oo. . AN : 7. x poe SS EES = ee ni A 3 : . ae ut a AN RAE ae FAR aN AO a iY x x . AS a K os ui NN a Ay a NS on . oy : OE EERE Ca KEE, CE KO CE COS EM Ce a CECE GE Ge at CEE CC, le, CS ag Kk cee | aie —— A 4 A KE a ON Tet) : WA na Maa i MA h\ i I on " ah Pes 4 NEL SEH ERNY CONT PN vata awe aha Rye ‘s PRO iN Va ‘ i ea ye e PN | Vi & . uN < aM ; eV DATA 1 Aaa Gon ba Rien : \ WN } Ni \ ‘i i ! aN Tay DeNG a k yet 2 ba heen vil} Va \ 0 ee , \ oe ie i ie a! hock Fs af oa HY ow “A Way Wipe aos rn en | ; \ \A AP oe a ead TAP STALE ALS al roe Wren ee Weeder at a | eae | Poca y ~ AEGAN y 1 MN { p A Nt r BN FEN AN PANN ge P . ae i . F a " , , / 4 | y 4 it a i Ha So ee ‘ : 4 fa F - f J , . . 7 Ks i Poa (pa - y LAN ae Me ee al oi l 4 Se. = ' y - 5 y bedi a é . 4 : ppd eH Panna fis Yan Ve pe F > : m ‘el F $ . ‘ e ) a Pa APY OVE A PS een Pee Ae Fata ee ae 5 )e , , mV ‘ =a 5 (pa , i y A a a as i res | A WAS ASW AN AS a , ‘ AW a Se f i” we vient os ) i: lee Vio i f em WRAY i y At NA te ps Nh ti Masti We NBO CAP} AY TN Ih ! : = rox c j i A Sty ee \ 1 } i i bi | ' sents We ROM MAN oY i ly 2 eal ra Kanne aa Foor WANG Be ae MN oe _ « @&& ae ‘EG eS (as SSE mee ie : ae CS aa ae Sia ie Ge ae | > SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS. VOL. V EL. ‘“SEVERY MAN IS A VALUABLE MEMBER OF SOCIETY WHO BY HIS OBSERVATIONS, RESEARCHES, AND EXPERIMENTS PROCURES KNOWLEDGE FOR MEN.” —SMITHSON. € “) ! WASHINGTON: PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 1867 a nen PHILADELPHIA: COLLINS, PRINTER, 705 JAYNE STREET. CONTENTS. Advertisement .- 7 : - 6 d 5 : . q ARTICLE I. MonocraPH OF THE BATS OF Norra America. By H. Auten, M. D., Assistant Surgeon U. S. A. June, 1864. Pp. 110, and 68 wood-cuts. (165) ARTICLE II. Lanp AND Fresh WATER SHELLS OF Nortn AMERICA. Parr ll. PuLMoNATA LIMNOPHILA AND THALASSO- puna. By W. G. Binney. September, 1865. Pp. 172, and 261 wood-cuts. (143) ARTICLE III. Lanp AnD Fresu-WATER SHELLS of NorTH AMERICA- Parrlil. AMPULLARUD#, VALVATIDA}, VIVIPARIDA, ' FresH-WATER RIssoIDa, CycLopHorID#, TRUNCA- TELLID”, FREsH-WATER NERITIDA, Heuicinipz. By W. G. Bryvey. September, 1865. Pp. 128 and 932 wood-cuts. (144) ARTICLE IV. RESEARCHES UPON THE Hyproslin& AND ALLIED Forms: CHIEFLY MADE FROM MATERIALS IN THE MvusEvUM OF THE SuirasontaNn Institution. By, Dr. Wm. Srimpson. August, 1865. Pp. 64, and 29 cuts. (201) ARTICLE V. MonoGRAPH OF AmeERICAN CoRBICULADZ (recent and fossil). Prepared for the Smithsonian Institution. By Tempte PRIME. December, 1865. Pp. 92 and 86 wood-cuts. (145) ARTICLE VI. Cuecx List oF THE INVERTEBRATE Fossis of NorTH America. EocENE AND OLIGOCENE. By T. A. Cox- Rap. May, 1866. Pp. 46. (200) ARTICLE VII. Cueck List oF THE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS OF Nort America. Murocens. By F. B. Merex. November, 1864. Pp. 34. (183) PAGE vil vi CONTENTS. ARTICLE VIII. Cueck List oF THE INVERTEBRATE Fosstts or Nort AmerRIcA. CRETACEOUS AND Jurassic. By F. B. Meek. April, 1864. Pp. 42. (177) ARTICLE IX. CaratocuE oF MINERALS WITH THEIR FORMULAS, ETC. Prepared for the Smithsonian Institution. By T. Eexieston. June, 1863. Pp. 56. (156) ARTICLE xX. A Dictionary oF THE CHINOOK JARGON OR TRADE LANGUAGE OF OREGON. Prepared for the Smithso- nian Institution. By GrorGe Gipss. March, 1863. Pp. 60. (161) ARTICLE XI. Insrructions ror RESEARCH RELATIVE To THE ETHNO- LOGY AND PuiLotocy or AmERIcA. Prepared for the Smithsonian Institution. ByGrorce Gisss. March, 1863. Pp. 54. (160) ARTICLE XII. List or Works PvusuisHepD BY THE SMITHSONIAN InsTI- tTuTiox. January, 1866. Pp. 12. (203) ADVERTISEMENT. THE present series, entitled ‘‘ Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col- lections,” is intended to embrace all the publications issued directly by the Smithsonian Institution in octavo form ; those in quarto con- stituting the ‘Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge.” The quarto series includes memoirs embracing the records of extended original investigations and researches resulting in what are be- lieved to be new truths, and constituting positive additions to the sum of human knowledge. The octavo series is designed to con- tain reports on the present state of our knowledge of particular branches of science : instructions for collecting and digesting facts and materials for research: lists and synopses of species of the organic and inorganic world: museum catalogues: reports of ex- plorations: aids to bibliographical investigations, etc., generally prepared at the express request of the Institution, and at its: expense. The position of a work in one or the other of the two series will sometimes depend upon whether the required illustrations can be presented more conveniently in the quarto or the octavo form. In the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, as well as in the present series, each article is separately paged and indexed, and the actual date of its publication is that given on its special title- page, and not that of the volume in which it is placed. In many cases, works have been published, and largely distributed, years before their combination into volumes. While due care is taken on the part of the Smithsonian Insti- tution to insure a proper standard of excellence in its publications, it will be readily understood that it cannot hold itself responsible for the facts and conclusions of the authors, as it is impossible in most cases to verify their statements. JOSEPH HENRY, Secretary S. 1. Givin) SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS. a MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERTCA. BY He A nN M.D. ASSIST. SURGEON, U.S. A. . WASHINGTON: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION: JUNE, 1864. ADVERTISEMENT. TueE following memoir, by Dr. Allen, is designed to exhibit the present state of our knowledge respecting the species of Chei- roptera, or bats, found in America, north of Mexico, and their general geographical distribution. It is based principally on the specimens in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, although the collections of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural. Sciences and of the Museum of Comparative Zoology of Cambridge have also been consulted. JOSEPH HENRY, Secretary S. I. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Wasuineton, April 26, 1864, PHILADELPHIA: COLLINS, PRINTER . (ii ) TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Advertisement . : : : : : : é ell Introduction : : : : s : , . . hans Artificial Key to the Gitsra : ; : ; ; xxiii Fam. MEGADERMATIDA. : C : - cC : F oneal Macrortus, Gray ; : : : ; ; aes! 3 Macrotus californicus, Baird. : 5 5 ° Fam. NOCTILIONIDA . ; : : . : ; : Seo Nycrinomus, Geoff. . é : é : ‘ : Oa Nyctinomus nasutus, 7’omes c : : : mE Fam. VESPERTILIONIDA : 5 : : : : : + Dalal Nycricesus, Raf. ; : . . : ; ames Nycticejus crepuscularis, Alon 5 : “ < snes Lasiurus, Raf. . : 7 5 : : R : od Lasiurus noveboracensis, Tomes ; : : ils Lasiurus cinereus, Allen. : : C ec Lasiurus intermedius, Allen : 5 . 5 ce ge Scoropuitus, Leach . 3 : : ; ; . Ath Scotophilus carolinensis, Allen . : : - eS Scotophilus fuscus, Allen . ; : : : aol Scotophilus ceorgianus, Allen . 7 : 5 3 30 Scotophilus noctivagans, Lec. . 5 ° 5 5 Be Scotophilus hesperus, Allen : : : : an tao Vespertitio, Keys. & Blas. . ; : : é . 46 Vespertilio evotis, Allen. : , : ; . 48 Vespertilio subulatus, Say . . ; : 5 @il Vespertilio affinis, Allen . : : c : - 53 Vespertilio lucifugus, Lec. . ; : . : - 55 Vespertilio yumanensis, Allen. z ‘ : . 58 Vespertilio nitidus, Allen . . . : : 60 Synotus, Keys. & Blas. - : C : c c 7 62 Synotus macrotis, Allen. : ° c - = 60 Synotus townsendii, Wagner. . : : = 500 Awnrtrozous, Allen 4 C : ‘ A ; 5 G0 Antrozous pallidus, Allen . : ° - : OS Appendix . 7 : “ = : ° : “ : : oil Alphabetical Index . . : ; : . 6 , os INTRODUCTION. Amona the numerous agents which Nature employs for re- stricting the excessive increase of the insect world, the bats hold a conspicuous position. Eminently adapted to an animal regimen, the vast majority of these animals are exclusively insectivorous in their habits. Mosquitos, gnats, moths, and even the heavily mailed nocturnal Coleoptera, fall victims in large numbers to their voracious appetites. Certain members of the order, such as Flying Foxes (PTERoPpopID*#), are strictly frugivorous, it is true ; and others, as the Dog-bat of Surinam (Noctula leporina), classified as an insect-eating bat, partakes occasionally of fruit in addition to its more animal diet; none of the species found in this country, however, are known to subsist on any other than insect food. In this respect they hold a decided relationship to certain birds, and it is interesting to observe how, under differ- ent circumstances, these widely separated animals serve us to the same end. The functions which the latter perform during the day, the former assume in the evening. The latter prey upon the diurnal insects, while the former feed exclusively upon the crepuscular and nocturnal kinds. The disappearance of the birds of day is a signal for the advent of the dusky host, which, as it were, temporarily relieve from duty their more brilliant rivals in guarding the interests of Nature. But, while thus connected with birds in their position in the world’s economy, bats have none of that grace of form, or beauty of coloring so characteristic of the others. Their bodies are cluinsy and repulsive; their hues are dull and unattractive—nor can the eye dwell with pleasure upon their grotesque and awk- ext vl INTRODUCTION. ward motions. This aversion—so universally evinced toward _ these little animals—is heightened by the associations of the time and place of their daily appearance. Attendant, as they are, upon the quiet hours of twilight, when the thickening gloom is conducive to the development of superstitious feeling, bats have always been associated with ideas of the horrible and the unknown. In olden times, when the imagination of the people exceeded the accuracy of their observations, it was one of the numerous monsters inhabiting their caverns and forests. It has done service in many a legend; its bite was fatal; it was the emblem of haunted houses; its wings bore up the dragon slain by St. George. It is easy to trace from this early impression the permanent position that the bat, as an emblem of the repulsive, held in letters and the arts. It is mentioned in the Book of Leviticus as one of the unclean things. Its image is rudely carved upon the tombs of the ancient Egyptians. The Greeks consecrated it to Proserpine. It is part of the infernal potion of the witches in Macbeth, while Ariel employs it in his erratic flights. In art, its wings have entered largely into the creation of those composite horrors—evil spirits, nor have modern artists escaped from the absurdity of encumbering the Satan of Holy Writ with like appendages.’ Of this association with the monstrous the in- telligent observer ceases to take note when the finer beauties of structure develop themselves under his gaze. Upon acquaintance he learns, perhaps with surprise, that, in anatomical and physio- logical peculiarities, and zoological position, the bat is a subject for study worthy of the attention of the most contemplative. In- deed, no order of animals is more interesting, and none has received greater attention from the hands of savans. The early pioneers of natural history were far astray in their endeavors to correctly define the nature and position of the bat. “Some authors place bats among the birds, because they are able to fly through the air; while others assign them a_ position ' To this fancy of the ancients of placing the wings of a bat upon demons is happily opposed the sweet conceit of poets in adorning the figures of angels and cherubim with the wings of birds. The wing of a bat is sombre and angular—that of a bird is of delicate hues and replete with curves. It is therefore poetic justice to have the one become an emblem of the infernal as the other is an expression of the heavenly form. INTRODUCTION. vii .among the quadrupeds, because they can walk on the earth. Some again, who admitted the mammalian nature of the crea- tures, scattered them at intervals through the scale of animated beings, heedless of any distinction excepting the single charac- teristic in which they took their stand, and by which they judged every animal. These are but a few of the diverse opinions which prevailed among the naturalists of former times, among which the most ingeniously quaint is that which places the bat and ostrich in the same order, because the bat has wings and the ostrich has not.’ Without reviewing the recorded errors of these observers, we will be content to calf the attention of the reader to the following brief account of the structure of flying animals, so that the true position of the bat among them may be definitely fixed. There are two distinct types of modification which the verte- brate skeleton has undergone in adapting the animal for flight, both of which depend upon some peculiarity in the structure of the anterior extremities ; and in order to obtain a correct opinion of them we propose to cast a glance at each in turn. Plan of bony structure of the wings of flying vertebrate animals. I. Wing membrane supported by all fingers— a. Bones of carpus -separat- Bats (Vespertilio), order of Mam. ed; flight maintained by dermal expanse II. Wing membrane supported by the 4th finger only (which is immensely de- veloped), the others remaining free— Pterodactyles, order of Rept. i ON III. Bones of metacarpus 2-3 in number— b. Bones of carpus united ; Feathers not radiating— flight maintained by der- } Living birds (Aves)—class. | IV. Bones of metacarpus 4 in number— | Feathers radiating— C Archxopteryx (AVES)—subclass. mal appendages 1 Wood, Nat. Hist. I (Mam.), 114. vill INTRODUCTION. I. The Bart, in which the humerus is long and slender, with a small pectoral ridge. Ulna rudimentary, attached to the curved radius, which coustitutes the bulk of the forearm; carpus composed of tinct; the phalanges generally 2 in number; thumb, and in some the index finger surmounted by a claw. [I. The Preropacrye, in which the humerus is short and straight, very broad at head, with angular and prominent pectoral ridge ; ulna and radius distinct, of nearly equal size; carpus composed of 5 bones; metacarpus of 4 bones, separate and distinct; Ist finger with 3 joints, 2d with 4, 3d with 5, 4th with 4 joints, all provided with claws, with the exception of the 4th, which is remarkable for the extraordinary development of its several joints. It is from this last mentioned finger to the base of the foot that the skin was stretched by which the animal was en- abled to fly. | 6 bones; the metacarpal bones 5 in number, separate and dis- a. ( Ill. The Bren, in which the humerus is curved, more or less slender ; pectoral ridge prominent, not angular; ulna large, curved, not | united with the slender and more diminutive radius; carpus of 2 bones; metacarpus of 2, sometimes of 3 bones—the first being | small and cylindrical, the other two of larger dimensions and united so as to form a bone resembling the bones of the forearm ; ulnar phalanx of 1 joint, united to the radial which is composed | of 2. The power of sustaining flight not dependent upon the ex- | pansion of skin, but upon the excessive development of dermal appendages (feathers). | | b-2 IV. The ARcumoPTERYX! agrees with the typical bird in general particu- lars, but differs in the number of the metacarpal bones, which are here 4in number: the 1st and 2d are slender, free and separate from one another; the 3d and 4th bear considerable resemblance to those of extant birds, in being large, stout, and closely approxi- mated; but are not, however, united. Flight is supposed to have been maintained in the same man- ner as in living birds. ! Archeopteryx lithographica, H. von Meyer, a fossil of the Lower Jurassic formation of Germany, obtained from the lithographic stone at Solenhofen. It was first made known to science by Prof. Wagner, at a meeting of the Mathematico-Physical Class of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Munich, in 1861, and was more minutely described, by H. Hermann von Meyer, in Jahrbuch fir Mineralogie, 1861, 561. This remarkable fossil, which is at present exciting such profound attention among anatomists, combines the characters of the bird and the reptile so intimately that it was for a time a matter of doubt to which INTRODUCTION. ix DIAGRAM OF THE BONES OF ANTERIOR EXTREMITIES OF FLYING VERTEBRATES. I. Bat.—a. Scapula. 6. Humerus. ¢. Radius. d. Rudiment of ulna ancbylosed to radius. e. Carpus. jf. Metacarpus. g. Pha- langes. Il. PreropacTyLe.—References the same as in Fig. I. Ill. Birp.—References as in Fig. I. The dotted outline of the second ungual phalanx indicates the occasional occurrence of a claw at this point. The majority of birds are without it. IV. Arcu#ZopreRYxX.—References as in Fig. I. The dotted outlines seen at carpus and the terminal phalanges are restored portions. x INTRODUCTION. In addition to the instances already given, certain fishes, as the Exocetus and Dactylopterus, possess the power of suStaining true flight. The mechanism that lifts the body of the fish from the water, and upholds it for a short time in the air, is obtained in the pectoral fins, which, in these animals, are enormously de- veloped. The structure of these fins is homologous to that of the anterior extremities of other vertebrates—their form alone being modified to adapt the animal to the medium in which it is placed. Thus we have, in each great subdivision of vertebrate animals, a representative capable of sustaining flight. Another somewhat similar modification of the animal economy is met with in a few animals of arboreal habits. Here a peculiar arrangement of the skin is observed, which enables the possessor to break the force of downward leaps. In the Flying Lemur (Galeopithecus), in the Flying Squirrel (Pieromys), and in the Flying Opossum (Petaurista), the furred skin extends laterally from the sides of the body, and is attached to anterior and posterior extremities at the metacarpal and metatarsal regions respectively. The only instance of osteological development is obtained in the Dragon (Draco volans), a small lizard from Sumatra, in which long, transverse processes from either side of the lumbar vertebre sup- port a thin membranous growth which is capable of being opened and shut by means of muscles attached to the bony frame-work. Anatomy.—From the consideration of the mechanism of the wings of bats, it is an easy transition to speak of their anatomy. The bones of Chetroptera, though incapable of receiving air from the surrounding medium, are nevertheless of very light class it could be assigned. Its peculiarities consist of a continuation of the bones of the vertebral column posteriorly to the number of twenty segments, thus creating a tail seven inches in length; of the metacarpal bones, being composed of four bones instead of two or three as in living birds; and of the reptilian character of the pelvis. For descriptions concerning this curious animal the reader is referred to the original paper by M. von Meyer, /oc. cit. ; an article in The Intellectual Observer, for Dec. 1862 (with, plate), by Wm. H. Woodward; an article in Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, 2d series, XXXV, May, 1863, 129 (Prof. Dana); an article in Phil. Trans. CLIII, part I, 1863, 33, pl. 1 to 4 (Prof. Owen). The last mentioned paper is the most complete on the subject, and is accompanied with a handsome full size plate of the fossil. It is from this memoir that the outline engraving on the opposite page has in part been taken. INTRODUCTION, xi structure. The skeleton of a bat is expressive of lightness and tenuity® The bones of the common Brown Bat (V. subulatus), from which this description is taken, weighed but eleven grains. . The skull is of proportionate large size, rounded at cranium The parietal crest, generally faintly produced, is frequently entirely absent; at the superior angle of occipital bone a faintly defined triangular patch is seen in those skulls where the temporal fosse on either side have not extended quite the length of the side of cranium. Orbit incomplete ; temporal fosse very large ; zygomata perfect, generally slightly curvilinear, somewhat de- pressed in centre. Anterior nares large, sub-circular, extending back on the palate to a level with the canine teeth. Intermaxillary bones rudimentary and not meeting in front. The bones of the cranium are without diploe, and the interior of the skull without tentorium. Auditory bulle (viz., the circular appendages to the external meatus) very large. Occipital condyles broad; fora- men magnum large, sub-oval, somewhat depressed. The maxillary bones are stout, and support all the teeth, excepting the incisors, which are held in position by the inter-maxillary bones. The lower jaw is stout, receding at symphysis, where it is very high, and extends backwards to a level with the 2d premolar tooth; coronoid process high, blunt, strongly marked externally to its base with the concave surface for the insertion of temporal muscle. The anterior border is vertical, the superior and pos- terior are slightly oblique, ending in the condyloid process; the articulating head of which is arranged transversely to the axis of the bone. The ramus of the jaw is turned slightly outward, and is thin and compressed. A large hamular process is con- spicuous immediately inferior to the articulating surface. The éeeth are of variable number—being in some snecies as low as 30, in others as high as 38. This variation, combined with differences in their contour, furnish characters of great importance in the classification of these animals. The principal differences are seen in the number of the incisors and molars. The usual number of incisors is 4 in the upper, and 6 in the lower jaw. The number is never in excess of this, though frequently falling short of it. Thus, in some genera there are but 2 incisors above and 4 below; or there may be none above and but 2 below When the number in the upper jaw is confined to 2 teeth the central incisors are wanting. The number in the lower jaw is xil INTRODUCTION. always 6 in the family Vespertilionide, with the exception of the Californian genus Antrozous, which has here but 4 incisors. In this particular it shows evidence of its affinity with the family Phyllostomidz, in which 4 incisors in the lower jaw is the normal number. The molars are of two kinds: the true molars, and the false or premolars. The former are the larger and situated most pos- teriorly, the latter are small, placed between the true molars and the canines, and appear to unite the characters of both these teeth. The premolar adjoining the first molar bears a stronger resemblance to the grinders than to the premolar adjacent to the canine, which shows decided resemblance to the eye tooth. The number of molars (true and false) in any bat never exceeds 6 above and 6 below. In any diminution of this number the first premolar is always wanting. The minute description of the teeth is reserved for the remarks under each species. It will be well in this place, however, to de- fine the true molars, and since they are not subject to any material variation in shape no mention of them will be made in the text. The true molars are 3 in number, both above and below. In the upper jaw they are of a sub-triangular shape, wider than long, their bases being outward, and their apices rounded and blunt. The first and second teeth have two V-shaped cusps upon the articulating surface of the crown—the anterior border of each cusp being more prominent than the posterior. The union of these two cusps constitutes what is known as the W-shaped crown. This irregularity is occasioned by the sinuate incurving of the enamel of the tooth; it eminently adapts the organ for the mastication of insect food. The inner portion of the articulating face is lower than the outer, is of a rounded shape, and is furnished with but one cusp, which, however, placed immediately behind the anterior triangular cusp, runs obscurely backwards to behind the posterior cusp, giving these teeth the appearance of being quadri-cuspid. The third molar, much smaller than the preceding, has a straight anterior and a rounded posterior surface ; the external face of crown is irregular and sinuate, posterior unicuspid. In the lower jaw the molars are of equal size. They are longer than wide. Each tooth is made up of two V-shaped cusps, their INTRODUCTION. xiil bases lying inwards, their apices very acute. The anterior cusp is wider and somewhat higher than the posterior. The vertebral column is remarkable for the absence of any prominent processes. The cervical vertebre are little more than slender rings of bones surrounding a spinal marrow of unusual width. The dorsal are also very uniform in appearance, each bone having its sides furnished with a slightly elevated tubercle. The ribs attached to them are relatively broad, very long, and much curved, thus giving the thorax a somewhat compressed appearance. The first rib is remarkable for its extreme breadth, especially at the point where it articulates with the sternum, being here twice the width of the clavicle. The sternum is of great strength. The manubrium is markedly crested, broad and flat at base whence two blunt, obtuse ale spring from either side to articulate with the clavicle and first rib. The gladiolus and xyphus are large and robust; the latter has upon its inferior extremity an expanded cartilaginous piece, which is continuous with the linea alba. The object of this excessive development of the sternum is evident: the immense power employed in the maintenance of flight necessitating the presence of strong osseous points for attachment of the muscles. The clavicle is long, much arched, and slightly flattened from before backwards. The scapula is of a sub-rhomboid shape. At the upper third of its dorsal surface the dorsal spine runs obliquely forwards and terminates in the large acromion. The coracoid process is also conspicuous, and projects at right angles from the scapula parallel with a similar process from the internal superior angle of the shoulder blade. The humerus is long, cylindrical; head small, scarcely longer than shaft ; two processes before and behind the articulation are observed for the insertion of the scapular muscles. The inferior extremity has but one articular facet. The forearm consists of the radius alone, the ulna being entirely absent or confined to a mere rudiment attached to the upper posterior part of the radius. The radius is slightly arched, much larger than humerus, and like it without any process. The carpus is composed of 6 bones, of which the largest supports the radius. The bones of the metacarpus are greatly deveioped in length, constituting the bony frame-work upon which the wing membranes are stretched. The thumb has two joints, the terminal one of which is surrounded by a claw, the others having generally x_¥ INTRODUCTION. three joints each—long and cylindrical. The pelvis is slender and narrow. ‘The ilii are elongated, not widened, and markedly con- vex on outer surfaces; ischia relatively large, and converging ; pubis rather slender. The ossa innominata are readily disunited at symphysis, their union to the sacrum being firmer. Obturator foramen large and elliptical. Both femur and tibia are long eylin- drical bones, presenting no features of interest. The fibula is - slender, acuminate and imperfect; it arises from the base of the tibia, and terminates midway up that bone. By the partial ever- sion of the lower extremity it appears to lie to the inner side of the tibia. The foes are five in number and armed with sharply curved claws ; the caleaneum is enormously developed as a spicula of bone, running obliquely downwards and inwards towards the tail, and inclosed within the border of the interfemoral membrane. The termination of this bone is abrupt in some species, in others its extremity blends with the free edge of the membrane. The fail is composed of nine joints in the majority of bats, which diminish in width from above downwards; the tip of the tail may or may not be included in the interfemoral membrane. Mr. Thomas Bell, in reviewing the osteology of the bat, uses the following language :— “The whole of this structure is so perfectly adapted to the peculiar habits of the animals as to require no comment. The ereat development of the ribs, sternum, and scapula for the attach- ment of strong muscles of flight ; the length and strength of the clavicle ; the extension of all the bones of the anterior extremity, all admirably tend to fulfil their obvious end.”—Cyclopedia of Anat. and Phys., art. Chetropiera. The digestive apparatus is very simple, as might be supposed from the nature of the food upon which these animals subsist. The stomach is simple, with small fundus. The intestine is short, measuring but one and a half times the length of the body, and in many species without a cecum. The nervous system is highly developed, especially the special senses of hearing and of touch. The ears, both internally and externally, are highly perfected. The cochlea are disproportion- ately large as compared with the size of the semicircular canals. The ampulle, as already seen, are very large. To this osseous structure, for the reception of sound, is added the complicated auricle with which all insectivorous bats are provided. These INTRODUCTION. XV are frequently much larger than the head, and of great variety of shapes: their variations of form being of great importance in classification. The internal border is generally much curved, and terminates in an obtuse or acute projection, called the internal basal lobe (c) ; the external border of the ear is of an irregular convex contour, and ends anteriorly in a blunt and thickened fold of membrane— the external basal lobe (d).1| The tragus, or oreillon (e), is an upright growth of membrane extending from the base of the auricle up the centre of the external ear. The function of this appendage is not known; it probably acts as a valve to prevent foreign substances entering the ear, or to prevent the volume of sound received from such a large auricle in impinging too forcibly upon the delicate tympanum. The nose is also frequently the seat of extensive dermal growths. These appendages, situated about the nostrils, may be simple up- right, triangular folds of skin, or they may be exceedingly compli- cated in structure. No North American bat, with but one ex- ception (IL. californicus), has such a development. Though the external ear is evidently intended to augment the sense of hear- ing, there is some doubt whether the nose leaves hold the same relation to the olfactory sense. These growths are composed of reduplications of skin, and are not related to the lining mem- brane of the nose. hey are probably the agents for augmenting the sense of touch alone, and in this way act conjointly with the wing membranes. Ii is in this latter structure that the sense of touch chiefly re- sides. ‘The bones of the extremities being covered on either side with an enduplication of skin, form a frame-work upon both sides | In the above cut the external basal lobe has been turned backwards to disclose the base of tragus. xvi INTRODUCTION. of which the papillx of touch are extensively distributed. This function, in many places, is probably aided by the delicate hairs which are sparsely distributed linearly upon the under surfaces of the membranes. These may perform a function analogous to that observed in the labial whiskers which are so prominent in the Felide. Spallanzani was the first to notice the high development to which this sense had been brought in these animals. His ex- periment is well known, but will bear repetition here :— “Tn 1793 Spallanzani put out the eyes of a bat, and observed that it appeared to fly with as much ease as before, and without striking against objects in its way, following the course of a ceil- ing, and avoiding, with accuracy, everything against which it was expected to strike. Not only were blinded bats capable of avoiding such objects as parts of a building, but they shunned, with equal address, the most delicate obstacles, even silken threads, stretched in such a manner as to leave just space enough for them to pass with their wings expanded. When these threads were placed closer together, the bats contracted their wings, in order to pass between them without touching. They also passed with the same security between branches of trees placed to inter- cept them, and suspended themselves by the wall, &ec. with as much ease as if they could see distinctly.”—Godman’s Amer. Nat. Hist. VY, 183) 5%. Habits.—The habits of these animals are but little known. We possess a general knowledge that they are of nocturnal and cre- puscular habits; that they feed upon night insects; that they frequent in their hours of repose secluded retreats in common with other nocturnal animals. To this circumstance, as much as any other, our ignorance of their habits is chiefly due. The darkness and unpleasant surroundings of their haunts are suffi- cient obstacles to cool the ardor of the most enthusiastic naturalist. Opportunities are offered occasionally, however, to observe their flight, and their habits in repose, by their accidental entrance into the open apartments of our dwellings in warm weather. ' In this connection I take the liberty of quoting from Mr. Audubon’s “Eccentric Naturalist,’ a sketch which appeared in the “ Ornithological Biography” of that author. The hero of this sketch is well known to have been M. Rafinesque. The incident narrated was one of a series of adventures equally ludicrous which Mr. Audubon graphically narrates :— ** When it was waxed late I showed him to the apartment intended for INTRODUCTION. xvii Under these circumstances they can be readily caught, and although bearing captivity poorly, can,yet with care be sustained for some time. In this condition they will take small pieces of raw meat with avidity, though—strange as it may appear— refuse to partake of insects. They appear to drink largely of water. A small Brown Bat, which I once caught and caged, would lap up water eagerly when all food was refused. The first act of the bat, after emerging in the evening from its retreat, is to fly to the water. The following account illus- trating this peculiarity, as well as showing the enormous numbers in which these animals will live together, is of great interest. It is from the pen of M. Figaniere, Minister to this country from Portugal, in a letter addressed to Prof. Henry, Secretary of Smithsonian Institution :— “In the winter of 1859, having purchased the property known as Seneca Point, on the margin of the Northeast River, near Charlestown, in Cecil County, Maryland, we took possession of it in May of the next year. The dwelling is a brick structure covered with slate in the form of an L, two-storied, with garret, cellars, and a stone laundry and milk house attached. Having been uninhabited for several years it exhibited the appearance, with the exception of one or two rooms, of desolation and neglect, with damp, black walls, all quite unexpected, as it had been but very slightly examined, and was represented in good habitable condition, merely requiring some few repairs and a little painting. “The boxes, bundles and other packages of furniture which had preceded us, lay scattered around and within the dwelling: these, with the exception of some mattresses and bedding for him during his stay, and endeavored to render him comfortable, leaving him writing material in abundance. I was indeed heartily glad to have a naturalist under my roof. We had all retired to rest. Every person I imagined was in deep slumber, save myself, when of a sudden I heard a great uproar in the naturalist’s room. I got up, reached the place in a few moments, and opened the door, when, to my astonishment, I saw my guest running about the room naked, holding the handle of my favorite violin, the body of which he had battered to pieces against the walls in attempting to kill the bats, which had entered by the open window, probably attracted by the insects flying around his candle. I stood amazed, but he continued running round and round, until he was fairly exhausted ; when he begged me to procure one of the animals for him, as he felt convinced they belonged to a ‘new species.’ ” B xviii INTRODUCTION. immediate use, were hastily arranged for unpacking and placing in order at leisure. Thegweather, which was beautiful, balmy and warm, invited us towards evening to out-door enjoyment and rest after a fatiguing day of travel and active labor; but chairs, settees and benches were scarcely occupied by us on the piazza and lawn, when to our amazement, and the horror of the female portion of our party, small black bats made their appearance in immense numbers, flickering around the premises, rushing in and out of doors and through open windoavs—almost obscuring the early twilight, and causing a general stampede of the ladies, who fled covering their heads with their hands, fearing that the dreaded little vampires might make a lodgment in their hair. “This remarkable exhibition much increased our disappoint- ment in regard to the habitable condition of our acquisition, and was entirely unexpected, inasmuch as the unwelcome neighbors were in their dormant state and ensconced out of sight, when the property was examined previous to purchase. With their appearance and in such immense numbers the prospect of im- mediate indoors arrangement and comfort vanished; the para- mount, the urgent necessity was to get rid of such a nuisance as quickly as possible, and the question was by what means could this be accomplished. Our scientific friends and acquaintances, both in New York and Philadelphia, were consulted, various volumes of natural history were examined in order to ascertain the peculiar habits of the vermin, but we derived no effectual con- solation from these sources. One of our friends, indeed, sent us from New York an infallible exterminator in the form of a receipt obtained at no inconsiderable cost: strips of fat pork saturated with a subtle poison were to be hung up in places where the annoying ‘creatures’ did most congregate; of this they would surely eat, and thus ‘shuffle off their mortal coil.’ How many revolving bat seasons it might have required by this process to kill off the multitude, the urgency of the case would not allow us to calculate, and the experiment was therefore abandoned. “Evening after evening did we patiently, though not com- placently, watch this periodical exodus of dusky wings into light from their lurking places one after another, and in some instances in couples and even triples, according as the size of the holes or apertures, from which they emerged, in the slate roofing would permit. Their excursions invariably commenced with the ery of INTRODUCTION. xix the ‘whippoorwill,’ both at coming evening and at early dawn ; and it was observed that they always first directed their flight towards the river, undoubtedly to damp their mouse-like snouts, put not their spirits, for it was likewise observed that they re- turned to play hide and seek, and indulge in all other imaginable gambols: when, after eratifying their love of sport and satisfying their voracious appetites (as the absence of mosquitos and gnats testified), they would re-enter their habitation, again to emerge at the first signal of their feathered trumpeter. I thus ascertained one very important fact, namely, that the bat, or the species which annoyed us, ate and drank twice in twenty-four hours. Such appeared their habit, such therefore was their indispensable need. Upon ascertaining this fact, after having tried suffocation by the fumes of brimstone with only partial success, I concluded to adopt 2 more efficient plan of warfare ; and for this purpose commenced by causing all the holes, fissures in the wood-work, and apertures in the slating to be hermetically sealed with cement: this put a stop to their egress ; but to avoid their dying by starvation and deprivation of water, which would manifold increase the annoy- ance by adding their dead to their living stench, I ordered aper- tures of about two feet square to be opened in the lathe and plastered partition on each side of the garret windows, and also in the ceiling of every garret room ; lastly, when the bats’ reveille was sounded by the bugle of the whippoorwill, all the hands of our establishment, men and boys, each armed with a wooden implement (shaped like a cricket bat), marched to the third floor, ‘on murderous deeds with thoughts intent :’ a lighted lantern was placed in the middle of one of the rooms, divested of all furniture, to allure the hidden foe from their strongholds. After closing the window to prevent all escape into the open air, the assailants distributed at regular distances to avoid clubbing each other, awaited the appearance of the bats enticed into the room by the artificial light and impelled by their own natural craving. The slaughter commenced, and progressed with sanguinary vigor for several hours, or until brought to a close by the weariness of dealing the blows that made the enemy bite the dust, and over- powered by the heat and closeness of the apartment. This plan sueceeded perfectly. After a few evenings of similar exercise, in which the batteurs became quite expert in the use of their weapon, every wielding of the wooden bat bringing down an expiring name- XX INTRODUCTION. sake, the war terminated by the extermination of every individual of the enemy in the main building. However, there still was the cock-loft of the laundry, which gave evidence of a large popula- tion. In this case I had recourse to a plan which had been re- commended, but was not carried out in regard to the dwelling- house. JI employed a slater to remove a portion of the slating which required repairing. This process discovered some fifteen hundred or two thousand bats, of which the larger number were killed, and the remainder sought the barn, trees, and other places of concealment in the neighborhood. “Tn the main building nine thousand six hundred and forty bats, from actual counting, were destroyed. This was ascertained in the following manner: After the battling of each evening the dead were swept into one corner of the room, and in the morning, be- fore removing them to the manure heap, they were carefully counted and recorded ; many had been killed before and some few after the reckoning was made, and were not included in it, nor were those killed under the adjoining laundry roof. The massacre commenced by killing fewer the first evenings, the number in- creasing, and then diminishing towards the end; but it was generally from fifty or a hundred, up to six hundred and fifty—the highest mortality of one evening’s work—dwindling down to eight, five, three, and two. “This species of bat is generally small, black, and very lively. Some smaller than the ordinary size were found, probably young ones, and one or two larger, supposed to be grandfathers, of a reddish hue, which was thought to be from age. These vermin were generally more or less covered with a small sized bug, not very dissimilar to the common chinch, but of a different species. As previously stated, the bat has a very disagreeable odor, which also pertains to its ejection. “The manure, as well as the bodies of the slain, was used to fertilize the flower and vegetable garden, and thus, in some degree, they served to compensate us for the annoyance to which we had been subjected. The manure, however, required to be applied with caution, since, if used in too large a quantity, it appeared to burn the organism of the plants. ‘To remove the very disagreeable odor which remained in the upper part of the house, various kinds of disinfectants were em- ployed with some advantage ; but the most effectual method re- INTRODUCTION. Xxi sorted to was that of opening holes of about four inches square, two at each gable end, to permit a current of air to pass through. These holes were covered with iron gauze, to prevent the re-entrance of any of the remainder of the army of the enemy which might hover around the premises. “ At the end of five years the odor has now nearly disappeared, being hardly perceptible during a continuance of very damp weather.” The fact mentioned above of the numerous parasites infesting bats is perhaps the most revolting feature in these creatures. Tue enormous population of Acari found upon their bodies is due to the great generation of animal heat in their close haunts, a condition conducive to a rapid “increase of all kinds of vermin. In this country the common bed-bug (Cimex lectularis) is fre- quently found upon their fur. The entrance of a bat, with its precious burden, into the open window of a farm house is the solution of that frequently propounded question of the despairing housewife; ‘“ Where can the bugs come from ?” Of individual anecdotes of bats we have but few examples. The following, illustrating the maternal instinct, is taken from Godman’s Nat. Hist. I, 1831, 56. It is narrated by Mr. Titian Peale :— “In June, 1823, the son of Mr. Gillespie, the keeper of the city square, caught a young Red Bat (L. noveboracensis), which he took home with him. Three hours afterwards, in the evening, as he was conveying it to the Museum, in his hand, while passing near the place where it was caught, the mother made her appear- ance and followed the boy for two squares, flying around him and finally alighted on his breast, such was her anxiety to save her offspring. Both were brought to the Museum—the young one firmly adhering to its mother’s teat. This faithful creature lived two days in the Museum, and then died of injuries received from her captor. The young one, being but half grown, was still too young to take care of itself, and died shortly after.’ ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE GENERA. I. IsTIoPpHORA. (Bats with upright appendage on nose. ) MEGADERMATIDZ. Nose leaf simple, triangular, acuminate. . . Macrotus. Il. GYMNORHINA. (Bats without upright appendage on nose. ) A. Nostrils circular ; wing membranes narrow ; tail either much longer or much shorter than interfemoral membrane. : . NOcTILIONIDE. Lips grooved : : : . Nyctinomus. B. Nostrils subelliptical ; wing membranes am- ple; tail inclosed in interfemoral mem- brane—the final joint in some instances exserted . ; . : ; : . VESPERTILIONIDS. a. Two incisors in upper jaw. + Six incisors in lower jaw. * Interfemoral membrane more orless hairy . : . Lasiurus. ** Interfemoral membrane not hairy : : : » Nycticejus. t Four incisors in lower jaw . . Antrozous. b. Four incisors in upper jaw. ¢ Molars &; internal basal lobe of ear acute . : : . Vespertilio. { Molars less than 6; internal basal lobe of ear rounded. * Nose with two symmetrical excrescences . : . Synotus. ** Nose without excrescences . Scotophilus. (oxcxiity) ae i EES MONO GRA Pt OF er Ee eA MOE Rel CA No Beas: Fam. MEGADERMATID. MACROTUS, Gray. Macrotus, Gray, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1843, 21. Fars large, joined; leafy appendage simple, erect; interfemoral membranes large; point of tail free. Fig. 1. Macrotus californicus. Skull thin, light, tapering. The cranium inflated; parietal crest small. ’ Dentition. Molars es . Canines z= . Incisors = . Canines - . Molars > = 34 teeth. Upper Jaw.—The incisors disproportionate ; the central large and chisel-shaped; the lateral small, pointed, and converging. Canines small, slightly concave on inner, convex on outer surface ; i 2 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. no basal cusps. First premolar of peculiar shape, thin and com- pressed. It is unicuspid, with a small posterior basal point visible from without. The second is thicker, and has an internal basal ridge. The third and fourth molars not peculiar. The fifth is small, greatly compressed from within outwards. Lower Jaw.—Incisors crowded, indistinctly trilobed ; canines - with a marked basal cusp. The first and second premolars of about equal size, thick, with basal ridge. The remaining molars not peculiar. In placing this genus under Megadermatide it should not be considered as having any strong affinity to the genus Megaderma. When a family or subfamily is extensive, the first and last members of it often differ considerably from one another; and in the pre- sent instance the genus Megaderma may be considered to stand at one end of the subfamily, while J/acrotus is at the other, the intervening members being wanting. The nose leaf of Megaderma is complex and naked, that of Macrotus is simple and hairy. JMegaderma has no tail, while that of Macrotus is produced beyond the interfemoral membrane. Macrotus has some resemblance to that group of Phyllostomatide, of which Glossophaga is the type. The head has the same long, rostroid appearance, the small acuminated nose leaf, the cleft in the lower lip, and the abrupt interfemoral membrane. The genus, in fact, appears to stand between Megadermatide and Phyllo- stomatide. The genus Macrotus was established by Gray in the Proc. Zool. Soc. for 1843, p. 21, upon specimens of I. waterhousii brought from Hayti by Dr. Parnell. The description was very brief, and accompanied by no mention of the dentition. MACROTUS. 3 Macrotus californicus, Barrp. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Macrotus californicus, BArrp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Phila. 1858, 117.—Is. Rep. U. 5. and Mex. Bound. Surv. II, 1859, Mammals, p. 4, pl. i, fig. 2. Description.—Head long. Face hairy. Eyes rather large, almond-shaped. Nose leaf acuminate, higher than broad, its nar- row nostrils placed in its base obliquely. Ears very large, united over the head by an incised, transverse membrane; they are oval and slightly hairy. Tragus not quite half as high as the auricle; lanceolate straight on outer border, where at base there is an abrupt increase in width with a slight revolution posteriorly ; inner border not thickened, the upper half concave, lower half convex. Lower lip cleft, shield triangular acute. Thumb slen- der, long; basal joint shortest. Tail produced two lines beyond the interfemoral membrane. The caleaneum large. Wing mem- brane extends to ankle; in some specimens it seems to arise by a slight attachment from the calcaneum in the same manner as in the genus Natalus. Foot moderate, with short compressed hairs on upper surface, claws rather large. The fur is indistinctly tricolored. Above, base white, terminal third fawn, its tip gray. Below, base likewise white, terminal third fawn, its tip white—thus giving the fur a grizzled, wavy appearance. The hair about the face is shorter and more inclined to brown. Immediately behind the junction of the ears the head is almost naked. The basal portions of the ears have growths of hair upon them which may be contiguous in the living animal. This species is closely related to JL waterhousti, Gray, of Cuba, Hayti, and other West Indian Islands; but a comparisoa 4 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. of the type with good specimens of the latter from Cuba, pre- served in aleohol, and presented by Prof. Poey to the Smithsonian Institution, show unmistakable differences, as do others from Jamaica, recently received from Mr. March. The chin plates are less acutely defined ; the internal border of the tragus is much thickened, and the revoluted portion at the base of the external border is slightly swollen. The fur is bi- colored ; central portion dark-brown instead of fawn. ‘The nose leaf is of about the same height as in the above species; the tail,’ however, is .25 of an inch shorter. The dentition is similar. The J. mexicana, Saussure, is a species from Mexico described by M. Saussure in Revue et Mag. de Zool., 2d series, XII, 1860, p. 486. The author states that the description is taken from a specimen which was in poor condition. It is difficult to tell from his description whether his species is the same as JZ. californicus or not. Macrotus californicus. MEASUREMENTS. 33 a leaden arcaleo Saul oralisc Sal Ss % Sao a 2 oO = O ° r=] ~ ° o oo Bae, cee oer] ae NEE e ay opera ek ce tasters fers toc 1 com | eee 2's SS BS) hs] eS] BS) &S | Se] BS] Be | eee s | 33 SeUN Se 1ieR BS es AMES Pee aaiis al toe 23 69] 68) a*| $2 (a8) $2) 32) 82) S28) a2) a5) @ | ee 2347 | 23 | 16 0.2 | 1.10] 0.9 Ss yas | ta | os 10.0 | Ale SQL MA 1407/22/03] 008 7 2.008 |) TES = KOs 3.0 | 05 | 10 | 0.44] 100 | * S2lia,| 411 | 20 | - IA | 0.2 | 1.10 | 010-) 8.2] 04) 7.2 [01m | e100 Ne 52145. | 410 | 20 | 1.3 | 0.2] 20 |] 0.10} 30] 05] 19 | 042] 100] « 52lte | 797! 20 112 | 02/20 | 08 | 30] 05] 1.0 | 05 10} « 521 kd. | 20 | 14 | 02] 1.8 | 010 80 | O52 0) LIN OMT OLGey en tes 5A4e | 412; 2.0 | 1.4 OD PTO eOD 3.0] 05 |]1.0 | 06 TON ee 6174 415 | 20 | 13 | 02)18 | 08 | 3.0 | 0.5 | 1.0%) 0.5 | 106 “ | t NYCTINOMUS. 5 List oF SPECIMENS. Cat. No. Specimens. Locality. Presented by Nature of Spee’n. 2347 1 | Fort Yuma, Cal. Maj. G. H. Thomas. In aleohol (type). 5214 28 Cape St. Lucas. John Xantus, Tn aleohol. 6174 1 Cape St. Lucas. John Xantus. In alcohol. Fam. NOCTILIONID/. NYCTINOMUS, Georr. Nyctinomus, Er. Georrroy, Desc. de VEgypte (Hist. Nat.), II, 1814.—Is. GrorFroy, Ann. des Se. Nat. I, 1824, 337.—CasreLnau, Exp. d’Amer. Sud; Mammif. pl. xii, f. 2. Ears generally joined; lips thick, pendulous, grooved ; nose sharp, well defined ; tragus obtuse, broad and square; tail pro- duced beyond the interfemoral membrane nearly half its length ; great toes separated from the others, and fringed on their outer side. N. nasutus. Skull.—The cranium is inflated, with no appearance of crest, and very papery. The anterior nares small. Intermaxillary bones rudimentary ; facial angle small. Auditory capsules large. Lower jaw slender and elongated. 6 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. Dentition. Molars 5 ; 1 : 2 : 1 5 ; . Canines —. Incisors —. Canines —. Molars —30 teeth. 5 1 4 1 5 Upper Jaw.—Superior incisors converge but do not touch. The first premolar is very small, but not hidden; the second has a sharp, well defined internal cusp. The internal cusp of the third upper molar has a posterior prolongation ; last molar large. Lower Jaw.—The incisors are very small, bilobed and crowded. The canines are slender, with an internal cusp, which does not meet its fellow in the middle line. Two premolars of nearly equal size, unicuspid, the posterior being a little the larger, The remaining three molars are in nowise peculiar. A singular confusion has always existed in the efforts of naturalists to accurately determine the forms of the Molossoid group of the Noctilionide. The names of Vespertilio, Molossus, Dysopes, Dinops and Nycti- nomus, have been applied almost indiscriminately to the different species. Geof. St. Hilaire established the genus Molossus, in 1805, in Ann. du Mus. VI, 150. In 1814, he founded the genus Nyctinomus in the “ Description de Egypte.” As far as my ob- servation has been extended, it is among these two genera that the different species can be properly grouped, excepting per- haps the form Cheiromeles, Horsf. MJolossus is an American genus. Nyctinomus has an extensive distribution, being found in Africa, Australia, and America. Peters, in “ Reise nach Mo- zambique,” has described two African species under the names of Dysopes brachypterus and limbatus, but the figured skulls and aeads correspond exactly to those of Nyctinomus. ‘Tomes, while adverse to the separation, states that if separated, Jolossus australis, Gould, from Australia, belongs to Nyctinomus. Hors- field’s elaborate and sagacious researches in Asia have brought to light N. tenuis; and ‘finally, Is. St. Hilaire noticed as early as 1824 (Ann. des Se. Nat., April, 1824), the prevalence of the genus in America. Nyctinomus can readily be distinguished from Molossus by the following characters :— Molossus. Superior incisors converge and touch. Molars four in upper jaw; internal cusp of third molar not prolonged NYCTINOMUS. iT posteriorly ; last molar small. Skull not markedly broad. Lips thick and heavy, but not furrowed. Nose rounded. Tragus a mere point of integument. Nyctinomus. Superior incisors converge but do not touch. Molars in upper jaw five; internal cusp of third upper molar having a posterior prolongation ; last molar large. Skull broad. Lips very pendulous and furrowed. Nose sharp, well defined. Tragus obtuse, broad, and square. Nyctinomus nasutus, Tomes. Molossus nasutus, Spix, Sim. et Vesp. Bras., 1823, 60, pl. xxxv, fig. 7; side Isis, August, 1824, 899 (Brazil).—Scuinz, Syn. Mamm. I, 1844, 143. Dysopes nasutus, TemM., Mon. Mamm. I, 1827, 234.—Ip. Zool. Jour. III, 1828, 459.—Wacener, Suppl. Scureser, I, 1844, 474.—Ib. V, 1855, das Nyctinomus nasutus, Tomes, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1861, 68 (Jamaica). Nyctinomus brasiliensis, Isip. Grorr., Ann. des Se. Nat. I, April, 1824, 337, pl. xxii (Brazil).—Is. Zool. Journ. I, 1825, 133.—Frrvssac, Bull. des Sc. Nat. II, 1824, 74. Nyctinomus murinus, Gray, Griffith’s Cuv. Ann. Kingdom, V, 1828, 66. Nycticea cynocephala, Lecontr, Cuv. An. Kingdom (MecMurtrie) I, 1831, 452 (South Carolina). Molossus cynocephalus, Cooper, Ann. N. Y. Lye. IV, 1837, 65, pl. iii, fig. 1.—Waener, Suppl. Scureper, V, 1855, 714. Molossus fuliginosus, Cooper, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. IV, 1837, 67, pl. iii, f. 3 (S. Carolina.) Rhinopoma carolinensis, GunpLacu, Archiv f. Natur. 1840, 358, (not of Geoff., in Desm. Mamm. 1820, 130, and Dict. d’Hist. Nat. XLV, 1829). —Leconre, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. VII, 1855, 437. ? Dysopes naso, WaAcNeER, Suppl. Schreb. I. 1840, 475, based on Nycti- nomus brasiliensis, GEOFF. Nyctinomus mexicanus, Sauss., Rev. et Mag. de Zool. XI, 1860, 283. 8 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. Description.—Head rather large ; made to appear more so by the heavy pendulous lips. Ears broad as high, obtusely square, almost joining on top of the head ; on their inner anterior border five minute warts are observed. The outer border is emarginate at its upper, strongly concave at its lower portion, where at its basal third it is doubled upon itself. The mouth has upon it a bristled wart. The tragus is small, very obtuse ; the outer border rather the longer. It is furnished at the tip with three or four bristles. The sides of the face are very little swollen. The in- flated portions are continuous with the inner border of the ear, and both it and the pendulous lips, which are crimped into eight perpendicular lines, are studded with stiff bristles some three lines in length, those near the mouth being shorter. The snout is pro- minent, produced, truncated, and emarginate ; a little ridge runs down the median line. The upper margin is beautifully crenu- lated, the lower is thickly set with a row of projecting setae, between which and the base of the nostrils runs a deep groove. The nostrils themselves are simple, rounded, and open sublaterally. The lower lips are thick but not crimped ; they are quite bristly, and a small median wart is placed three lines from the mouth. The fur is thick, short, soft, and almost entirely confined to the body. Above it is dark fawn at tip, with a base of a whitish hue. Tt extends up upon the back of the ears one-third their height. There is a very delicate patch on the interbrachial membrane. In front the color is light cimereus at base; tip a delicate fawn. Thumb moderate. Foot large; toes furnished with long hairs; the first and fifth fingers with numerous and thicker hairs in addition. Nyctinomus nasutus, Tomes, has been selected as the name of this species after careful search. For a long time, N. bra- siliensis, Is’d. Geof., was thought to have the priority, but the reference following Dysopes nasutus, Spix, in the above synonymy, shows clearly that this description has the priority of one year over the former. Mr. Tomes’s name follows the title, since he ras the first to give it its proper name. Geoff. St. Hilaire, after founding the genus Nyctinomus, is said to have described a bat from North America, which was ealled Rhinopoma carolinensis. This is considered by Major Leconte to be the same as the species under consideration. But Nycti- nomus has a naked nose, while Rhvnopoma has a well developed noseleaf and operculum. There has been no figure given of this NYCTINOMUS. 9 animal, but a glance at a figure of another species of the same genus, &. macrophylla, Geoff., Plates of the ‘ Description de Egypte,” pl. i, fig. 1 (erroneously entitled Zaphozous filet), will at once show the wide differences existing between Rhino- poma and Nyctinomus. I have discarded Geoffroy’s name, there- fore, thinking it very probable that it has had an erroneous locality thrust upon itt. It is somewhat singular that Major Leconte should have adopted this name at the sacrifice of his own—Nycti- cea cynocephala—upon the bare supposition that the specific name, carolinensis, might lead to the conclusion that Zhinopoma had been found in North America. As far as I have been en- abled to observe, there are no deaf-nosed bats whatever inhabiting the Atlantic slope of the United States. The species IZ. cynocephalus and fuliginosus, of Mr. Cooper, evidently refer to the same animal; the minute differences ob- served in the ears are due to the circumstance that Mr. Cooper’s descriptions were taken from dried specimens. There is no longer much doubt about the extensive distribu- tion of this species. Mr. Tomes? has examined specimens from different South American localities, and he affirms that they are identical with those obtained from South Carolina. I have also examined a specimen from Hayti, and another from Buenos Ayres, both of which belong to the Mus. Comp. Zoology, Cambridge, and they appear to be precisely similar to the more northern individuals. It may be proper to state that Wagner considers the Molossus nasutus of Spix to be different from Nyctinomus brasiliensis of Geoffrey (=D. nasutus, Temm.), and gives the name of D. naso to the latter species. Burmeister also applies the latter name to a species found about Buenos Ayres (Reise durch die La Plata Staaten, II, 1861, 392) and in Chile. 1 “This (N. nasutus) has been supposed by Major Leconte and others to be the R. carolinensis of M. Geoffroy ; but having examined the types of this species in the Paris Museum, I am enabled to state that this is not the case. The R. carolinensis is a small Molossus from West Africa and Bourbon (M. acetabulosus = M. natalensis).”—Tomes, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1861, p- 68. 2 “JT have received specimens from many localities in South America and have compared them with others from Central America, and with the types of N. brasiliensis in the Paris Museum; and again with specimens of N. fuliginosus from Charleston, 8. C., whence they had been sent by Dr. Bachman, and I find them to be all one species.” —Tomes, loc. cit. 10 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. MEASUREMENTS. | ea : © rat bo 5 ao None 4 ie ai ok (aon | cenli ic Sa |S Ss oe ailic Ro aril ys 8 at S| heeled saa@|/4a¢|a°}- ae + 26} 2 os ef | 22) 22| ad] Bo) Be) BS) Be | eel ee] 2 Be Ba |pe | Sa| 82) se) gs) ge) ad | os! os | oe o ° & A I wn A An xq q eB a 5253 t 2.6 IES 1.7 | 0.6 3.0 O.4 0.7 | 0.2 | 11.0 | Alcoholic. 5494 5 2.6 Te 1,9 | 0.6 3.0 0.4 0.7 0.2 | 10.3 se 6 2.6 1.0 1.7 | 0.6 3.2 O4 0.6 0.2 | 10.0 ss 5227 A 2.4 1S 1.6 0.6 3.2 0.45 0.6 0.2 9.9 ce 5219 9 2.3 1.3 1.6 0.6 3.0 0.3 0.7 0.2 | 10.0 s¢ 2:3 1.2 wt 0.6 3.0 0.3 0.7 0.2 | 10.6 ee 2.0 r3 1.6 0.5 3.0 0.3 0.7 0.2 | 10.4 a 5225 2.2 1.2 1.6 | 0.6 3.0 0.3 0.7 0.2 | 10.3 se List oF SPECIMENS. Cat. No. | No. of Sp. Locality. Presented by Nature of Specimen. 2 a=. —— = — = se ee 5475 1 Upper Rio Grande. Dr. D.C) Henry. | Dry. 5473 al El Paso. Jp aClark, sy 5225 1 Eastern Texas. iG be Alcoholic. 5219 3 Pecos to R. Grande. | Capt. J. Pope. s 5496 2 Grand Coteau, La. St. Chas. Coll. “ §223 1 Matamoras. Lt. Couch. .s 5227 1 Fort Yuina, Cal. Maj. G. H. Thomas. = 4742 1 oT uSs 24 Maj. Leconte. Dry. NYCTICEJUS. Wh Fam. VESPERTILIONID/~. NYCTICEJUS, Rar. Nycticejus, Ra¥., Journal de Physique, LXX XVIII, 1819, 417. Head short, broad, flat; ears small, simple, widely separated ; upper incisors two; membranes naked. N. crepuscularis. Skull.—Intermediate between that of Scotophilus and that of Lasiurus, flat, but not to the extent seen in the former; cranium inflated, but not so much as in the latter. It isnot elevated; the occipital elevation is not abrupt. Compared with that of Z. noveboracensis, a bat of nearly the same size, it is longer, and face more pointed. The palate is more level and does not slope so much at its posterior part. The infraorbital foramen is larger, with a slight tendency toward the formation of a groove. The lower jaw is less abrupt; the incisors are placed more anteriorly to the canines in a larger are. Dentition. 9 Molars 4 Canines 1 - Incisors a Canines a Molars =a teeth. Upper Jaw.—Incisors small, contiguous to canines, and slightly converging ; canines large, simple. Molars not peculiar. The first more slender and longer than the others, but not so broad ; destitute of the W-shaped crown. 12 NORTH AMERICAN BATS 4 Lower Jaw.—Incisors not crowded, bifid. Canine simple, turned markedly backward ; basal ridge anteriorly well developed ; first premolar larger than the same tooth in Lasturus, but in com- parison with the second is of itself small. The second premolar, if produced, would not touch an extended line from the canine. The basal ridges of both these teeth are large. Molars proper, not peculiar. This genus of Rafinesque’s has until recently held an uncertain position. As imperfectly defined by its describer the presence of two incisors only, in the upper jaw, was brought out as the pro- minent generic characteristic. But, as it was afterwards observed, the incisors are variable, the young, it was thought, having four incisors, the adult but two. And even this observation applied more to the genus as then understood than to it as now restricted ; for the above fact in relation to the dentition is also observed in LI. noveboracensis. So we conclude that the presence of but two- incisors in the upper jaw of Nycticejus is still a permanent character, though not a very important one. Nycticejus crepuscularis, ALtey. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Vespertilio crepuscularis, Lec., Cuy. An. Kingdom (McMurtrie ed.), I, 1831, 432.—In., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. VII, 1855, 433. Vespertilio creeks, Fr. Cuv. Nouv. Ann. du Mus. J, 1832, 18. Nycticejus humeralis, (?) Ra¥., Journal de Physique, LX XXVIII, 1819, 417. Description.—Kars small, internal basal lobe small and curved ; the external basal lobe also rather inconspicuous; between the 9 NYCTICEJUS. lS latter and the angle of the mouth a small wart is present. Tra- gus straight on internal, irregularly convex on outer border. Face black ; nostrils simple, not produced, very little emarginated ; sides of face much swollen. Lower jaw has a rather large naked space at chin. Eyes small, with a wart above on either side. Thumb moderate. Membranes blackish-brown, extending to base of toes. Feet rather small, slightly haired above. Interfemoral triangular, moderately ample. Calcaneum slight. Tip of tail exserted. The general expression is thus observed to be that of Scotophi- lus, but it differs from that genus in the blackish hue of the mem- branes of ear and skin of face, and in the smallness of the former. The fur is rather scanty, with the exception of a small patch at base of the interfemoral membrane ; before and behind there is no hair on the membranes. The lower third of posterior surface of ears is covered with soft hair. The fur is inclined to be woolly ; everywhere it is rather short. That of the back is dark fawn for the upper half, the lower half being a lighter hue bordering o: brown. In front the color is more uniform and lighter, being plumbeous at base, light brown at tips. In one specimen, No. 882, Georgia, Phila. Acad., the fur runs on to the membranes before and behind midway to the elbow. In another, No. 283, Carlisle, Pa., the coloration in front resembles V. subulatus, Say, that of the back more brownish. MEASUREMENTS. ee ee ee 3 oe 5 ’ ‘ oe R a d 8 | 48/ a9 ‘So od | s Selva umcn, siesta ee ss a Be |e eee ees in ere oe ees |e £3 28 | Sa fe) Sees | aa) me | me | Geelee| 2 | es er SEMA NSC Ueto ie estes | ees eegiaelcce |e 5+ ns) oe 5 aa o ° a ra 4 A 4 4 aq q ica q 5312 aA 2.0 | 1.5 1.4] 0.6 | 26 0.4] 04 0.23 | 9.6 | Alcoholic. ae Ome 14] 06 | 26 04] 0.5 0.2 | 9.9 | cs a Omlelee 1.4] 06 | 25 0:3)5|". Oe | 0:3 aanols “ 5313 as DO eae ee |) 1016s 216 0.3 0.4 <|*03 | 9.3 “ 5822 ms 1.5 14} 0.6 |, 2.64 | 0.4 0.5 0.3 «“ 5329 ue 20m ele 2 13) |) OF6) | oes en ha Ove 0.4 0.20)|" 918 ‘ ae DO 12 TG OG ne oay 0.4 0.42 | 0.2] 9.9 “ 4735 ne 2.0 | 1.2 13] 0.6 | 25 0.4 04 OSG Dry. 4736 ss 201i) dee TE OG: | aa 0.3 0132) 1 OZ eh 79 “ 111 ae 1.6 2.9 0.3 0.4 0.2 “ 283 i ON les! 1.4 | 0:6.| 2:2 03 0.4 0.2: | 7.6 &“ 882 BI 2.0 | 1.3 1.5 | 016 | 2:4 0.3 0.64 | 0.3 ] 8.0 & Se ee aN ee ee ge 14 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. List or SPECIMENS. Cat. No. | No. of Sp. Locality. Presented by Nature of Spec’m. 5448 1. Carlisle, Pa. S. F. Baird. | Dry. 5350 1 Washington, D. C. ? Alcoholie. 5312 2 Liberty Co., Ga. Dr. Jos. Jones. gs 5313 1 New Orleans. N. O. Academy. se 5300 iL; St. Louis, Mo. Dr. G. Engelmann. ws 5322 1 Nebraska. Dr. Cooper. ss 5397 1 Redmond’s Ranch,Tex.| J. H. Clark. of 5372 3 Matamoras, (Berl. Col.).| | Lt. D. N. Couch. = 32 teeth. Upper Jaw.—Incisors small, strongly convergent; canines simple. First premolar very minute, entirely hidden from view externally by the close position of the second premolar to the canine; molars not peculiar except the last, which is small and thin, compressed from before backwards. Lower Jaw.—Incisors crowded ; canines pointing backwards. LASIURUS. 19 First and second premolars, distinct; first smaller than second, which leans toward the canine, and its axis, if produced, would touch it. Other molars as usual. I regret that my material will not allow me to decide the in- teresting question whether this species really occurs in South America. My most southern specimens come from the Rio Grande, Texas, and Cape St. Lucas—uno difference being observed between them and the more northern individuals. Dr. J. E. Gray (Zool. Proc., 1862, 143) gives a notice of a Lasiurian bat from the Sandwich Islands which he asserts to be the L. Grayii, Tomes. This fact is of interest, since it proves that the same species may have a distribution from the Sandwich Islands to Chili, where Mr. Tomes’ specimen was collected. According to Dr. Gray, loc. cit., there is a specimen labelled L. Grayii, Tomes, in the British Museum, from Nisqually, Straits of Juan de Fuca. I have, however, never met with any bat in North America answering to Mr. Tomes’ description. 20 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. MEASUREMENTS. | : | oe | = ; Ser peel ities | oiseg | cena Ne seseellNs Se me es a eee leer 38 28/38) =2\4 | sil a,|e8|e¢/= |24| & 2H Be | oe) 22] Sa) =e] 2) ho) BES.) Se) 2 a8 Spe ee «|| 2S ie ea | SS Se ee peered |eroresal| soles my = é#|é8| | 82] 48] 85) 82| 8=| 88) a5) 4 | 28 5266 aia 1:9 2.0 1.6 0.9 3.3 0.43 | 0.4 02 10.9 | 5267 : 1.9 2.0 1.6 0.9 3.9 0.45 | 0.6 0.3 12.0 67 . 2.0 1.9 1.6 0.9 3.0 0.4 0.5 0.3 11.6 ae A 2.0 1.9 1.6 0.9 315 0.44 | 0.4 0.3 12.0 ' 20 Lg 1.5 0.9 2.9 0.4 0.5 0.3 11.0 a 2.0 1.9 1.6 0.9 3.0 0.42 | O.4 0.3 11.0 List oF SPECIMENS. Cat. No. |Specimens. Locality. Presented by Nature of Spee’n. 5242 1 Muskeeget Isl., Mass. Dr. T. M. Brewer. In alcohol, 5243 O Wethersfield, Conn. Charles Wright. sf 5245 2 Mt. Holly, N. J. Dr. Brown. Ss 61SS8-90 3 Carlisle, Pa. S. F. Baird. ee 5244 17 Carlisle, Pa. 8. F. Baird. ee 5540 2 Ann Arundel Co., Md. J. H. Clark. ee 5247-8 2 Washington, D. C. National Institute. “ 5246 1 Washington, D.C. Dr. Nichols. cE 5257 3 Columbus, Ga. Dr. Gesner. Ke 5256 6 Liberty Co., Ga. Dr. W. L. Jones. ee 5263 1 Tallahassee, Fla, T. Glover. es 5314 1 Micanopy, Fla. Dr. J. B. Bean. cs 5260 2 Eutaw, Ala. Prof. Winchell. es 5259 1 Washington, Miss. Col. B. L. C. Wailes. ee 5252 1 Washington, Miss. Col. B. L C. Wailes. ce . 5253 1 Monticello, Miss. Miss H. Teunison. ee 5464 1 Columbus, Miss. Dr. Spillman. Dry skin. 5261 2 Tyree Springs, Tenn. Prof. R. Owen. In aleohol, 5262 2 Knoxville, Tenn. Prof. Mitchell. a 5274 1 Grand Coteau, La. St. Charles College. ss 5270 1 Prairie Mer Rouge, La. | James Fairie. [U.S. A. ss 5253 1 Ft. Towson, Ark, Dr. L. A. Edwards, ce 5254 2 Ft. Smith, Ark. Dr. G. C. Shumard. eS 5256 3 Red River, Ark. ? ? Fe 5251 iL Cass Co., Mo. Dr Be R Hoy. ce 5463 1 Missouri. Dr. P. R. Hoy. Dry skin. 5250 14 St. Louis, Mo. Dr. G. Engelmann. Jn aleohol, 4215 1 Neosho Falls, Kansas. | 3B. F. Goss. Dry skin. 5249 6 Illinois. R. Kennicott. “ey 5460 1 Cook Co., Ill. R. Kennicott. Ke 5457 1 Racine, Wis. Dr. P. R. Hoy. a 5459 ne Albion, Mich. R. R. Child. cs 5456 1 Grosse Isl., Mich. Rey. Charles Fox, ce 5466 1 Lake Superior. ? “ 5458 1 Yellow Stone River. Dr. F. V. Hayden. ae 5461 1 Yellow Stone River. Col. Vaughan. In alcohol. 5265 1 Nebraska. Dr. J. G. Cooper. ss 5264 i Laramie Peak, Neb. Dr. Hayden. cs 5278 1 Cimarron River, Kans.| J. H. Clark. ce 5269 1 Pecos River, Tex. Capt. J. Pope. a §272 3 Bet. Laredo & Camargo,| Arthur Schott. ae 5277 5 Matamoras. [Tex.| Lt. Couch. (Berl.Col.) Ob 5268 1 Fort Bliss, N. Mex. Do. 8S. W. Crawford. a 5266 i Fort Tejon, Cal. John Xantus. “6 5267 I Cape St. Lucas. John Xantus, EY 5275 af Rock Creek ? W.S. Wood. ee 5279 1 Locality unknown. i ee 5275 1 ee es ? Ke 6185-7 3 re s ? LG 5271 1 ee e ? sc 5541 1 ts W. L. Le Due. a LASIURUS. on: Lasiurus cimereus, ALLEN. The Hoary Bat. Vespertilio cinereus, PALISOT DE Bravvors, Cat, Peale’s Mus. Phila. 1796, 14.—Lerconte, Proc. Phila~Acad. Nat. Sci. 1855, 433. Vespertilio pruinosus, Say, Long’s Exp. to Rky. Mts. 1823, 67.—HARLAN, Fauna Amer. 1825, 21.—Is., Med. and Phys. Researches, 1831, 28.— Gopman, Amer. Nat. Hist. 1826, 68, pl. ii, f. 3.—Ricarpsoy, Fauna Bor. Amer. 1829, 1.—Coopser, Ann. Lye. N. York, IV, 1837, 54.— DeKay, Nat. Hist. N. York (Zool.), 1842, 7, pl. ii, f. 2. Scotophilus pruinosus, Gray, Mag. Zool. and Bot. II, 1838, 498. Nycticejus pruinosus, Temm. Monog. Mam. 1835, 154.—Wagner’s Schreb. Siug. (Suppl.) I, 1840, 544.—Is. V, 1855, 770.—Scuinz, Syn. Mam. I, 1845, 197.—Max Pr. Wien, Archiv Naturg. 1861, 185. Lasiurus pruinosus, Tomes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1857, 37. Description.—Head large, flat and hairy. Sides of the face somewhat inflated, the tips slightly whiskered. Nostrils wide apart, snout rather high, emarginated. Lower lip with smooth, naked space anteriorly. Ears broad as high, of a roundish form with large internal lobe, which lies close to the head and nearly covering the eyes and approaching closely the external inferior lobe. The internal border is markedly convex: in some specimens slightly emarginate at its tip—the external border being thinner than the internal, less convex and somewhat irregular in outline. The basal external Jobe is very conspicuous and abrupt, with obtuse summit, and terminates on a line with the posterior angle of the eye. The tragus is broad, inner border straight ; tip blunt, curved inwards; external border longer than internal, convex, upper two thirds convex the lower. The ears are black on the borders, rather extensively haired without, to a less extent within—the extreme border being naked. The tragus is slightly haired in front. 22 NORTH AMERICAN BATS, The fur is everywhere soft and thick; anteriorly less thick than posteriorly, and tinged as follows: neck, beneath the ears and lower jaw, of a faded yellow color; the breast of a dark fawn, tipped conspicuously with white—a mixture of these two colors, producing a dirty cinereous tinge towards the axille. The abdomen is of a more uniform color, the fawn hue predominating over the cinereous. Posteriorly the fur is longer, more luxuriant and variegated. The head and posterior surface of the ears are of the same yellowish hue as the anterior portion of neck. Below these points the hair is everywhere of a rich brownish chocolate, or umber smoky fawn color, tipped with white. This contrast of color gives the animal a very brilliant appearance, and has suggested for it the name of “hoary bat,” by which it is generally known. The fur upon the membranes has a distribution similar to that in L. noveboracensis. Anteriorly it extends in a wide band to the third finger upon the interbrachial membrane, and covers in one- third of the surface of the interfemoral membrane. Posteriorly this membrane, together with the dorsum of the foot, is entirely haired. The fur has not generally an extensive distribution upon the wing membranes, though in not a few individuals I have found this tendency marked. A small patch of fur is seen at the base of the thumb and fifth finger. Each hair upon the body has four colors, with the exception of the regions about the head and belly where it has but two. The coloration is as follows: Base plumbeous black; next to this a dingy yellowish-brown ; sub-tip is of the same hue as base; the tip being pure white. The proportion of the basal color and the white tip is con- stant, but the other shades are variable. Thus upon the back of the neck is the light yellowish shade above mentioned, while the proportion of the plumbeous is scarcely noticeable. But the latter color gradually increases while the former decreases as the fur extends downwards until upon the loins the preponderance of the darker shade with an intermingling of umber browr is very marked. Upon the interfemoral membrane, posteriorly, the fur partakes of the same hue, tipped with grayish-white ; that anteriorly has a fawn colored base with lighter tips. LASIURUS. 293 The shoulder tuft is inconspicuous ; on the membrane above the elbow there is a small whitish spot of hair. Membranes very ample. Thumb large. Foot moderate. L. cinereus. . ; Skull.—Broad and high. Palate sloped considerably back- wards. . Dentition. Molars & Canines r Incisors = Canines 2 Molars 7 = 82 teeth. Upper Jaw.—Incisors stout, short, wide apart. Canines large and simple. First premolar very minute, wedged in between the canine and second premolar, which is large and pointe”. Last molar compressed antero-posteriorly. Lower Jaw.—Incisors bifid, but not much crowded. Canines with a small anterior cusp. Molars as usual, first smaller than second, which is not inclined so much anteriorly as in the pre- ceeding species. This species, since the date of Mr. Say’s description, has generally been known as /. pruinosus, until Major Leconte claimed for M. Palisot de Beauvois the priority of the name V. cinereus, as described by him in the Catalogue of Peale’s Mus., Phila., as early as 1796. This very rare pamphlet had evidently been overlooked by Mr. Say, and having been so fortu- nate as to find a copy in the library of the Phila. Academy I have no doubt that the description of Palisot de Beauvois is intended to apply to the species now under consideration.* ' See Appendix. ak. NORTH AMERICAN BATS. Dr. J. E. Gray, in Cat. of Mammalia, 1862, 49, has given Bolivia, S. A., as a locality for Z. cinereus, but with perhaps insufficient authority. MEASUREMENTS. S es ae o+ ie eth es ee a ||) eee ees as Ce 5 © =ao| 2O] 9 OnE TS. On|) “Sree oa 3 og a Se | Sie ke dis |e |< | oienleeoms js = o'5 oa 5 ae Bie) So] SPA LSM) SS law | ote a He Be | tos fo Boas ee) SR Pee) eC ie ee ee a a Ee, aA ‘mA a on om oe om on oo ow ‘ = o o oe 4 4 I BR n jen) | & f= qa oso | .. | 30 | 24] 20) 10,| 43 | 06 | O6 | 04° | 15.3 14(2)| .. | 30} 26) 22]210 | 41) O7 | O4@: | 04 | a49 147 | .. | 26] 18] 20] 011) 40] 06 | 04 | 03 | 13. 3255 oe 2.0 1.0 4.1 0.6 0.4 0.3 12.6 40 | .. | 30] 20] 20/010] 42 | 06 |-04 | 04 | 13.6 4213 | .. | 26 | 2.0}. 2.0.).0.10} 4.2\)°0.6 | 13.6 ayes Nees 2.0' | deme so". OF | OSE] OS M116 969 | .. | 20| 20 | 201011] 40] 06103 | 0.2% | 126 3098 2.0 20 | 010] 40] 07 | 04 | 0.28 1743 | 1. | 2.0 |#2.0 | 20 010] 38 | 06 1\04 | 03 | 10.0 . 13 ce (| 526-1 2.0.1. 20.) 0.12 | 4.0 |.0.6 | 0.4.) 0,3..| 220°] 93 a 3.0 2.0 | 0.11] 40 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 11.6 873 26 | 20] 20| 011 | 40] 06 | 04 [03 | 126 883 DG 1 208 WA2OF | Ona Al Olea OM IMO: | 1440 435 26} 20] 20) 010] 40 | 06 | 04 (0.3 | 140 List oF SPECIMENS. Cat. No. | No. of Sp. Locality. Presented by Nature of Specimen. 5280 1 Halifax, N. 8. Dr. Gilpin. Alcoholic. »« 6184 1 British America. R. Kennicott. gs 5286 1 Red River settlem. D. Gunn. 6 5417 iL Cleveland, 0. Dr, Kirtland. Dry. §421 1 Little Blue, Kansas. W.S. Wood. 6 5281 2 St. Louis. Mo. Dr. G. Engeimann. Alcoholic. §283 1 Grand Coteau, La. St. Charles College. cs 5328 2 Ft. Pierre, Neb. D. J. Evans. er 5284 2 Near Ft. Union, Neb.| Dr. Hayden. OF 5422 al Ft. Pierre, Neb. 5S Dry. 4213 1 Neosho Falls, Kans. B. F. Goss. 6s 5ALS 1 South Fork Platte. F. V. Hayden, M. D. | a 3768 1 La Boule River, Utah. ? (U.S.A. (2) gs 5414 1 Donana, N. M. Dr. T. C. Henry, “ 5282 5 *Matamoras. Lt. Couch, Berl. Coll. Alcoholic. 4728 1 SUS Sa, Dry. 5286 2 Monterey, Cal. A. S. Taylor. Alcoholic. 5287 1 Petaluma, Cal. E. Samuels. ee LASIURUS. 29 Lasiurus intermedius, Aen. Fig. 21. Fig. 22. “em NM L. intermedius, ALLEN, Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sciences, 1862, 146. Description.—Head large, flat, hairy. Snout high, emargi- nate, and of a brown color. Nostrils opening sublaterally. Sides of face moderately inflated. Mouth and lower jaw fringed slightly with short hair. Small naked space at mentum. Ears high, elliptical, pointed, and nearly naked—strongly convex on their inner border, nearly straight on their outer—the lobe at the base of the outer border well developed. The tragus similar in shape to that of Z. cinereus, but has a blunter incurved tip; it is slightly haired on facial surface. Eyes diminutive, placed near the ear. Thumb rather small. Feet moderate. Fur not so extensive as in other species of the genus, posteriorly extending upon the wing membrane from body, as in L. cinereus —running down the interfemoral membrane but two-thirds the distance and on to the foot; a very small brownish tuft is seen at base of thumb, and on the membrane at and above the elbow, while the fourth and fifth fingers are naked. Anteriorly the hair spreads up under the arm to wrist as in other species, but less thickly. It also runs down a little way upon the inter- femoral, and is observable upon the interbrachial membrane. The wing membrane extends to base of toes. The calcaneum is moderately developed. General hue olive brown. Hairs blackish at base, dirty brown at centre, with a clearer tip. The color is somewhat darker behind than in front. 26 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. Dentition. € Molars = Canines i Incisors a Canines Molars 5 30 teeth. The small premolar placed behind the canine of the upper jaw of L. cinereus and L. noveboracensis is here absent. This species in size, physiognomy, number of incisors, and character of the distribution of the fur resembles the type of Lasiurus, while in shape of the ears and disposition of molars it is akin to Scotophilus. The interfemoral membrane is scarcely more hairy than in S. noctivagans, yet the entire contour of the animal is strongly Lasiurian. It is intermediate between ZL. grayt, Tomes, and L. cinereus, Pal. de Beauvois. It is larger than Z. grayi, and smaller than the majority of specimens of L. cinereus ; the thumb is small as in the former, but the wing mem- brane extends to the base of toes as in the latter; it is distinct from both in the brown fur, in the high ear and the scantiness of the hair on the interfemoral membrane. MEASUREMENTS. u | . oO we = ; e Rae \See isk ead ati ie we | iw oe pe a aie — © as ° ° g ° on Ove lO ote Ss = 3 eis: Weis testa, eal aag| ai¢g| ao] ag) + sulle os of ae =e tA ~ oO Se eee es =. = Ww a = 2 ns ‘bo 3 o | bs | mon wea | Wa | tw we | toe s =o a bo 5 as 2S | as | as) aea| #3] PE] & sf |e te Opin tse 3 SOOO sa. a) eae ee ige Hw oO ° > @ Ampeg uf SeefZe &§ PAReO & a mn ae ° NMNOnNAAAeSs 6 a 3 Alaracnonrnionm . DAAADNNOr ~ CD Of) 09 00 60 00 sH 3 AD AD UD UD WD 1D AD —_— V. evotis. VESPERTILIO. Bil Vespertilio subulatus, 5ay. The Little Brown Bat. Fig. 45. Vespertilio subulatus, Say, Long’s Exp. to Rk’y Mts. II, 1823, 65 (note).— Harian, Fauna Americana, 1825, 22.—Ricnarpson, Fauna Bor. Amer. I, 1829, 3.—Gopman, Amer. Nat. Hist. I, 1831, 71.—Cooprr, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. IV, 1837, 61. —DeKay, Nat. Hist. N. Y. (Zool.) 1842, 8. — Waener, Schreb. V, 1855, 750.—Lerconts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 436. Vespertilio californicus, BacuMAN, Journ. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1842, 280. —PrAtg, U. 8S. Explor. Exp. (Mam.) 1858, 3. Vespertilio caroli, Temm. Monog. I, 1835, 237.—Wacensr, Schreb. Saiig. V, 1855, 749. Vespertilio domesticus, GREEN, Cab. Nat. Hist. I, 290, Description.— Head light, moderate size; face whiskered ; ear smaller than in V. evotis, turned slightly outwards; tragus erect, half the height of the ear; the interfemoral membrane smallest, the point of tail exserted. The fur is not so thick as in V. evotis. The base of the hair behind is of a dark plumbeous color, tips olive-brown ; the base in front is of the same hue, blending into a whitish-yellow tip. The color is subject to little variation; the olive-brown of the back is, in some specimens, of a lighter hue. The distribution as in other species. Dentition as in V. evotis. The specimens of V. subulatus arrange themselves into two groups, one of which may be considered typical, the other tending in the shape of ear to the preceding species. Indeed the change from one species to the other is so gradual that it is difficult to assign the boundary to each. I have included under V. subulatus a number of specimens which have the ear higher than those from 52 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. which the description has been taken, but agreeing with V. swbu- latas in other particulars. Hab.—Very common, especially in the country east of the Rocky Mountains, where it is the most abundant of the species of Vespertilio. MEASUREMENTS. 8 = 2 mS a a ; 4 on - 5 | arte lec | es] "Ss SE | Saas alesse Se Se | SS iieraherst aa|a¢g]|ac] ag] = 2S | 3 on ef | 38) g2| ma] me | ma | SY) Hel Sel] oP] s zs 52 |peeieaegs | #2) 8s | oe) as ites ieee | ae o 3 me 4 4 4 4 4 fee By a Zz 5382 168 | 4 |e ole | oS Kors Porn ole?! 9:0 5384 1.60 | 1A il Aa 50078, | 235! OBE Iori Sos || 9:0 5346 TGs | Tess alh MAG IO Tas | 22" LOS al O57) F063. fy, 910 1.800) We4b aee: 0nr 2.3 | 03 | 06:1 03 | 9.0 5385 TEN) eer asters) oe | ovswi lois |. oil 48.0 5370 1.6 | 1.4 | 12:| 042] 22103 | 072] 03 | 9.0 5393 16s | 0.5 "| 1-48 | 0.5? 2's" 0341 Corr o's" aK0 5352 110) 18 | 16 | 0.5 | 24} 03 | 07 | 04) 9.2 Fig. 47. VY. subulatus. Cat. No. 5384 5370 5385 6322 5385 5382 5381 7196 7197 3721 5355 5351 6312 5500 6318 5338 6391 5348 5346 §531 5362 5435 5432 5503 5441 No. of Sp. PS te et et fet et te dd peed ek ee VESPERTILIO. List or SPECIMENS. 53 Locality. Nova Scotia. Brunswick, Me. Nebraska. Phillipsburg, Pa. Bradford, Pa. | Meadville, Pa. Beaufort, 8. C. oe ee Michipico, L. Sup. Portage, Lake Sup. Racine, Wis. Gross Isl., Mich. Detroit, Mich. Brookville, Ind. Southern Illinois. St. Louis, Mo. Upper Missouri. Sonora. oc ? ? Sonora. Elizabethtown, N. Y. Upper Mis. River, Ill. Presented by Dr. Gilpin. A. S. Packard, 8. F. Baird. Dr. Cooper. A. Brakeley. C. C. Martin. J. F. Thickstun. Dr. Hayden? C. A. Hubbard. B. A. Hoopes. R. Kennicott. Drab Rn Hoys C. Fox. “ce “ce Capt. Gunnison. Dr. R. Haymond. R. Kennicott. Dr. Engelmann. Dr. Hayden. Arthur Schott. J. H. Clark. ? ? J. H. Clark. Nature of Specimen. Alcoholic. oa “ “ce “ee 6c Dry. “ “ Alcoholic. “ce Dry. Alcoholic. ce “ “ ee “ce oe Vespertilio affimis, ALLEn, n. s. Fig. 48. Fig. 49. Description.—Head moderate, slightly depressed ; face hairy ; ears rather small, inner border convex, outer border concave. Tragus is subulate, about half as high as the ear, straight on internal side, diverging on the external. Feet long and slender—a few curved hairs at the base robust. Lip whiskered. Body of the nails; wing membranes attached midway to base of toes. Interfemoral membrane rather small; a little lobe at the termina- tion of the calcaneum; point of tail exserted. Thumb rather large. Wing membranes dark brown, but thin. 54 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. Fur thicker behind than before, and extending a slight distance on the interfemoral membrane. Color lustrous light chestnut- brown above; same color of a lighter shade, inclining to yellowish, below. The base of the fur above and below is of a delicate fawn brown. The dentition is the same as in V. evotis—the incisors being of _ the same length, the laterals bicuspid. V. affinis resembles S. georgianus in being about the same size, and in the fur and membranes presenting the same general appearance. It differs from that species in having the ear more emarginated on the outer border; the tragus not blunt, nor so wide proportionately ; the face more hairy, and not so depressed ; the reddish hue of the hair more decided; the fur thicker and less wavy. The dentition differs in there being § molars, instead of 8. V. affinis has also a narrower interfemoral membrane, and a marked calcaneal lobe. To V. yumanensis it bears some resemblance in the shape and extent of the interfemoral membrane, and shape of tragus; but the differences in the pelage, and the color and texture of the wing membranes separate them. Fig. 50. ANI) a AER “ie Y AN Wie Ty \ in / A Z ai . SS = iy # — V. affinis. VESPERTILIO. 55 MEASUREMENTS. 4 5 al a : 2 |) SeeSesl| : a | d S |as| es) 5 | SE/S | Se) Sal s | sa] g Sa ee: 22 se edt aca a3 ae ae?|] as pe os a O'5 > Aq g2| Sa 2 2 8 =o) 20 Se io |) a oo a aS Bs ip B c Sha Sh tn tr tes ws tL & Ss = sa /ra |] ea] 88/2) Ss) 5) SS) ee] ss] & aa o ° & 4 4 4 H 4 a jan) <3) A 5342 | | 11 | meth |) TREY GEN ey OZR OR (oe il cko | Alcoholic. List oF SPECIMENS. ‘ Cat. No. | No. of Sp. | Locality. | Presented by Nature of Spee’m. eto Patil ee x ee 5342 | 1 | Ft. Smith, Ark. | Dr. Shumard. Alcoholic, No specimens haye reached us from any other locality. Vespertilio lucifugus, Leconte. The Blunt-nosed Bat. Fig. 51. Fig. 52. vv DiS. Vespertilio lucifugus, Leconte, Cuv. An. Kingdom (McMurtrie ed.) I, App. 1831, 431.—Is. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1855, 436. Vespertilio brevirostris, MAx Prince Wisp, Verzeich. beobach. Saiug. N. A. 1860, 19. Description. —Head rather large, somewhat flattish; lips moderately whiskered ; snout more obtuse than in other species of Vespertilio; nostrils sub-lateral, some distance from free border of upper lip; ears narrow, blunt at tip, slightly emarginated on outer side: the internal basal lobe produced, rounded and some. what obtuse, not thicker than other portions of ear. Tragus half as high as auricle, mostly blunt, unfrequently abruptly acu- minate. Mental space well defined. Feet large; interfemoral membrane of moderate size; termination of caleaneum with inter- femoral somewhat abrupt; the point of tail exserted. 56 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. Coloration subject to little variation, that of the back dark plumbeous at base, with dark or lightish olive-brown tips; that of the belly lighter at tip—exhibiting a whitish gray, or yellow- ish gray appearance. The color is thus similar to that of V. subulatus. Dentition as in V. evotis. The narrow blunt ear, short face, and the elevation of the nostril above the free margin of upper lip are the characters which serve to distinguish this species. V. daubentonti, of Europe, bears some resemblance to this species in the shape of the ear and tragus; but it is dissimilar in the whitish color of fur beneath, and in the attachment of the wing membrane to foot, which is here joined to the ankle instead of the base of the toes as in V. lucifugus. The specimen, numbered 5538, from the east of Colville, N. W. Territory, has a pointed tragus, and the middle part of the free border of the interfemoral membrane fringed with stiff hairs. The fur of the body is silvery beneath, blackish above, back of feet not hairy. Another form from St. Louis, Mo. (Cat. No. 5344), has the wing membrane attached to the ankles—the foot being entirely free. In other respects both agree with V. lucifugus. I have thought it necessary to thus briefly indicate these two aberrant individuals, without giving any separate account of them. Should future collections bring forward any others having the same peculiarities as the above, they may possibly then be thought worthy to receive specific names. Hab.—Quite common, and universally distributed throughout the United States, and south to the Isthmus of Panama. MEASUREMENTS. = ) : o i 4 . on ao f= | 8 |.5|ag|s So | Se! Say. | Sis} gs Sg 2.2 Bo |) see | os else | ese alee et es SS 3 SE ag ® a. 2S 2 Ww 4 a..!] «6 &/ S 25 28 & a2] oo ope So Bei Trees |i rence 2 Bo eS ol og a3 ats ao as = =~ | Be 5 S be a oe oo or o~ oS Dis “ Cd oO ° eB | 4 4 4 z= |e a a | 5336 DLO) 25. 0.7 2.6 0.21 | 0.6 0.2 9.0 | Aleoholie. LO) eles 061 | 2.4 0.23 | 0.6 | 0.3 8.6 5353 09) | PES: 0.4 2.5 0.3 0.7 0.3 8.0 as 5347 19> | a6 0.4} As) 03 06: | 0.3 8.9 re 5376 9 1.6 O4 2.5 03 0.7 0.3 8.9 aE 5401 2.0 16 0.8 26 0.3 0.7 0.4 10.0 RRR RRR RRR RRR Lal wee — Oro fro eee 1181 | g = Ds, ae ea a ISOSONMAAIOS HAIN HHOMAM A zee Z a Gee JO yysuey | Aap ARR Chet Ap ts — Ps ey a 2S Oo w . ; oS f2nT A 18} 0) G80 || DH OR ron eoRoRodes 4 S a © a ie Jody woig | ARRAS o Te 5 ae Fe20D © HS oe ee a a ee 0 ele ~ 2 D Sree. ae se ae lean Fane a eae . as 5 nD a] A = ¥ [eur IO ©) amie! a: saaerje- Yel feickalniesei te, ial -epeeas aoa o ~ oovo-no og “19q TInt GR CY CO 60 HIG EO Oo aa s suo a BOANANSSSES Broenae SHH HAG HD a 1 tol tes sGosd & quem | SASS°AESSS BESERS 62 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. List oF SPECIMENS. Cat. No. | No. of Sp. Locality. Presented by Nature of Specimen. 5432 1 Guadalupe Cation, N.M.| Capt. J. Pope. Dry. 5436 1 Pecos River, Tex. cg ef ce es 5394 1 Santa Fe, N. M. W. J. Howard. Alcoholic. 5536 il East of Fort Colville. A. Campbell. Ke 5583 6 Puget Sound. ye ss ce 7004 1 “ee oe io’ ce ce 5368 1 Fort Steilacoom, W. T. | Dr. Geo. Suckley. ce §d35 al oe oe “cc oe oe oe “ec 5444 3h ce oe “ce “e “ce “ee Dry. 5446 1 “oe “ cS c “ “ce oe “oe 5434 6 se "s SS APR IE eS ss Canines a Incisors = Canines - Molars B96 teeth. Upper Jaw.—Incisors separated by a median space. The centrals larger than laterals, converging, not bifid. The late- rals very small and simple. Canines moderate, with a minute basal cusp anteriorly. First premolar very small; second with a large external and small internal cusp. The molars not peculiar. Lower Jaw.—Incisors minutely trifid. Canines with a minute basal cusp anteriorly. Of the premolars the first and second are small, and about equal; the third much larger though simple. Synotus macrotis, ALLEN. The Big-eared Bat. Fig. 61. Fig. 62. Plecotus macrotis, Lecontr, Cuv. Animal Kingdom (McMurtrie ed.), Appen- dix I, 1831, 431. Plecotus lecontii, Cooper, Ann. Lye. N. Y. IV, 1837, 72. Synotus lecontit, WAGNER, Schreb. Siug. V, 1855, 720. 