ioe ee

Bequest of J. Hamilton to Smithsonian Institution. (R. 1872; R. 1873) -- 271,

bo
No}

3
34!
9)

Me

Or

Bequest of Smithson, act of Congress, July 1, 1886, accepting. (R. 1853) ___ 67, N

Bequest of Smithson, exposition of—J. HENRY ---.-. ---- ---~-.-..----..====-22: E
Bequest of: Smithson, bistoryy ots sce =e saree ee a ee eee 328, 330
Bequest, Smithson and his—W. J. Rurers. (R. 1879)----2-------------- 345, 330
Berenpt, C. H.—

Collection of historical documents in Guatemala. (R. 1876) ----------- 299

Explorations.in: Central Ameéries.. (R::1867))22222- 22-2 eee eee 215

On'the:-Oarib language and people.” (Rh. 1878) 22225-2222 e eae ee ie

recommendation of, by British Minister. (R. 1865)_-.-.-_..-.--.. .-- 209

recommendation of, by Guatemalan Minister. (R. 1865) -------___--_- 209

recommendation of, by L. Molina, Costa Rican Minister. (R. 1865)---- 209
BERLANDIER, L. Catalogue of collection of historical and geographical manu-

RCTIpts, MANS; duc. ,OL MCmICO.gs|( hv. 4)\ eer ee eee ee eee 75
Berlin Fisheries Exhibition, additions to museum from. (R. 1880) ----------. 442
Berlin Fisheries Exhibition, catalogue of United States’ exhibit at—G. B.

GOODS ee oe ae ee ee wang A
Bermuda, birds of—T. Buanp; J. R. Wiuis. (R. 1858)----- ------------_- 109
Bermudas, catalogue of fishes of—G. B. Goope -_-.----------- ------.------- 296
Bermudas, fishes from, mistakenly described as new by Ginther—G. B. Goong.

CP. 1878) 222-2. ~ <- -- eo aes pt eae tee ena Se ee 382
Bermudas, new serranoid fish from—G. ‘8. Goopr; T. H. Bean. (P. 1878) -- 382
Bern Museum, request.for bison.) (Ri 1865)2> 22222 se = 2 5 Se eee 209
Beroids, relation of lucernarians to—H. J. Oxia Sid ery

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 143

BeRRIEN, J. McPueERson. Construction of act establishing Smithsonian. (R.

FESO) eee ene me ate enna peed ALM le ec eee euth 6G
Bertuoup, E. L. Ancient remains in Colorado. (R. 1867)----------.---__- 215
BEETHoupD, H. GL. “Antiquities of Colorado. | (BR: 1871)_.--_------__-=_. -._. 249
BERTHRAND, M. Life and works of Kepler. (R. 1869) --_---------.-__._._- 228
Best hours for temperature observations—C. DEwry. (R. 1860)------------. 147
BETHUNE, C.J. Acknowledgment of books. (R. 1861)-=----.-----_---... 149
Bibliographia Americana Historico-Naturalis for 1851—C. Grrarp_.-___~_-_- 48
Bibliographia Americana, prospectus of a—H. Stevens. (R. 1848)-----____- I
Bibliographical index of North American Botany—S. Watson -__.-__--___-- 258
Bibliographical sketches of vestiges of antiquity in United States—S. F. HAVEN 71
BEDLIOP TAD. Obama —-iHenW.* WOOD sno ce eo ok ee ee eens 241
Bibliography of American natural history for 1851—C. Grete ee 48
Bibliography of anthropology—O. T. Mason. (R. 1880) -------------_- 442, 432
Bibliography of atomic volume-and specific gravity, expansion, and boiling and

Hel ine= =P Swen Aum. ole a. Wale Ty) Bee rne led 255
Bibliography of Chinook, jargon—G. GiBps__.._~-.-----. --=... ------------ 161
Bibliography of Dakota language—S. R. Ria@s___---------------- sees _ 40
Bibliography ofgdiptera=—C.) We OSTEN SACKENS soe seo sce eee ele ee 270
Bibliography of diseases of joints, bones, larynx, eye, gangrene, ete.—W. W.

SRE rere aay ree a ns eee ra PEN UE EE 300
Bibliography of expansion—H’."W: ChARKEL 22. — 25222 ilo se et 289
Pipnostan hy. OL nshes— Ln Gib. Joos ae Wass Bee SU es ee 247
Bibliography of fishes of Pacific coast of United States and Alaska for 1880—

Ate ei HAN je (a PSO) Se ee ee uA NEN SE soeer tT 4AGh
Bibliography of fishes of Pacific coast of United States—T. Ginn -_-_ .--.---- 463
IDApOrrapy OL AMAmMmMals— Us GLEN <22 0.52 2s sooo oa oe eee .230
bqalioetapiy. of mollusks]. Gilie—-- i= eos ee ee eens | DOT
Bibliography of nebule, clusters, milky way, nebular hypothesis, etc.—E. S.

HonpEen—- 2 =< a a a ee ee 311
Bibliography of North American conchology previous to 1860. Partr. Ameri-

canvauthors——W. G. BINNEY 2-2. 3.22 celle ge Sr EEE SIR) eye I tS 142
Bibliography of North American conchology previous to 1860. Part 11. For-

Siem BULnOLs—W Vie Ge DINNEY = 22-6 3 es ae ee a ee tail 174
Bibliography of ornithology: faunal publications relative to British birds—E.

oH kere fi De a he a Oe ee 33
Bipllogrtaply of orthoptera—s. H.)ScuDDER) = -___-- a8 te 189
Bibliography of rattlesnakes, serpent venom, etc.—S. W. MircHeLn_-_-_---~--- 135
Bibliography of specific heat—IF. W. CuaRKE._._- 226 vi-5f.-.22-sc2us~. 276
Bibliography of Yoruba language—T. J. BowEn_--_-~-_-.--__-------_------ 98
Bibliography, plan of—J. FrRreEDLANDER. (R. 1858)---------------.-------- 109
Biela’s comet, investigations of—J. 5S. HuBBARD. (R. 1862) --------_- enh 150

Big elephant mound in Grant county, Wisconsin—J, WARNER. (R. 1872)--- 271

144 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

BrnneEy, W. G.—

Bibliography of North American conchology previous to 1860. Part I.

American ‘authors _ 2. ~-222. oho seen ane eae eee ee 142
Bibliography of North American conchology previous to 1860. Part 11.
Woreign authors 2.2.25 2222.2 2s 1 See So ee ee eee 174

Check-list of shells of. North America _=—-— “2 2 ee

Land and fresh-water shells of North America. Part I-----.---------- 194

Land and fresh-water shells of North America. Part I1.-_..-.-.-..-__ 143

Land and fresh-water shells of North America. Part 11T------__------ 144
Biographical memoir of Joseph Henry—A. Gray. (R. 1878) ------- 341, 356, 407
Biographical notice of L. Agassiz—E. Favre. (R. 1878)_---.-----.-__----- 341
Biographical notice of L. Agassiz—J. A. GARFIELD. (R. 1873)_-.---------- 275
Biographical notice of L. Agassiz—P. PARKER. (R. 1878) ---.---------.--- 275°
Biographical notice of 8S. P. Chase—J. A. GARFIELD. (R. 1873) ------------ 275
Biographical notice of S. P. Chase—H. Hamuiin. (R. 1878) ---------.------ 275
Biographical notice of W. H. Harvey—A. Gray. (R. 1867)__-------------- 215
Biographical notice of Charles C. Jewett—R. A. Guitp. (R. 1857)--------_- 215
Biographical sketch of Dom Pedro II--A. Fiano. (R. 1876)_-------------- 299
Biography. of Condoreet—F ARAGO.. \(R21878) _--_- _< _- 341
Biography—See Memoirs.
Bird, a new humming, from Guatemala—R. Rip@way. (P. 1878)_---------. 332
Birds, acknowledgment of—Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. (R. 1867) _-__- 215
Birds, acknowledgment‘of—J..Gounp. (R. 1867) <----2- == ese 215
Birds, acknowledgment of—Hungarian National Museum. (R. 1863) -----_-- 187
Birds, alphabetical index of genera of—S. F. BATtRD -------------=—-_2-_= 3 108
Birds, American, instructions for collecting nests and eggs of—S. F. Barrp.

(RR. 1858) ooo ae eee ee 109, 139
Birds and mammals of Missouri river, list of —E. Harris. (B: 1850)" s==2 = 28
Birds; arrangement of families/of—S. kh. BATRD = oa ae 210
Birds, bibliography of British—BH. Cours. (R. 1879) =) 222-22 22 eee 333
Birds, catalogue of North American—S. F. Barrp. Octavo-----=.---.------ 108
Birds, catalogue of North American—S. F. Barrp. Quarto_---_-~-- ---.---.-- 106
Birds, catalogue of Old World,in Nat. Museum—R. Ripaway. (P. 1881) 467, 462
Birds,.circular relative: tovcollections*Ofsss.— a= so sae ee 1638
Birds, dates'of first appearance of—I’.. B. Houes = 2_22_/_-2----__-__ 8 aes 182
Birds, description of new species of, from Costa Rica—R. Ripaway. (P. 1878) 332
Birds, descriptions of new—R., RipGwaw. (P. 1881) =-=----_- = _ 2-5 aon
Birds, descriptions of several new species and races of, in National Museuam—

R. RiIpewAx., (P. 1878)... 2 SRS soe eee ae ee eee 332
Birds, desiderata among North American—R. RrpGway. (P. 1881)--------_- 467
Birds’ eggs, suggestions for forming collections of—A. NEWTON _.-~---~----. 139

Birds; humming; listiof—D*) G. ‘hiiion 2 SS oe

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS.

Birds, list of described, of Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies, not
BHU SMe ROMA COMBCHIONS = se aan ee ee A i

Birds’ nests and eggs, instructions for collecting ~.....-.--..-.---.-...-_-__.
Birds, new species and races of American, and synopsis of genus Tyrannus—R.

URED G WrAWamN (ghO7 8) = 222 oes os See Se See Sie eoeeues os) ok.
Birds, new species of Turdide, from Dominica—G. N. LAwreEnce. (P. 1880)
Birds, nomenclature and catalogue of—R. Rrp@way _-_---.---- ----- ary
Birds. North, Americanioology—T. ‘M. BRE WRRosso so. dco
Birds, notes on some Costa Rican—R. Ripaway, {P. 1881)_.----__-_-_--___
Birds of Antigua, catalogue of Ober’s collection of—G.N. LAwrxEnce. (P. 1878)
mirds.ot, Arctic America ——b. KoUMLERN =. --5 2). 2no so eS Se ene
Birds of Barbuda, catalogue of Ober’s collection—G. N. LAwREence. (P. 1878)
Birds of Bermuda—T. Buanp; J. R. Wiuuis. (R. 1858)_-.--_-_--._._____-
Birds of Caribbee Islands—F. A. OBER. (R. 1878) _---.---------._._______-
Pirds.of Central Calitornia—bL. Benpine. (P.1878)2--22¢222 2222 =k
Birds of Chester county, Pennsylvania—V. Barnarp. (R. 1860) _----_--_--
Birds of District of Columbia, list of—E. Cours; S. 8. Prentiss. (R. 1861)_-_
Birds of Dominica, catalogue of Ober’s collection of—G. N. Lawrence. (P.

Birds of Grenada, catalogue of Ober’s collection—G. N. Lawrencu. (P. 1878)
Birds of Guadeloupe, catalogue of Ober’s collection—G. N. Lawrence. (P. 1878)
BimdsotHeligoland—_H.JGAmkE: )(P. 1879). 2- 22k. seek
Birds of Kerguelen Island—J. H. Kipper; HE. Couums -.-.-......--________
Birds of Lesser Antilles, catalogue of Ober’s collection of—G. N. LAWRENCE,

mE Sean ener: Aas ee ee ee oe ee ee ee,
Birds of Martinique, catalogue of Ober’s collection of—G. N, Lawrence. (P.
BS) ea Ne ee Se
Birds of Middle and South America not in National Museum—R. Ripaway.
RGR ep sD) creer eee ah eae ee Oar FN tae Ye 2 ale Bee ee
Birdsoh Missouririver-—H.-HaARRis. (R:,1850)-. +2 toes oe ee

Birds of North America, nomenclature and catalogue of—R. Ripaway. (P. 1880)
Birds of Nova Scotia—Buackiston ; T. BLanp; J. R. Wriuis. (R. 1858) __
Birds of Saint Vincent, catalogue of Ober’s collections of—G. N. LAwRENCE.

Kekseem Licey) Nemes ee te So ee OLA
Birds of South America, circular relative to collections of __________________.
Birds of Southern Texas—J. C. Merrity. (P. 1878)_--------.-__-.___-_____
Birds of Southwestern Mexico, collected by F. E. Sumichrast—G. N. Law-
i RG) Enea nea a Sa Nn ee aE

Birds of West coast, migrations and nesting habits of—J.G. Cooper. (P. 1879)

Birds of West Indies, catalogue of Ober’s collections from—G. N. LAWRENCE.
(lee SiS) eeeemen cas cnet ted eee ee ee

Birds, review of American. Part 1—S. F. BAIRD 22000 22
Birds, revisions of nomenclature of—R. Rrpaway. (P. 1880) ---__.__.______

10

145

185
139

382
425
422
89
467
832
342
3382
109
841
332
147
149

332.
332
332
333
293

8382
332

467

28
425
109

295
333

332
181
425

146 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Birds, suggestions for saving skeletons of—A. NEwron. (R. 1860) ---------- 147
Birds, systematic review of classification of—W. LitLsjEBora. (R. 1865.) 209, 364

Birds, two new North American, added by L. Belding—R. Ripaway. (P.

NSS) eee eS a ee i ee 467
BrisHop, W. D. Commissioner of Patents, Meteorological observations _____- 157
Bison, request jof Bern: Museum for. (ih. 1865)-3" a ee eee 209
Bites of serpents, nature and cure of—D. BrRAInAaRD. (R. 1854)_------------ 75
Black bass of the Ohio, habits of the—J. Eorr. (R. 1854) ----------_______. 75

Black Hammock, colored bead from—A. M. Harrison. (R. 1877)
BLACKISTON, —; BLAND, T.; Wi Luis,J.R. Birds of Nova Scotia. (R. 1858) 109
. Blackmore Museum, Salisbury, England, notice of the. (R. 1868)_-----___-- 224
Black Mountain, North Carolina, topography of—T. L. CLineman.’ (R. 1855) 77
2 209

BuLanp, T.; Binney, W.G. land and fresh-water shells of North America.
Part 7:.—Pulmonata geophila: 2-225 sess Se ee eee 194

Bianp; Wi tis, J. R. Birds of Bermuda. (R. 1858)
BLAND, T.; BLAcKIston, —; WILLIs, J. R. Birds of Nova Scotia. (R. 1858) 109

BLAINVILLE, D. DE, memoir of—M. FLoureEns. (R. 1865)

Blank ycheek-lists,; labels, fio ames: y Siege ee ee pe ee 164
Blind deaf mute, vocal sounds of Laura Bridgman, the—F. Lirper__-__--_-- 12
BuiopeeEt, L. List of meteorological observers. (R. 1853)-----_...-----_-__- 67
BuLonvDEL, 8. Historical, archeological, and literary study of jade. (R. 1876) 299
Blood; analysis of—J.; JoNmS 222322..25222522 253 See ee ee
Blossoming’ of plants: dates of—Waib. HLOuGH oo 2. ees a ee ees 182
Blowpipe apparatus of Hawkins and Wale. (R. 1872) -----------.---------- 271
Blowpipe, qualitative determination by the—T. Eaitesron. (R. 1872)-------- 271
Buypen, HE: DS “Mixed racesm Iiberia. (R- 1870) 22-2 eee
Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions—See American Board, ete.
Board of Regents, Journals of. (See each annual report) ----.---------~-- 329, A
Board of Regents—See Regents.
BoruMeErR, G. H. Index to anthropological articles in Smithsonian publica-

tions... “(Ri 1879) oe oe ee ee ee ee — 345, 421
BoruMER, G. H. Report on International Exchange ------------_---_---___ 477

BoruMer, G. H. Reports of astronomical observatories, 1880. (R. 1880) 442, 438
BoruMeEr, G. H.; Hotpen, E.S. Reports of observatories, 1880. (R. 1880) 442, 438

BorrRNnEer, ©:.G. dhightning discharges) ((R-86i)e-=-ss-) = eee 215
Boiling point, bibliography of—F. W. CLARKE --2_—=_ 2 _- --- o_o eee 255
Boiling) points, tables of—F. Wi. CLARKE 2-22 ee eee 255, 288

Boies, E. C. Account of Portland Society of Natural History. (R. 1867) 215
Bologna, Academy of Sciences of the Institute of. Prize questions. (R. 1862) 150
Bones, bibliography of diseases of the—W. W. KEEN -_-- ------------------ 300
Bonito, oceanic, description of—V. N. Epwarps. (P. 1878) -------.-------- 332
Bonito, oceanic, on coast of United States—G. B. Goopr; T. H. Bran. (P.1878) 332

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 147

Books, acknowledgment of—C. J. BeTHuNE. (R. 1861)_-------------------- 149
Books, acknowledgment of—J. A. Copp. (R. 1861) -------.------------.--- 149
Books, acknowledgment of—M. LanpouLaye. (R. 1867) ------------.---- ---- 215
Books, copyright, from 1846 to 1849—C. C. Jewerr. (RK. 1850) ------------- 28
Books on Brazil, presented—M. M. Lispoa. (R. 1865) _-----------.-------- 209
Books on Egypt, presentation of—R. Lepsius. (R. 1860) ------------------- 147
Books, on the classification of—J. P. Lestey. (R. 1862) ..------------------ 150
Books, presentation of—Duke of Northumberland, (R. 1859) --_------------ 110
Books, presented—Imperial Library of Vienna. (R. 1865) ---~-------------- 209
Boorn, J. C>; Morrit, C. Recent improvements in the chemical arts ------- 27
Bordeaux, Chamber of Commerce of. Exchange of publications. (R. 1863)_._ 187
Bordeaux, Imperial Academy of Sciences. Prize questions. (R. 1868) ~----- 224
Bosphorus, account of a hailstorm on the—Com. Porter. (R. 1870)_-------- 244

Boston, Mass., American Academy—See American Academy.
Botanical explorations in New Mexico and California—A. Gray. (R. 1849)-. 21

Botany, mdex to)-North American—S:. WATSON. =... | —-__. -- «225. 2-88. 258
Botany of Hawaiian and Fanning Islands and California—T. H. STREETS -__. 3038
Botany of Kerguelen Island—A. Gray; T. P. JAMes; E. Tuckerman; W.

Gree BAUR O Wisma eas ee ee pa eee See enh ee Se 294

Botany, progress in, in 1879 and 1880—W. G. Fartow. (R. 1880) -_-_-- 442, 430
Botany—See Plants.
Boundary line between geology and history—E. Suxss. (R. 1872) _---_----_- 271
Bowen, T. J. Yoruba grdmmar and dictionary------_-------------_-___-_-- 98
Bowers, S. Explorations in Santa Rosa Island, California. (R. 1877)_----__ 323
Boxrn,.©si.- Remains of walrus (?)/in Maine. | (P. 1881)- ---_-- .-._--.=2 =. 467
prseniopodar inGexqOl—W ed ORL) 2222s ee ee ee, soca 304
Brachyopsis verrucosus, from California—W. N. Lockxrnaton. (P. 1880)---. 425
Brachyopsis xyosternus—D, S. Jorpan; OC. H. Ginpert. (P. 1880)_-----__- 425
Brackett, A. G. Shoshone or Snake Indians, religion, superstitions, manners,

Rice LO geen sn Siete ee ote ee ME 345
BRAcKETT, A. G. Sioux or Dakota Indians. (IR. 1876) 2-222. -_-- 2-1. 2 __. 299
Brain and marrow of animals, uses of, among Indians—T. R. PEaty. (R.

STI) ie ate ns at se ee ee ee a 244

Brain, dual character of the—C. E. Brown-Siéquarp. ‘Toner lecture No. II__ 291
BrartnarD, D. Lecture on bites of serpents and wounds of poisoned arrows.

Apeermectas) eeecee eres een ee DAS a ee ek
BrANsForD, J. F. Archeological researches in Nicaragua -..--_.__-__.______ 383
Bransford, J. F., note on shells from Costa Rica kitchen-midden, collected

areas ANTE Ue Es 1076) 2.) aa. wee emer ee FLT AT Te 3382
Bravats, AuausrE, memoir of, by E. DE Beaumont. (R. 1869) -------_____ 228
Brayton, A. W. Distribution of the fishes of South Carolina, Georgia, and

BG TU O BBE openers YS ee se eee ON cee 308
Beavwon,-A. iW. «North American ichthyolopy 222) 120202010 308

148 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Brazil, books on, presented—M. M. Lispoa. (R. 1865) --------------------- 209
Brazil, specimens from, presented. Brazilian Nat. Hist. Museum. (R. 1865) 209
Brazilian Nat. Hist. Museum, specimens from Brazil presented. (R. 1865)---. 209

Brerep, 8. . Earthworks in Wisconsin’; (8. (1S/2)2o=-- =~ 22 =e 271
BREED, E.\E. Pits-at Embarrass, Wisconsin. (B-1877) -222-.2 === 323
Breeding habits of sea-catfish—N. T. Lupron. (P. 1878) ------------------- 332
Bremen, government of, exchange system. (R. 1865) --------+------~------- 209
BEENNDECKE, : |Moteorites: (Ra 1869) 22252 e2 lee eee 228
Brevoortia patronus, note on—S. STEARNS. (P. 1878) -----------------.-~.--- 332
Brevoortia, revision of American species of—G: B. Goopr. (P. 1878) -_------ 332
Brewer, T. M. Instructions for collecting and preserving nests and eggs -___ 139

Brewer, T. M. Nests and eggs of North American species of empidonaces.
(GEL S00) ee ee 333

Brewer, T. M. North American odlogy.. Part I. Raptores and Fissirostres. 89

Brezina, A. Explanation of principles of crystallography and crystallo-

TORE oa (Vite nS) ee Bae ae ee eee eS ceend 271, 386
Bridges, lectures on roads and—F. Rogers. (R. 1860; R. 1861) -----_---- 147, 149
BRIDGMAN: I.,-vocal soundsiof—H. btmBER)22 922-22 ee so oe ee eee 12
Brinton, D. G. Artificial shell deposits in the United States. (R. 1866)__-_ 214
British America, account of the Indians of—E. Pretirot. (R. 1865) _---_-_-- 209
British America, Tinneh or Chepewyan Indians of—G. Gipps. (R. 1866.) 214, 365
British Association, report to, on radiant heat—B. Powe. (RK. 1859).---__- 110
British birds, list of faunal publications relative to—E. Cours. (P. 1879) --- 333
British Columbia, Haidah Indians of—J. G. Swan_-~—-- ----=. --_--_ -----_-- 267
British Columbia, notes on fishes of—T. H. Brean. (P. 1881) --------------- 467
British Minister, F. W. A. Bruce, recommending Dr. Berendt. (R. 1865) --- 209
British Museum, acknowledgment of specimens, (R. 1865)_----------------- 209
British Museum, electrotypes of shells granted by. (R. 1863)-----_-- -------- 187
British Museum, notes on typical American fishes in—D.8.Jorpan. (P. 1879) 333
British Museum, statistics of—S. F. Barrp. (R. 1850) ----------------- ---- 28
British Provinces of North America, list of libraries, institutions, and societies

In— Wid. IRBBES)! soos eS Se ee eee 116
BRoaDHEAD, G. C. Prehistoric evidences in Missouri. (R. 1879) ----------- 345
Broca, P. History of Anthropological Society of Paris, 1865 to 1867. (R.

SS) ee a a 224
Broca, P. Troglodytes, or cave dwellers, of the valley of the Vézére. (R.

1872) secession 5 A ee eee 271
Bropnax, B. H. Mounds in Moorehouse parish, Louisiana. (R. 1879)-_---- 345
Brosmius brosme Americanus, Gill, identity of, with Brosmius brosme (Muller)

White—G. B. Goopr; T. H.. Bran. ((B.718%8))=-—_—- 22-2 ee a aera
Brown, D. Shell heap in Georgia: (Ru 1811) =-- 22

Brown-Siquarp, C. E. Dual character of the brain. Toner lecture No. Il. 291

Brorr, J.G. Indian-engravings along Green river valley. (R. 1872)_---~-- 271

7

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 149

IBGONOT: Hy Kes Habits of the beaver. » (ik. ES%5) 22-2220 2 25 eso 275
Brunswick, Maine, meteorological observations—P. CLEAVELAND -___-_------ 204
Brusu, G. J. Catalogue of meteorites in Yale College. (R. 1868) -------~-- 224

Brussels, Belgium, Royal Academy of Sciences, Literature, and the Fine Arts.
See Prize questions.

Bryan, O. N. Antiquities of Charles county, Maryland. (R. 1874) -_------ 286

Bucu, L. voy, memoir of, by M. FLourrns. (R. 1862)------------------_-- 150

Budapest, address before Anthropological Congress at—F. F. Romer, (R.
WOVG) tenon tees See oa ee eee Ss oe ghee 299, 392

Building Commission, National Museum, report of, for 1879. (R. 1879)-- 345, 409
Building Commission, National Museum, report of, for 1880. (R. 1880)__ 442, 434

Building Committee of Regents of 8S. I., journal and reports of, 1847-1867 ____ 829
Building Committee of Smithsonian, report of, on architecture ------.._-_---- 5)
Building: matermais——ly. sO WEN. -2 222552 Soh ee ee 2 pee
Building materials, mode of testing—J. Henry. (R. 1856) ------------. -_-- 91
Building materials, report ons) (Rh. 18472252 3 i eo H, 329
Building, new, for museum, memorial to Congress for. (R. 1876) ----------- 299
Building, report on use of new hall in—L. AGassiz. (R. 1867) --------- ---- 215
Building-stone collection, circular in reference to—S. F. Batrp. (P. 1881) 467, 453
Building stones, report on—D. D. OWEN. (R. 1847) -__---=--------------- 329, H
Buildings, public, acoustics applied to—J. Henry. (R. 1856) --_------------ oF
Buildings, warming and ventilating—A. Morin. Partr. (R. 1878) ---- 275, 439
Buildings, warming and ventilating—A. Morin. Parti. (R. 1874)-_-_ 286, 439
Bulletin National Museum—
Nowe.) batrachia and reptilia—h. D. Cop® -. = =2_—— <= == —-- == 292
No. 2. Birds of Kerguelen Island—J. H. Kipper; E. Couks -_...-__- 293 .
No. 3. Odlogy, plants, mammals, ete., Kerguelen Island—J. H. KipprEr
Ani GVOtNeTRy = 20 oe mae ee Set ae eee eee 294
Nowe4- Birds ol, Mexico—Gr NN. GA WRENCK) = 50-5 aasoe5 cee eae 295
No. 5. Catalogue of fishes of Bermudas—G. B. GooDE __----___------ 296
No. 6. Classification of animal resources of United States—G. B. Goopn. 297
No. 7. Natural history, Hawaiian Islands, etc.—T. H. StREETS___~__- 303
No. 8. Index of brachiopoda—W. H., Datu_22--2---22--------.-__- 304
No. 9. Review of Rafinesque’s fishes—D. S. JORDAN _-_--__---------- 305
No. 10. Notes on cottidx, etc. ; synopsis of siluride—D. S. JorDAN __-_ 306
No. 11. Bibliography of Pacific fishes—T. Grin -_____-. -------------- 463
No. 12. Fishes of South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee ; synopsis of catos-
tomidx—D. S. Jorpan; A. N. BRAYTON -_---__.------ 308
No. 13. Flora of St. Croix and Virgin Islands—H. F. A. Eaa@ers___--. 313
No. 14. Catalogue Centennial exhibit, animal resources and fisheries—
(oid 3 OG Valen a pies eis Be BA a ha eee 326

No. 15. Natural history and ethnology, Arctic America—L. KUMLIEN. 342
No. 16. (Not published. )

150 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Bulletin National Museum—Continued.
No. 17. Zodlogical position of Texas—E. D. Copr --.---._-.-_-._-----__ 412

No. 18. Fishery exhibit of United States at Berlin—G. B. GoopE______ 413
No. 19. List of genera in zodlogy and paleontology—S, H. ScuDDER ___ 470
No. 20. (Not published.)

No. 21. Nomenclature of North American birds—R. Ripaway --_------ 422
No. 22. Guide to flora of Washington, D. C.—L. F. Warp _-----_-__- 444
Bulletin of Philosophical Society of Washington, Vols. 1, 11, 111 ~----------_- 423
Bulletin, Smithsonian, No.1. Vocabulary of the jargon-_--------_- .--_-__- 68
Bulletins of the U. S. National Museum, catalogue and index of _____________ 478
Bureau of Ethnology, directory of officers and employés of ---------.--.- --_- 466
Burial caves——J) iJ ONES 2so22 20 Se ae ee ee eee 259
Burial ground, ancient, in Tompkins Co., N. Y.—D. TrowznripeGE. (R. 1863) 187
Burial smodes' of—Jz JONES 242s 825s 25 cece eee ee eee ne ee 259
Burial of an Indian squaw, California—W. M. Kine. (R. 1874)---------__- 286
Bure, KR. T. Ruins in Pima county, Arizona: | (R.21879)-5-- = 2 22) eee 845
Business arrangements of the Smithsonian Institution ~-----------------_- 2215335
Burier, A. P. Report of Senate Judiciary Committee on management of
Smithsonian: | (R: 1855) sos ae ee ee ee ee 77
Buzzard’s bay, Mass., occurrence of Belone latimanus in—G. B. GoopE. (P.
1878) 22 eUL ia ese se ee ee Ce ee ee eee 332
By-laws of the Smithsonian Institution. (R. 1853)_---.___._________._-__.. 67, 329

OF

Cache la Poudre river, Colorado, antiquities on—E. L. BertnHoup. (R. 1871) 249
California—

account of botanical explorations in—A. Gray. (R. 1849) ---------_.- 21
ancient graves and shell heaps of—P. ScouMACHER. (R. 1874) -----_-- 286
burial of Indian squaw in—W. M. Kina. (R. 1874) ----.-.---.---.-. 286
cave in Calaveras county—J. D. WHITNEY. (R. 1867) ~-.---------__- 215
climate of —A.'Gippons. (R. 1864) -_-22-2 Seale 75
climate of—T. M: Logan. (CK, 1855),2222 === =e. eee 77

description of Gobiesox rhessodon from San Diego—R. SmirH. (P. 1881) 467
description of new gobioid fish from San Diego—R. Smirnu. (P.1881)-. 467

descriptions of new species of shells from—W. H. Dati. (P.1878)---. 332
distribution of tertiary fossils of —W. H. Datu. (P. 1878)-----_------ 332
fishes of—See D. 8S. Jonpan; C. H. GiLBeErt.

fishes\of—T.H. STREETS ~~ oa Se ees

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 151

California—Continued.

fossil mollusks from later tertiaries of —W. H. Dau. (P. 1878) -__-__- 332
history and antiquities of Santa Rosa Island—S. Bowers. (R. 1877)... 328
Inidianstol—S-sbowmks. 1 (Rs 1876).2 == aces Sek ee 299
list of fishes of, collected by Lt. H. E. Nichols—D. 8. Jorpan; C. H.
GELGE WE Tamm (GOL) ate ne eee ee eee ra Bs 467
meteorological observations at Sacramento—F. W. Harcu. (R.1854)-_ 75
meteorological observations at Sacramento—T. M. Logan. (R.1854)-- 75
meteorology of Sacramento—T. M. Loaan.. (R. 1857).--------______- 107
MEV AOMISLO De O bn ET ss SUR US| soe ee ee ee ee eye 303
new genera and species of fishes from coast of—W. N. Lockineron.
(CEIS 19) ioe women a saa eee ees eas Sook fon aes 333
BOW. PILCHOteAnG LLOM—). WORREY, 222 9) o ota d meee nas in ene 61
notes on a collection of fishes from San Diego—D. 8. Jorpan; C. H.
CERAM ae (ler SOO)! te eee ee ke See oe eS 425
occurrence of Cremnobates at San Diego—R. SmitH. (P. 1880) -_---__- 425
occurrence of Productus giganteus in—C. A. WHITE. (P. 1880) _---__- 425
plants collected by J. C. Frémont in—J. Torrey __. ------..--_. ------ 46
plestecene. fossils from—P CARPENTER: .. bo... bene eee = 252
postpliocene fossils in coast range of—W.H. Datu. (P. 1878)_-.---__- 332
wingless grasshopper of—E. P. Vottum. (R. 1860) -----------_-_-_-- 147
California, central, partial list of birds of—L. Betpina. (P. 1878) -----_-__- 332
California, Gulf of, lectures on shells of—P. P. CARPENTER. (R. 1859) ----_- 110
California peninsula, aboriginal inhabitants of-—J. Baragert. (ins 1863; R.
TESTO Pi it se Pa ep eae ene ie a eR 187, 188, 440, 361
California, upper, explorations in, 1860—J. Frrinner. (R. 1864) -.-------- Ss
Camaraphysema, a new type of sponge—J. A. RrpEer. (P. 1880) _---------- 425
Camel, lecture on the—G:;, P; Marsu.. (i: 1854) -..2.-.-----.----..--=. +. 75
WAMERON, H.C. Reminiscences of Joseph’ Henry. -...---- 2-.=-=_. 356
CAMPBELL, J. V. Earthquake in Peru, August 18, 1868. (R. 1870) -------- 244
Canada, meteorological system of—J. G. Hopains. (R. 1865) --------.---_- 209
Canada East, description of observatory at St. Martin, Isle Jesus—C. SMALL-
ROO Teele LOD0).\- 5 ooo aoe oe ea ee ee ee seme cet. | OT
Canada porcupine, occurrence of, in Maryland—O. Luacer. (P. 1881) ------ 467

Canada porcupine, occurrence of, in West Virginia—G. B. Goopr. (P. 1878) 3832
Canada West, ancient Indian remains near Prescott—W. E. Guest. (R.1856) 91

Canada West, meteorological stations of—J. G. Hoparns. (R. 1858)-----.--- 109
Canal, Washington, report of committee of Regents on. (R. 1868) -----.---- 224
CanBy,S. Deposit of Bishop John’s library. (R. 1862) ----------.._------ 150
Cancerous tumors, structure of—J. J. WOODWARD -_-----_--_-------.-------- 266
Candle fish of northwest coast—J. G. Swan. (P. 1880)_---.---------------- 425 .
CANDOLLE, P. DE, memoir of, by M. Ftourens, (R. 1859)------._---------- 110

Cannon, G. L. Antiquities of Colorado. (R. 1877)---------.---------- 7:

152 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Canupas, A. Earthquakes in Guatemala. (R. 1858) --..----22-.--_-22 225 109
Caoutchouc and ‘gutta percha. (RK. 1864) /=2- = lasers eee 188
Cape Cod, littoral marine fauna of—R. Rarusun. (P. 1880)---------------- 425
Cape Mlattery,' Indians:of—J.'G..SwAN 22-22 ee ee eee 220
CArEN, HL. “Meteorolocicalidiscovery. (Riel 806) 2222-22 214
@apitol; U.5.,,memorial exercises at= 5 a. es ee ee 356

Capitol, U. S., account of marble used in extension of—J. Henry. (R. 1856) 91

Cara gigantesca of Yzamal, in Yucatan—A. ScHorr. (R. 1869)_---_-.-_-_-- 228,
Caracas, South America, meteorology of—G. A. Ernsr. (R. 1867) ---------. 215
Caranx Beani, from Beaufort, N. C., description of—D.S. Jorpan. (P. 1880) 425
Carib language and people—C. H. BErEeNpDT. (R. 1873) ---------------.---- 275.
Caribbee Islands, ornithology of—F. A. OBER (R. 1878) ------------------. 341
CARLETON, J. H. Excursion to Abd, Quarra, and Gran Quivira, New Mexico.
(B.W854) (22 a ee eee ee ee ne ee 75
CARLETON, J. H. Meteorites in Mexico. (RK. 1865) -2-- =~ 22 =e eee 209
Carin, W. E. Observations of Siredon lichenoides. (P. 1881) ------.-----. 467
Carlsruhe, Scientific Congress of, 1858—F. J. Nicki&s. (R. 1860) -----_-__- 147
CARPENTER, P. P.—
@heck-listiof the/shellsiof North) Americay=-= soos ee nae ee 128
Lectures on mollusca, or shell-fish, and their allies. (R. 1860) _-_-- 147, 152
Lectures on shells of Gulf of California. (R. 1859)_----__ -______. -_ we LLG.
Mollusks of western North America 222222 cone oe ee eee 252
Casrt, H. B. Flint implements in Holmes county, Ohio. (R. 1877) ~-------- 323
CasELLA, L. Description of meteorological instruments. (R. 1859)_.--.-_- 110
Cass, L., Secretary of State. Circular to diplomatic agents relative to L. H.
Mong am simeseanch paca sere ao eee ane eee ee ee ee 138
Castings, metallic, of delicate natural objects. (P. 1881) -----.-_____ ._____.- 467
* Casts, catalogue of, of Indian boys and girls at Hampton Normal Institute, Vir-
sinia—R. He PRart. ((P.4879) 222-5 - es 2 eee 333
Casts, catalogue of, of Indian prisoners at St. Augustine, Florida—R. H.
Beart, “(P. 1878): 222 eo ae ee ee ee 382
Casts of statues, etc., proposed by W. J. Stone. (R. 1855) ~--------------+_- 77
Casts, plaster, methods of making and preserving—A. Prirz. (P. 1881) ------ 467
CASWELL, A.— .
ihecturelon astronomy... i(Ts-) 8S) = same ee eee re ee ee 109
Meteorological observations at Providence, R. I., 1881—-1860-_____ ~ .___- 103
Meteorological observations at Providence, R. I., 1831-1876 .----- ------ 443
Catalogue, general stereotype, of public libraries, report of commission on. (R.
1850) ee 220 Se a 28

Catalogue of—

birds of Antigua and Barbuda, collected by F. A. Ober—G. N. Law-
RENOE,, o(P-.1878) 0-2 ee eee ee ee ees 332

birds of Dominica, collected by F. A. Ober—G. N. Lawrence. (P.1878) 332

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 153

Catalogue of—Continued.
birds of Grenada, collected by F. A. Ober—G. N. LAwrence. (P. 1878) 382

birds of Guadeloupe, collected by F. A. Ober—G. N. Lawrence. (P.

fee ee een ee ce een ete SLE OS 8) LL 332
birds of Lesser Antilles, collected by F. A. Ober—G. N. Lawrence.

(Eli S) peewee ae eS ee ee ee ee cin. OBE
birds of Martinique, collected by F. A. Ober—G. N. Lawrence. (P.

TS1S) 222 saeees ses sae Se ae et emi 32
birds of North America—R. Rip@way. (P.-1880) ------------__. 425, 422
birds of St. Vincent, collected by F. A. Ober—G. N. Lawrence. (P.

BSS is eee Na os rs ee ee a ce 332
books and memoirs relating to nebule and clusters—E. S. HoLpEN ____. 311
casts taken by Clark Mills of Indian boys and girls at Hampton, Vir-

ginig hee Raptr) (POTS 7 9) ee es oo. ee sae en ee 333
casts taken by Clark Miils of Indian prisoners at St. Augustine, Florida—

pre EgeAll Tena (vols (oes a= ane wee ee ae eee LE 332
collection at International Exhibition, 1876. (R.1876)_------____- 299, 326
collection of Japanese cotton fibre presented by Government of Japan.

(Ec ISST ee sed oe ee Ee Seeee ee. bere ae 467
collection of Japanese woods presented by University of Tokio—L. F.

GuWeAt aes (Eg TEGD oth hoe Mance AER AA my i AABN As Fl 467
collection to illustrate animal resources and fisheries of United States

exhibited at Philadelphia, 1876—G. B. Goops -_-_-_-___________-__- 326
described coleoptera of the United States—F. EK. MELSHEIMER_._______ 62
described diptera of North America—C. R. OsTEN SACKEN ______- 162, 270
described lepidoptera of North America—J. G. Morris _-_---.-_...___. 118
engravings presented to Smithsonian—C. B. Kina. (R. 1861) -----___- 149
fishes from Pensacola, Florida, collected by S. Stearns—G. B. Goon;

A Peg AN tk VO Uo)) nee ee ae ya oe NE ei Ek! 333
fishes obtained in the Gulf of Mexico by J. W. Velie—G. B. Goovr;

PEEL ESA ay (xen D))) eh s See ks oe SR i al Bs 333
fishes of Alaskan and adjacent waters—T. H. BEAN. (P. 1881)-----_-- 467
Benes OF tne; wermudas-—G- B) Goopms 22.2. 2-2 S228 ee A 296
fishes of the east coast of North America—T. GPuL —~-_-----___ id SA 2383

fishes of St. John’s river and east coast of Fla.—G. B. GoopEz. (P.1879) 333
geological specimens—D. D. OwEn. (R. 1854) <----2-1.-----_._-_-=-. ‘&

historical and geographical manuscripts, maps, ete.—L. BERLANDIER.
(Es) ee a oa 75
Indian relics presented to Smithsonian—J. H. DeveREux. (R. 1872).. 271

ibrar wamoes, omithson!2 222252252 See eee ee 330
linguistic manuscripts in library of Bureau of Ethnology—J. C. PiLLina.

(eRe eee ee ee Se i tae 476.
meteorites in Yale College—G. J. Brusu. (R. 1868) -------_---------- 224

minerals; with them tormulas—i) HGLESTON=.-2-_ -22225 2525-25. ----—- I56

154 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Catalogue of—Continued.
mollusca added to fauna of southern New England—A. E. VERRILL.

GPi.1880) 222 a een ee Bee ee eee 425
North American. birds—S. i. BAIR DE = {=e aa ee eee octavo, 108
North American birds—S. 1: BATED= 22-2 — 22) 2252 2 quarto, 106
North American mammals—S. EF’. Barrp--22- <--. <2 =. -225 2-22-2105

North American reptiles. Part I—Serpents—S. F. Barrp; C. Girrarp. 49
Old World birds in United States National Museum—R. Ripaway. (P.

1881) so. oo S2 ees ots Oe ee eee 467, 462
ortheptera of North America—s. Hi. SCuppiR == == 22 ee eee ee 189
photographie portraits of Indians in gallery of Smithsonian Institution-_ 216
portraits of North American Indians, painted by J. M. Stanley ----~---- 53
publications of Smithsonian Institution ---__. 74, 203, 226, 245, 278, 478
publications of societies in Smithsonian library_---------- 73, 09, 127 79
rocks, minerals, and ores in Michigan—C. T. Jackson. (R. 1854) --_-- 75
rocks, Minerals, ete.——J). Wi. HOSTER. (Ri. 1854) = <2 2-2 eee 75
rocks, minerals, etc.—J..D.. WHITNEY. (RR. 1854)-— 22" = = 75
rocks, minerals, ores, and fossils—J. Lockr. (R. 1854)_-------------- 75
Borpents=-6, (ls Barri Cle Garr Arey es oe ee ees ea
trees of the United States—J. G. Coopmr. (R. 1858) _------------ 109, 351
trochilide in collection of National Museum—R. Ripaway. (P. 1880) 425

Catalogue system for libraries—C. C. JEwrerr. (R. 1849; R. 1850)_-__- 21, 28, 47
Catalogues of libraries, construction of—C. C. JEWETT__-------------------- 47
Catalytic force, or phenomena of contact—T. L. Purpson. (R. 1862) --_--_-- 150
Catfish, sea, breeding habits of—N. T. Lupron. (P. 1878) -------~. pS ee 382
Catherina Archipelago, Alaska, remains of prehistoric man from—W.H. Datu. 318
CatTLin, G., notes relative to life and paintings of—J. Henry. (R. 1872) ._-- 271

CATLIN, G., account of Mandan ceremonies by, accuracy of—J. Kipp. (R. 1872) 271
Catostomide, synopsis of—D.'8.; JORDAN = 2— = 222 Se a Se ee eee 308
CaTriz, 8. T. Genitalia of male eels and their sexual characters. (P.1880)_._ 425
Caulolatilus microps, from Gulf coast of Florida—G. B. Goopr; T. H. BEAn.

(P1878) 2422 22 See a ee ae ee eee ee gee eee 332
Causes which limit vegetablé species—A. DE CANDOLLE. (R. 1858) -.------__ 109
Cave dwellers of the valley of the Vézére—P. Broca. (R. 1872) -----.-__--- 271
Cave in Calaveras county, California—J. D. WuitNEY. (R. 1867) .---.----. 215
Cavern, Luray, in Virginia, report of visit to—O. T. Mason and others. (R.

VS80) eae on oo oi Rs ee ee ee Se
Caves in Alaska, remains of prehistoric man from—W. H. Datu -.----__-_-- 318
Cazin, A. Recent progress in relation to the theory of heat. (R. 1868)_--_-- 224
Celts, stone, in West Indies and Africa—G. J. Gipps. (R. 1877) ---s---.-.-. 328
Cenozoic rocks, fossils from—C. A. Wars. ~ (P1880) ---=-- === = 2a 2 425
Centennial awards to Smithsonian Institution. (R. 1876; R. 1878) ------- 299, 341

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 155

Centennial Exhibition, catalogue of collection of animal resources and fisheries

Ce oc Gre Rae ne se nee ee a Oe ee 326
Centennial Exhibition, circular for distribution at_---_...-..--.-.-_-. ___._.._. 290
Centennial Exhibition, plan of proposed Smithsonian exhibit at—S. F. Barrp.

(CEURal Gives) ee mere 2 ts Se ee ae re a ee ee ees 298
Centennial Exhibition, report on—S. F. Barrp. (R. 1876)--+--------_-- 299, 307

Centennial Exhibition, savage weapons at—E. H. Knianr. (R.1879)._-. 345, 415

Centennial mission to Indians of Western Nevada and California—S. Powers.
(CERES 7) caper ake a Ee era Ay ck eg BT 299

Centigrade degrees, tables for conversion of, to Fahrenheit. (ReSE863)2s 187

Central America—
circularsrelative:to:collectionsioL birdsiofi2 2 -- = 168

PGS) ees eeS ee 8 Se ME BS Sabet. 3p Sete Ae elles 467
explorationsin—©.-H. Brrenpr. -(R. 1867) --2-s225-25s 2022 = .--- 215
list of! birdsiof notin Smithsonian’ collection2= 2222 hea eet ee 185
Pain =favlein—=—-C5 PASI SCHOMT. 2 = Si a a ee 222, 353
TFEVIOW Of. DINGS, Of——Se,.. CATR DY cafe See either Sales. 181
studies in picture writing of—E. 8. HoLtpen. (H. 1879-80)_-____.-_-__- 476
Lravielshin=——=S EAB RT, ee OF Sees he es Ee ese hee 269
Wentrarchidsa notes OND) oJ ORDAN) soca aa Seen oe ano ee oe 306
Centrarchide, review of family—C. L. McKay. (P. 1881) ----------------- 467
Centurus, review of genus—R. Ringway. (PR. 1882) =22-2-- -22.-222---_s_- 467
Cephaloscyllium laticeps—D. S. Jorpan; C. H. GILBert. (P. 1880)__------ 425
Weratiude note on—— Wl. Gnmte (11878) te ee ee ee 38
Ceremonies at laying of corner-stone of Smithsonian Institution. (R. 1847). H, 329
Ceremonies, Mandan, accuracy of Catlin’s account of—J. Kipp. (R. 1872)_--- 271
Cessions of land by Indian tribes to United States—C. C. Roycn. (E. 1879-80) 476
Cuacr, G.I. Lecture on oxygen and its combinations. (R. 1855) -----_---. 77
Chalk found in United States—T. A. Conrap. (R. 1865)_------~-_------_-- 209

Chamber of Commerce of Bordeaux. Exchange of publications. (R. 1863). 187
Change of Mexican axolotl to amblystoma—A. WEISMANN. (R. 1877) -- 323, 401
CuHANNIXG, W. F. Lecture on the American fire-alarm telegraph. (R. 1854) 75

CHANTRE, E. Code of symbols for prehistoric archeology. (R. 1875) ------- 298
Chapala Lake, notes on Dugés’ fishes from—D. 8. Jonpan. (P. 1879) ~------ 333
CHAPPELSMITH, J. Tornado near New Harmony, Indiana, April 30, 1852 _.__ 59
Characteristics of ancient man in Michigan—H. GitumMan. (R. 1875) --_ 298, 393
Chart, base, of the United States—C. A. Scmorn J 2222 2S se 414
Chart, temperature, of the United States, year—C. A. Scnorr __.---_--- 381, 388
Charts and maps of America, on a collection of—J. G. Kout. (R. 1856)_---- 91

Charts of prehistoric archeology, international code of symbols for—G. DE
MorritLet; E. Cuantre. (R. 1875)

Charts, rain, of the United States, summer, winter, year—C. A. Scuorr -_-_-- 374

156 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Charts, temperature, of United States, summer, winter, year—C. A. Schorr __ 387

Oharts; wind—J..- H. Corrin: S.J. COPBIN=- Soe) eee 268
Cuass, S. P., biographical notice of, by J. A. GARFIELD. (R. 1873)----~---- 275.
CuasgE, S. P., biographical notice of, by H. Hamiin. (R. 1873) -------_---.. 275
CuasgE, S. P., statement of, relative to the telegraph. (R. 1857)----_-__- 107, 115
Chattanooga, Tenn., ancient mound near—M. C. Reap. (R867) eae ee 215

Check-list of—
duplicates of fishes from Pacific coast, distributed by Smithsonian Insti-

tution in 1881—D. 8. Jorpan; P. L. Jovy. (P. 1881)------.-___ 467

fishes, distributed by Smithsonian Institution for National Museum—
De BRAN. (te 1880) coo o ee nein Seen ed Hepene oe Stee 425
fossils of North America, miocene—F. B. MEEK__-----_---___---_--.-. 183

invertebrate fossils of North America, cretaceous and jurassic—F. B.
UIT ce ee a 177

invertebrate fossils of North America, eocene and oligocene—T. A. Con-
ERAS pe a ee 200
North American batrachia and reptilia—E. D.:\Copr _____-_-_-----.---_- 292
periodicals received by Smithsonian Institution, 1853 _---_--_--~-------- Q
plants of Washington and vicinity—L. F. Warp-_-__-___-- subi seis 460
publications of Smithsonian Institution to July, 1872-___-.------------ 245
publications of Smithsonian Institution to July, 1874-_-------- -------- 278
publications of Smithsonian Institution to July, 1877------------------ 301
publications of Smithsonian Institution to July, 1879----------_.--___- 344
publications of Smithsonian Institution to December, 1881 ~____-----_-- 437
shells—LEA, CARPENTER, and othersS.==- 2-5 2see ones eee ae eee 128
Smithsonian publicationss==.- 2365-3 sees eae pee Ae Ao eno
@heckslista, blanks #24210 Us 2e_ eee ee ee ee ee ee ee eee 164
Chelonia, anatomy and physiology of—S. W. MircHeL.L; G. R. MorenousE_. 159
GChelonia, extinct,-of Nebraska—J. Lummy = 22_ 2. 2322 sae See eee 58
Chelura terebrans, occurrence of, on coast of U. S.—S. I. Smirw. (P. 1879). 333
Chemical analysis of the sun—A. LauGEL. (R. 1861) ---------------------- 149
Chemical and physiological investigations of vertebrata—J. JONES _----_---___ 82
Chemical arts, recent improvements in—J. C. BoorH; C. Morrir..__--__--__- 27
Chemical equivalents of sixty-three elements, table of. (R. 1864) ~---. -------- 188
Ghemical formule, tables of —P2W.. CLARKE 2222 22 Seen oo eee 255.
Chemical types, modern theory of—C. M. WrTHERILL. (R. 1863) ----_. ---- 187
@hemist, report of —F. W. Tayior.|)\(R. 1880) =< eee 442
Chemistry, lectures on agricultural—S. W. JonHnson. (R. 1859) -------- ---- 110
Chemistry of the earth—T..S. Hunn.) ((R.) 1869) =22== ses 228, 376
Chemistry, photographic—M. Jamin. (R. 1867) ~-----.-------------------- 215.
Chemistry, recent progress in, 1879 and 1880—G. F. Barker. (KR. 1880)_ 442, 429
Chepewyan Indians, notes on the—G. Grpps and others. (R. 1866) --_--- 214, 365

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 157

Cherbourg, Imperial Society of Natural Sciences of, Prize questions. (R. 1864) 188
Chesapeake Bay, new fish from mouth of—G. B. Goopr; T. H. Bran. (P.

TG ih) sede eee tse Te ee ed 467
Chester county, Pennsylvania, birds of—V. BARNARD. (R. 1860)_---_..---_-- 147
Chester county, Pennsylvania, history of—W. DaRr.ineTon. (R. 1862) ---_-- 150
Chicago Academy of Sciences. Acknowledging specimens. (R. 1867) ~-----. 215
@hina, geological researches in—R. PuMPELLY-—---.----2..- 2-44-2222 22-2. 202
Chinese coal-bearing rocks, fossil plants from—J. 8S. NEwBERRY -------_~---- 202
Chinese coals, analyses of—J. A. MacDonap es ps ee ee ps Bo 202
Chinese mineral called yu, study of—S. BuronpEL. (R. 1876)---.--------_--- 299
Phinook 1areon——HesHAGE.- 52-2820 s te hye A a eis ess eat 161
Whinook jargon—_M.. LionNET> B. KR. MircHenn . 2052228422. 2535s eeLs, 168
Chinook jargon, bibliography of—G. GipBs -___~---_----------------------- 161
Ghinogk jargon dictionary, of —G. GUBBS 2... los hho e (Ses ee se 161
Chinook names of salmon in Columbia river—S. B. SmMirn. (P. 1881) -----_- 467
@hionisiminor; study,of—J. H. Krppmr 5, Hi. Cowns-—— == 2222255 ee ee 294
Chiroid fish (Myriolepis zonifer) from California, new—W. N. Locxineron.

GESHISSO) enna een ee ee ee eS eee Ate 425
Chirus, remarks on genus—W. N. Lockineton. (P. 1880) ------------____- 425
Chitonidez, new species of, from Panama—P. P. CARPENTER_-_______________- 252

Chitons of Alaskan and Arctic regions, report on—W. H. Dati. (P.1878)-_ 332
Chitons from deep waters off eastern coast of U.S.—W. H. Datu. (P. 1881.) 467

ehitons onieenera of — Wi. Hi Dawn.) (P2188) see fe 467
Chlorospermez, marine algz of North America—W. H. Harvey-__________- 95
Chorea, inquiries relative to disease known as—S. W. Mircuety. (R. 1874)__ 286

CuossaT, Dr. Transactions of Geneva Society of Physics and Natural History,
PER SMtOM SGA nan (leg GOGO) ese eee sa See Se See 209

Christiania, Norway, University of, ethnological specimens presented. (R. 1863) 187

Chrysotis, new species of, from Dominica—G. N. LAwRENcE. (P. 1880)___-- 425
Cibola, Coronado’s march in search of cities of—J. H. Stimpson. (R. 1869)___ 228
Circle, ratio between diameter and circumference of—W. FERREL____________ 233
Circles'andyspheres;, tangencies of —B: ALVORD!!=~ 22-222 ee 80
Circular—
ancient mining in Lake Superior copper region. (R. 1861) ------------ 149
for distribution at the Centennial Exhibition--__-_-_-___________-__.-___ 290
giving directions for constructing lightning-rods—J. Hmnry____-___--- 237

in reference to collecting North American shells -_-.-.---_---_.._____- 176

in reference to history of North American grasshoppers—P. R. Unter_ 163

of inquiries relative to crawfish and other fresh water crustacea -______- 319
Ofminstibuterotsbupent’s; Wand.) (Rat SGh) pastes aesn ee Se 149
of instructions for observations of thunder storms—J. HmENRY-__-_--~---- 235

of instructions to observatories, relative to telegraph announcements of
ASLONOMICA NCISCOVETICS as eee eae eae a 263

158

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Circular—Continued.

philological—G.\Grpps.. -(Ri1862)e 2 2ce as ae ee ee 150
relating to collections in archeology and ethnology-------------------- 205
relating to. collections of. living reptiles 52 2224-2 3s 4s4 su ieeh eee 320
relative to American archeology—O. T. Mason. (Ro. 1879) 2S222es 345, 316
relative to collections of birds from Middle and South America _____---- 168
relative to. food ‘fishes... =-..0 02 ee ee ee eee 234
relative to heights|2225 2-254 55 = 225 ee Soe ee ee eee 236
relative to observations in Russian America_.—-.—.---.-----------.---- 207
relative to scientific and literary exchanges __-_-_----_- te teL VERS ECE S24
relative to shipping fresh fish and other animals_________---..-..-----_- 384
respecting.copyright... (it. 1864)u Sas. soe ee eee 57
respecting new report on libraries. (R. 1854) ~-.--.---.-_-~---.----_- 75
respecting system of relationship—L. H. More@an-_-__-----------_-_-_-- 138
sent with specimens presented: (R. 1872) 2252-2 25s eal
to.entomolopists: 7. ssn See be) PRL Eee A ee ee 178
to officers of Hudson’s Bay Company 22222 <5 222S5 28 Mee eee 137

Circulars of United States National Museum:

No. 1. Plan of organization and regulations of the Museum—G.

BB GoopEn F(R mS81)\ sare ne eee aaah ee a ee oes 467, 445
No. 2. To friends of the Museum—S. F. Barro. (P. 1881) ------ 467, 446
No. 38. Petroleum collections—S. F. Bairp. (P. 1881) -.-._-___- 467, 447
No. 4. Department of insects—S. F. Barrp. (P. 1881)_________. 467, 448
No. 5. Establishment and officers of S. I. and Nat. Mus. (P. 1881) 467, 449
No. 6. Materia-medica collection—J. M. Frinr. (P. 1881) -____- 467, 450
No. 7. Forms of drugs and medicines—J. M. Fuint. (P. 1881)__ 467, 451
No. 8. Collections of drugs for materia-medica section—J. M.

TINT,» (QB 1881) sce he Se eS ee eG ae oe
No. 9. Building-stone collection—S. F. Barrp. (P. 1881) ----_-. 467, 453
No. 10. Letters on the National Museum—B. Puriuips. (P. 1881) 467, 454
No. 11. Provisional classification of the food collections—G. B.

Goons. (PsW881) + 4 ae a ee A eo
No. 12. Classification of the collections to illustrate taxidermy—

W..'T. HORN ADAT: o4(Pol 88) eee ena eee ae 467, 456
No. 13. Scheme of classification for the collections in the Museum—

G. B.. Goopm.,. (PP. A881) 2 = ase ne en
No. 14. Asking for contributions to library of Museum—S. F.

BATRD.. + (Ps 1880) 2222 ste ee eee ee 467, 458
No. 15. Organization and objects of the Museum—G. B. Goopr.

(Po 1881): Sos a eee a eee eae 467, 459
No. 16. Plans for installation of collections—G. B. Goopr. (P. 1881) 467, 472
No. 17. Contributions to the Museum and their acknowledgment.

CP. 1881) 2232: Gh Bek ae een hee es 467, 473
No. 18.

List of publications of the Museum. (P. 1881)_---._.---- 467, 474

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 159

Cists, stone, Madison county, Ilinois—A. OEHLER. (R. 1879) -------------- 345
Citizens of Philadelphia, memorial of, relative to aeronautic voyage of Lowe.

(CRvn SG) perenne Se eee ee mee ann so 147
Civil Engineers, London Institution of. Prize questions. (R. 1862)_-----__- 150
Clackamas river, Oregon, notes on fishes from—D, 8. JorpAn. (P. 1878) ---- 332
Crark, H.J. Lucernarie and their allies, anatomy, physiology, and relations of 242
Oran side pMemolrorabyeA. Sb ACKARD) seen ss =aot ee ee cee qos oo eS 242
CLARK, W-.. My -Amtiquities of. Tennessee.’ (B.1877)))---222\--- = = 323

CLARKE, FLADGATE, and Fincu. Residuary legacy of Smithson. (R. 1861) 149, 328
CLARKE, F. W.—

Bibliography of atomic volume, specific gravity, &c. -----. -----__----_- 255
KRecaleulationvotiatomic weights 2-225. saa Sees Sos coe 441
Specific gravities, boiling and melting points, chemical formule, tables__ 255
Specific gravities, &c. Supplementary tables .---.....-.--_-_. -_-.-=-- 288

Npeciicihest tables:tor solids and: liquids=-22-.) 2224-22 1.2 vss Sse. 276

Tables of expansion by heat, for solids and liquids-_------... --_------- 289
Classification and arrangement of materia medica collection—J. M. FLinv.

CESS E GS) = eek te BE eee ee eS tS 467, 450
Classification and synopsis of trochilide—D. G. ELLIOT.__--.---~-- -.-------- 317
Classification of—

birds, review of the—W. LILLsEBora. (R. 1865)---------------- 209, 364

beoks,on-the—J. by. Iamenmy. °(R.01862)) 2 2-22 Sea ce oaks =. |) 150

pisude Aton ye mi(eals{O) eee ea mks Cee oNaa oe Nena we 244

cplicoptora., )rartd—ovlis suk CONTE 224. 3-2-2 ssSuse 2 ae eS 186

coleoptera., ‘Part i—J. du. am Contm .-2.022) 22222202221 2-3-2 2S 265

collection to illustrate animal resources of United States—G. B. GooDE_. 297
collections of U. S. National Museum—G. B. GoopE. (P. 1881) -- 467, 457
collections of United States National Museum to illustrate taxidermy—

Wevh ORNADAT.-«¢ (9. 1881), s22Jc 5. ek eee see 467, 456
food.collcctions—G. B.. Goope.. “(P- 1681) 2-4-2 .28= 322222 ess 467, 455
forms in which drugs and medicines appear and are administered—J. M.

Genie (bool) 2s 7 Se Se oie ee hee Bee ee 467, 451
insects from embryological data—L. AGASSIZ _--..-----------~-------- 16
methods of capture and utilization of animals—G. B. GoopE ~__----_-- 297

Classified list of meteorological publications and articles in periodicals received
Pye sanpnecmian Mnsticution-. (i. 1878) loc. ene eo - ne 275
Classified record of meteorological material preserved. in Smithsonian. (R.
Spo eee ee oto ee oes a ae ee eee tee ee Sm 286
Classified record of monthly meteorological reports. (R. 1878) ------------- ~ 218
CLEAVELAND, P. Meteorological observations at Brunswick, Maine --_------ 204
CLEAVELAND, P., notice of, by J. HENRY. (R. 1859)---------_---- eae eee 110

CieMeEns, B. Instructions for collecting hymenoptera.. (R. 1858) ----------- 109

160 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

CLEMENS, B. Instructions for collecting lepidoptera. (R. 1858) ----_---_.--_ 109
CLEMENS, B;>On-lepidoptera_--.-.2 220 ee ee ee 133°
Climate and history of New Mexico—T. A. McPariin. (R. 1877) ------ 323, 396
Climate of Alaska—H. M. Bannister. (R. 1866) ----=---~.----.---_—.--: 214
Climate of California—T. M. Logan. (B.1855)e es 2-222 ee ae 77
Climate of Colorado—J. Evans. «(R:1865)--22 2223-222 oe eae 209
Climate of Kansas—R. 8: Hunropr.. (Bi8i0) 2222-5 2 Se eee 244
Climate of Kelley’s Island, Ohio—G. C. Huntinaton. (R. 1866) -.------.-. 214
Climate of San Francisco—H. Gipgons. (R. 1854) -2_.---------—--------=- 75
Climate—See Meteorology.
Climatic influence of forests—M. BrecQquEeREL. (R. 1869) _------------------ 228
Curneman, T. L. Topography of Black Mountain, N. C. (R. 1855)_------- OL
Clinton, N. Y.—See Hamilton College.
Closing of Kennebec river, Maine—R. H. GARDINER. (R. 1858) -------..---- 109
Oloud-bursts—W). J. Youna. (R.o186i) =" 2 ea eee 215
Cloud, dispersion of, by an electrical discharge—D. W. Natty. (R. 1858)_--_ 109
Clouds, electricity of induction in—F. ZANTEDESCHI. (R. 1870)_---------_-- 244
Clouds, formation of, over Gulf Stream—H. M. BAnnisTeR. (R. 1866)----~- 214
Clouds, new classification oi—A. omy. (Rh. 1870)2==- 2-22-22 2a See 244
Clouds; nomenclature! of2 222 ss ioe ee enn ae ae ose ne eee 347
Clupea tyrannus of Latrobe—G. B. GoopE. (P. 1878)---------------------. 332
@rpuss,-A. Report.of architect. (R:i1867)/22-5 =e se ee 215
-Ciuss & ScHULzE, report of, for 1879. (R. 1879) ------ ---------- ------ 345, 409
Cxuss & ScHULZzE, report of, for 1880. (R. 1880) _------------_-------- 442, 434
Gruymite,/., Memorial of J. pHenry == 22222) ee eens oe eee ee eee 356
CiymeEr, H., and others. Reporton Museum. (R. 1876)--------.-----.---- 299
Coal, Chinese and Japanese, analyses of—J. A. MACDONALD ~_._--_-----.---- 202
Coal, Chinese, fossil plants in—J. S. NEWBERRY -_-------------------- ----_- 202
@oal, lecture on—J,, bn Convn.), (R.1857) 2222-2 ee eee 107
@oal’oils, explosibility of —Z. AnLENn:.40R.S61) == 523222 2: eee eee 149
Coast Survey expedition of 1866, to determine transatlantic longitude—B. A.
UTE ee 223
Coast Survey soundings on Atlantic coast, examination of—J. W. BAiLEy---. 20
Cobalt (ammonia-) bases—W. Gipps; F. A. GENTH -__--------~-+---------- 88
CocHRANE, J. Antiquities of Mason county, Illinois. (R. 1877) ------------ 323
Copp, J; A. Acknowledgment for books: «(Ri 1861)>--= = 5 ag
Code of symbols for charts of archeology—G. DE MortiILitet; E. CHANTRE.
(B.1876) 2a) 3 ee eee 298
CorFin, J. H.—
Orbit and phenomena of meteoric fire ball -----------__------- -.-- --_- 221
Psychrometrical tables_..222-2222— 20s eee ee
Stormsiof 1859 qe. 2 ooo oe 182

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 161

CorrFfin, J. H.—Continued.

BVV1ING Sy O feat ey os cee SE Ne ae eee a ee 268
Windsonithe Northern Hemispheres. as ee 52
Corrin, S. J. Tables and maps of winds of the globe -----------.---------- 268
CoGswELL, J. G. Report on Jewett’s general stereotype catalogue of public
ibraion:=sseeetse ser Ss ee ee el oe ee ek 47
Coins, assay of gold and silver, at United States mint—J. Potnock. (R. 1868) 224
Coins, table of foreign, gold and silver. (R. 1868)_--.--..-_-.-_-.---.---._- 224
COLDEING, Anup vMotcorolory. (i. 1877) 82. Bos ee se a ase Se 323, 398
‘Cotpine, A. Nature of currents of air. (R. 1877)-.---------— ---_--= 323, 398
Cotpine, A. Theory of relation between pressure and the velocity of the
WING we (RAIS (ye mere, tS UN so 9S See LAL Bucs eA 328, 398
Cotpine, A. Whirlwind at St. Thomas in August, 1871. (R. 1877) ----- 823, 398
‘Coleoptera—
catalogue of the described, of the United States—F. E. MELSHEIMER -_ 62
classificationvo£. art) I—J «Tus um CONntmh 226 et Ssh es 136
Classificatlonsof es bart Ll-—derla. sluink© ONT! 42. e wee se SSeS eee 265
instructions for collecting—J. L. Le Contre. (R. 1858)_-------------- 109
new species of North American. Part I—J. L. Lu ContTE _-__--._____- 167
new species of North American. Part II—J. L. Le Conte -_-_-_---~--- 264
otzAretic America—Ss Hs SCUDDERS= 225 = -452.2552252-5 2222-223 5-+5 342
of Kansas and eastern New Mexico—J. L. LE Contre _-_---_-----.---- 126
offNorineAimenica alist of—J)a da. Tom) CONME === 82s eos he es 140
Colima, eruption of the voleano of—C. Sarrorius. (R. 1869)_-----.-------- 228
‘Collaborators of Smithsonian Institution, directory of_---.---.-------------- 466
Collecting— ;
and preserving diptera, directions for—C. R. OstTEN SACKEN_-_-~------ 102
and preserving fish, directions for—T. H. Bran. (P. 1881) ~------ 467, 464
and preserving plants, directions for—L. F. WarD-__-~---------------- 460
ansects directions 10Or—— AS SpA CARD). =~ j78eo 22S Soe Se ee ee ee 261
Ingects; imstructions for—~s. KH. BAIRD, ./(R. 1858) 222222. -- = = ee 109
land and fresh-water shells, instructions for—J. Lewis. (KR. 1866) 214, 363
mMierascopic oreanisms, directions for= 22-2422 Ss is)
myriapods, phalangidez, etc.—H. C. Woop. (R. 1866) ---------------- 214
nests and eggs, instructions for—T. M. BREWER ---------.------------ 139
nests and eggs of birds—S. F. Barrp. (R. 1858) -----__-___-...__.---- 109
North American shells, circular in reference to _---.-------.-----_---- 176
specimens, directions for—S. F. Barrp. (R. 1856)-------.-------~-- 91, 34
specimens of diatomacea, directions for—A. M. EDWARDS -----~-------- 366
specimens ot naturalhistory—S. I’. Barrp 22-22-42) =. 2-2 -+-.---., 8&
Collection—
and preservation of marine invertebrates—W. STIMPSON -__.---------- 34
archeological, of United States National Museum—C. Rav__---------- 287

it

162 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Collection—
of historical documents in Guatemala—C. H. BErenpr. (R. 1876) ----
ofmmeteorolocical(tables—A . Guyvo0rel=2 eases lS eee 31,
to illustrate animal resources and fisheries of United States, exhibited
at Philadelphia, in 1876, catalogue of—G. B. GoopE_-.------------
to illustrate animal resources of United States, classification of—G. B.
GoopR ene 22th h fag ea Se as ee ee ee
Collections—

additions to. (See each annual report.)

furnished by explorations from 1838 to 1877—S. F. Barrp. (R. 1877)--
in archeology and ethnology, circular relative to—J. HENRY _________-
made by Lt. G. K. Warren, report on—F. B. Mrrex; F. V. HayprEN__
of living (reptiles, }circular|relating to (i222 2o3 22s ee eee

presented to United States by foreign commissioners at Centennial Exhibi-
tion, | list of, «(RAI876) i322 oes ee a ie eee

to illustrate art of taxidermy—W. T. Hornapay. (P. 1881) ----- 467,
Collections—See Ethnographical.
Collectors of customs to receive and transmit specimens to the Smithsonian____
Collectors of drugs, memoranda for—J. M. Fuint. (P. 1881)----------- 467,
College—See Girard, Hamilton, Liberia.
Colleges in United States in correspondence with Smithsonian Inst., list of -__-
CoLuins, Colonel. Meteorology of the Green river country. (R. 1871)__----
Colonia Tovar, Venezuela, meteorology and ethnology of—A. FEnDLER. (R.

Colonia Tovar, Venezuela, meteorology of—A. FENDLER. (R. 1866) -------.

Colorado—
ancient remains in—E. L. BertHoup. (R. 1867) --------------------
climate of—J. “EVANS. (RK; 1865) 2-2 eee sie eee eee ee
cretaceous fossils from—C. A. WHITE. (P. 1881) -------------+_-.----
descriptions of new invertebrate fossils ffom—C. A. Wu1TE. (P. 1880)_
heights of mountains in—G. ENGELMANN. (R. 1862)---.-------------
Jefferson and Clear Creek Cos., antiquities—G. L. CANNon. (R. 1877)
Weld county, antiquities of—E. L. BrrtnHoup. (R. 1871) ------------

Color-blindness—J. Henry. (R. 1877) -2.--=----=---<- -_=- were beeen
Golor-blindness—A.."Morano}) (R51866)2- > See eee
Color-blindness in its relations to accidents by rail and sea—F. HoLMGREN.

(R.. 1877) Sess ete wR ea 2s a Oe ee 323,
Colored bead from mound in Florida—A, M. Harrison. (R. 1877).--------.

Colors, accidental or subjective—A. Moreno. (R. 1866) .--------.-----.----
Columbia river, Chinook names of salmon in—S. B. Smirm. (P. 1881) ----—
Columbia river, Salmonide of—C. BrENDIRE. (P. 1881) ---------------------

Combustion of gun-cotton and gunpowder, products of—Lieut. von KAROLYI;
B.A CRAIG.) CRO 1864); 228520 Ss ae ee OP a eee

299
153.

326

297

823
205
172
320

299
456

384
452

238
249

107
214

215.
209
467
425
150:
323
249
823.

399
323.
214
467
467

188

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 163

Comet, investigations of Biela’s—J. S. HuBBARD. (R. 1862)-------. —------ 150
Comets, directions for telegrams of discovery of_-_-.---_--+_.--+.---._-.---- 263
Comrort, A. J. Indian mounds near Fort Wadsworth, Dakota. (R.1871)-_ 249
Minnie mOralOniOnsel pi enr'y \s...0 227 4. tere eee eee De SS 356

Commission, National Museum—See Museum.

Commissioner of Patents. Meteorological observations, Vol. I-----.--------- 157
Commissioner of Patents. Meteorological observations, Vol. 11 -----..-.....--. 182

Commissioners for Foreign Missions—See American Board.

Commissioners, report of, on plan of forming general stereotype catalogue for

publre Tibrariespin. United States. (Rs 1850)Lo ee Sones 28, 47
Committee of American Association for Advancement of Science. Report on

PE COULO LOM Yeee (lens LODIL)\ fee ee ene oe ete Se ot ee 51
Committee of Regents—

TODOLE OM AreMILCCUUTO = 260 newer toe Pe ee oe tse ee ee ke ie

report on fire at Smithsonian—R. Watiacu; J. Henry. (R. 1864) 188, 829

report on income—J. A. PEARCE. (R. 1853)______..-_. ...--.--=_=. 67, 829

report on income—J. MEACHAM. (R. 1858) ---_~.____-.-----------. 67, 329

report on Museum—A. Gray; A. A. SArGENT; H. CtymeEr. (R. 1876) 299, 329

ROPOLLONIOLC AD IZN ION eee on ie aes Sa lt B, 328

ROPOU ONY Oreanrazaion, n(UTEt)s2— 52h 5s esse See at ase leas a2 L, 328

Committee—See Report.
Comparative action of dry heat and sulphurous acid upon putrefactive bacteria.

ROE Oi eens ee ree ee ee ee a ee A ee 8k ee 467
Comparative vocabulary—A. GALLATIN -.2-...-.-.-.----2---2 52 22 Le ssk- 160
Comparative vocabulary, English, Spanish, French, Latin—G. G@ipss_____-__-- 170
Compasses, deviations of, on iron-clada—W. HARKNESS -___ -------~-..------~- 239
Conchology, North American, bibliography of. Part 1. American authors—

WW aire BENING yee he Sd fae a Re eee eee eeac an oe ete 142
Conchology, North American, bibliography of. Part 11. Foreign authors—

SU Crea WP ENENGEYN, ee SoS ee Ws oe st ese ee ha 174
Conchology—See Mollusks, Shells.
Concise, archeological researches at—F. TRoyon. (R. 1861) -------__--___-- 149
CoNDORCET, biography of, by F. ARAaco. (R. 1878) ---.--..--------._-...-. 341
C@one-in-cone—EHROOmE:, 00 (Rs 1863) =< ==.555 2 2-32 = RN eee 187
Congress, International Anthropological, address at—F. F. Romer. (R. 1876) 299, 392
Congress, International Archeological, Antwerp, 1866. (R. 1866) _---.------ 214
Congress of Carlsruhe, 1858, scientific—F. J. Nickik&s. (R. 1860)_------ .--_ 147
Congress, United States—

act of, accepting bequest, July 1, 1886. (R. 1858) --.--..-_-____- 67, 328, N

act of, to establish Smithsonian Institution. (R. 1858) 67, 329, 391, B, N,O

act of, to establish Smithsonian Institution, construction of—J. McP.
DEERE Ne Cie lLOOS a3 Se ee Sel ee ls 67

act of, to establish Smithsonian, digest of—J. Henry __-__----------. 328, ©

164 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Congress, United States—Continued.

act of, to receive residuary legacy and increase fund. (R. 1866) ---. 214, 329
act of, to transfer Smithsonian library to Library of Congress. (R. 1865) 209, 328

acts of, (45th Congress,) relative to Smithsonian. (R. 1878).--.- ---__- 341
acts of, (45th and 46th Congresses,) relative to Smithsonian, 1878-1880.
(R187) oe ee es 345
memorial of J. Henry, published by order of__~__. __-_-_._--___-___ ...- 356
memorial of Regents to, asking appropriations for Museum. (R. 1866;
R..1867) 22220 See a ee eine wo eee 214, 215, 328
memorial of Regents to, relative to new Museum building. (R. 1876). 299
memorial of Regents to, relative to Smithson fund. (R. 1850) ----.-__- 28
proceedings of, relative to appropriations for Museum___--_----___---- 328
proceedings of, relative to monument of J. Henry_------------------— 356
proceedings of, relative to new Museum building --------------------- 328
proceedings of, relative to Smithson bequest ---------- ---------------- 328
proceedings of, relative to Smithsonian Institution, 1885-1877----_-._-. 328
Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, planisphere of the heavens by —-_-- 359
Connecticut, ancient implement of wood from—E. W. ELLswortH. (R.1876) 299
Conosaurus, memoir on-= Bo WuGInBEs _ 2 <7 dD) saree aie ae eee
ConraD, CO. M., Secretary of War. Authority to officers of Quartermaster’s
Department toreceive and transmit specimens to Smithsonian _-~~~-_-__- 34
ConrapD, T. A. Chalk found in the United States. (R. 1865)_---.-----____- 209
ConraD, T. A. Check-list of invertebrate fossils of North America. Eocene
STNG OLE OCEINE © a ae
Consanguinity and affinity of the human family, circular—L. H. Morgan -__- 138
Consanguiniiy and affinity of the human family, systems of—L. H. Moraan -_ 218
Considerations on electricity. be. U S60) a aa ete 215
Constantinople, account of hail storm at—Com. PortrEr. (R. 1870) ~.----- Se ee
Constants of Nature—
Part 1, Specific gravities, boiling and melting points, and chemical
formule—H. Wi CLARKE 2 o=es nanan eae eee 255
Part u. Table of specific heats for solids and liquids—F. W. CLARKE_ 276
Part 11. Tables of expansion by heat for solids and liquids—F. W.
CGIAS or hee 289
Part 1v. Atomic weight determinations—G. F. BreckER____---------- 353
Part v. Recalculation of atomic weights—F. W. CLARKE ----~-----. 441
First supplement to Part 1. Specific gravities, boiling points and melting
points—F.. W. CLARKE: — 52 ooo ee ee
©onstants of nature—J. Ln Cong. "(R. 1878) 2-222 2—- --_- -- _- — = 341
Constants of nature and art, tables of—C. BaBBagcE. (R. 1856) ------------- 91
Construction of act establishing Institution—J. McP. Berrien. (KR. 1853)--- 67
Construction of catalogues of libraries—C. C. Jewett -.._--------.---------- 47
Construction of silvered glass telesccope—H. DRAPER -----------------------. 180

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 165

Contact, catalytic force or phenomena of—T. L, Putpson. (R. 1862) —_----.. 150
ConTAXAKI, Miss E. B., present of album from Greece. (R. 1857)---- -_-- 107, 327
Contrastioticolors—-AGeMOIGNO: | (Ri 1866)pseseee eno oe ee oe D4
Contribution to history of fresh-water alge of North America—H. C. Woop__ 241
Contributions to Annals of Philosophy—J. Smiruson. (R. 1853) ~-------_ 67, 330

Contributions to history of marine algw of North America—See W. H. Harvey.