64 NORTH AMERICAN BATS Description. —Head flat, not very broad; face moderately hairy. Lips thin, compressed. Facial crest elevated on a line with the nostrils, which are small apertures with membranous edges, wider externally than internally. They open almost laterally, and have between them a shallow concavity. Ears very large, slightly haired at internal border. The tragus is one- half the height of the ear, straight on the inner edge, diverging on the outer, with a circular lobe at the base almost at right angles to the tragus proper. Hair long, fine and soft. Above it is dark at base—almost blackish; tips dusky, approaching to brown. The base of ear covered with hair—a delicate line ex- tending up the internal border. The fur of the belly is like that of the back, blackish at base with grayish tips running to white toward the pubis. Inter- femoral membrane naked ; base of thumb naked. Thumb and foot slender; a few long hairs are seen on the back of the latter. Originally described by Major Leconte, this species was re- named by Mr. Cooper, as above cited. This naturalist argued that the inappropriate title was sufficient excuse for rendering it obsolete. In reproducing the appellation of Leconte, I con- sider that, however unfortunate an author’s selection of a specific name may be, this alone is no reason why he should be deprived of the right to the priority of the description. Hab. Confined to the South Atlantic States. I am informed by Prof. Baird that specimens of a Synotus, probably of this species, were received some years ago by the Smithsonian Institution, from Meadville, Pa., but that they have become in some way misplaced and are not now to be found. MEASUREMENTS. - ) ~ . o = wo : a ; & a ie 3 a 5 aS S ‘o 5 3 Ss ‘ois oS S an | © o = fa | oe. oo Se ee | Sa | 2S | eee las eee 23 ce | me) Be) Se ws) 22) PS) Ba ee ee 8 a 54 mA | BA] se oe | oF] oS] a=) eo | oe x a2 o ° Be | 4 4 anki lige es Ss Zz 5232 1.8 | 10% |, 17h) OB |, 28 | 0.4.1! 1.1. | 0:6 | 9,6 | Alcoholic: 1.8 1.7 ? OSE oe | TOs U1 | O6 | O14: re 137 16) )) “AL6) GHA 019.2 | 14218 AOL 12 001%0.6)" | 'e910 Dry. 4727 19. | L8e) 17] 6.9 |) 28°) 70.6 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 11.0 . 890 TON), Ae8s | eda? AOS a2 Sei 0ro 9 D1) #1026) 09 ce | | a SYNOTUS. List oF SPECIMENS. Cat. No. No. of Sp. Locality. | Presented by 5451 1 8. Carolina. W. Cooper. 5526 il 8. Carolina. as sf 5453 1 Society Hills, 8. C. M. A. Curtis. 5450 1 oe “ce oe “ee “ec 5452 1 Kemper Co., Miss. D. C. Lloyd. 5407 1 Eutaw, Ala. Prof. Winchell. 1 2 ? 5234 1 Micanopy, Fla. Dr. Bean. 4727 1 ‘SU S.c2 Major Leconte. 5232 1 Santa Fe. W. J. Howard. slender; thumb and foot rather small. ; Synotus towmsendi, WacnEnR.. Fig. 63. Fig. 64, 65 | | Nature of Spec’n. Dry. “ce “ee oe “ce Alcoholic. ry. Alcoholic. Dry. Alcohoiic. Plecotus townsendi, Cooprr, Ann. Lye, N. Y. IV, 1837, 73. Synotus townsendi, WAGNER, Schreb. Saiig. V, 1855, 720. This species resembles the above, but is considerably stouter, the membranes somewhat lighter ; face broader and. more elongate. The crests are high and well defined, with the wart between the internal border of ear and mouth larger than in S. macrotis. The tragus is of the same general shape, with the marked lobe at base. At the lower part of the outer border near the angle of the mouth the small internal lobe is seen as in the preceding species. Limbs 66 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. Hair everywhere thick, fine, and long. Brown above, not so markedly bicolored as in 8. macrotis, but only of a slightly darker hue at base. It is lighter in front, where it assumes a slightly ferruginous brown color at base. The back of the foot but slightly furred. But slight variation in color in the different individuals. Dentition as in the preceding species, excepting that the central incisors of the upper jaw are more distinctly bifid at cutting edge. Hab. Central region of the United States. MEASUREMENTS. es s oe ay at wa a Cons sg ees ial Or 10 of | 6 ote iolamiecs ae & ete 22 eae esse oallerct aa! 43 =? a) 33 ee “J en @ & UE rec bese coal cece cera ENE ets lee oe ra Eo ae Ta eee eee a Ce seer | bes a Bae E =o ae mA) 2A | oF foes | token ortho yoo || os x = o ° 5 . 152 Siphonaria . ; : : C ° 5 : » 152 Addenda . : 3 ; js ; : : : c : = Loo Index 3 ; 3 a ; ‘ ‘ p : 4 : 5 lay LAND AND FRESH WATER SHELLS OF NORTH AMERICA. IE SYSTEMATIC INDEX. PAGE PAGE PULMONATA. 1 Blauneria, Ssvrr. 20 12. Bl i lluci Pfr. 21 Susorper LIMNOPHILA. 1 auneria pellucida, Pfr AURICULIDE. 1 LIMN ZIDZ®. 22 AURICULINA. 3 LIMNAINZ. 24 Alexia, Gray. 4 Limneza, Lam. 24 1. Alexia myosotis, Drap. 4 Tone Carychium, Mott. 6| 13. Limnzea stagnalis, L. 25 2. Carychium exiguum, Say. 6 14. Limneza lepida, Gid. 29 Radix, N : MELAMPIN Zi. 9 ot zo 15. Limnza ampla, Migh. 30 Melampus, Montr. 9} 16. Limnzea decollata, Migh. 31 3. Melampus olivaceus, Cpr. 9| 17. Limnza columella, Say. 32 4. Melampus bidentatus, pee Baleanee Hale 34 5. Melampus flavus, Gmel. 12 18. Jsimnzea megasoma, Say. 37 6. Melampus coffea, L. 13 Limnophysa, Fitz. 38 Tralia, Gray. 16| 19. Limnza reflexa, Say. 38 7. Tralia floridana, Shut. 16| 20. Limneea attenuata, Say. 42 8. Tralia pusilla, Gael. 17| 21. Limneea sumassi, Baird. 43 18 22. Limnzea haydeni, Lea. 44 23. Limnza palustris, Mill. 44 Leuconia, Gray. 18| 24. Limnea proxima, Lea. 48 10. Leuconia sayii, Kiist. 18| 25. Limnzea desidiosa, Say. 48 i 26. Limnza emarginata, Say. 51 Pedipes, Apans. 19| 97. Limneea catascopium, Say. ll. Pedipes lirata, W.G.B. 20 53 ( vii) 9. Tralia cingulata, Pfr. vill 28. 29. 30. dl. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 4l. 43. 44. 45. 46. Carinifex newberryi, Lea.74 Physa, Drap. 75 Physa. 47. Physa lordi, Baird. 77 48. Physa gabbi, 7ryon. 77 49. Physa gyrina, Say. 77 50. Physa ampullacea, Gid. 79 51. Physa sayii, Zuppan. 80 52. Physa vinosa, (id. 80 53. Physa ancillaria, Say. 81 54. Physa osculans, Hald. 82 . Limnza holboliii, Beck Limnza bulimoides, Lea. 61 Limnza solida, Lea. 62 Limneza humilis, Say. 63 Limnza ferruginea, Hald. 67 Leptolimnxa, Swains. 67 Limnea kirtlandiana, Lea. : 6 . Limneza lanceata, G/d. 68 Acella, Hald. 69 Limnea gracilis, Jay. 69 —? 73 ? berendti, Pfr. 73 Carinifex, W. G. Bryyey. 74 e ( SYSTEMATIC INDEX. PAGE , Limnza caperata, Say. 5 Limnza vahlii, Bk. § Mell. 5 Limneea pingelii, beck. 53 | Limnza wormskioldii, Mérch. 58 § Méll. 59 Limneza adeline, Jryon. 59 fimnza vitrea, Hald. 60 Limnea traskii, 7ryon. 60 Limneza pallida, Ad. 60 Pompholyx, Lea. 73 Pompholy x effusa, Lea. 74, . Physa mexicana, Phil. 83 . Physa heterostropha, Say. 84 . Physa fragilis. Migh. 89 . Physa semiplicata, Kiist. 90 PaGE 59. Physa costata, Newc. 91 60. Physa solida, Phil. 91 61. Physa virginea, Gid. 91 62. Physa humerosa, Gid. 92 65. Physa pomilia, Cozr. 93 64. Physa virgata, (id. 93 65. Physa troostiana, Lea. 93 66. Physa triticea, Lea. 94 67. Physa concolor, Hald. 94 Physella, Hald. 94 68. Physa globosa, Hald. 94 Physodon, Hald. 95 69. Physa microstoma, Hald. 95 Bulinus, ApDanson. 97 Bulinus. 70. Bulinus aurantius, Cpr. 97 71. Bulinus nitens, Phil. 98 72. Bulinus elatus, Gid. 99 73. Bulinus hypnorum, Z. 99 74. Bulinus berlandierianus, 84, W. G.B. 10] and 155 Isidora, Eh. 101 - Bulinus integer, Hald. 101 - Bulinus distortus, Ha/d. 102 PLANORBINZA. Planorbis, Guerrarp. 103 Planorbis. - Planorbis subcrenatus, Cpr. 103 . Planorbis lentus, Say. 104 79. Planorbis tumidus, Pfr. 105 . Planorbis glabratus, Say. 106 - Planorbis tumens, Cpr. 106 . Planorbis havanensis, P/r. 107 - Planorbis liebmanni, Dkr. 108 Planorbella, Hald. 109 Planorbis campanulatus, Say. 109 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. SYSTEMATIC INDEX. PAGE | Planorbis haldemani, Dkr. 110 Adula, H. Adams. 111 Planorbis multivolvis, Case. eit 112 Planorbis ammon, Gid. 112 Planorbis tenuis, Phil. 113 Planorbis corpulentus, Say. 114 Planorbis trivolvis, Say.115 Planorbis truncatus, Miles. Helisoma, Swains. 121 Planorbis fragilis, De K. 122 Planorbis lautus, H. Ad. 123 Planorbis bicarinatus, Say. : 123 Planorbis antrosus, Con. 125 Menetus, H. & A. Ad. 125 Planorbis opercularis, G/d. 125 Planorbis exacutus, Say. 126 128 Planorbis vermicularis, G/d 128 Planorbis deflectus, Say.129 Planorbis dilatatus, Gld.131 Planorbis albus, Mull. 132 Planorbis parvus, Say. 133 Planorbis arcticus, Beck. 135 Gyraulus, Ag. Segmentima, Frem. 136 Planorbula, Hald. 136 Segmentina wheatleyi, Lea. 136 Segmentina armigera, Say. 137 ANCYLINZ. 138 Amcylus, Geror. 138 Ancylus obscurus, Hald. 139 107. 108. 109. 110. Tae 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 7/2 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. ix PAGE Ancylus fuscus, Ad. 140 Ancylus elatior, Anth. 140 Ancylus diaphanus, Hald. 141 Ancylus haldemani, Bourg. 141 Ancylus sallei, Bourg. 142 Ancylus parallelus, Hald. 142 Ancylus rivularis, Say. 142 Ancylus tardus, Say. 143 Ancylus calcarius, De K.143° Ancylus patelloides, Lea. 144 Ancylus kootaniensis, Baird. 144 Ancylus caurinus, Coop. 144 Ancylus newberryi, Lea.145 Ancylus crassus, Hald. 145 Ancylus fragilis, Zryon. 146 Ancylus ? filosus, Con. 147 Ancylus borealis, Morse. 156 Acroloxus, Beck. 147 . Acroloxus nuttallii, Lea. 147 . Acroloxus ovalis, Morse. 156 Guundliachia, Prr. 148 . Gundlachia californica, Rw. 149 . Gundlachia meekiana, Stimp. 150 Suzorp. THALASSOPHILA. 152 128. 129. 130. 131. SIPHONARIIDA. 152 Siphonaria, Brainv. 152 Siphonaria alternata, Say. 153 Siphonaria ezquilirata, Cpr. oe Siphonaria amara, Rve. 154 Siphonaria lecanium, Phil. 154 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF NORTH AMERICA. Li. PULMONATA. SusporDER LIMNOPHILA. Eyes sessile; tentacles subcylindrical or flattened, simply con- tractile. Operculum wanting. Animal usually lacustrine or fluviatile, sometimes marine or littoral, rarely terrestrial. All the known families of Zimnophila are represented in this country. Their habits are described under each. Famity AURICULID-. Lingual membrane broad and elongated; teeth numerous, in slightly bent, cross series ; central tooth equilateral ; lateral Fig. 1, oes Bae ae Ros os : a “dagaeaee ifazual dentition of pe mM a oeahE ‘teeth rather inequilateral, diminishing in size towards the outer edge. Head ending in a snout; mouth with a horny lunate upper jaw,' and with two dilated buccal lobes, united ' See Alexia myosotis, p. 4. Cl) 2 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART IL. above, separated below ; tentacles subcylindrical, contractile ; eyes sessile at the inner sides of the bases. Mantle closed, with a thickened margin ; foot long, posteriorly blunt; respi- ratory orifice posterior, on the right side, excretory orifice near it. Sexes united, orifices of generative organs distant, on the right side. Shell spiral, covered with a horny epidermis; aperture elongate, with strong folds on the inner lip; outer lip often dentate. Animal usually frequenting salt marshes. The Auriculide are easily distinguished from the other in- operculated air-breathing Mollusks. They are furnished with but one pair of non-retractile tentacles, on the inner base of which are situated the sessile eyes. The head is extended beyond the tentacles into an obtuse, rounded, bilobed snout. ~The mantle is thin, thickened on its margin. The foot is elongated and pointed. The sexes are united in each individual. The shell is spiral, extremely variable, and in the American species conic, generally with a flattened spire, and furnished with numerous tooth-like laminz, which contract the narrow aperture. The internal septa are usually removed. The Auriculide are amphibious Mollusks, breathing free air, but apparently dependent for existence on a great deal of moisture, if not on the actual vicinity of the sea. Some species pass their whole life under circumstances which seem to preclude the possi- bility of their respiring air. Thus Alexia myosotis is often found on isolated stones in salt marshes, which are entirely covered by the tide four hours out of twelve. This species, when immersed in fresh water, becomes benumbed and soon dies. Carychium exiguum, on the other hand, though found under similar circumstances, does not depend on the proximity to salt water, being widely distributed far beyond its influence over the interior of the country. Blauneria pellucida, also, has been detected living far from any water in a garden in the District of Columbia, whither it was introduced on plants from Charleston, S.C. With the exception of the two last mentioned, the Ameri- can species are found on salt marshes and in brackish water near the sea. Of the geographical distribution of our species but little is yet known. Jlelampus bidentatus is found from Maine to Texas. AURICULIDA. 3 Melampus obliquus is referred by Say to South Carolina. Alexia myosolis was probably introduced from Europe; I have never known of its being found south of New York harbor. Carychium exiguum will probably be found in all the States. The other Species are confined to the coast of Florida and the Gulf of Mexico, some of them being common to Cuba and other West Indian Islands. There are several genera of Auriculide not represented in this country, some attaining a large size, and with more brilliant coloring thanour plain species, such as Pythia, Cassidula, Au- ricula, &e. They are widely distributed over the globe, reaching the greatest perfection in the Pacific Islands. The family has been subdivided into Auriculine and Melam- pine, characterized by the comparative thickening or expansion of the outer lip. SuBFAMILY AURICULIN A. Animal terrestrial, living chiefly on the sand. Tentacles de- veloped. Shell with the inner lip plicate ; outer lip thickened or expanded. AURICULA, Lamarck. No species of this genus, as now restricted, is found in the United States. The following list contains all the species de- scribed as Auricule, and the position in which they are now classed. Spurious SPECIES. Auricula bidentata, Gun. &c., is the same as Melampus. Auricula biplicata, DEsu., is the same as Melampus bidentatus. Auricula cingulata, Pr. &e., is the same as Trulia. Auricula cornea, Drsu., is the same as Melampus bidentatus. Auricula denticulata, Gup., DeK., is the same as Alexia myosotis. Auricula floridana, Suurtt., is the same as Tralia. Auricula jaumei, Mirrre, is the same as Melampus bidentatus. — Auricula obliqua, DrK., is the same as Melampus obliquus. Auricula sayii, Kisver, is the same as Leuconia sayii. Auricula stenostoma, Kiistrr, is the same as Tralia cingulata. Auricula bidens, Say of Por. et Micn. Mr. Say never described any such species. 4 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II. ALEXIA, (Leacn), Gray. Fig. 2. Foot simple beneath, without a transverse groove. Fig. 3. Jaw narrow, slightly arcuate, extremities but little attenuat- » Animal of ed, strize obsolete, scarcely any Jaw of Alexia myosotis. Alexia myosotis.4 median projection. Lingual dentition, see p. 1, Fig. 1. Shell oblong-ovate, thin, spire pointed; last whirl large, rounded at base; aperture rather broad, oval, acuminating ; parietal wall furnished with from one to five tuberculous lamine ; columellar fold oblique; peristome expanded, armed with teeth, or thickened within. But one species is known to inhabit North America. Most of the few foreign species inhabit the coasts of the Mediterranean, though the genus is represented in South America and the West Indies. Alexia myosotis, Drararnacp.—Shell elongate-oval, thin, semi- transparent, smooth and shining; dark horn-color, with a narrow reddish sutural line; spire produced with an acute apex; suture distinctly impressed ; whirls from seven to eight, the upper ones rather convex, the last one elliptically ovate, equalling five-sevenths of the shell’s length ; aperture subvertical, about four-sevenths the length of the shell; peristome somewhat expanded and thickened, sometimes furnished with tooth- like folds on its inner side; its basal termination appressed to the shell, slightly reflected over a minute perforation, and turning upwards till it blends with the columellar fold, which winds into the aperture; the parietal wall is furnished with a white, transverse, thin, and sharp denticle, and a second smaller, much less prominent one, placed above it. Greatest diameter 4, length 8 millimetres. Alexia myosotis. Auricula myosotis, DRAPARNAUD, &c. Auricula denticulata, Gouup, Invert. of Mass. 199, f. 129 (excl. Voluta denticulata, Mont. et syn. suis.) (1841), not of Monrrort. ' From Moquin-Tandon. ALEXIA. 5 Auricula denticulata, DeKay, N. Y. Moll, 58, pl. v, f. 91, 93 (excel. Voluta denticulata, Mont. et syn.), nec Monrrorr. Melampus borealis, Conrav, Am. Journ. Se. [2], XAIII, 345 (1833). Alexia myosotis, PFEIFFER, Mon. Auric. Viv. 148; Brit. Mus. Auric. 114. —W. G. Binyey, T. M. IV, 172, pl. lxxv, f. 33; pl. lxxix, f. 16. Carychium (Phytia) myosotis, Moquin-Tanpon, Moll. Fr. II, 417, pl. xxix, f, 33-39; pl. xxx, f. 1-4. Conovulus myosotis, REEVE, Br. L. & Fr. W. Sh. 130 (1864). Animal short, about one-half the length of the shell, dirty white, darker on the head and tentacles; eyes black, placed at the inner base of the feelers; feelers quite short, wrinkled, bul- bous at tip, sufficiently dark to be visible through the thin shell when the animal withdraws itself; head continued beyond the tentacule into an obtuse, short, bilobed snout ; the shell is carried horizontally on the animal’s back ; the obtusely pointed posterior termination of the foot is just visible beyond the shell; the animal is sluggish in its movements. (See p. 4, Fig. 2.) Jaw. (See p. 4, Fig. 2.) Lingual dentition. (See p. 1, Fig. 1.) I have received specimens of this species from Nova Scotia to Rhode Island. It is also a well-known inhabitant of parts of the coasts of England, France, Spain, &c. I have placed this shell in this genus on the authority of Pfeiffer and of Adams’ genera. It has been placed in many different genera by European authors. In America it has been considered an Auricula by Gould and others, until Stimpson classed it among the Melampi. From the exterior of the animal there appears no difference between it and Melampus bidentatus. It does not even agree with the animal of Alexia, given by Adams in the Genera of Recent Mollusca, which I have copied on pl. 75, fig. 22, of The Terrestrial Mollusks. This figure represents the true Alexia denticulata, Montfort, with which Gould con- founds this species. The shell is also quite distinct. It is, how- ever, united to Alexia myosotis, by Forbes and Hanley, in their work on British Mollusca, and by Moquin-Tandon. - Pfeiffer con- siders them distinct, as does also Reeve. It is probably an imported species, as Stimpson remarks (Sh. of. New Eng.), being found only in the Atlantic seaports. At Boston it is common on old wooden wharves in the harbor. It is also found on isolated stones which are immersed by the rising tide at least four hours out of the twelve. When placed in i { ! 6 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N, A. [PART a: fresh water it becomes benumbed and dies; it will live without water in captivity several days. There can be no doubt of JL borealis, Conrad, being identical with this species. Conrad’s description is given below. Melampus borealis. —Shell ovate-acute, elongated ; pale horn-color, with darker longitudinal bands ; whirls six or seven, with a revolving impressed line below the suture; spire elevated, conical ; columella with three distant and distinct plaits, the middle one most prominent; aperture obovate- acute. Length about one-fourth of an inch. This small species of Melampus has been found sparingly on the coast of Rhode Island, by Lieut. Brown, of Newport. It is similar in form to a Bulimus, and is very unlike the common species with which it associates. ( Conrad.) Cat. No.| No. of Sp. Locality. From whom received. Remarks. 8743 + Massachusetts. W. G. Binney. Cabinet series. | 8799 | 12 “ Wiest pson. iii Ge tictte ss | CARYCHIUM, Moctter. Fig. 5. Foot not transversely divided beneath. Shell pupa-shaped, very thin, transparent, with but few whirls; aperture suboval; with a one dentiform columellar fold, sometimes ob- Peo tt ae solete ; parietal wall with 1 or 2 teeth; peri- stome expanded, terminations not approxi- mating, the right hand one with one internal tooth. Jaw slightly arched, without ribs or marginal denticulations, hardly striated towards the margin. ow PDair : Teeth in slightly bent cross Lingual dentition of Carychium exiguum. series, central equilateral, nar- row, laterals broad, short, denticulated. But very few species of this genus have been described, most of which are from Europe. Animal terrestrial. ‘ Carychium exiguum, Say.—Shell elongated, tapering at both ends, white, translucent, shining ; apex rather obtuse; whirls five to six, CARYCHIUM. Ty convex, very oblique, with transverse strie; suture distinct, impressed ; aperture obliquely oval, white, with a promi- Fig. 7. nent plait on the columellar margin, about midway between the extremities of the lip, and a slightly prominent fold near the junc- tion of the lip with the umbilical extremity of the shell; lip thick, reflected, flattened ; umbilicus perforated. Length 13, diam. } mill. Aperture } mill. long. Yaurychi 3 pie ai Pupa exigua, Sax, Journ. Acad. II, 375 Carychiun (1822) ; ed. Bryyey, 26.—Govnp, Bost. finan: anc a greatly Journ. III, 398, pl. iii, f. 20 (1841) ; IV, 358 (1843) ; In- eran vertebrata, 191, f. 122 (1841).—DerKay, New York Fauna, 49, pl. iv, f. 46 (1843).—Apams, Vermont Mollusca, 158, fig. (1842). Bulimus exiguus, Binney, Terr. Moll. II, 286, pl. liii, f. 1. Carychium exiguum, Gouup, in Terr. Moll. II, 286.—Cuemnirz, ed. 2, 61, pl. i, f. 13, 14.—Preirrer, Mon. Auric. 165; Brit. Mus. Auric, 127; Wiegm. Arch. 1841, I, 224.—W. G. Binney T. M. IV, 178.—FRaveEn- FELD (1847), Akad. der Wiss. XIX, 79; Zool. Bot. Wien. IV, 10, pl. 1, f. 1 (1854).—Bovrevienat, Mag. Zool. 1857, 209. Carychium exile, H. C. Lea, Am. Journ. Se. [1], XLII, 109, pl. i, f. 5 (1841). —TroscueEt, Ar. f. Nat. II, 128 (1843). , Carychium existelium, Bourcuienat, /. c. 220. Carychium eupheum, Bourcuienat, /. c. 221. Has been found in the New England, Northern and Middie States, in South Carolina, Arkansas, and Texas. Animal colorless ; tentacles stout, hyaline, one-third the length of the foot. The foot is short, thick, dis- tinetly divided into two segments.’ the an- Fig. 9. terior of which is bilobed, and projects, when the animal is in motion, considerably in ad- vance of the head. Eyes oval, situated on the back, near the base of the tentacles. Its motions are very sluggish. It carries the Carychiwm exiguum. shell directed horizontally; the shel! is so transparent that the viscera of the animal may be seen through it. It has been said to resemble Carychium minimum, of Miiller, but neither the figure nor description, as given by Draparnaud, correspond with our shell. It is found under stones and fragments of wood, and especially among moss, in damp places. It is the only species of this ‘ This does not agree with the generic description of Carychium. 2 > 8 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II. family inhabiting the interior, but though found over a wide ex- tent of country, it still possesses a fondness for the sea in com- mon with the other species of the family. Around Boston it is found at or below the surface in swamps, growing among mosses. This minute shell is well known in American cabinets as a Pupa. Say described it as such in 1822, though he mentions the probability of its being a Carychium. It has been described since that time as a Pupa by Gould, DeKay, and Adams, and catalogued among the species of the same genus by all the Ame- rican writers who have mentioned it, until 1851, when its correct position was pointed out by Stimpson (Shells of New England) and Gould (Terr. Moll. II). The former places it in his family of Melampide. ‘ Dr. Binney, in 1843 (Boston Journal, p. 106), considers it a Pupa. In the Terrestrial Mollusks he places it under Bulimus. In 1852, Jay removed it from Pupa to Carychium (Cat. p. 263). Notwithstanding its distinct generic peculiarities having been pointed out in 1851, we find the shell considered as a Pupa in several American catalogues as late even as 1857 (vide Boston ProcssVily 128). In Europe we find its true position pointed out by Pfeiffer as early as 1841, and by all subsequent writers. In the fourth volume of the Terrestrial Mollusks I have given copies of the original descriptions of this species, and a figure of C. exile. Lingual dentition (see p. 6). From whom received. | Remarks. eae | es Gat No. |iNo. of Sp. Locality. S440 7 SPURIOUS SPECIES. Carychium armigera, contracta, and rupicola, of Sax, and C. corticaria, of Frrvssac (Tabl. Syst.), are species of Pupa. a ee UN het =k MELAMPUS. 9 SuBFAMILY MELAMPIN 2. Animal amphibious, or living in brackish water. Shell with the inner lip plicate ; outer lip straight and acute. MELAMPUS, Montr. Foot bifid posteriorly. Shell ovate-conical; spire short, ob- tuse ; aperture narrow, linear; inner lip with several transverse folds; outer lip acute, internally plicate. Jaw —? Lingual: membrane — ? Numerous species of this genus have been met with, widely distributed over the world. Melampus olivaceus, Crr.—Shell small, rather smooth, coni- cal ; spire depressed, obtusely angulated below the suture, which does not distinctly separate the whirls; color dirty white, with irregular patches or revolving lines of dark red or purplish; epidermis olive- colored; on young or very fresh specimens there are some- times microscopic revolving lines near the base of the shell, and on the spire, which cross the delicate lines of growth so as to present under the microscope a granulated surface ; whirls seven to nine, the upper ones distinguished only by means of the lens, and flattened; aperture long, equalling 1} of the shell, edge variegated in color by the termination of the reddish bands on the white ground of the shell, within white; the outer lip is furnished with numerous sharp, white lamine, in the specimens before me varying from 1 to 9; the parietal wall of the aperture is covered with an almost imperceptible shining, callus; there is one constant, prominent, elevated white tooth-like lamina revolving within the shell, which is usnally placed within two smaller shorter ones ; on the columella there is also a stouter lamina entering into the aperture, and passing outwards and curving downwards so as to join the termination of the labium. Length 13, diam. 18 mill. Melampus olivaceus. Melampus olivaceus, CARPENTER, in Reigen Cat. of British Museum, 178 (1856).—W. G. Binney, T. M. U. 5. IV, 27, pl. lxxix, f. 8. San Diego to Mazatlan (Reigen Cat.). This is the first species of the family Awriculacea found on the Pacific coast of North America. There were numerous specimens found by M. Reigen, which Mr. Carpenter describes as dis- 10 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II. tinguished generally by the olive-green epidermis, variegated with purplish-brown patches. I find the number of lamine in the aperture very variable, but the two prominent ones on the labium are constant in all the individuals I have had the oppor- tunity of examining. The figure is taken from a specimen received from Mr. Carpenter. | | | Cat. No. No. of Sp. Locality. From whom received. Remarks. 8366 1 WieiCOSstcek: Oe We IIB) ccmteccu oe tll Muemteteatacte 3414 9 Se hee Fe oiled) hide cugtcyterccrtaly vee ww |’) Pabeas By crecrile $550 3 ae, a ey eee Cabinet series. Melampus bidemtatus, Say.—Shell imperforate, elliptically- ovate, rather thin, shining when perfect, but usually found much eroded ; the surface is marked with longitudinal wrinkles, and very minute re- volving strie; horn-color, or grayish-red, often with revolving, narrow rufous bands, four or five in number; suture well marked; spire short, and usually obtuse, often somewhat eroded; whirls usually six, the upper ones flattened, the body whirl equalling about 2 of the entire length of the Melampus Shell, and obtusely angulated at its greatest width; — aelainpus bidentatus. aperture hardly oblique, very long and narrow, dentatus. enlarging gradually towards the base, about 3 the length of the shell; peristome very thin and sharp, not reflected, on the interior furnished with no laminz, or with from one to seven; these lamine are elongated, white, and do not reach the margin; they are usually separate, placed at irregular intervals, but sometimes are found on a longitudinal elevated, white callus; they enter but a short distance into the aperture ; the parietal wall of the aperture is covered with a thin, shining, enamel-like callus, and bears on its lower half a single, white, prominent and transverse tooth, entering into the aperture ; the columellar is also furnished with a white, tooth-like fold, commencing at the termi- nation of the sharp peristome, and revolving upwards into the interior of the shell; this fold does not extend far into the aperture, as all the in- ternal whirls and axis of the shell are early absorbed by the animal. Length of an unusually large individual 13, breadth 7 millimetres. Melampus bidentatus, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. II, 245 (1822) ; Binney’s ed. 84.—Rvssety, Journ. Essex Co. Nat. Hist. Soc. I, part 2, 67 (1839).—Preirrer, Mon. Auric. Viv. 45 (excl. Mel. borealis). —W. G. Binney, T. M. IV, 156, pl. Ixxv, f. 23. Melampus biplicatus, PrEirFER, Mon. Auric. Viv. 21; Br. Mus. 14. Melampus? jaumei, Preirrer, Mon. Auric. Viv. 25; Brit. Mus. Cat. 18. Auricula cornea, DesuayeEs, Encycl. Méth. II, 90 (1830) ; Is. in Lam. ed. 2, VIII, 339; ed. 3, III, 390 (1839). \ MELAMPUS. ji Auricula bidentata, Gouup, Inv. Mass. 197, f. 131 (1841).—DerKay, N. Y. Moll. 57, t. v, f. 92,1, 2,3 (1843).—KusrEer, Chemn. ed. 2, Auric. 41, pl. vi, f. 7-11. Not Auricula bidens, Porrez et Micuaup, Gal. 201, pl. xx, f. 9, 10. Auricula jaumei, Mittre, Rev. Zool. (Mars, 1841), 66. Auricula biplicata, DesHayes, Encycl. Méth. II, 91. Melampus bidentatus, var. lineatus, Say, p 46 of ed. Binney. Melampus bidentatus, 8, Preirrer, Mon. Auric. 46.—Var. a. DeKay, /. c. Along the whole coast from New England! to Texas. A very common shell among the grass of salt marshes near high water mark. Animal about as long as the shell, and the foot is transversely bifid; tentacula somewhat wrinkled, cylindrical, rather smaller towards the tips, which are obtuse or rounded; eyes placed at the inner base of the tentacula; rostrum somewhat wrinkled, nearly as long as the tentacula, bilobate before ; foot, anterior segment emarginate behind, posterior segment bifid at the ex- tremity ; all above, with the exception of the tentacula and rostrum, glabrous, reddish-brown, beneath paler. (Say.) The shell when young is quite pretty, being shining and-often variegated by the revolving bands: But few mature shells are met with in a perfect condition. They are usually much eroded. From the toothless outer lip to that bearing a heavy callus ridged with transverse laminz, every intermediate variety is found. The absence of the lamine is equally common in mature and young shells. Authentic specimens of this species are still preserved in the collection of’the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. The original descriptions of Mittre and Deshayes are given in Terr. Moll. 1V. I have seen authentic specimens of neither of their shells. The descriptions are merely copied by Pfeiffer, in the works referred to in the synonymy. Say designates by the name of lineatus, a form peculiar for its revolving lines or bands and more narrow base of the aperture (vide Binn. ed. p. 85). I have met with none sufficiently marked to form a variety, much less a distinct species. The revolving ' Gould mentions its being said to have been found living with a Planorbis at Windsor, Vt. If so, it must be adapted to a remarkable difference of station, being usually found near the sea. Pfeiffer also gives Vermont as the habitat, probably on the above authority. 12 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II. lines are commonly found on young specimens. DeKay mentions this as var. a, Pfeiffer as 8. The latter author also de- scribes a var. y :— Last whirl sub-excavated below the suture, minutely spirally striated ; lip with a white ridge of callus within the dark- colored margin, with from 6-10 regular folds. Georgia. (Pfeiffer.) M. biden- tatus, var. lineatus. He quotes in the synonymy of this variety Jel. borealis, Conrad, of Cuming’s collection. Conrad’s species is much more likely to be Aleawia myosotis than any variety of Mel. bidentatus. Potiez & Michaud describe and figure quite a distinct shell under the name of Awricula bidens, Say. Stimpson gives precedence to Deshayes’s name corneus. Say’s name has eight years’ priority, and is not pre-occupied in the genus Melampus. It was while treated as an Auricula that any question existed in regard to its specific name. Pl. 75, Fig. 23, of the Terrestrial Mollusks, IV., represents a specimen not furnished with lamine within the peristome. The date of publication of this species is erroneously quoted by Pfeiffer as 1821. The title-page of the first part of Vol. II of the Academy Proceedings bears this date. The description was actually published at the date given by me. tr From whom received. | Cat. No.| No. of Sp. Locality. Remarks. 8436 8 Georgia. Dr. J. Lewis. SS By ee 8437 8 Indianola, Tex. G. Wurdemann.| |) > “ese 8438 12 Charleston, 8. C. Hjewt. Kurtz. 5 tl woe ceciee $439 10 Indianola ytex Py) tM iii es (csc. 0” MA | RREe ARP Ee $441 3 Charleston, S. C. Gient. Kurtz. al) fe ea acc 8800 20+ StiSimon' siisland iGa-|/") 9" Poss.) | Peete een eee 880] 100 ?, Massachusetts. W. Stimpsons § jhe f¥ ) fen. 8504 5 Koy Wieser Marana seen ee ee Ie eee eens 8822 il Indian Key, Fla. G. Wurdemann. serine 8823 3 Texas, CaptsPopes, situ an a cciners Melampus flavus, Melampus flavus, Gme..—Shell imperforate, obconic, smooth, chestnut-colored, with three light, nar- row bands; spire short, convex conic; suture slightly impressed; whirls from nine to ten, the upper ones flattened, the last about equalling three-fourths of the length of the shell, arcuately ridged below; aperture subvertical, narrow, angulated below; one deep parietal fold, one subvertical, stout, columellar fold, extended towards the base; peristome straight, acute, its outer twice natural size. margin reddish, thickened with white within and fur- MELAMPUS. 13 nished with ten short, transverse ribs, its columellar portion expanding and callous. Length 12, breadth 83; length of aperture 93, breadth at ‘ the middle 3 millimetres. Lister, Hist. t. decexxxiv, f. 60.—FavanneE, Conch. t. Ixv, f. H, i. Auricula mide parva, &c., Mart. & Cuemy. II, 119, 126, t. xliii, f. 445. Voluta, n. 106, Scuriérer, Einl. I, 272. Voluta flava, GMELIN, Syst. 3436, No. 5.—Dinuiwyn, Cat. I, 506, n. 17. Voluta flammea, y, GMELIN, 1. c. 3435, n. i. Bulimus monile, BRucureReE, Encycl. Méth. I, 338, n. 70. Melampa monile, Scuwriccer, Handb. 739. Conovulus monile, Gouprus, Hand. 657. Conovulus flavus, Anton, Verz. 1776. Auricula monile, FERussac, Podr. 105.—Lamarck, An. sans Vert. VI, 2, 141; ed. Desu. VIII, 333.—Ktsrer in Chemn. ed. 2, Auric. 30, pl. iv, f. 7-9. Auricula flava, DesHAves in Lam. VIII, 33.—Perrr, Journ. Conch. II, 427 (1851). Auricula coniformis, OrBicNy, Moll. Cuba. Melampus monile, Lows, Zool. Journ. V, 292. Melampus flavus, AbAms, Contr. 42, 186.—Pory, Mem. I, 394.—Prrirrrr, Mon. Auric. Viv. 21; Brit. Mus. Auric. 14.—W. G. Binyey, T. M. IV, 186, wood-cut. Melampus torosa, Morcu, Cat. Yoldi, 38. : Melampus monilis, SuuvtTLeworta, Diag. 7, 162. A West Indian species, found in Florida by Mr. Bartlett. | | | Cat. No. | No. of Sp. Locality. | From whom received. | Remarks, $542 1 | Florida. | W. G. Binney. | Cabinet series. | Melampus coffea, Lix.—Shell imperforate, cone-shaped, very solid and heavy, smooth and shining in fresh specimens, with delicate wrinkles of growth, and very numerous microscopic revolving lines ; light fawn-color when deprived of its russet epidermis, Fig. 15. with three or four revolving bands of white on the body whirl, of which the uppermost is broadest; suture moderate ; spire short, conic, apex black, shining, pointed; whirls from nine to ten, the upper ones flattened, the last obtusely angu- lated below the suture, 17 the length of the entire shell ; aperture subvertical, long and narrow, gradually widening towards the base of the shell, about 15 the entire length of — ¥eampus coffeus, natural size. the shell ; peristome acute, not reflected, but thickened within by a heavy white callus, extending as high up as the carina of the body whirl; on this callus are from fifteen to twenty-two white, transverse lamine or ridges, not reaching the edge of the peristome, and not 14 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II. entering far into the aperture ; sometimes there is a second and even third series of these lamine visible within the aperture ; on the parietal wall are two elevated, white, entering folds, the upper one much more prominent ; the columella is covered with a shining, brown callosity, and furnished with one rather prominent fold, which commences at the termination of the peristome, and winds upwards into the interior of the shell; the in- terior whirls and axis are entirely absorbed. Diameter of a large specimen, 10, length 19 diameters. Bulla coffea, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. X, 729. Voluta cofjva, Linn wus, Syst. Nat. XII, 1187.—Scuréter, Einleit. Il, 200. —GMELIN, Syst. Nat. XIII, 3438.—Dittwyn, Descer. Cat. I, 506. Voluta minuta, GMELIN, Syst. 3436, ex parte.—Diniwyy, /. c. 506. Auricula mide parva, fusca, albo-fasciata, MARTINI et CuEmnitz, II, 119, pl. xliii, f. 445 ? (or Mel. flavus 2). Ellobium barbadense, Bouren, Mus. 106, ed. nov. p. 74? Bulimus coniformis, BrucuiereE, Encycl. Méth. I, 339. J Melampus coniformis, Mont¥Fort, Conch. Syst. H, 318.—- Lowe, Zool. Journ. V, 292. i Melampus coffeus, ApAMs, Gen. Rec. Moll. t. 1xxxii, f. 7, 7a (no dese.). —PrerIrFreR, Mon. Aur. 28; Br. Mus. Cat. 19.—W. G. Biyney, T. M. IV, 162, pl. Ixxv, f. 21, 25. Melampa minuta, Scuwei1ccGeR, Handb. 739. Tornatelle coniforme, Buainviu.E, Dict. Sc. Nat. pl. Malae. liv, f. 4. Auricula coniformis, LAMARCK, Hist. an. s. Vert. VI.—Desuayes in Lam. VIII, 332; ed. 3, III, 387.—Porrez et Micuavp, Gal. I, 202.—ReEEvE, . Conch. Syst. II, t. clxxxvii, f. 7 (teste Prr.).—Sowrrsy, Conch. Man. 77, f. 298 ?—Cuemnirz, ed. 2; Auric. 31, t. iv, f. 14-17. Auricula ovula, Orpieny, Moll. Cub. I, 187, t. xiii, f. 4-7 (1853). Conovulus coniformis, LAMARCK, Encycl. Méth. t. cecclix, f. 2 (mo desc.). —Woopwarp, Man. Moll. 173 t. xii, f. 37 (1854). The only specimens I have seen were collected in Florida, by Mr. Bartlett, more than ten years ago. It is a well known and very common shell in the West Indies. Referred also to Mexico by Pfeiffer. Mr. Thomson sent me specimens from New Bedford, where they were probably introduced by the schooners of the live-oak trade running to Florida. Animal (see T. M. U.S. IV, pl. 75, fig. 21) about the length of the shell; tentacles short, pointed, eyes at their interior base ; proboscis extending beyond the head, bilobate, bluntly terminat- ing; posterior termination of the foot short, bifid, color dark- brown. Figure 25 of plate 75, of Terr. Moll. IV, is a fac-simile of SPURIOUS SPECIES OF MELAMPUS. 15 Orbigny’s figure of Auricula ovula. It is a good representation of our Florida shells. West Indian specimens are well known in cabinets. I know of no American specimens, with the exception of the few collected by Mr. Bartlett. Plate 79, fig. 6, of T. M. IV, may represent a variety of this species. It is from Texas. Cat. No.| No. of Sp. | Locality. From whom received. | Remarks. 8821 5 Indian Key, Fla. G. Wurdemaun. | Cab. ser. Var.and sp. dist.? VideT. M. IV. 8824 1 Texas. Capt. Pope. | Cab. ser. Var. and sp. dist.? VideT. M. IV. SPURIOUS SPECIES OF MELAMPUS. Melampus borealis, Conrad, I have referred to Alexia myosotis. Melampus denticulatus, Stimpson, is also identical with Alexia myosotis. Melampus redfieldi, Prr. (See T. M. IV, 170.) Melampus pusillus, floridanus, and cingulatus (see Tralia). Melampus obliquus, Say.—Obconic, reddish brown, rather thick; spire very little elevated ; whirls eight or nine, wrinkled across; labium with two very distinct teeth, and an intermediate and equidistant, slight obtuse prominence ; inferior tooth very oblique, terminating at the base; labrum with about eight teeth or stri#, which termi- nate on the margin; base of the aperture a little contracted by the basal tooth. Length more than seven-twentieths of an inch. Iam indebted to Mr. Stephen Elliott for this species, who obtained it on the coast of South Carolina. It is closely allied to Bulimus monile, Brug., but it has no appearance of bands, which distinguish that shell. In the collection of the Academy are specimens from the West Indies. (Say.) Melampus obliquus, Say, Journal Acad. Nat. Se. Phila. II, 377 (Dec. 1822); Binn. ed. 27.—W. G. Binney, T. M. IV, 167.— PreirreR, Mon. Auric. Viv. 30. Auricula obliqua, DEKay, N. Y. Moll. 58 (1843). It is not now known what shell Say had in view when the above description was written. No authentic specimen is preserved, and no author has seen any shell from that locality answering to the characters laid down. DeKay mentions it among the extra-limital species in his report, his words being nearly a repetition of Say’s. Pfeiffer repeats Say’s words, and suggests the identity of the species with Melampus coffea. Say being familiar with that shell (J/. coniformis, vide ed. Binn. p. 85), it seems hardly probable he would have described a variety of it. The question must remain undecided until we are better ac- guainted with the species of the South Carolina coast. 16 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II Fosstn SPECIES. Melampus priscus, MEEK, Phila. Acad. Nat. Se. Proc. 1860, 315. Melampus (Ensiphorus) longidens, Conrad, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. 1862, 584. TRALIA, Gray. Fig. 16. Foot posteriorly acute, entire. S Shell ovate, smooth; spire elevated; aperture narrow, linear, dilated anteriorly ; inner lip usually _ with three oblique plaits ; outer lip acute, sinuated posteriorly, internally with one or more transverse, elevated ridges. This genus differs from Melampus in having the Animalof foot entire posteriorly, not bifid. It is not admitted ne: by Pfeiffer. enlarged. Tralia floridama, Suvrrt.—Shell imperforate, ventricose, fusiform, thin, smooth, grayish, with varying chestnut bands; spire regularly conic, acute; suture linear; whirls ten, flattened, the upper ones radiately striate, the last comprising three-fifths of the length of the shell, obsoletely angulated above, and very much smaller at its base; aperture subvertical, narrow, angular; two parietal plice, one strong, one on the colu- mella, obliquely continued towards the base; peristome acute, its right side in adult specimens armed with trans- verse, white, subequal folds, its columellar portions both short and callous. Length 73, diameter 44; aperture in flortdana. length almost 5, in breadth 13 millimetres. Auricula floridana, SaurtLeworts, MSS. Melampus floridanus (Tralia), Apams, Pr. Zool. Soc. II, 1854 (no desc.). _—Preirrer, Malak. Blatt. (1854) ; Mon. Auric. Viv. 36; Brit. Mus. Cat. 25.—W. G. Binney, T. M. IV, 165, pl. xxv, f. 30. Found at Florida Keys. Cat. No. INo. of Sp. Locality. From whom received. Remarks. 8541 2 Florida. W. G. Binney. | Cabinet series. ' T do not know what species this represents. It was drawn from nature by Dr. Stimpson, in Charleston harbor. TRALIA. 17 Wralia pusilla, Guer.—Shell imperforate, lengthened-ovate, solid, shining, smooth, marked with microscopic revolving lines, most easily detected on the spire; reddish-brown, with lighter, hardly perceptible re- volving bands; suture moderate, less ragged than in the other species ; spire elongate-conic; apex acute, shining, black; Fig. 18. whirls six to seven, the upper ones flattened, the body whirl A obtusely carinated, regularly decreasing in diameter towards the base, and equalling about }$ the length of the shell; aperture subvertical, narrow, rapidly widening towards its base, and equalling in length about 1% of the entire shell; peristome simple, acute, within thickened by callus, and furnished with a rather blunt, short, transverse, not very prominent lamina; the basal termination of the peristome is appressed to the shell, and imperceptibly terminates in a columellar lamina which ascends and winds into the aperture; the columella and parietal wall are covered with a shining callus; there are two parietal teeth, which are white, and enter into the aperture of the shell, the lower one being much the smaller. Internal sept absorbed. Greatest diameter 5, length 11 millimetres. Tralia pusilla. Auricula mide parva fusca unicolor, Martint & Cuemnirz, I, 119, t. xliii, f. 446.—Favanne, t. Ixv, f. H, 4 (teste Prr.). Voluta, n. 108, Scurérer, Einl. I, 273. Toluta pusilla, GMELIN, Syst. 3436 (teste Prr.).—Diuwyn, Cat. I, 507.— Woop, Ind. pl. xix, f. 20. Voluta triplicata, Donovan, Brit. Shells, V, pl. cxxxviii (1808).— Montacu, Test. Brit. Suppl. 99.—Diiwyn, Cat. 507.—Woop, Ind. mle xix fod'9), Bulimus ovulus, Brucurere, Encycl. Meth. I, 339. Melampa ovulum, ScuweiccEeR, Handb. 739 (teste Prr.). Auricula ovula (Conovula), FERussac, Tabl. Syst. 108 (absq. desc.). Auricula nitens, LamARcK, An. s. Vert. VI, 2, p. 141.—Desuayes in Lam. VIII, 332; ed. 3, III, 387.—Cuemnirz, ed. 2, Auric. 18. pl. ii, f. 11-13. Auricula pusilla, Desnayes in Lam. VII, 332. Conovulus nitens, Voreut in Cuv. Thierr. III, 112 (teste Prr.). Conovulus pusillus, ANtoN, Verz. 48. Melampus pusillus, Preirrer, Monog. Auric. Viv. 48; Brit. Mus. Auric. 34.—W. G. Binney, T. M. 168, pl. Ixxv, f. 29. Tralia pusilla, H. et A. Apams, Gen. Rec. Moll. II (Sept. 1855), 244, pl. Ixcxexdipeten oe * The only American specimens I have seen are in my collection. I detected them among marine shells and sand, collected in Florida by Mr. Bartlett. This species is well known in cabinets by specimens from the 18 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II. West Indian Islands, in several of which it exists. Pfeiffer also refers it to the Sandwich Islands. It is readily distinguished by its shining, mahogany-colored shell. It varies less than most of the Melampzt. Tralia cimgulata, Prr.—Shell imperforate, fysiforni, heavy and thick, shining, polished, with numerous microscopic revolving lines, most prominent on the last whirl; brownish, with numerous irregu- larly wide, white revolving bands; spire convex-conic, termi- Fig. 19. én nating in an acute transparent point; suture simple; whirls Mt ten, the upper ones flattened and narrow, the last one tapering es M towards the base, and equalling about two-thirds the length of ( = }| the shell; aperture hardly oblique, very narrow, divided at its base by a stout, sharp columellar fold, which ascends and winds obliquely into the aperture; peristome simple, acute, armed within with from six to eight elongated laminz, not Ciera, quite reaching the edge of the lip, the lower one being most 2 natura, ‘fUlly developed. Length of the specimen before me 11, breadth size. 5; length of aperture 6 millimetres. Tralia Auricula cingulata, PFEIFFER in Wiegm. Arch. f. Nat. 1840, I, 251.— Cuemnirz, ed. 2, Auric. 40, t. xl, f. 4-6. Auricula oliva, Orpicny, Moll. Cub. I, 189, t. xii, f. 8-10. Auricula stenostoma, Kuster, olim, in Inc.ds2atreP)£.F. Ft tes RE fp Melampus cingulatus, Preirrerk, Mon. Auric. Viv. 18; Brit. Mus. Cat.— W. G. Binney, T. M. IV, 161, pl. Ixxv, f. 12-13. Tralia, H. & A. Av. The only American specimens of this species I have seen, were collected in Florida by Mr. Bartlett. The species is also found in Cuba, Jamaica, and Porto Rico. SE | Ce ne = ene ee Se aa a ai Cat. No.) No. of Sp. Locality. From whom received. Remarks. —_——— | | es 5 | Florida. Ws Stimpson. Cabinet series. LEUCONTA, Gray. “oot divided inferiorly by a transverse groove. Shell ovate-oblong, imperforate, smooth; spire conical; aper- ture elongate, oval; inner lip with two plaits anteriorly; outer lip smooth internally, the margin simple, acute. Of the six species of this genus described, two are found in PEDIPES. 1¢ the West Indies, three in Europe, and one of doubtful identity is referred to the United States. Leuconia sayii, Kisrer.—Shell small, conic-ovate, shining, horn. colored, striate; spire acute, broadly conic, whirls five, rather convex; aperture oblong, columella biplicate. Length 23 lines, diam. 1}. United States. (Aiister.) Auricula sayii, Kuster in Chemn. ed. 2, 12, pl. vi, f. 14,15. Leuconia sayii, PrEtrFER, Mon. Auric. 157; Brit. Mus. Auric. 170.—W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. IV, 177, pl. Ixxy, f. 34. Leuconia sayti. The above is Kiister’s description. The figure I give is a fac-simile of one of his. This is the only information I have been able to obtain with regard to the species. It has not been described by any other author but Pfeiffer, who merely quotes the above description, not having ever seen the shell. Kiister’s figure represents no known American shell; there exists, however, a strong resemblance between it and his figure of Alexia myosotis. His original specimen may have been a variety of that species. Pfeiffer compares the species with Melampus infrequens, Ad. PEDIPES, Apayson. Foot divided inferiorly by a transverse groove. Shell subglobose, imperforate, transversely striated; spire short, obtuse; aperture narrow; inner lip flattened, excavated, with three plaits, the posterior the largest; outer lip posteriorly sinuated, with two teeth internally ; margin acute. Species of Pedipes have been found at Panama, in Africa, the West Indies, Madeira, and Isle of France. They are said to inhabit crevices of rocks, especially those exposed to the full force of the tide. The generic name was suggested by the peculiar mode of progression. When the animal walks, the hind part of the foot is fixed, and the fore part, which is separated from the hind part by an extensible groove, is advanced, and the hind half is then drawn forwards so as to touch the anterior half, and so progression is effected by a series of little steps. This movement 20 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II. is executed with such quickness that the Pedipes is one of the most agile of mollusks. Pedipes lirata, W. G. Biynzy.—Shell imperforate, globose-conic, solid, shining, straw-colored, regularly marked with revolving ridges; spire short, depressed, apex obtuse; whirls three, the upper Fies21. ones short, the lower one about equalling five-sixths the length of the shell; aperture semicircular, its parietal wall covered with shining callus, and furnished with a thick, elevated, hooked and entering fold; columella furnished with two thick, acute, tooth-like processes, placed side by side; peri- stome acute, furnished on its interior with a shining callus, Pedipes which is protracted intoa high tubercle at its middle. Greater lirata, diameter 23, length 34; length of the aperture 23 mill, 4 times nat. size. Pedipes lirata, W. G. Bryney, Phila. Acad. Nat. Sc. Proc. 1860, 154. Cape San Lucas, Lower California. The specimen figured is the only one found. It may, perhaps, be somewhat related to P. angulata, Adams, of Panama, which I have not seen. Cat. No.| No. of Sp. Locality. | From whom received. Remarks. 8567 1 Cape St. Lucas. John Xantus. Cabinet series. Type. BLAUNERIDA, Suourrt. Shell imperforate, oblong-turreted, thin ; aperture narrow, elongated; inner lip with a single plait, columella subtruncate ; outer lip simple, straight. Foot somewhat truncated in front, pointed behind, long as the shell’s aperture ; head large, projecting beyond the foot, forming a snout with dilated lips; tentacles short, cylindrical, eyes at their superior base. But one species of this genus is known, the B. pellucida. It is one of those shells whose generic position cannot be ascertained without a knowledge of the characters of the animal. It was placed among the Helicide as Achatina and Tornatellina, as a Glandina among the Oleacinidx, and among the Pectinibran- chiates as Odostomia, until it was ascertained by Dr. Gundlach to belong to the Auriculide. OTINID®. OR Blauneria pellucida, Prr.—Shell sinistral, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, pellucid, highly polished and glistening. Whirls seven, very oblique, scarcely convex, the last one somewhat ventricose towards the base, about two-thirds the length of the shell; aperture narrow ovate, acutely prolonged posteriorly ; lip simple; turning up the columella it becomes thickened, and winds into the aperture in the form of a tooth-like lamella. Length 5 mill. ; breadth 13; aperture 2 mill. long. Blauneria Achatina (2) pellucida, Pretrrer in Wiegm. Archiv. 1840, I, pellucida. 252.—Govutp in Binn. Terr. Moll. II, 294, pl. liii, f. 2. Tornatellina cubensis, PFEIFFER, Symb. II, 130; Monog. Helic. Viv. II, 391.—Cuemnitz, ed. 2, Pupa. 151, pl. xviii, f. 16, 17. Blauneria pellucida, Pretrrer, Malak. Bl. 1854; Mon. Auric. Viv. 153; Brit. Mus. Cat. 110.—W. G. Binney, T. M. IV, 175. Odostomia? cubensis, Pony, Mem. I, 394. Found in Florida, among small shells drifted in the sand. It has been detected in Cuba, Jamaica, and Porto Rico, and has been introduced into England. Binney is the only American author who mentions its existence in this country. He places it under Achatina. Gould, in Terr. Moll., leaves it in that genus provisionally, mentioning the doubt existing concerning it. SPURIOUS SPECIES OF A URICULIDA. Otina zonata, Pretrrer. Vide Velutina zonata, p. 22. Famity OTINID. Lingual membrane, as in Auriculide, broad, teeth in nume- rous cross series. Head large, broad, obtuse, mouth verti- cally cloven, furnished with distinct jaws. Tentacles flattened, eyes at the upper part of their base. Shell ear-shaped, colored; columellar margin simple; outer lip simple and acute. Animal amphibious, living near the sea. The species of this small family differ from the Awriculide in having flattened tentacles, and from the Limneide in having the eyes on the upper part of the base of the tentacles, instead of at the inner edge of the base, and in having colored shells. 22 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II. Spurious SPECIES OF OTINID®. Velutina zonata, Goutp, whose figure I copy (Invert. p. 242), is referred to this family under the name of Morvillia zonata, Gray (see Gen. Rec. Moll. I, 645). It is a deep-water shell, without doubt belonging to Velutina. Pfeiffer describes it also among the Otinea, as Otina zonata Velutina zonata. (Mon. Auric. p. 12). Famity LIMN AID. Lingual membrane armed with numerous, quadrate teeth, arranged in transverse rows, the central minute, the laterals Fig. 24. HOODY) poo saggy eworerol! Lingual dentition of Ancylus newberryi. uncinated or simply denticulated. Head with a broad, short muzzle, dilated at the end; mouth with one or more jaws; tentacles contractile, flattened or-subulate, with the eyes ses- sile at their inner bases. Mantle margin variously modified ; respiratory orifice at the right side. Foot flattened, lanceo- late or ovate. Excretory orifices on the left side of the neck. Sexes united; male and female organs with separate orifices, on the right or left side. Shell of a varied form, thin, horn-colored, usually with an oblique fold on the columella, and with the outer lip simple and acute. Animal fresh-water, living in the water, usually coming to the surface to respire the free air. The Limneide are found in every quaiter of the globe; but in North America most of the genera are represented, except- ing Chilina, Camptoceras, Amphipeplea, Latia, &e. They are more plenty in species and individuals in the more temperate portions of the continent. Especially among the innumerable lakes of the British possessions do the large species flourish. LIMNAIDAA. : 23 They are strictly aquatic in their habits, abounding in the small quiet streams and stagnant ponds, feeding ex- clusively on vegetable substances. They usually come to the surface to breathe the free air, but their organs of respi- ration must be adapted, in some species at least, to breathing through the medium of water, as they are occasionally found in circumstances precluding any possibility of an approach to the surface. Their eggs are laid in clusters, surrounded by 4 gtlatineus matter. Many of the species possess the power of gliding along the surface of the water, shell downwards, and letting them- selves down by means of a gelatinous thread. From the fact of my finding young individuals only in the spring, and numerous dead full: -grown shells during the late autumn and winter, I presume they arrive at maturity in one season. They are active during the spring, summer, and autumn, but bury themselves in the mud during winter, at least in the Northern States. The Limnexidex have been grouped by some authors according to the number of their horny jaws, but in the present stage of knowledge of them it seems to me preferable to adopt that division into subfamilies based upon the form of the shell, which is found to be spiral and elongate, spiral and flattened, or non-spiral and simply patelliform. The shells of some of the various genera present considerable difference in form, but their characters are not as well marked or reliable as in the Helicide. I have therefore given; under the genus, a description of the typical form, leaving to the subgenera the descriptions of the various diverging forms. So variable are the species in each of the American genera, and so imperfect is our knowledge of them, I have not attempted a full description of each species at this time. It seems best to me to give all the original descriptions both of true species and synonyms (translated when not in English), and a fac-simile of the original figure of each. My work must therefore be con- sidered rather a report on the present state of our knowledge of the family than an exhaustive monograph. I am in hopes of ob- taining material for a more perfect work at some future day. 24 * LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART 11. SUBFAMILY LIMNAIN 2. Shell spiral, more or less elongated, the last whirl large ; aper- ture oblong. LIMN ALA, Lamarck. Tentacles flattened and triangular. Mantle with the front edge thickened. Foot short, rounded. Shell dextral, spiral, oblong, translucent, horn-colored ; spire acute, more or less produced, last whirl ventricose ; aperture large, wide, rounded in front; inner lip with an oblique fold ; outer lip simple. Jaws three, smooth; one upper, large, trans- Animal of Limnaea versely oblong or ovate; two lateral, rudi- desidiosa. mentary, narrow, Convex. Lingual membrane (of Z. columella) broad, teeth Fig. 26. Crowded, numerous; cen- tral narrow, long, apex Fig. 27. attenuated, recurved; BASSSS8eeeeg, | dag laterals broad, blunt, he Saag. Jaws of L. ae $ a columella, &PeX recurved, denticu- — Lingual membrane of L. columella. jated. This genus is found over almost the whole world, but prefers the more temperate portions of it. In North America, likewise, it is found in greater abundance and perfection in the lake region of the United States, and still more so in the British possessions. In the States bordering on the Gulf, and in Mexico, it is hardly represented. . The geographical distribution of the species is but little known. It seems certain that the boreal regions are inhabited by several species common to similar latitudes in Asia and Europe, such as LZ. stagnalis and L. palustris. The name Limnea is now universally adopted for this genus LIMNAA. 29 It is useless, therefore, to refer here to the thirty synonyms quoted by Hermannsen.’ As a subgeneric name for the typical Zimnza, Lymnus, Montt. has priority—Stagnicola, Leach, being a synonym. Limmnza stagmalis, Liv.—Shell elongated-ventricose ; volutions six; spire regularly attenuated to an acute tip, rather shorter than the aperture ; body whirl dilated, proportionally large ; aperture ample; columella with the sinus of the fold profound, callus perfectly appressed upon the shell to the base. . Inhabits Lake Superior. This shell exhibits very much the appearance of LZ. stagnalis, but its body whirl is less propor- tionally dilated. The callus of the labrum is perfectly appressed to the surface of the whirl even to the base, exactly as in stagnalis. Ihave seen but a single weathered and broken specimen, which was sent me for examination by my friends Messrs. Collins and Barnes, of New York. It was found in Lake Superior, by Mr. Schooleraft. Since writing the above, Mr. Jessup presented me with several specimens, which he collected in Canandaigua and Cayuga Lakes. (Say. JL. appressa.) Fig. 28. Limnea appressa, Say. Limnza jugularis, Say, Nich. Encycl. 1817, 1818, 1819; ed. Binney, p. 46.—Ha.pEeman, Mon. 16, pl. iv (1841).—DeKay, N. Y. Moll. 74, pl. v, f. 81 (1843).—Ktsrer, Ch. ed. 2, p. 3, pl. i, f. 7. Limnxa appressa, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. Il, 168 (1818) ; Biyney’s ed. 66.—HaupeEmAn, Mon. 18, pl. v (1842).—Apams, Shells of Ver- mont, 153 (pamphlet 3), (1842).—DerKay, N. Y. Moll. 74 (1843).— Kuster, Ch. ed. 2, 4, pl. i, f. 8-9. Limnza stagnalis, Linnxus, &.—SHepparD (1829), Tr. Lit. Hist. Soc. Quebec, I, 196.—KirtLanp, Am. Journ. Sc. [1], XXXI, 35, f. 10; Ohio Report, 200.—Anon. Can. Nat. II, 196, f. 1, 2, 1857. Limnea speciosa, ZigGLER of RossMAssuER, Icon. pt. 2, p. 96; pl. ii, f. 50 (1835). This species ranges from Vermont, through the northern tier ' H. & A. Adams suggest the use of Klein’s name Auricula, he being the first to notice and describe the genus. I protest against the use of his names in preference to the well-established names of authors who truly understood and followed the Linnean system of generic nomenclature. (See Sill. Am. Journ. [2], XXXV, 429.) 26 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II. of States, to the Pacific Ocean. It is also found in Oregon and southern Utah, though it occurs most plentifully in the lake region of British America. Specimens of it have been collected for the Smithsonian Institution by Mr. Kennicott, at Fort Reso- lution and Fort Simpson, and at Moose Factory, by Mr. Drexler. From the means of comparison at my disposal I have no doubt of the identity of the European Limnea stagnalis with this shell. Their proving to be the same will add another to the list of circumpolar species common to the two continents. Authentic specimens of Mr. Say’s Z. appressa are still pre- served in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy. They correspond well, though smaller, with the figure of appressa (Fig. 28), which I have copied from Haldeman. I have seen no authentic specimen of Say’s LZ. jugularis, but have no doubt of its identity with the shell he afterwards called appressa, not only from his comparison of jugularis to stagnalis, but from the tra- dition of the earlier collectors, who always have considered them nearly related, if not the same. Mr. Say’s description of jugu- laris, in the third edition of Nicholson’s Encyclopedia (which is reprinted in my edition of his works), is extremely unsatisfactory, and would hardly be referred to the shell before me, without the words used by him in the first edition. Both are now given. There is a species of this genus which resembles the stagnalis of Europe : we have named it Limnexa jugularis. Whirls about six, tapering; mouth within often brownish, lip white, column a little contracted in the middle ; we have not a good specimen to describe or figure. (Say, Nich. Encycl. Jirst ed.) There is a species of this genus that we have named Limnza jugularis, and which, in consequence of its having been found but once, must be considered as a doubtful inhabitant of the United States. It may thus be described: Shell tapering ; whirls about six ; suture not deeply impressed ; aperture hardly equal to half the length of the shell, but little dilated ; within brownish, particularly on the column, which is contracted in the middle; outer lip white, and almost imperceptibly repand within; um- bilicus very distinct. Length one inch. A specimen was also brought from the West Indies, by Mr. L’Herminier, of Charleston. (Say, 3d ed. Nich. Encycl.) Haldeman admits LZ. appressa as a distinct species with doubt, hut describes it as more attenuated, lighter in color, and having the spiral strive better developed than the typical jugularis. One of his figures of the latter is copied in my figure (Fig. 29). LIMN AA. bo aT Fig. 29. Adams and DeKay describe Fig. 30. appressa as a distinct spe- cies. The shell has been figured roughly and described by Dr. Kirtland under the name of L. stagnalis. There give a fac-simile of his figure, and a copy of his remarks, omit- ting Dillwyn’s words. After leaving Trumbull, we enter Portage County (Ohio). In this county we found a num- ber of beautiful ponds, from each one of which flows a peren- Limnea stagnalis. nial stream. One which lies a few miles south of our route, in Stark County, called Congress Lake, was, until recently, the only known locality of the fine univalve shell, Limnzxa stagnalis. It was discovered by Dr. K. in the course of the last season. I have one in my possession which is two inches in length, with the body whirl three-fourths of an inch in diameter. As this rare and elegant shell has not been figured or described by any American Conchologist, a draw- ing is given at figure 10. The description is copied from Dillwyn, and appears to be so similar to that of our own shell, that there can be no doubt of its identity with the European species, although it is a rare fact, and which scarcely again occurs in all our long list of land and fresh- water shells. Geoffroy calls it ‘Le Grand Buccin.” (Airtland.) Limnea jugularis. An anonymous writer in the Canadian Naturalist also refers the shell to stagnalis, giving a copy of a figure of that species in a foreign journal. The species has also been described and figured, as the follow- ing copies show, by Rossmassler, under the name of Limnexus speciosus, Ziegl. Haldeman quotes this description in the synonymy of jugularis, but afterwards refers it to L. appressa. Shell imperforate, ovate-conical, with a long turreted acutely terminat- ing spire, yellowish-brown, deeply striated, with very delicate strize under the lens on the whole upper surface; seven whirls, the last not very ventri- cose, but only slightly arched; no trace of a margin above; the upper whirls form a very long and slenderly drawn-out spire; aperture ovate, acute above, on the left side cut out in a shallow heart shape ; outer lip but slightly prominent, and very delicately imbricated ; the columellar callus is quite thin and adheres so closely as to be distinguished almost 28 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II. wholly by its white color, and hardly by a perceptible elevation, leaving scarcely any trace of an umbilicus. Animal -—— ? Habitat.—In the fresh-water lakes of North America. I compared twenty specimens from Lake Erie which appeared perfectly adult and whose characters were constant. This species certainly much resembles L. stagnalis ; but the invariable tawny color, the decided almost regular striation, the narrower aperture, the outer lip less curved and not prominent, and, finally, the delicate, closely adherent, white columellar callus suffi- ciently distinguish it. (/tossmassler.) Moquin-Tandon (Moll. Fr. II, 471) places Z. appressa, Say, in the synonymy of L. stagnalis, var. €, roseolabiata (LL. bicolor, Mke, L. stagnalis, var. obscurus, Mke.). Reeve (Brit. L. and Fr. W. Sh.) does not quote Say’s species in the synonymy of Z. stagnalis, but on p. 155 notices the marked degree of parallelism between, if not identity of, Z. dimosa and L. catascopium, L. auricularia and L. macrostoma,' L. stagna- lis and L. jugularis, L. palustris and L. elodes, and L. truncatula Limneus speciosus. and L. desidiosa. Limnexa stagnalis is catalogued by Middendorf among the cireumpolar species of Asia. It is found in Europe, Siberia, and Cashmere. Like many of our extreme northern species, it appears common to the three continents. Fig. 32 represents the lingual dentition of an American speci- Fig. 32. a he er sal sane Lingual dentition of Limnaa juguluris. men of Limnexa jugularis. The central tooth is small, narrow, conical. There are 40°1°40 teeth, arranged in a transverse, curving row, of variable form. There are 103 rows in all. 1 Bather hs ampla. LIMNZA. 29 Cat. No. No.of Sp. | Locality. From whom received. | Remarks. §301 5 Michigans poviaie > (la ||) i: Baybee Sally) |. wexelaue . 8306 5 | Ruby Valley. Capt. J.H.Simpson.;| °...... $307 4 || SIE Mra aster ears AW SULA SOvenn MEN Miyano neti vceee soe $479 3 | Lake Champlain. W. G. Binney. Cabinet series. 8954 3 | Ft. Simpson, br. Am, Led SEMIN gp oS abake 9063 30+ | Hudson’s Bay® Drexler: MAW Oth Ghee 9067 50+ | Grand Rapids, Mieh. Dri. J: bewis: yet wate 8959 ate ! Ft. Resolution, Rogkennicottqapee tit = wesc $135 5 | Ft. Simpson. Ce Lee. A fetee, |e tees ere 9140 5 | Moose Factory. Drexler. A. el meee, wots 9175 50+ | Vermont. Jey Chittendent ay ali) a vaetee. oe 9182 2 | Black River, N. Y. Gene Totten. | aml Onn meeenerts 9165 4 | Milwaukee. TAS Laphamttl Sali ly eieceece 9154 6 Cayuga Inlet. Mrs Hea Werbatker es! |s0 | lnmeee oe $245 3 | Milwaukee, Wis. prAna iainice ey et| heen mmm ser 8246 3 Michi paiteiie a) te suk ulPipbitee ats eve | bus wi aaeiae 8462 3 Southern Utah. Capt. J. H. Simpson.} In al. with animals. $473 2 Milwaukee, Wis. TAC ap Hamat bel ith! Getersen tie 9285 5 Isle la Crosse. Repiceniiicotiey | utr) hl lee 9287 1 Otter Tail Creek, Minn. eee Yrmel? thew, Watstids 9290 20+ | Great Slave Lake. ARMA UIE. OS oeeaetan 9248 3 Lake Superior. Dr.) JeSs Newberry: |sj) « usseskes 9250 2 “ AEST eA se kaos 9252 5 Rhett L., Cal. ee ee ay Bw biercnkys 9244 Serpe he Rear MRE Er lem ee tector ull” Mee 9322 4 E. of Ft. Colville, W.T.| N W. Bound. Sury.| ...... 9325 12 Near Ft. Anderson, !at. eRe VLC ats) Incas Ui |f een a emp ere es [68° Limmza lLepida, Govip.—Shell very fragile, elongated, very acutely conical, subumbilicate, pale horn-color; whirls five, oblique, moderately convex, forming an acuminated spire; suture moderately im- pressed; surface smooth and shining, lines of growth faint, and when ex- amined by a magnifier they are found to be rendered somewhat zigzag by distant, revolving furrows, which cross them. Aper- ture large and expanded, nearly semicircular, half Fig. 33. the length of the shell; outer lip expanded; colu- mella having a very strongly marked sharp fold, and broadly covered with a thin callus, which not being closely appressed at the umbilical region, leaves a small chink. Length 3, breadth } inch. Lake Vancouver, Oregon. Most closely allied to Z. pallida, Adams, but is much more delicate, the spire more acuminate, the Limneea lepida. aperture larger and expanded, the fold of the pillar more developed, and the surface well characterized, when closely examined, by the flexuose lines. The whirls are much more oblique and less convex than in Z. desidiosa. ( Gould.) Limnea lepida, Gouin, Proc. Boston S. N. H. II, 211 (1847); U. S. Ex. Ex. Moll. 121, f. 141, 141a (1852) ; Otia, 41. The description and figure given above are both copied from Dr. Gould. The original specimens are preserved in the Smith- sonian collection. 30 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [ PART Il. Cat. No.| No. of Sp. Locality. From whom received. Remarks. 8571 re Lake Vancouver, Or. Com. Wilkes. Cabinet series. * Suscenus RADIX, Montr. Shell subovate, last whirl ventricose ; aperture more than half the length of the shell, greatly expanded. Gulnaria of Leach corresponds to this subgenus, but does not have priority. Klein describes a “ Radix Bryonie” as a genus (7) at an earlier date than Montfort published, but I do not acknow- ledge him as authority. He did not use the Linnean system of nomenclature. H. & A. Adams use Klein’s name Neritostoma, but his description and figure refer rather to Suwecinea, which would prevent the use of the name, even if Klein were authority. Limmnza. ampla, Micuers.—Shell large, much inflated, suboval, rather thin, composed of five convex whirls, prominently shouldered at the upper part ; epidermis of an obscure olivaceous green color; lines of accretion very fine and compact; transverse lines Fig. 34. obscure, appearing serriform under a magnifier, giving the surface the appearance of very delicate lace work ; suture deep, and in one specimen sub- canaliculate ; spire short and pointed when present ; aperture oblong, very wide at the posterior part, but narrowing rapidly anteriorly and occupying rather more than two-thirds the length of the shell ; labrum thin and somewhat reflected; labium broadly reflected, forming and partially covering an open and very deep umbilicus ; columella fold very prominent; within it is of a light yellowish fawn color, with an obscure purplish zone, one line in ' breadth, and about two lines within the aperture. Length 1.3, breadth 1, height .8 inches. Divergence of the spire very variable. Second Eagle Lake, Maine, N. lat. 47°. This extraordinary and beautiful species was discovered by Mr. Alex- ander W. Longfellow, civil engineer, while engaged with other gentlemen of the scientific corps in the exploration and survey of the northeastern boundary, in the summer of 1842. He informs me they were very abun- dant on the shore of the lake, but he had no means of preserving any more than four specimens, all of which are in my collection. No two of Limnea ampla. LIMNZA. 31 the specimens are exactly alike; but notwithstanding this and the re- markable difference between those represented in the plate, I doubt not they are specifically the same. It is allied to L. decollata, Nobis, but it is readily distinguished from that shell by its amplitude, by a proportionately larger penultimate whirl, by the reflected labrum, by a muck broader labium, and by an open umbilicus, which is always entirely closed in L. decollata. I regard that represented by fig. a as the prevailing type of the species. Fig. } is a little shorter, and rather more tumid; fig. ¢ repre- sents a distorted specimen. (MWighels.) Limnza ampla, MicHeus, Bost. Journ. N. H. IV, 347, pl. xvi, f 1, a, 4, ¢ (Apr. 1843); Proc. I, 129 (Oct. 1843), not of Harrmann.'—WHITE- Aves, Can. Nat. (Apr. 1863), VIII, 112, f. 11. This is a well-marked species, not easily confounded with any other. The description and Fig. 34 are copied from Mighels. Since their publica- Fig. 35. tion, the species seems to have been entirely unnoticed till Mr. Kennicott found it at Fort Simpson. The European species most nearly related to L. ampla is L. auricularia. So strong is the resemblance between some forms of the two that their identity is almost suggest- ed. I have, therefore, copied Moquin-Tan- don’s figure of Z. auricularia. Piannuia Gunirelinie Cat. No. | No. of Sp. Locality. From whom received. | Remarks. 0 re British America. Kennicott. are Pepe 9983 | 504 Isle La Crosse. “ ltt eee: Limnza decollata, Micuets.—Shell very ventricose, rather thick, subovate or subrotund, in outline an irregular rhomboid ; epi- dermis of an olivaceous green color, rather thin, deciduous ; Fig. 36. whirls two to three; spire very short, generally decollated ; whole surface generally rather rough ; striz of growth coarse and fine alternately; transverse strie on the body whirl sparse, interrupted, sometimes obsolete; body whirl com- poses almost the whole shell; aperture very large, subcam- panulate; its length is very little greater than the breadth, and occupies more than two-thirds the length of the shell; labrum rather thin, simple; fold of the columella very promi- nent. Length .6, breadth .5, height .4 inch. Limnea decollata. 1 Gulnaria ampla, Hartmann, 1842, is referred by Reeve to L. auricularia. Should it prove a distinct species, our shell might be called L. mighelsi. eo 32 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART Ll Animal dingy mouse-color, with a slight tinge of purple, covered with numerous microscopic, elongated white spots on every visible part of the surface, including the mouth and tentacula; foot of a chocolate color, rather broad, length rather greater than the aperture; habits sluggish. Cabinets of the Bost. Soc. N. H., Dr. Gould, 8. 8. Haldeman, J. G. Anthony, J. W. Mighels, and C. B. Adams. Unity, Maine, discovered by Dr. Milliken of that town, to whom we are indebted for specimens. This odd but interesting shell is readily recognized by its rhomboidal aspect, wide aperture, and rather rough and distorted appearance. It is allied to LZ. catascopium, Say, but is distinct from that shell by having less whirls by two, and a much shorter spire; by being wider, and its diver- gence greater by more than thirty degrees. By some it has been supposed to be identical with LZ. emarginata, Say. This is impossible. JL. emargi- nata is much more cylindrical, the divergence of its spire is scarcely half as great as that of our shell; it is much thinner, and has at least two more volutions. Our shell is also destitute of the “deep emargination” which distinguishes L. emarginata, (Mighels §& Adams.) Limnea. decollata, Micuets, Proc. Bost. Soc. I, 49 (1841); Bost. Journ. IV, 4-5, 336, pl. iv, f. 13 (and Apams) (1842). Limnxa catascopium, HALDEMAN, part, Mon. 52, pl. xiv, f. 1-3 (1842). Limneus decollatus, Ktster in Ch. ed. 2, 45, pl. viii, f. Fig. 37. 11-14. f Found around Lake of the Woods, in Maine and Connecticut. Haldeman and DeKay refer this species to L. catascopium. I have given the original descrip- tion and figure above. No. 9132, presented by Prof. Haldeman, were by him received directly Limnea enolate: from Mighels. One is figured in Fig. 37. ¢ Cat. No.| No. of Sp. Locality. From whom received. | Remarks. $300 9 Lake of the Woods. R, Kennicott)) fete eos. $481 il Maine. W. G. Binney. Cabinet series. 9132 6 es Haldeman. From Mighels. Limnza columella, Say.—Shell thin, fragile, horn-color ; whirls four, longitudinally wrinkled. Spire prominent, acute. Suture not much impressed. Aperture dilated, ovate. Columella much narrowed near the base, so that the view may be extended from the base almost to the in- terior apex of the shell. Length ,’, of an inch nearly, of the spire } inch. Inhabits stagnant waters and miry places. Collection of the Academy. Animal aquatic, base not so long as the aperture; dusky, with small LIMNAA. 3a whitish spots ; tentacula broad, pyramidal, compressed ; eyes small, black, placed at the inner base of the tentacula. This species is allied to L. catascopium of the American Fig. 38. edition of Nicholson’s Encyclopedia, but the revolution of the whirls is more oblique, the shell thinner, the aper- ture much more dilated, and the columella differently formed. For several specimens of this shell I am indebted to Mr. Titian Peale. Var. a. Small, black. From Cold Water Creek of the Missouri. This is most probably a distinct species; we obtained but a single specimen of it. (Say.) Limnea columella. Limnza columella, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. I, 14 (1817) ; Il, 167 (1821).—Nich. Enc. 3d ed. (1819); Binney’s ed. 60, 56.—HanpEman, Mon. 38, pl. xii (1842).—Gounp, Inv. of Mass. 215, f. 144, 216, f. 145 (1841).—DeKay, N. Y. Moll. 72, pl. iv, f. 75 (1843).—Portez et Micuaup, Gal. I, 216, pl. xxii, f. 5, 6.— Anon. Can. Natural. II, 197, fig. (1857). Limneus columella, Kuster in Ch. ed. 2, 44, pl. viii, f. 3-5. Limnexa chalybea, Gouup, Am. Journ. Sc. [1], XXXVIII, 196 (1840); Otia, 180. Limnxa macrostoma, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. IT, 170 (1821) ; Binney’s ed. 67.—Govutp, Iny. 217, f. 148 (1841).—Anon. Can. Nat. II, 198, fig. (1857). Limneus macrostomus, Kuster in Ch. ed. 2, 43, pl. viii, f. 1, 2. Limnexa acuminata, ApAms, Am. Journ. Sc. [1], XX XiX, 374 (1840). Limnexa navicula, VALENCIENNES, Rec. d’Obs. II, 251 (1833). Limnea strigosa, Lea, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. IH, 33 (1841); Trans. IX, 12 (1844) ; Obs. IV, 12. Limnzxa coarctata, LEA, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. II, 33 (1841) ; Trans. IX, 11 (1844) ; Obs. IV, 11. Limnexa casta, LEA, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. II, 33 (1841) ; Trans. IX, 11 (1844) ; Obs. IV, 11. Limnea columellaris, Apams, Sill. Journ. [1], XXXVI, 392, absq. descr. Limnexa succiniformis, ApAMS MS. teste HALDEMAN. This species has been found from New England and Lake Superior to Georgia. Its wide range and variable form has caused its being described under several names, which are mentioned in the synonymy and treated at length below. Mr. Say’s specimens of L. columella are still preserved in the Phila- delphia Academy. One is drawn in my figure (Fig. 38). Speci- mens of his Z. maerostoma also are there preserved, one being drawn in my figure (Fig. 39). From an examination of it and of the following description, I am led to coincide with Haldeman and DeKay’s opinion of its identity with LZ. columella, e B4 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART IT. Limnza macrostoma, SAy.—Shell suboval ; whirls five, body whirl some- what reticulated; suture not profoundly indented; spire about two-thirds the length of the aperture, acute; aperture mvch dilated; labrum not thickened on the inner sub- margin. Inhabits Cayuga Lake. Length } invh, and upwards. Imperfect specimens of this shell were found on the shore of Cayuga Lake, by Mr. A. Jessup, but they are sufficiently entire to exhibit considerable similarity to some varieties of L. auricularius, of Europe. It may readily be distinguished Limnea macrostoma. from ZL. catascopium by its much more dilated aperture. (Say.) Limnea acuminata, Adams, seems a synonym of LZ. columella. Haldeman and DeKay so consider it, and Gould refers it to L. macrostoma. J have seen no authentic specimen, but give the original description below. It must not be confounded with Brongniart’s species of the same name. Limnza acuminata, ApAMs.—Shell fragile, semi-transparent, ovate, with very numerous, revolving, irregular, transverse, parallel strie ; whirls four ; spire very short, subacute; last whirl very large; aperture very large, exhibiting the interior of the spire ; columella thin, sub-reflected ; labium not appressed. New Bedford. This differs from ZL. columella, Say, in the much greater proportional size of the last whirl, the breadth of the shell, and the presence of very distinct revolving lines. It resembles Succinea obliqua, Say, but the spire is rather less, and no revolving lines are mentioned in the description of that species. The Z. acuminata has also been found at Horn Pond, in Woburn, Mass., by T. J. Whittemore, Esq. (Adums.) Limnea chalybea, of Gould, whose description and figure are here copied, is no doubt a form of L. columella. It is so stated by him recently (Otia, p. 180), as well as by Haldeman in his Monograph. Limnea columella, var. chalybea, Goutp.—The spire is more pointed, its divergence only about 50°; the aperture is more expanded, Fig. 40. and the fold on the inner lip more obvious. It is thin, but not very brittle, ringing like hard-burnt crockery. The last whirl is partially detached from the preceding one, so as to form a thread-like channel at the suture. The enamel rests loosely against the shell, and is wrinkled. The exterior is covered by a bluish-black pigment, not easily removed, and the interior has a steel-blue or black lead color. i This shell, which I found two years in succession in a beri muddy pool in Cambridge, I thought was sufiiciently distinct var.chalybea. to be regarded as a new species; and I accordingly gave its LIMN&A. 35 characters under the name of Limnza chalybea, in Silliman’s vournal, XXXIII, 196. But as it has not been found in any other place, I am now disposed to regard it as a strongly marked local variety of ZL. columella. It is very possibly such a shell to which Mr. Say alludes in the Journ. Ac. Nat. Se. Il, 167, as L. columella, var. a., small, black, from Cold Water Creek, Missouri. ( Gould.) Limnea navicula, of Valenciennes, whose description follows, is said to be a form of ZL. columella, by Haldeman and Gould, and also by Ferussac (Bull. Zool. p. 85, 1835) and Kiister. I have seen no specimen or figure of it. Limnxa navicula, VALENCIENNES.—Shell oval, pointed, subdiaphanous, whirls four, substriate. The last whirl is four times as long as the three others. The aperture is large and gaping, its length equalling two-thirds the shell’s length. Shell very thin, slightly transparent. Color grayish- yellow. Length 10 lines. Hab. Environs of Philadelphia. ( Valenciennes.) Finally, an examination of the specimens from which Mr. Lea drew his descriptions of Limnexa strigosa, coarctata, and casta, have convinced me of their identity with Z. columella. In the case of the second species Haldeman agrees with me, he makes no mention of the others. Mr. Lea’s descriptions are copied below, and a figure given of each of the three forms, drawn from his types. Limnea strigosa, LEA.—Shell long-oval, somewhat oblique, diaphanous, striate, horn-colored, thin, imperforate; spire short; sutures _ impressed ; whirls five, somewhat convex; aperture ovate. Fig. 41. Hab. Near Cincinnati, Ohio. T. G. Lea. My cabinet and cabinet of T. G. Lea. Diam. .38, length .75 of an inch. This is a very thin fragile species, somewhat resembling Z. columella, Say, but may at once be distinguished from that species by its longer spire and less inflated body whirl. It is allied to Z. coarctata, herein described; differing, however, in being more oblique, and in having the whirls more inflated. The aperture is about three-fourths the length of the shell, and acutely angular above. (Lea.) Limnea strigosa. Limnexa coarctata, Lea, is also referred to ZL. macrostoma, by Kiister, 7. c. Mr. Lea’s description here follows, with a draw- ing of his original specimen. Limnza coarctata, LEA.—Shell fusiform, very thin, obsoletely striate, diaphanous, horn-color, imperforate ; spire short, pointed ; sutures slightly impressed ; whirls four, rather flattened ; aperture large, ovate. 36 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART i: Hab. Newport, Rhode Island: Col. Totten, United States Army. My cabinet and cabinet of Col. Totten. Diam. .30, length .55 of an Fig. 42. inch. This is one of the most delicate and fragile of the genus Limnza which I have seen. It is allied to Mr. Say’s ZL. colu- mella ; but may at once be distinguished by the compression of the superior part of the body whirl, which causes an acute angle in the superior part of the aperture. Under a rather powerful lens, some of the specimens may be perceived to have very minute revolving strie. The aperture is two-thirds the length of the shell, and is inflated at the inferior part. The fold of the columella is delicate and incurved. (Lea.) Timnea coarctata. Limnea casta, LeA.—Shell subfusiform, rather thick, closely striate, yellow, perforate; spire rather elevated, acuminate; sutures Fig. 43. impressed; whirls six, convex; aperture large, ovate. Hab. Poland, Ohio: Dr. Kirtland. My cabinet and cabinets of Dr. Kirtland, and T. G. Lea. Diam. .30, length .58 of an inch. The columella of this species is remarkably straight, and being reflected, causes the lower part of the aperture to be slightly effuse. The last whirl is wrinkled. The aperture is ey “more than half the length of the shell. It is allied to L. de- easta. sidiosa, Say, but is a smaller species, has the spire more ex- serted, and a less curved fold. The perforation is very small. Dr. Kirtland kindly sent me many specimens several years since. (Lea.) Fig. 44 represents, at one view, the various forms which have been described as distinct species. L. coarectata. L. casta. L.macrostoma. LL. columella. L. chalybea. ‘iL. strigosa. Fig. 45. Fig. 45 represents the lingual See antten ts dentition of the species. There Raq . Le *88tavy, are eighty rows of about seventy teeth each. Dr. T. R. Ingalls, of Greenwich, N. Y., to whom I am indebted for many specimens of shells and much valuable information, wrote me in 1860 the following curious note regarding L. columella. His words are— Lingual dentition of L. colwmella. ra) LIMN ZA. a “The LZ. macrostoma which I send you requires a note. It comes as near a case of spontaneous generation as anything within my observation. It was found in a little pool about twenty feet in diameter, entirely cut off from streams and fed by a spring. I had for years frequented it for Desmidia, &c., in which it was very rich. One season, and one only, appeared these Limnee, which do not occur elsewhere, as far as I now know, within twenty miles. The pond dried up that season and destroyed the lqcality.” | Cat. No.| No. of Sp. Locality. | From whom received. | Remarks. 8295 3 Ohio. | Eee ee re 8296 7 | Ato Simons island Gas cceclosmccty. 4 yl ene eeeeee 8297 1 Marietta. O. W. Holden Si "0 “hererr 3295 9 South Carolina. Waerstimmpeona i) ii) Siniecinere 8299 en | ore lefetecerar W. G. Binney. Var. chalybea, Gld. 8482 Dee men hee” Ol NN ev atare ss Cabinet series. 9139 12 St. Simon’s, Ga. POstella ray | sen ae ee ee 8979 San Felipe Spr. Captbemlens. Milman. erent [by Say. 8522 gtk lh) Maes eases Ac. N. Sc. Phila. |Marked ZL. macrostuma 9251 9 Massachusetts: © 2 9} 9 sehinws strigosa, teste Lea, Suscexus BULIMNEA, Hap. Shell thick in texture, ovate, inflated; spire short, outer lip not expanded. Limmaea megasom<2, Say.—Large, dilated suboval; spire short, rapidly diminishing, acute; whirls about five, rounded, obtusely wrinkled across; body whirl large, the wrinkles very obvious, suture deeply impressed; aperture subovate, much longer than the spire, within, chestnut-brown ; columella white. Length more than one and six-tenths of an inch; greatest diameter one inch. This remarkably large and fine species was found in Bois Blane Lake, Northwest Territory, by Dr. Bigsby, to whom I am indebted for Fig. 46. specimens. The color is brownish, sometimes lineated across the body whirl with dull green- ish and pale ochraceous; and the chestnut- brown color of the interior of the shell, com- bined with its large dimensions, distinguish this species from all others yet discovered in this country. (Say.) Limnea megasoma. Limneus megasomus, Say, Long’s Exp. II, 263, pl. xv, f. 10 (1824); Biyney’s ed. 129, pl. lxxiv, f. 10.—Kisrer in Ch. ed. 2, 36, pl. vi, f. 20, 21. 38 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II. Limnza megasoma, HaupEMAN, Mon. 13, pl. iii, f. 1-3 (1841).—Apams, Shells of Vermont ; Thoms. Vt. 153, excl. fig., Fig. 47. pamphlet, p. 3 (1842).—DeKay, N. Y. Moll. 70, pl. iv, f. 70 (1843). Bulimnea megasoma, CuENnv, Man. de Conch. II, 480, f. 3543. This is a northern species, ranging from Lake Champlain to Michigan. The shell, by which it is commonly represented in col- lections, corresponds perfectly with Mr. Say’s types in the Philadelphia Academy. His de- scription and figure are copied above (Fig. 46). Prof. Adams’ figure does not represent Limnea megasoma. this species. | Cat. No.| No. of sp. | Locality. | From whom received. | Remarks. 8253 1 Burlington, Vt. eet ee ccce | reread 8254 6 Lake Champlain. | W.Stimpson. $| ...... S487 2 st | f Cabinet series. 9249 4 | Lake Superior. | Dr JS: Newberry. [6 seers 4 Suscenus LIMNOPHYSA, Fitz. Shell ovate-oblong ; spire conic, about as long as the aperture, whirls rounded; outer lip not spreading. The date of publication of Limnophysa is 1833—Limnexa palustris being the type. I find this prior to all other names for the section. Stagnicola, Leach, was first described in 1840, in Gray’s edition of Turton, Leach’s work was not then printed, and the edition of Turton bearing date 1831 gives no description, merely referring in the synonymy of several species to Leach’s manuscript. Galba, Schrank, antedates Limnophysa, but is placed in the synonymy by Herrmannsen, no doubt for valid reasons. Limneéa reflexa, Say.—Shell fragile, very much elongated, nar- row, honey-yellow, tinctured with brownish, translucent, slightly reflected from the middle; volutions six, oblique, wrinkled transversely; spire more than one and a half times the length of the aperture, acute, two or three terminal whirls vitreous, body whirl very much dilated ; aperture rather narrow; labrum with a pale margin, and dusky red or blackish sub-margin. LIMN AA. Be Inhabits Lakes Erie and Superior. Total length }%,' of the aperture } | of an inch. This shell is remarkable for its narrow and elongated form, Fig. 48. and for the consequent very oblique revolution of the whirls. When viewed in profile it has a slightly reflected appearance. It was kindly sent to me for examination by my friends Messrs. 8. B. Collins and D. H. Barnes, of New York, and was found in Lake Superior by Mr. Schoolcraft. I recollect to have seen a specimen two or three years since brought from Lake Erie by James Griffiths. It is proportionally longer than elongatus. (Say-) Limneus reflerus, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. Phil. II, 167 (1821) ; Am. Conch. IV, pl. xxxi, f. 2 (1832) ; BinneEy’s ed. 65, 188, pl. xxxi, f. 2; ed. CHENu, 44, pl. vii, f. 4. —Kisrer in Ch. ed. 2, 41, pl. vii, f. 11, 12. Limnea refleca, HaupEMAN, Mon. 26, pl. viii (1842).— DeKay, N. Y. Moll. 71, pl. iv, f. 65, 72 (1843). ; Limneus elongatus, Sav, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. II, 167 (1821) ; Long’s Exp. II, 263; Brnney’s ed. 65, 150; ed. CHENv, 43, pl. vii, f. 5. Limneus umbrosus, Say, Am. Conch. IV, pl. xxxi, f. 2 (1832); Binney’s ed. 187, pl. xxxi, f. 2.—Hatpeman, Mon. 24, pl. vii (1842).—DeKay, N. Y. Moll. 68, pl. iv, f. 76 (1843).—Ktsrer in Ch. ed. 2, 41, pl. vii, f. 13-16. Limnza exilis, LEA, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. V, 114, pl. xix, f. 82 (1837) ; Obs. I, 226.—Kisrer (Limneus) in Ch. ed. 2, 40, pl. vii, f. 9. Limnzus palustris, var. distortus, RossMASSLER (1835), Icon. I, 97, pl. ii, 1 Ze Limnophysa refleca, CuENv, Man. de Conch. II, 480, f. 3544. Linnea reflexa. This species has been observed through the northern tier of States, from New York to the Pacific, and in Canada. It ex- tends more to the southward in the western portions of its area, having been found in Kansas and Utah, and in the Columbia and Sacramento Rivers. I have given above a copy of Mr. Say’s description of this species, and a fac-simile (Fig. 48) of the outline of one of his figures. It is a well-known shell, found in great numbers, and common in collections. It is subject to much variation, as shown by the large suite in the collection. Three forms have been de- scribed as distinct species, and are treated at length below. It is also readily confounded with Limnexa fragilis, 80 as indeed almost to warrant the conclusion of Forbes & Hanley that “the 1 Probably 1,8; inch. 40 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II. reflexa, umbrosa, and elodes of Say, which form apparently but one species, are scarcely distinguishable from this variable shell (palustris).” Mr. Say’s type of Limnza umbrosa is still preserved in the Philadelphia Academy. My Figure 49 is a fac-simile of the outline of one of his, and a copy of his description here follows. The name umbrosa was substituted by Mr. Say for the pre- occupied elongatus. The shell is considered distinct by Halde- man and DeKay, doubtfully so in Adams’ Shells of Vermont. Limneus elongatus.—Shell horn-color, tinged with reddish-brown; spire elongated, tapering, acute; whirls six or seven, slightly convex, wrinkled across ; body whirl, measured at the back, more than half Fig. 49. the total length; suture moderately indented; aperture less than half the length of the shell; labium with calcareous deposit. Length one and three-tenths inch. Inhabits, in considerable numbers, the ponds and tranquil waters of the upper Missouri. It is very distinct from Z. catascopium, by the much greater proportional length of the spire. (Say in J. A. N.5.). Rainy Lake and Seine River f Upper Canada. I am under the necessity of changing the name which I first applied to this shell, that of elongatus being pre-occupied by Draparnaud for a very different species. The fold of the Limnea _ ©Olumella is much less profound than that of L. palustris, Lin., umbrosa. which it much resembles. (Say in Am. Conch.) Inmnexa plebeia, Gould, is quoted doubtfully as a synonym of L. umbrosus, by Adams (Middlebury Shells, and Sill. Journ. [1], XL, 268). I refer it, however, to L. palustris, as that species is cound in Massachusetts, while wmbrosa is not. Gould mentions plebeia by name only in the Catalogue of Massachusetts Shells. My opinion of the identity of Limnea exilis with L. reflexa is based upon an examination of Mr. Lea’s original specimen. His description and figure here follow. Haldeman and DeKay place exilis in the synonymy of reflexa. Limnea exilis.