Contributions to Knowledge, vols. 1-xx1I1__ 2, 26, 38, 39, 55, 56, 76, 78, 92, 99,

111, 112, 151, 184, 206, 211, 229, 246, 272, 284, 285, 340, 346
Contributions to Knowledge, catalogue of, and index --__.---.--------------- 478
Contributions to National Museum, and their acknowledgment. (P. 1881.) 467, 473
Contributions to natural history of—

Arctic Amerca——ls.,KUMGIEN 22.255 28S oe OFe
Wanmingelslands-—4)., Hi STRERTSs2 25 520222 Sek ae sees ce 803
fresh-water fishes of North America—C. GiRaRD ---------_- -----_---- 30
Hawaiian Islands—T. H. STREETS -_---_-_-__------ IE A eee vee are ah eet ae 308
Kerguelen Island. 1. Ornithology—E. Cours --_-~-------------- ---- 293
Kerguelen Island. 11. Odlogy, botany, etc.—J. H. Kipper and others__ 294
iRower Calitornia—l., He SURMETS = 2225 —— eee ae Sa SOS
Contributions to North American ichthyology—
Part 1. Review Rafinesque’s memoirs—D. S. JORDAN-..----_____._____- 305
Part 11. Notes on Cottide ; sysopsis Siluride—D. 5S. JoRDAN--_-------- 306
Part 111. Fishes Alleghany region; synopsis Catostomide—D. 8. Jor-
DANE Atm Vit DAY T O Nuwemaee ates eee ee ee ee eee tM S08
Contributions to physical geography of United States—C. ELuer, Jr —._-____- 13
Contributions toward monograph of the pandoridae—P. P. CARPENTER ___---- 252
Converging series expressing ratio between diameter and circumference of
UME Ne oR Ea a as oe ee we I Seem see 233
ioc. O.. Manuiacture.of porpoise, oil. (P1818) ae a 332
CooPER, J. G.—
Distribution of forests and trees of North America, and catalogue of
native:trees/o1 Wnited States. (R. 1858)---- 22 ae 109, 351
Forests and trees of Florida and Mexican boundary. (R. 1860)_------- 147
Migrations and nesting habits of west coast birds. (P. 1879) -------- — 333
Core, E. D.—
(Gonerg and species,of rattlesnakes:.22- "Se ae, BH
NontheAmerica batrachia.and reptilia| 22222 —oe eee aaa 292
AGGlOpical Oso) Ol ULeXas)— < oen waa eee eee a wea 412
Corpkre, H. Report of Committee on Smithsonian Museum. (R. 1874) ------ 286

Copper and iron in salt water, preservation of—A. HE. BecquerEeL. (R. 1864.) 188
Copper region, circular, ancient mining in Lake Superior—J. Hann. (R.
ES ca Ne ee ee NS ce ees 149
Coptic language, introduction to the study of the—M. Kaznis. (R. 1867)_---- 215
Copyright books from 1846-1849, list of—C, C. Jewrerr. (R. 1850)-..-------- 28

166 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Copyright system and Smithsonian library—C. C. Jewerr. (R. 1851) _.---_- 51
Copyrights, circular respecting—J. Henry. (R. 1854)--------____-________- 75
Corbiculade, American, monograph of—T. PRIME _--------_____-__-__--___- 145
Corcoran Art Gallery, list of deposits in, by Smithsonian Institution. (R. 1874) 286
Corcoran Art Gallery, report of Committee of Regents on. (R. 1872) ------- 271
Corcoran, W. W. Deed of gift establishing Art Gallery. (R. 1872) ---- 271, 329
Cordoba, Argentine Republic, account of astronomical observatory at—B. A.
Gourp.’ \(R. 1878) 2220802 223 SS eee en ee 275
Corner-stone of Smithsonian building, address at laying—G. M. Datuas_-_ D, 329

Corner-stone of Smithsonian building, ceremonies at laying of. (R. 1847)__ H, 329

Coronado’s march in search of the ‘seven cities of Cibola’’—J. H. Stimpson.

(R21 869) scia= 2 eto hue ates BL es 228
Correspondence—
abstracts of anthropological—O. T. Mason. (R. 1880) .-------------- 442

extracts from. (R. 1855, 1858-1863, 1865-1867, 1878)__ 77, 109, 110, 147, 149,
150, 187, 209, 214, 215, 275

meteorological—K. FOREMAN: ((B. W851) e252) 22-3 {eee ate 51
relative to publication of memoir by Squier and Davis --_..-----__-_-- K
relative to.smithson and his’ bequest, +-2-)- 2 ses 2 ae eee 328
summary of anthropological. (R. 1879) ---.-..----- Scie Jota § tae 345
Correspondents—
domestic; list.of) (OR: d 8535 0Re 1872) 2s = ee eee eee 67, 271, 69, 238
foreign, list Of- == === oe ee ee eee ee ee OS LSS 22542435309
foreign, systematicnnd oxi fesse aes ee ee ee ee 257
Costa Rica—
kitchen-midden, note on shells from—W. H. Datu. (P. 1878) -------. 332
minister, letter of, recommending Dr. Berendt. (R. 1865) ------------- 209
notes on birds of—R. Ripaway. (P. 1878; P. 1881) ---------_-_-- 332, 467
University of, exchange of specimens. (R>,1867) 2292 a eee 215
Cottide, description of a new genus and species of—W. N. Locxineron. (P.
TSS i) ooo Se as eS NE te Se ee ai 467
Cottide, notes’on—D:'S> JORDANG =e Soe ele ee ee ee ge eee 306
Cottoids;;monograph of—C: ‘GuRARD 2222") 2 eee 30

Cotton, amount of crop, and price in Japan—JAPANESE LEGATION. (P. 1881) 467
Cotton fibre, catalogue of Japanese, presented to National Museum. (P. 1881) 467

Cours, E.—
Birds‘of ‘Kerguelen Island £522*55225s see eee 293
List of faunal publications relating to British birds. (P. 1879) .--_---- 333
Oology.of Kerguelen Island! — =". 2203s Se ee ee eee 294
Cours, E.;\Kipprr, J. H. Study'of Chtonts minor- 222-2 = 52S oe 294
Covers, E.; Prenriss,§.8. List of birds of District of Columbia. (R.186i) 149
Cox, S28) Address, memorial of Joseph Henry2oe5 =) 22-22 eee 856
Cox, 8.8. Eulogy on Stephen A. Douglas. (R. 1861)---.-------------- 149, 329

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 167

Ary ts. Ke SONTErINCALONe (lv. LOGL rere ees Ses nk Js 149
Craic, B. F.; Lieut. von KAroryr. Products of combustion of gun-cotton

and gunpowder. (R. 1864) -__-_.-------.-_- eee oe meta ae) LE 188
Craig flounder of Europe (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus) on coast of North

Amernica——G.)- GOODE); T.. H. BEAan: \y (PB. 1878))>S-—-2 eas 5_- 332
Priniatiolyecm Re Trova. (Ri 1864) .eecmaden sno 188
Craw-lish circular of inguiries relativie:to s--e te see ae ae She 319
Creation, visible, lecture on vastness of—S. ALEXANDER. (R. 1857) --_-.---- 107
Cree Indians, system of relationship of—E. A. WarTKiIns. (R. 1862) -_-_-__- 150
Cremnobates, occurrence of, at San Diego, California—R. Smirw. (P.1880)__ 425
WRESSON, J Cse) Lichtning discharges.) (R.)1867))2 en le 215
Cretaceous fossils, check-list of —F. B. Mrgek.____. -___-...--..--_._._._____. 177
Cretaceous fossils from Arkansas and Colorado—C. A. WuiTE. (P.1881)_--_ 467
Cretaceous reptiles of United States—J. Lumpy. (R. 1864)___-_-.________ 188, 192
Cricetodipus parvus, a rare rodent—F. W. Trur. (P. 1881) ~------__-___-._- 467
Criocardium, note on—C. A. WHITE. (Celis (2) ese eet EE Os Sot Bee yt 333
Criticisms of Dr. J. Hann, replies to the—W. Ferret. (R. 1877) ------_ 323, 398
Crook, G. Indian mode of making arrow-heads and obtaining fire. (R. 1871.) 249
SRO Ze gU OLA ——Ohetl se kDIMR eto ee cen otek eee One a Te ee a 294
CRUMMELL, A. Facts respecting Liberia College. (R. 1861) -----.--_-.___. 149
Crust of the earth, revolutions of the—G. Pinar. (R. 1876) -----.----*____ 299
Crustacea—

fresh water, circular. of inquiries relative to ~--~--._— —.__.- .L2L__-. 319

notice of, dredged off south coast of New England by Fish Commission—
aR Onenewy (Be GSO js sue tuys te Un ane Me he) le gaps

notice of new species of Willemesia group of—S. I. Smiru. (P. 1879.) 333

of Hawaiian and Fanning Islands and California—T. A. StrEETS______ 303
Crustacean destructive to submarine timber on coast of United States—S. I,

IAL Elam (tbxoy LOGO ine Aes Se Ee ee ee ed oe Pe B88
Crustaceans of Kerguelen Island—S., 1. Smirm 2 ~. 225 2. --_-4L- Ln ee 294
Crustaceans, voices of —G. B. Goopr. (P.1878)_-_..2-..----— =... 882
Cryolite of Greenland—LeEwis; QUALE. (R. 1866)_--------..--___.__-_.__. 214

Cryptogamous plants, present state of knowledge of—W. Retcnuarpr. (R.1871) 249

Crystalline rocks, metamorphism and the formation of—G. A. Dausrir. (R.
OR Neer eee a so Se ne Ns ca 149

Crystallography, explanation of principles of—A. Brezina. (R. 1872) -_ 271, 386
Crystallophysics, explanation of principles of—A. Brezina. (R. 1872) -_ 271, 386

CULBERTSON, T. A.—
Expedition to the Mauvaises Terres and Upper Missouri. (R.1850)---- 28

indiausizibesin WW pper Missouri. (BR: 1860)eu22=.2- te. 28
Riomaorthe Wipper Missouri, | (Ra t8o0)se eee tl 88

Culture, fish—See Fish.
Cunarp, E. Free freight between United Siates and England. (R. 1859.) 110, 329

168 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

CunnincHaM, K. M.; Garnes, A.S. Shell-heaps on Mobile river. (R.1877.) $2&

Currents, electrical, of the earth—C. Marrruccr. (R. 1867) -----.--_---_---~ 215
Currents of air—
and aerial navigation—J. Henry. (R. 1860)_--------.--_~_...-_-.---- 147

law of variation of temperature in ascending—J. Hann. (R. 1877.) 323, 898

law of variation of temperature in ascending moist—L. Sounckn. (R.
1877) 2 2s Sook Se ee ee ee eee 323, 398.
nature of— A‘ Comping: (CR. 8 41) Bases ee ee BOOS
relation between barometric variations and—M. Pusitin. (R. 1877)_ 3238, 298
Curtiss, A. H., notes on collection of fishes made by—D.8. Jornpan. (P.1880) 425.

Cusuine, F. H. Antiquities of Orleans county, New York. (R. 1874) -_-_-- 286
Customs, collectors of, to receive and transmit specimens to Smithsonian ~____- 34
Cutts, J. B. Ancient relics in northwestern Towa. (R. 1872) ---______-... 27h
CuviER, Baron G.—
history of the works of, by M. FLoureEns. (R. 1868)_--_ Joe AoA
memoir of, by M. Ftourrens. (R. 1868)_---------. ods See eee 224
Memoir of (René Just) Hay. ((R.1860)- +2 a ee eee 147
Miemoirtof Priestley-ai( R858) 28-22 32 o es Sees eee eee eee 109
Cybium, notes on American species of—F. Pory. (P. 1878) ----------_---- 832
Cyclone in the Indian Ocean—N. Pike. (R. 1867)_-------_---___..---_.--_- 216
Cyclophonidsa—W_) G. (BUNNY: 2 = 3eS 2 eS Se ee eee 144
Cymatogaster rosaceus—D. S. Jorpan; C. H. GinBert. (P. 1880)__-----_-- 425,
Cyprinids; notes on—D.'S: JORDAN -S_—_ -2 ee oat Soe 3806
Cyprinoid fishes of San Francisco market—D. S. Jonpan. (P. 1880) ----_-_ 425
a):
Daa, L. K. Ethnological museum of Norway. (R. 1862)..-----.----..__.. 150
Dacentrus, note on—D. S: JoRpAN. ((P. 1880) 2222 a ee eee

Da Costa, J.M. Onstrain and over-action of theheart. Toner lecture No. 111. 279
Dau iBerG, R. N. and C. Ancient pottery at Pittsburg, on Des Moines river.

GR. 1879) 22 nonce soc ee re i ee ee ee 345.
Dakota—

bibliography. RB. .Ric@s'= 5-4 ee ee 40:

fable, A dog’s revenge—S. R. Riaas. (H. 1879-80)__--------. --- ---. 476

grammar. and dictionary—S. R: Riggs, 2 -2--=22-5--- ee ees 40°

Fort Wadsworth, Indian mounds near—A. J. Comrorr. (RB. 1871).--- 249%

OF. SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 169

Dakota, Lincoln county, haystack mound in—A. Barranpr. (R. 1872)_---- 271
Dakota or Sioux Indians—A. G. BRackeTT. (R. 1876) --------------------- 299
Dakota or Sioux Indians, language of—F. L. O. Roruric. (KR. 1871)----- 249, 378
Dati, W. H.—
Distribution of California tertiary fossils. (P. 1878) ----------------- 332
Explorations on western coast of North America. (R. 1878) -------.-- 275
Fossil mollusks from later tertiaries of California. (P. 1878) ---------- 382
index ofpbrachiopodas.= 224 oes. 26 eee ee ee eps eee eee oe 304
Limpets and chitons of Alaskan and Arctic regions. (P. 1378) eee = 302
Mollusks of Arctic America_----— Be ee eee O42
NMolluskgenekermacion, Island. 252. 302s 2 = Se ee ee ee, | ee
New mollusks from Alaska in National Museum. (P. 1878).-------..-- 382
New species of shells from California in National Museum. (P. 1878). 332
Note on shells from Costa Rica kitchen-midden collected by Drs. Flint
BO OMEERHSLOLG sg (tl S7,0) na Seeets ae eee meee eet oe, ERs
On eenerarohebitons:.. (ec 1SOk ie 22-2 ke |
Postpliocene fossils in coast range of California. (P. 1878)____-.--___- 382
Remains of later prehistoric man from caves in Alaska ____-___--.-_--. 318
Dautas, G. M. Address at laying corner-stone of Smithsonian building ___ D, 329
Dauton, J. C. Origin and propagation of disease. (R. 1873)------.-------. 275
Waltonismyctes——AcwMOIGNO.» (Re S866) ae ae ae oe a ee 214
DANILSEN, A. 7. Mound in Hast Tennessee. (R. 1863) _----.-_-.---------- 187
Danish Royal Society of Arts and Sciences. Prize questions. (R. 1862, 1865,
FESS (4) cee e e Se ee s o S Sek 150, 209, 215.
Daruineton, W. History of Chester county, Pennsylvania. (R. 1862) ----- 150
Darlinctonia;Californica—di. TORREY; =~ 2023252522. Ss 3 ae 61

Darwin, C. Queries about expression for anthropological inquiry. (R. 1867) 215
Dausreér, G. A. Metamorphism and formation of crystalline rocks. (R.

RSC) pe em ayn ae eS oe PE ar ls Bt al SR Ok ea AG
DavuBreE, G. A. Synthetic experiments relative to meteorites. (R. 1868) _-. 224
Davis, A. C. Antiquities of Isle Royale, Lake Superior. (R, 1874) ---.---. 286
DAVIS. pH Law of deposit:of flodd-tide2-2_ 4-2-2 eel eee aS. 33
Davis ©... Occultations in United States, 1852 ---—-= “22-2. 29
Waviseta Ht. | On ethnological research.) ((R. 1866) 2 Voss e = i «(214
Davis, E. H.; Squrer, E.G. Ancient monuments of Mississippi valley_-_-- 1
Dayton, E. A. Explorations in Tennessee. . (R. 1870) ----...---.-.-----.-- 244
Deaf mutes, sign language of—G. Matumry. (E. 1879-80) _---.-----_------ 476
Draw, Cake sevoundin Wisconsin. (BR. 1872) 22-222 as aaa o 271
DEA On War bipniminc disctarses. -(R. 1867))2 esos. So 2s 215
DeEAn, J. Gray substance of medulla oblongata______..___ ___-__--_---__------ 173

De Beaumont, E.—
Memoir of C, F. Beautemps-Beaupré. (R. 1868) -,.---.-------eeienmnee--- 187

170 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

De Beaumont, E.—Continued.

Memoir of Auguste Bravais. (R. 1869).----------. —--- Sha chastsa eh eee 228
Memoir of Levendre.)(R: 1867) <2 = = S ees ee ee ee ee 215
Menoir‘of Oersted.> (R. 1868) 2- = 2 see ee 224
Dz BLAINVILLE, D., memoir of, by M. Ftourrens. (R. 1865)_-------------- 209
Dez Canpoui4, A.— ;
Causes which limit vegetable species towards the north. (R. 1858) ----. 109
Probable future of the human race. (R. 1875) --~-.--------=-------- 298
Report on transactions of Society of Physics and Natural History of
Geneva for 1862. \(R. 1864) = =o =e a 188
Report on transactions of Society of Physics and Natural History of
Geneva; 1878-1874. ((R.1875) 2 325 22 2 ee
De Canpoiie, A.; Gray, J. E. On a dominant language for science. (R.
WGA) ee ie ra re I a ce 286
Der CanpDot_t1eE, P., memoir of, by M. Frounens. (R. 1859)_~--_-----~-- ---- 110
Deduction and induction—J. von Lirpie. (KR. 1870)_---------------------- 244
Deed of foundation of Toner lectures—J. M. TonEr. (RK. 1872) --------- 271, 329
Deed of foundation of Tyndall scientific fund—J. TynpaLi. (R. 1872) -- 271, 329
Deed of gift of Art Gallery—W. W. Corcoran. (R. 1872)-------------- 271, 329
De Forest, E. L. Methods of interpolation. Parti. (R. 1871)------------ 249
De Forest, BK. L. Additions to memoir on methods of interpolation. Part
Ti. 0 ((Ri 1878) ono see a eae Se eee ee ee 275
De Hart, J. N. Mounds and osteology of mound-builders of Wisconsin.
(Re LST?) Sea a secs ee eee eee SUE aa eee ee a ee ee 323
Dx Irisarri, Guatemalan minister, recommendation of Dr. Berendt by. (R.
TES 3) 5) Ws ka Saee 209
DELAFIELD, R. Report of Committee of Regents on Washington canal. (R.
SASS) re a a ee ee 224, 329
DreLaMBRE, J. B. J., memoir of, by J. Fourier. (R. 1864)_-_-..-------_-___ 188
Dr La Rivz, A. A.—
Hulogy: on, ‘by.Ji: B: DuMAS)) (Ry 1874) <== ee eee eee 286
Michael Faraday, his life and works. (R. 1867) -.-----__._______-___- 215
Phenomena accompanying propagation of electricity in rarefied elastic
fluids. (BR. 1863)-2--"@-=) 2. 2.2 ee 2s ee ee ee
Report on transactions of Society of Physics and Natural History of
Geneva, 1858-1859, 1872-1878. (R. 1859; R. 1874)____-_-_.___ 110, 286
Dr La Rive, A. A.; Lemstrrom, 8. Electricity of the atmosphere and the
aurora borealis. (Rh. 1014) 22222 See 286
Dre La Rut, W. Abbreviations used in England in 1867. (R. 1867)-___-___ 215
DELAUNAY, C. Essay on the velocity of light. (R. 1864) .-..____.__.= 188, 354
Delolepis, new genus of fishes, description of —T. H. Bran. (P. 1881) _--.--. 467
Denmark, preservation of antiquities in—J. J. A. Worsaar. (R. 1879) ____- 345
Dennis; W.C. Evaporation in Florida. (BR. 1866) 2 = 214
Dennis, W. C. Fresh Water in the ocean. (R. 1866) ------.--.-----...-.... 214

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS.

Deposit of—
arrow-heads near Fishkill, New York—E. M. Sueprarp. (R. 1877) ----

articles by Smithsonian in Corcoran Art Gallery. (R. 1874) ~----____-
Beautortuioiprary —_ lM STANTON. (Re 1862)2 22 ee
Bishop Johns’ Library—E. Cansy. (R. 1862) ----_-----_-.----_.-__-
flint implements in Illinois—J. F. Snyper. (R. 1876)_-_---_----__-_--

flint implements in Southern Illinois—C. Rav. (R. 1868) -.-- 224, 440,

Hood=t1demmlawAOl— Olek DA Vase =e Bu ee eee ee Coie eee

Deposit, shell, in New Jersey—C. Rav. (R. 1864) ------.-_..-_..-. 188, 440,

Deposits—See Shell deposits.
Dez Pravos, Baron. Eclipse of the sun, April 25, 1865. (R. 1864)__________

Der Saussure, H.—
Electric resonance of mountains. (R. 1868)__-------------.----_--_+

ny nienOplennse (iy Toor)e~ Sone See ee oe ee

Report on transactions of Society of Physics and Natural History of
Geneva; fSs0=1871., (RA ISTR) el sos eo ee eked

pynopsis of, Vespide@, (American: wasps) —-+----+-- 2252 sass os Lee
De Scutacintweit, H. Ethnographical collections, (R. 1862) ---.-__-----
Description of—
a new fish, Apogon pandionis—G. B. Goopr; T. H. Bran. (P. 1881)_-
a new fly-catcher and new petrel from Sandwich Islands—R. Ripaway.
(CERI \\ aeons ee ee
a new genus and species of Cottide—W.N. Lockineron. (P. 1881)__-
a new gobioid fish (Othonops eos) from San Diego, California—R. Suir.
(Ge ISS) ae a ede ee ee eee Be oh ee) ng lh
a new owl from Porto Rico—R. Ripaway. (P. 1881)_-_-.-_-.--_____-
birds—See Proceedings National Museum.
chitonide and acmeidez from Panama—P. P. CARPENTER --___-_.---__
country and people of Yoruba, Africa—T. J. BowEn ____---.--.______
fishes—See Proceedings of Naticnal Museum.
fossil plants from China—J. 5S. NEWBERRY -_-__----~. -.1.-L-..-..--_-
Gobiesox rhessodon from San Diego, California—R. Smirn. (P. 1881)_-
human skull from Rock Bluff, Iinois—J. A. Metres, (R. 1867) _____-
magnetic observatory at Smithsonian. (R. 1859) ---.___-___-_________
meteorological instruments—L. CAsELLA. (R. 1859)_--_____._-_-_____

HomEcsiick=— Nek EAN. | (P.71S6L oot Sener ee ee ee
new fishes—See D. 8S. Jornpan; C. H. GILBERr.
new species of Centrarchide—C. L. McKay. (P. 1881)_.--_._---.-__-

new subspecies of Lowigilla from island of St. Christopher, West In-
Bigs ee GAN RENCE. (belo) sewes seen inet a ee Sle

new thrushes—R. Ripaway. (2. 1881) eee tk serene es eee
observatories at Dorpat and Poulkova—C. Aspe. (R. 1867) ------ 215,

AE

323
286
150
150
299
370
33
362

188

224
150

249
254
150

467

467
467

467
467

467
467
369

172 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Description of—Continued.
observatory at St. Martin, Isle Jesus, Canada East—C. SMALLWoop. (R.

NBG) ee see ok co eS ee ta eC 91
plants collected by J. C. Frémont in California—J. Torrey ________._. 46
remains of extinct mammalia and chelonia from Nebraska—J. Letpy _. 58

Descriptions of—

ancient works in Ohio—C; WHitTtEnsRY;---2-- 2) 2 2oo ee 37
several new races of American birds—R. Ripeway. (P. 1881) -______- 467
Smithsonian anemometer—J. Henry. (R. 1860) __________---________ 147
Squalius aliciz from Utah Lake—P. L. Jovy. (P. 1881) -------__-__- 467
two new races of Myadestes obscurus—L. STEINEGER. (P. 1881) --_--- 467
Desiderata, special, among North American birds, list of—R. Rrpaway. (P.
ASS1 ) iso eee rn ee ee pe re Nee ee 467
Des Moines river, ancient pottery from—R. N. and C. DauiBere. (R. 1879.) 345
Des Moines valley, mounds in—S. B. Evans. (R. 1879) -..---_____.-______- 345
Desor, E. Palafittes or lacustrian constructions, Lake Neuchatel. (R. 1865.) 209, 360
Destruction of fish in Gulf of Mexico—J. Y. Porter. (P. 1881)-___-_______ 467
Destruction of fish—See also Fish.
Destructive effect of iron rust. GR USGL) 2oSe5 soos en ee re eee 149)
DrverEvx, J. H. Ancient pottery from Arkansas. (R. 1872)-_-----___-__- 271
Devereux, J. H. Catalogue of Indian relics presented to Smithsonian Insti-
tution: (BR. 812) ooe2 se Se es See ee ee ee 271
Dewey, C.—
Best hours for temperature observations. (R. 1860)_--------___-___ a WA
Best hours to find mean temperature. (R. 1857)-----___-__.-------__- 107
life of; by MB: ANDERSON. - =(R: 1870) 2.225025 ee ee 244
The winds::,.(R::1866);-225 = oases oe te eo ee eee 214
Diagnoses des mollusques nouveaux provenant de Californie et faisant partie du
Musée de 1’Institution Smithsonienne—P. P. CaRPENTER______________ 252

Diagnoses of new forms of mollusks collected at Cape St. Lucas, Lower Cali-
fornia—P. P.. CARPENDER =) = bis So oe ek ae ee

Diagnoses of new mollusks—

collected on west tropical shores of North America—P. P. CARPENTER. 252

from Reigen Mazatlan collection—P. P. CARPENTER-_--_--~------___- 252

from Vancouver districts —P. P, CARPENTERE 220-2 0) es ee 252

from west coast of North America—P. P. CarPENTER -__--_-_____-__- 252

: from west tropical region of North America—P. P. CaAaRPENTER______- 252

Diamond and other precious stones—J. BABINET. (R. 1870) ------__-__- 244, 377

Diary of an excursion in New Mexice—J. H. Carzteron. (R. 1854)_-__--_-- 75

Distomaces—J."W. Barbny_--. 2. 22i et Nee Bee ee eee 23, 63
Diatomacea, instructions for collecting, preserving, and transporting—A. M.

HID WARDS <2 222 255 one Bee i ee ee 366

Dickinson, A. B- Eruption of voleano in Nicaragua. (R. 1867) ----------- 215

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 173

Dictionary of—

Carib or Karif language—C. H. Brrenpt. (R. 18738) ---------------. 276
Chinook jargon, or trade language of Oregon—G. GriBBs ~~~ --.---___- 161
Dakotwlanzuave—s. ik. Riggs! 2 U22 08 eee a a 40
Yorubaylanguacerof Atrica—T. J, BOWENG eee eo 98
‘Morubavlanguage of Africa—W . W. TuRNER ~~. 2202 98
Digest of act of Congress establishing Smithsonian Institution—J. Henry__ C, 328
Ditxtz, I. Antiquities in Missouri and Tennessee. (R. 1862) ----.---------- 150
DiLutz, I. Sketch of ancient earthworks of Ohio. (R. 1866)---.------------ 214
Diminution of aqueous vapor with increasing altitude—J. Hann. (R. 1877) 323, 398
Diminution of water of rivers and streams—H. G. Wex. (R. 1875)_-----_-- 298
Diplomatic agents, circular to, relative to Morgan’s research Me Jit Ue agiae
Diptera
described, of North America, catalogue of—R. OstTEN SackEN ___ 102, 270
directions-for collecting and*preserving—R. OsTEN SACKEN__~~+---_-_- 102
instructions for collecting—H. Lorw; R. Osten Sacken. (R. 1858) -_ 109
OlFAT CCH AInenica——S 1h. SCODDER = 22s ss— eee ae eee oe 342
Diptera of North America, monographs of—
Parisi —bs OK Weece nossa ee oo LA) 171256
PAL ohve— cy OR TENE SACKMN 22a ee ee te eS Ses ea 219
Directions for—
auroral observations—J. HENRY. (R. 1855) --.-----_-------- —_- -_-- 77
collecting and preserving diptera—R. OsTEN SACKEN-___-__~__-__~_____ 102
collecting and preserving fish—T. H. Bran. (P. 1881) --------.-- 467, 464
collecting and preserving insects—A. 8. PACKARD -__~---~--_--.------ 261
collecting and preserving plants—L. F. Warp --_---- -.----- oe eee 460
collecting microscopic organisms—J. W. BAILEY_---=-.-------------- 63
collecting, preserving, and transporting specimens of Diatomacea—A. M.
END WPASR DS eens ome eae ee ee a Se ee ee oe ee eee 366
collecting, preserving, and transporting specimens of natural history—
See ME DI. | (Pea LODO iat eae aos = eine ae eae ee 91, 34
constructine ichtning-rods— Ji. HENRY 2 —- -—2 eae en 237
earthquake observations—J. Henry. (R. 1855) --____-__--_-_-------- 7

meteorological observations—A. Guyot; J. Henry. (R. 1855)_ 77,19, 148

Directory of officers, collaborators, employés, etc., of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, National Museum, Geological Survey, Bureau of Ethnology, and

is be COMAMISS OMe See ee ee ee 466
MD ISCOUTSCLONM ULE ELGn nyo DOD na) ese os eee ee ee on een 356
Discovery, meteorological—F. L. Capmen. (R. 1866)-------_---------------- 214
Discovery of—

a large meteorite in Mexico—W. M. Pierson. (R. 1873) _-----.------ 275

planet Neptune, report on history of the—B. A. GouLD -_--_ ---- ------ 18

stone image in Tennessee—E. M. Grant. (R. 1870)_----------.------- 244

174 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Discovery relative to magnetism, history of. (R. 1868) ------_-----.-------. 187

Discussion of magnetic and meterological observations made at Girard College
Observatory—A. D. BacnE :—

Part 1. Eleven year period, solar diurnal variation ______--_~ ----_- -_-- 113
Part 11. Solar diurnal variation and annual inequality_--____ ---_-___-. = 220
Part 10. Influence of, moon onjdechination==-- => =e 132
Parts Iv, v, vi. Horizontal component of magnetic force, ete.._____-_-_-. 162
Paris VIL, Vill wrx) Wierticaleforces see eee ee ee ee 175
Parts X, XL, Xit., Diprand total:force:. 22 ees eee 186
Paris I-x11., «Completes: 255 Sos eee es et eee 195

Discussion of—

meteorological observations—See Schott.

Piazzi’s astronomical observations—B. A. GouLp. (R. 1863)____----_- 187
relations of lucernarians to other acalephze, beroids, and polypi—H. J.

ORARK) === 255 -o a oe ES Se ee eee ae 242

Snell’s barometric observations—F. H. Loup. (R. 1880) ~---__.__- 442, 435

tables and charts of winds—A\.(WOnIKOR 225 322 268

Disease known as ‘“‘ chorea,” inquiries relative to—S. W. MircHELL. (R. 1874) 286

Disease, origin and propagation of—J. C. DaLton. (R. 1878) _--_--------_-- 275

Diseases of joints, bones, ete., bibliography of works on—W. W. KEEN __-__- 300

Dispersion of cloud by an electrical discharge—D. W. Natty. (R. 1858)___-- 109

Distinction between tornadoes and tempests—J. B. LAMARcK. (R. 1871)_-_-- 249

Distribution of—
duplicate fishes of Pacific coast, check-list of—D. S. Jorpan; P. L.

Jouvs (PR ASB) 2 i= peek ue Jee es ee 467
fishes of Alleghany region of South Carolina, Georgia, and Tennessee—

D. S.J ORDAN 2A. Wi. BRAYGON {2222 ene a 308
forest trees in Montana, Idaho, and Washington—W. W. Jounson.

(Bi. 1870) 22.8. oon eee 2S ea 244
forests and trees of North America—J. G. Cooper. (R. 1858) __-_ 109, 351
marine invertebrates from National Museum, list of—R. Rarupun. (P.

DSS IT) es ce SS a eo 467, 465, 471
Smithson income, majority and minority reports of Committee of Regents

on—J. A. PEARCE; J. MEacnam. (R. 1853)--_..------__-____- 67, 329

specimens—See each annual report.
District of Columbia—

flora of—L. FF. WARD. (P.. 1881) 3. een ee 467, 444
list of birds of—E. Couzs; 8.S. Prentiss. (R. 1861)---.----_.--___. 149
meteorology of —J. WissNmR-)) (Bs 1857) =n a 107
prehistoric remains in—T. R. PEALE. (R. 1872) -_------.-___-_ 2-2 = ik
Ditrema atripes, new embiotocoid fish from coast of California—D. S. JorDan ;
OH, Girsert. —(P.,1880)) 222 eS a ee 425

Documents, collection of historical, in Guatemala—C. H. BeErENDT. (R. 1876) 299

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 175

Documents relative to origin and history of Smithsonian Institution—W. J.

CE EE Ee eee ae enna Sack 328
WUE. . b.. Memermalidiscourse on J... Honry2-o8s a 32252 sa. ee 356
Bange Ge Wieeuieatning discharges.. (RaiS61):s=2-..-3- Seas cen = 215
Ropar, Noss» Memoir of C..Babbage: (Ri 1878)2222-4-_- 2.22. + 2--. 275
Dovar, N.S. Memoir of Sir John F. W. Herschel. (R. 1871) ------------- 249
Dog’s revenge, a Dakota fable—S. R. Riaas. (EH. 1879-80)_----------.------ 476
Wolchopodidea; monograph of —H. Lomw --22 222-522." 2. eect ens ilvial

Domestic institutions in correspondence with Smithsonian Institution, list of __ 69, 238

Domestic institutions in correspondence with Smithsonian Institution, number

COE Ae A oN ek ey on PAC 290
Dominant language for science—A. DE CANnpoLLE; J. E. Gray. (R. 1874)_. 286
Dominica, catalogue of Ober’s collections of birds from—G. N. LAwrencn.

(EPUB TS) eaeecere ate Ft ee ene ton eae ee oe oe 332
Dominica, new species of Turdide from—G. N. Lawrence. (P. 1880) --___- 425
Donati, G. B. Phenomena in telegraphic lines during aurora. (R. 1872) _-_ 271
Donations to library from foreign institutions, list of. (R. 1864) -------._-__. 188

Dorosoma cepedianum heterurum, (western gizzard shad,) notes on—S. WIL-

On (Cree LOO eee oe ete Oe ae ee Ne oe eres 332
Dorpat and Poulkova, description of observatories at—C. ABBE. (R. 1867) 215, 369
Dorsey, J. O. Illustrations of method of recording Indian languages. (E.

TS, 80) ome teen ee eee Ble a kb een 476
Moryaomatige notes ON—D)) SO. JORDAN aos 5828 oo an a eae eens 306
WOUGEAS, Seva. Culoxyon, Dye: o..Cox. (RN. 1861) 22. 2-52 se a. 149
Dove ass, H. M. Translation of Weismann on change of Mexican axolotl.

(cas 7y Sa a ee ae a ne ee 323, 401
Downes, J. Occultations of planets and stars by the moon, 1853 ~--___--_..-- 54

-Downes, J. Occultations visible in the United States, 1848-1852__ 8, 9,10, 11, 29
Dorr, W. E. Indian forts and dwellings, Indian Territory. (R. 1876)_--.- 299
Drainage, sanitary, of Washington city, suggestions for—G. E. WARING --__- B49 -
Draper, H., account of telescope of, by T. W. WEBB. (R. 1864)___--_---_-- 188
Draper, H. Construction of silvered glass telescope and its use in celestial

Ora Vass ee S25 Pa UES Se De Sere ee BU ee 180
Drevurzer, O. E. Statistics relative to Norwegian mountains, lakes, and snow

RNG aee (ive slOGO 2222 S28 Wn i 8 oaks ns ee eee encon sas aac del. 214
Drift, fresh water glacial, of the Northwestern States—C. WHITTLESEY-----.. 197
Drilling in stone without metal—C. Rav. (R. 1868) _--_----------- 224, 440, 372
Drugs, classification of forms in which medicines and, appear and are adminis-

tered deen. s (2, 1881) [lesan see eee Pa Soe ee 467, 451
Drugs, memoranda for collectors of—J. M. Firnr. (P. 1881) --~--------- 467, 452

Dual character of the brain. Toner lecture No. 1—C. E. Brown-Sequarpd -_ 291
Dusy, P. A. Report on transactions of Society of Physics and Natural History
oe eeouewermre (ltmmr (fuel S04) Sete e eens eas oka. cman oan LES

176 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Duck, new to North American fauna—R. Rip@way. (P. 1881) --_--____-__- 467
Duptey, T. Earthquake at New Madrid, Missouri. (R. 1858) ------__- see 09)
Durour, C.; Kamrz. Scintillation of the stars. (R. 1861) -.-..----._____- 149

Ducks, A., notes on fishes collected by, in Mexico—T. H. Bean. (P. 1879). 333
Dveks, A., notes on fishes collected by, in Mexico—D. S. Jorpan. (P. 1879)_ 333

Dukerot Northumberland; account, oye ses ee ee 330
Duke of Northumberland, books presented by. (R. 1859)_--.--.-_-.--__-__. 110
Dumas, J. B. Hulogy on A. A. De a Rive. (R. 1874) --------___ -----__- 286

Duncan, M. L. Translation of Holmgren on color-blindness. (R. 1877.) 323, 399

Dunkirk Society for the Encouragement of Sciences. Prize questions. (R.

1865); Re 18(8)) 22 eke ee ee 209, 275
DuNNING, E. 0. Antiquities in Tennessee. (R. 1870)_---=._-_-_- =. 5 244
Duplicate fishes distributed by Smithsonian—T. H. Bean, (P. 1880) -----__- 425
Duplicate shells collected by the United States Exploring Expedition under C.

Wilkes 2 osc cee aia oe eps Sere ae eae a eae ee ee ee
Durr&, W.; Henry, J. Earthquakes in North Carolina, 1874. (R. 1874) -_ 286
DuPREz, i. Atmospheric electricity.) (Rh. 18)8)\=- 22 - ee 109
Dwellings and forts, Indian, in Indian Territory—W. E. DoyLr. (R. 1876). 299
Dyeing purple; ancient‘and: modern. ((R..1863). — 2 22 Se 187

Set:

Earth—
ehemistryjof the—T.\S. Hunm, ) (BR. 1869))\ 2-2-2 228, 376
electrical currents of the—C. Matrruccr. (R. 1867; R. 1869) --__- 215, 228
figure of the—St. M. Merino. (R.1863)--_--2 5-2 ee 187
internal structure of the—J-.G: BARNARD _---_-_--. =. 310
laws of atmospheric circulation over the—J. H. CorFrin ____--__-_____- 268
revolutions of crust of the—G. Prtar. (R. 1876) ~------.-..-________ 299
secular variation of elements of orbit of—J. N. StocK WELL _--_----_-. 282
Earthquake—
at New Madrid, Missouri—T. DuDLEY. (R. 1858)_--_--_- ------_--__- 109
directions —J.. Henry... (3821856) —--22 = 3 ee eee Sea
in Eastern Mexico, January, 1866—C. Sartorius. (R. 1866) _---.---- 214
in Peru, August 13, 1868—J. V. CAMPBELL. (R. 1870)_-_-__. -_-»4—-- 244
phenomena, on observations of—R. MALLET. (R. 1859)_-------__--__- 110
Harthquakes—
articles on, received by Smithsonian Institution and deposited in Library
of Congress: (R. 1871). 252-220) ae ee eee 249

zircular relative to—J. HENRY 22-2 eee eee 148

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 177

#arthquakes—Continued.

in’ Guatemala ——A. CANUDAS. (ive 1808) -2- os cca gee == 25 sae 109
in North Carolina, 1874—W. Du Prt; J. Henry. (R. 1874)_-------_ 286
HOt pa nonmas——G. A. UATIMUR, “(Ro L864) -=4 2.2 2-2 es okie 215

Harthwork, double-walled, in Ashtabula county, Ohio—S. D. PEEr. (R. 1876) 299
Earthworks—

ancient, of Ashland county, Ohio—G. W. Hitu. (R. 1877)---------... 328
ancient, of Ohio, sketch of—I. Dinu. (R. 1866) -.-..---~- ---..~-=-. 214
ancient, on upper Missouri—A. BARRANDT. (R. 1870).--------_------ 244
in Tennessee—J. JONES----- ---- ---- esse Late Be sees SO ek 259
Ing Wasconsin—— Ma He BREED. i(i, 1872) 2a2 25 ee See eS eee 271
OneArkansasteiver—— Mrs G.cKeNAPE. ((RsWdSis)\2ssecoaaa soo ee ees 323
Earthworks—See Mounds.
Echinoderms of Kerguelen Island—A. E. VERRILL -+-.-_---.-.-----~---__. 294
Echinoderms of northeastern coast of America—A. E. VrerRILL. (P. 1879;
Te RG eee erie eee ne eS Oe Se LS 3 on an A Se tee 333, 425
Eclipse—
annularyote Maye? OwilSh 4. sete soe. ee een eaten eee oe a, OO
of the sun, April 25, 1865—Baron Dr Prapos. (R. 1864) ---------_-- 188
of thesun,. March: 15.1858, map, of—. Hinn.--. <2 <2 101
of the sun, July 18, 1860—J. Lamont. (R. 1864) --_.---.-----.-~--— 188
of the sun, September 7, 1858, in Peru—J. M. GiLuiss -----.---------- 100
Helpirc, obliquity of the—J. IN. STOCKWELL) 2 5 eee eee =~ 232
Eeonomic geology of Trinidad—G. P. Wat; J..G. Sawkins. (RB. 1856)... 91
Education—
acknowledgment of books on—E. LaBouLArk. (R. 1867) ---------- eZ

in the United States, project of an outline history of—F. A. PaAcKARD.
(iaeIS6o pee ete ee oe Se oo ee oe eee 187

scientific, of mechanics and artisans—A. P. PEABopy. (R. 1872)-_ 271, 380
Education, Illinois State Board of. Meteorological system for every State.

eRe cies) pee ereraee e Ne ae nape ere SRR Se ee a ee AE
Educational series of marine invertebrates distributed by United States National
NMuscim—wW. RaraBUN.| ' (P. 1881) —---22 22 oo 467, 465, 471
Epwarps, A. M. Directions for collecting, preserving, and transporting dia-
LCST NG 6 Se ees ne a a ee eS a termes 366
Epwarps, A. M. Results of examination under microscope of Japanese infu-
BOTIAMOH TLD Spee een se ae eS ee en oe en Ree et ss Se 202
Epwarps, V.N. Occurrence of oceanic bonito (Orcynus pelamys) in Vineyard
Soundrentassnchusettss (F. 16 78)i2 22 ose eee ees 332
Epwarpbs, W. H. Diurnal lepidoptera of Arctic America -_._-...---.------ 342
POW ARDS a Wiel mOnilepidoptera.22-- 23.7 Lease eo 133
Hels, genitalia of male—S. T. Carrrz. (P. 1880) ---.---_----_--_.--..----- 425
Effect of irritation of polarized nerve—B. F. LaurenBAcH. (R. 1878)_- 341, 411
aitcct-ofslighinine——S wi. HintiER. | (BK, 1866) 2.2522) 2252 e Lets: 214

12

178 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Effect of moon on the weather—J. Henry. (R. 1871) -..-------------------~- 249
Eacrrs, H. F. A. - Flora of-St. Croix and Virgin Islands ---.--------------. 313 .
Egging expedition to Shoal Lake, Lake Winnipeg—D. Gunn. (R. 1867) --.- 215
Eggs—
instructions for collecting—S. F. Barrp. (R. 1858) -_-- ------------ 109, 139
instructions for collecting —A:., NEWTON 22222 = -— 2 28 ee 139
instructions for collecting and preserving—T. M. BREWER -_---~------ 139
North-American——2. Wl. BREWER) 2 sce. eaaaes ene eee nee oe 89
of the eight North American species of Empidonaces—T. M. BREWER.
(B25 1879) oa ee ee 333
suggestions for forming collections of —A. NEWTON --~---------------- 139

Eaieston, T.—

Catalogue of minerals with their formulas -----. --_--____----_-_-- ---- 156
Scheme for qualitative determinations by blowpipe. (R. 1872)_---- ---- 271
translation by, of Brezina on crystallography ------------------------- 386
Egypt, presentation of books on—R. Lepsius. (R. 1860) ------------------- 147
Elastic force of aqueous vapor, table for determining—J. H. Corrin --~---~-- 87
Electric phenomenon—W. F. Given. (R. 1865) --------------------------- 209
Electric resonance of mountains, observations on—H. DE SAuSSURE. (R. 1868.) 224
Electrical—
currents of the earth—C. Marreuccr. (R. 1867; R. 1869)--------- 215, 228
discharge, dispersion of a cloud, by D. W. NAtLi, (R. 1858)---------- 109
rheometry, researches on—A. SECCHI ------ ----=. ---+ ----_- == =——— == 36
Electricity—
accounts of lightning, discharges. |((R.1867)-— = 2-252 — es se eee 215
and galvanism, report on recent progress in—J. MutiEr. (R. 1857)--. 107
and magnetism, later views of connection of—H. Hermuotrz; J. C.
WA Wi (ERS S78) ea rn ee eee 275:
atmospheric—F. DuprEz. (R. 1858) -------------.------------------ 109
considerations on. (R. 1867) .------- -..-- .------- ------ -=-=== ~=== --=- 215
of atmosphere and the aurora borealis—S. Lemstrém; A. A. Dre La
Rive. (R. 1874) 22 22-2222. 2. 2 286
of induction in clouds resolving into rain, snow, and hail—F. ZAnTE-
DESCHI. (R. 1870)2---~-. -+--- -------- ---------- ------------- - 244
phenomena accompanying propagation of, in rarefied elastic fluids—A. A.
De La Rive. (R. 1868)-------------------------------------- ee they
presence of, during fall of rain—Prof. Patmieri. (KR. 1870) ---------- 244
report of recent progress in—J. MULtuer. (R. 1856) ----------------- 91

Electro-magnetic—
seismograph—Prof. PaLMierI. (R. 1870) -------------~------------ 244
telegraph, Henry’s contribution to—W. B. Taytor. (R. 1878)-.--- 341, 405
telegraph—See Henry ; Telegraph.

Electro-physiology, lectures on—C. Marreucci. (R. 1865) -~----------—---- 209

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 179

Electrotypes of engravings of shells granted by British Museum. (R. 18(8)__ 187

Elements, table of chemical equivalents of. (R. 1864) -------.---.---------- 188
Elephant mound in Grant county, Wisconsin—J. WARNER. (R. 1872) -~---- 271
Exviery, R. L. J. Address of the President of the Royal Society of Victoria.

CAT SS) eraser eres ch eed BE ye a ee a ot 224
ELuet, C. -Physical geography of Mississippi valley --_---.-----_-----+.---- 13
Exxior, D. G. Classification and synopsis of Trochilide ..--__-~------ ------ 317
Exvtiot, D-G. List of described species of humming birds__------------___- 334
HUbIOEn svasmacarmate ol Kansas.” (hy 1870)\ 52 Sool Bee eee oS ae 244
EviswortH, E. W. Ancient implement of wood from Connecticut. (R. 1876) 299
Embarrass, Wisconsin, pits at—E. EH. BREED. (R. 1877)..---------------. - 328
Hmbryclomy*of-imsects—L:. AGASSIZ 02-22 Laas ss hoe = Lose elect 16
Empidonaces, notes on nests and eggs of the eight North American species of—

sia eres aap aoe (eb WhO. O) i eee ae eee eee aloes ee oern 333
Employés of Smithsonian Institution, National Museum, Geological Survey,

Bureau of Ethnology, and Fish Commission, directory of-_-_---.------ 466
HINCKE) Ja Hl, memoir of, by G., ERAGEN, | (I. 1868) 225~_- 2 22.2 224
Enpiicu, F. M.—

Analysis of water destructive to fish in Gulf of Mexico. (P. 1881) ---_ 467

Geolooyiot WerruelenIsland!iel eo. boon a te. ae ok 5 ‘294

List of minerais in National Museum, 1873, 1879. (Rh. 1878; P. 1880) 275, 425
Endothyra ornata, note on—C. A..WHITE. - (P. 1879) __-------------------- 333
ENGELHARDT, M. Formation of ice at the bottom of water. (R. 1866)_--_-- 214
ENGELMANN, G. Heights of mountains in Colorado. (R. 1862)_-----.__-__- 150
Engineers, Civil, London Institution of. Prize questions. (R. 1862) -_------ 150
England—

abbreviations used in—W. De La Rue. (RK. 1867) ---.--------.-——---. 215

free freights between the United States and—E. Cunarp. (R. 1859)--_ 110

Salisbury, notice of Blackmore Museum at. (R. 1868) ---------------- 224
English and French weights and measures—See Tables.

English vocabulary with comparative words in Spanish, French, and Latin_-_ 170
Engravings—

of shells, electrotypes of, granted by British Museum. (R. 1863) ~----- 187

on the face of rocks in the Sierra Nevada—J. G. Brurr. (R. 1872) --- 271

presented to Smithsonian Institution, catalogue of—C, B. Kina. (R.1861.) 149
ReMiLonig OciREsmCICCINIAL (Ors. oe se al oe eee eee Soe aoa seathe 178
ROM OlG MATa aISERUCtOns tO 228 oS See ae eee eee ke coe eee 261
Eocene and oligocene invertebrate fossils of North America, check-list of—T.

FEAR C01 CNG ER) ANE) aa es Oe ee er ee eto 200
Eorr, J. Habits of black bass of the Ohio. (R. 1854)-_-.---.-_---.-------- 75
Ephemeris of the planet Neptune, 1848-1852—S. C. WALKER_-__-_~_- 4,5, 6,7, 24

Epinephelus Drummond-Hayi, a new serranoid fish from the Bermudas—G. B.
COODE MAEHesb nHAIA® ((b.) 181) eae aan eee eee soe fee Sa 332

180 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Epinephelus nigritus of the southern coast, note upon—G. B. GoopE; T. H.

BRAN (EP. 1818) p25 = ee oa ee ee 332
Equilibrium of a liquid mass withdrawn from the action of gravity—See J.

Plateau.
Equinoxes, precession of the—J. G. BARNARD-----------~- ------------------ 240
Equinoxes, precession of the—J. N. StocKWELL_-_-------------------------- 232
Equivalents, chemical, of sixty-three elements, table of. (R. 1864)_--------_. 188
Ernst, G. A. Meteorology of Caracas, South America. (R. 1867) ---------- 215
Erosions of the earth’s surface by rivers, ete.—E. HircHcocK---------------- 90
Eruption of voleano in Nicaragua—A. B. Dickinson. (R. 1867)------------ 215
Eruption of volcano of Colima—C. SARTORIUS. (k..1869) -.- 2.2 ees ee 228
Eryontidz, notice of recent—S. I. SmirH. (P. 1879) _----------—----—--.. 338
Hspr,,.J. B.; notice of, by A: .D. BAcHE., ((W. 1859) 222 2255 ease eee 110
HsPy;.d)P:. -On meteorology. ((R..1847)'- 3: a eee
Essay on geographical distribution of batrachia and reptilia—E. D. CopE____- 292
Essay on velocity of light—C. Drtaunay. (R. 1864) ----__-_--------. 188, 354

Establishment and officers of the Smithsonian Institution and National Museum. 449

Kstablishment of the Smithsonian Institution, Journal and By-Laws of. (R.

T8563) i hoe EE SE oe See ee enna
Estrs, L. C. Antiquities of Minnesota, Mississippi river, and Lake Pepin.

(B21 866) Soe te et Se ee eee 214
Estimate of population of the world—E. Maritiy. (R. 1873)_--------------- 275
Htheostomatids, notesion——D>)8; JORDAN === ee rea == e506
Hthmocardium, noteon—C--A. Write. (18/9) 2282s eee . 333
Ethnographical—

collections—T., iwMAN®) ((R.1862) 2222-222 ae eee 150

collections—H. DE SCHLAGINTWEIT, (R. 1862) ---------_---------- =", 16d

collections, the Schlagintweit—H. ZisGENBALS. (R. 1867) -------___ ee ao
Ethnological—

collections of museum at Lausanne, report on—F. Troron. (R. 1861). 149

department of the French Exposition, 1867. (R. 1867)----------_____. 215

map of North America, suggestions relative to—L. H. Morgan. (R. 1861) 149

map of the United States—G. Gipgps. (R. 1862) -.-..--_----__--__-__- 150

memoir of Squier and Davis, correspondence relative to acceptance of,

for publication ~___ A een Secale Sais BER eee EL es Ee eee K

museum ‘of Norway—L. KDA. (R..1862)--- = eee 150

research—H.. H., Davis, .(R..1866)).22- = 2 ee ee:

specimens presented by University of Christiania, Norway. (R. 1863). 187

suggestions for Russian America—G. G@rBBs -_--~----------- -------_-- 207
Ethnology and archeology, circular relative to collections in ___.-.--_. _------ 205
Ethnology and philology, instructions for—G. GrpBs -_-_-_------------ -...-_- 160

Ethnology, articles on. (R. 1867-1870-1877, 1879, 1880) 215, 244, 249, 271, 275, 286,
298, 299, 323, 345, 442

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 181

Ethnology—

Heipsie: Musenmiot-—O.."L. Mason.) ((ai87a)ice 2-24 2s oo. ke 275

ol vArciieramenich—— lis KU METENe sen oan ese ie 2k Se wk 342

of Colonia Tovar, Venezuela, South America—A. FENDLER. (R. 1857) 107

of Indians of Red river of the North—W. H. GarpneEr. (R. 1870).--. 244

physical; lecturesion—-D. Wirson. (BR. 1862)) 2-2 _- <2 --- 22 -L tae 150

present state of, in relation to form of human skull—A. Rerzius. (R.
TS Es Yemen a eS EN I ge BU ee et SE ae en UL Ee 110

Ethnology, Bureau of—
catalogue of linguistic manuscripts in library of—J.C. Pituine. (BF.

Si) eet eee ee i a ae a ee ey ATG
dinectonygotuoiicersjand employésiof 2-2-2 - tae ee oe ee 466
firswannual report.of—Jii We (POWELL) tie. 255 26 hese bole tsn este, S76

Euchalarodus Putnami, identity of, with Pleuronectes glaber—T. H. BEAN.

(Ea GG eters See i 5a SS Ee ee es in we 332
Eulachon or candle fish of northwest coast—J. G. Swan. (P. 1880) .--------- 425
Eulogy on—

I ApeLe DYGEL LAR AGO (Enpled a) ess 2k a ee Lo Pe eS 271

AY Ds-Bache. by. J: EbENRY.. -(B.1870) 2 2s. £5 244 STD

ASP A Det Warkive, by J... UMAS. ‘(Wy 1874))2 2 =>. _-_---=_4s= 286

Steplion Aw Dourlass; by S: S..Coxe )(Rei861)) +. .-- 2 2. so Bs 149

Cornelius CFelton~ byl. D.\Woorsny. (R.1861)-..---2--.-.-=-——2 149

Viesepu ouTierabyek. ARAGO.. ORS 71) ee een esi iee Se eee 249

Eforselel -bysl eARAGON: (Rin 1SiO) 52225 eas 2 oS as 2a) SS ea 2h

Gaye bussac py ARAGO: ) (Re 1616) aun se Pet Se et ae ee She 299

PapElaces byes RAG.) (a 1874). 252-5 os Se 286

SvUcEC LCi Vere MAE Lien (re EOee ee os oan De ene na 286

James Avy Learce, by AyD. BACHE. (RR. 1862)! 22-2 == 2 ea ee 150

Gen J aGerlotten, by Jo. G2 BARNARD: (i: 1865). 2°22. 22-5 ae 209

Mlexnndersy olla Dynb ARAGO.. (Nv. 1S76)t- 2022 eee eee ee ae 298

Henry Wilson, byob PARKER 9 (lv: 1876)l-2—2 sass oe eee ee 298

nomEee Vout by NH. ARAGO. (Ik. 1869). 222-2222 e ae we 228
Eulogy—See Memoir, Life, Biography.

Kurope—

causes which limit vegetable species towards the north, in—A. DE Can-

PRE eel SDS esos Se se. eee eis tla 109
certain storms in America and, December, 1836—E. Loomis _-_-------- 127
man as the contemporary of the mammoth and reindeer in. (R. 1867). 215

"study of high antiquity in—A. Mortor. (R. 1862; R. 1864) __.--- 150, 188
Europe, middle, fauna of, during stone age—L. RUTIMEYER. (R. 1861) ---_-- 149
TyANS, J wnOlutmsaterot Colorado, (ik: 1865) 22224-23222 252 26-2. 2-2. -e 209
Evans, 8S. B. Notes on mounds in Des Moines valley. (R. 1879) ----------- 345

Evaporation in Florida—W. C. Dennis. (R. 1866) ------------------------ 214

182 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Evaporation observed at Palermo in 1865 and 1866—P. Taccuinr. (R. 1870.) 244
Everett, E. Report on Jewett’s general stereotype catalogue of public libraries. 47

Everett, E. Report on organization of Smithsonian Institution. (R. 1853.) 67

EVEREDT, J.D. ‘Wnder-ground temperature: * (ak. 1874). <2 22 =a 2ee Le 286
Evolution of language—J. W. PowELu. (EH. 1879-80) ----.------------.--- 476
Examination—
microscopical, of soundings—J./ Wi. BatLEye-5 24 22) ee ee ee
of J. Henry by English Scientific Commission ---- ----.--------------- 329
of specimens, rules for. “((R.1880)- 2 2=" 22 5. - 2 > eee
of Spencer’s telescope for Hamilton College. (R. 1855) --------------- i
Excelsior, Minnesota, mounds near—F. H: MuntEne (Bo 1879)- sao eee 845
Exchange of publications—
Agricultural Association of Milan. (R. 1863) .----------------------- 187
Chamber of Commerce of Bordeaux. (R. 1868) -----_-____<_---__-_ 187
Royal Horticultural Society, London. (R. 1861) --------------------- 149
Exchange of specimens—
Hamburg Zoological'Gardens.< (Rh. 1867) ==22 2s ee ee 215
Hamilton College, Clinton, New York. (R. 1861) ---.---.----------=. 149
WA. Dhnoyvp: «(Re 2867)es Coss 2 oe eee eee eee eee 215
Museum of National University of Greece. (R. 1867) ------:_-----_-- 215
Wniversity of Costa Rica. (R21867) 22 = 22s eee eee 215
Exchanges—
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston, thanks for. (R. 1855;
ee 8610) ee ee ee 77, 215
Bath and West of England Society for Encouragement of Agriculture,
Artsetes “(Rol 867) 2-2 So) Se ee ee es 215
circular relative.to scientific and literary_—-.-------_--__o = nee 324
Government’ of Bremen.) )(ho 1865) 2252 eee 209
BV Vs SEAN CHS se ( Rep eh O0GD) ee ee 147
international, report on—G. H. BOEHMER -~-~---~-_---- ----__ -------- 477
istwof. WP artssl all 22ers oe 73,85
listiol ito V858ie 2222 Ss a ae ep ee ey
Mexican Society of Geography and Statistics. (R. 1861, 1865)_--_-- 149, 209
Mining Department, Melbourne. (RB. 1865). 22222. === ee 209
ey SiGe... 1860). 25-2 se se ee ee eee 147
reports on. (R. 1853-1867, 1878) ------ 67, 75,-77, 91, 107, 109; 120, 147, 149;
150, 187, 188, 209, 214, 215, 275
J. ROSInG. , (BR. 1866), --2-<2-2 22326). 35 ee ee eee 209
Royal Academy of Science, Madrid. (R. 1861)_-------.-------------- 149
St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. (R. 1867) -----.------ -- ices 215
statistics of, 1846=1877 2 sess coe ee ae ee SE ee eee 329
Excursion in New Mexico, diary of—J. H. CarteTon. (R. 1854) ----------. 75

Executive Committee of Regents—Sce also each annual report.

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 1838

Executive Committee of Regents, journal and reports of, 1846-1876. -______ ____ 329
Exhibit by the Smithsonian Institution at Centennial Exhibition, report on
proposedsplamor—occk. BATRD: “(ih. 1875) === Se 8 La 298
Exhibit of fisheries of United States at Berlin Fisheries Exhibition—@. B.
Goopm ite ae ee ee a re arae ce e e 413
Exhibition, Centennial, report on—S. F. Barro. (R. 1876) ------------- 299, 307
Expansions piphioorraphy of—E. W. CLhARKEm .22 2223 Sols ater e lee lo 256
Hixpansion by heat,/tables'of—H. W. CLARK E_ = 222) Se ess 2 es 2 289
Expedition— _
Coast Survey, for transatlantic longitude—B. A. GoULD_____-- RUT ALA's 223
Hassler, narrative of the—L. AGassiz. (R. 1872) -----._.--L-2222L2L- ih

North Pacific Surveying, contributions to natural history made in con-
Becton wwAbNntoea— i He STR ERTS es noe ene Eee 803

to Arctic Seas—See Hayes, Kane, McClintock.

to Kerguelen Island—J. H. Kipper and others _-------_----~..-__- 293, 294
tonake Winnipes—DiGunn. (KR: 1867) 2222-2 ee Rae eS
RUM xicoMmatientiiics, "(Reg SG4\y seats esate sens Re SERS EE Se a aT Ss
to the Mauvaises Terres and Upper Missouri—T. A. CULBERTSON. (R.
BS) an sre eee ae rere toe. oe See te Teed 28
toward the North pole, scientific instructions for—J. Henry and others.
(Bere SS oe aL EE eA et eens els, Sop a ee eles false: 249

Expeditions, account of—See each annual report.

Expeditions contributing specimens, list of—S. F. Barrp. (R. 1867)
Experimental and theoretical researches on figures of equilibrium—See J. Plateau.
Experiments—

on aneroid barometers at Kew Observatory

B. Stewarr. (R. 1868) __ 224

relative to meteorites—G. A. DAUBREE. (R. 1868) ~-~--_------_---__- 224.

upon animal heat of fishes—J. H. Kipper. (P. 1879) _---__---------- 333
Explanation of principles of crystallography and crystailophysics—A. BREZINA.

Me ome LiCh ee) ocee memr esata OBA DNs he ave es oes Sena erst x 271, 386
Exploration of ancient mounds in Union county, Ky.—S. Lyon. (R. 1870)_. 244
Explorations—

among Indian mounds in southern Florida—S. T. Waker. (R. 1879.) 345

and surveys, Government, report of—S. F. Barrp. (R. 1878) --------= 341

PANCHICHIECHUIEGON——lt,) Wek AWynS. 2 |(R) LS6il))aeaee = ae ee ee 149

articles on—See each annual report.

botanical, in New Mexico and California, account of—A. Gray. (R.

Se eee eee eet ee ee see. OE
furnishing collections to National Museum, 1838-1877, list of—S. F.

EPA Omen Mush Odi) eae e ee aa 2 oe wn ee Sk a Ss 323
in Central America—C. H. BrerENDT. (R. 1867) --------------------- 215
am, Greenland ian meu mMLLeN. « (it: 1878) 2222S Sse as soa a5, 84

in New Mexico and Arizona—J. STEVENSON. (R. 1880)

184 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Explorations—Continued.

in. NewsYork—E. G|SQUIER L268 sos Se ee ee eee 15-
in) Tennessee—H. A. Dayvron, (i. 31870) 222 c see eee 244
in upper California in 1860—J. FEILNER. (R. 1864)__----.---_-____~- 188.
Kennicott’s—Hupson’s Bay Company. (R. 1863) _------------------ 187
of aboriginal remains of Tennessee—J. JONES ~_~_~--_~--. -----.--~--- 259
of the Nile—C. Haun. .(R. 1865)iS-22522 =. = eee eee 209
of western Missouri in 1854—P. R. Hoy. - (R. 1864)-__--_---_..-_- --_- 188
of John Xantus in Mexico—M. Romero. (R. 1862) -_~-- = ies Dee 150
on western coast of North America—W.H. Datu. (R. 1873)_ 2) eaeres 275

reports on—S. F. Barrp. (R. 1851-1866, 1875-1877)-- 51, 57, 75, 77, 91, 107,
109, 110, 147, 149, 150, 187, 188, 209, 214, 298, 299, 328

scientific, in America, in 1852—S. F. Barrp. (R. 1852) -------------- bu
Scientific, in Mexico, (RK. 1864) == ese a 188.
Exploring expedition under Capt. C. Wilkes, duplicate shells collected by the. 193.
Hzplosibility of coal oils—Z. Aunmn. (RB. 1861)-_---<22-—_ 2) ee 149
Hixplosivenessof mitre—R., WAR w2e9 20 oe oe eo eee
Exposition of harmonies in the solar system—S. ALEXANDER ---------------- 280

Exposition—See French.

Expression for anthropological inquiry, queries about—C. Darwin. (R. 1867) 215.

External appearance of the sun’s disk. (R. 1866)_.---- .-_-------------------- 214
Extinet—
mammalia and chelonia of Nebraska—J. LEIpY_-------.------------+- 58.
reptiles—)). Uwip yest 22 oo ee ee ee ee eee Pot saat 192
slothitribe of North #America—J) “GE EDY Sees eee ee eee ene 72
species of; American|ox—J. URI DNe222- 95-2 ee ee ae ene ee eoees 41
Eye, bibliography of diseases of the—W. W. KEN -_-----------~------ ---- 300

i ii

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 185

aE

Facts respecting Liberia College—A. CRUMMELL. (R. 1861) ---.---------___ 149
Fahrenheit’s scale, tables for conversion of centigrade degrees to. (R. 1863) -_ 187
Families—

Ofefisheswarrancement of—. Guibas see ae aeee ae a eee eee 247

of mammals, arrangement of—T. GILL__-____~------------ ei See 230

of mollusks varrangement of—T. Gini. 2-228 an ees ee 227
Family, human, systems of consanguinity and affinity of—L. H. Morean__ 138, 218
Fanning Islands, natural history of—T. H. STREETS ___-_----_-_-__------~-- 303
Faraday, M., his life and works—A. A. Dz La Rive. (R. 1867) ------------ 215
Fartow, W. G.— ;

Pol emuOle NaClic MA MONiCass. 2. oes seen a ee oo Re Le 342

Pl cmprousmorontalon sland: 22 oie foe eee eek 294

Recent progress in botany, 1879, 1880. (R. 1880)_..---.._.____--- 442, 430

Report on water from Gulf of Mexico. (P. 1881) -----_-------------- 467
Farming and gardening, natural history as applied to—J.G. Morris. (R.1855.) 77
Faroe Isles, vegetable colonization of—C. Marrins. (R. 1858) -----.-------_ 109
Farquaarson, R. J. Study of skull and long bones from mound in Illinois.

Ge LG (4 ip 28 ot oe Se Sees Od a Se oh oe Se ee ER 286
Fauna—

and flora within living animals—J. LEIDY --.-_----.--_-----_---..... 44

littoral marine, of Provincetown, Mass.—Rk. Rarupun. (P. 1880)----- 425

of middle Europe during the stone age—L. Rurrmeyer. (R. 1861)_--_ 149

OM Nebraska fanclent——dealamT DY. sees see ee eee a ee eee 58
Favre, A. Report on transactions of Geneva Society of Physics and Natural

ENstouyyd tly; Lo70, to dune losin \( We 18771) .225 22s ee eo eee 823
Favre, EK. Biographical notice of Louis Agassiz. (R. 1878)---_------------ 341
erate moeneey Ofen (ekOu) ao ates es ~ te See oe ee oe eee 209
FEILNER, J. Explorations in upper California in 1860. (R. 1864)_--------_- 188
Feldspar, determination of, in thin sections of rocks—G. W. Hawes. (P. 1881) 467
Heton,©. ©., euloryjon; by T: .D. WooLsky. (BR. 1861)-2222--+— =. 22222. 149
Fr.ton, C. C.—

ouce.o1, Washingtonwirving.., | (R.)1859)\=-soen ses See 110

IC SRame VW Veen ens 4 t (Teo, 1809) oc SS eee eee Se Se 110

Report on Prof. Henry and the telegraph. (R. 1857)-.-___.___-_-.---- 107
Fendler, A., botanical explorations by, in New Mexico and California—A.

ep Aa EMME We i een et ol 21
FENDLER, A.—

Meteorology and ethnology of Colonia Tovar, Venezuela. (R. 1857)--- 107

Meteorolog yor Oolenia, Tovar. (lv 1866) 2255275. 20 22 2) DIA

Temperature of St. Louis, Missouri. (R. 1860) .....-.-.--...-.......- 147

186 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Ferns, acknowledgment for—G. Mrrrentus. (R. 1862) ------------ .------- 150
FrERREL, W. Converging series expressing ratio between diameter and cir-

eummerence of acircle’=...-- 22 ee ee ee eee 233
FERREL, W. Reply to the criticisms of Dr. J. Hann. (R. 1877) -------- 323, 398
Ferrel, W., theories of, as to relation between difference of pressure and velocity

Of wind dic WANNER LS 110) re ee ee 323, 398
Fever—

a study in morbid and normal physiology—H. C. Woop ____---_--------. 357 |

researches on—H.'C. Woop. (R. 1878)22-2_--___ (2242-5 eae

study of the nature and mechanism of. Toner lecture No. rv—H. C.

AVVO OD eee ee rae eR eng eee PR i) Cie pies LEY ER oe 282
Fevers, surgical complications and sequels of. Toner lecture No. v—W. W.

KN Soe ee see eee ee a ee ne a ne 300
FratHo, A. Biographical sketch of Dom Pedro II. (R. 1876) _------2___-__- 299
FIGANIERRE, M. Account of remarkable accumulation of bats. (R. 1863). 187
Figure of the earth—Sr.. M: Mirnino:; ‘(R- 1863) 22-222 22 2 a ee eee 187
Figures of equilibrium of a liquid mass withdrawn from the action of gravity—

See Plateau. ;

Hisures: sériesiof, for labels! .s22 02 es ee Bos 8 eee ee ee eee 164
Milices ‘of Kerguelen sland —A VGRavcss:- 222s) See eee 294
Hinances (of themnstitutiomw Le 46 = Vee oe ae eee ee ee 329
Fincu, FLApGATE, and CLARKE. Residuary legacy of Smithson. (R. 1861.) 149, 328
Fincx, H. Antiquities in the State of Vera Cruz, Mexico. (R. 1870) --_-_-- 244
Fire at Smithsonian, January, 1865, report of Committee of Regents relative

to—R. WALLACH; Ji. Hmnry. <(R: 1864) 2222 S2as 22 ee eee
Fire, Indian mode of obtaining—G. Croox. (R. 1871) --------------------- 249
Fire-alarm telegraph, American, lecture on—W. F. CHANNING. (R. 1854)_-_ 75
Fire ball, meteoric, orbit and phenomena of—J. H. Corrin -__----~-- -------- 221
Fire-proofing buildings, architecture in relation to—D. B. Rerp. (R. 1856) -_ 91
First decade of United States Fish Commission—G. B. GoopE. (R. 1880) -_-. 442
Fiscuer, F. Scientific labors of Edward Lartet. (R. 1872) ----_----_--_-____ 271
Fish Commission—

account of work of—Ss. H. BARD: © (R188) 2 Seas ee eee 442

catalogue of exhibit of, at Centennial, 1876—G. B. Goopr _____-_---__- 326

directory of officersand employ6s\of —.2=—— =e een one eee 466

exhibit by, at Berlin Fisheries Exhibition—G. B. Goopr ~________~-__- 413

experiments on animal heat in fishes, made in connection with—J. H.

KIppER.: >.(P:1879)23- 5.2 32 Se oe Se ee oe eee 333 .

first: decade of--G. B. Goopm: (BR: (1880) uses asi 442

list of marine invertebrata from New England coast distributed by— |

AH. VERRILL; R. Rarasun. (B.18i0)2e=-. eee 333
mollusea collected by—A. EH: ‘VEREILL.) ((Pl880) > == eee 425
notice of crustacea dredged by, off south coast of New England—S. I. .

Sacra: (PASPBBO) nuh epee a 425

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 187

Fish—
analysis of water destructive to, in Gulf of Mexico—F. M. Enpuicu.
GES) oe Se ee ee a ee 467
candle, of northwest coast—J.G. Swan. (P. 1880).---------------__- 425
datesjofiiirstappearance of —H By Houg@He = 2222) 22. 2222 182
description gf new species of, (Apogon pandionis)—G. B. GoopE; T. H.
ANG Clem LOO) few ae = es he Soe pees See Se 467
destruction of, by poisonous water in Gulf of Mexico—J. Y. PorreEr.
(Epp lsc pees rete aes 2 SE ee ee eee ee L 467
destruction of, by polluted waters in Gulf of Mexico—W. C. W. Gua-
EOI! {LPR eres Whe ieee ola eel ie SR DE cE eA eer nr Op 467
directions for collecting and preserving—T. H. BEAN_--_-_---~-------- 464
fresh; circnlar on shipping—sS. HE. BAtrD_-...---.---_-_--.-=---.-...< 384
from deep-sea fauna of western Atlantic, description of new species of,
(Alepocephalus Bairdii)—G. B. Goopr; T. H. Bean. (P. 1879)--- 333
mortality of, in Gulf of Mexico—E. INGERSOLL. (P. 1881) ----------- 467
mortality of, in Gulf of Mexico—M. A. Moore. (P. 1881)----------- 467
new, from Alaska, with notes on genus Anarrhichas—T. H. Bran. (P.
ESO) eee eee eee Sere a Se 333
new, (Lopholatilus chameleonticeps,) from south of New England—G. B.
GUC DEP mH wbhtAN WChs LSiO)\iee ss ones ee a OBS
new gobioid, (Othonops eos,) from San Diego, Cal.—R. Smita. (P.1881) 467
new serranoid, (Epinephelus Drummond-Hayi,) from Bermudas and
Hlorida—G. B: Goopn; T.. H. Bran. (P. 1878) ------... Sea say 100m
new sparoid, (Sargus Holbrookii,) from Savannah Bank, description of —
TAL AN a (lO LO aos. nena. tose ee a ese ee SU 332
Fish-culture of United States, exhibit of, at Berlin Fisheries Exhibition—
Gaps 18 G0 OT) Re ee a es oe en ee ee ea Se 413
FisuEr, J.G. Acknowledgment of perennibranchiates. (R. 1863)---.---__- 187
Fisheries—
of United States, catalogue of collection to illustrate, at Philadelphia—
ST ODD Ein a ae ee oe Le ee een ee re Sn OR 326
of United States, exhibit of, at Berlin Fisheries Exhibition—G. B..Goopr. 413
Fisheries Exhibition, Berlin, additions to Museum from. (R. 1880)-.-.-----. 442
Fishes—
Alaskan, catalogue of—T. H. Bran. (P. 1881)_----_----_-_-.-2=----. 467
American, in British Museum and Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris,
HOLES OnLy pical—D. S. JORDAN, — (PR. 1879) Sass 2 eo eae 28 393
arrangementiol families! oi—T. (Gib = 2== Senn ee ee ee ee 247
Pibhiosmapive of — 0s (GThb. 28 2-22 oS Se Pee ee 247
check-list of duplicates of, distributed by Smithsonian Institution—T. H.
RN (emt So0)\ == 2 22 = A he ok eee eee ADB

collected by H. E. Nichols in British Columbia and Alaska, notes on—
eerie brmee a PS Toot) osha ce est ceaeme eS FC 467

188

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Fishes—Continued.

cottoids, monograph of the—C. Girarp -_-.-_-_—___-._-_-_..__-___._ 30
description of new species of North American—D. 8S. Jorpan. (P.1879.) 333
descriptions of and notes on—See D. 8. Jorpan; C. H. GILBeEr?.

descriptions of deep-sea species from New England, diagnoses of two un-
described genera of flounders and genus related to Merducius—G. B.