—Shell attenuated, very thin, longitudinally striate; whirls seven, plano-convex, columella reflected ; aperture ovate-oblong. Ohio. My cabinet. Diam. .4, length 1.5 inch. This is, perhaps, the most attenuated Limnza yet observed in this country. It approaches most to the reflerus, Say, but is more elongate than that species. The most remarkable character of the ezilis is, per- LIMN AA. haps, the reflection of its labium, which is not laid on the body of the whirl. Where it joins above with the labrum, the angle is quite acute, and is separated from the body _whirl. The specimen figured was not taken alive, and the epidermis being destroyed, the description and representa- tion are partially defective. The aperture is about two- fifths the length of the shell. (Lea.) I was at first inclined to place Limnexa haydeni in the synonymy of this species. It appears to be distinct after more careful study of the specimens in the collection. . Fig. 51 gives, at one view, the various forms which I have considered synonyms of JL. reflexa. Limneus pa- lustris, var. dis- tortus, of Ross- massler, is a form of this species, as shown by his fig- ure, of which a fac-simile is here L. exilis. L. reflexa. given (Fig. 62). L. umbrosa. 4] Fig. 50. Limneaexilis L. palustris, var. distortus Remarks. trees wees steeee wee eee eee eee se teee eeceee se eeee see Cat. No.| No. of Sp. | Locality. | From whom received, 8224 8 | Milwaukee, Wis. I. A. Lapham. 8225 4 Biggsiouxwes ek al) 8 etek. 8226 16 EULIMOISS SEN eA dal) Wat icae.kci3 $227 Te Des |\We ROME ees cuer me alte Pee. 2c tek. 8228 8 Goosesisland-Michvom | meee) case se 8229 26 Bigs Slouxcgee ae eet ie 8 aoe 8230 8 Milwaukee Wis. I, A. Lapham. 8231 DONE TAPE IPRA hercyicrici sien mal hae De tf euias sists 8232 I Sty ClairiRivers ay we |e lf, tierce 8233 Se Auten Ar cls revevel a eM Meee Lae gabe OSI cet $234 7 Farwell’s Mills, Madi- Prof. S. F. Baird 8235 1 Illinois. [SGRNEVVTS te me weer -teratere:s 8236 7 Prairie Lke, n. Red Riv. R. Kennicott. 8237 2 Toledo, O. F. A. Bossard. 8238 3 Ohio. Dr. J. Lewis. 8239 11 Gogrenslands Mich. 7 ep 9 i cracre 8240 8 | Miliwanked; (Wise! “Met We ©) isan. 8241 4 Illinois. Dr. J. Lewis. 8242 13 | Grindstone Creek. | ~ ...... 8243 15 itaeoineenn eh TT en ate 8491 1 Aztalan, Wis. Prof. S. F. Baird 8319 GoMeR MMMM eyelets et toca ete 8521 CUT TA ae sementataciee etsy (eR PEEL T oer 3523 3 Peeiici@omsts Yo 8 caielccice 8734 2 San Francisco. Rowell 9066 200 Milwaukee. Lewis 9139 DOr TAR Ng core » Bo 42 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II. Limmzea attemuata, Say.—Shell elongate turreted, somewhat translucent; spire slender, attenuated, acute; whirls six or seven, with but a very slight convexity ; wrinkles more distinct towards Fig. 53. the aperture; body whirl, measured at the back, obviously less than half the total length. Length one inch. Inhabits Mexico. This species abounds in ditches and ponds in the vicinity of the capital. It is more nearly related to L. reflexus, nob., than to any other known species of North America; but it is only necessary to compare the two in order to perceive a wide difference between them. The present is smaller and propor- tionally more slender, and the spire is more attenuated. (Say.) Limnxa attenuata, Say, New Harm. Diss. I, 244 (1829) ; Pron Biyyey’s ed. 148; Descr. 23.—DEKay, N. Y. Moll. 75 rs (1843).—Hatpeman, Mon. 28, pl. ix, f. 1-5 (1842).— Kuster (Limnexus), Cuemn. ed. 2, 39, pl. vii, f. 8. Limnezus subulatus, DUNKER in KisTER, Cu. ed. 2, 24, pl. iv, f. 24. Figure 53 is drawn from an authentic specimen of Mr. Say. His description is given above. In describing the habitat of Planorbis tenuis, in Chemnitz, ed. 2, Limneus subulatus is mentioned as common among graves near Mexico. There is also a LZ. subuilata, Kickx, mentioned in Dupuy’s Mollusques de la France, p. 463. But the species re- ferred to is, I suppose, the one described in Kiister’s ed. 2 of Chemnitz, Limnea, p. 24, pl. iv, f. 24. As the last livraison de- voted to Limua, which has reached this country, contains only a portion of the description of the species, I cannot say what locality is given by Kiister for the shell. The figure corresponds with Limnea attenuata, Say. It is copied in Figure 54. A translation of the description here follows :— Shell imperforate, subulate-turreted, solid, striated, reddish horn-color ; apie elongate; subulate, acu- Fig. 55. minate ; whirls seven, flattened ; aperture semioval, yellowish- red, sanguineous at the base; peristome straight, sharp, ob- lique, with a distinct columellar fold. (Dunker.) Fig. 54. Since writing the above the succeeding part of Chem- Limnaw itz, ed. 2, having arrived, I suru. find the locality to be Mexico, at Zimapan and Lake L. attenuata, L. subulata. of Mexico. LIMNDA. 43 This . 6 ; Fig. 55 gives, at one view, the two forms which I have con- sidered synonymous. Cat. No.| No. of Sp. | Locality. From whom received. Remarks. 8294 7 Wityiof Mexico.» yall! poly] Jincctcney ONAL INNIS 0 eicleiness ec 8483 5 ast ovoye Cabinet series. Limnza sumaassi, Bairp.— Shell elongate, attenuated, horn- colored, fragile; whirls six, the last twice the size of the remainder ; aperture moderate; columella strongly plicate; external surface with microscopic, crowded, very minute decussa- tions. Length of largest 13, breadth } inch. Hab. Sumass Prairie, Fraser River, British Columbia. This species of Limnxa approaches L. elodes, Say, but is more elongated, more fragile, and has the columella very strongly plicated. The surface of the shell, when seen under a lens of moderate power, is finely decussately striated. It is of a horny color, and is of an elongated Tannee shape. (Baird.) Ee SUMASSL. SUMASS1. Limnzxa Sumassi, Bairp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon- don, 1863, p. 68. This species was collected by the British Boundary Commission. Members of the American Commission also col- lected the specimens in the Smithsonian collection, which show the species to be extremely variable. I have copied: above the original description and two figures from the advance plates of the British Report, kindly furnished by Mr. Carpenter. A curious specimen, from Ft. Colville (North- west Boundary Survey), is figured in Fig. 58. It may be referable to this species, ase? Cat. No.| No. of Sp. Locality. | From whom received. Remarks. 9320 30 | B of Ft. Colville, W.T. | N.W.BoundarySurv.) sw. 44 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART I. Limnza haydemni.—Shell ovate conic, smooth, thin, light horn- colored, imperforate ; spire rather short ; whirls five, convex; Fig. 59. — sutures deeply impressed; aperture ovate ; columella strongly 5 plicate. Yellowstone and Big Sioux: Dr. Hayden. (Zea.) Limnxa haydeni, Lua, Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Phila. 1858, 166. I was at first inclined to place this species in the * synonymy of Limnexa reflera. Upon more careful examination of the specimens collected by Dr. Hay- eee den (one of which is here figured), [ am satisfied of its being distinct. Its rounded whirls and strongly plicate columella are its chief characteristics. Cat. No.| No. of Sp. Locality. From whom received. Remarks. 8250 18 Yellowstone River. | ....-- Original lot named by 8251 27 Ruby Valley. Capt. J. H. Simpson, [I. Lea. [River. Army of Utah. “Swamps.”’ $252 8 Mo. of the Yellowstone| ~~ ...... “Tn alluvial.”’ $255 4 Big SiOUx. tele MRUMN Ie gh OY ht vare stecace Named by J. Lea. $523 9 30m: we of Ht--Kearmey-|),. | iecliesieis 1 ery|) 25. 8 eet 8270 28 Bet. Pike L. & Ft. Union.| Gov. J. J. Stevens. | —...... 8485 2 Mo. of Yellowstone, {| © as«cos Cabinet series. Limnza palustris, Mitt.—Shell oblong conic, gradually acumi- nated, reticulate with transverse lines and longitudinal wrinkles ; whirls rather more ‘than six; spire acutely terminated; suture Fig. 60. moderately impressed; aperture shorter than the spire; la- brum, inner sub-margin, reddish obscure; labium, calcareous deposit rather copious, not appressed at base, but leaving a linear umbilical aperture ; body whirl on the back longer than the spire. ; Inhabits Canandaigua Lake. Var. a. Whirls simply wrinkled across, the calcareous de- posit at base appressed to the surface of the whirl. This species was found by Mr. A. Jessup; it bears the most striking resemblance to L. palustris. The variety was found by the same enterprising mineralogist at Morristown, New Jersey. I have subsequently received specimens from Mr. 8S. B. Collins, of New York, who procured them in a marsh near the Saratoga Springs. (Say, J. A. N. 8.) The fold of the columella is much more profound than that of umbrosus. (Say, Am. Conch.) Helix palustris, Minter, &c., Racxert, Tr. Linn. Soc. XIII, 42 (1822). Limneus elodes, Say, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sv. Phil. I, 169 (1821); Am. Conch. IV, pl. xxxi, f. 3 (1832) ; Binney’s ed. 66, 188, pl. xxxi, f. 3; ed. Cuenv, 44, pl. viii, f. 3.—Kiister in Ch. ed. 2, 42, pl. vii, f. 17-21. Limnxa elodes, Gouup, Inv. of Mass. 221, f. 146, 147 (1841).—Apams, Limnea elodes. LIMN ZA. 45 Shells of Vermont, in Thoms. Hist. 153 (1842).—Anonymoops, Can. Nat. II, 199, fig. (1857). Limnea fragilis (not of Linnzus),! HatpEMAN, Mon. 20, pl. vi, xv, f. 1 (1842) ; 53, pl. xiv, f. 1—DeKay, N. Y. Moll. 68, pl. iv, f. 68 (1843). Limnexa palustris, Minter (Buccinum), &c.—SHerpparp (1829), Tr. Lit. Hist. Soc. Quebee, I, 196. Limnxa nuttalliana, Lea, Pr. A. P. §. II, 33 (1841); Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. IX, 9 (1844): Obs. II, 9.—Kisrer (Limnzus) in Ch. ed. 2, 38, pl. vii, f. 5. Limnzxa plebeia, Goutp? (see below). Limnzxa expansa, HALDEMAN, Mon. 29, pl. ix, f. 6-8 siete Suppl. te part I, p. 3 (1840).—DeKay, N. Y. Moll. 75, pl. xxxvi, f. 348 (1848). —Kiisrer (Limnzus) in Chemn. ed. 2, 39, pl. vii, f. 6, 7. Ranging from New England, through Pennsylvania and Kansas, to California and Oregon. Very numerous in British America, reaching a high latitude, as shown by specimens from Hudson’s Bay and Fort Resolution. Mr. Say suggests the identity of LZ. elodes with the European L. palustris. I have no doubt of it, the species being one of the circumpolar forms common to the three continents. I have giver the original description above, and Fig. 60 is a fac-simile of one of Say’s. It is a very variable species, sometimes scarcely to be distinguished from ZL. reflexa, as remarked under that species (p. 39). Limnea plebeva is also referred to under L. reflexa (p. 40). Dr. James Lewis unites L. catascopium and L. emarginata to L. elodes. Fig. 61. Limnexa nuttalliana appears to me a form of this species. My opinion is based on a careful examination of specimens so labelled by Mr. Lea. The original description here follows, and a draw- ing of the original specimen. So little does this figure (62) correspond with L. palustris that, judg- ing by it alone, I should be inclined to reverse my opinion of the identity of nuttalliana with palustris. It is one of the points to which attention must be ee directed. No. 8256 and 8257 were labelled L. Teas nuttalliana by Mr. Lea. One of them is here figured (Fig. 61). No. 8318 and 8474 are also this form. Limnea nuttalliana.— Shell ovately conical, rather thin, striate, sub- diaphanous, pale brown, imperforate; spire rather short; apex red; + 1D. fragilis, of Linneus, is synonymous with ZF. stagna?’s. 46 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II. sutures impressed; whirls six, convex; aperture ovate, inflated, banded within. Oregon. My cabinet and cabinets of Prof. Nuttall and Dr. Jay. Diam. .50, length .95 inch. A fine, rather robust species, rather resembling L. elodes, Say, but shorter and more inflated, and having a larger and more curved fold. The aperture is rather more than one- half the length of the shell, and is retuse at the lower part. Under the lens may be observed very minute revolving strie. The band within the aperture is removed from the edge of the Limnea nuttalliana. lip, and is broad and brown. The lip is not reflected. (Lea.) A recent visit to Prof. Haldeman has enabled me to examine the two original specimens, the only ones known, from which were drawn the description of Zimnza expansa. Believing them accidental variations only, [add them to the synonymy of Limnxa elodes. The Oregon specimen, 8573 of the collection, most nearly resembles this form. ~ 54 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II. and a more acute curvature of the inferior portion of the aperture. Pl. 55, fig. 2. ( Say.) Limnxa catascopium, Say, Nich. Ency. pl. 11, f. 3 (1817, 1818, 1819); Am. Conch. VI, pl. lv, f. 2 (1834); ed. Binney, 45, 211, pl. lxx, f. 3; pl. lv, f. 2.—Haupeman, Mon. 6, pl. i (1841).—Govtp, Inv. of Mass. 223 (1841).—DeKay, N. Y. Moll. 67, pl. vi, f. 80 (1843).— Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll. An. ccex, f. 7.—Kiister in Ch. ed. 2 (Lim- neus), 46, pl. viii, f. 15-21.—Portez et Micuaup, Gal. des Moll. I, 216, pl. xxi, f. 3-4.—Anon. Can. Nat. II, 201, fig. (1857). Limnzxa cornea, VALENCIENNES, Humb. & Bonpl. Ree. 1833, II, 251. Limnexa pinguis, Say, J. A. N. Sc. V, 123 (1825); ed. Bryney, 114 (not of Dourny, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1858, 134). Limnxa virginiana, Lamarck, An. s. Vert. VI, 160.—Dersnayes in Lam. 8,411; ed. 2, III, 416; Enc. Meth. Vers, II, 362 (1830).—DELEssERT, Rec. des Coq. xxx, 4 (1831). Limnea sericata, ZieG.Er, teste HALDEMAN. Helix catascopius, Eaton, Zool. Text-Book, 195 (1826). This species is exceedingly abundant in the Delaware River. No. 9207 of the collection shows some of its variable forms. It has also been noticed from. New England to Lewis River, and abounds in high latitudes in the British Possessions. Limnea pinguis, Say, is still represented by authentic speci- mens in the Academy’s collection, one being drawn in my Figure 83. Say’s description is given below. Mr. Haldeman agrees with me, and DeKay doubtfully places it in the synonymy of ZL. catascopium. Limnea pinguis, Say.—Shell oval, rather ventricose, pale dirty-yellowish ; whirls nearly four, rapidly diminishing to the apex, which is dull fulvous ; suture moderate, spire rather more than half the length of the aperture; aperture large; labrum with the inner margin a little thickened. Total length eleven-twentieth, aperture rather wore than seven-twentieth, breadth seven-twentieth inch. Proportionally shorter and much more dilated than other species of the country, with the exception of L. macrostomus, from which it is readily distinguished. It inhabits the Dela- ware and Schuylkill Rivers near Philadelphia, in company with L. catascopium. (Say) Limnea pinguis. Limnea cornea is referred to L. catascopium by Haldeman and Gould, and also by Ferussac (Bull. Zool. 1835, 33). I have seen no authentic specimen, but give a translation of the origina’ description below. — Limnzxa cornea, VALENCIENNES (/. c.).—Shell ovate-conic, thin, subpel lucid; whirls five, lightly striate; aperture not expanded. --—__ LIMNZA. 55 This little Zimnxa is but slightly ventricose; the aperture is hardly as large as in the following species (Z. navicula). The height of the last whirl is double that of the four other whirls taken together. Whirls with fine strie p@rallel to the right lip. Aperture oval, its vertical diameter equalling two-thirds of that of the last whirl; breadth only one-half the length. Color yellowish horn. Length 9 lines. Environs of Philadelphia. ( Valenciennes.) I have seen no authentic specimen of Z. virginiana, and should hardly refer it to this species. It is, however, doubtfully placed in the synonymy by Haldeman. ‘The original description of Lamarck and figures of Delessert here follow. It is referred to L. columella in Beck’s Index. Dr. Gould tells me that speci- mens of L. columella, in the Leyden Museum, are labelled Z. virginiana. Limnea virginiana, LamMARCK.—Shell ovate-ventricose, very thin, diapha- nous, longitudinally wrinkled, grayish ; whirls five, the last longer than the spire ; Fig. 84. labrum turned backwards. Hab. Fresh-waters of Virginia. Its thin- ness renders it very fragile. 15 lines long. (Lamarck.) In addition to the synonymy already given above, Haldeman and DeKay re- fer to this species L. decollata (q. v.). Lewis (Bost. Proc. VI, 122) places L. catascopium and emarginata in the Limnea virginiana. synonymy of LZ. elodes. Kiister, l. c., quotes, as synonyms of LZ. catascopium, the following: L. pinguts, LL. cornea, L. virginiana. Fig. 80 and 82 are fac-similes of those of Mr. Say. Fig. 81 is from a specimen taken in the Delaware River. The lingual dentition of Limnexa catascopium is figured in Fig. 85. There are 105 rows of teeth, 34 laterals in each row. . Fig. 85. 06 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II. Fig. 86 represents specimens in the collection, some of which bear a resemblance to forms of L. cata- scopium, though the mare globose among them would hardly be referred to that species. So variable are the species of this genus that I have hesi- tated in proposing a specific name for them. They were collected by Dr. Hayden, at Grindstone Creek (No. 8304 of collection). Limnea catascopium ? ee | | Cat. No.| No. of Sp. | Locality. | From whom received. | Remarks. $308 | 7 Delaware River. | sjejetetato aay Wry eee © ccerayate $309 | 31 MOR 8 ws TNs Vic we fo Nha gy TA foie Sok oe) BUUREN ee lett tee 8475 | 3 Delaware River. Dr. J. Lewis. Cabinet series. 9133 | 50 Erie Canal. se yt le | Oe oo et 9965 | 100 Moose Factory. Drexler) ¢ ie) il) ow eecsccte 8975 | a Lake Utah. Capt Burton< 8) 0|) a aus tee oes OPSAa aD | Fea coreetas Dr sliewisn” ) | 2a. feiesceas 9207 | 20 | Delaware River. Binney syerey 2) 01) Petes beter 9329 | 2 Halifax. W. Stimpson. Limmgzea caperata, Say.—Shell suboval, a little oblong, obscurely yellowish-horn color; spire half the length of- the mouth; apex acute; whirls slightly wrinkled across, and with very numerous, equal, subequidistant, elevated, minute, revolving lines; suture not very deeply impressed; aperture rather dilated; fold of the labium not profound. Inhabits Indiana. The remarkable character of this species consists in the nume- rous revolving lines with which the surface is marked, but these are so minute as to require the aid of a magnifier to bring them to view. It was found on land subject to inundation, near New Harmony, by Dr. Troost. (Say.) Fig. 87. Limnaa caperata. Limnezus caperatus, Say, New Harmony Diss. I, 230 (1829) ; Descr. 23 ; Bryney’s ed. 148; Kiisrer in Ch. ed. 2, 47, pl. viii, f. 27-30. Limngxa caperata, HALDEMAN, Mon. 34, pl. xi, f. 1—9 (1842).—Apams, Shells of Vermont, 154 (1842).—DerKay, N. Y. Moll. 69, pl. iv, f. 66, 69; pl. v, f. 79 (1843).—Mnrs. Gray, Fig. Moll. An. pl. ecex, f. 8. Limnza umbilicata, Apams, Am, Journ. Se. [1], XXXIX, 374 (1840); Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. III, 325, pl. iii, f. 14 (1840).—Gouxp, Invert. of Mass. 218, f. 149 (1841). This species is found in the British Possessions as far north as Hudson’s Bay, and through the northern tier of States from New England to Lake Superior. The form known as L. umbilicata is found along the northern tier of States to Michigan, has been LIMNBA. 57 quoted from Louisiana, catalogued by Adams from Jamaica, and placed by Poey in the synonymy of LZ. cubensis, Pfr. No. 8429 of the collection has Prof. Adams’s label “ LZ. wmbili- cata.” I follow Haldeman and Kiister in considering it a syno- nym of LZ. caperata, giving below a copy of Adams’s figure and description. Limnzxa umbilicata.—Shell rather strong, brown, ovate, with slight strie of growth, and more slight, numerous, irregular, revolving, impressed lines; whirls five, convex; suture deeply impressed; spire two-fifths of the length of the shell, conic, subacute at the apex, angle of its opposite sides about 65°; body whirl inflated, subglobular; Fig. 88. aperture ovate, its plane, also the line of its length at angles of about 15° with the axis of the shell, three-fifths as long as 6 the shell; labrum thin, inner margin dark-brown, inner sub- margin thickened with a light pink deposit; columella strong, 2¢™"@ reflected and spread over an umbilicus, which is rather large, ee but not profound, and formed chiefly by the reflection of the columella ; fold of the latter inconspicuous. Length .28, breadth .17 inch. Cabinets of the Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., of Middlebury College, of Mr. Shiverick, and my own. New LPedford. For this species Iam indebted to Mr. Shiverick, who obtained numerous specimens. It resembles LZ. caperatus, Say, but in Say’s species the aper- ture is but one-half the length, the revolving ‘lines are raised, more dis- tinct and numerous, the umbilicus is rather less, and there is one more whirl. (Adams.) | Cat. No. | No. Bees: 1 Locality. | From whom received. | Remarks. 8291 ou Mohawk, N. Y. Drs uewis. ©) a) oe Gearee $292 Goose Island, NEL CICS |e Poe BS as ae aT RP) ARTUR acai s1 5 $293 18 New York. Dre UOwisee 4) || ue Beer et;< 8484 Sia Ral Dnata asvcvercics i cuatil ci] coat Aude od ays avs: sie Cabinet series 9071 2 Hudson’s Bay. Drexler: | le. OM Se esee 8247 6 Milwaukee, Wis. 1, AvLaphame rh iy) eeisers $218 7 Westfield, Mass. Dre Gewiss “sally Wea scree [Adams. $249 3 | 8 | sfaatetettere W. G. Binuey. umbilicata, teste Limmnza vwahlii, Beck & Mé1ri.—Shell ovate-oblong; spire con- vex-conic, rather obtuse; whirls about six; suture somewhat deep; aperture longer than a half the length of the shell. Fig. 89. Length 9’. (Méller.) Limnea vahlii, M6uLER (1842), Ind. Moll. Gr. 4.—Kiisrer in Ch. ed. 2, 27, pl. v, f. 8-10. Limnophysa vahlii, Beck, teste MOLLER. From a specimen received from Miller, and deposited Limnaa in the collection, Fig. 89 was drawn. The species is vanuii, 58 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART IL. given by name only in Rink’s Greenland, p. 76, by Mérch, with the following varieties :— Var. a. nitens (L. pingellii, Bk. & Moll). Var. 8. leucostoma (L. grénlandica, Jay’s Cat.) Var. y. malleata. Var. 3. parva; peristome often unattached, with an elevated parietal line. (Mérch.) Of these synonyms, Limnzxa grénlandica is unknown to me. I find no description of it, though it is mentioned by name in Beck’s Index Moll. Gr. p. 4, and by Mérch, Moll. Grén. p. 70. Fig. 90 is drawn from an authentic specimen of L. pingelii, in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution. I have given MOller’s description below, with a separate synonymy and mu- seum register, in case it should have erroneously been placed in the synonymy of L. vahlit. Cat. No.| No. of Sp. Locality. | From whom received. Remarks. 8516 2 Greenland. ea. Cabinet series. Fig. 89. Limnea pingelii, Brecx.—Shell ovate-elongate; spire Fig. 90. conic, rather acute; whirls five; suture deep; aperture shorter than half the length of the shell; narrowly rimate. Length 6, 5’, (Méller.) Limnzxa pingelii, Beck, Méuuer, Ind. Moll. Gr. 5 (1842).— Kiisrer, Ch. ed. 2, 27, pl. v, f. 11, 12. Tinea Limnophysa pingelii, Beck, teste MOLLER. pingelii. Limnza vahlii, Méxcu, pars, Rink’s Gr. 76. Greenland (see last species). Cat. No.| No. of Sp. Locality. From whom received. Remarks. 8817 1 Greenlandtes |) ll 208 60 seecciee eens series. Fig. 90. Limnzwa wormskioldii, Mércu.—Intermediate species. Shell umbilicate, very solid ; spire elongate, acute; suture deep; aperture semi- lunar; peristome sometimes disconnected. (Mérch.) Limnzxa wormsiioldii, Méxcu, Moll. Grénl. 76 (Rink’s Greenl.). I can find no fuller description or any further information re- garding this species. LIMNAA. 59 Limmzea holbollii, Beck & Mout. (Index Moll. Gr. 5 (1842).— Moércg, Moll. Gr. 76. tiga, . I can find no description of this species. Fig. 91 is drawn from a specimen in the collection received from Moller. Since writing the above I have met with a figure of the species in Kiister, Chemn. ed. 2, 28, pl. v, f. 13-15, Ree and the following description :— Shell broadly rimate, ovate conic, rather thin, shining, horn-colored, striate; spire conical, truncated, suture rather profound, whirls convex ; aperture ovate, shorter than one-half of the shell’s length; peristome straight, its columellar termination white, with an obsolete fold. Height 5-6/”; breadth 23-3’. (Aiister.) | . | Cat. No.| No. of Sp. Locality. | From whom received. Remarks. 8815 3 Greemiamds es Pe ee ser Cabinet series. Fig. 91. Limmeza adelima, Tryron.—Shell thin, semi-transparent, body whirl large, wide, convex; spire small, consisting of five convex volu- tions, attenuating rapidly to an acute apex, sutures impressed ; inner lip thin, reflected, but not covering the umbilical fissure, Fig. 92. which is narrow; columella twisted ; color light horn, polished within the aperture, outer lip tinged with red within. Length 14, greater diameter 8}; of aperture, length 9, breadth 5 mill. San Francisco, California: Rev. J. Rowell. My cabinet and cabinet of Mr. Rowell. This shell is nearly allied to Z. catascopium, Say, and perhaps more nearly to L. intermedia, Mich., of Europe. From the former it may be distinguished by being more fragile, more transverse, with a smaller, more rapidly attenuating spire, but principally by the presence of an umbilical fissure, which in catascopium is entirely concealed by the appression of the labium. In this and other respects it is very near to L. intermedia, which, however, has a shorter spire, of fewer volutions. I name this species after my sister, Miss Adeline 8. Tryon, who has evinced much interest in conchological pursuits. (Zryon.) Limnea adeline. Limnea adeline, Tryon, Proc. Phila. A. N. S. 1863, 149, pl. i, f. 12. The original description and figure are copied above. Cat. No.| No. of sp.| Locality. From whom received. Remarks. 9335 ‘4 | Piscados, Cal. GAWalryonss Eile he hens
eee) ieee ecto s0S4 2 Milwaukee, Wis. i A. Laphams op clMeume ater. 8085 5 Utah. Capt. J. H.Simpson.| _—_—_...... 8086 Omraa|F Peie Pte. c ese pek APSE es ets Cabinet series. 8520 ere ieee ai aio's isis WG. Binney 5 |\0sil sameeereaete 8729 1 San Francisco. Rowell. Cab. ser. W- Coast. 9094 50 Grand Rapids, Mich. Dr. Lewis. P. hildrethiana, teste 9167 1 Michigan. AWG Innes Tn seer {Lewis. 8108 64 Grand Rapids, Mich. Dr. J. Lewis. P. elliptica, Lea. 8109 1 Indiana. W. G. Binney. Named by I. Lea, $516 7 Michigan. Dr. J. Lewis. Named by Dr. R. E. 9209 14 Uniontown, Ala. Dr. Showalter. Cab. ser. [Griffith. Physa ampullacea, Govip.—Sheli large, ovate-ventricose, thin, fragile, shining, horn-colored; spire elevated, Fig. 133. Physa anvpullacea. somewhat cylindrical. pan. ( Gould.) Physa bullata, Gouip, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. V, 128 acute; whirls six, last one inflated; suture de- cidedly impressed ; aperture broadly ovate, five- sixths the length of the shell; labrum thin, submargined with red ; columella quite flexuous, covered with callus. Length 1, breadth }2 to $4 inch. Found in Oregon by Dr. J. G. Cooper. Distinguished by its large size, inflated form, and delicate structure; sometimes the form is It accords most nearly with Halde- man’s plate iii, f. 9, which was given him as P. saydi, Tap- It is much more delicate, and less polished than P, heterostropha, Say, and the aperture is less elongated. (1855) ; Otia, 216 (not of Por. et Micu.). Physa ampullacea, Gouxp in litt. Found also in Lake Oyosa, Washington Territory, Fig. 134. Physa ampullacea. Physa. ampullacea. by Dr. Cooper, one of whose specimens is figured above. (Fig. 133.) The name proposed by Dr. Gould for this species being: pre- oceupied by Potiez and Michaud, I, 223, 1838, he suggests that adopted above. 80 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART IL. Cat. no, avo. of sp.| Locality. From whom received. | Remarks. 8574 MOM fy w.cueiSioioreispuge i A) MAIC) Tg, 07 Vieststateccha ai) 6 aah) MRD oy TONES 8722 De | feats aiee ey I OES ee Rs beer RRB Gecteereere 9170 2 Oregon. Dr. J. G. Cooper. Original ex'm named 9264 2 Rhett Lake, Cal. Dr. Newberry. is, fone [by Gould. 9267 11 ss Upper Klamath Bake. |) 9 chi “Sie © ib vinlen | ccsoes Phlysa sayii, Tarpay.—Shell sinistral, ovate, color brownish-yellow or chestnut ; whirls five; the first large, the others small, terminating in an acute, dark brown apex; aperture large, four-fifths Fig. 136. of the length of the shell; translucent. Length 1, breadth ;’5 inch. I first found this shell, May, 1837, in a small lake called Lake Pipin, which is separated about fifty rods from the Cuyahoga River, in Franklin Township, Portage County, Ohio, the same locality where was found the Anodonta pepiniana, Lea, All the shells of this species hitherto found were dead, although much time was spent in examining for live ones, in May, 1837, and June, 1838. A few only were found, and are in the cabinets of Mrs. Say, Dr. Kirtland, Dr. Ward and myself. (Zappan.) Physa sayii, TAppan, Amer. Journ. Sc. [1], XXXV, 369, pl. iii, f. 3 (1839). Physa sayt. T am unacquainted with this species. Judging from the de- scription and figure, which I have copied above, I should not agree with Haldeman in placing it in the synonymy of P. ancillaria, Physa vinosa, Govip.—Shell thin, ovate-globose, red, with minute spiral strie and thin epidermis ; spire obtuse; whirls four, the last very large; aperture ovate-lnnate, three-fourths the shell’s Biggs. length, liver brown within; columella straight and thin. Length ?, lat. } inch. Brought by Dr. C. T. Jackson from the Lake Superior region. A remarkably inflated species, most like P. ancillaria, Say, but is not shouldered or widest behind the middle, nor tapering anteriorly. It is well distinguished by its thin Physa vinosa, Structure, striated surface, wine-red color externally, and liver-brown internally. ( Gould.) Physa vinosa, Goutp, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. II, 263, fig. (1847) ; in Agassiz’ Lake Sup. 244, pl. vii, f. 10-11 (1850) ; Otia, 201. PHYSA. Sl No. 9096 of the collection was presented by Prof. Agassiz from the original lot collected by him. Gould’s description and figure are copied above. It has also been catalogued from Michigan. The lingual teeth of the lateral rows of Physa vinosa are represented in Fig. 138. Lingual dentition of Physa vinosa. | Cat. No. No.of Sp. Locality. | From whom received. | Remarks, 9096 1 Lake Superior. L. Agassiz | Original lot. Type. 9160 2 Owasco Lake, N.’Y. Mrs. H. W. Parker. | (Really P. vinosc ?) = Es __-——-—4+— Physa ancillaria, Say.—Shell heterostrophe, sub-globose, pale yellowish; whirls rather more than four, very rapidly attenuated; spire truncated, hardly elevated beyond the general curve of the surface; suture not impressed; aperture but little shorter Fig. 139. than the shell, dilated; labrum a little thickened on the inner margin. Length more than one-half of an inch. The spire of this species is unusually short, truncated at tip like the Paludina decisa, nob. ; and the suture is so incon- spicuous as to give rise to the name which I have chosen for it. My brother, B. Say, obtained it in the Delaware River, near Easton, and Mr. Jessup collected numerous specimens in the Connecticut River, above Hartford. It may be dis- tinguished from P. heterostropha, nob., by the shorter and truncated spire, inconspicuous suture, as well as by the more obtusely rounded junction of the labrum with the base, and by the general form. (Say.) Physa ancillaria, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. V, 124 (1825); Binyey’s ed. 114.—Haupeman, Mon. 27, pl. iii, f. 1-10 (1843).—Goutp, Invert. 213, f. 142 (1841).—Apams, Shells of Vermont, 154 (1842).—Dr- Kay, N. Y. Moll. 78, pl. v, 90 (1843).—CueEmnitz, ed. 2, 20, pl. xii, f. 12-13.—Cuenv, Man. de Conch. II, 480, f. 3550:—Anon. Can. Nat. Il, 211, fig. (1857). Physa obesa, DeKay, N. Y. Moll. 78, pl. v, f. 86 (1843). Physa ancillaria, This species appears to range from New England to Louisiana. It is very numerous in the Delaware River at Burlington, on the muddy shores left bare at low tide. The animal burrows into the mud as soon as left by the water, and remains concealed until its return. On the piers of the wharves it crawls down- wards with the fall of the tide and upwards again as it rises, thus keeping always near the surface. 82 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II. Physa obesa, DeKay, appears to me identical with this species, judging only from his description and figure here copied. Physa obesa, DeKay.—Shell ventricose; when young, very thin and fragile. Whirls four to five, rapidly attenuated to a minute and slightly elevated polished apex. Body whirl inflated, with its upper Fig. 140. surface near the suture depressed, and forming an obtuse angle with the lower portion ; suture semicanaliculate. Sur- face polished, with minute incremental lines. Aperture elliptical. Color pale horn. Length 0.5, of aperture 0.4 inch. This species was communicated to me by Dr. Budd, who obtained it from the Mohawk and Hoosic Rivers, Rensselaer Physa obesa. . County. I have since received from the same gentleman specimens eight-tenths of an inch long, and quite solid with a stout callus. Some Fig. 141. naturalists who have seen it are disposed to consider it as «identical with P. ancil- laria. (DeKay.) Haldeman refers Physa sayii, Tap- pan, to P. ancillaria. I have con- sidered it as distinct. The lateral teeth of the lingual membrane of Physa ancillaria are represented in Fig. 141, as well as the line formed by one transverse row of the teeth. ‘Lingual dentition of P. ancillaria. = Cat. No.|No. of Sp. Locality. From whom received. | Remarks. 8096 | 9 ToupyhonkaAw My peis|Te Ni pwhecn (PEL BT Fotis 8097 | 2 Hudson River. DriiJd. ewise, =) i hua eeieisisysiaia 8098 | 5 Chery Creeley PU Hy OY PE seth k eet oO wm aclelnce 3 8099 Dl W aiiccpbictenteme Pip aT my es icieisemi s ks SIME in mi fo ifane ate 3523 | 6 SOM avy leed. ear ney. CS ccijcrepe Ai WN) | oleyereyeis $100 2 Ohio. [town.| S. M. Luther. 7 9ee 7) 4 Pere ee $101 | 9 Little Rz, mearShawmee-|\ ) | ceseeclis ll ay csceins 6102 | 17 Ruby Valley. Capt. J.H.Simpson.| =... . es $103 10 Hudson River, Albany. | Dr. J.Gewis: ~ | 9) | sentens 8104 | 8 Si; DrouisteMo: Ue) 5 alk se epeeeicioe tenia dalle chee Ph aaielaote tis 8105 | 3 Salisbury, Conn. WeeGeebinneys Am) "2c! eeretelce $106 | 8 Maine. Dr. J. Lewis. Var. $107 5 Yellowstone River? Colca. Vaughan |) 9 © Masaccis 8515 | 3 New York. Dr. J. Lewis. Cabinet series. 8517 1 Hiram, OMe. , ooo 4) 2 © 16 tains _— 9208 8 Delaware River. Wi. G.P Binney: +); ul Gig Epeieeocse Physa osculams, Hatpreman.—Shell ovate or subglobose, ashy-red, thin; whirls five, suture impressed; aperture wide. Shell allied to P. PHYSA. 83 heterostropha, and presenting nearly the same varieties ; translucent; tex- ture very thin; lines of accretion fine; aperture wide, colu- mella thick, with the fold obsolete, or but slightly impressed. Fig. 142. Mexico? India? Specimens of this shell were presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences by Dr. M. Burrough, and Mexico is given as the native country, but as this enterprising traveller also made collections in India, it is not impossible that they may be from the latter country. In either case, the species appears to occur in too great abundance to allow us to suppose that it is now characterized for the first time. Fig. 13 is from a specimen in Dr. Jay’s collection, and may be a distinct species. (Haldeman.) Physa osculans Physa osculans, HanpemAN, Mon. p. 29, pl. ii, f. 13, excl. f. 11,12 (= heterostropha) (1843). Subsequent researches have left no doubt of the habitat being Mexico. The specimens figured on Plate 2, Figs. 11 and 13, of Halde- man’s Monograph were subsequently referred to Physa hetero- stropha. I have, therefore, retained the name osculans (as he suggests) for the Mexican form with narrower aperture and more pointed spire. My figure is copied from his figure 13. See also remarks under Physa heterostropha. Cat. No.|No. of sp.| Locality. From whom received. Remarks. 8978 are San Felipe Springs. Beales) Sk gice ae Toes pure t ccna 9009 of Mexico. Acad Nat. Se bhilar |) 9) .2a88 9141 4 City of Mexico. bts Beales yp. ie 0 pearson Physa mexicana, Pupri.—Shell imperforate, ovate, inflated, light horn-color, thin, dull and not shining, very finely wrinkled; the apical whirls occupy one-fourth of whole length; mouth wide ; columellar fold broadly expanded, almost inthe centre Fig. 143. of the aperture. Shell ovate, inflated, formed by five whirls, and covered with fine broken microscopic wrinkles, parallel to the lines of growth, which prevents the surface from being shining. Whirls tolerably arched, forming a depressed suture, last whirl globose. Mouth longitudinally ovate, wide, the inner lip tolerably widely folded, the columella below the fold is appressed, prominent and rimmed—in one individual of only 63/” the outer lip is furnished with a smoky, reddish thicken- ing. Height 83”, breadth 53/”; ap. 7’ long. 33/” broad. Hab. Mexico. (Kiister.) Physa mexicana. 84 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II. Physa mexicana, Puiurpri in Ktsrer, Chemn. ed. 2, p. 5, pl. i, f. 3-4. I can give no other information regarding this species than that furnished by the original description copied above. One of Kiis- ter’s figures also is given. ‘The specimens in the collection no doubt are to be referred to the species. = Le pears | Cat. No.) No. of Sp. Locality. From whom received. Remarks. 8092 10 CikygoteMexicos my Mit Sikorcene 1) ts FMRI Saber 8093 8 Texas. Lieut. Couch. Cabinet series. 8519 2 CityOf Mexico 5 99 wteare Tw wtelntet Physa heterostropha, Say.—Shell sinistral, subovated; color pale yellow, chestnut or blackish; whirls four, the first large, the others very small, terminating rather abruptly in an Fig. 144. acute apex; aperture large, somewhat oval, Fig. 145. three-fourths of the length of the shell, or rather more; within of a pearly lustre, often blackish ; lip a little thickened on the inside, and tinged with dull red. Inhabits with the first species (Z. cata- Physa hetero- — sconium), and almost as numerous. Pl. 1, stropha, from Fic. 6 Physa hetero- ; . 1g. 0. Say’s type. § stropha, from Say’s figure. Animal resembles that of Limnzxa catasco- pium, but is of a darker color and longer than its shell, the tentacula also are longer and setaceous; tail acute. The mantle is trifid at the base of the pillar lip, and at the upper corner of the aperture; de- posits eggs the beginning of May ; eggs enveloped by a transparent gelati- nous substance; the nucleus, after a few days, appears of a pale or milk- white color, and not so well defined as those of L. catascopium. (Say.) Limnza heterostropha, Say, Am. ed. Nich. Ene. pl. i, f. 6 (1817, 1818, 1819): Bryyey’s ed. 46, pl. Ixix, f. 6. Physa heterostropha, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. I, 172 (1821): Biyney’s ed. p. 68.—HatpemAn, Mon. p. 23, pl. ii, f. 1-9 (1843).—Goozp, Invert. p. 211, f. 141 (1841).—Apams, Shells of Vt. 154 (1842).— DesuayEs in Lam. An. sans Vert. VIII, 402; ed. 2, III, 412.—Dr- ‘Kay, N. Y. Moll. p. 76, pl. v, f. 82 (1843).—Cuemnirz, ed. 2, p. 7, pl. i, f. 7, 8.—Mns. Gray, Fig. Moll. An. pl. cccx, f, 9.—Porizz et Micuavp, Gal. des Moll. I, 224, pl. xxii, f. 15, 16.—Anony. Canada Nat. II, 209, fig. (1857). Physa fontana, HALDEMAN, Mon. pt. 2, p. 3 of cover (1841). Physa cylindrica, Newcoms in DrKay, N. Y. Moll. 77, pl. v, f. 82 (1843). Physa aurea, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VI, 18, pl. xxiii, f. 106 ;, Obs. II, 18 (1839).—DeKay, N. Y. Moll. 80, pl. v, f. 89 (1843). Physa plicata, DrKay, N. Y. Moll. p. 78, pl. v, f. 85 (1843). : PHYSA. 85 Physa osculans, HALDEMAN, Mon. part, f. 11, 12. Physa striata, Menxe, Syn. Méth. ed. 2, p. 132 (1830), teste Haldeman. Physa subarata, MENKE, Syn. Méth. ed. 2, p. 132 (1830), teste Haldeman. Physa charpentieri, Kisrer in Coemn. a 2, p. 23, pl. iv, f. 4-6. Physa philippi, Kusrer in Cuemn. ed. 2, p. en pl. iii, f. 3-6. Physa inflata, Lea, Proc. Am. Phil. aon 1, 32 rans. IXs 75, Obs. LV, 7. Helix heterostrophus, Eaton, Zool. Text-Book, 195 (1826). Bulla crassula, Dituwyn, Conch. tab. 1, 487, No. 36 = fontinalis, Curm-= nitz, Conch. IX, 33, pl. ciii, f. 879, 880, var. 3.—Gmetin, Syst. 3407. —Scuroter, Hinl. t. I, 261, Helix No. 84. Cochlea neritoides, ListER, Conch. pl. exxxv, f. 34. Of this species I have seen specimens from Texas and Georgia, and from as far north as Great Slave Lake. It ranges from the aes to the Pacific. It is our most common species. Mr. Say’s types are still in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy. One is drawn in Fig. 144. Physa fontana, formerly described as distinct, is referred to this species by Haldeman (Mon. p. 26). His description here follows :— Physa fontana.—Animal dark fuliginous, foot as long as the shell; shell ovate, translucent, composed of three convex turns ; apex eroded ; suture well marked ; labium nearly straight, with a slight fold; color yellowish- brown. Length } inch. Inhabits cold springs in Pennsylvania. Closely resembles P. fontinalis of Europe, but the foot is shorter. (Haldeman.) Among the shells figured by Haldeman as Physa osculans appear some of this species. He says of them :— Physa osculans.—The United States specimens of this shell Fig. 146. will merge into P. heterostropha. One specimen, supposed to - be from the West, is in reality from Mexico. This appears distinct, and may retain the name until I learn more about it. Although the aperture is narrow, some specimens in the Academy’s collection have it very wide. My opinion of the identity of Physa striata and Physa subarata, of Menke, is founded on his descrip- Physa tion alone, having seen no authentic specimens. His °%7"* words are :— Physa striata, Mrnxr.—Shell ovate, sub-opaque, reddish horn colored ; last whirl longitudinally, elegantly and lightly striated; spire short, obtuse ; internal margin of the labrum doubled, the exterior obsolete, 86 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II. white, the interior within the throat acute, red, showing a band without. Length 63, breadth 4 lines. flab. Goshen, Mass. (Menke.) Physa subarata.—Shell ovate, pellucid, ashy horn-color; last whirl ven. tricose, somewhat furrowed transversely; spire short, acute; labrum thickened within. Length 5, breadth 3 lines. Hab. Near Cincinnati in the Ohio River. (Menke.) Not having seen authentic specimens of the following species, my opinion of their identity with Physa heterostropha is based on a study of the original descriptions and figures here copied. Physa cylindrica, Newcoms.—Shell remarkably solid, sinistral, cylindri- cal. Whirls four, rapidly diminishing to the sub-acute apex. Surface moderately smooth, and poiished with incremental lines. Fig. 147. Suture impressed; outer lip with a sinuous margin, nearly straight, forming an acute angle with the body, effuse beneath ; body whirl not convex, but rather flattened and cylindrical. Aperture narrow above, moderately dilated and elongated be- neath. Columella smooth, arched with a conspicuous callus reflected over the umbilicus. Light rusty, or opaque rusty white; outer lip with a rusty sub-margin within. Length 0.5, of aperture 0.35, ~ This specimen was communicated by Dr. Newcomb, who obtained it from Red Creek, Wayne County. I have received the same shell under the name of P. elliptica, Lea; but it does not agree with his description. (DeKay.) Physa cylindrica. Physa aurea, Lea.—Shell sinister, rather inflated ; golden color, pellucid, shining; spire rather short; whirls four; outer lip margined; aperture somewhat inflated. Fig. 148. _ Habitat. Hot Spring, Bath County, Virginia: P. H. Nick- en lin. My cabinet, and cabinet of P. H. Nicklin. Diam. .3, length .5 inch. ' (\ Mr. Nicklin informed me that he found the Physa aurea in a little watercourse by which a hot and a cold spring dis- Physa aurea, Charge their mingled waters. The former exhibits a tempera- ture of 106° and the latter of about 56° of the scale of Fahrenheit. Near the meeting of the waters, one side of the little stream is cold and the other side hot; and multitudes of these beautiful Physe are to be found on both sides of the line of junction, availing themselves of the power which the locality affords them of changing their climate according to their fancy. (Lea.) ‘ Physa plicata, DeKay.—Shell moderately solid, subovate, elongate, sym- metrical. Whirls four to five, rapidly attenuated to the apex. Surface with equidistant, longitudinal, and obsolete inequidistant transverse raised PHYSA. 87 lines; suture distinct. Pillar-lip with a broad nacreous deposit. Aper- | ture more than two-thirds of the total length, acutely oval. . | Amber, but coated with a black pigment; before this is re- Fig. 149. | moved, the aperture is bluish iridescent. Length 0.6-0.8, of aperture 0.2-0.3 inch. ‘ This description is from specimens of the largest size, q obtained from a pond on New York Island. It moves like P. heterostropha, with great celerity on the surface of the water, with its mouth downward. In some specimens the | revolving and longitudinal lines are so distinct, particularly the former, that the surface of the body whirl appears Physa plicata. covered with distinct square facets. Some naturalists con- sider it only a variety of heterostropha. It differs in many important par- | ticulars from that species, but I regret that I have not been enabled yet | to examine the animal. (VeKay.) Physa charpentieri, KustEr.—Shell ovate-conic, semi-transparent, smooth, | shining, yellewish; whirls five, flattened ; aperture oblique ; columella sub- | plicate, peristome thickened. | Shell small, ovate conical, very transparent, shining, Fig. 150. | smooth, dark yellow; spire depressed conical, whirls almost flat, scarcely separated by the suture, increasing moderately. The body whirl decreasing in size toward its base, which is like an inverted cone; mouth yellowish, tolerably wide, somewhat oblique ; outer lip arched, acute and thickened within by a flesh-colored callus, which is visible on the exterior as a bright yellow band; columella q convex, with an elevated fold, which is thin, broad, and sinuose. Height 43, breadth 25; aper. 3/” long. Habitat. Baltimore: received by Mr. Bergrath v. Charpentier. (iister.) Physa charpen- tieri, enlarged, Physa philippi, Kistrr.—Shell ventricose-ovate, acute, striate, shining, diaphanous, yellowish horn color; spire short, conoid, rather acute ; whirls five, rapidly increasing, convex; aperture elongate- ovate; columella concave; white, peristome sharp, Fig. 151. with a ruddy band within. Resembling in its general appearance Physa hetero- stropha, and in its straight axis and edge of the aper- | ture, yet there are differences enough to distinguish it as a distinct species. The shell is ventricose, ovate, thin, and almost transparent, with waving wrinkles and yellowish horn-color. The apical whirls are rather short, comprising almost one-third of the length of the : : : : Physa philippi, shell, increase rapidly in size, and are flattened convex, Scie ia enlarged. with a somewhat deep suture; body whirl ventricose ; inner lip arched, rather wide ; mouth long, ovate, almost as broad as long ; columella concave, white, arcuate, and separated by a sinus from the 7 &8 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II. termination of the outer lip, peristome adherent, somewhat arched, acute, with a reddish callus within. Height 75, breadth -4; aperture 5’’ long. To the young of this species, or a variety, I refer a shell of which three specimens were sent to me from the Stuttgard Musenm, as Ph. hetero- stropha. The shell is almost transparent, rather less ventricose, very shining, but corresponds with the above description in the form of the mouth, the axis, the reddish callus within the lip, and the curved reticu- lations. Height 53, breadth 3’. (Fig. 5 is six times the natural size.) Hab. North America. (Adster.) Physa inflata, Lea, whose description is given below, appears to me a synonym of Ph. helerostropha. Fig. 152 is drawn from his type. Physa inflata, LEA.—Shell inflated, dark, somewhat pellucid ; spire some- what elevated, acutely conical; whirls five; outer lip margined and in- flated ; aperture wide. Fig. 152, Hab. Virginia, between the Salt Sulphur and the Sweet Springs: Ph. Nicklin. My cabinet, and cabinet of Mr. Nick- lin. Diam. .48, length .65 of an inch. Two specimens were taken by Mr. Nicklin in a small stream which crosses the road in a gap in the main chain of the Alle- ghany Mountain between the Salt Sulphur and the Sweet Springs in Virginia. The gap is nearly level for several miles, and some of the streams run to the west and some to the east. This species seems to me to differ from any with which I am acquainted. It is perhaps most nearly allied to P. heterostropha (Say), but has a shorter aperture and is more inflated. (Lea.) Physa inflata. Dr. Gould tells me that a specimen of Ph. heterostropha in the Garden of Plants is labelled Ph. arctistropha, Jan. Villa (Disp. p. 32) quotes Ph. cubensis, Pfr., as a synonym of Ph. heterostropha. e Cat. No. No. of Sp. 8047 3 8048 2 8049 5 8050 31 8051 3 8052 43 8053 16 $054 1 8055 57 8056 4 8057 8 8058 11 8059 7 8060 4 8061 9 8062 8 8063 6 8064 23 8065 12 8066 17 8067 10 $068 14 8069 11 8070 1 8071 10 8072 5 8083 4 8465 2 8466 80 8513 2 8956 1 9090 100+ 9091 20. 9092 20. 9099 cS 9101 1 9104 20. 8974 at 9179 50 8528 1 9267 2 9268 2 9269 1 9261 8 9263 3 PHYSA. Locality. Near Red River. Black Hills. Fort Peirce, Big Sioux. Milwaukee, Wis. Mohawk, N. Y. Southern Illinois. Toledo, O. Ruby Valley. {of the Woods. Lac des Mille Laes to L. Platte River, N. T. Centre County, Pa. Mohawk, N. Y. Chattanooga, Tenn. Erie Canal, N. Y. Nolaghucky R., E, Tenn. MilwWaukee, Wis. Mohawk, N. Y. Maine. Northern Georgia. Hiram, O. 20 miles f. Ft. Kearney. Marietta, O. Westfield, Mass. Owasco Lake, near An- Hiram, 0. [burn, N. ¥. Southern Utah. Chiloneynek Depot. Massachusetts. Northern Georgia. MohaweE, N. Y. Grand Rapids, Mich. Mohawk, N Y. San Francisco Washington Territory. Mohawk, N. Y. Lake Utah. Vermont. Virginia. Isle la Crosse. Great Slave Lake. Peace River. Virginia. Hell Gate River. - R. Kennicott. From whom received. I. A. Lapham. Dr. J. Lewis. R. Kennicott. F. A. Bossard. Capt. J. H. Simpson, Army in Utah, R. Kennicott. Dr. J. Lewis. A. Gerhardt. Dr. J. Lewis. Ti Ay Lapham. Dr. J. Lewis. “cc -A. Gerhardt. S? M. Luther. ‘Dr. J. Lewis. “se S. M. Luther. Capt. J. H. Simpson. A. Campbell. I. Lea. Dr. Jones. Dr. Lewis. “6 oe Judge Cooper, Dr. Lewis. Capt. Burton. Chittenden. W. G. Binney. R. Kennicott. “ec Dr. English. Dr. Newberry. oO Oo Remarks. wa eeee serene Beene serene ea eeee eereee saree er eeee wereee teres en eeee eeeeee a ecece ee eeee seeees eeeeee steer seeeee eectee tee eee ey Physa fragilis, Micuers.—Shell very thin and fragile, translucent, horn-color, obliquely ovate; whirls four; last whirl campanulate, suture deeply impressed at the enlargement of the last whirl; spire usually less than one, sometimes only one-fourth part of the Fig. 153:. length of the shell; labrum very thin, advanced; labium tumid with a thin, loosely adherent lamina. greatest breadth, .4 inch; divergence, 90°. Animal of a very obscure, light-green’ color; whole surface of the body covered with oblong dark spots ; foot shorter than the shell, ianceolate ; tentacles nearly white, rather long, very Its motions are exceedingly rapid ; It is very tenacious slender ; mouth blood-red. very timid, withdrawing itself on the least alarm. Length, .55 inch; Physa Sragilis. of life, at least it is not easily starved. Three specimens are now before us in a tumbler of water, November 10th, where they have remained since the first of July. The water has not been changed more than half a dozen, 90 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II. times, yet they are as brisk as when first taken; and moreover they have grown at least one-quarter. Exuvie white, abundant, vermicular. Cabinets of Boston Society of Natura] History, Amherst and Middlebury Colleges, Mons. Largillier, S. S. Haldeman, J. W. Mighels, and C. B. Adams. Hab. Monmouth, Maine: discovered in a mill-pond, after the water was drawn off, by Mr. N. T. True, to whom we are indebted for specimens. This species is distinguished from P. heterostropha by the campanulate aperture, which is constant, shorter spire, tumid labium, and by its re- markable tenuity. (Mighels.) Physa fragilis, Micuets, Proc. Bost. S. N. S. I, 49 (1841).—Micuets & Apams, Bost. J. N. H. IV, 44, pl. iv, f. 12 (1842).—Hatpeman, Mon. p. 31, pl. iv, f. 11-13 (1843).—DeKay, preian- Cat. N. Y. Moll. anno 1839, p. 32? Dr. Foreman catalogues Ph. fragilis from the District of Columbia. I have seen no authentic specimen of this species, which is admitted by Haldeman as distinct. I am inclined to believe it a variety of Ph. heterostropha. The original description and figure are copied above. Physa semiplicata, Kister.—Shell ovate, shining, semi-trans- parent, horn-colored ; whirls five, convex, regularly wrinkled or grooved, the last smooth below; aperture broad; columella Fig. 154. concave, sub-plicate ; peristome straight, acute. A species readily recognized by its peculiar sculp- turing; the shell is longitudinally-ovate, shining, transparent, horn-colared; the apex is somewhat depressed, obtusely ovate, whirls arched, separated by a depressed, transversely wrinkled suture; body whirl large, ventricose, rapidly decreasing towards the rounded base, with delicate incremental strie and longitudinally grooved on its upper half; mouth Physa semiplicata. moderately high, and especially towards the base, broad; outer lip thin, straight, acute, curving and obtusely rounding below; columella short, concave, folded; fold broad, rather thin, white. Height 5, breadth 3/”. Hab. Unknown. I once received a single specimen among some small American sea shells. (Kiister.) (WN ft 4 Physa semiplicata, Kiisrer in Cu. ed. 2, p. 24, pl. iv, f. 7-9. I can give no information regarding this species further than that contained in the original description and figure copied above. PHYSA. 91° Physa costata, Newcoms.—Shell ovate globular, horn-colored or reddish corneous; whirls four, the last inflated and roundly angulated above, armed with ten to fourteen prominent longitudinal ribs; apex acute ; spire short; aperture ovate. Mus. Cal. Ac. N. 8. My cabinet. For this curious species of Physa we are indebted to Dr. Veatch, who collected several specimens at Clear Lake, California, most of them, how- ever,immature. This is the only species provided with regularly arranged cost that I have seen, and this character alone will be sufficient to sepa- rate it from all other described species of the genus. (Newcomb.) Physa costata, Newcoms, Proc. California Ac. Nat. Sc. I, 104. I have seen no specimen of this species, that sent fe by Dr. Newcomb having been dost at sea. Physa solida, Puiirr1.—Shell perforate, longitudinally ovate, solid, pale horn-color; whirls arched, apical whirls pointed, comprising one- third the whole length of the shell; mouth narrowed by the thickening of the lip; columella not folded. This is the heaviest species known to me, and is composed Fig. 155. of six moderately arched whirls. The surface is sometimes ' reticulated, owing to the strie of growth being crossed by A other lines, which are owing partly to delicate lace-like Kh promineuces, and partly to a different degree of transparency of the shell. Suture tolerably defined. Mouth longitudi- nally ovate, columellar fold quite indistinct; the inner lip thick, adherent, forming an umbilicus; columella arcuate. Physu solida. Also the outer lip is thickened just within by a brownish-red callus, which appears white from the outside. Height 7}/’, breadth 4}’”; mouth 43/” high, 23’ broad. Hab. New Orleans: My brother. Physa gyrina, Say, differs in having a thin, transparent shell, a shorter apex, as does also Physa heterostropha, Say, which has an obtuse apex; Ph. acuta, Dr., which resembles it in form, is smaller, thinner, and has an apex comprising only one-fourth of the whole length of the shell. (Philippi.) Physa solida, Puiuipri in Cuemy, ed. 2, p. 6, pl. i, f. 5, 6. Of this species I have no fuller information than that con- tained in the original description and figure copied above. The specific name appears to be preoccupied by Potiez and Michaud, Gal. des Moll. I, 227 (1838). Physa virginea, Govutp.—Shell slender and delicate, thin and shining, of a milk-white or porcelain-white color; spire about one-third the length of the shell, sharply pointed, of five or more moderately conyex 92 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [ PART II. whirls, the last of which has a faintly angular appearance near the suture. Aperture narrow and elongated, two-thirds the length of the Fig. 156. shell, acute behind. Columella short, delicate, slightly sinu- ate, folded. Length 3, diam. 4 inch.* Sacramento River, Caiifornia: Budd. A very well-marked species, of a porcelain-like structure and color, which appears not to be the consequence merely of blanching. It is less slender than Ph. hypnorum, and more like Ph. gyrina, Say, or Ph. rivalis, in form, but is a far more delicate shell, and one of the most elongated species. ((ould.) Physa virginea, Gounp, Proc. Boston 8. N. H. II, 215 (1847); U.S. Ex. Ex. Moll. p. 120, f. 138, 138a (1852) ; Otia, 43. = Physa virginea. Fig. 156 is drawn from a specimen lent me by Dr. Gould. Specimens have recently been added to the collection of the Smithsonian. | Cat. No. Ingo. of Sp. Locality. From whom received. Remarks. 8122 10 San) Brancisco:!) 19) (ay vier ceeicdenl ttn ORE PA Re nett aiete $507 Phan Sa eiseancdcre Wises) ab ma ocbonoe = wll pce adaacsd 8569 3 River Sacramento. | XK ....-. Cabinet series. 8728 3 San Francisco. Rowelliy cea |tmae eee mcrae Physa humerosa, Gov.p.—Shell subrhomboid, solid, smooth and white ; spire acute; whirls five, tabulated; aperture equalling one-half to two-thirds the shell’s length, rounded posteriorly ; labrum expanded ; columella scarcely plicate, callus hardly perforated. Length Fig, 157. 3 to ,7,, breadth § inch. Found by Dr. Thomas H. Webb and by W. P. Blake, in the Colorado Desert and at Pecos River. The broadly tabulated whirls, with the acute, elevated spire, Vy and foldless columella clearly distinguish this species. It is Physa like P. tabulata, Gould, and the variety figured by Haldeman, humerosa. a8 P. ancillaria (fig. 7), which he regards as a monstrosity ; the deep suture and simple columella distinguish it from that species. ( Gould.) Physa humerosa, Gouin, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist: V, 128 (1855) ; Otia, 216; Pac. R. R. Rep. V, 331, pl. xi, f. 1-5; Prelim. Rep. 23 (1855). Tt has also been found at San Diego. The shell figured was presented by Dr. Gould to the Philadelphia Academy. Cat. No. No.of Sp. Locality. From whom received. Remarks. 8113 | 4 Des. of Colorado R., Cal. | Lt. R. M. Williamson. Dead shells. $114 2 Creek leading to Desert, BO as ee ryctac ] San Diego. [Cal.| P. R. R. Cabinet series. 3252 | ” PHYSA. 93 Physa pomnilia, Conrap.—Shell with four volutions, horn-colored and polished ; spire short conical; body whirl ventricose ; aperture patu- lous. Remark. It resembles Ph. heterostropha, Say, but is, much smaller and thinner. . Randon’s Creek, near Claiborne, Alabama, adhering to limestone rocks. ( Conrad.) Physa pomilia, Conrap, Am. Journ. Se. [1], XXV, p. 343 (1834).—DeKay, N. Y. Moll. 81 (1843).—Miiuurr, Syn. Test. 1834 Prom. p. 35 (1836). I have not seen this species, and have not been able to gather any further information regarding it. Physa virgata, Govrp.—Shell moderate, solid, smooth, elongate- ovate, ash-colored with longitudinal olivaceous stripes; spire elevated, acute; whirls four to five, well separated ; aperture Junate, two-thirds the shell’s length; columella moderately folded, but with a heavy callus, within yellowish-red. Length 2, breadth } inch. Fig. 158. Found by Dr. T. H. Webb, in the river Gila, and near San Diego. Quite remarkable, as being the only species yet known which has variegated coloration. The stripes are found on some part of every shell, and many are prettily ornamented throughout. Physa - In size and proportions it may be compared with Ph. micros- virgata. toma, Hald. ( Gould.) Physa virgata, Gouup, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. V, 128 (1855) ; Otia, 216. Also found at Los Angelos. An authentic specimen is figured above. Cat. No.|No. of Sp.| Locality. From whom received. | Remarks. 4285 5 San Diego. | Solas Cabinet series. 4400 OMe | enact eee a ten crests. eee (Oe nen Net cverctateye 8723 3 Los Angelos, Cal. CabaeAcadeNataeceelts | 4 Wecicicdac Physa troostiama, Lra.—Shell elliptical, rather thick, yellow- brown, smooth; spire obtuse; sutures slightly impressed; whirls five, slightly convex; lip margined, thickened within; aperture small ovate, contracted. Fig. 159. Hab. Near Nashville, Tennessee: Dr. Troost. My cabinet, aud cabinet of Dr. Troost. Diam. .25, length .45 of an inch. This is a short obtuse species, about the size of P. aurea, Nob. The substance of the shell is very thick for the genus, Phiyea and it is much more thickened within the margin than any froosfiana. species I have observed. The line along the margin of the lip is of a reddish-brown. The indentation of the columella is lower than usual. The aperture is about two-thirds the length of the shell. (Lea.) 94 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II. Physa troostiana, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. IX, 7; Obs. IV, 7 (1844) ; Proc. II, 32 (1841). Fig. 159 is drawn from the original specimen. | | .| No. of Sp. Loeality. | From whom received. Remarks. By to Pe = ereeternee | Seteieite | Teste Lea. Physa triticea, Lea.—Shell subfusiform, pellucid, polished, red. dish-chestnut ; spire short, subacute; sutures sub-impressed ; Fig. 160. whirls four, sub-constricted ; aperture elongate, with a line a within. AY) Shasta County, California: Dr. Trask. (Zea.) Physa triticea, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. VII, 80 (1856). ee Mr. Lea’s description is given above. My figure is ruicea drawn from a shell collected by Dr. Cooper, and de- termined by Mr. Lea, now in the Smithsonian collection. Cat. No.| No. of Sp. | Locality. From whom received. | Remarks. 9097 3 California. Judge Cooper. One figured. Type. 92638 STN yi taleretetererereret Me I) ee Metaretcters hE MN Mie MalPatelaCatota Physa concolor, Haipeman.—Shell oval, spire produced, with the apex pointed; aperture oval, narrow, with the columella Fig. 161. fold distinct. Color honey yellow. Characterized by a single specimen brought from Oregon by 4) Mr. Nuttall. (/7Zaldeman.) Physa concolor, HALDEMAN, Mon. pt. III, p. 3, cover (1841) ; p. 30, pl. ii, f. 10 (1843).—DeKay, N. Y. Moll. 81 (1848). Physa concolor. I have seen no specimens of this species. Fig. 161 is a copy of that of Haldeman. Susncenus PHYSELLA, Hatp. Shell globose, spire short ; aperture elongate, very wide ; colu- mella with the fold well marked. Physa globosa, Hatpeman.—Shell globose, translucent ; spire very short and rounded; aperture very long and wide, occupying considerably ; ‘i 7 ' 7 ' fi PHYSA. 95 more than half the entire area of the shell; fold well marked; whirls three, Forricn Anatocus. Amphipeplea involuta. This small species inhabits the submerged rocks in the rapids at the mouth of Nolachucky River, in Tennessee, under such circumstances as to convince me that it does not Fig. 162. breathe the free air. I procured but two individuals, the shells of which are sufficiently franslucent to exhibit light circular dots upon the black ground of the mantle—a com- mon character in this genus. (Haldeman.) Physa globosa. Physa globosa, HALDEMAN, Mon. pt. 4, p. 4 of cover (1842) ; p- 38, pl. v, f. 10-12 (1843); Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. Phila. VIII, 200 (1842); Pr. A. N. Se. I, 78 (1841).—DrKay, N. Y. Moll. p. 81 (1843). Physella globosa, CuEnv, Man. de Conch. I, 281, f. 3551. The description and figure given above are copied from Halde- man, the latter enlarged. Suscenus PHYSODON, Hatp. Shell solid, smooth, elliptical; outer lip thick; columella toothed. Physa micragtoma, Hatp.—Shell elliptic, composed of four flat- tened whirls, separ: by a distinct but very shallow suture; substance of the shell thick ; spire shorter than the aperture, and ending in a point; aperture narrow elliptic, with a continuous peritreme, and the labium much thickened anteriorly; columella with two Fig. 163. nacreous elevations or obtuse teeth. Color light brownish- ochraceous; columella and external periodical (varicose) bands, white, whilst the corresponding internal bands are . chestnut. Kentucky and Ohio. pce This is a remarkable shell, and readily distinguished from yn stoma. all the American species of Physa, hitherto described, by the teeth upon the columella. (Haldeman.) Physa microstoma, HALDEMAN, Mon. p. 39, pl. iv, f. 12-14 (1853) ; Suppl. to pt. 1, p. 2 (1840). Physiodon microstoma, CHENU, Man. de Conch. II, 481, f. 3552. Fig. 163 is a fac-simile of one of Haldeman’s. His description is given above. Cat. No.| No. of Sp. Locality. | From whom received. Remarks. 9095 1 Kentucky. Haldeman. Type. ‘ 96 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART IL. Spurious SprcrEes oF PHyYsA. Physa ampullaria, Say, is mentioned by name only by Lea in Expl. of Nebraska, &c., House Doc. 2d Sess. 35th Cong. 1858-9, vol. H, pt. iii, p. 724. It may be a misprint for ancillaria. Physa rivalis is catalogued without description by J. pe C. Sowersy (in Richardson’s Fauna Boreali-Amerigana, III, 315 (1836)), as is also Physa turrita with Physa elongata, Say, and Bulla hypnorum, Linn. as synonyms. Physa sealaris, JAy.—The shell is white, semi-transparent, and very fragile; the sutures of the whirls are very angular, and of the same character with the Ampullaria scalaris, D’Orb. It was presented to me by Count Castelneau, whose researches in this country will, without doubt, add much interest- ing matter to our knowledge of natural history. Hab. Everglades of Florida. (Jay.) Paludina sealaris, Jay, Cat. ed. 3d, 1839, p. 112, pl. Physa i, f. 8, 9. Reeve, Con. Icon. fig. (1863). Se Physa scalaris, HaLpEMAN, Mon. 34, pl. iv, f. 9 (1842). The original description and figure are given above. This species is undoubtedly distinct from any other known, but its generic place is doubtful. It does not seem to belong in Physa or Palu- dina. Specimens from Tampa Bay have been received by Mr. Anthony. There is a Physa scalaris, Dunker. Fig. 164. Physa planorbula, DEKay, see Planorbis trivolvis. Physa marginata, Say, is mentioned by Brett in theCanadian Geological Report for 1858, p. 252. I know of no such species. Physa fragilis, DeKay, N. Y. Moll. Rep. 1839, 32, is mentioned by name only as a new species. Physa fontinalis, Sazpparp (Tr. Lit. and Hist. Soc. Quebec, I, 195, 1829). —Reversed, oval, transparent, smooth, horn-colored; spire short, subacute. (Near Quebec.) (Sheppard.) J. pe C. Sowrrsy also quotes P. fontinalis without description, from Methy Lake to Bear Lake, in Richardson’s Fauna Boreali-Americana, III, 315; also by G. B. Sowersy in Tankerville Cat. p. 42 (1825); by ee in Mag. de Zool. 1837, cl. v, p. 4, and Physa subopaca, Suerparp (Tr. Lit. and Hist. Soc. Quebec, I, 195, 1829). —Shell reverse, oval, semi-pellucid, grayish-yellow; spire short, acute. This species is rather more common than the foregoing (P. Sontinalis) ; they are often found together at the Island ; it resembles JSontinalis, but is not so transparent. It is yellow without and white within. (Sheppard.) Fossit SPECIES oF Puysa. Dr. Meek gives me the names of the following fossil species :— Physa secalina, Evans & Suumarp, Pr. Phil. Ac. 1854, 156. Physa rhomboidea, Meek & Hayven, Pr. Phil. Ac. 1856, 119. BULINUS. 97 BULINUWS, Apansoyn. Tentacles filiform, setaceous. Mantle simple-edged, and not reflexed over the shell. Foot long, acuminate behind. |. ,, Fig. 165. Shell sinistrorsal, elongated, polished, thin; spire oe acuminated ; aperture narrow, produced anteriorly ; inner lip simple; outer lip acute. Jaw (of B. hypnorum) strongly arched, narrow, ° 5 Animal of cartilaginous, brown. Pela Bulinus differs from Physa in having a simple, unfringed mantle. The shell is also more slender and more highly polished. It is less common in North America than Physa, but usually appears of a large size. Bulinus princeps, Phillips, of Central America, and some of the South American species, are remark- ably well developed. Adanson’s name Buiinus has priority over Aplexa, Fleming, and Nauta, Leach, and is accompanied by a careful description and excellent figure. Bulinus aurantius, Carpenter.—Shell thin, ovate, smooth or marked with very delicate incremental strie, orange horn colored, brown- ish on the spire; spire short, always eroded when adult ; about seven swollen whirls; aperture some- Fig. 166. what dilated; lip very thin, arcuate; columella scarcely folded. This fine species, which is generally named Physa ' peruviana in collections, is quite distinct from the types in the British Museum. It much more nearly approaches Aplexa maugere, which is believed to be a Caribbean species (not Californian, as stated by Woodward, Man. II,171). It differs in shape, which is never so elongated, and in color, which is almost always orange-horn, with a tendency to darker shades in rays, below the suture. Shell swollen, thin, glossy, with an extremely thin columellar lip projecting Bulinus aurantius. beyond the aperture, and indented at the base of the body whirl. The length of the spire varies in different specimens, as does ' T have been unable to obtain living specimens of a native species to figure. Fig. 165 is from Moquin-Tandon. 98 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART I. also the amount of convexity. The true Aplera peruviana has a very prominent apex, with shouldered, swollen body whirl. Allowance must be made in the following measurements for the constant erosion of the apex. A slender specimen measures long. 1.23, long. spir. .27, lat. .63. A swollen specimen long. 1.25, long. spir. .24, lat. .7. The largest speci- men must have measured 1.43; mean diverg. 609. Mazatlan; not common. ( Carpenter.) = ) Fig. 167. Aplexa aurantia, CARPENTER, Brit. Mus. i“ Cat. of Mazatl. Shells, p. 179(1856). t = Ans Aplexa peruviana, Menke, CARPENTER olim, teste CARPENTER, l. c. \ The shell figured above (Fig. 166) was received from Mr. Carpenter. Fig. 167 gives a comparison between e Bulinus maugere and aurantius. They appear to me very nearly re- BUnite: B.maugere. _ lated, if not identical. Cat. No. INo. of Sp. Locality. From whom received. Remarks. 9142 1 - Mazatlan. Dr. Goulds Fig. 166, type. 9215 4 ce JudgeiCooper. +) | ek (eesee Bulinus mitems, Puaripr1.—Shell longitudinally ovate, acute, im- perforate, chestnut brown, very smooth and shining; apical whirls com- prising one-fourth the whole length; columellar fold rather prominent, columella short, straight, compressed. Fig. 168. It is the largest species of the genus, the whirls, five to six gm number, form a conical apex, with moderate suture, the last one being inflated, smaller in the centre; a sur- face polished, unbroken by lines of growth, and dark brown color further characterize it; on the suture is a white band reminding one of Natica glaucina; columella straight, adherent, short, with a well-defined fold; inner | lip thin and adherent throughout, divided into two por- | tions, of which the lower is thicker and more expanded ; | no umbilicus. Long. 11]/”, diam. 6}/”; ap. 83/” long, Bulinus nitens. 33!’ broad. Hab. Mexico. Ph. peruviana, Gray, from its description, appears to resemble it nearly, but differs in having a shorter body whirl,-which comprises scarcely a fifth of the whole shell’s length, and the whirls are more inflated. ( Philippi.) Physa nitens, Puruprt in Kiister, Ch. ed. 2, p. 5, pl. i, f. 1, 2. BULINUS. 99 I have seen no specimen of this species, but do not doubt its belonging to Bulinus. ‘ Bulinus elatus, Govutp.—Shell lanceolate-ovate, very thin, smooth and glistening, pale horn-color, colorless at suture; spire acute; whirls nearly six, distinct, slightly convex, the last one seven-eighths the length of the shell, ellipsoidal, nearly symmetrical at the ends ; aper- Fig. 169. ture three-fourths the length of the shell, narrow obovate- lunate, acutely rounded anteriorly; having on the pillar an imperfect fold, and a very thin callus on the body whirl. Length seven-eighths of an inch; breadth three-eighths of an inch; length of aperture five-eighths of an inch. Inhabits Lower California: Maj. Rich. An elongated species almost as slender as P. hypnorum, though very much larger, highly polished, with a very long aperture ; pillar region‘tumid. ( Gould.) Bulinus elatus. Physa elata, Goutp, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. VI, 379, pl. xiv, f. 4 (1853); Otia, 185. Aplexa elata, CARPENTER, Br. Mus. Cat. of Mazatlan Shells, p. 180 (1856). A copy of Gould’s description and a figure of an authentic specimen are given above. It is the thinnest and most delicate of the North American species. Cat. No.| No. of Sp.| Locality. From whom received. Remarks. 9214 1 | Mazatlan. Judge;Cooperii mili) weeenee Bulinus hypnorum, Linnzvs.—Shell heterostrophe, pale yellow- ish, very fragile, diaphanous, oblong, whirls six or seven; spire tapering, acute at the tip; suture slightly impressed; aperture not Fig. 170. dilated, attenuated above, about half as long as the shell ; columella much narrowed near the base, so that the view may be partially extended from the base towards the apex. Inhabits shores of Illinois. Length 7-10 inch; greatest breadth 3-10 nearly. Animal deep black, immaculate above and beneath; tentacula setaceous; a white annulation at base. . aia In the fragility of the shell, this species approaches nearest hypnorum, +0 Limnea columella. It is very common in stagnant ponds on the banks of the Mississippi. When the shell includes the animal, it appears of a deep black color, with an obsolete testaceous spot near the base on the anterior side. Its proportions are somewhat similar to those of P. hypnorum. (P. elongata, Say.) 100 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II. Physa hypnorum, Lixnxus, &c.—Ha.pemay, Mon. 36, pl. v, f. 4-9 (1842). —Apams, Shells of Vermont, 154 (1842). Physa elongata, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. II, 171 (1821): Bryney’s ed. 68.—Gootp, Iny. 214, f. 143 (1841).—DeKay, N. Y. Moll. 81, pl. vi, f. 346 (1843).—Anon. Can. Nat. II, 211, fig. (1857). Physa glabra, DeKay, N. Y. Moll. 80, pl. v, f. 83 (1843). Physa elongatina, Lewis, Bost. Pr. V, 122, 298 (1855). Physa turrita, J. pe C. Sows. Fauna Bor.-Am. III, 315. Aplexa hypnorum, CHENv, Man. de Conch. II, 481, f. 3556. From Kansas to the District of Columbia, and from the At- lantic to the Pacific in the British Possessions, ranging as far north as Russian America. It is one of the species common to the three continents. Mr. Say’s type is still preserved in the Philadelphia Academy. Physa turrita is quoted without description by J. de C. Sow- erby in Richardson’s Fauna Boreali-Americana (III, 315), with P. elongata, Say, and Bulla hypnorum, Linn. as synonyms. Physa elongatina was proposed as a specific name for some forms of Bulinus hypnorum by Dr. Lewis. No description was given. Subsequently the specimens were referred to Physa glabra, DeKay. The description and figure of the latter now follow :— Physa glabra, DEKAy.—Shell sinistral, smooth, shining, elongated, with five to six volutions ; suture impressed; spire elongated into an acute apex. Body whirl more than half of the total length. Aper- ture oblong, acute above, rounded beneath, and half of the Fig. 171. total length. Columella sinuous, slightly reverted with a faint oblique fold. Deep brownish-orange, approaching to copper. Length 0.4, of aperture 0.2. This shell, for which I am indebted to Dr. Budd, who ob- tained it from Lake Champlain, appears in some collections under the name of P. aurea, which it resembles in nothing but color. It approaches P. elongata, but differs in its im- Piet pressed suture and the form of its columella. (DeKay.) glabra. | a Cat. No. No. of Sp. 8087 8085 8089 8090 8091 s094 8095 8518 8972 9093 9100 9102 9172 9280 9282 BULINUS. 101 Locality. 3 Ann Arbor, Mich. 7 Westbrook, Me. 2 Apple Creek, lat. 47°. i Yellowstone River. 21 Grand Rapids, Mich. 3 Minnesota. 9 Milwaukee, Wis. 5 Massachusetts. Ft. Resolution. a Grand Rapids, Mich. 12 Michigan. Puget Sound. “4 Grand Rapids. [pine. 500 Yukron, m. of Porcu- 7 Great Slave Lake. From whom received Remarks. W. G. Binney. Dr. J. Lewis. Dr. J. Lewis. I, A. Lapham. Dr. J. Lewis. R. Kennicott. Dr. J. Lewis. “ee Judge Vooper. A. C, Currier. R. Kennicott. oe Bulinus berlandieriamus.—(See Appendix.) Cat. No.| No. of Sp. 9308 Locality. 3 Texas, From whom received. Remarks. Fig., type. Lt. Couch. Suscenus ISIDORA, Enrens. Shell ovate, umbilicated ; columella without any fold. Diastropha of Guilding is also used for this subgenus. I am unacquainted with Ehrenberg’s work, but have no doubt that his name is correctly used by H. & A. Adams. Bulinus integer, HatpEmMan.—Shell oval, with a lengthened, pointed spire; whirls five, convex; suture deep; aperture obtuse posteriorly, peritreme continuous; labium not ap- Fig. 172. pressed anteriorly and without a fold. Color very pale yellowish-brown; labium, aperture, and varicose bands white. Sent to me from Indiana by Mrs. Say. (Haldeman.) Physa integra, HALDEMAN, Mon. No. 3, p. 3 of cover, 1841 ; p- 33, pl. iv, f. 7-8 (1843).—DerKay, N. Y. Moll. 81 Aplexus (Isodora) integra, CuENv, Man. de Conch. I, 481, (1843). f. 3556. Bulinus integer. My figure is a fac-simile of one of Haldeman’s, whose descrip- tion also is given above. 102 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II. Cat. No. No.of Sp.| Locality. From whom received. | Remarks. 8110 56 Nolachucky7R5 Lenn) oer eS) i stacclelate S111 (| Re coctancs DraJipLewiss,f 9 c|= | |) emieecie $112 5 Big SLOW: , | Ree Wn eteiateloerxore see a MN | MT cereretets 8514 3 Tennessee. 9 ei) Y Raeectcee Cabinet series. Bulinus distortus, Haipemay.—Shell transverse, short, trans- lucent and umbilicated ; composed of three very convex whirls, and hav- ing a very deep suture; spire pointed, shorter than the aper- Fig. 173. ture, which is oval, and almost cyclostomous, without any fold upon the labium or columella. Color very light yellowish- gray. Foreign analogue: P. guildingii, Sw. Near St. Louis: Mr. Emerson. Kentucky and Ohio. I am indebted to G. B. Emerson, Esq., President of the Boston Society of Natural History, for specimens of this curious shell, which were collected (by himself, I believe) near St. Louis. It is remarkable for the contorted spire and entire absence of a columellar fold. (Haldeman.) Bulinus distortus. Physa distorta, HALpEMAN, Mon. 35, pl. v, f. 1-3 (1842); Suppl. to pt. 1, 1840, p. 2. ' Fig. 173 is a fac-simile of the outline of one of Haldeman’s figures. His description is copied above. * SPuRIOUS SPECIES OF BULINUS. Aplexa suturalis, Beck. Mexico. No description. Index, 117. Bulinus fontinalis and var. canadensis, Beck ; without description. Index, V7 | Bulinus pomilius, Conr., Beck, 1. c. = Physa. Bulinus crassula, Beck, p. 117; no description, and Var. typica (= P. heterostropha) ; b. striata (= P. striata, MKE.) ; ¢. minor (=P. arctistropha, Crist. & JAN). Bulinus subaratus, Beck, Ind. p. 118 = Physa heterostropha ? Bulinus gyrinus, Beck, 1. c. 118 = Physa gyrina. Bulinus maugere. See Bulinus aurantius. Fosstn Species OF BULINUS. ' Dr. Meek furnishes me with the following list :— Aplexa longiuscula, Merk & Haypen, MSS. (Physa longiuscula, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1856, 119.) Aplexa subelongata, Menx & HayprN, MSS. (Physa subelongata, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1856, 120.) ae ae a PLANORBIS. 103 PLANORBIS, Guerrarp. Fig. 174. Tentacles slender, filiform. Foot short, ovate. Shell dextral, discoidal; spire depressed, whirls numerous, visible on both sides; aper- Animal of Planorbis ere ture crescentic, bicarinatus. Fig. 175. or transversely oval; peristome thin, incomplete, the upper margin produced. Jaw single, superior, arched. Lingual membrane —? The genus Planorbis is widely distributed over the globe, but usually prefers the more temperate regions. It is found in every part of this continent, reaching into Mexico, and apparently much more abundant there than the other genera of the family. Most of the sections or subgenera are represented in North America. The South American Taphius is most nearly allied to the Carinifex of the Pacific coast. The name Planorbis is now universally applied to the genus. The species of this genus have a dextral shell, but the orifices of the generative, excretory, and respiratory organs are on the left of the animal, as in Physa. They are sluggish in their habits, preferring stagnant pools. Say considered the shells sinistral, a fact which must be borne in mind while studying his descriptions. On this account I have represented the fac- similes of his figures in a different position from those of’ other authors. Animal of Planorbis. Planorbis subcrenatus, Crr.—Shell tumid, very thin, horn-colored; whirls six, rounded, sutures impressed ; with sharp radiat- ing, somewhat crowded and occasionally mi- nutely crenulated, ridges; aperture rounded, parietal wall small, scarcely touching the penul- timate whirl; labrum slightly deflected, fuscous within; umbilicus deep. Long. .05, lat. .08, alt. .36, 8 Planorbis subcrenatus. 104 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II. Oregon. T. Nuttall collected a single specimen. “Differs from Pl. trivolvis, Say, in the acuteness of the ribs, and in their being more distant.”” Cuming MS. ( Carpenter.) Planorbis subcrenatus, CARPENTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 220. The above is the original description of Mr. Carpenter. The specimen from which it was drawn is figured in my Fig. 176. It has been found in Washoe (Newcomb). Planorbis lentus, Say.—Shell dull brownish or yellowish-brown, sub-carinate above, particularly in the young shell; whirls nearly five, striate across with fine raised, subequidistant lines, Fig. 177. forming grooves between them ; spire concave; aper- ture large, embracing a large portion of the penulti- mate volution; labrum more acutely but not very prominently arcuated above, its basal portion hori- zontally subrectilinear, in the adult, and not ex- tending below the level of the base. I obtained this species in the canal at New Orleans, and am indebted to Mr. Maclure, and also to Mr. Barabino, for many fine specimens collected in the vicinity of that city. I also found the same species at Ojo de Agua, Mexico, when travelling in that country with Mr. Maclure. It differs from the P. trivolvis in having the labrum less prominent above, and the basal portion of this part being in the adult horizontally subrectilinear, so as not to touch a plane on which the base of the shell may rest; the aperture also is more transverse. (Say.) Planorbis lentus. Planorbis lentus, Say, Am. Conch. pt. 6, pl. iv, f. 1 (1834): Biyney’s ed. 210, pl. iv, f. 1.—Haupeman, Mon. 18, pl. ili, f. 4-6 (1844).—Dr- Kay, N. Y. Moll. 60, pl. v, f. 80*, a, 6 (1843).—Anon. Can. Nat. II, 203 fig. (1857) (not Gip. = fallax). Fig. 177 is a fac-simile of that of Mr. Say, whose description ‘also is given above. It is said to have been found at several points between New Braunfels, Texas, and South Carolina, and in New York. Prof. Adams refers the species to Pl. corpulentus in the List of Middlebury Shells, to érivolvis in the Shells of Vermont. Gould’s description and figure of Pl. lentus is referred by Haldeman to Pl. fallax. PLANORBIS. 105 Cat. No. Ino, of Sp. Locality. From whom received. Remarks. 8178 3 WGNGWSHONSRRIVErTe it) leer mee eM Bret... 8198 40 BigiSiotex: Weebl Lue cer ee ee | MLL acaversrcys 8496 SoA? ee estes W. G. Binney. Cabinet series. 9184 2 Sonth Carolina, Gen-.Zottensy) gh | | iersia-in: 9186 5 Lyun, Mass. Dr RELeSCOuinom a mrstsllal= Planorbis tumidus, Preirrer.—Shell opaque, pale horn-colored or smoky, densely and finely striated, umbilicated above, slightly concave below ; whirls five, convex, sub-carinated on each side, rapidly increasing, separated by a deep suture; aperture oblique, lunate-rounded, somewhat kidney-shaped. Fig. 178. Shell rather large, and somewhat shining, pale horn-colored, or sometimes reddish-brown or green- ish, thick and delicately grooved; concave and iS deeply umbilicated in the centre above, as also below, without the well-defined umbilicus, so that the apical whirls are visible ; whirls five or five and a half rapidly increasing, separated by a deep suture, and obsoletely grooved above and below; mouth oblique, roundly-lunate and somewhat ob- Curis) tusely angular; columella simple, covered with a thin white callus. Greater diameter of the largest specimen 9 lines, height at the aperture 3 lines. Hab. Common at San Juan (Pfeiffer), Havana « (de la Sagra), swamps at Vera Cruz and Vamba (Leebmann, Hegewish), Mexico (D’Orbigny). Nearly allied to Plan. tenagophilus, D’Orb. Young specimens resemble a flat form of Pl. trivolvis. Planorbis tumidus. Some kindly sent by Prof. Steenstrup, of Copen- hagen, are characterized by stouter, smaller shell, and finer grooves, and also paler color (pl. v, f 1-3) (Miister, 1. c.). Planorbis tumidus, Prrirrer in Wiegm. Archiv. 1839, 354; in Kiister, Ch. ed. 2, p. 39, pl. vii, f. 10-12’; pl. ix, f 1-3. Planorbis caribeus, Onpieny, Sagra’s Cuba, 193, pl. xiii, f. 17-19. Planorbis intermedius, Puuirpy1, Conch. Cab. I, tab. i, 17, 16, f. 18, 19. Var. fig. malac. an. Plan. capillaris, Beck ? Ind. p. 110. Guatemala: Rev. H. B. Tristam. The description and figures given above are copied from Chemnitz, ed. 2. IT have followed Kiister in quoting the synonymy of this species. Cat. No. No.of Sp. Locality. From whom received. Remarks. $174 4 Texas. Lt. Couch. “Forests.” 8175 8 fe GaNViundentanhe asi "teu | cee 8176 11 se tS CDT Bere aaron 8177 29 es Lt. Couch. ey wa dess 8502 xe se cs Cabinet series. 196 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II. Planorbis glabratus, Say.—Shell sinistral; whirls about five ; glabrous or obsoletely rugose, polished, destitute of any appearance of carina; spire perfectly regular, a little concave; umbilicus large, regu- larly and deeply concave, exhibiting all the volutions to the summit; aperture declining, remarkably oblique with respect to the transverse diameter. Breadth nearly nine-tenths of an inch. Inhabits South Carolina. Cabinet of the Academy. Presented to the Academy by Mr. L’Hermenier, of Charleston, an intelligent and zealous naturalist. He assured me that this species inhabits near Charleston. It somewhat resembles large specimens of the P. tri- AN volvis, of the American edition of Nicholson’s Encyc., Planorbis glabratus, but differs in the total absence of carina, and in having a more smooth and polished surface, as well as a de- clining and more oblique aperture, and a more profound and much more regularly concave umbilicus. (Say.) Planorbis glabratus, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Se. I, 280 (1818) ; Nich. Enc. od ed. (1819): Binney’s ed. p. 51, 61.—Haupeman, Mon. 11, pl. ii, f. 1-3 (1844).—DeKay, N. Y. Moll. 66 (1843). It is said to be found in Mexico, Louisiana, and Oregon, which, with Say’s locality, gives a wide range to this species. My figure of Pl. glabratus is drawn from a specimen corres- ponding with that figured by Haldeman, and generally acknow- ledged to be this species. : | | Cat. No. No. of Sp.| Locality. From whom received. Remarks. 8195 | 17 St. Simon’s Island, Ga. Dri Je Lewis. oP lea 6 a ieee 8500 5 oe a Cabinet series. SS a ee a Se Sc Fig. 180. Plamorbis tumems, Carpenter. —Shell rapidly swelling, small, horn or reddish smoke-colored ; whirls four or five, with light waving strie; sutures deeply impressed ; on one side subangulate or subcarinate near the suture, on the other rounded; umbilicus very deep; aperture with a sinuous edge, one side standing out above, flattened below, the other flattened above, produced below, capacious and rounded ; labium very thin. This species is so variable that it is difficult to describe it so as to include all the specimens and yet separate it from its congeners. Aberrant individuals on the one side closely approach P. affinis, on the other P. lentus, Say. The three may hereafter be proved identical ; but the general habit of P. tumens, as gathered from repeated examinations of many P. tumens. hundred specimens, is sufficiently distinct from the Jamaica PLANORBIS. 107 species. The whirls are more rapidly enlarging, more swollen, and the lip more shouldered. An unusually large specimen measures long. .63, lat. pO alte «21. Hab. Mazatlan; not uncommon. Liverpool collection. ( Carpenter.) Planorbis tumens, CARPENTER, Brit. Mus. Mazatlan Cat. 181. Planorbis afjinis, CARPENTER in Caf. Prov. (not ADAms). Planorbis tenaglophilus, Menke, Zeit. f. Mal. 1850, p. 163 (not D’Orpicxy, teste CARPENTER). Fig. 180 is drawn from a specimen received from Mr. Carpen- ter. The original description is given above. * : Cat. No. No. of Sp. | Locality. | From whom received. | temarks. 9125 5a esl San Francisco. | Judge Cooper. 1 PR | cea 9121 11 Petaluma, Dr. Gould. | Type. a2 9146 Ue Pe AN Wwenemons 5 Figured. Authentic. Planorbis havamensis, Preirrer.—Shell discoid, thin, pale horn-colored or yellow, very delicately and densely striate; above and below planulate, and having an umbilicus in the centre; whirls five, sub- rotund, moderately increasing, separated by a deep suture; aperture oblique, roundly lunate. Fig. 181, Shell discoid, thin, fragile, pale horn or yellowish in color, with very delicate and numerous strie; both above and ©) below flattened and umbilicate in the centre, but somewhat more deeply so above; whirls five, regularly increasing, (a, rounded, separated by a tolerably deep suture; aperture oblique, round, somewhat lunate. Diam. (greatest of largest . specimen) about 4 lines, height 14. OQ Received from Herr Dr. L. Pfeiffer, who found it in swamps “ neat Planorbis near Havana. Also from Dr. F. Riemer, who found it in ifs havanensis. Texas. It has many analogies with P/. peregrinus, D’Orb., of Chile. (Kiister.) Planorbis havanensis, PretrFer in Wiegm. Arch. f. Nat. 1839, I, p. 354. —Kiisrer in Cuemnirz, ed. 2, p. 58, pl. x, f. 32-34, Planorbis terverianus, D’Orsiany, Voy. Cub. 194, tab. xiii, f. 20-23. I have seen no specimen of this species; the above extracts and figures are from the second edition of Chemnitz. The following is Pfeiffer’s description :— Planorbis havanensis.—Shell discoidal below, above more concave, light horn-color; whirls four, regularly increasing, terete; aperture lunate. Diam. 5, alt. 13/”. ( Pfeiffer.) 168 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II. Planorbis liebmanmi, Duyker.—Shell discoidal, pale horn- colored, subvitreous, substriate, almost smooth, shining, fiattened above, concave below, umbilicated on both sides ; whirls four, convex, moderately increasing; aperture per-oblique, slightly dilated, rather Fig. 182. rounded, almost heart-shaped. a Shell discoid, light lorn-colored, very delicately striate, 5)) almost smooth, very transparent and shining; flat or slightly convex above, below somewhat concave ; umbilicate on both CaP sides ; whirls four, rounded, slightly involute, compact, sepa- rated by a somewhat deep suture; aperture very oblique, (©) somewhat widened, irregularly rounded, almost heart-shaped. Greatest diam. 3} lines, height hardly 1 line. Hab. Vera Crhz: Herr Prof. Liebmann, of Copenhagen. Specimens kindly furnished by Herr Prof. Steenstrup, of Copenhagen, have a hard, firm, chalky incrustation. (Dunker.) Planorbis liehmanni. Planorbis liebmanni, DuNKER in CuEmMN. ed. 2, p. 59, pl. x, f. 32-34. Planorbis gracilentus, Goutp, Pr. Bost. Soc. V, 129 (1855) ; Otia, 217. Rémer (Texas) quotes it from New Braunfels. The above de- scription and figure are from Chemn., ed. 2. Planorbis gracilentus, Gould, appears to be identical with this species. It is, at least, the same as the shells in Nos. 8179, 8180, and 8504, which I have referred to Plan. liebmanni after a study of the description and figures copied above. No. 9205, from the Colorado Desert, is an authentic specimen of Gould’s Pl. graci- lentus. His description here follows, and an enlarged drawing of a specimen received from him. Dr. Gould suggests its identity with Pl. haldemani, but the aperture of that species is cam- panulate. Planorbis gracilentus, Goutp.—Shell discoidal, compressed, white, finely striated ; right side flattened ; left side moderately concave; on each side four rounded whirls, the last obtusely carinated at the peri- Fig. 183. phery; aperture quite oblique, roundedly oval. Axis }, diam. Fee + inch. Emig Found by Dr. T. H. Webb, in the great Colorado Desert Planorbis low lands. gracilentus. No North American species, of equal size, can be compared with this well-marked, wheel-shaped species. Very small specimens are like large specimens of P. deflectus, Say. A species from the Nile is very similar. ( Gould.) PLANORBIS. 10S | | Cat. No.| No. of Sp. Locality. | From whom received. Remarks. $179 2 Texas. Ge sWithid orders eels tice tose/c) SLS0 25 | 8 LOU) COUCH ements |e mnn Teteralerore S504 8 | a ff Cabinet series. 9205 1 | Colorado Desert. A. A. Gould. (Type of Pl. graci | lentus figured.) Suscenus PLANORBELLA, Hatp. Shell with the whirls few ; aperture campanulate or bell-shaped, prominent. Planorbis campantiatus, Say.—Sinistral; whirls longer than wide; aperture sub-campanulate. Inhabits Cayuga Lake. Cabinet of the Academy. Shell sinistral, not depressed ; whirls four, slightly striate across ; longer than wide; spire hardly concave, often plane; body whirl abruptly dilated near the aperture and not longer behind Fig. 184. the dilatation than the penultimate whirl; suture indented, well defined to the tip, the summits of the volutions being rounded ; aperture dilated ; throat narrow abruptly ; umbili- cus profound, the view extending by a minute foramen to the apex. Greatest length of the body whirl one-fourth of an inch; breadth from tip of the labrum one-half of an inch; at right angles to the last, two-fifths of an inch. SR This shell abounds in some of the small streams which dis- ee charge into Cayuga Lake, where it was collected by Mr. Jessup, who presented specimens to the Academy and tome. It is readily distinguished from other species, by the sudden dilatation of the outer whirl, near the aperture in the adult shell, forming a large oval chamber. The summit of the outer whirl, behind the dilated portion, is not, or hardly elevated above the summits of the other volutions. (Say.) Planorbis campanulatus, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Il, 166 (1821): Biy- NEY’s ed. p. 64.—HanpEmaAn, Mon. 9, pl. i, f. 7-11 (1844).—Govzp, Invert. 204, f. 133 (1841).—Apams, Shells of Vt. 155 (1841).—De. Kay, N. Y. Moll. 61, pl. v, f. 99* a, b (1843).—Kiisrer in CHEmy. ed. 2, p. 52, pl. ix, f. 7-10.—Anon. Can. Nat. II, 204, fig. (1857). Planorbis bellus, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. IX, 6 (1844) ; Proce. II, 32 (1841). Planorbis bicarinatus, SowERBY, Gen. pl. iv. Planorbella campanulata, Cuenv, Man. de Conch. II, p. 482, f. 3559. Helix angulata, Sueppann, teste J. pe C. Sowersy,*Fauna Boreali-Ameri- cana, III, 315. It ranges from New England through the northern tier of States to Minnesota. 110 LAND AND FRESU-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART IT. My decisions in regard to the synonymy of this species are based on actual examination of Mr. Lea’s type of Pl. bellus, which is an immature shell, and the description copied below. Planorbis bellus, Lea.—Shell orbicular, above regularly concave, beneath widely umbilicate, greenish-yellow, closely and beautifully striate ; whirls four, carinate above, sub-carinate below ; lip sharp, aperture small, within reddish-brown. Hab. Tennessee: Dr. Troost. My cabinet, and cabinet of Dr. Troost. Diam. .40, length .22 of an inch. A single specimen only of this species was received from Dr. Troost. Like the P. corpulentus (Say), it is covered with strie, but. in the bedlus they are much closer and more regular. It is a much less inflated shell, and more regular in its form. (Lea.) Planorbis bicarinatus of Sowerby’s Genera of Shells seems to represent this species rather than bicarinatus. Cat. No.|No. of Sp. | Locality. From whom received. | Remarks. | pa a a es a ee ee ee 8199 3 Milwaukee, Wis. Ts JAn Tapa. evs ee castes 8201 2 Lake of the Woods. Re Kennicott. (yt the etm Sais. 8202 1 Quasquitan, Ia. E. C. B. ote iorels $203 1 Bis SiOUK ls. eg Ee es WR teeccicierelcice Saar ee! | hy eter spotete $204 S San Cloud, Min. Rekennicott: “pei $e eee. $205 11 Little Lakes, N. Y. Diss. UEWISS 5 |e) a wi ccseties 8206 35 eOaGsCoe Lome h las Poco ooceeiel ate IRA Sac 8207 a Aztalan, Wis. SUR Bard. 402) Fil. Oe eee eae 8495 3 Michigan. W. G. Binney. Cabinet series, 9178 1004+ | Vermont. Chittenden amt uly Guin ectere 9181 5 Lynn, Mass. Dr Prescott) ail) wi ge Missense 9281 9 Otter Tail Creek, Min. Re Kenmicotts. (pale © shone, 9266 4 Great Slave Lake. Se PS 6a aoe Planorbis haldemani, Douyxer.—Shell discoidal, depressed, rather solid, pale horn-colored (?), obsoletely striate, Fig. 185. rather concave both above and below, almost flat, pitted in the middle of each side; whirls five, oval, rather in- volute; aperture ovate heart-shaped, dilated, almost . campanulate. Shell discoidal, flat, rather solid, delicately striate, very slightly concave above and below, as well as almost Ce ip flat, with a pit in the centre. Whirls five, moderately increasing, not very involute, ovately-rounded. Aper- ture oval, almost heart-shaped, widened, resembling thag of Plan. campanulatus, which is bell-shaped. Greatest diam. 6 lines, height almost 2 lines. Mexico: Prof. Liebmann. Pinnordis The specimens are worn, but apparently were pale haildemant. horn-colored when fresh. (A‘iister.) PLANORBIS. vey Planorbis haldemani, Dunker in Cuemn. ed. 2, p. 59, pl. x, f. 38-40 (not ADAMS). The above are copies of the original description and figures of this species. The name has been used by Adams, Contr. to Conch. III, 43, Oct. 1849. This will probably necessitate another name for Dunker’s shell. I cannot ascertain the date of his description in the second edition of Chemnitz. | | Cat. No.|No. of Sp. | Locality. | From whom received. | Remarks. $196 3L Lake Aculeo, 30 m. 5. 8. “Thrown upon the Cabinet series. Wier Ole Sambiamons SNCs Ne) Dubeetacas beach.” 8499 3 ake AcMLeoOms0MmMs Ss Sai) 0) a ohleerae W. of Santiago. | Suscenus ADULA, H. Apams. Shell with the whirls rounded and numerous, deeply umbili- eated on the upper, and convex on the under side; aperture campanulate. Pianorbis muktivelvis, Casr.—Shell about five-eighths of an inch in diameter; whirls seven, about half the last whirl overlapping the preceding one, sometimes the last whirl suddenly distorted and expanded for the last half of its length; right side concave, left side slightly acuminate and considerably carinate ; Fig. 186. throat campanulate; aperture opening towards the left, but projecting on both sides beyond the preceding whirl. This shell, also, I obtained from Captain Stanard, who found it in the northern part of Michigan. It is very distinct from any Planorbis I have met with, or have been able to find any description of. I have named it from its strong characteristic—a greater number of whirls than usual in the genus. ( Case.) Planorbis multivolvis. Planorbis multivolvis, Case, Am. Journ. Se. [2], III, 101, f. 4, 5 (1847). Adula multivolvis, H. Apams, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1861, p. 145. I have heard of this very peculiar species being found at no other locality. No. 9122 of the collection was received from Mr. Case by Dr. Gould, and by him presented to the collection. The original description and figure are given above. 142 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II. Cat. No.|No. of Sp. | Locality. | From whom received. | Remarks. | 9122 1 | aay A | Dr. Gould. | ee Suspsexus HELISOMA, Swaiys. Shell ventricose, the spire sunk below the body whirl; whirls few, often angulated. Planorbis ammon, Govip.—Shell large, discoid, subconic, deli- cately striate ; left side broadly and deeply concave, showing four obtusely carinated whirls; right side concave, showing Fig. 187. two and a half rounded whirls; aperture ovate- triangular, sometimes quite expanded on each side ; axis 3 to 1, diam. } to } inch. Found by Dr. T. H. Webb, in the Cienaga Grande, or Colorado Low Desert, and also by Mr. W. P. Blake. The specimens differ greatly in size, and in the development of the aperture; but all agree in the peculiar slope of the outer volution, giving them a conical or dome-shaped form when lying on the left side. Fully developed specimens are much like P. corpulentus, Say, but the shape of the volu- tion and aperture differ, and the strie are less coarse, and more like P. glabratus, Say. (G'ould.) Steel §189 70 Mohawk, N. Y. Dr USWis A lk oe we oees §503 200 New York. e Cabinet series. 9117 5 Moose Factory. Drexleny sea? reli Li Peeose 9087 8 Fort Simpspn. Kennecott Sirens $312 6 Ann Arbor, Mich. A. Winchell. (Pl. elevatus ?) $509 (iy ae | Sodan W. G. Binney. Named Pl. concavus 9295 1 Otter Tail Creek, Min. | Kennicott. [by Anthony. SPURIOUS SPECIES OF PLANORBIS. 135 Planorbis arcticus, Brcx.—Shell dextral, horn-colored, thin, convex and excavated in the centre above, concave below; three and a half cylindrical whirls. Diam. 2, 2/”. (Méiller, 1. c.) Planorbis arcticus, Beck in MéuLER, Ind. Moll. Grén. 5.—Méxcu, Moll. Gron. 76. I have not been able to obtain any authentic specimen for figuring. The only published description is copied above. SPURIOUS SPECIES OF PLANORBIS. Planorbis armigerus and P. wheatleyt are Segmentine. Planorbis parallelus, Say, J. A. N. S. II, 164: Bryney’s ed. p. 63, is Helix lineata (q. v.). Authentic specimens among Ferussac’s shells in the Garden of Plants are so labelled, as Dr. Gould informs me. Planorbis niger. I know nothing of this species mentioned as new, with no description, by DeKay in New York Zoological Report of Dec. 20, 1839, p. 32. Planorbis complanatus, from Western Lakes, is mentioned by name only . by Ravenet, Cat. of Shells, p. 11. A foreign species has been de- scribed under this name. Planorbis obtusa, Lea, is mentioned by Wurarttry, Cat. of U. S. Shells, | 2d ed., p. 22, without description, giving Ohio as habitat. The name | is pre-occupied also. | Planorbis eburneus, CuEMN., is quoted doubtfully as synonym of Pl. bi- | carinatus in BrcK’s Index, p. 118, gs is | Planorbis subcarinatus, Say (p. 119), of North America, without descrip- tion, Physa anceps of MENKE being doubtfully cited as synonym (Lister, Hist. exxxix, 44): Delaware River; and subdistortus as another variety. Planorbis fovealis, Beck (Ind. 119): Delaware River. No description is given, but reference to Lister, Hist. ex], f. 47. Planorbis capillaris, Beck (Ind. 119) : Mexico; and Planorbis fuliginosus, Beck (Ind. 120): Mexico. No description. Planorbis evacuus, VinuaA = P. exacutus 2 Planorbis glans, DeEKay = Glandina truncata. Planorbis alba? Suepparp (Trans. Lit. and Hist. Soc. Quebec, I, 195, 1829).—Shell umbilicated on both sides; upper part of whirls flat, lower convex ; aperture wide and angular. (Near Quebec.) = Plan. albus, Miu. ? ‘ It is the Helix alba, Lin., but is not among Lamarck’s species. . ( Sheppard.) Planorbis spirorbis, SHEPPARD (Trans. of Lit. and Hist. Soc. Quebec, I, 195, 1829).— One side flat, the other subumbilicate, reverse ; horn- colored. (Near Quebec, at Etchemin.)’’ (Sheppard.) I do not know anything of this species, whether it is the P. spi- ue of Europe or not. 1 ? 136 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II. Fosstn SPECIES OF PLANORBIS. Dr. Meek furnishes me with the following list of fossil species :— Planorbis spectabilis, MEEK, Proc. Phila. Ac. 1860, 315. Planorbis utahensis, MEEK, Proc. Phila. Ac. 1860, 314. Planorbis vitrinus, MEEK & HaAybEN, Proc. Phila. Ac. 1860, 413. Planorbis.nebrascensis, Evans & Saumarp, Proc. Phila. Ac. 1854, 154. Planorbis vetulus, Meek & Haypen, Proc. Phila. Ac. 1860, 175. Planorbis convolutus, MEEK & HaypeEn, Proc, Phila. Ac. 1856, 120. Planorbis planoconvexr, MEEK & HayvEN, Proc. Phila. Ac. 1860, 452. (Olim fragilis, Meek & Haypen, Proc. Phila. Ac. 1857, 136, not of DUNKER.) Planorbis subumbilicatus, Meex & Haypen = Valvata subumbilicata, q. v. SEGMENTINA, FLEmne. Tentacles filiform. Foot narrow anteriorly, larger behind. Shell dextral, discoidal, spire depressed, horn-colored ; whirls few, visible on both sides, furnished internally with transverse, testaceous partitions or teeth; aperture transversely oval or circular ; outer lip simple. Jaws (of §. lacustris) very narrow, very much arched, flexible, searcely brown, greatly attgnuated, pointed. Vertical strix or marginal denticulations hardly apparent. Lingual membrane — ? There are but few species of Segmentina, which are not acknowledged as a separate genus by all authors. The name either as generic or subgeneric is universally adopted, as it has priority of Hemithalamus, Leach, Segmentaria, Swains., and Discus, Hald. The typical forms are not represented in this country—our two species belonging to the section Planorbula. Suscenus PLANORBULA, Hap. Shell with the aperture furnished with dentiform plice, not forming open partitions. Segmentina wheatleyi, Lrea.—Shell small, dark horn-colored, fiat, obsoletely striated, bicarinate, depressed above, broadly and deeply ‘i PLANORBIS. Ly umbilicated below; whirls five, obtusely carinated above, below acutely so; aperture white, thick, strongly constricted ; Fig. 226. within are six teeth. Fig. 227. 2) Cotoma Creek, Montgomery Co., Ala. (Zea.) Wh Planorbis wheatleyi, Lua, Pr. Phila. Acad. Nat. WY Se. 1858, p.-41. SBomentina wheatleyi. ; I have specimens received from Florida, Segmentina 2 : j : wheatleyz, Which, on comparison with Mr. Lea’s type, are evi- dently the same. It is a well-marked species, nearly allied to Seg. armigera, but distinguished by its carination, X&c., and by the body whirl being continued beyond the thickened, heavy lip, making it “ duplicatim continuatum,” like that of Heli- cina tropica. The shell figured was given me by Mr. Lea. Cat. No.|No. of Sp. | Locality. From whom received. | Remarks. 9123 2 | "Florida. I. Lea. | Figured. Segmentina armigera, Say.—Shell dextral, brownish horn- color, wrinkles obsolete ; spire perfectly regular, slightly concave; suture well impressed ; umbilicus profound, exhibiting the volutions ; whirls four, longer than wide, obtusely carinated above, carina Fig. 228. obsolete near the aperture, a carina beneath con- Fig. 229. < tinued to the aperture; aperture longitudinally eA p) subovate, oblique; labrum blackish on the edge ; throat armed with five teeth, placed two upon the Segmentina pillar side, of which one is large, prominent, per- armigera. pendicular, lamelliform, oblique, and rounded abruptly at each extremity ; near the anterior tip is a small prominent conic acute one; on the side of the labrum is a prominent lamelliform tooth near the base, and two slightly elevated, oblique, lamelliform ones above. Length } of an inch nearly. Inhabits Upper Missouri. Remarkable by the teeth, but these are only discoverable by the micro- scopical examination of the mouth, and they are situated far within it. (Say. ) Planorbis armigerus, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. II, 164 (1818) : Bryney’s ed. p. 63.—HatpEman, Mon. 30, pl. iv, f. 11-13 (1844).—Gounp, Invert. 205, f. 188 (1841).—Anpams, Shells of Vt. 155 (1842).—DeKay, N. Y. Moll. 62, pl. iv, f. 64 a, b, c (1843).— Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll. An. ecex, f. 2.—Anony. Can. Nat. II, 205, fig. (1857). Segmentina armigera, H. & A. Apams, Gen. Rec. Moll. II, 264, pl. Ixxxiv,. f. 4. Planorbella armigera, Curxvu, Man. de Conch. II, 283, f. 3570. Segmentina armigera. # 138 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II. Haldeman says “the teeth are present when the shell is a line in length, and as but one set exists in full grown individuals, we must infer that they are absorbed and reproduced from time to time. In overgrown specimens like those figured, it sometimes happens that the teeth are wanting; as if, after their absorption, the enérgies of the animal were too far exhausted to reproduce them. The outer ones seem to be formed successively from left to right, the small one on the right appearing last, and in its absence, the shell has been described by Say and Gould as being but five-dentate.” Ranges from the Eastern through the Middle, Western, and Northwestern States, and as far north as Peace River. Cat. No.|No. of Sp. Locality. From whom received. Remarks. $196 11 Milwaukee, Wis. yi AS Taphama 9) | 2 ) yi i.e 8197 Ole | ne ahararorere ier Driv LO WAS) lh =e Acrereioicte 8497 9 New York. s Cabinet series, 9116 10 James Bay, B. A. Drexlors.) 9 ule eh pues: 9070 20 Hudson’s Bay. Sore ER LPO et | re eee rece 8970 = Fort Resolution. Kennicott. | 0 le secre ae 9274 7 Great Slavevake. ||) persis ee Byer Et ete prerrata Supramity ANCYLIN A. Shell non-spiral, conical, limpet-like. All the known genera of Ancylinze are represented in North America except Latia, which has a spiral shell and a transverse septum in the aperture. ANCYLUS, Georrroy. Fig. 230. Tentacles triangular, mantle included; pulmonary orifice protected by a branchial appendage. Foot large. _s Shell sinistral, thin, patelliform, depressed, non- 2 ae spiral, apex directed to the right; aperture very wide ; peritreme continuous, simple, entire. Jaws three, covered with papille, one superior, small, trans- versely oblong, two lateral, long, very slightly arcuate, contiguous to the superior. ANCYLUS. 159 Lingual membrane broad; teeth crowded, numerous; central Fig. 231. pooooOOo i! yg eorecolt! 0 A Lingual dentition of Ancylus newberryt. minute, narrow, simple; laterals broad, bicuspid, the inner cusp the larger. he Ancyli and Arcroloxt are widely distributed over the globe. In North America the known species are most numerous in those States where conchological observations have most been made, but an equal number may be found in other regions when they come to be explored. They are found in the extreme north and in Mexico, at every station.' The name Ancylus is universally adopted at the present time. The shell of dneylus is dextral, the apex being directed to the right, but the generative, respiratory, and anal orifices are on the left of the animal, as in Planorbis. So slight are the points of specific distinction in the species of this genus, and so meagre is the material at my disposition, I have considered it best at present to give all the descriptions of species yet published, leaving the synonymy to be decided upon at another time. & Ancylus obscurus, Hatpemay.—Shell ovate, somewhat elevated, rather wide, apex but slightly projecting, rather more than one-third of the shell posterior; lateral margins slightly Tig. 232. convex; lateral slopes rectilinear; posterior slope with a very slight depression; anterior slope nearly rectilinear. Color dark brown, margin diaphanous. Dimensions: long. 5, lat. 3.5, elev. 1.5 mill. Found in Nolachucky River, below 2 Leylis Greenville. (Haldeman.) ae Be OOSCUT US. Ancylus obscurus, HaupEMAN, Mon. 9, pl. i, f. 5 (1844). Adams quotes it from Jamaica (Contr. to Conch. 50) ; Shuttle- ' Dr. J. G. Cooper found them 7100 feet above the sea on the Sierra Nev da. 140 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II. worth (in Berne Mittheil., 1854, p. 98) quotes it from St. Thomas, Jamaica, and Porto Rico. Ancylus fuscus, ApAms.—Shell thin, transparent without the epi- dermis, not much elevated, elliptical, moderately curved at the sides ; epi- dermis brown, visible through the shell, giving it the appearance of having the same color, thick, rongh, slightly extending beyond the Fig. 233. margin of the shell; apex obtuse, moderately prominent, <> scarcely behind the middle, inclining to the right so as to have only two-fifths of the width on that side. Length .31 inch, width .22 inch, height .05 inch. Cabinets of Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., of Mr. Kinne Prescott of Andover, and my own. Habitat and station. This species was found adhering to stones in a small rivulet, at Andover, by Mr. Kinne Prescott, to whom I am indebted for many interesting species of shells. It has also been found at Mansfield. This species is easily distinguished by its epidermis. The A. rivularis, Say, differs also in being much more narrow, having its sides straight, and its apex more acute; and A. tardus, Say, is more elevated, and in both of these the apex does not incline so far to the right as in our species. ‘he A. lacustris, Drap., is more narrow, with an apex more elevated and acute, and A. fluviatilis, Drap., has the apex more prominent and nearer one extremity. (Adams.) / Ancylus SUSCUus. Ancylus fuscus, Apams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. II, 329, pl. iii, f. 17 (1840) ; Am. Journ. Se. [1], XXXVIII, 396 (1840). — Hatpeman, Mon. 12, pl. i, f. 7 (1844).—Gouxp, Inv. 224, f. 152 (1841).—DeKay, N. Y. Moll. 13 (1843).—Anony. Can. Nat. I, 212, fig. (1857). The original description and figure are copied above. It has also been found in Ohio and the District of Columbia. Cat. No. No.of Sp. Locality. Frofiwhom received. | Remarks. 8819 | 20+ Massachusetts. W. Stimpson. Cabinet series. $531 3 Ohio. [LAV Laphamy 9) ©) eases Amcylus elatior, Antuoxy.—Shell very much elevated, ovate; lines of growth distant, conspicuous: color light green, opaque; apex de- cuticated, recurved, sub-central; anterior and posterior Fig. 234. slopes convex ; lateral slopes plane; apical region rose colored. es Hab. Green River, Kentucky, adhering to small stones and dead shells. Very rare. My cabinet; Aneylus elatior. cab. Lyc. N. H. Length .26 inch (63 mill.), breadth 0.21 inch (5 mill.), height .14 (3) mill.). Obs. This is rather a heavy, robust species, and one not easily con- founded with any other; it most nearly resembles, perhaps, Ancylus crassus, ANCYLUS. 141 . Hald., but differs from it in being more elevated, in having the lines of growth coarser, and by its rosy apex. It is more elevated than any other specimens of the genus with which Iam acquainted. It‘is somewhat singular that this should have been the only species of Ancylus noticed on a journey of nearly eighteen hundred miles, during which every stream was examined for shells, and this genus was anxiously sought for. (Anthony.) Ancylus elatior, ANTHONY, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VI, 158, pl. v, f. 20-21 (1855). Mr. Anthony’s description and figure are copied above. Ancylus diaphanus, Hatpeman.—Shell thin in texture, diapha- nous, very wide, nearly circular, depressed ; apex obtuse, almost central! Slope scarcely convex. Color very pale olivaceous, trans- lucent, aperture white. Long. 5.5, lat. 4.5, elev. 2 mill. Fig. 235. Discovered in Ohio, by Mr. Anthony. Distinguished by its circular and flattened form, and cen- @ > QO) tral inconspicuous apex. (Haldeman.) Ancyl Ancylus diaphanus, HaupEMaAN, Mon. No. 3, p. 3 of cover, aa 1841; p. 8, pl. i, f. 4 (1844).—DeKay, N. Y. Moll. 13 (1843). Also said to have been found in Wisconsin. Cat. No. | No. of Sp. Locality. | From whom received. Remarks. 8530 | 2 Milwaukee, Wis. | I. A. Lapham. Cabinet series, Ancylus haldemani, Bovrevienat.—Shell small, oval, elliptic? pale, thin in texture, depressed; ends similarly curved, sides convex, slope nearly rectilinear; apex obtuse, with more than one- third the shell behind it. Long. 4, lat. 2.5, elev. 1.5 mill. Fig. 236 Houston River, in Washingtgn County, southwestern Virginia. wa a Paler, more depressed, and with a less prominent apex ‘FZ than A. rivularis and tardus ; posterior slope less concave Ancylus than in the former, and not direct, as in the latter. haldemani. (Haldeman.) Ancylus haldemani, Boureuienat, Pr. Zool. Soc. London, 1853, p. 83. Ancylus depressus, HALDEMAN, Mon. 6, pl. i, f. 12 (1844). On the authority of Bourguignat’s Memoir on Ancylus, 1. c., I adopt another name for this species. There is an A. depressus of Deshayes, 1824 (vide Encycl. Méth. II, 48), and of Keferstein, 1834. 142 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART TT: Ancylus sallei, Bovrcuisnat.—Shell convex anteriorly, posteriorly rectilinear or slightly convex; left side convex, right side rectilinear ; posterior apex declining to the right, its summit obtuse so as to be quite indiscernible. Shell small, very fragile, diaphanous, very finely radiated, yellowish. Aperture oblong, 1} mill. high, 5 mill. long, 2 mill. broad. Found by Mr. Sallé on fragments of decaying wood in the Laguna Larga de Toxpam, near Cordova, Vera Cruz. (Bourguignat.) Ancylus sallei, BouncuicNat, Mag. de Zool. 1857, 16. I have seen no specimens of this species. The original de- scription is translated above. Ancylus parallelus, Hatprman.—Shell pale, thin, and delicate ; lengthened ; sides subrectilinear, diverging slightly forwards ; apex rather shagp, conspicuous, with two-fifths of the shell posterior to it. Fig. 237. Dimensions: Long. 0.25, lat. 0.15, elev. 0.08 inch (Adams). Inhabits New England. YS \y In general appearance resembles Velletia lacustris, Miill., of Europe, but is at once distinguishable by having the apex di- Ancylus rected towards the right. Professor Adams remarks: “It was pardlelus. ‘supposed to be Say’s A. rivularis, not on account of any re- semblance between the two shells, but from the meagreness of the description. From some remarks of this learned naturalist, com- paring A. rivularis with A. tardus, it seems probable that the former is not an elongate species.” (Haldeman.) Ancylus parallelus, HAupEMAN, Mon. pt. 2, p. 3 of cover (1846) ; p. 11, pl. i, f. 6 (1844).—Apams, Shells of Vt. 164 (1842).—DeKay, N. Y. Moll. 13 (1843). Ancylus rivularis, Goutp, Inv. of Mass. 224, f. 153 (1841), teste HaLpeE- MAN.—Anon. Can. Nat. II, 212, fig. (1857). Dr. Gould’s Ancylus rivularis is considered by Haldeman to be this species and not A. rivularis, Say. | Cat. No.| No. of Sp. Locality. | From whom received. | Remarks. $518 4 Massachusetts. | W. Stimpson. | Cabinet series. Ancylus rivularis, Say.—Shell corneous, opaque, conic-depressed, apex obtuse, nearer to and leaning towards, one side and one 938, end; aperture oval, rather narrower at one end, entire ; within eI oa i milk-white. Length one-fourth of an inch. Cabinet of the Qs Academy. J Common; adhering to stones in rivulets; the animal re- = } ite S Is We r 1 incite sembles the inhabitant of shells of the genus Limnza, the vivularis. tail is very obtuse, rounded. (Say.) ANCYLUS. 143 Ancylus rivularis, Say (Oct. 1819), J. A. N. S. I, 125 (1819); Nich. Enc. ed. 3: ed Biny. p. 60.—aupeman, Mon. 4, pl. i, f. 1 (1844). —DeKay, N. ¥. Moll. 12, pl. v, f. 98 a, b (1843).—Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll. An. ccex, f. 5.—Not of GovuLtp (= A. parallelus). Also noticed in Virginia and Wisconsin. The figure is copied from Haldeman. Cat. No.|No. of Sp. Locality. From whom received. | Remarks. 8223 5 Milwaukee, Wis. SUNS IT ei Oe aac 8492 LE | Te te/-TateCoisi0 J. G. Anthony. Cabinet series. Ancylus tardus, Say.—Shell conic depressed; apex behind the middle obtuse, rounded, inclining backward but not laterally; line from the apex to the posterior tip rectilinear ; line from the apex to the anterior tip arcuated ; aperture oval, not distinctly narrowed at one end. Length a little over three-twentieths (4.25), breadth one-tenth of an inch. Differs from A. rivularis, Nob., which has the apex leaning towards one side, and the aperture narrower at one end. It is less elongate than fluviatilis, Drap., which has an acute and 3 Aneylus, laterally inclined apex. tardus. It inhabits the Wabash River. (Say.) Ancylus tardus, Say, N. H. Diss. Jan. 15, 1840,; Descr.’26: ed. Binney, 149.—HatpEman, Mon. 7, pl. i, f. 3 (1844).—Apams, Shells of Vt. 164, fig. (1842).—DeKay, N. Y. Moll. 13 (1848). Mr. Say’s type is in the collection of. the Philadelphia Academy. The species is said to have been found also in Vermont and the District of Columbia. The figure is copied from Haldeman. Cat. No.|No. of Sp. Locality. From whom received. | Remarks. 8529 50 Mohawk, N. Y. Dr. J. Lewis. | Cabinet series. Amcylus calcarius, DreKay.—Shell conic, calcareous, opaque. Apex not central, moderately prominent; aperture oval, entire; the curves on the longest sides dissimilar. In very Fig. 240. minute specimens, the edges somewhat everted. Epidermis rufous, extending beyond the edge of the aperture; within, Fae bluish-white, darker towards the apex. Length 0.3, height Ancylus 0.12. calcarius. The specimen which furnished the above description was one of the largest which I have seen. They are more commonly of the 144 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A, [PART II. dimensions of A. rivularis. I separate it from this latter, chiefiy on ac- count of its solid, calcareous structure. I am indebted to Mr. I. Cozzens for the specimens from the Passaic River, near Paterson, but it will doubtless be found in this State. (VeKay.) Ancylus calcarius, DeKay, N. Y. Moll. 13, pl. v, f. 99 a, 6 (1848). Fig. 240 is copied from one of DeKay. Ancylus pattelioides, LeA.—Shell large, thick, elliptical, spot- ted, obliquely conical; strie “minute, crowded; apex sub- Fig. 241. medial. as Arroya San Antonio, California: Dr. Trask. (Lea.) Anois Ancylus pattelloides, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. 1856, pattel- VIII, 80. he Fig. 241 is copied from Mr. Lea’s original specimen. The species seems nearest allied to A. crassus. Cat. No.|No.of Sp. Locality. From whom received. Remarks. $577 SS ag Hite) eames eickanr = | bar NED “folk ot Cabinet series. 9203 I San Francisco. Judge Cooper. (Really this species?) 9339 6 Canoe Creek, Cal, Newberry:..),\ Pie viveseess Amcylus kootamiemsis, Barrp.—Shell ovate, ashy, concentri- cally striate, vertex anterior, obtuse, shining within. Length j, breadth 3 inch. Fig. 242. Hab. Rivers Kootanie and Spokane, British Columbia. Brit. Mus. The shell is of an ovate form, and is con- centrically striated, though the strie only appear on the lower two-thirds of its surface, the apex being smooth and shining. Inter- nally the shell is shining and somewhat Ancylus kootaniensis. pearly. ( Baird.) Ancylus kootaniensis, Bairp, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1863, 69. The above description is copied from the original. Fig. 242 is drawn from the advance plates of the Report of the Fig. 243. British Boundary Commission. => e Ancylus caurimus, Cooper. Ancylus .caurinus, Cooper, in Reports on Nat. Hist., &c., of Ancylus Minnesota, Nebraska, Washington, Xc., p- 378 (1859) ; caurinus. PRS Re XII, 378. ANCYLUS. 145 Black River, nea’ Puget Sound. The shell figured is from Judge Cooper’s collection. No de- scription of it was ever published. j | Cat. No. No. of Sp. Locality. | From whom received. Remarks, 9098 | 1 | California. Judge Cooper. | Type figured. Amcylus newberryi, Lra.—Shell large, obtusely pyramidal, opaque, smoky red, sides somewhat com- pressed ; apex sub-central; aperture ellip- Fig. 244, tical. : Klamath Lake, California: Dr. J. S. New- berry. (Lea.) Ancylus newberryi, LEA, Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Phila. 1858, 166. Ancylus newberryi. The figures I have given above are from authentic specimens of A. newberryi. They are the size of the shell, which is extremely large for the genus. It was from this species that the Fig. 231, on page 139 was drawn. The lingual membrane is composed of 72 rows—55 denticles in .a row; central tooth minute, laterals bidentate ; uncini irregu- larly denticulated. Cat. No. Ixo. of p.| Locality. From whom received. | Remarks. 9337 1 CalifOnniatwe melee eisicc re the body above. Surface closely striate. Color varying from brilliant to dark-green. Height .5; diam. maj. .5, Valvata virens. min. .4; of aperture, length 2.5, breadth 2 mill. ) VALVATA. 15 Clear Lake, California. Wm. M. Gabb. My cabinet, and cabinet of Mr. Gabb. A number of specimens of this species are before me, most of them being about two-thirds grown. It has no American! analogue. ( Zryon.) Valvata virens, Tryon, Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. May, 1863, 148, pl. i, fig. 11. I have added to the fac-similes of Mr. Tryon’s figures (Fig. 20) an enlarged view of the shell and oper- culum of this species in Fig. 21.2 The peculiar greenish color of the shell distinguishes it from the other American species. The description may be com- pared with that of V. humeralis, given above. Valvata virens, greatly enlarged. Cat. No.|No. of Sp. Locality. Inezone whom received. Remarks, 9303 3 Clear Lake, Cal. | G. W. Tryon, Jr. Fig. 20. Spurious SPEcIEs. Valvata arenifera, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. IV, 104, pl. xv, f. 36; Obs. I, p. 114. On p. 27 of Vol. V it is said to be the larva case of Phrygania. Vide the interesting remarks by Von Siebold on this and similar sacs of Phryganidous and other insects in a paper “On a true Par- thenogenesis in Moths, &c.,” translated by Dallas, London, 1857, p- 28, note. See also Conran, N. Fr. Water Sh. p. 2. Valvata cinerea, Say, from Western States, is mentioned by name only by Wheatley in his Cat. of Shells of U. S., p. 29; also— Valvata buccata, Lea, Schuylkill. Valvata lustrica, MENKE, Syn. Meth. Moll. (Zeit. f. M. II, 130.) Fossit SPECIES. Valvata parvula, Mx. and Hpwy., Phil. Pr. 1856, 123. Valvata scabrida, Mx. and Hpvy., Phil. Pr. 1860, 418. Valvata subumbilicata, Mk. and Hpn. Phil. Pr. 1860, 430. Planorbis subumbilicatus, Mk. and Hon. (1856, 120). ! Eastern North American ? 2 The specimen figured was received from Mr. Tryon. 16 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II. FamMiIty VIVIPARIDA. Lingual membrane with seven series of teeth (8, 1, 3), the central teeth broader; simple or denticulated at their apices. Fig. 22. Lingual dentition of Vivipara subpurpurea (STIMPSON). Rostrum simple, moderate; tentacles short, stout, the right hand one, on the male, as large as the rostrum; eyes on peduncles at their exterior base. Foot large, simple. Oper- culum annular, sometimes with a spiral nucleus. Shell spiral, turbinate, covered with an olivaceous epidermis; aperture simple in front. VIVIPARA, Lamanrcr. Foot of moderate size, thick, not produced beyond the snout. Colors very dark. Head rather large. Snout of moderate Fig. 23. Fig. 24. : —_§ Animal of V. intertexta. (Male.) Lingual dentition of V. intertezta. size. Lingual teeth armed with large denticles at their cusps; the central tooth with from seven (swainsonii) to eighteen (sub- VIVIPARA. 17 purpurea) denticles, the intermediate with from seven to twelve, the inner lateral with from five (swainsonid) to ten (georgiana), and the outer lateral with from five (subpurpurea) to sixteen (bengalensis). Right tentacle as broad as the snout, and but little shorter than the left, with its extremity truncated and excavated, forming a sheath for the reception of the connate male organ, which projects a little beyond when unsheathed or unfolded. Cervical lappets of each side very large, and folded, trough- shaped, forming with the mantle distinct tubular conduits, on the right side for the ingress, and on the left for the egress, of the water for respiration. Branchial laminze very numerous, narrow, almost linear, and crowded in a single row, but variable in width at base, and diverging at their tips so as to appear to be in three or more rows. (Stimpson.) Operculum with the nucleus simple. Shell thin, turbinated, sometimes umbilicated ; spire produced, whirls round, smooth or carinated, covered with an Operculum of olivaceous epidermis; peristome thin, continuous, — y. georgiana. simple anteriorly. Vivipara intertexta, Say.—Shell subglobose, yellowish-green or brownish, wrinkled, and with minute, very numerous, obsolete revolving, deciduous lines ; spire depressed conic, obtuse, truncated, eroded at tip ; volutions nearly four; suture rather deeply indented ; umbili- Fig. 26. cus closed by the lateral exten- : sion of the columella. Greatest breadth, from four- fifths to one inch; length, about the same. Inhabits Louisiana. We collected many of the shells in the marshes near New Orleans and on the banks of the Caron- Paludina intertexta. ' delet canal. It is remarkable for its globular form and for the numerous obsolete lines which seem like equidistant deciduous corrugations of the epidermis, having no effect whatever in modifying the calcareous surface, upon which it exhibits no trace. In good specimens two or three obsolete, pale bands are visible by transmitted light. (Say.) 18 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. PART III. Paludina intertexta, Say, 1829, New Harmony Diss. I, 244; Am. Conch. 3, pl. xxx, f. 3, 4,.1831 ; Binney’s ed. p- 146, 185, pl. xxx, f. 3, 4; ed. CueEnu, 42, pl. xi, f. 7—9.—HatpEeman, Mon. p. 31, pl. x, r. 1—6, 1841.—DeKay, N. Y. Moll. p. 85 (1843).—Puinrepr, Conch. II, 8, pl. ii, f. 4 (1846).—Kusrer, in Chemn. ed. 2, p. 16, pl. iii, f. 9, 10* (1852). Paludina transversa, Say, N. H. Diss. II, 245, 1829; Bryney’s ed. p. 145. —DeKay, N. Y. Moll. p. 85 (1843). Ampullaria (2?) intertexta, HALDEMAN, Mon. Ampullaria, p. 11 (18447). In addition to Mr. Say’s localities, I have received it from Grand Coteau, St. Laundry Parish, La. (Slanc.) Also from South Carolina (Ra- venel), and from Davenport, lowa (Prof. Sheldon). Very globose specimens of Vi- vipara contectoides sometimes are readily confounded at first glance with this species. They are umbilicated. Mr. Say’s figures are copied above (fig. 26). Fig. 27 represents the front view of a more perfect specimen, No. 8863 of the collection. Mr. Say’s type of Pal. transversa is still preserved in the Cabinet of the Philadelphia Academy. It is evidently a young intertexta, as suggested by Haldeman. His description follows, with a view of his type (Fig. 28). Vivipara intertexta. Paludina transversa, SAy.—Shell transverse, depressed, orbicular; spire convex ; whirls three and a half, with numerous minute, slightly elevated revolving lines; suture not widely indented; body whirl very convex, short; umbilicus small; operculum pale fulvous. Greatest width, two-fifths of an inch. Inhabits Louisiana. We obtained two specimens in the marshes near New Orleans. Paludina 2+ is much wider in proportion to the length than any other transversa. Species I have seen, exceeding in this respect even MV. subglobosa, nob., and especially P. intertexta, nob., of which latter, in fact, I at first supposed it to be the young, in consequence of its rotundity and the similarity of its capillary lines; but inasmuch as the number of its whirls is nearly the same, whilst the magnitude differs so greatly, I have separated it as a different species. (Say.) Fig. 28. VIVIPARA. 19 Fig. 29. / Lingual dentition of V. intertexta. Fig. 29 represents the lingual dentition of V. intertexta. There are forty-eight rows of seven teeth each, the first fifteen or sixteen of a smoky claret color. The male and female of this species are respectively represented in Figs. 31 and 30. Female of V. intertexta. Male of V. intertexta. Cat. No. No. of Sp.) Locality. From whom received. Remarks. 8862 4 | Grand Coteau, St. Laun- dry, La. OV PACE DB LATIC) us | unl cleleiols S 8863 2 Grand Coteau, St. Laun- dry, La. a Figured. 8864 2 New Orleans. Acad. Nat.Se.-> "il. i oa eeee 9202 2 Illinois? Gen* Tottens oy” jis Ween cae 9305 ae lowa—Davenport. Prof. Sheldon. Lingual ribbon—Fig. 9315 1 Ke ac fe Female. [29. 9316 1 * aa Se Male. Vivipara subpurpurea, Say.—Shell oblong, subovate, oliva- ceous, with a tinge of purple more or less intense, some- times hardly perceptible; spire rather obtuse, termi- nating convexly; whirls five, wrinkled, equally convex; suture impressed, but not very profoundly ; aperture much widest in the middle, narrower above; within glaucous, somewhat perlaceous; labrum rectilinear from the middle upwards; umbilicus none. Length about one inch, greatest breadth four-fifths of an inch. An inhabitant of Fox River, an arm of the Wabash. Pal. subpurpurea, It is very distinct from any other species I have seen. Fig. 32. 20 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. PART III. The labrum exhibits no curvature from the middle almost to its junction with*the penultimate volution. “a Shell subglobular oval, not remarkably thickened; spire longer than the aperture, entire at the tip; whirls five, slightly wrinkled across, rounded but not very convex; penultimate volution somewhat elongated ; suture impressed; aperture ovate-orbicular, less than half the length of the shell ; labium with calcareous deposit; animal very pale bluish, with minute yellow points, particularly on the rostrum, tentacula, and prominent re- spiratory tube, which is as long as the tentacula; eyes on the exterior side of the tentacula, near the middle of their length; the anterior portion of the foot is very short. This species was first found by Mr. Lesueur and Dr. Troost, in Fox River of the Wabash. In the young state the figure is subglobose, and the aperture, although it hardly differs in form from that of the adult, is yet longer than the spire. They become proportionally more elon- gated as they advance in age, and the form, therefore, of ie ee the adult, is so different from that of the young or half saa , grown, that in these states it may, very readily, be mis- taken for a widely distinct species. The color of the shell is variable. In some it is pale horn, more tinged with yellowish than with green; in others are traces of obso- Fig. 34. Jete purplish bands ; in many specimens the whole shell is reddish-purple, more or less obscure in different individuals. In the autumn it is frequently found between the valves of dead Unios, in which it enters perhaps to hybernate. The species is certainly allied to the vivipara, but it cannot well V. subpur- be mistaken for it, as it is much less dilated, the volutions purea. young. less convex; the penultimate volution is much longer in pro- portion to the length of the body whirl, and the umbilicus is obsolete. (Say.) Paludina subpurpurea, Say, 1829; N. H. Diss. II, 245; Am. Conch. III, pl. xxx, f. 2, 1831; Binney’s ed. p. 146, 185, pl. xxx, f. 2; ed. CHENU, 41, pl. xi, f. 6 —Hatpeman, Mon. p. 28, pl. ix, 1841.—DeKay, N. Y. Moll. p. 86 (1843).—KusrEer, Chemn. ed. 2, p. 12, pl. ii, fig. 10-13 ; pl. vii, fig. 3-5.—RerEvnr, Con. Icon. 47, Feb. 1863. Vivipara texana, Tryon, Pr. Ac. Nat. Se. (fig.), Sept. 1862, p. 451.— ReeEvE, Con. Icon. 24 (Feb. 1863). Mr. Say’s original specimens of this species are still preserved in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy. Fig. 35 is taken from one of them. The surface is often quite smooth and shining, the spire more or less elongated and slender, but generally distinguished by the penultimate whirl, which is very much larger than is usual in our VIVIPARA. 9 -_ 1 Viviparx, and when seen from behind, appears remarkably bulg- ing at its upper portion. The umbilicus is not always closed. Fig. 32 is copied from one of Mr. Say’s figures. No. 9301 of the collection is figured in Fig. 36. In the description of the animal Mr. Say speaks of a tubular cylindrical organ as a re- spiratory syphon, but Haldeman suggests its being probably the outlet of the viscous glands. A specimen in Mr. Anthony’s cabinet mea- sures in extreme length 33, last whirl 19, penul- timate 8, antepenultimate 24 mill., the measure- ments being taken on the front of the shell. Vivipara subpur- purea. I have traced this species from Texas through Louisiana and Mississippi to Key West, Florida, and in the Western States of Indiana, Wisconsin, and Mis- souri. A more elongated, slender form of the species, which is common in the southwest, from Mis- sissippi to Texas, has been described by Mr. Tryon as a distinct species under the name of V. texana. A careful examination of the speci- men from which his diagnosis is drawn, as well as the large series in the Smithsonian collection, leaves no doubt in my mind of its identity. The original description and figure are given below. Fig. 36. Vivipara cubpurpurea. Reeve figures a much less characterized specimen of V. subpurpu- rea as Pal. texana, which he considers distinct. Vivipara texana.—Shell solid, conic, light green colored ; spire elongate, suture deeply impressed, apex obtuse ; whirls 6, slightly convex ; aperture small, suborbicular, equalling two-fifths the shell’s length. Texas. Coll. Acad. Nat. Sciences; Coll. G. W. Tryon, Jr. Shell solid, narrowly conic, consisting of six whirls, which are somewhat flattened around the upper half of their breadth ; suture well marked ; aperture suborbicu- lar, equalling two-fifths of the length of the shell; umbilicus covered; epidermis light green with faint red revolving bands. This shell resembles most the V. subpurpurea, Say, but Fig. 37 Vivipara texana. 22 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. PART III. is easily distinguished by having six whirls, which are much narrower -than in that species. The spire is also almost double the length of that of subpurpurea, and the epidermis of a lighter color. (Zyon.) Fig. 38. Operculum horny, rounded; nucleus subcentral; lines of accretion concen- , Orc: Operculum of V. subpurpurea. The lingual dentition of V. subpurpurea is shown in Fig. 39. Fig. 39. Lingual dentition of Vivipara subpurpured. (STIMPSON.) Cat. No. No.of Sp. Locality. | From whom received. Remarks. 8844 9 Natchez. Coli Wailess, | |. W% Faceetes 8845 13 Lake Concordia. tae TY UAVEGI) de Paweetree $846 8 MississippiiRivers iw (9 yesieree | 1 fl age wereicieisie 8847 i OM Sse Pt) fi) Wi) sadn Cabinet series. 9210. TR te cchevtxci cg) Oe at] MOUs aiet~ Chem 1/1 erccletorate 9301 1, PU ee eeeere steele W. G. Binney. Fig. 36. 9314 VA Sisococs Agassiz. Figured. Vivipara multicarimata, Haip.—Shell conic, thin, subdiapha- nous, green, whirls 5, longitudinally striate and Fig. 40. transversely carinate. This Paludina is thinner and lighter than our species, and has but 5 whirls. The length is about one-fifth more than that of the last whirl, of which the diameter is about double that of the penultimate whirl; beside the longitudinal striz, there are four carinas, of which the first and third are stronger than the second and fourth, and which cover the whole length of each of the whirls. The opening is almost circular, yet the vertical is greater than the transverse diameter. The lip is Paludinacarinata. _ Slightly thickened, not acute; the columella, which is hardly distinct from the lip, joins the superior termination of the aperture under a slightly acute angle. VIVIPARA. 28 The columella termination of the lip partially covers a very small umbilicus. The length of fully developed shell is 14, its-breadth 11 lines. ( Valenciennes.) Paludina carinata, VALENCIENNES, in Humboldt and Bonpland (1833), Rec. d’Obs. II, 252, pl. lvi, f. 2, a b.—Kisrer, in Chemn. ed. 2, p- 28, pl. vi, f. 6, 7.—Hatpeman, Mon. p. 27, pl. viii (1841). Paludina multicarinata, Haupeman, Mon. pt. 4, p. 4 of cover (1842). Figure 40 is a fac-simile of that of Valenciennes, whose de- scription is copied above. Prof. Haldeman suggests the name multicarinata, as the name carinata has also been used by Swainson. TI have seen no specimen of the species. Vivipara contectoides.—Shell umbilicated, elongately-ovate, rather thin, smooth, shining, the surface scarcely broken by the extremely delicate lines of growth; greenish horn-color, sometimes darker, varied with several longitudinal dark streaks marking the former peristome, and with four well marked brown bands revolving upon the body whirl, of which two only are visible on the penultimate and antepenulti- mate; under the epidermis of a pale yellowish color, still plainly showing = the bands; spire scalariformly turbi- Opereulum of nated, apex entire, well defined, ob- ee ae a tuse ; whirls 5, bulging, regularly and rapidly increasing in length, the last ventricose, more than one-half the shell’s length, umbilicated ; aperture sub-circular, oblique, about half as long as the body whirl, within white, showing plainly the four revolving bands, the lower one very near its base, none of them reaching the edge of the aperture ; peristume dark, thin, acute, made continuous by the dark, thin, exserted callus which connects the terminations, somewhat reflected at the umbilicus, Length of axis 22, greatest breadth of last whirl 18; length of aperture 15, breadth 13 mill. : Operculum horny, concentric, thin, flexible, concave, the nucleus nearer the columellar margin (Fig. 42). Vivipara contectoides. Limnea vivipara, Say, Nich. Ene. Am. ed. [1], pl. ii, f. 5 (1817) (Palu- dina of later ed.). Paludina vivipara, Say, Am. Conch. pl. x, outer figs. (1830); Binney’s ed. 49, 159, pl. Ixx, f. 5; ed. Cuenv, 17, pl. ii, f. 5, 5a.—HatpEMAn Mon. 17, pl. vi (1841).—DeEKay, N. Y. Moll. 86 (1843). 24 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. VOL. III. Paludina linearis, KistER, in Ch. ed. 2, 10, pl. ii, f. 6-9; p. 19, pl. iv, f. 4 (1852). Helix vivipara, Earon, Zool. Text-Book, 196 (1826). Has been found in Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama, Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan. The specimen (Fig. 41) from which the above description is drawn is probably a male. It is the most scalar- form of all that I have seen. The species is varia- ble, the degrees of globoseness being numerous. The umbilicus is rarely entirely closed, even in young shells. The number and disposition of bands eae ae is constant in all the specimens before ee me; the lower band sometimes is ex- young. panded so as to surround and enter the umbilicus. The species is readily distinguished from V. georgiana by its perfect apex, by the greater globoseness of its whirls—they being more loosely convoluted, and by its more shining surface. Its Fig. 45. epidermis is more delicate, and does not peel off like that of georgiana. Vivipara contectoides re- ceives its name from its strong resemblance to the V. contecta of Europe. It has been by some authors sat Vivipara considered identical with vivipara, Lin, that species, and with the exception that the American form has four spiral bands upon the body whirl while the European is described as having but three, I can detect no specific differences between them. It is more upon its geographical distribution that I base my opinion of its being distinct. Our species is found over an area very much vaster than that inhabited by its European analogue. It is not one of the fluviatile species of the circumpolar or boreal regions, commor to the three continents, as it is not found farther north than the great lakes. I am inclined to believe that, as with the exception of these circumpolar species the land and fresh-water Vivipara contecta, Mill. VIVIPARA. 25 molluscous fauna of Europe and America are entirely distinct, we are justified in considering that this Vivipara is not identical with the V. contecta. There exist in Europe two species of Vivipara: the contecta (Cyclostoma), Millet, and vivipara (Helix), Lin. It is to the former that our species bears so strong a resemblance, and not to the vivipara, as suggested by authors. I have copied Reeves’ figures of both species (Figs. 45 and 46) that those not having access to foreign works may compare them with our shells. V. contecta is described as being composed of 54 prominently turned whirls, convoluted so loosely as to leave a deep umbilicus in the centre; while V. vivipara has one whirl less, has moderately ventricose whirls, and is more constrictedly convoluted—the um- bilicus being reduced to a mere chink. I have elsewhere remarked that V. contectoides seems, in re- spect to form, to hold the same relation to V. georgiana as V. contecta does to V. vivipara. I have been unable to obtain living specimens of this species, or any preserved in spirits, from which to examine the lingual membrane. Mr. Say first mentions this species as early as 1817, describing it as identical with the European V. vivipara, as a Limnza, and later as a Paludina. I give below a copy of his description and figures from the American edition of Nicholson’s Encyclopedia (Fig. 47), and the American Conchology (Fig. 48). It will be observed that Say mentions three revolving bands instead of four. I am inclined to attribute this to his overlooking the lowest band, which is quite at the base of the shell and does not extend so far towards the edge of the aperture on the inside. Paludina vivipara, Say.—Shell subconic, with six rounded whirls; suture impressed, color olivaceous or pale, with three red-brown bands, of which the middle one is generally smallest, whirls of the Spire with but two; aperture suborbicular, more than half the length of the shell. Fig. 47. It is doubtful whether or not this is the same as the vivipara, but it certainly approaches very near to it; we, however, refer it to that species until a specific difference can be indicated, which at present we are unable to do; the spire of this species is rather more obtuse, and the suture not so deeply impressed, as in the figures of the European specimens above mentioned. 14 Paludina vivipara. 26 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. PART IIT. Donoy. Brit. Shells, tab. Ixxxvii, Helix vivipara.—ListEr, Conch. tab. exxvi, fig. 26; Cochlea vivipara fasciata, &e. &e. This appears to be one of the many species that are common to North America and Europe. And though the specimens from the two continents differ a little, yet this difference is so slight as not to be specific. Cuvier remarks that “the female produces living young, which are found in its ovi- ducts, in the spring, in every state of development. Spallanzani assures us, that the young, taken at the moment of their birth and nourished separately, reproduce without fecundation, like those of the Aphis. The males are nearly aS common as the females; their generative organ is exserted and re- tracted, as in Helix, by a hole pierced in the right tentaculum, which causes this tentaculum to appear larger than the other. By this character the male is easily known.” The vivipara is far less common than the decisa, and seems to be more usually found in the southern part of the Union. Mr. Elliott of Charleston sent me two specimens from the banks of St. John’s River, Florida, and Capt. Leconte presented me with one, which he obtained at Lake George on the same river. Pl. 10,! the two middle figures exhibit the brownish banded var. (Say.) Paludina vivipara. The next notice of the species was by Eaton, in 1826, who describes it as Helix vivipara. In 1841 it is again described and figured by Haldeman, as identical with the European Paludina vivipara. The bands are spoken of as “several.” Prof. Haldeman quotes Pal. lineata in the synonymy. (See that species). The description of DeKay (1843) gives no additional informa- tion regarding the species, which is ‘‘ extra-limital” to New York ; it gives only four whirls and three bands to the shell. In 1852, in the second edition of Chemnitz, this species is de- scribed and figured as Paludina linearis. In the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy, 1862, p. 451, Mr. Tryon points out the fact of the American shell being in- variably distinguished by the presence of four bands, yet refers it to Pal. lineata, Val., which derives its name from its being some- times characterized by numerous revolving lines of green color instead of bands. 1 One of the figures is given in my figure 48. VIVIPARA. no -f In 1863 Mr. Reeve refers the American form to Paludina vivipara, Lin. Believing the species to be distinct from its European analogue, and not finding the description of Valenciennes to apply to it, I have been forced to adopt a new name, suggested by the resem- blance of the shell to the V. contecta of Europe. Remarks. Cat. No.|No.of Sp.| Locality. From whom received. | Coosa River, Ala. 8849 1 Dre bk Ra Showalter: |) eee ue cnicciete 8850 3 acer vine Raw Kae Cds|) . se eres s | lige Del|i le a eerste 8851 4 | Jacksonville, Fla. MWeaGUBinneyey))) 7. |) eer enm arise 8852 4 Georgia. J. Postell. Cabinet series. 8855 2 TA ORSee mee et A UP APO 80d toreccictes Ll) ) || un iMiberaistarcre 8856 2 MISRISSIpPpishiviersgitis) ||) wes flees 1. || wa eiebletare 8860 3 Indiana. WreiGebimmeys APP 8 8 micetrer 8561 4 SUC law iverawes mS TRIRAN Picteece 4) |) 0) 8 | iter eee 9011 Nee RER eR Dstt ccm kere. IRR BREA L Gee! | | amare 1 Florida. ProfxAwassize, 9 |) 9 icehictee 9202 1 Tuscumbia, Ala. Gore Tottenye | eee Vivipara georgiama, Lzea.—Shell scarcely rimate, elongately ovate, ‘ather thick, smooth, lines of growth delicate; greenish horn-color, broken with darker longitudi- nal streaks and a few black ones showing the former peri- stomes, and whitish under the epidermis; sometimes of a rich brown color, pinkish without the epidermis, and varied with four revolving darker bands upon the body whirl, two of which only are visible above, and numerous irregularly crowded, narrow lines of the same color; spire elevated, composed of one entire and one partially truncated whirl, apex entirely removed; remaining whirls 43, regularly increasing, convex, the last bulging, more than one-half the shell’s length, rarely rimate; aper- ture subcircular, very oblique, more than half the length of the body whirl, within uniformly white or dark horn-color, or plainly showing the revolving bands, which do not reach the edge; peristome edged with black, simple, acute, continuous, its columellar margin exserted, somewhat reflexed, leaving a narrow fissure, connected with the upper termination by a shining, dark, raised callus. Length of axis 20, greatest breadth of body whirl 21; length of aperture 15, breadth 14 mill. The operculum is thin, horny, brown, concentric with sub-central nucleus. Vivipara georgiana. Vivipara georgiana. Fig. 51. Operculum of V. georgiana. 28 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N, A. PART III. Paludina georgiana, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. V, 116, pl. xix, fig. 85, date of title 1837; Obs. I, p. 228.—Ha.peEmay, Mon. p. 23, pl. vii, f. 1,2 (1841).—Kiisrer, in Chemn. ed. 2, p. 15, pl. iii, f.. 7, 8 (1852) —DerKay, N. Y. Moll. p. 86 (1843).—Cuenv, Man. Conch. I, 310, fig. 2207 (Melantho); Illust. Conch. pl. i, f. 20, 21.—Puuiert, Conch. iii, 4, pl. i, f. 13 (1848). Paludina wareana, SuvtrLeworru in Kisrer, Chemn. ed. 2, 21, pl. iv, f. 10-11.—ReeEve, Con. Icon. 23 (1863). Vivipara vivipara (part), W. G. Bryyey, proof-sheets of this work. Inhabits Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama. Mr. Lea’s description of this species will have to be considerably modified to cover the various forms now known to exist; it was drawn from a specimen which was uniformly dark, horn-colored. —Speci- mens in the Smithsonian collection are .thus characterized, while others are of an uniform pale greenish horn-color; others (Fig. 53) have a dark-green or brownish ground, varied with four broad brownish bands revolving on the body whirl, two only of which are dis- cernible on the penultimate whirl; in others these bands are replaced by numerous revoly- ing, unequal brown lines (Fig. 54). Those having the revolving lines have also bands which, as in the other cases, are plainly visible in the aperture of the shell. The bands do not reach the edge of the peritreme in the aperture ; they are still discernible when the shell has lost its epidermis. As the peritreme rises to meet the base of the body whirl it is expanded and reflected, sometimes leay- ing a chink forming a false umbilicus—the shell being imperforate. IT have not been able to Fig. 53. trace any revolving micro- S scopic lines upon the speci- Paludina georgiana. Fig. 54. mens I have examined. No. 8854 of the collection was determined by Mr. Lea. His description is given below, and an outline of his original figure. Fig. 52 is Vivipara georgiana. copied from Haldeman’s fig- ure, which was drawn from the original speci- men. The other figures are from specimens in the collection. Vivipara georgiana. VIVIPARA. 99 Paludina georgiana, LEA —Shell ventricose-conical, Fig. 55. thin, dark horn-colored, smooth ; sutures very much impressed ; whirls about five; convex ; aperture nearly round, white. Hopeton, near Darien, Ga. Prof. Shepard ; my cabi- net; cabinet of Prof. Shepard. Diameter .7, length 1.1 inch. This species in form resembles most, perhaps, the P. vivipara. It is not quite so large, nor has it bands. It is rather more elevated, and the body whirl is smaller and rounder than the P. decisa, Say. paludina georgiana. The aperture at the base recedes more than is usual with the genus. (Lea.) Vivipara georgiana is not a variable species inform. It bears somewhat the same relations to V. contectoides, as the European V. vivipara does to V. contecta. It is more constrictedly coiled upon its axis, its spire is more pyramidal in shape, its whirls are more flattened, and less angularly bulging at their upper portion. It is constantly truncated at the apex. Reeve places Pal. georgiana, together with vivipara, Say, in the synonymy of the European vivipara, as I did in the proof- sheets of this work. The specimens since received have caused me to change my opinion. An examination of an authentic specimen of Pal. wareana leaves no doubt in my mind of its identity with V. georgiana. The original description and a fac-simile of one of the original figures here follow :— Paludina wareana.—Shell rimately perforate, ventricose, rather thin, subopaque, with delicate concentric lines, olivaceous-ferruginous, thickly streaked with smoke color; whirls 4, inflated, sutures deep; aperture oval, white, ends joined by a thin, glassy callus; peri- stome straight, sharp. Shell somewhat resembling Pal. obtusa, but is very truncated, rimate, perforate, ventricose, rather thin and Fig. 56, transparent, almost opaque ; striz fine ; color olive green blending with iron; surface broken by numerous curved streaks, sometimes linear, sometimes stronger ; whirls 4, slightly increasing; first whirl entirely eroded, the second slightly so in the shell examined ; whirls ventri- cose, sutures moderate ; aperture ovate, much shorter pojdina wareand. than the spire, above modified by the penultimate whirl, reddish within, bluish towards the edge ; parietal wall covered with a thin transparent callus; columellar slightly curved ; peristome straight, 30 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. PART III. acute, from below the middle to the base slightly curved. Length 9/”, breadth 7/”. East Florida, in Lake Ware (Rugel). Coll. Charpentier (Shuttleworth). The lingual membrane of Vivipara georgiana is figured below. Fig. 57. NX Lingual membrane of Vivipara georgiana. [Strmpson. ] | Cat. No.|No. of Sp. | Locality. From whom received. Remarks. 8853 1 Georgians 10 ith, aaah taxes : 8854 3 ee Te te tee tetsisieicrs a 8857 1 Alabama, Acad. Nat. Se. . 8958 2 Darien, Geo. ce - 8959 1 South Carolina. ee 9012 ht NN iosooos OE Pom Nh 1 baad 9022 1 TO Tica. yar ehie Wiel Sn MUP Rad datator tora 9023 1 Georgians = Wii) hy utseerssts ce 9300 1 Florida. L. Agassiz. of [Figured. 9304 acim |) | Usinisielere ss Lingual of 9300. Vivipara limeata, Vatenciennes—This species resembles that of the Seine. It is equally ventricose, but has a thinner shell. Shell ventri- cose-ovate, thin, diaphanous, with delicate transverse strie ; greenish horn- color, with numerous transverse greener vitte. Whirls five, last one large, ventricese, and equalling in height one-half the entire length of the shell. Besides the striae of growth, there are numerous transverse, very fine lines. The whirls are not flattened towards the moderate suture. Apex acute. Color green, sometimes somewhat corneous ground, on which are a large number of bands of a deeper green and variable width, some- times merely linear. On the upper whirls the bands are obsolete. Apes not eroded in any of a large number of individuals. Operculum brown, thin, horny, covered with numerous concentric, not spiral, lines. Found in Lake Erie by M. A. Michaud, who found one shell — full of young, as in the case of our species, which proves the species to be viviparous. There is reason.to believe the other species also are so, though in the most natural genera species vary in being both oviparous and vivi- parous. The genera of colubers and vipers among the reptiles are an example of this, while the Mollusca furnish more numerous ones. Length 1 inch 3 lines. ( Valenciennes.) VIVIPARA. 31 Paludina lineata, Vauencitennes, Rec. d’Obs. II, 256, 1833. T have translated above the original description of Valenciennes. I have never seen any specimen to which it will apply, but have no doubt such will be found. At present it remains a doubtful species. It is referred to Pal. vivipara, of Say, by several authors, but all the specimens of that species which I have seen are not cha- racterized as V. lineata is described as being. (See remarks under V. contectoides.) Vivipara troostiama, Lea—Shell ventricose-conical, thin, pellu- cid, yellowish horn-color, smooth, perforate; spire short; sutures very much impressed; whirls four, convex; aperture large, rounded, white. Tennessee. Prof. Troost. My cabinet, and cabinet of Prof. Troost. Diam. .68, length .72 inch. This is a subglobose species, differing from any which has come under my notice, in having the superior por- tion of the last whirl somewhat flattened, giving the shell a somewhat gibbous appearance. The operculum is rather of a light color, and the plane of the aperture is very retuse at its base. It has a strong resemblance to P. unicolor (Lamarck), and perhaps a stronger one to P. Maheyana (Grateloup). It is more depressed in the spire than either, and the perforation is smaller than Vivipara troosti- in the former, while it is nearly the size of that in the Gia latter. The aperture is larger than either. Dr. Grateloup has very pro- perly, I think, separated the Malabar species from that which was observed by Olivier in Egypt, and called unicolor by Lamarck. The Egyptian shell has a larger perforation, is darker in color, and is a larger species. I call this after my friend Prof. Troost. (Zea.) Paludina troostiana, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. IX, 14 (1844). Obs. IV, p. 14. Proce. II, 34 (1841). Arch. f. Nat. 1843, II, 130. Paludina haleiana, Ln, 1. c. X, 96, pl. ix, f. 58 (1847). Obs. IV, 70. Proc. IV, 167 (1845). I have added to Mr. Lea’s description of V. troostiana a view of the type (Fig. 58) in his collection. It will not seem to correspond very exactly with the figure of haleiana, of which a fac-simile is given below (fig. 59). A comparison of all of Mr. Lea’s specimens of each has convinced me, however, of their identity. Mr. Lea’s description of the latter species here follows. 32 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. PART III. Paludina haleiana, Lea—Shell smooth, ventricosely conical, rather thin, reddish horn-color, imperforate ; sp're short ; su- tures much impressed ; whirls four, nearly convex ; aperture large, nearly round, bluish. Diameter .4, length .55 inch. Alexandria, La. This species is nearly allied to the Pal. troostiana, nob., Paluding ut is rather smaller, of a darker color, not quite so rotund, haleiana. and imperforate. These differences would distinguish it without difficulty. In the halecana there is a disposition in most of the specimens to a compression below the sutures. This makes quite a shoulder at the sutures and prevents the mouth from being regular. (Lea.) Vivipara coosaensis, Lea—Shell subglobose, thin, pale, rather smooth, perforate; spire short; sutures very much impressed; whirls five, round ; aperture large, nearly round, within whitish. Fig. 60. Coosa River, Alabama. Dr. Brumby. My cabinet, and cabinets of Dr. Griffith and Dr. Foreman. Diam. .58, length .62 inch. This species is remarkable for its round whirls, its width and large deep sutures. The superior part of the whirls is somewhat flattened. The color is remarkably pale, nearly white. The epidermis is very thin, and under the lens displays very minute, rather regular longitudinal strie crossed on the body whirl by obsolete striz. The aperture is nearly one-half the length of the shell. (Leca.) Paludina coosaensis, LEA, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., IX, p. 23 (1844). Obs. IV, 23. Proc., II, 83 (1841).—ReEgEve, Con. Icon. (Feb. 1863). Paludina magnifica, pars., HaAupEMAN, Mon., pt. 6, p. 4 of wrapper. Vivipara coosa- ensis. Mr. Lea’s type of this species bears but little resemblance to V. magnifica, yet Prof. Haldeman unites the two. I myself have seen no connecting links between them, though I have ex- amined numerous young individuals of Viv. magnifica. Fig. 60 is drawn from the original specimen of Mr. Lea. No. 8949 of the Smithsonian collection was labelled by Mr. Lea. Cat. No. Ino. of sp.| Locality. | From whom received. Remarks. 8949 | ah | Alabama? | epreerele | Teste Lea. Cab. series, TULOTOMA. 33 TULOTOMA, Hatpeman. Soft parts of the animal, and lingual dentition unknown. Operculum with the nucleus simple. Shell thick, pointed-conic, imperforate ; whirls flattened, nodu- a lous, carinated, with a dark olivaceous epidermis ; peristome thin, continuous, Tulotoma magnifica, Coyrap—Shell subovaie, ventricose, with two spiral bands of prominent tubercles on the body whirl, and one revolving near the base of Operculum of each whirl of the spire; suture profoundly impressed, ee margined by an obtuse, subnodulous, prominent line; lines of growth very oblique and prominent ; obscure spiral strie ; epidermis olive; within bluish, often with purple bands. A beautiful species when perfect, occurring in vast Fic. 62. abundance on the masses of calcareous rock, which ‘ have fallen from the strata above into the Alabama River at Claiborne. I found it living only in such situations, and exclusively within a range of six or eight miles. In the Tombeckbee or Black Warrior Rivers, I never observed a specimen of it, although I searched particularly for it on the rocks at St. Ste- phen’s. (Conrad.) Paludina magnifica, Conran, N. Fr. W. Shells, 1834, p. 48, pl. viii, fig. 4; ed. Cuenv, 23, pl. iv, f. Paludina magnifica. 21.—DeKay, N. Y. Moll. (1843), p. 86.—Kisrrer in Chemn., ed. 2, 1852, p. 23, pl. v, figs. 3-6.—Puxiurpri, Conch., III, 1, pl. i, figs. 1, 2 (1848).—Mtuter, 1838, Syn. test. anno 1834, promulg. 39.—ReeEve, Con. Icon. xx, f. 54 (1863). Paludina bimonilifera, Led; Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., V, 58, pl. xix, fig. 71, date of title, 1837.—Is., Obs. I, 170.—DerKay, N. Y. Moll. 87 (1843). Paludina angulata, Lea; Tr. aan Phil. Soc., IX, 22 oe —lIs., Obs. IV, 22. Proc. II, 83 (1841). Tulotoma, HatpEMAN, Mon. I, Suppl. 2. Operculum horny, subtriangular, with a lateral nucleus and con- centric strie. A continuous elevated, heavy, revolving line sometimes takes the place of the nodules. The interior of the aperture varies from pure white to a‘rich dark purple; it is sometimes of a salmon color; the bands are also very variable in number and width. There are also sometimes dark-green 34 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. PART III. bands on the exterior of the shell. I have counted as many as four on the body whirl alone. Fig. 63. Jt is variable in size, and is generally much eroded at the apex. One specimen which I measured was 50 mill. long. It inhabits Alabama and Operculum of Georgia. nite Fig. 62 is a fac-simile of the : outline of Conrad’s figure of Paludina magnifica. I have added below figures of Mr. Lea’s Pal. bimonilifera and Pulotoma magnifea. Pal. angulata, which are, I believe, iden- tical with this species, Fig. 66 being a fac-simile of Mr. Lea’s figure, and Fig. 67 being taken from a specimen de- termined by Mr. Lea. No. 3 8928 of the collection was Tulotoma labelled Pal. angulata by ‘Cae Mr. Lea. Haldeman agrees with me in considering this last identical with 7. magnifica. Jam indebted to Dr. E. R. Showalter for the other specimen figured. Haldeman adds Pal. coosaensis to the synonymy. Paludina bimonilifera, LzEA—Shell obtusely turreted, dark horn-color ; apex obtuse ; whirls furnished with two rows of nodules; the no- dules of the lower row of the upper whirls hidden by the suture, those of the upper row Paludina bimonilifera. larger, and visible on all the whirls ; sutures deep and irregular ; outer lip sub-biangular ; base sub-angular. 7 Alabama River.(Judge Tait). My cabinet and those of Prof. Vanuxem, Am. Phil. Soc., Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila., P. H. Nicklin, Baron Ferussac. Diam. 1.1, length 1.8 inches. This superb Paludina, which far surpasses in point of beauty any of our species yet known, I owe to the kindness of Judge Tait. Its beautiful double tuberculated cincture at once distinguishes it from al] described species. Some specimens are furnished with dark purple bands which beautifully decorate the interior of the shell, and give a dark rich green color to its fine tpidermis. In the others these are wanting, and the epi- dermis then has a clear and more yellow appearance. The sutures being MELANTHO. 5 Oo formed immediately over the lower row of tubercles, they cause its line to be very irregular; and this row itself is hidden on the upper whirls. (Lca.) Paludina angulata, LeA—Shell inflated, thin, brown, above somewhat varicose, below transversely and minutely striate, minutely perforate ; spire rather short, dark at the apex; sutures impressed ; whirls five, angular in the middle; aperture large, sub- triangular, within subrubiginous. Coosa River, Alabama. Dr. Brumby. My cabinet, and cabinets of Dr. Griffith, Dr. Jay, Dr. Foreman, T. G. Lea, and J. Clark. Diam. .80, length 1.05 inch. This is a very distinct species, being more angular than any I have seen. In the specimen before me, there are three irregular transverse impressions, two above the an- gle, and one immediately below. The striz are more dis- tinct on the lower half of the whirl. The first three whirls are very dark. The aperture is nearly one-half the length of the shell, and quite angular at the base. Since the above was written, I have received more mature and perfect specimens. They differ from the one described in being darker in the epi- dermis, and in having four purple broad bands, which are very distinct within the aperture. In these specimens, there is a series of indistinct tubercles above the periphery of the last whirl. (Zea.) Fig. 67. Paludina angu- lata. Cat. No.|No. of Sp. Locality. From whom received. Remarks. 8927 1 ADRs werane UPR ER Tote stots Teste T. A. Conrad. Cabinet series. 9017 i st I. Lea (P. angulata.) Figur- ed in Fig. 67. 8928 5 em ELAR. aN cai corer ie angulata teste Lea. 9150 20-+- Coosapuiviers 15 PP See. Wee) Rea [Cab. ser. 9196 2 Alabama River. DriShowalters ij) J cmecee MELANTHO, Bownpircs. Foot large, rather thin, broad, much produced beyond the snout, and slightly auricled in front. Colors rather light, in reddish spots on a palish white grouad. Head of mode- Sout Fig. 69. rate size. small. Lingual Melantho decisa (female). teeth smooth, or only very mi- | ian Lingual dentition of MZ. integra 36 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. PART ITI. nutely crenulated at their apices. Cervical lappets of moderate size, but not forming regular tubular aquiferous ducts; the right one plicated. Branchial lamina elongate-triangular, equal in size, and arranged in a single straight row both at base and tips. (Séimpson.) Operculum with the nucleus simple. Shell thick, solid, ovate, imperforate, spire pro- duced; whirls rounded, smooth, covered with an Operculum of - : : A : : VM. decisa, Olivaceous epidermis ; peristome simple, continuous. Melantho ponderosa, Say—Shell imperforate, globosely-ovate, very thick and heavy, smooth surface hardly bro- Fig. 71. ken by the wrinkles and delicate striz of growth, r often also with delicate revolving strie ; greenish horn-color, with irregularly disposed dark streaks, marking the edges of former peristomes, milky white under the epidermis; spire short, conic, apex perfect, convex; whirls 5 or 6, very rapidly increasing in length, convex, the body whirl very large, equalling four-fifths the shell’s length, im- perforate ; aperture oval, narrowed above, slightly oblique, equalling almost one-half the shell’s length, within white, shining; peristome mar- gined externally with darker color, simple, acute, extremely sinuous, in its first half rectilinear, 4 then produced forward and rounded, then re- Melantho ponderosa. treating rapidly and curving inwards and down- wards, thence upwards to the base of the aperture, its columellar portion very much thickened, sometimes exserted sufficiently to leave a narrow fissure, connected with the upper terminus by a very thick and solid callus, which enters beyond sight within the aperture, and at the upper portion is produced into a prominent Lithasia-like thickening, between which and the peristome is a deep sinus. Length of the axis 33, greatest breadth of body whirl 27; length of aperture 28, greatest breadth 19 mill. Operculum elongate-ovate, narrow above, convex, margin thin, horny, concentric, nucleus near the columella. Paludina ponderosa, Say, 1821, J. A. N. S. II, 173; Am. Conch. III, pl. xxx, f. 1 (1831); ed. Binney, p. 68, 184, pl. xxx, f.1; ed. CHEND, 41, pl. xi, f. 5. -Hatpeman, Mon. -p. 13, pl. iv (1840).—De Kay, N. Y. Moll. p. 86 (1843) (exc. syn. heterostropha).—DESHAYES in Lam. ed. 2, VIII, p. 516 (1838) ; ed. 3, III, p. 453, excl. P. decisa.— Kisrer in Chemnitz, ed. 2, p. 14, pl. iii, f. 1-4, p. 20, pl. iv, fig. 6.— i 4 MELANTHO. 3 Sowersy, Gen. of Shells, f. 2.—Cuenvu, Man. de Concft. I. 310, fig. 2206 (Melantho) ; Illust. Conch. pl. i. f. 14-15 ; Lec. Elem. d’Hist. Nat. p. 171, f. 559, 560(1847).—-Puiniprr, Conch. III, 3, pl. i, f. 61848). | Ampullaria crassa, Desuayes, Encycl. Méth. II, 32 (1830). | @®aludina crassa, Say of DesHAyes 1. c. | Paludina decisa (part), Reeve, Con. Icon. f. 45 b. Paludina regularis, Lea, Tr. Amer. Phil. Soc. IX, 13 (1844); Obs. IV, 13; Proce. II, 34 (1841) ; Arch. f. Nat. II, 1830 (1843).—Rekve, Con. Icon. pl. xi, f. 69 (1863). I have received specimens from Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michi- gan near Lake Superior, Tennessee, and Alabama. There are microscopic revolving lines upon the whirls of many specimens, and the callosity at the superior angle of the aperture is sometimes developed sufficiently to make quite a fissure be- tween it and the lip, as in Lithasia. ‘This is an important feature which serves to distinguish it from the allied species, as does also the highly developed curvature of the peristome (see Fig. 71), the extreme thickness of the shell, the heavy, deeply entering callus on the parietal wall of the aper- ture, the shorter spire, and more globose outline of the shell. It appears to me a distinct species, readily distinguished from JM. decisa and JL integra, in early stages of growth as well as when mature—the young shells being very much more globose than the young of those y species. Melantho Fig. 72. Fig. 73. ‘ia Melanties ponde- From the Coosa River, in Alabama, 2°”eresa, } rosa, young. young. Dr. Showalter has sent numerous spe- cimens of this species, which were formerly noticed by Prof. Halde. man as var. a. They are extrqnely solid. have the callosity of the upper portion of the aper- ture highly developed, are constantly truncated in the early as well as later stages of growth, and when ma- ture are very much eroded even upon the body whirl s They have the usual fea- . Melantho ponderosa. tures of JZ. ponderosa— Melantho ponderosa. 38 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. PART II. the sinuous peritreme, the revolving striw, the short spire, the heavy callus upon the parietal wall of the aperture. Some of them are figured in Fig. 72 to 75. I give below the original description of Mr. Say, and a fac- simile of one of his figures (Fig. 76). The shell figured as Pal. decisa in the American Conchology may, perhaps, be a form of M. ponderosa, (See Fig. 84.) Paludina ponderosa, SAy.—Shell somewhat ventricose, much thickened, olivaceous or blackish; spire not much elongated, much shorter than the aperture, eroded at tip, but not truncated; whirls five, slightly wrinkled across; suture profoundly impressed ; aperture subovate, more than half the length of the shell; labium with much calcareous deposit, and thickened into a callosity at the superior angle; within tinged with blue. Inhabits Ohio River. Greatest length, one inch and 11-20. Trans- verse diameter one inch and 1-10. This shell is common at the falls of the Ohio, and is a very remarkably thick and ponderous species. It bears a striking resem- blance to P. decisa, and has, without doubt, been generally considered as the same; but it differs from that species in being much more incrassated and heavy; and although much decorticated and eroded upon the spire, the tip is not truncated. In the labrum also is a distinctive character ; by comparison this part will be perceived to be less arcuated in its superior limb than the corresponding part in decisa. This shell is common in many parts of the Ohio as well as its tributaries. In its full grown state it is very thick and ponderous, enlarging so much in its body whirl, as to appear very different from the young shell. In the early stages of growth it resembles P. decisa, Nobis, from which indeed the back view would hardly distinguish it; but a sufficiently distinctive character resides in the lower part of the labium, which in the decisa is not obviously produced, whereas in the present species it is considerably advanced, as in many species of Melania, to which genus it is closely allied. (Say.) Paludina ponderosa. I have no doubt that a young specimen of Melantho ponderosa is the type of Paludina regularis, Lea. My figure is drawn from a specimen determined by him, and now deposited in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution (No. 9016). The spire MELANTHO. 39 is extremely short, flattened, but well defined quite to the acute apex; the sutures are impressed; the body whirl comprises more than five-sixths of the complete length of the shell; the aperture is almost as long as the body whirl, and so wide that the length and breadth of the shell are almost equal; the shell is remarkably globose, almost circular. I have often met in cabi- Paledina 5 J =a) regularis. nets with immature specimens of Viv. ponderosa under this name. No. 8925 were also labelled regularis by Mr. Lea. His description here follows. The shell figured under this name by Reeve appears to me a young JZ. ponderosa. Fig. 77. Paludina regularis, LEA.—Shell subglobose, rather thick, greenish horn color, imperforate ; spire very short; sutures impressed ; whirls five, con- vex; aperture large, ovate, within bluish. Ohio? T.G. Lea. My cabinet, and cabinet of T. G. Lea. Diam. .38, length .52 inch. A very distinct species with the body whirl about four-fifths the length of the shell. The whirls are very regular, giving the spire somewhat the appearance of a coil of rope. All the specimens before me are more or less incrusted with the oxide of iron. The aperture is inflated, and abont three-fourths the length of the shell. I am not positively sure that this species came from Ohio. By some accident the label has been misplaced, but I am under the impression it came with some other spevies from my brother at Cincinnati. (Lea.) Ampullaria crassa, of De- shayes, is a synonym of this species, as will be seen by the translation given below of De- shayes’ description. He quotes erroneously Paludina crassa, of Say, for the species—Mr. Say never having published this name. An examination of the animal has, moreover, shown it to belong to the genus Melantho. Fig. 78 is taken from a drawing of the animal Animal of Melantho IMEC by Mrs. Say, which Prof. Haldeman furnished me. Ampullaria crassa.—Shell ovate-elongate, acute, thick, solid, under the epidermis brownish; very white; transversely substriate; whirls 6, con- 40 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. PART III. vex, scalariform, separated by a deep and channelled suture; aperture ovate acute, expanded at base, very white within, and with a small umbilicus. Paludina crassa, Say. We do not agree with Mr. Say in placing this shell among the Paludinz: it has not their essential characters, excepting the lengthening of the spire. In other respects it is more nearly allied to the Ampullariz, its form and thickness particularly approaching some of the fossil species of the environs of Paris described below. This shell is oval, elongated, acute at the summit, rounded at base, thick, solid, heavy, covered with a brownish, sometimes greenish very thin epidermis, below which the shell is of an uniform milky white pureness. The spire is elongated, conic, scalariform, formed by six convex whirls, deeply separated by a canaliculated suture, and, in perfect specimens, marked with delicate transverse strie. The aperture is moderate, not oblique to the shell’s axis or rounded or with a continuous peritreme like Paludina, but oval, narrowed above where it also is angular as in most Ampullariz, enlarged below, where it forms a large, not deep sinus, in this point also resembling Ampullaria, but differing from all Paludine ; lastly, the right lip is slightly reflected (recouvrant), which is also characteristic of the genus in which we have placed it. Right lip acute, quickly thicken- ing but with no rim within, sinuose, especially at base, when viewed in profile; left lip thickened, especially towards the posterior angle of the aperture, and obliquely appressed so as to blend with the columella which is rounded, thick, and reflected, with a small umbilical opening behind it. This shell comes from the Ohio and most of the North American rivers. Length from 45 to 50 mill. (Deshayes.) Reeve, l. ¢., places Paludina ponderosa in the synonymy of Pal. decisa. It is, indeed, difficult to draw the line between the two. | Cat. No. No. of Sp.| Locality. | From whom received. Remarks. 8841 3 Coosa River, Ala. | WiiGs Binney sg 4) tb daticcer 8842 | 1 of <6 cu eee te || 8 © me ier everatee $843 | 2 WW TT hyereak ate SE ae an iA et ices 8848 3 Ohio. Acad. Nat. Se. Cab. series. 9152) | 2 Alibama: / Bl aceon My) [bi oe tteeae 9332 9 Coosa River, Ala. Showalter. © ||. smees 9333 12 bs sf Sree? irs SLA b egetelstepnece 8925 6 Diinoiss et 5) Fale eed octet regularis, teste Lea, 8926 4 ee I. Lea. es [Cab. ser. 9016 Leh Riicirciscctor See We | Gk Meteo 0 || meer cetce MELANTHO. Al Melantho decisa, Say.—Shell imperforate, elongate-ovate, rather thick, smooth, surface hardly bro- fig. 79. ken by lines of growth, with mi- croscopic revolving striz ; green- ish, with irregularly disposed brown streaks marking the edge of former peristomes, uniformly chalky white under the epider- mis; spire truncated, one or two whirls of it alone remaining, apex entirely removed ; remain- ing whirls 3), convex, the last equalling two-thirds of the shell’s Melontho decisa. length, imperforate; aperture oval, oblique, more than one-half the length of the last whirl, bluish-white within ; peristome externally of a darker color, simple, acute, some- Fig. 81. what sinuous, its terminations joined by a thin callus on the parietal wall, entering within the aperture. Length of axis 37, greatest breadth of body whirl 17; length of aperture 16, breadth 11 mill. Operculum arcuated, convex, horny, con- centric, nucleus nearer the columellar mar- Melantho decisa. gin. Limnea decisa, Say, Nich. En. ed. 1, 1817; ed. 2, 1818, pl. iii, f. 6. Lae tn, . Mevay oO Melantho decisa. Paludina decisa, Say, 1817, Nicholson’s "i Aberin Encycl. pl. iii, f. 6 (Limnea of earlier editions) ; Amer. Conch. I, pl. x (1830) ; ed. Bryyey, p. 49, 159, pl. x, fig. 1, pl. xx, fig. 6; ed. CuEnv, 16, pl. ii, f. 5.—Pururprr, Conch. III, 3, pl. i. f. 8 (1848 ).—HaLpEMAN, Mon. p. 4, pl. i (1840). —Gouxp, Invert. of Mass. 227, wood-cut, p. 144 (1841).—Apams, in Thompson’s Hist. of Vermont, p. 151, fig. (1842).—DeKay, N. Y. Moll. p. 84, pl. vi, f. 131; vii, 134 (1843).—Cueno, Ill. Conch. i, f. 1-5.—Mnrs. Gray, Fig. Moll An. pl. ccex, f. 10...-Potrez et MicHAUD, Gall. des Moll. I, 247, pl. xxv, f. 13, 14.—Kisrer in Chemn. ed. 2, p. 13, pl. ii, fig. 14-19.—RexvE, Con. Icon. 45, a, ¢, d, excl. 45 b (= Pal. ponderosa), Mar. 1863. Melania ovularis, MenKe, Syn. Meth. p. 134, teste KiisTErR. Paludina limosa, VALENCIENNES, Rec. d’Obs. Il, p. 253, 1833, teste Kuster and HALDEMAN. Paludina ponderosa jun., DESHAYES in Lam. VIII, 516 (1838), ed-3, UI, 455. Paludina heterostropha, KirtLanD, Ohio Rep. p. 175 (1838).—Tappan, Am. Journ. Se. [1], XXXV, p. 269, pl. ili, p. 2, 1839. Paludina microstoma, KirtLanp, Ohio Report, p. 175 (1838). ne Hatpeman, Mon. III, p. 3 of wrapper, pl. iii, f. 1 (1841). 42, LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. PART III. Paludina cornea, VALENCIENNES? Rec. d’Obs. II, 255, 1833. Paludina integra, Say, 1821, Binney’s ed. p. 69; Journ. A. N. Se. II, 174 (1821).—Ha.pemay, Mon. p. 10, pl. iii (1840).—Apams, in Thomp. Vermont, p. 152 (1842).—DrKay, N. Y. Moll. p. 84, pl. vii, f. 132 (1843).—Ktsrer, Chemn. ed. 2, p. 17, tab. iii, f. 11-13.—Cuenv, Ill. Conch. pl. i, f. 9-13.—Puiniprr, Conch. III, 4, pl. i, f. 7 (1848). Paludina genicula, Conran, N. Fr. W. Shells, p. 48, pl. viii, fig. 3, 1834; ed. Cuenv, 23, pl. iv, f. 20.—Kiisrer in Chemn. ed. 2, p. 14, pl. iii, fig. 5, 6 (1852).—Miixtter, Syn. Test. in 1834 prom. p. 39.—HALDE- MAN, Mon. p. 15, pl. v (1840).—DerKay, N. Y. Moll. p. 86 (1843).— CuEnd, Illust. Conch. pl. i, f. 18-19. Paludina heros, DEKay, olim, N. Y. Prel. Rep. 1839, p. 32; Moll. p. 85 (1843). Paludina subsolida, Axtuony, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phila. 1860, p. '71.—Tryon, Phil. Pr. 1862, 452. Paludina decapitata, ANruony, Proc. A. N. 8. Phila. 1860, p. 71.—REEvE, Con. Icon. pl. xi, f. 75 (1863). Paludina milesii, Lea, Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sc. 1863, 156. Helix dissimilis, Woop, Ind. Suppl. pl. vii, f. 18 (1828); Hanuey’s ed. p. 226 (1856). Felix decisa, Eaton, Zool. Text-Book, 196 (1826). Lymnula ventricosa, Rarresque, MSS. Ambloxis (Amblostoma) major, RAFINESQUE, MSS. Cochlea Virginiana, §-c., Lister, Conch. t. cxxvii, f. 27 (1770). Pertiver, Gazophyl. t. exvi, f. 18. Found in all eastern North America, from the Rio Grande to Nova Scotia and the Canadas. The first point to be decided in considering this species is what shell Mr. Say had before him in drawing up the description of Limnexa decisa, which name was subsequently changed to Palu- dina decisa. It is from the original description and figure alone that this point can be decided. They are both copied below, as given in the American edition of Nicholson’s Encyclopedia. Limnzxa decisa, Say.—Shell subconic, olivaceous, truncated at the apex; whirls four, wrinkled across and banded with Fig. 83. minute distant strie; terminal whirl very short; suture impressed and conspicuous; aperture subovate, more than half of the length of the shell, entire ; within blu- ish-white. Operculum coriaceous, elevated on the disk and concentrically striated. Length one inch, breadth three-fourths. Cochlea virginiana é flava viridescens, non fasciata, Lister, Conch. tab. exxvii, fig. 27. himnea decisa. The young shell resembles P. subcarinata, but the whirls ‘age x MELANTHO. 43 are destitute of an elevated line, the suture is not so deeply impressed, and the aperture is narrower above. Animal with the foot larger, suddenly a little dilated each side before and truncate in front, widely; foot livid, thickly maculated with irregular orange spots, which are much smaller beneath; head and tentacula spotted with orange; eyes on a prominent angle, at the external base of the ten- tacula. I found the animal viviparous in October; the young shell had then three complete whirls, which were spirally striated. (Suy.) In the above description no locality is given, but there can be no doubt that the shell described is the form common in the Delaware River. I have, therefore, taken this form to be the type of the species. From one of these my description ayd figures 79 and S81: arg drawn. Younger specimens are proportionally more globose than the one figured, and the spire is often not truncated, but consisting of 5 whirls, the apex being perfect. Fig. 80 is drawn from a specimen found in the Susquehanna, more elongated in shape, and truncated at the apex alone. In New England and Canada the shell is less elongated, with more pyramidal spire. Say figured another shell as Paludina decisa in the American Conchology, and gave two figures of it, from one of which my figure 84 is copied. At this time he repeated the descrip- tion from the Encyclopedia, and added the fol- lowing remarks and references. This species is common in various parts of the Union. Dillwyn informs us that Miiller and others have incorrectly quoted Lister’s figure for their Helix angularis. Petiver, Gaz., pl. 106, figg 18. (Say.) The figure copied above does not agree with that given in Nicholson’s Encyclopedia. I should rather refer it to Me- Fig. 86. Paludina decisa. Fig. 85. lantho ponderosa (page 37). To the typical form of JZ, decisa the following synonyms ray without doubt be referred. Figure 85 is a fac-simile of Oe die Helix dissimilis, Wood, of which no description nor local- ity is given. It is evidently intended for this species, though the true name decisa is Cochlea, &e., LisTER. 44 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N, A. [PART III. applied by Wood to a figure of subcarinata. I also give a fac- simile (fig. 86) of Lister’s figure. Paludina heterostrophea of Kirtland’s Ohio Report is referred by Gould (Boston Proce. 1, 82) to Mel. ponderosa. Judging from the figure given of it by Tappan, I would rather refer it to decisa. It is so considered by Reeve. This figure is copied in my fig. 87, while the description furnished Tappan by Dr. Kirtland is as follows :— Paludina heterostropha, Kirtuanp, 1. c. —Sinistral; aperture more than half the length of the shell. Shell subglobose, ovate; spire depressed, apex generally truncate; whirls 5; aperture ovate, with its superior extremity curved towards the body whirl, within bluish-white; epidermis greenish horn color, usually Fig. 87. ~I coated with ferruginous clay. Length } inch. ‘ This shell frequently occurs in Mill and Yellow Creeks, tributaries of the Mahoning River. I formerly considered it Pana a mere variety of P. dectsa, Say ; but on further examination ALUALNEA heterostropha. found it to be specifically distinct. It never attains more than half the length of that species; its spire is uever de- pressed, and it is always heterostrophal. ( Tappan.) To the copy of the description of Paludina decapitata, of Mr. Anthony, given below, I am able to add Fig. 88, drawn from the type, which he kindly loaned me for the purpose. I do not consider this a well-established species. The single specimen on which it is founded is evidently an undeveloped specimen in a very imperfect state. The spire is eroded, the shell presents the appearance of belonging to a small ill-favored individual of JZ decisa. However, the only information we have regarding it, given below, may serve to identify it, should it appear in future. Paludina decapitata, Antuony.—Shell globular, thin, of a light green color; spire truncate, but never elevated under any circumstances, com- posed of about four very flat whirls; aperture broad, Fig. 88. ovate, one-half the length of the shell, within dusky white ; columella regularly but not deeply rounded, with a slight ( | deposit of callus, and having a very small linear umbilicus at base. Tennessee. My Cabinet. A single specimen only is before me, and therefore I claim it as a new species with some hesitation; it seems to me, however, too unlike any of the ordinary forms in this genus to warrant its being included with any of them; it is the most globose of any species hitherto published, if we except the small, round forms which were long since removed, and very properly too, to Paludina decapitata. MELANTHO. 45 Amnicola; the spire is entirely wanting, but traces of the sutures show the number of whirls; and its present appearance forbids the idea of its ever having had an elevated spire. (Anthony.) The fac-simile which I have given of Haldeman’s figure, drawn from the original specimen of Paludina genicula, Conrad (Fig. 89) would lead one to consider that species identical with Viv. decisa. I do not, therefore, hesitate Ege Ros to unite them; my opinions are founded on an examination of a series of shells from the locality \ which furnished Mr. Conrad’s specimen, which show a gradual series from the rounded whirls \\\ of the decisa to the angular form of genicula, though hone of the shells were as well marked as that figured. From other localities, also, I have received specimens of decisa whose six whirls were quite as angular and scalariform. I suppose Hig- gins refers to some such in quoting Pal. genicula from the Ohio and Scioto Canal (Cat. 6). In Kiister’s Paludina (Chemn. ed. 2), Cedar Creek is also given as a locality for genicula. Mr. Conrad’s description is as follows. Fig. 90 is a fac-simile of his. It is considered identical with decisa by Reeve. Paludina genicula. Fig. 90. Paludina genicula.—Shell suboval, spire slightly ele- vated ; volutions 4, scalariform, shoulders angulated ; apex eroded, aperture rather more than half the length of the shell; epidermis green olive; within bluish. A species which is readily distinguished from those nearest allied to it by the angulated whirls. I found a single specimen in Flint River, Ga. ( Conrad.) Lymnula ventricosa, Rafinesque, of whose Paludina geniewla. egeription and figure (fig. 91) a copy is here given, is evidently this species. His figure, though very rough, is ZN quite characteristic. Fig. 92. Lymnula veéntricosa.—Whirls 4, last one very large; form obtuse-oval ; (/ aperture bluntly oval, &c. (Rafines- que.) . a From the same MS., “ Con- ventricosa. chilogia Ohioensis,” which was . 5 Lymnea eburneg. presented to the Smithsonian Inst. by Prof. Raf. 46 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART III. Haldeman, I find rough figures (fig. 92) of JZ decisa under the name of Ambloxis, Amblostoma, or Lymnulus major, Rafinesque, or Lymnea eburnea, Rafinesque. All these names are given, and I find it impossible to decide which was the one finally fixed upon, or to decipher more of the description than the follow- ing :-— Whirls 5, last very large, form obtuse oval, aperture obtuse oval, lip thickened within, columella covered with callus. (/tafinesque.) I put Melania ovularis, Mke., in the synonymy on the authority of Kiister (Chemn. ed. nov.), who so quotes it. I have seen no authentic specimen, but cannot doubt its identity with JZ decisa. Melania ovularis, MenKE, (1. ¢.)—Shell ovate-conoid, truncate, substriate, shining, greenish, reddish-brown when old, truncated at apex; aperture ovate, columella subcallous above ; aperture rounded before. Length 1 inch; breadth 7 lines. Hab.—Near Cincinnati, in the Ohio River. Bescke. (Menke.) Paludina limosa, Valenciennes, is considered a synonym of M. decisa by Haldeman and Kiister. I have seen no authentic specimen, It is also considered a synonym by Reeve, J. ¢. Paludina limosa, VALENCIENNES (1. ¢.)