Goopr:. “(P:-1880)) 2223S) 35 soe eee ee suk ee eee 425
descriptions of new species of, (Uranidea marginata, Potamocottus Bendi-

rei,) and of Myctophum crenulare—T. H. Bean. (P. 1881)_----~-- 467
directions for collecting and preserving—T. H. Bean. (P. 1881) --___- 467
European, in National Museum, list of—T. H. Brean. (P. 1879) -____- 333
experiments upon animal heat of—J. H. KippEr. (P. 1879) .--.------ 333
from deep waters on south coast of New England, obtained by Fish Com-

mission in 1880-—G.B: (Goopm. “(P51880) 22 22 eee 425
from eastern Georgia, noteson—T. H. Bran. (P. 1879) -----:-----_-- 333
from eastern Mississippi, collection of—O. P. Hay. (P. 1880) ----_-_-- 425,
from Hudson’s Bay, notes on—T. H. Bran. (P. 1881)---------------- 467
from Utah Lake, notes on a collection of—D. 8. Jorpan; C. H. Git-

BERT, (Py 188Q)aca 2S seo Ose Se Ree eee ee eee eee 425.
mortality of, in Gulf of Mexico—J. P. Jerrerson. (P. 1878) ~~~ -_-- 3382
mortality of, in vicinity of Tortugas—J. P. Jerrerson; J. Y. PorTER;

T. Moonn: ((B.1i878) <2 a cet ee 332
new genus of, (Benthodesmus)—G. B. GoopE; T. H. Brean. (P. 1881.) 467
new genus of, (Delolepis)—T. H. Bean. (P. 1881)_-----_-_-_-----_-- 467
North American, check-list of duplicates distributed by Smithsonian—

Td BRAw- (PR. 1880), 0 222252. 5 oe ee 425.
North American, review of Rafinesque’s memoirs on—D. S. JorDAN___ 805
notes on—D.. 8. JORDANS 2. a2 2 i 228 oes SOLES. eee 805, 306, 308
notes on collection of, from Clackamas river, Oregon—D. S. JorDAN.

(P.ASTB)ies =< Seek bak as Bes eee 332
of Alaska, some genera and species of—T. H. Bean. (P. 1879)..--____ 833

of Alaska and Siberia, descriptions of new—T. H. Bran. (P.1881)_-- 467

of Alleghany region of South Carolina, Georgia, and Tennessee, distribu-

tion’ of—D.S: JORDAN 5j/A\ We BRAWDON = 2] ee nee ee cee 308
of Arctic Amorica—T. Hi BEAN 2. 45. See ee eee 342
of Beaufort Harbor, North Carolina, notes on—D. 8. Jorpan; C. H.

GILBERT... (P..1878) ee. ee5 oe ee ee ee 332
of Bermuda, catalogue:of—G..B; Goonula2 2. ss -2 2 eee 296
of Bermuda mistakenly described as new by Gunther—G. B. Goopr.

(BP. 1878) 2. oe ee ee, 2 332
of, California——T, H. Svremrs 2222-4625 oe eee ee 303
of California, descriptions of new genera and species of—W. N. Lock-

INGTON. (P..1879)_- 2255 2s 2
of east coast of North America, catalogue of—T. G1 _____.-_-------- 283

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 189

Fishes—Continued.

of Hanning talands— 1. Hi StRREns)s 25 tea bo) ssa t5aas+-cla | 808
of Florida, description of new species of, (Seriola Stearnsii)—G. B. GoonE.
(CEeIS io eee eae ae oa een eee Soo ek IS 333
of Florida, preliminary catalogue of, with new genus and three new
species Gat bs GOODE.) (Jes 1879) 2 eae nates ee ee be et 333

of Gulf of Mexico, collected by J. W. Velie, catalogue of and descrip-
tion of seven new species—G. B. GoopE; T. H. Bran. (P. 1879)-- 3338

of Hawaiian tslands—'T. HO STREETS).=- 5220 oe baa a 308
Of Wwerauelonnisiand-— Ts Giis, -.- 22 222 sel eo | ee 294
of Mexico, descriptions of two species of, collected by Dugés—T. H.
SHAUN EE Eee tO 0), 22st nn ote ea ae oe eos ee eee 333
of Mexico, notes on Dugés collection of—D. 5S. JorpAn. (P. 1879) ---- 3338
Ob Naw sorb Gini. (H.. ISb0)ir- 26s 6 oo es te 91
of Pacific coast of United States, bibliography of—T. GiLu__-----____- 463

of Pacific coast and Alaska, bibliography of—T. H. Bean. (P.1881)__ 467

of Pacific coast, check-list of duplicates of, distributed by Smithsonian
Institution in 1881—D. 8. Jorpan; P. L. Jouy. (P. 1881) ------ 467

of Pacific coast, notes on—D. S. Jonpan; C. H. GinBert. (P. 1881). 467
of Pacific coast of United ae list of—D.S. Jonpan; C. H. GILBERT.

(ESB) ee ree oe oo Ee ca ae See estes 425
of Pensacola, Florida, catalogue of Stearn’s collection and description of

new species—G. B. GooprE; T. H. Bean. (P. 1879)---_---------- 333
Ott ohn’s river—-G.| Bb. Goon, (P4879) ---32---- 2 = a 333
Ofesamoanielslands——li-p Lig ODRE MTS ts) poe sae eo ene ee oe 303

on coast of New Jersey and Long Island—S. F. Barrp. (R. 1854)__ 75, 348

pediculate, of eastern coast of extratropical North America, ay Opes of—

ERG Mite CL etOnG) pea eee ee 2S tS ae ee oe SS opy-
Potamocottus Bendirei, description of—T. H. Bran. °(P. 1881)__-- -__- 467
trunk, Ostraciontide, a study of, with notes on American species—G. B.

Goonm wi (bo 1879) 22 seen 2 eS oe et ee See tease 333
Uranidea marginata, description of—T. H. Brean. (P. 1881) ..----...-- 467

Fishes, food—See G. B. Goode, T. H. Bean, D. 8. Jordan, 8. Stearns, F. Stein-
dachner, S. Wilmot.

Fishes, food—

piemine .alatkverto—-s.) HVA TED so <2. 0-2 234
memoranda of inquiry relative to—S. F. BAIRD —..--_---.-------.---- 231
questions relative to—S. F. Barrp_-~-~--- Se ca se ees 234
Fishkill, New York, deposit of arrow-heads near—E. M.SHEPARD. (R. 1877.) 323
Hissirosires colopysol—-ls Me BREWER. =< 502~- 225 eee a Se eke soeeee 89
BGACHENECKER, G. Indian languages. (R. 1862) ---._--.----.-_-.-----. 150

FLADGATE, CLARKE, and Fincn. Smithson’s residuary legacy. (R. 1861.) 149, 328
Flamingo from south Florida, specimens of—G. WurRpEMAN. (R. 1860) ----- 147
Flight in the animal kingdom, phenomena of—H. J. Marry. (R. 1869) ----- 228

190 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Flight, modes of, in relation to aeronautics—J. B. Perrigrew. (R. 1867) --- 215
Fuint, E., shells from Costa Rica kitchen-midden collected by—W. H. Datu.
(EeSTSTSY 6) see Sg ee Ns et Len eS ys ee ee 332
Fuint, J. M.—
Classification and arrangement of the materia medica collection -_-~--~- 450
Classification of forms of drugs and medicines _____- -------.---------- 451
Memoranda forcollectors of drugs'_.= 2 2. os ee ee 452
Flint implements—
in Illinois, agricultural—C. Rav. (R. 1868).-.------:------- 224, 440, 370
in INinois, deposits of—J. F: Snyper: ©(R. 1876)--2-. 22-222 299
m Ohio; Holmesicounty—Hse BD. Casio. (GR.g8i1) seo tee ee een 325
Hlood=tide, lawcor denositiot—©) He wD AWIS ss tes ee) eee 33
Flora—
and fauna within living animals—J. Lerpy --+--...------------------ 44
of Alaska, sketch of the—J. T. RorHrock. (R. 1867)_----------- 215, 367
of Crozet and Kerguelen Islands—J. H. Kipper and others_-_---- -_-- 294
of North America, index of authorities for species of—S. WarTson __--- 258
of St. Croix and the Virgin Islands—H. F. A. Eagmrs__--__--._------ 313
of Washington and vicinity—L. F. Warp__-----------__-..---------- 444
Florida—
antiquities of—J. BARTRAM,. (CR: 1874)220 232) eee 286
antiquities of—A. MITCHELL. (R. 1874)_ een ube aa ee 286,
catalogue of casts of Indian prisoners in—R. H. Prarr. (P. 1878)---. 332
colored bead from mound in—A. M. Harrison. (R. 1877) ----------- 323
Surtiss’ collection of fishes from—D. 8S. Jorpan. (P. 1880)_---------- 425
evaporation iIn—W. ©. Dennis: (R.01866) -- 5 eek] eee 214
fishes of—G. 'B: Goopm,; 1. He Bran. “(Po 8718) 2 seoeoe = oe 382
fishes of, preliminary catalogue and new genus and species of—G. B.
GOODE. (CROM810) 222 ee ee ee ee ee
forests and trees of —J.G. Cooper. (BR. 1860)---22-28-- 222 2 ee 147
gold ornament from mound in—C. Rav. (R. 1877)_-_-------- 328, 440, 403
Henshall’s collection of fishes from—D. S. Jorpan. (P. 1880) -.---_-- 425
Indian,;mounds in—S:; ‘T. WaLkerr. (R. [879)-pesos eee eee 345
microscopical observations in—J. W. BAILEY -------_---..------.-..5 23
new fish, Caulolatilus microps, from—-G. B. Goov. (P1878) 222 eee
polychrome bead from—S. S. HALDEMAN. (R. 1877) --.---------_ 328, 404
shell-heaps at mouth of St. John’s river—S. P. MaysBerry. (R. 1877). 323
shell-heaps of Tampa Bay—sS. T. WaLkeEr. (R. 1S79)i22 eee eee 345
specimens of flamingo from—G. WuRDEMAN. (R. 1860) ---~-.---__-_- 147
winds in—F.-BALTZELI.; «(i 1866)) 22s eee 214

Flounders, diagnoses of two undescribed genera of—G. B. Goopr. (P. 1880). 425

FiLovurens, M. J.—
Historical sketch of the Academy of Sciences, Paris. (R. 1862)_--.-__- 150

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 19E ©

Fiovurens, M. J.—Continued.
History of the works of ‘Cuvier. '(R: 1868); 2 224

Memoir of Ducrotay De Blainville. (R. 1865) -----------_----------- © 209
Memoimoamteopordivon Buch. (R.1862)v eves 2 Soe eee 150
Memoirorbyramus de'Candolle. “ (R. 1859)! 222225 #2 ee ee 110
Memo Gmciwionn i(k. 1868) 2 ss" as PaaS ere Pe eso 224:
Momomole Mgrondie.- (i: 1866)Lo.+ 27 eee eee ee ee ae on 214
Memoiror (Geotiroy Saint-Hilaire. © (R: 1861) 2225-2 28 oes sae te 149
Memoiror Hows Jacques Thénard.” (R. 1862) 2222200 22-8 ee oe 150
The Jussieus and the natural method. (R. 1867)_----.----—---------- 215
Fluctuations of level in North American lakes—C. WHITTLESEY -~-- ---- ne
Fluids, elastic, electricity in—A. A. Dz La Rive. (R. 1868)__-_------------ 187
Fly-catcher from Sandwich Islands, description of a new—R. Ripaway. (P.
ESS L)) capes ge a ya eee enn aE A DE ie Pee es ee eee ee 467
Fog, the wind and—J. Batrour. (R. 1866)------------------ eRe eee 214

Forsom, C. Report on Jewett’s general stereotype catalogue of publiclibraries. 47

Food, relation of, to work, and its bearings on medical practice—S. HAUGHTON.

Gieis 1O) pete a ee Oe eee ee ne eae, Sees --- 244
Food collections, provisional classification of —G. B. GoopE ___-_-------------- 455
Food-fishes, inquiry relative to—S. F. Barrp -.--------- ------ RIO rises) 231
Food-fishes, questions relative to—S. F. BarRD-_-_-- ---------~---.---------- 234
Force, thoughts on the nature and origin of-—-W. B. Taytor. (R.1870)_. 244, 375
Force, P. Record of auroral phenomena in high northern latitudes ~~------- 84
Foreign—
authors. North American conchology—W. G. BINNEY_-~-~---------- 174
Commissioners, collections presented to United States by. (R. 1876) --_ 299
correspondents of Smithsonian Institution, list) of 222 2=- 154, 225, 309, 469
correspondents of Smithsonian Institution, number of —-~-------------- 290
correspondents of Smithsonian Institution, systematic index of ~---- .--- 257
gold and silver Coins tal evoteme (eel S6S)\ ae ae ee ee ee 224.
institutions in correspondence with Smithsonian Inst., list of ___ 64, 225 243
institutions, list of addresses of, since 1862. (R. 1865)_---------------- 209

institutions making donations to Smithsonian library, list of. (R. 1864) 188
works in library of Smithsonian—See Library.

ForrMan, E. Meteorological system and correspondence of Smithsonian In-

Eau NeAmmn (ESter POON My) ee es rs ee ee ces eae 51
ForEMAN, E. Report on meteorological system. (R. 1852) ____------------- 57
Forest trees, distribution of, in Montana, Idaho, and Washington—W. W.

WOH NS OM ml LOTO) secs) Ue Ca ee eco sesl lt. «2ae
Forests and their climatic influence—A. E. BEcquEREL. (R. 1869) ---------- 228

Forests and trees of Florida and the Mexican boundary—J. G. Cooper. (RK.

192 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Forests and trees of North America, distribution of, and catalogue of native

trees of the United States—J. G. Cooper. (R. 1858) _----.---__-- 109, 351
Formation—

of a; museum—L. -AGAssiz.” .((Rij1849) 22 eee eee 21

of clouds over Gulf Stream—H. M. BAnnistER. (R. 1866)_----------- 214

of ice at bottom of water—M. ENGELHARDT. (R. 1866) -----------..-- 214

of precipitation—J. HANN,. “(Re 1877) See See ee oe
Forms in which drugs and medicines appear—J. M. Fuinr. (P. 1881)--- 467, 451
Formulas, chemical) tables'of— iW Wis Ci Anes oS re ee 255

Fort, ancient, and burial ground in Tompkins Co., N. Y.—D. TrowBripGe.

(R21863)i==22= pose sunset ee eS 187
Fort Brown, Texas, list of birds from—J. C. Mrerrinu. (P. 1878)----------- 332
Fort Ellis, prehistoric remains near—P. W. Norris. (R. 1879) -----------_- 345
Fort Marion, Florida, list of casts of heads of Indian prisoners in—R. H.

PRATE s ((P.:1878)\- 2525. EAS Se ee ee ee 382

Fort Ripley, Minn., natural history of country about—J.E. Hap. (R. 1854.) 75
Fort Wadsworth, Dakota, Indian mounds near—A.J.Comrort. (R.1871)--- 249
Forts and dwellings, Indian, in Indian Territory—W.E.DoyLer. (R. 1876)__ 299

Fossil—

corbiculade—T.. PRIMm=.-.2i2e elo tS ee eo 145
gasteropod, from Mexico, description of—C. A. WuiTE. (P. 1880)_--_- 425
mollusks from later tertiaries of California—W. H. Dau, (P. 1878) -_ 332
SOk——-d , JGRIDY 22225 chee a a ae Sha ee ee ee Se 41
plants from China, description of—J. S. NEWBERRY ---~------.-------- 202
Fossils—
carboniferous invertebrate, description of new species of—C. A. WHITE.

(PE gB10) 222 ss ete he Se NER et
catalogue of rocks, minerals, ores, and—J. Lockrn. (R. 1854)_----.---. 75
cretaceous, from Arkansas and Colorado—C. A. WHITE. (P. 1881)---_ 467
cretaceous invertebrate, from Kansas and Texas, description of new—

G.vA. Warren. (Pe 1879) 225 8a eee 333
from Nebraska, report on—J. Leipy. (R. 1861) -------_- ---.--:----_ 51
from Santa Barbara, California—P. P. CARPENTER —--.--.-...__-.---_. 252
invertebrate, from Arkansas, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah—C. A. WHITE.

(B.. 1880) 22-2 ease Se eas a ee ee ee 425
invertebrate, of North America, check-list of —T. A. Conrap___.______ 200
invertebrate, of North America, check-list of—F. B. MrgexK____-_. 177, 183

invertebrate, of North America, cretaceous and jurassic—F. B. MEeK__ 177

invertebrate, of North America, eocene and oligocene—T. A. Conrap_. 200

invertebrate, of North America, miocene—F. B, MEEK _______-__-____ 183
postpliocene, in coast range of California—W. H. Datu. (P. 1878)---_ 332
tertiary, distribution of Californian—W. H. Datu. (P. 1878)_.------- 332 .

tertiary, presented by Imperial Geological Institute, Vienna. (R. 1863) 187

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS.

HosteR, J. W. Ancient relics'in Missouri. (R. 1863)... ~~ 2 a2
Fostrer, J. W. Catalogue of rocks, minerals, ete. (R. 1854) ~---.---_--___-
Herr, J. olllomy On Dy l. ARAGO, (ht. B87 lyse ee ake Se
MoveRiEE, Jn. wbemoin ot Delambre: “(Ri 1864) 224-ss2cb et ok a toe
Fow er, J. Shell-heaps of New Brunswick. (R. 1870)--------------------

Fox, (yacht,) meteorological observations in Arctic Seas made on—F. L.
ECO NPR emer es ee ee eee es

Fox, (yacht,) record of voyage of, in Arctic regions—F. L. McO.inrock ____-

France, Emperor of, report to, by Minister of Public Instruction, on scientific
Sxpaditiangiomvextco: (R184) “2 6 oe

France—See Paris, Prize questions.

Franklin, Sir John, expedition in search of—See Kane.

Free freight between Germany and the United States by North German Lloyd—

KR. SCHEEIDEN. (R. 1858) -_.------__- pi Se ee we es ee ee
Free freight between United States and England—E. Cunarp. (R. 1859) ._--
Free freight between United States and Germany—Kunuarpt & Co. (R. 1861)
FréEmont, J. C., description of plants collected by—J. TorrkEy -__-----------
Frémontiane, plante—J. TorREY -__---.---_-.-.-- Le a See he A ae
French — ®
Exposition of 1867, ethnological department of the. (R. 1867) --------
half-breeds of the northwest—V. Havarp. (R. 1879) -----------. ----
Institute, history of--M. FLourens. (R. 1862) -------- pA nce pec aN
Society of Archeology, Archxological Congress organized by. (R. 1866)
vocabulary with comparative words in English, Spanish, and Latin_-__-
weights and measures—See Tables.
Fresh fish and other animals, circular relative to shipping------------_---__--
Fresh-water—
mpm. or North America—H. ©. Woop 2.2. 22s e oe ee ae
glacial drift of northwestern States—C. WiHITREESE Ys 222s sen toes
in the ocean—W. C. Dennis. (R. 1866)------.---~.--------~-- ----_-
shells—See Shells.
HRIEDLANDER, J. Plan of a bibliography. (R. 1868) -2-=2-2- 2-3 -2-- 2 =..
FRIEL, J. Antiquities of Hancock county, Kentucky. (R. 1877) -----------

Friends of the Museum, circular addressed to—S. F. Barrp. (P. 1881)-- 467,

Frigate mackerel (Auwis Rochei) on New England coast—G. B. Goopr. (P.
ite eerste LAA Dee ib elat deo e a ot e

FROEBEL, J. Physical geography of North American Continent. (R. 1854.)
Frost, disintegrating effects of, on building stones—C. G. Paar --------------
HOTMItS ROAteS OL Tipe mine ot— HH. B. HougH=-22- ses 22 =- a8 ce oe seek L as
Fuca, Straits of, Indians of—See J. G. Swan.

Fund, Smithson, memorial of Regents to Congress relative to. (R. 1850)-----
Home, omitison, statement of, 1846-1877 2. ee ee ne an

13

146
146

188

109
110
149
46
46

215
345
150
214
170

384

109
323
446

425
75
829

28
329

194 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Fundy, Bay of, synopsis of marine invertebrata of —W. Stimpson-----.-----. 50
Hunéral of id. Henry S22 oo 2568 el Se eee ee a 356
Future of geology—J. Prestwicu. (R. 1875) ------------------- ---------- 298
Future of the human race—A. DE CanDOLLE. (R. 1875)-----~-------------- 298

Cr.

Gadus cimbrius, identity of, with Rhinonemus caudacuta—G. B. Goopr; T. H.

Bran? 4CPs 1818) 22 ee ee 332
Gaines, A. S.; CunninacHAM, K. M. Shell-heaps on Mobile river, Alabama.

GRE Sii7) 82" 2 see a ty sora ce ONE EAE ES ee ees 323
Garth iD "statement of, on telerraph.. ((@R.n1857) tees = ee ee 107
Galeorhinus galeus—D. S. Jonpan; C. H. GitBerr. (P. 1880) ----------_-- 425
Gales of wind and appearance of aurora, connection of—R. T. Kyieut; J.

train (ES fel) se ee ee apices wucot =S Ue 249
GALLATIN, A. (Comparative vocabulary. 2222) 225 iee oS es Se eee 160
GaLiatin, A. On publication of Squier and Davis’ work. (R. 1847)____-- H, K
Gallery, Art—See Corcoran.

GALr HL. indians of Peru. \(Ro 1S hi)\- 222s ee ee ee 323
Galvanism, recent progress in. J. MuLLER. (R. 1855)_-------------------- 17
Galvanometer, use of, as a measuring instrument—J. C. Poa@ENnporr. (R.

1859) 2222/4 Ufc een an ee ee 110
Gangrene, bibliography of—W. W. KEEN = 2220— <_<. -- 22222222222. eee
Gardening, natural history as applied to farming and—J. G. Morris. (R.

TS55)s Soo be ee eee Ojo soe ee tH
GarRpDINER, R. H.—

Barometer, rain, and snow gauges. (R.718d8 pi 22 ose ie see eee 109

Disappearance of, ice. \(R.1860)' 22 = eee eee 147

Opening and closing of Kennebec river, Maine. (R. 1858) ---------__- 109

Garpner, W. H. Indians of valley of Red river of the North. (R.1870)_. 244
GARFIELD, J. A. Biographical notice of S. P. Chase and L. Agassiz. (R.

L878) 2 22-=-- 2 SS ee ere ee ee 275, 329
GARFIELD: J). A.” Memorialiaddress on’) benny yeas see ee 25.2522 356,
Garks, H:- Birds of Heligoland. )\(B.1879).-2 22. Ss 2 ee eee
GarMan,S. American Rhinobatide, synopsis and description of, (P. 1880). 425
Gas, hydrogen, as metal and—J. E. ReEynoips. (R. 1870) --~--..------------ 244
Gasteropod, large fossil from Puebla, Mexico—C. A. WuiTE. (P. 1880) -____ 425
Gasterosteus, description of new species of, from Schoodic Lakes, Maine—

T.-H. BEAN. \ (P2189) 22222522220 L 2 eee 333

ae A tae hy
Beg

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS.

GatTscHET, A. S.—
Klamath lake Indian conjurer’s practice. (E. 1879-80) _--~------- ----
‘©The relapse’? in Klamath lake dialect. (HE. 1879-80)_-_--------------
Sanco, snow — Weeks GUEST. (R) 1868) uit seek sek Se ee
Gauges, rain and snow—R. H. Garpiner. (R. 1858)_--------_--------------
GAUTIER, Prof. Researches relative to nebule. -(R. 1863)____.._-----------
General catalogue system for libraries—C. C. JEwrerr. (R. 1850)__----------
Generation, alternate and parthenogenesis in the animal kingdom—G. A. Korn-
, aL REE mm UG ems NGSraen es Se ee ek IN RS ae 8 ES I a) a EO Shh
Generic names of recent and fossil animals, list of—S. H. ScuppER_-_-----~--

Geneva, Society of Physics and Natural History of, report on transactions of—
July, 1858, to June, 1859—A. A. De La Rive. (R. 1859)__-_____..-__-

el SOO; a 1S61— Ps, Due ys (ie TSG Ay ois Ou eee 2 ea
Smoot, gf 1862—A. Dr CanDOLLE. (R. 1864)____--_.---_-_-
‘1862, eo 1863——Profs MARCED. © (R. 1868) 025 22s = ae

1868, f 1864—Dr)@mossary (Rs 1865))2 22st ees

‘1864, ct 1865—E. PLANTAMOUR. (R. 1865)---------.--_.-
‘© 1865, as 1866—DrsGosses "(Rs 1866).2 2 2 28 a ie
ee S67, « 1868—E. WaRTMANN. (R. 1868)----------------
Sea SO8; a 1869——He ©, Homan) (Ri1869))22 2 See ee
Bol od, Ee 1871—H. Dx Saussure. (R. 1871) --------------
emote ween Sh tS7S =A. YAY Daya Riwe.,” (BR. 1874) so ee
Pugior it ln) 1874 —— AS sD a CANDOLLES (Ri 1875) 22.0 ea 2). oe
SAS IA, a I8jo—EVPLANTAMOUR.. ((R_1877)2.2-2-2-2-0222
nL S25, i 1S76—Jr Mu Lima (R. 1Srt eee ose ee ELE
pS ULSi6; a 1877 Ase WAVE.) (1v.\L8 (i) ae eee See Se

Genitalia of male eels—=S. T. Carrie. (P. 1880) 222-222 2. esl
Sener nA. GEBBS, W..) Ammonia-cobalt bases 222252! sol eee se 5 ote
Geographical distribution of batrachia and reptilia—E. D. Copk _______~_____

Geographical manuscripts, catalogue of collection of—L. BrERLanpiER. (R.
MAE hermes ee She et a ey ME RUE E Be ate Wyse dee ies ar Ba WU TOOL RY pate

Geography—See Physical Geography.
Geography of North American Continent—J. Frompen. (R. 1854)----_____-
Geological—
researches in China, Mongolia, and Japan—R. PUMPELLY _-___________
specimens, catalogue of—D. D. Owren. (R. 1854) ~------_---.-______

survey in Michigan, catalogue of rocks, minerals, and ores collected on—
Cea aACKsON.. | (Ee l8a4) 12S 4s a ey 8) Oe a

Geological Survey, directory of officers and employés of -_.---.______ ea
Geological surveys—See annual reports; also Hayden, Powell, Wheeler.
Geology—

and history, boundary line between—E. Suxss. (R. 1872)------.----. -

economic, of Trinidad, report on survey of—G. P. WauL; J. G. Saw-
MEPS eS ep ES Pe o oe e e cs e ol

Ommerpuclonsiciand———l', Mi, WNDLron 22s ee

195

476

110
188
188
187
209
209
214
224
228
249
286
298
328
323
323
425

838

292

75
466

271

91
294

Poe Oa nd DOA TC ae ane

196 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Geology—Continued.
of lower Louisiana and salt deposit on Petite Anse Island—E. W. Hi1-

ASOD oS ea ae ce ee a 248
past and future of—J. Prestwicu. (R. 1875) -.-.-----------------_-- 298
progress in, in 1879, 1880—G. W. Hawezs. (R. 1880)_------------ 442, 428
surface, illustrations of —H. Hirrencock ee ee ee
Georgia—
aboriginal structures in—C. C. Jones. (R. 1877)----. ------------ 323, 400
ancient mounds in—M. F. Stevenson. (R. 1870)------------ -------- 244
Bartow county, mound in—M. F. Stevenson. (R. 1872)_------------ 271
description of fishes of Alleghany region of—D. S. Jorpan; A. W.
SAY TON aes Ss Se eee eee 308
habits of pouched rat, or salamander of—W. GrsnerR. (R. 1860) ------ 147
McIntosh and Early counties, mounds in—W. McKrnuxry. (R. 1872)-_ 271
* microscopical observations in—J. W. BAILEY ---~-----~-- ----—------ 28
notes on collection of fishes from—T. H. Bean. (P. 1879)------------ 338
occurrence of Stricklandia salteri and Stricklandia Davidsoni in—C. A.
Wert) (PSS 0) ee ee ee ee eee 425
remarkable forms of hail stones in—S. ABicH. (R. 1869) ----_-----__-- 228
shell-heaps in—D. Brown (ih. 1871) Oe Se ee 249
Spalding county, antiquities of—W. B. F. Battery. (R. 1877) -------- 323
Gephyrza of northeast coast of America—A. E. Verrity. (P. 1879)-------- 333
Germany and United States, free freight between, by North German Lloyd—
Re SCHURIDEN. 0), S08) Sen ee ee ee 109
Germany and United States, free freight between—Kunuarpr & Co. (R,
1861) us eee oe bee ea ee eee eee ee ee 149
Gesner, W. Habits of pouched rat, or salamander of Georgia. (R. 1860)--_ 147
GrEsnER, W. Mica bedsin Alabama. (R. 1879) ------- aan ne ae eae 345
Gissons, H. Climate of San Francisco. (R. 1854) _-----_---_. -__-----—=—— 75
Gipzes, R. W. Memoir on Mosasaurus and allied new genera, Holcodus, Cono-
BAUTILS, ANU IOTOSCEUS sat a mel a ee 14
GibpBs, G.— .
Archeology in the United States. (R. 1861) ~-------.---.------------ 149
Bibliography: of ‘Chinook jargon ..-2 2) ee ee eee 161
Comparative vocabulary. S222) 22 2 fe eee ee 170
Dictionary of Chinook jargon, or trade language of Oregon ---------_-- 161
Ethnological instructions—-—- ---252=- = --25--— 2 5 42 = =~ <2 See 160
Ethnological map of the United States. (R. 1862)-.------------------ 150
Hthnological suggestions)<— == oe ee ee ee 207
Indian languages. (R. 1865)----------------. Biss eee 209
Imdiansvotabularies: (RR. 862)2-2 22-5 Ses ee eee 150
Instructions for archeological investigations. (R. 1861) ~----- -------- 149
Instructions for ethnology and philology ~---~-------- ------ ----—---- 160

Peston Yess afl ay
ppp % ‘. me
oe y ‘e:

yey Pk

av

;

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 197
GrpBss, G.—Continued.
itermieuuinesoe Tacos.” (lv..1864)) 22 eee ee col 5254 188
Language of aboriginal Indians of America. (R. 1870)---.---------~- 244
Maikahplendtans ee == 28a ee ee ee oe ee US 220
Bhilolosicalecincwlans: . (Ris S62)yoo epee eee eee ee oe oe 150
Plysicalaulas-or North America. ((R1866) 22262282 ke 214
Suggestions for scientific investigations in Russian America —--_-----~~- 207
Gibbs, G., memoirot, by J.A. STEVENS. «(Rs 1878) 22 = ee See 275
Ginps, G., and others, NKecommendation of Shea’s Indian linguistics. (R.
ISS 519) erence oy ta se Sen a Se 149
Gripes, G., and others. Tinneh or Chepewyan Indians of British and Russian
AGM Onicaame (S60) =e sane eee See ceeee be > Eee 214, 365
Gings,G. J. Stone celts in the West Indies and Africa. (R. 1877)----.----- 323
Gipss, W.; GrenTH, F. A. Researches in ammonia-cobalt bases_-_-_-_______ 88
Gideon’s Farm, Hennepin county, Minnesota, mounds on—F. H. Nurrer.
Rive Gio peeeeeee th ot A oe eee eo ee eRe ee Shee Se 345
GILBERT, C. H.—See D. S. Jordan; C. H. Gilbert.
GiLBeRe, oir DD) Notice.of Smithson. (RK: 1853)=_---- -_-- se 67, 330
GILL, T.—
Arranzement Ol tamilesOttishes 25 -.cneu se = se oe ee I Oa
Arraneement of families; of anammals 2.0 /-. 5) 8 so 230
auurancement or families,of mollusks 2- -. --— oi ee 227
IbEDlin eo rApHVeOn NBNES -— 2 mee ete ee eso ETL 2 ee Ae 247
Bibliography of fishes of Pacific coast of United States_.______..._..... 463
ePID ERD UVP OL eMMATinin as, eae se tN 5 ie es Se a LL Us 230
PAL Scap ry tO kemollupics, 0 as ose Se ee Oe ee ie a ee
Catalogue of fishes of east coast of North America -_-._...-....______- 283
Mishos OL MCCrouelouvhsland 22st e. Uoe esa R ee 294
fighesoreNiews YOrk. (Ev..1Sb6)2. soa Le ee ee 91
Identity of the genus Lewrynnis Lockington, with Lycodopsis Collett.

Ee SSO Yea ate a a SS EEC 8 Ee a eae a 425
NioreromeAnrennanida. (Ps 1878): S208 2.20/20 ee ON SS ee ee 332
BiatwioleCeritet.. (Po 1S 7S) s22 502 05 se oe ee eee ee eB Be
Note on ine atiloid penera. (EP. 1881): 2-20 tse ae ee s 467
encoun Macnee... (EP. 1808) oa oom Sean eee a ee oe 88D
Recent progress in zodlogy. (R. 1880)_---- soe ee et 442, 431
SMALL SROMMUC END NV OLOO Vas 5 ces Ue aie Sea eer ee el 247
Synopsis of pediculate fishes of the eastern coast of extratropical North

REEL OENE Hemme Ee tHE (5) am =m eh ey Oo 332
SViopUce mtablessoL mammals Js Ua ee ee 230

Gituiss, J. M. Solar eclipse, Peru, September 7, 1858.___-..__.-__.-__.-._- 100

GittMAN, H. Characteristics of ancient man in Michigan. (R. 1875)_-- 298, 393
GititMAN, H. Mound builders and platyenemism in Michigan. (R. 1873.) 275, 393

198 ALPHABETICAL INDEX
GILMAN, )|W.'S..* Lightning discharges:":/(B.\ 1867) 2222.02 ee eee
Girard, C.—

Bibliography of American natural history for 1851 -_---_---_---------- 48

Monograph of: Cottoids= soa c5 tas ee eS Ee ee 30
GrrRARD, C.; Barrp, 8. F. Catalogue of North American reptiles--_--__-___ 49
Girard College observations—See A. D. Bache.
Given, W. F. Remarkable electric phenomenon. (R. 1865)-------.._ ----- 209
Glacial drift (fresh water) of the northwestern States—C. WHITTLESEY--__~~- 197
Glaciers, traces of, in Massachusetts and Vermont—E. Hrrcewcock ___ ____--- 90
GLAISHER, J. Account of balloon ascensions. (RS1863 \ ee ae 187
GLaziER, W. ©. W. On destruction of fish in Gulf of Mexico. (P.1881)_-- 467
@liddon mummy case—C. Pickmnre- = YF 2 eee 208
Globe. winds‘of, the—Ji. Hi. Conrmin 2h. 2 San a ee ee eee On
Glyptocephalus cynoglossus on coast of North America—G. B. Goopx; T. H.

BEAN;, (P3(1878)\- 3-2 ae oe ee ee ee
Goat, Rocky Mountain, habits of—J. C. Mrrriny. (P. 1879) __---.-------. 3838
Gobiesox rhessodon, from San Diego, California, description of—R. Smita.

ere ae a ae ae aN 467
Gobioid fish, description of a new, from San Diego, California—R. Smiru. (P.

DINGS) ee whe 467
Gold and silver coins, assay of, at United States Mint—J. Pottock. (R. 1868.) 224
Gold and silver coins, foreign, table of. (R. 1868) __----.-_--___-_-- + =. === 224

Gold ornament from a mound in Florida, observations on—C. Rav. (R. 1877.)
323, 440, 403
Goopg, G. B.—

Catalogue of collection to illustrate animal resources and fisheries of the

United States, exhibited at Philadelphia, 1876_--_-_----____-___-___ 326
Catalogueof: fishes of the Bermudas -..2/__- 2-2 2 ee 296
Catalogue of United States Fish Commission’s exhibit at Berlin, 1880 __ 413
Classification of collection of animal resources ~_----.---------------- 297
Clupea tyrannus of Latrobe.” (P.°1878)------ "= = 332
Description of new species of amber fish, (Seriola Stearnsii,) obtained

from Florida by S: Stearns. «(P=1879)22-232) 2-2 =e

Descriptions of new species of fishes from deep soundings on southern
New England coast, with diagnoses of two undescribed genera of
flounders and genus related to Merlucius. (P. 1880) -----.-~------ 425

First decade of the United States Fish Commission. (R. 1880) -_------ 442
Fishes from Bermuda mistakenly described as new by Gunther. (P.1878) 882

Fishes from deep waters on south coast of New England obtained by Fish

@ommission ind 880! (Be le80) ee eee ea ees 425
Frigate mackerel, (Auwwis Rochei,) on New England coast. (P. 1880)--- 425
List of substances derived from animal kingdom ~___-- -----. ---------- 297

Methods of capture and utilization of animals --___- -_---- -_---- ------ 297

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 199

Goopr, G. B.—Continued.
Notacanthus phasganorus, new species of Notacanthide from Grand Banks

OnNemrounalands.< (Pb AveeQ) aes se ee ee ed 425
Occurrence of Belone latimanus in Buzzard’s Bay, Mass. (P.1878).--. 382
Occurrence of Canada porcupine in West Virginia. (P. 1878)___--___- 332

Occurrence of Hippocampus antiquorum on St. George’s Banks. (P.1878) 332
Organization and objects of the U.S. National Museum. (P. 1881.) 467, 459
Plan of organization and regulations of the U. S. National Museum.

Cie Nee na ccna Soe eee eee Ee cal 467, 445
Plans for installation of collections in the U. S. National Museum__ __- 472

Preliminary catalogue of fishes of St. John’s river and east coast of
Florida, with descriptions of new genus and three new species. (P.

SES era ere eee ee es NERS eos
Provisional classification of the food collection. (P. 1881)_--_____- 467, 455
Revision of American species of genus Brevoortia, with description of

newyspeciesarom Gulf; ofa Mexico. | 1(h01878))2 Lee. As) ae 389
Scheme of classification of collections in the U. S. National Museum.

(CR SoTL Slt) ke ee ee Se ee eo eee a oa lw ae Ee 467, 457
Study of trunk fishes, (Oséraciontide,) with notes on American species.

Aoeeag Rey oo) ermine ermine me see eae ON EE re cate eae ae A ale 333
Synopsis of usetuland injurious animals 2.2202 2-2. 220-2 22-22. 297
Taxonomic relations and geographical distribution of swordfish family,

VEX Aer Ce) ed (er ei So ye: ee ead he Tad es ee ee ee 467
Mote caro tcrustaceansin a (ir. MSc) eos eee ee ee 332

Goopr, G. B.; Bran, T. H.—
Catalogue of Stearns’s fishes of Florida and descriptions of new species.

POUT oe eee a se Se oe Sa Sa eA Pe ae EU 333
Catalogue of Velie’s fishes in Gulf of Mexico and description of new

Rpeciesar (le, ROnO joe hase Me AE pete lea see es ee 333
Craig flounder of Europe (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus) on coast of North

PAIOMI CH tires (Ue sl OGG ose ae hele Se eee ole 332
Description of Alepocephalus Bairdii, new deep-sea fish, western Atlantic,

Eek ARR cee AL ZN _ 838
Description of Argentina syrtensium, new deep-sea fish, Sable Island

[CENSUS FD See eircom OE TT ned OEY 332
Description of Caulolatilus microps from Gulf coast of Florida. (P.

SS (5) See eee ee ere aes eee ee Ceo a Oe ae ey oll a 332
Description of gadoid fishes, Phycis Chesteri and Haloporphyrus viola,

POMMOL Wester Atlantic. (ik. S10) eee e eee ae ee mee 832
Deseriptionor tycodespavillus. (BP. 1879)esssse ts 333
Description of new genus and species of fish, Lopholatilus chameleonticeps,

OEE N wpe OLA T Cnn (brs lB 9) teers meme ees ets eae tee Ses 2 333

Description ef new species of fish, Apogon pandionis, from mouth of
Chesapenmepb ave « (Why SSL) Ee Seo eee ee ee a 467

7 oo ver om an

% —

(OTT A Cees) eee Ses ae eee Ai
* Rar Nye pee rae se

200 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Goopz, G. B.; Bean, T. H.—Continued.

Description of new species of fish (Lutjanus Blackfordii and Lutjanus —

Stearnsii) from coast of Mlorida. (P. 1878) 22.4 =. 233-25

Identity of Brosmius brosme Americanus, Gill, with Brosmius brosme
(Muller) White: . (P1878) s- Sa a ee eee ata

Identity of Rhinonemus caudacuta with Gadus cimbrius. (P. 1878) --_-
New ‘genus of dishes; .Benthodesmis:) (EP. S80) ae ee ee

New serranoid fish, Epinephelus Drummond-Hayi, from Bermudas and
Plorida: © (Py 1878) 2=< 22-2 ee ae Soe eee ee

New species of Liparus (L. ranula) from Halifax. (P. 1879)--_-----_-
Note on Platessa ferruginea and Platessa rostrata. (P. 1878) ----------

Note upon black grouper (Epinephelus nigritus) of the Southern coast.
CB 1878) Sate ot le oe NEC Ee

Occurrence of Lycodes Vahlii on La Have and Grand Banks. (P. 1879)
Oceanic bonito on coast of United States. (P.)1878) 2.) 5) ee
Gopher of Illinois, habits of the—J. B. Parvin. (R. 1854) -----------__-_--
GossE, Dr. Report on transactions of the Society of Physics and Natural

History, of: Geneva, 1865—-1866.> “CR. 1866) as = ee ee 214
GouLpD, B. A.—

Account of astronomical observatory at Cordoba, Argentine Republic.

(Re T8782 2 Ee ee Se ae eee ae ee 275

Discussion of Piazzi’s astronomical observations. (R. 1863) --_-------- 187

List of scientific papers of A. D. Bache. (R. 1870) ------.--- 244, 329, 379 -

Report on history of discovery of Neptune ----_-----.-_.-_...---._--- 18

Pransatlanticlongitude 222 = (25! Sots eee ee ee 223
GouLp, J. Acknowledgment of birds. - (R. 1867)=2----.-------=-=--.-..1__= 215
Government Museum—See Museum.

Government of Bremen, exchange system. (R. 1865)__..2--. -_-— 222-22 2 209
Graham, T., scientific work of—W. Op1iine. (R. 1871)_-------.-_-..-1---_- 249
Grammar and dictionary of the Carib or Karif language—C. H. Berenpr.

(Re 1878); 23 s2shss eRe be ee oe be ee ee 275 '
Grammar and dictionary of the Dakota language—S. R. Riaa@s __--.-------- 40
Grammar and dictionary of the Yoruba language—T. J. Bowen____--_--___- 98
Grammar of Yoruba language—W. W. TURNER -2_=--_ 2-2-5). 2 ee ee 98
Grand Bank, new species of Notacanthide from—G. B. Goopr. (P. 1880)---- 425
Grand Bank, occurrence of Lycodes Vahlii on—G. B. Goopr; T. H. Brean.

(EXISTS). 2.224 22 Sea eee ele ee See ee ree weesse ties ee 333
Grand Manan, marine invertebrata of—W. STIMPSON __----.---_---_________ 50
Grant, E. M. Account of discovery of stone image in Tennessee. (KR. 1870.) 244
Grasshopper, means of destroying—V. Morscnutsky. (R. 1858)-_______ ___ 109
Grasshopper, wingless, of California—E. P. Vottum. (R. 1860) ---___-_____ 147
Grasshoppers and locusts of America—A. S. TayLor. (R. 1858) -._---.--__. 109
Grasshoppers, North American, circular in reference to history of—P. R.

UHLER 2-5... = i ---- ogo sks ee

tt it tal

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 201

Graves, ancient, and shell-heaps of California—P. ScHuUMACHER. (R. 1874). 286
Gravitation, figures of equilibrium of liquid mass withdrawn from action of—
See Plateau.

Gravitation, kinetic theories of —W. B. Taytor. (R. 1876)_------------ 299, 395
Gray, A.—

Address at memorial of J. Henry. (R. 1878) --------------------. 341, 356

Biographical memoir of J. Henry. (R. 1878).---_.-----.-----_-- 341, 407

Brorraphicslnotice: of "W: H. Harvey. (BR. 1867), ----2_+_--_ +--+. 215

Meaiomen sone lorey. (hy 873) a= e sean ae 275

Planize Wrightiane Texano-Neo-Mexicane. Part 1 ---.-----_-__--_-- 22

Plante Wrightiane Texano-Neo-Mexicane. Part 11 --------------_-- 42

elantsraiseAmetic America). 2h Sosa SAE eee eee See eat eees — 342

blantsioLeKWere welenvlsland = 2-2 225 Sec Ne A Ee ee 294

Report on Lindheimer’s, Fendler’s, and Wright’s botanical explorations

im-New Moxico and California. (BR. 1849)-—+_ 2-1 _--2si ieee 21
Gray, A., and others. Report on organization of Smithsonian Institution.

DSR TESS) ee rk i ee RE ee a eer mp Se Pe 67
Gray, A.; Coprpzr, H. Report of Committee of Regents on Smithsonian

Miroir: = (Ren 674 yes eee a pont am a ae a nnn 8 286
Gray, A.; Sargent, A. A.; CiyMEerR, H. Report of Committee on Museum.

Bin ee eer ctl seen ee er Mi ee et ee 299
Gray, J. E,; De CanpoLiE, A. Dominant language for science. (R. 1874.) 286
Gray substance of medulla oblongata, and trapezium—J. DEAN _--_ _---.---. 173
Great Britain, history of the Royal Institution of—E. Mariniy. (R. 1867) --- 215
Greece, Museum of National University of, exchange of specimens. (R.1867.) 215
Greece, ornamental album from—Miss E. B. Conraxaxkt. (R. 1857)_-.------ 107
Garren, J. Account of a new barometer. (R. 1855) ____-_...-.-_----.---- 77, 148
GREEN, J.; WURDEMANN, W. On filling barometer tubes. (R. 1859) ------ 110
Rau ene ALHMAA RAL DATOMEL OR eo ce eee ee eo ee AS
Greenland— :

account of cryolite of—LEWIs; QUALE. (R. 1866) ---...--------.-_-~ 214

observations in—See Kane.

report of explorations in—L. KuMLIEN. (R. 1878)__----.-----...---- 341
Green river country, meteorology of—Col. CoLtiins. (R. 1871)-------------- 249
Green river valley, rock engravings on—J. G. Brurr. (R. 1872)____--.----. Dib
Grenada, catalogue of Ober’s collection of birds of—G. N. Lawrence. (P.

POU atk So ea ooo moe et ado ca Bee eee ee a a 332
Grinnell expedition to Arctic seas—Seé Kane.

GrossMANN, F. E. Pima Indians of Arizona. (R. 1871)-------------_---_- 249
Guadeloupe, catalogue of Ober’s collection of birds of—G. N. Lawrence. (P.

ie ey | aera tre 8 Se 2 ee eee UE 332
Guanajuato, notes on Dugés’ fishes from—D. 5S. Jorpan. (P. 1879)..-.------ 333
Guatemala—

antiquities in—G. WiILLIAMsoN. (R. 1876) ..--.---.---------------— 299

202 ALPHABETICAL INDEX
Guatemala—Continued.
collection of historical documents in—C. H. Brrenpt. (R. 1876) ----- 299
earthquakes in—A. Canupas. ((R.i18a8) 2 ao S220 5. 2 eae ee eee 109
new humming bird (Atthis Ellioti) from—R. Ripa@way. (P. 1878)---- 332
sculptures of Santa Lucia Cosumalwhuapa in—S. HABEL_-~----_----_- 269
Guatemalan minister, A. T. De Irisarri, letter from, recommending Dr. Berendt.
(RL 1865) Loe Se eee Spotl Sg Mie 209
Guest, W. E. Ancient Indian remains near Prescott, Canada West. (R.
1856) \.-2- 225 2b a a a eee 91
Gurst, W. EH: Snow gauge. / (3.1888) 2-22 28S 8 oe ee eee 109-
Guide to the flora of Washington and vicinity—L. F. Warp ___-_-_----_--_-_- 444
GuiLp, R. A. Biographical notice of Chas. C. Jewett. (R. 1867)_---.-----. 216
Gulf of California, lecture on shells of—P. P. CARPENTER. (R. 1859) _---__- 110

Gulf of California, list of fishes of—D.S. Jonpan; C.H.GiLpertr. (P. 1881) 467

Gulf of Mexico—
analysis of water destructive to fish in—F,. M. Enpiicw. (P. 1881)--__ 467

destruction of fish in—W. C. W. Guazier. (P. 1881)---.------------ 467
destruction ofsfishin——J).."¥. PORTER. (2) cl88t))e2 2 aes eee 467
fish mortality in—H.-INGERSonL.\(P. 1881) ~-- 2) eee eee 467
fish mortality in—M. A Moorn., ((P. 188) ps3 2 ha eea eee 467
notes on mortality among fishes in—S. H. Jonson. (P. 1881) ------_- 467
report on water froom—W. G. Faritow. (P. 1881)-....--------.--.--. 467
Gulf of Mexico—See Mexico.
Gulf-stream, formation of clouds over—H. M. BANNIsTER. (R. 1866) _------ 214
Gun-cotton and gunpowder—Lieut. von Karoryr; B. F. Craig. (R. 1864.) 188
Gunn, D. Egging expedition to Shoal Lake, Lake Winnipeg. (R. 1867)---- 215
Gunn, D. Indian remains in Red River Settlement, Hudson’s Bay Territory.
(Ee BG 7) ea a ee 215
Guthrie, J., authority given by, to collectors of customs, ete., to receive and
transmit*specimens to Smithsonian == - se ae ee 34
Gutta-percha ‘and caoutchouc: (RK. 1864) -s_- 2-0 2S a ee eee 188
Guyot, A.—
Directions for meteorological observations. (R. 1855) ---------- 77, 19, 148
Meteorological tables? a2 Sane ee eee 31
Meteorolovical:and) physical tables)\=-2—— 22a as =e ee oe ee 153
Metric system for scientific observations. (R. 1848)_------------------ I
Mountain measurements: | (GR. 1862)22_-_- 22 ee eee 150

Guyot, A.; Henry, J. Directions for meteorological observations. (R. 1855.)
77, 19, 148

Gyroscope, problems of rotary motion presented by—J. G. BARNARD_-_------ 240

—

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 203

se:

Haarlem, Holland, Society of Sciences of—See Harlem.

Haas, H: Account of lightning discharges.’ (R. 1867)_...-...--.-----_-_-- 215
HaABEL, 8. Sculptures of Santa Lucia Cosumalwhuapa in Guatemala __------ 269
Habits of—
beaver Mena eaUNOT..,. (Ri 1873) ste e eee ahs le he 275
black bass of the Ohio—J. Horr. (R. 1854)---_-.-__----___---_------ 75
gopheref Hlinois-——) .-B:, PARVIN:.-(Rei1854),0 3 ae 75
pouched rat or salamander of Georgia—W. GEsNER. (R. 1860)-_--_--- 147
Rocky Mountain goat—J. C. Mrerritu. (P. 1879) _-.------.--------.. 888
species of salamander—C. Mann. (R. 1854) ~---_-.---------_-------- 75
Peermatoms,, bibliozraphy of— Wy KEEN 222220020 e225 ete 300
HAGEN aC emo of Mneke) (8.1868) 2- 9. 225.22 oe ee 224
Hagen, H.—
NeuTOnCerA. a. (hve ESO) see aes eee Sees re ON Sek Ae ee Ag
Pseudo-neuroptera of Kerguelen) Island 22.220 os. ce ae 294
Synopsis of North American neuroptera____---_---_----_-_--__-_-_--_- 134
Haidah Indians of Queen Charlotte Islands—J. G@. Swan.___-_--___-_----___- 267
Haipinaer, W. Honorary medal to von Martius. (R. 1863).-____.________ 187
Hail, on the electricity of induction in—F. ZANTEDESCHI. (R. 1870) -----_-- 244
Hail-stones in Georgia, remarkable forms of—S. Anicn. (R. 1869) ---------- 228
Heni-storm in. Lexas—G. MicBAcHE. 1 \(R.1870)) 2.28" bo ee 244
Hail-storm on Bosphorus—Com. PortEr. (R. 1870)-----------------.------ 244

Hair, J.; McHenry, J. W. Antiquities of Jackson Co., Tenn. (R. 1874.) 286

Hainault, Belgium, Society of Science, Art, and Literature. Prize questions.

WRG MINiei eens a one Aare ee eho ak oe Le ee ie oe oe See 275
Hake, description of a new—T. H. Bean. (P. 1880) --2------+--.-- 2. -2- 425
HALDEMAN, 8. S. Coleoptera of the United States 2822 2n tke a ae 62
HALDEMAN, S. 8. Ona polychrome bead from Florida. (R. 1877) ------ 323, 404
Hage. ©. Exploration of the Nile. (R.-1865)_.---.22222e 209
HALz#, E. E. Report on Jewett’s general stereotype catalogue of public libraries. 47
Pee ew Vocabulary of Chinook jargon 2-215.) 02 ee ee ed 161
Half-breeds of the northwest—V. Harvarp. (R. 1879)_------ See oeee SAEs 345
Haliclystus auricula, anatomy and physiology of—H. J. CLARK -_---_-_---_-_- 242
Halifax, description of fish obtained at—See G. B. Goopr; T. H. Bran.

Hall in Smithsonian building, report on use of—L. Aqassiz. (R. 1867) ------ 215
Hall, C. F., scientific instructions to—J. Henry; J. KE. Hinaarp; S. New-

COMBS. Mi BAITED; W..B. Mrrx; lL. A@assiz. (R. 1871) --.---..+-- 249

HAuu, J, statement of, on telegraph. (R. 1857) ----_-- ere aires oe te 1 107, 115

Halliwell manuscripts, report on—C. C. Jewert. (R. 1852) -----.-.-.------ 57

204 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Haloporphyrus viola from deep-sea fauna of northwestern Atlantic—G. B.

Goong oT. H: sBEAN. “(Ps 1878) Ns 2 oes eee ee ee 3382
Hamburg Zodlogical Gardens, exchange of specimens. (R. 1867) --------_--- 215
Hamilton College, Clinton, N. Y., exchange of specimens. (R. 1861) -_------ 149
Hamilton College, Clinton, N. Y., examination of Spencer’s telescope. (KR.

PS56) ioe sot Soe ep ee 0 SUSAR So 22 eee 77

HAmMixLTon, J. Bequest deposited in United States Treasury. (R. 1878)-- 275, 329
HaMiLton, J. Bequest of $1,000 to Smithsonian Institution. (R. 1872)__ 271, 329

FLAMGIN, HL. Address'on death of Joseph’ Henry 2222" -2 22 ss ose eee 356
HamMuin, H. Biographical notice of S. P. Chase. (R. 1873)__-_--=.-..---__- 275
Hampton, Virginia, Normal and Agricultural Institute, casts of heads of Indian
boys and girls at—R. H. PRATT. (P1819) <8. 2s ee ee
Hann, J., reply to criticisms of, by W. FERREL. (R. 1877) ----.----.---- 323, 398
Hann, J.—
Atmospheric pressure and rain-fall. (R. 1877) .------------------- 323, 398
Diminution of aqueous vapor with increasing altitude. (RK. 1877) __ 325, 398
Influence of rain upon the barometer. (R. 1877)------------ ------ 323, 598

Laws of variation of temperature in ascending currents of air. (R.1877) 323, 398

Relation between pressure of air and velocity of wind. (R. 1877) -- 323, 398

Harbors, dates of opening and closing of—F. B. Hou@H____--- -_-- .------_-- 182
Harbors, tides and tidal action in—J. E. Hinearp. (R. 1874) ----_------ 286, 390
HARDISTY, WL. The oucheux, Indians.” (Ri 1866), == 2 = eee 214, 365
Hare, R.—

Hxplosiveness of mitre! fae 2 soe Oss eae 2 ee ee ee ee Ly

Letter relative to gift of apparatus. (R. 1848)-__._-..._-__-__ 22-28 E

Method) of forming small weights. (B.°1858)"228__- 22 s2- ses ee 109

On John Wise’s observation of a thunder storm. (R. 1854) _..-------- 75
Harcer, O. Notes on New England Isopoda. (P. 1879) -..-.----. .-------. 3338
Harkness, W. Observations on terrestrial magnetism and deviation of com-

passes On iron-clads=,2225,22e 88 2 BOS ae ee ee eS ee ee
Harlem, Holland, Society of Science. Prize questions. (R. 1861, 1864, 1868,

£878) 2a 2 cola te Sk ee ae ee
Harmonies of the solar system—S. ALEXANDER —.--_~-.-----_ -----_ -__----.. 280
HARRIoTT, J. Aceount of the city.of Washington, 1808_---_ 42-22. ee 330
Harris, E. List of birds and mammalia of Missouri river. (R. 1850) ----_- 28
Harrison, A. M. Colored bead from mound in Florida. (R. 1877)_---_---- 323
Harrison, W. Account of storm in Butler county, Kansas. (R. 1871) _.--. 249
Hart, J. N. De. Mounds and osteology of the mound builders of Wisconsin.

CRB 77) a ee I i er ee ee 323
Harvey, W. H., biographical notice of, by A.Gray. (R. 1867)_---.------__- 215
Harvey, W. H.—

eeture'on, marime’alga. | (Ry 1865) 222225 Se eee ee ee OF

LAS tiolgarcticya] Owes oo Ae see Se Se ee eee ee Oe ee 95

;
4
4

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 205

Harvey, W. H.—Continued.

Marine alow. arte. &. Melanospermem 2-242 Soe See 32

iMarinevalsusterrartli: Ih0dospermee «eu. aos. ob e 43

Maringiaivwmen bariiin, Chlorosperme@ ao esi = G8 eS 95

Marinemcmne barter, 1,110.) “Complete Mic oco 5 222 ok Se Sok 96
Harwoop, A. A. Account of sarcophagus from Syria. (R. 1870) --------~- 244
Hassler expedition, narrative of the—L. Aq@assiz. (R. 1872)-----_-------_-- 271
Hastines, C.S.; HotpEen, E.S. Synopsis of Herschel’s writings. (R. 1880.) 442,426
Hatcu, F. W. Meteorological observations at Sacramento, Cal. (R. 1854) -- 75
Haueuton, 8. Relation of food to work, and its bearing on medical practice.

Esato emer eer Sh SS ne ee eee ee 244
Hay, René Just; memoir of, by G. Cuvier. (R. 1860)_+-2__-_-___________- 147
Havarp, V. French half-breeds of the northwest. (R- 1879) ses See 345
HAVENS Archmology iof the United States--9--- .. 2. 222-2222 oe 71
HAvVEN,S. F. Report on Jewett’s general stereotype catalogue of public

MTSU CS ents hese orn eer es See ee SRR eta Pee sae 47
Hawananelslands; ishes,of— 0. He STREWTS 2.62220 8e he ot eee 303
Hawaiian Islands, natural history of—T. H. STREETS ______~ ---------------- 303
Hawes, G. W.—

Determination of feldspar in thin sections of rocks. (P. 1881)_-----__- 467

On mineralogical composition of normal mesozoic diabase upon Atlantic

Beamon pacer LOCA) he Beene Wee eS Sa SE ee EE Se ee a SN 467

Progress in geology and mineralogy, 1879-80. (R. 1880)----__--..- 442, 428
Hawkes, F. L., and others. On publication of Spanish works on New Mexico.

St re ae ete ee alae eee See SO ee ee ee 77
Hawkins and Wale, blow-pipe apparatus of. (R. 1872)_.__------.--__---_---- 271
Hay, O. P. Ona collection of fishes from eastern Mississippi. (P. 1880) -.-. 425
rornmn. HV. Notes:on Indian history... (R.) 1867) --2.)-_-. =. -- 4 215
Haypen, F. V.; Meex, F. B. Paleontology of the upper Missouri__..______ 172
Hayes, I. l.—

Astronomical -observations in “Arctic Seas. i220 a" 2 Je ee 196

Atmospheric pressure, wind, temperature, tides, in Arctic Seas ____-____ 196

ipepure on, Arctic explorations: (Ro 1861) {22-2 149

Maenetic observations in;Arctic Seas +2... 52322 a 196

Physical observations in the Arctic Seas --_._--.__--__ -L-_.-__--_=_.. 196
Haystack mound, Lincoln county, Dakota—A. Barranpr. (R. 1872) ----_ . 271
Heap, J. E. Natural history of country about Fort Ripley, Minn. (R.1854) 75
Health, architecture in relation 1o—D. B. Rerp. (R. 1856) _-----.----_._.. 91
Peon A cenegrOrem ater SOG) == 2.522 Sa Se tee eee ok BL 214

Heart, strain and over-action of the. Toner lecture No. t11—J. M. Da Costa. 279

Heat—
and light of the sun, relative intensity of—L. W. Mrncnu. (R. 1856.) 91, 83

animal, of fishes, experiments upon—J. H. Kipper. (P. 1879) _----_- 333

206 ALPHABETICAL INDEX
Heat—Continued.
dry, comparative action of sulphurous acid and, upon putrefactive bac-
teria: -\(B.V188))) sa2 eae ee eee ee seca ane 467
principles of the mechanical theory of—J. MuLier. (R. 1868) _---..- 224
radiant, report on state of knowledge of—B. PowELi. (R. 1859) ------ 110 |
recent progress in relation to the theory of—A. Cazin. (R. 1868)_----- 224
specific, table:of— lh, W. CLARKE. woo see ae oe eee 276
tablesof expansion by— HW. .CUARKE 2222 = oe seen eee ee 289
Heavenly bodies, results of spectrum analysis applied to—W. Huaains. (R.
1866) =. 222 oe eS 214
Heights; circular relative to—J: HENRY oo eee eee ee aes 236
Heights of mountains in Colorado—G. ENGELMANN. (R. 1862) -------_.-~-- 150

Heights, quantity of rain at different—O. W. Morris; J. Henry.. (R. 1855.) 77
Heitprin, A. New species of eocene mollusca from southern United States.

(PTS 0)! 2k ee ce ee eee ee ee 425
HEINEMANN, V. Wepidoptera!22---—=-— 225" — = See ee eee 138
Helicinide—W:. 'G. BINNEY .21 2222-5 2h tas Uv fe oe a eee 144
Heligoland; birds of —H- GArkEy (\P.,1879))) 322520 2S oe eo ee
HELLWALD, F. yon. American migration. (R. 1866) —...---.-_-~----— 2 <- 214

Hretmuorrz, H. Relation of physical sciences to sciencein general. (R.1871.) 249
Hetmuortz, H.; Maxwe tt, J. C. Later views of connection of electricity

and ‘maenetiom.' (RR. 1878) 2222 es Se no ee ee ee eee 276
Hemiptera, instructions for collecting—P. R. Unter. (R. 1858) -------_---- 109
Hemirhamphus rose from coast of California, description of—D. 8. JorDAN;,

C. He Ginger, (2. 1880) 22 oe ee ee
Henry and the telegraph—W. B. Taytor. (R. 1878) --------.--------- 341, 405
Henry, as ‘a,,discoyerer—A> Mi MayER= 55-22 ee 356, 417
Henry, J.—

biographical memoir of, by A. Gray. (R. 1878) _------ ---------- 341, 407

deposition of, in the case of Morse vs. O’Rielly, taken September, 1879-_ 115

examination of, by English Scientific Commission_._-----__.-._.....-. 329

life and character of, by J. C. WELLING --~-------------- wera eee 356, 338

memoir of, and sketch of his scientific work, by W. B. TayLor-__. 856, 339

memorial of, by United States Congress \2_ 2°25" 2 2 a ee 356

monument to, act of Congress for --___- -_---- ---~-- ---—_- ---—------_- 356

report of Special Committee of Board of Regents on communication of—

O;,0: FPruron. \(Re 1867) 2+ 5 ae ee eee 107, 115

statue of, proceedings of Congress relative to._-.-------------.--_---.. 356

statue of, report of Executive Committee on. (R. 1880)_-_-----_---1_- 442
Henry, J., papers by:

Accountiof Priestley’s lens. (Rt. 1859)\==2- = Soke Sa ee

Acoustics applied to public buildings. (R. 1856)------ ----------_----- 91

Address on the Smithsonian Institution. (R. 1858) ---.-._-__--.____- E, 67

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 207

Henry, J., papers by :—Continued.
ANUS! LEpOLta pooo—1Or 1) (KOPriNis)) ses 8 coe we ee (SES

Annual reports, 1847-1877—See each annual report.

Appendix to notice of Schoenbein, the discoverer of ozone. (R. 1868)-. 224

AMPOPaxGrecHons.a( ly: 1850) 22. -sSle en eed Bed Se ese SoS. 77

Circular of instructions to observatories relative to telegraphic announce-
ment of astronomical discoveries_-__--.-------.- Re SOME Oe be 263

Circular relating to collections in archeology and ethnology._---.-----. 205

Circular relative to ancient mining in Lake Superior copper region. (R.
TTSKERD ew 2 SIS Ce Le meal ge ey yh a ee hr aa WO Re ey 149
Circular relative to collections of birds from Middle and South America. 168

Civculerrelativea to.ecarthqualkes, 22/03) eat hoe le Oe ee 148
Circularmelativeitorhelp nice t= 22 aie ea se ee ha ee eS 236
Gireularrespoctingcopyrights:). +(: 1864)... 27.8 ee ee ee 75
Circular respecting new report on libraries. (R. 1854) ---------------- 75
Circular sent with specimens presented. (R. 1872) ------------ paneer 271
Circular to entomologists._.__......--==- gel at aE es See S 178
Circular’ to officers of: Hudson’s Bay Company ~-2>-2-2-2 -—--_-- 2-2 2-.. 137
Wolare OUNan seg (evel Oil) same hao eee ee Ese ee SSE 323

Communication relative to a publication by Prof. Morse. (R. 1857.)
107, 829, 115

Currents of atmosphere and aerial navigation. (R. 1860)...---------__- 147
Description of Smithsonian anemometer. (R. 1860)_-------7_--_-- SLL AaT
Digest of act of organization of Smithsonian Institution_.-_.-_---_~- C, 328
‘Wirections!/ for constructing, lishtning=rods) —22522-—-- 2225 2222 ee 237
Earthquake directions. (iS 1850). teee7 kee aoe Oo ee ee ei
Hitect/on theymoon on the weather: «(R. 1871) 22-22 oe sks 249
auloryeones. DD bache: -i(ail8iO) 422. nase ee ee 244, 379
P=pesitionsof bequest of Smithson... 2 2 le. .2scn et
History of electro-magnetic telegraph. (R. 1857) ---- ------------ 107, 115
Instructions for observations of thunder storms ____----_---_-~-------- 235
Investigation of illuminating materials. (KR. 1880) ~-----.-------- 442, 389
Letter to Secretary of Treasury on payment of interest in coin. (R. 1865) 209
RiCmOR OL VV’. VV). ceaton.. | (1. 1866) 22-02 22s eee ee 214
Meteorological stations, cost of establishing. (KR. 1858) ~--_--- eas 109
Mode of testing building materials and account of the marble used in the

extension of the United States Capitol. (R. 1856) -----.-_..--_---- 91
Notes relative to George Catlin. (R. 1872) -----.-------------------- 271
Notes to accounts of lightning discharges by G. W. Dodge and others.

Piven laa emer ie oe ne eo oe ee ee eal eee 215

Notes to article on American migration by F. von Hellwald. (KR. 1866.) 214

Notes to article on horary variations of barometer by M. Vaillant. (R.
Lelia e212 oe 8! co Se pe a ee eee ee ee ree 214

208 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Henry, J., papers by :—Continued.

Notes to article on vitality by H. H. Higgins. (R. 1866)_----_-.-_-__- 214
Notes to articles on meteorology by G. Latimer and others. (R. 1871.) 249
Notice of Parker’ Cleaveland. i(R.“1859)2 2822 > ae ee 110
On-a physical ‘observatory. ‘G(R: 1870)=- 2 2s eee 244
On‘the: Moon-hoax:”? 4GR.°1878) 222222 ee ee 275
Organization of local scientific societies. (R. 1875) ------_----------_- 298
Programme of organization of Smithsonian -___-------._-_-____-_-- F, 328
Queries relative to:tornadoes £22 5220 eae Bee eee ON Se ee 190
Registration of periodical phenomena. (R. 1855)_-.------------_____- 77
Remarks appended to meteorological articles by W. C. Dennis and others.

(BSL SG6)) Ss Se tee ee ne ee 214
Reply to memorial on Lowe’s aeronautic voyage. (R. 1860) _---------. 147

Report of Secretary, 1847-1877. (R. 1847-1877.) H, I, 21, 28, 51, 57, 67, 75,
77, 91, 107, 109, 110, 147, 149, 150, 187, 188, 209, 214, 215, 224, 228, 244,

249, 271, 275, 286, 298, 299, 323

Researches inisound. ~ (RR 0878)| 20 oe ee ee 341,

Statement in relation to the history of the electro-magnetic telegraph_ --

Suggestions relative to objects of scientific investigation in Russian
AIM Or l@ai = Ub 0 Sisco Sea be ee ee ee

406
115

il

Henry, J., and others. Scientific instructions to Captain Hall. (R. 1871) -.. "249

Henry, J.; Du Prt, W. Earthquakes in North Carolina, 1874. (R 1874)_- 286
Henry, J.; Guyor,A. Directions for meteorological observations. (R. 1855.)
17, 19,248
Henry, J.; Kyiaut, R. T. Connection of gales of wind and aurora. (R.
ISL) 22. a 28 tee a Se a ee
Henry, J.; Morris,O. W. Quantity of rain at different heights. (R. 1855.) 77
Hewry, J.; Russert, R. Lectures and notes on meteorology. (R. 1854)---. 75
Henry, J.; Wariacu, R. Report of Committee of Regents on fire at the
Smithsonian sis AL SCS) ee eee eee oe eee 188, 329
Henshall, J. A., notes on collection of fishes obtained by, from east Florida—
DiS. JORDAN: (PP1880) eee S teas eee 2 ee ate Uti a ere 425
Herbarium captured in Tennessee—H. R. Wirrz. (R. 1862) ---------------- 150
Herpetology of Hawaiian and Fanning Islands—T. H. STREETS ------------- 303
Herschel, Sir J. F. W., memoir of, by N.S. Dopa@x. (BR. 1871) ---_-_-- --_==5 249
HERSCHEL, Sir J. F.°W. On atoms. (CR. (1862) 2-2-2 ee
Herschel, Sir W., eulogy on, by F. Araco. (R. 1870)-----.----------.2-- =a eee
Herschel, Sir W., synopsis of scientific writings of, by E. S. HotpEn; C. 8S.
Hastinds: » (RR. 1880) 222-22 sy a. nd, ee
Hexanchus corinus, new species of notidanoid shark, description of—D. S. Jor-
DAN; (O35. Grn BRar))(P A880) ie 0 ea ee eee 425
Hiagerns, H. H. On vitality, with notes by J. Henry. (R.1866)-----.------ 214
«

ge a ie

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 209

High antiquity in Europe, study of—A. Mortor. (R. 1862; R. 1864)---- 150, 188

HILDRETH, 8. P. Meteorological observations, Marietta, Ohio___------.----- 120
Hitearp, E. W. Geology of lower Louisiana and salt deposit on Petite Anse

AV Es] say Cols ge a Se cay a eS SS 248
HiiearD, J. E. Description of magnetic observatory at the Smithsonian Insti-

EViGpe mG Rem Sey) pres kn eee Se a 110
HitearD, J. E. Tides and tidal action in harbors. (R. 1874) ---------- 286, 390
Hixe@arpD, J. E., and others. Scientific instructions to Capt. Hall. (Rh. 1871.) 249
Hitt, A. J. Map of antiquities of United States. (R. 1861) ----.--...----- 149
Hiti, G. W. Ancient earthworks of Ashland county, Ohio. (R. 1877)------ 323
Hr, Ge Win Antiquities of northern Ohio... (R. 1874) -.-.-2--=-2=_- =---_- 286
Hixz, T. Map of solar eclipse of March 15, 1858, and description of the occul-

LO Te eter eee eee eRe eee ES a ee ee ee 101
PEERS.) dnttect of lightning. . (RR. 1866)2- 225.2 225 22 = 214
HMincks, W. On Smithsonian exchanges. (R. 1860):--+-2-2- 22-2. -_- 5 = 147
FHinte onpubup architecture. D. Own 2022 202%) 222 P
Hippocampus antiquorum, occurrence of, on St. George’s Bank—G. B. GoopE.

Resse) ees Seer tetra Ey IES ese le Sa eae EE ete ote 332
Hippoglossoides elassodon, new species of flounder, from Puget Sound, descrip-

Lomo — D557 JORDAN: ©... GILBERT, | (2.1880) (222 222 sae 425
Hippoglossoides exilis, new flounder, from coast of California, description of—

PS ORDAN CHa GtUBERT. (le 1600)) 2-222. -- 22-25" 2 SSeS oe 425
Hippoglossus vulgaris, occurrence of, at Unalaska and St. Michael’s, Alaska—

BeprIOe HUAN (PS Leia), cose te ee RS ee ke a oe ee 333
Historical documents in Guatemala—C. H. Berenpr. (R. 1876) -.---------- 299

Historical manuscripts, catalogue of collection of—L. BERLANDIER. (R. 1854) 75
Historical sketch of Academy of Sciences of Paris—M. FLoureEns. (KR. 1862.) 150

Historical sketch of Henry’s contribution to electro-magnetic telegraph—W. B.

PAC EG RM (GN OTO) ee ate a ee See eae 341, 405
Historical sketches of vestiges of antiquity in United States—S. F. HAvEN--_ 71
Historical Society of Minnesota, grammar and dictionary of Dakota language. 40
Historical-study of jade—S. BLONDEL.’ (R; 1876). ------..-.---.-------_---2' 299
History—

ancient, of North America—M. Mucw. (R. 1871)-------------------- 249

and antiquities of Santa Rosa Island, California—S. Bowrrs. (R.1877.) 328

and arechwology, Mexican—B. MAYER - -2---5-2. 22-27 -5 i = ---. 5-5 86

and climate of New Mexico—T. A. McParuin. (R. 1877)-------- 323, 396

and geology, boundury line between—E. Suess. (R. 1872)_--.-------. 271

and origin of Royal Society of London—C. A. ALEXANDER. (R. 1863.) 187

Scudian aoreson——te Vi, FLAY DEN.) (ee 1867) oe oot 215

of Chester county, Pennsylvania—W. Dariinaton. (R. 1862) __----- 150

of discovery of planet Neptune—B. A. GouLD --_-_-- ---------------- 18

of discovery relative to magnetism. (R. 1863) -_.._.-----._----------- 187

14

210 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

History—Continued.

of education in the United States—F. A. Packarp. (R. 1863) -------- 187
of electro-magnetic telegraph—J. Henry. (R. 1857)_---------------- 107
of fresh-water alge of North America—H. C. Woop_----------------- 241
of marine valese—i Wi.) He EVAR Vins See ee ee eee 32, 48, 95, 96
of my youth, an autobiography—F. Arago. (R. 1870) ------- -------- 244
of North American grasshoppers, circular in reference to-_------------ 163
of petroleum or rock-oil—T. 8S. Hunt. (R. 1861) -..-- ---- ae a ee 149
of Royal Institution of Great Britain—E. Maiiiy. (R. 1867) -------- 215
of Smithsonian Institution—W. J. RHEES --__-_-...--------- ---- -=-=-. 328
of transactions of Anthropological Society of Paris, 1865-1867—P.
BROGAs (hip 1868) ieee ee ee we ae 224
of works of Cuvier—M. FitourEns. (R. 1868)-~-- -----.-.--.----__-2 ' 224
Hitrcucock, E.—
Tllustrations of surface reology__------ ----..------= ----—_ ---------==- 90°
Onverosions Of earth ysisuriace sesame ee eee ee ee ee ee 90
On geology of New England__-_--__-- -----___-_-_?) -___ =< 90
Traces of glaciers in Massachusetts and Vermont -_-------------------- 90
Hoax, the Moon—J. Henry. (R. 1873)_-------------- -------------------- 275
Hopax, C. Prayer at funeral of Joseph Henry -------..----~- - 2a De eee 356
Hovarns, J. G. Meteorological stations of Upper Canada. (R. 1858) ----_-- 109
Hopains, J. G. Meteorological system of Canada. (R. 1865) -------------- 209
Hodgkinson, Eaton, memoir of, by R. Rawson. (R. 1868) -------------~.---- 224
Hopeson, W. B., and others. On publication of Spanish works on New Mex-
ico. (R. 1865)2.22_. 222-22 2 a ee 77
Horxk, M. Letter in reference to meteoric shower of November 18, 1867 --__- 217
Holcodus, memoir on—R. W. GIBBES ~___--------- ------ ------ ------ ------ 14
HoupEn, EH. 8.—
Index catalogue of books relating to nebula, clusters, ete--------.----- 311
Recent progress in astronomy 1879-1880. (R. 1880) ------------ — 442, 427
Reports of American and foreign observatories. (R. 1879) ------------ 345
Studies in Central American picture-writing. (HE. 1879-’80)_------ ---- 476

Houtpen, E.S8.; Borumer, G. H. Report of observatories for 1880. (R. 1880) 442, 438

Hoipen, E. 8.; Hasrines, C.S. Synopsis of scientifie writings of Sir Wil-

liam Herschel. (Ri 1880) 225 == 22. ee an ee 442, 426
Holland Society of Science, Harlem. Prize questions. (R. 1861, 1864, 1868,
16/3) aS oes oe Se eae eke eee ene 149, 188, 224, 275
Hotmaren, F. Color-blindness in relation to accidents by rail and sea. (KR.
GT ae Soe SSCS ee 2 es aa se 323, 399
Horary variations of barometer—M. VAILLANT. (R. 1866)----------------- 214
Hornapay, W. T. Classification of collections to illustrate taxidermy. (P.
1881)__-_...-.---.------ -L-~ ---- ----++-- ---+==-------- ---- ---=—- 467, 456

Horcuxiss, T. P. Indian remains in Caddo parish, Louisiana. (R. 1872) --- 271

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 211

Hoveu, F. B.—
Datestomblossomiunp tore plants pees ee eee ee eS a Se ee 182
Dates of/ defoliation or fall of leaf of plants _2--- ~_-=-2-+- +_-~_. -_4- 182
Datesyorinstappearanceloij birds sesa se ee a eras a A 182
Datestotenimstappearance Ofmish sae ee eee ee 182
Datestonmins tap pearance Qh insects ae eng eee ee Dee 182
Dates ofeirsmappearance’of reptiles 222. oes Sa ee 182
Watestotmmolrationsoty plants ests wel eee Ae ek ee 182
Matesvotsopenine,and: closing ofslakes-2=-- == 4502-82 see eee Eee Ee 182
Dates otsapening and closing. of rivers,+ 2-22 5222 ee 182
DatespotsnipeninpvOn teWitsi a= aos ose ee Al Se eg ees 182
Perodicnapaenomena, leo) to 18b9s- 2 oe ee 182
Hoven, J. Mounds in Washington county, Mississippi. (R. 1879)______-__- 345
Hours, best, to find mean temperature—C. Dewry. (R. 1857)-_-__.__.-..__-__ 107

Howgate Polar Expedition, natural history of Arctic America—L. KuMLIEN. 342
Hoy, P. R. Journal of an exploration of western Missouri. (R. 1864)----.. 188
Hoy, P. R. On Amblystoma luridum, a salamander of Wisconsin. (R. 1854.) 75

Husparp, J.S. Investigations of Biela’s comet. (R. 1862)------_---....-__ 150
Hudson’s Bay, notes on fishes from—T. H. Bean. (P. 1881)__-.---.__--___- 467
Hupson’s Bay Company. Kennicott’s explorations. .>(Rz,1868) 2.2. 8222-5. 187
Hudson’s Bay Company, circular to officers of—J. Henry _-_-.-----_ .---____ 137
Hudson’s Bay Company, letter to officers of—G. Stmpson -_____--___._______- 137
Hudson’s Bay Territory, observations in—B. R. Ross. (R. 1859) ---_-_-____- 110
Hudson’s Bay Territory, Red river settlements, Indian remains in—D. Gunn.

ORBAN) pat cer ee a te Hae ee ee Ag he Mek eek, UO 215
Huaains, W. Results of spectrum analysis applied to the heavenly bodies.

PEAS GG) en ars re oe ee ee A ee ee ee 214
Human race, probable future of the—A. DE CANDOLLE. (R. 1875) ---------- 298
Human remains from Patagonia—A. Riep. (R. 1862)--__-.-__.-_-___._____- 150
Eomidity, relative, tables of—J.. Hi. \Corminas 4 22. yap cce ue sik. > BF
Humming-bird, a new, (Atthis Ellioti), from Guatemala—R. Rrp@way. (P.

Se eee eS Ee a a a ee ee ee 332
Humming-birds, described, list.of—D. G. Exuior ._-. 22-22-- -2t ss 334
Humming-birds, monograph of—D. G. E.uior _-_-- ---.____-.-.-.-._-_._... 317
Humpureys, A. A. Method of ascertaining amount of water in rivers. (R.

MSA Sen aes Ee ence ae LES ak EU Me ea ae we Et es dl 109
Hungarian National Museum, acknowledgment for birds. (R. £563) eran 187
Hungary, prehistoric antiquities of—F. F. Romer. (R. 1876)___.__- 299, 440, 392
mong? 0S.. Chepiistry of the earth. (R. 1869)420-5 6 cok oe 228, 376
Hunt, T.S. History of petroleum or rock oil. (R. 1861)--_-..-------_..-. 149
Huntinaton, G. C. Climate of Kelley’s Island, Ohio. (R. 1866)_._-.-_-_-. 214

Hurricane at Tortola, St. Thomas, and Porto Rico—G. A. Latimer. (R. 1867.) 215
Hurricane in Island of St.) Thomas. : (BR: 1867) 22.6 Pees le les 215

212 ALPHABETICAL INDEX
Hux.ry, T. H. Principles and methods of paleontology. (R. 1869)..--.--. 228
Hydrobiine, researches upon the—W. STIMPsoNn_-_-___-- ----_- --_--- ---- ---- 201
Hydrogen as a gas and as a metal—J. E. ReynNoips. (R. 1870)----_-_-------- 244
Hysrometrical:tables—A: (GuvoTst_ 2. pene ee 153
Hymenoptera—
instructions for collecting—B. CLemMrns. (R. 1858) -_-------.-------- 109
letter relative to catalogue of—H. Dk SaussurkE. (R. 1862)______._-___ 150
monograph*of—H. (Dr SAUSSURE) sae sr ee ee ee ee eae 254
of. Arctic regions—S, H. ScuppER and ofhers:=2) 2-2 == 22222 ee 342
Hypsometrical tables—A. Guyot -___ -.-.-------.---.--____- tog oe eee - 158

aps

Tee—
disappearance of—R. H. GARDINER. (R. 1860) -------------------____ 147
formation of, at the bottom of water—M. ENGELHARDT. (R. 1866)---._ 214
ODSErv Atlons.On— LD) VV PAG RW ee ee el ee al es 146
Iceland, vegetable colonization of—C. Martins. (R. 1858) --------------_-- 109
Ichthyology—
Contributions to North American—
Part 1. Review Rafinesque’s memoirs—D. 8. JoRDAN .___-__--__- 305
Part 1. A. Notes on Cottide, (etc.) B. Synopsis Siluride—D. S.
eDiO RDA I es Sa eee on eee 306

Part 111. A. Distribution of fishes of Alleghany region, (etc.)—D. S.
JorpaANn; A. W. Brayron. B. Synopsis of family

Catostomide—D. Si JORDAN 22222 se 22 oe eee 308
of Hawaiian and Fanning Islands and California—T. H. Srreets___._— 3038
status Of—T.) GIL. 2 ea ee ee eee ee 247

Ichthyology—See Fishes.

Icichthys Lockingtoni, new species deep-water fish from coast of California—

D8. JorDAn ; C.. 1. Gireert. (P11 880)\S oe e et a ees 425
Icosteus enigmaticus of California, description of—W. N. Locxineton, (P.

1880) 22 Ste oe ook See ee ee ee 425
Teterus, description of new species of, from West Indies—G. N. LAwRENcE.

(P1880) 2222S Lee Se ee eee 425
Idaho, distribution of forest trees in—W. W. JoHNSON. (R. 1870) ---------- 244
Identification of artisan and artist—N. WisEMAN. (R. 1870) ----------_---- 244
Ilinois—

Adams county, mounds in, near Quincy--W. G. ANDERSON. (R. 1879.) 346
Albany, mounds near—R. J. FarquHarson. (R. 1874) ross Lee ee 286

4
;
a

Finn

-——— =

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 213
I)linois—Continued.
deposits of flint implements in—J. F. Snyper. (R. 1876)_------------ 299
habits of the gopher of—J. B. Parvin. (R. 1854) ~------ pee Soe 75
Lawrence county, antiquities of—A. Parron. (R. 1873)-..------------ 275
Madison county, stone cists in, near Highland—A. OEHLER. (R. 1879.) 346
Mason county, antiquities of—J. CocHrang. (RK. 1877)_-------------- 323
Mercer county, ancient mounds of—T. McWuorger. (R. 1874)_--_--- 286
Pike county, mounds in—B. MitcHELL. (R. 1879)_-----.-.--------— 345
Rock Bluff, description of human skull from—J. A. Metes. (R. 1867.) 215
Rock Island, shell-bea skull from—A. 8. Tirrany. (R. 1874)_-.------ 286
Rock Island county, mounds in—T. THompson. (R. 1879)--.--:-----. 345
Rock Island county, antiquities of—A. TOELLNER. (R. 1879) --------- 345
Rock river valley, mound builders in—J. SHaw. (R. 1877) ..---------- 323
Spoon river valley, mounds in—W. H. Apams. (R. 1879) ----------_- 345
southern, agricultural] flint implements in—C. Rav. (R. 1868.) 224, 440, 370
Union county, antiquities of—T. M. Perrine. (R. 1873)_------------ 275
Union county, mounds in, near Anna—T. M. Perrine. (R. 1872)---- 271
Whitesides county, antiquities ofp -W. H. Pratr. (R. 1874) -----_---- 286
Illinois Board of Education. Meteorological system for every State. (R.1855.) 77
Illuminating materials, investigation of—J. Henry. (R. 1880) --------- 442, 389
Illustrations of method of recording Indian languages—J. O. Dorsry; A. 8.
CPnSOHET OS. isa RIGGS (fre 1Og9-60))2s— 2s aon eae eee 476
Hilustrations of surface geology—H. HircHcocK —--___------ ---__. ---_-_--_- 90

Image, stone, in Tennessee, account of discovery of —E. M. Grant. (R. 1870.) 244
Imperial Academy of Sciences, Belles-lettres, and Arts, of Bordeaux. Prize

SIMIC MOAT GI ee (nem OO) te a et ee ee 224
Imperial Academy of Sciences, Vienna. Prize questions. (R. 1864; BR. 1865.) 188, 209
Imperial Geological Institute, Vienna, tertiary fossils presented by. (R. 1863.) 187
Imperial Library of Vienna, books presented by. (R. 1865)_-------_-------- 209
Imperial Society of Natural Sciences of Cherbourg. Prizequestions. (R. 1864.) 188
Imperial Society of Science, Agriculture, and Arts of Lille. Prize questions.

OR em ea ee a ce ee 209
Implement, wood, ancient, found in Connecticut—E. W. ELuswortH. (R.

Tr ey Stee 28 LEAT TON y. | De SUR NINE aE BIG It dO TAL ~ 299
Implements—

agricultural, North American stone period—C. Rav. (R. 1863) --.. 187, 440
flint, agricultural, in southern Illinois—C. Rav. (R. 1868)_-- 224, 440, 370

flint, deposits of, in Illinois—J. F. SnypEr. (R. 1876) ~----..---- ---- 299
flint, in Holmes county, Ohio—H. B. Casz. (R. 1877)---------------- 323
stone, North American—C. Rav. (R. 1872).--.------------- 271, 440, 382
Improvements, recent, in chemical arts—J. C. Boorn; C. Morrir_-_-------- 27

Income, majority and minority reports on distribution of—J. A. PHARcE; J.
MPAOHARE (ELCs) one n ee aaa Pee aE ye oaeeaee 67, 829

214 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Incorporation, act of, of Smithsonian Institution—See Congress.

Index-catalogue of books and memoirs on nebule and clusters—E. S. HotpEen. 311

Index—
of, genera of -birds—=S.,¥: (Baigp 220 eek ree 2 ee eee 108
of Smithsonian publications 222 as sees es SS cote ag A ara
systematic and alphabetical, of publications of the Smithsonian Institu-

tion to July, 1869.) \(Re 1868) 2 ste see ee ee ee ee 224
systematic, to: list of foreign correspondents. -—2-- 3252 — 3 to oe 257
to genera of recent and fossil animals—S. H. ScupDER __--___~-_--_ -_-- 470
to names applied to subdivisions of class Brachiopoda—W. H. Datu -_... 304
to North “American: botany—S. WATSON o USS 20S ee ee ees 258
to papers on anthropology published by Smithsonian Institution, 1847-

1878—G. H. Borumer. (R. 1879) __-_- peseLt Sh. sone ee eee 345, 421

Indian— ,
boys and girls at Hampton Normal Institute, Va., catalogue of casts of

heads of-—K. HS PRATT: (1879) 223 See eee 333
burial in Californta—W.. (Mi. Wes! \(R:01874)) oss ee 286
conjurer’s practice, details of—A.S. Garscner. (EH. 1879-80) -_------- 476
engravings on rocks along Green river valley—J.G. Brurr. (R. 1872.) 271
forts and dwellings, Indian Territory—W. E. DoyLx. (R. 1876) --_-_- 299
history, notes\ion—E.-V. HAYDEN, (HR. 41867))2-222° 0 2 eee ee » 215
languages—G. FLACHENECKER. (R. 1862)_----__..---_.--_---------- 150
languages, method of recording—J. O. Dorsey; A. S. GAtscHerT; S.

R. Rraas:- (He 1879-80) 22-2 Se aes whe Sates ee eee 476
languages—See G. Gibbs, F. L. O. Roehrig, S. R. Riggs, J. G. Shea, W.

L. Hardisty.
linguistics, account of library of—J. G. SHea. (R. 1861) --------_---- 149
linguistics, recommendation of Shea’s—G. Gipps and others. (R. 1860.) 149
mode of making arrow-heads and obtaining fire—G. Crook. (R. 1871.) 249
mounds in southern Florida, explorations of—S. T. WALKER. (R.1879) 345
mounds near Fort Wadsworth, Dakota—A. J. Comrorr. (R. 1871) --_ 249
philology—W. W. Turns. ." (RK. 1851)= 22 oo eae ee 51
photographs, catalowue of 22 ses Bee Soe ee ee ee 216
portraits and sketches of scenery, catalogue of—J. M. SranLry -__- -__- 53
portraits, report of Committee of Regents on Stanley’s gallery of. (R.1857) 107
pottery—O."Rav.. (Rv,1866)2- =~ 2... 22 ee eee 214, 440, 368
prisoners at St. Augustine, Florida, catalogue of casts of heads of—R.

H: Pratt. | (B.- 1878) 2222222622 ia ae ee ee
relics, catalogue of cabinet of, presented by J. H. Devereux. (R. 1872.) 271
relics from Schoharie, New York—F. D. ANDREws. (R, 1879)---. ---- 345
remains in Caddo parish, Louisiana—T. P. Hotcuxiss. (R. 1872)_---- 271
remains in Red River Settlement, Hudson’s Bay Territory—D. Gunn.

(B:. 1867) 2. 2 oes ud Bee 2 oe ee 215

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS.

Indian—Continued.

remains near Prescott, Canada West—W. E. Gusst. (R. 1856) ----_-- 91
tribes, cessions of land by, to United States—C. C. Royce. (H. 1879-80) 476
tribes of upper Missouri—T. A. CuLBERTSON. (R. 1850) ------------- 28
village (Kushkushkee) near Newcastle, Pennsylvania.—E. M. McCon-
RRRVER (en Ss (ile ie iene a eR Nee oe ae aes he Ee aN | aD
vVocnibiianies——G) GIBBS. (Ral 862)o5ee passe oe ee en Se 150
vocabularies received from the Wheeler survey, list of—G. Gipps. (R.
ee eee ee een iat pee Sed FIM AY ee SE te cies ee 286
Indian Ocean, eyelone in the—N.-Pikna (i) ieou)eseoo es. oe oboe ee 215
Indian Territory, Indian forts and dwellings in—W. E. Dorie. (R. 1876)--- 299
Indiana—
Allen county, antiquities of—R. 8. Ropertson. (R. 1874) -_---- eee 286
ancient burial mound in—W. Pip@Eon. (R. 1867)_---------.-------- 215
De Kalb county, antiquities of—R. 8. Ropertson. (KR. 1874) _____-__- 286
Franklin county, mounds in—EH. R. Quick. (R. 1879) ------------_-- 345
Knox county, antiquities of—A. Patron. (R. 1873)------------------ 275
La Porte county, antiquities of—R.S. Ropertson. (R. 1874)_---.---- 286
Rush county, mounds in—F. JackMAN. (R. 1879)_------------------ 845
TeLUAAOnn——) VOEPAr PLS MVOH 8 tee ne a eee oe eee (Oe
Indians— :
aboriginal, of America, language of—G. Gipps. (R. 1870) ------------ 244
Cree, system of relationship of—E. A. Watkins. (R. 1862) -_---_-__- 150
Dakota or Sioux, language of—F. L. O. Rornrie. (R. 1871) - ---.--. 249

Haidah, of Queen Charlotte’s Islands, British Columbia—J. G. Swan__ 267

Korpeninitribes—S- JONMES:, (RK. 1866)) 2224 222. eee es or 21a B65
Moucheus-—Wi nH ARDISTY.. (R-1866)- 2-220 2 - a 2s e214) 865
Makah—J. G. SWAN ____---~--. i Be el Ia ate Se Ae ee BS aes 220
mortuary customs of—H. C. Yarrow. (E. 1879-80) --------------.-- 476
mythology of—J. W. Powxnxiy. (E. 1879-80) ---_---___-_--____-_-__— 476
Navajo, sketch of the—J. LETTERMAN. (R. 1855)-------------------- an
of British America, account of—E. Petiror. (R. 1865) ----~- -------- 209
of Cape Flattery, Washington Territory—J. G@. Swan -.--------1----- 220
Gite OT Uy bias GeACL Dens (kvl SITKt)) as meee ee ete le eee = ee 323
of valley of Red River of the North, ethnology of—W. H. Garpner.

PRES AN eee eke ee ee oe ee ey ee en 244
of western Nevada and California, Centennial mission to—S. Powers.

Gerepee Te eee eS 2 eee ee een ak oe ote ie Skene 200
Pima, of Arizona—F. E. Grossman. (R, 1871)__-~---- eee eee 249
Quillehute. Method of taking surf smelt—J.G. Swan. (P. 1880) ---. 425
sien language of—G. MALLERY. (HE. 1879-80) ------- ----=-..--------- 476
SiouxorsWakota-——A. G..DRAcCKEDD, ((Rp1876)) 225 2e20s el wae 299

Sioux or Dakota, language of—F. L. O. Roruria. (R. 1871) _---- 249, 378

216 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Indians—Continued.
Tinneh or Chepewyan, of British and Russian America—G. Gipps and
obhens; | GR eTSG6) ise. cee ae eee eae ee 214, 365
uses of brain and marrow of animals by—T. R. Peau. (R. 1870) 22244
Indians—See California, Cape Flattery, Carib, Dakota, Haidah, Nevada, Kut-
chin, Loucheux, Makah, Mandan, Maya, Navajo, Peru, Portraits, Red
River of the North, Shoshone, Sioux, Tinneh, Tonto.

Induction and deduction—J. von Lizpia. (R. 1870) _.------------------__- 244
Induction, electricity of, in clouds—F. ZANTEDESCHI. (R. 1870) ---.-----__- 244
Inflammation in arteries after ligature, acupressure, and torsion. Toner lec-
ture, No.vil—E. O. SHARESPRARE 2.225). Jie fe) ues eee 321
Influence of aurora on the telegraph—W. D. Sarcent. (R. 1870) _.-----____ 244
Influence of rain upon the barometer—J. Hann. (R. 1877)-------------- 323, 898
Infasoria——J.. W.. BAR y S2 9 eB eo See ee 23
Infusorial earths, examination of—A. M. EpwarpDS-__-.-. -----__-__-__-_____ 202
INGERSOLL, E. Fish mortality in Gulf of Mexico. (P. 1881)_--------_____- 467
Inquiries relative to crawfish and other crustacea_------_---- -..--.------___- 319
Inquiries relative to disease known as chorea—S. W. MircHetu. (R. 1874)__ 286
Inquiry relative to food-fishes of United States—S. F. Batrp -_____-___-____. 231
Insect instincts and transformations, lecture on—J. G. Morris. (R.1855)---- 77
Insects—
arsenic acid for protecting anatomical preparations from—J. B. S. Jack-
SON. (PR. TST8) 02 288 ees oR aot SI ee ee ee ee 332
circular concerning the department of—S. F. Barrp ---.-------_------ 443
classification of, from embryological data—L. AGASsIz_---_--_------_--- 16
dates of first appearance of —F. B. HouaH--_-_------_-.-----. ----_.-_-- 182
directions for collecting and preserving—A. 8. PACKARD ~_---~_- ---_-- 261
instructions for collecting—S. F. Barrp. (R. 1858) -------- eae 109
of Arctic: America —ib. KU MLTEN 22-02 cee te re 342
of Kerguelen Island—C. R. Osten Sackren; H. A. HaGEen _-_________ 294
Installation of collections in National Museum, plans for—G. B. Goopr. (P.
LSS) so ees eee Ge Renee ee ee eee ee 467, 472

Instincts and transformations of insects, lecture on—J. G@. Morris. (R. 1855) 77

Institute of Bologna, Academy of Sciences of the. Prize questions. (R. 1862.) 150

Institute of France, historical sketch of, by M. FLourrens. (R. 1862)___--__- 150
Institute of Rupert’s Lind, circulariof.° (R. 1861) 22--2-02_ 2-2-2 ee 149
Institute, Royal Scientific and Literary, of Lombardy. Prize questions. (R.
1865) ee ee Oe eS eat ee ee 209
Institution of Civil Engineers, London. Prize questions. (R. 1862).-.-..--- 150
Institutions—
domestic, in correspondence with Smithsonian Institution, list of. (R.
1868) ooo so i ee Se eS 67, 69, 238
foreign, in correspondence with Smithsonian Institution, list of. (R.
ARGS a OB Oyen ss eae 188, 209, 64, 154, 225, 243, 309, 469

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 217

Institutions—Continued.
in United States and British Provinces of North America, list of—W. J.

TERRI Sees as oS OSS OE Enis eel oe SS ee eke 116
in which phonography is taught.- (B.'1856)=.--= ---. --=_ 242-4 _.- 91
scientific and literary, in United States, list of principal __-_-_-----__-.-. 335

Instructions—

for archeological investigations—G. GipBs. (R. 1861)_---_---_-----_. 149
for collecting coleoptera—J. L. Le Contr. (R. 1858) ---------------- 109
for collecting diatomacea—A. M. EpDwaRDS -.-~-..--------..----.---- 366
for collecting diptera—H. Lokw; R. OstEN SackEeN. (R. 1858)_------ 109
for collecting hemiptera—P. R. UHLER. (R. 1858)_---~---------.---- 109
for collecting hymenoptera—B. CLEMENS. (R. 1858) ~---~----..-------- 109
fer‘collectin=: insects—S., H.“BAtRp.. (BR. 1858) --=--- 2 eS ee 109
for collecting land and fresh-water shells—J. Lewis_---------------- _- 363
for collecting lepidoptera—B. CLEMENS. (R. 1858)_-_-------_._----~- 109
for collecting myriapods, phalangide, ete.—H. C. Woop. (R. 1866)_-_ 214
for collecting nests and eggs of North American birds. (R. 1858) ----- 139
for collecting neuroptera—P. R. Unter. (R. 1858) ---.-----_-------_ 109
for collecting orthoptera—P. R. UHLER. (R. 1858) -----.-----------_ 109
for observations of thunder storms—J. HENRY-----------------.------ 235

for research relative to ethnology and philology of America—G. GiBBs__ 160

in reference to collecting nests and eggs of North American birds—T. M.
BREWER --_--- fa ee fee RE SOU oe ae Se Sn DU Se BS 139

to Captain Hall for Arctic observation—J. Henry and others. (R. 1871) 249

to observatories relative to telegraphic announcement of astronomical
GIBCO VCTIOS—— i pEN ENR Y taj oe eek Sie oe ee a 26S

Instruments, meteorological,

BriClesyOu in. STO b SOMA. «(v1 Oi) a en eh ee ae ee ee 250
deseniption of ly. CASELTA.. (Rx 1859) 2S eS ee ee 110
description of—A. Guyot; J. Henry. (R. 1855) _-----.-__-___ 77, 19, 148
Integrals, general, of planetary motion—S. NEwcomB --_----~-------_------ 281
Intensity of heat and light of the sun—L. W. Mrercu. (R. 1856) -------- 91, 83
Interest, letter to Secretary of Treasury on payment of, in coin—J. Henry.
Rpeipuny eo EP) kt CES Si ee SU Oe ee oe a 209
Intermixture of races—G. Gipps. (R. 1864)_-----.------------------------ 188
Internal structure of the earth—J. G. BARNARD--__ --_-_--- ---_------------ 310
International Archzxological Congress, Antwerp, 1866. (R. 1866)_----------- 214
International code of symbols of archeology—G. DE Mortitiet; E. CHANTRE.
(eebtaa een ee eS ee te 298
International exchange, report on—G. H. BOEHMER ________-_--------------- 477

International Exhibition, Philadelphia—See Centennial.

International Fisheries Exhibition, Berlin, catalogue of United States exhibit
Brey oes COCs sen ee ee a.) 4S

218 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Interpolation, methods of, applicable to graduation of irregular series. Parts

1, t—H... DE Hornst @ (i. 187 Ps R 8 ie) hase eee ee 249, 275
Introduction, letters of; . ,(R<1865)y.— 22 == sto 2 a eee 209
Introduction to study of Coptic language—M. Kapis. (R. 1867) ------------ 215

Invertebrata, marine, from New England coast distributed by United States
Fish Commission, list ofn—A. E. VERRILL; R. RarHpun. (P. 1879)_-- 383

Invertebrata, marine, of Grand Manan—W. STIMPSON--_-- ---------- ---- ---- 50

Invertebrata, marine, of northeastern coast of America, notice of recent addi-
tions to—A. E. VERRILL: "

Part . 1;.-Angeltda; ete: (B.. 1879) s 2-2 e ee ee eee 333
Part 11. Mollusca, with notes on Annelida, etc. (P. 1880) ---__-------- 425

Part 111. Catalogue of Mollusca recently added to fauna of southern New
England. }\(P. 1880) 32202 Jn is 2 eee

Invertebrate fossils—

check-list:of-—T:, AY CONRAD! <0 2222 eS eS eee 200

from Arkansas, Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah, descriptions of new—
OPA WiEIDE ((Pol880) 2222s Se ee we bSsetce SoS Sues 425
of North America, check-list of—F. B. MBEK___~-_--_----_____- 177, 183
report qn—F'.’ B. MEEK 3) W. V., HAYMEN. 21 2s 22 222 22 ee ee ae

Invertebrates, marine, distributed by U.S. National Museum, list of—R Rartu-
BUN. (2.1881) 2 2 Se ee a ee ee AG arcane

Invertebrates—See Marine invertebrates.

Investigation of—

anatomy and physiology of the rattlesnake—S. W. MircHEeLi -__-----. 135
disturbances of horizontal component of magnetic foree—A. D. BacnE__ 162
disturbances of vertical component of magnetic foree—A. D. BacHr ___ 175
eleven year period in amplitude of solar-diurnal variation and disturb-
ances of magnetic declination—A. D. BacHE _._-.--------------._- 113
illuminating materials—J. HENRY. (R. 1880) _-----.-.----__-_-. 442, 389
influence of moon on magnetic declination—A. D. BacuHE _-_---------- 132
orbit of Neptune and tables of its motion—S. NEwcomB -_-~--- .------- 199
orbit of Uranus, with tables of its motion—S. NrwcomB ______-_-.---- 262
Investigations—
anthropological, in 1879—O. T. Mason. (R. 1879)_----.----- ---- 345, 420
archeological, instructions for—G, Gipps. (R. 1861) ------+---------- 149
chemical and physiological, relative to certain American vertebrata—J,
JONES 222 a3 oa in ee A oe a ee
of Biela’s comet—J.S. HupBarp. (R. 1862) ----.-.---...--<-___=_. 150
scientific, in Russian America, suggestions relative to—J. HENRY ~----- 207
Towa—
ancient relics in—J. -B; Curtss |(R. 1872) ees eee ees 271
Delaware county, mounds in—M. W. Mouton. (R. 1877)-------..--- 328
Muscatine county, mounds in—T. THompson. (R, 1879)------ ---- ---- 345

Irnpy, J. R. McD. Werks and character of Smithson ~.---.---=:.-----.--__ 827

eo

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 919

Iron and copper, preservation of, in salt water—A. E. BecQquUEREL. (R. 1864.) 188

Tronclad Monadnock, deviation of compasses on—W. HARKNESS ------------ 239
Mronurustsdestructimvercnect Of. - (dvlSGil)jsseee ree oe ee ee en ES kee 149
irradiation—A bbé, Moreno. (R.)1866)) eas ee ee ee ieee SM de 214
Irritation of polarized nerve, effect of—B. F. LaurenBacn. (R. 1878) -- 341, 411
Irving, Washington, notice of, by C.C. FELTon. (R. 1859) -_-------.------ 110
Irvine, W. On publication of Spanish works on New Mexico. (R. 1855)... 77
EEN Ns eet eiGsom meteorite. (R..1863) coe ncaa eee Oe ee 187
Island—
Petite Anse, salt deposit on—E. W. HILGARD -2----..--+--- -.-------- 248
St. Thomas, hurricane in—G. A. Latimer. (R. 1867) --------~------- 215
Santa Rosa, history and antiquities of —S. Bowers. (R. 1877)--------- 323
Islands—
Hanning. natural history of—l: HH StRerrs 32252 Ac oo ek ee 308
Hawaiian, natural history of—T. H. Streets .__.__---__. ------------ 303
Kerguelen, natural history of—J. H. Kipper and others_-_-------- 298, 294
North American, meteorological stations and observers in. (R. 1868) 224, 378
Pacific, natural history of—W.H: Prasr. (R. 1862)_---.-----------. 150
Queen Charlotte’s, Haidah Indians of—J. G@. Swan ___----.--- -------- 267
St. Croix and Virgin, flora of—H. F. A. Eaarrs --_--.------- ---- ---- 313
Shetland, Faroe, and Iceland, vegetable colonization of—C. MARTINS.
PR ee) eee oe es ee Ry teed ES 8 et Soe Sie bee a 109
Isle Jesus, Canada East, description of observatory on—C. SMALLWooD. (RK.
een ty meee ee nee rete ae SS ee ee PS ee Ae a ee 91
Isle Royale, Michigan, antiquities of—A. C. Davis. (R. 1874) -------------- 286
Isohyetal maps—See C A. Schott.
Isopoda of New England, notes on—O. Haraer. (P. 1879)_------.--------- 538

Isothermal charts—See Temperature.

Italy—See Prize questions.

220 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Ji

JACKMAN, F. Mounds and earthworks of Rush county, Indiana. (R. 1879.) 345
Jackson, C. T. Catalogue of rocks, minerals, and ores collected on geological
survey in-Michigan, )(R. 1854) 2_ 2-2 aa ee eee 75
Jackson, J. B.S. Arsenic acid for protecting anatomical preparations from
insects.’ (P1878) tis. _soo6 2 ee ee 332
Jade. Study of the mineral called yu by the Chinese—S. BLonpEL. (R.1876.) 299
JAMES, 'T; P.. -Mosses‘of Kerguelen Island 225222.) 2 se ee 294
JAMIN, J: >. Photo-chemistry..(R.i1867) 222 eS ee 215
JAMIN, J. Vegetation and the atmosphere. (R. 1864)--------- roth ces gene 188
Japan—
analysis of coals from—J. A. MAcDoNaLp-_-__-------~- aoe ee 202
catalogue of Japanese woods from—L. F. Warp. (P. 1881) ---------- 467
examination of infusorial earth from—A, M. Epwarps -__ -_------_--- 202
geological researches in—R..PUMPELLY, .._-—_ 2) -__ 2 2 eae
Government of, collection of cotton fibre presented by. (P. 1881)---__. 467
Jargon, Chinook— 3
bibliography, of—G: Grepsis oot 2 ek ee a 161
dictionary: of-— Gi GupRs aE ELA veo oe oe aee nen ee Bee eB
vocabulary of—M. Lionnet; B. R. MircHeLtL; W. W. TURNER --__-_- 68
JEFFERSON, J. P. Mortality of fishes in Gulf of Mexico. (P. 1878) -----~-- 332
JEFFERSON, J. P.; Porter, J. Y.; Moorn, T. Destruction of fish in vicinity
of the Tortugas: ~(P: 1878) 6-22 eee es eS eee
JEVONS, W. 8, ‘On a nationallibrary. (KR. 18/3) > eee 275
JEWETT, C. C.—
Construction of catalogues of libraries and their publication by separate
stereotyped ‘titles: ak Se. soe eS Pee ee ee ee 47
Copyright; books from 1846 to 1849. —(R. 1850) /— === 2 S22 eee . 28
General catalogue system for libraries. (R. 1850)--..------- ---------- 28
Report on catalorue:systam... (R. 1849). 22s oes se eee St ye
Report on copyright system. (R. 1851) ---------------_-_ tS eee 51
Report on Halliwell manuscripts. (R. 1852) ---._-_---_-_._. .-_-__=_2 57
Report.onyplan of librarys /(R.1847)--=--2 See eee H
Report on public libraries of the United States. (R. 1849)____-_--__- 21, 25
Reportson library,” ((hsi848-1858) -2 ee I, 21, 28, 51, 57, 67
Jewett, C. C., biographical notice of, by R. A. Gurtp. (R. 1867)------------ 215
Jewett, E., diagnoses of mollusca collected by—P. P. CARPENTER _-_---_---. 252
Johns’ (Bishop) library, deposit of—E. Cansy. (R. 1862) ___.----------___- 150
Jounson,S. H. Notes on mortality among fishes of Gulf of Mexico. (P. 1881.) 467
Jounson, S. W. Lectures on agricultural chemistry. (R. 1859) -----.---_-- 110
Jounson, W. R. Scientific character and researches of Smithson___-_____.__ 327

Pe Ce ee ee ee

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS.

\

Jounson, W. W. Distribution of forest trees in Montana, Idaho, and Wash-
Pineleeviieg (TRS aio (Ve aie SR Se eS ee eee
Joints, bibliography of diseases of the—W. W. KEEN -_-..------— --=--__--_-
Jones, C. C., Jr. Aboriginal structures in Georgia. (R. 1877) ----- ---- 323,
Jones, C. C., Jr. Primitive manufacture of spear and arrow points on Savan-
MAMOPIVErs pa Wn lOVO) sce soa teat eee Soe Sa ee
JONES, J.—
AN UY SISHOLEDIOOG ae seen cee ie kel Bee eae ee A Se
Chemical and physiological investigations relative to vertebrata -___-_--
Explorations of aboriginal remains of Tennessee -_---- ------ ----------
MMiiod esto faa eri a)lpee asses) oe ae SE eT ee eee ate
Observations on the liver, pancreas, spleen, kidney, ete -------_--__ -__-
COTW TPIEC A VGs pete nen nw eee hee es ee Sera Se
nwo art NWOT Ks epee: oem ne tak Pete a ey Sioa Cee Rees eke ee
ORIN OU CS ee ere cae he See ea eek Se IL ee ae ee ee
Oy TeT OMICS = Seen ne EAE eMac te Ok Le ca Pe
Jones, J. M. Kjoekken-meedding in Nova Scotia. (R. 1863) _------------_-
MSNES Se The Kutchin indians: (iv. 1866)/2b 22-2 a es 214

JorRDAN, D. S.—
Contributions to North American ichthyology :
Part 1. Review of Rafinesque’s memoirs -_-------. -=-- —_--_= a

Part 11. Notes on Cottide, etc. ; synopsis Siluride -_..__---.------
Part 111. Distribution of fishes of Alleghany region; synopsis of
Ramil a CAtOStomnid ce ae ey ee nes ee ee
Description of new species of Caranxr (Caranx Beanz) from Beaufort,
Morte arcing tik, 1580) sconce. Boao Se Sook oot oe ak aa
Description of new species of North American fishes. (P. 1879)_-_-___
Forgotten paper of Dr. Ayres and its bearing on nomenclature of cypri-
MoOlduHshesroh Sanehranciscos | (ie 880)ea= sens se aes ee eee
Notes on collection of fishes from Clackamas river, Oregon. (P. 1878.)
Notes on Cottide, Etheostomatide, Percide, Centrarchide, Aphododeride,
DDR SOMALLLCe. AN Cy C0 7rt 101 ea ee ee ee ee cee ee
Notes on Curtiss’ collection of fishes from Florida. (P. 1880) --------__
Notes on Dugés’ collection of fishes from Mexico. (P. 1879) -.-.------
Notes on Henshall’s collection of fishes from east Florida. (P. 1880) __-
Noms onssema snd, Dacentrus. (P.wl880).-c-- See ee fe
Notes on typical specimens of American fishes in British Museum and in
Museum q’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. -(P. 1879) --..-.-..--.---...
Review of Rafinesque’s memoirs on North American fishes -_-.--------
DV NOPSIS(OlECALOSLOMIA = Soa Le os ee eee ee ee Te ooo
Synopsis of Siluride of fresh waters of North America -.-_------.------
Jorpan, D.S.; Brayron, A. W. Distribution of fishes of Alleghany region
of South Caroling, Georgia, and, Tennessee ~--2-—-> —__- ~~. «+=

221

300
400

345

259
259

187

425
332

425

222 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

JorDan, D. S.; GitBert, C. H.—
Description of new agonoid fish (Agonus vulsus) from California. (P.1880) 425

Description of new agonoid fish (Brachiopsis eyosternus) from California.

(BP. 1880) . 22220 0c Ss Se se Se ee ee ee 425
Description of new embiotocoid fish (Abeona aurora) from Monterey, Cali-
fornia, with notes on a related species. (P. 1880) _-_-------.----.. 425
Description of new embiotocoid fish (Cymatogaster rosaceus) from coast
of ‘Califotnia.. (Ps 1880) 252 2 ee Rees a ee eee
Description of new embiotocoid fish (Ditrema atripes) from coast of Cal-
ifornia..,.(Ps 1880) 22.02 2002 eee ee ee Ee eee eee 425
Description of new flounder (Hippoglossoides exilis) from coast of Cali-
fornia.” (P.) 1880) 22 we es So ee ee ees 425
Description of new flounder (Platysomatichthys stomias) from coast of
Californiat; (CP. 1880) = oe eee a eee
Description of new flounder (Pleuronichthys verticalis) from California,
with)notes’on other.species. 1(P:1880)2 2-22 has ee 425
Description of new flounder (Xystreurys liolepis) from Santa Catalina
Tsland, California, 4(E.1S80) 2-2 coe ee eee 425
Description of new ray (Platyrhina triseriata) from coast of California.
(P8800) ae eV) So tas Se 425

Description of new scorpnoid fish (Sebastichthys maliger) from coast of

Calitormias., (.-1880) Ao: oe 2 oe ee ee 425
Description of new scorpeenoid fish (Sebastichthys proriger) from Monte-

rey Bay, \Calitornias: i@P 5880) ee ee eee eae eee Ep
Description of new species of deep-water fish (Icichthys Lockingtoni) from

coast.of ‘California.; (P1880) 2252 oe ts Se 425
Description of new species of Hemirhampus (Hemirhampus Rose) from

coust of Californias: (UP. 1880) os Saks 2s eee oe oe ee ee 425
Description of new species of Nemichthys (Nemichthys avocetta) from ,

Puget\Sound. \(P. 1880) 01222 2.20.22 2 oe ee ee
Description of new species of notidanoid shark (Hexanchus corinus) from

Paciticicoastrol WmitedStatess: (kU SSO) pean ee res 425
Description of new species cf Paralepis (Paralepis coruscans) from Straits

of Juan devBuca..> (P...l880) S22. Ses ee ee ee 425
Description of new species of Pomadosys from Mazatlan. (P. 1881)_.-._ 467
Description of new species of Ptychochilus (Ptychochilus Harfordii) from

Sacramento:river.” “(Ps 1881) 85-52 2 ea eee 467
Description of new species of ray (Raia rhina) from coast of California.

(Pu 1880) 220 soo cn ee i ae
Description of new species of ray (Raia stellulata) from Monterey, Cal-

ifornia; ‘(P. 1880) 222-<-- 122222 steele Se eee 425
Description of new species of rock cod (Sebastichthys serriceps) from coast

of Califormia, ) (2/1880) Zeek eis eee ore eo ee eS eee eee 425

Description of new species of rockfish (Sebastichthys carnatus) from coast
of California. «(P..1880)2 222 6 Be eee eee ee 425

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 22

JORDAN, D. S.; GriBert, C. H.—Continued.
Description of new species of rockfish (Sebastichthys chrysomelas) from

Cogstolbs@aitornia.” (Ch lSel rss ee oe ie 425
Description of new species of Sebastichthys (Sebastichthys miniatus) from
Montereyshay, Californias. (Ps 1880) see = 2k oe oo sak 425
Description of new species of Xenichthys (Xenichthys ocyurus) from west
coustioim@ entraleAumericaaun (bwlSSil\paee ees sae eee ee ee 467
Description of new species of Xiphister and Apodichthys from Monterey,
CHliFOnmMige wo (Ce SSO)! S28 4 oe Se ee coe le ea ADS
Description of Sebastichthys mystinus. (P. 1881) ---.-.--_-------- ---- 467
Description of seven new species of sebastoid fishes from coast of Califor-
TUR Hr EO SO) 20 a a I Ad eee 425
; Description of two new species of fishes (Ascelicthys rhodorus and Scyta-
lina cerdale) from Neah bay, Washington Territory. (P. 1880)._-. 425
Description of two new species of flounders (Parophrys ischyurus and
Hippoglossoides elassodon) from Puget Sound. (P. 1880) .--.-.---- 425

Description of two new species of Sebastichthys (Sebastichthys entomelas
and Sebastichthys rhodochloris) from Monterey bay, Cal. (P. 1880.) 425

Description of two new species of scopeloid fishes (Sudis ringens and
Myctophum crenulare) from Santa Barbara channel, Cal. (P. 1880.) 425

Descriptions of five new species of fishes from Mazatlan, Mexico. (P.

SBI twee arene a ieee ee ae ae eae nme Beaty ae 467
Descriptions of thirty-three new species of fish from Mazatlan, Mexico.

CE 18SE) sere SN eee eek eee oe Do ee et A 467
Generic relations of Belone ewilis. (P. 1880) _------------------------ 425
Generic relations of Platyrhina exasperata. (P. 1880) .--------------- 425

List of fishes collected by Lt. H. EK. Nichols in Gulf of California and on
west coast of Lower California, with descriptions of four new species.
tS M0 eee ee ae a ae Se JS ENE UA Lek a Eee ee 467

e
List of fishes of Pacific coast of United States, with table showing distri-

PULIOMAOL SPECIES si (ike ML GOW) ¢ poten | sete We SE eae eee eC Sd Dads LE 425
INGOTAVONG- RAZA mOTN ATO.) (Kew Oil \epias ames au wees een ere eran ell eM UESURS BSA: 467
Notes on collection of fishes from San Diego, California. (P. 1880) ---. 425
Notes on collection of fishes from Utah Lake. (P. 1880) -----_-.------ 425
Notes on collection of fishes made by Lt. H. E. Nichols on west coast of

Mexico, with descriptions of new species. (P. 1881) .--_-.-.-----. 467
Notes on fishes of Beaufort Harbor, North Carolina, (P. 1878)---.-_-- 332
Notes on fishes of Pacific coast of United States. (P. 1881)--_.-.-_--__ 467
Notes onjsharks from coast of California.’ (P: 1880) 222. -2-..-.---_5- 425
Occurrence of Cephaloscyllium laticeps (Duméril), Gill, in California.

Cees Oper se rn toe Sod Se eee sel bake | AZ
Oil shark of southern California (Galeorhinus galeus). (P. 1880) ~----- 425

JoRDAN, D.S.; Jouy, P. L. Check-list of duplicate fishes of Pacific, distributed
by Smithsonian Institution in 1881. (P. 1881) _-_-_-__- ee ee err 467

Journal of exploration of western Missouri in 1854—P. R. Hoy. (R. 1864) -. 188

224 ALPHABETICAL INDEX E

Journals of Board of Regents—See Regents.

Journey to the Yukon, Russian America—W. W. Krirpy. (R. 1864)-.-..--- 188
Jouy, P. L. Description of new species of Squalius (Squalius alicie) from
Gita Bake: +!) VERE) eo eee Sa Re es ee re ee 467
Jouy, P. L.; Jorpan, D.S. Check-list of duplicates of fishes of Pacific, dis-
tributed by Smithsonian Institution in 1881. (P. 1881) _---------_-_-- 467
Judiciary Committee, Senate, report of, on management of Smithsonian Insti-
tution —A.Ps Burien.) Gk 1665) 5 ee See eee eee nid
Jupiter, orbit and tables of—J..N. SrockwRbL ©-52- 2) 3 eee 232
Jupiter, small planets between Mars and—Prof. LesprauLt. (R. 1861) ------ 149
Jurassic-fossils; check=list of—.) BY MaRk S25 ve sae oe ee eee 177
Jussieus, the, and the natural method—M. Firourens. (R. 1867)------------ 215

ase

Kasis, M. Introduction to study of Coptic language. (R. 1867) ----------. 215
Kamrz; Durour, C. Scintillation of the stars. (R. 1861) ----------__-_..._ 149
Kang, EH. K.—

Astronomical observations in the Arctic Seas ---..-.._-..---__ _---___- 129

Magnetic observations in the Arctic Seas - 25.4. ===22. -- 2222 ee 97

Meteorological observations in the Arctic Seas -_-__. __-___-___________ 104

Physical observations in the Arctic Seas -__-.+ 922-22. 198

Tidal observations in the Arctic Seas-*:-. “— = oe eee ee ee 130
Kansas— t

Butler county, account of storm in—W. Harrison. (R. 1871) ------_.. 249

climate of —R.'S. Hritorre: (KR: 1870) 3225 sa ee ee

coleoptera of—J ./4; Jum Congm 2 ios. i eee eee 126

new cretaceous invertebrate fossils from—C. A. WHITE. (P. 1879) _--. 3338
Kansas City, Missouri, antiquities of —W. H. R. Lyxrins. (R. 1877)_-_------ 323
Karif or Carib language and people—C. H. BErRENpDT. (R. 1873)_-----.----. 275
Karouyt, Lieut. von; Craia, B. F. Products of combustion of gun-cotton

and’ punpowder. a(R. 1864) 22 8st s ss ee eee 188
Kren, W. W. Bibliography of works on diseases _---.------._-.----__-.___- 300
Kren, W. W. Surgical complications and sequels of continued fevers. Toner

lecture Nie. Vics o2ne on ee 300
Keller, Dr., abstract of report of, on settlements in Switzerland—A. Mortor.

(Ro 1863) oS sl os eo ee ee ee 187
KrvLiey, O. H. Ancient town in Minnesota. (R. 1863)-__-—.-.------ 22-2 187

Kelley’s Island, Ohio, climate of—G. C. Huntinaron. (R. 1866) -----.-_--- 214

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 225

Kennebec river, Maine, opening and closing of—R. H. GARDINER. (R. 1858.) 109

Kernnepy, J. P. Authority to naval officers to receive and transmit specimens

to Che rriensonian Mnstituiiomee eee Se Oe as es 34
Kennicott’s explorations—Hunpson’s BAy Company. (R. 1863) ------------- 187
Kentucky—

aieient mounds in—h:. Peper. ((R. 1872) 2 ees: sa Pe Nt 271

auirquities from—S.'§. von. (CR. 1858). oes 2 oe 109

Breckinridge county, age of stone and troglodytes of—R. 8. RoBERTsoN.

ACR ara eh ets i ye aT Ee ea Poe ene 286

Hancock county, antiquities of—J. Frrey. (R. 1877)_---------- -..---- 323

Lexington, ancient mound near—R. PETER. (R. 1871) --------------- 249

Union county, exploration of ancient mounds in—S. 8S. Lyon. (R.1870.) 244
Kepler, his life and works, by M. BrrtHranp. (R. 1869) -----.-------_---- 228
Kerguelen Island, contributions to natural history of—

ie Ormitnolory—J. Hy KIDDERs WY Couns 2-0 .-0e oe se 293

i. Odlogy, botany, ete:—J.. H.. KippEr and others _2-_____+_+_. ----- 294
Kershner collection from Kerguelen Island____- Bee me PAE 8 RAGE Sh es Se een 294
Kew Observatory, apparatus and processes employed in verification of barome-

Rete NY MES. wGiv wl OOO) cane eet oe oi Poe 110
Kew Observatory, experiments on aneroid barometers made at—B. SrEWARt.

Giprel SO pee es Sie ee tee eae hee ee ee ee 224
Kipprr, J. H. Experiments on animal heat of fishes. (P. 1879) ----------_ 333
MimprRade tl. Mammatlsof Mereuelen Island) 2 2222-02 ree 294
Kipper, J. H., and others. Natural history of Kerguelen Island _--------_- 294
Kipper, DeeEes ) COURS ly birds of. Kersuclen Vslanda. 2-08 2102 oe 293
Peiddeve OUSErVvanOnsOn— J. JONES 22.5 2920222. Pk Sees ee 82
Kinetic theories of gravitation—W. B. Taytor. (R. 1876)_-------~~..-- 299, 395
Kine, C. B. Catalogue of engravings presented to Smithsonian. (R.1861)_- 149
Kine, W. M. Account of Indian burial in California. (R. 1874)_-.-.--_-_- 286
Kipp, J. Accuracy of Catlin’s account of Mandan ceremonies. (R.1872)--- 271
Kirpy, W. W. Journey to the Yukon, Russian America. (R. 1864) _--_-_- 188
Kirkwoop, D. Asteroids between Mars and Jupiter. (R. 1876) ---.-------- 299

Kitchen-midden in Costa Rica, note on shells from—W. H. Datu. (P. 1878.) 332

Kitchen-midden—See Kjoekken-meoeddings.

Kjekken-meddings.in Nova Scotia—J. M. Jones. (R. 1863)_-------------- 187
Kjekken-moddings on northwest coast of America—P.-ScnumacuER. (R.
Pema teeP Os ts aaa ao ao ee eres Ck 275, 286
Klamath lake dialect, details of Indian conjurer’s practice in—A. S. GATSCHET.
PCN) emer 8 is, <a ok se ee ae oa lai oo ee 476
Klamath lake dialect, ‘‘ The Relapse”? in—A. 8. Gatscuret. (HE. 1879-80) _-. 476
KLeTzinsky, Prof. Nitrogen bodies of modern chemistry. (R. 1872)_------ 271
MyArr, G. Harthworks on Arkansas/river: (R. 1877) =---..--.--.-..-.---- (828

15 ;

226 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Kwnieut, E. H. Study of savage weapons at Centennial Exhibition. (R. 1879)

345, 415
Kwnieut, G. H. New system of weights and measures. (R. 1867)_-------__- 215
Kwnieut, R. T.; Henry, J. Connection of gales of wind and appearance of

aurora. (Ri 1871) 3. See oe ee, eee 249
Knowledge of cryptogamous plants, present state of—W. RercHarpr. (R.1871) 249
Kou, J. G. On collection of charts and maps of America. (R. 1856) ------ 91

| Kornuouber, G. A. Alternate generation and parthenogenesis in the animal

Kkingdom:,: “(Re V8 71) 28 ee ee ee A es ee eee 249
Kron, F. J. Antiquities of Stanley and Montgomery counties, North Caro-

Hing.) (Rs P6714) Sb oa ee LS wae ee ae 286
Kron, H. J: Lightning discharges. (R. 1867) 222-22) "23 Soot ee 215
Kumuien, L.—

Ethnology, mammals, and birds of Arctic America_-----_------------- 342

Howgate Polar Expedition, natural history of Arctic America_-___-_-_- 342

Report on explorations in Greenland. (R. 1878) -_~-- Slee ee 341
KUNHARDT AND Company. Free freight to Smithsonian Institution between

United States'and/Germany.” (R: 1861) = cs20se = ee eee 149
Kushkushkee, Indian village near Newcastle, Penn., account of—E, M. Mc-

CONNELLY, (Ry PSs) es 2S ee aie 2 ee ae nec 249
Kutchin ‘Indians—S. JoOnEs; (ik. 1866)" --=- "i ee

aa
Babels for collections;ete:, 22 oh. ae ee ee ee ee em Tee
LABouLayeE, E. Acknowledgment for books on education. (R. 1867) ~------ 215
Lacustrian cities of Switzerland—F. Troyon. (R. 1861)-.----------~-------- 149
Lacustrian constructions or palafittes of the lake of Neuchatel—E. Drsor.

CR. 1865) 22 ek es oe a eS ea ee
Lacustrian habitations of Switzerland—F. Troyon. (R. 1861) ---~-~. -------- 149
Lacustrian settlements in Switzerland, abstract of Dr. Keller’s report on—A.

Moron, (R. 1868): 5252022 soe! a ee ee 187
La Have Banks, occurrence of Lycodes vahlii on—G. B. Goopr; T. H. BEAN.

(OP. L879) ie oe oe ee ee ee eae 333
Lake Neuchatel, lacustrian constructions of—E. Drsor. (R. 1865) ---------- 209
Lake Pepin, antiquities on banks of—L. C. Estrs. (R. 1866) _-------------- 214
Lake Superior, ancient mining on shores of—C. WHITTLESEY ---_-_----------- 155
Lake Superior copper region, circular relative to ancient mining in—J. HENRY.

CR. TS61) oo i oe Sa a a ee 149
Lake Superior, Isle Royale, antiquities of—A. C. Davis. (R. 1874) - ..------ 286

>

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 227
Lake Winnipeg, notes on egging expedition to—D. Gunn. (R. 1867)-------- 215
Lakes, dates of opening and closing of—F. B. Houau_-___--__--------__--_-- 182
Lakes, North American, fluctuations of level in—C. WHITTLESEY_-~------__-- 119
Lakes, Norwegian, statistics relative to—O. E. Dreurzer. (R. 1866)---~-_-- 214
Lalande observations, POD 2S ON WV AL Rtn) ele eee ne net nett RE 5
Lamarck, J. B. Distinction between tornadoes and tempests. (R. 1871)---- 249
Lamont, J. The solar eclipse of July 18, 1860. (R. 1864) ~-----..--_--..--_ 188

Land and fresh-water shells—See Shells.
Land, cessions of, by Indian tribes to United States—C. C. Roycn. (HE. 1879-80.) 476

Land, gradual approach of sea upon—S. P. Mayberry. (R. 1867)-.-------- 215

Language—
Caribor<arit—C) oH vBEREND TH) a(R VI873)jseoeene = eee ee ee 275
Coptic, introduction to the study of—M, Kapis. (R. 1867)-----_--____ 215
Dakota, grammar and dictionary of—S. R. Riaags ______-----_-_-_-.-__- 40
dominant, for science—A. DE CANDOLLE; J. E. Gray. (R. 1874) -_-- 286
evolution of—J. W. PowELL. (EH. 1879-80) ------------.__--__--___- 476
of aboriginal Indians of America—G. Gipps. (R. 1870)_-------_____- 244
of Dakota or Sioux Indians—F. L. O. Rormrie. (R. 1871) -_-_-_- 249, 378

of Navajos, said to resemble the Welsh—S. Y. McMasrers. (R. 1865.) 209
phonetic, vocal sounds of L. Bridgman compared with elements of—F.

BBN) eee oe ee Nee ee See Se A eee Sot ee oak 12
sign, among North American Indians compared with that among other
peoples and deaf mutes—G. MaLLerRy. (E. 1879-80) ---._-_-.-__- 476
trade, of Oregon, dictionary of—G. GIBBS___.__---.---.------..___ Ly 16k
trade, of Oregon, vocabulary of—B. R. Mircuert; W. W. Turner... 68
Yoruba, of Africa, grammar and dictionary of—T. J. BowEN _________ 98
Languages—
Indian—G. FLACHENECKER. (R. 1862) ~---~--- eas eA SVL ee ae 150
dards Gr. GEBES.>"\(Ies 1865) Ses oie Ren ee eed ER Ee ea 209
Indian, method of recording—J. O. Dorsry; A. S. GATSCHET; S. R.
Iai. e(duetLOTO—O0 inca Ss tS. See ee tek Core es aE 476
i SEAMaM PAN Antiquities, ofa VW isconsim\ 225220 6! Sue ol en a 70
Lapidary, aboriginal, stock-in-trade of—C. Rau. (R. 1877)__-_-----. 328, 440, 402
ing blsee ology on, by F.-Anaco, (KR. 1874): 22-222 et ee ose ee 5 286
La Rive—See De La Rive.
Lartet, E.; scientific labors of, by F. FisHer. (R. 1872) -----..----_. =. 271
Larynx, bibliography of diseases of the—W. W. Krrn___---_-__.-.___-__. 300
Pino seers, Noto oui, Gini. (P1881) see 467

Latimer collection of antiquities from Porto Rico—O. T. Mason. (R. 1876.) 299, 397

LATIMER, G. A.—
Marihquakes sn es) Lhomas.))\(Rt86/)pos eee so oes he 2 a 215

Hurricane at Tortola, St. Thomas, and Porto Rico. (R. 1867) --_------ 215
Mateorolosy ort orto. Tico. 4 (ie 187 B)ose ee oes tn 8 249

228 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Latin vocabulary with comparative words in English, Spanish, and French ---
Latitudes and longitudes, Arctic—E. K. Kane_-—__-.-~-2-.---=-_---__--—--
Laveer, A. The sun, its;chemical analysis... (hi. 2861)2 2-2 ees ee

Lausanne, report on ethnological collections of Museum at—F. Troyon. (R.
CG Nes eo ke ee

LautensacnH, B. F. Effect of irritation of a polarized nerve. (R. 1878.) 341,

Law, A. E. Antiquities of Blount county, Tennessee. (R. 1874)_-_---_ ___-
aw.of deposit of flood-tide—C. H. DAVIS —-_ 2-2 =e ee

Law of variation of temperature in ascending currents of air—J. Hann. (R.

(BV) seater be ge TR Re ee 2 Oe noe waco 328,

Law of variation of temperature in ascending moist currents—L. SOHNCKE.
>

(BE 1877) ese Se TN eae te ele a ee 323,

LAWRENCE, G. N.—
Birds of southwestern Mexico collected by F. E. Sumichrast -----------

Catalogue of Ober’s collection of birds of Antigua and Barbuda, with
his notes. 7 )(P?'1878)_2 2-2 223 tee eS ee ee eee

Catalogue of Ober’s collection of birds of Dominica, with his notes and

observations.” *(PLA878) 252 222-4225 22a sea eee :

Catalogue of Ober’s collection of birds of Grenada, including others seen,
but notiobtained:;)(PO18i8) e202) 20 = eee

Catalogue of Ober’s collection of birds of Guadeloupe. (P. 1878)---__-

Catalogue of Ober’s collection of birds of Lesser Antilles, with table
showing distribution-~)(@.y1818)2-2 2 ee ee

Catalogue of Ober’s collection of birds of Martinique. (P. 1878) ------

Catalogue of Ober’s collection of birds of St. Vincent, with his notes.

GPG UR IBN whe SA ah ar ae es ea ee

Description of new species of bird of family Turdide from Dominica,
WL.) (CP. d880)2 Soe ee ee ee eee

Description of new species of Icterws from West Indies. (P. 1880) ----

Description of new species of parrot, of genus Chrysotis, from Dominica.
(SSNS SO) ec ea ee

Description of new subspecies of Lowigilla from West [nde CEot ssi)
Laws of atmospheric circulation over the earth—J. H. Corrin -___-_--------
Lwa, I: Check-list of thejshells‘of North America 2222-25 —_—
Le Contz, Jonny. Constants of nature. (B.°1878) =22--.~- ----.-2. == se
Ler Conte, J. L.—

Classification of coleoptera of North America. Parts I, 11-------- 136,

Coleoptera of Kansas and easterh New Mexicoi.£--.-. 2-2-3 eee
Instructions for collecting coleoptera. (R. 1858) ---.------------+--- a

List of coleoptera of North America. Part I--------~+--~---------.--

New species of North American coleoptera. Parts I, 11.--------- 167,

Revision of Melsheimer’s catalogue of coleoptera ------ ----------------
Le Conte, JosrrpH. Jiecture on coal. (R. 1857)------------- ---- ----------
Lecture on American fire-alarm telegraph—W. F. Cuannine. (R. 1854) .---

170
129

149
411
286
33

398

398

295

co
oe
bo

332
382

332
332

126
109

62

:
z
3
{
:
}
]

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 229

Lectures on—

agricultural chemistry—S. W. Jounson. (R. 1859) -----------___---- 110
Arcticverplorations——-L. Ui HAyEs.>) (iv. PS6L)) foo s2 Lepsius 149
ASCLOnOMIY=— As OAS WEL» (Ie. 1808 )ieeate erent eC Nese 109
bridcés—-H-hocERs., (WH. 186i). 222-2 2 Esra ees ee ee 149
bridges and roads—F. Rogers. (R. 1860) -----------------.-----.-... 147
Meena —_ Gob. MARSH. «(il So%) 2 seamen ea oto ae eee 75
cancerous tumors. Toner lecture No. 1—J. J. WooDWARD -__--.-..__._. 266
coal —— J wb mi Con TES. (R185) zie oes 2 ee ee ee eee 107
dual character of the brain. Toner lecture No. 11—C. E. BRown-SEQUARD. 291
electro-physiology—C. Marrrucci. (R. 1865) --------+-------_------ 209
insect instincts and transformations—J. G. Morris. (R. 1855) -----__- 77
marine alex—W. H: Harvey. (R; 1856)/2 2202202. os se 77
metconenstones—J. Ja./SMIne. — (W./ 1856). fo S25 oe 77
meteorology—R. RussELL, with notes by J. Henry. (R. 1854)-_____-- 75

mollusca, or shell-fish and their allies—P. P. CARPENTER. (R. 1860.) 147, 152
natural history as applied to farming and gardening—J. G. Morris.

GBie LR 0) ies sees ee NC eae Be Le es ee eee Ce
nature and cure of bites of serpents and wounds of poisoned arrows—

PV DEATNARD cs (hE Gps) oeas 2s kee SL ete ee A eye 75
nature of reparatory inflammation in arteries after ligature, etc. Toner

lecture Noi vi1—H:O. SHAKESPEARE,..-- <==. - 34 (5 Lake 321
oxygen and its combinations—G. I. Cuace. (R. 1855)--------_------- 77
physical ethnology—D. Witson. (R. 1862) -_--- See Sete ea 150
planetary disturbances—E. 8. SNELL. (R. 1855) -~---_-----------_-_-- an
principles of linguistic science—W. D. WuitNry. (R. 1863) _-... 187, 352
relations of time and space—S. ALEXANDER. (R. 1861)_. .--------_--- 149
sanitary drainage of Washington. Toner lecture No. vit1i—G. E.

WEN G Peo o tata a eh Pa ie eek ee ee 349
shells of Gulf of California—P. P. CARPENTER. (R. 1859)-~-----___-- 110
strain and over-action of the heart. Toner lecture No. u1—J. M. Da

(COSTAR BS abe sa ne Sean h ss eo Se ee eee Se ee 219

study of high antiquity in Europe—A. Mor tor. (R. 1862; R. 1864.) 150, 188

study of nature and mechanism of fever. Toner lecture No. 1y—H.

MOO Me Uo won nat tol. cea e neste toe Came seme en oa ees 282
surgical complications and sequels of fevers. Toner lecture No. v—W.

RCT es ES ee ea TE pc SURE pea fae eR Ts OES 300
Swiezeriand—A; 1D. Baorn.* (R: 1870) <2! Sosa ee, ku lje 244
syllabus of a course of, on physics—J. Henry. (R. 1856)_-------_-__- 91
undulatory theory of light—F. A. P. BARNARD. (R. 1862)_---------- 150
paw aion—H eb wep. | (R."1864) Ses 2 2 ReOe) Set ee a 75
vastness of visible creation—S. ALEXANDER. (R. 1857)_-------------- 107

zone of small planets between Mars and Jupiter—E. Loomis. (R.1854.) 75

230 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Lectures, Toner—
No.1. Cancerous tumors— WOODWARD). 22-5 ose) ae eee

11. Dual character of brain—Brown-SfQuarRD

Tir Over-action- of heart—D Al CosmAe es eee es eee

1V..'Study ‘of; fever—Wioons22 28) ae es ee ee ee eee

v., Continued fevers—Kmun(-_2 3-2 see ee ee eee ee 300
vi. Sub-cutaneous surgery—A DAMS 22> - =~ 52 a ee eee 302
vit. Reparatory inflammation—SHAKESPEARE_-_------_--_-___-__- 321
vill. Sanitary drainage of Washington—W ARING-_----___-___-____- 349
Leer, Dr. Progress of astronomical photography. (R. 1861)-----------_-__- 149 |
Gun, J.C. YcAncient ruin invArizonas ((Rigl6i2)e=252 See eee 271
Legacy—See Bequest.
Legendre; memoir of, by H. Dz BrAumons. (R. 1867) .2-=2 22 aS
Lripy, J.—
Ancient fauna of, Nebraska 22+ s252 soos ooo Se ee 58
Cretaceous reptiles of the United States +-.-=-4+—__ -—___2-__- 2 a 192
Extinct sloth, tribe, of North) America 2-225 Sa ee ee 72
Hixtincf species of; American(Om- 2.22 20 a Soe eee 41
Mauna and flora withinlivinejanimals2222 222 ees eee eee — 44
Onsparasites, ola 22s ee oe ae ee eee Ae eee ee 44
Report on fossils from Nebraska: (BR. 1851) 22-2 a eee 51
Review of cretaceous reptiles of United States. (R. 1864)_---.-.--___- 188
Leipy,J.; Tryon, G. W. Report on shells presented to Academy of Natural
PACHGTICOS. c(h weiL OC) aes ee ee 209
Leipsic Museum of Ethnology—A. Scnorr; O. T. Mason. (R. 1873) ------- 275
LemstroM, S.; De La Rives, A. A. Electricity of the atmosphere and the
aurora \borealis:: "(ih 18/4) 22 = ae he ee 286
Lens, account of Priestley’s—J. HENRY. (R. 1859) -----_- aos Sel Cee 110
Lepidopsetta isolepis, new flat fish, found in markets of San Francisco, note
on—W'. IN. Lockineron:. (P. 1880) 2-20 22a eee 425
Lepidoptera—
appendix to Morris’ synopsis of—B. CLEMENS -__--- ------------------ 1383
described, of North America, catalogue of—J. G. Morris ------------_ 118
described, of North America, synopsis of. Part 1I—J. G. Morris -___-- 133
diurnal, of Arctic America—W. H. EDWARDS ~------~------.----..-. 342
instructions for collecting—B. CLEMENS. (R. 1858) -~----_------------ 109
introduction to Morris’ synopsis of—V. HEINEMANN -_-_~_------------ 133
' method of preserving—T. Ri Prauu. (R. 1868) ------------__---_-- 187
nocturnal, of Arctic America—S. H. ScUDDER _---------- ---_--#____ 342
notes to Morris’ synopsis of—W. H. EpwARrDs-_-------~-. ------------ 138
Lepsius, R. Presentation of books on Egypt. (R. 1860)_-------------. -_-. 147
Leptocardii, arrangement of families of —T. GILL -------------+------------ 247

LzsLey, J. P. On the @lassification of books. (R. 1862) --...---.---------- 150

Se Lo

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 231
LEsPIAULT, Prof. Small planets between Mars and Jupiter. (R. 1861)__-__- 149
Lesser Antilles, catalogue of Ober’s collection of birds of—G. Ne LAWRENCE.
(eR yee ae rete a ae Re ee 332
Letter—
by M. Hoek in reference to meteoric shower of November 13, 1867 ____- 217
from Robert Hare relative to gift of apparatus ~__.-_-_------...--.-- I, 329
from Joseph Henry to Secretary Treasury on payment of interest in
COTTMEE FEU OOO) Ma oo CNIS ee se eee ee ee 209
_from Richard Rush relative to Smithson. (R. 1858) -----._-_--___-- 67, 828
LETTERMAN, J. Sketch of the Navajo Indians. (R. 1855) ---------------_- 77
Letters—
OM IMUOGUEHONG wile TOGO 8 ate oN es ee Capa! eek ah Due ey 209
on work of the Museum—B. Pui.urps. (P. 1881) ---_---_.__---- 467, 454
relative to programme of organization of Smithsonian Institution_____- 328
Lelstiviel Loy Smitnson’s, DeGUESt!: ie L a2 a ee ee La 328

Leurynnis, Lockington, identity of, with Lycodopsis, Collet-—T. Gini. (P.

Buber ete ete 119
Lewis, J. Instructions for collecting land and fresh-water shells. (R. 1866.) 214, 363

Mewinerasl: elertorol,, to:G. We. EEVOn) Jt: , On: Shelli 252 8s a ees 258
Lewis; QuALE. Account of cryolite of Greenland. (R. 1866) ~--------___- 214
Lexington, Kentucky, ancient mound near—R. Prerer. (R. 1871)_-------_-- 249
Prpend, mixed races in=—h. D, BLYDEN.'| (R. 1870)/L2 2320... Lo Lee 244
Liberia College, facts respecting—A. CRUMMELL. (R. 1861) -----_-_-_-.-_-- 149
Libraries—
circular respecting new report on—J. HENRY. (R. 1854) _-----..--_-. 75
construction of catalogues of, and their publication by means of separate
Btereotyped titles —-O. ©.) J mW TD 22 sh st 47
general catalogue system for—C. C. JEwWETT. (R. 1850) -.-.----_-____ 28
general catalogue system for, report of Commission on. (R. 1850) _-__. 28
public, in United States and British Provinces, list of—W. J. Rurxrs. 116, 238
public of United States, notices of—C. C. JEwetr. (R. 1849) _----_- 21, 25
report of Commission on stereotype catalogue of -_-_-_-__. -----.-_-___ 47
EWles tor cataloguing —O. Cs, JmWwRTT’ 0-221 ea en ee eee 47
Library—
Beaufort, deposit of—E. M. Sranton. (R. 1862)_---------.-_------_. 150
Bishop Johns’, deposit of—E. Cansy. (R. 1862) _---_-----_--__-~-.-- 150
Imperial, of Vienna, books presented by. (R. 1865) ---.-------------- 209
of Bureau of Ethnology, catalogue of linguistic manuscripts in—J. C.
Upset Chie lS,o-G0)- 2 2s as ee eee ee es 476
of Indian linguistics, account of-—J.G. SHEA. (R. 1861) -----------_- 149

of National Museum, circular asking contributions to. (P. 1881)_. 467, 458
Ome nAnanal—- Wr S. JRVONS, (Eh. 1878)-2-9 22 2 ie 275

22 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Library of Congress—

act of Cong®ss to transfer Smithsonian library to. (R. 1865) --_.-- 209, 328
catalogue of publications of societies and of periodical works belonging to
the Smithsonian Institution deposited in_----_--_--___ Ske Se eee 179
meteorological articles received by the Smithsonian Institution and de-
posited in,» CR. AST RAST 3) i222 je eee 249, 275
Library of Smithsonian Institution—
act of Congress to transfer, to Library of Congress. (R. 1865)------ 209, 328
additions to—See each annual report.
and copyright system—C. C. JEwxrr. (R. 1851)-------------------_- 51
and Halliwell manuscripts, report on—C. C. Jewett. (R. 1852) -_-__- dT

catalogue of publications of societies and other periodical works in, 117, 179

donations to, from foreign institutions. (R. 1864) -------_-----_---_-- 188
publications of learned societies and periodicals in. Parts 1, Ir ----_- 73,385
report.on—C. C. Jewerr.. (R. 1848, 1849,°1853) --=— == = 22 = ee I, 21, 67
report.on plan of—C.\C.Jimwrrr, (RR. 1847)2 325-5 eee ee ee
Btalintics, off 1462187 72a tt SY es BN Ar a ee 329
Iichens:of Arctic. Atmerica—K: ‘EUCKERMAN2. 2 00) 230 eee 342
Lichens of Kerguelen Island—E. TUCKERMAN - -.-.-2-- 1242-2 = 22-2 eee 294
Lizser, F. Vocal sounds of Laura Bridgman compared with elements of
phonetic language she. cee ee ee ee ee ae ae 12
EYEBIG;, J; VON. Induction and deduction.)» (RX. 1870)-2-2e=22" > ose see 244
Life—
and character of Joseph Henry—J. C. WELLING -_-------_------- 356, 338
and labors of: Henry Gustayus Magnus: (R. 1870) ---=5-2 222332 see 244
and scientific labors of Stefano Marianini—C. Marreuccr. (R. 1869)_- 228
and works of Michael Faraday—A. A. De La Rive. (R. 1867)_------ 215
and works of Kepler—M. BrrrHranp. (R. 1869) ------------------. 228
of George Catlin—J/ HENRY...” (BR. 1872) = {ei ses 271
of Prof. Chester Dewey—M. B. ANDERSON. (R. 1870) _-_-.---.----.. 244
Life—See Biography, Eulogy, Memoirs.
Light—
and heat of sun, relative intensity of—L. W. Mrrecu. (R. 1856) -___ 91, 83
polar, or aurora borealis, its phenomena and laws—E. Loomis. (R. 1865.) 209
undulatory theory of, lectures on—F. A. P. BARNARD. (R. 1862) ~-__- 150
velocity of, essay on—C. DeLaunay. (R. 1864) _----------__-__- 188, 354

Light-House Board—

investigations by, relative to illuminating materialsk—J. Henry. (R.

USSO) (is 2 Se ea 8 ee ee reg 442, 389
proceedingsof, on-death of J. Henry —— oo ee 356
researches by, in sound—J. Hmnry. (R. 1878)_.-~2.--2—--__ 2-2 341, 406

Lighting, architecture in relation to—D. B. Retp. (R. 1856) -----.._---____- 91

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 233

Lightning—
and thunder, observations on—S. MasterRMAN. (R. 1855) ----.---_.--- Lith
discharges, accounts of—G. W. Dona and others. (R. 1867) ----_---- 215
Slocrwl eet ETE TLIGR. (hy. MOOG)e seen eae ere ere NS 214
Lightning-rods, directions for constructing—J. HENRY -_---.---_ -----_------ 237
Lille, Imperial Society of Science, Agriculture, and Arts of. Prize questions.
Robes LS Gren ieee etc ee ee US ER EE wrest Rae ee SAB TUE SY PS at AG 209
Litisesore, W. Outline of systematic review of the classification of birds.
rxcmbsutiises ae eee Ek ad ee ees eee ee 209, 364

Limitations to use of some anthropological data—J. W. PowrLi. (EH. 1879-80.) 476
Limpets from deep waters off eastern coast of U.S.—W.H. Dati. (P. 1881.) 467

Limpets of Alaska and Arctic region, report on—W. H. Datu. (P. 1878) -__ 332
Lindheimer’s botanical exploration in New Mexico and California, account of—
Ae, Gave a (hus Let) 53 528 Oe oe be Ae aes eee 21
Linguistic manuscripts in library of Bureau of Ethnology, catalogue of—J. C-
Hae ON ae Oleg 15) 9-8) Se oe ee ee es 476
Linguistic science, lectures on principles of—W. D. Wurrnry. (R. 1863.) 187, 352
Linguistics, Indian, account of library of—J. G. Suga. (R. 1861)_---------- 149
Linguistics, Indian, recommendation of Shea’s—G. GiBBs and others. (R. 1861.) 149
PEronnar, Nes Voeabularyjof the Chinook jargon ~~ --=2..<255 ---»-s22-4.. 68
Liparis ranula, new species of, obtained by U. S. Fish Commission off Halifax,
Nova Scotia—G. B. Goopr; T. H. Bean. (P. 1879) ~------+._-_--==. 333
imiquidssexpansion of, by heat—". W. CLARKE 2!25---o 555.4222 -s. 2h 2s 289
hiquids,.specitic heats:of—F. ‘W. CuarKE=2_2_ 22 202122) e222 le. Pee Se 276
Lisboa, M. M., books on Brazil, presented by. (R. 1865) ----------. ---.---- 209
List of—
additions to Museum—See each annual report.
addresses of foreign institutions, 1862-1865. (R. 1865) -------------_-- 209
lose Ole lwaOd G-VSlan dye use OTaNGi Ye eee ee ASR ee ne Ue 241
PLMONCHM, COPESPONGONtS 2 often Se ek See a SS 69
American libraries and public institutions—W. J. RHgES-__--.-___-_-- 238
anthropological publications of Charles Rau. (P. 1881) ---.--------__- 467
apparatus available for scientific research. (R. 1878)---------_-------. 341
articles deposited by Smithsonian Institution in Corcoran Gallery of Art.
Meer bay. yi cet spe oF RS aa Des Pe ee ee ek a 286
birds and mammalia of Missouri river—E. Harris. (R. 1850) -------- 28
birds of central California, partial—L. Betpine. (P. 1878)_....-----._ 332

birds of District of Columbia—E. Covers; 8.8. Prentiss. (R. 1861)-_ 149

casts of heads of Indian boys and girls at Hampton, Va.—R. H. Prarv.
eT Oo pe oats tts hat yee ae Bee yen sR, ee 333

coleoptera of North America. Part 1—J. L. Le Conte __-------~----- 140
collections presented by foreign Centennial commissioners. (R. 1876). 299

234 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

List of—Continued.
described birds of Mexico, Central America, and West Indies not in

Smithsonian Institution: > 2222. soe So ee ee oe 185
described species of humming-birds—D. G@. ELiior___________-_______ 334
desiderata among North American birds—R. Ripaway. (P. 1881) ---_ 467

domestic institutions in correspondence with Smithsonian Institution. 69, 238

duplicates of fishes of Pacific coast distributed by Smithsonian Institu-

tion in 1881—D. S. Jonpan; P. L. Jouy. (P-: 1881)_---_-__--___ 467
European fishes in National Museum—T. H. BEAN. (P. 1879) -----_-- 309
expeditions from which specimens in Museum have been derived—s. F.

Bargp,. (RB: 1867) 22-32 We Sia A ea Ce eee 216
fishes collected by Lieut. H. E. Nichols in Gulf of California—D. 8.

JORDAN; On GILBERT, 2 \(P. 188) <2 222s ee 467
fishes of Pacific coast of United States—D. S. Jorpan; C. H. GILBERT.

(PO US80) [aaa aoe oa Se Sk ee ee 425
foreign agents of Smithsonian Institution in 1876. (See also annual re-

PODS) pee ese tae ec at ee a 290

foreign correspondents of Smithsonian Institution. 64,154,225, 243, 309, 469
foreign correspondents of Smithsonian Institution, systematic index to__ 257
generic names of animals—S. H. ScuDDER - ---.----~...-.=..-.--_ ---. 470
Indian vocabularies received from the Wheeler Expedition. (R. 1874.) 286

institutions, libraries, colleges, and other establishments in correspondence

with the Smithsonian Institution—W. J. RHEES___---_-_----_----_- 238
invertebrate fossils of North America—
Cretaceous and jurassic—F’. B. MEEK ___---__-__-------_____--_- 177
Hocene and oligocene—T. A. CONRAD —222- 2 ee 200
Miocene—E's (Bi Mam}: 222. Jeet RE Dos ee Oe aes 183
marine invertebrata of New England distributed by United States Fish’
Commission—A. E. VERRILL; R. Ratusun. (P. 1879) -------~-- 333
marine invertebrates, mainly from New England, distributed by U.S.
National Museum—R. Ratuspun. (P. 1881)------------ 467, 465, 471
meteorological material contributed to Smithsonian Institution. (R. 1860-
1865, 1867-1871) ---_- 147, 149, 150, 187, 188, 209, 215, 224, 228, 244, 249

meteorological stations and observers. (R. 1849; R. 1855-1873) __ 21, 67, 78,
77, 91, 107, 109, 110, 147, 149, 150, 187, 188, 209, 214, 215, 224, 228, 244,
249, 271, 275.

minerals in United States National Museum—F. M. Enpuicw. (R. 1873;

Pi 188Q)2 onc esl eee ee ER eee 275, 425
North American batrachia and reptilia—E. D. Copr __-_-_-- --_-__ -_-- 292
North American species of myriapods of family Lysiopetalide—J. A.