—Shell ovate-conic, thin, subdia- phanous, green; whirls 5, longitudinally striate; labrum acute. Paludina limosa, Say, Journ. Phil. I, 125. This Paludina is less globose and longer than that of our climate. The height at the last whirl is a little less than of the others. Its breadth is greater than its length, and its surface is covered with somewhat strong longitudinal striez. The form of the aperture is also more oval. Its ver- tical diameter is the longest. The lip is sharp, continued to the columella, which is not appressed. The shell is not very thick; there are, however, some individuals which are eroded like some of the bivalve shells. The apex is destroyed as the animal grows, and a flat circular partition is formed, having the axis of the shell in its centre, in about the same manner as in Bulimus decollatus. I saw one individual whose three apical whirls were destroyed so as to give a broken appearance to the shell. Length rather more than one inch. ( Valenciennes.) The following also is cited as a synonym of JZ. decisa by Reeve. Judging from the description I should so consider it. Paludina cornea, VALENCIENNES (1. ¢.)—In the Delaware and many other rivers of the United States there is found a horn-colored Paludina, which at first sight resembles the Pal. limosa, but which a more careful examina, _ Ee, 28 —ae D = Ze: MELANTHO. 47 tion proves to be sufficiently distinct to form a new species. On account of its color I call it Paludina cornea.—Shell ovate-conic, thin, opaque, greenish horn color ; whirls 5, subrounded ; sutures deeply impressed. This species has an obtuse apex; the last whirl is one-third longer than the others; each of them has a kind of flattening (aplatissiment) which forms a balustrade (rampe) around the spire, whose sutures are deeply impressed. The striz of growth are vertical and fine. The aperture is oval. Horn colored,with a greenish tinge ; the interior of the mouth and lip is white. The largest individual was 11 lines in length. ( Valenciennes.) Figure 93 represents a deformed specimen of JJelantho decisa, from the Susquehanna. It is introduced here for the purpose of showing how ab- normal an individual of a species may be. Another abnormal form of JJelantho de- cisa, 1n which the whirls are more numerous and tapering, which is often met with in any large number of specimens, has been described as a distinet species as Paludina milesiz. The original description is given below, as well as a figure of one of the origi- nal specimens, presented by Prof. Miles. Melantho decisa, deformed. Paludina milesii.—Shell smooth, subpyramidal, sub- solid, imperforate; spire lengthened; sutures deeply impressed ; whirls 6, subinflated; aperture somewhat small, subovate; labrum acute, somewhat sinuose; columella somewhat thickened both above and below. Branch Lake, Antrim Co., Michigan. M. Miles. (Lea.) No. 8921-4 of the collection were presented by Dr. James Lewis under the unpublished name of Paludina obesa, Lewis. Fig. 95 represents one of them. This form is a well marked variety, found near Mohawk, N. Y., in Ohio, and Michigan. It is readily distin- guished by its very ventricose, rounded form and dark olive green color. Its name is preoccupied. Paling ober: It is customary, in collections, to separate the more elongated forms of Melantho decisa under the aame of JL integra. It becomes necessary, therefore, to ascertain what shell Mr. Say had before him in drawing up the description of Palu- Paludina milesii. > 48 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART Tak dina integra. I have, therefore, copied below his description, and given a figure (96) of his typical specimen still preserved in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy. Paludina integra, Say.—Shell olivaceous, pale, conic ; whirls six, wrin- kled across ; spire rather elongated, entire at the apex; suture profoundly indented ; aperture subovate, less than half of the length of the shell. Inhabits the waters of the Missouri. Length + inch. Very much resembles P. decisa; the spire, how- ever, is more elongated, and never truncated at the apex, but always acute. (Say.) The dimensions given above are probably a typographical error. The large number of specimens which I have had the opportunity of examining have exhibited so many and so slight degrees of difference between JZ. decisa and I. integra, that Iam persuaded of their specific identity. I am supported in this view by the recent monograph of Mr. Reeve, but opposed in it by most of the American collectors. I have given below a description and figure of what is usually acknowledged to be Paludina integra. The difference of form of the sexes is shown also, Fig. 98 being male, Fig. 97 being female. Paludina integra. Melantho decisa, var. integra.—Shell imperforate, elongate-ovate, quite thick, smooth, surface hardly broken by lines or wrinkles of growth, marked with delicate re- Fig. 98. volving strie; greenish, with darker streaks, mark- ing the edge of former peri- stomes, uniformly chalky white under the epidermis ; spire elongated-conic, apex perfect, acute ; whirls 5, con- vex, the last equalling two- thirds the shell’s length, imperforate ; aperture oval, narrowed above, oblique, Female of M. decisa, Male of M. decisa, more than half the length var. integra. var. integra. of the body whirl, milky white within ; peristome ex- ternally of a darker color, simple, acute, somewhat sinuous, its terminations joined by a thin, transparent callus on the parietal wall of the aperture, MELANTHO. 49 more heavily thickened and white above and below. Length of axis 24, greatest breadth of body whirl 15; length of aperture 15, breadth 11 mill. Operculum as in M. decisa. In general terms it may be said that the form known as J. integra differs from M. decisa by being more elongated, having a perfect apex, a smaller aperture, more prominent revolving strix, and a whiter Fig. 99. aperture. These characters are only com- F parative. The two forms are not distin- guished by any decided, constant, specific characters. Fig. 99 represents young shells, which are more globose, compara- tively, than the more mature ones. Two curiously deformed specimens of JZ. integra in the collection are figured in Figs. 100 and 101. Reeve places Paludina ponderosa in the synonymy of Pal. decisa. On page 37 will be found an enumeration. M. integra, —_ of the constant specific char- deformed. acters of Melantho ponderosa. Paludina microstoma, Kirtland, is added to the synonymy on authority of Mr. An- thony, who tells me Prof. Kirtland described it before meeting with the description of integra. On seeing Mr. Anthony’s cabinet he was at once convinced of their identity. Fig. 100. M. integra, deformed. Paludina microstoma, 1. ¢.—An undescribed species Fig. 102. of Paludina, found frequently associated with the P. ps decisa, and distinguished by its elongated spire and small mouth. (Kirtland.) Paludina rufa, Haldeman, is said by him (1. ce.) to be distinguished by a reddish color and entire apex, but may be a variety of Pal. decisa. The reddish or pinkish tint within the aperture (sometimes divided into bands) appears to dis- tinguish this form of the species, which occurs in the Southern as well as Northern States. Pwof. Haldeman’s original specimen of Pal. rufa, together with all those from which Paludina rufa. 50 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART IIL. the plates of his Monograph were drawn, are deposited by him in the collection of the Academy at Philadelphia. Fig. 102 is a fac- simile of the figure referred to by Haldeman under this name. No. 8905 of the collection represents it. This variety is represented by eight of the lots catalogued below in the museum register. One of them has the spire truncated, the surface very much eroded, a more globose form, and more sinuous peritreme than usual (see Fig. 103). The whole shell under the epidermis appears of a rosy hue. Paludina subsolida, Anthony, appears to me also a synonym of this species. My opinion is founded on an examination of Mr. Anthony’s specimen, kindly lent me for figuring (Fig. 104). Itis also so considered by Reeve. No. 9311 was presented to the collec- tion under this name by Mr. Anthony. His description here follows. M. integra, var. rufa. Paludina subsolida, ANtHoNY.—Shell ovate, imperforate, very thick ; color light green, verging to brown in old specimens; spire much elevated, com- posed of 6—7 inflated whirls ; sutures very distinct ; aperture broad-ovate, about one-third the length of the shell, within white; lip curved forward and form- ing a very conspicuous, subacute tip near its base; columella well rounded, a thick callous deposit covering the umbilicus. Length 2 inches, breadth 1} inches. Illinois. My cabinet; cabinet of Hugh Cuming, London. This is the most ponderous species in the genus, far exceeding P. ponderosa, Say, in that respect; compared with that species it is not only much more solid and heavy, but its spire is proportionally more elongate, whirls more convex, while the body whirl is less ventricose, and the aperture is uncom- monly small for a Paludina of its size; the Paludina subsolida. body whirl is disposed to be angulated near its middle; all the whirls are more or less shouldered and the lines of growth are very conspicuous ; the body whirl is obscurely striate concentrically, and its surface thereby modified so as to present a faintly sculptured appearance, and the strie being somewhat finely undulated the appearance under a microscope is very pleasing. (Anthony.) MELANTHO. 5] Paludina heros, DeKay, of one of the earlier Zoological «Re- ports of New York is said by that author to be a large form of Pal. integra. (N. Y. Moll. p. 85.) Fig. 105 represents the lingual dentition of J. integra. Lingual membrane composed of forty- eight rows of teeth, arranged in the form common to the group 3, 1, 3. Central tooth broad, short, and hooked, a small shoulder each side near its base ; first lateral broad and hooked ; second and third lateral long, claw-shaped ; anterior part of membrane broad, narrowing toward the middle, and again widening at its posterior portion. First twelve or fourteen rows translucent brown in color, the rest colorless. The animal of this species is given in Fig. 68, p. 35. Fig. 105. $B Lingual dentition of M. integra. | | Cat. No. No.of Sp. 'From whom received. Locality. Remarks. 8876 | Sik Viidiel \ylietiasticns W. G. Binney. Cabinet series. 8877 ee en ir atocraisrate Dr. J. Lewis. SS 8878 SMO EM Se setsseieretois W. G. Binney. se 8879 6 Burlington, N. J. enter sé 8880 1 Blue River, K. T. Dr JaGaCooper,) |) iis ssciecte 8881 3 Massachusetts. Wis SOI SOM |r se utecisiciste 8882 4 Nimahaw River, K. T. DERI ekGGOOPCraw |My oe mesnie ce 8883 4 New York—Erie Canal. Dr, J. Lewis. oat 8884 7 Grand Rapids, M. fs Sinteletete 8885 3 N. Illinois. R. Kennicott. eestereis 8886 4 Erie Canal, N. Y. Dry le Wis an eae tester tote 8887 3 sf se poiciels 8888 2 sf Se eV nT def ceicacts . 8889 2 se SOM eee Pai Tors cre 8890 7 Quasqueton, Iowa. E. C. B. 8891 3 Jerseyvilleeiile | VO eer. fete 8892 1 Big Sioux. Dr. F. VY. Hayden. 8893 2 Milwaukee, Wis. I. A. Lapham. 8594 6 Sangemon River, Ill. D. H. Roberts. 8895 4 Mohawk, N. Y. Dr. J. Lewis. 8896 7 Illinois. We Ga Binney: | leila. $897 7 MISS CTeGnT Meri Lae a ecicsctec || |g te meteterets 8898 1 Maryland. A. N-S 5899 2 Maine. Se as Pah ON Me taterctaus 8900 2 Greenwich, N. Y. Drbimevallch: 7 eer seme -te 8901 6 Texas or Alabama. WG eb yey || i etetelefete 8902 2 Big Prairie Creek, Ala. Dri Showalter. |) ame certs ate $903 3 New York. Dr. Lewis. Revolving bands. 8904 5 Batavia, I11. WeeGs Binneyes ei ee aetraisar 8905 3 Grand Rapids, Mich, Dr. Lewis. (Pal. rufa, Haid.) 8906 7 E. Georgia. Drs JONCSy a il) ne itclelcteiats 8907 1 Vermont. NCaO NCSC | a eamoerelatere $908 8 Buffalo, N. Y. INGBOMS pay oF WI Eat ierercretecs 8909 7 A aiarnawmimiiee ge) t= Rl ST Nees ereleve(ers 8910 10 Burlington, N. J. WaGeBinney, | feeriecie 8911 1 PAU ADA i ccs) | MMMM | [reielcleiese 8912 9 DTU TRO) Cee OTL SP Urers\sccls oi TRS oCalhMexaye: eres 8913 1 liven Nes Seth Le wave ys) UL). Selects 3 evccce 8914 LOM WiemRneMEeI error arhey Or |: 1) ferejctsicor, | ivi Ady Sh eleieisiele 8915 10 AthonsvGarspe mala athsadics (Pal. rufa,) 8916 2 Aztalan, Wis. 8. F. Baird. eoccce 8917 3 Schuyler’s Lake, N. Y. Dr. J. Lewis. seseee 8918 4 Racine, Wis. S. F. Baird. eocece 8919 2 Texas. W. G. Binney. aie'eerse 52 = Cat. No. 8920 $92] $922 $923 8924 9018 9021 9029 9027 9028 9029 9030 9031 9032 9033 9034 9035 9036 9037 9035 9039 9040 9041 9042 9043 9014 9045 9046 9047 9048 9049 9050 9051 9052 9053 9054 9055 9151 9155 9153 9157 9197 9198 9199 9330 9334 9311 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART It. No. of Sp. oO eet bore boo os + Locality. | From whom received. Mohawk, N. Y. Dr. J. Lewis. Grand Rapids, Mich. ss Columbus, O. ee Ohio. if oe “ce New York. fs Delaware River. W. G. Binney. Coosa River. a Grattan, Mich. Dr. J. Lewis. Reed’s Lake, Mich. sf Grand River, Mich. Es Michigan. H Brest, Mich. sg “ Mohawk, N. Y. sé Grattan, Mich. ce “ce Mohawk, N. Y. cs ay “ce oe “ce Erie Canal, N. Y. ss oe “ “ Mohawk River. “ Erie Canal. iS Mohawk River. es Erie Canal. ss Mohawk River. ee Canal, Mohawk. Ly “ce “ Grand Rapids, Mich. sf Grattan, Mich. G Grand Rapids, Mich. < Erie Canal. es “ce Mohawk, N. Y. ss Owasco Lake. ; Mrs. H. w. Parker. Cayuga Lake. ce Lynn, Mass. oe Dr. Prescott. Schuylkill. Gen. Totten. South Carolina. fs Santee Canal. Ravenel. Arkansas, Serer slefersfaselels L. Agassiz. | Remarks. | (P. rufa.) P. obesa, Lewis. “ sé Cab. ser. eeeeee teen eoccee eee eee ee reee ween wet eee eeccce eteeee tte ween et eeee seeeee ee eeee eeteee evcece wees te eeee we eeee eee eee ee eeee ete eee wee eee eeeeee we eeee ete eee stews et eeee wee eee eteeee Melantho coarctata, Lea.—Shell imperforate, ovately turreted, thick, the surface decussated by revolving strive and lines of growth; light Fig. 106. Melantho coarctuta. greenish horn color, with darker longitudinal streaks marking the margins of form- er peristomes, white under the epidermis ; spire elongat- . ed, apex entire; whirls 6, regularly increasing, slightly convex, the last one equalling more than one-half the shell’s length, imperforate, some- times compressed and ob- tusely carinated; aperture Melantho coarctata. MELANTHO. 53 scarcely oblique, ovate, longer than wide, more than half the length of the body whirl, within white; peristome simple, acute, sinuose, its margins not on the same plane, its terminations connected by a heavy shining callus upon the parietal wall. Length of the axis 22, greatest * breadth of body whirl 15; length of aperture 15, breadth 9 mill. Paludina coarctata, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., IX, 30 (1844); Obs. IV, 30; Proc. I, 243 (1842).—Rerve, Con. Icon. 46 a (Feb. 1863). Paludina lima, Antuony, Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phil. 1860, p. 70.—ReExEvE, Con. Icon. 46 b (Feb. 1863). Paludina exilis, Anrnony, Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phil. 1860 p. 71. Paludina compressa, Lewis in Sched. (Unpublished. ) It has been found in South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, and Arkansas. The strie of growth, very much decussated by revolving deep cut lines, distinguish all the forms mentioned in the synonymy, and constitute one of the chief characteristics of the species. In form it seems capable of some considerable variation, being, at times, very slender and elongate, at others much more ovate, with more globose whirls. I give below a copy of Lea’s description, and a drawing of his original specimen (Fig. 108). Having before me the original specimens of Pal. lima and exilis, kindly loaned me by Mr. Anthony, and one determined by Mr. Lea to be his Pal. coarctata, I cannot hesitate in uniting them under one specific name, which, of course, will be the earliest published. No. 8867 of the Smithsonian collection is also a specimen of the same, though presented by Dr. J. Lewis under the unpublished name of Pal. compressa, Lewis. Mr. Lea has enabled me to figure his original specimen (Fig. 108). Lam able also to add figures of the shells from which Mr. Anthony drew his deseription of Pal. lima (Fig. 110) and exilis (Fig. 109). The latter shell is rather more slender than the other forms, one specimen being only thirteen mills. wide, though thirty-one long. Reeve places P. exilis in the synonymy of P. coarctata, but considers P. lima distinct. Paludina coarctata, LeA.—Shell smooth, ovate, compressed, thick, im- perforate, olive color; spire drawn out; sutures much impressed; whirls flattened ; aperture rather small, ovate, white. 54 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. | PART III Alabama. E. Foreman, M. D. Cabinet of Dr. Fore- man. Diam. .50, length .98 inch. This species, of which a single specimen only was re- ceived, differs from all of the genus which has come un- der my notice. It is remarkable for its compressed form, the body whirl being quite flattened. The apex is eroded, which prevents the number of whirls being ascertained: there appear to be five. The aperture is less round than Paludina coare. USual in this genus, and may be rather more than half tata. the length of the shell. (Lea.) : Paludina exilis, ANTHONY (1. c.).—Shell turreted, smooth, rather thick ; color light apple-green; spire elevated, composed of about seven volutions : suture well marked ; aperture small, broad- Fig. 109. ovate, livid within; body whirl distinctly angulated, B subumbilicate, and with very distinct lines of growth; columella well rounded and curved with a callous de- posit, connecting perfectly with the outer lip, thus forming a continuous rim. Length, 14 inch; breadth, ? inch. Hab.—Mississippi. My Cab.; Cab. H. Cuming, Lon- don; A. N. 8S. Philadelphia; State collection, Albany, N. Y.; Smithsonian collection. Obs. —One of the most slender of our American spe- cies ; Paludina subsolida, nob., is more ponderous, more globose, and has a larger aperture; no other species Paludina exilis. approaches it in general appearance; the whirls of this species taper more rapidly to an acute apex than in most of the species; compared with P. integra, Say, it is more slender, more solid, and the aperture is much smaller. (Anthony.) Paludina lima, Antuoxy (1. c.).—Shell ovate, rather thin, dark green; spire obtusely elevated and composed of six convex whirls, which are strongly striate or subcarinate ; sutures very distinct, and the upper part of each whirl being flattened renders it more conspicuous ; aperture broad-ovate, about half the length of the shell, livid Fig. 110. within; columella slightly rounded and callous de- posit small; umbilicus none. Length, 1} inch; breadth, ? inch. (ae qt Hab.—South Carolina. My Cab.; Cab. H. Cuming, London; A. N. S., Philadelphia; Smithsonian collec- tion, Washington, D. C. \ Obs.—In general form not unlike our western P. integra, Say, from which it differs, however, by its re- volving, raised striz and by its carine, which are also well developed; the lines ef growth are very strong, Paludina lima. and decussating with the striz give the surface a beau- LIOPLAX. 55 tifully rough appearance, which suggests its specific name. It is really one of our handsomest species, and so unlike all others that no American species can readily be mistaken for it. In most specimens the body whirl is very strongly carinate about the middle, and the outer lip is consider- ably produced as in P. subsolida, nob. (Anthony.) Cat. No.) No. of Sp. Locality. | From whom received. | Remarks. 8865 13 Natchez, Miss. Lieut. Wailes. ety eee 8866 6 a s Cabinet series. 8867 2 Jackson, Miss. Dr. Lewis. V. compressa, Lewis. 9531 9 Big Prairie Creek, Ala, DreShowallters) 5's a seer. LIOPLAX, TRoscHeEt. Foot very large, rather thin, elongated, greatly produced be- yond the snout, truncated before, and becoming slightly narrower behind towards its rounded extremity. Colors as in Melantho. Head very small. Snout very Fig. 111. short. Lingual teeth smooth at their apices or cusps. Tenta- cles broader and rather shorter than in Melantho. Right ten- * tacle in the male very short, only one-third the length of the left, Fig. 112. vf \.n = Female. Male. WD Animal of ZL. subcarinata. Lingual dentition of L. subcarinata. and broader than the snout. Lingual dentition as in Melantho. Right cervical lappet narrow, not plicated, but extending be- neath the right tentacle and snout, nearly to the base of the left tentacle. Left cervical lappet very small. Branchize as in Melantho. (Stimpson.) Operculum with a sub- spiral nucleus. Shell thin, ovate-turreted, imperforate, spire pro- duced, whirls rounded, carinated, covered with a thin Operculum of Lioplax epidermis ; peristome thin, continuous. subcarinata, 56 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A, [PART IIr Lioplax cyclostomatiformis, Lea.—Shell subcylindrical, rather thick, pale horn color, smooth, imperforate ; spire exserted, at the apex rose colored and obtuse; sutures very much impressed; whirls five, rounded ; aperture small, nearly round, within salmon colored. Coosa River, Alabama. Dr. Brumby. My cabinet, and Fig. 114. cabinets of Dr. Griffith, Dr. Jay, L. W. Sloat, and Dr. Fore- man. Diam. .32, length .82 of an inch. This is a very remarkable species, assuming very much the form of an exserted Cyclostoma. A single, somewhat worn specimen only, was received. The aperture is rather more than one-third the length of the shell. Its subcylin- drical form is very remarkable. Tisplan cycler Since the above description was written, Dr. Jay and Dr. tomatiformis. Foreman have placed in my hands specimens from the same locality. The epidermis is perfect, and they are of a green- ish horn color. The interior of the aperture is bluish, while the apex is slightly salmon colored. (Lea.) Paludina cyclostomatiformis, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. IX, pt. i, p. 23 (1844) ; Obs. IV, 23; Proc. II, 83, (1841).—Rexrve, Con. Icon. 43 (Feb. 1863). Paludina contorta, SuurrLewortu, of Kiisrer in Chemn. ed. 2, p. 20, pl. iv, f. 7-9 (1852). Paludina elliotti, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. 1858, p. 166. The specific name of this species must not be confounded with that of Pal. cyclostomeformis of D’Orbigny (Mag. de Zool. 133i, cle vjspl ixxix, fal) The outline of the back of the shell reminds one of the Cuban Megalomastoma.. The three upper whirls are sometimes of a very light flesh color, contrasting with the dark green of the remainder. The peristome is sometimes continuous, being ap- pressed to the body whirl, and forming a rimate umbilicus. On some specimens I have detected minute revolving lines. Pal. elliotti is a finer, better developed form of the species than that described as cyclostomatiformis, and has more acutely cari- nated upper whirls. A careful examination of Mr. Lea’s types leads me to consider them identical. With his original description of the latter I have given Fig. 114 from his type, while below will be found the description of Pal. elliott and a figure (115) of a specimen presented me under this name by Mr. Lea and now in the Smithsonian collection (No. 9015). IT have placed Paludina contorta in the synonymy of this species after a careful examination of a specimen received by Mr. Bland LIOPLAX. Bit from Mr. Shuttleworth. The original description given below, and the copy of the figures (Fig. 116) confirm my opinion of its identity with Mr. Lea’s shell. Since the publication of this paper in the form of proof, Mr. Gill has criticized my opinion of the identity of Pal. elliotti with P. cyclostomatiformis. His opinion was not based on an exami- nation of specimens, and has since been changed on seeing the Smithsonian series. Paludina elliotii, Lea (J. c.).—Shell subeari- Fig. 115. nate, pyramidal, rather thick, greenish-olive, smooth, very narrowly umbilicated; spire ele- vated, subacute, flesh-colored at the apex ; sutures ) excavated ; whirls 7, rounded, obtusely carinated above, rather small; aperture subrotund, small, ) white within. A Othcalooga Creek, Ga. - Bishop Elliott. (Lea.) a) Paludina elliotti. Paludina contorta, SHuTrLEwortTH (J. c.).—Shell non-rimate, cylindrically conic, subovate, shining, greenish with olive lines ; apex eroded ; whirls 6, strongly convex, divided by a deep suture, the mid- dle ones carinated in the middle; aperture oblong, white; peristome straight, acute, curved above. Shell smooth, cylindrical-conic, turreted with a truncated apex; shining, green, with olive brown lines and strie; sutures deep; whirls 6, ventricose, moderately increasing above, rapidly so towards the base, the middle ones clearly carinate in their centre, with brown angular curving strie and lines at the middle keel; last whirl shorter than the penultimate, and near the upper portion of the aperture separated so as to form a deep groove of the suture. Aperture longitudinally rounded, inner lip appressed; peristome straight, acute, twisted above (fig. 9), curving again below its centre, beautifully rounded below and regularly blending with the columella. Height 8/”, breadth 5”, Alabama (Rugel), coll. Charpentier. (Aéister.) Paludina contorta. Reeve, J. ¢., adopts the same view of Pal. elliotti and contorta as I have done. No. 9147 of the collection is almost ecarinate, and nearer Mr. Lea’s type of cyclostomatiformis than elliotte. It is singular that the only two known species of Lioplax should share the peculiarity of having a strongly carinated form with perfect apex, as well as a form with rounded whirls and ‘truncated apex. 58 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. PART III. Cat. No.| No. of Sp. Locality. 'From whom received. | Remarks. 8868 1 Coosa, River, Ala. WG Binney a) ee ae ese see 8869 1 Alabama. A. N.S. Phila. Cabinet series. 9015 1 Georgia. I, Lea. Figured in Fig. 115. 9149 1 Coosa River, Ala. Dro Re Showalters| * i vesciter Bigs 17; Lioplax subcarimata, Say.—Shell with three whirls, which are rounded, and subcarinated, reticulated with striw and wrinkles, sometimes without the strie ; suture deeply impressed; apex truncated and re-entering ; aperture more than half of the length of the shell, oval; elevated lines Paludina ©% Subcarine on the body two, three, and sometimes none. subcarinata. Length half of an inch, breadth four-tenths. Inhabits with the preceding species. (Delaware River.) Animal viviparous, with a chestnut, coriaceous operculum, white, spotted with orange; head pale orange, not extending beyond the shell; tentacula darker, short, subulate; eyes situated at their base, elevated, black and conspicuous ; base of the animal much advanced, broad, truncate, purplish before, tail rounded behind. (Say.) Limnzxa subcarinata, Say, olim. Nich. Enc. ed. 1, 1817; ed. 2, 1818, pl. ii, f..6. Paludina subcarinata, Say, Nich. Enc. ed. 3, 1819, pl. i, f. 7; ed. Binney, p. 47, pl. lxix, f. 7.—Haupeman, Mon., p. 8, pl. ii (1840).—De Kay, N. Y. Moll., p. 87 (1843).—Cuenv, Conch. Ill., pl. i, f. 6-8.— Puiipri, Conch. I, 7, pl. ii. f. 7 (1846).—Kusrer, in Chemn. ed. 2, p. 29, pl. vi, fig. 10-14.—Reeve, Con. Icon. 44 (Feb. 1863).—Not of Porrez Er MicHavp. Paludina sulculosa, MENKE, Syn. Meth. p. 134 (1830). Paludina bicarinata, Portez et Micuaun, Gal. des Moll., I. 249, pl. xxv, f. islse Helix decisa, Woop, Cat. Suppl. p. 21, pl. vii, f. 17 (1828) ; Hanuey’s ed. 226, f. 17 (1856). Helix subcarinata, Earon, Zool. Text-Book, 195 (1826). Lioplax subcarinata, TroscHEL, Gebiss der Schn. 100 (1857). There are in the mature perfect shell 3 more whirls than the number given by Mr. Say. It is a very variable shell. The whirls are some- times truncated at the apex, very much rounded and hardly marked by the carine (Fig. 118), which in other locali- ties are much developed, continuing to Lioplaew ~~ the sharp, well-defined apical whirls, subcarinata, on which is no trace of erosion (Fig. ‘ : : j Lioplax 119). Sometimes there is a prominent revolving suecarinata. LIOPLAX. 59 elevated ridge below the carina on the body whirl. The revolving strie are sometimes very strongly marked. The operculum, which in the young Fig. 121. shell is subspiral, in its later growth is concentric as in the other species of V7- viparide. Lioplax . - Rp aEE I have received specimens from Ohio, OPerewtum * ra of Lioplax Indiana, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and gycarinata. New Jersey. Paludina sulculosa, Menke, l. c., appears to me to be this species. I have seen no authentic specimen. His description is as follows :— Paludina sulculosa.—Shell ovate-conoid, apex deroded ; imperforate, thin, decussately striated, transversely lightly suleated; green; whirls 4, angu- lated on the spire; suture deep; aperture ovate; lip simple. Length 43, breadth 3 lines. Ohio River at Cincinnati. Bescke. (Menke.) Paludina bicarinata, Potiez and Michaud, is certainly this species, as shown by their description and the copy of the outline of their figure given below. Paludina bicarinata, Pot. et Micu. (1. ¢.) not Say.—Shell oval, ven- tricose, brown or greenish, covered with numerous trans- verse ridges, two of which are more developed on the last Fig. 122. whirl, the other whirls having but one medial carina; spire comprised of three or four convex whiris, of which the first A are usually truncate; aperture ovoid; peristome simple. Length 12-15, breadth of last whirl 10-12 mill. i Paludina Mr. Say and Ch. des Moulins have both given the same pieqrinata. name to two different shells belonging to this genus, conse- quently it becomes necessary, in order to avoid confusion, to change that of Des Moulins, being posterior to Mr. Say’s. Moreover, M. des Moulins’ shell having three carinz, will be better designated by the name tricarinata, adopted in this catalogue. Delaware River, N. America. (Poticz et Michaud.) I give also an outline of Wood’s figure (Fig. 123) Fig. 123. of decisa, of which no description is given, though it AA is specified as “tawny Delaware.” It is evidently Lioplax subcarinata. 0) In addition to the above fac-similes I have given eF Paludina one of Say’s figures in Nicholson’s Encyclopedia (Fig. “7” iT) Wood. 60 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. PART Iii. Fig. 124. The lingual dentition of Lio- plax subcarinate is thus figured , by Troschel (Fig. 124). There are seven teeth in each row, Lingual dentition of Lioplax subcarinata. with recurved, simple, acute apices, the central broad at the base, narrower above, the laterals narrower. For the animal see p. 59. Cat. No.| No. of Sp.| Locality. From whom received. Remarks. 8870 50+ Raritan River. WG) Binney. S| emer crete S871 Sane All eee eters cc iete W. Stimpson. | Cabinet series. 8572 20 Burlington, N. J. W. G. Binney. Nh eases 8873 9 Ohio. W. Stimpson. prt) SA ie tees 8574 2 Licking River, Ky. WG. Binney. oul) ea wesc 8875 8 Laporte, Ind. gs Ecarinate. 9013 ee ANie SOM. Goce ck Paulll= | Silage tse. Figured in Fig. 119, 9056 30 Laporte, Ind. Dr. Lewis. sleisiere 9057 20. Bank Lick, Ky. ie ho tv er Billie p Amoi Sas DouBTFUL, SPURIOUS, AND EXTRA-LIMITAL SPECIES OF VIVIPARIDA. This completes the list of known North American Viviparide. There now follow notices of doubtful species and those which have been erroneously referred to the genus. In the Trans. Lit. and Hist. Soc. Quebec, I, 196, occur the two following descriptions by Mrs. Shepard :— Paludina .—Shell white; epidermis olive; spire the length of the aperture; last whirl inflated. Island of Orleans. Paludina -—Shell pale buff; spire longer than the aperture; top obtuse. Found with the foregoing on the beach at the island; the whirls are not so much inflated as those of this genus generally are, but I think it would not range under any other; it has bluish bands of gray round the top of the whirls. Paludina alleghanensis, GREEN.—Shell conical ; spire elevated and rather obtuse ; whirls four, rounded and nearly smooth, the ultimate whirl the largest ; mouth oval, slightly angular near the upper part of the peristome, where it adheres to the body whirl; umbilicus none: epidermis dark brown color. Length two-tenths of an inch. Fine specimens of the shell are in the cabinet of Mr. W. Hyde. Moun- tains of Pennsylvania. ( Green.) Paludina alleghanensis, GREEN, in Doughty’s Cabinet of Nat. Hist., II, p. 291 (1832). The above is Green’s description. I have not been able to obtain any information about the species. From the size and shape of the shell I should incline to believe it to be an Amunicola. * = * DOUBTFUL VIVIPARID®. 61 Paludina solida, Say, is mentioned by name only by Cristofori & Jan, Conch. Terr. et Fluv. p. 7 (1832). Paludina canaliculata, Govutp, is mentioned by name only in the Pre- liminary Report on Mass. Shells, p. 107, and by WHeattey, Cat. 29. Paludina unicolor, Lam., from South Carolina, mentioned by name only by Wueat-ey in his Cat. of U. 5. Shells, p. 30. Ihave never known of any such species having been found there. Vivipara bengalensis, Lam. (Pal. elongata, Swaisson.—Pal. multilineata, Say, N. H. D. I, 245, 1829, Biywey’s ed., p. 146.—Pal. vitula, RarinesquE, (Bengal.) Atl. Journ., V. 169), said to have been found in St. John’s River, Fla. Mr. Say’s words are as follows : “Capt. Leconte presented me with a shell which, he informed me, he found in the River St. John, Florida. I described it nearly four years since under the name of multilineata; but, recently, being about to publish it, on a more attentive examination and comparison with a specimen of the elongata from Calcutta, given to me by Mr. Hyde of Philadelphia, I have concluded that it varies from that specimen only in having the umbilicus a little smaller.” See also Ampullaria rotundata, p. 6. I have seen some specimens said to have come from Florida which might be referred to this species, but at present cannot consider its existence there sufficiently esta- blished to admit it in the list of American Vivipara. Haldeman (Mon., p. 24, pl. vii, f. 2,4), thus describes and figures it, considering it probable that it was accidentally introduced into Florida together with Ampullaria rotundata, Say. They are both Calcutta shells :— “Shell lengthened, conic, and polished ; com- posed of six or seven convex whirls, the surface of which is covered with minute transverse wrinkles, and numerous narrow spiral bands; apex pointed; suture deep ; lines of accretion very fine; aperture regularly rounded, produced posteriorly. Color bright green, often passing into brownish ; the spiral bands are fuscous, and the inside white.” See also HA.pDE- man, Mon. 24, pl. vii, f. 3, 4 (1841). Paludina minuta, Say, of Kuster, Chemn. ed. ii, p. 52, pl. x, f. 15-16, is Cingula minuta, Torren. Mr. Say never described any such species. I have not given Kiister’s description as he quotes Totten’s descrip-~ tion, leaving no doubt of its identity. Paludina hyalina, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. VI, 17, pl. xxiii, f. 81 (1839), (not of MorELET), is a distorted Planorbis eracutus, q. v. (Land and Fr.-Wat. Sh. II.) Paludina turrita, MeNxKe, Syn. Meth. p. 40, is mentioned by name only, Cyclostoma marginatum, Say, being mentioned doubtfully as a syno- nym. Paludina bengalensis. 62 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. PART ITI. Paludina aculeus, Kiister, Chemn. ed. ii, p. 73, pl. xiii, f. 8-9, is there said to be Cingula aculeus. Paludina scalaris, Jay, Cat. 3d ed. 112, pl. i, f. 8, 9 (1839) = Physa sca- laris, q. v. (Land and Fresh-Water Shells, Il.) The name is also used in Zeit. fiir Mal. II, 164, 1845, by Duyxer. Paludina porata, Say, is mentioned by name only in Menkr’s Syn. Meth. p- 42 (1830) with P. katschkana, Parr. and P. fluminensis, ZinGLER, as its synonyms. Paludina castanea, VALENCIENNES, Humboldt and Bonpland, Ree. d’Obs. II, 256, is not specified as American. The description was drawn from a specimen in the Paris Museum, locality unknown. Paludina viridis of Virginia is quoted without description by SowrRby (Tank. Coll. p. 43), Helix viridata, Bupein MS. being given as a synonym. Paludina maxima, RAVENEL, Cat. 12 (1834), is unknown tome. No de- scription was ever published. Paludina decipiens is mentioned by name only among the American spe- cies added to those cited in Lamark’s Animaux sans Vertebres, by GouLp’s translation (p. 70, Genera of Shells). I have no informa- tion concerning it. Finding Pleurocera of Rafinesque quoted in the synonymy of Vivipara by Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., I was inclined to place the following species in Vivipara, but now omit them. See Rafinesque’s Complete Writings, 1864, pp. 65 and 67. _ Pleurocera acuta, Enum. and Ace., p. 3. Pleurocera rugosa, BL SED saSen: Pleurocera gonula, “ : “apes Pleurocera verrucosa, Ann. of Nat., No. I, p. 11 (1820). The genus Pleurocera is considered by Haldeman (Mon. of Leptoris and Encycl. Icon., Baird’s ed.) to be the same as /o, Lea, which last name not having priority of publication would be considered a synonym of Pleuro- cera. The following description of Rafinesque is translated from the Journal de Physique, &c. of Brussels, LXX XVIII, p. 423. The fac-simile Fig. 126 is from a MS. work of the same author, ‘ Conchologia Ohioensis,” presented by Prof. Haldeman to the Smithsonian Institution. Pleurocera, l. c.—Shell spiral, oval or pyramidal, numerous rounded whirls; aperture oblong, oblique, base prolonged, twist- Fig. 126. ed, narrowed above; outer lip thin, interior lip appressed to the columella, which is smooth and twisted, without umbilicus. Animal with a membranaceous operculum, proboscis-like head, inserted on the back; tentacles two, lateral, subulate, sharp, eyes at their exterior base. / Family of Turbinacea. Species numerous, of which I ve have already twelve, all fluviatile, from rivers and Pleurocera. creeks. (Rajinesque.) . DOUBTFUL VIVIPARIDA. C3 Omphemis plaioxis and lacustris of Rafinesque are mentioned by name only (Journ. de Phys. LXXXVIII, p. 424. The generic description is as follows :— . Shell oval; aperture rounded, lips detached, columella separated from the lower lip by a small oblong umbilicus ; spire slightly oblique ; animal with a membranaceous operculum, two flattened lateral ten- tacles, eyes at their exterior base. Family Turbinacea. Two species, O. lacustris and plaioxis, which is fluviatile. (Rafinesque.) I take this opportunity of giving a fac-simile of a figure of the animal of Leptoris as well as Rafinesque’s description, translated from the work referred to, p. 424. The figure (127) is copied from the same MS. as that quoted on. the last page, written in the well-known hand of Rafinesque. Leptoxis, 1. ¢., differs from Lymnula by its oval, ventri- cose shell of two or three whirls; aperture oval, almost as large as the whole shell; eyes exterior. Four species, fluviatile, Ke. (Rafinesque.) Fig. 127. CRC Animal of Leptoais. To the genus Somatogyrus (q. v.) must be referred the following :— Paludina altilis, RaveneL, undescr. Cat. 8. C. 12 (1834). Paludina pallida, Lea. Paludina subglobosa, Say. Paludina fontinalis, Pui. Paludina isogona, DrKay. To the genus Amnicola (q. v.) must be referred the following :— Paludina sayana, Kuster, Chemn. ed. 2, p. 48, pl. ix, f. 30-32. Paludina emarginata, Kiisver, 1. c. p. 50, pl. x, f. 3, 4. Paludina cincinnatiensis, Kuster. Paludina porata, Kitsver, /. c. and of Pamippt. Paludina lustrica, KistEr, 1. c. Paludina granosa, Say, of Kirtuanv’s Ohio Report, p. 174 (1838), and Sill. Am. Journ, [1] XXXI, 36 (1836); probably Amnicola granum, Say. Paludina grana, Say. Paludina limosa, Say. Paludina obtusa, LEA (not of TroscHEL). To the genus Pomatiopsis (q. v.) must be referred the following :— Paludina lapidaria, Kiisver, 1. ¢. Paludina nickliniana, Lea. To the genus Fluminicola (q. v.) must be referred— Paludina nuttalliana, Lea. Paludina nuclea, Lea. Paludina virens, LEA. Paludina seminalis, Hinps. 64 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART IIl. To the genus Leptoxis are to be referred the following species :— Paludina dissimilis, Say (Binney’s ed. p. 48); DeKay, N. Y. Moll. 86 (1843), and Poriez & Micuaup, Gal. des Moll. I have not con- sidered it necessary to repeat Mr. Say’s description, the species being well known and universally acknowledged to be a Leptozis. Paludina crenatu, SAY, is mentioned as a species of Leptoxis by Dr. Brot in his admirable ‘‘Matériaux pour servir a étude de la famille des Mélaniens,” p. 24. Mr. Say described no such species. Prof. Hal- deman describes a Leptoxis under this name in the Monograph re- ferred to by Dr. Brot. See also Somatogyrus. Fig. 128. Paludina humerosa, AntHony, /. c.-—-Shell ovate, thick, bright green, imperforate; spire rather obtusely elevated, composed of about 5—6 convex whirls; upper whirls smooth, body whirl and preceding one strongly striate and granulate or subgranulate ; sutures very distinct ; aperture ovate, nearly one-half the length of the shell, livid within. Paludina humerosa. Length about half an inch. Alabama. My cabinet. A single specimen only is before me, but it is sufficiently distinct ; its granulated surface and the broad shouldering of the whirls are its chief characteristics ; compared with P. genicula, Con., it is more slender, darker in color, and its granulated surface is of itself a suffi- cient distinction. (Anthony.) Paludina humerosa, Anruony, Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Phila. 1860, p. @1. From an examination of Mr. Anthony’s type I have no doubt of this being a nodulous species of Leptoris, on which the nodules are slightly developed. Fig. 128 is drawn from it. To the genus Melania are to be referred— Paludina virginica, Say, Nich. Enc. 3d ed. (1819). Paludina rudis, Ravenet (Cat. of Cabinet, p. 12, 1834). No description was given by Dr. Ravenel, who informs me that he found the spe- cies at Danville, on the Dan River, and subsequently sent some spe- cimens to Mr. Lea, who described them as Melania inflata. Paludina nitida, RavENEL (Cat. of Cabinet, p. 12, 1834). No description was published. Dr. Ravenel informs me that on submitting speci- mens to Mr. Lea he pronounced them an undescribed species of Me- fania. They were found in the Dan River, at Danville. To the genus Rithynia (q. v.) has been referred the following :— Paludina tentaculata, Lin. To the genus Lithasia is to be referred— RISSOID AS. 65 Paludina incrassata, LEA.—Shell smooth, elliptical, rather thin, im- perforate, dark horn color; sutures somewhat impressed ; whirls somewhat convex ; columella thickened above ; aper- ture rather round, small, within bluish. Fig. 129. Alabama. E. Foreman, M.D. Cabinet of Dr. Fore- —— man. Diam. .52, length... inch. Rather more than the first whirl only of the speci- men before me is perfect, and I would not have pro- posed it for a new species, but that this part differs from any which has come under my notice. The callus on the superior part of the columella is very like that we find in the genus Anculosa. The aper- ture is smaller than usual in this genus. The upper whirls being decollate, neither their number nor the form of the spire can be given. (Lea.} Paludina incrassata, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. IX, 30 (1844); Obs. IV, 30; Proc. II, 243 (1842). The figure given above (Fig. 129) is taken from Mr. Lea’s original specimen. I have not seen others. Paludina in- crassata. Paludina thermalis, Linn., is quoted by Puiprr from the United States, Turbo minutus, Say, being given as synonym (Arch. f. Nat. 1844, 28). Fossit SpEctEsS oF VIVIPARIDA. Dr. Meek furnishes the following list of fossil American Viviparz, most of which were first described as Paludine :— Vivipara vetusta, MeEK & Haypen Phila. Proc. 1860, 43; 1856, 121. Vivipara leaii, & 3 1860, 184; 1856, 121. Vivipara retusa, “ g 1860, 185 ; 1856, 122. Vivipara conradi, ss uh 1860, 185 ; 1856, 122. Paludina peculiaris, ss sé 1856, 122. Vivipara trochiformis, “ ss 1860, 185; 1856, 122. Vivipara leidyi, ae 4 1856, 123. Vivipara raynoidsana, “ se 1861, 446. Vivipara nebrascensis (Paludina multilineata, Merk & HaypeEN, Phila. Proc. 1856, 120) ; 1860, 430. Vivipara glabra, H. C. Lea, teste Conran, Proc. Phila. A. N. S. 1862, 567. Famity RISSOID™. Lingual teeth 3, 1, 8; the rows being more tuansverse and less arcuated than in the Littor’nide. Rhachidian tooth broader than long, and armed with basal denticles (so called 66 LAND AND FRES!U-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART III. by Troschel) on each side, which may be either on the basal margin, or on the anterior surface of the tooth above the base; cusp recurved and denticulated. Intermediate tooth Fig. 139. Lingual dentition of Amnicola sayana. more or less hatchet-shaped, having a handle-like process (peduncle) projecting outwardly from the base of the broad body which is denticulated at the upper margin. Lateral teeth generally slender and armed with numerous minute denticles at their superior margins. Shell small, spiral, tur- reted or depressed, often more or less umbilicated ; aperture more or less rounded, never truly channelled in front; peri- treme continuous. Tentacles elongated, with the eyes at their outer bases. Verge (male organ) exserted, situated on the back at a considerable distance behind the right tentacle. Gills both pallial; the right or principal one usually rather short and broad, and composed of few laminz, which are much broader than high. Foot oblong, truncate before, rounded or pointed behind. Operculigerous lobe well de- veloped. Operculum horny or partly shelly, spiral or con- centric. Station in fresh, brackish, or sea water, rarely on land. Distribution mundane.—[St’mpson.] Dr. Stimpson subdivides the Rissoide into the following sub- families :— ByYTHINIIN#, with an ovate shell, a concentric operculum which is calcareous within, and with cervical lobes. They are compara- tively large. Fresh water. Genus Bythinia, Gray. RIssoOININ®, with an ovate or turreted shell, and a thick, corne- ous, subspiral operculum provided with an internal process (articu- lated). Size small. Marine. Genus Rissoina, D’Orb. (See Stimpson’s paper, p. 39.) Rissoina&, with an ovate or elongated shell, and a subspiral operculum not provided with a process. Foot without lateral BYTHINELLA. 67 sinuses. Rhachidian tooth of the lingual ribbon with the basal - . . & . . . . teeth on the inferior margin. Size small. Marine. Genera Rissoa, Frem., Cingula, Flem., Alvania, Risso, Onoba, H. & A. Ad., Setia, H. & A. Ad., Ceratia, H. & A. Ad. SKENEIN#, with a depressed, almost discoidal shell, and a corneous, paucispiral operculum. Minute. Marine. Genus Skenea, Flem. Hyprosun&, with shell and operculum and foot like those of the Rissoine, but with the rhachidian tooth of the lingual ribbon having the basal teeth on the anterior surface, behind the lateral margins. Size variable; some are minute, some as large as Bythinix. Living in fresh or brackish water. Genera Hydrobia, Hartm., Littorinella, Braun, Amnicola, Gould & Hald., Bythi- nella, Moq.-Tand., Stenothyra, Benson, Tricula, Benson, Pyr- gula, Christ. & Jan, Paludestrina, D’Orb., Tryonia, Stm., Pota- mopyrgus, Stm., Lithoglyphus, Muhlfeldt, /luminicola, Stm., Gillia, Stm., Somatogyrus, Gill, Cochliopa, Stm. PoMATIOPsSIN#”, with the shell and operculum as in the Ris- soine. Foot with lateral sinuses. Size small. Amphibious. Genus Pomatiopsis, Tryon. The land and fresh-water species only are included by me in the following pages. The figures are all somewhat enlarged. BYTHINELLA, Mog.-Tanp. Lingual dentition of B. thermalis, according to Troschel: Rhachidian tooth moderately long, with the infero-lateral angles much produced. Intermediate tooth with the body longer than » Fig. 131. [F\ Lingual dentition of Bythinella nickliniana.—[Stmmpson. ] broad. Formula of the denticles: a -6-18-0. Tentacles taper- ing, but blunt at tip. Foot rather narrow, rounded behind. 68 LAND AND FRESH-WA'TER SHELLS OF N, A. [PART ny Verge (in B. ferrusina) bifid. Shell elongated-ovate, usually somewhat pupiform, imperforate, or simply rimate ; apex obtuse. Aperture oval or rounded; peritreme continuous, slightly thick- ened. Operculum corneous, with the nucleus moderately large, not very close to the basal margin. Station, fresh water. Distribution, Europe and North America. (Stimpson.) Bythinella attemuata, Hatp.—Shell unusually long, slender, with 6 or 7 obliquely revolving, very convex whirls, separated by a deep suture; aperture small, ovate, with the peritreme level and Fig. 132. continuous ; labium in contact with the body whirl, leaving scarcely any perforation. Color pale-green beneath an extraneous coating of black. Taken from a spring in Montgomery County, Virginia, connected with Roanoke River. Bythinella I am not confident that this is not the adult of nicliniana, attenuata. as there is a very close resemblance between that shell and the young of this species, when it has but fotrr volutions. In the latter, the aperture appears to be rather contracted. (//aldeman.) Amnicola attenuata, HALDEMAN, Mon. pt. 4, p. 3 of wrapper (1842) ; In. Mon. p. 22, pl. i, f. 13 (1844?) ; In. Journ. Acad. N. Sc. Phila. VIII, 200 (1842) ; Is. Proc. I, 78 (1841). Amnicola elongata, HALDEMAN, /. c. in plate. . It is also said to inhabit New York. Amnicola elongata, Jay, of the Smithsonian Check Lists, is probably this species. No synonymy or reference is given by Dr. Jay (Cat., p. 278). ° Bythinella nickliniama, Lea.—Shell turreted, green, smooth ; apex obtuse ; whirls 4, convex; aperture Fig. 133. ovate. Hot Springs, Va. Diam. two- Fig, 134, twentieths ; length three-twentieths inch. This shell, with several other species, A was brought by Mr. Nicklin from the Hot A Springs of Virginia, and kindly placed in my cabinet. It lives in a rivulet, Bythinella whose channel is supplied by the waters — ”##/intana. of a hot and a cold spring. The Physa aurea inhabits the same stream. It is the smallest species I know in our Paludina nickliniana, country, except the granosa of Say. It is rather larger, and very much re- sembles the viridis Lam. Its habitat, however, is very different, as the viridis lives in cold fountains. (Léa.) BYTHUINELEA. 69 Paludina nickliniana, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. VI, 92, pl. xxiii, f. 109 (1839) ; Obs. II, 92. Amnicola nickliniana, HALDEMAN, Mon., p. 21, pl. i, f. 12 (18442). Mr. Lea’s figure (Fig. 133) not being as correct a representation as desirable of the species, I add another (Fig. 134), copied from Haldeman. The lingual dentition is figured on page 131. | Cat. No.| No. of Sp. Locality. From whom received. Remarks. £972 100+ Fishing Creek, Clinton |.. | —_ -...... Teste Lea. $931 3 | se [Combai aetsere = Monet | Cabinet series. Bythinella tenuipes, Covrer.—Animal “with the head pro- boscidiform, sub-bifid, sub-cylindrical; foot strap-shaped, anterior portion extending laterally, and emarginate before ; tentacles setaceous ; eyes at the external base of the tentacles ; color, except the head and eyes, mottled white. Shell “small, one and a half lines long, subumbilicated, oblong-ovate, turreted, thin, smooth, lines of growth very slightly marked ; color light brown; volutions five, suture slightly impressed; Fig. 135. aperture ovate, oblong, angulated above, rounded at base; la- brum simple, sharp. A “Found in the rice-field ditches at Hopeton, Georgia; move- ment active, made by the joint action of the head and foot, Bythinella the head advancing before the foot ; floats on the surface of the — tenwipes. water in an inverted position.”” (Couper in Haldeman.) Amnicola tenuipes, Couper, in HaALpEMAN’s Mon, 23, pl. i, f. 14-15 (1844?) ; No. 7, p. 4 of wrapper (1844). Bythimella bimmeyi, Tryon.—Shell minute, elongated, con- sisting of 4 to 5 very convex whirls; apex somewhat obtuse; aperture ovate or nearly suborbicular, both lips rounded; umbilicus ° very small. Color light horn. Length 3, diam. 1.6; length Fig. 156. of aperture 1.25, breadth 1 mill. Bolinas, California. Rey. J. Powell. My cabinet and cabi- 6 net of Mr. Powell. Some specimens of this very small and Pomati- opsis exceedingly fragile species were sent to me; they exhibit, how- ie J mney. ever, all the stages of growth from the very young to adult form. None of them retained the operculum. It is much Fig. 137. smaller than any other species of Pomatiopsis, and is not likely to be confounded with any of them. It approaches nearest in form to two European species of Bythinia, B. acuta and B. viridis; the former, however, has a more lengthened, acute spire, and the latter is a more robust and ventricose shell. py#nineta (Tryon.) w binneyi. 70 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART III. Pomatiopsis binneyi, Tryon, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1863, 148, pl. i, f. 10. Mr. Tryon’s description is given above, as well as a fac-simile of his figure (Fig. 136). I have also given another figure of his original specimen. Bythinella obtusa, Lrea.—Shell subcylindrical, rather thin, dark- green, smooth, slightly perforate; spire short; at the beaks very obtuse ; sutures impressed ; whirls four, convex ; aperture small, nearly Fig. 138. round. Ohio. Diam. .07, length .10 inch. I This is among the smallest of the genus, and may at once be distinguished by its obtuse apex, which has the appearance Bythinella almost of being truncate. The whirls do not decrease regu- obtusa, larly from the lower one to the apex, the greatest diameter being apparently across the second whirl. In form, therefore, it has the aspect of a Pupa. It answers partly to the description of Paludina alleghaniensis, Green, but seems to differ in the truncate appearance of the apex, and in its size. Two specimens were found in a box, with some other small species, kindly sent me by Dr. Kirtland. It is rather less than Pal. nickliniana, but differs from it in being less tapering to the | apex. It closely resembles P. viridis, Lam., but is rather larger, and more obtuse. There were no opercula to examine in these specimens; aperture rather more than one-third the length of the shell. (Lea.) Paludina obtusa, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. IX, 13 (1844); Obs. IV, 13; Proc. II, 34 (1841). Amanicola obtusa, HALDEMAN, Mon. p. 24 (1844?). - Figure 138 is drawn from Mr. Lea’s original specimen. TRYONEIA, Stimpson. Shell perforate, elongated, turreted, subulate, acute at summit and rather pointed at base; surface longitudinally ribbed or plicated, not spinous; whirls numerous, shouldered. Aperture small, oblique, rhombo-ovate ; and somewhat pointed, sinuated, and effuse at base; outer lip thin and sharp, projecting below ; inner lip appressed to the whirl above, peritreme however con- tinuous. Operculum and lingual dentition unknown. Station, fresh water. Distribution, Southern California. (S¢impson.) TRYONIA. _ 71 Tryonia clathrata, Srimprson.—Whirls eight. Longitudinal ribs variable in number, usually about twelve to each whirl. Surface other- wise smooth, or marked with delicate incremental strie. There is no trace of revolving striz or lines. Length 0.2 inch. Fig. 139. The specimens described are in a semi-fossilized condition, mostly white, though not chalky, but with an ivory-like hard- ness. Some of them are translucent, looking as if silicified. From the circumstances under which they were found, how- ever, it is probable that the species existed within a very recent period, if not indeed now living. Large numbers of specimens were found, in company with other dead fresh-water shells of the genera Physa, Planorbis, Amnicola, Cyclas, etc., in the basin of the Colorado Desert, Southern California, by Mr. Wm. P. Blake, on one of the Pacific Railroad Surveys. The basin is the bed of an ancient lake, now dry. The specimens collected by him are in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution. (Stimpson.) Tryonia celathrata. Tryonia clathrata, Simpson, Am. Journ. Conch. I, 54, pl. viii, f. 1, 1865. The figure I have given is not a fac-simile of that of Stimpson. Tryonia protea, Govtp.—Shell elongate, slender, variable; whirls seven to eight, rounded, divided by a deep suture, simple or variously orna- mented, and barred with revolving ridges and longitudinal folds ; aperture ovate; lip continuous, simple, scarcely touching the penultimate whirl, Length of the largest specimen three-tenths, breadth, one-tenth inch. Fig. 140. From the Colorado Desert (Gran Jornada), Dr. ‘T. H. Webb, W. P. Blake. Peculiar from its large size and slender form, though differing greatly in its relative propor- tions. It differs from all others, in being vari- ously sculptured with revolving ridges and longitudinal folds, like most Melanie. It varies Amnicola protea, greatly also in the relative proportions of length and breadth. It is as slender as Amnicola attenuata, Hald., and much larger. This appears to be the same shell as that subsequently described by Mr. Conrad, under the name of Melania exigua. ( Gould.) Amnicola protea, Goutp, Proc. Bost. S. N. H. V, 129 (March, 1855) ; P. R. R. Rep. V. 332, pl. xi. fig. 6—9 (1857); Prelim. Rep. App. 24 (1855) ; Otia, 217. Melania exigua, Conran, Proc. A. N.S. Phila. VI, 269 (Feb. 1855). Two of Dr. Gould’s figures are copied in my figure (140). With them may be compared Fig. 141, which is drawn from a specimen _ presented by Prof. Haldeman (No. 9145), and pronounced by Mr. Conrad to be his Melania exigua, it having been one of 72 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART III. the original specimens collected by Dr. Le Conte. Mr. Conrad’s description, given below, bears an earlier date than that of Dr. Gould, but was not actually published at that time. TI have, therefore, retained Dr. Gould’s name. The two descriptions evidently refer to the same species. Melania exigua.—Turreted ; volutions 8, disposed to be angulated and somewhat scalariform above, cancellated, longitudinal lines wanting on the lower half of the body whirl; columella re- flected ; aperture elliptical. Length one-fifth of an inch. Colorado Desert, California. (Dr. Le Conte.) The specimens are numerous and of a chalky whiteness, showing that they are all dead shells. Said to have been found one hundred and twenty miles distant from any stream passed on the route. Fig. 142. Melania } i evigua, } am indebted to Dr. Caspar Parkinson and Mr. 7ryonia enlarged. Mactier for specimens. ( Conrad.) protea. Fig. 142 is drawn from one of Dr. Gould’s original specimens. Cat. No.| No.of Sp. | Locality. | From whom received. | Remarks. 9143 4 Colorado Des. Prof. Haldeman. M. exigua, teste Cour. 9356 4 es Mr. Mactier. sé aa COCHLIOPA, Stimpson. Lingual dentition of the typical species: Rhachidian tooth short and broad; middle lobe of the basal margin very broad ; basal teeth rather large. Intermediate tooth with a long pe- duncle, and square body having a cavity in the centre. Lateral teeth with an expansion of the inner side of the shank, separated from the summit by a deep rounded sinus; the outer lateral being more expanded than the inner. Formula of the denticles: ef -8-18-24. Shell depressed-conic; base concave, carinated ; umbilicus large and deep; aperture oblique. Operculum thin, corneous, sub-spiral. Rostrum of moderate size; tentacles rather long, tapering. Verge rather elongated, compressed, geniculated, and bifid, the inner branch being vezy small, less than one-fourth “the size of the outer one and arising at the inner angle of the geniculation. COCHLIOPA. 73 Station, fresh water. Distribution, California. (Stimpson.) Cochliopa rowellii, Tryon.—Shell depressed, wider than high, consisting of 33 whirls, which are regularly convex and rapidly enlarging ; spire small, but little elevated, apex acute, sutures well mark- ed; base convex, except that the region surrounding the um-_ Fig. 143. bilicus is flattened and inclining towards the axis, its outer boundary, consequently, is marked by an angle; umbilicus O small, but very distinct; aperture halt-ovate, the labrum well rounded and thin, the labium but slightly rounded, thickened, elevated from the body-whirl, forming an acute angle with the labrum above, and not impinging on the umbilicus. Surface marked with close, regular, minute strix, which become enlarged in the flattened um- bilical region into sharp crowded lines visible without a glass. Color light horn or yellowish, operculum darker. Operculum paucispiral, the lines of accretion very distinct and regular. Length 2.5, diam. maj. 4, min. 3; length of apert. 2, breadth 13 mill. Clear Lake, California: Rev. J. Rowell. My cabinet and cab. of Mr. Rowell. This species cannot be compared with any hitherto described, being much more depressed, and widely distinct in the form of the umbilical region. It may possibly form a species of the genus Somatogyrus, recently proposed by my friend Mr. Theo. Gill for a small mollusk from Iowa, which I described in the Proceedings of the Academy for Sept. 1862. ( Tryon.) * Amnicola rowellii, Tryon, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1863, 147, pl. i, f. 8, 9. Fig. 144, Amnicola rowellii. = In addition to the fac-simile of one of the original figures of this species given above, Fig. 144 is drawn from No. 9312 of the collection, which was presented ©*/iepa rowellii, by Mr. Tryon. enlarged. Cat. No.| No.of Sp. Locality. From whom received. Remarks. 9312 1 California. | G. W. Tryon. Fig. 144. GILLIA, Stimpson. Lingual dentition of the type: Rhachidian tooth moderately long, deeply trilobate below; basal teeth close to the basal margin, and projecting beyond it. Intermediate tooth with the body subrhomboidal, slightly excavated in the middle. Outer LNT 74 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART III. lateral tooth with a smaller number of denticles than the inner. Formula of the denticles: a3" 8-14-10. Shell rather large, Fig. 145. RS Lingual dentition of Gillia altilis.—[STIMPSON. ] subglobular, thin, subperforate, smooth ; spire small; suture not impressed. Aperture large, broad, ovate, oblique; outer lip thin, acute, not projecting anteriorly. Operculum thin, corneous, regularly ovate. Rostrum rather broad. Tentacles tapering, pointed. Verge small, simple, lunate. Ova-capsules hemispheri- cal, each containing a single egg, and deposited singly or in groups or linear series. Station, fresh water. Distribution, the eastern parts of the United States of North America. (Stimpson. ) Gillia altilis, Lra.—Shell smooth, subglobose, thick, pale horn- color; spire short; sutures small; whirls four, obtusely angular above ; aperture large, nearly round, white. Fig. 146. Santee Canal, South Carolina: Prof. Ravenel; Susquehanna River at Havre de Grace, Md. (Paludina altilis, Prof. Ravenel’s letter.) My cabinet and cabinet of P. H. Nicklin. Diam. .27, length .32 inch. ‘Melicnin Last summer I found a number of this globose little species altilis. on the banks of the Susquehanna, and then considered it new, but on examination I found I had the same species, Prof. Ravenel having sent it to me years ago under the name of Paludina altilis. I am not aware that Prof. R. has ever described it, never having seen any account of it. His specific name for it is retained, but I have placed it among the Melaniz, it having a distinct spiral operculum. It belongs to a natural group in the genus Melania, which have very low spires and a very large body whirl. There is a very slight impression on the superior part of the whirls below the suture. The aperture is about two-thirds the length of the shell. The epidermis in young specimens is a very pale yellow, almost white. (JLea.) GILLIA. (5 Melania altilis, Lea, Proc. Am. Phil. Soe. II, 13 (1841) ; II, 150 (1842) ; Trans. VIII, 174, pl. v, f. 23; Obs. III, 12 (1843).—DeKay, N. Y, Moll. 95 (1843). Paludina altilis, RaveneL, Cat. (no descr.). Leptoxis altilis, Hatpeman, Mon. Lept. 6, pl. v, f. 152 (18477). * Mr. Lea also gives the river Schuylkill, at Philadelphia, as the habitat of this species (Pr. Am. Phil. Soc. II, 150). I have myself found it in great plenty in the Delaware, at Burlington, crawling on the mud exposed by the fall of the tide, together with Amnicola limosa and other species. Mr. Lea’s figure is. copied in my Fig. 146. Judging from the description and figure given by Haldeman of Leptoxis crenata, I should be inclined to refer it to this species, especially as its habitat is the same (Santee Canal). I have, however, followed the system of giving all the described species of this genus, without regard to synonymy—it being very difficult to decide doubtful cases. See the remarks under that species. Cat. No No. of Sp. Locality. From whom received. Remarks. 9217 | 4 Delaware River, N. J. WriGabinneye, | |) ees Gillia cremata, Ha.pemay.—Shell obliquely transverse, subglo- bose, polished, rather solid, with four Fig. 147. convex whirls, and impressed suture ; Fig. 148. aperture oblique, very large, angular posteriorly. Peritreme continuous on the same plane. Color yellowish- green, aperture white. Leptoxis erenate Paludina crenata, Say in cabinet. Paludina altilis, Rav. in cab. Santee Canal, S. C. Distinguished from al/ti/is by its obliquity, greater thickness, straighter and thicker labium, comparatively shorter spire. In other respects the species are much alike. This seems to belong to the same genus as the European shells which Dr. Jay gave me as Paludina naticoides and Lithoglyptus fuscus. (Haldeman.) Leptoxis crenata. Leptoxis crenata, HALDEMAN, Mon. 6, 67, pl. v, f. 153 (1847 ?). The above is a copy of the original description and figure of this species. I am inclined to believe it to be identical with the 76 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [ PART Ill, Gillia altilis of the Santee Canal. The shell found in the Delaware, and considered by Mr. Lea as Melania altilis, and included by me in the preceding article as a form of Gillia altilis, may prove to be a distinct species. If so, its synonymy will be Leptoxis altilis, Haldeman, not Melania altilis, Lea. DouBTFUL SPECIES OF GILLIA. Leptoxis rapxformis, of HALpEMAN’s Monograph, probably belongs to this genus. The species figured by him without name (pl. v, f. 157) certainly does. SOMATOGYRUS, Gut. Lingual dentition of type: Rhachidian tooth very short and broad. Intermediate tooth with the body perforated. Inner and~ outer lateral teeth with about the same number of denticles. Formula of the denticles: qa-T- 14-14. Shell rather large, Fig. 149. PN Lingual dentition of Somatogyrus depressus.—[STIMPSON. ] globular, thin, smooth, perforate ; spire small; suture impressed ; body whirl globose, more or less shouldered above. Aperture large, oblique, rhombo-ovate, narrowly rounded in front and behind, with its peritreme thin and acute, and with its entire margin uniformly in one plane, the outer lip not projecting anteriorly. Operculum rather thick, corneous, subovate ; inner margin concave near the upper extremity. Foot rather short. Rostrum broad. Tentacles tapering, pointed. Station, fresh water. : Distribution, the central parts of North America. (Stimpson.) Fe nae parser, Cas am am ae 7 ee ee SOMATOGYRUS. . 17 Somatogyrus depressus, Tryon.—Shell orbicular, sub-hyaline ; whirls four, convex, the last large, equalling five-sixths the length of the entire shell ; umbilicus narrow; aperture semi- _—_—‘ Fig. 150. circular, labrum appressed within; suture impressed. Length and breadth four mill. (Fig. mag. 2) times.) Hab. Mississippi River, at Davenport, lowa: Prof. Sheldon. | Coll. Acad. Nat. Sciences, and Smithsonian Institution, Prof. D. S. Sheldon, Geo. W. Tryon, Jr. Shell subhyaline, rather solid, orbicular, with the spire depressed, consisting of four whirls; apex acute, suture pro- foundly impressed. Body whirl very convex, equalling five-sixths the length of the shell, narrowly umbilicate. Aperture semicircular, the inner lip being nearly straight. The only shell which this resembles is Vivipara Amnicola depressa. subglobosa, Say, which differs in being double the size of A. depressa, with a rather more exserted spire, and in having a more concave inner lip. ( Tryon.) Amnicola depressa, Tryon, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phila. 1862, p. 452. Somatogyrus depressus, Git, Pr. Phil. Ac. 1863, 34 (no deser.). Fig. 150 is drawn from Mr. Tryon’s original figure. Cat. No.| No. of Sp. Locality. | From whom Necoived Remarks. 9014 3 Davenport, Ia. | G. W. Tryon. | eaters Somatogyrus isogenus, Say.—Subglobose, horn-color, volutions about four, rounded, obsoletely wrinkled; spire very short, about one- third the length of the aperture; suture pro- foundly impressed, so as to form a shoulderon Fig, 152. the whirls ; aperture much dilated, oval, being as obtusely rounded above as at base; um- bilicus linear, distinct ; operculum obviously spiral. Length under three-tenths of an inch. tees Inhabits Bear Grass Creek, near Louisville. isogona. Not very numerous. It is remarkable by the oval form of the much dilated aperture, and by the deeply indented suture. In old specimens the base is almost acutely angulated. (Say.) Somatogyrus tsogonus. Melania isogona, Say, N. H. Diss. Il, 227 (1829); Descr. 19; Bryyey’s ed. 144, Amnicola isogona, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. IX, 16 (1844); Obs. IV, 16. —Woopwarp, Man. pl. ix, f. 23. Paludina isogona, DeKay, N. Y. Moll. 85, pl. vii, f. 133. Paludina pallida, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VI, 22, pl. xxiii, f. 104 (1839) ; Obs. III, 22. ?Paludina fontinalis, Pumiprt, Conch. II, 5, p. 2, pl. ii, f. 9 (1846).— Kisrer, Chemn. ed. 2, 56, pl. x, f. 27, 28. 78 -LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART III. Leptoxis isogona, HatpemaN, Mon. 6, pl. vy, f. 155 (Mudalia) (1847?). Paludina subglobosa, Say, J. A. N. Se. V, 125 (1825); Brynezy’s ed. p. 115.—DeKay, N. Y. Moll. p. 86 (1843).—Hatpeman, Mon. pl. x, f. ce ' Mr. Lea’s description and figure of Paludina pallida are copied below. Paludina pallida. —Shell ventricose, thin, light horn-color, smooth ; sutures impressed ; whirls four, convex; aperture nearly round. Near Cincinnati, Ohio: T. G. Lea. My cabinet. Diam. .3 Fig. 153. length .4 inch. This shell has recently been found by my brother, and I believe has not before been observed. It might at first be mistaken for a young shell, on account of its pale yellow color and translucency. In form, however, it differs from any Paludina SPecies I have examined, the last whirl being very much en- pallida. larged, and the aperture being very large. (Lea.) A translation of Philippi’s description of Paludina fontinalis, and a fac-simile of his figure here follow. The shell described by him may be S. integer. Fig. 154. Paludina fontinalis.—Shell minute, subglobose, sub- perforate, solid, greenish-yellow ; whirls four, convex, the last ventricose, twice the length of the shell ; aper- ture ovate, dilated. Height 235/” (lines), diameter 24/”; height of the aperture 1}/”. Melania integra, Say (ubi?), according to specimens. Ohio, United States of America. (Philippi.) Paludina fontinalis. An authentie specimen of Paludina subglobosa, preserved in the Philadelphia Academy, is without doubt identical with the shell received as Say’s Melania isogona. A drawing of the specimen and copy of Say’s description here follow. The strict rules of nomenclature would require the substitution of subglobosus for isogonus as the specific name of this species. It does not, however, seem advisable in this case to abandon the name by which the species has so long been known. Fig. 155. Paludina subglobosa, Say.—Shell subglobose; whirls three and a half, much rounded, rapidly enlarging; suture pro- ©) foundly impressed; aperture subovate; umbilicus very nar- row, nearly closed by the labrum; spire very short, convex. Pel tae Inhabits the Northwestern Territory. Length less than three- globosa. tenths of an inch. SUMATOGYRUS. 79 I obtained this shell when traversing the northwestern part of the Union. It is much larger than the porata, nob., which it resembles considerably, but its whirls are much more rapidly enlarged, and the umbilicus is much narrower. (Say.) Fig. 152 is from Haldeman’s Monograph. fat. No.| No. of Sp. Locality. From whom received. Remarks. 9216 2 Ohio. W. & Bumeys | eee 9223 3 see yea da Mee a & eae [Ward. 9294 4 Ohio. Gen. Totten. Pal. subglobosa, teste Somatogyrus imteger, Say.—Subglobose, horn-color; volutions rather more than three, rounded, obsoletely wrinkled ; spire very short, less than half the length of the aperture; suture rather deeply impressed; body whirl large, aperture dilated ovate, acute above; columella flattened, polished; labrum regularly rounded; base regularly rounded, without any undulations or sinus; umbilicus none; operculum obyi- ously spiral. Length nearly one-fifth of an inch. Animal, foot longer than wide, rounded behind, with the anterior angles a little excurved; eyes black, conspicuous; ten- tacula rather long and slender. ; ‘ 5 : Leptoxis inte- Inhabits the Ohio River and many of its tributaries. gra, enlarged. This is a very common little shel], abounding more in many situations than any other species, particularly in the vicinity of the Falls of the Ohio. It may readily be taken for a young shell. (Say.) Melania integra, Say, New Harm. Diss. II, 276 (1840) ; Deser. 19; Biv NEY’s ed. p. 144.—DeKay, N. Y. Moll. 96 (1843). Anculotus pumilus, Conran, teste HALDEMAN and REEVE. Anculotus integer, REEVE, Con. Icon. 35 (1861). Leptoxis integra, HALDEMAN, Mon. Lept. 6, pl. v, f. 154 (1847 ?). Amnicola integra, HALDEMAN, Jour. Phila. A. N. 5. VIII, 200 (1842). Paludina fontinalis, Puinipp1? see last species. Fig. 156 is copied from Haldeman’s Monograph. Fig. 157 is a fac-simile of the drawing of its lingual dentition, given by Troschel (Gebiss der Schnecken). Fig. 157. Lingual dentition of Somatogyrus integer. 7 80 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART Iii. Anculotus pumilus, Conrad, which is considered a synonym in Haldeman’s ZLeptoxis, is thus described in New Fresh-Water Shells, p. 62. An authentic specimen in the Academy’s collec- tion, at Philadelphia, does not appear to be A. integra. Anculotus pumilus.—Shell very small, obliquely oval, blackish; spire consisting of one entire convex whirl; apex eroded; body whirl regularly convex ; base with a groove behind the columella, aperture suborbicular, patulous. é Inhabits the Black Warrior River and Bayou Teche; the latter locality was communicated by Prof. Green, who supplied me with a specimen. ( Conrad.) This species is nearly allied to, if not identical with Somato- gyrus isogonus. Cat. No.| No. of Sp. | Locality. | From whom received. | Remarks. 9219 2 Ohio. peat Se eA | Sh 9228 3 Flemington, Centre | mictateints AMNICOLA, Goutp & HALDEMAN. Jaws present. Lingual dentition of A. porata: Rhachidian tooth very short and broad, with a tongue-shaped process from the middle of the anterior surface, reaching beyond the base. Intermediate tooth with a short broad body having a strongly projecting infero-interior angle, and a very long peduncle. a -5-18-30. Shell small, rather Formula of the denticles: 5 Fig. 158. Lingual dentition of Amnicola porata.—[STIMPson. ] * short, ovate or subglobular, thin, smooth, perforate; spire not acute. Aperture broadly ovate, not oblique; outer lip thin and AMNICOLA. 81 Fig. 159. — sharp, not projecting anteriorly. Oper- _‘ Fig. 160. ZA culum corneous. Foot rather short and »y broad, expanded and broadly rounded | Operculum of behind. Rostrum short. Tentacles Amnicola. cylindrical, blunt at their tips. Verge short, bifid, with a globular base. Animal of A. lustrica. Ova-capsules semi-lenticular in form, with a laminiform limb. Each contains but one egg. Station, fresh water. Distribution, North America. (S¢/mpson.) Amnicola sayamna, Antnoyy.—Shell lengthened, conic, Fig. 161. composed of six very convex shining whirls ; suture strongly impressed ; lines of growth very fine; base with a narrow um- Q bilic; aperture suborbicular; the labium slightly flattened, a small portion of it in contact with the body whirl. Amnicola Color bright: yellowish-brown, translucent. Inhabits south- — sayana. western Ohio. ‘It is found on wet earth and roots of trees on the margin of a small stream near Cincinnati. (Haldeman.) Cyclostoma cincinnatiensis, Lea, Oct. 1840, Proc. Am. Phil. S. I, 289; 1843, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. VIII, 229, pl. vi. f. 62. Amnicola sayana, HALDEMAN, Mon. p. 19, pl. i, f. 11 (1844?) ; pt. 4, p. 4 of wrapper (1842) ; J. A. N. S. Phila. VIII, 200 (1842).—Anruony, Cincin. Shells (1843), no dese. Paludina sayana, Kister in Chemn. ed. 2, p. 49, pl. ix, f. 30—32. Chilocyclus cincinnatiensis, GitL, Proc. Phila. Ac. 1863, 34 (no deser.). Cyclostoma sayana, Jay, Cat. [4], 198 (1852), no deser. ; Amnicola, p. 278. Troschel (Gebiss der Schnecken, p. 107, pl. viii, f. 1) figures the lingual membrane of this species, and his figure is copied in my figure 162; No, 8934 of the collection is from Mr. Anthony. No. 8971 is labelled by Mr. Lea “ Cyclostoma cincinnatiensis.” Found in Ohio and New York. This species was first described by Mr. Lea (in Oct. 1840) as a Cyclostoma, under the specific name of cincinnatiensis. After the true characters of the genus Amnicola had been recognized by Gould and Haldeman, it became necessary to include in it this species. It would then have borne the name of Amnicola cincinnatiensis, had not the shell published in Jan. 1840, by Mr. Anthony, as Paludina cincinnatiensis also been found to belong 82 LAND AN ESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART III. to the genus Amnicola and become known as Amnicola cincin- natiensis. Mr. Axthony’s name, having priority of publication, Lingual dentition of Amnicola sayana.—[TRoscHEL. ] was retained. He suggested the substitution of Amnicola sayana for Mr. Lea’s shell, but never described it. Prof. Haldeman fol- lowed his suggestion, giving Mr. Anthony as authority for the new name of Amnicola sayana. I have personally consulted the works containing the two descriptions and find the internal evi- dence supports Prof. Haldeman’s view of the priority of Mr. Anthony’s name. Dr. Stimpson refers this species to Pomatiopsis. If included in that genus it should bear the name of Pomatiopsis cincinnatiensis, Lea. Mr. Lea’s description and an enlarged view of the outline of his figure here follow :— Cyclostoma cincinnatiensis. — Shell elevated in the form of a cone, smooth, shining, transparent, umbilicate; whirls 6, apex Fig. 163. obtuse ; margin of the lip reflected. a Vicinity of Cincinnati. Diam. .13, length .22 inch. ED A small species which has been sent to me several times | ae by my brother, who seems first to have observed it. It is ©) about the size, and nearly the color, of Paludina limosa, Say. It is found on wet earth and roots of trees, on the Cyclostoma - re < : margin of a small stream near Cincinnati. (Lea.) cincinnatiense. Cat. No.| No.of Sp. Locality. From whom received. Remarks. 8966 12 Elyria, O. WAG.iBinneyst))) “8 5) a s2he 8967 TCT i ade tA cersterstartacets tei) | teen ire cintare « 8968 20 Greenwich, N. Y. Driingalis. WOH Ile tec ses 8969 20+ Little Lakes, N. Y. Dr. Lewis. jtenuipes, teste Ingalls. 8970 6 Ohio. J. G. Anthony. Cyclostoma cincinnati- 8971 DNs yale ag archers hme | Meee stee o20 [ensts, teste Lea. $934 5 Ohio. J. G. Anthony. Cabinet series. 9293 5 Otter Tail Creek, Minn.| Kennicott. $= | —— eessee Amnicola porata, Say.—Shell obtusely conic or subglobose ; volu- tions four, convex, obsoletely wrinkled across; spire obtuse ; labrum and AMNICOLA. 83 labium equally rounded, meeting above in a subacute angle; the upper edge of the latter appressed to the preceding whirl; umbilicus very distinct. Fig. 164. Inhabits Cayuga Lake. Cabinet of the Academy. This species, which was found by Mr. Jessup, is rather larger and more globose than P. limosa, to which it is allied, and has a more distinct umbilicus. It resembles P. decipiens of Ferus- sac, but is much less acute, and rather smaller. (Say.) Paludina porata, Say, Journ. Acad. N. Sc. Phila. II,174 (1821) ; Binyey’s ed. p. 69.—Kuster in Chemn. ed. 2 p. 63, pl. xii, f. 4, 5.— Puiuippr Abbild. 11, t. I, f. 10 (1846), not Apams ( =lusirica). Amnicola porata, HaupeMAN, Mon. p. 13, pl. i, f. 8 (1844), not of Goutp, Inv., Linsuey, Prescort, MicHets, Apams, &c. (= limosa).—Dr Kay, N. Y. Moll. p. 88, pl. xxxv, f. 333 (1843).—CueEnv, Man. de Conch. II, 308; fig. 2194. Amnicola porata. Big Sioux River and Moose Factory are the only other locali- ties of which I have heard. Cat. Nox! No.of Sp. Locality. | From whom received. Remarks. 8976 20-+- Big Sioux. Drv VAbay densi) 0). ieee 8933 Ee sr oe Cabinet series. 9025 2 Moosetactorys, br. Am.) C. Drexter, | 5) 9) aia Amnicola pallida, Ha.ip.—Shell thin in texture, conical, rather robust, composed of four and a half convex whirls, separated by a well marked suture ; spire obtuse, rather longer than the aperture ; umbilicus narrow ; aperture ovate-orbicular, forming an angle posteriorly ; a small portion of the labium confluent with the body whirl Fig. 165. posteriorly. Color pale ochraceous, translucent. A Inhabits Lake Champlain.—Prof. Adams. Intermediate between lustrica and porata. Itis not as short 4) sana and transverse as the former, which, moreover, is widely um- pallida. bilicate, and has the aperture regularly rounded posteriorly. According to the description of Professor Adams, the labium sometimes scarcely touches the body of the shell. The spire is comparatively longer than in porata, the outline less transverse, and the aperture not orbicular. ( Haldeman.) Amnicola pallida, Hatpeman, Mon. pt. 4, p. 3 and 4 of wrapper ee Mon. p. 12, pl. i, f. 7 (1844 ?). Amnicola lustrica, ApAMs, Thompson’s Vermont, 169, 152 (1842), teste HALDEMAN. 84 | Cat. No.| No. of Sp. | $943 8974 3 20-4 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A, Locality. From whom received. | Dr. J. Lewis. [PART III. Remarks. Cabinet series. | Little Lakes, N. Y. Amnicola Limeosa, Say.—Shell conic, subumbilicate, dark horn colored, generally incrusted with a blackish irregular covering on the spire, and sometimes on the body, which completely ob- scures the obsoletely wrinkled epidermis; aperture ovate-orbi- cular ; suture impressed. Length three-twentieths, breadth one-tenth, of an inch. Cabi- net of the Academy. Animal whitish; head brown; mouth, tentacula, orbits, and vitta on each side of the neck, white; tentacula filiform, more than half as long as the base of the animal; rostrum about half as long as the tentacula, annulate with darker lines above; foot white, brownish above, short, suboval, truncated before, and rounded behind. Extremely numerous on the muddy shores of the rivers Delaware and Schuylkill, between high and low water marks. (Say.) Paludina limosa, Say, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. I, 125 (1817).—Is. Nich. Encycl. 3d ed. (1819) ; Brnney’s ed. p. 61.—DeE Kay, N. Y. Moll. 88. Paludina porata, ApAms in Thomp. Hist. of Vt. p. 152 (1842) (teste Haup.).—Puuiprt, Z. fiir Mal. II, 77 (1845). Amnicola porata, Gouup, Inv. of Mass. p. 229, f. 157 (1841). Amnicola limosa, HALpEMAN, Mon. 10, pl. i, f. 5, 6 (1844?).—Anony- mous, Can. Nat. II, 214, fig. (1857).. Fig. 166. - Amnicola limosa. No. 8960 of the collection is labelled A. perobtusa by Dr. James Lewis, but I know of no published description under that name. From Hudson’s Bay and Wisconsin to Virginia. Cat. No.| No.of Sp. Locality. From whom received. Remarks. 8953 5 Madison, Wis. I, A. Lapham. lustrica, teste Lea. 8954 20+ Mohawk, N. Y. Dt, AueWis:e nal cae teeceee 8955 20+ Burlington, N. J. . WG. Binney. ~ |" theses 8956 12 Washington, D. C. Dr. E. Foreman. porata, teste Form. 8957 a Nantucket. Wi SEUNDSON:. yl li ao a cose 8958 15+ Boston, oe Ny te Meeravatornte $959 12+ Milwaukie, Wis. TatAsMaphamivie . hed a Uraoeeas 8960 20+ New York. Dr. J. Lewis. cocees 8961 20+ Massachusetts. W. Stimpson. | « scceve 8962 50? Little Lakes, Mich. Dr. J. Lewis. ha tanta 8963 9 Elyria, O. iW. Gr Binneys? Al Wwe saeltece 8964 100? Cambridge, Mass. Dr. J. Lewis. A, porata, Gould. 8965 Na ee eevee hoteles eeteec Teste Lea. 8940 6 Burlington, N. J. W...G. Binney: [i> 5 9) Reece 9020 5 Moose Factory. G:Drexler, 7" filit fiesecee 6 AMNICOLA. 85 Amnicola decisa, Hatp.—Animal dark colored ; head blackish, get- ting lighter posteriorly ; tentacles translucent, dark on the edges ; an orange- yellow spot at the posterior internal base of the tentacles ; foot yellowish, thickly dotted with black above anteriorly ; anterior edge nearly as dark as the head; base of the foot thickly dotted with orange on each side of the middle, the dotting being more sparse posteriorly, and entirely wanting anteriorly. Shell rather short, conical; surface smooth, shining (when the dark foreign matter is removed) lines of growth fine ; whirls five, not very convex, sutures impressed, base slightly perforate ; aperture Fig. 167. dilated, semicircular, labium slightly concave, in contact with : the shell posteriorly, and nearly so throughout its length. Color pale-green, and slightly translucent when the black foreign matter is removed. (See Fig. 160, on p. 81.) eer Inhabits small streams connected with the Susquehanna, and —aeeisa, has been observed in the Schuylkill by Dr. Griffith. Allied to Paludina similis, Mich., of Europe. A greater portion of the jabium lies closer to the shell in this species than in any other here de- scribed, except A. nickliniana, and A. tenuipes, which are slender species. At first view it might be taken for a minute Paludina decisa, and I have named it accordingly. In my correspondence I have hitherto called this species limosa. (Haldeiman.) Amnicola decisa, HALDEMAN, Mon. p. 7, pl. i, f. 2, 3 (1844?). Cat. No.| No.of Sp. Locality. From whom received. | Remarks. 8929 1 District of Columbia. Dr. E. Foreman. | Cabinet series. 8944 17 Sleeiscer cd ayy Lit He MPraWtec etnies RM GLEBE Fels,.c. Amnicola cincinnatiensis, AytHoxy.—Shell Fig. 168. somewhat ventricose, subumbilicate, color delicately green, whirls four, smooth; spire entire at the apex and promi- ( nent; suture deeply impressed; aperture much dilated, approaching to orbicular, nearly half the length of the Arnieole shell; length one-fifth of an inch. eincinnatiensis. Found in the canal at Cincinnati, clinging to small stones. (Anthony.) Paludina cincinnatiensis; ANtHony, Boston J. N. H. III, pt. 1 and 2, p. 279, pl. iii, fig. 3, Jan. 1840.—Kisrer in Chemn. ed. 2, p. 52, pl. x, fl sael As Amnicola cincinnatiensis, ANTHONY, List of Cine. Shells, ed. 2 (1843), no descr.—HAtpEMAN, Mon. p. 9, pl. i, f. 4 (1844?).—De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 88 (1843). Paludina emarginata, Kister, Ch. ed. 2, p. 50, pl. x, f. 3, 4. “This is the most robust species hitherto noticed among us, - 86 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART JIT. and is, in form, a miniature representation of Paludina ponderosa, except that it is decidedly umbilicated.” (Hal- Fig. 169. deman. ) > Specimens labelled by Mr. Anthony are in the collection of the Smithsonian. Kiister’s description now follows. His figure is copied Ss in Fig. 169. He quotes Lymneus emarginatus, Say, as a synonym on authority of Bronn. eet: Paludina emarginata, Kiéster.—Shell small, narrowly aludina ; ; emarginata. rimate, ovate conic, apex eroded, sub-truncated, shin- (Mag. 5 times.) ing, thin, delicately striate, dark horn-culored ; spire conic, whirls 4, convex ; suture deep; aperture ovate ; peristome straight, acute, its columellar portion reflected. (Adister.) .| No. of Sp. | Locality. From whom received. Remarks. | ere ee 026 | 3 | Ohio. J Gukuihony |e ee Amnicola granum, Say.—Shell conic-ovate ; whirls not percep- tibly wrinkled, convex; suture deeply impressed; aperture Fig.170. orbicular, hardly angulated above; labium with the superior a edge appressed to the surface of the penultimate volution; um- ea bilicus rather small, profound. Amnicola Length less than one-tenth of aninch. Inhabits Pennsylvania. ee THis very small species is found’ in plenty in the fish ponds times.) at Harrowgate, crawling on the dead leaves which have fallen to the bottom of the water. It resembles P. lustrica, but is a smaller, less elongated shell, and the superior portion of the labium is not an unaltered continuation of the lips as in that shell, but is appressed to the surface of the penultimate whirl in the usual manner of calcareous deposition upon that part. (Say. ) Paludina grana, Say, Journ. A. N. Se. II, 378 (1822) ; Bryney’s ed. p. 110. Amnicola granum, HALDEMAN, Mon. p. 17 (1844?).—De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 88 (1843). Ranges from Lake Superior to Virginia. Fig. 150 is drawn from an authentic specimen given by Mr. Say to the Philadelphia Academy. Cat. No.| No. of Sp. | Locality. From whom received. Remarks. $930 | 2 | District of Columbia. | I. Lea. Cabinet series. AMNICOLA. 87 Amnicola parva, Lzea.—Shell obtusely conical, rather thin, yel- lowish, smooth, umbilicate; spire short; suture impressed; whirls four, inflated ; aperture large, nearly round. Springfield, Ohio. Diam. .15, length .18 inch. Fig. 171. The shell described by Mr. Anthony as Paludina cincin- natiensis, resembles this species, but is more elevated in the ~ l spire, and is a larger shell. It is more nearly allied to Amni- cola orbiculata, herein described, but may be distinguished by ants its being a smaller shell, and being less round in the aperture. parva. The base of the lip is disposed to be slightly angular; the aperture is about one half the length of the shell. (ZLea.) Amnicola parva, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. IX, 16 (1844); Obs. IV, 16; Proc. II, 34 (1841).—Haupeman, Mon. p. 24 (18442). Figure 151 is drawn from Mr. Lea’s original specimen. Amnicola orbiculata, Lea.—Shell orbicular, rather thin, yellow- ish, smooth, umbilicate; spire short; sutures much impressed ; whirls five, inflated ; aperture large, round. Springfield, Ohio. Schuylkill? near Philadelphia. Diam. Fig. 172. .18, length .18 inch. This species is very nearly allied to Am. parva, and may | prove to be only a variety of it. The specimens before me are all larger, and they appear to be more globose. The gipnicola aperture is about half the length of the shell. I found a _ orbdiculata. single specimen of this species among many small shells which were thrown together in a box, as being collected from our vicinity. It may be possible it is an Ohio specimen gotten by mistake into the box. Found also in Cayuga Lake. (Lea.) - Amnicola orbiculata, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. IX, 16 (1844) ; Obs. IV, 16; Proc. II, 34 (1841).—Hatpeman, Mon. p. 24 (1844?). Figure 153 is drawn from Mr. Lea’s original specimen. Amnicola lomgimqua, Govtp.—Shell small, elongate-ovate, smooth ; apex obtuse ; whirls 5, rounded; suture deep; aperture elliptical, rounded posteriorly ; columella very arcuate, sub- perforate. Length one-eighth, breadth one-tenth Fig. 173. inch. Found in the Colorado Desert (Cienaga Grande) by W. P. Blake. In form it is much like A. cincinnatiensis, Hald., or like A. galbana, or like miniature speci- mens of Paludina ponderosa. It has a bleached or chalky color, probably from exposure, like the Amnicola longinqua. 88 LAND AND BRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART III. other species found on the Cienaga Grande, a region which is immersed a portion of the time, and dry the remainder, and was once, apparently, an extensive marsh, or shallow lake. ( Gould.) Amnicola longinqua, Goutp, Pr. Bost. 8. N. H. V, 130 (Mar. 1855) ; P. R. R. Report, V, 333, pl. xi, fig. 10, 11 (1857); Prelim. Rep. App. 24 (1855) ; Otia, 217. Fig. 173 is a fac-simile of the original figures referred to. Cat. No.) No. of Sp. Locality. From whom received. Remarks. 9220 5 Colorado Desert. Blake. Type. DovuBTFUL AND SPURIOUS SPECIES OF AMNICOLA. Amunicola integra, Say of Anruony’s List of Cincinnati Shells is Somato- gyrus integer. Amunicola gracilis, GouLp, mentioned by name only, from Hot Springs, Va. Pr. A. N. S. Phil. II, 167. The New Zealand species of this name is the same as Amnicola egena, Gup., vide Otia, p. 245. Amnicola elongata, Jay, Cat. [4] 278, Virginia; no descr. Amnicola seminalis, Cooper, P. R. R. Rep. XII, pt. 2, p. 374. Vide Flumi- nicola nuttalliana. Amnicola nuttalliana, CooPEnr, (1. c.),p. 374. Vide Fluminicola nuttalliana. The following are mentioned by name only in WHEATLEY’s Cat. of U. S. Shells. No description of them was ever published. Amanicola albilabris, Warp, Ohio. | | Amnicola sayana, Lea, Ohio. Amnicola dentata, Say, Florida. Amnicola pallida, Lea. See Sa- Amnicola gibbosa, ANTH. matogyrus isogonus. Fosstz SPECIES OF AMNICOLA. Amnicola galbana, Haup.—Shell conical, smooth, shining, composed of four and a half not very convex whirls, having Fig. 174. the lines of growth very fine; base with a narrow um- bilic; aperture nearly circular, slightly produced in an angle posteriorly ; labium slightly thickened ; a small portion of it, which is rectilinear, in slight contact with the body whirl. Color . . . bleached and chalky. ; Occurs fossil in the fresh water newest tertiary deposit in Sussex County, New Jersey. (Haldeman.) Amnicola galbana, HALpEMAN, Mon. p. 15, pl. i, f. 9 (1844?) ; pt. 4, p. 4 of wrapper (1842). Amnicola galbana. FLUMINICOLA. 89 FLUMINICOLA, Srivpson. Lingual dentition of the type: Rhachidian tooth more than twice as broad as long. Outer lateral teeth with a smaller number of denticles than the inner. Formula of the denticles: a -6-10-¥4. Fig. 175. Kr Lingual dentition of Fluminicola nuttalliana. Shell comparatively large, obliquely ovate, thick, smooth, im- perforate ; spire moderate, obtuse. Aperture ovate; inner lip flattened, callous; outer lip effuse and projecting anteriorly, so that the peritreme is not continuously in the same plane. Oper- culum corneous. ‘Tentacles tapering. Rostrum rather large. Foot broad. Verge large, compressed, with a broad semicircular laminiform expansion or wing on its left side. Ova-capsules large, circular, depressed, almost discoidal, each containing a large number of eggs. | Station, fresh water. Distribution, Oregon and California. (Sti¢mpson.) Fluminicola nuttalliama, Lra.—Shell subglobose, horn- colored, smooth; sutures rather impressed; whirls 4; aper- ture white, nearly round. Fig. 176. Wahlamat, near its junction with the Columbia River: Prof. Nuttall. My cabinet; cabinet of Prof. Nuttall. Diam. @ .3, length .4 inch. There is a very close resemblance between this species and P. nuclea (herein described). It is, however, less oblique, larger and less elevated in the spire. (Lea.) Paludina nuttalliana. Paludina nuttalliana, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. VI, 101, pl. xxiii, f. 109 (1839) ; Obs. II, 101. Amnicola nuttalliana, Cooper, P. R. R. Rep. p. 374 (no deser.) (1859). Bialading: seminalts, Hinps, Voy. of the Sulphur, p. 59, pl. xvi, f. 22 90 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART III.’ (1844) ; Arch. f. Nat. 1843, II, 130; Annals Nat. Hist. X, 83, pl. Vil; Ts Oe ?Leptoxis nuttalliana, HaupEMAN, Mon. Lept. 6, pl. v, f. 156 (1847?). Anculotus nuttallii, Reve, Con. Icon. 46 (1861) (excl. syn. A. fuseus). Bithynia seminalis, CARPENTER, Brit. Ass. Ad. Sc. 1857, 326, no deser. Amnicola seminalis, Cooper, P. R. R. Rep. XII, 374 (1859), no descr. Amnicola hindsi, Barn, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1863, 67. A very common species through Oregon and California. It was originally described and figured (as copied above) under the name of Paludina, and has since been referred to the genera Amnicola, Bithynia, and Leptoxis. Its outward features are most closely allied to those of the last mentioned genus. J should have considered it a Leptoxis had not Dr. Stimpson discovered its true characters. rom the other genera to which it has been referred it is readily distinguished by its horny subspiral operculum and thick shell. Fluminicola I have seen no authentic specimen of Paludina wee? seminalis, but have no doubt of No. 9212 and 9213 “of the collection being referable to it. The origi- nal description and figure are copied below. It is from them I am induced to place it in the synonymy of nudtalliana, as done by Haldeman. Fig. 177. Fig. 178. Paludina seminalis, H1xps.