RYDER; |\(P. 1880) 246 ie ee 425
official publications of the United States Government between 1868 and

1881—G. H. BorEHMER ___-~--_- SE SES 2 Se Se eee 447

papers presented to Royal Society by James Smithson. (R. 1853)__-_ 67, 330
periodicals received by the Institution. (R. 1880) ----.-------- Q, 442, 436

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 235
List of—Continued.
photographic portraits of North American Indians in Smithsonian Insti-

PULLER eens ces ore Ws Sree) See Ry aN AL dh Bitte Eee 216
plants of the upper Missouri—T. C. Porrrr. (R. 1850) ------------_- 28
plants of Washington and vicinity—L. F. Warp___-_------__________ 460
principal literary and scientific institutions in United States, 1879 ______ 335
public libraries, institutions, and societies in United States and British

Provinces of North America—W. J. Rous .-.._._-._..-_-....-. 116
publications of the Smithsonian Institution. (R. 1868) ---. 74, 203, 224, 226,

245, 278, 290, 301, 344, 437, 478
publications of the United States National Museum. (P. 1881)---_ 467, 474
Regents, officers, and assistants of the Smithsonian Institution and U.S.

National Museum. (See a/so each annual report)_------____-- 466, 290
scientific papers of A. D. Bache—B. A. GouLp. (R. 1870) ---- 244, 329, 379
sheliseiroxploning Ox pea ition s.22— We ee See ft oe Pe 193
shells of North America—I. Lea; P. P. Carpenter; W. STIMPSON;

AWG. BINNEY}: T.: PRIME. 3-5 222) - eh Syn oily ae eg ECP De SS 128
species of Middle and South American birds not in United States National
Mnseum—— hv hipa wax. (Pa keeles. oe Secs Ne ts eg ee) 467
substances derived from animal kingdom—G. B. GoopE _____-_ --_--_-- 297
Literary exchanges—See Exchanges.
Hiterary study-of jade—S. BLONDEL. | (R. 1876)2--- 22 22s 299
Littoral marine fauna of Provincetown, Mass.—R. Ratopun. (P. 1880)_---- 425
iniversopservations om the-—J. JONES -22 002) 2507 ee ee 82
LIVERMORE, G. Report on Jewett’s general stereotype catalogue of public

DTA eS a eee es eae NS ey ee oe 47
Living animals, flora and fauna within—J. Lerpy____--_.-._---.-------_---- 44
Lloyd, North German, free freight between Germany and the United States.

perenne ie) Sone ce eee nee er ee ee ee eee RU oa ae eee 109
MnOVi me VWireA>. xchange of specimens, | (hv. 1867)/2- 22-2 eee eee 215
Lioyp, W. A. Sparrows sent to the United States. CRIASCT RE soe ees 215
Locket, J. Catalogue of rocks, minerals, ores, and fossils. (R. 1854) -______- 75
Locks; J. Observations on terrestrial magnetism -~___-___. -_-_=2_-__L-.--- 35
Mocemon Ss. .° Mounds in Louisiana. (RK: 1872) -<2 Soa el 271
Locxinetoy, W. N.—

Description of new chiroid fish (Myriolepis zonifer) from Monterey Bay,

Sr pronimie.. 01 (ly) L050) 224 eee oe eee eet eee 425
Description of new fish from Alaska (Uranidea microstoma). (P. 1880.) 425 ©
Description of new genus and some new species of California fishes

(Icosteus enigmaticus and Osmerus attenuatus). (P. 1880)----.---- 425
Description of new genus and species of Cottide. (P. 1881) ----------. 467
Description of new sparoid fish (Sparus brachysomus) from Lower Cali-

STs UEC LS OU ras Ste sa eee ae eek ie ae ck OD

236 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Lockxineton, W. N.—Continued.
Description of new species of Agonide (Brachyopsis verrucosus) from
coast of ‘California. ,\(P21880)) 2-2. 22222 ee eee

Description of new species of Prionotus (Prionotus stephanophyrs) from
coastof California., ~ (2. 1880)= 2225 Se eS ee ee

Descriptions of new genera and species of fishes from coast of California.
(P.) 1879) <2 oust as ee es a ee

Note on new flat fish (Lepidopsetia isolepis) found in markets of San
Francisco, (P1880) S22 os"2 2a ee USES 2a en Soe eae ee

Remarks on species of genus Chirus found in San Francisco market.

(Bel 880) 22 Ss ae ewe ae ae ee ee ee
Review of the Pleuronectide of San Francisco. (P. 1879)_--__--.-_____

Locusts and grasshoppers of America—A. S. Taytor. (R. 1858) -__.-._-_----

Lorzw, H.—
Monographs of the diptera of North America—
Part. 1. Edited by R.‘OSTEN SACKEN 2-2-2 eae eee

Partie th. Editediby Rh OSTENIS ACKEN 222) ee ee = ee ee ene

Part, (222s. s5 oS ea oo eee eee

Reviews of North-American! firypetina = 222 a ee eee
Lorw, H.; Osten Sacken, R. Instructions for collecting diptera. (R. 1858.)

Logan, T. M.—
Olimate of California. \ (GR. 1855) ===. 202 ee eee

Meteorological observations at Sacramento, California. (R. 1854)_--___-
Meteorology of Sacramento, California. (R. 1857)_----.-----.__-_-_--
Logan, W. E. Request for duplicate shells. (R. 1859)_-_--_-_..____.______

LomBarp, H. C. Report on the transactions of Society of Physics and Natu-
ral History of Geneva, July, 1868, to June, 1869. (R. 1869)’__...-__-_

Lombardy, Royal Scientific and Literary Institute of. Prize questions. (R. 1865.)
London Institution of Civil Engineers. Prize questions. (R. 1862) _..---__-
London Royal Horticultural Society. Exchange of publications. (R. 1861)__
London, Royal Society of, origin and history of—C. A. ALEXANDER. (R. 1863.)

LonaFreLLow, H. W., and others. Report of American Academy of Arts and
Sciences on organization of Smithsonian Institution. (R. 1853)-_-_____

Long Island, fishes on coast of New Jersey and—S. F. BArrp. (R. 1854.) 75,

Longitude, trarisatlantic—B. A Gomips. 0 tc) ee ec eee
Longitudes, Arctic—H. K. (RANE {20222522225 ees

Loomis, E.—
Aurora borealis, or polar light, its phenomena and laws. (R. 1865)_-__-

Lecture on zone of small planets between Mars and Jupiter. (R. 1854.)
On certain storms in Europe and America, December, 1836_-__~-_-.___~
Report on meteorology of the United States. (R. 1847) ------------_--

Lopholatilus chameleonticeps, new genus and species of fish from New Eng-
land, description of—G. B. GoopE; T. H. Bean. (P. 1879)------____-

256
109

228
209
150
149
187

67
348
223

129

333

Loucheux Indians—W..L. Harpisty. (R. 1866)----- ------~---- -------- 214, 365

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 237

Loup, F. H. Discussion of Prof. Snell’s barometric observations. (R. 1880.) 442,435

Louisiana, Caddo parish, Indian remains in—T. P. Horcuxiss. (R. 1872) ___ 271
Louisiana, lower, geology of, and salt deposit of Petite Anse Island—E. W.

PESWOTs (SUA ia eet ea eh Sk Ee nS nee re Se EE Baad ot 248
ieaisiansa, moundsiin-—S. WH Docker. (R.1872) oe eee ee QTY
GNIERENG) cole Whemtoria| Of J.) Henny) 224 shee Ae ee oh Oo 356
Lowe, T. S. C., aeronautic voyage of, reply to memorial on—J. Henry. (R.

PSD eee nce eS Ee i he ona ee eA CE ee 147
Lowe, T. 8S. C., memorial of citizens of Philadelphia relative to aeronautic

woysee or, across the Atlantic... (RK: 1860). 220 28a oe TAT
Loxigilla, description of new subspecies of, from West Indies—G. N. Law-

RUMOR T Lr peOSIt) So aoe Se an ek en ke A eS eee 467
LusBpock, J. North American archeology. ~(R. 1862) ~-_-.-----....--.-.-. 150
Lussock, J. Socialand religious condition of lower races of man. (R. 1869.) 228
Lucernariz, and their allies, anatomy and physiology of—H. J. CLARK _______ 242
Lupewica, H. E., and others. On publication of Spanish works on New Mexico.

IM ems) ee a ne rear ee Oe Be eS Se nee es od 77
Luacerr, O. Occurrence of Canada porcupine in Maryland. (P.1881)__-_-. 467
unar-effect-on magnetic foree—A. D. Bacn __--_-__-_----=22---__-- 195

Lupron, N.T. Breeding-habits of sea catfish (Ariopsis milberti). (P. 1878.) 382
Luray cavern, blind form of Lysiopetalide from—J. A. Rypur. (P.1880)_-_ 425
Luray cavern, report of visit to—O. T. MAson and others. (R. 1880)-_-. 442, 433

Lussac, Gayaetlony, On byt, cA BAGO. (ia lO(G)y 22 25 ee 2. oe 299
Lutjanus Blackfordii, from coast of Florida, description of—G. B. Goons; T.
JL ve LTEM STE (LGA Ce C5) es PR I A Nc ARS SE Wee RECURS 332
Lutjanus Stearnsii, from coast of Florida, description of—G. B. Goopn; T. H.
SANs Wert LOG) amas oe en ee et ee Sos ea A a Phe 332
Lycodes paxillus, description of species of —G. B. GoopE; T. H. Bran. (P. 1879) 333
Lycodes Turneri, from Alaska, description of—T. H. Bean. (P. 1878) ------ 33
Lycodes Vahlii, occurrence of, on La Have and Grand Banks—G. B. Goopr;
Peele hae te ler. 11S 10s sane re a ter ie eRe Se a eo Dees 333
Lycodopsis, Collett, identity of, with Lewrynnis, Lockington—T. GruL. (P.
seahorse EE SS oe Se I Sa Sob. SCM be 425
Lycopodiaces of Kerguelen Island—A. Gray _-----------.-_-_-----.----_- 294
Lyxins, W. H.R. Antiquities of Kansas City, Missouri. (R. 1877) _----_- 823
Divan. Kthnographieal collections. (R. 1862)-2) 2222s 150
Exon, eas. Antiquities from Kentucky. (R. 1858) 222021) -_--2.-- 320 tL. 109
Lyon, §.S. Mounds in Union county, Kentucky. (R. 1870)_---.--------_- 244
ijzon; W. B. Antiquities in New Mexico, (R.:1871)-----1---._... _-__.__- 249

Lysiopetalide, North American species of—J. A. Ryprr. (P. 1880)_-----__- 425

238

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

ai

McCuintocr, F. L. Meteorological observations in the Arctic Seas -__----_- 146
McConnett, E. M. Account of old Indian village, Kushkushkee, near New-

castle. Pennsylvania: (Rs UST) pee ee ee ee ae 249
McCosu, J. Prayer at memorial service of Prof. Joseph Henry_---_-------- 356
Macponatp, J. A. Analyses of Chinese and Japanese coals __-_-- -_-------- 202
McHenry, J. W.; Haire, J. Antiquities of Jackson Co., Tenn. (R. 1874.) 286
Mckvaw, iC. a. > Review of) Centnanciidces (a\(s 1 S81) eee eee eee eee 467

McKintey, W. Mounds in McIntosh and Early counties, Georgia. (R.1872.) 271
McMasters,8. Y. Language of Navajos said to resemble the Welsh. (R. 1865.) 209
McPartin, T. A. Notes on history and climate of New Mexico. (R. 1877.) 323, 396
McWuorrer, T. Ancient mounds of Mercer county, Illinois. (R. 1874) _-_ 286
Mackerel, the frigate, (Auais Rochei,) on New England coast—G. B. Goopr.

(Py 1880) 22 - he eee Se aE od ee ees 425
Madrid Royal Academy of Science. Exchanges. (R. 1861)-_-__-_-------_-- 149
MAEDLER, J. H. Movement of the stars around a central point. (R.1859)_._ 110
Magendie, F., memoir of, by M. FLourrens. (R. 1866)_---------~-~__-..-_-- 214
Magnetic—

observations at Girard College, discussion of—A. D. BacHE:
Part 1. Eleven year period in amplitude of solar diurnal variation__ 113

Part 11. Solar diurnal variation in magnetic declination _----_---___ 121
Part 111. Influence of moon on magnetic declination -________--_-- ,132
IPATUS HL WV; Vols ELOnIZom tal et Orc ey ae = eee yee ee 162
UB anis Wit, VEIL, oc. 5 ertical force == 2. ane ee ee 175
Farts x, X10) x10.) Dip:and total force <2 === = oe Se eee ee 186
Parts'1=x1r... Complete’_--. 5-2-5522) a a ee ee 195
observations in the Arctic Seas—E. K. Kang __-----_-.---.--------_- 97
observations in the Arctic Seas—I. I. HAyESs____.-___-_-_-._----.---- 196
observations, on continuance of—E. SABINE. (R. 1858)_--------_____- 109
observations on the iron-clad ‘‘ Monadnock ’’—W. HARKNESS ___-----_- 239
observatory at the Smithsonian Institution, description of—J. E. H11-
GARD. (Ti. 1659) ae on a a ee 110
Storms—al, SABINE.. (3s, 1860) 5-0 2 See See een 147
survey of Pennsylvania, (etc.)—A. D. BACHE ----~. .-~ = ~~ 166
telegraph—See Telegraph.
Magnetism—
history of discovery relative to.. (Kh. 1863)=2 2222 oss ake eee 187
later views of connéction of electricity and—H. Hretmuourz; J. C.
MAxWEnL. (Ri. 1878)ci 225 2226S eee 275
terrestrial, observations on—W. HARKNESS -_---_----.----------- -_-- 239
terrestrial, observations on—d. TWo0GKE) ==. 6=22eee ae eee eee 35

terrestrial, observations on, in Mexico—Baron von MULLER; A.Sonntaa. 114

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 239

Magnus, Henry Gustavus, life and labors of. (R. 1870)_-------_-- ete 244
Magerini, L. Continuous vibratory movement of all matter. (R. 1868) --__- 224
MatILyiy, E.—
Estimate of population of the world. (R. 1878) --..------------------- 275
Hulomy.on Guetelog, ” (bv. 1874) 2. eae ee ee ae 286
History of Royal Institution of Great Britain. (R. 1867) --------- .--- 215
Maine—

Brunswick, results of meteorological observations at—P. CLEAVELAND. 204

Schoodie lakes, description of apparently new species of Gasterosteus
irom — OE BRAN. (P.v1879) oes he ek Se ee Re 333

Kennebec river, opening and closing of—R. H. Garpinrr. (R. 1858.) 109
Portland Society of Natural History, account of—E. C. Botues. (R.1867) 215

remains of) walrus (?) in—C. H. Boyp.. (P. 1881) ~----2.-..+__--____- 467
iMsakahwindians-accountof :the-—-G? Gipps yes. ees eel es ee 220
Makah Indians, memoir on the—J. G. DiweAnnees 2 oe ea te ee ek 220
Mamahevockbulary—d . GOWAN shoes asco SS eS eee ee 220
Maturry, G. Sign language among North American Indians compared with

that among other peoples and deaf-mutes, (H. 1879-80)_-_-___-_--_------ 476
Ma.tetT, R. On observations of earthquake phenomena. (R. 1859)_--__-_-- 110
MaruN«eroonr, OC. .;Ghanges of wind: »(R.,1866)-..2-:.0. 2 os Le ee 214
Malinois, note on ihe—T Ginn. 4 (Ps 1878)o 2s se i be 332
Mammals—

i and birds of Missouri river, list of—E. Harris. (R. 1850)------------ 28
arrangement. of tamilies of—T. Grn 22.2.2 esos el eee 2b eo 280
DinlograniyyOl——lyr GEL 2 5 n LSx Ss ho oe Sh dey ee 230
GSRPLNCH AOL NIG DRAG o—o))oty ae T) Ve as eee ee ED eh lea es Be 58
North American, catalogue of—S. F. Barrp -___-_-..-_-_-_---------- 105
OfpATChICEAMIOrICA——Uiey Kau MEME Nee ts seen eos Ee un ae ee ee eee 342
on corguclon Island— Js, Korn pm, oe 4-115 22 eo ee ee ee 294
BURGE LCA Dales OL — ls (GUT, 5 sista late es ee eee a cg ON ee 8 230

Man—
as the contemporary of the mammoth and reindeer in middle Europe.

GieemE Sry nrg Pere te hee 8 iad le 1 ee ee 215

ancient, in Michigan, characteristics pertaining to—H. Gin~man. (R.

Ue pete a a lS fo Se ee Se 298, 393

later prehistoric, remains of, from caves in Alaska—W. H. Daun ~____- 318

on traces of the early mental condition of—EH. B. Taynor. (R. 1867)-- 215
social and religious condition of the lower races of—J. LusBock. (R.1869.) 228
Management of the Smithsonian Institution, report of Senate Judiciary Com-

Miitce Gh wae DUTEER. (ie S65). ee ee 77
Mandan ceremonies, accuracy of Catlin’s account of—J. Kipp. (R. 1872)---. 271
Mann, C. Habits of a species of salamander, (R. 1854) ------.------------ 75

Manners of Shoshone Indians—A. G. BrackerT. (R. 1879) ---------------- 345

240 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Manufacture of spear and arrow points along Savannah river—C. C. JonEs, Jr.

(R:,,1879)\ 2. 2 22 ee To eS ee ea eee 345
Manuscripts, Halliwell, report on—C. C. JEwerr. (R. 1852) -_------------- 57
Manuscripts, ete., historical and geographical, catalogue of collection of—L.

BERLANDIER.- (RN. 1804) 2225 oe Se oe a a ee 75
Manuscripts, linguistic, in library of Bureau of Ethnology, catalogue of—

J:(C. PIGEING.” (1: 1879=80) (oe sae Soe ee oe 476
Map of—

antiquities of United States, proposed—A. J. Hitu. (R. 1861) -------- 149

solarteclipse of March 16,9858). HitnLa= se 2 ee ee 101

stars forobservations on meteorites: 22) = eee 359

stars near North Pole for observations on auroras -_-_---_-.------------ 350

United States, ethnological, proposed—G. Gipps. (R. 1862) ~--------- 150
Maps—

and charts of America, on a collection of—J. G. Konn. (R. 1856)--__- 91

catalogue of collection of—L. BERLANDIER. (R. 1854) _-_-----_------ 75

ethnological, of North America, suggestions relative to—L. H. Moraan.

(Re 1861 Joos eet ee Si ea ae eB eee et ee eee 149

Of winds of’ the plobe “64d Commun. 2408 Micon aie ites Sh cals 268

Marble used in extension of U.S. Capitol, account of—J. Henry. (R. 1856.) 91
Marcet, Prof. Report on transactions of Society of Physics and Natural

History of Geneva, July, 1862, to June, 1868. (R. 1863).-----_____-___ 187 ~
Marery, E. J. Natural history of organized bodies. (R. 1867) ~-------_--_- 215
Marey, E. J. Phenomena of flight in the animal kingdom. (R. 1869)-_-_-. 228

Marianini, Stefano, life and scientific labors of, by C. Marrruccr. (R. 1869.) 228
Marietta, Ohio, meteorological observations at—S. P. HILDRETH; J. Woop__ 120

Marine alge, lecture on—W. H. Harvey. (R. 1855)_------_--_----_.-_ -___ an
Marine alge of North America—W. H. Harvey:
Part” ai Melanospermece <2 28 es eee eee 32
Part \1. thodospermew..2-5 = 22k ee San es See ee ee eee 43
Part 111. (Chlorospermee 8222 os Se, es cee ee 95

Bartssl; Li) ckb COM pl eteea === aaa ee

ase cane Geena. eee
Marine invertebrates—
distributed by U.S. National Museum—R. Rarupun. (P. 1881.) 465, 467

of, Grand Manan— W..\STmMPsoN 25. 2222S cei ee ee a eee 50
of New England coast distributed by United States Fish Commission—
A. BH. VERRILL; (RO Ratapun, °.\(B: 1870) soe See ee

of northeastern coast of America, notice of recent additions to, with de-
scriptions of new genera and species—A. E. VERRILL:
Part) i. Annelida,.cte.. \( 1879) =. eee ee eee 333,
Part 11. Mollusca, with netes on Annelida, ete. (P. 1880) -----__. 425

Part 111. Catalogue of Mollusca recently added to fauna of southern
New England. ; (@..1880)2 225522022 eee 425

on collection and preservation of —W. STIMPsoN

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 241
Maritime disasters (of, the ‘Antilles: (BR: 1867), 24_ 5-222 215
Marrow of animals, uses of, among Indians—T. R. PEALE. (R. 1870) ------- 244
Mars, secular variations of elements of orbit of—J. N. SrocK WELL -__-----_- 232
Mars, small planets between Jupiter and—Prof. LesprauttT. (R. 1861)e_.--_ 149
Marschall, A., list of generic names supplemental to those catalogued by—S. H.

BS COURT) TD Facer racer aT Ee pV SS Se Oe ADEE 470
MEARetE Got. Lecture on the Camel. i(R. 1864)i- 2-22 et Joe toe 75
Marsu, G. P., and others. On publication of Squier and Davis’ ancient mon-

ance ered Safa se kt ee ee ee ee eee eee Cae ee ae EDS
Marsipobranchii, arrangement of: families of—T. Ginn 222-2. -L oa 247
Martin, 8S. D. Account of lightning discharges. (R. 1867) --..---.-------- 215
Martinique, catalogue of Ober’s collection of birds of—G. N. LAwreEnce. (P.

ARSE peer ees A I I es A as ak as ee eee 332
Martins, C. Vegetable colonization of the British Isles of Shetland, Faroe,

waa iceland: (Ch T8be) toe sea Sn os ee 109
Martius, C. F. P. von, honorary medal to—W. HartpingEr. (IR. 1863) ~_-_-- 187
Marius; ©. i. Po von; memoir of, by ©. KAu.) (h.11869)222 255-2 eo 440, 251
Maryland, Charles county, antiquities of—O. N. Bryan. (R. 1874) --_------ 286
Maryland, occurrence of Canada porcupine in—O. Luacrr. (P. 1881) ---_.. 467
Mason, C. - Statement relative to the telegraph. (R. 1857) ------- -----.._-- 107
Mason, O. T.—

Abstracts of anthropological correspondence, 1880. (R. 1880) --------- 442

Anthropological investigations in 1879. (R. 1879)...----.-.----. 345, 420

Anthropological investigaticns in 1880. (R. 1880) ---------------. 442, 432

Bibliography of anthropology. (R. 1879; R. 1880)_-------------- 345, 442

Latimer collection of antiquities from Porto Rico. (R. 1876) ------ 299, 397

MelpsiceviuscumrOnthnologyee (L873) seen on se ee eee Se 275

Record of progress in anthropology, 1879, 1880. (R. 1880) __------ 442, 432

eport on uray, Cavern. : (i. 1880) 22" =e ee ee 442, 433

Summary of anthropological correspondence, 1879. (RK. 1879)..-- 345, 420
Massachusetts—

Buzzards’ Bay, cecurrence of Belone latimanus in—G. B. Goopr. (P.

Pe) eee eee ee eer ee ee ace ee eee So 332

Provincetown, Cape Cod, littoral marine fauna of—R. Rarnsun. (P.

ACS Me eae me ea ee ee we ee ee 425

Vineyard Sound, occurrence of oceanic bonito in—V. N. Epwarps.

(regs pesmi Rae eee Te 8 1s Saas ee pee AS ea eh ed 832
MaAsTERMAN,S. Observations on natural phenomena, shooting stars, aurora,

Peon 2-22 leet Lee os eae eee Soe eee oe 107
MASTERMAN, S. Observations on thunder and lightning. (R. 1855)--------. 77
Materia medica collection, classification and arrangement of—J. M. Fuint.

Rey ADM) i are e tele es i Seren eee ees feat os est 467, 450
Materia medica section of the U.S. National Museum, memoranda for collectors

of drugs for. the——J..M. Fzint. .(P; 188l) 22) 22+... 467,452

16

249 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Matter, continuous vibratory movement of—L. Maarrini. (R. 1868) _--_-. 224
Marrevcci, C.—

Electrical currents of the earth. (R. 1867; R. 1869) ~-----------_- 215, 228
ectuires on electro-physiology:; (R. 1865) 222 ===. aes ee ee 209
Life and scientific labors of Stefano Marianini. (R. 1869)_-.-.--_-_..-_ 228
Mauvaises Terres, expedition to the upper Missouri and the—T. A. CULBERT-
SON; (8.1850) So 2s ee ee ee Ce ee ee eee 28
Mauvaises Terres of Nebraska, extinct mammalia and chelonia from the—J.
IDBIDY. 2 oS 5.3 te oe Ge se ee eee 08
MAxwe LL, J. C.; Hetmuoutz, H. Later views of connection of electricity
and«magnetism.. JOR. 1873)\ 2 oe ee ee 275
Maya sculpture, remarks on ancient relic of—A. Scnorr. (R. 1871) ~.------- 249
3 MayBerry, 8S. P. Gradual approach of sea upon land. (R. 1867) .--------. 215
MaysBerry,S. P. Shell heaps at mouth of St. John’s river, Florida. (R.
180s) ne oo i Be on RE I i ED a EES ee 323
Mayer, A. M. Henry asadiscoverer. Memorial address__-_._-__.-_____ 356, 417
Mayer, A. M., translation by, of Delaunay’s essay on velocity of light. (R.
ASG) ase ell CN eee Oe ea ee eee 188, 354
Mayer, B. Observations on Mexican history and archeology -_-----.------ 86
Mazatlan, descriptions of new fishes from—D. S. Jornpan; C. H. GiLBert.
(BEUGSTY Oy pies Lael UPR UE A ae I cn 467
Meracuam, J. Minority report of Committee of Regents on distribution of
Smithson(income,” (R.°18b3) oo eee 2 ke ee eee 67
MEADS, QO." Memorialiof Jiosephyaenryy, -25 <2 oss ae ears cy eee ees 356
Means available for correcting measures of sun’s distance—G. B. Airy. (R.
1859)2S eee SoS See ee ee fe Se ae ee
Means of destroying the grasshopper—V. Motscuuisky. (R. 1858) --___-_-- 109
Measurements, anthropological, table of—ScHERZER; ScHwARz. (R. 1866) -_ 214
Measurements, mountain—A. Guyor. (R. 1862)_---.-_--_-______-_-__. -_-- 150
Measures—

and weights, English and French, tables of. (R. 1863; R. 1864) ___ 187, 188
and weights, metric system of, with tables—H. A. Newron. (R. 1865.) 209, 371

and weights, new system of, with 8 as the metrical number—G. H.
KNIGHT... (BR. 1867) Sst cee eee ae ee

of sun’s' distance—G, 'B. Army. (Ri 1859); Soe ee a 110
Measuring instrument, use of galvanometer as—J. C. PoagENDorFF. (R.1859.) 110
Mechanics and artisans, scientific education of—A. P. PEABopy. (R. 1872.) 271,380

Mechanism of fever, study of. Toner lecture No. ryv—H. C. Woop--_-.-_---. 282
Medal to Von Martius—W. Harpine@rer. (R. 1868) _----_---___2___=3 == 187
Medical practice, relation of food to work and its bearing on—S. Haueuron.
GR. AUB TO) ooo noo sn ee Sk a
Medicines, classification of forms in which drugs and, appear and are adminis-
tered—J.. MM) RPring..; (Pe i868) eos ee ee eee 467, 451
Meduila oblongata and trapezium, gray substance of the—J. DEAN --_.---~-- 173

~ o>

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 243

Metco, L. W. Relative intensity of heat and light of the sun. (R. 1856.) 91, 83
Meer, F.B. Check-list of invertebrate fossils of North America. Cretaceous

ES SLSR ek re ae er eee eee eee LZ
Murex, F. B. Check-list of invertebrate fossils of North America. Miocene. 183
Merx, F. B , and others. Scientific instructions to Capt. Hall. (R. 1871) --_ 249

Merx, F. B.; Haypren, F. V. Palexontology of upper Missouri. Part 1_-__ 172
Merex,J. B. Account of tornado in Spruce Creek valley, Centre county, Penn.

(ie beie) pees asso sk Spats oa att wee MR ER RE ate Bae eh Sree 249
Mertas,J.A. Description of human skull from Rock Bluff, Illinois. (R. 1867.) 215
Melanians of North America—G: W. Tryon, Jr. 2.----2--2 2-2 2538
Melanospermez of North America, descriptions of —W. H. Harvny ________- 32
Melbourne Mining Department. Exchange system. (R. 1865) --_---.-----. 209
MetsHeimer, F. E. Catalogue of described coleoptera of the United States.__ 62
Melting points; bibliography of-—F. W. CLARKE _ :_------1---- 2224 2s 255
Meliine points, tables of. Part i—W.W. CuaRKE — 2-2 2 5 eke 255
Melting points, tables of. First supplement—F. W. CLARKE-____-___-_---.-- 288
Memoir—See Biography, Life, Eulogy.

Memoir of—

Agassiz; Hous, by i. P. STEBBINS. } (BR. 1878) 2-2 Sele le 275

babhree Charis. by? N.S. 0DGE.> (i. 1873) )\-2— 2 at SS le 275

Beautemps-Beaupré, C. F, by E. De Beaumont. (R. 1863) --_____. 187

Blainville, Ducrotay de, by M. FLourens. (R. 1865) ----------_.__-- 209

Bravais, Auguste, by.E:. Dz, BEAUMONT. \(R. 1869) 22. -+--~- 2-2 228

Buch, Leopold von, by M. FLourEns.. (R. 1862)..--.-----.---.-____. 150

Candolle, Pyramus de, by M. Fiourens. (R. 1859) ---.---._-______.. 110

Aprinc RE AOU Ade I ACICA RD nu co ao ee ee es eed a en 242

Cuviers Ge by Me HLOURENS.)\) (Re E868) 2220 oN eee Sa ee a 224

WelAmbre td's 397,. Dy J. HOURTER. () (ive 1Q64)) i. 2 eid ak ee Pens 188

PME l ub ys Gra EUAGTEN tn (es OGG) ce. oe ete See Ne 224

Gibbs George, by J. A oTEVENS.~" (Ru 0878). 8 eels ee pase 21S

Hany, Rene Just; by G: Cuvrers) (Rx 1860)\4--2 28 oe 147

Henry, Joseph, by A. Gray. (R. 1878)_----_______-.. -_-__.. 841, 856, 407

Eeurye Josep DY J: OV RRENGS. te Na the NC en eee a EN 356

Seer VORC DDE DY. S)., NW WCOM Be =e ae Pe ee eS 356

PiGmme ra oscnn DY .Wi. Dou AYEOR. 225 Sere sey 8668 Ba

Herschel, Sir John Frederick William, by N.S. Dopen. (R. 1871)__-. 249

Hodgkinson, Eaton, by R. Rawson. , (R. 1868) ----___---. 2. 224

Legendre, A. M., by E. De Beaumont. (R. 1867) ----_.-.__-.-_---. 215

Meas cudicwne, byoM. HLOURMNAS. | (Ra lSam yee a ok ol 214

Martius, C. F. P.’von, by C. Rav. (R. 1869) -___.---.--.--- 228, 440, 251

Oersted, H.C), by H. De Beaumont. (R. 1868) .2-.-...)-----...-_.. 224

eMIen ys Oe byeh. A.) Prien, (Rs TG6T) eres ee oe 215

ae he "ee Oke Ye a> Sere eM
Q ‘

944 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Memoir of—Continued.

Priestley ,:) ...byG. CUVIER? (iy. ebo) oo ne ee eee 109
Saint-Hilaire, Isidore Geoffroy, by J. L. QuaTREFAGES. (R. 1862)---_ 150
Saint-Hilaire, Geoffroy, by M. FLourEens. (R. 1861) ----_-----_--___- 149
peaton, Wi. W.., by J. Hunny.- (R. 1866) S22 seo cee eee 214
Thénard, Louis Jacques, by M. FLourens. (R. 1862) --------____ ae 1150)
Torrey, John, byA> Gray. « \(R.a8is) 222 Sek sae ee ee
Memoir on—
anatomy and physiology of lucernarie—H. J. CLARK _-_---~-----____- 242
explosiveness of, nitre—R: HARE 2 4.2 Sse Se 17
extinct sloth tribe of North America—J. Lei1py___----------_---- ch ame
extinct species of American ox—J. Leipy _<22-2 2-225 eee 41
meteorological subjects, by J. Haun and others. Translated by C. ABBE.
Ge SIT Tyne er Re Se ee ea eee 323, 398
methods of interpolation—E. L. De Forest. (R. 1871, 1873) ---___ 249, 275
MOosasaUrus——hs VW" GIBBES= 22s a2 Coe Se ee ee 14
Memoranda for collectors of drugs for materia medica section of the U. S.
National Museum—J. M. Fuint. (P. 1881) -..---.--_-.--.---_-. 467, 452
Memoranda of inquiry relative to food fishes of United States _-__..----_--___ 231
Memorial—
address on Joseph Henry—A. M. Mayer ___-__-~-___ ---___ -_-__- 356, 417
of citizens of Philadelphia relative to Lowe’s aeronautic voyage across
the: Atlantic. £A(\R.1860)) 22208 one dee eee ee 147, 329
of Joseph Henry. (Published by Congress) -~--~~- ---- de RL SS eee 356

of Regents to Congress asking appropriations for Muscum. (R. 1867.) 215, 329

of Regents to Congress relative to Smithson fund. (R. 1850; R. 1866.)
28, 214, 329

to Congress in behalf of Regents relative to new museum building—G.

Bancrort.! \(R. 1876) * 25452205 2S ee eee 299, 329
Menhaden, gulf, (Brevoortia patronus), note on—S. STEARNS. (P. 1878) _---- 332
Mental condition of man, early traces of—E. B. Tynor. (R. 1867) -------_-- 215
Mercury, secular variations of elements of orbit of, with tables—J. N. Srock-

WELD o.oo 22S oe coe ee Se ee a ee 232
Merino, St. M.. Figure of the earth. (R. 18638) ---222s-22 eos Se eee 187
Merlucius, diagnosis of genus of fish related to—G. B. Goopk. (P. 1880) ---- 425
Mrrrit1, J.C. Habits of Rocky Mountain goat. (P. 1879) _---------....-. 333
Merritu, J. C. List of birds observed near Fort Brown, Texas, 1876-1878.

CP pho 1S rete oie eee PO enn 2 ho es Sale ee ee ee 332
Mesozoic rocks of Arkansas, Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah, descriptions of

new invertebrate fossils from—C. A. Wuitr. (P. 1880) -----.-------- 425
Metal, hydrogen as gas and—-J. E. Rrynotps. (R. 1870)_--.------.---.---- 244
Metallic castings of delicate natural objects. (P. 1881) ~----------_. ---.-..-- 467

Metamorphism and formation of crystalline rocks—G@. A. DauBREE. (R.1861.) 149
Meteoric fire-ball, orbit and phenomena of—J. H. Cor¥rin -__--.----.-------- 221

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS.

245

Meteoric shower of November 13, 1867, letter of M. Hoek, relative to .__.___. 217
Meteoric stones, lectures on—J. L. Smiru. (R. 1855) ---------------_-_---- ae
Meteorite—
int Mexico—— As, WiOODWORTH.© (is ASGf)E ones ee 215
in) Mexico; account of—R. Simson: (BR: 1867) 2. =- <2 - 215
in Mexico, discovery of large—W. M. Pierson. (R. 1873) ---------- 275
MUcson Account) Of Se ATENS AL (CE 863) eae ee ene ee ee Te 187
Lucson, account of —B. J. D. Inwin.. (BR. 1863) 2__-_-2 4-5 187
Meteorites—
extract from discourse on—F. BRENNDECKE. (R. 1869) __-__-------_-- 228
in Mexico—J. H. CartetTon. (R. 1865)_-----.------ EEA None 2 oe ee a Eee 209
in mineralogical collection of Yale College, catalogue of—G. J. Brusn.

PEREGO) pote a ee aes et eet a ae] 224

Synthetic experiments relative to—G. A. DAUBREE. (R. 1868) -_-____- 224
Meteorograph, universal, for detached observatories—E. H. von BAUMHAUER.
Geen LS) meme Ne ae ne eS ae Se ee 345
Meteorological—
articles in periodicals received by Smithsonian Institution and deposited

mpbibrary,. of Congress, )\(R18i is’ RavlSrd)_ 22 be oa 249, 275
correspondence of the Institution, extracts from. (R. 1866) CE ae 214
aYRCOW EY. hs Le APENG, (tvs 180G)). ope tek Sed Te a 214
instruments, description of—L. CaseLLA. (R. 1859)-----_--_- -----___ 110
material contributed to the Smithsonian Institution. (R. 1860-1866, 1868,

ReAL AST 4) So 147, 149, 150, 187, 188, 209, 214, 224, 228, 244, 249, 286
memoirs—J. Hann; L. Sonncxe; T. Reve; W. Ferret; A. Coxip-

iMG Mo PESLENi GC. ABBE. 9 (Rl 8 0d tan os She es hk 328, 398
publications deposited in Library of Congress, classified list of. (R.1878.) 275
reports preserved in Smithsonian Institution, classified list of. (R.1873.) 275
stations, cost of establishment of—J. Henry. (R. 1858) .-----_---____ 109
stations and observers, list of. (R. 1849, 1853-1872.) 21, 67, 75, 77, 91, 107, 109,

110, 147, 149, 150, 157, 187, 188, 209, 214, 215, 224, 228, 244, 249, 271, 373
subjects, short memoirs on, by J. Hann and others. Translated by C.

PES Rare (hve e Sih ) sem cere means Beh ene oes ae og ee OS NS 323, 398
suggestions for Russian America—J. HENRY _.----.---------. -__- euler UP
system for every State—ILLiNoIs Stare BoarD oF Epucarion. (R.1855.) 77
system of Canada—J. G. Hoparins. (R. 1865) ~---.-_-.----_____.____ 209
system of Smithsonian Institution, report on—E. Foreman. (R. 1851;

rmNcbre eek SS ee eee ee og Nu 51, 57
Ded Do eee Ne Ure O Veen Pe ao sd eK oe Rk at 31, 153
telegrams by Western Union Telegraph Company—H. Srpiey. (R. 1862) 150

Meteorological observations—
AiPbrLunswick my aine—P, OURAV EVAN Dances soe Pe ys 204
at Marietta, Ohio—S. P. HitpretH; J. Woop —..--____________--_--- 120

246

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Meteorological observations—Continued.

at Philadelphia, Girard College, discussion of—A. D. Bacue. 113, 121,
132, 162, 175, 186, 195

at Providence, Rhode Island, 1831-1860—A. CaswE Lt -..---___-----..-- 103
at Providence, Rhode Island, 1831-1876—A. CASWELL -_---------_-=..- 443
at Sacramento, California—F. W. Hatcw. (R. 1854)_---.-_--------_- 75
at Sacramento, California—T. M. Logan. (R. 1854) -_-.-_.------__~-- 75
at San Francisco, California—H. Gippons. (R. 1854) ---_-_-_-__-_.__- 75
at Washington,;Arkansas—_N. Di SMire 22222 Soe oe ee eee
combined, report of American Association for Advancement of Science
onssystemof. (RA1851) eet ee ee 51
directions for—A. Guyot; J. Henry. (R. 1855) --------_-__- 77, 19, 148
inthe: Arctic: Seas—I3 I Hayns 22 12 Se ee eee 196
in, the Arctic Seas—H.)K-ICANn 22 eee ee 104
inthe. Arctic Seas—-B’. Li, MCCLINTOCK |= 22 os 3 ee ee 146
mesultsiof; from lSo2.t0 ll Sh9n Avil Sse lyy La see eee eee 157, 182
Smithsonian, for the year 1855 29 2 2 ee ee eee 93
Meteorology—
ATELCLeSyOM ery (Eve e LS Otsu Eespel i) ees eee ees ey eet eee ee sere eve ene 215, 244
articles.on, with notes by. J. Tenry.: \\(R.'1871) 222222 Se eee 249
communication relative to—J. P. Espy. (R. 1847) _.---...--._.-____1. Hf
lectures and notes on—R. RussELL; J. HENRY. (R. 1854) ~-----_-_-- 75
of Caracas, South America—G. A. Ernst. (R. 1867) .----.--------._. 215
of Colonia Tovar, Venezuela—A. FENDLER. (R. 1857)_---.- -.-----. 107
of District of Columbia—J. WissNgeR. (R. 1857) -------------------- 107
of Green river country, Utah—Col. Cotiins. (R. 1871). ------------- 249
of Porto/;Rico—G! arimer.; (R187) 222822 oes eee 249
of. Russia—A. WorrKorr. (R. 1872) --.- 222-2 oat eee
of Sacramento, California—T. M. Logan. (R. 1857) ----_------------ 107
of the United States, report on—E. Loomis. (R. 1847) -----~---~----- H
Meteorology—See Atmospheric pressure, Temperature, Rain, Winds, ete.
Meteors—
articles on, preserved im Smithsonian., (R. 1874) ------------_---___— 286
observation of—L: ANDREWS.:. (R. 1866) 2222222222 sos ee 214
of November: 13; 186 (ta. 25238 ohh ee eee 217
planisphere of the heavens for observations of__._-.-.--_-.------------. 359
Method of—
ascertaining amount of water in rivers—A. A. HumpHreys. (R.1858.) 109
forming small weights—R. Harn. (R. 1858) --------------------+-—__ 109
preserving lepidoptera—T. R. PzaLE. (R. 1868) --------------.------ 187
Methods of—
capture and utilization of animals—G. B. Goopk --_-- ---------------- 297

installation in the National Museum—G@G. B. Goopr. (P. 1881)---- 467, 472

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 247

Methods of—Continued.
interpolation applicable to graduation of irregular series—E. L. Dre

THO eS aay Obese SLi) 2 eee Aree ee Oe eee Sl 249
interpolation, additions to memoir on—E. L. Dk Forest. (R. 1873)_--- 275
making and preserving plaster casts—A. Pirz. (P. 1881)_------------ 467

Metric system for scientific observation—A. Guyot. (R. 1848)-_-~---------- I
Metric system of weights and measures with tables—H. A. Newron. (R. 1865.)

209, 371
Metric system with 8 as base—G. H. Knieut. (R. 1867) ------------------- 215
Metrenius, G. Acknowledgment for ferns. (R. 1862) -------------------- 150

Mexican axolotl, change of, to an amblystoma—A. WEISMANN. (R. 1877.) 323, 401
Mexican boundary, forests and trees of Florida and the—J.G. Cooprr. (R.1860.) 147 °
Mexican history and archzology, observations on—B. MAYER ~-_---------~-- 86
Mexican Society of Geography and Statistics. Exchanges. (R. 1861; R. 1865.) 149, 209
Mexico—
description of large fossil gasteropod from—C. A. WHITE. (P. 1880)-_ 425
description of new fishes from—D. 8S. Jorpan; C. H. Ginpert. (P.1881.) 467

description of new species of genus Brevoortia from—G. B. Goopr. (P.

OS [pee a te etre) a eee eae LES Waa Se a I A ae Wen dae 332

eastern, earthquake in, January, 1866—C. Sartorius. (R. 1866) .--_-- 214

explorations of John Xantus in—M. RomeERo. (R. 1862) ------------- 150

Guanajuato and Chapala lake, notes on Dugés’ collection of fishes from—

DEA JORDANS s (Pe 1879) eee a EL hs pa he Renee Foe 333

list of described birds of, not in Smithsonian collection _____.____._.--_-. 185

magnetic observations in—Baron VoN MULLER; A. SoNNTAG__--~--.--. 114

meteoniten—Ivs SIMSONS./:(Rith867)peses 2252 Cae es fad eee ae ee 215

meteorite in—A. WoopworTH. (R. 1867)_-----_------ ued Sele hens 215

meteorite in, discovery of—W. M. Pirrson. (R. 1873)_---.---~------ 275

meteorites in—J. H. CARLETON. (R. 1865) _-_---.-.--------.------. 209

notes on fishes from, collected by Lieut. H. E. Nicholsk—D.S.Jorpan; C.

Ey GREBERT 47, (i. LSB tet ee eee ey ee ek te, TAG
scientific expedition to, report "addressed to Emperor of France by Min-
. ister of Public Instruction. (IR. 1864)_--__---------_---_-.------ 188

southwestern, birds of, collected by F. E. Sumichrast—G. N. LAWRENCE. 295

Vera Cruz, account of antiquities in—H. Finck. (R. 1870)_---------- 244
Mexico, Gulf of, catalogue of fishes collected in, by J. W. Velie—G. B. Goopr;

ID Te Trea Bern ei ef 4) Ie papa le a apc ne Ae Ms ee ee i 383
Mexico, Gulf of, mortality of fishes in—J. P. Jerrerson. (P. 1878) -_-~---- 332
Micabeds in) Alabama—W. Grsner.” (It. 1879) .2-3 = 2V Le i. 845
Mica mines, ancient, in North Carolina—C. D. SmirH. (R. 1876)-.---- ------ 299
Michigan—

ANCIEMt MMIMMO VIN ——C ol VW HITTL ESI.” 5s oes sey DO Cs 155

Beaver Island, natural history of—J. J. Srrana. (R.1854)----------- 75

248 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Michigan—Continued.

catalogue of rocks, minerals, and ores collected on geological survey in—

C.D. Sacrson..” (BO1854) 325 Sot ee ee 15
characteristics pertaining to ancient man in—H. Ginuman. (R. 1875.) 298, 393
Isle Royale, Lake Superior, antiquities of—A. C. Davis. .(R. 1874)---. 286
mound-builders and platyenemism in—H. GintMAN. (R. 1873)-__. 275, 393
Miieroscone, ihe. (RL SCO) ae a ee 147
Microscopic organisms—
directions for ‘collecting 22.2522 — ose Se ee ee eee
directions for collecting, preserving, and transporting—A. M. Epwarps. 366
notes on new species and localities of—J. W. BatLey --__.----_.------ 63
Microscopical examination of Japanese infusorial earths —-A. M. Epwarps___ 202
Microscopical examination of soundings ‘made by U.S. Coast Survey off At-
lunticicoast/of United States—b-) Wiel B Ami: mys ety es eee 20 >
Microscopical observations in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida—J. W.
IBATLBY \22 5 2oo ee eos ae ea OS oe ee 23
Middle America— :
birds: of —S7).) BAIRD, 2-04 Se ee a eee
birdsyor circular for.collectingy eases sas ae ee eee ee ee 168
birds of, not in National Museum—R. Ripa@way. (P. 1881) ---------- 467
(explanation:.of term) -—* 22. en lo. So ee es See elm
Migration, the American—F. von HELLWALD. (R. 1866) ---_-------- ------ 214
Migrations and.nesting habits of west coast birds—J. G. Cooper. (P. 1879)-- 333
Milan Agricultural Association. Exchange of publications. (R. 1863) ----_- 187
Milky way, bibliography of works relating to—KH. 5S. HoLpEN _____._---_-_-- 311
MILLER, F. Mound in Trumbull county, Ohio. (R. 1877) -----------_----= 323
Mills, Clark, casts of heads of Indian boys and girls at Hampton, Virginia,
taken by< «(bs E879): Soe oe Se cae SRE = ee eee ooh oie eee 333
Mills, Clark, casts of heads of Indian prisoners in Florida taken by. (P. 1878.) 382
Mineral, jade, study: of—S.: BLONDEL. )\(R21876) 2222258202 ee ee ee 299
Mineralogical collection, arrangement of—C. U. SHeparp. (R. 1861) ~----_- 149
Mineralogical collection of Yale College, catalogue of meteorites in the—G. J.
Busey \(R:* 1868); sas 2e 2 Fos ee A ee ee eee eee aa ieee » 224
Mineralogical composition of the normal mesozoic diabase upon Atlantic _
border—G. W., Hawes. (P2188) .--.2 2S ee ee ee

Mineralogy, progress in, in 1879 and 1880—G. W. Hawes. (R. 1880) _-. 442, 428

Minerals—
and ores collected on geological survey in Michigan, catalogue of—C, T.
JACKSON. ,|/(R. 1854) cos eee eo ee ee eee 75
and rocks, catalogue of—J. W. Foster. (R. 1854) ----------.--_----- 75
and rocks, catalogue of—J. D. WHITNEY. (R. 1854) _-----.-.-----_-- 75
catalogue of, with their formulas, ete.—T. Ea@LesTon__-----_--__ -_---. 156
in U.S. National Museum in 1878, list of—F. M. Enpuiicu. (R. 1873.)

275

a

Tg Ps me yD
MT Ey

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 249

Minerals—Continued.
in U.S. National Museum in 1879, list of—F. M. Enpiicw. (P. 1880.) 425

rocks, ores, and fossils, catalogue of-—-J. Lockr. (R. 1854) _----.______ 75
Mines, ancient mica, in North Carolina—C. D. SMiru. (R. 1876)------~--__- 299
Mining, ancient, in Lake Superior copper region, circular relative to—J.

ER Napa Hee ay LOG felt elles 2EC NUS a i eee a ee ee 149
Mining, ancient, on shores of Lake Superior—C. WHITTLESEY __-----~---~-- 155
Mining Department, Melbourne. Exchange system. (R. 1865) _.--...-.---. 209
Minnesota—

ancient town in, account of—O. H. KeLiry. (R. 1863)_-__----- ees IISA

Fort Ripley, natural history of country about—J. E. Heap. (R. 1854.) 75

Hennepin county, mounds on Gideon’s farm near Excelsior—F. H. Nurt-

PRAHA (Fe tN oh) oss A Sie EE Ne ea 345
Lake Pepin and Mississippi river, antiquities on banks of—L. C. Esrzs.

Pires) het ot Ge oe eh Stee es ee ee ED 214
Red river of the North, ethnology of Indians of—W. H. GAarpDNER.

(ig 342i S37) pe I BS BN I Se Dp Ny 244
MWiinnesota Historical Society. Dakota erammar 222-2 Se so ee 40
Miocene fossils, check list of—F. B. MkEK____-.___-_-_-_---_ Wee Meet Sahel sear! 183
Miscellanea, Museum; labels,ete.——S. WH. BaArrpD, 2-2 -.--2-----+2 5-2 164

Miscellaneous Collections, Smithsonian. Vols. 1-xxrir. 122, 123, 124, 125, 158, 169,
191, 212, 213, 250, 278, 274, 312, 814, 315, 322, 336, 337, 416, 423, 424, 468, 475

Miscellaneous Collections, Smithsonian, catalogue and index of___-----___-_-- 478
Masco nen nerta bles Ay WG WOT s ss So ee SON Ee ee 153
Missionary Society, Southern. Yoruba grammar and dictionary_--------.--- 98

Missions—See American Board of Commissioners.

Mississippi—
aboripinal lapidary,in-—C. Rau. (i. 1877) .22 25 eed 323, 402
eastern, collection of fishes from—O. P. Hay. (P. 1880) .--_-----..__- 425
mounds in—S. A. AGNEW. (R. 1867) -__--- Sa Si oy eres ee oeeg Ee
Washington county, mounds in—J. Hovuan. (R. 1879)-..---------__- 345
Yazoo county, antiquities of—J. W. C. Smita. (R. 1874) ---_-----__- 286
Mississippi river and Lake Pepin, antiquities on banks of—L. C. Esrrs. (R.
MEM 2 eh io epee ene ta a oh Ell 214
Mississippi river, description of new species of fishes from—T. H. Bran. (P
USHiiey) ) eeree nee ee ete ie eee ee cee See ne oe EOS Ma aD ao Oa 333
Mississippi valley, ancient monuments of—E. G. Squrmr; E. H. Davis ______ 1
Mississippi valley, physical geography of—C. Exuet, Jr _-.___...---_-__-.__.. 13
Missouri—
ancient relics in—J. W. Foster. (R. 1863) ..--.+.-.=-.......----~-- 187
Snuguitiessi——i. WILLE. (RB. 1862) 2020 ee ee 150
Kansas City, antiquities of—W. H. R. Lyxrns. (R. 1877)_----------- 323

New Madrid, earthquake at—T. Duprey. (R. 1858)_.---_----------- 109

250 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Missouri—Continued.
prehistoric evidences in—G. C. BRoADHEAD. (R. 1879)_-----.-___----
St. Louis, ancient mound at—T. R. PEALE. (R. 1861) ----------------
St. Louis, temperature of—A. FENDLER. (RK. 1860) -------------.-_--
upper, expedition to Mauvaises Terresand—A. CULBERTSON. (R.1850.) 28

upper, list of plants of —T. C. Portzr. (R. 1850)-.-.-.-----_ ---.--- 28
upper, palzontology of—F. B. Mex; F. V. Hayprn-_-.-___--_.--_- 172
western, exploration of—P. R. Hoy. (R. 1864) ---____--_--___-__--_- 188
Missouri river, ancient earthworks on—A. BARRANDT. (R. 1870) ~---------. 244
Missouri river, list of birds and mammalia of—H. Harris. (R. 1850) ------- 28
MITCHELL, A. Antiquities of Mlorida.. (GR. 18/422 se Oe
MITCHELL, B. Mounds in Pike county, Illinois: (R. 1879) ---.------------ 345
MircHELL, B. R.; Turner, W. W. Vocabulary of the jargon of Oregon __ 68
MircHuny, S. 8., Funeral sermon of Joseph Henry 2-2-22—:_ 2s eee 356
MircHe.i, 8. W. Inquiries relative to disease known as chorea. (R. 1874) -_ 286
MirTcHELL, S. W. Researches upon the venom of the rattlesnake_--____- -_--_- 135
Mircue.i, 8. W.; Morenousez, G. R. Researches upon anatomy and physi-
olozyJof, respiration wnvCheloniaee ss. ae eee ae en tee eens 159
Mitla, drawings of—J\.'G. SAWING: 9i< Sil 4 eo Se ee
Mixedsraces'in, Liberia—E. D. BuypEn. -(h: 1870)222225 2222 ee eee 244
Mobile river, shell-heaps on—A. S. Gaines; K. M. CunnineuAM. (R. 1877.) 328
Modern theory of chemical types—C. M. WETHERILL. (R. 1863) .-----.---- 187
Modes of flight in relation to aeronautics—J. B. Pettigrew. (R. 1867) ~---- 215
Moreno, F. N. Accidental or subjective colors. (R. 1866) ---------------._ 214
Motina, L., Costa Rican minister, recommending Dr. Berendt. (R. 1865)_-_ 209
Mollusca of Northeastern coast of America. Parts 1, 11, 1:1—A. E. VERRILL.
(BeSi9.7 4; 2880) frac! ees Ss a ee ea 333, 425
Mollusca, or shellfish, and their allies, lectures on—P. P. CARPENTER. (R.
T1860) xe See Sea oe eee Se a ee ee 147, 152
Molluscoids of Arctic America—A. EB. VERRILL_.-------------------------- 342
Mollusks—
arrangement of familiesiof—L. Giitlnes== es ee eee eae a eee 227
bibliography. of —T. Ginn =. S- Ses e eee Se eee eee 327
eocene, some new species of, from southern United States—A. HkILPRIN.
(Po L880)? 2 ee ee Be 425
new forms of, from Alaska—W. H. Datu. (FP. 1878)22-2 += 2222 332
of Arctic) Aimerica— Wi). Dat T 22 Se a ee ee ae
of. ‘Kerguelen Islund—W. B DaLn 225223 eo eee 294
of western’ North America—E,. P.\CARPENDTER ==) eee eee 252
Monadnock, ironclad, deviation of compasses on—W. HARKNESS -_---.-----. 289
Mongolia, geological researches in—R. PUMPELLY --------_-_. ---. ---_-_--_- 202
Monograph of—
American corbiculadx, recent and fossil—T. Prim _.__.________.___.. 145

Deroy.
ms

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 251

Monograph of—Continued.

pats on NonthrAmerica—He ALLEN. = see ee ee 6S

cottoiasiof North) America—C¥ GirARp sees sce) ke heey eee 30

dolichopodide—H. Lomw--_2-- 0-222 --— 2) -- = ss 171

ETAL) Clee aes Wir tae eel es MS en RC Lele py ANE aE iy Ooh 256

strepomatidx, (American melanians)—G. W. TRYON -__- -_---. ta upkariee 253

TPM 0 put. OSTEN SACKEN C20 Sees te te Uk LS 219

WANDS =o Eom ERS MU SSD RR en oee noo eye eye ees UE ie Re 254
Monographs of diptera of North America—

Pane —— El Om We. OSTEN SACKE NGS oss eae ee ae als 142

Rar ie ti—— El On Wise is OSIBEN SACKEN lee Sas Sy Sel ee ae 171

part. ft On Wo ne te ENN AON 2d VS SEAS As Se ee ON 256

Part 1v—R. OsTEN SACKEN_---- Raps ab WiMedia ed a eT Te EY 219
Montana, distribution of forest trees in—W. W. Jounson. (R. 1870) ------. 244
Montana, prehistoric remains in—P. W. Norris. (R. 1879) ---------.------ 345
Monterey Bay, California, new fishes from—D. S. Jorpan; C. H. Giiperr.

Pee SO) Aa tee Re ne Ne ee eect ae a ne ee
Monument to Joseph Henry, proceedings of Congress relative to_______-____- 356
Monuments—

aboriginal, of State of New York—E. G. SquimR_-___------_-----_--_ 15

ancient, of the Mississippi valley—E. G. Squier; E. H. Davis __----- a

and antiquities of Denmark, preservation of—J.J.A.Worsaak. (R.1879.) 345
Moon—

effect of, on the magnetic force—A. D. Bacut--_-------_---__- BOS 62 aio

effect of, on the weather—J. Henry. (R. ES Ub eke ee eee eee 249

‘influence of, on magnetic declination—A. D. BacuE -__--_-__.---._--- 132

occultations of planets by—See Downes, J.

Moon-hoax,.on the— Ji HENRY. (R. 1873). cee) eS ee 275
Moorst, M. A. Fish mortality in the Gulf of Mexico. (P. 1881)_--_---___. 467
Moors, T., and others. Destruction of fish near the Tortugas. (P. 1878)_--_ 332
Morenouse, G. W.; Mircuert, S$. W. Anatomy and physiology of respira-

BYeMBte BEL CLG OTIS 2 2. fr teen A ae ee Ree eee SN i ae OS 159

Morrit, C ; Booru, J. C. Recent improvements in chemical arts
Morean, L. H.— z
Circular in reference to degrees of relationship among different nations__ 138

Proposed ethnological map of North America. (R. 1861) ~----.--~---- 149

Systems of consanguinity and affinity of the human family ____..--_-__- 218
Morgan, L. H., circular to diplomatic agents by State Department relative to

Sie aM Ne ee ee a eee ee A tt Nie La 138
Morin, A. Warming and ventilating buildings. Parts1,11. (R. 1873; R.

IERIE N) 2 a IAS pp eps pe A 275, 286, 439

Mortor, A.—

Abstract of Dr. Keller’s report on lacustrian settlements in Switzerland.
Giorno eee ne et obs coe eee ena es a bk 187

‘ Male ee ATA Sp We
252 ALPHABETICAL INDEX
Moxzor, A.—Continued.
Archwology.. .(R:,1861) .2 22 524 pee OS NE a ee ee ee eee
General views.on archeology. | GR. 1860) “222222 ese eee ee 147

Lecture on study of high antiquity in Europe. (R. 1862; R. 1864.) 150, 188
Morris, J. G.—
Catalogue of described lepidoptera of North America__---~-_-- ---- ---- 118

Lecture on insect instincts and transformations. (R. 1855) ..-------_-- Lt
Lecture on natural history as applied to farming and gardening. (R. 1855.) 77
Synopsis of described Jepidoptera +_-.2-.2 4 Ses 2 eee ee oe
Morris, O. W.; Henry, J. Quantity of rain at different heights. (R. 1855.) 77

Morse, S. F. B., account of origin and development of invention of—W. B.
BAYLOR, 7. 1878)225— == SE NE og ee ae ae eee 341, 405

Morse, 8S. F. B., communication relative to a publication of—J. Henry. (Rh.

PBT) e A nee OR ae ee Re ee ee eae ee 107, 115, 329
Mortality—

of fishes in Gulf of Mexico—H. InereRsony. (P. 1881)_-_-_-------_--- 467

of fishes in Gulf of Mexico—J. P. Jerrerson. (P. 1878) ..__.------- 382

of fishes in Gulf of Mexico—S. H. Jounson. (P. 1881) _------------- 467

of fishes in Gulf of Mexico—M. A. Moore. (PB. 1881) 12 = be See ee 467

of fishes in vicinity of Tortugas—J. P. Jerrerson; T. Moore; J. Y.

PORTER.” > (PP 1878) co oe Se a ee ee 332
tables of, methods of interpolation applied to graduation of—E. L. DE
MOREST: CR. 1ST Ls RY AS 73)\eo ae oo ae eae eT a en ee ee vie
MorRTILLET, G. DE; CuHanTRE, E. International code of symbols for charts of
prehistoriciarch eo) oe yum (Eve) ee ee ee 298

Morton, 8. G., and others. On publication of Squier and Davis’ ancient mon-
uments. -(R. 1847). <2 ae ee eae re a eee ee H

Mortuary customs of North American Indians—H. C. Yarrow. (E. 1879-80.) 476

Mosasaurus and the three allied genera, Holcodus, Conosaurus, and Amphoros-

teus, memoiron—R: Wi: GIBBES= 2 2s. 3s soe ee ee eee ee ee eee 14
Motion, planetary, general integrals of—S. NrEwcoMB_-__------------------- 281
Motion, rotary, problems of, presented by gyroscope, precession of equinoxes,

and pendulum—Ji; G BARNARD® 2225.22 ob 2S see ee ee ee ee
MortscHutsky, V. On means of destroying the grasshopper. (R. 1858)_-.-_ 109
Movurtton, M. W. Mounds in Delaware county, Iowa. (R. 1877)_-----_--.-. 3238
Mound in—

Dakota, Lincoln county—A. Barranpr. (R. 1872) -------------.-~_- 271

Florida, colored bead from—A. M. Harrison. (R. 1877)_------------ 323

Florida, gold ornament from—C. Rau. (R. 1877) --------_-- 328, 440, 403

Indiana—W. Pipgron. (R. 1867) -------------- avs ll 2 ele i a 215

Kentucky, near Lexington—R. PETER. (R. TS (i) 2o2 Lot ee ee 249

Missouri, St. (Giouis—T. R PeaceE:) (ih) 186) pea aa a eee 149

Ohio, ‘Trumbull county—F’, Minume.: (RR. 1877) 22-22 4-2 eee 323

Pennsylvania, western—W. M. TayLor. (R. 1877) ------------------ 323

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 253
Mound in—Continued.
Tennessee, near Chattanooga—M. ©. Reap. (R. 1867) ----------- --..- 215
Tennesses, east—A.. F. DANIESEN, »(R. 1863) 2222. --=- 65 Le 187
Wehiscomsin Cs phe Dr AN (Re S72) i eee ae See 271
Wisconsin, Grant county—J. Warner. (R. 1872)_-----.-----._-__-- 271
Mound-builders—
and platyecnemism in Michigan—H. GiLuMAn. (R. 1873)_------_- 275, 393
in Rock river valley, Lilinois—J. SHaw. (R. 1877) ------------------ 323
of Wisconsin, mounds and osteology of—J. N. De Harr. (R. 1877)_.. 323
Mounds and osteology of the mound-builders of Wisconsin—J. N. De Hart.
ORES ES hip) ete hs pe Ma es ee ae 2 ae ee 323
Mounds in—
Dakota, Fort Wadsworth—A. J. Comrort. (R. 1871)---------------. 249
Florida, (southern,) explorations among—S. T. WALKER. (K.1879)___ 345
Georeia—_ MLW. STEPEENSON,., ((1.-T870)) 22-2 oe 244
Georgia, Bartow county—M. F. StepHenson. (R. 1872) ------------- 271
Georgia, McIntosh and Early counties—W. McKiniry. (R. 1872)--- 271
Illinois, Mercer county—T. McWnuorrer. (R. 1874) _-_---__-----_-- 286
Illinois, near Albany, skull and bones from—R. J. FarquHarson.
iva Oise eee net es Stee ee Ne ee ee 286
Hlinois; Pike county—B. MirncmEnn. (BR. 1879) 22-2 == 2 =. --2 2 =~ 845
Illinois, Rock Island county—T. THompson. (R. 1879)--------------- 345
Illinois, Spoon river valley—W. H. Apams. (R. 1879)--------------- 345
Illinois, Union county, near Anna—T. M. PERRINE. (R. 1872)------- 271
Indiana, Franklin county—E. R. Quick. (R. 1879) ..-.----------_-_- 345
Indiana, Rush county—F. Jackman. (R. 1879) -----.----_---------- 345
Iowa, Delaware county—M. W.*Moutrton.. (R. 1877)---------.---__. 328
Iowa, Des Moines valley, notes on—S. B. Evans. (R. 1879) ---------- 845
Iowa, Muscatine county—T. TuHompson. (R. 1879) -----.------------ 345
Kentucky—-B- PETER. (3. 1872),-— 2 ee ee 271
Kentucky, exploration of—S. 5. Lyon. (R. 1870)-_------------------ 244
Kentucky, Union county, exploration of—S. S. Lyon. (R. 1870).----- 244
Monisi¢na——s..H, oernnr > (Ba d872)ri 23 2 Se ee ee 271
Louisiana, Moorehouse parish—B. H. Bropnax. (R. 1879)_----_--_- 345
Minnesota, Hennepin county, on Gideon’s farm—F. H. Nurrer. (R.1879) 345
PeEesiopi— 0A. AGNEW. |) (iit 1861) Soe eee eae Seb ta Soe 215
Mississippi, Washington county—J. Hovuau. (R. 1879)_---.---------- 345
New Brunswick and New England,.notes on—S. F. Barrp. (P. 1881.) 467
Ohio, Trumbull county—F. M1iLuErR. (R. 1877) ---._---------------- 323
Pennsylvania, (western)—W. M. Taytor. (R. 1877) ---------------- 323
PSMERESRG==d rl ONES 2 ~ so = a temo eel So 259
Wisconsin, Grant county—M. Strona. (R. 1879) -----.-------------- 299
Wisconsin, Winnebago county—T. Armstrong. (R. 1879) -_-.------- 345

254 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Mountain, Black, North Carolina, topography of—T. L. CLrneman. (R. 1855.) 77

Mountain measurements—A. Guyor.| (R. 1862) 2222-2 2 ae wan, oO
Mountains, electric resonance of—H. Dr SaussuRE. (RR. TS68) 2s ee ea aa
Mountains in Colorado, heights of—G. ENGELMANN. (R. 1862) ----_-----_-. 150
Mountains, lakes, and the snow-line, Norwegian—O. E. Dreutzer. (R. 1866.) 214
Movement of the stars around a central point—J. H. Mampier. (R. 1859)_-- 110
Mucu, M. Ancient history of North America. (R. 1871)-----.--_-____- 220 249
Munper, B. F. Account of lightning discharges. (R. 1867) -------------_-- 215
MULLER, Baron von. Observations on terrestrial magnetism in Mexico______ 114
MULLER, ¥. | ‘Smithsonian exchanges.) (Ri 1860) 2202 ee ee 147
MULLER, J.—

Principles of the mechanical theory of heat. (R. 1868) --_-_--_______- 224

Report on recent progress in physics—electricity. (R. 1856; R. 1857.) 91, 107

Report on recent progress in physics—galvanism. (R. 1855; R. 1857: R.
5S p v 5 ? ’

P8658), cf pe wet Re Ay et OS ee Wi) Oe Ee a ee 77, 107, 109

Report on transactions of Geneva Society of Physics and Natural His-

tory; June; 1875, to July, )1S76x" (R. 1877) asses ee ee 3238
Mummy and skulls from Patagonia—A. Rerp. (R. 1862)_------------._-__- 150
Mummy case; ‘Gliddoh—Co PICKERING 5. 5c Eee ea eee
Murpuey, H. C.,andothers. On publication of Spanish works on New Mexico.

(HR E800) jee ko ae se ee pe Ret ee See Se eee 77
Muscisof Kerguelen Island—Ty Py JAmMEs. 02. 9 e ee eee 294
Museum—

at Lausanne, ethnological collections of—F. Troyon. (R. 1861)_---__. 149

Blackmore, Salisbury, England, notice of. (R. 1868) ~-----_---------. 224

British, statistics of—S. F. Barrp. (R. 1850)_---_-- -_---- -- ne eee enemies 28

d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, notes on typical American fishes in—D. S.

TORDANGS * \(e 1879) eae. ef ee ee ee ee 333

Hungarian National. Acknowledgment for birds. (R. 1863) _-----_-- 187

miscellanéa-—o- Hi. BATRD 2.005 sue) es Se Pee ee ee 164

of ethnology, Leipsic—A. Scnorr; O. T. Mason. (R. 1873)--------_. 275

of National University of Greece. Exchange of specimens. (R. 1867.) 215

of Norway, Ethnological—L. K. Daa. (R. 1862) ---___ -..----_----_-- 150

of Moronto University,"objects tof; \ (Ri. WShb\e2s eee ee eee 209

oni formation of /a—Ii, AIGASSsiz. a (IRt 11849) ma ae seen ee ees 21

Smithsonian—See Museum, U.S. National.

Museum, U.S. National—
acts and resolutions of Congress relative to—See Congress.

additions to, list of—See each annual report.

birds of Middle and South America not in—R. Ripaway. (P. 1881) -- 467
Bulletins of—See bulletins.

catalogue and index of the Proceedings and Bulletins of__.._--------_- 478
catalogue of collection of Japanese cotton fibre presented to. (P. 1881.) 467

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 255

Museum, U.S. National—Continued.

catalogue of collection of Japanese woods presented to—L. F. Warp.

Cae) emi e Nekes PLe a eeeee ase k aE oe 467
catalogue of Old World birds in—R. Rrpaway. (P. 1881)-------- 467, 462
circular asking contributions to library of. (P. 1881).---_---.-_-- 467, 458
circulars of—See Circulars.
classification of collections of—G. B. Goopr. (P. 1881) ..-.------ 467, 457
classification of collections of, to illustrate taxidermy—W. T. HornapDay.

ee 467, 456
collections furnished to, by explorations, 1838 to 1877—S. F. Barrp.

reenact ee es er ie wee er, cee ee 323
contributions to, and their acknowledgment. (P. 1881) ------_---- 467, 473
directory of officers, collaborators, and employés of-_--_-_-------_---_-- 466

distribution by, of marine invertebrates—R. Rarupun. (P. 1881.)
467, 465, 471

establishment and officers of Smithsanian Institution and. (P. 1881.) 467, 449

Pein on, Work Off. eb HIbLErs. © (i. T8)) i222 2a ee sense 467, 454
Letom pUbiications: Olen Ces, Leo) waee ewes See ae 467, 478, 474
memorial of Regents of Smithsonian Institution to Congress asking

aPPLAPLIAvlOns) 1Ore) (hve LOOM ease ee ee SS Oe Tee 215, 329
memorial to Congress in behalf of Regents of Smithsonian Institution

for new building for—G. Bancrorr. (R. 1876) ~--------_----- 299, 329
organization and objects of—G. B. GoopE. (P. 1881) -------- ..-- 467, 459
outline of scheme of classification for collections in—G. B. Goopr. (P.

Ee eet eae Nena iy foe, ee Seem te BS ta a NE tal 467, 457

plan of organization and regulations of—G. B. Goopr. (P.1881)__ 467, 445
plans for installation of collections in—G. B. Goopr. (P. 1881) -__ 467, 472
proceedin os anuCongress Nelative tO ses nes tee Bee a 328
Proceedings of. Vols: 1-1v, 1878-1881______ -______._- 332, 333, 425, 467
report of Committee of Regents on—A. Gray; H. Coppkr. (R. 1874.) 286

report of Committee of Regents on—A. Gray; A. A. SARGENT; H.
Gian aes (Ria 18 76) 22 eee ee a Se ee caer fe aye ald 299
report on, and statistics of British Museum—S. F. Barrp. (R. 1850) -- 28
reports of Building Commission of, for 1879, 1880. (R. 1879; R. 1880.)
345, 442, 409, 434
reports on, 1853-1867, 1873-1877—S. F. Barrp. (R. 1853-1867, 1873-
Si) poten 67, 75, 77, 91, 107, 109, 110, 147, 149, 150, 187,
188, 209, 214, 215, 275, 286, 298, 299, 323
Myadestes obscurus, description of two new races of—L. Stesnecer. (P. 1881.) 467
Myctophum crenulare, description of—T. H. Bean. (P. 1881) -------------- 467
Myctophum crenulare from Santa Barbara channel, California, description of—
Pe ordurDAm Oi, GILBERT.» (Pb. L880) tee ese use 425
Myological specimens, rapid preparation of—F. PLarzau, (P. 1881) -------- 467

256 : ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Myriapods, list of North American species of, belonging to family of Lysiope-

telide—J. A. RYDER. » (P-4880) 222. 2 ee 425
Myriapods, phalangide, etc., instructions for collecting—H. C. Woop. (R.

1866) 2 col Ee oe ee TE SE ee ee ee 214
Myriolepis zonifer, a new chiroid fish from Monterey Bay, Calfornia, descrip-

tion of —W : N. Lockineton. (FP. 1880)222 3 2c eee 425
Mythology of North American Indians—J. W. PowkELu. (EH. 1879-80)-.---_-__ 476
Myths, Tndian. . (i. 1879-80) 22. <2 2 os See ee =o i6

IN.

Natu, D. W. Dispersion of a cloud by electrical discharge. (R. 1858) ----- 109
Naples, Italy, Royal Institute for Encouragement of Natural, Economical, and
Technological Sciences. Prize questions. (R. 1873)---__---_-__-__-_- | 276
Narrative of the Hassler expedition—L. Agassiz. (R. 1872)_------------ 271, 329
National Academy of Sciences, bequest to—A. D. BacnE. (R. 1872) --_-- 271, 829
‘National library, onja—W 1S. JEVONS. — (8.:1873) 2-2 2 ss. Ree ea 275

National Museum—See Museum, U.S. National.

Natural history—
applied to farming and gardening, lecture on—J. G. Morris. (R.1855.) 77

bibliography-of American—C. GimaRD 202222 22252 eo ee 48
directions for collecting, preserving, and transporting specimens of—
Sf, Bargp. (Ry 1866): 2-2. 25-82 eee ee 91, 34
explorations in, in the United States, 1851—S. F. Barrp. (R.1851)---. 51
of Arctic America—L. KUMUIEN 2-2-0222 oe ee eee - 342
of Beaver Island, Michigan—J. J. Srrana. (R. 1854) --------------- 75
of country about Fort Ripley, Minnesota—J. E. Heap. (R. 1854) ---. 75
of Fanning Islands—T. H. STREETS ----- up A ee Se 2 ere 303
of fresh-water fishes of North America—C. GrrarD --.---. ------ ------ 30
of Hawaiian Islands, etc:-—T. HM: STRERTS=_ 2-25) eeee oo ee eee eee 303
of Kerguelen Island—J. H. Kipper and others ~----_----_-----. ---- 294
of lower California—T, H. Strmnrs 2-2 pues sae ee ee
of organized bodies—E. J. Marry. (R. 1867) _------._----.---.-__- 215
of Pacific Isiands—W. H. Pmrase. (R. 1862) ‘----_- --_-=5-__ ge 150
suggestions relative to investigations in, in Russian America—S. F.
BAIRD’ -o.sti2-2 esgic ee ee ee
Natural History Society—Sce Geneva.
Natural method, the Jussieus and the—M. Fitourens. (R. 1867) -----.%----- 215

Naturalists, generic names of animals employed by—S. H. ScuppER ------.-- 470

Be Tas et q a -
y * " - * ‘
; t

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 257
Nature—
und art, on tables of the constants of—C. BABBAGE. (R. 1856) ---.-__- 91
and mechanism of fever. Toner lecture No. tv—H. C. Woop--_------ 282
and originyvor force— WW. B. Raynor, ((R» 180) 2=s25 Sees Poe 244, 375
of reparatory inflammation in arteries after ligature. Toner lecture No.
Val Ee OS CA KOR S PAR i eyes ete eee ee ee ee eee eh 2H

Nature—See Constants of Nature.

Navajo Indians, language of, said to reseemble Welsh—S. Y. McMasrers. (R.

I8Go)eaeeeee sss te so Se Le SHEETS Se Re ee ee ES Pe Oe a ee ee 209
Navajo Indians, sketch of the—J. LerrerMan. (R. 1855)-----------_------ 77
Naval officers, authority to, to receive and transmit specimens to Smithsonian_.. 34
Navigation of Ohio and other rivers, improvement of —C. ELLET ~_-----~---- 13
Navy Department, authority given by, to naval officers to receive and transmit

Bpecimenssta the smithsonian dinstitutionyes = = oes eee ge 34
Neah Bay, Washington Territory, description of two new species of fishes

from —— DSS ORDAN; (C..H.iGILBERTS \(P. 1880)! 2-2 —— 22 = ae 425
Nebraska— é

Pucient fauna Of—d). GRIDY 25 2 SO ed 58

paleontology of—F. B. Meek; F. V. Haypun -_-_---_--__ ia UA 172

Fenorioniossils trom——d'. unt DY... (Bo 1851) i222 so et a 51
Nebule, index-catalogue of books relative to—E. 8. HoLpEN -_-------------- 311
Nebula, researches relative to the—Prof. GauTirR. (R. 1863) -----.-_------ 187
Nebular hypothesis, bibliography of the—E.S. HoLpEN_----2.------.------- 311
Nematoda of northeast coast of North America—A. E. VERRILL. (P. 1879)-- 383
Nemertina of northeast coast of America—A. E. VERRILL. (P. 1879) ------- 333
Nemichthys avocetta, new species of Nemichthys, description of—D. S. Jor-

TANG Cag GILBERT a, «(Ps 1880) soo oie Ao oe I 425
Neptune—

‘ ephemerides of, 1848, 1846-49, 1850, 1851, 1852—S. C. Waker. 4, 5, 6,7, 24
MistLOry.Or discovery Ol—_b. As GOULDL2 ooo 2 Sk eee es tie ae 18
investigation of orbit of, with tables of its motion—S. NkewcomB-_-__-~_- 199
researches relative to—S. C.. WALKER, .---- 2:-4).- = --n ste) J 3
secular variations of elements of orbit of—J. N. STocKWELL -__- ------ 232

Nereis-Boreali-Americana—W. H. Harvey: —

An PRC IMOSDETINE® (2-2 o alone en ae eee aa ee eee 32

Part wu. Rhodospermee -_---- FERS Dd DEEA SEED Eps Ue a6 es ee LE 43

IA ieUlemO LOL OSDET IVER sa a kane eae ee a ee ole oa 95

Att reeReeT Er TCOMMD ete. S02 78 en ae ee oe A ee 96
INieninldsiresh-water— ow. G: DINNEY <2) 5000 2s gs ke ends 144
Nerve, polarized, effect of irritation of—B. F. LAuTENBacH. (R.1878)-- 341, 411
Nervous system of Rana pipiens, anatomy of—J. WYMAN-_------ -_-..---- ---- 45

Nests—
and eggs of American birds, instructions for collecting—S. F. Barro.

CE se aea en aan el nme Bea aR ia a dv 109, 139
17

FOO CRUSE ce ae ag ee

te
4

258 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Nests—Continued.

and eggs of the eight North American species of empidonaces—T. M.

BREWER: ) (P2879) 2322 eee ee ee ee oe eee 333.
instructions for collecting and preserving—T. M. BREewER_-_--~----_-~-- 139
of west coast birds—J. G@. Cooper. (P. 1879) ..---------------------- 333
Netherlands, the, Royal Academy of. Prize questions. (R. 1861)_---------. 149
Neuchatel, lake of, palafittes or lacustrian constructions of—E. Dresor. (R.
E865) 225-2222 2o5 528) Se ee en ee 209, 360
Neuroptera—
instructions for collecting—P. R. Unter. (R. 1858) _._-..--.---------. 109
North American, synopsis of—H, Haaren. (R. 1861) --------- .--- 149, 134
of Arctic America—S. H.(ScuppER).22. 22 -4o i se ee ae
of North America, synopsis of—H. HAGEN] 232 25-2 on eae
of North America, synopsis of—P. R. UHLER-_-.-_----.. -------- --—- 134
pseudo-, of Kerguelen Island—H. A. HaGEN_-__-~-_------ a eee 294
Nevada, western, Centennial mission to Indians of—S. Powers. (R.1876)---. 299
New—
classification“of¥clouds—A. Pory. ) (BR: 1870)2 222222 “Soe eee ee 244

species and localities of microscopical organisms, noteson—J. W. BAILtey. 63
species of North American coleoptera. Parts 1, 11—J. L. Le Conte. 167, 264

system of weights and measures, with 8 as metrical number—G. H.

Rena) (SES 00) a nee oe ae ee ee 215
tables for determining values of coefficients in perturbative function of
planetary motion—J. D. RUNKLE ~_=-_~~_-__=- -<-=---_ 2-2-5 79

New Brunswick—
Bay of Fundy, marine invertebrata of region about mouth of—W. StTimp-

BON) obo be sk oe ae ee ee ae
shell’ heaps in—J.. Fowrer.' (R.11870) 2-22 -2- ee eee
shell mounds of=S, Ff. Barrp.: (P. 1881) i222 <= (oo aoe eee 467
New England—
crustacea dredged off south coast of—S. I. Smirm. (P. 1880) .--+------ 425
fishes from south coast of, descriptions of new genera and species of—G.
B. (Goope: 5) (k4l880) Seca. soe eee foie oot tes Mee 425
frigate mackerel (Auxis Rochei) on coast of—G. B. Goopr. (P. 1880)-- 425
reology ol—E, HITCHCOCK 22 —2 3. =... 23S) Se eee ee ee eee 90
marine invertebrata from, distributed by U. 8. Fish Commission—A. E.
VERRILE sR. RATER UN. (1879) see ee wie ws eee ee 333
marine invertebrates from, distributed by U.S. National Museum—f.
FRAME BUN) (Pe. ESB eas ay eee ee eee 467, 465, 471
mollusea added to fauna of—A. E. VERRILL. (P. 1880) -.------------ 425
shel] mounds on coast of—S. F. Barrp. (P. 1881) --->-- --.------- ---- 467
New Harmony, Indiana, account of tornado near, April 30, 1852—J. CnaPpPEL-
S MTP see el 59

New Haven Journau. Account of lightning discharges. (R. 1867)-------- 215

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 259

New Jersey—
artificial shell deposits in—C. Rav. (R. 1864) _-------------- 188, 440, 362
fishes on the coast of Long Island and—S. F. Barrp. (R. 1854)-__. 75, 348
stonewage im —C. OC. ABBOPT: “(R. 1875)-22250 = eae, te 298, 394
New Jersey Historical Society, address of Prof. Henry before the __----_~-_-- E
New Madrid, Missouri, earthquake at—T. DupLrey. (R. 1858) .-----__----_- 109

New Mexico—
account of Lindheimer’s, Fendler’s, and Wright’s botanical explorations
PS MCRIUA NR (Rus L840) So ecb eae eee eee Sag Sah aE al

antiguitiesrin——W'.By Livon,? \ (BR. 1871) 2.2253 Seon ee ee ben 249

communications relative to publication of Spanish works on—E. Rosry-
son; H. E. Luprwia; E. G. Squier; H. C. Murpury; W. B.
Hopeson; W. Irvine; W. H. Prescotr; J. SpArRKs; G, Ban-

Crome it EL AWES:") (Evev1 G00), 2230 ae SeaDoo te a
description of new cretaceous Pinna from—C. A. Waite. (P. 1880).-_ 425
diary of excursion in—J. H. CaRLETON. (R. 1854) ~----._____-______ 75
eastern, coleoptera of Kansas and—J. L. Le Conrg_-_______-___ ----_- 126
notes on the history and climate of—T. A. McParuin. (R.1877)-_ 323, 396
plants of, collected by C. Wright. Parts 1, 1—A. GRayY -_---___-___- 22, 42
report of explorations in Arizona and—J. STEVENsoN. (R. 1880) ____- 442

New York—

aboriginal monuments of —E. G. SQUIER -.=-_-_---- --------__ 2 15
Clinton, Hamilton College. Exchange of specimens. (R. 1861)_---__- 149
Hsnes oft Gin.» (R-) 1856) saese a et ete eT ee Sp eee 91
Fishkill, deposit of arrow-heads near—E. M. SHeparp. (R. 1877)_---- 323
New York, explosion of nitre in, July, 1845—R.'Harnw _.--.----_._--. 17
Orleans county, antiquities of —F. H. Cusuina. (R. 1874) ---__.----_- 286
Schoharie, Indian relics from—F. D. ANDREws. (R. 1879) ~-.---~__ Ls 345
Tompkins county, ancient fort and burial ground in—D. TROWBRIDGE.

Gir BGR eet eee te he See ae re 2 he ae Va 187
University of State of, Regents of. Acknowledgment of specimens. (R.

Ty ere inet te Se a Be ORCS Ra eaten 2 oh ak 209

Newserry,J.S. Description of fossil plants from Chinese coal-bearing rocks. 202

Neweastle, Pennsylvania, account of old Indian village near—E. M. McCon-

BESS ere Eno LGN Ne) se et area cee ee ie eee Pe 249
NiEwcoms, 8.— :

Generaluintecrals of planetary motion)! a2. —— ee oe ee ee 28

Investigation of orbit of Neptune, with tables of its motion __._-_____- 199

Investigation of orbit of Uranus, with tables of its motion ______-______. 262

Memomalraddression’ Jiosephi Henry 222225 eases eee et 356
NeEwcoms, S., and others. Scientific instructions to Capt. Hall. (R. 1871). 249
Newfoundland, new species of fishes from Grand Banks of—G. B. Goons.

Rp L De) meee ee IS a SENS ee re ee 425

Newron, A. Suggestions for forming collections of birds’ eggs___..-----.--_- 139

DU eee

260 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Newton, A. Suggestions for saving parts of skeletons of birds. (R. 1860) -- 147
Newton, H. A. Metric system of weights and measures, with tables. (R.

BSG 5) ee a ee oe eee ie eee
Nicaragua— :

antiquities of —E..G. Squier: | (Re 1850) 2-220

archeological researches in—J. F. BRANSFORD_~~-~~ -_-_— ------ ------ 383.

eruption of volcano in—A. B. Dickinson. (R. 1867)----------------- 215

Nichols, Lieut. H. E.—

list of fishes collected by, in Gulf of California and on west coast of lower

California—D. 8. Jorpan; C. H. GILBERT. (P. 1881) ------------ 467
notes on fishes collected by, in British Columbia and southern Alaska—
TSE Brae F(R. 1681 )\2c ee PS Sa eee
notes on fishes collected by, on west coast of Mexico—D. 8. Jorpan; C.
EL 2) GBBT yp he) se ee a 467
Nicx.iés, F. J. Scientific Congress of Carlsruhe, 1858. (R. 1860) --_----__- 147
Nile, explorations of the—C./HaLn. ° (Ri 1865) --_- -- 2-2 209
Nitre, memoir on explosiveness of —R. HarE- -__ --_----- -.-_ Lo 5 Ee LZ
Nitrification—B: Fi CRraie.« (Red 861)\22 eae eae ae eee 149
Nitrogen bodies of modern chemistry—Prof. KLerzinsky. (R. 1872) ------- Te
Nomenclator zodlogicus. Alphabetical list of generic names employed by nat-
uralists: © Part I—S. Ho ScupDERs_2-—22=— 2S ee eee 470
Nomenclature of—
certain North American birds, revisions of—R. Ripaway. (P. 1880)-_ 425
LOU G S a e ee s ee 347
North ‘American birds—R. Ripe@way U2. 2. == 2225-2 ol ee 422
“Norris, P. W. Prehistoric remains in Montana. (R. 1879) .--------------- 345
North America—
abbreviations of names of States and Territories of __--. ------ ---- -_-- 164
alge of, fresh-water, history of—H. C. Woop, Jr -_~.--- ._..- ---------- 241
alge of, marine—See W. H. Harvey.
ancient aboriginal trade in—C. Rav. (R. 1872)_----. -------- 271, 440, 385
ancient history of—M. Mucu. (R. 1871) -----.------------- eat petd a 249
atlas of, physical, proposed—G. Gipps. (R. 1866) ------ ------ -------- 214
batrachia and reptiles of, check-list of —E. D. CopE.__--- ------ ee 292
‘ bats.of, monograph of— EH. gAN LEN san 6a eae eee 165
birds added by L. Belding to fauna of—R. Rrpaway. (P. 1881) ------ 467
birds; of, catalogue of—S) H.;BAURD ===> 2 = es eee 106
birds of, instructions for collecting nests and eggs of _---- -_-- -..------- 139
birds of, nomenclature and catalogue of—R. Rrpaway-_---- ------------ 422
birds of, review.of. . Parta—S) i. Bainp 2) eS ee 181
botany of, bibliographical index to—S. WaTSON -_---.--— -_-- .------- 258
coleoptera of, classification of. Parts 1, 1—J. L. Le Contre _____- 136, 265

coleoptera. of, list of —J.L. Liz. ContT8 +2325 bia. = ee

“aie
ook lal

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 261

North America—Continued.

coleoptera of, new species of. Parts 1, u—J. L. Le Conte ______- 167, 264
combined meteorological system for, report of Committee of American
Association for Advancement of Science on. (R. 1851) ~-_---__- 51
conchology of, bibliography of. Parts 1, 11—W. G. BINNEY _-_-- 142, 174
contributions to natural history of fresh-water fishes of. Part 1. Mono-

Sraphon covtords—C % GIRARD. amen se eee: See eo Seen ey 30
diptera of, catalogue of—C. R. OsTEN SacKEN_-_-----------_---- 102, 270
diptera of, monographs of—H. Lorw; R. OsTEN SackEn. 141, 171, 219, 256
ducksinewato fauna, of—h. RIDGWAY. (PSS) ea eee eee 467
explorations on wesiern coast of—W. H. Datu. (R. 1873) -----..------ 275
extinetsioth tribe of—J..) Tummpy.s. soe Jee ee eee eee 72
fishes of east coast. of, catalogue of—T. GiLbL---- ---- -22- ---- 4-2-2 283
fishes of Pacific coast of, duplicates of, distributed in 1881—D. 8. Jor-

DANG SEs, be SOUN. » (Pe T8Sh) oo. te 8 ses ae Se ar EO SU fad SE 467
forests and trees of, distribution of—J. G. Cooper. (R. 1858) _-__- 109, 351
grasshoppers of, circular relative to history of: -/—- 2-5 2 -- 2228 163
Indians of, uses of brain and marrow of animals among—T. R. PEALE.

(Gi Sg) ee eerie ees Bee Ae ee Rea te eee 244
lakes of, fluctuations of level of—C. WHITTLESEY -_-_-.__-.-----____- 119
lepidoptera of, catalogue of—J. G. Morris _---_---------~---_.-_---__- 118
lepidopters)| of. synopsis ot—dl. |G MORRIS| 22. soso 2e = eee ee 133
liibrinicsspublicwin wlistiol— Wie) dhs MSeeneo Saale Sees eee LG
marmimals:or,, catalogue oi—s. Wy BAIRD c.f 2 2) 2B as Jo 105
map of, ethnological, suggestions relative to—L. H. Moraan. (R.1861.) 149
meteorological stations and observers in. (R. 1868) --_--------_-_- 224, 373
mollusks of western—P. P, CARPENTER-_..----------------------..-- 252
myriapods of, belonging to family Lysiopetalide—J. A. RYDER. (P.

1880) 2 ee Be eS eas ee Sr ads igi a es 425
neuroptera/Of, synopsis: 0f—H, WMAGEN [2-2 22 W sees ees se 134
‘orthoptera of, catalogue of—S. H. ScupDER- -_---- ~~ .--. ._-.-..-_-.---- 189
rain and snow fall of, tables of—C. A. ScHoTT _______-__.-.---_.. 222, 353
reptiles of, catalogue of—S. F. Barrp; C. GIRARD-__~----~_. --_------- 49
shells of, catalogue of—I. Lea; P. P. CARPENTER; W. Stimpson; W.

eben Nea ts PRIMM eee ne ee eee ee ck ee 128
shells of, circular in reference to collecting._---- .--. ------------ ------ 176

shells of, land and fresh-water. Parts 1-tv—W.G. Binney; T. BLAND.
143, 144, 194, 253

siluriae or, synopsis of—D,,§. JoRDaAmes22-"- 2502 el 306
sione implements.of—C©. Raw, © (ts 1872) eee esos 2 os wa eee 271, 382
North American—
areneoogy——h. UBBOCK, | (HW. 1862)2> 2. 22 2 oe uae ene 150

DindsycammorMc ors. W. BATRD {2 Stee ee ee ns Le Lk LOB

200 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

North American—Continued.

birds, catalogue of—R. Ripaway. (P. 1880).-.-.-----.-_..__-__- 425, 422
birds, desiderata among—R. Ripaway. (P. 1881)----_----.-----_.__- 467
Continent, physical geography of—J. FRoEBEL. (R. 1854)-----_--__ =a Yeap

fishes, duplicates of, distributed by Smithsonian Institution—T. H. Bran.
(Pi1880), 235.2 36. ee Lane se LUN Tee ees eee 425
Indians, catalogue of portraits of—J. M. STANLEY-_-~~_- ------_--_-_-- 53
Indians, list:of) photographic portraits of. — 2222-22 es oS eee 216
stone implements—G. Ratu: /(R.01872) {22 ee ae eee 271, 382
stone period, agricultural implements of—C. Rav. (R. 1863) ~---- 187, 382
tortoises, land, of genus Xerobates—F. W. Trug. (P. 1881) -------_--- 467

North American Ichthyology, contributions to—

Part 1. Review Rafinesque’s memoirs—D. S. JoRDAN-___-___---- 305

Part 1. A. Notes on Cottide, (etce.) B. Synopsis Silwride—D. S.
JORDAN SSE re ee eee -- 306

Part m1. A. Distribution of fishes of Alleghany region, (ete.)—D.S.
Jorpan; A. W. Brayron. 8B. Synopsis of family
Catostomide DiS JO RD AWN see ee ae 308
North American Odlogy. Part 1. Raptores and fissirostres—T. M. BREwER__ 89
North Carolina—

ancient mica mines in—C. D. SmirH. (R. 1876) .----- fSo 0 SS eee 299
Beaufort, description of new species of fish (Caranx Beani) from—D. S.
QORDAN. (Pe T88Q) Seas. oko oe eee Re ea ee eee 425
Beaufort, notes on fishes of—D. S. Jornpan; C.H GiLBert. (P. 1878.) 332
Black Mountain, topography of—T. L. CLinaman. (R 1855)_-_-_-_-- 77
earthquakes in, in 1874—W. Du Pré; J. Henry. (IR. 1874) ------.-- 286
Lenoir county, antiquities in—J. M. Sparnnour. (R. 1871) .-------.- 249
Montgomery county, antiquities of—F. J. Kron. (R. 1874)_-----_-- —. 286
occurrence of Phycis regius in—T. H. BEAN. (P. 1880)_-------_--.--- 425
Stanley county, antiquities of—F. J. Kron. (R. 1874) .--------.------ 286
North German Lloyd, free freight between Germany and United States by—
R. SCHLEIDEN:, (R. 1859) 22. _ 32-2 a eee 109
North Pacific Surveying Expedition, contributions to natural history made in*
connection with—'T. so STREETS =— 5s ea. see eee Sh ee 303

North Pole, expedition toward the, scientific instructions to—J. Henry; J. E.
Hitearp; S. Newcoms; S. F. Barrp; F. B. Mrex; L. Agassiz.

(RR... 1871) ss. ---- +. ease EEL ee eee 249
North Pole, map of stars near the, for observations on the aurora ---.----_--- 350
Northern Hemisphere, winds of the—J. H. Corrin_ -------_--__--____ &_- Isom
Northern latitudes, record of auroral phenomena observed in—P. Force __-_-- 84
Worthern seas; the—J. (BaBiIneT... (8.1869) 22022 oe eee 228
Northumberland? Dukeof, accountiotuthe = ose eee eee a 3830
Northumberland, Dukevf, presentation of books by. (R. 1859) --------.---- 110

Pee rb ay Yea
on : .
at : \

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 263

Northwest coast of America, kjdkken-méddings on the—P. SCHUMACHER.

Ap Cem Deis) ee cee eae en a ae ee 275
PIE ON sub tO MMW ESS ee Ae eu BOSE ee ete ee et 26g
Norway, Ethnological Museum of—L. K. Daa. (R. 1862) -----_-__--_-- -_-- 150

Norway, University of Christiania, ethnological specimens from. (R. 1863)_. 187

Norwegian mountains, lakes, and the snow-line—O. E. DrEutTzER. (R. 1866.) 214

Notacanthus phasganorus from Newfoundland—G. B. Goopr. (P. 1880)_-__- 425
Note on occurrence of Phycis regius in South Carolina—T. H. BEAN. (P.1880.) 426
ote onthe latileid: penera—T. Gri. \(P.)1881)co. eh eee sew ce 467
Notes—
of egging expedition to Shoal Lake, Lake Winnipeg—D. Gunn. (R.
ROG Mh een sete 8 SA os See SE 2 aN ae eee ee 215
on aboriginal shell mounds of New Brunswick and New England—s. F.
Barbs 7 /( Poles i), 22 oak SON See BE ahs ad Neate eae 467
on American migration—F. von HELLWALD. (RK. 1866) ---------. ---- 214
on fishes—See D. S. Jordan; C. H. Gilbert; also, Proceedings National
Museum.
on fishes of Pacific coast of United States—D.S. FJorpan; C. H. GIL-
BE PM Oa) seen xe cove ON a ee a a ees 467

on history and climate of New Mexico—T. A. McPartin. (R. 1877.) 523,396
on horary variations of barometer—M. VAILLANT; J. HENRY. (R. 1866.) 214
on indian history — is. Vi HaxpEN. ~(R:-1867).2 2222255 2a ee 215
on life and character of Joseph Henry—J. C. WELLING_-_-__- -_-- 356, 338
on mortality among fishes of Gulf of Mexico—S. H. Jounson. (P.1881.) 467
on new species and localities of microscopical organisms—J. W. BAILEY. 63

on physieal geography of North America—J.G. Cooper. (R. 1858.) 109, 351

on Salmonide of upper Columbia—C. Benpire. (P. 1881) ----------- 467
on some Costa Rican birds—R. Rripaway. (P. 1881) ------- atte Sean 467

on Tinneh or Chepewyan Indians of British and Russian America—G.
Grpestand othersipi(i) L866) 27 eee fe a fe oa 214, 365
on Tonto Apaches—C. SMart. (R. 1867) ---------_--_- foe AEN G2 215
relative to George Catlin—J. Henry. (R. 1872) --------___---. .--.-. 271

_ to-accounts of lightning discharges, by G. W. Dodge and others—J.
neni 0 (iv 1867) ss ae Sed Ske ee ee et ah
to article on vitality, by H. H. Higgins—J. Henry. (R. 1866).---.--- 214

to articles on meteorology, by G. Latimer and others—J. Henry. (RK.
HSN ce eT ee ee ed ee hese ct a e5 eae 249
to lectures on meteorology, by R. Russell—J. Henry. (R. 1854)__-_-- 75

Notice, biographical, of—

Ren Dy. A. GAREIELD,, (Rw lSip)eesetn so ot fsa 275
UES .ua Es PARKER.) (Ws \E873) 2 oe =o oe eee = - = 275
Blaeieraone Museum, Salisbury, England. (R. 1868) -----. ---.-------- 224

Chase, S. P., by J. A. Garvieip. (R. 1873) -_-----.----.----------- 275

264 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Notice, biographical, of—Continued.

Chase; 8.) PF, by Hy Hawrrin (GR. 018738) > 22 es oe ee 275
Cleaveland;, Parker, byJ HmnRy.) (Re 1859) 22 sa ae 110
Hspy, James P., by A. D: BACHE” ((R.11850) 222) 22-2 ae See ee 110
TEA eu rsy@iy, VV i= HsLis s MIDSyepreNtes | CUA Yeon lpn (Res LESS 01) fee es eee 215
Erving, ‘Washington; by, 'C.)C: HEnron, | (Rh; 369). 22 aes eee 110
sewett,' CC. by RevAS Gur DS (eS Oi) eee ee ee ee eee 215
Rush; Richard, by/J.. As PEARCE.” (Rs 1859)s 3 see ee ee 110
Schoenbein, Christian Frederic, the discoverer of ozone. (R. 1868) _---_ 224
Smithson, James, by D. GiLBErt, President of the Royal Society. (R.
1858) on eee ee ee ee oe oe en noe
Smithson, James, by W. R. Jonnson; J. R. McD. Irpy__-_------ -_-- 327
Smithson, James, by W. J. Rurszs. (BR. 1879) -.----- 22-2. 349, 330
Turner, (Wi. W.,by, ©. Ci, HELTON.” (iz, 1859) 22 a2 ee Soe ee ee eee 110
Wurdemann, /G.) by; A. D. -BacHE. ¥i( Ri 1859)2ee. Sse eee eee eee 110
Notice of recent additions to marine invertebrates of northeast coast of America—
AL. VERRinn.," (P1880) 22 s2 ee ee eee 425
Notices of public librariés in the United States—C. OC. Jewrrr —__-_----_---- 25
Nova Scotia— i
birds of—Buacxiston; T. BLanp; J. R. Wixuis. (R. 1858)---__---- 109
fishes obtained at—See G. B. Goode; T. H. Bean.
kjokken-moddings in—J, M. Jonrs. (R. 1863) ~----------~---------- 187
Numeration, report on improved system of—W. B. TayLor. (R. 1867) ------ 215
Nuovi Lincei, Pontifical Academy of the. Prize questions. (R. 1865; R.
BG) (pee Se ee ae eee Se ree ee 209, 215
Nutation, phenomena of—J. G. BARNARD -_---_-.----+-_ ----— -=-. ---- ---- 310

Norrer, F. H. Mounds on Gideon’s farm, near Excelsior, Hennepin county,
Minnesota; *(R. 1879) 222 oo 2822 oe ee eee eee 345

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS.

O.

Ober, F. A.—
birds of Antigua and Barbuda collected by, catalogue of—G. N. Law-
FOMOCMEn fe SLOVO) =e eee en Ne Mes eM Re eee AS

birds of Dominica collected by, catalogue of—G. N. Lawrence. (P. 1878.)
birds of Grenada collected by, catalogue of—G. N. Lawrence. (P. 1878.)
birds of Guadeloupe collected by, catalogue of—G. N. Lawrence. (P.

Sse eae AS aces 2 NER res 3 Ua Stee ire Aaa VEE eu, |

birds of Lesser Antilles collected by, catalogue of—G. N. LAWRENCE.

(ESI) yes se me a ES roa es Se a eS

birds of Martinique collected by, catalogue of—G. N. Lawrence. (P.

RCV SO pr eae es Be ent PN ob ee es ee ee Re Ee

birds of St. Vincent collected by, catalogue of—G. N. Lawrence. (P

MSHS ee Soe Mi Se eae ie ee ee Poh apne

OBER, F. A. Ornithology of the Caribbee Islands. (R. 1878) --_----- eat oe

Reesor ce Osopls Lonny. 26 cise te ee me eas he eo ee
Observations—

ese incrria POP eet AGN Se ee a ee eee

astronomical, discussion of Piazzi’s—B. A. GouLtp. (R. 1863) --------

HStrOMOmical, im Arctic. seas— Me 1K, KAN 5225 Ss ee

in Hudson’s Bay Territory—B. R. Ross. (R. 1859)_----_. -----__- -_--

mMacnetie, ay the Arctic: Stas— Mek ICANE 2 8S ve det

Dplivrica| win retic seas — ler Lo uA yms a co Son Sane eR eo en

physical, in Arctic Seas. Parts I-1v—E. K. Kang __--_-_____-- bom ooh

scientific, metric system for—A. Guyot. (R. 1848)------.-.---.-_-___

Observations—See Magnetic, Meteorological, Physical, Tidal.

Observations, meteorological—
at brunswick Minin e— Pb!) Crim Ayn T AND ss les oe Ie Se eae

at Providence, Rhode Island—A. CASWELL _-----_ .--.------___- 103,

at Sacramento, California—F. W. Harcu. (R. 1854)_-----.--_-__.-__..
at Sacramento, California—T. M. Logan. (R. 1854)-----.--_--_----_-
aeovvyashine- tom. Arikadnsas—Ne, d): OMETE 22 0 6 Oe YU a

combined, report of committee of American Association for Advance-
mentor Science: on systemiof. 5 ((R-186))i 2252 es ea ee

peat ee toe = Aes Gru Ode ee eka ee ay ute Pk gt debs
FORSCH TODO ean ue ee ea en eee ee ee
IneterArctic seas—Hy Ke KAN ms 228 2 ai See ee et

Observations of-—
earthquake phenomena—R. Mauer. (R. 1859) ---.-----.------------

Siredon lichenoides—W. HE. Caruin. (P. 1881)_---.-----------. ------
temperature, best hours for—C. Dewy. (R. 1860)_-----_-.----------
thunder storm, John Wise’s—R. Hare. (R. 1854) _-----_------------

thunder storms, instructions for—J. HmeNRY .-..----..--.... ..-__._.

265

332
332
332
332

332

204

75

93
104

75
235

266 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Observations on—

auroras, map of stars near North Pole fort <2 os ee
Batis maritima of Linneus—J. TorREY-_---------------------------_ 60
electric resonance of mountains—H. DE Saussure. (R. 1868) -__--_-- 224
gold ornament from mound in Florida—C. Rav. (R. 1877)_-- 323, 440, 403
ice—D; WWiALKBR ioc Seo he ee a ee re eee ee 146
Mexican history and archeology—B. MAYER ------_----- -------_----~- 86

natural phenomena, shooting stars, aurora, etc.—S. MAsTERMAN. (R.
USB 1) ta ee a ee 107

prehistoric mounds of Grant county, Wisconsin—M. Srrona. (R. 1876.) 299

terrestrialsmacnetism—d). (LOCKE) 223") ea a oe ee ee 35
terrestrial magnetism and deviation of compasses of iron-clad ‘‘ Monad-
nock:”! = Wi.. HARKNESS 52042222 5. oo ea Bee eae eee 239
terrestrial magnetism in Mexico—Baron von MULLER; A. SonntTAG@ __- 114
thunder and lightning—S. MasrerMan. (R. 1855) -.---------------- 77
Observatories—
at Dorpat and Poulkova, description of—C. ABBE. (R. 1867) --_-- 215, 369

detached, universal meteorograph for—K. H. von BAUMHAUER. (R.1879.) 3465

instructions to, relative to telegraphic announcements of astronomical

TSO re Semel eae Nera eg reeee n eee ee 263

reports of, 1879—E. 8S. HotpENn., (BR. 1879) -------- -------_-- 37 = 345, 410

reports of, 1880—E. S. HotpEn; G. H. Bogumer. (R. 1880)----- 442, 438
Observatory—

at Cordova, Argentine Republic, account of—B. A. GouLD. (R. 1873.) 275
at St. Martin, Isle Jesus, Canada East, description of—C. SMALLWoop.

CR. AS56) a oe een ee 91
Girard College—See Bache, ‘A. D.
Kew, verification of barometers at—J. WELSH. (R. 1859) -------- -_-- 110
magnetic, at Smithsonian Institution, description of—J. E. Hirearp.

(Rie 1859) Sse ee ee en eee 110
physical, on a—J. Henry. (R. 1870) ----------------- --=- -..-------- 244
Toronto, instructions by, for aurora observations__-._------. ---- ------ 148

Observers, meteorological, of Smithsonian Institution, list of. (R. 1868)-. 224, 373
Observers—See Meteorological stations and observers.
Occultations—
in 1852— C5 0H., DANS a ne ee 29
of planets and stars by the moon, 1853—J. Downks-_-------~- -------- 54

visible in the United States during the years 1848-1852—J. Dowwnus.
8, 9,10, 11, 29

Occultator, account of—T. H1iLi_--__- a A ee oh ee ees eG On
Ocean, fresh water in the—W. C. Dennis. (R. 1866)--..-. ---.-.---..---=.--. 214
Ocean, Indian, cyclone in the—N. Pike : (R. 1867) --.-------..------ ------ 216

Oceanic bonito on coast of United Stutes—G. B. GoopE; T. H. Bean. (P. 1878.) 332

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 267

Oceanic bonito (Orcynus pelamys), occurrence of, in Vineyard Sound—V. N.

IE DICARDS Gey TORO) oo oss aeled Cee eS ao ae) 332
Op.iine, W. Scientific work of Thomas Graham. (R. 1871).-----.-.------. 249
OxKHLER, A. Stone cists near Highland, Madison county, Illinois. (R. 1879.) 345
Oersted, H. C., memoir of, by E. Dz Beaumont. (R. 1868) .-- ----------_- 224
Officers—

and establishment of the Smithsonian Institution and National Museum. 449

collaborators, employés, ete., of Smithsonian Institution, National Mu-
seum, Geological Survey, Bureau of Ethnology, and Fish Commis-

sion, directory of. 2.2 —. BOS pao ts i ta one te ate ea ere IE 466
and Regents of Smithsonian Institution, 1846, list of _--__. ._-__-_-_-__- N
Ohio—
ancient earthworks in, sketch of—I. DitLEe. (R. 1866)-----.----__-_-- 214
ancient works in, descriptions of—C. WHITTLESEY --------_..---------- 37
Ashland county, earthworks in—G. W. Hiuty. (R. 1877)_----- ~~... 323
Ashtabula county, double-walled earthwork in—S. D. Peer. (R. 1876.) 299
Holmes county, flint instruments in—H. B. Casz. (R. 1877) ----- ---- 3823
Kelley’s Island, climate of—G. C. HuntTinaton. (R. 1866) ----~------ 214
Marietta, meteorological observations at—S. P. H1LtprEeTH; J. Woop __ 120
northern, antiquities of—G. W. Hin. <(R. 1874): ---- ----.-.---2 = 286
Perry county, antiquities ofp -W. ANDERSON. (R. 1874) -------------- 286
Trumbull county, mound in—F. Mitier. (R. 1877) ----------------. 828
Ohio river, habits of black bass of the—J. Horr. (R. 1854)_-..-.----------_- 75
Ohio river, suggestions for improvement of navigation of —C. ELLEtT, Jr._____ 13
Oil—
coal explosibilityof——Z. ALLEN. - (Rs 1861): 02.222 2s. 2 ela 149
porpoise; manufacture of —C. Cook. (P. 1878) .--2-22-~-<_- 2----+_-— 332
rock, or petroleum, history of—T.S. Hunt. (R. 1861) ~---.-------__- 149

Oil-shark of southern California—D. S. Jorpan; C. H. GItBert. (P. 1880.) 425
Old-World birds in National Museum, catalogue of—R. Rripaway. (P.1881.) 467

Oligocene fossils, check-list.of —T. A. CoNRAD...25 == .-2-- = 2 200
Olmos, Peru, account of solar eclipse at—J. M. GILLIss___._-_-.---4_--.-.-. 100
OLMSTED, D. Aurora borealis, recent secular period of ---.----------------- 81
mums. no mist of} Rhode Tslandialge soto Sooo. ee ee 241
Oreane myth—J.-O.. Dorsry., » (H.)1879=80).-2_ 282) ee i 476
Odlogy, North American. Part I. Raptores and fissirostres—T. M. BREWER_-_ 89
Odlogy of Kerguelen Island—J. H. Kipper; E. Couns -__------------- -_-- 294

Opening and closing of Kennebec river, Maine—R. H. Garpinrer. (R. 1858.) 109
Opheosaurus ventralis, remarks on osteology of—R. W. SuHuretpt. (P.1881.) 467
Orbit— :
and phenomena of meteoric fire-ball—J. H. Corrin____----_---------- 221
of Neptune, investigation of, with tables of its motion—S. Newcoms -. 199
of Uranus, investigation of, with tables of its motion—S. NwwcomsB-_-. 262

Ny reef -
a 4
whe eel
t Sri
\
4
\

268 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Orbits, planetary, secular variations of—J. N. Srockweiu. (R. 1871) -__ 249, 232

Orcynus pelamys (oceanic bonito), occurrence of, in Vineyard Sound, Massa-

chusetts—V AN: Epwanrps. 7) (P01878)2222 2 a eee 332
Oregon—

fishes of, notes on collection of—D. 8S. Jornpan. (P. 1878)_------------ 332

jargon of—B. R. MitcHELL; W. W. TURNER -__---- oi iD eS See 68

trade-language of—G. /GipBs 2-2... 00 ee es ee ee ee ee ae
Ores collected on geological survey in Michigan, catalogue of—C. T. Jackson.

(Re 1854) 22202 22 Lee Se EE eee 75
Ores, rocks, minerals, and fossils, catalogue of—J. Locke. (R. 1854)_-_-_-__- 75
Organic bases—A-. ‘Baur. © (Ri 1872))220 <2 9 ee eee 271

Organisms—See Microscopic.
Organization and objects of the United States National Museum—G. B. Goong.

(GP AABS 1) oe ee EE ee ee en 467, 459
Organization, plan of, and regulations of the U. S. National Museum—G. B.

GooDi: waa USS 1) eae ee a Oe A ee ee 467, 445
Organization of—

local scientific societies—J-) HENRY. | (KR. 1875) 2 os Sa 298

Smiths-nian Institution, programme of-_..4_-.-.---- 2) 3 Se eas

Smithsonian Institution, report of American Academy of Arts and
Sciences on—E. Evueretr; J. Sparks; B. Perrce; H. W. Lone-

RELLOW; (aA. (GRAY, (01853) ee te eee 67

Smithsonian Institution, report of committee of Regents on ______ B, L, 328

Organized bodies, natural history of—E. J. Marny. (R. 1867)__---.-------- 215

O’Rielly, Henry, deposition of J. Henry in case of S. F. B. Morse versus_..-. 115
Origin—

and history of the Smithsonian Institution—W. J. Rumeus____---_____. 328

and propagation of disease—J. C. Datton. (R. 1873) -_-_------------ 275

of force—W)) B.. Layton.) (Re 1810) 2 ee aa ee ee eee 244, 375

Ornament, gold, from a mound in Florida, observations on—C. Rav. (R. 1877.)
323, 440, 403

Ornithology—
of Caribbee Islands—F..A.Onmr. (R. 1878) ----¢2--=--2-2.2) 3-25 584!
of Hawaiian and Fanning Islands and California—T. H. Srreers _-_-- 303
of Kerguelen Islands—J. H. KIDDERS) HY. Counmsses=+2--2.- 5-2 ae 293
Ortalida, monograph of—H. Lorw ___--- ra Loe pS tet hn ee ee 256
Orthoptera—
bibliography, 0f-=8.1H.. SCUDDER fa 5 5 gc ee eee ee ee te Se he 189
instructions for collecting—P. R. Unter. (R. 1858) ----_------------ 109
of North America, catalogue of—S. H. ScuppDER _-__-.__.-_-. ------. 189
OsBorNE, J. A. Account of lightning discharges. (R. 1867) ---_---------- 215

Osmerus attenuatus, new species of California fish, description of—W. N. Locx-
INGTON: 5 (Pid 880), c2s2 2S eek a ee eee 425

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 269

OsTEN SAcKEN, R.—
IB Re ORT ny tO Er CL UD ECT 2 nee eee ee a es 270
Catalogue of described diptera of North America.__-______-_-_-. 102, 270
Diptera dy eorevelen’ lsland = 2.20 oo iS ee ee al. Ac 20e
Directions for collecting and preserving diptera _--_----.----------.--- 102
MiGn om rap hrOin Lip uli ces 2 es je Se a ee Se ee ee ree a 219
; Monographs of diptera of North America. Part Iv -------------.-_-- 219

OsTEN SacKEN, R.; Lorw, H. Instructions for collecting diptera. (R. 1858.) 109
OstEN Sacken, R.; Lozew,H. Monographs of diptera of North America.

BEER U Spi Ese reece att a ad OR SL ere Pe ee 141,171
Osteology and mounds of the mound-builders of Wisconsin—J. N. De Harr.

RiREO As te kee SS ea eh Ne eS Sauna tia 323
Osteology of Opheosaurus ventralis—R. W. SHUFELDT. (P. 1881)_---------- 467
Ostraciuntide (trunk fishes), a study of, with notes on American species—G. B.

RROCRVRE aOR teh ag) ones a ee ar eee Yeh Ce Sea eR eee 333

Othonops eos, a new gobioid fish from San Diego, Cal.—R. Smirno. (P. 1881.) 467

Outline of scheme of classification of collections in U. S. National Museum—

ope CODEC E Leola atest eee Goa AS ee he 467, 457
Outline of systematic review of the class of birds —W. LiLLsrBore@ __-__..-__.. 364
OweEN, D. D. Catalogue of geological specimens. (R. 1854)-----_---_------ 75
OwxEn, D. D. Report on building stones. (R. 1847) -.....--.---- -------- H, 329
Deen vx... -3- Hints on public architecture 22.222. 2-2 - Ssa) P
Owl, description of a new, from Porto Rico—R. Ripaway. (P. 1881) --_---- 467
Ox, American, extinct species of—J. Lerpy -____- BRINE ere Weed Ur ot 41
Oxygen and its combinations, lecture on—G. I. CHack. (R. 1855)_.----..--- 77
Ozone and antozone—C. M. WETHERILL. (R. 1864) _-------- See ais ate — 188, 355

Ozone, notice of C. F. Schoenbein, the discoverer of. (R. 1868) -....-------- 224

270 ALPILABETICAL INDEX

sE?:

Pacific coast—
fishes from, descriptions of new—D.S. Jorpan; C. H. Giipert. (P.
DSU ee ef ee ee 467
fishes from, distributed in 1881—D. S. Jorpan; P. L. Jovy. (P.1881.) 467

fishes of—See D. S. Jordan; C. H. Gilbert.

fishes of, bibliography of—T. H. Bran. (P. 1881)---------__- -__- -____ 467

fishes of, bibliography of—T., GiLy = =2* ee ee eee 463

fishes of, notes on—D. 8S. Jorpan; C. H. GinBert. (P. 1881) -------- 467
Pacific Islands, natural history of—W. H. Pease. (R. 1862) .---------_-_-__- 150 -
PackarpD, A.S. Directions for collecting and preserving insects __-_____-__- 261
PACKARD, Aa Ss. Memoirvohi ets) Clarissa aes ss aaa oe eee eee 242
Packarp, F. A. Project of outline history of education in the United States.

CR S1863))i eo 2 Seo eee oe ee ee na ee ee ee 187
Pace, C. G. Report on effect of frost on building stones. (R. 1847) --___- H, 329
Palzontology—

list of generic names employed in—S. H. ScuppDER__-..--.----.-_----. 470

of the upper Missouri—F. B. Mrerx; F. V. HAYDEN_-_-_-___------ eo) ee

principles and methods of—T. H. Huxtry. (R. 1869)-_-~-_---__. ___- 228
Palafittes or.lacustrian constructions of the lake of Neuchatel—E. Desor.

CRATSB is eee ce eet ie A) aaa me eee Sts See ee 209, 360
Palenque tabiet in the U. S. National Museum—C. Rav___-___-_------------ 331
Palermo, evaporation observed at; in 1865, 1866—P. Taccuint. (R. 1870) _-_ 244
PALMIERI, Prof. Electro-magnetic seismograph. (R. 1870) ---------------- 244
PALMIERI, Prof. Presence of electricity during fall of rain. (R. 1870)------ 244
Panama, shells of, review of C. B. Adams’ catalogue of—P. P. CARPENTER___ 252
Pancreas, observationson the—J. JONES _ 22-225 5-)"-- s eeee . 82
Pandoride, contributions towards a monograph of the—P. P. CARPENTER .___ 252
Paralepis coruscans, new species of Paralepis, description of—D. 8. Jorpan;

C. H.Girerrn,,, (bs 1880): 2 <2 eee es ee ia oe eee 425
Parasites—ds IsRIDY 222 see eae leet ease Se ae eee 44
Paris—

Academy of Sciences, historical sketch of the—M.FLourens. (R. 1862.) 150

Anthropological Society of, history of transactions of, 1865 to 1867—P. —
BROcA. © (Ra 1868)\-- 2S. oe ee ae ee eee ee ee 224

Exposition—See French Exposition.

Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, typical specimens of American fishes in

the—D.'S. JorDAN. ((P.7d879) Looe 2s ae eee 333
PaRKER, P. Biographical notice of L. Agassiz. (R. 1873).-----_-..----- 275, 329
Parker, ©. Hulogy ion Henry Wilson. (RR: 1876) 2222 eee _--. 298, 329

Parophrys isechyurus, new species of flounders from Puget Sound, description
of—D; S:.Jorpan; C..H. Giusrsz. | (P.1880) => Yee) ee

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 271

Parrot, new species of, of genus Chirus, from Dominica—G. N. LAWRENCE.

(Ce SO) eres ee Ns ee eS ae Se os ae 425
Parthenogenesis in the animal kingdom—G. A. KornuoUBER. (R. 1871) _---- 249
ParRvVIN, J. B. Habits of the gopher of Illinois. (R.1854)_-----_-__-___.__- 75
Past and future of geology—J. PresTwIcu. (R. SO: een eee ac ee 2 2208
Patagonia, human remains from—A. Riep. (R. 1862)-----.-------------_-- 150
Patent Office, U. S., meteorological observations under the direction of. Vols.

ipl Magee eee cogs) 8 2 Le ee Sy Pes he ee ee el 2 157, 182
PATTERSON, R.; SHARPLESS, T. Phonography. (R. 1856) _--=.-_-_..2.___ 91
Patton, A. Antiquities of Knox county, Indiana. (R. 1873)_-----_-__-___- 275
Patton, A. Antiquities of Lawrence county, Illinois. (R. 1873).--.-..___. 275

Prapopy, A. P. Scientific education of mechanics and artisans. (R. 1872.) 271, 380
PEALE, T. R.—
Ancient,mound:in St. Louis, Missourin (R. 1861) 22-2 22-242 149
Method ofpreserving lepidoptersm., .\( Rs 1863) 22232 ee 187
Prehistoric remains in vicinity of city of Washington, D.C. (R. 1872.) 271

Uses of brain and marrow of animals among Indiansof North America.

eRe Sp ASO) re peso ats eee a Seed oe A ee Ee a ee Ode
Pearce, J--An, eulogy on, by A.D. Bacun.,)(R. 1862). — 2.0 5 3-2 150, 829
PWAROK, >) A. Notice of Richard) Rush. (Ro 1859)«:- 5s 65 110, 329
Pearcr, J. A. Report of Committee of Regents on distribution of Smithso-
HisERMNGOMIOng (i pL Goa) ye se 3288 SS ee Se Sele ae ee ee 67
Pease, W.H. Acknowledgment for shells, etc. (R: 1861) -._-.----____-__. 149
PrasE, W. H. Natural history of Pacific Islands. (R. 1862) !.-.-.-___.___ 150
Pedro II, Dom, biographical sketch of, by A. Fiatuo. (R. 1876) --------__. 299

Pret,S. D. Double-walled earthwork in Ashtabula county, Ohio. (R. 1876.) 299
Pxirce, B., and others. Report of American Academy of Arts and Sciences

on organization of Smithsonian Institution. (R. 1853)---_---------_-- 67
PELCion, WA. + Memoir of J.O. A. Peltier: (R. 1867) 2.2.0.2 2222 215
Feliier, J. C. A.; memoir of, by F. A. PELTIER. _(R. 1867) ------ =~ 2 215
einer an©. A’, scientific researches of. (KR: 1867) i225 2 Ue te 215
Pendulum, problems of rotary motion presented by the—J. G. BARNARD____- 240

Pennsylvania—

Centre county, Spruce creek valley, account of a tornado in—J. B. Mrrx.

ee Rte 8 tS ee SD ee See ee ee a ICES 249
Chester county, birds of—V. Barnarp. (R. 1860) ---_--.--_______._- 147
Chester county, history of—W. Dar.LinatTon. (R. 1862) ..------------ 150
magnetic survey of—A. D. Bacur ___--_-__ ier ae Ee I GLAS ee sebges 166
Newcastle, old Indian village, Kushkushkee, near—E. M. McConne.t.

IPRA ere oe 2s oa eo Lyn one Shee a eR ene Ss Be AR ET ef ) 249
western, ancient mound in—W. M. TayLor. (R. 1877) ---------- ---- 823

Pensacola, Florida, description of new species of amber fish (Seriola Stearnsii)
ian eae Gopnte) (by. 1309). ee ee Se ee ee -- 3833

272 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Pepin, Lake, antiquities on the banks of—L. C. Esrrs. (R. 1866) -__---_--_- 214
Perca fluvescens, notes on—F. STEINDACHNER. (P. 1878) 5.-------_-2.--2-_ 332
Percida, notesson——D\ |S:jd OR DANN 2 = = Soe ee ee 2 ee eee ee OE
Perennibranchiates, acknowledgment of—J.G. FisHer. (R. 1863) ------ ---- 187
Periodical phenomena—
directions for recistry Ofje.o— ==) oa ee BES I Oe aN ees 148
observations on; 1851 toyl859—=. 1B. Hougm 22. 2222 ee eee 182
rezistration of —J..HENRY., (BR. 1865)/22252225-- 2) tos ee eee au
POC ISUDY Of eet eg Me ee ya ee een 65, 148

Periodicals—
deposited in Library of Congress, meteorological articles in. (R. 1878) 275

in Library of Smithsonian Institution. Parts 1,11; foreign works; 1866.
73, 85; VA7, 179

received by the Institution, list of. (R. 1880) -----.--- ---------- 442, 436

received in reading-room of Smithsonian Institution in 1853, check-list of. Q
Perrine, T. M. Antiquities of Union county, Illinois. (R. 1873) .-..----- 275
Perrine, T. M. Mounds near Anna, Union county, Illinois. (R. 1872) ---- 271
Persistence of images—F. N. Moreno. (R. 1866) .------------------------- 214
Perspiration and respiration, apparatus for testing results of —M. PETTENKOFER.

(RaT864) <2o0 oc ooo ie ne SE ne ee a eee 188
Peru— '

earthquake in, August 13, 1868—J. V. CAMPBELL. (R. 1870)..-------- 244

Tndians‘of—F. L. Gants): (RiA877) 5222. eee eee eee 323

Olmos, total eclipse of sun, September 7, 1858, observed near—J. M.

GILLISS 2222.) oso 4 phn ce ei Send Bee SU eae ee 100
Prstin, M. Relation between barometric variations and general atmospheric

currents! (RATS8T7)) 2s soe, Son eee Se EE eto ee 323, 398
PETER, R. Ancient mounds in Kentucky. (Ik.) 1872) 22" eae Sloe 271
Perer, R. Ancient mound near Lexington, Kentucky. (R. 1871) ---------- 249
Petite Anse Island, salt deposit on—E. W. Hit@arpD-----~-- ---- ----..-----+- 248
Prrirot, E. Account of the Indians of British America. (R. 1865) ---.---- 209
Petrel, supposed new, from Sandwich Islands, description of—R. Ripaway.

(P.. 1881) 2 eka le et a ee ee Se ee 467
Petroleum collections, circular in reference to—S. F. Barrp. (P. 1881)_. 467, 447
Petroleum or rock oil, history of—T. 5. Hunt. (R. 1861) --------— .-.---2- 149
PrETTENKOFER, M. Apparatus for testing the results of perspiration and res-

piration., .(R. 1864) 252 26.2. So 2ee NK, ee ee 188
PETTIGREW, J.B. Modes of flight in relation to aeronautics. (R. 1867) ---- 216
-Phenogamia of Kerguelen Island—A®GRay--_-------=---__ es ee et
Phalangidex, instructions for collecting—H. C. Woop. (R. 1866) ------_----- 214
Phenomena—

accompanying the propagation of electricity in highly rarefied elastic

fluids—A, Daa Rivz.: (R.1668)2_ 2-2 a eee 187

in telegraphic lines during the aurora borealis—G. B. Donati. (R. 1872.) 271

aia

ee a ae

: OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. Zile

Phenomena—Continued.

natural, observations on—S. MASTERMAN. (R. 1857)_---------------- 107

of contact, studies on—T. L. Purpson, . (BR: 1862) ~----_ ---_-_ --+.-__- 150

of flight in animal kingdom—K. J. Marry. .(R. 1869) --------_-----. 228

Ofmateprredire-Dall-—J Et. CORKIN 223 22 sees oi Se Sy 221

of precession. and nutation—J. G. BARNARD-____- ---__----_._---____- 310

periodical registration of—J. Henry. (R. 1855) ----..---.--------____ be
Philadelphia—

exhibit at—See Centennial.

magnetic and meteorological observations at—See A. D. Bache.

memorial of citizens of, relative to Lowe’s aeronautic voyages across

mileeHinicran (Ha ROOO)e Soe ete kis en ee ae 147
Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, report on shells presented to—J.

TEED Gas, ERYONiAj\(l. L866) 25 2 os oe es Se ho ed 209
Puituirs, B. Two letters on work of the Museum. (P. 1881)_-_--_-___- 467, 454
Palolorical circular—G..Gisps.| (KR. 1862) 22-222 22 es ee 150
mulOlony indian —WW:. LUBNER, © (BR. W852 )eo 8 es 51
Philology, instructions for research relative to—G. GIBBS -__._-_____________ 160
Philosophical Society of Washington—

Bulletins of. Vols. 1-111. March, 1871, to June, 1880____.___..___.__._. 423

memoir of Joseph Henry read before the—W. B. Taytor_____ ___-_ 356, 339

notes on life and character of Joseph Henry read before the—J. C.

DUI RENISES ENG eect ce eyes Doan Ar kee ke at ME ee PS 356, 338

proceedings of, on death of Joseph Henry =... ~~. 2. 2. Lee 356
Philosophy, annals of, contributions to, by J. Smithson. (R. 1853) -___-___ 67, 330
Philosophy, Batavian Society of Experimental, of Rotterdam. Prize questions.

OTe ena speech een OE Ne Ae TS an et oa 149
Puipson, T. L. The catalytic force or studies on the phenomena of contact.

OUR eae eS haa eee Seka 2 PE eh A ae eo ee ree Se te ee 150
Phlegmasia, disease of, bibliography of works on—W. W. Keren ___________- 300
Phonetic language, vocal sounds of L. Bridgman compared with elements of—

ee sm Bp Se ans Se aE int Te aa ee eng 1d MERE 12
Phonography—T. SHarpiess; R. Parrerson. (R. 1856)_----------_-_..__. 91
Phonograpby, institutions in which, is taught. (R. 1856) -------.-_____-____ 91
Puom-cuemistry—).- JAMIN. (HB. 1867))222 2522 fe 215
Photographs of Indians, list of __--___- Bee Sa ue Drea tee ene Ah 216
Photography, astronomical, progress in—Dr. Lex. CiesIS6U shee oo eee ae 149
Photography, celestial, use of silvered-glass telescope in—H. DRAPER -__-____ 180
Phycis Chesteri from deep-sea fauna of northwestern Atlantic, description of—

Groen eh ba DEAN. | (EsiStS) sacar es kd 332
Phycis Earlii, new hake, from South Carolina, description of—T. H. Bran.

peat eee cn tS er eS Me oa od 425
Phycis regius from North Carolina, note on occurrence of—T. H. Bran. (P.

DN aes ee ea eee eS SES oi 425

274 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Physical—
atlas of North America, proposed—G. Grpps. (R. 1866)-------------- 214
ethnology, lectures on—D. Wison. (R. 1862) -__------------------- 150
geography of Mississippi valley—C. ELLEt, Jr. ~___------------ ------ 13
geography of North America—J. G. Cooper. (R. 1858)---------- 109, 351
geography of North American Continent—J. FrorpeL. (R. 1854) ---- 76
observations in the Arctic Seas—I. I. HayESs_______--___- -_------ -_-- 196
observations in the Arctic Seas—E. K. Kane ___-__----_- ------------ 198
observations in the Arctic Seas—F. L. McCuiinrock.____------------- 146
observatory, on a—J). . HENRY.) (BR. 1870) 2252528 ee ee 244

sciences, on the relation of, toscience in general—H, HeLmMuoutz. (R.1871) 249

tables——Ac (Girvowes 2k See Ee Ae oe ae 153
Physics—
present fundamental principles of—F. J. Pisko. (R. 1879)------------ 345
recent progress in, 1879 and 1880—G. F. Barker. (R. 1880) ----- 442, 429
report on recent progress in, electricity, galvanism—J. MuLLer. (R.
TS 55=1B GB) si ile ee a Ee ek ee 77, 91, 107, 109
syllabus of a course of lectures on—J. Henry. (R. 1856) ------------ 91
terrestrial, articles on—J. V. CAMPBELL; Prof. PALMIERI; W. W.
JOHNSON; W.D.Sareunr. (BR. 1870) --_-_-- -2-2-- 22-4 See 244
Physics and Natural History, Geneva Society of—See Geneva.
Physiological investigations of vertebrata—J. JONES -__-------------------- 82
Physiologvy—
electro-, lectures on—C. Matrruccr. (R. 1865)---------.--- Uae ee 209
of fever—H. C. Woop .___-- ep Se De Se ee er eee 357
of Iucernarians——H.) Je CLARK ):-2.<25522. S587. Be ee eee 242
Ge Tati lesay ake ——S sy WV =m VU es a eee eer 135
of respiration in chelonia—S. W. Mircmeii; G. R. MorEHOUSE ------ 159
Piazzi’s astronomical observations, discussion of —B. A. GouLp. (R. 1863)_-_ 187

PickEeriNnG, C. Gliddon mummy case in Museum of Smithsonian Institution. 208

Picture writing, Central American, studies in—K. 5S. HotpEn. (EH. 1879-80.) 476

Piparon, W. Ancient burial mound in Indiana. (R. 1867)-----..---------- 215
Prerson, W. M. Discovery of large meteorite in Mexico. (R. 1873) ~---_-- 275
Pixn, WN; sCyclone in Indian. Ocean. (0h. 1867) 2225 2 eee =e eee 215
Pinar, G. Revolutions of crust of the earth. (iy. PRG) i235 = (OS ee ee 499
Pile work antiquities of Qlmuizs \QR 1866). esse eee 214
PriiuinG, J. C. Catalogue of linguistic manuscripts in library of Bureau of
Kthnology. / )(H. 1879-80) =- e582 ee ee 476
Pima Indians of Arizona—F. E. GrossMAN. (R. 1871) ------- het eee 249
Pinna, cretaceous, from New Mexico, description of new—C. A. WuiTe. (P.
ISBO) iste Se eee Jeet pct ft Ree oe ee 425
Prrz, A. Methods of. making and preserving plaster casts. (P. 1881) _------ 467

Pisces; class; arrangement of —T: "Quit. 222253525 2S Se eee

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 275

Pisxo, F. J. Present fundamental principles of physics. (R. 1879) _-------- 345
Pitcher plant, new, (Darlingtonia Californica,) from California—J. Torrey -- 61
Pits at Embarrass, Wisconsin—E. E. Brerp. (R. 1877)-------------_---..-- 328
Pittsburg, on Des Moines river, composition of ancient pottery found at—R.
De DaaeareG CO.) DARLBERG,) | (Re) 1619) 22-2 eee ee 345
Plan of—
a bibliography—J. FRIEDLANDER. (R. 1858) ------~----------------- 109
organization and regulations of U.S. National Museum—G. B. Gooner.
GERBER EU) sos ek he ke Or ee oe a ae re 467, 445
research upon the atmosphere—C. M. WETHERILL. (R. 1866)_-------- 214
Smithsonian exhibit at Centennial—S. F. Barrp. (R. 1875) ---------- 298
Planet—See Neptune, Uranus.
Planetary—
disturbances, lecture on—E. S. SNELL. (R. 1855) -----------_-_-_--_- 77
motion, general integrals of —S. NEWCoMB -___--.-----_-----_-.---_-. 281
motion, perturbative function of, tables for determining values of coeffi-
(LENG S UT ee be Ty SER TUNA IRs Tea ee ec a A Ng JNO ee 79, 94
orbits, secular variations of elements of—J. N. SrockKWELL. (R. 1871.)
i 249, 232
Planetoids—See Asteroids.
Planets—
between Mars and Jupiter—Prof. LesprauLt. (R. 1861) ------------- 149
between Mars and Jupiter, lecture on—E. Loomis. (R. 1854)_---_____ 75
oecultations of—See Downes, J.
Planisphere of the visible heavens for observations of meteoric displays _____- 359
Plans for the installation of collections in the U. S. National Museum—G. B.
COO eo eh SSI) ee ao hk Oe 2 Se Ee ae 467, 472
Plans of the Smithsonian building—R. D. Own ____---_---_.---.---___ -_-___ P
Binntea-Fréemon tiie J. ToRRRy: 6s od Ma Ne 46

Plante Wrightiane Texano-Neo-Mexicane. Parts 1, 1—A. GRAY _______ 22, 42

PLANTAMOUR, E. Report on transactions of the Society of Physics and Natu-
ral History of Geneva, July, 1864, to June, 1865; July, 1874, to June,

disarieiese: CRIS BO.) BOL G7 yo eet tek gee Sue VEN een Os 209, 828
Plants—
collected by J. C. Frémont in California—J. Torrey ~______ -_________ 46
cryptogamous, present state of knowledge of—W. Reicnarpt. (R. 1871.) 249
aateson blossoming of —l. B.. Hover 2—-- 2-0 oe ee 182
dates of defoliation or fall of leaf of—F. B. HouaH___________________ 182
ddresoncoustion, of-—F.'.B: HouGH 2.32. ea iee See 182
directions for collecting and preserving—L. F. Warp —______________. 460
of Arctic America, descriptions of—A. GRAY_-_----.--__--__--.---___ 342
of Texas, New Mexico, and Mexico, collected by C. Wright—A. Gray. 22
of upper Missouri, list of—T. C. Porter. (R. 1850) --------------__- 28

of Washington, check-list of—L. I. Warp 22-2222 3 sc Le 461

276 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Plants—See Torrey, J., Gray, A.

Plaster casts— .
methods of making and preserving—A. Pirz. (P. 1881)-~------------ 467
of antique and modern statues—W. J. Stone. (R. 1855) ------------ 77
of heads of Indian boys and girls at Hampton, Virginia—R. H. Pratt.
(RL 1879) se Ne ee ee 333
of heads of Indian prisoners at St. Augustine, Florida—R. H. Pratt.
(P. 1878) aoebe 2 SS eee 882
PLareau, F. Rapid preparation of myological specimens. (P. 1881)-~---_-- 467

PLarTEAv, J. Experimental and theoretical researches on the figures of equi-
librium of a liquid mass withdrawn from the action of gravity. Parts

I-vi. (R. 1863-1866) _---------- ---- -------------------- 187, 188, 209, 214
Platessa ferruginea, note on—G. B. Goopr; T. H. Brean. (P. 1878)_-------- 332
Platessa rostrata, note on—G. B. Goopr; T. H. Bran. (P. 1878) ----------- 332
Platyenemism in Michigan—H. GituMan. (R. 1878) ----~------------- 275, 393
Platyrhina exasperata, generic relations of—D. S. JorDAN; C. H. GILBERT.

(P..1880) -_------------ ------ ---- ---- -------- ---------------------- 425
Platyrhina triseriata, new ray from coast of California, description of—D. 8.

USER TD ASW ie 0 MGs Nee pS, Tos RT (ee POG) eee me eee eee 425
Platysomatichthys stomias, new flounder from coast of California, description

of— DiS, JORDAN; ©.) H. GILBERT. (2B. 1880)- Soe eee 425
Pleuronectes glaber, identity of, with Huchalarodus Putnami—T. H. Bran.

(P. 1878) --------+----- ------ ------ ------ ------ ---------------- ---- 332

Pleuronectide of San Francisco, review of—W. N. Lockinaton. (P. 1879)__ 333

Pleuronichthys verticalis, new flounder from coast of California, description

of-=D) SG JORDAN: (0-95L. (GILBERT: © (P1830) oo oats e eee 425
Por, O. M. Account of lightning discharges. (R. 1867) -----------~-_-- ii Oe
Poy, A. New classification of clouds. (R. 1870) -----------------_------- 244
Pory, F. Notes on American species of genus Cybium. (P. 1878) ..--------- 832
PoacEenporrr, J.C. Useof galvanometer as measuring instrument. (R. 1859.) 110
Points, boiling and melting—F. W. CLARKE-._..------ ---------- -------- 255, 288
Points, spear and arrow, primitive manufacture of, along line of Savannah

TIVOL— Cs CO. DONS, rele (Eee LG CO) ame ee — 345

Poison—See Venom.

Poisoned arrows, lecture on nature and cure of wounds of—D. BRAINARD.

(R. 1854) -_-------- ------ ---- ---- ------ ------~----- ------ ---------- 75
Poisonous water in Gulf of Mexico, destruction of fish by—J. Y:. Porrer.
(P. 1881) -------------- ---------- ---- ---------------- +----- -------- 467

Polar expedition—See Hall, Capt.

Polar expedition, the Howgate, contributions to natural history of Arctic
America made in connection with—L. KUMLIEN --------------------- 342

Polar light, or aurora borealis, its phenomena and laws—E. Loomis. (R. 1865.) 209
Polaris expedition, scientific instructions for—J. Hmnry; J. E. Hirearp; Ss.
Newcoms; S. F. Barrp; F. B. Meek; L. Aqassiz. (R. 1871) ------ 249

‘

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. QT

Polarized nerve, effect of irritation of—B. F. Lautenpacn. (R. 1878)__ 341, 411

Poutock, J. Assay of coins at the Mint of the United States. (R. 1868)... 224
Polychrome bead from Florida—S. S. HaLpEMAN. (R. 1877)----------- 323, 404
Polypetalz, bibliographical index of—S. Watson -_..------------------- Bie 258
Polypi, relations of lucernarians to—H. J. CLARK -----.-----.---._---------- 242
Polyzoa of northeastern coast of America, notice of recent additions to—A. E.

DP RCISETRN eR OO) hee I BN ae ee 333
Pomadasys, description of new species of, from Mazatlan, Mexico—D. S. Jor-

AN ey Crete LEBER. 1 (de. ESSE) ) |i ee Se a ee ae Se 467
Pontifical Academy of the Nuovi Lincei, Rome. Prize questions. (R. 1865;

DR LAS a RE ES ee ee aE Ie te eh ls 209, 215
onmweritna Cone-in-conos) (1s. 1568) 2-8 ot ee ee a 18%
Popocatepetl, examination of—Baron VON MULLER; A. SONNTAG ___-_-_____ 114
Population of the world, estimate of the—E. Marty. GRerlSii3)\ reser eee 275
Porcupine, Canada, occurrence of, in Maryland—O. Luearr. (P. 1881) ----- 467
Porcupine, Canada, occurrence of, in West Virginia—G. B. GooprE. (P. 1878.) 332
Porifera of northeast coast of America—A. E. VERRILL. (P. 1879) --_---__- 333
Porpoise. oil, manufacture of —C. Coox.) .(P. 1878)------ -. =~ —----- 1... 332

PortER, Commodore. Account of hail storm on the Bosphorus. (R.1870)__ 244
Porter, J. Y. Destruction of fish by poisonous water in Gulf of Mexico.

GEES Bee tee ee ee ee EE 8 Se NO ER a eg 467
Porter, J. Y.; JEFFERSON, J. P.; Moorz, T. Destruction of fish near the

PORES Ae Cy 8 LOWS) pn a eee Oe ee ame en em ee oe 332
Porter, T. C.. List of plants of upper Missouri. (R. 1850)_--_---_-___ --_. 28

Portland Society of Natural History, account of—E. C. Botuzs. (R. 1867) -_ * £16

Porto Rico—

description of new owl from—R. Ripaway. (P. 1881) ----------~-_-. 467
great hurricane at—G. A. Latimer. (R. 1867) -----_-----------____-- 215
Latimer collection of antiquities from—O. T. Mason. (R. 1876) ------ 397
metecrolopyoL—G., LATIMER, (he 187)),- 2203 a 249
Portraits—
of North American Indians, catalogue of—J. M. STANLEY__-_-_-____- 53
of North American Indians, Stanley, report of Committee of Regents
rent bes Spiih)) = ss ee eee ee ee ee ee oe ee 107
photographic, of North American Indians, in gallery of Smithsonian
AUT Ocs EO GL COTA aL 8 pf Dea a EN RR I SRE es Sy fg aL 216
Potamocottus Bendirei, description of—T. H. Brean, (P. 1881) _---~---- -_-- 467
Pottery— r

ancient, from Phillips county, Arkansas—J. H. DevEREUX. (R. 1872.) 271
ancient, from Pittsburg, on Des Moines river—R. N. DAHLBERG; C.

ert Ge, ( lS (9)\ 22 2 ae eee os a enna aoe 345
Een EAM (Fis 1866) 28 oe a a” 214, 440, 368
Pouched rat, or salamander of Georgia, habits of —W. Gusnrer. (R. 1860) --. 147

Poulkova and Dorpat, description of observatories at—O. ABBE. (R. 1867.) 215, 369

278 ALPHABETICAL INDEX
Power tt, B. Reports on state of knowledge of radiant heat. (R. 1859)_---_- 110
PowELL, J. W.—

Hvolution of; language.) (Hy LS O80) eee ee aa ae a eG

Limitations to use of some anthropological data. (EH. 1879-80)-_-_---_-- 476

Mythology of North American Indians. (E. 1879-80) -------------_-- 476

Report of Director of Bureau of Ethnology. (H. 1879-80) .--------_-- 476

Wyandot government. .. (E...1879-80) 2222-2 22 oe ee eee 476
Powers, 8. Centennial mission to Indians of western Nevada and California.

(Bee E876), co a, Sa aE i a i ee 299
Pratt, R. H. Catalogue of casts of heads of Indian boys and girls at Hamp-

tony Institute, Virziniae|(Eea8 79) eee ee ee 333
Pratt, R. H. Catalogue of casts of heads of Indian prisoners at St. Augus-

tine, Wloridar (RP. 1878) 223. tes ee ee ee eee 332
Pratt, W. H. Antiquities of Whiteside county, Illinois. (R. 1874)-_------ 286
Prayer at funeral of Joseph Henry—C. Hopam _-_~___ --+_*- 2 2_-- === se 356
Prayer at memorial of Joseph Henry—J. McCosH__-_-_-_- ...-------------- =. N8B6
Prayer at memorial of Joseph Henry—B. SUNDERLAND_-__--_-___--_------ Bey eoG
Precession of the equinoxes—J. N. STOCK WELL-_-__---_-_-----_-- -------- ---- 232
Precession of the equinoxes, problems presented by—J. G. BARNARD_____- 240, 310
Precious stones—d.)BABUNE DT: /1(Gi018 70) see eae ee ee eee 244
Precipitation—

influence of rain upon the formation of—J. Hann. (R. 1877) -~---- 323, 398

of rain and snow in the United States, charts of—C. A. Scnorr-___--__- 374

of rain and snow in the United States, tables of —C. A. ScHorr._-_ 222, 353

Prehistoric—

antiquities of Hungary—F. F. Romer. (R. 1876) ----------- 299, 440, 392
archeology, international code of symbols for charts of —G. DE Morri.L-

pers, He. CHANTRE.: UCN, 87/5) 2220 22 o6 be ee ee 298

evidences in Missouri—G. C. BRoaDHEAD. (KR. 1879) ---------------- 345

man, remains of, from caves in Alaska—W. H. DaLu_-.-------------. 318

mounds of Grant county, Wisconsin—M. Strona. (R. 1876)..-------- 299
remains in vicinity of city of Washington, D. C.—T. R. Pearse. (R.

BCD yes Set OU ae We gels 2 a a ae Se ee ee 271
Prentiss, 8. S.; Cours, E. List of birds of the District of Columbia. (R

LS GM) oe se Ie aE Ser eee 149

Preparation of large myological specimens—F. J. PharEau. (P. 1881) ------ 467

Preparations, dry, on Semper’s method of making—J. A. Ryper. (P. 1881.) 467

Prescott, Canada West, ancient Indian remains near—W. E. Guesr. (RK.

TBBG) cet: ALL TE a gs ee nes ee 91
Prescorr, W. H., and others. On publication of Spanish works on New
Mexico: “(Ra 1855) oo ee ee es ae ae 77

Present state of ethnology in relation to form of human skull—A. Rerztius.
(RR TSS) 2h hg ak 2s eI ia ee ne

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 279

Presentation of—

books—DuKE oF NORTHUMBERLAND. (R. 1859) --------------------- 110

books—IMPERIAL LIBRARY OF VIENNA. (R. TS G5) tee ee ee ee 209

books ony Braail——M. M: EisRoay~ (ir1366)) 2eS ol ae Bo 209

books on Egypt—R. Lepsius. (R. 1860) _--.----_-_--_-__-+_- @------ 147

collections by foreign governments. (R. 1876) _2~-----__.+--_-----_-- 299

Gneravines Cx. B KING. (ie 1861), 222 ee ee ee ee 149

specimens— UNIVERSITY OF CHRISTIANIA, Norway. (R. 1863) -----_-- 187
Preservation—

and collection of marine invertebrates—W. STIMPSON_-_---~------_--- 34

of antiquities and national monuments in Denmark—J. J. A. WoRSAAE.

PEC Mena hee eS eS ANS SRA RE aa NS A Dard te Ae Ue ae 345

of copper and iron in salt water—A. E. BecQquEREL. (R. 1864) --_--_- 188

PIeNTOOC ne Ev OOS e ee ayes Cole SNe ES 2 oe ee ee 188
Preserving—

diptera, directions for—R. OstEN SACKEN___-~ ~~~. -----~-- -2-----~-- 102

fish directions; tor— Ll. Ae eBwAN. 9/(P. 1881) s2he ees eee 467, 464

MISECis# CULE ChLONS fOT—— AWS. IeACKARD yee note see ren se See 261

lepidoptera, method\of—T. R. PEALE. (R. 1868)-..---.----.-___.-__. 187

nests and eggs, instructions for—T. M. BREWER ---------.-----__..__- 139

prabis, directions tor—— leh WARD 2220 oa. Sob S eo US he Soe Bas 460

specimens of diatomacea—A. M. Epwarps -----___---.-----.-_-.-.-. 366

specimens of natural history—S. F. Barrp. (R. 1856) -----_-_---__- 91, 34
Pressure and velocity of the wind—J. Hann. (R. 1877) ---.------------ 323, 398
Pressure of the air—J. Hann and others. (R. 1877) -----.-----.---=---- 323, 398
PRESTWICH, J. Past and future of geology. (R. 1875) ---------.-- -1_._+_- 298
Preshiey,.J., memoir of, by G:Cuvimk.\\ ((R:, 1858) 222° 2) 8 a ee 109
Priestley’s lens, account of—J. HENRY. .(R. 1859) -_---.-._-2.--- LL. wus 110
PHimME,C>° Monograph of American corbiculada 2-2. 02-22-22 Le 145
Prime, T., and others. Check-list of shells of North America ______________ 128
Primitive manufacture of spear and arrow points along line of Savannah river—

OA OMEGA, iTS (Ha bai ones aes es Sees a eRe Sey Dae AU 345
Prince Regent’s Inlet, meteorological observations in—F. L. McCurntrock.___ 146
Princeton, New Jersey, address at, by J. HENRY =-2- fe5222) 822 E
Principles—

and methods of palzontology—T. H. Huxitey. (R. 1869) ----.------. 228

of crystallography and crystallophysics, explanation of—A. Bruzina.

Giesmioraic pos LS lk oy Uae ee ese LN cata) 271, 386

of mechanieal theory of heat—J. Muxuer. (R. 1868)__-------.------ 224

of physics, present fundamental—F. Jr PIsKOm) (dv.h879),2 2-2-2. | 846

OpAubeltancous surgery— Wi: ADAMSo: Jo fol Poi oe 302

Prionotus stephanophrys, new species of Prionotus from coast of California,
description of—W. N. LocxinaTon. (P. 1880)_-----.-----------_-- . 426

280 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Prize questions—
Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna. (R. 1862) -.-------. 160
Batavian Society of Experimental Philosophy of Rotterdam. (R. 1861.) 149
Dunkirk Society for Encouragement of Sciences, Letters, and Arts. (R.

1866) 22 <2 oe ee eee
Hollartd Society of Science, Harlem. (R. 1861, 1864, 1867, 1873) 149, 188, 224, 275
Imperial Academy of Sciences of Vienna. (R. 1864; R. 1865)_---- 188, 209
Imperial Society of Natural Sciences of Cherbourg. (R. 1864) ---_--~- 188
Imperial Society of Science, Agriculture, and Arts of Lille. (R. 1865.) 209
London Institution of Civil Engineers. (R. 1862) -----_ -__.-------_-_- 150

Pontifical Academy of Nuovi Lincei, Rome. (R. 1865; R. 1867)___ 209, 215
Royal Academy. of ‘Netherlands: (R. 1861) 222222 sae 149
Royal Academy of Science, Literature, and Fine Arts, Brussels. (R.1873.) 275

Royal Danish Society of Sciences. (R. 1862, 1865, 1867)_--___- 150, 209, 215
Royal Institute for Encouragement of Natural, Economical, and Tech-
nological Science, Naples.. .(R.1878) 22-=
Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences. (R. 1864) -.--_--------_.------ 188
Royal Scientific and Literary Institute of Lombardy. (R. 1865)_------ 209
Society for Encouragement of Science, Literature, and Art, Dunkirk,
Hrance, ((Rudeis) 24-22 vee oe ee 275
Society of Arts and Sciences of Utrecht. (R. 1861; R. 1862) __---_ 149, 150
Society of Science, Art, and Literature of Hainaut, Mons, Belgium.
(ER SIS) (Se ae i ea ee ae A ar ey ee ee 275
Problems of rotary motion, presented by gyroscope, precession of equinoxes,

and pendulum—J-:Gs BARNARD. ~ 222 6 eS eee 240

Proceedings of—
Board of Regents—See Regents.

Establishment, 1858-1854.) (R21853) 2222S ae ee eee 67, 329

U.S. National Museum. Vols. 1-1v, 1878-1881_---__- 332, 333, 425, 467

U.S. National Museum, catalogue and index of ---.---___-___-_-_--+_ 478
Products of combustion of gun-cotton and gunpowder—Lieut. von Karory1;

Bod. ‘Ornate. .((R.-1864) 5.22 ee eee 188
Productus giganteus, note on occurrence of, in California—C. A. Warr. (P.

1880) 2023S ee ee oe ee ee ee 426
Programme of organization of Smithsonian Institution. -__.---------__~ FP, J, 328
Progress—

in physics—See J. Miller.

in science, record of—See Record.

of astronomical photography—Dr. Lex. (R. 1861)--------_-------_-- 149
Project of outline history of education in United States—F. A. Packarp.

(BA863) 2s ss Se a ee ee 187
Promotion of science in the United States, Tyndall trust for the. (R. 1872). 271
Propagation of disease—J. ©. Dauron. (R. 1873) ~~~... -_-- -22_ -- 2 275

Prospectus of a Bibliographia Americana—H. Srevens. (R. 1848)---_-_____ r

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 281

Providence, Rhode Island, meteorological observations at—A. CASWELL:

PBs MRE SG Opec se ns oR 2k aN Seles Re eb cles 103

URSA UES i is Ses ES Ee ae Es Lg 443
Provincetown, Massachusetts, experiments made at, upon animal heat of fishes—

epee herp mns « (P1879) a2 2 a3) eee Soko 888

Provincetown, Massachusetts, littoral marine fauna of—R. Raruspun. (P. 1880.) 425
Provincial Society of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht. Prize questions. (R.1862.) 150
Provisional classification of the food collections—G. B. Goopr. (P. 1881.) 467, 455

Prussian Royal Academy of Sciences. Prize questions. (R. 1864)_-_--__-__- 188
PPC HTOmeLTIGLOUSErVAtlOns = 222.5 oe ee Ss yA ee ee 157
Paychromerical tables—J.H: Cormin i. toss 2 Lo ee ee 87
‘ Pterophryne, on proper specific name of—T. Giuu. (P. 1878) _---.--------_. 332
Ptychochilus Harfordi, new species of Piychochilus, description of—D. 8. Jor-
SES me iaeeg Cat Rice KES ES BUM A (Ee OS Maytag et A ee 467
Public—
architecture, Hints on— lve Ds. OWiRN Soe ee cee ee alae P
buildings, acoustics applied to—J. Henry. (R. 1856)_--_-__-._______- 91

instruction, minister of, report to Emperor of France by, on scientific
Sx Med ition on Mexiconrs (F184) oF ee ube OSes be ea 188

libraries of the United States, notices of—C. C. Jewrerr. (R. 1849)__ 21, 25

libraries—See Libraries.