—Shell obtusely turreted, solid, horn colored, smooth ; apex eroded ; whirls 4; aperture bluish, expanded. © | River Sacramento, California. Pal. Distinguished from P. nuclea, Lea, which is from a neigh- seminalis. boring locality, by its somewhat smaller size, bluish instead of white mouth, having one whirl less, the aperture more expanded, and absence of the black lines round the mouth, which when present is so good a character in his shell, but which, in any numerous specimens of it, I do not find at all constant, and usually only to be seen in those better developed. Anodon angulatus is also found abundant in this river, &c. (/Hinds.) I have not seen an authentic specimen of Amnicola hindsi. By the kindness of Mr. Carpenter I am able to give a translation of the original description and copy of the original figures. The latter will be published in the Report of the British N. A. Boun- dary Commission. The species seems to me identical with Flu- minicola nuttalliana. FLUMINICOLA. 9] Amnicola hindsi, Bairp.—Shell obtuse, rather solid, greenish-olive, with delicate longitudinal wavy strie and ill-defined transverse furrows ; apex eroded; whirls four, Fig. 179. the last one bluntly carinated near the middle, channelled at the impressed sutures; columella white; aperture bluish. River Kootanie and stream at foot of Rocky Mountains, British Columbia. Amnicola hindsi. Differs from Paludina seminalis, Hinds, in con- tour, being bluntly carinate round the middle of the last whirl, and in being channelled round the suture. The surface of the shell is distinctly marked with numerous flexuose striz, the lines of growth, and near the sutures is rather indistinctly marked with circular striae. (Baird.) Cat. No. | No. of Sp. | Locality. | From whom received. Remarks. 9211 6 Columbia Riv.[ville, Or. Dr COOPOEs weap. | lcisseete 9226 1 PROSHe sent s JACKSOMH) |i: BOlMicklos stm UNNI} ) © lnciaterere 9227 304 | Upper des Chutes R., Or. Newhbernyzty len) cece 9230 13 vee * el RE ObnoS 9231 3 Willamette River, Or. eA E Rie | ete scire 9232 20+ Canoe Creek, Cal. ee ea en aloes 9233 6 Pitt River, Cal. Sn) Sen Pie? “eRe 9234 11 E. br. of Klamath R., Or. Bed TaN ses {LSM «tees beers 9302 3 California. e Type, Fig. 177. 9212 5 Oregon and W. T. g Pul. seminalis. 9243 2 a CUE er ae i ilerctninrere Flumimicola virems, Lzsa.—Shell oblique, thick, somewhat gra- nose, green; whirls rather inflated; aperture ovate. Wahlamat, near its junction with the Columbia River: Prof. Fig. 180. Nuttall. My cabinet; cabinet of Prof. Nuttall. Diam. .2, length .4 inch. The apices of all the specimens which Prof. Nuttall gave me are destroyed, so that it is impossible to give some of the characters of this species. It is remarkably solid forsosmall py, ang a species. (Lea.) wirens. Paludina virens, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. VI, 91, pl. xxiii, f. 93 (1839) ; Obs. II, 93. Fig. 181. Leptoxis virens, HaupEMAN, Lept. 5, pl. v, f. 147-150 (1847 ?). See my Fig. 181. Paludina nuclea, Lea (1. c.), VI, 91, pl. xxiii, f. 103 (1839) ; Obs. II, 91. Haldeman, J. c., places doubtfully in the sy- nonymy Pal. nuclea, Lea, of which the original description and figure are given below. Leptonis virens: Paludina nuclea, Lea.—Shell obtusely turreted, solid, horn-color, smooth ; sutures impressed; whirls 5; aperture white, oval. 92 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II, Fig. 182. Wahlamat, near its junction with the Columbia River. Prof. Nuttall. My cabinet. Cabinet of Prof. Nuttall. Di- ameter .2, length .4 inch. This is a small, solid species, and is more oblique than Pal. nuclea, PP. decisa, Say. Like it, the apex is usually cut off. Round the mouth there is a black border, which contrasts with the pale horn-colored epidermis. (Lea.) Cat. No.|No. of Sp. Locality. From whom received. Remarks. 9225 2 | Willamette River, Or. |} © — sewwe ba Vd cesar Fluminicola fusca, Hatpeman.—-Shell subglobose, conic, smooth ; spire loosened, with excoriated apex. Whirls subangular, forming pos- teriorly a slight projection on account of Fig. 183. the labium turning abruptly at the suture, which is thus made conspicuous. Aper- ture rounded, posteriorly produced into a moderate angle. Columella thickened, some- what concave, scarcely emarginate. Peri- treme nearly uniform. Color reddish, la- brum white. Inhabits Oregon Territory. Somewhat resembles the preceding (L. pisum), but easily distinguished by the straighter labium and want of columellar emargination. In Fig. 84 the lines of growth are heavier, and a disposition Fig. 185, is seen to form encircling strie. (Haldeman.) Leptoxis Susceda. Leptoxis. JSusea. Leptoxis fusca, HALDEMAN, Mon. Lept. 4, pl. iii, iv, f. 83, 84 (1847?). To this species, of which the original de- scription and figures are given above, I refer numerous specimens from Utah, Oregon, &c., in the collection. Reeve quotes this species as Anculotus fuscus in the synonymy of Ane. nuttalli. Leptoxis fusca. —— ; Cat. No.}No., of Sp. Locality. | From whom received. | Remarks. 9221 4 Head of Green R., Utah. Malloney.~ | |). by ‘wesicee 9222 6 Shores of Lake Utah. Capt: Burton.) iP Sse POMATIOPSIS. 93 POMATIOPSIS, Tryon. Jaws like those of Amnicola, though smaller. Lingual mem- brane with numerous rows of 3, 1, 3 teeth; centrals small, broader at base, cusp recurved and tridentate, base with two obtuse denticles ; laterals longer than broad, cusp recurved and denticulate, the inner lateral much broader than the two outer ones. Fig. 186. 3 Lingual dentition of Pomatiopsis lapidaria.—[St1mPson. ] Tentacles short, subulate, pointed, rostrum large, longer than the tentacles. Foot broad. Verge very large, flattened, broad, convoluted in a spiral coil of one and a half turns. Ova capsules —? Shell small, thin, smooth, long, subumbili- cate. Spire turreted. Aperture ovate, peri- treme reflected. Operculum corneous. Eastern North America. Animal of P. lapidaria, Terrestrial. enlarged. Pomatiopsis lapidaria, Say.—Shell turreted,sub- _—‘ Fig. 188. umbilicate, with six volutions, which are obsoletely wrinkled acress. Suture impressed. Aperture longitudinally ovate- ( orbicular, operculated, rather more than one-third of the C length of the shell. Length about one-fifth of an inch. Collection of the Aca- — Pomattopsis demy of Natural Sciences. ee Inhabitant not so long as the shell, pale ; head elongated into a rostrum as long as the tentacula, and emarginate at tip; tentacula two, filiform, acuminated at tip, short; eyes prominent, situated at the external or 94 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART TI. posterior base of the tentacula; base or foot of the animal dilated, oval, obtuse before and behind. ; Found under stones, &c., in moist situations, on the margins of rivers. Like those of the genera Lymnzxa and Planorlis, this animal possesses the faculty of crawling on the surface of the*water, in a reversed position, the shell downward. (Say.) Cyclostoma lapidaria, Say, Journ. A. N. 8. Phila. I, 13 (1817); Binyey’s ed. 59. Amnicola lapidaria, Haupeman, Mon. p. 18, pl. i, f. 10 (1844?) ; Jour. A. N. 8. Phila. VIII, 200 (1842). Paludina lupidaria, Say, Nich. Ency. 3d ed. (1819) ; Biyney’s ed., p. 56. —Kitsrer in Chemn., ed. 2, p. 54, pl. x, f. 21, 22.—DrKay, N. Y. Moll. 86 (1848). Melania lapidaria, LEw1s, Bost. Proc. VIII, 255 ; Phila. Pr. 1862, 290 (no descr.). Pomatiopsis lapidaria, Tryon, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1862, 452 (no deser.). This is a widely distributed species, ranging at least from Georgia to New York, and from Missouri to Michigan. It is also found in the postpleiocene of the Mississippi River bluffs. I have already given a figure of the animal and lingual den- tition (Figs. 186 and 187). Cat. No.| No. of sp. Locality. From whom received, | Remarks. 8945 9 North Georgia. AP Gorhardt.y ters || | (i etchice: 8946 9 Ohio? JG Anthony. ~~ ||)" 9 99 Ss..e- 8947 8 Dist. of Columbia. Dro Moremant Well | Grice 8948 Dobe js | MANS ee eater eee | MGR Te eceicteletel om UMN) am AUNT etsterete's $949 20+ Ann Arbor, Mich. WoeG. Binney. 9 0 /ly jee cen 8950 6 St. Louis. as Post-pleiocene? 8951 10+ New York. ‘ Dri: Lewiss 9 ||f eases $952 20-+- Elyria, O. WaGi Binney. ri" Ce Seen. $935 3 New York. Dr. J. Lewis. Cabinet series. Pomatiopsis lTustrica, Say.—Shell conic; whirls slightly wrinkled, convex; suture profoundly indented; aperture oval, nearly orbicular; labrum with the superior edge not appressed to the Fig. 189. preceding whirl, but simply touching it; umbilicus rather £ large, rounded. \ fer Length, less than one-tenth of an inch. Cabinet of ‘the / Academy. Pomati- . Be The smallest species I have seen. The aperture somewhat ioe. resembles that of a Valvata, to which genus it may probably be referable. Mr. Jessup obtained two specimens on the shore of Cayuga Lake. (Say.) Paludina lustrica, Say, Journ. A. N. 8. Phila. I, 175 (1821) ; Binyey’s CYCLOPHORID &. 95 ed. p. 69.—Ktsrrr in Chemn. ed. 2, p. 63, pl. xii, f. 6, 7, not of ApAMs (= pallida). Amnicola lustrica, HALDEMAN, Mon. p. 16 (1844).—DeKay, N. Y. Moll. 87 (1843). Found also in Wisconsin and British America. Fig. 189 is drawn from an authentic specimen given by Mr. Say to the Philadelphia Academy. Cat. No. | No.of Sp Locality. | From whom received. | Remarks. 8975 204+ Mohawk River, N. Y. Dr. Lewis. | oF 8939 : es s Cabinet series. 8977 2 Four Lakes, Wis. TeAtbapham: eel ble nsseeee 9019 3 Moose Factory. : GrBrexmlétyy “=! | "| f° ** REE eae Famity CYCLOPHORID. Lingual membrane narrow, with seven rows of recurved, hooked teeth. Head proboscidiform; tentacles subulate ; eyes on the outer side of the base of the tentacles. Foot elongated. Operculum distinctly spiral, testaceous, carti- laginous or horny; whirls very numerous and sub-equal, or few and rapidly increasing. Shell usually covered with a horny epidermis; aperture, for the most part, circular. SuBraMiIty CYCLOSTOMIN 2. Operculum ovate, rarely subcircalar, composed of a few gradu- ally increasing whirls; nucleus somewhat excentrical. CHONDROPOMA, Prr. Animal short, tentacles slender, enlarged at tips; eyes promi- nent, situated on a tubercle at the external eee base of the tentacles. Proboscis bifureate. Operculum oval, sub- cartilaginous, flat, with few, rap- idly increasing whirls, and a nu- Operculum of rally y excentric. cleus generalls Niel ae e C. dentatum. Shell oblong-turreted, generally Animal of C. dentatum. truncated at tip, more rarely globosely conic; aperture oval ; $6 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART III.” peristome simple, or more or less thickened, somewhat straight, rather expanded or broadly reflected. Chondropoma dentatum, Say.—Shell conic cylindrical, or turreted, truncate at tip, the surface finely cancellate with raised, longitudinal, and revolving lines; color varying from yellowish to brown, usually with darker brown bands, which are generally interrupted in such a manner that the colors also form longitudinal stripes ; whirls, when complete, seven; but the three uppermost are usually lost; they are rounded, and separated by a deep, crenulated suture ; aperture rounded ovate, a little angular posteriorly ; peristome a little reflexed, Chondro- white; base with a minute perforation. Length 12, breadth DOME, 4 mill. dentatum. Cyclostoma dentatum, Say, Journ. Phila. Ac. V, 125: Biyney’s ed. 29.—DeKay, N. Y. Moll. 82.—Biyney, Terr. Moll. II, 348, pl. Lxii. Chondropoma dentatum, PFEIFFER, Mon. Pneum. Viv. 1, 286; I, 140; Mal. Blatt. 1856, 132.—Gray & Preirrer, Brit. Mus. Cat. Phan. 203.— W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. IV, 91, pl. Ixxv, f. 24. Key West: Fort Dallas, Florida. Animal (see Fig. 190): Body very short, pale, tentacles darker, slender, somewhat enlarged at tips; eyes black, prominent, situ- ated ona tubercle at the external base of the tentacles. Pro- boscis bifurcate, the two points serving the purpose of buccal tentacles. Operculum horny, the spiral of fe about two and a half turns. Oy The shell is carried somewhat laterally, and very Operculum of little elevated. The motions of the animal are very O. dentatum- vanid; the locomotive disk contracts in an undulatory mannef; and when the animal has advanced so that the shell drags along by its side, by a sudden Fig. 194. contraction of the neck the tip of the shell is suddenly jerked forward, so as to bring the shell at right angles with it; and this movement, in a quarter of a circle, is very rapidly performed. As the operculum prevents the animal, when at rest and retired within its shell, from adhering by means of its Z foot, as is usual with the Helicide, C. dentatura,at reat, enlarged. the animal has the power of spinning Fig. 193. TRUNCATELLIDA. 97 a short thread, which is attached to the object of support; and by this it hangs suspended at pleasure. Cat. No.|No. of Sp. Locality. From whom received. | Remarks. 8534 7 Florida, W. G. Binney, | Cabinet series. a SPURIOUS SPECIES OF CYCLOPHORID. Cyclostoma cincinnatiensis, Lea, not AntHony & DeKay; is an Amnicola, and C. lapidaria, Say, LinsuEy, and Kirtuanp, is a species of Pomati- opsis, g. V. Cyclostoma marginalis, Krrtuanp (Ohio Rep.), and C. marginata, Say, are species of Pupa, Fig. 195. q: V- Cyclostoma tricarinata, Say, is a Valvata. Ctenopoma rugulosum, PFEIFFER, may, perhaps, prove an inhabitant of Florida. A single specimen found there is here figured. Ctenopoma ruguloswm. Famity TRUNCATELLIDA. Lingual membrane with seven rows of recurved, hooked teeth. Animal with a broad, produced, bilobed muzzle, ten- tacles flattened, sub-triangular, eyes sessile on the middle of _their upper bases. Foot very short and rounded. Opercu- lum horny, subspiral. Shell lengthened, truncated, with a rounded aperture. TRUNCATELLA, Risso. Animal with a small foot, against the end of which rests the operculum when the animal is withdrawn ; the tentacles are short, acute; the snout is extended beyond them as much as the whole length of Fig. 196. the animal. The shell is carried hori- zontally. Operculum horny, hardly spiral, with a basal nucleus. Shell imperforate, but with an umbilical Aulinal OF Drancaweie groove, cylindrical, turreted, usually pellucid and smooth, of a reddish horn-color; the upper whirls 98 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART III. aro also truncated in the adult, the remaining ones are usually gradually increasing in size, and covered with more or less strongly developed ribs; the peristome is simple or double, some- times reflected; the base is generally furnished with a prominent carina or ridge, formed by the peristome. Aperture rounded. Dr. Gray describes Truncatella with distinct white jaws. The teeth of 7. caribxensis, by Tro- Fig. 197. schel: Central rather narrow, conical, Axe apex recurved ; first lateral very broad, F cA apex recurved, denticulate; second lateral narrower, denticulated; outer Lingual dentition of Truncatella zi caribeensis.—[TROSCHEL. | lateral narrow, simple. Truncatella caribzensis, Sows.—Shell subrimate, subcylin- drical, rather solid, in its truncated state but slightly Fig. 198. decreasing in size towards the apex, reddish, or dark amber-colored, with delicate ribs, which are but little curved, and often hardly perceptible on the middle of the whirls ; suture slight ; whirls not truncated, three or four, distinctly increasing in size, equally convex, the last often smooth, slightly carinated on its base; aperture subvertical, ovally elliptic, angular above; peristome continuous, straight, thickened at its connection with the penultimate whirl. Length 7-8, diameter 3 milli- metres ; length of aperture 2} millimetres. f\ | (| im i — il TN z= Truncatella caribxensis, SowERBy MSS.—REeEeEve, Conch. Syst. 11, t. clxxxii, f. 7.—Preirrer in Zeitsch. f. car ibecctiste, Mal. 1846, 182; Mon. Auric. Viv. II, 185; Mon. enlarged. Phan. Viv. II, 7; Brit. Mus. Cat. 134.—W. G. Binney, T. M. IV, 185, pl. xxv, f. 2,4.—CuHemnirz, ed. 2; Auric. p. 9, pl. i, f. 35, 36; pl. ii, f. 22; not pl. ii; f. 2-4. Truncatelia gouldii, ADAms, ined. Truncatella suecinea, ADAMS, Proc. Bost. Soc. 1845, 12. Truncatella Florida Keys, Mexico, Alabama; also Cuba and Jamaica. Cat. No.|No.of sp.| Locality. | From whom received. | Remarks. 8534 3 | Florida. | W. G. Binney. | Cabinet series. TRUNCATELLA. 99 Truncatella bilabiata, Prr.—Shell subrimate, cylindrical, elegant, solid, opaque, brownish ; ribs subarcuate, elevated, obtuse, at equal distances; suture deep and simple; re- maining whirls 4) to 5, convex, the last scarcely longer than the others, heavy and subcompressed at base; aper- ture vertical, oval, scarcely angular above; peristome double, the outer one white, heavy, and terminating in the basal ridge or carina, the inner one continuous. Length 54, breadth 13; length of aperture 1} millimetres. Truncatella bilabiata, Preirrer in Wiegm. Arch. 1840, I, 253; in Zeit. f. Mal. 1846, 187; Mon. Auric. Viv. 192; Mon. Pneum. Viv. II, 8; Brit. Mus. Cat. 140.— W. G. Binney, T. M. IV, 188, pl. ixxv, f. 3, 7.—CueEm- oe nirz, ed. 2, p. 7, pl. i, f. 27-31. Sareea Florida, Cuba, Carmen Island. | Cat. No.|No. of Sp. Locality. From whom received. | Remarks. 8532 3 Florida. W. G. Binney. Cabinet series. Truncatelia pulchella, Prr.—Shell subrimate, oblongly sub- cylindrical, light, reddish horn-color or amber, shining, pellucid, lightly ribbed ; ribs scarcely elevated, thread-like, at irregular intervals, often more distinct at the moderate suture; remaining whirls 4 to 43, rather convex, gradually increasing in size, the last generally smooth below the middle, compressly carinated at its base; aperture sub- vertical, obliquely elliptical, enlarging at base; peristome simple, continuous, somewhat expanding, and furnished with a slight ridge at its right extremity. Length 45-5, of aperture 13 mill. , Truncatella pulchella, Preirrer in Wiegm. Arch. 1839, I, mn runcatella 356; in Zeitsch. f. Mal. 1846, 186; in Mon. Auric. pulchella, Viv. 192; Mon. Pneum. Viv. II, 8; Brit. Mus. 140. enlarged. —W. G. Binney, T. M. IV, 189, pl. Ixxv, f. 1, 9, 10. —CuemnirTz, ed. 2, Auric. 10, pl. ii, f. 11-15. Florida. Also a West Indian species. Cat. No.| No. of Sp. Locality. From whom received. Remarks. 8533 2 . Florida. W. G. Binney. Cabiuet series. 100 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART III. Truncatella subcylindrica, Gray.—Shell scarcely rimate, cylindrical, furnished with regular, crowded ribs, less Fig. 201. prominent or obsolete at the suture, shining, pellucid, yellowish horn-color or hyaline; remaining whirls four, rather convex, flattened in the middle, regularly increas- ing, the last not ridged on the base; aperture vertical, ample, angularly oval, sub-effuse at base; peristome lightly thickened, its external margin sub-produced, the columellar portion briefly reflected, appressed and above thickened. Length 5, breadth 2 mill. Helix subcylindrica, Purrenry, Cat. Dorsetsh. 49.— Monaco, Test. Br. II, 393. Truncatella subcylindrica, Gray in Turton’s Man. 22, f. 6.—SuurtLewortu, Diagn. 7, 154.—Preirrer, Mon. Auric. Viv. 187; Mon. Phan. Viv. IJ, 7; Br. Mus. Cat. 136.—W. G. Binney, T. M. IV, 186, pl. lxxv, f. 5, 6, 8.—Orsiany, Moll. Cub. II, 5 (excl. 7. truncatula). Truncatella truncatula, Lowe in Zool. Proc. 1845, 217?; in Zool. Journ. V, p. 299, tab. xiii, f. 13-18? Truncatella caribeensis, PFEIFFER in Zeitsch. f. Mal. 1846, 182, ex parte. —kKustTer in Cuemn. ed. 2, Auric. pl. ii, f. 1-4. Truncatella subcylindr ica, enlarged. A West Indian species found on the Florida Keys. Truncatella californica, Prr.—Shell not rimate, cylindrical, truncated at tip, thin and translucent with light striz, shin- ing, amber-colored; spire in the perfect state of the shell composed of about ten whirls, of which four only are not deciduous ; these are convex, increasing in size rather rap- idly; aperture oval, vertical, rounded above; peristome simple and continuous, slightly expanded, its pillar margin _ searcely attached to the shell. Length 4%, diam. 13 mill. Fig. 202. Truncatella Truncatella californica, PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, ee May, 1857, 111; Mon. Pneum. Viv. II, 7.—W. G. Biy- enlarged. ney, T. M. U. S. IV, 28, pl. Ixxix, f. 20, 22. Truncatella gracilenta, Govuup, Proc. Phila, Ac. Nat. Se, X, 1858, errata. San Diego, California. Famity NERITID. Jaws two, above and below, with denticulated margins. Lingual dentition very similar to that of the Trochide ; the central teeth few, the lateral hooks, or uncine, very numer- NERITELLA. 101 ous. {lead with a broad, short muzzle; tentacles slender and subulate, with the eyes on stout peduncles at their outer Lingual dentition of Neritella reclivata. bases; no head-lobes or neck-lappets. Foot oblong, triangu- lar, the sides simple, without filaments, or lateral membrane. Operculum articulated, shelly, subspiral. Shell depressed or oval, not umbilicated ; spire very short, cavity si mple from the absorption of the internal portions of the whirls; aperture semiovate, not pearly within. In this tribe of Scutibranchiate mollusks the sides of the foot are without membranaceous fringes and tentacular fila- ments; the animal is not voluminous, and the foot is small and never envelops the shell; in their dental system they resemble the Zrochidex, as also in their muzzle-shaped heads and pedunculated eyes. They are littoral animals, inhabiting the stones and rocks along the shore, feeding on the algee that abound in that situation, They appear to be more active during the night, resembling in this respect, the Pate/- lide, which are said to enjoy considerable locomotive powers at that time. There are several genera included in this family which are not fluviatile, and therefore not noticed by me. Such are Nerita, Clithon, and Catillus. The genus Neritella alone is referred to. NERITELLA, Homrurey. Operculum testaceous, the outer surface smooth, with two apophyses, the upper shorter, sometimes dilat- ed and crested, the lateral in the form of an arched rib. Shell globose, oval, turriculated or conical, thin, often depressed, covered with Operculum of a horny epidermis; aperture semilunar; inner — yeritedia reclivata. 102 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART III. lip straight, flattened, the margin smooth or denticulated ; outer lip simple internally. The Neritelle are tolerably numerous in species; they are inhabitants of fresh water, and are usually covered with an epidermis ; some among them are found crawling on the stones in shallow water; others live in deeper water, half buried in the mud, some in brackish and others even in salt water; some are amphibious, clinging to the roots of Nipah palms and other trees on the margins of rivers, while a few inhabit the foliage of tall trees that overhang ponds and rivulets. The genus Neritella, as restricted, is characterized by the shell being transverse, elliptical or hemispherical; the spire lateral or none; the inner lip septiform, flattened and striolate, with the margin finely den- ticulate ; with one or two exceptions they are not found in the frigid or temperate zones, but are extensively distributed in every other part of the world. I adopt the name Neritel/a, instead of Neritina, on accopnt of its having precedence. I presume a description was published by Humphreys, but do not have access to a copy of the Museum Colonnianum. Neritella is generally preferred in the more recent works on Conchology. The genus Neritella, as restricted by Messrs. Adams, contains no North American species. The following are the subgenera proposed by them, with the American species quoted in each :— Subgenus Neritina, Sw. (Clithon, Recuuz).—Shell globular, oval or turriculated, smooth or spirally striated, often adorned with vivid and varied colors; inner lip septiform, crenulated, rarely simple. N. cassiculum. NV. sayana. N. reclivata. Subgenus Vitta, Kurry ( Theodorus, Montr. ; Elea, ZiEGL.).—Shell trans- verse, smooth or nearly smooth; spire lateral, inclined over the aperture, more or less prominent; inner lip usually flat, with the margin simple or denticulated ; operculum uniform, without colored zones. N. jayana. | N. picta. Subgenus Dostia, Gray (Sandaliformes, Mitrula, MKE.).—Shell slipper- shaped, solid; apex entirely posterior, rolled in a half turn on the NERITELLA. 103 side ; peritreme continuous and free ; inner lip septiform, the margin united to the inner portion of the peritreme, slightly arched in the centre, and denticulated. (No American species. ) Subgenus Alima, Reciuz.—Shell depressed, suborbicular, with the upper extremity of the outer margin prolonged into a lateral wing ; spire subposterior and lateral; inner lip septiform, margin finely denticulate. (No American species.) Subgenus Neripteron, Lesson.—Shell catilliform, with the two ex- tremities of the outer margin prolonged into lateral auricles ; spire subposterior and lateral; inner lip septiform; margin finely den- ticulate. (No American species.) Neritella reclivata, Say.—Shell thick, strong, globose-oval, greenish-olive, with numerous approximate, parallel, Fig. 205. irregularly undulated green lines across the volutions ; volutions about three, the exterior one occupying nearly the whole Fig. 206. shell; spire very short, obtuse at AD the apex, and frequently eroded to Dp ®) a level with the superior edge of , the body whirl ; mouth within blu- i E Opereulum of Neritellareclivata. ish-white; labrum acutely edged ; Weritelin peclice ie labium callous, minutely crenated on the edge, and with a small tooth near the middle. Greatest diameter nineteen-twentieths of an inch; greatest transverse diameter four-fifths of CT an inch. Inhabits East Florida. Cabinet of the Academy and Philadelphia Museum. Animal pale or less distinctly lineated, or clouded with black; foot rounded, almost orbicular, hardly as long as the shell is broad; above with four more or less distinct, black, parallel lines ; rostrum dilated, trun- cated, tip with four black lines, a black band connecting the eyes; eyes prominent, appearing to be placed on a tubercle at the outer base of the tentacula, black, with a white orbit ; tentacula with darker or black lines, setaceous, and longer than the breadth of the rostrum; beneath im- maculate. I found this species in great plenty, inhabiting St. John’s River in East Florida, from its mouth to Fort Picolata, a distance of a hundred miles, where the water was potable. It seemed to exist equally well where the water was salt as that of the ocean, and where the intermixture of that condiment could not be detected by the taste. Its movements are re- markably slow. (Say.) 104 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART TT. Theodoxus reclivatus, Say, Journ. A. N. Se. Phila. II, 257 ; Binney’s ed. 87. Neritina reclivata, REEVE, Con. Icon. 34 a, b, Oct. 1855. Neritina floridana, SuurrLewortH in Reeve, Con. Icon. 85 a? Nov. 1855. ‘Fig. 207 represents the lingual dentition of this species, from a Lingual dentition of Neritella reclivata. specimen presented the Smithsonian Institution by Prof. Agassiz. The lingual plate is composed of 48 rows; median tooth small, slightly tridentate; first lateral large, trapeziform; second and third lateral minute, simple; uncini 18 or 19, first large, marked with one large denticle, flanked by ten minute denticles; the rest close set, long, slender, recurved, and blunt at ends. Reeve quotes it from Mexico. I have seen no authentic specimen of Neritina floridana, Shuttl., placing it in the synonymy after a study of Reeve’s de- scription and figure, which are copied below. Neritina floridana.—Shell compressly-globose, rather solid, spire obtuse, whirls rather flattened at the upper part, columellar area callous ; greenish- white, densely elegantly painted with very fine olive lines, Neritina floridana, SuvrrneEworta MS. in Museum Cuming. Florida. Closely allied to Neritina reclivata, from which it scarcely differs, except in being of a more Neritina floridana. stunted growth. (Reeve.) Cat. No.| No. of Sp. Locality. | From whom received. Remarks, 9299 1 Florida. L. Agassiz. Fig. 207. 9307 “< ee Fig. 208. Neritella californica, Reeve.—Shell ovate, rather thin, concave beneath, spire rather narrowly produced, obtusely flattened at the apex, whirls smooth, aperture expanded, columellar area concavely flattened, NERITELLA. 105 rather broad ; black, blue within, columellar Fig. 209. area deep blood-stained. Gulf of California. This appears to be dis- tinct from any of its congeners in form, while the deep-toned coloring is characteristic. (Meeve.) Neritina californica, Reeve, Con. Icon. 20, a, b (Oct. 1855). ; ; Neritina californica. I have seen no authentic specimen of this species, the original description and figure of which are given above. Neritelila cassiculum, Sowrersy.—Of a globose form, slightly inclining to oval, with an olive-green epidermis, under which may be seen numerous black lines, angulated so as to leave white, triangular spots, which are larger in three bands across the shell; spire obtuse, consisting of four whirls; aperture semicircular, with the outer lip slightly thickened and the columella inclining to orange, narrow, swelled, and minutely crenulated on its nearly straightedge. Locality unknown. (Sowerby.) Neritina eassiculum. Neritina cassiculum, SowErsy, Conch. Ml. f. 55; Thes. Conch. 521, pl. evi, f. 194.—CarpentTerR, Maz. Shells (1858), 258; Brit. Mus. Rep. pl. ix, f. 5 (1857). Carpenter quotes this species from Mazatlan. I have seen no specimen, but give above the original description and figure. Neritella picta, Sowrersy.—Subglobose, grayish, variously painted, with black lines or reticulations and whitish spots. There is a peculiar enamel-like appearance about the external surface ; the columella is in- variably of a chestnut color, rather swelled, and obscurely crenulated at the margin. Fig. 211. Panama, on a mud bank, partially overflowed with fresh water: Cuming. (Sowerby.) Neritina picta, SowErsy, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1832, 201 ; Ilustr. pl. Ixxxvi, f. 1; Thes. Conch. 530, pl. exvi, f. 267-9. —Reerve, Con. Icon. 101.—Desuayes in LAMARCK, VU, yy ting pick. 588.—CARPENTER, Maz. Cat. 259 (1856). A very variable species found within the limits included in my work—at Mazatlan, as well as further south. The original de- scription and figure are given above. There is a Neritina picta, of Ferussac (Hist. fig. 4-7), found 19 106 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART III. fossil in France. Some of the references quoted above are re- ferred to Ferussac’s species by Grateloup (Soe. Lin. Bord. XI, 127). Ihave not the means of settling the synonymy. Neritella showalteri, Lea.—Shell smooth, rounded, semitrans- parent, yellowish horn-color; spire very much depressed ; sutures slightly impressed; whirls three, inflated; aperture semi-rotund ; Fig. 212. -inner lip dilated, white, thickened, without teeth and in- curved ; outer lip acute, dilated and thin. Operculum —? Coosa River, ten miles above Fort William, Shelby County, Alabama: E. R. Showalter, M.D. My cabinet, and cabinets of Dr. Showalter and Dr. Lewis, and Academy of Natural Sciences. Diam. .22, length .18 inch. The discovery of this shell by Dr. Showalter marks the first notice, I believe, of the genus Neritina being found in our waters. His very close observation and active investigations of the waters of central and northern Alabama have enabled him to lay the naturalists of this country under many obligations by new discoveries, and this is cer- tainly one of much importance. We now see for the first time that this genus, which is common in Europe, Africa, Asia, South America, and the West Indies, also inhabits our southern rivers. I have great pleasure in naming the species after the discoverer. This species is not allied to any which has come under my notice. It is more rotund than usual, has a clear horn-colored epidermis, smooth and shining. The substance of the shell is so thin as to permit the column to be visible through it. The inner lip is broad and slightly notched where it is in contact to the body whirl. It is to be regretted that among the four specimens sent to me by Dr. Showalter neither had an operculum. The soft. parts have not yet been observed. (Lea.) Neritina showalteri, Lea, Pr. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. 1861, 55; Journal [n. s.], V, pt. 3, 267, pl. xxxv, f. 78, 78a (Mar. 1863) ; Obs. IX, 89. Neritina showalteri. T can add nothing to the knowledge of this species contained in Mr. Lea’s description copied above. One of his figures is copied in my Fig. 212. Neritella jayama, Recivz.—Shell rather small, transversely-ovate, thin, concentrically and delicately striated, yellowish under the epidermis, varied with delicate angularly-flexuosé, reticulated, small black lines and small white spots; behind generally of an uniform black; whirls three, almost conic above, and with a narrow canaliculated suture; spire inclined towards the side; labium compressed, white with black spots, edentu- late and scarcely arched in the centre; labrum greenish- yellow. Height 43, breadth 6, thickness 3 mill. Neritina jayana. North America? Fig. 213. HELICINIDA. ET We are indebted for this little species to Dr. Jay, of New York, in whose honor it is named. It cannot be confounded with the European species N. fluviatilis—of which it is the American analogue—not only on account of its constant coloration, but still more on account of its conical spire and canaliculated suture. (Recluz.) Neritina jayana, Rxcivz, Journ. de Conch. I, 157, pl. vii, f. 18 (1850). I am unable to add any information regarding this species or its habitat, further than what is contained in the above copy of the original description and figure. ‘ Spurtous Specres or NERITELLA. Neritina striata, Besurri, from New Orleans is quoted in the synonymy of Neritina zebra, Bruc., of Cayenne, by Recivz, in Journ. de Conch. I, 152, and Neritina zigzag, SowErsy, from Florida, as a synonym of Neritina lineo- lata, Lam., of Cayenne. I can find no description or further infor- mation regarding the former, or any authority for the habitat given of the latter. Famity HELICINIDZ. Lingual membrane long, narrow, with numerous longitu- dinal series of teeth, arranged 00, 5, 1, 5, 00; see description of Helicina orbiculata, on p. 108. Head proboscidiform; tentacles subulate, with the eyes at their outer bases. Foot elongated. Operculum non-spiral, annular, semi-oval or sub- triangular, with concentric elements, thick and testaceous, or thin and horny. Shell with the aperture semilunar. HELICINA, Lan. Animal long, heliciform, tentacles slender, drooping, eyes at their external base; proboscis Fig. 215. Fig. 214. truncated. Operculum non-spi- _Tal, somewhat semioval, mem- branous or testaceous. Shell heliciform, turbinate, globose or Head of Helicina webeeiide. depressed, base callous around the columella, which is some- Operculum of what flattened, and rather straight; aperture tri- Helicina. 108 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF N. A. [PART II angularly semioval, entire ; peristome simple, straight or thick- ened, often widely expanded. No horny jaw. Lingual mem-— Fig. 216. Lingual dentition of Helicina orbiculata.—[TRoscHEt. ] brane with teeth arranged 00, 5, 1, 5, 00. Centrals small, apex broad, reflected; first and second laterals broader, rounded at base, apex recurved, denticulated ; third lateral suboval, apex recurved, denticulated; fourth lateral long, narrow, irregular shaped, apex recurved, denticulated; uncini long, narrow, apex recurved, denticulated. Suscenus OLIGYRA, Say. Shell subglobose or conic; spire equalling or excelling the last whirl, whirls ecarinate ; peristome expanded. Helicina orbiculata, Say.—Shell subglobose, acute at apex, solid, smooth, very delicately striated; color yellow- Fig. 217. ish, brownish, or ash-colored, with a linear, pale zone zak at the periphery, which passes up the spire at the m suture, and makes it white; there are also in many O) specimens numerous capillary zones, and some speci- Helicina orbiculata, ™NenS are mottled with pale spots; whirls five, well enlarged. rounded, suture well impressed ; aperture rather large, semilunar; peristome white, moderately reflexed, and often greatly thickened and protruded by age; columella short, joining ~ HELICINA. 109 the peritreme at nearly aright angle, and forming thereby a denticular protruberance ; base delicately enamelled. Diameter 9, height 6 mill. Helicina (Olygyra) orbiculata, Say, Journ. Phila. Ac. I, 283; Nich. Encycl. ed. 3; Am. Conch. 5, pl. xlvi, f. 1-3; ed. Birney, 36, pl. xlvi, f. 1-3; ed. CuEnv, Bibl. Conch. III, 58, pl. xv, f. 2, 2 a, 2 c.— Gray, Zool. Journ. I, 70.—Binney, T. Moll. Il, 352, pl. Ixxiii, lxxiy, f. 3.—DerKay, N. Y. Moll. 82 (1843).—Cuemnirz, ed. 2, 74 (1846), pl. x, f. 32, 33.—Prrirrer, Mon. Pneum. Viv. J, 375; I, 199 (excl. H, rubella). —Gray & Preirrer, Brit. Mus. Phan. 272 (not of Sow- ERBY).—W. G. Binney, T. M. IV, 193, pl. xxv, f. 18-20. Helicing, tropica, JAN in CuEMNitz, ed, 2, p. 37, pl. iv, f. 9, 10.—Preirrer, Mon. Pneum. Viv. I, 875; II, 199.—Gray & Preirrer, Brit. Mus. Phan. p. 271.—W. G. Binyey, T. M. IV, 194.—Troscuet, Gebiss d. Schn. p. 81, pl. v, f. 9. Helicina ambeliana, SowErsy, Thes. Tab. 8, pl. i, f. 19 (1842), not Roissy. Helicina castanea, SowErsy, l. c., 13, pl. i, f. 31, 32. Helicina vestita, GurtpinG in Sows., /. c., p. 14, pl. i, f. 42. Helicina minuta? Sowexsy, l. c., f. 40, 41. Texas to Georgia; Tennessee to Florida. Also in the post- pleiocene of the Mississippi Valley. Animal (see Fig. 214): Head and tentacles black, the other parts of the body dark. Tentacles long and slender, tapering to a point. Eyes black and prominent. Motion gliding as in Helix. Operculum horny, turning back upon the columella as if upon a hinge. This species seems to be distributed over a very wide extent of territory, and also to be subject to great variations in size and coloring. From specimens collected in company, within a very small area, individuals might be selected differing so widely from each other that no one would hesitate to regard them as very different species, unless their history were known. | Hot Spr., Ark. Duy By Powellst. |i» jte arias Cat. No.|No. of Sp | Locality. | From whom received. Remarks. 83 5 Texas. | G. Wurdemann. | «eee... St44 (IRE Bi esac ah s/w : 5 eZ Genus AmniconA, Gould & Hald. : : : 5 eee, Genus Byrutnetia, Moq.-Tand. F a : s er Genus SomarToeyerus, Gill ‘ : A : . ; eel Genus Fruminicona, Stm. ; : 5 : 4 . . 24 Genus Gita, Stm. . ; ‘ 5 ; : z : . 26 II. On the subfamily Pomatiopsin”= . ; : 5 : 5 . 29 Genus Pomatiopsis, (Tryon) Stm. . . 6 : , eo Ill. Systematic diagnoses of the genera of HypRopunm . : 38 STENOTHYRA . ; ; 5 : . : . - 40 TRICULA . 4 : A 5 : 5 4 : 5 A LITTORINELLA . 3 : ; 7 ; ; é ‘ a ea HypRosia : 3 ‘ : : : C : ; - 43 BytuineLLA f ; 6 ; A ; ; ; : . 44 PALUDESTRINA . 5 : ; : 3 : : : one Pyrevna . : . . ; é : : ; » 47 TRYONIA . ' . . ; : A . é : - 48 PoraMoPyRGUS 3 - : : : ; 5 . 49 CocHLIoPA : : : : Z ; : . : oO ‘ Guia. : : : : . : ; . : Se mp SoMATOGYRUS . : : : 3 5 : ane me you AMNICOLA 6 : . : : f . : : 3) Om LitHOGLYPHUS . A 3 : ' A : : : oS FLUMINICOLA ; : 5 : : 5 é . 54 Synoptic table of the genera of Hypropmnz . : : : eo Addenda et Corrigenda : 4 ; ; ; : : 5 eo Alphabetical Index . : 6 ° : . : 57 RESEARCHES UPON THE EPO oo Rye Cook oo Nom as AND ALLIED FORMS. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. *% ABOUNDING in the fresh waters of North America, and in some instances upon land contiguous to fresh water, there are to be found species of minute shells resembling the Vivipari in form, but differing from them in the spiral form of the operculum, Some of these shells have been erroneously referred to the genera Paludina, Melania, Leptoxis, and Cyclostoma. To others the generic names Amnicola, Pomatiopsis, Somatogyrus, and Chilo- cyclus have been applied. They must all, I believe, be referred to the extensive family Rissompa, a group of gasteropods re- markable for their small size, which are very generally distributed throughout the globe, and are very numerous in the sea, as well as in fresh waters. The Rissoide were very properly separated as a family from the Littorinide by H. & A. Adams, but the characters given by these naturalists are not entirely satisfactory. The character ‘rostrum more or less adnate, below, to the fore-part of the foot,” is not a constant or general one, and some of the others given by them are only partially distinctive, and can scarcely be relied upon for the discrimination of families. The true distinction between this group and the Littorinide is found in the shape and position of the teeth on the lingual ribbon. The Messrs. Adams include in their family Rissoidex the genera Rissoina, Rissoa, Alvania, Onoba, Barleeia, Ceratia, Setia, Cin- gula, Hydrobia, Skenea, and Amnicola. These are all probably true Rissoids with the exception of Barleeia, which belongs to Genera of Recent Mollusca, I, 327. May, 1865. Gis 2 RESEARCHES UPON THE HYDROBIINZE a distinct family. But there are several genera to be added to this list, which will be named further on in this paper. It may now be mentioned, however, that Lithoglyphus and Palu- destrina, placed by the Messrs. Adams in the Littorinidz, must be included here, since they have the lingual dentition of the Rissoide, the characteristic of which, as shows by 'Troschel, consists in the presence of basal denticles on the rhachidian tooth. We also add Bythinella of Moquin-Tandon, usually considered as synonymous with Hydrobia, or with Amnicola, but sufficiently distinct. And the genus Pyrgula of Christofori & Jan, found in the streams of Switzerland, probably also belongs here, although hitherto referred by most authors to the Melaniide.t The same may be said of Zricula, Benson, found in the rivers of India. A. Adams has also added Fenella. The probabilities of the genera Cecina and Blanfordia, A. Ad., and Cremnobates, Blan- ford, also belonging here, will be discussed further on. Troschel? suggests the inclusion in the family of his groups — “ Bythinie, Lithoglyphi, and perhaps Truncatellx,” which would require the addition of the genera Bythinia, Stenothyra, Assi- minea, Tomichia, and Truncatella. The two first named are rightly, I think, here placed, in view of the structure of the male organ and the lingual teeth; but Ass¢minea differs con- spicuously in the position of the eyes, and Tomichia and Vrunca- tella both in the position of the eyes and in the structure of the breathing organs.? Gray* includes in the family only three genera, Rissoina, Rissoa, and Skenea ;—Lithoglyphus, Hydrobia, and Amnicola being by him wrongly placed in the Littorinide. The following is offered as an amended character of the family Rissoidz, which will serve to distinguish it from the groups allied to it, or with which it has been confounded, as the Littorinide, Viviparide, Truncatellide, Melaniide, Valvatide, etc. :— ! Bourguignat has already recognized the affinity of Pyrgula to Hydrobia, although he incorrectly places both these genera in the Viviparide (Gue- rin’s “Revue et Magasin de Zoologie [2], XIII (1861), p. 526). 2 Gebiss der Schnecken, I, 106. 3 It may also be remarked that the dentition of the Truncatella group is characterized by the presence of a transverse, continuous, dentated plate beneath the cusp on the rhachidian tooth, which occurs in none of the Rissoide.* Guide to the Systematic Distr. of Mollusca, ete., I, 96. AND ALLIED FORMS. 3 Tentacles elongated, with the eyes at their outer bases. Verge (male organ) exserted, situated on the back at a considerable distance behind the right tentacle. Gills both pallial; the right or principal one usually rather short and broad, and composed of few laminz, which are much broader than high. Foot oblong, truncate before, rounded or pointed behind. Operculigerous lobe well developed. Operculum horny or partly shelly, spiral or con- centric. Lingual teeth 3. 1. 8; the rows being more transverse and less arcuated than in the Littorinide. Rhachidian tooth broader than long, and armed with basal denticles (so called by Troschel) on each side, which may be either on the basal margin, or on the anterior surface of the tooth above the base; cusp recurved and denticulated. Intermediate tooth more or less hatchet-shaped, having a handle-like process (peduncle) project- ing outwardly from the base of the broad body which is denticu- lated at the upper margin. Lateral teeth generally slender and armed with numerous minute denticles at their superior margins. Shell small, spiral, turreted or depressed, often more or less um- bilicated ; aperture more or less rounded, never truly channelled in front; peritreme continuous. Station in fresh, brackish, or sea water, rarely on land. Distribution mundane. The family Rissoidx, as now circumscribed, notwithstanding their agreement among themselves in all characters which are of importance for the discrimination of the family, yet present such considerable differences in minor details, that they are found to arrange themselves naturally into several distinct groups, or sub- families. We find genera in which the shell is turreted and elongated, and others in which it is globular or depressed ; some in which the verge is bifid, and others in which it is simple ; some which have long proboscidiform snouts, and others with extremely short ones; some with lateral sinuses in the foot, and others with- out them; some with the foot produced anteriorly, and others having it shorter than the snout; some with a cirriform appendage to the operculigerous lobe, and others without ; some with a spiral, others with a concentric operculum ; and these differences are in some cases coincident with the great diversity in station and habits which we observe among these little snails. As already noticed, they inhabit the greatest possible variety of station, some of the genera being marine, and living even at great depths in the 4 RESEARCHES UPON THE HYDROBIINAS ocean, while others live in brackish water, many in fresh water, and one, at least, habitually on land. Upon these grounds I would suggest the division of the family into the following subfamilies, using the characters of the soft parts, as well as those of the shell and operculum :— BYTHINIIN”, with an ovate shell, a concentric operculum which is calcareous within, and with cervical lobes. They are compara- tively large. Fresh water. Genus Bythinia,* Gray. RIssoInINz#, with an ovate or turreted shell, and a thick, corne- ous, subspiral operculum provided with an internal process (articu- lated). Size small. Marine. Genus Rissoina, D’Orb. Rissorn#, with an ovate or elongated shell, and a subspiral operculum not provided with a process. Foot without lateral sinuses. Rhachidian tooth of the lingual ribbon with the basal teeth on the inferior margin. Size small. Marine. Genera Rissoa, Frem., Cingula, Flem., Alvania, Risso, Onoba, H. & A. Ad., Setia, H. & A. Ad., Ceratia, H. & A. Ad., Fenella, A. Ad. SKENEIN, with a depressed, almost discoidal shell, and a corneous, paucispiral? operculum. Minute. Marine. Genus Skenea, Flem. Hypropiin®, with shell and operculum and foot like those of the Rissoine, but with the rhachidian tooth of the lingual ribbon having the basal teeth on the anterior surface, behind the lateral margins. Size variable; some are minute, some as large as Bythiniz. Living in fresh or brackish water. Genera Hydrobia, Hartm., Littorinella, Braun, Amnicola, Gould & Hald., Bythi- nella,t Mogq.-Tand., Stenothyra,> Benson, Tricula, Benson, Pyr- gula, Christ. & Jan., Paludestrina, D’Orb., Tryonia, Stm., Potamopyrgus, Stm., Lithoglyphus, Muhlfeldt, /luminicola, Stm., Gillia, Stm., Somatogyrus, Gill, Cochliopa, Stm. PoMATIOPSIN®, With the shell and operculum as in the Ris- soine. Foot with lateral sinuses. Size small. Amphibious. Genus Pomatiopsis,’ Tryon. ' Syn. Elona, Moq.-Tand. 2 According to the terminology of Woodward, the operculum of Skenea would be multispiral, and that of the Rissoine, etc. paucispiral. 3 Syn. Paludinella, Loven (not Pfeiffer), and Littorinida, Eyd. & Soul. 4 Syn. Leachia, Risso (not Lesueur), Microna, Ziegler. 6 Syn. Nematura, Benson. 6 Syn. Chilocyclus, Gill. AND ALLIED FORMS, 5 The above mentioned characters may be tabulated as follows :— A. Operculum concentric . : ; : : 5 . Byrariniya. B. Operculum spiral. a. Operculum pauci-spiral ‘ b. Operculum subspiral. 1. Operculum with an internal process 2. Operculum without an internal process. * Foot without lateral sinuses. t Rhachidian tooth of the lingual ribbon with the basal denticles on the infe- rior margin . : : 2 . Rissoinz. tt Rhachidian tooth of the lingual ribbon with the basal denticles on the ante- rior surface behind the lateral mar- gins . : ; . SKENEINZ. . RISssomininz, : 5 - Hyprosune. ** Foot with lateral sinuses . ; z . Pomartiopsinz&. It is with the two subfamilies last mentioned that we have to do in the present paper: the HypRospiina and PoMATIoPsIN&. I adopt, for several reasons, the name Hydrobiine for the first of these subfamilies in preference to that of Amnicoline, proposed by Mr. Gill‘ for a part of the group, to which some Poma- tiopsine were added. First, because the group was first indicated by Troschel,? under the name Hydrobie; next, because the first genus of the subfamily ever described was called Hydrobia ; and lastly, because the name Amnicoline is not universally applicable, since these animals are not all inhabitants of rivers, or even of fresh-water, some of them living in shallow inlets of the sea. The name Hydrobiine is in every respect appropriate. J. D. W. Hartmann was the first to separate these little snails from the old heterogeneous group called Paludina. According to Herrmannsen’ he published the genus Hydrobia in 1821, in Sturm’s “Fauna Deutschlands,” Abth. VI, Heft 5, p. 46. I have been unable to find and consult this work for the purpose of ascer- taining the type of the genus, but the author doubtless intended to include in it both fresh-water and marine forms, certainly fresh- water ones, as he again used the generic name ( fide Herrmann- sen) in a treatise on the land and fresh-water shells of Switzer- land, in Steinmuller’s ‘“‘ Neue Alpina,” I, 258. Moquin-Tandon* ' Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1863, p. 34. 2 Gebiss der Schnecken, I, 106 (1857). 3 Ind. Generum Malacozoorum, I, 545. 4 Hist. Nat. des Moll. ter. et fluv. de France, II, 514. 6 RESEARCHES UPON THE HYDROBIINZE says that Hartmann originally included but three species in his genus, one of which was marine; and rejects the name Hydrobia, “because it had already been applied by Leach to a genus of in- sects.” But the name of the coleopteran genus is Hydrobius, and sufficiently distinet to avoid confusion. Gray gives the Turbo ulve of Pennant, a marine species, as the type of the genus Hydrobia, in which he is followed by Woodward? and H. & A. Adams.? J shall therefore retain the name for the marine species (included in Rissoa by Forbes & Hanley) until further bibliographical researches can be made. That the marine, or rather brackish-water forms truly belong to the same group with the fresh-water species—the Amnicolw, ete.—is evident from the character of their lingual dentition, which I have recently ex- amined in the Littorinella minuta (Cingula minuta, Gould) of the coast of Massachusetts. The other characters of this animal are also so similar to those of the fresh-water forms, both in shell and soft parts, that it would, if found in fresh water, be considered by many as an elongated Ammnicola. The verge is simple as in some of the fresh-water genera to be described below. In Sturm’s “ Fauna Deutschlands,” Hartmann also published a second genus under the name of Lithoglyphus (the MSS. name of Muhlfeldt), which proves to belong to the Hydrobiine, the type being the Paludina naticoides of Ferussac, found in the Danube. The small mollusks of the families Hydrobiine and Pomati- opsinz are not only numerous, but greatly diversified in form, in the fresh waters of North America. They may be distinguished _ from all the rest of our fluviatile gasteropods, with some groups of which they have often been confounded, by the presence of an external verge, coexistent with a corneous subspiral operculum. Like the Vivipari and Melanixw, they have recently received considerable attention from American naturalists, particularly in respect to their classification, which has been attempted upon various grounds, but, as it would seem, with indifferent success. In fact but little dependence can be placed upon the shell alone, in the systematic study of these groups; the entire animal must be examined for the discovery of the most important characters. a eS Ser ete 1 Turton’s Manual, 2d ed., 1840, pp. 87, 88. 2 Manual of the Mollusca, p. 137. 3 Genera of Recent Mollusca, I, 335. J AND ALLIED FORMS. T Having recently found some of these animals living in the District of Columbia, and received from my friends Messrs. Binney, Tryon, and others, numerous specimens preserved in spirits from other parts of the country, I have been able con- yeniently to study their structure and habits, with the view of determining their relations to each other and to neighboring groups. Before giving the results of this study, it will be proper to review what has been already published upon the subject in this country.* Mr. 8. 8. Haldeman and Dr. A. A. Gould were the first in this country to call attention to the generic distinctness of certain small shells previously referred to Paludina, to include which they pro- posed to establish a new genus, Amnicola. This genus was first published by the former gentleman in October, 1840, in a “ Supple- ment to a Monograph of the Limniades,” p. 3, as follows: ‘“Am- nicola, G. & H. Head proboscidiform; shell like Paludina, opercule corneous and subspiral.” No species was mentioned as the type, or even as an example. Dr. Gould, in his celebrated work, the “ Invertebrata of Massachusetts,” 1841, pages 228 and 929, gave a much more detailed description, pointing out other important characters in which the genus is distinguished from Viviparus, such as the production of the rostrum beyond the foot, certain peculiarities in the habits of the animal, etc. He states that “so far as observation has yet gone, the Ammnicola is oviparous, while the true Paludina is ovo-viviparous ;” and also remarks that the tentacles are “frequently, if not always, unequal in length; perhaps this is a sexual difference.” The difference in the length of the tentacles is, however, purely accidental. Dr. Gould’s description of the animal is excellent, though relating ' In some of the papers referred to below I find allusions to a work by Mr. Binney. As an excuse for not herein referring to such a work, I can only say that I am unaware that Mr. B. has published anything whatever upon the subject. I have, indeed, in common with some others interested in the subject, received certain printer's proof-sheets of a forthcoming work on the Amnicole, Vivipari, etc., to be published by the Smithsonian Insti- tution. The distribution of these proofs, with the view of eliciting addi- tional information, speaks well for Mr. Binney’s carefulness and strong desire to perfect his work; but we should no more quote publicly his un- matured views, confidentially circulated in the form of proof, than we should a private letter. 8 RESEARCHES UPON THE HYDROBIINAE only to those parts of the animal which are protruded from the shell in progression. Haldeman, in his “ Monograph of the genus Amnicola,” which forms part of his beautiful work on the fresh-water gasteropods of North America, also gives a description of the animal, in which he adds nothing of importance to that of Dr. Gould, except short accounts of the gills and of the character of the ova, which do - not accord with my own observations as detailed below. Dr. Lewis, in the “ Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History,” Vol. VIII, 1861, p. 255, gives a description of the so- called Amnicola lapidaria, stating that the soft parts of this species are “identical in form with JMelania,” and subsequently, in the “Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia” for 1862, p. 590, gives a more detailed account of the animal, and points out certain resemblances to Melania and Truncatella. But, as has been elsewhere noticed,! its resem- blance to the Melanians is only a superficial one, and it is far removed from that group in the structure of its generative organs. ‘To the Truncatelle the species indeed shows a strong likeness in form and habits, which Dr. Lewis was the first to detect, although Say had indeed placed it in Cyclostoma. But its respiratory organs are of a different type, “ Amnicola” lapi- daria being a true Ctenobranchiate, while the Truncatelle, as far as known, are air-breathing mollusks. In a paper published in the “ Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia” for September, 1862, Mr. Tryon has elevated the group Amnicole to the rank of a family, under the name of Amnicolide, but as this author has given no diagno- sis of the group thus proposed, we are ignorant of the grounds upon which he considered it distinct from the allied families already known and named. He mentions but a single genus, Amnicola, but proposes under it a subgenus, Pomatiopsis, for the elongated species, with A. lapidaria for an example. This species, how- ever, is not congenerie with the other elongated forms; it being found upon examination to present structural peculiarities which separate it widely from all of the true Amnicole. The subject has since been investigated by my friend Prof. Theodore Gill, of the Smithsonian Institution, whose views are 1 Am. Journ. of Science and Arts, [2] xxxviii (1864) 50. AND ALLIED FORMS, 9 published in the same “ Proceedings,” for the month of February, 1863, in a paper entitled a “Systematic arrangement of the Mol- lusks of the family Viviparide and others, inhabiting the United States,” which has great value as calling attention to the true generic characters of the shell in several groups hitherto little understood or not generally accepted. This naturalist first called attention to the general correlation of size with structure in the families he describes. He agrees with Mr. Tryon in the separa- tion of the Amnicole as a distinct family, Amnicolide, to which he gives, however, a much greater extent, by including in it the European Bythinia, and the Bythinella of Moquin-Tandon, which genus he regards as identical with Amnicola proper. He thus follows Moquin-Tandon in approximating these two groups, which have been widely separated by others; but, apparently recogniz- ing the value of the great difference in the form of their opercula, he proposes to place them in two distinct subfamiiies, Bythininz and Amnicoline.t In the latter group he includes three genera, Amnicola, G. & H., Somatogyrus, n. g., and Chilocyclus, n. g. The subgenus Pomatiopsis of Tryon he rejects as doubtful; this group, however, in view of the characters of its type P. lapidaria, must be accepted, and Chilocyclus of Gill is synonymous with it. Mr. Gill gives a diagnosis of the proposed family ‘‘ Amnicolide” as follows :— “Family Amnicolide (Tryon), Gill. Animal oval or elongated, completely retractile within its shell. Foot oval or rounded, generally narrow, and not continued in front of the rostrum. Jaws obsolete. Tentacles cylindrical setaceous, pointed, with the eyes sessile at their postero-external bases. Branchiz in a single row, in the form of transverse folds, somewhat dilated at the middle. Generative organs on the right side; verge external, behind the tentacle, bifid and with unequal branches; female orifice under the margin of the mantle, on the same side.” The author states that his knowledge of the anatomical charac- ters is chiefly due to Moquin-Tandon, and it will be noticed that this is an exact translation of Moquin-Tandon’s description of the 1 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1863, p. 34. The presence of cervical lobes in Bythinia is another important point in which it differs from the Amuicole, etc. 2 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1863, p. 35. 10 RESEARCHES UPON THE HYDROBIINZ soft parts of his genus Bythinia' (in which he includes not only the true Bythiniz but the Bythinellze also*), except in leaving out the expression “a tortillon spiral,” in relation to the entire ani- mal, and in the substitution of the more nearly exact term “Jaws obsolete” for ‘‘ Machoires nulles.” The characters are used for the group originally founded upon our American Amnicola, on the assumption that our American species agreed therein with the European forms studied by Moquin-Tandon. The diagnosis will not, however, apply to our American forms as a group. The foot is by no means ‘‘ narrow” in the greater part of our species. The jaws are not ‘obsolete ;”—I have found them present and suffi- ciently well-developed in Amnicola porata and all others which have come under my observation.* The tentacles are not ‘“seta- ceous, pointed,” in Amnicola proper, but conspicuously of equal size throughout their length, and truncated at their extremity. Finally, the verge is not bifid in all of our species. Having eliminated these false characters, we can more easily determine whether these Amnicole, and their allies, are entitled to rank as a family distinct from the Rissoidex, in which the typical forms were placed by H. & A. Adams. We find, however, no character left which will serve to -distinguish them, with the exception of ‘foot not continued in front of the rostrum.” But this character does not seem to be of sufficient importance to indicate the separation of the two groups as distinct families, when the agreement is so close in all other points. It is alsoa very uncertain character. In describing these animals, sufficient care has not been taken to mention their position or movement at the time the description is drawn up. Among the figures of Rissoze in the great work of Forbes and Hanley on the British Mollusca, we find some species represented with the head in advance of the foot, and others with the anterior extremity of the foot in advance of the head. On the other hand, I have ' Mollusques terrest. et fluv. de France, II, 514. 2? Moquin-Tandon’s rather unnatural approximation of these two groups seems to have been chiefly founded on the similarity of their generative organs, which are strikingly different from those of Viviparus, to which genus the Bythiniz were formerly referred. 8 That they exist also in Bythinia, notwithstanding the statement to the contrary by Moquin-Tandon, has been discovered by Troschel (see ‘ Gebiss der Schnecken,” I, 162). Moquin-Tandon himself admits having found traces of them in Bythinella viridis (op. cit., II, 525). AND ALLIED FORMS. 11 often seen the auricles of the foot in Amnicola porata, in certain positions, protruded beyond the snout, although their normal po- sition is most certainly in the rear of the snout. Other distinctive marks, not mentioned by Mr. Gill, might be cited for the dis- crimination of the Amnicole from the Risso, but none which, in my opinion, are of importance for family distinctions. The deep- water Rissoide have generally a caudal filament arising from the posterior extremity of the operculigerous lobe, but the shallow- water species are for the most part destitute of this appendage, although so closely allied to the others that Forbes and Hanley have not even generically separated them. The lingual dentition of the Amnicolie is of the same type with that of the Risso, the only essential difference being in the position of the basal denticles of the rhachidian tooth. There may be, indeed, charac- ters remaining to be discovered, which will serve to separate the two groups as distinct families, but certainly none have as yet been brought forward.t To conclude the history of the writings of American naturalists on mollusks belonging to the subfamily Hydrobiine, the paper of Dr. Lewis in the ‘Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History,” IX, 161, February, 1863, may be noticed. He has given a short description of the soft parts of Melania wsogona, Say, which he refers to Amnicola, as Dr. Lea had already done.’ My own investigations into the characters of the small North American Gasteropods usually referred to Amnicola, have led me to distinguish among them two distinct subfamilies, which have 1 It may here be remarked that none of the authors quoted above have given us valid characters for the distinction of the Amnicola group from the Melaniide, in which family they are indeed included by Dr. Lea. Mr. Gill, in his Synopsis (loc. cit., p. 33), relies upon the obsolescence of the jaws (an error as shown above), the shape of the aperture, and the size of the shell; but neither of the last two characters will serve to distinguish our largest Amnicoline from certain Mudalie and Ancylose. The same may be said of the continuous peritreme of the aperture of the shell of the Amnicoline, the character usually relied upon by authors, although this latter has far more value than the others just mentioned. The real dif- ference between the two groups is found in the generative organs, the male in the Melanians being destitute of an external verge. (See a paper “on the structural characters of the so-called Melanians of North America,” in Silliman’s “ American Journal of Science and Arts,” [2] XXXVIII, 41.) 2 Tr, Am. Phil. Soc., IX, 16. 12 RESEARCHES UPON THE HYDROBIIN® been already briefly alluded to, viz..(1) the Hydrobiins, charae- terized by their purely aquatic habits, gliding motion, and the smooth sides of the foot, of which we find the genera Bythinella, Mogq.-Tand., Amnicola, G. & H., Gillia, n. g., Somatogyrus, Gill, and Fluminicola, n. g., in the fresh waters of the United States ; and (2) the Pomatiopsins, characterized by their terrestrial, or more properly amphibious, habits, stepping method of progression, and sinuated sides of the foot, with but one genus, Pomatiopsis. I will now proceed to describe in detail such species of these two groups as have come under my observation, reserving the systematic diagnoses of the genera for the conclusion of the paper. J. ON THE AMERICAN FRESH-WATER HYDROBIINA, The considerations which have guided me in the selection of the family name, have been detailed on page 5. Genus AMNICOLA, Govip & Haxp. The following description of the characters of Amnicola proper is based upon the examination of a subglobular species (fig. 1) found in the Potomac River, which is probably Fig. 1. the Paludina porata of Say, and undoubtedly congeneric with Gould’s Amnicola porata, which Haldeman considers to be the Paludina limosa of Say, and which is the type of the genus, being the first species ever referred to it. The foot (fig. 2, a, b) is simple, without any lateral sinuses, and is, when extended in progres- sion, between two and three times as long as broad. It is dilated and auricled in front, somewhat narrowed before the middle, more or less expanded behind the middle, and rounded or subtruneate at the posterior ex- Fig. 2. tremity. The auricles are pointed, and gene- rally project but little beyond the lateral mar- gin; but under certain circumstances the animal can elongate them to such a degree that they become almost tentaculiform, and at least as 2 long as the foot is wide. This is represented in the cut fig. 2,b. On one occasion I have seen the auricles thus remarkably protruded, and AND ALLIED FORMS. 13 vibrated laterally until their tips met in front, and they inclosed a heart-shaped open space between their margins. Under some circumstances they are doubtless used as tactile organs. The anterior extremity of the foot, between the tips of the auricles, is bi-marginate, or divided into two lips by a slit or furrow of slight depth. The subtruncate posterior extremity of the foot sometimes takes an obscurely trilobate form, the middle lobe being broad and arcuated, while the small lateral lobes are dentiform. The operculigerous lobe is oval or rounded, not continued ante- riorly, but broader than the foot, so that it projects on either side beyond the margin of the latter. The operculum is thin, horny, and subspiral, with about two turns and a half. It is striated, both longitudinally and transversely to the whorl, except at the outer or larger extremity, where the transverse lines only are apparent, and are different in direction from the others. There are two parallel areas at the outer or dorsal margin, the inner one being longitudinally and the outer one obliquely striated. See Fig. 3. It is proper to state that this figure is taken from the Massachusetts species, A. limosa according to Haldeman. The rostrum is very short, but normally placed in advance of the foot in consequence of the anterior position of the head; it is broader than long, and emarginated at the middle of its antero-inferior edge. The ten- tacles are slender, very long, two-thirds as long as the foot, exactly cylindrical, and blunt or truncated at their tips. The eyes are placed just at the outer bases of the tentacles, on the anterior side of somewhat pwominent tubercles or bulg- ings of this part of the head. The mantle Fig. 4. edge is simple. The gill, a portion of which is represented in Fig. 4, is situated in the usual AS position on the inner surface of the mantle, and is rather broad, far broader than in the Vivipa- ride and Melaniidx, and consists of transverse laminz of a some- what triangular form with the prominent apices bent over to the left.* 1 Mr. Haldeman, in his “ Monograph of Amnicola,” page 6, attributes to the genus “about 8 rows of pectinated branchie.” Iam unable to compre- hend what is referred to here; perhaps the branchial laminze themselves 2 14 RESEARCHES UPON THE HYDROBIINZ The generative organ of the male (Fig. 5) is of moderate size, and situated on the right side of the back, a short distance behind the right tentacle. It consists of a subglobular base from which arise two forks or processes, one of which is short, straight and flattened, with parallel sides and truncated extremity ; while the other is longer, pointed, and coiled A loosely around the first, scarcely however com- pleting a single turn. The generative orifice in the female is in the usual position at the juncture of the body with the mantle, a Short distance within the margin of the latter. The apparatus for taking food is as follows: At the inferior end of the proboscis we find the mouth, with its jaws, which are strong, and of the usual imbricated structure, resembling much those of Rissoa, as figured by Troschel, except that the marginal denticles are less pointed. The teeth of the lingual ribbon (Fig. 6) are arranged in seven rows, 3.1.3. The rhachidian tooth is Fig. 4. Fig. 6. (Po very broad, at least three times as broad as long. It has a tongue- shaped process arising at the centre of its concave anterior sur- face, and projecting downward, reaching beyond the base. Its lateral lobes are acutely triangular and somewhat curved, and each of them presents, upon the anterior surface, a row of four denticles, extending from near the cusp to the lateral extremity, of which four denticles the two middle ones are minute, and the are meant, but these are not pectinated. These branchie are undoubt- edly in a single row. In speaking of the gill, the larger or principal one is always referred to in the present paper, the other being minute and inconspicuous, and rarely mentioned in descriptions. AND ALLIED FORMS. 15 two outer ones large. The upper margin of the rhachidian tooth is concave, and its broad cusp' is 7-denticulated—the central denticle being large (larger than is represented in the cut), though but little projecting, while the three lateral ones on each side are small and equal. The intermediate tooth (‘‘zwischenplatte”) is very considerably produced and narrowed below, so that its body is very small and its peduncle long, and the body has a strongly projecting knob at its infero-interior angle. Its cusp is armed with five strong, sub-equal denticles—the inner one being rounded and blunt, while all the rest.are acutely triangular and strongly projecting. There seems to be also a minute denticle on the inner side of the large inner denticle. The two lateral teeth are long, slender, and curved; the terminal margin of the pointed inner one being armed with about eighteen minute denticles, and the rounded extremity of the outer one being so minutely serrated that the denticles, thirty or forty in number, can only be perceived under very high powers of the microscope Of the Amnicola porata the males and females occur in about equal numbers. The ova are deposited, in this latitude, during the months of April and May. The ova-capsule (Fig. 7) is thin, corneous, of a semi-lenticular shape, and attached by the cut face of the lens, which goes forms the base. The free limb is margined with a broad thin lamina of the same delicate horny texture as the envelope of the capsule itself. In size, these ova-capsules are a little larger than the head of the animal. They Mins are deposited singly, and each contains but a single egg, which floats freely about in the fluid surrounding it. Those which occurred to me were found sticking to the shell of a female, although they were probably not deposited by the same individual, but by some other, while they were huddled together in groups according to their practice at this season. It will be noticed that this description of the ova-capsule does 1 It must be remarked that in the view of the teeth which is usually presented under the microscope, and which is represented in every dia- gram of a single row, the denticles ofthe cusps of the teeth appear fore- shortened, and thus much shorter and blunter than they really are. 16 RESEARCHES UPON THE HYDROBIIN not agree with that given by Mr. Haldeman, in his Monograph,* except in regard to the isolation of the egg. This author states that the ova are deposited “in small oblong detached glairy masses, each of which contains apparently but one germ. The color of the germ is orange, of the mass yellowish transparent, with a dark central line upon the surface from end to end.” If it were true that the eggs occur in ‘“glairy masses” they would approximate in character to those of the fresh-water Pulmonates. In view, therefore, of the discrepancy between my own observa- tions and those of Mr. Haldeman on this point, it will be proper to state that I have not actually witnessed the deposition of the egg by the mother. I have, nevertheless, no doubt whatever that the eggs which I have described above are really those of Amnicola porata. As far as has yet been observed, the eggs of all the allied Ctenobranchiates are contained in ova-capeules when deposited, and it would be very remarkable if those of the Amnicola formed the only exception. The “ dark central line” mentioned by Haldeman probably corresponds to the lamina of the ova-capsule, described above. The true Amnicolz are exclusively aquatic, living in the deeper fresh-water lakes, and streams which do not dry up in summer. They creep with a regular gliding motion, the right and left sides of the sole of the foot being alternately put forward, as is usual in the creeping rostrifers. Not having had an opportunity of examining all of tae species which have been referred to Amnzco/a, I cannot, of course, say with certainty how many and what species truly belong to the restricted genus. There is a shining horn-colored sheli found in Vermont and New York—which is probably the A patiida of Haldeman, although I have seen it labelled both A. lustrica and A grana—the pupoid form of which, in connection with the shape of the aperture, has led me to suppose it generically distinct. I have, however, recently examined the lingual dentition of this species, and find it to be nearly like that of Amnicola porata, the rhachidian tooth being exactly similar. The species probably belonging here are, besides Say’s Paludina porata and P. limosa, his P. grana; the Amnicola orbiculata and A parva of Lea; the A. decisa, A. galbana, and A. pallida of Haldeman, and the ' Monograph of the genus Amnicola, p. 4. AND ALLIED FORMS. Ly Paludina cincinnatiensis of Anthony. The Paludina lustrica of Say, may perhaps belong to Gill’s genus Lyogyrus, one of the Vaivatide, on account of its large umbilicus and labrum simply touching the penult whorl—characters which recall the young of Valvata pupoidea, Gould. It may here be remarked that none of the so-called “ Amnicole,” the dentition of which is figured by Troschel, in his “ Gebiss der Schnecken,” Vol. I, pl. viii, belong to the genus as here restricted to forms congeneric with the type, A. limosa, Hald. Genus BYWHINELLA, Mog.-Tanp. Moquin-Tandon, in his work on the Terrestrial and Fluviatile Mollusks of France, published in 1856, considered all the fresh- water Rissoids of that country as belonging to a single genus, Bythinia, which he divided into two subgenera: Jlona, synonymous with the true Bythinia of Gray, and Bythinella, Mogq.-Tand., comprehending numerous small snails belonging to our subfamily Hydrobiine. The preoccupied name Leachia had already been applied to these latter forms by Risso. The group Bythinella, as proposed by Moquin-Tandon, contains at least two distinct genera, neither of which is synonymous with our Amnicola; but the name must be retained for the forms con- generic with B. viridis, the type of the genus as originally indi- cated by that author in the “Journal de Conchyliologie,” II (1851), p. 239, note. I have not been able to procure specimens of these European true Bythinelle for examination in regard to their lingual dentition; but Troschel, in his work already frequently quoted, has figured the teeth of a species called by him “Amnicola (Subulina) thermalis,”* which is probably congeneric with the true Bythinelle, the Turbo thermalis of Linneus being a fresh- water species.2 In this species Troschel describes the rhachi- dian tooth as having but one basal denticle on each side, and a 9-denticulated cusp ; the intermediate tooth witha peduncle longer than the body, and a 6-denticulated cusp ; the inner lateral tooth armed at the summit with eighteen teeth, and the outer one with the margin of the summit smooth; the character of this latter 1 Gebiss der Schnecken, I, 108, viii, 6. 2 “ Habitat prope thermas pisanas in aquis dulcibus.” Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. 12, No. 1237. May, 1865. 18 RESEARCHES UPON THE HYDROBIINA tooth being peculiar, as in all other genera of the Hydrobiine it is denticulated. This we will consider, for the present, as the dentition of the genus Bythinella. The shells of the Bythinelle differ from those of the Amnicole in being much more elongated ; they correspond to those of the group Pomatiopsis, as proposed by Tryon, although that name must now have a far different signification on account of the char- acter of its type. The apex of the shell is generally obtuse; the whirls are tightly coiled, and the umbilicus generally closed. The tentacles of the animal, according to Moquin-Tandon, are setace- ous and pointed (not obtuse at the extremity, as in Amnicola) ; the verge is bifid, but the longer branch is not coiled about the shorter one ; the foot is narrow, with its posterior extremity ‘‘con- cealed in great part by the operculum ;’" and the eggs are “ globu- lar, hyaline, sometimes arranged symmetrically in two rows, and forming a band fixed to solid bodies.’ By comparison of these characters with those of Amnicola given above, it will be seen that Bythinella differs from that genus suffi- ciently both in its shell and its soft parts; in its dentition, and perhaps also in the form of the ova-capsules; and it therefore should not be united to Amnicola, as proposed by Troschel, Gill, and others. The name Hydrobia is used for the Bythinelle by Bourguignat? and some other recent writers, but it would seem preferable to restrict that name to the marine forms, as has been done by Frauenfeld.t| The latter author has, however, wrongly used for the Bythinellxe® the name Paludinella, Pfeiffer, which was founded® on the Truncatella littorina of Philippi,’ an air-breathing snail having the eyes on the upper sides of the bases of the tentacles, and belonging therefore to a group of gasteropods far different from those here treated of. ' Moquin-Tandon, J. c., p. 517. 2 Moquin-Tandon, /. c., p. 514. Possibly this description of the eggs refers to the true Bythiniz only. 3 Guerin’s Rev. et Mag. de Zool., XIV, 1862, 96. 4 Verhandl. der K.-k. Zool.-bot. Gesellschaft in Wien, XIII (1863), 1017. 5 Loe. cit., XIII, 1863, 199. § Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, I, 1841, 227. 7 Arch, fiir Naturg., I, 1841, pl. v, fig. 7. See also, on this point, Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll., III, 133. AND ALLIED FORMS. 19 Among Frauenfeld’s synonyms we find the name of Microna, Ziegler, MSS., which is also equivalent to Bythinella. We have among our North American Hydrobiine, species which should, with little doubt, be referred to the genus Bythi- nella. I have not, indeed, had opportunities of studying the entire soft parts of any of these species, nor of ascertaining the form of their eggs—having, except in one instance, to rely upon the shell alone for indications of the generic affinity. That instanceis the Amnicola Nickliniana (Lea), Halde- Fig. 8. man, an elongated species (Fig. 8), of which I have found in the Smithsonian collection specimens containing the dried animal, and have thus been enabled to study the lingual dentition. This (Fig. 9') I find to be nearly of the same type with Troschel’s Amnicola (Subulina) thermalis, Fig. 9. Po the rhachidian tooth having but one distinct basal tooth on each side, though an obtuse lateral lobe is developed below it, and a i-denticulated cusp; the intermediate tooth has the inferior pro- cess or peduncle longer than the body (which has a central cavity and an infero-interior projection not seen in Troschel’s figure of the dentition of thermalis), and a 6-denticulated cusp; the inner lateral has the outer margin of the shank reflexed or thickened, and has a 12-denticulated cusp; and the summit of the outer lateral is apparently smooth, although it has once appeared to me serrated, under a very high power; if so, the denticles must be exceedingly minute and numerous. In view of the shape and obtuse apex of the shell, and the character of the dentition, I do not hesitate to place the Palu- 1 Tt should be remarked that in this figure, as in most other figures of lingual dentition in this paper, the teeth are represented thrown a little out of their natural positions in respect to each other in order to show more distinctly the form of each. 20 RESEARCHES UPON THE HYDROBIINA dina Nickliniana of Lea in the genus Bythinella. The other American species, probably referable to the same genus, are Amnicola attenuata, Haldeman, A. tenuipes, Couper, A. obtusa (Lea), Haldeman, and Pomatiopsis Binneyi, Tryon. The Bythinelle cannot be distinguished by the shell alone from the brackish-water Littorinelle, and from several of the marine Rissow. These two groups are as yet but little known, many of their most important characters remaining to be discovered. From our present knowledge we can only state that the fresh-water genus differs from‘the Rissoz in the position of the basal denticles of the rhachidian tooth of the lingual ribbon, and from the Littorinelle in the obsolescence of the armature of the outer lateral tooth, and in the bifid verge. The verge in Littorinella minuta ( Cingula minuta, Gould), the only species I have examined, is simple and not forked. Practically, of course, the difference in the element they inhabit enables us to distinguish these groups, and may serve the purpose until their characters are better understood. We now come to a group of American Hydrobiine in which the shell is globular in shape, and of large size, much larger, in fact, than in any other Rissoids, and approached only, in this respect, by the Bythiniaw and Potamopyrgi. The Amnicola isogona, Lea, A, integra, Hald., A. altilis (Lea), and A. Nuttalliana, Cooper, may be mentioned as examples They were originally described as Melanie or Paludine, but have, for the most part, been since placed in Amnicola, although some authors have been inclined to place them in the Melanian genus Leptowis, to which they have considerable resemblance, both in shell and operculum; or in Bythinia, from which they differ much in both these hard parts. The question of their true position is now solved by an examina- tion of their soft parts; they are undoubtedly Hydrobiine. I have had opportunities of studying several species of the group, and find among them three distinct genera, founded on the char- acter of the verge and shell, which will be described below. One of these, Somatogyrus, has already been indicated by Mr. Gill, upon the characters of the shell in the Amnicola depressa of Tryon. The genus Lithoglyphus of Mullfeldt, found in Europe and South America, belongs to the same group. The “Amnicola AND ALLIED FORMS. 9] wsogona” and “A. integra” have in fact been placed in this genus by Frauenfeld.t Genus SOMATOG YRUS, Guz1.? I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Tryon, and of Professor Sheldon, of Davenport, Iowa, for alcoholic specimens of S. de- pressus (Fig. 10), the species upon which this genus was founded. Very singularly, however, among Fig. 10. these specimens, more than a hundred in number, I can find no males, and am therefore unable to deseribe | pm the form of the verge in the type. 0) The genus presents the following characters: Shell short, thin, simply striate, distinctly umbilicated, and with four to six whorls; the body-whorl subglobose, more or less shouldered above; the spire small, and the suture impressed. Aperture oblique (upper part most advanced), rhombo-ovate, narrowly rounded in front and behind ; peritreme thin and acute, appressed behind, below the upper angle, to the whorl, and with its entire margin in the same plane. Opereulum subspiral, corne- ous, but comparatively thick and strong, and with its inner margin regularly convex. Foot short. Snout robust, and considerably jonger than in Amnicola. Tentacles tapering, pointed. The lingual dentition of the type is as follows (Fig. 11): Rha Fig. 11. YN chidian tooth short and very broad, and trilobate below, with the outer angles much produced and narrow; cusp armed with seven denticles ; basal denticles four on each side, the innermost largest, but not reaching the inferior margin of the tooth, and ' Verhandl. der K.-k. Zool.-bot. Gesellschaft in Wien, XIII, 1863, 194, 195. 2 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 34. 22 RESEARCHES UPON THE HYDROBIINZE the others gradually decreasing in size outwardly, the outermost being obtuse and rather a lobe than a denticle. Intermediate tooth with the body perforated, and the peduncle more than twice as long as the body; cusp 7-denticulated, the third denticle (counting from within) being twice as broad as the others. Inner lateral tooth with fourteen denticles at the summit. Outer lateral also with fourteen denticles. Mr. A. O. Currier, of Grand Rapids, Mich., has obligingly sent me, from that locality, alcoholic specimens of the Melania isogona of Say (Fig. 12), placed in Amnicola by Dr. Lea, which may prove to be congenerie with Somatogyrus depressus. Among these specimens there were fortunately some male individuals, so that the character of the verge could be determined. This organ (Fig. 13) is here much compressed, and bifid, Fig. 13. the inner branch being much longer than the outer, but no longer than the basal part; while the outer is short, . 5 somewhat triangular and pointed, and contains the canal, which is conspicuous from its white color. The rostrum in the same species is rather broad, flat, and square-cut ; the tentacles are rather short, in their contracted state scarcely longer than the rostrum, and flattened. In the lingual dentition of S. dsogonus, of which a figure is here given (Fig. 14), with a more enlarged view of the rha- Fig. 12. Fig. 14. ' It is very difficult to determine, with the instruments at my command, whether the hole seen in the figure is a true perforation, or only a deep pit. It certainly has the appearance of being the former, though, if so, it is hard to say what its office can be. Nothing like it has yet been de- scribed by Troschel or any other author. AND ALLIED FORMS. 23 chidian tooth, which is quite different in form from that of S. depressus, and noticeable for the great length of the central den- ticle of the seven-denticulate cusp, + the basal denticles are three in number, of which the innermost is by far the largest, and projects beyond the basal margin of the tooth; this basal margin is trilo- bate, as in S. depressus. The intermediate tooth has its peduncle twice as long as the body, and very slender; its body is perforated, and has a strong projection or shelf at the lower margin of the perforation, of nearly similar shape and size with the perforation itself, and appearing, in some points of view, very much like an open door or lid; the cusp is armed with about seven strongly prominent, sharply pointed denticles. The inner lateral tooth has twelve denticles at the summit. The outer lateral has about the same number, much smaller, as usual, than those of the inner, It will be noticed that this dentition differs in some points from that of the type, S. depressus ; and is remarkable in the length of the rhachidian cusp, as well as in the peculiar process guarding the perforation of the intermediate tooth. These differences would not, however, seem to be generic, as far as can be judged by our present knowledge of the value of such characters in the Hydrobiine. The shell of S. csogonus is similar to that of S. depressus. The rostrum and tentacles are also similar to those of the type; they may be seen in Fig. 13. The tentacles, contracted by spirits, are of course much shorter than in life. Mr. Currier informs me that S. csogonus has the habits of Viviparus, except that it burrows more deeply into mud. He finds it only on clay bottoms. The Melania integra of Say, and I altilis of Lea, and the Paludina subglobosa of Say, are placed in Somatogyrus by Tryon.? The first two species, however, belong to a different genus, as will be noticed below. The Paludina subglobosa 1 have not seen. It is perhaps the same as S. zsogonus. 1 The figure was drawn from a specimen in which the cusp was broken down by pressure ; the lateral margins are in reality continuous. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864,104. Mr. T. spells the generic name Somatogyra. 24 RESEARCHES UPON THE HYDROBIINA Genus FLUMINICOLA, Sra. In the “Transactions of the American Philosophical Society,” Vol. VI, 1839, p. 101, pl. xxiii, fig. 89, Dr. Lea has described and figured a shell (Fig. 15, enlarged) from the Columbia River, Oregon, under the name of Paludina Nuttalliana. Subsequently, in a “ Report on the Survey of the ' Northern Pacific Railroad Route,” Mr. William Cooper placed this species in Amnicola, having probably observed that its operculum is subspiral, and not concentric as in Paludina. Mr. Binney having kindly sent me specimens of this mollusk preserved in spirits, I have examined its characters, which prove it to be distinct from Amnicola proper, although Mr. Cooper, in placing it in that genus, has made a much closer approximation to the truth than did its original deseriber. The shell is larger than in any of the other genera of Hydro- biine, and resembles in size and general appearance that of the Leptoxis-group of Melanians. It is also so like that of the Paludina decisa and its allies, that it is by no means surprising that it should have been referred to their vicinity by the dis- tinguished naturalist who first described it, as the operculum was then unknown. In fact we find it to have the same shape, the same eroded apex and olive periostraca, and the same form of aperture with prominent outer lip and sinuated base, which are characteristic of the Eastern Melanthos (Campelome). These characters of the shell and its aperture will serve to dis- tinguish the new genus Fluminicola, which has the species under consideration for its type, from all other Hydrobiine. The soft parts also furnish good distinctive marks. The shell (Fig. 15) may be described as follows :—It is rather thick and strong, subglobular or subovate inclining to conic, im- perforate, and simply striate. Periostraca thick, greenish-olive. Spire obtuse. Suture scarcely impressed. Aperture ovate, rounded in front, angular behind; columella concave, flattened, and callous, especially near the umbilical region; margin of the peritreme not in the same plane, but sinuated. Having only alcoholic specimens of the animal for examina- AND ALLIED FORMS. 95 tion, its soft parts (Fig. 16) are described below in their con- tracted state. The foot, which is folded in the specimen figured, is short, somewhat contracted at the middle, broadly rounded be- hind, and auricled(?) and bimarginate in front. The operculigerous lobe is simple, little de- veloped, and smaller than the operculum, which latter is thin, horny, subovate, and subspiral, with about three turns. The ros trum (Fig. 16, a) is quite large, broad and flattened, somewhat rectangular, bilobate in front, and wrinkled transversely—resembling in its general characters that of the Mela- niide much more than that of Amnicola. The tentacles in their contracted state about equal the rostrum in length; they are somewhat tapering, but flattened, and apparently bluntly pointed at their tips. The eyes are barely perceptible, and are situated on slight protuber- ances at the outer bases of the tentacles. The branchial cavity (laid open in the figure) is shallow. The mantle edge is simple. The gill (Fig. 16, d) is very broad in front, but becomes narrower behind ; it consists of about twenty low subtriangular plates, much less projecting than in Amnicola, and sharply acuminate at the tip of the projection. The verge (Fig. 16, 6) is large, flattened. broader than long, and placed obliquely on the right side of the neck, some little distance behind the right tentacle. It has on the left side and posteriorly a great wing-like expansion, the surface of which is striated transversely. This verge, though not bifid as in the preceding genus, is homologous in form, the wing corres- ponding to the left fork of the organ in Somatogyrus tsogonus. The oviduct of the female lies on the mantle, parallel to the rectum, filling the space between this latter sack and the line or juncture of the mantle with the body; its orifice is situated a little within the margin of the mantle, immediately below the anus. In the rectum (Fig. 16, c) the fecal matter is broken into Fig. 16. fusiform pellets. The lingual dentition is as follows:—The rhachidian tooth is broad, but longer in proportion than in Amnicola and Somato- gyrus, and trilobate below, the middle lobe being triangular, but not acute; the basal denticles, on the surface beneath the lateral margins, are three in number on each side, rather long and slender, 26 RESEARCHES UPON THE HYDROBIIN acute, and about equal in size; the cusp is armed with five den- ticles, and the broad central one has apparently an additional very minute one at its base on either side. The intermediate tooth has a moderately broad peduncle, and its cusp is armed with six denticles, of which the third from within is much larger than the others. The lateral teeth are shaped generally as in the allied genera already described ; the cusp of the inner one has ten den- ticles, and that of the outer one six or seven. The outer lateral tooth when reversed or thrown outward, is seen to have a some- what expanded truncated extremity upon which all the denticles are placed—none appearing on the sides. It will be observed that this dentition is very distinct from that of Lepcoxis or any other Melanian genus, the latter never having basal denticles on the rhachidian tooth. Attached to the shell of some of the specimens before me, I find a thin brownish capsule (Fig. 17), about one-eighth of an inch in diameter, containing eggs, which is in all probability the ova-capsule of the Flumini- cola. It is disciform, very little convex, and © attached by its broadest surface which forms Bigs 17. the circular base. It contains about twenty- four ova, and is thus very distinct in character from the ova-capsules of the other genera of Hydrobiine, for in all other cases as yet observed, the eggs are deposited singly. The ova-capsules and their various modes of deposition, undoubtedly afford good generic characters. The genus Fluminicola seems to be restricted to the fresh- waters of the countries bordering on the Pacific coast of North America, all the species yet known being from California and Oregon. The genus will include, besides the type, F. Nuttalliana, the following species :—Paludina virens, Lea; P. nuclea, Lea; P. seminalis, Hinds; and Amnicola Hindsii, Baird. Genus GULILEA, Srm. Fig. 18. In September, 1863, while on a visit at the resi- fs dence of my friend Mr. Binney, at Burlington, N. J., CD) I enjoyed opportunities of studying the soft parts of Melania altilis' of Lea (Fig. 18), which indicate a generic type different from any yet described. ' Placed in Leptoxis by Haldeman, Monog. Lept., 6, pl. v, fig. 152. AND ALLIED FORMS. 