Publications—
exchange of AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF MILAN. (R. 1863) _-__- 187
exchange of—CHAMBER OF COMMERCE OF BORDEAUX. (R. 1863) -_____ 187

of learned societies and periodicals in Smithsonian library. 73, 85, 117, 179

of Smithsonian Institution, list of. (R. 1866.) 74, 203, 226, 245, 278, 290,
801, 344, 437, 478

of U.S. Government, 1868-1881—G. H. BoEHMER____________________ 477
OfeUesa National Museum list.ofin(e. SS) 2.2 eee ee ee 467, 474
periodical received in reading-room of Smithsonian Institution —_-_._- Q

report on, 1853-1866—S. F. Barrp, (R. 1855-1866.) 67, 75, 77, 91, 107,
; 109, 110, 147, 149, 150, 187, 188, 209, 214
Puebla, Mexico, description of large fossil gasteropod from—C. A. WHiIteE.
Bree NADU) eae ea ee ee ere ee ae en BAN ee 426
Puget Sound, description of two new species of flounders (Parophrys ischyurus
and Hippoglossoides elassodon) from—D. S. Jorpan; C. H. Giiperr.

(PAPEETE eS eee Soe ee oe aoe
Pulmonata geophila, monograph of—W. G. Binney; T. BLanp -__--------. 194
Pulmonata limnophila, monograph of—W. G. BINNEY_____--_---.-__- a BC 143
PumpPe.tiy, R. Geological researches in China, Japan, and Mongolia -_-- ---- 202

Purpicdyeng, ancient and modern., (R. 1868)-----_- 2.524222 2... -2L--- 187

282 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Q.

QUALE; Lewis. Account of the cryolite of Greenland. (R. 1866) ---------- 214
Qualitative determinations by the blow-pipe—T. Eateston. (R. 1872)_~---~- 271
Quartermasters, authority to, to receive and transmit specimens to Smithsonian. 34
QUATREFAGES, J. L. Memoir of Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire. (R. 1862)-_-. 150
Queen Charlotte’s Islands, Haidah Indians of—J. G@. SwAN__2_---_-----~---- 267
Queries about expression for anthropological inquiry—C. Darwin, (R. 1867.) 215
Queries relative to tornadoes—J. HENRY -_~----.-~ ---. -~---- -_-----_=- -==~_- 190
Questions relative to the food fishes of the United States—S. F. Barrp _-__-_- 234
Questions—See Prize questions.
Quetelet, L. A.'J., eulogy: on; by HE. MALLY." \(B..1874) -2 2228 ae ee 286
Quick, E. R. Mounds in Franklin county, Indiana. (R. 1879) -----.----_- 345
Quillehute Indians of west coast of Washington Territory, method of taking

such smelt ;by—ol Gis wweANenu (i) L880) ee ee eee 425
Quincy, Illinois, mounds near—W. G. ArMsrrRonG. (R. 1879) ---_---------- 345

Ey:

Rabbit catching the sun in a trap (Omaha myth)—J.O.Dorsry. (HE. 1879-80.) 476

Race, the human, probable future of—A. De CANDOLLE. (R. 1875)--------_- 298
Races—

intermixture of —G. GrBBs.) ((Ro1864)S22222 24 ee eee 188

lower, social and religious condition of the—J. LuspBock. (R, 1869)_-_ 228

mixed,in Liberia—H. .D. BuypEn: © (RR. 1870) 2222 Se ee eee 244
Radiant heat, reports on state of knowledge of—B. Powe. (R. 1859)-_____ 110
Radiates of, Arctic America—A.B. VERRILG, 2222522) S220 2 ee 342
Radiation, lecture‘on—J. TYNDALL. (R. 1868): -2-- ~~ -22 a2 2. a
Rafinesque’s memoirs on North American fishes, review of—D. S. JoRDAN___- 305
Raia inornata, note on—D. S. Jorpan; C. H. Giiperr. (P. 1881)_-----_-__- 467
2aia rhina, new species of ray from coast of California, description of—D. S.

JORDAN; (©... Grip Tas (1b). SSO) ye eee er 425
Raia stellulata, new species of ray from Monterey, California, description of—

Di Sj Jorpan; C. Hs (Gireurrs (Ps 1880) See a eee eee
Rain—

and atmospheric pressure—J. HANN. (R. 1877)------- ---- -------- 323, 398

and barometric minima—T. Reyer. (R. 1877) -----.------ -------- 3238, 398

and snow, tables of precipitation in—C. A. Scmorr_-__------- -.-- 222, 353

7 ae

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 283

Rain—Continued.
articles on, preserved in Smithsonian. ' (R. 1874) -----.. ---------- 286, 353
gauges—-Ra bi GARDINER. '@R.' 1858); ies e eee 109
influence of, upon the barometer—J. Hann. (R. 1877) ---------~-- 323, 398
USC LGTNS eke 25 Te he SN eee ed eee ob pe 157
presence of electricity during fall of—Prof. PaLmMiEerI. (R. 1870) --~-- 244

quantity of, at different heights—O. W. Morris; J. HENRy. (R.1855.) 77

snow, or hail, electricity of induction in strata of atmosphere surround-
ing cloud resolving into—F’. ZANTEDESCHI. (R. 1870) ------------ 244

Rain-charts of United States, 1, 2,3: summer, winter, and year—C. A. Scuotr. 374

Rana pipiens, anatomy of nervous system of—J. WYMAN ___-_-------------- 45
irantores joolory oi —2...Mi. BREWER. 22. 02002 et ea Dec ek ES 89
Rat, pouched, of Georgia, habits of—W. Grsner. (R. 1860)--------------_- 147
Ratusun, R. Littoral marine fauna of Provincetown, Cape Cod, Massachu-

Betts.ts) (b..1880)) sos. 8s3_ Skee OWENS FEI OG Use PS ee ls Sa 425
RarupBun, R. Marine invertebrates from New England, distributed by U.S.

Nathonale Museum slist.of wath. Woe) ass. a ee 467, 465, 471
RatTuBun, R.; Verrityt, A. E. Marine invertebrata of New England, dis-

enipuvod uby) Highs Commission. W\(hs!l819) 2-2. toe te oe 333
Ratio between diameter and circumference of a circle—W. FERREL-..._-~-_~-- 233
Rattlesnake, researches upon venom of—S. W. MITCHELL_._---------------- 135
Rattlesnakes, bibliography of—S. W. MITCHELL _------_----__------------- 135
Rattlesnakes, genera and species of—E. D. CopE_____.---------~------ ------ 135
Rav, C.—

Agricultural flint implements in southern Illinois. (R. 1868.) 224, 440, 370
Agricultural implements of North American stone period. (R. 1863.) 187, 440

Ancient aboriginal trade in North America. (R. 1872) ------- 271, 440, 385
Antoropolecical, publications, jistiof. (RB. 1881) isl 22k ss eo 467
Archeological collection of the U. 8. National Museum_-_____. --_.-.-. 287
Artificial shell-deposits in New Jersey. (R. 1864)_-----__-_-- 188, 440, 362
Drilling in stone without metal. (R. 1868) ---.---.---.------ 224, 440, 372

Gold ornament from mound in Florida, observations on. (R. 1877.)
323, 440, 403

Indisnnpottery. (R:i 1866); 22st ee eee ee eee 214, 440, 368
Memormot, ©.) ink. Vion Martius... (i: 1869) sees ees ees 228, 440, 251

North American stone implements. (R. 1872) _---------_..-- 271, 440, 382

Palenque tablet in the U. S. National Museum -________---~~- ---. -_-- 331
Stock-in-trade of an aboriginal lapidary. (R. 1877)_----- -_-- 323, 440, 402

F Translation of Baegert’s account of the Indians of southern California.

GReel Sori) LGO4)) 8-20 5 See ee oh 187, 188, 440, 361

Translation of Romer’s antiquities of Hungary. (R. 1876) _-_ 299, 440, 392

Rawson, R. Memoir of Eaton Hodgkinson. (R. 1868) ------ yi hae 224

Reap, M.C. Ancient mound near Chattanooga, Tennessee. (R. 1867) ---~-- 215

284 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Reading-room of Smithsonian Institution, periodicals received in, 1853 -_---_- Q
Recalculation of atomic weights. Constants of Nature Part v—F. W. CLarKE. 441
Receipts of specimens—See annual reports.

Recent—
improvements in the chemical arts—J. C. Boor; C. Morrir_____-_-- 27
progress in physics—J. MULLER. (R. 1855-1858) ---_.-____-. 77, 91, 107, 109
progress in relation to the theory of heat—A. Cazin. (R. 1868)__---_- 224

progress in science, reports on—See Record of recent progress.

researches on secular variations of planetary orbits—J. N. StocK WELL.
(Ro 1871) 222 Shoe eee 2 es eee 2 ee ee 249

Recommendation of Shea’s Indian linguistics—G. Grpssand others. (R. 1861.) 149
Record of—

auroras in higher northern latitudes—P. Force -.---.-.---.-_.--.---__ 84
meteorological material preserved in Smithsonian. (R. 1874)_.-.-_._-. 286
monthly meteorological reports pEretves in Smithsonian Institution.
CB. 1878) ce oe Se ee ee a oe ee 275
Record of recent progress in science, 1879 and 1880—

Anthropology—O. T. Mason. (R. 1880) ~.---------.--..-_-_-_-. 442, 432

Astronomy—-l; 8. HovppEn., “OR. 1880) 2-22. = oe eee 442, 427

Botany— W.-G. Farnow. " \(R. 1880), -- 23-2 oe a ee

Chemistry—G, FP. BARKER: | (Ri 1880) ee ee eee 442, 429

Geology —G."W- Hawes., {CRs 1880); =" ese ee 442, 428

Mineralogy—G: W.“HaA wes: )(R: 1880)\ 22322 eee 442, 428

Physics—G. F. Barkmr...” (Wr,1880)2 2-3. oe ee eee

Zo0logy—T. Gir. * (CR 1880) 2. 2S ee ee eee 442, 431
Recording Indian languages, method of—J. O. Dorsry; A. 8S. GarscHer; S.

RB. ABraes.'s,(. 1879280) /=" ka ee eS te eee 476
Records and results of magnetic survey of Pennsylvania—A. D. BAcHE______ 166
Red river of the North, See ees of Indians of valley of—W. H. GARDNER.

(Ru1S10) "oe ee ee See ee ee a a 244
Red river settlement, Hudson’s Bay Territory, Indian remains in—D. Gunn.

(Re 1867) oe oe ea a a a 215
REED, H. Lecture on“ the Union?) (Ro18a4) 22225 ee ee eae 75
Refraction of sound—W. B. Taytor. (R. 1875) - .-...---------.--------+--- 298
Regents of Smithsonian Institution—

Mist Of, "1846. 2c eis Su See Bn a ee ee OS ce N

list of, 1846-1879. (See also each annual report) --.------------------- 3829

memorial of Board of, relative to Smithson fund. (R. 1850; R. 1866.) 28, 214, 329

memorial of Board of, to Congress asking appropriations for museum.

(BR. ABET) 2a se iS ee a fi Ne eee eee ee 215, 329
memorial to Congress in behalf of, relative to new museum building—
GOBANCEROPT. (RB. 1S 76) ose sae ee ee 299, 329

proceedings of Board of. (See also each annual report)-_ A, G@, H, I, M, 329
proceedings of Board of, on death of Joseph Henry._-.-----.----__--.. 356

ow) waned » 1a We eee
2
: =
’

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 285

Regents of Smithsonian Institution—Continued.
proceedings of Board of, relative to the electro-magnetic telegraph_. 115, 329

report of Committee of, on Corcoran Art Gallery. (R. 1872) ------- 271, 329

report of Committee of, on fire at Smithsonian—R. WaLttacu; J.
Eigonpreren (lus T8641 oe ie oy ae eee Re oe 188, 329

report of Committee of, on Museum—A. Gray; H. Coppkr. (R.
Deedee eet sae Sl ee 2 ee a ee oe 286, 3829

report of Committee of, on Museum—A. Gray; A. A. Saraent; H.
OE eae, (Ho) L876) oe oe ee a ee — 299, 329

report of Committee of, on Stanley’s gallery of Indian portraits. (R.
ASS Eig ae ee eS es SA ee a ees ees 107, 329

report of Committee of, on communication of J. Henry relative to electro-
magnetic telegraph—C. C. Frtton. (R. 1857) ------------- 107, 329

reports of Committee of, on distribution of Smithsonian income. J. A.
BEAR OR dlc NE WACHAM. | (Its 1803) aoa aoe ae eee eee 67, 329

Regents of University of State of New York. Acknowledgment for specimens.
(Evaro) eo as aa ae ee Se Poe eS 209, 329
Registration of periodical phenomena—J. HENRY. (R. 1855) -------------_- 77
ReSistny Of porlogicah phenomena... 5 22 oe oo ae 148, 65
Revulations of the Smithsonian Institution, 1872 --_.-_._---..-.-._.-.-__.-._. 260

Regulations of the U. S. National Museum—G. B. Goopr. (P. 1881) --. 467, 445
REICHARDT, W. Present state of knowledge of cryptogamous plants. (R.1871.) 249
Rerp, D. B. Architecture in relation to ventilation, warming, lighting, fire-

prootine,.acousties, and health: :) (i... 1856) <—_~ - = 5 91
Reigen Mazatlan collection of mollusks—P. P. CARPENTER ----~-~---------- 252
Reindeer, man as the contemporary of, in middle Kurope. (R. 1867) --------- 215
Relation—

between barometric variations and atmospheric currents—M. PESLIN.

Le STIL) ee ia EE ee ee ee eee 323, 398
of food to work, and its bearing on medical practice—S. Havuauron.
ORE ye ae eee ee a 244

of physical sciences to science in general—H. HELMHOLTZ. (R. 1871)-_ 249

of time and space, lecture on—S. ALEXANDER. (R. 1861) --------.--- 149
Relationship—

circular respecting degrees of—L. H. Moraan ------.-------.-------- 138

system of, of Cree Indians—E. A. WarTxkins. (R. 1862)._-.-------_.. 150

NENIORIS Cea 1, MORGAN o255 22. ot oa eee ee ee eee 218
Relative intensity of heat and light of sun—L. W. Mrrcu. (R. 1856)_-___ 91, 83
Relic, ancient, of Maya sculpture, remarks on—A. Scnott. (R. 1871) _------ 249
Relies—

ancient, in Missouri—J. WiiWosrmm..e(ewisee ee oo BY

PaRMSRO ADR AGATA oe ON BS le ee ee ae a ee 259

ancient, of northwestern lowa—J. B. Cutts. (R. 1872) ---.---------- 271

presented iby 1. Devereux. (KR. 1872) So ee . 271

286 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Religion of Shoshone Indians—A. G. BrackeTr. (R. 1879) ---~--------___- 845
Religious condition of lower races of man—J. Luppock. (R. 1869) _-___-__- 228
Remains—
aboriginal,\of ‘Ternessee—J.. JONESE [27 UBS ee ee ee eee 259
ancient, in Colorado—E. L. BERTHoUD. (R.'1867)-----------___-___- 215
human, from Patagonia—A. Rimp. (RR. 1862)2 22 eae a ee 150
Indian, in Caddo parish, Louisiana—T. P. Horcuxiss. (R. 1872) ~-_-- 271
of later prehistoric man from caves in Alaska—W. H. Dauu -__- ----_- 318
of walrus\(?)\in Maine—C.: Hi. Boyp..)((P 188) 2" 2a ee eee 467
prehistoric, in Montana—P. W. Norris. (R. 1879) A se Calera "345
prehistoric, in vicinity of city of Washington, D. C.—T. R. PEALE.
(RPS 72) oa 2 So Bo ee ES Be eR Ee BS Bs eS SD CaS ee eee 271
Zapotec, account of—J. G@. Sawkins; B. MaymR_-__------------------ 86
Remains—See Ancient remains.
Remarkable forms of hail-stones in Georgia—S. Anicu. (R. 1869)--_-- 2-..--- 228
Remarks—
concerning nature of currents of air—A.CoLpine. (R. 1877)__-_-- 328, 398
on ancient relic of Maya sculpture—A. Scuorr. (R. 1871)-----_------ 249
on Cara gigantesca of Yzamal in Yucatan—A. Scuotr. (R. 1869) _-__- 228
on kj6kken-méddings on northwest coast of America—P. SCHUMACHER.
(GRAS TS) te Ree art ee Se a ee ee 275
on osteology of Opheosaurus ventralis—R. W.SHUFELDT. (P.1881)_-_ 467
on physical geography of North America—J. FRoeBext. (R. 1854)-_-. 75
on species of genus Chiurus—W. N. Lockrneton. (P. 1880)_-.----.. 425
Reminiscences of Joseph Henry by S. B: Dow -+--.2_225 --2_ 5-2) ee 356
Reparatory inflammation in arteries after ligature, etc., nature of. Toner lec-
ture No. Vil—H. OW SHAKESPEARE/ - 2523224 leo Sena ee Ain ee 321
Reply to criticisms of J. Hann by W. FERREL. (R. 1877)_----------- _-. 828, 398
Report—Sce Henry, J., Baird, S. F., Regents.
Report of—

American Academy of Arts and Sciences on organization of Smithso-
nian—H. Evrererr; J. Sparks; B. PrercE; H. W. LonGrEeLLow;

AS. Gray. (Ri 1858) 2 60 ee eee 67
architect—B: S. "ALEXANDER. | \(h 1854) (222 SS eee eee 75
architects, 1879, 1880—CLuss and ScuutzE. (R. 1879; R. 1880)__ 345,

: 442, 409, 434

Board of Regents of Smithsonian Institution, 1847-1889.__ G, H, I, 21,
28, 51, 57, 67, 75, 77, 91, 107, 109, 110, 147, 149, 150, 187, 188, 209,
214, 215, 224, 228, 244, 249, 271, 275, 286, 298, 299, 823, 841, 345, 442
Bureau of Ethnology, first—J. W. Powre.u. (HE. 1879-80) -_--------- 476
chemist —F.. W.. Tayior., )(R./1880)) 2 eee eee 442
Commission on general stereotype catalogue of public libraries. (R. 1850.) 28, 47

Committee of American Association on system of combined meteoro-
logical observations. . (R. (#861) 20 = 22s 8 2a te eee 51

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS.

Report of—Continued.

Executive Committee (See also each annual report) -----------------_--
Executive Committee on Henry statue. (R. 1880)-----.--------------
experiments on animal heat of fishes—J. H. Kipper. (P. 1879) ------
explorations in New Mexico and Arizona—J. STEVENSON. (R. 1880) --
Government explorations and surveys. (R. 1878)_------ ------ --------
National Museum Building Commission for 1879. (R. 1879) ------ 345,
National Museum Building Commission for 1880. (R. 1880) ------ 442,

Secretary of Smithsonian Institution, 1847-1877—J. Henry. (R. 1847-
1877)__ F, H, I, 21, 28, 51, 57, 67, 75, 77, 91, 107, 109, 110, 147, 149,

442
341
409
434

150, 187, 188, 209, 214, 215, 224, 228, 244, 249, 271, 275, 286, 298, 299, 328

Secretary of Smithsonian Institution, 1878-1880—S. F. Barrp. (R.
PGRS—A SOO) 252 2S ee a eS Se ee ee 341, 345, 442, 408, 418.

Senate Judiciary Committee on management of Smithsonian—A. P. Bur-

419

EB a (eve WOOO) 222 Aon bee 2 See ee eee he Sie ee ee eee 77
Smithsonian Institution—See Report of Board of Regents.
visit to Luray Cavern—O. T. Mason. (R. 1880)-----.----------- 442, 433
Report of Committee of Regents of Smithsonian Institution on—
best use of new hall of the Institution—L. Aaassiz. (R. 1867) --_ 215, 329
communication from 8. F. B. Morse—C. C. Fettron. (R. 1857) .-. 107, 829
Ponenramenrc Gallery. (tes LSet ee eee. oe ES ooo.
electro-magnetic telegraph—C. C. Feitron. (R. 1857) ----------__- 107, 329
fire of January, 1865—R. Watutacu; J. Henry. (R. 1864)__-_-_- 188, 329
Greekralbume =) 5-2 2=2 Soe a i pean ee Se La 329
Museum—A. Gray; EH. Coppre. | (R. 1874) 222222322 2s 286, 329
Museum—A. Gray; A. A. SArGENT; H. Clymer. (R. 1876)_---.__- 299
orvamization Of lnstitution is Soe Se eo ee B, L, 328
‘Stanley’s gallery of Indian portraits. (R. 1857)_.----------------- 107, 329
ByS CHEM OLS ACCOUNIB< t(iw. 1060) 2-2 tow. 2 See een oe ee 214
Washington canal—R. DELAFIELD. (R. 1868)---_--_.----.___~_-- 224, 329
Report on—
uildinexstones=——D) yo. OiwitNecs 2222 a oe eae ees ee ee ae 329
cataloruesystem—C. C. JEwrrr..)(R. 1849)i% 2 e202 a 21
Centennial Exhibition—S. F. Barrp. (R. 1876) ----_._---.-----. 299, 307
contents of bottles of water from Gulf of Mexico—W. G. Fartow.
ON ee care ee a eRe ee 467
copyrieut system—C: C. JnwErr. (KR. 1851); 22222 22
effect of frost on stones—C. G. PAGE -___-- -__- Piper nie) EEN Wa BoE 329
ethnological collections of Museum of Lausanne—F. Troyon. (R. 1861) 149
exploration of ancient mounds in Union county, Kentucky—S. 8. Lyon.
Er OCLs eee in as on ae ee See. esos 244
fishes of New Jersey coast, as observed in 1854—S. F. Barrp. (R.
Loses a aeee ie oo ee a eae e OS 1b; SES
fOSsISinOM Niebrasika——J)) YET DY (ysl Bol)) eee ss oe ce 51

288 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Report on—Continued.

Halliwell manuscripts—C. C. JewreTt. (R. 1852)-_-----.---------_-- 57
history of discovery of Neptune—B. A. GOULD -_-_~_--.--------------- 18
improved system of numeration—W. B. Taytor. (R. 1867)---------- 215
international exchanges—G. H. BOEHMER-__-__~___-_- ---.. -----+-------- 477
lacustrian settlements—A. Mortor. (R. 1863) --------— ---- -------- 187
library—C. C. JEwetr. (R. 1848-1853) ~__--_--_---_-- I, 21, 28, 51, 57, 67
limpets and chitons of Alaskan and Arctic regions—W. H. Datu. (P.
1878) po. S2ou2+ 2c 8 Bs re Le eee ae ee ce 332
magnetic telegraph 22 —) 3.2 2 ee ee en eee ee 115
meteorological system—E. ForEMAN. (R. 1852) -_------------------- 57
meteorology of the United States—E. Loomis. (R. 1847)__----__-_-___. Hf
mollusca of west coast of North America—P. P. CAPENTER___-~-~~- -~-- 252
Museum and statistics of British Museum—S. F. Bartrp. (R. 1850)--._ 28
paleontological collections made by Lieut. G. K. Warren—F. B. MErK;
MV. HAYDEN 2322 So Eo Ses ee ee ae eee eee 172
plan of: library—C.-C: Jmwarz.. (Re 1847)) = 2 see >
proposed exhibit by Smithsonian Institution at the Centennial Exhibi-
tion—S. FE. BAtRD. |: (R318 75) 22222 a 2S eee eee 298
public libraries of United States—C. C. JEwrETtT. (R. 1849) -_-.--__-- 21
publications, exchanges, explorations, and Museum, 1851-1877—S. F.
Barrp. (R. 1851-1877) ------- 51, 57, 67, 75, 77, 91, 107, 109, 110,

147, 149, 150, 187, 188, 209, 214, 215, 224, 298, 244, 249, 271, 275, 286,
298, 299, 328

recent progress in physics: electricity, galvanism—J. MULLER. (R. 1855-

L807) ress tae ae ee ee ee ee ee 77, 91, 107
shell heaps of Tampa Bay, Florida—S. T. WALKER. (R. 1879) --_---- 345
shells presented to Academy of Natural Sciences—J. Letpy; G. W.
TRYON>, (RO 1860) 2 2. 22 eee eee = 20g
state of knowledge of radiant heat—B. PowreLu. (R. 1859)_---_____-_ 110
survey of economic geology of Trinidad—G. P. WALL; J. G. SAWKINS.
(R. 1856) 2282222 SEs. sees a See ee “91
system of accounts: /4(Ri.)1866)'-L22 223. Sa Se eee 214
use of new hall in Smithsonian building—L. Agassiz. (R. 1867) ----_ 215
Report to Emperor of France by Minister of Public Instruction on scientific
expedition to’ Mexico. ((R: 1864s = esas ee ere ee 188
Reports, meteorological, preserved in Smithsonian Institution, list of. (R. 1873.) 275
Reports of—
astronomical observatories, 1879—E. S. Hotpgen. (R. 1879)_----.- 345, 410
astronomical observatories, 1880—E.S. HoLtprn; G. H. Borumer. (R.
1880) co. a- snes Soe ee Ce oe eo eee eee 442, 438
Committees of Regents, 1R4G-18 7 yen NS ooo bes Bee 829
Secretary of Smithsonian Institution, J. Henry, 1865-1877 __-.-----__- 343

Smithsonian Institution, catalogue and index of__------------.-.------ 478

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS.

Reports on transactions of Geneva Society of Physics—See Geneva.

Reptiles—
circular relating toicollectionsio£ living 2-25.22 ok = 22: 1820
GEetaCeOUs wks HuKED Yin? =a: ee aie VINE Oe a iS See tS ok eee LO
cretaceous,’review of—J.\ Lumpy. (RB. 1864)-2._-_. --.._--_.---__=_-- 188
dates of first appearance of—F. B. HouGH----..-..--......-_.._..... 182
OCR PEC UNM EEW YS 5 os penne re eee EN es 192
North American, catalogue of. Part 1. Serpents—S. F. Barrp; C.
CES ERT Ba it aR ge a a 49
Reptilia, check-list of North American—K. D. Copk.__-__..-_--_--_---_-_-- 292
Evenuest for bison by Bern Museum... (R. 1865) ~. 5-2-8 See es 209
equest forshells—W. EH. Logan. (R..1859)'2 22-222 ee 110
Research—
Stnnelotical—_l, Hi. Davis. |(R-. 1866): 2.222 to eh te 214
relative to ethnology and philology of America, instructions for—G.
PPB BS Pees pene 2 oe arn eon ee eee se eee 160
upon the atmosphere, plan of a—C. M. WETHERILL. (R. 1866)_-----_ 214
Researches—
archeological, at Concise—F. Troron. (R. 1861) ----_--------_---_-- 149
archeological, in Nicaragua—J. F. BRANSFORD -_-- -_---------------- 383
by officers of Hudson’s Bay Company, letter of Sir G. Simpson ___-__-- 137
geological, in China, Mongolia, and Japan—R. PUMPELLY ~_--__------ 202
Fomsolnd——der bueney. | (i. 1878) ses BS ee a tt ee 341, 406
on ammonia-cobalt bases—W. Gissps; F. A. GENTH_-_____~__________ 838
onscleciricalsrheometry——Ay SECCHT 0 sae Si SS he SS ee 36

on figure of equilibrium of a liquid mass withdrawn from action of
gravity—See J. Plateau.

on secular variations of planetary orbits—J. N.SrockweELu. (R. 1871.)
relative to nebule—Prof. GauTIER. (R. 1868) ---.-._-_-___--__--___..
relative to planet Neptune—S. C. WALKER -_~_____-__-_------++--__.
scientific, list of apparatus available for. (R. 1878) ---.----------_-_--

scientific, of Peltier—F. A. PELTIER:. (R. 1867) --1- 122-2 soe
upon anatomy and physiology of Chelonia—S. W. MircHeLi; G. R.
VODA SLOT By Gl cee eee ee a Chee ee ek eA ek

ponetewer—— HH. ©.W GOD 22 ==) 25 Soa Si ae esi se
upon Hydrobiine and allied forms—W. STIMPSON -_-___-_--_- -----_--
upon venom of the rattlesnake—S. W. MITCHELL -_--_-_--._-----------

Residuary legacy—See Smithson.

Resolutions of Congress—See Congress.

Resolutions of Regents—See each annual report.

Resonance, electric, of mountains, observations on the—H. Dr Saussure. (R.

Respiration, apparatus for testing results of —M. PeTrrenKkoreEr. (R. 1864)_~-

19

249
187

341
215

159

357
201
135

224
188

290 ALPHABETICAL INDEX
’
Respiration in the Chelonia, researches on—S. W. MitcHEeti; G. R. More-

FONTS eo es fo ON ie al ASN ea i 2 ee ee 159
Results of—
magnetic survey of Pennsylvania—A. D. BACHE _-_-~_-_------------- 166
meteorological observations at Brunswick, Maine—P. CLEAVELAND_...- 204
meteorological observations at Marietta, Ohio—S. P. HitpretTH; J.
Woop) oes bio Re AS SS ee ee ee 120
meteorological observations at Providence, Rhode Island, 1831-1860,
1891—1876=- AS CAS win Spec) ae Saree es a ee LOS Ta eS
meteorological observations in the United States, 1854-1859_ _.-_.-. 157, 182
precipitation in rain and snow in United States—C. A. Scnorr___- 222, 353
spectrum analysis applied to heavenly bodies—W. Huaatns. (R. 1866.) 214
Rerzius, A. Present state of ethnology in relation to form of the skull. (R. |
15 9) eee ee ee Se el 110
Review of—
American birds. Part 1. North and Middle America—S. F. Barrp --- 181
American species of genus Scops—R. Ripa@way. (P. 1878) -------- = one
classification of birds—W. LitusEBora. (R. 1865) ---- ---- ------ 209, 364
cretaceous reptiles of the United States—J. Lerpy. (R. 1864) -------- 188
genera and species of family Centrarchide—C. L. McKay. (P.1881)-- 467
genus Centurus—R. Ripa@way. (P. 1881) ------------------ ---------- 467
pleuronectide of San Franciseo—W. N. Lockinaton. (P. 1879) ------ 333
Rafinesque’s memoirs on North American fishes—D. S. JoRDAN-_------ 305
Revisions of nomenclature of North American birds—R. Rrpaway. (P. 1880.) 425
Revolutions of crust of the earth—G. Pizar. (R. 1876).------------------- 299
Reyer, T. Rain-fall and barometric minima. (R. 1877) ----------------- 323, 398
REYNOLDS, J. E. Hydrogen as gas and metal. (R. 1870) ------------------ 244
RueEzs, W. J.—
Catalogue and index of publications of the Smithsonian Institution, U.S.
National Museum, -ete., 1846-1881 —- <2 eee
James Smithson and his bequest. (R. 1879) -----. ---------------- 345, 330
Journals of Board of Regents, reports, statistics, ete., of Smithsonian In-
REM GUL CMe ea ee 329
List of public libraries, institutions, and societies in United States and
IBribish MRrOv CCS ee ee eee 116
List of public libraries, institutions, and societies in United States in cor-
respondence with Smithsonian Institution -_~~-----~----------- So | aD
Origin and history of Smithsonian Institution -------.---.-----.------ 328
Scientific writings of James Smithson, (edited by)--------------- ------ B27
Rheometry, electrical, researches on—A,. SECCHI-~-~--- atk ee 36
Rhinobatids, American, synopsis and descriptions of—S. GARMAN. (P. 1880.) 425
Rhinonemus caudacuta, identity of with Gadus cimbrius—G. B. Goopr; T. H.
BEAN. (P. 1878) -2---22- 22-2 --2-b4-- -222 ba 325 <= - 3 =p =e 832

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS.

feuode island, list of alee -Of—Si lh. OBNEY too aes lee

Rhode Island, Providence, meteorological observations at, 1831-1860, 1831-1876—
Nea OWS Whine se ale =a ohio ne See re ee ak Nk 103,
PeHOUOspermibe— Wek. LEAR WEY - oo bo ee ee Se ee do

Ripaway, R.—
Catalogue of birds of. North America. (P. 1880)... 2-2. __.5 22. --_-

Catalogue of Old World birds in U. S. National Museum. (P. 1881) --

Catalogue of Trochilide in U.S. National Museum. (P. 1880)--------
Description of new fly-catcher and new petrel from Sandwich Islands.
rancid St SHL) he che Res aie > DIMEN, AS PRIS Bt a 8 NL SUE pee Ue age ee

Description of new owl from Porto Rico. (P. 1881) -------.----------

Description of new species of birds from Costa Rica and notes on rare
PROG LGR hats (ebro, ELT.) yeas ee SN Ee Se ae ee

Descriptions of new species and races of American birds and synopsis of
genus Tyrannus. “ (P. 1878)-----_-— ce ee ee ee ee
Descriptions of new species and races of birds in U.S. National Museum.
PE rO Le) ese ck pb ne ce eee eee ee ae US A 17 eS Raae sa 1 eee

Descriptions of two new thrushes from the United States. (P. 1881) ---
List of special desiderata among North American birds. (P. 1881) -_--

List of species of Middle and South American birds not in National
Wiseman (ys POS) sate ee oe ae Eh eh a

Nomenclature of North American birds chiefly in National Museum___
Moeteston some: Costa Rican birds... (PP; 1881)'2 2222-2 os oe
On Amazilia Yucatanensis and Amazilia cerviniventris. (P. 1881) ---__-
On duck new to American fauna. (P. ESOT Ee Nee wes Waa Sse l4 is Be tea UY
On new humming bird, Aéthis Elliotti, from Guatemala. (P. 1878) ___-
On two recent additions to North American bird fuuna by L. Belding.

GEST ORE) eee re Re Lene ae Ct ey he A eo ed
Review of American species of genus Scops. (P. 1878) ---..-__.____ MS
Review of genus, Centura) (Py: 1880.) 2. oto ee a Se

Riep, A. Human remains from Patagonia. (R. 1862)_---____..-._-_-_____ a
Riaes, 8. R. A dog’s revenge (Dakota fable.) (HE. 1879-80)__.__._________.
Riaes, 8. R. Grammar and dictionary of Dakota language _---____--._____-

Ripley, Fort, Minnesota, natural history of the country about—J. E. Heap,
Ieee eee Seek ae lene me poe Ah es Me SN a pS ee eh

HBISSOId con dresn-water—W..G. BINNEY: <2 So ee eee Fe ee
River, Kennebec, opening and closing of the—R. H. Garpinrer. (R. 1858) —-

Rivers—
dates of opening and closing of—F. B. HouaH-____-_--____-.-- ---.-_--

diminution of water in—H: G.: Wex,. (RB: 1876) -222-25 22-2.
improvement of navigation of—C. ELLET, Jr, ----_-_- -_---_..------.--
method of ascertaining amount of water in—A. A. Humpureys. (R. 1858)

443
43

425
467
425

467
467

467
422
467

467
332
467
150
476

40

75
144
109

182

298
13
109

Roads and bridges, lectures on—F. Rogers. (R. 1860; R.1861)-----_---- 147, 1-49

292 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Rogsertson, R. §.—

Age of stone and troglodytes of Breckenridge county, Kentucky. (R.

WOYA) ae. Ses ee ae ee ee ee ee ee 286
Antiquities of Allen and De Kalb counties, Indiana. (R. 1874)__---_ — '286
Antiquities of La Porte county, Indiana. (R. 1874) -__.-_--____--_. — 286
Antiquities of Nashville, Tennessee. (R. 1877) ------ -__~-_-=___-___- 323
Rosrnson, E., and others. On publication of Spanish works on New Mexico.

CR. 1855)" 52 seo oso e aK see .ese8 een see Se Jidco eee 17
Roprnson, E., and others. On publication of Squier and Davis’ ancient monu-

ments 225 3 522 a 8 So ed Se ek ee ee ee eee EK
Rock Bluff, Illinois, description of human skull from—J. A. Mrtes. (R.1867.) 215
Rock-oil, or petroleum, history of—T. S. Hunr. (R. 1861)-------------_--_- 149
Rock river valley, Illinois, mound builders in—J. SHaw. (R. 1877)----.---. 3238
Rocks— ;

catalogue) of—J.W:. Poster.) ..(R; 1854)\-- 51S) ee ee eee 75

catalovue'of—C.T. Jackson. (87-1854). ee eee 75

catalogue of). Locke.” (Ri. 1854) 2 ee ee eee 75

catalogue of —J. D!SWuirney. (RB, 1864)... a

crystalline, metamorphism, and formation of—G. A. DauBREE. (R.1861.) 149

in Green river valley, Indian engravings on face of—J. G. Brurr. (R.

UST 2) e225. eee ee hee pe ee Bo te SES 2 eRe eee 271

Rocky Mountain goat, habits of the—J. C. MERRILL. (P. 1879) -----_--___- 333
Rodent, rare, (Cricetodipus parvus)—F. W. True. (P. 1881) ---.2---_.-__._ 467
Roruria, F. L. O. Language of Dakota or Sioux Indians. (R. 1871)_-_ 249, 378
Rocers, F. Lectures on roads and bridges. (R. 1860; R. 1861)_-__- -__- 147, 149
Rogers, W. B. Memorial address on Joseph Henry-~----__-_-~-_-----._____- 356
Rome, Pontifical Academy—See Prize questions.
Romer, F. F. Prehistoric antiquities of Hungary. (R. 1876)_---_- 299, 440, 392
Romero, M. Explorations of John Xantus in Mexico. (R. 1862)_-__-______ 150
ROSING, Jc: | dxchanceysystemiy (tel S65) ee ese se eee eee ee 209
Ross; Bk. Hasterninneh indians. 1 (21866) sos eee ee ee 214, 365
Ross, B. R. Observations in Hudson’s Bay Territory. (R. 1859) ----_.----_ 110
Rotary motion, problems. of—J. G. BARNARD 2=~.— ~-L--. 22 === 240
Rorsrock, J. T. Sketch of flora of Alaska. (R. 1867)----—-_-____-__ = 215, 367
Rotterdam, Batavian Society of Experimental Philosophy of. Prize questions.

(RR 1861) 22 sot Se Be ee od 2S 149
Royal—

Academy of Netherlands. Prize questions. (R. 1861) --_--__.s.----- 149

Academy of Science, Madrid. Onexchanges. (R. 1861) -_----------- 149

Danish Society of Sciences. Prize questions. (R. 1862, 1865, 1867.) 150, 209, 215
Horticultural Society, London. Exchange of publications. (R.1861)_. 149
Institution of Great Britain, history of—E. MartLiy. (R. 1867)------- 215
Prussian Academy of Sciences. Prize questions. (R. 1864)_..-.---- =o) LSS

sae epi =). ela Ye Or
ee oe A eee eae
at “ ‘

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 293

Royal—Continued.
Scientific and Literary Instituteof Lombardy. Prize questions. (R. 1865.) 209

Society of London, list of Smithson’s papers presented to. (R. 1853.) 67, 330

Society of London, notice of Smithson, by D. Gilbert, president of. (R
a ee ee ea nei ceee aL OL 8000

Society of London, origin and history of—C. A. ALEXANDER. (R. 1863.) 187
Society of Victoria, address of president of—R. L. J. ELttery. (R. 1868.) 224
Royce, C. C. Cessions of land by Indian tribes to United States. (KE. 1879-80.) 476

Ruin, ancient, in Arizona—J. C. Y. Lex. (BR. 1872) ---._2_-_-s-_>__-__-__. 271
Ruins—

at Savannah, Tennessee—J. P. STELLE. (R. 1870) ------_---.-_--._-- 244

in Hardin county, Tennessee—J. P. STELLE. (R. 1870)_---------._--. 244

in White river cation, Pima county, Arizona—R. T. Burr. (R. 1879.) 345
Rules—

forcatalozuine libraries—C.C. | JEWETT 22-2222 5 45. eee 47

for examination of specimens, (BR. 1880)-.2 2-5 oe ee ns 442

of distribution of Smithsonian publications_2_-__. --.<-..--- -_..-.-_.. 290
RuNKLE, J. D. New tables for determining perturbation of planets_-_______ 79
Run«ez, J. D. Supplement for asteroid perturbations___..._._____.________ 94
Rupert’s Land, Institute of, circular of the. (R. 1861) ------_-----.-__. -___ 149
Rush, R.—

correspondence of, relative to Smithson 20225252 Ui Se hes 328

letter from, relative to James Smithson. (R. 1853) ---.--_.--_.___. 67, 328

MOCO UMD. ia tAg ky RARCES. (Its PGd9)s oe ke oak te, Pee Nae 110
RussELL, R. Lectures on meteorology, with notes by J. Henry. (R.1854)__ 75
Russia, meteorology in—A. WoEIKoFF. _(R. 1872) -_---.------_--.-------.. 271

Russian America—
ethnological investigations in, suggestions for—G. GIBBS --___.._-..___ 207
suggestions relative to objects of scientific investigation in—J. HeNry__ 207

Tinneh Indians of—G. Gisss; B. Ross; W. L. Haropisty; S. Jonzs.
Gi elODD) temo. ace cna een ee ea es Bye Ss 214, 365

Yukon, journey. to the—W. W.’Kinsy. (BR. 1864)__2-_ =e. 188
RuTimMEyYeErR, L. Fauna of middle Europe during the stone age. (R.1861)__ 149

Ryvper, J. A.—
Camaraphysema, a new type of sponge, (P. 1880)--..-_---.-____.-_-- 425

List of North American species of myriapods belonging to family of
Lysiopetalide, with description of blind form from Luray Cave, Vir-
Pnere bers 1860). a- C ee oe ee ere eee eS 4a

On Semper’s method of making dry preparations. (P. 1881) -----.---- 467

294. ALPHABETICAL INDEX

=

SABINE, EK. Magnetic storms. , (B.,1860)_-2-_ se. eee
SaBINE, E. On continuance of magnetic observations. (R. 1858)_----__-__- 109
Sable Island Bank, description of Argentina syrtensium, new deep-sea fish from—
G.0B. Goons 30, i. BEANS + (Pi918 (8) pase eee 332
Sacken, Osten—See Osten Sacken.
Sacramento, California—
meteorological observations at—F. W. Haren. (R. 1854) ---------__. 75
meteorological observations at—T. M. Logan. (R. 1854) -------_-.--. 75
meteorology of-—T. M. Logan.) (BR. 1857) 2-2. 2 eee
Sacramento river, description of new species of Ptychochilus (Ptychochilus Har-
fordi) from—D. 8S. Jorpan; C. H. GitBert. (P. 1881)---.--____ 467
Saint Augustine, Florida, catalogue of casts of heads of Indian prisoners at—
RH PRATiy (RU ISIS) eee eee ee ae SoS CR NE ae SBD)"
Saint Christopher, West Indies, description of new subspecies of saxigilla
from—G.N. LAWRENCE. (P1881); 22s ee eee 467
Saint Croix sland, ora of-Hy ster AL HGGirs 222s se ae eee 313
Saint George’s Banks, occurrence of Hippocampus antiquorum on—G, B. GoopE.
(Ry L878) i 2 2 Ie Sie ae Se ee ee 832
Saint Hilaire, Etienne Geoffroy, memoir of, by M. FLourrens. (R. 1861) -_--. 149
Saint Hilaire, Isidore Geoffroy, memoir of—J. L. QuaTREFAGES. (R. 1862). 150
Saint John’s river, Florida, catalogue of fishes of—G. B. GoopE. (P. 1879) _. 888
Saint John’s river, Florida, shell-heaps at mouth of—S. P. Mayprerry. (R.
LST 7) ea ees sn Sse ae es aa oes a ee
Saint Louis, Missouri, ancient mound in—T. R. Pear. (R. 1861)__---_-_-- 149
Saint Louis, Missouri, temperature of—A. FENDLER. (R. 1860) --.--.---- en
Saint Martin, Isle Jesus, Canada East, description of observatory at—C. SMALL-
Woon.’ ((RO1866) i248 $4 226 oe oor Bee ee 91
Saint Michael’s, Alaska, occurrence of Hippoglossus vulgaris at—T. H. Bran.
(PS 1879). So ee ee ee eee 333
Saint Michael’s, Alaska, occurrence of Sticheus punctatus at—T. H. Bran.
(Bi1878), sn ee en See ene 332
Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Exchange system. (R. 1867)_----~- 215
Saint Thomas—
earthquakes in—G. A. LAtimmn.’ (BR. :1867) 25-220 o 00 te ee eae
hurricane in the island of—G. A. Latimer. (R. 1867) -.-----------__ 215
whirlwind at, August 21, 1871—A. Cotpina. (R. 1877)_----.-----. 328, 398
‘Saint Vincent, catalogue of Ober’s collection of birds of-——G. N. LAWRENCE.
(PO1878) wonsse cc ee as SE ae eee 332
Salamander— ;
habits of a species of —C. MANN. | (RB. 1864) <2 ue Soe ese ee
inhabiting Wisconsin—P. R. Hoy. (R. 1854)---._.---.-_--__-------- 75
or pouched rat, of Georgia, habits of—-W. Grsner. (R. 1860) -----.-. 147

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS.

Salisbury, England, notice of Blackmore Museum at. (R. 1868) ----.------. 224
Salmon in Columbia river, Chinook names of—S. B. Smirg. (P. 1881) ------ 467
Salmonide of upper Columbia, notes on the—C. BeNDIRE. (P. 1881)-----~-- 467
Salt deposit on Petite Anse Island—E. W. H1nGarpD-_-----.---.---- -------- 248
Salt water, preservation of copper and iron in—A. E. BecquerEL. (R. 1864.) 188
Damon: lslands,.shes from'the—TD. Hy STREETS 22285452 ees ee ee 803
San Diego, California—
description of new gobioid fish (Othonops eos) from—R.SmirH. (P.1881.) 467
description of new species of Gobiesox (Gobiesox rhessodon) from—R.
uiopie a((b ss LSS) ee Os ee Oe Se ee a ee Oe feats 467
notes on collection of fishes from—D. 8S. Jorpan; C. H. GitBerr. (P.
SSO) mieetes aT ol See eee Be oe oe ee Se 425

occurrence of species of cremnobates at—R. SmiTH. (P. 1880) -_------ 425
San Francisco, California—

elaine of. GIBBONS. (i. kS04) 2 oo sa SU a 75

fishes of—See Jordan, D. 8., Gilbert, C. H., Lockington, W. N.

review of Pleuronectide of —W. N. Lockrnaron. (OTS 7G) \i tas oes 333
Sandwich Islands, description of new fly-catcher and new petrel from—R.

ED GpWOA Yam ihe y POO By aise es sn Se ie ES ah oe oe as 467
Sanitary drainage of Washington, suggestions for the. Toner lecture No. vi11—

CB 2 LM Pes Tn eS a ee ag A Po Rs re ee ae Te 349
Santa Barbara, California, pleistocene fossils collected at, by E. Jewett—P. P.

NOASEAONUIVIRS ust ease Ste eee SA See Sh eS SO eet ok 252
Santa Barbara channel, California, description of two new species of scopeloid

fishes (Sudis ringens and Myctophum crenulare) from—D. 8S. JoRDAN;

GF HY GrieeErr.<(P. 1880); 282 5 ee a RAS PRE STM i lee tae 425
Santa Catalina Island, California, description of new flounder (Xystreurys

liolepis) from—D. 8. Jorpan; C. H. GitBert. (P. 1880) ---------_-- 425
Santa Lucia Cosumalwhuapa, Guatemala, sculptures of—S. HABEL____~__-___- 269
Santa Rosa Island, history and antiquities of—S. BowrErs. (R. 1877) -------- 325
Sarcophagus from Beirut, Syria, account of—A. A. Harwoop. (R. 1870) ---. 244
Sargent, A. A., and others. Report‘on Museum. (R. 1876) ------_-----_-- 299
Sargent, W. D. Influence of aurora on the telegraph. (R. 1870) .--------- 244
Sargus Holbrookii, a new sparoid fish from Savannah Bank, description of—

eee ANY (br. POCO) 22 et a we Bones eee ee mate SES ieee 332
Sartorius, C. Earthquakes in eastern Mexico, January, 1866. (R. 1866)--_ 214
Sarrorivs, C, Eruption of volcano of Colima., (R. 1869) ----.---._------- 228
Saturn, secular variations of elements of orbit of, with tables—J. N. Srocxk-

AYA Renee cot cece oe SSS Se ae ee ee ee es 232
SAuNpDERS, Commander. ‘Tidal record at Wolstenholm Sound, 1849, 1850-._. 1280
Saussure—See De Saussure.

Savage weapons at Centennial Exhibition, study of—E. H. Kniaur. (R.

Sie eee ee ee ra ne, SORE ee eee ee Lt 345, 415
Savannah, Tennessee, account of aboriginal ruins at—J. P.Sretie. (R. 1870.) 244

296 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Savannah Bank, description of new sparoid fish (Sargus Holbrookiz) from—T. H.

BRAN ty (ey SS) on ae — 832
Savannah river, primitive manufacture of spear and arrow points along line of—
CaCuJOnEs, Jr. (Ro A879) Boo a ee oe ee 345
Sawkins, J. G., drawings of Zapotec remains by-2z_-_—-___ -_____ =. ____ 86
Sawkins, J. G.; Wat, G. P. Economic geology of Trinidad. (R.1856)-. 91
Scenery, catalogue of sketches of—J. M. STANLEY-_~___-___-__. ____________ 58
Scheme for qualitative determinations by the blow-pipe—T. Eaixston. (R.
LS TQ oS oe ES ce a ee re 271
Scheme of classification for collections of U. S. National Museum—G. B.
GoopE: “A(ParkSel) Paves were tee Se ee ae ee ee eee 467, 457
ScHEeRzER; Schwarz. Table of anthropological measurements. (R. 1866). 214
ScHLiaGintweEIT, H. De. Ethnographical collections. (R. 1862)_-_-.----__- 150
Schlagintweit ethnographic collection, account of the—H. ZisceNBALs. (R.
i CSO fy eta pe ML I ee) Se ee ee ee eee eee ce ee 215
ScHLEIDEN, R. Free freight between Germany and United States by North
German diloyd?’"\(R. 1868) 2-22 tt oe ee eee 109
Schoenbein, C. F’., notice of, by J. Henry. ((R. 1868) ----_ ----_--. -_ == 224
Schoharie, New York, Indian relics from—F. D ANDREws. (R. 1879)---__. 345
Schoodie Lakes, Maine, description of new species of Gasterosteus from—T. H.
SAIN. (pe 0D) a ca ce a
Scuort, A. Remarks on ancient relic of Maya sculpture. (R. 1871)-----__- 249
Scuorr, A. Remarks on the Cara gigantesca in Yucatan. (R. 1869) -_---__- 228
Scuort, A.; Mason, O. T. Leipsic Museum of Ethnology. (R. 1873) -_____ 275
Scuortr, C. A.—
Base-chart of ithe United States: .- 2. --- = ee ee
Discussion of Caswell’s meteorological observations at Providence, Rhode
TS ev ee ee 103
Discussion of Cleaveland’s meteorological observations at Brunswick,
OIA ga 1 ee a 204
Discussion of Hayes’ physical observations in the Arctic Seas ______ -__- 196
Discussion of Hildreth’s and Wood’s meteorological observations at
Marietta: 1 Ohio= 25-8 es. 2S ee eae a eee ene 120
Discussion of ane’s astronomical observations in the Arctic Seas___tih 129
Discussion of Kane’s magnetic observations in the Arctic Seas_____-___ 97
Discussion of Kane’s meteorological observations in the Arctic Seas -__- 104
Discussion of Kane’s physical observations in the Arctic Seas .._______- 198
Discussion of Kane’s tidal observations in the Arctic Seas _--------_--- 130
Discussion of McClintock’s meteorological observations in the Arctic
PCS ec a le ee 146
Discussion of Smith’s meteorological observations made near Washing-
Gon eA‘r kan Sas Se Ss a oe aac aa es 131
Tables, distribution, and variation of atmospheric temperature_________ 277
Tables of rain and*snow in the United States -------_.._-.-------- 222, 353

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS.

Scnort, C, A.; Evrererr, J. D. Underground temperature. (R. 1874)__—--
Schuize—See Cluss & Schulze.
ScHUMACHER, P. Ancient graves and shell-heaps of California. (R. 1874) _-

ScHUMACHER, P. Kjékken-méddings on the northwest coast of North America.
phe ene ere mes eee 2 Ae ee cena ELT

Scuwarz; SCHERZER. Table of anthropological measurements. (R. 1866)-_-

Science—
on a dominant language for—A. DE CaNDOLLE; J. E, Gray. (R. 1874.)

in general, relation of the physical sciences to—H. HELMHOLTZ. (R. 1871.)
recent progress in—See Record.
trust fund for promotion of, in the United States—J. TyNDALL. (R. 1872)
Science, Agriculture, and Arts, Society of, Lille—See Prize questions.
Science, Art, and Literature, Society of, Hainaut—See Prize questions.
Sciences, Harlem Society of—See Prize questions.
Sciences, Letters, and Arts, Society of, Dunkirk—See Prize questions.
Sciences, Natural, Society of, Cherbourg—See Prize questions.
Sciences, Royal Danish Society of—See Prize questions.
Scientific—
character and researches of Smithson—W. R. JOHNSON _--_-----------
Congress of Carlsruhe, 1858—F. J. Nicki&s. (R. 1860)---.---. ---_--
codperation—UNIVERSITY OF Toronto. (R. 1861) ~---~--.-----—----

education of mechanics and artisans—A. P. PEABoby. (R. 1872)_. 271,

exchanges— See Exchanges.
expedition to Mexico by French Government. (R. 1864)-----.-__- ._--

instructions to Capt. Hall—J. Hunry; J. E. Hitrearp; S. NEwcoms;
Sob ATR De: sb Mem du. AGASSIZ. (Ro TSG) it 22 ee

investigation in Russian America, suggestions relative to—J. HENRY___
labors of Edward Lartet—F. Fiscuer. (R. 1872.)----------------~--
observations, on metric system for—A. Guyor. (R. 1848)-_----__---__-

progress, reports of. (R. 1880) -------- 442, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431,

researches of J. C. A. Peltier—F. A. PELTIER. (R. 1867) -------~-_--
societies, local, organization of—J. Henry. (KR. 1875) ----------_--.--
writings of Sir William Herschel—K. 8. Hotprmn; C. S. Hasrines.

(TOSS '<(0) ese Mee rece Fey As CL) RN 1 nee nee ae 442,

Manes Oth ahaes Sut hson sles yao: SO eee el cae
Scientific and Literary Institute of Lombardy—WSee Prize questions.
Scintillation of the stars—C. Durour; KAmrz. (R. 1861)._--.--.----------
Scops, review of American species of genus—R. Ripaway. (P. 1878) -_-..---
Scupp:ER, 8. H.—

BIDS rApMy OlMOLlLhOptera 2. seca eee te Wettig site 2) ae

Catalogue of orthoptera of North America___------ Be eee Skee

Nomenclator zodlogicus. An alphabetical list of generic names of recent
SOLE SESSION URE I SNE ee ee ae Ne A ee aera Soi ree NOL A Te

297

286

275
214

286
249

271

147
149
3380

249
207
271
I
432
215

426

332

189
139

298 ALPHABETICAL INDEX
ScuppDER, 8. H., and others. Insects of Arctic America -.-.-____--___._-.-_-. 842
Sculpture, Maya, remarks on ancient relic of—A. Scnorr. (R. 1871) ---.---- 249
Sculptures of Santa Lucia Cosumalwhuapa in Guatemala—S. HABEL -_-- -_-- 269
Scytalina cerdale, new species of fish from Neah Bay, Washington Territory, .
description of—D. S. Jorpan; C. H. GixBErT. (P. 1880) ---------_ 425
Sea, gradual approach of, upon land—S. P. Mayperry. (R. 1867)-------- sega
peas, the northern—J; BABINET.) (R.'1869)_-. ee 228
Seaton, W. W., memoir of, by: J. Henpy: (R°1866)2.222-2- st eee 214
Sebastichthys carnatus, new species of rockfish from coast of California, descrip-
tion of—D. 8. Jorpan; ©. ‘H. Gireerr.)1(P. 1880), 222 ee 425
Sebastichthys chrysomelas, new species of rockfish from coast of California,
description of—D. S. Jorpan; C. H. Gitpert. (P. 1880) ------_.___- 425
Sebastichthys entomelas, new species of Sebastichthys from Monterey Bay, Cal-
ifornia, description of—D. S. Jorpan; C. H. GiiBert. (P. 1880)_---- 425
Sebastichthys maliger, new scorpenoid fish from coast of California, description
of—D. 8) Jorpan,;C. Hi 'GirBert. (P1880) 2225s eee 425
Sebastichthys miniatus, new species of Sebastichthys from Monterey Bay, Cali-
fornia, description of—D. 8S. Jorpan; C. H. Gitserr. (P. 1880)..--_- 425

Sebastichthys mystinus, description of—D.S. Jorpan; C.H.GiLpert. (P.1881) 467

Sebastichthys proriger, new scorpenoid fish from Monterey Bay, California, de-
scription of—D. 8S. Jorpan; C. H. Gitpert. (P. 1880)-------.--_. =a P45

Sebastichthys rhodochloris, new species of Sebastichthys from Monterey Bay,
California, description of—D. 8S. Jorpan; C. H. Gitserr. (P. 1880)__ 425

Sebastichthys serriceps, new species of rock cod from coast of California, de-

scription of—D. S. Jorpan; C. H. GitBertT. (P. 1880)-----------__- 425
Sebastoid fishes, description of seven new species of—D. S. Jorpan; OC. H. Gir-

BERT. | ((P. 1880) 225225202 hae se ee ee ees 425
Srccu1, A. Researches on electrical rheometry -—~- ------2- 2. 2-4 36
Secretary of Smithsonian Institution, report of—See Henry, J., Baird, S. F.
Secretary of Treasury, letter to, on payment of interest in coin—J. Henry. (R.

1966) 2252256. a seo oe ae 2 Se Se ee 209
Secular period of aurora borealis—D. OLMsTED-----~---.----------+.--=.-... 81
Secular variations of elements of planetary orbits—J. N. SrockweLu. (R

UT a a ee 249, 232
Seismograph, electro-magnetic—Prof. PALMIERI. (R. 1870) ---------_-----. 244
Sema,.note‘on—D. §. JorpAn... “(P2)1880) 52-7 2 es eee eee eee 425
Semper’s method of making dry preparations—J. A. RypEr. (P. 1881) --_-- 467
Senate Judiciary Committee, report of, on management of Smithsonian—A. P.

BUTLER.) 1h) 1856) R oe ee a oes ee he ee ee ees 77
Senses, the. Sense of feeling, sense of smell. (R. 1865)_---.-_-...-.__-_--.- 209
Senses, the. Sense of taste, sense of hearing, sense of sight. (R. 1866)_.-___- 214
Séquard—See Brown-Séquard.
Series, converging, expressing ratio of diameter and circumference of a circle—

DWV RRR or a ee 233

SY a

tS i as

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 299

Seriola Stearnsii, new species of amber fish from Pensacola, Florida, descrip-

On OF GorbwtsOODEs f(b. LSg0)pe onto ee 833
Sermon at funeral of Joseph Henry—S. S. Mircweiu_-___-_- ---_-. ----__ -__ 356
Serpent venom, bibliography of—S. W. MiTcHELL ___-_~-------._----_-.__-- 135
Serpents, catalogue of—S. F. Barrp; C. GrraARD___-_.~---_-. ---.-- Erk eas 49
Serpents, lecture on nature and cure of bites of—D. BRAINARD. (R. 1854)_-- 75
Seven cities of Cibola, Coronado’s march in search of the—J. H. Simpson.

eet eee sd ase ae pe A cas eae oN. 228
Hexual characters of eels—S. T. Canrrm. | GP. 1880)2 22s. ee st et 425
Shad, western gizzard, Dorosoma cepedianum heterurum, notes on—S. WILMOT.

Me emeea eS ee a SN a NE a a eee aS ne enaay Be2
SHAKESPEARE, E. O. The nature of reparatory inflammation in arteries after

ligature, etc. Toner lecture No. vir_-------- te ee IRE a rue ee ns 321
Shark, the oil, of southern California, (Galeorhinus galeus)—D. 8. Jordan;

PAG iepEnr - (Es 1880 yp siete ae ee ee ee a ed 425
SHaRpiess, T.; Patterson, R. Phonography. (R. 1856) -----_.---_-__-_- 91
Suaw, J. Mound-builders in Rock river valley, Illinois. (R. 1877)_-.----_- 823
SHEA, J.G. Account of library of Indian linguistics. (R. 1861)_----_-___.. 149
Shea’s Indian linguistics, recommendation of—G. GipBs and others. (R. 1861.) 149
shell-hed skull—A. Si. Timwanyiw (KR. 1874) 22-00 ole. eek ek LRG LES 286
Shell-deposits, artificial, of the United States—D. G. Brinton. (R. 1866.) 214, 440
Shell-deposits, artificial, in New Jersey—C. Rau. (R. 1864) ----_-__-___- 188, 362
Shell engravings granted by British Museum. (R. 1863)__------_-----.-_---- 187
Shellfish and their allies, lectures on—P. P. CARPENTER. (R. 1860) --_-- 147, 152
suelleheap im Georgia—D. Brown.) (RB: 1871) 2. “22 = J. a elk 249
Shell-heaps—

and ancient graves of California—P. SchumMacuER. (R. 1874) --_-___- 286

at mouth of St. John’s river, Florida—S. P. MaysBerry. (R.1877)_-. 828

in New, Brunswick—J. Fowuer. (R. 1870) 22-02 ee 24d

of Tampa Bay, Florida—S. T. WaLxer. (R. 1879)_----.-__...-_____ 345

on Mobile river, Alabama—A. 8. Gatnzs; K. M. Cunninauam. (R.

ST pe ret le nm tne tN ee a tn ee Pk a era 323
Shell-mounds—See Mounds.
Shells—
acknowledgment for—W. H. Prassg. (R. 1861)----__---.-..---__----. 149
bibliography of... Parts), 11—W). Gi BINNEY, 222526003... --2 5 3 142, 174

duplicate, collected by United States exploring expedition—C. WiLkrs. 193

from California, description of new species of, in U.S. National Museum—
Mas ER MMDD AC se \(E Ps. is pe eee ee ee SO ey 832

from Costa Rica kitchen-midden—W. H. Datu. (P.°1878) ----------- 332
Jand and fresh-water, instructions for collecting—J. Lewis. (R. 1866) 214, 363
land and fresh-water, of North America:

Part 1. Pulmonata geophila—W. G. BINNEY; T. BLAND -_------ 194

300 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Shells—Continued.
land and fresh-water, of North America:
Part 11. Pulmonata limnophila and Thallasophila—W. G. BINNEY. 143

Part 11. Ampullariide, Valvatide, (etc.)—W.G. BINNEY_-__--_-- 144
Part tv. Strepomatide (American melanians)—G. W. Tryon, Jr. __ 253
letter on—J. Liwis iii l lens eee es es Pe eee 253

North American, check-list of—I. Lra; P. P. CARPENTER; W.SrTIMp-

SON; Wi Ge BINNEY: Prim) eee eee 128
North American, circular in reference to collecting -_____ --____.___-___ 176
of Gulf of California, lectures on the—P. P. CARPENTER. (R. 1859)-_ 110
of Panama, collected by C. B. Adams, descriptions of new species and

varieties of Chitonide and Acm@ide in—P. P. CARPENTER _-_-----. 252
presented to Academy of Natural Sciences, report on—J. Lerpy; G. W.
'ERYON., (Rt.1865).23 2222 32 ee ee eee 209
request for duplicate—W. E. Logan. (R. 1859) -__-_.-- -_-----_-_-.- 110
Shells—See Mollusca.
SHEPARD, C. U. Arrangement of mineralogical collection. (R. 1861)_----_- 149
SHEPARD, HE. M. Deposit of arrow-heads near Fishkill, New York. (R. 1877.) 3238
SHERMAN, (W. .C./ Memorial address on’ J. Henry, 222222 22) ee =) oe eo b6
SHERMAN, W.T. Report of National Museum Building Commission, 1879,
1BBO.ns (RSTO bs he ASSO) oa. eons A 8 vee ete 345, 442, 409, 434
Shetland, vegetable colonization of—C. Martins. (R. 1858) ----_---_-__-__- 109
Shipping fresh fish and other animals, circular relative to—S. F. Barrp -_-__- 384
Shoal Lake, Lake Winnipeg, egging expedition to—D. Gunn. (R. 1867) ---- 215
Shooting stars, observations on—S. MASTERMAN. (R. 1857)_--.---.-_-------- 107

Short memoirs on meteorological subjects, translated by C. ABBE. (R. 1877.) 323, 398

Shoshone Indians, religion, superstitions, and manners of—A. G. BRACKET?T.

(B1679) 28 sce oe AN a a
SHUFELDT, R. W. Remarks upon osteology of Opheosaurus ventralis. (P. 1881.) 467
Siberia, descriptions of new fishes from—T. H. Brean. (P. 1881) ------__~__- 467
Sriptey, H. Meteorological telegrams by Western Union Telegraph Company.

(B.1862) 25 eos se SOE ee ee ee 150
Sight, sense'of.» ((R.1866)/22 ee aS ee ee. Ce See ee ee eee eee 214
Sign language among North American Indians—G. Matuery. (KE. 1879-80.) 476
Sign language of deaf mutes—G. MALLERY. (EH. 1879-80) ----.-----------._ 476
Siluride of fresh waters of North America, synopsis of—D. 8S. JoRDAN_-__---- 306
Silver coins, assay of, at United States Mint—J. Pottock. (R. 1868)-__---_- 224
Silver coins, foreign, table'oty (i. 1868) 22-2 =. eee ee 224
Silvered-glass telescope, on construction of—H. DRAPER_-__------- --~------- 180

Simpson, G. Letter to officers of Hudson’s Bay Company relative to scientific
researches: 2 Zee s Siu SOE ea SS ee ee ore 137

Simpson, J. H. Coronado’s march in search of the seven cities of Cibola.
(Re.1869) ssi Le ee ee 228

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 301
SIMBON; a> Moteorite im Mexico.) (i. 186%) 2202/5 be ous ee ke 215
Sioux ndians——A.) Go, BRACKERT: 1) (Re 187G) 2228 th a ek 299
Sioux Indians, language of the—F. L. O. Roruric. (R. 1871) ---------- 249, 378
Sioux nation of the upper Missouri—T. A. CULBERTSON, (R. 1850)--------2 28
Sioux—See Dakota. 2
Siredon lichenoides, observations on—W. E. Caruin. (P. 1881) ---------__- 467
Six Nations, wampum belts of the—W. M. Braucnamp. (R. 1879)----_---- 345
Skeletons of birds, suggestions for saving parts of A. Newton. (R.1860)___ 147
Sketch of—
Academy of Science of Paris—M. Frourens. (R. 1862)-----.-_-_---- 150
ancient earthworks of Ohio—I. Dinix. (R. 1866)_-...--/--.-__-__... 214
ancient earthworks on upper Missouri—A. BARRANDT. (R. 1870) ----- 244
flora of Alaska—J. T. RorHrock. (R. 1867) ---.-----_-_--_.-._-. 215, 367
Navajo Indians—J: LettErMan. (R. 1855) ------__-_-------_------- 77
_ scientific work of Joseph Henry—W. B. Taytor_______. _-__-____ 356, 339
Sketches, historical and bibliographical, of archeology of United States—S. F.
FENG RIN Prete seca 6 hc sey Sey ae Oe te ee ee ee Se ee 71
Sketches of scenery, catalogue of—J. M. STaNLEY_---_-.----.-----_------_-_ 58
Skuli—
and long bones from mounds near Albany, Illinois—R. J. FarquHar-
RON mines LOca peta eee ae eo ae fo ed Se 286

human, from Rock Bluff, Illinois, description of—J. A. Mrias. (R. 1867.) 215
human, present state of ethnology in relation to form of the—A. Rrrztus.

Cer eg) acne meer Ne Ta EAE a NO Rab ee ON 110

shell-bed, from Rock Island, Illinois—A. S. Tirrany. (R. 1874)_--___ 286
Skulls and mummy from Patagonia—A. Rrep. (R. 1862) See ee ee Oe eG
sloth tribe of North America, extinct—J.. Lempy_-!22 2-0.) sk 72
SMALLWooD, C. Description of observatory at St. Martin, Isle Jesus, Canada

Hist a\ eke loa) ate 2 tee ot Be Ee oS 91
SMART) O.< Noteson the Tonto Apaches.» \(R: 1867). 242 22008 215
Bear SELISON a gta (che: chGGO), 4 = toes 2 ae Se a ee 209
Smelt; surf, of northwest coast, and method of taking by Indians—J. G. Swan.

Spree SN ee te ee ee ee ee ne 425
SMirH, B. Spanish works on New Mexico. (R. 1855) ----.--.--...-_____._ 77
SmirH, C. D. Ancient mica mines in North Carolina. (R. 1876) ----______- 299
SmirH, J. L. Lecture on meteoric stones. (R. 1855) -____- HE ct ha PVA a Hs 77
Smith, J. W.C. Antiquities of Yazoo county, Mississippi. (R. 1874)______ 286
Smiru, N. D. Meteorological observations made near Washington, Arkansas. 131
SmitrH, R.—

Description of new gobioid fish (Othonops eos) from San Diego, Cali-

SUSE | Cc Egyll Sfe 0) ape Riek SUIS CESS Sa 2) A 467

Description of new species of gobiesox (Gobiesox rhessodon) from San

Dicea eaiiornia. A\(b. ISN) aioe ee ir 467

Occurrence of species of cremnobates at San Diego, California. (P. 1880.) 425

302 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

SmirH, 8S. B. On the Chinook names of salmon in Columbiariver. (P. 1881.)
SmirH, S. I.—
Crustaceans’of- Kerenelen Island*222 see ee ee ee 294
Notice of crustacea dredged off south coast of New England in 1880. (P.
PSBO) 2 eae Zh eA ae gee 425
Notice of new species of Willemesia group of crustacea (recent Eryon- ,
tide.) ° (Ps A819) 22 ee ae ee ee ee 333
Occurrence of Chelura terebrans (crustacean destructive to timber) on
coast. of: United States.’ (PR. 1879) = -. 333
Smithson fund, memorial of Regents to Congress relative to the. (R.1850)_-_ 28
Smithson, James—
act of Congress to receive residuary legacy of. (R. 1866) -------__- 214, 329
catalogue.of library Of-2-2 2 ae ee 330
character and researches of—W. R. JoHNSON__~-~-----_~_-_~----_--=- 327
contributions to Annals of Philosophy by. (R. 1853)_------_--_---- 67, 830 ;
exposition of- bequest of—J. HENRBY —--2-_2_- 2 = ee EB
letter from Richard Rush relative to. (R. 1853)_--_--______-______- 67, 328
letters from Fladgate, Clark, and Finch, relative to. (R. 1861)_-__- 149, 328
‘life of, /by: WV: J. Reames. (CRS 1S (9) 22s eee oes See 345, 330
list of papers presented to Royal Society by. (R. 1853) ----____-___- 67, 3380
notice of, by D. Gilbert, president of the Royal Society. (R. 1853)__ 67, 330
personal ellects Of 52S = =e a se ee a ee ee eo
scientific ‘writings!ofil.=88 fu oe ee Se ee ae eee eae 327
SOV AUULS Coens (inn) ea a ee 67, 328, 330
SuwsM LAs fice OTIC Oe ecg le 830
WODKS ATG CHALA CECT Otel ley te LUN TO) syne ree ae 207,
Smithson, James, and his bequest—W. J. Rurgs. (R. 1879)-------.____ 345, 330
Smithsonian— ;
building, report on use of new hall in—L. Agassiz. (R. 1867) ---_____ 215
Bulletin No: sVocabulanyvot theijanr gone see = a ee ee 68
Contributions to Knowledge—See Contributions. .
Miscellaneous Collections—See Miscellaneous Collections.
publications—See Publications.
publications, catalogue and index of—W. J. RugEs___________-- .---_. 473
Leports—See Reports.
Smithsonian Institution—
act to establish—See Congress.
address on the—J. Henry. (R. 1853) ---.-__- at SuSE as Coe ee E, 67
business ‘arranzements.of he. ooo 2 oe ee ee eee 325
diréctory of officers, collaborators, and employés of the-.-.-_-_.____.-. . 466
establishment and officersiot the. cs. eee ee Se ee 449

467

Journals of Regents, reports of committees, statistics, etc.—W.J.RHEES. 329

magnetic observatory at, description of—J. E. Hingarp, (R. 1859)__--

110

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 3038

Smithsonian Institution—Continued.

orizin, and history of—W,.2). REMS 222 ee ek 328
report of American Academy of Arts and Sciences, on the. (R. 1853). 67
report of Senate Judiciary Committee on management of—A. P. BurLeEr.
(ranean yore: oo4 keke ape ORE ePaper eC SPE eee i te 77
wMewsiand-plansiol the Ri4Dr Owain soe ee eae es Ser a i
Snake Indians, religion, superstition, and manners of—A. G. BracketrT. (R.
IRS yee SNe gS ee Age ee ek ee 345
SNELL, E.S. Lecture on planetary disturbances. (R. 1855)__-.---.-------- 77
Snell’s barometric observations, discussion of—F., H. Loup. (R. 1880)_-. 442, 435
Snow— ‘
charts—See Rain.
electricity during fall of—F. ZANTEDESCHI. (R. 1870) ------_-------. 244
gauge—W. E. Guest. (R. 1858) .__-- ei Hang a na fe Se a eh eR I
Paliees he ls GAR DING. ¢) (hi L808) sete cen sece ea ee 109
line, Norwegian—O. E. DreurzeEr. R.. VSG) enee ae as Soee ee 24
DCB ALIOUS 108. Serine et ae eel ts Sn Ree at) wale ORS Eo a 157
tables of precipitation in—C. A. ScHorr .._-__.-_-_.____..--_... 222, 353
Snyper, J. F. Deposit of stone implements in Illinois. (R. 1876)-_-----__- 299
Social and religious condition of the lower races of man—J. LuBBock. (R.-1869.) 228
Societies—
list of, in United States and British Provinces—W. J. RHExES__________ 116
local scientific, organization of—J. Henry. (R. 1875)-----------_--.- 298
proccedings/of, relative)to Joseph Henry 5-2-2202 ee ou 356

publications of, in Smithsonian library, 1854, 1856, 1858, 1866. 73, 85, 117, 179
Societies—See Holland, Belgium, Publications.

Society —
. Batavian, of Experimental Philosophy, Rotterdam. Prize questions. (R.
PEGI exten oe es es ete ar ee oes ee eh ee 149
Bath and West of England, for Encouragement of Aewoeteseal Arts, ete.
Hxehanee) systenaa* (hy. KOON a en a BS a ER el Bk ee LN 215

for Encouragement of Science, Dunkirk—/See Prize questions.

Society of—
Arts and Sciences, Utrecht. Prize questions. (R. 1861)---.--------_. 149

Natural History, Portland, Maine, account of—E. C. Botuus. (R. 1867.) 215
Natural Sciences, Cherbourg—See Prize questions.

Physics and Natural History of Geneva—See Geneva.

Science, Agriculture, and Arts of Lille—See Prize questions.

Science, Art, and Literature, Hainaut—Sce Prize questions.

Sciences, Harlem—See Prize questions.

Sciences, Letters, and Arts, Dunkirk—Sce Prize questions.

Sciences, Royal Danish—See Prize questions.

Victoria, address of president—R. L. J. Extery., (R. 1868)------_--. 224

304 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

SounckE, L. Law of variation of temperature in ascending moist currents of

girs (Be 1817) 22 sees ee ee SE ee eee ee 823, 398
Solar— : .
diurnal variation in magnetic declination—A. D. BACHE___-_---___ 118, 121
diurnal variation in vertical component of magnetic foree—A. D. BacuE. 175
eclipse of April 25, 1865—Baron DE Prapos. (R. 1864) -------_------ 188
eclipse of July 18, 1860—J. Lamont. (R. 1864) ----2. --=------------ 188
system, harmonies of the—S. ALEXANDER-. 22222502 e eee 280
Solids, specific‘heabiof—-BW. CLARKMel = Uo. Sue ae 276
Solids, tables of expansion of, by heat—F. W. CLARKE____--_-__----_-___-- 289
Solitary-wasps, synopsis of —H. Dz SAussURE -_____ ---.-_-___2__-----=----- 254
Sonntaa, A. Observations on terrestrial magnetism in Mexico_________--__-- Lit
Sonora, plants collected in, by C. Wright—A. GrayY-_------_----_- -_--__--_- 22
Sound, refraction of -W. B. Taytor. (R. 1875)---------_--------------.-- 298
pound;-researcbes‘in—J'. HENRY.) (Rh. 1878) 222522 o ee ee ee 341, 406
Soundings, microscopical examination of—J. W. Battgy __----.---_-_ -_-- 20, 23
Sounds; vocal, of Laura Bridgman—H. Limpmr 2352295 eee 12
South America—
birds of, not in U. S. National Museum—R. Ripaway. (P. 1881)_---- 467
Caracas, meteorology of—G. A. Ernst. (R. 1867) ------------------- 215
circular relative'to,collections' of birds from __ 23-2 _ 222s eo
rain-fall in<-O" WN, Senmorn ee ee le Oe Oe oor eae
travels in==S) HABEL SE oo e Po eT S See ee ee ee 269
South Carolina—
description of new hake from—T. H. BEan. (P. 1880).---------- ---- 425
fishes:OL— D275 21) OR DIAGN s A VV 65 Js BUAS NOT O Nee re ne oe eee 308
micfoscopical observations in—J. W. BAtLEY, -—- =-__4- == 2-2 23
Southern Baptist Missionary Society. Yoruba grammar and dictionary -----_ 98
Southern States, antiquities in the—H. C. WiLiiams. (R. 1880) -------_--_- 244
Southern States, microscopical observations in the—J. W. BartLey__------.-- 23
Space and time, lecture on the relations of—S. ALEXANDER. (R. 1861) ~--__- 149
SPAInHouR, J. Antiquities in Lenoir county, North Carolina. (R. 1871) _-. 249
Spanish vocabulary, with comparative words in English, French, and Latin-__ 170
Spanish works on New Mexico, by Buckingham Smith, communications rela-
tive to publication (of. /(Rw1L8bp)los. 2s ee ee es ee eee 77
SPARKS, J., and others. On publication of Spanish works on New Mexico.
(R.1805) <a ae as ee ee wes
Sparks, J., and others. Report of American Academy of Art and Sciences on
organization of Smithsonian Institution. (R. 1853) -----.------------ 67

Sparoid fish, new, (Sparus brachysomus,) from lower California—W. N. Locx-
INGTON.” (P1880) 2 222225 3 e ee ee ee eee 425

Sparrows sent to United States—W. A. Lioyp. (R. 1867)-----.-----_------ 215

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. ; 305

Sparus brachysomus, new sparoid fish, from lower California, description of—

W. N. Locxrnerton. Ce 1880) Beep tes ee tess ame Lak Yee) So 425
Specific gravity— .
Biblioonapiiyeot—l. Wi. CLARION 22 esse ce ses a 255
Aaen A OER. WAL RER soe sot hos M ee Meee eu a ee a
tables. Constants of Nature, Part 1—F. W. CLarKE___._-___________ 255
tables. First supplement to Constants of Nature, Partr—F. W. CLarkr. 288
Specific heat, bibliography of—F. W. CLARKE-___~_-_..___.-__----_--------_- 276
Specific heat tables. Constants of Nature, Part 1r-—F. W. CLARKE_-_-_-__-- 276
Specimens—
acknowledged by British Museum. | (R. 1865) -.-.-_-_--=_ ---==------- 209
acknowledgec by Chicago Academy of Sciences. (R. 1867) .-------..-- 215
authority to collectors of customs to receive and transmit to Smithsonian
PUTS ENGINE RON: 2 SE SR a By Pye oa NE Oe, hs EN See 34
authority to naval officers to receive and transmit to Smithsonian Insti-
IU Taleeeoee sree teres SR ee LOO Oe oS SNe ae Seen REA Laat 34
authority to quartermasters of War Department to receive and transmit
LO} SIMIC SOMA ny MMS PUGuit] OW eee ns ae ee ee eee nel wale ee Le a. 184
derived from expeditions—S. F. Barrp. (R..1867) ----------------.-- 215
exchange of —Hamburg Zodlogical Gardens. (R. 1867) _-.-.---------- 215
CxeHanPe OL —W. As LOYD. (Ril 86/25 os oe 215
exchange of—University of Cosfa Rica. (R. 1867) ------_--_..---_=_- 215
exchange of—University of Greece. (R. 1867) ~----_------_---_-=-=-- 215
from Brazil, presented—M. M. Lispoa. (R. 1865)------__---..-------- 209
large myological, rapid preparation of—F. Prargav. (P. 1881)------- 467

of flamingo from south Florida, presented—G. WurRDEMAN. (R. 1860.) 147

of natural history, directions for collecting, preserving, and transport-

Te A SATE Dt (iiv: ol Spo oh eS Sone Sc Vie Ge IE We 91, 34
presented, circular sent with—J. Henry. (R. 1872)_---__-----.------ 271
Eeceinis and. distribution or.) (l..1 880). fe ee
mules for esamination of. (Jv. 1880)... 22 es eS ee 442

Spectrum analysis applied to the heavenly bodies—W. Huaains. (R. 1866) -- 214
Spencer’s telescope, examination of, for Hamilton College. (R. 1855) -_------ 77
Boner) tancencios 0f—B.-ATLVORD22> += ¥ le Ao eee oh oh 80
Siplronwepservations on—Ji.' JONES 2-2 os a 82
Sponge, a new type of, (Camaraphysema)—J. A. RypEr. (P. 1880) ---------- 425
Spruce Creek valley, Pennsylvania, account of tornado in—J. B. Merx. (R.
PIES ae crit Lt Ae May ae Sembee eset SN Sine ce! 249
Squalius alicie from Utah Lake—P. L. Jouy. (P. 1881)_--------_-----_--- 467
Squier, E.G. Aboriginal monuments of State of New York___._-.-___-+-- 15
Squires, E.G. Antiquities of Nicaragua. (R.,. 1850) -----.°.-.-._--_--_--__ 28
Squier, E. G., and others. On publication of Spanish works on New Mexico.
COREE ER ee rete 2 ee a a TI

20

806 . ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Squier, E. G.; Davis, C. H. Ancient monuments of the Mississippi valley, 1
Squier, E. G.; Davis, C. H., correspondence relative to memoir by. (R. 1847.) H, K

Stanley’s gallery of Indian portraits, report of Committee of Regents on the.

(PLS 1) Se a Dee ee ee 107
SranLEy, J. M. Catalogue of portraits of North American Indians_-__--._. 53
Sranton, E. M. Deposit of Beaufort Library. (R. 1862)-_---_-_.-----___- 150
Star clusters, bibliography of —E. S. HoLDEN_-_-_------------- --------------- 811
Stars—

index-catalogue of —H. S:, HOLDEN 222 4-_ 22 ae eee one

movement of, around a central point—J. H. MarEpLEr. (R. 1859)-_-. 110

near the North Pole, map of, for observations on auroras__-_---------- 350

scintillation of the—C. Durour; KAmrz. (R. 1861)-----.-_---- --_-- 149
State Department. Circular to diplomatic agents relative to Morgan’s research. 138
Statement and exposition of harmonies of the solar system—S. ALEXANDER_.. 280
Stations, meteorological, of Smithsonian Institution (See, also, List) ---- -.----- 373
Statistics of—

British Museum—S. F. Barrp. (R. 1850) ------ ----------- qo see 28

Norwegian mountains, lakes, and snow line—O. EH. DreutzerR. (R. 1866.) 214

Smithsonian Institution, finances, exchanges, etc., 1846-1877__..-.-----. 329
Statue of Joseph Henry, proceedings of Congress relative to__-_------------- 356

tatues, on plaster casis of—W. J. STong. (R. 1855)-_-..------------------ 77
Srearns, J. Translation of Babinet on diamonds and precious stones. (R.

MES) oe a ee 244, 377
Stearns, S., catalogue of fishes from Pensacola, collected by—G. B. Goopr; T. H.

Brans. i(P. 4879) cies. see ee Re ee 333
Stearns, S., description of new species of amber fish (Seriola Stearnsii) obtained

near Pensacola, by—G. B. Goopr; T. H. Bean. (P. 1879)---.------- 3338
Srearns, 8. Note on Gulf menhaden, Brevoortia patronus. (P. 1878) ------ 332
Stespins, R. P. Memoir of Louis Agassiz.. (R. 1873) -------------------- 276
STEINDACHNER, F. Note on Perca flavescens. (P. 1878) ~--------------~-— 332

SrrsneceR, L. Description of two new races of Myadestes obscurus. (P.1881.) 467
STeLLE, J. P. Account of aboriginal ruins in Hardin Co., Tennessee. (R. 1870.) 244
STeLLE, J. P. Account of aboriginal ruins at Savannah, Tennessee. (R. 1870.) 244

SrepHenson, M. F. Account of ancient mounds in Georgia. (R. 1870) ----- 244
SrEPHENSON, M. F. Mounds in Bartow county, Georgia. (R. 1872) -------- 271
Stereotype catalogue of public libraries, report of Commissioners on. (R. 1850.) 28, 47
Stereotyped titles for library catalogues—C. C. JEwerr ---.----------------- 47
SrEevens, H. Prospectus of a bibliographia Americana. (R, 1848) --------.~- I
Stevens, J. A. Memoir of George Gibbs. (R. 1873) ---_-.----— --------_- 275

STEVENSON, J. Report of explorations in New Mexicoand Arizona. (R. 1880.) 442
Stewart, B. Experiments on aneroid barometers at Kew Observatory. (R. 1868.) 224
Sticheus punctatus, occurrence of, at St. Michael’s, Alaskka—T. H. Bran. (P.

I a a)

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS, 307
Stimpson, W.—
Cheek-list/os the shells of NorthAmeprica- -=2=2+-—-- 2.22/22 22 «(128
On collection and preservation of marine invertebrates -..----------_-- 34
Researches upon the Hydrobiine and allied forms ---__-_--_- -------~-- 201
Synopsis of the marine invertebrata of Grand Manan -_-_.-_-.- ----._. 50
Stock-in-trade of an aboriginal lapidary—C. Rav. (R. 1877) ------- 323, 440, 402
Stockholm Academy of Sciences. Acknowledgment of birds. (R. 1867) ----- 215
Stockwe.u, J. N. Secular variations of elements of orbits of the eight prin-
Bipmernanes. «(v.18 71) ox asa? Scie eee Wa oe ett oo ek 8 249, 232
PRONE s+ On plaster casts of istatttes: ) (B. 1855) 22osl2o2e. 22 ee 77
Stone—
celts in the West Indies and Africa—G. J. Grpps. (R. 1877) ----~---+-- 828
cists near Highland, Madison county, Illinois—A. OrHLER. (R. 1879.) 346
drilling in, without metal—C. Rav. (R. 1868) .-_----_--- --- 224, 440, 372
image in Tennessee, account of discovery of—E. M. Grant. (R.1870.) 244
implements, North American—Q. Rav. (R. 1872) -_--------- 271, 440, 382
Stone age—
and the troglodytes of Breckinridge county, Kentucky—R. S. Roprrr-
SS (oa ed ca) eee eta ee ae ee ae 286
fauna of middle Europe during the—L. RutimeyEr. (R. 1861)-__-__- 149
in: New dersey—C. ©..Apnotr. (BR.1875)_--2-. - ---___2_-_.__-. 298.394
Stone period, North American, agricultural implements of the—C. Rav. (R.
POOH Eee none Rea ook eee Se hs ee eS ined 8 2 RO ad
Hionessprecious—J., BABINET. ) (Ie 1870) Yoo 2 ee oh ke 244, 377

Storm in Butler county, Kansas, June 23, 1871—W. Harrison. (R. 1871)_-:- 249

Storms—

in Europe and America, December, 1836—E. Loomis__-------------_-- 127
PANEL Cs, WARING. .'( Wk OO0) a oe Oe 147
Osple sr aC ORM ENG Serta Efe es Oh ee le ee ee peur 182
thunder, instructions for observations of—J. Henry _____-__-_-___-__- 235

Strain and over-action of the heart. Toner lecture No. 11—J. M. Da Costa. 279

Strait of Juan de Fuca, Indians of—J. G. SwAN___--..----- ----_-_--______. 220
Strait of Juan de Fuca, description of new species of Paralepis (Paralepis corus-
cans) from—D. S. Jorpan; C. H. Gitperr. (P. 1880) ---.------__-- 425
Strane, J. J. Natural History of Beaver Island, Michigan. (i. 1854). oo 75
Streets, T. N. Contributions to natural history of Hawaiian Islands, Fanning
Neha sans OW ely CaO a eels = ae ee eee meee puree Se SOS
Strepomatide (American melanians)—G. W. Tryon -__-_-_---------------- 253
Stricklandia Davidsoni, note on the occurrence of, in Georgia—C. A. Wurtz.
(ee Learn so. En Se ee eee ae eae eS) et 425
Stricklandia Salteri, note on the occurrence of, in Georgia—C. A. WHITE.
ALT) Pees 2s Sh a NST bie SS TA a 425

Strona, M. Antiquities in Wisconsin. ~(R..1877) .--=.--.-..-.-----_------ 823

308 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Strone, M. Observations on the prehistoric mounds of Grant county, Wis-

consins (Be 1876).: 122282. see EE ES a ae anes Tn ee Se 299
Structure, internal, of the earth—J. G. BARNARD -__--_______________.___-_ 310
Structure of cancerous tumors. Toner lecture No. 1—J. J. Woopwarp _..__ 266
Structures, aboriginal, in Georgia—C. C. Jonus, Jr. (Basi) See aes 323, 400
Study of—

¢hionis minor—J. H. KippEr: (. Ooumss... 20252 ae ee 294

high antiquity in Europe, lecture on—A. Mortor. (R. 1862; R. 1864.) 150, 188

jade—S. BLONDELS \(RA1876) 22 2 es et ee 299

mortuary customs of North American Indians—H. C. Yarrow. (E.

IS79—8O) wz 2See Se es a ee eee 476

nature and mechanism of fever. Toner lecture No. ry—H. C. Woop__ 282

phenomena of contact—T. L. Purpson. (R. 1862) ------.--_-__---__- 150

physiology of fever—H.C; Woop) 4 2k ee ee ae 357

savage weapons at the Centennial—E. H. Knieur. (R. 1879) ---_- 345, 415

skulls and long bones from mounds in Illinois—R. J. FARQUHARSON.

CR 1874) 8 Be a es SV a fa 286

trunk fishes, Ostraciontide—G. B. Goopr. (P. 1879)_---------_------ 333
Studies in Central American picture writing—E. S. Horpen. (KE. 1879-80)__ 476
Subcutaneous surgery. Toner lecture No. vi—W. ADAMS___-__- Ei A eerie 302
Sudis ringens, new species of scopeloid fish from Santa Barbara channel, Cali-

fornia, description of—D. 8. Jorpan; C. H. Grupert. (P. 1880)_.--_ 425
Sugss, E. Boundary line between geology and history. (R. 1872) --------_- 271
Suggestions—

for ethnological researches in Russian America—G. GiBBs_______ -_____ 207

for forming collections of birds’ eggs—A. NEwTon _____-------_---__. 189

for meteorological observations in Russian America—J. HENRY -___ -___ 207

for sanitary drainage of Washington city—G. E. Warin@ __--_--_-__- 349

for saving parts of the skeletons of birds—A. Newron. (R. 1860)_---- 147

relative to ethnological map of North America—L. H. Morean. (R. 1861.) 149

relative to objects of scientific investigations in Russian America—J.

HENRY (Si WS BArRing. 6 O82 tO Se oS a eee
to’ beginners in ‘botany—L. .B. WARDi22-2 2 oe eee 460
Sulphurous acid, action of, upon putrefactive bacteria. (P. 1881) -------.-_-- 467
Sumichrast, F., birds of Mexico, collected by—G. N. LAwrEeNcE--__-----_-_. 295
Summary of anthropological correspondence previous to 1880—O. T. Mason.
CREB 79) at ee ee ee 345
Sun—
chemical analysis of the—A. Laucen. (R. 1861).---------------._-__ 149
disk of the, external appearance’of. (R. 1866) _--.-----____ --_--_ -==-__ 214
eclipse of the, September 7, 1858—J. M. Gruniss___- -._..-----_____-2= 100
eclipse‘of the, March U6, USGG =. Rina tis see yee 101
eclipse of the, April 25, 1865—M. Dr Prapos. (R. 1864)_----.------- 188

relative intensity of heat and light of the—L. W. Mrrcu. (R. 1856.) 91, 83

{
;

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS.

SUNDERLAND, B. Prayer at memorial of Joseph Henry -_-------------_---- 356
Sun’s distance, means available for eee measures of the—G. B. Arry.

(op bead pee a oo. Zoe. ike pee rseugrres SEAS) R bel nt eae 110
Superstitions of Shoshone Indians—A. G. BRacKErT (R. 1879)_-----------_ 345
Supplement, asteroid, to new tables of planetary motion—J. D. RUNKLE ____- 94
Surgery, subcutaneous. Toner lecture No. vi—W. ADAMS -__--_ _---___--_ 302
Surgical complications and sequels of continued fevers. Toner lecture No. y—

Sara Meine RefteN St 2 NS ae AN ee eS Ne A PITT ae ok 300
Survey—

in Michigan, catalogue of rocks, minerals, and ores collected in the—C. T.

RAGHESON,(>~ (He 1858) cP Noes eee Se EE ek ee eek ee ed 75
magnetic, of Pennsylvania and parts of adjacent States—A. D. Bacon. 166
of economic geology of Trinidad—G. P. Watt; J. G. Sawxins. (R.

ICO pee cata Sa eae ee ae Se oe aa es oN a ae 91

Ore ouateiole ING Wary OF K— Hr GAtOQUEBR 1 5= carne ee er Ae aie Ne 15
Surveying expedition, North Pacific, natural history of—T. H. STREETS ______ 303
Surveys, Government—See Explorations.

Swan, J. G.—

Eulachon, or candlefish of northwest coast. (P. 1880) --.._----_______ 425

Haidah Indians of Queen Charlotte’s Islands, British Columbia ______. 267

Makah Indians of Cape Flattery, Strait of Fuca _.---_------_-__--___- 220

GVEAIC ATE (VOCED at yes Seo 2 eo eS 2 eR a te a 220

Surf smelt of the northwest coast, and mode of taking them by the

Quillehute Indians of west coast of Washington Territory. (P. 1880.) 425

Sweden, Stockholm, Academy of Sciences. Acknowledgment of birds. (R. 1867.) 215
Switzerland—

Concise, archzological researches made at—F. Troyon. (R. 1861)_---- 149

Orania helvetica—F.\Trovon. (R.i1864) 222 ese ka 188

lacustrian cities of —F' Trovon. | (R. (1861), 22 l222 7b 2h ee sees 149

lacustrian settlements in, abstract of Dr. Keller’s report on—A. Mortor.

GEBESOS ioe te eS pee ne Wee eee Eee ae eee ee E 187.

Lake of Neuchatel, palafittes or lacustrian constructions of—E. Drsor.

Gitte SOD Se. oom eee eee een ee eee eee) et 200 S60

Lausanne, Cantonal Museum at, antiquarian and ethnological collections

Ob tid—-H. -PROYON. ©) (R.vV86))H8 oe ee ee of Seer 149

ipereron—— A”; 1). BACHE. « (Re lsiO)so ote te er ee 244
Syllabus of a course of lectures on physics—J. Henry. (R. 1856)_----..--- 91
Symbols for charts of prehistoric archeology, international code of—G. DE.

MOE tienes, la. OMANTRE..) (ive COLO} oeesaneees | eoe- 8 25 2.--' 298
avaavUis Usedsoma niles Smithsons- 2 se beens eee Pe es 327
Synopsis of—

American Rhinobatide—S. GARMAN. (P. 1880)_-----.--_.-------.---. 426

American wasps, solitary wasps—H. Dr SaussuRE _-----------------. 254

CRUGS pen aee 1D) 950 SOR DAN eae see tee oe oe Ss ee we wa 308

309

310 ALPHABETICAL INDEX '

Synopsis of—Continued.

marine invertebrata of Grand Manan—W. Stimpson --.__-----__.-_-- 50
North American lepidoptera—J. G. Morris____-..---------.----. -__- 133
North American neuroptera—H. Hagen; P. R. UHLER__-__-_-__.___- 134
pediculate fishes of east coast of extra tropical North America—T. Gri.
(LS TS) a a ee ee 332
scientific writings of Sir William:Herschel—E. 8S. HotpEn; C. S. Has-
TINGS. (((3i.. 1880) <-22 2 eee oe ae nee ee ee 442, 426
siluride of fresh waters of North America—D. S. JoRDAN -_______-_-. 306
trochilide——D Gs ML Lwonm 3 oe a eee 317
useful and injurious animals—G. B. GoopE -__.-----..---__-----.._.. 297
Synoptical tables of characters of mammals—T. GILL_____-_-_______-___-.--. 280
Synthetic experiments relative to meteorites—G. A. DAuBREE. (R. 1868)---__ 224
Syria, Beirut, sarcophagus from—A. A. Harwoop. (R. 1870) ..----_----_-__ 244
System—
meteorological, of Smithsonian Institution—E. Foreman. (R. 1851;
RODD) So et ee ee ee ae ae rae ee 51, 57
of accounts adopted by Board of Regents. (R. 1866)-.-.-.-----_-----. 214
of combined meteorological observations, report on, by committee of
American Association for Advancement of Science. (R. 1851) ---- 61
of numeration, improved, report on—W. B. Taytor. (R. 1867) ----_- 215
of weights and measures, new—G. H. Kniaut. (R. 1867) -----------._ 215
solar, harmonies of the—S. ALEXANDER --__--_-_-.---.-_-_-------.... 280
Systematic— i
index of Smithsonian publications. (R. 1868) -------.--.-------_. 224, 478
index to list of foreign correspondents____----__ -_-_----- shove aon
list of batrachia and reptilia—E. D. Cope .___~.--.- .--------- _-_---=_ 292
review of classification of birds—W. LitisEbora. (R. 1865) ----_- 209, 364
Systems of consanguinity and affinity of the human family—L. H. Morean__ 218
Systems of relationship of Cree Indians—E. A. Warkins. (R.1862)---...-. 160

eats :
TOL =

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 311

ne

Table of—
anthropological measurements—ScHERZER; ScHWARzZ. (R. 1866) ----- 214
chemical equivalents of sixty-three elements. (R. 1864).-_------------ 188
distribution of birds—G. N. Lawrence. (P. 1878) ------------------ 332
foreienirold.and silver, coins.) (ke, 1868)\-- 5-4 === - 2 ee 224
Tables—
EES TOL ee) a UD IN Ke Te ee a ee ee eee ee 94
purometrien|—A. GUYOT 2 2on oe ose ees eee oe 153
for conversion of centigrade degrees to Fahrenheit’s scale. (R. 1863) -- 187
for determining values of coefficients in perturbative function of planetary
motion which depend on ratio of mean distances—J. D. RUNKLE__- 79
hygrometrical—A. GuyoT -_~--- ---------- ---- ------------ ---- ------ 153
hypsometrical—A. GuyoT —_-------------- -------- -_------+--------- 153
metporological—Aq Guyvor i2 5 sac 222 ie ns eo ets SL ESS
mMGtric——E eA NEWTON) (iv. L009) — sea eae ono e ees a = 209, 371
POAC CNC OUR =— NGG CVO Ren ae ae sae ee a ei ie ee 153
mortality, methods of interpolation applied to. Parts 1, 1—H. L. Dr
HO en Sei isa Oldie ive Lola )eo2 anor a oes eee 249, 275
of aimospheric temperature—C. A. Scorn 22-42 22-2222 et 277
of constants of nature and art—C. BaBBaGEr. (R. 1856) ._------------ 91
of expansion by heat. Constants of Nature, Part 11—F. W. CLarkyE. 289
of meteorological corrections—A. GUYOT ___- -------- Pers a eee 153
eimoLiomon Neptune—s. NE WCOMB< YJ -— Soot oe 2a bie ke es 199
Giemoton-oL UTranits—s. NE WCOMB 2.25 soso ek IY aoe Son ee 262
of precipitation in rain and snow—C, A. ScHorT_____--------..--. 222, 353
of variations of elements of orbits of the eight principal planets—J. N.
BSS EEI OS TeV is ae ec a ee ee 232
of weights and measures, English and French. (R. 1863-1865.) 187, 188, 209
of winds of the globe—J. H. Corrin; S. J. Corrin -_____ -----_-----. 268
ea oar AN USO eee ee se 153
Mavenrornseurical—) tt COMMUN Seen a eee ee et ie ee OD,
specific gravity. Constants of Nature, Part 1, and supplement—F. W.
SON a ee 255, 288
specific heat. Constants of Nature, Part 11—F. W. CLarKkeE ___-_-_-_- 276
TheRm@uieericni=— At Gano Aus. Sao a sa steels. co 153
Papo mE ApmdtO=- C clwATh.— 9. Soo nee ewe ee ST ak 331
Taccuint, P. Evaporation observed at Palermo in 1865 and 1866. (R. 1870.) 244
Tampa Bay, Florida, shell-heaps of—S. T. WALKER. (R. 1879) ------- ------ 845
Tangencies of circles and of spheres—B. ALVoORD--_--__-_____ -__----.------ 80

Mista vsCuecIOi ee (ee MLGUO)ee naar ee oee ee ee eee Qe

Si ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Taxidermy, classification of collections of U. S. National Museum to illustrate

artof—W. I. Hornapay. »(P.d88h) 2222-2 2 ee 467, 456
Taytor, A. S. Grasshoppers and locusts of America. (R. 1858)----— ------ 109
Tay tor, F. W. Report of chemist of Smithsonian Institution. (R. 1880)--- 442
Taytor, W. B.—

Henry and the telegraph. ‘(R. 1878)_-.---.---- ---- -=_-.----2---_ 841, 405

Kinetic theories of pravitation.) (Rz 1876) 2222 ese 299, 395

Memoir on the scientific work of Joseph Henry__-----_--------- 356, 339

Refraction of ‘sound,’ 7(R. 1875) =2-2 22 2” 2 a eee 298

Report on improved system of numeration. (R. 1867) -..-----------..-- 215

Thoughts on the nature and origin of force. (R. 1870) .-------__-- 244, 375
Taytor, W. M. Ancient mound in western Pennsylvania. (R. 1877) ------ 323
Telegrams, astronomical, circular relative to—J. HmNRY -_-___~------__--_-- 263
Telegrams, meteorological, by Western Union Telegraph Company—H. S1siey.

(R. 1862) __-- ---- ---------- ---- ---- ---- ---- ------ ---------------- eet ral a{ 0
Telegrams read at memorial of Joseph Henny 2242 Sao Sea eee eee 356
Telegraph—

American fire-alarm, lecture on the—W. F. Coannina. (R. 1854) ---- 75

electro-magnetic, deposition of J. Henry in relation to. (R. 1857)__ 107, 115

electro-magnetic, Henry’s contribution to—W. B. Taytor. (R.1878.) 341, 405
electro-magnetic, Morse’s invention—W. B. Taytor. (R. 1878) _- 341, 405
electro-magnetic, proceedings of Board of Regents in relation to. (R.
1857) = 22-2 ee ee See na en ae meat 107, 115
Henry and the—W. B. ‘Tayuor:; (BR: 1808). ===" 7 ee eee 405
history of the—J. Henry. (R. 1857) ---_-----_-______-__________ 107, 115
influence of aurora on the—W. D. Sargent. (R. 1870) ----.___--.___ 244
lines, phenomena in, during auroras—G. B. Donati. (R. 1872) _--____ 271

report of Committee of Regents on the. (R. 1857)
statement of S. P. Chase relative to the. (R. 1857

Si he sas 107, 115, 329
MEAs 107, 115, 329

statement of L. D. Gale relative to the. (R. 1857) -- -------~__- 107, 115, 329

statement of James Hall relative to the. (R. 1857)_-------____ 107, 115, 329

statement of J. Henry relative to history of. (R, 1857) ----~-- 107, 115, 329

statement of Charles Mason relative to the. (R. 1857) -------- 107, 115, 329
Telegraphic announcements of astronomical discoveries—J. HENRY__------_. 263
Telescope—

Henry Draper’s, account of—T. W. Wess. (R. 1864) --------------- 188

silvered-glass, construction of, and its use in celestial photography—H.

BUD ERY ee 180

Spencer’s, examination of, for Hamilton College, Clinton, N.Y. (R.1855.) = 77
Temperature—

chart of United States for the year—C. A. Scuorr Tsp are ele Ait 381, 388

charts of United States, summer, winter, and year—C. A. Scnorr _--_-- 387

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. Oke

Temperature—Continued.
in ascending currents of air, laws of variation of—J. Hann. (R. 1877.) 323, 398

in ascending moist currents of air, laws of variation of—L. SouncKrE.

(le ini esesee oS oe ics Se eee ae bg) 323, 398
f mean, best hours to find—C. Dewey. (R. 1857; R. 1860)--_______- 107, 147
observations in the Arctic Seas—I. I. Hayus —1_--__ .-2- 2-2-2. 196
observations in the Arctic Seas—E. K. Kann_-_----_-----~-_.-___ ___- 104
observations in the Arctic Seas—F. L. McCuintock -___-_-_--_---_-_- 146
of St. Louis, Missouri—A. FENDLER. (R. 1860) -_-----._----_-_----- 147
tables for United States and adjacent parts of America—C. A. Scuorr__ 277
underground—C. A. Scuorr; J. D. Evererr. (R. 1874)_.---__-_ 286
Temperature—See Kane, Hayes, Meteorology, ete.
Tempests and tornadoes, distinction between—J. B. Lamarck. (R. 1871)---_ 249
Tennessee— .
apotiginal remains of — J). JONES 25 io ees eet 259
Alleghany region of, fishes of—D. S. Jornpan; A. W. BRAYTON_---_.. 308
aHLIguitiesdn-——-L. TERE. ((Pscb862) 2229 o88 22 6 ok 28 So ee PO
antiquities|in-—E. O; Dunnine: | (R. 1870). -—---2 32 e_ e 244
SBLguities of-— VW. Ml (CLhAniKs,. (I. 1877) foes o222 se sk 323
MMCIQUIEICSIOl——J nid ONES Set 2 ces 8 Ba Ee ee a Load oe pe 259
watiquintestot——D. “HL WV RiGH?. (KR. 1874) 2222 eee es sok 286
Blount eounty, antiquities of—A. E. Law. (R. 1874) ---_-----._____- 286
Chattanooga, ancient mound near—M. C. Reap. (R. 1867) _---.------ 215
East, mound in—A. F. DANILSEN. (R. 1868) -_..---------..-___-----. 187
explorations in— lh). "A. DA VTON.« (i(i.) 1870) 22-0922 Ll o2o es a ae 244
Hardin county, aboriginal ruins in—J. P. SrELLE. (R. 1870) ----.___- 244
herbarium captured in—H.R. Wirtz. (R. 1862) ------.--.---.----_- 150
Jackson county, antiquities of—J. HarLe; J. W. McHrEnry. (R. 1874.) 286
Nashville, antiquities of—R. S. Ropertson. (R.1877)-.---.----_-.__ 828
Savannah, aboriginal ruins at—J. P. SrELyE. (R. 1870)------_._.___- 244
stone image in, discovery of—E. M. Grant. (R. 1870) _---. --------_- 244
Terrestrial magnetism—
DiSee GHCLOMS. OTL—— VV + CEUAIICN RSS 1m yates oe eee a Bey kel ee NT oe 239
REPORT ATONE OD SOCAN. ete see eee ee ota oe 35
observations on—Baron von MULLER; A. SoNNTAG ______-__--_--__-- 114
Terrestrial magnetism—Scee Bache, A. D. 5
Morrestrialipaysics, articles on: (Tv: 1870) =22s ees ok A aes 244
Tertiary fossils, presented—IMPERIAL GEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, VIENNA. (R.
BOGS ne ae ete gyn eee NEI ay Reem ae ME gt OL ie 187
Testing building materials, on mode of—J. Hunry. (R. 1856) -__-..-------- 91

Testing results of perspiration and respiration, apparatus for—M. PETrENKOFER.
reemle ae teresa eres nS) eae meee Lk el Aa 188

314 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Toxas— d
hail storm in—G. M. Bacusg. (R. 1870) -----—------ te Ree Sao eeee 244
new cretaceous invertebrate fossils from, descriptions of—C. A. WHITE.

(Pa 1879): 2S = al ee ere ane 333
ornithology of, notes on—J. C. MERRILL. (P. 1878) ------.-----_---- 332
plants of, collected by C. Wright. Parts 1, 11—A. GRAY -_---_---~-- 22, 42
zoological position. of—E: Di Corm. ---- "es ee eee 412

Thalassophila—W. G: BINNEY) 22-2 22285 22 S22. ee ee 143
Thénard, L. J., memoir of, by M. Firourrens. (R. 1862) .---------------__- 150
Theoretical researches—See Plateau, J.
Theories, kinetic, of gravitation—W. B. Taytor. (R. 1876)...--------- 299, 395
Theory—
mechanical, of heat, principles of—J. MULuErR. (R. 1868) ------------ 224
modern, of chemical types—C. M. WrETHERILL. (R. 1863) _-------___ 187
of heat, recent progress in relation to—A. Cazin. - (R..1868) ---_-----. 224
Thermometer scales, table for conversion of centigrade to Fahrenheit. (R. 1863.) 187
Thermometer, wet and dry bulb, tables for—J. H. Corrin_-_---------------. 87
Thermometriccobservations.:2252 —ee ee ee ee a eee 157
Thermometricalitables—-A. (GuyoOr 2225) 22 Oe ee ee ee 153
Tuompson, T. Mounds in Iowa and Illinois. (R. 1879) -----. ----_- -----_-- 345

Thoughts on the nature and origin of forcee—W. B. Taytor. (R. 1870)_. 244, 375
Thrushes, description of two new, from United States—R. Ripaway. (P. 1881.) 467
Thunder— :

and lightning, observations on—S. MasTERMAN. (R. 1855) _--.------- 77
storm, on John Wise’s observation of a—R. Hare. (R. 1854)_-__--_-- 75
storms, instructions for observations of—J. Henry -_---.------. ------ 235
Tidal observations—
at Wolstenholm Sound—Com. SAUNDERS --_.-.--~--.---------------- 130
in the:Arctic:Seas——L. L.A avns 2 2 eee ee eee 196
in the» Arctic,Seas—H. KANE 22225) See ee ee eee oO
Tide, flood, law.of deposit of the—C.°H.) Davis. -_2c 58220 22 eee eo f= SEES 33
Tides and tidal action in harbors—J. E. Hin@arp. (R. 1874) ----.-_---- 286, 390
Tirrany, A.S. Shell-bed skull from Illinois. (R. 1874)_-.-.----_--__----- 286
Timber of submarine structures, occurrence of Chelura terebrans, a crustacean
destructive to—S; T.Smire:.\/((P1879)) ae ee eee 33
Time and space, lecture on relations of—S. ALEXANDER. (R. 1861)_-.---.-_-- 149
Tinneh or Chepewyan Indians of British America—G. Gipps; W. L. Harp-
ISsTY,; (8. Jonzs; BB: Rossk:.6(R-51866) 22 a eae oe eee 214, 365
Tipulide, monograph of—R. Osten SACKEN__--.-._------.---.----.--=---..-. 219
ToELLNER, A. Antiquities of Rock Island county, Illinois. (RK. 1879) ------ 845
Tokio, University of, catalogue of Japanese woods presented by—L. F. Warp.
(P88) Fae ee a a cee ee Se eee 467

me . A
a: ‘
‘e,

h.

-
=
‘

c OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 315
Tompkins county, New York, ancient fort and burial ground in—D. Trow-

SSUIRC epee ven SG es Marne eee ee ee ene Se ae BE ee et i epee 187

Toner, J. M. Deed of foundation of Toner lectures. (R. 1872) --------- 271, 329

Toner lectures—
No. 1. On the structure of cancerous tumors and the mode in which adja-

cent parts are invaded—J. J. WooDWARD-_~____ -_-.----.----. 266
mr. Dual character of the brain—C. E. BRowN-SEQUARD.-__--___-__- 291
111. On strain and over-action of the heart—J. M. Da CosTa_-_---_-- 279
Iv. A study of the nature and mechanism of fever—H. C. Woop -_-_ 282

v. On the surgical complications and sequels of the continued fevers,
with a bibliography of works on diseases of the joints, bones,
larynx, the eye, gangrene, haematoma, phlegmasia, etc.—W. W.

SINS a ne ES SE ae 300

vi. Subcutaneous surgery, its principles, and its recent extension in
MEACtCe— Wis AAS sie eee Seek 2 ee ee 302

vit. The nature of reparatory inflammation in arteries after ligature,
acupressure, and torsion—H. O. SHAKESPEARKE-_____ -__--___-_- 321

vil. Suggestions for the sanitary drainage of Washington city—G. E.
VV PACER TUNG gr) Serene ten cera Pa eS Pfc Doe PIE 349
Tonto Apaches, notes on the—C. SMart. (R. 1867) --------------------_-.__ 215

Topography of Black Mountain, North Carolina—T. L. CLiInaMAN, (R.1855.) 77
Tornado in Spruce creek valley, Centre county, Pennsylvania—J. B. MEEK.

(RPO yee ara ten Ra eh es Se a ce 249
Tornado near New Harmony, Indiana, April 30, 1852—J. CHAPPELSMITH__-_ 59
Tornadoes and tempests, distinction between—J. B. Lamarck. (R. 1871) ---- 249
Mornadoes, queries relative to—J .. HENRY, 22. 2-02-2222. -) 2 Js 190
Toronto—

Observatory, instructions by, for observations of aurora._-~._-.-.-~---- 148

Observatory, map of stars near North Pole used by ------.--- ---------. 350

University. Objects of the museum. (R..1865) -2--=. -..--- =... =--_=. 209

University. Scientific coéperation.. (R. 1861) ~~~ =~ -----)s--.— 149
oeraye Jom, memoir of, by A. Gray «(Ri 1878) 228 2 eS Bee a ee es 275
Torrey, J.—

@bservations on the Batismaritima, 2 Leu 5s ee see 60

On the Darlingtonia Californica, a new pitcher plant from northern Cali-

EOIN es Bie oe Sy ed PS ah Se te BNE Se eS De Be 61

Plante Frémontiane, or descriptions of plants collected by J. C. Fré-

ATOMIC A ILONNIG ee ee eee oe ee ee Se Lint Pea a 46
Tortoises, North American land, of genus Xerobates—F. W. Trux. (P.1881.) 467
Tortola, great hurricane at—G. A. Larimer. (R. 1867) ------------.------- 215
Tortugas, destruction of fish in vicinity of the—J. P. Jerrerson; J. Y. Por-

Pee MOOmi et Cr. 1O(e)ok 2 nh ae ees ek a A 332
Totten, Gen. J. G., eulogy on, by J. G. BARNARD. (R. 1865) _---------- ---- 209

Traces of early mental condition of man—E. B. Tytor. (R. 1867) -------- 215

316 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Trade—
ancient aboriginal—C. Rau. (R. 1872)_--__.-__.-----. --_. 271, 440, 385
language of Oregon, dictionary of the—G. GiBBs _-__-_2__.-___________ 161

language of Oregon, vocabulary of the—B. R. Mircuett; W. W.
PUIRN IER 3 ee 3 a ee 68

Transactions—See Geneva Society, Paris Anthropological Society.

fransatlantic longitude——B.) Air GouLpe 22> 5 NEN ee eee 223
Transfer of Smithsonian library to Library of Congress, act of Congress to

authorizes» (R-1865) 24022 ae ee ee 209, 328, 329
Transformations, lecture on insect instincts and—J. G@. Morris. (R.1855)___ 77
Transit of Venus expedition to Kerguelen Island—J.H. KipprEr and others. 293, 294
Transporting specimens of Diatomacee, directions for—A. M. Epwarps-__---- 366
Transporting specimens of natural history, directions for—S. F. Barrp. (R.

1856) 222222 Le eee Oe as See ee Ee ee ee 91, 34
Trapezium, gray substance of the—J. DrEan____-___ Das SA Se EN a ee
Travels in Central and South America—S. HaBen_____.___.---__--------___ 269
Treasury Department, authority given by, to collectors of customs and others

to receive and transmit specimens to the Smithsonian_-___-____-___-_____ 34
Treasury, Secretary of, letter to, on payment of interest in coin—J. Henry.

CRS oie se ee oe 209, 329
Treasury of United States, account of, with Smithson fund -___.___-_____- 328, 329
Trees—

forest, distribution of, in Montana, Idaho, and Washington—W. W.

JOHNSON. \(R. 1870) ies etek eee ee ee ees 244

of Florida and the Mexican boundary—J. G. Cooper. (R. 1860)__-_-- 147

of North America, distribution of—J. G. Cooper. (R. 1858)__-_-- 109, 351
Trinidad, economic geology of—G. P. Wai; J. G. SAWKINS. (R. 1856)_--_ 91
Trochilide—

classification and synopsis of—D. G. ELLIoT___-___------~-----------_- 317

in collection of U. S. National Museum, catalogue of—R. Ripeway.

((P.) VS80) oS ee ek ee ee ee ee ee ee eee 426
list, Of —D 2G ANEEiol : ae 20 eek Oe Se ee ee ee eee 334

Troglodytes of Breckinridge county, Kentucky—R. S. Ropertson. (R. 1874.) 286
Troglodytes or cave dwellers of the valley of the Vézere—P. Broca. (R. 1872.) 27]
TrowBRipGE, D. Ancient fort and burial ground in Tompkins county, New

Worle. (Re: 8G68 cee 5 et a ek te 187
Troyon, F.— :
Archeological researches made at Concise. (R. 1861) -.--------------- 149
Lacustrian cities of Switzerland. (R. 1861)-----.-__-___-__+_ -_@ _-~< 149
On the Crania helvetica. (R. 1864) .------------- -- fa fy Lee 2 Se Aaa 188
Report on ethnological collection of Museum at Lausanne, Switzerland.
(te TRON) ee MS tte at eae MIA OE REE Po ee 149

True, F. W. On North American land tortoises of genus Xerobates. (P. 1881.) 467
TruE, F. W. On the rare rodent, Cricetodipus parvus. (P. 1881) ----------- 467

oe

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 317
preuneniolided—oW UG, BINNEY 2. doL 42 Mee te SUSE ee ts oh a 144
Trust fund for the promotion of science in the United States—J. TynpALu.

CLE TE i eal aE RE SRE SSIS Ba Ege gn a 271
piryons GW... tener to, on shelis—J! Wmwise 2" 22 ee 253
Tryon,G. W. Report on shells presented to Philadelphia Academy of Natural

CUS MRL OGD)" a) see Be ree Ney fy aut ae LY 209
Tryon, G. W. Strepomatide or American melanians __.___....-._.__._-____ 253
Peta noine, Keavicw Ol— iM. Lows {2 set ee eee ee 256
MockeRMAn, iH. Lichensiof Arctic!) America (22022 en 2a oe ees 849
[ROCKERMAN, Hi.) Lichens of Kerguelen Islands i--._-..2-=2 2-_ =o 2-4. 294
anercmre Wo On: barometer tables: |: (RK. 1867) 222 ss ee ee 27
Tucson meteorite, account of—S. Arnsa. (R. 1863).-.---.-_-.-__--__-_____- 187
Tucson meteorite, account of—B. J. D. Irwin. (R. 1863)_--------__---___-- 187
Tumors, cancerous, structure of—J. J. WoopwaRD _-__--------_._---------- 266
Tunicata of northeast coast of America—A. E. VERRILL. (P. 1879)_ ---.--_- 333
Turdidez, description of new species of, from Dominica—G. N. LAWRENCE.

ESO es = oe Soe see ie See as Ds ee Se eh ee 425
Turner, W: W., notice of, by C. C. Fetton. (R. 1859) ---___-_-- See ay as ae
Teena We. indian-piilology.. (Ri I8bl)Crols 2 ee kl ee bore Be
Turner, W. W., and others. On publication of Squier and Davis’ Ancient

Monuments of the Mississippi valley. (R. 1847) ---.-------=-----__- H, K
TuRNER, W. W.; Bowen, T. J. Yoruba grammar and dictionary______-___ 98
Turner, W. W.; MircHe tt, B. R. Vocabulary of the jargon of Oregon___ 68
Tyztor, E. B. On traces of the early mental condition of man. (R. 1867) _--. 215
PPA Eh) AGIatOn. | /(e-1868)ho ot As oS pee oe ch ee a, 224
TyNDALL, J. Trust fund for the promotion of science in the United States.

tee emit eee SL ae td ee he eS 271, 329

Tyrannus, synopsis of genus—R. Ripaway. (P. 1878) --.--_-.--_--.-_---- 332

318 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

ww.

Unter, P. R.—
Circular in reference to the history of North American grasshoppers -—

Instructions for collecting hemiptera. (R. 1858) -------...~---.---.----

Instructions for collecting neuroptera. (R. 1858)_---~ .--- ------------

Instructions for collecting orthoptera. (R. 1858) ---------_--_------ ea

Synopsis of neuroptera of North America____-. ___..__ ---.-_----------
Underground temperature—C. A. Scnorr; J. D. Everett. (R. 1874) ------
Union, lectures on the—Hy Rerp: | )(R: 1864) = + Soha ee
United States—

animal resources and fisheries of the, catalogue of collection to illustrate
the—G. B. Goon o_o. 0.252220 y Se ee eee

animal resources of the, catalogue of collection to illustrate the—G. B.
GOODE sooo ee a) A

antiquities of the, proposed map of—A. J. Hin. (R. 1861)_-------_--
archeology ofsthe—S..PF SHAVEN «2 22-2252) Cee sk eee
base: chart:of;: the—-C:At ‘Scnorn)ts es. Sia. ee ee eee
chalk found in the—T. A. Conran. (R. 1865) .-2----= 2-2-2 22 sa ee
coleoptera of the, catalogue of the—F. E. MELSHEIMER_-___~-_-_-_----
collections presented to the, by foreign commissioners, list of. (R. 1876.)
education in the, project of outline history of—F. A. Packarp. (R. 1863.)
ethnological map of the, proposed—G. Gipps. (R. 1862)_--_-.--------
exhibit of fisheries and fish culture of the, at Berlin, 1880—G. B. Goon.
explorations in the—See Baird, S. F.

fishes, food, of the—See Baird, 8S. F.

fishes of Pacific coast of the—D.S. Jorpan; C. H.Giipertr. (P. 1880.)
fishes of Pacific coast of the, bibliography of—T. H. Bran. (P. 1881.)

fishes of Padific coast of the, bibliography of—T. G1Lu -__---_-- -----_--
fishes of Pacific coast of the, notes on—D. 8. Jornpan; OC. H. GiLBert.
CPS TB81) Sos eR

free freight between England and the—E. Cunarp. (R. 1859)-----__-
free freight between Germany and the—Kunuarpt & Co. (R. 1861) --

free freight between Germany and the, by North German Lloyd—R.
SCHLEIDEN, (KR. 1858) Se = eee ee ee

fund for promotion of science in the—J. TYNDALL. (R. 1872)_-_---_--

institutions, scientific and literary, in the, list of the principal .__--___--

libraries, institutions, and societies in the, list ofh—W. J. Rurxrs___ 116,

libraries, public, in the, notices of —C. C. JEWETT -_-_--------.-------
libraries, public, of the, report on—C. C. JEwert. (KR. 1849) ---------

limpets and chitons from deep waters off eastern coast’ of the—W. H.
Darr. > CP. B81) ---2— a ee ee gees

163
109
109
109
134
286

76

326

297
149
71
414
209
62
299
187
150
413

425
467
463

467

149

335
238
25

467

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 319

United States—Continued.

meteorology of the, report on—E. Loomis. (R. 1847) --------------_- H
microscopic examinations of soundings off Atlantic coast of the—J. W.

FsmeE Pre peered ane TN a re ee A ee a Oe 20
mollusca of the southern, some new species of eocene—A. HEILPRIN.

eer yp nett Me Ce aed See Da ee ee le 425
occultations visible in the—See Downes, J.
physical geography of the—C. ELLET, Jr.--------------— Oe Rees i 13
rain and snow fall in the, tables of —C. A. ScHorrT________-_______ 222, 353
rain charts of the, 1, 2,8: summer, winter, year—C. A. ScHoTT___-____ 374
repbiles,-cretaceous, of the-—J; EEY-25-—2-- 232 BS 192 -
reptiles, cretaceous, of the, review of—J. Lermpy. (R. 1864)_.__.-_-__- 188
shell-deposits, artificial, of the—D. G. Brinton. (R. 1866) ~-__.---__- 214
sparrows sent to the—W. A: Luoyp. (R. 1867)_-----.4_. -_-..-_____- 215
temperature chart of the, for the year—C. A. ScnotT -___________ 381, 388
temperature charts of the, 1, 2, 3: summer, winter, year—C. A. ScHorr. 387
temperature tables of the—C, A. Semorr -—_l42-2)_ 20202 ee 277
thrushes from the, description of two new—R. Ripaway. (P.1881)___ 467
trees of the, catalogue of—J. G. Cooper. (R. 1858)_---__.-______. 109, 351

- United States Exploring Expedition, duplicate shells collected by the_._-____. 193

United States Fish Commission—See Fish Commission.

United States Government, list of publications of, 1868-1881—G@. H. BonumMER. 477

United States National Museum—See Museum, U.S. National.

United States Patent Office, results of meteorological observations under the
GILCCHON Ob thors MOlsa Py Thy 52s eA Se tS a eh 157, 182

United States Treasury—See Treasury.

Universal meteorograph for detached observatories—E. H. Von BAUMHAUER.
QO eam dee ee en eee ee eee Pee ee ete ee Oa

University —
National, of Greece, Museum of. Exchange of specimens. (R. 1867.) 215
of Christiania, Norway, ethnological specimens presented by. (R. 1863.) 187

of Costa Rica. Exchange of specimens. (R. 1867)_-----.---.-__.___- 215
of State of New York, Regentsof the. Acknowledgment for specimens.
CRE SB) cee Ae ee Se We eng cee ee pe 209
of Tokio, catalogue of Japanese woods presented by—L. F. Warp. (P.
SN eat ae eet en eninge eee A a A gh ee 2 467
Gf Toronto; objects of museum-of. ) (BR. .1865).252- 20-2 = es _ 209
Gf, Loronto; (scientific cooperation.) (BR. 186P)sc2ss 22. 22 eee te 149

Uranidea marginata, new species of fish, description of—T. H. Bran. (P.1881.) 467

Uranidea microstoma, new fish from Alaska, description of—W. N. Locx1na-
Pose (ies 1880). --= aera fase = Poe. seo ee 425

Uranus, investigation of orbit of, with tables of its motion—S. Newcoms--_-- 262
Uranus, secular variation of elements of orbit of—J. N. SrockwELL_.___-__- 232

320 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Urine, observations on the—J.. JONES 2=—2 (2.2222 oes ee ee eee 82
Use of galvanometer as a measuring instrument—J. C. PoagrenDorFF. (R. 1859.) 110
Uses of brain and marrow of animals among Indians—T. R. PEALE. (R.1870.) 244
Utah, descriptions of new invertebrate fossils from—C. A. WHITE. (P. 1880.) 425

Utah lake, description of new species of Sguwalius (Squalius alicie) from—P. L.

POU nC. SSN) e eeso see eee ee Se ae le ee = oes 467
Utah lake, notes on collection of fishes from—D.S. Jorpan; C. H. GILBERT.

(CE S80) ee a eat a eee meee OS ah ei Sky Se Wee eee 425
Utrecht, Provincial Society of Arts and Sciences. Prize questions. (R. 1861;

R. 1862) 2c 22c5 tote Se oe eee ee eee 149, 150

ae

VAILLANT, M.; Henry,J. Horary variations of the barometer. (R.1866)_._ 214

Values of o and its derivatives—J. D. RUNKLE --2-— 22 _- -- 22-2 94
Values of coefficients in perturbative function of planetary motion depending :

on Tatio of mean distances—J. DD. RUNKLEL-- 222-22 ee ee 79
Wily abideo — Wis Gre SIS LINING ccs 2 = ce ee ee 144

Van Rensselaer harbor, Arctic Seas, observations at—See Kane.

Vapor, aqueous, on the diminution of, with increasing altitude in the atmos-

phere—J MANN .AO( RSIS Ti) 22 2 te Se ee ee ee - 823, 398
Vapor, aqueous, table for determining elastic force of—J. H. Corrin __--____- 87
Vastness of the visible creation, lectures on—S. ALEXANDER. (R. 1857) ----- 107
Vegetable colonization of Shetland Islands, Faroe Islands, and Iceland—C.

MARtins: ))((Ri11858) 222025025) ee Soe ee ee a ee 109
Vegetable species, causes which limit, towards the north—A. Dz CANDOLLE.

(R188) se pastes Ee Se ae eee eee ee eee 109
Vegetation and the atmosphere—J. JAMIN. (R. 1864)___--__---_---------- 188
Velie, J. W., catalogue and description of fishes collected by, in Gulf of Mexico—

@. B.Goope; .'T. B Brani (P1879) oes ee Se eee 333
Velocity of light, essay on the—C. DELAUNAY. (R. 1864) -------------- 188, 354
Velocity of the wind—J. Hann and others. (R. 1877) ------------------ 323, 898
Venezuela, Colonia Tovar, meteorology and ethnology of—A. FrENDLER. (R.

18573 Ry T866) 92522. oe aes Ee ae ee ee 25 107 aI
Venom of rattlesnake, researches on the—S. W. MiTcHELL------------------ 135
Venom of serpents, bibliography of—S. W. MircHELL_-_~--------.- -------- 135
Ventilating and warming buildings. Parts 1, 11—A. Morin. (R. 1878; R.

MBIA) eet oS SS aS Se eee re eee eee 275, 286, 439
Ventilation, architecture in relation to—D. B. Retp. (R. 1856) --_-_-_----_- 91

Venus, secular variations of elements of orbit of—J. N. SrocK WELL --_------ 232

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 321

Venus—See Transit of Venus.

Vera Cruz, Mexico, antiquities in—H. Finck. (R. 1870)_-----.----__---... 244
Verification of barometers at the Kew Observatory—J. WrtsH. (R. 1859)_-_ 110
VERRILL, A. H.—
Annelids, echinoderms, and anthozoa of Kerguelen Island_..-.---.---- 294
Annelids, molluscoids, and radiates of Arctic America __---.__..._--.. 842
Marine invertebrata of New England. (P. 1879)_-.-.-.----..-------- 333
Mollusea recently added to fauna of southern New England, catalogue of.
OEE pee eS 2 Ease A Ee Ske oe eens SENS on) Se oe el a a 425
Mollusca, with notes on annelida, echinodermata, ete. (P. 1880)------- 425

Recent additions to marine invertebrata of northeast coast of America,
with new genera and species. PartsI,11, 111. (P. 1879; P. 1880.) 333, 425

VERRILL, A. H.; RatuBun, R. Marine invertebrata of northeast coast of

America distributed by Fish Commission. (P. 1879)------------------ 333
Vertebrata, chemical and physiological investigations relative to—J. JoNES--._ 82
Mocsmsdm. synopsis of —H. De Sxussup pe 26 2. bos eae ee 254
Vestiges of antiquity in the United States—S. F. Haven -__-_---------------- 71
Vézére, valley of the, cave-dwellers of the—P. Broca. (R. 1872)_----.-_--__- 271
Vibratory movement of matter—L. Macrinr. (KR. 1868) --.------_--_---__- 224

Victoria Royal Society, address of the president—R. L. J. Eitery. (R. 1868.) 224

Vienna—
Imperial Academy of Sciences of. Prize questions. (Rh. 1864; R. 1865.) 188, 209

Imperial Geological Institute, tertiary fossils presented by. (R. 1863)-. 187

Imperial Library of, books presented. (R. 1865) ------.--_.-----_-.-. 209
Views and plans of Smithsonian Institution—R. D. OWEN -_---.---------._-- Pr
Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts, occurrence of oceanic bonito in—V. N.

PSD (Emm Gee ce ee teen eat ee ee ee ee 332
aren isiands, flora of. the—H. Hs Ay EaGrrs.:-ies2 1 b2 2G) 2 eee le 313
Virginia—

Hampton, catalogue of casts of heads of Indian boys and girls at—R. H.

I AND sar LBD) ne otek heen hE ae ee 333

Luray Cave, blind myriapod from—J. A. RypEr. (P. 1880).---~.---- 425

Luray Cave, report of visit to—O. T. Mason and others. (R. 1880.) 442, 433
Miri...) HIGGINS: (J. HENRY. | (BR 1866) 12228 oe 214
Satan minich col Vian Cra ER UNN Ean eee en ieee ee eee oe See Te Se 144
Voeabularies, Indian—G. Ginps. (R. 1862) .--.--------------+--}-------- Bee OO
Vocabularies, Indian, received from the Wheeler expedition, list of. (R.1874.) 286
Vocabulary—

COuUnMRELNNe ek, | CPA RUANTNG © 22 Sed Vee see ene GO

comparative, English, Spanish, French, Latin -__--_-__- ------ -------- 170

Nira ert lel PNWSALN, 22 yk eS a, eta tt ee le et ae 220
’ of Chinook jargon, or trade language of Oregon—G. GibBs_ -----~---- 161

of Chinook jargon, or trade language of Oregon—B. R. MircHetr;
ave a Gisneer 5, G, GIBBS e255 228 ee eee eae sot 68
21

$22 ALPHABETICAL INDEX
Vocal sounds of Laura Bridgman—F. Ligser ----------------_-.---------_ 12
Voices;of \crustaceans—G. (B: /Goopn,) (PB. .1878)- 3-8 Sass eee eee 332
Volcano— |

in Nicaragua, eruption of—A. B. Dickinson. (R. 1867) ---------_ -_-- 215

of Colima, eruption of—C. Sartorius. (R. 1869)-------.-.---_-----_ 228

of Popocatepetl, examination of—Baron von Mutter; A. Sonntaa_-_ 114
Voiivum, E. P. On the wingless grasshopper of California. (R. 1860) -----_ 147
Volta, Alexander, eulogy on, by F. ARAgo. (R. 1875)--------_-_+_ ----_-_-_- 298
Von BaumuaveEr, E. H. Universal meteorograph for detached observatories.

CRS 78 yc ee tes SUN AUS eee eee 345
Von Buch, Leopold, memoir of, by M. FLourgns. (R. 1862) -------------_- 150
Von HELLWaALD, F. The American migration. (R. 1866) ----__-_---.-__-__ 214
Von Karotyi, Lieut.; Craia, B. F. Products of combustion of gun-cotton

and'sunpowder., (Re 1864) 2522225 S aso Be 2 ae Se ee een
Von Lrresic, J. Induction and deduction. (R. 1870) ---.-_---------2-222 244
Von Martius, C. F. P., honorary medal to—W. HaArpinaErR. (R. 1863)----__ 187
Von Martius, C. F. P., memoir of, by C. Rav. (R. 1869) ---------- 228, 440, 251
Von Mutter, Baron. Observations on terrestrial magnetism in Mexico-_-____ 114

WwW.

Warn, M.-R. Memorial of Joseph\Henny -- == 2 a" "oe ee — 856
Wart; Hawkins. Blow-pipe apparatus. (R. 1872)_----—~_--— -=--~____. 271
Waker, D. Observations on Arctic auroras and specific gravity of sea water. 146
WALKER. D Observations iomi1ce= os. 25 aoe Se eae Bee eae eens 146
Waker, S.C. Ephemerides of planet Neptune, 1848, 1846-1849, 1850, 1851,

BSD 33 ee SN AN A ak TE he EE Ps Oe C2 OE See 4,5,6, 7, 24
Waker, S.C. Researches relative to planet Neptune _-__--___-_-_----____ 3
Watker, S. T. Explorations among Indian mounds in southern Florida.

(Ru 1879) oo Bs eh ee ee Se ee ee ee 345
WALKER, S. T. ‘ Shell-heaps of Tampa Bay, Florida. (R. 1879)------- ---__- 345
Watt, G. P.; Sawxins, J. G. Report on survey of economic geology of

Trinidad: }) (Ri sT856) a Sa Le ee ee 91
WatiacH, R.; Henry, J. Report of Committee of Regents on the fire at

Smithsonian.» (RoW 864) Cle Sse a ese ee eee 188
Walrus, remains of, in Maine—C. H. Boyp. (P. 1881) ~----_. -_-- ---__---_ 467
Wampum belts of the six nations—W. M. BraucHamp. (R. 1879)-___-_.--_ 346
War Department, authority given by, to officers of Quartermaster’s Depart- :

ment to receive and transmit specimens to Smithsonian ~___-.---_------ 34

;
|
1

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS.

Warp, L. F.—
Barometer tube breaking suddenly. (R. 1866)-------..----------------

Catalogue of collection of Japanese woods presented by University of
otstomel span hn ( hg Ook) oe ae ee ee een aee ee aa

Check-list of plants of Washington and vicinity -_--------------------
Directions for collecting and preserving plants___-_-------------------
Gunde to: flora of ‘Washington,and vicinityco2 -20 222

Warina, G. E., Jr. Suggestions for sanitary drainage of Washington city.
PRO TOTMLCCURIT GpeNiOe WiLL Li: ese ge USS 2g Sale OS Oe Se Sos a ae eae

Warming and ventilating buildings. Parts 1,11—A. Morin. (R. 1873; R.

sete peter 292 coh A AL CPIM ENA cea Wala Phar 275, 286,

Warming, architecture in relation to—D. B. Rerp. (R. 1856) --------------
Warner, J. Big elephant mound in Grant county, Wisconsin. (R. 1872) _-
Warren, G. K., report on collections made by—F. B. Merk; F. V. HAYDEN.

WarTMANN, E. Report on transactions of the Society of Physics and Natural
History of Geneva, July, 1867, to June, 1868. (R. 1868)__-_--__-_----

Washington, Arkansas, meteorological observations near—N. D. Smiru -___--

Washington, D. C.—
canal of, report of Committee of Regentson—R. DELAFIELD. (R. 1868.)
flora of, and vicinity, guide to the—L. F. Warp -__-------_--_-_-------
MOUCOVOL Inv ELArRiOL SELLA Ve lsee yee eee ene ue tea aS AN es ER
MON CE OL mMulsAACnWWieldcsttravelsan sa. Soe e val ea
prehistoric remains in vicinity of—T. R. PEALE. (R. 1872)_---__.----
sanitary drainage of. Toner lecture No. vi1i—G. E. Warina, Jr_-_-__-

Washington Philosophical Society, bulletin of. Vols. 1-111; March, 1871, to

MUTI LSB OE eee Lae aS a ae ae as SSE Se
Washington Territory—

distresvar——— Le ble) DAN iE TOOL) ses yee ee te se uo oe

forest trees in, distribution of—W. W. Jounson. (R. 1870)_-_--_-----

nena teyor ely. WEAN 2 PN ee let ee eee ee Gee EL

method of taking surf smelt by Indians of—J. G. Swan. (P. 1880) __-

Neah Bay, description of two new species of fishes (Ascelicthys rhodorus
and Scytalina cerdale) from—D. S. Jorpan; C. H. GiLBerr. (P.

Wasps, American solitary, synopsis of —H. DE SAUSSURE UEDA SED SS AS
Wasps, translation of De Saussure’s monograph of—H. Norron____-_-----_-_

Water—
formation of ice at bottom.of—M. ENGELHARDT. (R. 1866)_------___-

from Gulf of Mexico, report on—W.G. Fartow. (P. 1881) _----.---
in rivers, diminution of—H. G. Wrex. (R. 1875)_.--.-------_-_-__.-
in rivers, method of ascertaining the amount of—A. A. HuMPHREYs.
DR ee ae ee a ate eee ae ee
polluted, in Gulf of Mexico, destruction of fish by—W. C. W. Guazier.
id ge CTS ack SS eat ian AE ed BC ice UE ON CR

444

349

439
91
271
172

224
444
330
330
271
349

423

425

425
254
254

109

824 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Water—Continued.
salt, preservation of copper and iron in—A. E. Brcqurreu. (R. 1864.) 188

sea. specific gravity of—D.! WALBER- 22 20as2 0 lo ee a
Warxins, E. A. System of relationship of Cree Indians. (R. 1862)_------- 150
Watson, 8. Bibliographical index to North American botany. Part 1. Poly-

MC CCLUCE ai 4 ee PL Sa hE Eo Et rae Oe eee ne 258

“Weapons, savage, at Centennial Exhibition, study of—E. H. Knicur. (R.

VS T9) Laci ed eS Ee aS AT ee ae ee eee eee ees 345, 415
Weather, effect of moon on the—J, Hznry. (R. 1871) --------------------- 249
Wess, T. W. Account of Henry Draper’s telescope. (R. 1864)-_---------- 188
Weights, atomic, recalculation of. Constants of Nature, Partv—F. W. CLARKE. 441
Weights, small, method of forming—R. Harr. (R. 1858).-----.___---___-_- 109
Weights and measures—

English and French, tables of. (R. 1863; R. 1864)_-____---___ -_-- 187, 188

metric system of, with tablee—H. A. Newron. (R. 1865)_-------- 209, 371

new system of, with 8 as the metrical number—G. H. Kwient. (R.1867.) 215

Weismann, A. Change of Mexican axolotl to amblystoma. (R. 1877)-- 323, 401

Wetp, L» Account of. city ‘of Washineton; 1807_ 02. 2 = a ee ee 330
WELLING, J. C. Notes on the life and character of Joseph Henry___---- 356, 338
Welsh, language of Navajos said to reseemble—S. Y. McMasrtrrs. (R. 1865.) 209
WetsuH, J. Construction and verification of standard barometers. (R. 1859.) 110

West Indies—
birds of the—See Lawrence, G. N., Ober, F. A.

list of described birds of the, not in Smithsonian collection _.-_..______ 185
loxigilla from, description of new subspecies of —G. N. LAwreEnce. (P.
VO BL) eee ee pe ea ee eae ae ee 467
stone ‘celts in the—G. J\Gusps. © (R..1877) 22-2 oo eee . 828
West Virginia, occurrence of Canada porcupine in—G. B. Goopr. (P. 1878.) 332
Wet and dry bulb thermometer, tables for—J. H. Corrin ------------.--_-___ 87
WETHERILL, C. M.—
Modern theory of chemical types. (R. 1868) - 2-2 —---__ oe 187
Ozone and antozone. + )\(R. 1B64)\ 22.) Oe 2 eee 188, 355
Plan of a research upon the atmosphere. (R. 1866)_---__.-___--______ 214
Wex, H.G. Diminution of the water of rivers and streams. (R. 1875)_.__- 298

Wheeler expedition, list of Indian vocabularies received from the. (KR. 1874.) 286

Wheeler expedition— See Explorations.

Whirlwind at St. Thomas, August 21, 1871—A. Co_pina. (R. 1877) ----- 323, 398
Wuirz, 0. A.— ‘
Description of new cretaceous pinna from New Mexico. (P. 1880)---_- 425
Description of very large fossil gasteropod from State of Puebla, Mexico.
(Bs T8B0) 20 os ig ete Se ape a 425
Descriptions of new cretaceous invertebrate fossils from Kansas and
Pexass” (CP 1819) cose eee ee et ee 333
*

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 825

Wuirtet, C. A.—Continued.
Descriptions of new invertebrate fossils from the mesozoic and cenozoic

rocks of Arkansas, Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah. (P. 1880)_-~-- 425
Descriptions of new species of carboniferous invertebrate fossils. (P.1879.) 333
Biovc.omacrotnele., «(Pb 1880) 2 soba coe ees eo sues tly
Note on Criocardium and Ethmocardium. (P. 1879) ---.-------------+ 333
Motaont Mrdothyrd orndta. - (P18 79)e soe ee ek tn Se 333
Note on occurrence of Productus giganteus in California. (P.1880).--- 426
Note on occurrence of Stricklandia salteri and Stricklandia Davidsoni

imGeoreia.. (bP, 1880) a2 lesa ee ee ee ee eae

On certain cretaceous fossils from Arkansas and Colorado. (P. 1881)--- 467
White river caion, Pima county, Arizona, ruins in—R. T. Burr. (R. 1879.) 345
Wuitney, J. D. Catalogue of rocks, minerals, etc. (R. 1854) -...--------- Me
Wuitney, J. D. Cave in Calaveras county, California. (R. 1867) --..------ 215
Wuitney, W.D. Lectures on principles of linguistic science. (I. 1863.) 187, $52
WHITTLESEY, C.— Y

Ancient mining onshoresof Lake’ Superior 2--- 2-252 Sas 155

Meseriptions:of, ancient works 1m. Ohio. 22-22 aS = A eee 37

On fluctuations of level in North American lakes --...----__---------. 119

On fresh-water glacial drift of the northwestern States _-_._-__----_.--_-. 197

| Wilkes, C., duplicate shells of exploring expedition under_-___-_---------~-- 193
Mum mOIMSrit com. ( liek Goo) 52S 82 Ress se ee oe B, 67, 328, 330
Willemesia group of crustacea, (recent Hryontide,) notice of new species of

Bie ee MU PER i) (Cera NSA) 22 ee a ee eae Se a ee ee 333
Wittiams, H.C. On antiquities in some of the southern States. (Rh. 1870.) 244
WILiiAmson, G. Antiquities in Guatemala. (R. 1876) ----------~----=---- 299
Wiis, J. R.; Buackiston; Buanp. Birds of Nova Scotia. (R. 1858) --- 109
Wits, J. R.; Buanp. Birds of Bermuda. (Re ISb8 aos t ee oe 109
Witmort, S. Notes on western gizzard shad, Dorosoma cepedianum heterurum.

Or i es ee ee ne eee es 332
Witson, D. Lectures on physical ethnology. (R. 1862)-------------..-- done SEO,
Wilson, Henry, eulogy on, by P: Parker. (R. 1875) --_-------.---__--_=._ 298
Wind—

ACL £3 920) - fe EAs IO UrBee 20h ( Eve hI ) sea cr ca ce

articles on, preserved in Smithsonian. (R. 1874)-------_---.---------- 286

changes of—C. Mauuinikroor. (R. 1866)_-...-.--_-----------.---- 214

connection of gales of, and appearance of aurora—R. T. Knicur; J.

anaes (hic LBW) ete en eee een Se A te 249
observations of, in the Arctic Seas—I. I. Hayus-__-_--_-- --------~------ 196
observations of, in the Arctic Seas—E. K. KANnr____---_-------------- 104
observations of, in the Arctic Seas—F. L. McCuiintock ---~--~--~------ 146
Gueetvations-o, mi the United Sta8tegeonss2 sean eee tS Le 157
relation between difference of pressure and velocity of—J. Hann. (R.

Rapa Me iioamemage res os). oy ule aaa hee

TOT Tee

.

326 ALPHABETICAL INDEX
Winds—
in Florida—J, BanrzEuL. (8.1866) 2 ea ere
of the: globe—J. HL: Commi) So ye oe ae eo ne eee eee 268
of the northern hemisphere—J. H. Corrin __--__---_-__-___--________ 52
upper, importance of attention to the—C, Dewey. (R. 1866) _---_ __- 214
Winnipeg Lake, egging expedition to—D. Gunn. (R. 1867) ------------_- 215
Wirtz, H. R. Herbarium captured in Tennessee. (R. 1862)__---..----_-_-- 150
W isconsin—
antiquities in—M. Srrona. (R. 1877) 22. == a eae
antiquities of —1. LAPHAM io coo S820 ee a a ae
earthworks in—E: EH. (/BREED:| (R.1872) --- 22 ee eee
Grant county, elephant mound in—J. Warner. (R. 1872) ----------- 271
Grant county, observations on prehistoric mounds of—M. Srrone. (R. 7
STG yo rN NE Ned a DN a cee Cas ee ee ea ee 299
mound in—Oj KK DBans (eet StD) cake 5s ia ee ee ee 271
mounds and osteology of mound-builders of—J.N. De Harr. (R.1877.) 3238
mounds in—W. G. ANDERSON. (R. 1879) -_------_-_-_-.__ -----=--— 345
salamanderiof—P. Ry. Hoy.) (R854) 22222528 2 ee eee matt ne
Winnebago county, mounds in—T. Armstrona. (R. 1879) --------- - 346
Wise, J., on observation by, of a thunder storm—R. Hare. (R. 1854)_------ 75
WisreMan, N. Identification of the artisan and artist. (R. 1870) _---------. 244
WIssNnER, J. Meteorology of the District of Columbia. (R. 1857)_-------~- 107
WiruHers, R. E. Memorial address on Joseph Henry_-----_-_-..------------ 356
Woxikorr, A:.. Discussion of ‘winds'of the: elobe.2 2222222 sss ee eee 268
Worrxorr, A. Meteorology in Russia. (R. 1872)_:---.----_-_ -_-- -_-_-_-- 271
Wolstenholm Sound, tidal record at—Com. SAUNDERS ~-----~----- ---- ----~- 130
Wood, ancient implement of, from Connecticut—E. W. EttswortH. (R. 1876) 299
Wood, "preservation of. )\(R. 1864)2 2 4 to ee
Woop, H. C.—
Bibliography of alge 2o. 28s Se Se ee
Contribution to the history of the fresh-water alge of North America -_ 241
Fever. A study in morbid and normal physiology. (R. 1878) ---. 341, 357
Instructions for collecting myriapods, phalangida, ete. (R. 1866)_--_-- 214
Study of nature and mechanism of fever. Toner lecture No. Iv _------ 282
Woop, J. Meteorological observations at Marietta, Ohio-__-----~--------- a= 20
Woods of Japan, collection of, presented to U. 8. National Museum, catalogue
of—Li. Fe WaAaED.) "(PQI88it) Se oe: ee Cee ee ee eee 467
Woopwarp, J. J. Structure of cancerous tumors and mode in which adjacent
parteare invaded ies 2-2 es RSS es ee eee ee 266
WoopwortH, A. Meteorite in Mexico. (R. 1867)_---------------~-------— 215
Wootsry, T. D. Eulogy on CO. C. Felton. (R. 1861) ----- ---- ---..-------- 149
Work, relation of food to, and its bearing on medical practice—S. HauauTon.
(21870) 222 2e-e: oa pais ike Ny Se UA 244

wie
ee Se ae

OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS. 327

Works published by Smithsonian Institution to January, 1866____.--_-_-_-_--_-__ 208
World, estimate of population of the—E. Maritiy. (R. 1873)_-----------_-- 275
Worsaak, J. J. A. Preservation of antiquities and national monuments in
PReeVAM eae cape hy.) 18.1 Q)) sess a Ue ee ae 345
Wounds of poisoned arrows, lecture on nature and cure of—D. BRAINARD.
Eee treme ota 2h eV ee ae ees ere ene CT oC eS A 75
Wright, C., account of botanical explorations of, in New Mexico and Cali-
Ronis AY. °\ (Ra POaO)e mar ot. See ee eee eee eke ye 21
Wright, C., account of plants collected by, in Texas and New Mexico. Parts
STS Lee Ok Gag VR ave, en Sdn SRE EE cue Cees ee te fe 22, 42
Pena T. Dy. Ke Antiquities of Tennessee: | (Rs 1874) 2-5-2. ea 286
Wrieut, G. Account of lightning discharges. (R. 1867) -----------.------ 215
Writings, scientific, of Sir William Herschel, synopsis of—E. S. HotpEn; C.
DEAS DEN GS.) (le. 1880) S226 Silo ae ee So Va aes 442, 426
Mtns aCLeENti ie: Ol, James) GMiIbMson eee we ee ee ee a 327
Wiurdemann, G., notice of, by A. D. BacHE.. (R.1859)--+--— --_ -._--.---- 110
WwurpEeMANN, G. Specimens of flamingo, etc., from south Florida. (R. 1860.) 147
WuRDEMANN, W.; Green, J. On filling barometer tubes. (R. 1859) _-.--_ 110
Wyandot government—J. W. PowELu. (EH. 1879-80)------ .__------------- 476
Wyman, J. Anatomy of nervous system of Rana pipiens ._..----.. -------- 45
Wyoming, new invertebrate fossils from—C. A. WuItTE. (P. 1880)---------- 425

ee

Xantus, John, explorations of, in Mexico—M. Romgro. (R. 1862) _._-_-_-__..-__ 150

Xenichthys ocyurus, new species of Xenichthys from west coast of Central
America, description of—D. S. Jorpan; C. H. GILBERT, (P..1881)___ 467

Xerobates, land tortoises of genus—F. W. True. (P. 1881) -----.-----_-_-- 467
Xiphister, description of new species of, from Monterey, California—D. 8. Jor-
mes ©. ci, GILBERT. mk MEGoO) cone eee ee 425

Xystreurys liolepis, new flounder from Santa Catalina Island, California, descrip-
tion of—D. S. Jonpan; C. H. Gitpert. (P..1880) -----------.---_- 425

328 ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Ya

Yacht ‘‘ Fox,’’ meteorological observations made on—F*. L. McCiintocK_--_-- 146
Yale College, catulogue of meteorites in—G. J. Brus. (R. 1868) -_.------- 224
Yarrow, H.C. Study of mortuary customs of the North American Indians.
(1879-80) St es a SS ee ee ene eae 476
Yellowstone river, prehistoric remains near the—P. W. Norris. (R. 1879) -- 345
Yoruba, Africa—
country and people of, description of—T. J. BowEN_-_---.----------.. 98
language of, bibliography of2- 24" ES 2 oe eee =a ee

language of, grammar and dictionary of—T. J. Bowen; W. W. TurNER. 98
language of, grammar and dictionary of—SouTHERN Baptist MIssion-

ABY SOCEBDY i SNS Po eS Jee See Tes UR Nee ee ns Lee eee pees 98
Youna, C. B. Translation of Morin on warming and ventilating buildings.

CRUFIB TB se al Si) ye ae Sa Ee a Sot Pee oe 275, 286, 439
Youne, C. B. Translation of Von Baumhauer on a universal meteorograph.

CRIS 19) ake k Dee es ae Se Re ea See ere ee 345
Young, Thomas, eulogy on, by, Fs ARAGO..” (Re 1869) e222 ee eee
Vouna, W.Ji:,.\Clond*bursts..y1( Re 1867) 22 22525 ee eee 215
Yu, (Chinese name of jade,) study of—S. BLonDEL. (R. 1876)------___.-__- 299
Yucatan, remarks on Cara gigantesca of Yzamal in—A. Scuorr. (R. 1869) __ 228
Yukon, Russian America, journey to the—W. W. Kirby. (R. 1864) -------- 188
Yzamal, Yucatan, remarks on Cara gigantesca of—A. ScHoTtT. (R. 1869)_-.-- 228

Ze

ZANTEDESCHI, F. R. Electricity of induction in aerial strata of atmosphere

surrounding cloud resolving into rain, ete. (R. 1870)_-----_-._.--_-_... 244
Zapotec remains, notice of—B. Mayer; J. G. SAWKINS -__----------_------ 86
ZIsGENBALS, H. Schlagintweit ethnographic collection. (R. 1867) ---------. 215
Zone of small planets between Mars and Jupiter, lecture on the—E. Loomis.

(RTS Ses ates Sia ae le EE eke ee eee ee eee 75
Zodlogical—

Gardens, Hamburg. Exchange of specimens. (R. 1867)-------------- 215

POS AO MOL ye asa ED eC Oe ed 412

Record, list of generic names supplemental to those indexed in—S. H.

SCUDDER fase 2h one e eee eee pee Sateen eee ae 470
Zodlogicus, Nomenclator. <A list of generic names of recent and fossil ani-

TX SA) oy A yo 2 470

Zodlogy, list of generic names employed in—S. H. ScuDDER____~.__-----~--- 470

Zodlogy, record of recent.progress in, 1879, 1880—T. Gity. (R. 1880)__. 442, 431

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