27 This genus I take pleasure in dedicating to my esteemed asso- ciate Prof. Theodore Gill, in recognition of his great ability as a malacologist, and of the assistance he has rendered me in the determination of the conchological characters of the animals now under consideration. The shell in this genus is thin or only moderately thickened, simply striate, short, subconic, scarcely umbilicated, and with the body whorl subglobose, the spire rather small, and the suture not impressed. The aperture is ovate, regularly rounded in front, angular behind, with its peritreme thin and acute, appressed behind internally to the whorl, and with its entire margin in the same plane, which is very oblique, sloping downwards and back- wards. The operculum is thin, and its margin concave within near the upper end. The soft parts of Gillia altilis resemble those of the preceding two genera in the robust form of the body and snout, but differ considerably in other respects. The foot (Fig. 19, b) is oblong, broadly rounded behind, and strongly auri- cled in front. The tentacles (see in Fig. Hig, 19: 19, a) are long, slender, and pointed. The eyes are placed on the outer sides of tuber- cles at the outer bases of the tentacles. The verge (see in Fig. 19, a) is very small, simple, compressed, and lunate or sickle- shaped ; being thus strikingly different from $ & that of the genera previously described in 33 this paper. The colors of the animal re- p 83 call those of the Melanians more than those 088 of Amnicola proper, being very dark, and gogo minutely mottled, as if peppered in. ais The lingual dentition (Fig. 20) is of a ® character in some respects intermediate Fig. 20. (oR 28 RESEARCHES UPON THE HYDROBIINZE between that of Somatogyrus and that of Bythinella. The rha- chidian tooth is of the usual shape, and has on each side but two distinct basal denticles, exterior to which there is a lobe. These denticles are, however, rather large, and acute, extending beyond the basal margin of the tooth. The cusp of the rhachidian tooth is armed with nine acute denticles. The intermediate tooth has its peduncle rather longer than the body, and the body has a de- pression upon its anterior surface but not a foramen; its cusp has eight denticles. The denticles of the summit in the inner lateral tooth are fourteen in number, and in the outer one ten. “he ova-capsules (Fig. 19, ¢ and d) are small, nearly hemi- splerical, attached by the broad base, and are deposited singly, or in groups or linear series. Each contains but a single egg. The only known species besides the type G. altilis, which may probably belong to the genus now under consideration is the Melania integra of Say, found in the tributaries of the Missis- sippi, the shell of which is very similar to that of G. altilis. A figure of lingual teeth, said to be of this species, given by Troschel,' is here copied ‘Fig. 21). The only essential difference between Fig. 21. this dentition and that of G. altilis figured above, is that the rhachidian tooth of the ¢ntegra is represented as having but one basal tooth on each side, but this difference is an important one, and it is desirable that the teeth of both species should be re- examined on this point. The cavity in the body of the inter- mediate tooth, described above as occurring in G. altilis, is slight and may have been overlooked by Troschel in the other species. It is not improbable that two or more species have been con- founded under the name of Amnicola altilis; if so, it is only necessary to state that my observations were made upon the form found so abundantly in the Delaware River near Burlington, which must be considered as the type of the genus. 1 Op. supra cit., I, pl. viii, fig. 4. } | i | | t AND ALLIED FORMS. 29 I]. ON THE SUBFAMILY POMATIOPSINE. Genus unicum POMATIOPSIS, (Tryon) Sr. In the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences for September, 1862, page 452, Mr. Tryon proposed to separate from Amnicola a group of elongated species, as a sub- genus under the name of Pomatiopsis, with the following diag- nosis :—‘ Shell elongate, the spire (of about six whorls) much exceeding the length of the aperture. Example, A. lapidaria, Say.” Following the diagnosis above this name could not be adopted for the terrestrial genus now to be described, for there are elongated species and ovate species in both the terrestrial and aquatic groups of the old genus Amnicola. Butas Mr. Tryon, in accordance with a correct practice which authors would do well to follow universally, has distinctly mentioned “ A. lapida- ria” as the type of the genus, I do not hesitate to adopt his name. Prof. Gill, in his paper already alluded to, doubts the validity of the subgenus as defined by Mr. Tryon, although he recognizes that the type “ may however be quite diiferent, and a representa- tive of the Aciculide.” But the Pomatiopsis lapidaria, as I shall presently show, is, notwithstanding its terrestrial habits, by no means allied to the terrestrial Pneumonopoma to which the A cicu- lide belong according to the observations of Moquin-Tandon. The mollusks of that group have a vascular respiratory cavity or lung, and their tentacles have the power of erection and motion during land-progression; while our Pomatiopsis breathes by means of a pectinated gill, and has no power of raising its ten- tacles in air, though in water they are of course mobile. The structure of its respiratory organ also separates this genus from the Truncatellide, which have nearly the same mode of pro- gression. One genus, however, which has been referred to the latter family, approaches Pomatiopsis very nearly. I refer to the Tomichia of Benson, an East Indian form, the respiratory organs of which have not yet been observed. Pomatiopsis is one of the very few true Ctenobranchiates which have yet heen discovered to breathe air, habitually if not solely. Dr. Lewis, in his paper in the Proceedings of the Boston 3 30 RESEARCHES UPON THE HYDROBIINA Society of Natural History, above referred to, observes that the lapidaria in habits is evidently air-breathing, but that in water they “seemed not to be embarrassed in their movements, though they soon made their way out, apparently preferring to be out of it.” According to my own observations they exhibit considerable uneasiness when placed in the water, which caused me some sur- prise when on dissection I found them to possess a true gill and no trace of a vascular ‘‘lung.” We have, however, analogous cases among the Crustacea, in such genera as Cardisoma, Uca, Gecarcinus, and Canobita, which breathe air, although their breathing organs consist of gills, of similar structure with those of the aquatic Crustacea. There is no difficulty in understanding that a gill may perform the function of respiration in air, so long as its surfaces are kept damp. Even bivalve Mollusca may be kept out of water for great lengths of time, provided the sur- rounding atmosphere be sufficiently humid, and the temperature cool. In this case they can of course breathe only air unmixed with water. That the Pomatiopsis is truly terrestrial in its habits, notwith- standing its preference to the vicinity of water, I can have no doubt. Its peculiar mode of progression is, indeed, adapted for land travel only. I have found it living in company with Suwe- cinea ovalis, S. avara, and Helix electrina, in places not liable to desiccation, that is, near the margins of streams or marshes which do not dry up in summer. Its occurrence in such places only, is in consequence of the necessity of having some moisture for its breathing organs, it being unable, like the Pulmonates, to prevent evaporation, and the consequent desiccation of those organs, by the formation of an epiphragm closing up the aperture of the shell.2. The animal may be said to be amphibious, but only in the sense that Succinea and some other terrestrial Mollusca are so; that is, like them it is capable of living for a long time under ' Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VIII, 255. 2 Since writing the above, I have received a letter from Mr. Tryon in which he informs me that ‘‘ Mr. Conrad lately captured a number of speci- mens of Pom. lapidaria, and laid them away in a dry place. Upon ex- amining them some time afterward he found the animal so much retracted that the operculum was out of sight, showing that, unlike Amnicola, it is provided against dry weather, and can exist out of water or even moisture for some time.” AND ALLIED FORMS. 31 water. It moves under water with an awkward gliding motion, very different from its active “ step” on land. Without further preface I will proceed to the description of the soft parts of the type of the genus. Pomatiopsis lapidaria. ‘The wood-cut, Fig. 22, represents the animal as it appears when placed in water. The foot is a very large muscular organ, the texture of which resembles much more that of the Pulmonates than that of Am- nicola and other aquatic forms. It is con- siderably broader than that of Amnicola, and capable of being protruded forward some- what in advance of the rostrum, notwith- standing the considerable length of the latter organ. In progression on land, however, the end of the rostrum is constantly kept in advance. The lateral angles of the anterior extremity of the foot are not sufficiently produced to form auricles. Its posterior extremity is broadly rounded. The lateral surface of the body and foot presents a system of sinuses adapted for the peculiar mode of progression of the animal, which will be de- scribed below. These sinuses are most distinctly seen on the left side, to which the following description more particularly applies (see Figs. 25 and 26). First there is a distinct fold separating the foot into an anterior and a posterior part, the latter being about twice as large as the former; which fold, though very conspicuous on the upper surface of the foot, does not distinctly appear on its lower surface, nor form an emargination upon its edge, except when the animalisin motion. This fold terminates above at the point where the foot joins the rostrum. Next, above and nearly at right angles with the first fold, there is a horizontal sinus also arising from the juncture of the foot and rostrum, and separating the foot from the body ;—the upper margin of this fold is con- tinuous posteriorly with the operculigerous lobe. Above this there are two oblique folds arising from the inferior base of the rostrum and extending upward and backward, the upper one reaching to the base of the tentacle, and the lower one extending upward along the side of that constriction of the body which is sometimes called the “neck,” or pedicle. The position of these 32 RESEARCHES UPON THE HYDROBIIN®[ latter folds will be better understood by an inspection of the wood-cuts, Figs. 25 and 26. It was probably the observation of these sinuses which induced Dr. Lewis, in the papers already referred to, to consider the species as allied to the Melanians. The sinus in the side of the foot in our American Melanians is, however, of a different character and connected with the sexual system. The rostrum or snout is longer than the tentacles, and capable of great protrusion. It is wrinkled transversely, and its ex- tremity may be expanded so as to form an adherent disk, the upper margin of which is emarginated, while the lower side con- tains the mouth. The tentacles are short, subulate, pointed, and somewhat thickened near the base. They are not capable of erection in air, but droop, hanging down by the side of the head and resting against the base of the rostrum. The eye is situated on the outer side of a rather prominent swelling out or protube- rance of the head at the base of the tentacle. On the upper and inner side of these protuberances there is a conspicuous longi- tudinal fusiform spot of flake-white or yellow, which is a promi- nent character, probably, however, of specific importance only. The generative organ of the male (Fig. 23) is situated nearly in the median line of the back, and comparatively very Fig. 23. far behind the head, so that it is entirely concealed within the branchial cavity. It is of great size, and C) when extended would reach to the middle of the ros- trum. It is thus twice as long as in Amnicola, and moreover is not bifid, but consists of a single broad flattened process, convoluted in a spiral of about one and a half turns, with a pointed extremity, rounded and smooth outer margin, and sharp, wrinkled inner margin, The gill, situated in the position usual in Ctenobranchiates, is rather broader than in the Hydrobiine, and the plates, though nearly similar in shape to those of that genus, are much less projecting, and more broadly rounded at the summit. The rectum, lying to the right of the gill, contains feeces formed into little oval pellets; and it may here be mentioned that this char- acter, though seemingly of trivial importance, will distinguish also all of our Hydrobiine from the Viviparid, in which the feeces appear in a continuous vermiform shape. In the manducatory apparatus we find jaws resembling those AND ALLIED FORMS. 33 of Amnicola, though of smaller size. The dentition of the lin- gual ribbon (Fig. 24) resembles considerably that of Pomatiopsis Fig, 24. (A Sayana (Amnicola Sayana, Anthony), figured by Troschel in the ‘“‘Gebiss der Schnecken,” tab. viii, fig. 1. The differences are the following :—The central tooth is somewhat broader, and the lateral denticles of its tridenticulate cusp proportionally larger; while the denticles at the base are directed inward. The cusp of the intermediate tooth is 4-denticulate exactly as in P. Sayana. But the apices of the two lateral teeth differ considerably from those of that species, being each 5-denticulate, with the denticles subequal. It will be noticed that, among the several prominent marks of distinction between this dentition and that of the Hydrobiine, that the basal denticles of the rhachidian tooth are placed, in Pomatiopsis, at or near the base. The operculum is very nearly like that of Amnicola. To conclude this description I will give an account of the manner in which the stepping mode progression of Pomatiopsis is effected. During this motion the foot is so contracted that its two parts are distinct. In what may be called the first motion, the anterior part being firmly fixed upon the ground, the posterior part is drawn up to it, by a sliding movement ;—in the ass SS accompanying cut (Fig. 25) Fig. 25. ! The progression of the Pomatiopsis has been called “looping,” like that of Truncatella. But in Truncatella only two points of support are used, while in Pumatiopsis there are three. The motion of the latter animal may perhaps with more propriety be called “ stepping.” June, 1855, 34 RESEARCHES UPON THE HYDROBIIN& it is by exaggeration represented a little raised from the ground, in order better to indicate its movement. At the same moment the snout is thrust forward, and its disk-like extremity affixed to the ground as far ahead as possible. They comes the second motion (Fig. 26); in which, the snout and the posterior part of the fodt being firmly affixed Fig. 26. and supporting the body, the anterior part of the foot becomes free, and is thrust forward to the disk of the rostrum where it is again planted. The operations of the first motion are then repeated. Thus the animal moves by regular steps, upon three points of support, of which alternately two and one are used. Dur- ing the movement the lateral folds of the body and foot are seen sliding upon each other, showing how their arrangement contri- butes to the facility with which this kind of progression is effected. The surface of the animal is constantly lubricated with mucus apparently much greater in amount than is seen in the Helicide and other Pulmonates. The foot is capable of adhering with con- siderable tenacity. While these animals were under my observa- tion, many of them escaped over the edge of the plate in which they were placed, and crept without much difficulty upon its under side. The females in Pomatiopsis lapidaria are considerably more numerous than the males, and are more elongated, having a more cylindrical shell. The outer whorl of the male is proportionally jarger in order to afford space for the great verge. The ovary of the female lies further up in the spire, giving the shell its less conical form. The eggs of Pomatiopsis have not yet been observed. Most probably they are deposited in the water. It will not be out of place here to mention a cercarian parasite with which the P. lapidaria was thickly infested at the time of observation (May 6th). When the mollusk is extracted from its shell and placed in water, numbers of little white worms scarcely visible to the naked eye are washed out from the branchial cavity, which prove, on microscopic examination, to be the cercaria- nurses of a species of Histrionella. They were filled with young, which were found when extruded to be normally of a tad-pole i AND ALLIED FORMS. 3) shape, although the body was capable of great elongation and con- traction, assuming protean forms. The two black eyes were very conspicuous. There are apparently two acetabula, the anterior one of which is described by Diesing (Sys- tema Helminthum, I, p. 300) as the mouth, and it performs the functions of a sucker. There is a small aperture anterior to it. In creeping, the motion is similar to that of the looping or geometric caterpillars, the suckers being alternately attached. But in water the animal swims by vibrations, and is so rapid in its elongations, contractions, and gyrations, that the eye cannot follow it. Often it‘takes the form of a round disk, from which the tail projects upward wriggling in the most comical manner. A figure of this little animal, which may be called Histrionella pomatiopsidis, is sybjoined (Fig. 27). The species already known are European, and found upon aquatic snails, such as Planorbis and Viviparus. Besides the lapidaria, there are undoubtedly one or more others of the so-called Amnicole of North America which belong to this genus as I have defined it; but with one exception I cannot State with any degree of probability what they are, having seen the animal of lapidaria only. The Amnicola Sayana of Anthony, however, upon which Mr. Gill founded his proposed genus Chilo- cyclus, belongs with little doubt to Pomatiopsis ; for the shells are similar in all essential characters, such as the reflected lip,! which is developed only in the adult; the animal has similar terrestrial habits, and its lingual dentition is of the same general type, as may be understood by a comparison of the accompanying wood- Fig. 27. Fig. 28. haa igh ' This is the character (“circular lip reflected”), which was considered by Mr. Gill as the distinctive mark of Chilocyclus. 56 RESEARCHES UPON THE HYDROBIIN & cut (Fig. 28) of that of Sayana, copied from Troschel’s work, with that of the lapidaria as given above. ‘The difference in the denticulation of the lateral teeth is indeed considerable, but can scarcely be considered generic, in the absence of other important distinctive characters. Before concluding our remarks upon this subfamily, we must not fail to allude to the very close resemblance to Pomatiopsis shown in the genus Tomichia of Benson, which is placed by most writers among the air-breathing snails, of the order Operculata, suborder Opisophthalma, and family Truncatellide. In this animal the shell is extremely similar to that of Pomatiopsis, and the foot is also provided with lateral sinuses. It is said to live in fresh-water ditches. “The adult specimens, for the most part, crept about on the moist earth at the edge of the water; but the younger individuals were immersed.’* Such habits would seem to indi- cate a branchiferous rather than a pulmoniferous mode of respira- tion, in the young at least. But the eyes are said to be placed on tubercles near the upper bases of the tentacles, whereas in Pomatiopsis they are at the outer bases. The superior position of the eyes may be of itself of little importance ; but it is found, in other cases to be co-existent with respiratory organs formed for breathing air. The lingual dentition, as figured by Troschel,? is similar to that of Pomatiopsis in all respects except that the rhachidian tooth has its basal denticles connected by a transverse plate ;—a character which approximates it to the Truncatellide. Troschel places Tomichia in the same group with Lithoglyphus, upon what grounds it is not easy to comprehend. Whatever conclusions may be arrived at from these facts, we have undoubtedly here, between Tomichia and Pomatiopsis, the closest point of osculation between the branchiferous and pulmo- niferous Gasteropods. e Three genera have been recently described in the “ Annals and Magazine of Natural History,” which have considerable resem- blance in form or habits, or in both, to the Pomatiopsine. These are Cecina, A. Adams; Blanfordia,* A. Adams, and Cremno- 1 Benson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. [3], XII, (1863,) 424. 2 Gebiss der Schnecken, I, pl. vii, fig. 15. 3 Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. [3], VII, (1861,) 308. 4 Ann. cit. [3], XII, (1863,) 424, pl. vii, fig. 11, 12. AND ALLIED FORMS. 37 baies,! Blanford. Unfortunately the lingual dentition of these genera, which would afford us the best guide to their true position in the system, has not yet been examined. ‘They are all more or less amphibious in habits, but their respiratory organs have not been studied with sufficient care to determine whether they are branchiferous or pulmoniferous. If they breathe by means of “Jungs,’® two of them must be referred, with Zomichia, etc., to the neighborhood of the Truncatellide, while the other will form a new family. But if they are truly branchiferous, they must be closely related to the two subfamilies of Rissoids which have been treated of above. Cecina and Blanfordia are both Mantchurian or Japanese genera, found, like the Truncatelle, in damp places near the sea. They have both, however, shells with olivaceous periostraca and opercula similar to those of Pomatiopsis. In the first-mentioned genus the eyes are also placed at the outer bases of the tentacles, which would seem to exclude it from the Truncatellide and approximate it still more to Pomatiopsis ; but the tentacles are said to be lobiform and flattened, and no mention is made of sinuses in the sides of the foot. Further investigation of this genus is therefore necessary before its true place can be determined, Blanfordia shows even greater resemblance to Pomatiopsis than Cecina does, for we find in it the same arrangement of lobes and sinuses in the sides of the foot, indicating the same stepping mode of progression; but this is accompanied by the Trunca- telloid character of having the eyes on the wpper bases of the tentacles ; so that the genus will very probably be found to belong to the Truncatellide when its respiratory organs and dentition are examined. Cremnobates is an East Indian genus, found on rocks wet by fresh-water. It is referred by Blanford to the Littorinide. It has a trochiform shell very different from that of Cecina and Blanfordia, and approaching that of the marine genus /ossarus. There is said to be a “large vascular sac at the back of the neck.” The eyes are on the outer bases of the tentacles, and the foot is not lobed. The operculum is subspiral and testaceous. The 1 Ann. cit. [3], XII, (1863,) 184, pl. iv, fig. 1-12. 2 The intermediate type of breathing-organ found in the operculated terrestrial Gasteropods, Cyclostoma, etc., is here meant. 38 RESEARCHES UPON THE HYDROBIINA position of this genus still remains in doubt, although, notwith- standing the “ vascular sac” and its amphibious habits, it seems to me most probable that it will prove to be branchiferous. For, as Mr. Blanford has pointed out, its characters exclude it from all known families of pulmoniferous gasteropods. [ Since the above remarks were written, I have received, through the kindness of Mr. W. H. Dall, a specimen of Cremnobates syn- hydrensis, which, fortunately, contained the dried animal. I find that its dentition is entirely that of the Littorinide. | IL SYSTEMATIC DIAGNOSES OF THE GENERA OF HYDROBIINA. The subfamily Pomatiopsine, as far as is certainly known, con- tains but one genus, so that its further illustration is at present unnecessary. With the Hydrobiine it is far otherwise, no less than fourteen genera being indicated by the considerable differences to be observed among the species of this subfamily, which are very numerous in all parts of the world. In the recent monographs of von Frauenfeld,t one hundred and twenty-five species are enu- merated, a few of which, however, belong to the allied subfamilies Rissoine and Pomatiopsine. But the German naturalist has naturally overlooked some described species on account of their having been placed in wrong genera; and there are numerous undescribed species in the collections of American conchologists, particularly in that of Mr. Tryon, which would make the total number of species nearly two hundred. The generic place of very many of these species, known as yet by the shell only, must remain undetermined until the soft parts and the lingual dentition are examined. Certain genera, as Steno- thyra, Tricula, Pyrgula, and Tryonia, are indeed easily recog- nized by the shell alone; but no characters are found in it which will enable us to distinguish certain Littorinelle and Hydrobiz 1 See Verhandl. der k.-k. zo06l.-bot. Gesellschaft in Wien, XII, (1862,) pp. 1158-1160, and XIII, (1863,) pp. 193-210; 1017-1032. This author distributes the species of the subfamily among five genera,—Nematura, Lithoglyphus, Paludinella, Hydrobia, and Amnicola, but he gives no charac- ters for the distinction of the last three genera, and confesses the difficulty of doing so until the soft parts are better known. AND ALLIED FORMS. 39 from Bythinella and Paludestrina, and the same difficulty will probably be found with Gillia and Somatogyrus, or with Litho- glyphus and Fluminicola. I shall therefore under each genus give as examples only a few species which certainly belong to it, without attempting to assign a place to every known species of the family. It would not, of course, be difficult to do this approximately, but rather than run the risk of adding to an already overburdened synonymy, I will leave the work to those who have proper oppor- tunities for observing the entire animal in each case; and would beg my fellow-workers in this field to take the same course. SUBFAMILY HYDROBIINE. Shell very small, or of moderate size, never exceeding two- fifths of an inch in length, globose, ovate, or elongated, generally umbilicated or rimate, and covered with a periostraca for the most part of an olive color; whorls moderately numerous (4-8), smooth, or, rarely, ribbed or carinated, never cancellated ; aperture more or less ovate or rounded, rarely subacute or effuse anteriorly ; peritreme continuous ; outer lip usually simple and acute. Oper- culum subspiral, corneous or testaceous. Tentacles, verge, and gills as in the diagnosis of the family, p. 3. Foot without lateral sinuses, truncate and auricled in front, and generally rounded behind; operculigerous lobe destitute of cirri. On the lingual ribbon the rhachidian tooth is much broader at the base than at the summit, with the basal margin trilobate, and the basal den- ticles situated on the anterior surface, between the base and the oblique lateral margins, being connected with these margins by a carina or lobe usually extending to the infero-exterior angle of the tooth ;,so that they are rather dependencies of the lateral margins than of the base. The peduncle of the intermediate tooth is slender and generally long. The lateral teeth are straight or regularly curved, with no approach to the sigmoid form* seen in the Rissoine and Skeneine. Station, in fresh or brackish water. Like all of the Rissoide these little animals are strictly herbivo- rous. Moquin-Tandon remarks! that they have, connected with the stomach, a cartilaginous stylet like that occurring in certain ! Hist. Nat. des Moll. ter. et fluv. de France, II, 514. 40 RESEARCHES UPON THE HYDROBIINA bivalves. Something like this stylet I have observed also in our American Melanians. In the following diagnoses of the genera, the characters given are always those of the type, except when they are expressly stated to have been made out from some other species. In the description of the lingual dentition of the typical or a congeneric species, the formula of the denticles is, strictly speaking, only - specific, and is given only as an indication of the generic numeri- cal character of these denticles. Their respective limits as to number in each genus must be determined by the examination of the other species. STENOTHYRA, Benson. Nematura, BENson, in the Calcutta Journal of Science. Name pre-occu- pied in Ornithology. Stenothyra, Benson, in H. & A. Adams’ Genera of Recent Mollusca, II, (1858,) 626. Shell ovate, smooth, imperforate; aperture rounded, contracted. Operculum testaceous. Lingual ribbon, according to Troschel’s figure,’ with the rha- chidian tooth only one-third broader than long, and deeply emar- ginated on either side beneath the cusp, which is armed with nine denticles ; basal denticles two in number on each lateral margin, pointing upward. Intermediate tooth with seven denticles ; inner lateral with thirteen ; outer lateral with eleven. These denticles may be conveniently formulated thus: x8 -7-13-11. Station, fresh-water. Distribution, India and Southeastern Asia, and the neighboring islands. Tyrer S. delte, Benson. Syn. Nematura delte, Benson, Calcutta Jour. Sci.—H. & A. Ap. Gen. Rec. Moll. I, (1854,) 342, xxxvi, 5 (shell and oper- culum).—TroscHEL, Geb. der Schnecken, I, (1857,) 104, vii, 11 (lingual den- tition), Hab. River Ganges. The species are enumerated in H. & A. Adams’ “ Genera,” IT, 626, and by von Frauenfeld in the ‘‘ Verhandl. der k.-k. zodl.-bot. Gesellschaft in Wien,” XII, (1862,) p. 1158. This genus is placed in the Viviparide by H. & A. Adams, von Frauenfeld, and most other authors, and in the Littorinide ' Gebiss der Schnecken, I, pl. vii, fig. 11. eeeEEEe AND ALLIED FORMS. 4] by Gray. Troschel arranges it with Bythinia; the two genera forming his group Bythiniz. But it is removed from the Bythi- nine by its subspiral operculum. TRICULA, Benson. Trieula, Benson, Calcutta Jour. Sci., III, (1843.) Shell elongated, smooth, subperforate; aperture ovate, rather narrow; inner lip thickened. Operculum corneous, with the nucleus very small and close to the base. Rostrum elongated. Tentacles filiform. Lingual dentition unknown. ‘Station, fresh-water. Distribution, India. Tyre 7. montana, Benson, loc. supra cit.—H. & A. Ap. Gen. Ree. Moll. I, (1854,) 306, xxxii, 5, 5a, 5b (shell and operculum). Hab. River Kaaman, India. No other species is known. It is placed in the Melaniide by Benson and H. & A. Adams. Benson says that the soft parts resemble those of Melania, but the characters he gives of these parts do not serve to distinguish them from those of the Hydro- biinz, to which group the genus has been referred by Brot.1. My opinion of its affinities is based upon the characters of the shell, such as its small size, continuous peritreme, umbilicus, etc., which do not occur in the Melaniide. LITTORINELLA, Bravy. Littorinella, Braun, Ber. tib. d. Vers. d. Naturf. in Maynz, (1846,) p. 148 ;—also Tuom#, Jahrb. des Ver. fiir Naturkunde in Herzogthum Nassau, II, (1845,) 159. Shell ovate or elongated, thin, smooth, perforate; whorls ventri- cose; apex obtuse ; aperture rather broadly oval; inner lip not thickened. Operculum corneous. In L. minuta the rostrum is rather long; the tentacles very slightly tapering, and blunt at the extremity ; the verge is simple, slender, tapering, compressed, and pointed ; and the foot is rounded behind. Lingual dentition of Z. minuta: Rhachidian tooth without a central basal process, and with a small lobe, almost amounting to — ! Cat, Syst. Melan., (1862). 42 RESEARCHES UPON THE HYDROBIIN A a denticle, at the outer side of the single basal denticle. Inter- mediate tooth with the body quadrate and strongly projecting at its infero-interior angle, which is blunt; peduncle very long. Formula of the denticles: 57; - 5-12-12. Station, brackish or sea-water in sheltered positions. Distribution, probably mundane. Type L. ventrosa.—Turbo ventrosus, Mont.— Cyclostoma acutum, DRAP.— Rissoa ventrosa, Forses & Hanu., Brit. Moll., II, (1853,) 138, lxxxvii, 1, 5, 6,7. Hab. Europe. The following species belongs, with little doubt, to the same genus :— L. minuta.—Turbo minutus, Torren.—Cingula minuta, Gouup, Iny. Mass. (1841,) 265, fig. 171. New England The name Littorinella was originally proposed by Braun for “the Paludinas with a spiral operculum,” which would make it include nearly the entire subfamily ; and no species are mentioned by him, from which we can select a type. ‘Thome, in the “ Jahr- buch,” quoted above, was the next author who used the name, and his first species must be taken as the type. This species is the Cyclostoma acutum of Draparnaud, a brackish-water or marine species, identical with the Yurbo ventrosus of Montagu. The characters of the soft parts of this species, including its lingual dentition, are as yet unknown, but the shell so closely resembles that of the common ‘“‘Cingula minuta” of the coast of New Eng- land, that we can bave little doubt that they are congeneric. The characters of the animal, other than conchological ones, have there- fore been drawn from the latter species. These characters seem to forbid its generic association with Hydrobia as typified by HZ. ulve. But, should the soft parts of Montagu’s Turbo ventrosus be found, upon examination, to present characters differing generically from those of Totten’s Turbo minutus, or if they do not so differ should Thome’s shell be found to be generically distinct from the Turbo ventrosus, we would propose for the genus here indicated, the name Ecrobia, with Turbo minutus as the type. In our efforts to retain the names previously applied without knowledge of the true charac- ters, to members of the group under consideration, and to avoid the introduction of new names which may prove to be synonyms, we experience great difficulty in ascertaining the typical species upon which such genera must be supposed to be founded; and when AND ALLIED FORMS. 43 that species is decided with some degree of certainty, materials are not always at hand for the determination of the important characters of its soft parts. HYDROBIA, Harrmany. Hydrobia, Hartmann, in Sturm’s Fauna Deutschland’s, Abth. VI, (1821,) Heft 5, p. 46 (in part). Paludinella, Lovin, Ofv. af. k. vet.-Akad. Forh., III, (1846,) 157 (mot of PFEIFFER). Littorinida, Eyp. & Soun., Voy. Bonite., Zool., II, 536. Shell ovate or elongated, smooth, subperforate ; spire conic ; whorls flat ; apex acute ; aperture ovate ; inner lip not thickened. Operculum corneous. Rostrum rather long. Tentacles some- what tapering, but blunt at the extremity. Foot somewhat pointed behind. Lingual dentition of the type: Rhachidian tooth very broad, with a strong, central, obtuse, tongue-shaped process from the anterior concave surface, directed downward and reaching beyond the base. Intermediate tooth shaped as in Littorinella minuta, ‘but with a deep concavity in the body. Lateral teeth with the dorsal or exterior margin of the peduncle or shank reflected or thickened. Formula of the denticles : cs - 6-13 - 25, Station, brackish water. Distribution, mundane. Type H. ulve, H. & A. Ap., Gen. Rec. Moll., I, (1854) 335, xxxv, 10 (animal, shell, and operculum).— Turbo ulve, Penn.—Rissoa ulve, FoRBES & Hant., Brit. Moll., III, (1853) 141, Ixxxi, 4, 5, 8, 9, and lxxxvii, 2, 8 (shell), and jj, 8 (animal). J/ab. Europe. The difficulty of separating the Littorinelle and Hydrobie from the Bythinellz and Paludestrinz by the shell alone, has been already alluded to. It might be convenient, as a temporary ex- pedient, to arrange all the brackish-water species in the two former genera, and the fresh-water ones in the other two, the ultimate separation being founded upon the character of the apex of the shell and of its whorls. My reasons for retaining the name /ydrobia for the genus typified by H. ulve, have been stated on page 6. The Paludinella of Loven (not of Pfeif., on which see p. 18) 44 RESEARCHES UPON THE HYDROBIINA is synonymous with Hydrobia. H. & A. Adams have rightly understood Pfeiffer’s genus, as their description shows, but most of the species they refer to it, among’ them our Littorinella minuta, belong to groups entirely different. BYTHINELLA, Moa.-Tanp. Leachia, Risso, Hist. Nat. d’Europe Meridionale, IV, (1826) 100, 102 (not of Lesveur, 1821). Bythinella, Mog.-Tanpv., Jour. de Conch. II, (1851) p. 239, note; and Hist. Nat. des Moll. ter. et fluv. de France, II, (1855) 515. Subulina, Troscu., Geb. der Schneck., I, (1857) 108 (not of Brcx). Paludinella, FRAvENFELD, Verhandl. der k.-k. zool.-bot. Gesellschaft in Wien, XIII, (1863) 199 (not of PremrrEr). Microna, Ziecuer, in Frauenfeld’s “Arten der Gattung Lithoglyphus Mhif.”’ etc., Joc. cit. XIII, (1863) 200. Shell elongated-ovate, usually somewhat pupiform, imperforate, or simply rimate ; apex obtuse. Aperture oval or rounded ; peri- treme continuous, outer lip slightly thickened. Operculum corne- ous, with the nucleus moderately large, dnd not very close to the basal margin. ‘Tentacles tapering, but blunt at tip. Foot rather narrow, rounded behind. Verge (in B. ferrusina) bifid. Lingual dentition of B. thermalis, according to Troschel?: Khachidian tooth moderately long, with the infero-lateral angles much produced. Intermediate tooth with the body longer than broad. Formula of the denticles: a -6-18-0. Station, fresh water. Distribution, Europe and North America Type B. viridis, Mog.-Tanp., Journ. de Conch., II, (1851) p. 239, note ; and Hist. Nat. des Moll. ter. et fluv. de France, II, (1855) 524, pl. xxxix, fig. 11-17.—Bulimus viridis, Por, Prodr., (1801) 45.—Cyclostoma viride, Drap., Hist. Moll., (1805) p. 37. Hab. Western Europe. The following species may also be mentioned :— B. ferrusina, Mog.-Tanp., Hist. Nat. des Moll. ter. et fluv. de France, IT, (1855) 516, pl. xxxviii, fig. 20-28. — Paludina ferrusina, Des Mout. Western Europe. B. vitrea, Mog.-Tanp., loc. cit., II, (1855) 518, pl. xxxviii, fig. 33-36.— Cyclostoma vitreum, Drap. Western Europe. ! Genera of Recent Mollusca, II, 315. 2 Gebiss der Schnecken, I, 108, pl. viii, fig. 6. AND ALLIED FORMS. 45 B. abbreviata, Mog.-Tanp., loc. cit. II, (1855), 519, pl. xxxviii, fig. 37, 38. —Paludina abbreviata, Mich. Western Europe. - B. conoidea, Mog.-Tanv., loc. cit., II, (1855) 522, pl. xxxix, fig. 3-5.— Paludina conoidea, Revy. Western Europe. B. brevis, Mog.-Tanp., loc. cit., I, (1855) 523, pl. xxxix, fig. 6-10.— Cy- clostoma breve, Drap. Western Europe. B. similis, Mog.-Tanp., loc. cit., II, (1855) 526, pl. xxxix, fig. 18, 19.— Cy- clostoma simile, Drap. Western Europe. B, Nickliniana, Stm.—Paludina Nickliniana, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., Vi (1839) 92, pl. xxiii, fig. 109. Pennsylvania. B. Binneyi, Stm.—Pomatiopsis Binneyi, Tryon, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1863, p. 148, pl. i, fig. 10. California. See also on p. 20, ante, for others. This genus differs from Amnicola in its lingual dentition, the rhachidian tooth having but one basal denticle. It differs from Littorinella in having a bifid verge ; and from Paludestrina in the shape and obtuse apex of the shell, and in the want of perceptible denticulation on the cusp of the outer lateral tooth of the lingual ribbon. Moquin-Tandon’s varicose Bythinelle, B. marginata and B. gibba, are not included in the above list of species, because they present characters in the shell which may indicate important dif- ferences in the soft parts. Whether they are true Bythinelle remains to be determined by future examination. If the type of Hartmann’s genus Hydrobia should prove to be a fresh-water species, that name will have to be adopted in place of Bythinella for this genus. The name Leachia, of Risso, must be rejected on account of its previous use by Lesueur for a genus of Cephalopoda. Lesueur’s name is considered synonymous with Loligopsis by Gray,* but the group seems to be sufficiently distinct from the typical Loligop- sides in the tuberculation of the body. For further remarks upon the genus Bythinella, see ante, p. 17. PALUDESTRINA, D’Ors. Paludestrina, D’Orxieny, in Sagra’s Cuba, Moll., I, (1841) 8. Shell conic, more or less elongated, smooth, imperforate or nearly so; apex acute. Aperture ovate; peritreme continuous ; outer lip acute; inner lip not thickened. Operculum corneous. ' Cat. Moll. Brit. Mus., Ceph. Antep., p. 39. 46 RESEARCHES UPON THE HYDROBIIN Lingual dentition of P. culiminea, according to Troschel!’: Rhachidian tooth very short and broad; basal denticle with a lobe or ridge connecting it with the lateral margin. Body of the intermediate tooth longer than broad, and longer than its pe- duncle. Formula of the denticles : ei - 9-19-25. Station, fresh water. Distribution, South America and the West Indies. Type P. Auberiana, D’Orsiany, in Sagra’s Cuba, Moll., II, (1841) 8, pl. x, fig. 6,7. Hab. West Indies. The following are congeneric :-— P. culminea, D’Ors., Voy. Am. Merid., Moll., p. 386, pl. xlvii, fig. 10-12, Bolivia. P, Cumingiana, D’Ors., Voy. Am. Merid., Moll., p. 385, pl. xlvii, fig. 14. 16. Chile. ‘ P. Parchappii, D’Ors., Voy. Am. Merid., Moll., p. 383, pl. xlviii, fig. 4-6, Buenos Ayres. D’Orbigny’s description of his genus Paludestrina would make it include the entire subfamily Hydrobiine, with the exception of Stenothyra, and this was doubtless intended by him, as he seems to have been ignorant of the generic names previously proposed for the shells of the group. As in all such cases, we must select a type from among the species described by him, and of these we select the first, not only on account of the accordance of such a selection with a rule of nomenclature generally adopted, but because it will afford us a name for a group of American forms which should be generically separated from the other elongated fresh-water species which we have included in Bythi- nella. The first species ever described by D’Orbigny, as far as we have been able to ascertain, is the P. Auberiana of the “ Mol- lusques” of Sagra’s Cuba. This species is said by the author to be ‘common on the maritime sands of Cuba,” which at once suggests the idea that it may be a Hydrobia or Rissoa, and not congeneric with the South American fresh-water forms we have included in the genus, from one of which the lingual dentition of the genus has been made out. But we find that Poey, an excel- lent observer, has placed the P. Auberiana among the fresh-water ' Gebiss der Schnecken, I, 108, pl. viii, fig. 5. AND ALLIED FORMS. 47 shells of Cuba,t and D’Orbigny himself says that the species was found at Guadeloupe, ‘at the mouth ofa rivulet.” The conclusion would naturally follow that D’Orbigny was misinformed with re- gard to its habitat, and that it is not a marine, but a fresh-water species. I adopt this conclusion the more willingly on account of the close agreement of the shell of P. Auberiana with the South American fresh-water P. culminea; both having a form rarely found among the shells of the marine Hydrobix. If, however, I should prove to be mistaken in this conclusion, Paludestrina Auberiana will doubtless be found to be a Hy- drobia, of which D’Orbigny’s name will then become a synonym. In this case I would propose the name Heleobia, for P. culminea and its allies. PYRGULA, Cunristorort & Jan. Pyrgula, Curtstororr & Jan, Consp. Méth. Moll. (1832); and Mant. Catal. test., (1832) p. 4. Shell elongated, turreted, imperforate; whorls carinated. Aper- ture oval, effuse anteriorly ; outer lip not thickened. Operculum corneous, with projections on the outer margin, corresponding to the concavities of the carine of the shell. In the soft parts of P. bicarinata, according to Moquin-Tandon, the foot is “ narrow, obtuse, and as if bilobate in front, somewhat pointed behind,” and the tentacles are slender. Lingual dentition unknown. Station, fresh waters in mountainous regions. Distribution, Europe and South America. Typx P. helvetica, H. & A. Apams, Gen. of Rec. Moll., I, (1854) 309, pl. xxxii, fig. 7.—Melania helvetica, MicuEtin, Mag. de Zool., 1831, p. 37, pl. xxxvii.—Pyrgula annulata, Curist. & Jan, Mant. Catal. Test. (1832) p. 4. Of a white color. Hub. Switzerland. The following are all the other species as yet known :— P. bicarinata, Bourcuienat, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., [2] XIII, (1861) 528. —Bythinia bicarinata, Dupvy.—Bythinella bicarinata, Mog.-Tanp., Hist. Nat. des. Moll. ter. et fluv. de France, II, (1855) 520, pl. xxxviii, fig. 39- 42. France. P. pyrenaica, Bourevienat, loc. cit., [2] XIII, (1861) 530. Pyrenees. P. andicola, Stm.—Paludestrina andicola, D’Ors., Voy. Am. Merid., Moll., p. 385, pl. xlvii; fig. 13. Andes of Bolivia. 1 Mem. sobre la Hist. Nat. de la Isla de Cuba, II, (1856) 10. 48 RESEARCHES UPON THE HYDROBIINA It is interesting to notice that all the species of the genus as yet described are severally reported to occur in mountainous dis- tricts ; an instance of correlation of form to external conditions. Herrmansen suggests that the name should be changed to Pyr- giscus, as the correct spelling. But Pyrgula is not a hybrid term, since pyrgus is a Latin as well as a Greek word. TRYONTA, Sr. Tryonia, Stimpson, Am. Journ. of Conch., I, (1865), 54. Shell perforate, elongated, turreted, subulate, acute at summit and rather pointed at base; surface longitudinally ribbed or plicated, not spinous; whorls numerous, shouldered. Aperture small, oblique, rhombo-ovate ; and somewhat pointed, sinuated, and effuse at base; outer lip thin and sharp, projecting below ; inner lip appressed to the whorl above, peritreme however con- tinuous. Operculum and lingual dentition unknown. Station, fresh water. Distribution, Southern California. Tyre 7. clathrata, Stu. (Fig. 29).—Whorls eight. Longitudinal ribs variable in number, usually about twelve to each Fig. 29. whorl. Surface otherwise smooth, or marked with a delicate incremental striae. There is no trace of re- volving striz or lines. Length, 0.2 inch. The specimens described are in a semi-fossilized con- dition, mostly white, though not chalky, but with an ivory-like hardness. Some of them are translucent, looking as if silicified. From the circumstances under which they were found, however, it is probable that the species existed within a very recent period, if not indeed now living. Large numbers of specimens were found, in company with other dead fresh-water shells of the genera Physa, Planorbis, Amnicola, Sphxrium, etc., in the basin of the Colorado Desert, Southern California, by Mr. Wm. P. Blake, on one of the Pacific Railroad Surveys. The basin is the bed of an ancient lake, now dry. The specimens collected by him are in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution. The genus may be distinguished not only by the form and sculpture of the shell, but by the shape of the aperture and the AND ALLIED FORMS. 49 projection of the outer lip, which gives it a character somewhat like that seen in Campeloma and Eburna. In company with the Tryoniw Mr. Blake found a small cancel- lated shell which has been described as Melania exigua by Conrad and as Amnicola protea by Gould.’ In view of the character of the surface, I think it scarcely possible that this species can belong to the Hydrobiine. It will, perhaps, be found to be allied to Bittiwm. The occurrence of this marine or brackish-water genus in the Desert would not be surprising, since Gnathodon was found in the same basin at a point somewhat nearer the Gulf. It has, unfortunately, been only possible to describe this genus in a very imperfect manner, the characters of the shell alone being given. I have dedicated it to Mr. Geo. W. Tryon, a well-known conchologist of Philadelphia, to whom we have been indebted for the loan of many interesting specimens of Amnicole, ete. : . POTAMOPYRGUS,’ Srm. Potamopyrgus, Stimpson, Am. Journ. of Conch., I, (1865) 53. Shell ovate-conic, imperforate ; apex acute; whorls coronated with spines; outer whorl nearly two-thirds the length of the shell; aperture ovate; outer lip acute. Operculum corneous. Rostrum of moderate length. Tentacles very long, slender, tapering, and pointed. Eyes on very prominent tubercles. Foot rather short, broadest in front and strongly auriculated. Lingual dentition of type: Rhachidian tooth trapezoidal ; in- ferior margin nearly straight, faintly trilobate ; basal teeth minute and close to the lateral margins. Intermediate tooth with the peduncle very long, three times as long as the body and con- stricted at its juncture therewith; body subrhomboidal and ex- cavated in the middle; cusp with numerous equal teeth. Lateral teeth constricted near the summit, and with the dorsal or outer margin of the shank reflexed or thickened ; outer lateral with a broad summit shaped like a chopping-knife. Formula of the denticles : ga7 11-15 - 20. - Station, fresh water. Distribution, New Zealand. 1 Pacifie R. R. Reports, Vol. V, p. 332, pl. xi, fig. 6-9. 2 Torapeds, fluvius ; mupyoc, turris. - June, 1865. 50 RESEARCHES UPON THE HYDROBIIN® Type P. corolla, Stm.—Melania corolla, Goutp, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., II, (1847) 223.—Amnicola corolla, Goutp, U. 8S. Expl. Exped., Moll., (1852) 129, pl. ix, fig. 149, a-c. New Zealand. No other species is as yet certainly known to belong to this genus. There are other coronated species belonging to the family which must be placed in it, if they are found to agree with it in the lingual dentition, the peculiarities of which consist in the form of the rhachidian tooth, which is not strongly trilo- bate below as in the other genera of the group, in the approxi- mation of the very small basal denticles of the same tooth to the lateral margins, and in the great number and equal size of the denticles of the intermediate tooth. The dentition was made out from the type specimen of Am- nicola corolla, Gould, in which the animal was found uninjured after more than twenty years’ desiccation. This specimen is in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution COCHLIOPA,!' Srm. Cochliopa, Strmpson, Am. Journ. of Conch., I, (1865) 52. Shell depressed-conic ; base concave, carinated ; umbilicus large and deep; aperture oblique. Operculum thin, corneous, sub- spiral. Rostrum of moderate size; tentacles rather long, taper- ing. Verge rather elongated, compressed, geniculated, and bifid, the inner branch being very small, less than one-fourth the size of the outer one and arising at the inner angle of the geniculation. Lingual dentition of the typical species: Rhachidian tooth short and broad; middle lobe of the basal margin very broad ; basal denticles rather large. Intermediate tooth with a long pe- dunele, and square body having a cavity in the centre. Lateral teeth with an expansion of the inner side of the shank, separated from the summit by a deep rounded sinus; the outer lateral being more expanded than the inner. Formula of the denticles: 7yp7 8-18-24. Station, fresh water. Distribution, California. Type C. Rowellii, Stmu.—Amnicola Rowellii, Tryon, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 147, pl. i, fig. §, 9.—Head black ; tentacles yellowish, with ' Koyals, cochlea parva ; jm, foramen. AND ALLIED FORMS. 51 black tips, and a black ring just beyond the middle. Found in Clear . Lake, Cal., by the Rev. Mr. Rowell. But one species is yet known of this very distinct genus, which differs from all other Hydrobiine in its greatly depressed form and large umbilicus. The characters of the soft parts were made out from a specimen of the shell kindly furnished by Mr. Tryon, which fortunately contained a portion of the dried animal. GILLIA, Srm. Gillia, Strmpson, Am. Journ. of Conch., I, (1865) 53. Shell rather large, subglobular, thin, subperforate, smooth ; spire small; suture not impressed. Aperture large, broad, ovate, oblique; outer lip thin, acute, not projecting anteriorly. Oper- culum thin, corneous, regularly ovate. Rostrum rather broad. Tentacles tapering, pointed. Verge small, simple, lunate. Lingual dentition of the type: Rhachidian tooth moderately long, deeply trilobate below; basal denticles close to the basal mar- gin, and projecting beyond it. Intermediate tooth with the body subrhomboidal, slightly excavated in the middle. Outer lateral tooth with a smaller number of denticles than the inner. Formula of the denticles: a3" 8-14-10. Ova-capsules hemispherical, each containing a single egg, and deposited singly or in groups or linear series. Station, fresh water. Distribution, the eastern parts of the United States of North America. Tyr G. altilis, Srm.—Melania altilis, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., VIII, (1843) 174, pl. v, fig. 23. Pennsyivania to South Carolina. As mentioned on a previous page, the Melania integra of Say, described in the ‘‘ New Harmony Disseminator,” II, (1829) 276, may probably belong to this genus. SOMATOGYRUS, Gut. Somatogyrus, Git, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 34. Shell rather large, globular, thin, smooth, perforate; spire small; suture impressed; body whorl globose, more or less shouldered above. Aperture large, oblique, rhombo-ovate, nar- rowly rounded in front and behind; peritreme thin and acute, 52 RESEARCHES UPON THE HYDROBIIN® and with its entire margin uniformly in one plane, the outer lip not projecting anteriorly. Operculum rather thick, corneous, subovate; inner margin concave near the upper extremity. Foot rather short. Rostrum broad. Tentacles tapering, pointed. Lingual dentition of type: Rhachidian tooth very short and broad. Intermediate tooth with the body perforated. Inner and outer lateral teeth with about the same number of denticles. Formula of the denticles: -2,-7- 14-14. Station, fresh water. VPistribution, the central parts of North America. Type S. depressus, Git, loc. cit., 1863, p. 34.—Amnicola depressa, TRYON, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 452, wood-cut. Iowa. As suggested on a previous page, the Melania isogona of Say, in the ‘‘New Harmony Disseminator,’” Vol. II, (1829) p. 277, will prove to belong to this genus, if the typical species, S. de- pressus, is found to have a broad, compressed, and bifid verge. AMNICOLA, Govutp & Hatp. Amnicola, Goutp & Hatp., in Gould’s Invert. of Mass., (1841) p. 228. Shell small, rather short, ovate or subglobular, thin, smooth, perforate ; spire not acute. Aperture broadly ovate, not oblique ; outer lip thin and sharp, not projecting anteriorly. Operculum corneous. Foot rather short and broad, expanded and broadly rounded behind. Rostrum short. Tentacles cylindrical, blunt at their tips. Verge short, bifid, with a globular base. Lingual dentition of A. porata: Rhachidian tooth very short and broad, with a tongue-shaped process from the middle of the anterior surface, reaching beyond the base. Intermediate tooth with a short broad body having a strongly projecting infero- interior angle, and a very long peduncle. Formula of the den- ticles: 74-5 - 18-30. | Ova-capsules semi-lenticular in form, with a laminiform limb. Each contains but one egg. Station, fresh water. Distribution, North America. Type A. limosa, HALDEMAN, Monog. Amn., p. 10, pl. i, fig. 5, 6.—Palu- dina limosa, Say, Journ. Agad. Nat. Sci. Philad., I, 125.—Amnicola poraia, Govtp, Inv. Mass., (1841) 229, fig. 157. New England States. AND ALLIED FORMS. ae The following species may be added :— A. decisa, Hatp., loc. cit., p. 7, pl. i, fig. 2,3. Pennsylvania. A, pallida, Haxp., loc. cit., p. 12, pl. i, fig. 7. Lake Champlain. A. perata, Haup., loc. cit., p. 13, pl. i, fig. 8. Northern United States and Canada. See also on p. 16, ante, for others. LITHOGLYPHUS, Movutretpr. Lithoglyphus, Muunuretpt, in Hartmann’s Moll. of Sturm’s “Fauna Deutschlands,’’ VI, (1821) p. 57. Lithoglypter, Frvz., Syst. Verz., (1833) p. 116. Lithoclypus, Vinua, Disp. Syst., (1841) p. 36 (fide Hermannsen). Shell globular, thick, smooth, imperforate; spire short; suture not impressed. Aperture broadly subovate, or nearly circular, nearly as broad as long; inner lip callous; outer lip simple. Operculum corneous, rounded. Soft parts of L. lapidum: Foot large, longer than the shell. Tentacles short, rather tapering and pointed. Verge bifid from the base, forks cylindrical, the posterior being two-thirds as long as the anterior one. Lingual dentition of Z. fuscus, according to Troschel :1 Rha- chidian tooth less than twice as broad as long. Body of inter- mediate tooth longer than broad; peduncle rather short. Outer lateral tooth with fewer denticles than the inner. Formula of the denticles : Be Toe The only notice we have of the eggs is the following by D’Or- bigny with regard to LZ. peristomatus? :-.-‘ They live in numerous families; each shell carries oval eggs which are affixed to it.” We cannot determine from this notice whether the eggs are de- posited singly, or in groups covered by a common ova-capsule. Probably the latter arrangement is meant. Station, fresh water. Distribution, Southeastern Europe and South America. Tyrr LZ. naticoides, H. & A. Apams, Gen, Rec. Moll., I, (1854) 321, pl. xxxiv, fig. 1, a, b, c.—Paludina naticoides, Frrrusac, Kuster, Monog. Paludin., p. 47, pl. ix, fig. 23-26. Hab. Moldavia, Dalmatia, etc. The following species are apparently congeneric :— L. fuscus, Zau.—Paludina fusca, Kiist., Monog. Paludin., p. 46, pl. ix, fig. 19-22. Southern Russia. ' Gebiss der Schnecken, I, 105, pl. vii, fig. 12. 2 Voy. Am. Merid., Moll., p. 382. 54 RESEARCHES UPON THE HYDROBIINAE L. lapidum, H. & A. Apams, Gen. Rec. Moll., I, (1854) 321, pl. xxxiv, fig. 1.—Paludestrina lapidum, D’Ors., Voy. Am. Merid., Moll., p. 382, pl. xlvii, fig. 10-12. Buenos Ayres. L. peristomatus, Sru.—Paludestrina peristomata, D’OrRB., loc. cit., p. 382, pl. xlvii, fig. 4-9. Buenos Ayres. The lingual dentition of the South American species is un- known, and must be ascertained before these species can be said with certainty to belong to the genus Lithoglyphus. ‘They re- semble the type in the form of the shell FLUMINICOLA, Sram. Fluminicola, Stimpson, Am. Journ. of Conch., I, (1865) 52. Shell comparatively large, obliquely ovate, thick, smooth, im- perforate ; spire moderate, obtuse. Aperture ovate; inner lip flattened, callous; outer lip effuse and projecting anteriorly, so that the peritreme is not continuously in the same plane. Oper- culum corneous. Tentacles tapering. Rostrum rather large. Foot broad. Verge large, compressed, with a broad semicircular laminiform expansion or wing on its left side. Lingual dentition of the type: Rhachidian tooth more than twice as broad as long. Outer lateral tooth with a smaller number of denticlesthanthe inner. Formulaof the denticles : as 6- 10-7. Ova-capsules large, circular, depressed, almost discoidal, each containing a large number of eggs. Station, fresh water. Distribution, Oregon and California. Tyre F. Nuttalliana, Stm.—Paludina Nuttalliana, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. VI, (1839) 101, pl. xxiii, fig. 89. Oregon. To which we add the following :- F. virens, Stu.—Paludina virens, LEA, loc. cit., VI, (1839) 91. Oregon. F. nuclea, Sim.—Paludina nuclea, Lea, loc. cit., VI, (1839) 91. Oregon. F. seminalis, Stm.—Paludina seminalis, Hinps, Voy. Sulphur, Moll., p. 54, pl. xvi, fig. 22. California. F. Hindsii, Stm.—Amnicola Hindsii, Bairp. 12 “ppormrun) J * : i : : : : ; 2 * pyiq jou ‘apis ouo mo pesarm e510 Aq ft f ssnydhjboyny * : ; : : s : : * seyvuriq dapue[s IIA ‘pyiq es10A ft *IOUUL OT} UL} SOLOIJMAP AAMOF YIM YOO} [V.AozV] AoynNo | eyvaojsoduur “Poryd TENS \| I “pjoouUpy * 0 + passauduio9 you ‘|[eus eF1ea { [VoLpulAd sojovyue} {ezeao Yeuts youg ft ‘snuhbojnwog passeaaduioo ‘eSiv, f1aa oF10a { Surtadyz sepovzue} ! esoqoys ‘esiey Ajoaryeavdunoo [joyg ft *LIUUT OY} ULI SOOIWOP SNOLOMINM O1OUT IO ‘SNOIBUINT SB YITAM 400} TeIA}L] JoyNo | oyvaojtod ‘aIyy TES || *Y[J00} UVIPTYSVYL JO OPIS LY }L8 WO SepDIJUEp [Vsvq INoJ 10 G91} {| pesutA Jo pyiq es10A | 4 ‘pupy *¢ , ; : + 400} UVIPLORY.A Jo opts Lay} UO soepoIyUEp [eseq OM} foetduis od10A | *paso|d LO ]]VUIS SNOTTIquiIn { poyVULIV you oseq { pesseidop you T]9Gg » x spdoryooy = * : : . , : : ‘ C * 9Suvy snoriquin { peyearmeo osvq { pesseadep T]9Ug » ‘sapjuep Tenboun (g—-G) May YIM Y}00} eyeIpeutezuL Jo dsno | oywao Jo ‘Av[NGo[s ‘possaidep Teg °% -uap ATsnond1dstoo 43004 [vAozV] 19yNo0 f410Ys AIOA 00} UVIPITVYL foynow T]EYs Jo xedy || || ‘paUyih Ppe[MOIpWop JOU Y}004 [v494¥][ 10yNO ! 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ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. Sryce the completion of the printing of this memoir, Mr. Tryon, in his ‘‘ American Journal of Conchology,” Vol. I, p. 220, July, 1865, has proposed a new genus of Hydrobiine under the name of Gabbia, with the following diagnosis: ‘ Shell like Amnicola, Gould and Hald. Operculum paucispiral, calcareous. Station, fresh water.” The only species, G. australis, Tryon, is new, and figured on pl. xxii, of the volume quoted (fig. 7). It is from New South Wales. I have no opportunity to examine this shell, but must remark that the characters given in the description do not serve to distinguish it from the immature state of Stenothyra in which the contraction of the aperture has not yet commenced. The figure reminds us of Bythinia rather than any other genus, for in it the operculum is represented as de- cidedly concentric, although said to be “paucispiral” in the description. . On page 12, line 4, after ““Somatogyrus, Gill,” add “Cochliopa, Stm.?? The figure of Somatogyrus isogonus, on page 22, is accidentally defective in representing the lower extremity of the aperture as notched. August, 1865. ( 56 ) TN Dix. In this Index, names of groups and species not belonging to the family RissorDz, and all synonyms, are in italics. Aciculide, 29 Alvania, l, 4 Amnicola, 1, 4, 7, 9, 12,38, 48, 52, 55 Amnicola altilis, 20, 28 attenuata, 20 corolla, 50 decisa, 16, 53 depressa, 20, 52 galbana, 16 grana, 16 Hindsii, 26, 54 integra, 20, 21 isogona, 20 lapidaria, 8, 29 limosa, 13, 17, 52 lustrica, 16 Nickliniana, 19 Nuttalliana, 20 obtusa, 20 orbiculata, 16 pallida, 16, 53 parva, 16 porata, 10, 11, 52, 53 porata, 12, 52 protea, Rowellii, 50 Sayana, 33, 35 tenuipes, 20 (Subulina) thermalis, 17,19 Amnicolide, 9 Amnicoline, 5, 9, 11 Ancylose, 11 Assiminea, 2 a Barleeia, 1 Bittium, 49 Blanfordia, 2, 36, 37 Bulimus viridis, 44 Bythinella, 2, 4, 9, 12, 17, 44, 46, 55 Bythinella abbreviata, 45 bicarinata, 47 Binneyi, 45 brevis, 45 conoidea, 45 ferrusina, 44 Bythinella gibba, 45 marginata, 45 Nickliniana, 45 similis, 45 thermalis, 44 viridis, 10, 17, 44 vitrea, 44 Bythinia, 2, 4, 9, 10, 17, 20, 56 Bythinia bicarinata, 47 Bythiniine, 4, 5, 9 Campeloma, 24, 49 Cardisoma, 30 Cecina, 2, 36, 37 Ceratia, 1, 4 Chilocyclus, 1, 4, 9, 35 Cingula, 1, 4 Cingula minuta, 6, 20, 42 Cochliopa, 4, 50, 55, 56 Cochliopa Rowellii, 50 Cenobita, 30 Cremnobates, 2, 36, 37 Cremnobates Synhydrensis, 38 Cyclostoma, 1, 8, 37 Cyclostoma acutum, 45 simile, 45 viride, 44 vitreum, 44 Eburna, 49 Ecrobia, 42 Elona, 4, 17 Fenella, 2, 4 Fluminicola, 4, 12, 24, 26, 39, 54, 55 Fluminicola: Hindsii, 54 nuclea, 54 Nuttalliana, 26, 54 seminalis, 54 virens, 54 Fossarus, 37 Gabbia, 56 Gabbia austras, 56 Gecarcinus, 30 ( 57 ) 58 Gillia, 4, 12, 26, 39, 51, 55 Gillia altilis, 27, 28, 51 Gnathodon, 49 Heleobia, 47 Helicidex, 34 Helix electrina, 30 Histrionella, 34 Histrionella pomatiopsidis, 35 Hydrobia, 1, 2, 4, 5, 38, 43, 55 Hydrobia ulve, 42, 43 Hydrobiine, 4, 12, 38 Hydrobius, 6 Leachia, 4, 17, 44, 45 Leptoxis, 1, 20, 24, 26 Lithoclypus, 53 Lithoglyphus, 2, 4, 6, 20, 36, 38, 39, 53, 55 Lithoglyphus fuscus, 53 lapidum, 53, 54 naticoides, 53 peristomatus, 53, 54 Lithoglypter, 53 Littorinella, 4, 20, 41, 42, 43, 45, 55 Littorinella minuta, 6, 20, 41, 42, 43, 44 veutrosa, 42 Littorinida, 4, 43 Littorinide, 1, 2, 3, 38 Loligopsis, 45 Lyogyrus, 17 Melania, 1, 8, 41 Melania altilis, 23, 26, 51 corolla, 50 exigua, 49 helvetica, 47 integra, 23, 28, 51 isogona, 11, 22, 52 Melaniidx, 2, 11, 25, 41 Melantho, 24 Microna, 4, 19, 44 Mudaliz, 11 Nematura, 4, 38, 40 Nematura deltx, 40 Onoba, 1, 4 Paludestrina, 2, 4, 39, 43, 45, 46, 55 Paludestrina andicola, 47 Auberiana, 46, 47 culminea, 46, 47 Cumingiana, 46 lapidum, 54 Parchappii, 46 peristomata, 54 INDEX. Paludina, 1, 5, 7, 20, 24 Paludina abbreviata, 45 Cincinnatiensis, 17 conoidea, 45 decisa, 24 Jerrusina, 44 Susca, 53 grana, 16 limosa, 12, 16, 52. lustrica, 17 naticoides, 6, 53 Nickliniana, 19, 45 nuclea, 26, 54 Nuitalliana, 24, 54 porata, 12, 16 seminalis, 26, 54 subglobosa, 23 virens, 26, 54 Paludinella, 4, 18, 38, 43, 44 Physa, 48 Planorbis, 35, 48 Pomatiopsine, 4, 5, 6, 12, 29, 38 Pomatiopsis, 1, 4, 8, 9, 12, 18, 29, 3% Pomatiopsis Binneyi, 20, 45 lapidaria, 9, 29, 30, 31, 34, 36 Sayana, 33 Potamopyrgus, 4, 20, 49, 55 Pomatopyrgus corolla, 50 Pyrgiscus, 48 Pyrgula, 2, 4, 38, 47, 48, 55 Pyrgula andicola, 47 annulata, 47 bicarinata, 47 helvetica, 47 pyrenaica, 47 Rissoa, 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 11, 14, 20, 46 Rissoa ulvx, 43 ventrosa, 42 Rissoide, 1, 2, 3, 10, 39 Rissoina, 1, 2, 4 Rissoiner, 4, 5, 39 Rissoinine, 4, 5 Setia, 1, 4 Skenea, 1, 2, 4 Skeneina, 4, 5, 39 Somatogyra, 23 Somatogyrus, 1, 4, 9, 12, 20, 21, 23, 25, 28,39, 51, 55 Somatogyrus depressus, 21, 22, 23, 52 isogonus, 22, 23, 25, 56 Spherium, 48 Stenothyra, 2, 4, 38, 40, 46, 55, 56 Stenothyra deltz, 40 Subulina, 44 Succinea avara, 30 ovalis, 30 Tomichia, 2, 29, 36, 37 Tricula, 2, 4, 38, 41, 55 Tricula montana, 41 Truncatella, 2, 8,33 — Truncatella littorina, 18 _ Truncatellidex, 2, 37 Tryonia, 4, 38, 48, 55 Tryonia clathrata, 48 INDEX. 59 Turbo minutus, 42 thermalis, 17 ulvae, 6, 43 ventrosus, 42 Uca, 30 Valvata pupoidea, 17 Valvatidx, 2,17 Viviparide, 2, 9, 13, 32 Viviparus, 1, 6, 7, 10, 23, 35 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS. 1450 ee ee MONOGRAPH OF AMERICAN CORBICULADA. (RECENT AND FOSSIL.) PREPARED FOR THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. BY TEMPLE PRIME. WASHINGTON: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, DECEMBER, 1865. | je mond OO ee ae eee PREFACE, In the present Monocrapu or AMERICAN CoRBICULADA, pre- pared at the request of the Smithsonian Institution, it is proposed to show the present state of our knowledge of the species, both recent and fossil, which inhabit North and South America. It contains descriptions of all the genera of the family, whether represented on this continent or not, descriptions of the species found in North and South America, notices of their geographical range, references to the collections in which authentic types of many of the species are known to exist, and comparisons of the different species with others of the same genus, indigenous and foreign. I have been able to identify to my entire satisfaction very nearly all the species described as from America, and the instances in which I have not been successful, are duly noted in the text accompanying the description of the species. I am aware of the fact that some of the genera adopted in these pages, based chiefly upon characters drawn from the shell alone, ought not to be retained with their present limits; nevertheless our knowledge of the soft parts of the species of this family is still so very imperfect that no other course is open to me but to preserve for the present the genera as I find them, however de- fective they may actually be. It will soon be necessary, in order to keep pace with other departments of natural history, to introduce some modifications in the limits of the genera of the Corbiculadz, but no really satis- factory or permanent result will be attained until a careful exami- nation of the soft parts shall have been made. I am at present engaged upon a new arrangement of the genera of the Corbiculadx, based upon characters drawn from the soft parts and from the shell, and in order to call attention to this ( iii ) 1V PREFACE. subject, and to have it examined into by those conversant with it, I give a general outline of some of the changes which I think, in the present state of our knowledge of this family, might be made with advantage. , In the first place I propose to separate the American recent species of the genus Corbicula from the species of this genus in- habiting other regions, for the reason that in the American species the palleal impression is terminated in a sinus, whereas in the foreign species it is simple. This is a character derived from the soft parts, though the knowledge of it is conveyed to us by an examination of the shell. The same distinctions exist between the American recent species of the genus Cyrena and the foreign species of that genus; it may, therefore, likewise be advisable to constitute a separate genus for the American recent species of Cyrena. In connection with this subject I may mention that three fossil species of Corbicula from the Paris basin, which I have had under examination, the Corbicula cuneiformis, antiqua and for- besti, have the palleal impression terminated in a sinus as in the American species. It may be necessary to remove these species from the old genus Corbicula and place them in the genus pro- posed for the American recent species of Corbicula. The genus Sphaertum would I think be benefited by being divided into four genera, as follows :— 1. Shell solid, strie deep, beaks rounded; example, Sph. sulcatum; ~ Sph. solidum of Europe. 2. Shell somewhat solid, strie light, beaks rounded; example, Sph. rhomboideum ; Sph. corneum of Europe. 3. Shell delicate and pellucid, striz not perceptible, beaks calyculate ; example, Sph. partumeium; Sph. lacustre of Europe. 4. Shell very small, delicate, transverse, strie very light, beaks calycu- late; example, Sph. bahiense; Sph. africanum of South Africa. These last proposed genera are based upon characters drawn from the shell alone; an examination of the soft parts of the first three proposed subdivisions is however now being made by my friend, Mr. Edward S. Morse, of Gorham, Maine. With regard to the fourth proposed subdivision, which I am very confident ought to constitute a separate genus, I regret to be obliged to state, that as yet, all my efforts to obtain alecholic specimens of any of the species have been unsuccessful. The shell of the species of this PREFACE. V group differs very materially from those of the first three, both in size and in shape. The species of this fourth group have hitherto been referred to the type species, the Sph. bahiense, or described as species of Pisidium; they are very widely and abundantly distributed through Central and South America and the West Indies, where they take the place of the species of the three first groups, none of which are found in those regions; one species inhabits South Africa. It is very desirable that the soft parts of the species of this group should be submitted to exami- nation, and I beg to recommend myself to the good offices of naturalists collecting in the southern portion of this continent. I take this opportunity to acknowledge my indebtedness to our late Mr. Cuming, of London, for his unprecedented liberality in allowing all the specimens of Corbiculade of his cabinet to cross the ocean for my inspection, affording me thereby the only possible means of identifying many of the species described in Europe from this country. My thanks are also due to Mon- sieur Deshayes, of Paris, for specimens of many of the species of Corbiculade from the Paris basin, by means of which I was enabled to compare the American species with the fossil ones of Europe. I am further under obligations to Mr. Hanley, of London, for having determined for me a species described by him from Central America ; to Mr. Edward 8. Morse for the able and faithful manner with which he has executed the drawings on wood inserted in the text of the monograph; to my correspondents abroad for the material which they have furnished me for insti- tuting comparisons, and to my American correspondents for the assistance they have afforded me in determining the geographical range of the Corbiculadx of America, by sending me specimens from all parts of the country. It is scarcely necessary to add that I have had the full use of all the specimens of the Smithsonian Institution. TEMPLE PRIME. Hontinerton, L. I., N. Y., December, 1865. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Preface . 5 5 ae ; ; A ; 5 ; sO Systematic list of species . - " . : 5 z 6 ah: CorBICULADE a . ; 5 : C . . . ak CoRBICULA . c . 5 ; 3 6 f . A 2 2 Recent species . ; cC c . : : 3 Fossil species . : : ° * . ° . ° a. 9's BatTIssa ; 3 ; ; 5 A ‘. 7 5 ' ae oO VELORITA . : 3 s ‘ 3 . ; f ; ; eo CYRENA ‘ 3 j ; é 3 : : ‘ 3 5 « AZ Cyrena . 2 : : : : : : ; . 3 12 Anomalous species . . . - greet WENGE : n AQT SPHzZRIUM . ° : eee. . : . ; . . - 32 Recent species . 6 . . c : : 5 . - 30 Fossil species . ae) ks : ° $ : 6 . - 58 Pisipium ‘ a6 : 3 5 x 3 : 5 . =) Dg) Recent species . : ‘s 3 ; ¢ : : : OL: Fossil species . 4 : : . ° ° ° : sais Perperciccuetimic ces a! wey i Fo! ahs Orc tin SAAC TG Alphabetical index . : ; c : . ° . : at cide (vii) SYSTEMATIC INDEX. CORBICULAD &. il Corbicula, MEGERLE. 2 1. Corbicula convexa, Desh. 3 2. Corbicula paranensis, Desh. 3 3. Corbicula obsoleta, Desh. 4 4. Corbicula rotunda, Prime. 4 5. Corbicula limosa, Desh. 5 6. Corbicula cuneata, Desh. 6 7. Corbicula brasiliana, Desh. 7 8. Corbicula perplexa, Prime. 75 9. Corbicula truncata, Prime. 7 10. Corbicula moreauensis, M. & H. 7 11. Corbicula nebrascensis, M. g H. 8 12. Corbicula occidentalis, M. & H. 8 13. Corbicula cytheriformis, M. & H. 9 Cyrena, LAMARcK. at 14. Cyrena caroliniensis, Lam. 12 15. Cyrena sordida, Han. 13 16. Cyrena radiata, Han. 13 ie 18. 19: 20. 21. 22. 23. Cyrena solida, Phil. 14 Cyrena triangula, Busch. 14 Cyrena obscura, Prime. 15 Cyrena insignis, Desh. 15 Cyrena arctata, Desh. 16 Cyrena fortis, Prime. avi 17 Cyrena olivacea, Cpr. 24. 25. wwwwww wre bs ea ice! RON =n SOOO 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44, 45. 46. AT. 48. 49. | 50. 51. PAGE Cyrena regalis, Prime. 18 Cyrena meridionalis, Prime. 19 . Cyrena ordinaria, Prime. 19 . Cyrena nitidula, Desh. 20 . Cyrena placens, Han. 20 . Cyrena fontaineii, Orb. 21 . Cyrena acuta, Prime. 21 . Cyrena mexicana, Sow. 22 . Cyrena californica, Prime. 23 . Cyrena panamensis, Prime. 24 . Cyrena recluzii, Prime. 24 . Cyrena cumingii, Desh. 25 . Cyrena isocardioides, Desh. 25 Cyrena tumida, Prime. 26 Cyrena pullastra, Mérch. 26 Cyrena inflata, Phil. 26 Cyrena boliviana, Prk. 20 Cyrena maritima, Ad. 27 Cyrena notabilis, Desh. 28 Cyrena floridana, Conr. 28 Cyrena cubensis, Prime. 29 Cyrena salmacida, Mri. 29 Cyrena colorata, Prime. 30 Cyrena anomala, Desh. 30 Cyrena densata, Conr. 31 Cyrena dakotensis, 1. § H. 31 Spherium, Scopout. 32 Spherium sulcatum, Lam. 33 Spherium aureum, Prime. 35 (ix ) 66. 67. . Spherium fabalis, Prime. . Spherium occidentale, . Spherium nobile, Gould. . Spherium patella, Gould. 42 . Sphzerium vermontanum, SYSTEMATIC INDEX. . Spherium triangulare, Say. 36 | . Spheerium striatinum, Lam. 37 . Spherium stamineum, Conr. 38 | }. Spherium rhomboideum, Say. 39 Spherium dentatum, //ald. 40 40 Prime. 41 41 Prime. 42 . Spherium emarginatum, Prime. 43 . Spherium flavum, Prime. 43 - Spherium tumidum, Saird. 43 Spherium spokani, Baird. 44 Spherium elevatum, Haid. 44 - Spherium partumeium, Say. 45 . Spherium jayanum, Prime.46 . Sphzrium tenue, Prime. 47 Spheerium transversum, Say. 48 - Spherium contractum, Prime. 48 73. Spherium securis, Prime. 49 74. Spherium rosaceum, /’rime. 50 - Spherium sphericum, Anth. 50 - Spherium truncatum, Lins. 51 - Spherium lenticula, Gould. 51 - Spherium subtransversum, Prime. 52 80. 81. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. (101. 102. 103. | 104, PAGE - Spherium argentinum, Or). 52 Sphezriumbabhiense, Spiz. 53 Spherium barbadense, Prime? 53 . Spherium modioliforme, Ant. 54 Spherium meridionale, Prime. 55 Spherium maculatum, J/r/. 55 Spherium veatleyii, Ad. 56 Spherium portoricense, Prime. 56 Spherium parvulum, Prime. 57 Spherium viridante, Mrl. 57 Spherium cubense, Prime. 58 Spherium recticardinale, M. § HH) 58 Spherium planum, J/. §- H. 58 Spherium formosum, M. §& H. 59 Spherium subellipticum, M. § H. 59 Pisidium, Preirrer. 59 Pisidium virginicum, Lourg. 61 Pisidium adamsi, Prime. 63 Pisidium equilaterale, Prime. 63 Pisidium compressum, Prime. 64 Pisidium variabile, Prime. 66 Pisidium nov-eboracense, Prime. 67 Pisidium abditum, Hu/d. 68 Pisidium simile, Prime. 69 Pisidium chilense, Desh. 69 Pisidium jamaicense, Prime. 70 Pisidium pulchellum, Desh. 70 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. xi PAGE | PAGE 105. Pisidium ferrugineum, (109. Pisidium ultramontanum, Prime. 71 Prime. 75 106. Pisidium ventricosum, 110. Pisidium consanguineum, Prime. 72 Prime. 76 107. Pisidium rotundatum, 111. Pisidium contortum, Prime. Prime. 72 73 108. Pisidium occidentale, Ne. 73 MONOGRAPH OF AMERICAN CORBICULAD A. Famity CORBICULAD:.* Les conques (ex parte), LAMARCK, 1809.— Cycladées, RaFiNESQUE, 1815.— Les conques fluviatiles, LAMARCK, 1818.—Veneriade, Gray, 1818.— Cycladia, Rarinesque, 1818.—Les Cyclades, Frrussac, 1822.— Cycla- dine, LATREILLE, 1825. — Cycladx, FLEMING, 1828. —Cycladea, DE- sHAYES, 1830.—Cyrenide, Gray, 1840.— Cycladacea, Hinps, 1844.— Cyclaside, D’Ors., 1846.— Corbiculadz, Gray, 1847. Animal regular, mantle with the lobes free in front and at the base, ending in two short syphons united at their base and sometimes to the extremity; foot triangular, compressed, tongiie shaped or cylindrical; tentacles of the mouth small, triangular, pointed; gills broad, unequal, united behind. Shell regular, oval or subtrigonal, covered with an epi- dermis; hinge with two or three teeth in each valve; lateral teeth two, simple or striated; palleal impression simple or with a short sinus; ligament external. The Corbiculade are divided into the following six genera : — A. Cardinal teeth 3, 3, anterior of right and posterior of left valve smallest. Shell solid. 1. Corbicula, MEGERLE, 1811.—Shell subcordate; lateral téeth com- pressed, subequal, finely striated. 2. Batissa, GRAY, 1852.—Shell subcordate ; lateral teeth compress- ed, anterior very short, posterior elongate. 3. Velorita, Gray, 1834.—Shell cordate, triangular, thick, teeth large, lateral very finely striated, anterior very large, regular, hinder elongate, compressed. 4, Cyrena, LAMARCK, 1818. Shell subcordate ; lateral teeth smooth, front roundish, hinder rather compressed. ! Proc. Zool. Soc. XV, 1847, 184. 2 AMERICAN CORBICULADA. B. Cardinal teeth 2, 2, moderately diverging, front of right valve and hinder of left valve smaller; lateral teetl: elongate, compressed, smooth ; of right valve double, of left valve simple. Shell thin. 5. Spherium, Scopvout, 1777, — Shell oblong, cordate, equilateral ; syphon of animal Separate, diverging at the tip. 6. Pisidium, Privrer, 1821.—Shell ovate, wedge-shaped, inequi- lateral, truncated behind ; Syphous of animal short, united to the end. CORBICULA, Mecerte.! Tellina, Miuusr, 1774.— Venus, CHEMN. 1782.— Cyclas, Bruce. 1792.— Corbicula, MEGERLE, 181].—Cyrena, Laux. 1818.— Venulites, Scax. 1820. Animal.— Mantle, lobes free on the lower edge and in front, united behind ; edge simple, with a series of short conical beards Just within the margin; syphons two, very short, separate, con- tractile ; apertures fringed with short crowded conical beards ; foot compressed, subquadrate, rather produced in front; body swollen; abductor muscles large, anterior oblong, the hinder round, subtrigonal. “Labial tentacles 2 pair, large, broad, trigonal, equal ; gills oblong, inner pair large, the outer about half the depth ‘of the inner.”—Gray, MSS. Shell oval or trigonal, subequilateral, heart-shaped ;_ three diverging cardinal teeth in each valve; two lateral teeth com- pressed, narrow, very finely striated ; beaks generally broad and not much raised ; muscular impressions small, round, or elliptical ; palleal impression variable, This genus was instituted by Megerle' for a certain group of fresh-water bivalves, placed by Miiller among the Tellina, and represented by the Tellina fluminalis, Jluviatilis, and fluminea. The Corbicula differ from the Cyrena proper, in having the lateral teeth very much elongated, narrow, both of nearly the same size, and very finely striated. The species of this genus are trigonal, and are, with the exception of Corbicula woodiana, as compared to the Cyrena, always small. The animal is similar to that of Cyrena. ' Berliner Mag. V, 1811, 56. CORBICULA. 3 This genus has of late years been very generally adopted by European conchologists. We do not find any living representa- tive of this genus on the northern portion of this continent, the most northern extremity to which it extends being Mazatlan. As yet we know of no species from the West Indies, either living or fossil; in South America, on the contrary, they seem to exist in considerable abundance. A peculiarity of the Corbicula found in America, which they share with our Cyrena, lies in the fact that the palleal impression always terminates in a sinus, whereas in the species from other regions it is simple. 1. Corbicula convexa, Dresnayes.—Shell orbicular, heart-shaped, inequilateral, solid ; the anterior side the shorter; beaks tumid, rounded, opposite; lunula indistinct, ligament short, prominent; valves convex, the interior white; epidermis light-green ; strie irregular, delicate; three unequal cardinal teeth, the central bifid; lateral teeth nearly equal, narrow, delicately striated, palleal impres- sion terminating ina small trigonal sinus. Long. .72; Lat. .66; Diam. .50 inch. ai ace O ies ce 13 mill. C. convexa. ‘Hab. North America, at Mazatlan, in Mexico. (Cabinets of Cuming and Prime.) Corbicula convexa, DesHaves, Proc. Zool. Soc. XXII, 1854, 342. Corbicula ventricosa, PRmE in litt. I have never seen the original C. convexa, but have very little doubt from the description Mr. Deshayes gives of that species, that the shell in my cabinet, which I called C. ventricosa, is identical with it. This species is easily distinguished by its globular shape, which renders it very different from all others; externally it is somewhat similar to the young of Cyrena mexicana. 2. Corbicula paramenmsis, Desaayes.—Shell small, rounded-oval, somewhat inflated, inequilateral ; anterior side short, rounded, posterior side somewhat abrupt ; beaks small, inclined towards Fig. 2. the anterior; valves full, strong, interior white; strie very Ey light, hardly visible; epidermis light-green; hinge-margin = rounded, thick; three cardinal teeth, unequal, divergent ; lateral teeth nearly equal, the anterior one a little arched, finely striated ; palleal impression terminating in a small sinus. C. para- nensis. 4 AMERICAN CORBICULAD, Long. .4; Lat. .34; Diam. .25 inch. oe ek} nc i ae 6 mill. Hab. South America, in the Parana River. (Cabinets of the British Museum, Smithsonian Institution, and Prime.) Cyrena paranacensis, D’OrB. Mag. de Zool. V, 1835, 44. Cyclas paranensis, D’OrB. Voy. Amer. 1846, 567, pl. 83, f. 23—25. Corbicula paranensis, DesHayes, Brit. Mus. Bivalves, 1854, 231. This small rounded species is somewhat similar in outline to some inflated species of Spherium. It is remarkably robust for its size, and I know of no species of the same genus to which it has any very near affinity. Compared with C. convexa, it is very much smaller, less inflated, and proportionately more solid. 3. Corbicula obsoleta, DrsHaves.—Shell oval, trigonal, oblique, inflated, inequilateral, proportionately solid; anterior side broad, short, obtuse; posterior side subangular ; beaks prominent, oblique ; valves rather heavy ; interior bright violet ; epidermis olive-green, varying in shade in places ; strie heavy and irregular; hinge-margin nar- row, three cardinal teeth, small, nearly parallel to each other; lateral teeth narrow, equal, the anterior tooth a little curved. C. obsoleta. Long. .70; Lat. .65 inch. ; sf LSisjo06f slG sil; Hab. South America, in Uruguay. (Cabinet of Cuming.) Corbicula obsoleta, DresHAyYES, Proc. Zool. XXII, 1854, 345.—Il. Conch. IX, 1861, pl. 2, f. 4. In outline this species offers some similarity with C. rotunda, it is however larger and more solid. Compared with C. con- vexa it is more oblique and less inflated. The only specimen I have seen of this species is the one in the collection of Mr. Cuming, which he kindly lent me for examina- tion, 4. Corbicula rotumda, Prime.—Shell rounded-oval, somewhat trigonal, moderately inflated, nearly equilateral; anterior side a little the narrower, sloping from the beaks, rounded, posterior side shorter, some- what abrupt; beaks small, raised, inclined towards the anterior; valves rather higher than they are broad; strie coarse; hinge thick, three un- equal cardinal teeth; lateral teeth nearly equal, finely striated, the an- terior curved. CORBICULA. 5 Long. .37; Lat. .37; Diam. .25 inch. “ 10; « 10; “ 7 mill. Hab. South America, in the Surinam River, Guyana. (Cabinets of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and Prime.) Corbicula rotunda, Prez, Pr. Acad. Nat. Sc. Ph. 1860, 80. The only specimens I have seen of this species, those in Phila- delphia and those in my own collection, are so worn that it is not possible to form any correct idea of the color of the epidermis, nor of the interior markings. Compared with C. paranensis it is more trigonal, longer from the beaks to the basal margin, trans- versely less broad and more inflated. It differs from C. convewa in being smaller, less rounded, higher and less intiated. ; 5. Corbicula Limosa, Desnayes.—Shell transverse, ovate-ellipti- eal, inequilateral, compressed, somewhat tumid, com- paratively solid, anterior side. narrower, posterior Fig. 4. shorter, subtruncated ; strie irregular; epidermis greenish; valves rather strong, inside white or of a deep violet ; beaks tumid, inclined towards the inte- rior; hinge-margin broad, with three unequal teeth; cardinal teeth diverging, the principal ones bifur- cated; lateral teeth nearly equal in length, narrow, Caine serrulated ; palleal impression terminating posteriorly in a small trigonal sinus. Long. .87; Lat. .68; Diam. .50 inch. CDNA pee iene) ee Teles ae 13 mill. Hab. South America, in the rivers of Eastern Uruguay. (Cabinets of the British Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Cuming and Prime.) Tellina limosa, Maton, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, X, 1809, 325, pl. 24, f. 8-10. Cyrena limosa, Gray, Ann. Ph. n. ser., IX, 1825, 137. Cyrena variegata, D’Orsieny, Guer. Mag. V, 1835, 44. Cyclas variegata, D’ORBIGNY, Voy. Amer., 1846, 567, pl. 82, f. 14-16. Cyclas limosa, D’Orsieny (error), loc. sub. cit. 1846, pl. $2, f. 14-16. Corbicula semisulcata, Desnayes, Proc. Zool. XXII, 1854, 343. Corbicula limosa, Desuayes, Biv. Brit. Mus. 1854, 231. This well-marked species varies much in general appearance ; some specimens are beautifully marked with light brown rays run- ning from the beaks towards the basal margin, others do not ex- hibit these markings. The epidermis of the young shell is very 6 AMERICAN CORBICULADA. smooth, at times glossy. The interior of the valves is either white or deep violet. Found not unfrequently. J have never seen an original specimen of the Vellina limosa, but have no doubt, from an examination of the description given of it and of its figure, that it is the Cyrena variegata, D’Orb. With regard to the Corbicula semisulcata, Desh., with the habitat New Holland, of which I have received authentic specimens from Mr. Cuming, I can find no difference between it and the species under examination. I am convinced that the habitat assigned to the Corb. semisulcata is incorrect, from the fact that it has a sinus, a peculiarity confined to the Corbiculade of this continent. This species is distinct from all other American ones of the genus in its elliptical and compressed shape. 6. Corbicula cuneata, Desnayes.—Shell trigonal, very inequila- teral, cuneiform, anterior side short, sloping, rounded ; Fig. 5. posterior side longer, subangular, inferior margin slightly rounded ; beaks tumid, opposite, inclined to- wards the anterior, often eroded; valves solid, inte- rior orange, pink or violet; striz regular though deep; epidermis dark blackish or brownish-green, glossy ; hinge-margin thick, three strong cardinal teeth; late- ral teeth lightly striated, anterior curved, a little the. shorter ; palleal impression terminating in a small narrow sinus. Long. .78; Lat. .68; Diam. .50 inch. seo 0 oe ee se 13 mill. Hab. South America, in the Orinoco River. (Cabinets of Jonas, Cu- ming, Smithsonian Institution, Jay and Prime.) Cyrena cuneata, Jonas, Zeit. Malak. 1814, 186.—Phil. Abb. IT, 1846, 5 pl. 1 tn6: Cyrena globulus, Jonas, in litter. Corbicula inerassata, DesHayes, Proc. Zool. XXII, 1854, 342. Corbicula cuneata, Desuayes, Biv. Brit. Mus. 1854, 231. This is a remarkably well characterized species not likely to be confounded with any other, the outline recalling somewhat that of the Cyrena antiqua of the Basin of Paris. I know of no recent species to which it is at all allied. I have not seen any original specimen of the Cyrena cuneata, Jonas, but judging from the description and figure given of it in Philippi, I have no doubt that the specimens from which this de- CORBICULA. 7 scription was prepared, authentic Corb. incrassata, Desh., ob- tained from Mr. Cuming, from whose collection Mr. Deshayes described this species, are identical with it. 7. Corbicula brasiliama, Desuaves.—C. testa trigona, subtrans- versa, tumidula, inequilaterali, tenue et regulariter transversim striata, epidermide viridi nitente vestita; umbonibus minimis, prominulis, oppo- sitis ; latere antico paulo breviori, superné rectilineo, declivi, postico pa- rumper attenuato, rotundato ; cardine angusto tridentato, altero bidentato, dentibus minimis divergentibus, lateralibus elongatis, angustis, sub lente exilime striatis ; sinu pallii parvulo triangulari, apice acutissimo. Hab. South America, at Para, in Brazil. (Cabinet of the British Mu- seum.) Corbicula brasiliana, DEsHayes, Biv. Brit. Mus. 1854, 232. I have not seen any specimens of this species. FossiL SPECIEs. S. Corbicula trumcata, Prime.—C. testa cordata, inequilatera, oblique truncata ; sulcis tramsversis, latere antico angulato. Long. .25 mill. Hab. North America; (in the State of New York?). (Cabinets of the Garden of Plants in Paris and of Valenciennes.) , Cyrena truncata LAMARCK, Anim. s. vert. V, 1818, 553. I have never seen this species, which I am inclined to believe does not come from New York, but more probably from some of the Southern States. Mr. Deshayes says in the Encyclopédie Méthodique, that it bears such a close resemblance to Cyrena cuneiformis, that some of the valves of the two species actually fitted into each other. 9. Corbicula moreauensis, Meex and Haypexy.—“ Shell ovate, nearly elliptical, compressed, extremities rounded ; anterior end narrower than the posterior, base semi-ovate, most prominent behind the middle ; beaks not much elevated, placed a little in advance of the centre ; surface marked with fine distinct lines of growth; cardinal edge rather thick, and having under the beaks three diverging central teeth in each valve, the anterior of which is the smallest; lateral teeth two (in the left valve) long, parallel to the cardinal edge, and fitting into corresponding grooves in the other valve; muscular impressions deep.” Long. 0.90; Lat. 0.66; Diam. 0.36 inch. _ Hab. North America, near Moreau River, Nebraska. Tertiary forma- tion. (Cabinet of the smithsonian Institution.) 8 AMERICAN CORBICULAD. Cyrena moreauensis, M. & H. Proc. Ac. N. S. Phil. 1856, 115. Corbicula moreauensis, M. & H. Id. Oct. 1860, 432. “Each of the cardinal teeth has, in its upper end, a small notch which is occupied, when the valves are closed, by a small projec- tion between the teeth of the other valve. The anterior lateral tooth appears to be larger and approaches the central teeth more nearly than the posterior. Our specimens are generally more or "less worn, and thickly coated with firmly adhering sand. Found in a sand-bed, near Moreau River, associated with bones of Ti- tanotherium ? Probably a distant outlier of the White River bone beds.”—M. & H. 10. Corbicula nebrascemsis, MEEK and Haypen.—‘ Shell oval- ovate, compressed, rather thin; extremities rounded ; base semi-elliptical ; beaks moderately elevated, not gibbous, placed nearly half way from the middle to the anterior end; surface marked with fine lines of growth, oc- casionally rising into obscure concentric wrinkles; edge of the cardinal border thin; cardinal teeth close under the beaks, posterior one very oblique.” Long. 0.76; Lat. 0.68; Diam. 0.22 inch. Hab. North America, near Moreau River, Nebraska. Tertiary forma- tion. (Cabinet of Smithsonian Institution.) Cyrena intermedia, M, & H. (preoc.), Proc. Ac. N. S. Phil. 1856, 116 (not C. intermedia, Melville, 1843). Corbicula nebrascensis, M. & H. Proc. Acad. Oct. 1860, 432. “This species approaches some varieties of C. pisum, but is more inequilateral, the posterior end being comparatively longer, the beaks are also less elevated. From the C. moreauensis it will be distinguished by its shorter and more rounded form, more elevated beaks, and much thinner cardinal edge.”—M. & H. 11. Corbicula occidentalis, Merx and Haypen.—‘ Shell sub- triangular, very thick, rather ventricose; anterior end and base rounded, posterior end sloping abruptly from the beaks, and ventrically subtrun- cate at the extremity; beaks located a little in advance of the middle, and elevated, pointed, incurved and approximate; surface marked with strong lines of growth.” Long. 1; Lat. 1; Diam. 0.71 inch. Hab. North America, at the Bad Lands of the Judith, Nebraska. Ter- tiary formation. (Cabinet of the Smithsonian Institution.) Cyrena occidentalis, M. & H. Proc. Ac. N. S. Phil. 1856, 116. Corbicula occidentalis, M. & H. Id. Oct. 1860, 432. BATISSA. 9 “Appears to be intermediate between C. cordata of Morris and C. antiqua, both of which are Eocene species. From the first it differs in being relatively higher ; its posterior end is also shorter, and more distinctly subtruncate. From the latter it differs in being less elevated, not so concave in front of the beaks, nor so regularly arcuate on the posterior slope from the beaks to the base. In front it presents the same symmetrical cordate outline common to both these species." —M. & H. 12. Corbicula cytheriformis, Merk and Haypren.—“ Shell broad, trigonal, ovate, varying to subcircular, rather thick and strong ; ex- tremities more or less rounded, base semi-ovate, usually more promineut before than behind the middle; dorsal outline sloping from the beaks, the anterior slope being more abrupt than the other and slightly concave, while the posterior is convex; beaks rather elevated, moderately gibbous, located in advance of the middle; surface marked by fine lines of growth, which sometimes show a very slight tendency to gather into small irregu- lar concentric wrinkles.” Hab. North America, near the mouth of the Judith River, Nebraska. Tertiary formation. (Cabinet of Smithsonian Institution.) Corbicula cytheriformis, M. & H. Proc. Ac. N. S. Phil. 1861, 176. BATISSA, Gnay.! Cyprina, Cyclas, Brug. 1792.—Cyrena, Lamarck, 1818.—Venus, Gray.—Batissa, Gray, 1852. Animal oval, transverse; the lobes of the mantle simple or fringed, united posteriorly ; two short syphonal tubes united at their base; foot compressed, oval, trigonal; mouth transverse, tentacles elongate, oval, trigonal, free; gills unequal, the inner ones larger subquadrangular, outer ones subtrigonal. Shell oval, rounded or subtrigonal, thick, solid, hinge broad, three unequal, divergent cardinal teeth in each valve, the posterior tooth longest and narrowest ; lateral teeth unequal, double in the right valve, narrow elongated, striated, anterior tooth shorter ; ligament large, prominent, thick subcylindrical ; muscular impres- sions large, lunular or circular; palleal impression simple. 1 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., n. ser., IX, 1852, 34. 10 AMERICAN CORBICULAD. The genus Batissa was established in 1852, by Mr. Gray, for a class of shells heretofore included under the genus Cyrena, and represented by the Cyrena violacea. ‘The principal differences between the Cyrena proper and the Batissa are the following: the Batissa have compressed serrulated lateral teeth, the ligament is very large, rounded and prominent, the epidermis is dark and the palleal impression always simple. The hinge of the Batissa offers some analogy to that of the Corbicula, but is different in’ so far, that the anterior lateral tooth in Batissa is always short and much smaller than the posterior tooth. The animal, according to Mr. Gray,’is similar to that of Cyrena. The species of Batissa, very limited in number, are confined in their geographical distribution to the countries and islands of the Indian Ocean. I am not aware that as yet any have been found in a fossil state. This new genus does not seem to have been received with much favor by conchologists, and more especially by those of the conti- nent. Mr. Deshayes adopted it in 1854,? in describing some new shells from the Cuming Collection, but since then? he has changed his views on the subject. I was the first to bring it into notice in this country.* (This genus is not represented on this continent.) VELORITA, Gray. Cyrena, Gray, 1825.— Venus, Gray, 1828.—Velorita, Gray, 1834. Animal not observed. Shell trigonal, higher than broad, heart-shaped, thick, inflated, posteriorly angular; hinge broad, thick, three unequal cardinal teeth, compressed, a little oblique, anterior tooth in the right valve very short, posterior tooth in the left valve obsolete ; lateral teeth very unequal, anterior tooth thick, short, transverse, very close to the hinge, posterior tooth elongate, lightly striated, re- mote from the hinge; muscular impressions rounded, equal; pal- | Bivalves of the Brit. Mus. 1854, 234. 2 Proc. Zool. XXII, 1854, 13. 3 An. sans vert. basin de Paris, I, 1860, 484. 4 Ann. N, Y. Lyceum, Nat. Hist. VII, 1860, 112. 5 Griffith’s Cuvier, 1834, pl. 31, f. v. VELORITA—CYRENA. 11 leal impression ending in a very short sinus; ligament short, narrow. This genus was established by Mr. Gray for a shell which he had previously described under the name of Cyrena ; it differs very materially from the other genera of the family in its exterior shape and in the peculiar formation of the hinge. The valves are very thick, oblong, the beaks heart-shaped, and the lunula is very dis- tinct and convex in the centre. The hinge is broad, it has three cardinal teeth, all inclined obliquely towards the posterior side, the anterior lateral tooth is very thick, prominent, and is placed very close to and at a right angle with the anterior cardinal tooth, the posterior lateral tooth is long, somewhat narrow, and to a cer- tain extent similar to that of Corbicula. We know of but one species of Velorita, a recent one from Japan, the V. cyprinoides. Mr. Deshayes, who does not admit the validity of this genus, has discovered in the Basin of Paris certain forms of Cyrena, which would seem to establish a connecting link between Velorita and Cyrena. (This genus is not represented on this continent. ) CWYREWA, LaAmarck.! Venus, Coemn. 1769.—Cyclas, Brug. 1792.—Cyrena, Lam. 1818.— Cyanocyclas, Fer. 1818.— Polymesoda, Rar. 1820. — Mactra, Bronet. 1823.—Geloina, Gray, 1844. Animal oval, transverse; mantle lobes free on the lower edge and in front, united behind into two short syphons; foot large, compressed, ovate, trigonal; tentacles elongate, ovate, trigonal ; gills unequal, the internal ones subquadrangular, the external ones smaller, subtrigonal. Shell oval or subtrigonal, thick, solid; three cardinal teeth in each valve. somewhat divergent; two lateral teeth, unequal, the anterior one situated nearer the cardinal teeth ; palleal impression variable. The genus Cyrena, as originally constituted by Lamarck, was 1 Lamarck, Anim. s. vert., V, 1818, 551. 1, AMERICAN CORBICULADZ. made to include several genera which have since been diverted from it—Corbicula, Batissa and Velorita. 'The genus, as now most generally received, embraces only the species of Cyrena with simple lateral teeth. Cyrena in a living state are found in all tropical countries. The genus is represented at the present time in North America but by one species; in Central and in South America the species are numerous and bountifully distributed. I am not aware that, out- side of America, any of the so-called Marine Cyrena have been found. A peculiarity of the Cyrena of this continent lies in the fact that the palleal impression is always terminated in a sinus, whereas in those from other parts of the world it is simple. a. CYRENZE proper. 1. Cyrema caroliniemsis, Lamarcx.—Shell orbicular-trigonal, inequilateral ; margins generally round- ed; beaks obtuse, oblique, often eroded ; strie very fine; epidermis rough, of a grayish olive-green ; valves moderately full, not heavy ; interior white in adult, pale bluish in young, occasionally with markings of light violet on the margins and on the hinge; hinge-margin nar- row ; cardinal teeth small; lateral teeth short, obtuse ; sinus very narrow, acute at extremity. Long. 1.44; Lat. 1.16; Diam. .94 inch. ce 38 se ae oor 66 25) mille C. caroliniensis. Hab. North America, in the States of Alabama and Georgia. (Cabinets of the British Musepm, Smithsonian Institution, Cuming, Jay, Prime and others. ) Cyclas caroliniensis, Bosc, Fer. Cat. Méth. 1807. Cyclas caroliniana, Bosc, III, 37, pl. xxiii, f. 4. Cyrena caroliniensis, Lam. An. s. vert. V, 1818, 558.—Say, pl. 52. This, our most common species of Cyrena, is not very liable to be confounded with any other; in exterior it bears some resem- blance to C. mexicana, it differs, however, in being larger, more trigonal, the beaks are less prominent and the sinus is nar- rower and more acute. The young shell is less elongated trans- versely and more quadrangular than the adult. CYRENA. 13 2. Cyrema sordida, Haniey.—C. testa suborbiculari, crassa, sub- inaequilaterali, ventricosa aut tumida; epidermide olivaceo-fucescente et marginem ventralem convexum versus, luteo-virescente, concentrice rugu- losa ; margine dorsali postico, convexiusculo, declivi; natibus erosis, satis prominentibus ; ligamento subinfosso; lunula nulla; superficie interne albida ; dentibus lateralibus brevibus obtusis, antico magis approximato. Long. 1.60; Lat. 1.50 inches. Hab. Central America. (Cabinet of Hanley.) Cyrena sordida, Hanuxry, Proc. Zool. XII, 1844, 159.—Index Test. Suppl. pl. xiv, f. 51. I have not been able to identify this species. “The link be- tween C. caroliniensis and C. radiata, uniting the interior and membranaceous wrinkles of the former to the general outline of the latter.” — Hanley. 3. Cyrema radiata, Hantry.—Shell rounded, somewhat oblique, heart-shaped, thick, solid, inegquila- teral, tumid, anterior side broad, rounded, posterior somewhat more extended, abrupt at extremity; beaks small, acute, approximate at apex, entire; striz regular, epider- mis light olive-green, shiny ; interior of the valves violet; hinge-margin very much curved, thick; cardinal teeth unequal, divergent, the poste- rior teeth bifid at summit; lateral teeth unequal, the anterior tooth ap- proximate, the posterior tooth elon- gated ; sinus broad at mouth, acute at extremity, very short. Long. 1.40; Lat. 1.20, Diam. 1.00inch. i Ce, eae) Oe ee 28 mill. Hab. In Central America, at Realejo, Nicaragua. . (Cabinets of Hanley, the British Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Sowerby, Jay and Prime.) * Cyrena radiata, Haney, Proc. Zool. XII, 1844, 159. The specimens from which this description was prepared were identified for me by the author himself. In some cases the epider- mis of this species shows rays of a darker hue running from the beaks to the basal margin, this feature is, however, rather the ex- ception than the rule. Compared with @. arctata, to which it 14 AMERICAN CORBICULADA. bears great resemblance in outline, it is very much less full, trans- versely broader, and the epidermis is not so dark; it is very closely allied to C. solida. Found not unfrequently. 4. Cyrena solida, Parrri1.—Shell rounded, somewhat oblique, heart-shaped, thick, solid, inequilateral, very much inflated ; anterior side rounded, posterior abrupt at extremity ; beaks small, acute, curved inwards, appproximate at apex, entire ; strie regular, coarse ; epider- mis dusky greenish-brown ; interior of the valves violet ; hinge-margin curved, thick, cardinal teeth divergent, unequal, anterior ones bifid; lateral teeth unequal, anterior conical approximate, posterior narrow, elongated; sinus broad at mouth, short, acute at extremity. Long. 1.2 ; Lat. 1.09; Diam. 0.7 inches. sf B43 ot Sts i 23 mill. C. solida. Hab. Nicaragua and Balize. (Cabinets of Hanley, Smithsonian Insti- tution and Prime.) Cyrena solida, Pu. Abbild. II, 1846, 78, pl. xv, f. 9. This species is very closely allied to the C. radiata, with which it is often confounded, it is, however, smaller, more inflated, the strive are not so regular, the epidermis is usually darker and with- out polish ; some specimens exhibit on the epidermis the perpendi- cular rays common to C. radiata and Corb. limosa. 5. Cyrena triangula, v. d. Buscu.—Shell solid, obliquely subtri- angular, subequilateral, somewhat ventricose; posterior dorsal slope an- cular, anterior less so, ventral margin arcuate; beaks nearly central, ele- vated ; pointed, incurved, generally perfect ; exterior calcareous, compara- tively smooth, covered with a light ashy-green epidermis; interior of the valves variable, sometimes entirely violet, at others white with violet on the margins or flesh color on the muscular impressions ; hinge-margin thick, three unequal and rather small cardinal teeth; anterior lateral tooth short, acute, posterior elongate, compressed ; sinus narrow, elongated. Long. 2.25; Lat. 2.25 inches. ce Dilwgs eas 57 mill. Hab. North America, at Mazatlan, Mexico. (Cabinets of the British Museum, the State of New York, Cuming and Gould.) CYRENA. 15 o Cyrena triangula, v. d. Buscu, Philip. Abbild. III, 1849, 78, pl. 2, f. 3. Cyrena altilis, Gout, Bost. Il. VI, 1852, 400, pl. xvi, f. 5, bis. Cyrena varians, CARPENTER (pars), Mazatlan Shells, 1857, 115. Cyrena mexicana, CARPENTER (pars), loc. sub. cit. 1857, 115. Under the description of C. mexicana will be found a state- ment of my reasons for separating these two species, which have been confounded by Mr. Carpenter. The . altilis, Gould, which I consider identical with this species, differs a little from vy. d. Busch’s original type of C. triangula as figured in Philippi, in being smaller, a little more swollen, and in having more promi- nent and more acute beaks; in the main, however, it is the same shell. Compared with C. radiata it is less solid, larger, more tri- angular, the surface is smoother and the cardinal teeth are more delicate ; it differs from C. olivacea in being more triangular, less elongated, more inflated, the epidermis is thinner and the cardinal teeth are more delicate. Mr. Reigen seems to have found this species in abundance. 6. Cyrema obscura, Prive.—Shell subtrigonal, heart-shaped, in- flated, solid, tumid, subequilateral; anterior side rounded; posterior broader, rounded, subtruncated at extremity; beaks large, prominent, slightly eroded ; valves heavy, full, interior white with markings of violet on the margins; strie regular, deep; epidermis blackish-brown; hinge- margin curved, moderately broad; cardinal teeth unequal, divergent ; lateral teeth elongated, narrow, anterior tooth nearer the cardinal teeth, larger, acute. Long. 1.80; Lat. 1.70; Diam. 1.06 inches. ff AON em tee 44; * 33 mill. Hab. South America. (Cabinet of Cuming.) Cyrena obscura, Prime, Proc. Zool. XXVIII, 1860, 321. The only specimen I have seen of this species is the one in Mr. Cuming’s collection. Compared with C. insignis, it is much less inflated and more equilateral; it is fuller and transversely less elongated than C. olivacea. 4%. Cyrema imsigmis, Desnayres.—Shell ovate-cordiform, thick, coarse, inequilateral ; anterior side somewhat the shorter, broadly rounded ; posterior side broad, truncate, obtusely angular; beaks large, tumid, some- what oblique, opposite, eroded ; striz coarse, irregular more numerous on 16 AMERICAN CORBICULAD. the margins; epidermis dark brownish-green ; hinge-margin curved ; car- dinal teeth strong, unequal, divergent; anterior lateral tooth large, broad, conical ; posterior late- ral tooth situated at a greater distance from the cardinal teeth, narrow, small; interior of the valves white or pale salmon color, with at times markings of violet on the margins; sinus very narrow, deep, ascending in a direction oblique to the beaks. Long. 1.75; Lat. 1.56; Diam. 1.43 inches. se AR. ey AG eae 36 mill. C. insignis. Hab. North America, in the State of California. (Cabinets of Cuming and Prime.) Cyrena insignis, Desu. Proc. Zool. XXII, 1854, 20.—Il. Conch. IX, 18615395 ple 2; tf. 2s This species, which is quite rare, the only specimens known being the one in Mr. Cuming’s collection and that in mine, does not present many points of similarity with any others. S. Cyrena arctata, Desuayes.—Shell trigonal, inflated, heart- shaped, heavy, inequilateral; anterior side Fig. 16. short, somewhat angular ; posterior side sub- — truncated; beaks large, oblique, generally eroded; strie heavy, regular; epidermis blackish-green ; interior of the valves white or pale rose-color with at times markings of pale violet on the muscular impressions ; sinus short and broad ; hinge-margin strong ; cardinal teeth small, simple; lateral teeth subequal, prominent. Long. .86; Lat. .86; Diam. .68 inch. C. arctata. ‘“ 35; “ 35; “ 28 mill. Hab. South America, in Lake Maracaibo. (Cabinets of Cuming, Smith- sonian Institution, Jay, Swift, Bland and Prime.) Cyrena arctata, Dzsu. Proc. Zool. XXII, 1854, 20. This species, though found in great abundance in the waters of Lake Maracaibo, has not to my knowledge been collected in other localities. Compared with C. radiata, to which it bears some re- semblance in marginal outline, it differs in being somewhat smaller, very much more ventricose and more solid; the beaks are larger CYRENA. 17 and more full and the epidermis is darker and without any per- pendicular radiations. 9. Cyrena fortis, Prmr.—Shell trigonal, tumid, solid, inequila- teral; anterior side shorter, rounded ; posterior side sub- Fig. 11. truncated ; valves moderately full, interior dark violet ; beaks large, inclined anteriorly, ap- proximate at apex, slightly eroded; striz deep, regular, epidermis shiny, varying from green to brownish-green ; hinge margin somewhat broad, curv- ed; cardinal teeth unequal, divergent, simple; lateral teeth strong, anterior tooth nearer to the cardinal teeth, conical, posterior tooth, elon- gated ; sinus deep, curved and acute at extremity. Honrmeaoo | bate lates : Diam. 1.22 inches. yy fortis. Long. 62; Lat. 47; Diam. -32 mill. Hab, South America, in Ecuador. (Cabinets of Smithsonian Institution and Prime.) . Cyrena fortis, Prime, Il. Conch. IX, 1861, 355—X, 1862, 387, pl. xiv, ips This fine and rare shell presents great similarity to C. radiaéa, it differs, however, in being larger, less equilateral, transversely longer, the beaks are a little fuller, the hinge is not so strong or so broad and the epidermis has more lustre; the perpendicular radiations common to some specimens of C. radiata are wanting. 10. Cyrena olivacea, CarrenterR.—Shell irregular, subtrigonal, somewhat compressed, subequilateral ; anterior side shorter, rounded, pos- terior narrower, very angular; beaks large, prominent, inclined towards the anterior; valves very little convex, interior violet, darker on the mar- gins ; exterior surface irregular, strie coarse; epidermis ‘rich olive-green ; hinge-margin much curved, three unequal rather small cardinal teeth ; 2 18 AMERICAN CORBICULADZ. anterior lateral tooth quite prominent, posterior shorter than usual; sinus very narrow, rather straight. C. olivacea. Long. 2.50; Lat. 2.06; Diam. 1.25 inches. ce 633) ase 52; ss 32 mill. Hab. North America, at Mazatlan, in Mexico. (Cabinets of the British Museum, Smithsonian Institution, State of New York, Cuming and Prime.) Cyrena fontaineit, Puruippr, Zeit. Malak. 1851, 70.—Dexsx. Brit. Mus. Cat. 1854, 253. Cyrena olivacea, Carp. Mazatlan Shells, 1857, 114. Philippi and Deshayes have both confounded this species withe the C. fontaineti of D’Orbigny, which is a more regularly formed shell with very regular strize and with an even epidermis. Mr. Carpenter, in speaking of the C. olivacea, says it is known outwardly by its flattened form, by its rich olive-green epidermis covering the umbos and rising into irregularly corrugated folds, which are very close on the anterior part. The interior displays a very dark purple over the greater part of the surface. The out- line varies considerably. So far this species has not been found in any abundance. 1k. Cyrema regatis, Prive.—Shell small, subtrigonal, subequilate- ral, somewhat compressed, transversely short; anterior side rounded, posterior side forming a declivity from the beaks, somewhat produced, subabrupt at extremity; beaks nearly central, small, not much raised, CYRENA. 19 approximate at apex, eroded; striz deep, very regular; valves solid, inte- rior light violet ; epidermis light olive-green ; hinge- margin slightly curved, broad; cardinal teeth Fig. 13. strong, unequal, divergent, the posterior ones bifid ; lateral teeth unequal, depressed, posterior distant ; sinus irregular in shape, long and tapering at ex- tremity. Long. 0.76; Lat. 0.73; Diam. 0.43 inches. e OS ges cB. oe 10 mill. Hab. South America? (Cabinet of Prime.) C. regalis. . A rare and pleasing species, the striz. are deep and very regu- lar, which distinguish it from others ; it is smaller, less inflated and transversely shorter than C. solida, the posterior margin is more produced at the extremity, the sinus is longer, the strizv are more regular and the epidermis is of a lighter color. 12. Cyrema meridiomalis, Prie.—Shell small, subquadrangu- lar, compressed, subequilateral; anterior side semi-circulay a little produced; posterior side subabrupt ; beaks small, inclined anteriorly, ap- proximate at apex, eroded ; striz delicate, rather irregular; epidermis light brownish-green ; valves solid, interior light violet; hinge-margin slightly curved ; cardinal teeth strong, unequal, divergent, central tooth bifid ; lateral teeth com- pressed, small, subequal; sinus narrow, curved at extremity. Long. 1.40; Lat. 1.32; Diam. 0.92 inches. oa Som ocean 23 mill. C. meridionalis. Hab. South America, at Payta, in Peru. (Cabinet of Prime.) The external appearance of this species brings it near C. ordi- naria; it is, however, much more transverse, and the hinge-mar- gin is broader and less curved. A rare species. 13. Cyrena ordinaria, Privz.—Shell small, trigonal, transversely very short, compressed, subequilateral ; anterior side semi-circular; pos- terior side rounded from the beaks downwards, subabrupt at extremity ; beaks prominent, small, inclined anteriorly, approximate, eroded ; strie fine, irregular, epidermis light brownish-green; valves solid, interior light violet; hinge-margin curved, broad; cardinal teeth unequal, divergent, 20 AMERICAN CORBICULADA. anterior tooth in the right valve rudimentary, central slightly bifid; lateral teeth compressed, the cavity of the anterior tooth in the right valve united to the cardinal by a well-defined fissure ; anterior tooth approximate; sinus short, curved at end. Long. 0.86; Lat. 0.90; Diam. 0.53 inches. c Dil een Didi eae 13 mill. C. ordinaria. Hab. South America? (Cabinet of Prime.) Compared with C. regalis, it is larger, transversely shorter, less heavy, less produced on the posterior side, fuller, the beaks are more prominent, the strive are less regular and more delicate, the epidermis is not so greenish in color. Smaller and less full than C. radiata and C. solida. A rare species. 14. Cyrena nitidula, Dresnayes.—Shell transversely oval, fra- gile, inequilateral ; anterior side shorter, rounded at end; posterior side rounded or subtruncated; strie light; epidermis greenish; beaks tumid, acute, opposite ; valves light, somewhat compressed ; interior pale violet ; sinus short, triangular, acute; hinge-margin very narrow ; c@rdinal teeth unequal, divergent, narrow, bifid ; lateral teeth subequal, small. Long. 1.12; Lat. 1.00; Diam. 0.68 inches. He 232) ere Oise ne 17 mill. Hab. South America? (Cabinet of Cuming.) Cyrena nitidula, DesHayeEs, Proc. Zool. XXII, 1854, 23. The specimen in the collection of Mr. Cuming, from which this description was prepared, has no locality assigned to it; the fact of its having a sinus places it without a doubt among the species from America, and I am strongly inclined to think that it is a native of South America. 15. Cyrena placems, Hayiry.—C. testa suborbiculari, subventri- cosa, insequilaterali, nitida, concentrice, sulcato-striata, epidermide irrido- flavescente induta ; margine ventrali convexo; dorsali, utrinque declivi et convexiusculo ; natibus erosis ; ligamento fulvo, depresso, angusto ; lumula nulla; superficie interna purpurea; dentibus lateralibus minutissime rugulosis haud autem crenatis, antico brevi et subapproximato. Long. 1.75 ; Lat. 1.50 inches. Hab. South America? (Cabinets of Hanley and the Jardin des Plantes.) Cyrena placens, Hanury, Proc. Zool. XII, 1844, 160.—Index test. suppl. pl. xiv, f. 52. OYRENA. 21 I have not been able to identify this species, which Mr. Hanley informs me is very rare, the shell labelled as such in the cabinet of Mr. Cuming, he says is not the true C. placens. “A beautiful and rare species, of which I have never seen but my own specimen and that in the Jardin des Plantes at Paris. The sulci are close and regular, and the outline of the shell, although not very unlike that of C. radiata, is convex in front of the beaks, thus rendering the front extremity broad and some- what obtuse.” — Hanley. I have reason to believe that this species is closely allied to C. fontaineti. 16. Cyrena fomtaimeii, CarrenteR.—Shell trigonal, solid, com- pressed, inequilateral; ante- rior side short, rounded ; pos- terior narrow; acute and an- gular at extremity; beaks small, acute, eroded; strie fine, regular, epidermis smooth, chestnut-brown; interior of the valves light-blue; hinge- margin curved, thick; cardi- nal teeth large, unequal, di- vergent, the anterior ones bi- fid; lateral teeth unequal, an- terior proximate, conical, pos- terior distant, elongated, com- Z pressed. C. fontaineii. Long. 1.66; Lat. 1.40; Diam. 0.80 inches. Fé Ale se SOs ne 20 mill. Hab. South America. (Cabinets of Cuming, Jay and Prime.) Cyclas fontaineii, D’ORB. Voy. Amer. 1844, 569, pl. 83, f. 14, 15. Cyrena fontaineii, CARP. Mazatlan Shells, 1857, 114. Compared with C. olivacea, with which this species has been confounded, its outline is more regular, it is smaller, more com- pressed, the beaks are smaller and more acute, the epidermis is smoother and of a different color. A rare species. 1%. Cyrena acuta, Priuve.—Shell trigonal, oblique, transversely elongated, very inequilateral, somewhat compressed, solid ; anterior side short, rounded at end; posterior side produced, angular at end ; beaks tu , 22 AMERICAN CORBICULADA. mid, inclined anteriorly, approximate at apex, somewhat eroded; strie heavy, very regular; epidermis light brown; valves thick, interior variable, pale salmon or dark violet; hinge-mar- gin curved, moderately broad ; cardi- nal teeth unequal, divergent, simple ; lateral teeth elongated, subequal, pos- terior tooth a little more elongated and depressed and slightly more dis- tant from the cardinal teeth; sinus nar- row, curved and acute at extremity. Long. 1.64; Lat. 1.44; Diam. 0.88 inches. Long. 41; Lat. 36; Diam. 22 mill. Hab. Central America. (Cabinet C. acuta. of Prime.) Cyrena acuta, Prime, Il. Conch. IX, 1861, 355—X, 1862, 387, pl. xiv, f. 1. A rare and fine species, easily distinguished from others by the great prolongation of the posterior side. LS. Cyremna mexicama, Sowersy.—Shell small, rounded oval or elliptical, subequilateral; anterior side a lit- tle the shorter, broader, rounded, posterior side narrower, subangular at end; beaks me- dium size, somewhat raised, inclined towards the anterior, generally eroded ; valves mode- rately convex, interior white, with at times purple markings on the margins and on the hinge; epidermis very variable, rough or smooth, color dingy gray or light yellowish- green; strie generally light; hinge thick, three unequal cardinal teeth; the anterior lateral tooth acute, short, the posterior elon- C. mexicana. gated ; sinus long and narrow. Long. 1.25; Lat. 1.12; Diam. 1.18 inches. ce aie ace Oia pee 29 mill. Hab. North America, at Mazatlan and Panama. Guyana? (Cabinets of the British Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Cuming, State of New York, and Prime.) Cyrena mexicana, Sows. Zool. Il. 1829, 364.—Carp. (pars) Mazatlan Shells, 1857, 115. Cyrena fragilis, DesHayes, Mus. Cuming. 5 Cyrena xquilateralis, DesHayeEs, Proc. Zool. XXII, 1854, 20. Cyrena varians, CARPENTER, in litt. CYRENA, 23 This species varies very much in external appearance, being, at times, more convex than the specimen from which this description was prepared; I have a young C. mexicana which is quite glo- bose. The epidermis is usually light yellowish-green and smooth, but in some cases it is of a dingy gray color and rough. The original type of Mr. Sowerby’s C. mexicana having been lost, some confusion has arisen as to the identification of this spe- cies; the description he gives of it, though quite short, contains sufficient, taking the locality into consideration, to induce me to believe that the sheil under consideration is the one he had in view in describing his species. Mr. Carpenter includes under the head of C. mexicana the C. altilis, Gould, or rather the C.-triangula, v. d. Busch, as it should be called, both being identical. J have examined an ori- ginal specimen of C. altilis, and am convinced that it is diffe- rent from C. mexicana. I have also examined, at the State Collection in Albany, a complete suite of C. mexicana arranged by Mr. Carpenter himself, and find that though at times certain extreme forms of C. mexicana and C. triangula bear great affinities to each other, the two types are very distinct and may be separated without much trouble. The C. triangula is always more triangular, larger and more solid than C. mexicana, and its beaks are more prominent. The C. floridana, which Mr. Carpenter places under the syno- nymy of this species, is an entirely different shell. I have seen original specimens of C. fragilis, Desh., and of QO. equilateralis, Desh., in the Cuming Collection, and find them identical with C. mexicana. The C. equilateralis is assigned as coming from Guyana, an error, in my opinion. The C. mexi- cana is, on the whole, an attractive species; it is found quite abundantly. 19. Cyrema californica, Privz.—Shell ovate-subquadrangu- lar, transverse, inequilateral, tumid, somewhat heavy; anterior side pro- duced towards the upper part, obliquely subtruncate, posterior side broadly truncated towards the upper part and angular towards the inferior part, basal margin rounded ; beaks not much raised, somewhat oblique, eroded ; strie light, irregular ; epidermis yellowish-green ; valves white inside with violet on the margins ; hinge-margin somewhat broad; cardinal teeth diver- gent, narrow, approximate at base; lateral teeth unequal; anterior tooth thick, conical, short ; posterior tooth narrow, placed at a greater distance from the cardinal teeth. 24 AMERICAN CORBICULAD2. Long. 1.81; Lat. 1.56; Diam. 1.20 inches. eo on, Skee Oar on 30 mill. Hab. North America, in the State of California. (Cabinet of Cuming.) Cyrena subguadraia, Desx. (preoc.) Proc. Zool. XXII, 1854, 21. Cyrena califarniensis, Paiwe, Proc. Ac. N.S. Phil. 1860, 276. The only specimen I have seen of this rare species is the one in the collection of Mr. Cuming. In shape this shell is somewhat like that of the C. radiata, but otherwise they are widely distinct ; it is very different from all other species of the genus. 20. Cyrrena panamensis, Psme.—Shell orbicular-subtrigonal, heart-shaped, veniricose, inequilaieral ; anierior side short, concave on the upper part, produced and rounded im front; posterior side broader, ob- liquely truncaied, obiuse at extremity ; beaks large, very prominent, oppo- site, approximate ai apex; siriz lighi, irregular: epidermis brownish- green; hince-marsin very narrow; cardinal teeth unequal, small, diver- geni ; anierior laieral iooth thicker than the posierior. Long. 2.20; Lat. 2.08; Diam. 1.68 inches. = 555: = Be 42 mill. Hab. Central America, at Panama. (Cabinets of the British Museum and Cuming.) Cyrena inflata, Dzsnayes, (preoc.) Proc. Zool. XXII, 1854, 23. Cyrena panameasis, Prrwe, Proc. Ac. N. S. Phil. 1860, 283. A rare shell, the only specimen I have seen is the one from Mr. Cuming’s collection. Compared with C. cumingii it is smaller, more tumid, transversely less elongated; it differs from C. mari- tima in being more tumid, transversely shorter, and in having more prominent beaks. : 21. Cyrema recluzii, Pzme.—Shell heart-shaped, inflated, sub- equilateral, tumid ; anterior side rounded; poste- rior side subiruncate; beaks prominent, inclined anteriorly, approximate at apex ; lunula obsolete; Striz irregular; epidermis dark brownish-green; valves solid, full, interior whitish; hinge-margin curved, broad ; cardinal tecth unequal, divergent, bifid ; anterior lateral tooth narrow, robust, nearer the cardinal teeth; posterior tooth lamellar, dis- tani. Long. 2.96; Lat. 2.96; Diam. 2.20 inches. = ya - 5m 74 55 mill. Hab. Central America. (Cabinet of Cuminz.) CYRENA. 25 Cyrena cordiformis, REctvz, (preoc.) Il. Conch. IV, 1853, 251, pl. vil, /f..9- The only specimen I have seen of this species, is the one in the cabinet of Mr. Cuming. Mr. Recluz does not assign any locality to it, but I am satisfied on careful inspection that it comes from Central America. Compared with C. inflata, it is heavier, more inflated and more heart-shaped. 22, Cyrena cumingii, DesHAyEs.—Shell ovate-subtrigonal, in- equilateral, tumid, heart-shaped ; anterior side short, broadly rounded ; posterior side longer, truncated at extremity ; beaks large, prominent, op- posite, approximate at apex, eroded; valves rather solid, interior white ; strie light and irregular; epidermis brownish-green ; hinge-margin nar- row, somewhat broad in the centre; cardinal teeth approximate, narrow, unequal, bifid ; lateral teeth large, equidistant from the cardinal teeth, anterior tooth larger, conical, acute. Long. 2.40; Lat. 2.08; Diam. 1.76 inches. ® 60) os Des eas 44 mill. Hab. Central America. (Cabinet of Cuming.) Cyrena cumingit, Desnayes, Proc. Zool. XXII, 1854, 22. A rare shell, the only specimen I have met with is the one in Mr. Cuming’s collection. Compared with C. maritima, it differs in having an epidermis, in being larger, transversely more elon- gated and less inflated. 23. Cyrena isocardioides, DesHAyeEs.—Shell orbicular-subtri- gonal, inflated, heart-shaped, light, fragile ; anterior side a regular and broad semicircle ; posterior side forming on the upper part a declivity, subtruncated at extremity ; strie light, irregular; epidermis olive-color with zones of black; beaks large, curved inwards, opposite, tinted with violet ; hinge-margin very narrow ; cardinal teeth very small, approximate, subequal, the two anterior ones parallel, the posterior divergent; lateral teeth small, situated at about the same distance from the cardinar teeth ; valves white inside, with markings of violet on the margins. Long. 2.16; Lat. 2.12; Diam. 1.60 inches. « GAs ts Hagy as 41 mill. Hab. South America, in Western Columbia. (Cabinet of Cuming.) Cyrena isocardioides, DesH. Proc. Zool. XXII, 1854, 22. A rare species, the only specimen I have seen is the one in Mr. Cuming’s collection ; it presents great aflinity to C. recluzti in 26 AMERICAN CORBICULAD. shape and bulk; it diifers, however, in being very much less heavy and solid; the hinge-margin is narrower and the teeth are smaller and slighter. 24, Cyrena tumida, Prme.—Shell trigonal, inflated, equilateral, somewhat solid; anterior margin convex, obtuse, subangular; posterior margin convex, presenting a declivity on the upper part, angular, sub- rostrated ; inferior margin ventricose ; epidermis dark ; beaks very small, depressed, opposite; hinge-margin narrow; cardinal teeth small, narrow, the two larger ones bifid; lateral teeth unequal, compressed, the anterior one large, acute, triangular; valves white in the interior with a rosy hue. Long. 1.36; Lat. 1.20; Diam. 0.80 inches. cf Ava ce DO sane 20 mill. Hab. Central America. (Cabinet of Cuming.) Cyrena angulata, Dusu. (preoc.) Proc. Zool. XXII, 1854, 22. The only specimen I have seen of this species is the one in the collection of Mr. Cuming. 25. Cyrena pullastra, Mircu.—C. testa ovalis, tenuis, albescens, radiatim subtilissime striata, valde inzequilateralis, convexiuscula, antice brevissime angustata, postice late rotundata, margo dorsalis anticus preci- pite declivis, posticus rectus fere horizontalis, postice angulo obtuso; margo ventralis parum arcuatus; area postice violacea tincta; dens late- ralis posticus valve sinistre remotissimus, compressus, inter laminas 2 valve dextre receptus; dens anticus subapproximatus ; sinus syphonalis angustissimus, sursum spectans. Long. 30; Lat. 23 mill. Hab. Central America, at Realejo in Nicaragua. (Cabinet of Mirch.) Cyrena (Polymesoda) pullastra, Méxcu, Malak. Bl. VII, 1860, 194.) I have not been able to identify this species. I know of no Cyrena from Realejo to which the above description would apply. 26. Cyrena inflata, Puipri.—c. testa ovato-trigona, valde tu- mida, tenui, irregulariter transversim striata, epidermide olivaceo-nigres- cente vestita; extremitate postica elongata; apice subtruncata; margine ventrali parum arcuato; apicibus valde prominentibus, involutis, decorti- catis ; dentibus cardinis lateralibus integris, in valva dextra abrupte ter- minatis ; paging interna alba. Long. 283/77; Alt. 263/; Crass. 213//. Hab. Central America, in Costa Rica. (Cabinet of v. d. Busch.) Cyrena inflata, Pumiprti, Zeit. Malak. 1851, 71. CYRENA. 2% ‘Species forma inflata, testa tenui, apicibus prominentibus at) affinibus valde recedit, et Zsocardiam cor in mentem vocat.” J have not been able to identify this species. 2%. Cyrena boliviana, Pumirrr.—c. testa subtrigona, valde in- equilatera, regulariter transversim undato sulcata, epidermide olivacea vestita, extremitate antica rotundata, postica acute angulata rostrata ; margine dorsali postico longissimo, parum arcuato; medio lunule tumido: apicibus integris; dentibus lateralibus abbreviatis integris ; cardinalibus integris ; pagina interna violaceo-suffusa ; sinu palliari distincto angusto. Long. 16/”; Alt. 14/”; Crass. 8///, Hab. South America, in Bolivia. (Cabinet of Largilliert.) Cyrena boliviana, Pumiprt, Zeit. Malak. 1851, 70. I have not been able to identify this species. 6. ANOMALOUS SPECIEs. 28. Cyrena maritima, C. B. Apams.—Shell orbicular-heart- shaped, inequilateral, solid; anterior side short, rounded ; posterior side produced, trun- cated at extremity ; beaks large, inclined an- teriorly, approximate at apex, acute, not eroded; valves very full, whitish inside; strie coarse, irregular; epidermis greenish- brown, worn on the upper portion of the shell; hinge-margin narrow, not much curv- ed; cardinal teeth small, narrow, subequal, divergent, bifid; lateral teeth depressed, at about the same distance from the cardinal teeth, a small narrow indentation leads from the anterior tooth to the cardinal teeth ; sinus not distinguishable. Long. 2.26; Lat. 1.94; Diam. 1.44 inches. Gs DONG Bai aee ese 36 mill. C. maritima. Hab. Central America, at Panama. (Cabinets of Amherst College. Cuming and Prime.) Cyrena maritima, C. B. Apams, Ann. N. Y. Lye. V, 1852, 499. The late Professor Adams, from whom I obtained my specimen of this species, says of it, “its station is in impalpable mud under bushes at high-water mark where a small stream emptied ; some of the dead shells have balani growing upon them ; nine specimens were collected at two-and-a-half miles east of Panama.” 28 AMERICAN CORBICULAD. Like all the species of this genus which live in estuaries, it is nearly entirely deprived of epidermis, some few remnants of it only existing on the margins of the shell. The C. maritima is very much larger than any of the so-called marine Cyrene known to us, and is not likely to be confounded with any of them. 29. Cyrena notabilis, Desuayves.—Shell transversely rounded, subquadrilateral, somewhat depressed, inequilateral; anterior side short, obtuse; posterior side broadly truncate; superior and inferior margins straight, parallel; beaks oblique, not eroded, approximate at apex; stria light, irregular; epidermis greenish ; valves solid, interior white with a broad patch of dark violet on the upper portion of the posterior margin ; ligament elongated, cylindrical; cardinal teeth unequal, oblique, bifid ; anterior lateral tooth small, conical, posterior tooth somewhat obsolete, more distant from the cardinal teeth. Long. 2.31; Lat. 1.87; Diam. 1.43 inches. ce OSs we Asis = 6 37 mill. Hab. South America, in Peru. (Cabinet of Cuming.) Cyrena notabilis, Desa. Proc. Zool. XXII, 1854, 21. Mr. Cuming possesses the only specimen I have seen of this species, which is found at the mouths of rivers. Compared with CO. obscura it is more quadrangular and less tumid ; it differs very materially from C. maritima and C. anomala, and it is much larger and heavier than any other of the estuarian species. 30. Cyrena floridama, Conrap.—Shell trigonal, inequilateral, cuneiform ; anterior side the shorter, somewhat pro- duced, rounded ; posterior side angular, subtruncate at end, with an obtuse fold near the margin; basal margin curved, irregular; beaks small, approxi- mate at apex, curved inwardly, entire; lunula somewhat marked; strie irregular, coarse espe- = cially towards the posterior margin where they C. floridana. assume the shape of folds; epidermis wanting ; hinge-margin very much curved; cardinal teeth subequal, divergent ; anterior lateral tooth sharp ¢ posterior lateral tooth narrow, elongate; valves solid, moderately inflated, exterior pale violet, interior rough, whitish pink with dark violet bands on the margins ; sinus not visible. Long. 1.12; Lat. 0.81; Diam. 0.48 inches. a Deen si 20ur Ee 12 mill. CYRENA. 29 Hab. North America, at Tampa Bay, in the State of Florida. (Cabinets of Phillips and Prime.) Cyrena floridana, Conrad, Proc. Ac. N.S. Phil. III, 1846, 23, pl. 1, halk This species has no epidermis, and presents many of the cha- racters of a marine shell; compared with C. salmacida, which is about of the same size, it differs in being irregular in outline, less elongated and of a somewhat different color; it is smaller and coarser than C. maritima, and larger than either C. colorata or C. cubensis. 3. Cyrema cubensis, Prime.—Shell small, trigonal, compressed ; anterior side short, rounded ; posterior side produced, subangular; beaks small, raised, inclined towards the anterior, not eroded ; striz fine ; epider- mis wanting ; color violet ; hinge-margin broad ; cardinal teeth diverging ; valves solid, interior salmon color. Long. 0.60 inch. e 15 mill. Hab. North America, in the Island of Cuba. (Cabinet of ?.) Cyclas maritima, D’Ors. Moll. Cuba, II, 1853, 280, pl. xxi, f. 47-50. This species presents the appearance of a marine shell; com- pared with C. floridana it is smaller and more regular in outline ; it is larger and more solid than C. colorata ; it is smaller, less in- flated and more highly colored than C. maritima, and smaller and more inflated than C. salmacida. 32. Cyrema salmacida, Morerer.—Shell inequilateral, oval, solid, elongated; anterior side short, rounded; posterior elongated, subabrupt at end; beaks Fig. 22. small; strie irregular, not heavy; epidermis wanting, exterior of valves whitish or flesh- colored; hinge-margin narrow; cardinal teeth small; lateral teeth small, elongated. Long. 1.08; Lat. 0.76 inches. ee Zw 19 mill. Hab. Central America, near the Port of Sisal, in Yucatan. (Cabinets of Morelet and Cuming.) C. salmacida. Cyrena salmacida, MorEtet, Test. nov. Cub. pt. 2, 1851, 26. The specimens collected by the author, which have passed through my hands, were found in salt-water marshes. A rare 30 AMERICAN CORBICULADZ. species. In outline it offers some resemblance with C. colorata, it is, however, larger, more inflated and very much more solid. 33. Cyrena colorata, Privz.—Shell very small, fragile, elongated, cuneiform, very inequilateral, compressed, ante- rior side broader, rounded ; posterior side longer, produced, subabrupt at extremity ; beaks small, acute; stri# very fine, hardly visible; color variable, whitish with zones of purple, or orange; epidermis wanting; hinge-margin nearly straight, narrow, teeth small and deli- cate ; cardinal teeth unequal, divergent, anterior C. colorata. tooth rudimentary, posterior ones bifid; lateral teeth unequal, elongated, narrow. Long. 0.80; Lat. 0.52; Diam. 0.28 inches. ee AQist xs List P76 7 mill. Hab. The West Indies, in the Island of New Providence. (Cabinets of the Smithsonian Institution, Cooper, Browne and Prime.) Fig. 23. The external appearance of this species presents all the charac- ter of a marine shell, its denticulation, however, places it without a question in the genus Cyrena. Mr. W. Cooper, of Hoboken, its discoverer, found several specimens of it in a brackish pond, living in company with some Cerithia. It is smaller, more fra- gile, less inflated and more regular in outline than either C. flort- dana, C. salmacida or C. cubensis. 34. Cyrena anomazla, DesnAyes.—Shell trigonal, very much in- flated, heart-shaped, very inequilateral, striae very fine, regular, hardly perceptible; epidermis light grayish-green ; beaks large, acute, inclined inwards ; anterior side short, broadly semi-circular; posterior side extended, conical, acute and angular at ex- tremity ; valves very fragile, interior grayish with markings of violet ; hinge-margin rounded, very nar- row; cardinal teeth very small, approximate, sub- equal, divergent, the central tooth bifid ; lateral teeth subequal, distant, compressed; sinus very small, barely visible. Long. 2.00; Lat. 1.60; Diam. 1.36 inches. ce BO sma 40; Ke 34 mill. Hab. South America, in Peru. (Cabinets of Cuming and Prime.) Cyrena anomala, Des. Proc. Zool. XXII, 1854, 21. Oyrena peruviana, Desu. Bivaly. Brit. Mus. 1854, 257. CYRENA. 31 A very rare species, the only specimens I have seen being the one in Mr. Cuming’s cabinet and a young one in my own, which was received from him. It is easily distinguished from all others by the peculiar outline of the posterior side which terminates in a very acute angle. The shell marked C. peruviana in Mr. Cuming’s collection, from which Mr. Deshayes described it, belongs without doubt to the species above. Fosstz SPerctrEs. 35. Cyrena densata, Coyrap.—‘Shell subtriangular, thick, con- vex; anterior margin obtusely rounded; basal margin profoundly and regularly curved to the posterior extremity, which is subtruncated, direct, and greatly above the line of the base; beaks central, summits elevated ; strie robust; teeth large, robust, very prominent; middle tooth of the right valve bifid ; lateral teeth elongated, robust, anterior tooth truncated, suddenly deflected at the extremity, posterior tooth distant.” Long. 1.87; Lat. 1.80 inches. Hab. North America, at Petersburg, in the State of Virginia. Tertiary formation. (Cabinet of ?.) Cyrena densata, ConraD, Proc. Ac. N. 8. Phil. 1, 1845, 324. 36. Cyrena dakotemsis, Mrex and Haypen.—“ Shell suborbicu- lar, or broad ovate-subtrigonal, moderately convex; anterior and posterior sides rather abruptly rounded; base forming a semi-oval curve; dorsal outline sloping from the beaks, the anterior slope being a little concave, and the posterior convex in outline ; beaks rather elevated and subcentral ; anterior muscular impression narrow, ovate, well defined ; posterior broader and more shallow: palleal line distinct, nearly simple, or very faintly sinuous just beneath the posterior muscular scar ; surface marked by more or less distinct concentric striz.” Long. 1.20; Lat. 1; Diam. 0.58 inches. Hab. North America, at the mouth of the Big Sioux or Dakotah River, Dakotah group of the Nebraska and Dakotah cretaceous series. (Cabinet of the Smithsonian Institution.) Cyprina arenaria, MEEK & Haypen, Proc. Ac. N. 8. Phil. 1857, 143. 32 AMERICAN CORBICULAD®. SPHUERIUM, Scopoti.! Pectunculus, Lister, 1685.—Musculus, Guaur. 1742.—Tellina, Linn. 1758.—Spherium, Scop. 1777.— Cardium, Da Costa, 1778.— Cy- clas, Bruce. 1792.—Nux, Humpur. 1797.—Musculium, Linx, 1807.— Cornea, Pisum, Mrcerue, 1811. — Corneocyclas, FER. 1818. — Amesoda, Rarin. 1820. — Pisidium, VERANy, 1846. — Cycladites, Krue. 1848. Animal oval, lobes of the mantle simple, united posteriorly, and terminating in two short syphons, joined at their base, without tentacles ; mouth oval-shaped, small; tentacles of the mouth short and narrow; gills rather broad, nearly equal, united behind the foot ; foot narrow, elongated. Shell oval, nearly equilateral; beaks somewhat inflated and prominent ; hinge-margin narrow, with two primary teeth in each valve; lateral teeth elongated ; palleal impression simple; liga- ment external, narrow, situated on the longer portion of the shell. © The genus Spherium was characterized under its present name by Scopoli, in 1777; since that time, however, it has received various denominations, and the one under which it has been most generally known, that of Cyclas, was applied to it in 1792 by Bruguitre. Mr. Gray revived the term of Spherium in 1847, and his example has been followed by the conchologists of the con- tinent of Europe. I was the first in this country to discard the name of Cyclas for that of Spherium. The species composing this genus are small bivalves inhabiting rivers, lakes, streams, and still waters; they are plentifully distri- buted all over the globe, but as far as present experience goes, seem to be more abundant on the northern portion of this hemi- sphere than elsewhere. The shell is transversely oval, nearly equilateral, thin, fragile, sometimes translucent, with beaks more or less raised; its entire surface is transversely striated and covered with a light epidermis varying in color; the margins are rounded, obtuse or angular. The interior of the valves is smooth and varies in color; the mus- cular impressions are not very distinct ; the posterior one is slightly ' Introduct. ad. Hist. Nat. 1777, 397. SPH ARIUM.« 34 the largest ; the palleal impression is parallel with the basal mar- gin; it is narrow and always simple. The hinge-margin is very variable ; it is usually composed of two small teeth in each valve ; at times, however, they are single in one and double in the other, or else single in both valves; these teeth are occasionally rudi- mentary, or even nearly obsolete. The lateral teeth placed on each side of the cardinal teeth are double in the right valve and single in the left one; the anterior lateral tooth is usually the shorter. The ligament is external; it is short, not very con- spicuous, and is always found on the longer portion of the shell. The animal of Spheriwm has a broad foot, capable of conside- rable extension; it uses it either to bore holes in the mud, in which it sinks the posterior portion of the shell, or as means of locomotion. The syphonal tube is double and very retractile ; it is often white like the foot, but at times it is colored. The habits of these molluscs are very similar to those of Pisi- dium, with which they are often found living. The species of Spherium are less abundant in individuals than those of Pis7- dium ; they are also less generally distributed, and are more con- fined to certain localities than the latter. a. BEAKS ROUNDED, NEVER TUBERCULAR. 1. Sphezrium sulcatuma, Lamarcx.— Animal white, tubes a light orange color. Shell transversely oval, nearly equi- Fig. 25. lateral, light in texture for its size; posterior margin somewhat more point- ed; anterior rounded, base slightly curved; valves convex; beaks full, raised above the outline of the shell; posterior portion a little longer; sulca- tions coarse, regular; epidermis dark chestnut-brown; interior light blue; hinge-margin narrow, nearly a straight line; cardinal teeth small, indistinct, situated somewhat towards the anterior Sph. suleatum. side, double in both valves, and so placed as to assume the shape of the letter V reversed ; lateral teeth on a line with the primary teeth, large, strong and prominent. The young is more equilateral than the adult ; more compressed ; it pre- sents the shape of a quadrilateral, it is of a light lemon color, the striations are as heavy as those of the mature shell. 3 34 AMERIOAN CORBICULADA. Long. 0.68; Lat. 0.43; Diam. 0.31 inches. Hab. North America, in the New England States, in the States of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, lowa, Minne- sota and Alabama, and in Canada. (Cabinets of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Smithsonian Institution, Garden of Plants in Paris, Museum Delessert, Jay, Prime and others.) Cyclas sulcata, LAMARCK, An, s. vert. V, 1818, 560. Cyclas saratogea, LAMARCK, loc. sub. cit. V, 1818, 560. Cyclas similis, Say, Nich. Encycl. Amer. edit. IX, 1818, pl. 1, f. 9. Cyclas lasmampsis, RA¥INESQUE, Il. scie. Phys. IX, 1820, 319, pl. 82, f. 19, 20. Cyclas solida, DEKAy, Rept. 1842, 220, pl. xxv, f. 265. Cyclas gigantea, Prime, Bost. Proc. IV, 1851, 157. Cyclas ponderosa, Prime, loc. sub. cit. IV, 1851, 157. Cyclas striatina, LAMARCK, Fer. in Mag. Zool. 1835. Cyclas rhomboidea, Say, C. B. ApAms, Vermont cat. 1842, 18. This, our most common and widely distributed species, living as it does in so many different sections of the country, presents at times great variations in size, color and general appearance. It can, however, be easily recognized by its very elongated and equi- lateral form, and by the beaks which are uniformly full and con- vex; they are often eroded. The young is often of an uniform light lemon color, which, as the shell matures, becomes gradually darker from the beaks downwards until the new shade covers the whole surface of the shell ; in certain intermediate stages of growth, the shell is marked with a zone of yellow on the inferior margin ; the color of the adult varies from a greenish-brown to a dark chestnut. The young shell has at times, owing to the variations which exist between it and the adult, been taken for a different species ; by some it has been taken for the S. rhomboideum. The hinge-margin is generally straight. I have specimens, however, from Alabama, Pennsylvania and Rhode Island, in which it is slightly curved. One of the distinctive characters of this species is that the lateral teeth are never placed at an angle with the cardinal teeth ; they are generally on a straight line with them. The finest specimens I have seen of the S. swlcatum were sent to me by Mr. Ingalls, who had collected them in Washington County, New York; they were remarkably convex, and measured as much in length as +2 of an inch; the beaks were very full, and much raised above the margin of the shell. SPH EZRIUM. 35 This species was first described in 1818, by Lamarck, under the names of C. sulcata and C. saratogea. Say, in 1819, igno- rant that this shell was known to conchologists, described it as the C. similis, under which name, until very recently, it has been most generally known. Say also figured this species, but his _ figure, I regret to say, is not correct, and would be more apt to give one the idea of a Pisidiwm than of a Spherium. The de- scription by Say of the C. similis applies perfectly to the shell under consideration, of which Dr. Gould has given a very good figure in his Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts. As related elsewhere, I had an opportunity, some years since, while in Paris, to see Lamarck’s original specimens of the C. sul- cata and saratogea, at the Garden of Plants, and at the Delessert Museum ; and to convince myself by examination that they both belonged to one species, and were identical with Say’s C. similis. 2. Spherium aureum, Prime.—Animal not observed. Shell transversely oval, slightly elongated, nearly equilateral, heavy, convex; beaks full, raised above the outline of the shell; anterior margin broad and rounded ; posterior narrower Fig. 26. and somewhat angular; inferior slightly curved; hinge- margin somewhat broad, curved; cardinal teeth diminu- tive, double, so placed together as to represent the form of the letter V reversed, and rather wide-spread; lateral teeth situated each one at an angle with the cardinal teeth, strong and large ; sulcations deep, not very regular ; epidermis varying from a greenish-yellow toa bright gold color, slightly lustrous ; interior of the valves bluish-white. Long. 0.56; Lat. 0.43; Diam. 0.37 inches. Hab. North America, from Lake Superior? (Cabinets of Agassiz, Smithsonian Institution and Prime.) Cyclas aurea, Prime, Bost. Proc. IV, 1851, 159. S. aureum, This is one of our most attractive species, but also one of the rarest. It is supposed to have been brought from Lake Superior by the expedition which visited that region under Professor Agassiz. In general outline it offers some similarities with the S. sulcatum ; it is, however, a much more ponderous shell; it is less elongated, more convex, its sulcations are not so regular, its ' Notes on some American species of Cyclas, &c., by Temple Prime, the Hague, 1857. 8vo. 36 AMERICAN CORBICULADA., color is different, and lastly, its hinge-margin is much more curved. Compared with S. solidulum, it is more convex, more elon- gated, its posterior margin is broader, the hinge-margin is not so much curved, the beaks are fuller, and the sulcations are not quite so heavy ; the color is also different. 3. Spheerium solidulum, Prmoe.—Animal not observed. Shell transversely inequilateral, elongated, slightly convex: beaks full. not very prominent; anterior margin rounded; posterior drawn out to an angle; base slightly curved; epidermis variable, dark chestnut or brownish-yellow, with sometimes a yellow zone on the basal margin; sulcations coarse, irre- gular; interior dark blue; hinge-margin considerably curved; cardinal teeth double, in the shape of the letter V reversed ; lateral teeth large ; the anterior placed at an angle with the margin ; the posterior more on a continuation of the curve. Long. 0.56; Lat. 0.43; Diam. 0.31 inches. Hab. North America, in the States of New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Maryland, Virginia, Indiana and Wisconsin. (Cabinets of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Smithsonian Institution, Jay and S. solidulum. Prime.) Cyclas solidula, Pre, Bost. Proc. IV. 1851, 158. : Cyclas distorta, Prime, loc. sub. cit. IV, 1851, 158. This species, which is not uncommon, was probably confounded by our early conchologists with S. sulcatwm ; it differs from that species, however, in being less elongated, more inequilateral, less convex, the hinge-margin is more curved, and the shell is more solid. A, Sphezrium triamgulare, Say.—Animal not observed. Shell transversely oval, nearly equilateral, Fig. 28. rather full, anterior margin. slightly distended, rounded, posterior somewhat abrupt, basal round- ed; beaks large, full, prominent ; lines of growth regular, epidermis brownish; hinge-margin nar- row, curved ; cardinal teeth very distinct, assum- ing the shape of the letter V reversed ; lateral teeth pzominent. ; Long. 0.56; Lat. 0.43; Diam. 0.25 inches. Hab. North America, in Mexico. (Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.) S. triangulare. Cyclas triangularis, Say, New Harm. Dissem. 1829, 356. a Da ee ed NS re te Ks SPHMRIUM. Sil The specimens from which I have prepared this description were presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- phia by Mrs. Say, as the C. triangularis, Say ; they may or may not be true representatives of Say’s species. In many points they answer his description of the C. triangularis, but at the same ‘time I am not able to reconcile their shape, which is not more tri- angular than that of any other species, with the name he has applied to the species. Moreover, they bear a very strong re- semblance to one of our Northern Spherium, the S. solidulum ; they differ from it, however, in being less heavily and more regu- larly striated, and in having more prominent beaks. 5. Sphaerium striatimum, LAmarck.— Fig. 29. Animal white, tubes light reddish yellow. Shell slight, transversely elongated, somewhat compressed, inequilateral; anterior margin rounded, posterior distended, inferior rounded; beaks full, not much raised ; sulcations irregular, at times so light as hardly to be seen with the naked eye, thus giving the shell a lustrous appearance ; color vary- Z ing from a light greenish-yellow to a darker shade; Sadie cabin valves slight ; interior blue; hinge-margin slightly curved ; cardinal teeth double, very small, of the same size; lateral teeth larger, not very prominent. , Long. 0.43; Lat. 0.31; Diam. 0.25 inches. Hab. North America, in the States of New York, Connecticut, New Jer- sey, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Illinois, Ohio, Wisconsin, Alabama, Ten- nessee, Iowa, in the Hell Gate River, Washington Territory, and in Canada. (Cabinets of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Smith- sonian Institution, Jay, Prime, and others.) Cyclas striatina, LAMARcK, An. s. vert. V, 1818, 560. Cyclas edentula, Say, N. Harm. Dissem. 1829, 2. Cyclas cornea, Lamarck, C. B. Adam’s Cat. 1847. Cyclas albula, Prime, Bost. Proc. IV, 1851, 155. “Cyclas tenuistriata, Prime, loc. sub. cit. IV, 1851, 156. Cyclas acuminata, Prime, loc. sub. cit. IV, 1851, 158. Cyclas inornata, Prime, loc. sub. cit. IV, 1851, 159. Cyclas simplex, Prime, loc. sub. cit. IV, 1851, 159. Cyclas modesta, PRIME, loc. sub. tit. TV, 1851, 159. As may be seen by the above synonymy, I have been induced to unite under this species several which I described as distinct in 38 AMERICAN CORBICULADA. 1851. The differences existing between these shells are at times quite marked, but in general characters they agree, and I am in- clined to believe that these differences owe their origin solely to local causes. I had occasion some time since to convince myself of the identity of the S. striatinum with the C. edentula of Say. This species, which is not unplentiful in the localities where it is found, varies much in size, color, and external appearance gene- rally. The shell from Connecticut is so slight, that it is nearly translucent, and the striz are so light as to impart to it a lustrous appearance; on the other hand, I have specimens from the Hoosack, which are quite heavy and coarsely striated; in the main, however, they all seem to tally. The variety from Alabama, described as the C. tenuistriata, is less distended, is fuller, and the sulcations are hardly perceptible. Compared with S. solidulum, this species is smaller, more in- equilateral, less tumid, more compressed, less solid, less heavily sulcated, and its posterior extremity is more distended. 6. Spheerium stamimneum, Conrapv.—Animal not observed. Shell oval, somewhat full, inequilateral; anterior Fig. 30. generally abrupt ; posterior slightly distended ; beaks very full and prominent, widely separate at the apex, often eroded ; epidermis dark brownish-yellow ; striz heavy; valves strong; interior blue; hinge-margin curved ; cardinal teeth double, nearly obsolete ; late- ral teeth distinct, strong. Long. 0.56; Lat. 0.37; Diam. 0.31 inches. Hab. North America, in the States of New Jersey, Ohio, Illinois, Arkansas and Alabama. (Cabinets of the Academy of Na- tural Sciences of Philadelphia, Smithsonian Institution, Conrad; Jay and Prime.) S. stamineum. Cyclas staminea, Conrad, Amer. Journ. XXV, 1834, 342, pl. 1, f. v. Cyclas fuscata, RAFINESQUE, Prime in Bost. Proc. IV, 1852, 281. Cyclas bulbosa, ANTHONY, Prime in loc. sub. cit. IV, 1852, 283. I have been induced to unite to this species the C. fuscata, Rafinesque, which I consider as nothing more than a large variety. ! Notes on some American species of Cyclas, &c., by Temple Prime, the Hague, 1857. 8vo. SPH RIUM. 39 The C. bulbosa, Anthony, is a little more globose than Mr. Con- rad’s typical specimens, but presents no important characters of difference. The shells of this species found in New Jersey and in Illinois, are larger than those from Alabama. This species differs from most of our North American ones by its full and very prominent beaks. 4. Sphaerium rhomboideum, Say.—Animal, syphons reddish- yellow. Shell subglobular, rhombic-orbicular, equilateral; ante- rior margin truncated ; posterior slightly angular; basal Fig. 31. nearly straight; beaks full, but not prominent; valves slight, convex towards the beaks, gradually decreasing in fulness towards the margins ; interior blue; sulcations very delicate ; epidermis olive-green, with often a straw-colored S. rhom- zone on the margins ; young shell more compressed than the boideum. adult; hinge-margin nearly straight; cardinal teeth rudi- mentary ; lateral teeth distinct, somewhat acute, not elongated. Long. 0.50; Lat. 0.37; Diam. 0.31 inches. Hab. North America, in the States of Vermont, Connecticut, Massachu- setts, New York, Ohio, Michigan, and in Canada. (Cabinets of the Aca- demy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Smithsonian Institution, Jay, Prime, and others.) Cyclas rhomboidea, Say, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. IL. II, 1822, 380. Cyclas cornea, var. 3, Lamarck, An. s. vert. V, 1818, 558. Cyclas elegans, C. B. Apams, Bost. Jour. III, 1840, 330, pl. 3, f. 11. This, the most attractive species of Sphezrium, is not easily confounded with any other. Up to within a few years it was usually known among collectors under the name of C elegans, Adams. I have stated elsewheret my reasons for considering the (. elegans as identical with Say’s shell. Though no longer rare since 1851, when Mr. Whittemore found it in considerable abund- ance at one place near Cambridge, Mass., this species does not seem to be very widely distributed ; it is confined to certain spe- cial localities. ee eS ee 1 Annals of the N. Y. Lyceum, vol. vi, 1853, 66. 40 AMERICAN CORBICULADA. 8. Sphzerium dentatum, Ha.tpemayn.—Animal not observed. Shell large, ventricose, somewhat equilateral, Fig. 32. inferior and anterior margins rounded ; posterior somewhat angular ; beaks large, well-rounded, dis- tant, not very prominent; hinge-margin nearly straight; cardinal teeth single, distinct; lateral teeth not prominent; sulcations slight ; epidermis olive-green, with a dark narrow zone at some dis- tance above the basal margin. Long. 0.50; Lat. 0.40; Diam. 0.37 inches. Hab. North America, in Oregon. (Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.) Cyclas dentata, HALDEMAN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. I, 1841, 100. 8S. dentatum. The young shell is more elongated and more heavily sulcated than the adult; the beaks are less large and less tumid. This is a well marked species, compared with §. patella, Gould, from the same section of the country, it is found to be larger, more ven- tricose, the beaks are more inflated, and the color of the epidermis is different. The only two specimens I have seen of the S. dentatum were those from which Mr. Haldeman described the species, an adult and a young one, which he was kind enough to lend me for study ; they are now deposited in the collection of the Academy of Natu- ral Sciences of Philadelphia. 9. Sphezrium fabalis, Prme.—Animal, syphons crimson. Shell transversely oval, compressed, nearly equilateral; anterior and basal margins rounded; posterior margin slightly abrupt ; beaks not full, very much depressed ; sulcations moderately heavy, very regular, quite distinct; epidermis light-green, it is, however, sometimes quite dark; in the young it is often straw color; valves slight, interior blue; hinge-mar- gin very slightly curved; cardinal teeth small, assuming the shape of the letter V reversed ; lateral teeth slight ; an- terior tooth somewhat more elevated, both placed very nearly on a line with the cardinal teeth. Long. 0.56; Lat. 0.43; Diam. 0.25 inches. Hah. North America, in the States of New York, Ohio, Illinois, Tennes- see, Georgia, Virginia, Michigan and Pennsylvania. (Cabinets of Smith- sonian Institution, Jay and Prime.) Cyclas fabalis, Prime, Bost. Proc. IV, 1851, 159. Cyclas castanea, Prime, loc. sub. cit. IV, 1851, 160. © Cyclas sulculosa, DeECHARPENTIER, MSS. 1851. SPH ERIUM. 41 This is a very distinet species ; I know of no other to which it bears any resemblance; it is remarkable for its compressed ap- pearance, and for the depression of its beaks. Though pretty widely distributed, it does not seem to be found anywhere in much abundance. The epidermis of the shell is at times so entirely stained with a darkish substance, that it is with difficulty that its color can be detected. 10. Spherium occidentale, Prime.—Animal not observed. Shell oval, small, pellucida, fragile, equilateral, margins rounded ; valves slight, rather convex ; beaks full, round- Fig. 34. ed, not much raised ; sulcations very fine, hardly visible ; epidermis horn color ; cardinal teeth very diminutive ; lateral teeth more distinct. Long. 0.31; Lat. 0.25; Diam. 0.18 inches. Hab. North America, in the States of New York, Ver- __ J. occidentale. mont, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, in the Hell Gate River, Washington Territory, and in Canada. (Cabinets of the Academy of Na- tural Sciences of Philadelphia, Smithsonian Institution, Jay and Prime. y Cyclas ovalis (preoe.), Prime, Bost. Proc. IV, 1852, 276. Spherium ovale, STIMPSON, Apams, rec. gen. II, 1858, 450. Spherium occidentale, PRIME, Proc. Ac. N. 8. Phila. 1860, 295. This species is remarkable for its completely oval shape, which renders it quite distinct from all others. It is found not uncom- monly. Compared with S. partumeium, under which name it has at times been sent to me, it is much smaller, the margins are more rounded, and the beaks are not so much raised. Wi. Spherium nobile, Gounp.—Animal not observed. Shell rhombic-ovate, inequilateral, moderately compressed; anterior margin truncated, posterior more distended, basal curved ; beaks rounded, inclined towards the front, slightly tumid, Fig. 35. separate at apex; sulcations coarse; epidermis delicate, light brown; valves strong, interior white; hinge-margin nearly straight, moderately broad; cardinal teeth single, distinct ; lateral teeth moderately developed. Long. 0.50; Lat. 0.37; Diam. 0.25 inches. S. nobile. Hab. North America, at San Pedro, in the State of California. (Cabi- nets of Gould, Smithsonian Institution and Prime.) Cyclas nobilis, Gout, Bost. Proc. V, 1855, 229. Atlas of U.S. Exp. Expedit. pl. 36. 42 AMERICAN CORBICULADA, Compared with S. sulcatum it is slighter, less suleated, more compressed and less tumid. This species is rare, the only speci- mens I have seen were kindly presented to me by Dr. Gould. 12. Spharium patella, Govitp.—Animal not observed. Sheil rounded oval, lenticular, compressed, equilateral; margins gene- rally rounded; beaks central, small, hardly raised; valves slight, interior white; sulcations extremely fine; epidermis light, of a yeilowish-brown color; cardinal teeth very diminn- tive, so placed as to assume the shape of the letter V reversed: lateral teeth not prominent, elongated. S. patella. Long. 0.43; Lat. 0.31; Diam. 0.18 inches. Hab. North America, in Oregon. (Cabinets of Gould, Smithsonian In- stitution and Prime.) Cyclas patella, Goutp, Bost. Proc. HI, 1850, 292. Atlas U. 8. Exp. Expedit. pl. 36. This species is peculiar, owing to its compressed oval shape and rounded beaks ; compared with S. flavum it is more oval, more equilateral, and its beaks are less tumid. The specimens in my cabinet came from Dr. Gould. 13. Sphzerium vermontanum, Prmuez.—Animal not observed. Shell very oblique, tumid, inequilateral, full; an- terior margin abrupt, posterior drawn out to an angle, basal slightly curved; beaks large, full, pro- minent, placed very much towards the anterior, in which direction they are slightly inclined ; sulca- tions coarse, moderately regular; epidermis light green ; ligament conspicuous ; valves solid, interior light blue ; hinge-margin much curved, broad ; car- dinal teeth strong, representing the letter V ve- ~ versed ; lateral teeth elongated, strong. Long. 0.56; Lat. 0.37; Diam. 0.25 inches. Hab. North America, in Lakes Champlain and Memphremagog, Ver- mont. (Cabinets of Prime and Smithsonian Institution. ) Spherium vermontanum, Prime, Proc. Ac. N. 8. Phil. 1861, 128. S. vermontanum. Remarkable for its very oblique and tumid shape, and for the abruptness of its anterior margin. Compared with S. stamineum, it is more tumid and less heavily sulcated ; it is less elongated and more tumid than the S. striatinum. Quite rare. I have neve: seen but a few specimens of this species, which were received from the late Prof. Adams, of Amherst. SPH®RIUM. 43 4. Sphzrium emarginatum, Prmuz.—Animal not observed. Shell triangular, nearly equilateral, convex, tumid, anterior and posterior margins abrupt, posterior slightly more distended, basal margin curved ; valves solid, in- terior white ; beaks very full, prominent, nearly central ; ligament distinct ; sulcations regular, not heavy.; epi- dermis brown, with several narrow transverse zones of a dark color at regular intervals ; hinge-margin curved; cardinal teeth single, quite distinct ; lateral teeth not much elongated, strong. Long. 0.37; Lat. 0.37; Diam. 0.25 inches. Hab. North America, in the region of Lake Superior. (Cabinets of Agassiz, Smithsonian Institution and Prime.) Cyclas emarginata, Prime, Bost. Proc. IV, 1851, 156. S. emarginatum. The triangular and very tumid form of this species is quite singular; it differs from S. vermontanum in being more tumid, fuller, in having larger beaks, and in being much less broad at the base. The young shell is more elongated and less tumid than the adult. A rare species. 15. Sphzeritum flavum, Prmur.—Animal not observed. Shell transversely rounded, compressed, equilateral, deli- cate, margins generally rounded, the posterior a little dis- tended ; beaks central, not full, more or less depressed ; valves very slight, interior whitish; sulcations pretty deep, regular ; epidermis light, of a greenish-yellow color; .cardinal teeth small, in the shape of the letter V reversed; lateral teeth §. flavum. elongated. Fig. 39. Long. 0.43; Lat. 0.31; Diam. 0.18 inches. Hab. North America, at the Sault St. Marie, Lake Superior. (Cabinets of Agassiz, Smithsonian Institution, Jay and Prime.) Cyclas flava, Prime, Bost. Proc. IV, 1851, 155. This is a very slight and delicate species, quite distinct from any others but S. patella, to which it bears some general re- semblance from its shape; it is, however, more compressed, less high, and the exterior of the valves is very different, as they are nearly smooth in Dr. Gould’s shell. Found not unplentifully in the one locality. 16. Spherium tumidum, W. Bairp.—s. testa ovato-trigona, tumida, olivacea, conferte transversim concentrice forte costata ; umboni- bus prominentibus, nec non erosis ; interne ceerulescente ; margine ventrali rotundato. 44 AMERICAN CORBICULAD. Long. 0.50; Lat. 0.51 inches. Hab. North America, at Sumass Prairie, Frazer River, British Columbia. (Cabinet of the British Museum.) Spherium tumidum, W. Batrp, Proc. Zool. 1863, 69. “This shell is of a tumid, swollen figure, and of an ovate- trigonal shape. The color externally is dark olive, and it is strongly ribbed concentrically. The beaks are prominent, and frequently eroded. The inner surface is of a bluish tint. The ventral or lower margin is rounded.” 1%. Spharium spokani, W. Barrp.—S. testa rotundato-ovata, cornea, concentrice transversim conferte minute striata, nitida, sub lente obsolete punctata; umbonibus rotundatis, obtusis ; interne albida ; mar- gine ventrali rotundato. Long. 0.48; Lat. 0.51 inches. Hab. North America, in the Spokane and Kootanie Rivers, British Co- lumbia. (Cabinet of the British Museum.) Spherium spokani, W. Barb, Proc. Zool. 1863, 69. This shell is smaller than S. fwmidum, more rounded, and with more obtuse beaks. The striz or riblets are much less distinct ; the color is pale horny externally, and white internally. It has a shining appearance ; but when examined by the lens, the surface is seen to be indistinctly punctate. The specimens taken from the Spokane River are much larger than those collected in the Kootaine. b. BEAKS TUBERCULAR OR CALYCULATE. 18. Sphzrium elevatum, Hatpemay.—Animal not observed. Shell ovate, orbicular, nearly spherical, cavity large, equilateral, margins well rounded; beaks central, slightly inclined towards the anterior, lapping over the outline of the shell, large, tumid, approximate, calyculate, prominent; hinge-mar- gin slightly curved ; cardinal teeth united, promi- nent ; lateral ones elongated, large; valves very strong, interior bluish; surface smooth, striation light, irregular; color brownish-olive, greatly varied by zones of a lighter shade, a zone of S. elevatuim. bright yellow bordering the inferior and part of the lateral margins. Long. 0.56; Lat. 0.50; Diam. 0.31 inches. SPH RIUM. 45 Hab. North America, at New Orleans, La., and in Florida and Alabama. (Cabinets of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and Prime.) Cyclas elevata, Haupeman, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. I, 1841, 53. Cyclas pallida, DeCuarpentiER, MSS. 1851. Remarkable for its transversely spherical shape, which renders it distinct from all other species of this genus. It is much more solid than the generality of calyculate species, the valves being as strong as those of any of the larger species of the preceding group. C. pallida, the young of this species, is more delicate than the aduit ; it is a little less transversely spherical, the striz are lighter, and the color is bright yellow. Prof. Haldeman’s original specimen of C. elevata, from which this description was prepared, and which is now in the cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences, though very perfect in appear- ance, comprised but a single valve. This species seems to be very rare. I have never met with any other specimens but the one in the cabinet of the Academy and those I have in mine—two specimens of C. pallida, derived from DeCharpentier himself, and a single valve from Florida. Fig. 41. S. elevatum. 19. Spherium partumeium, Say.—Animal usually white, in some varieties pink, syphonal tubes pink. Shell rounded-oval, thin, fragile, pellucid, somewhat inflated, nearly equilateral ; anterior margin very slightly distend- ed, rounded; posterior slightly abrupt; basal Fig. 42. rounded; beaks central, calyculate, approximate at apex; strie so delicate as hardly to be visible ; epidermis glossy, of a light greenish horn color, with at times a zone of a different shade on the basal margin; valves delicate, moderately convex, interior light blue; hinge-margin nearly straight, passing by a regular curve into the anterior margin, but curving suddenly behind so as to form an obtuse angle, causing the posterior side to appear broader, thus giving the shell S. partumeium. 46 AMERICAN CORBICULAD. a somewhat rhombiform appearance ; cardinal teeth strong, assuming the shape of the letter V reversed ; lateral teeth very much elongated. The young shell is more compressed than the adult; it is usually light yellow. Long. 0.50; Lat. 0.43; Diam. 0.31 inches. Hab. North America, in the States of New England, New York, New Jersey, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, and Arkansas. (Cabinets of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Smithsonian Institution, Boston Society of Natu- ral History, Garden of Plants at Paris, Agassiz, Jay and Prime.) Cyclas partumeia, Say, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. II, 1822, 380. Cyclas cornea, var. 2, Lamarck, An. s. Vert. V, 1818, 558. Cyclas orbicularia, Barratt, American Jl. XLVIII, 1845, 276. Cyclas mirabilis, Prime, Bost. Proc. IV, 1851, 157. Cyclas cerulea, Prime, loc. sub. cit. IV, 1851, 161. Cyclas eburnea, ANTHONY, loc. sub. cit., IV, 1852, 279. This species varies much according to the localities where it is found, which accounts in part for the number of names it has re- ceived. C. orbicularia, of which I have authentic specimens from Mr. Barrat, is a genuine S. partumeium, without even any local modifications of shape. C. mirabilis, from Georgia, is a small form of this species, and C. cerulea differs from the type in being a little less inflated. C. eburnea, from Arkansas, varies from the northern S. partumeium in being more compressed and a little more elevated. I do not think, however, taking the differ- ence of localities into consideration, that these are characters sufficient to warrant retaining C. eburnea as a distinct species. I had an opportunity, while in Paris, to assure myself that the variety No. 2 of C. cornea was a true S. partumeium. This species is not only very widely distributed, but where it is found, it occurs in large numbers. The only one of our northern species to which it bears much resemblance is S. truncatum, and that is only in general outline; the S. partwmetum.is much more inflated and transversely more broad. 20. Sphezritum jayamuma, Prue.—Animal not observed. Shell rhombic, nearly equilateral, moderately convex, thin, fragile, somewhat translucent, drawn up to an angle towards the hinge-margin ; anterior and posterior margins very abrupt, inferior very slightly curved ; beaks central, calyculate, approximate at apex; hinge-margin consider- ably shorter than the basal margin, slightly curved; cardinal teeth SPHHRIUM. AT distinct, in the shape of the letter V reversed; lateral teeth elongated ; valves delicate, interior light blue; strie hardly visible; epidermis glossy, light greenish horn color, with at times a zone of bright yellow on the in- ferior margin. Long. 0.50; Lat. 0.43; Diam. 0.18 inches. Hab. North America, in the region of Lake Su- perior? Iowa and Canada. (Cabinets of Agassiz, Smithsonian Institution, Jay, Garden of Plants in Paris, and Prime.) S. jayanum. Cyclas jayensis, Prime, Bost. Proc. IV,'1851, 157. This attractive and rare species is easily distinguished by its elevated shape and by its abrupt lateral margins, which give it a somewhat triangular appearance. It is related to S. ryckholti of Europe, from which it differs, however, in being more inflated, its beaks are less prominent, the shell is more elevated, and its anterior margin is abrupt, whereas in S. ryckhoiti it is distended and angular. 21. Sphzeritum temue, Priue.—Animal not observed. Shell small, transversely oblong, pellucia, moderately full, subequi- lateral; anterior and basal margins rounded, posterior margin subabrupt; beaks nearly central, not prominent, calyculate ; Fig. 44. striations very fine and regular, hardly perceptible; epidermis RC glossy, light straw color; valves slight, interior straw color; hinge-margin short, narrow, nearly straight; cardinal teeth very diminutive, lateral teeth small, elongated. 1S. tenue. Long. 0.18; Lat. 0.12; Diam. 0.06 inches. Hab. North America, in the Androscoggin, Maine, and in the Upper Mackenzie, British America. (Cabinets of Prime and the Smithsonian Institution.) Cyclas tenuis, Prime, Bost. Proc. IV, 1851, 161. This species, the smallest one known to inhabit the United States, was discovered some years since by Mr. Girard, from whom I obtained my specimens. It may possibly be the young of some species, but if so, it would be very difficult to say which; setting aside its diminutive size, it appears to have all the character- istics of a mature shell. In outline it seems to be allied to S. transversum ; it is, however, more inflated, less elongated, and its margins are more rounded. At first sight, it might readily be mistaken for a Pisidium. 48 AMERICAN CORBICULADA. 22. Sphezrium transversuma, Say.—Animal white, syphonal tubes pink, foot white. Shell transversely oblong, elongated, subinequilateral, translucent; an- terior side narrow ; anterior margin Fig. 45. rounded, posterior margin subtrun- cate, basal very much curved; beaks placed somewhat on the anterior side, large, calyculate, very much raised above the outline of the shell; strie very delicate; epidermis greenish- yellow, of a darker shade at times on the region of beaks ; valves slight, interior bluish; hinge-margin very nearly straight, narrow; cardinal teeth S. transversum. compressed, in the shape of the letter V reversed, and very much expanded ; lateral teeth slightly elongated. Long. 0.62; Lat. 0.43; Diam. 0.25 inches. Hab. North America, in the States of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Arkansas, Alabama, and in Canada. (Cabinets of Jay, Prime and the Smithsonian Institution.) Cyclas transversa, Say, New Harm. Dissem. II, 1829, 356. Cyclas detruncata, Primz, Bost. Proc. IV, 1851, 155. Cyclas gracile, Pr, loc. sub. cit. IV, 1851, 156. Cyclas constricta, ANTHONY, loc. sub. cit. IV, 1852, 274. This large and delicate species is remarkable for its very trans- verse shape and for the narrowness of the anterior extremity as compared to the posterior. The form of the shell recalls that of many of the small species from the West Indies and South America. It is found in considerable abundance. C. detruncata does not differ sufficiently from the type to con- stitute even a variety. C. gracilis is a large variety of S. trans- versum; it is a little more inflated and of a darker color. @. constricta is nothing more than a difformed specimen of Say’s ‘species, having a perpendicular furrow up the centre of each valve, caused by some accident occurring to the shell during its growth. 23. Spherium contractum, Prive.—Shell transversely ob- long, inequilateral, translucent, moderately full; anterior side narrow ; anterior margin rounded; posterior margin subtiancate ; basal rounded ; beaks inclined towards the anterior, calyculate, raised above the outline SPH RIUM. 49 of the shell; stri# very delicate; epidermis greenish-yellow, somewhat darker in the region of the beaks; valves slight, interior bluish ; hinge-margin somewhat rounded, narrow ; cardinal Fig. 46. teeth slight, assuming the shape of the letter V reversed ; lateral teeth elongated. Long. 0.56; Lat. 0.34; Diam. 0.21 inches. Hab. North America, in the Big Prairie Creek and in Greer’s Creek in the State of Alabama. (Cabinets of the Smithsonian Institution, Lewis, Showalter, Wheatley, and Prime.) S. contractum. Compared with S. transversum, to which this species is closely allied, it is found to be smaller, less elongated, the beaks are smaller, the anterior and posterior margins less disproportionate and the hinge-margin is more rounded. Found by Dr. Showalter, in not inconsiderable number. 24. Sphzrium securis, Pame.—Animal pinkish, syphons of the same color. Shell rhombic-orbicular, ventricose, subequilateral, both sides of very nearly the same length ; anterior margin a little curved; posterior margin abrupt, forming an obtuse angle with the hinge-margin: basal margin much longer than the superior margin, round- ed; beaks large, calyculate, slightly inclined towards the anterior, very approximate at apex; valves slight, very con- vex, especially in the region of the umbones ; strie delicate, regular, hardly perceptible; epidermis glossy in some cases, 5. securis. very variable in color, but generally of a greenish-horn, at times of a brilliant yellow or straw color; hinge-margin curved, narrow ; cardinal teeth very small, united at base; lateral teeth slight, elongated, very narrow. Long. 0.37; Lat. 0.31; Diam. 0.25 inches. Hab. North America, in the States of Massachusetts, Vermont, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Michigan, New York, and in Canada. (Cabinets of Jay, Lewis, Prime, and Smithsonian Institution. ) Cyclas securis, Prime, Bost. Proc. IV, 1851, 160.—Ann. N. Y. Lyceum, V, 1851, 218, pl. vi. C. cardissa, Prime, Bost. Proc. IV, 1851, 160. C. crocea, Lewis, loc. sub. cit. VI, 1854, 25. Found plentifully at Cambridge, Mass. I cannot see differences sufficient between S. securis and C. cardissa to separate them ; C. cardissa is more globose, transversely shorter, more elevated, 4 50 AMERICAN CORBICULADA, but still intermediate forms uniting the two are so frequent that it is not possible that they should form distinct species. C. crocea, Lewis, is a young of this species. Compared with S. sphericum, the S. securis is more equi- lateral, the beaks are less tumid and less inclined, the sides are less rounded, and the hinge-margin is less curved. 25. Spherium rosaceum, Priue.—Animal not observed. Shell small, rounded-oval, fragile, translucent, subequilateral, somewhat compressed, margins generally rounded; beaks nearly cen- tral, slightly inclined towards the anterior, calyculate, approximate at apex; valves very slight, a little convex in the region of the umbones; striz regular, hardly visi- ble; epidermis shiny, reddish-brown; hinge-margin nearly straight, delicate, narrow; cardinal teeth nearly obsolete, lateral teeth slight, elongated. Long. 0.25; Lat. 0.18; Diam. 0.15 inches. , Hab. North America, in the Schuylkill River. (Cabinet of Prime.) Cyclas rosacea, Prime, Bost. Proc. IV, 1851, 155. S. rosacewm. This species, which is very rare, the only specimens known to me being those in my collection, is not very liable to be con- founded with others. Compared with S. occidentale, it is less full, the beaks are more prominent and are calyculate. 26. Spherium sphzricum, Aytuoyy.—Animal not observed. Shell globose, subequilateral, transversely Fig. 49. oval; anterior side narrow, distended, rounded ; e~ inferior margin rounded ; posterior margin sub- age SS abrupt; beaks inclined towards the anterior, (2 N\ large, prominent, calyculate ; valves slight, very convex, interior blue; striz fine and regular; epidermis greenish ; hinge-margin much curved ; S. spharicum. cardinal teeth strong, united at base and dis- posed in the shape of the letter V reversed; lateral teeth prominent, very distinct, rather short. Long. 0.31; Lat. 0.20; Diam. 0.18 inches. Hab. North America, in the Black River, Ohio. (Cabinets of Anthony, Prime, and Smithsonian Institution.) Cyclas spherica, ANTHONY, Bost. Proc. IV, 1852, 275. Very rare; I have seen but few specimens of this species besides those in Mr. Anthony’s collection and in mine. Compared with SPH RIUM. 51 S. rosaceum, it is less equilateral, more inflated and the margins are less rounded. 27. Sphezerium trumcatum, Liysitey.—Animal not observed. Shell rhombic-orbicular, lenticular, thin, pellucid, very slightly inflated, subequilateral; anterior side narrower}; anterior margin rounded; posterior margin nearly a straight line; basal somewhat curved; beaks central, calyculate, approximate at apex; striz very delicate; epidermis glossy, light green- ish horn color; valves slight, very little convex; interior light blue; hinge-margin very nearly straight ; very narrow; cardinal teeth diminutive, united at base; lateral teeth 9g. truncatwm. slight, narrow, not much elongated. Long. 0.37; Lat. 0.81; Diam. 0.15 inches. Hab. North America, in the States of Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Wisconsin, New York, Ohio, and in Canada. (Cabinets of Linsley, Gould, Prime and Smithsonian Institution.) Cyclas calyculata, C. B. Apams, Amer. Jour. XI, 1841, 277. Cyclas truncata, Linstey, Amer. Jour. VI, 1848, 234, f. 3. Cyclas pellucida, Primer, Bost. Proc. IV, 1852, 277. The specimens from which this description was prepared, the same ones from which Dr. Gould described the original C. trun- cata, are precisely similar to those the late Prof. Adams sent to me labelled C. calyculata, from Vermont, and which I described, in 1852, under the name of C. pellucida. This species is un- doubtedly very closely allied to S. lacustre, Ferussae (C. calycu- lata of authors) of Europe, but still the differences are patent enough to authorize its being retained as distinct. Compared with S. partumeium, the S. truncatum is less inflated, transversely less broad, the posterior margin is more abrupt and the hinge slighter. The young, more tumid than the adult, is of a lemon yellow. Found not uncommonly. 28. Spherium lemticula, Govrtp.—Animal not observed. Shell rhombic-orbicular, lenticular, thin, pellucid, very slightly inflated, nearly equilateral ; anterior side nar- rower; anterior margin curved ; posterior margin abrupt, inferior rounded ; beaks central, calyculate, approximate at apex; strie hardly visible; epidermis glossy, light greenish horn color; valves delicate, a little convex towards the region of the umbones ; interior light blue; hinge-margin nearly straight, narrow ; cardinal teeth hardly visible, united at base; lateral teeth slight, narrow, not much elongated. Fig. 51. S. lenticula. 52 AMERICAN CORBICULADZ. Long. 0.43; Lat. 0.37; Diam. 0.18 inches. Hab. North America, in Carson and Klamath Rivers, California. (Cabi- nets of Gould, Anthony and Prime.) Lucina lenticula, Gouin, Bost. Proc. III, 1850, 256. Cyclas lenticula, Goutp, Atlas Explor. Exped. pl. 36, f. 528. This species, of which I obtained specimens from Dr. Gould, is so similar in nearly every respect to S. truncatum, that it is very difficult to tell them apart. The valves of S. lenticula are per- haps a little more convex as they approach the region of the beaks, and the hinge-margin a little more curved and less narrow. The young shell is of the same color as the adult, whereas, with S. trun- catum, the young is of a lighter color. 29. Spherium subtramsversum, Prmuer.—Animal not ob- served. Shell small, transversely oblong, equilateral, translucent, fragile, com- pressed ; beaks central, large, calyculate; strie very delicate; epidermis greenish-yellow. Long. 0.30; Lat. 0.20; Diam. 0.10 inches. Hab. North America, at Tabasco in Mexico. (Cabinet of Cuming.) Spherium subtransversum, Prime, Proc. Zool. XXVIII, 1860, 322. The only specimen I have seen of this species was sent to me for description by Mr. Cuming. 30. Spherium argentimum, D’Orsicny.— Animal not ob- served. Shell oval, small, translucent, compressed; anterior side short, some- what angular, posterior side distended and truncated at the end; beaks calyculate ; strie delicate; epidermis greenish-brown; valves slight, in- terior bluish; cardinal teeth united, laterat teeth hardly visible. Long. 0.31; Lat. 0.25 inches. fab. South America, at Montevideo at the base of the Cerro. (Cabinet of the British Museum.) Cyclas argentina, D’OrxIeny, Mag. de Zool. 1835.—Is. Voy. en Amer. Mérid. 1844, 568, pl. 83, f. 5-7. It has not been my good fortune to meet with this species. M. D’Orbigny says it bears some resemblance to C. calyculata, meaning thereby, I presume, the shell now known to European Conchologists under the name of S. lacustre, Férussac. SPH RIUM. 53 c. SHELL ALWAYS SMALL, RHOMBOIDAL, BEAKS CALYCULATE. 31. Sphazrium bahiemse, Sprx.—Animal not observed. Shell very small, rounded-oval, inflated, inequi- lateral; anterior margin narrow, curved; posterior Fig. 52. margin broad, subtruncate ; inferior margin curved ; beaks inclined towards the anterior, large, prominent, calyculate ; valves slight, interior dark yellow, irregu- larly mottled with dark reddish spots ; lines of growth very fine; epidermis yellowish-brown, with irregular spots of dark purple; hinge-margin very narrow, S. bahiense. nearly straight; cardinal teeth small; lateral teeth comparatively strong, the posterior one much the longer. Long. 0.15; Lat. 0.12; Diam. 0.09 inches. Hab. South America, at Bahia in Brazil. (Cabinets of Jay, Prime and others.) Cyclas bahiensis, Sprx, Test. Braz. 1827, 32, pl. xxv, f. 5, 6. Cyclas maculata, ANton (non MoreEtet), Wiegm. Archiv, 1837, 284, Pisum maculatum, Desuayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. 1854, 283. Pisum bahiense, DesHAyeEs, loc. sub. cit. 1854, 284. Musculium bahiense, Apams, Rec. Gen. II, 1858, 451. Musculium maculatum, ADAms, loc. sub. cit. IH, 1858, 451. This, the smallest species of Spherium, has the peculiar appear- ance characteristic of the West Indian and South American shells of this genus. It does not seem to be uncommon. Some authors, led away by its diminutive size, have committed the error, as may be seen by thé above synonymy, of placing it under the head of Pisidium. I have never seen C. maculata, Anton (non More- let), but have every reason to believe, from the description given of it, that it does not differ materially from this species. In out- line it is somewhat similar to S. barbadense; it is, however, much smaller, less inflated, and the beaks are much more raised. Compared with S. meridionale, and S. maculatum of Morelet, it is smaller, more inflated, and the margins are more rounded. 32. Sphzerium barbadense, Prive.—Animal not observed. Shell small, rounded-oval, ventricose, subequilateral, delicate ; anterior side a little the shorter and narrower; margins generally rounded ; beaks slightly inclined towards the anterior, nearly central, small, calyculate, approximate at apex, at times eroded; strie coarse for the size of the 54 AMERICAN CORBICULADA. shell, though not very distinct ; epidermis dark greenish- brown; valves slight, very convex; cardinal teeth very small; lateral teeth strong, very much drawn up and shorter than they usually are in other species. Long. 0.25; Lat. 0.20; Diam. 0.15 inches. Hab. Barbados, West Indies. (Cabinet of Prime.) 8. ae Sphexrium barbadense, Prime, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 415. I have but one specimen of this species, which seems to be closely allied to S. bahiense ; it is, however, much larger, more globose, and its beaks are not as much raised. 33. Spherium modioliforme, Axroy.—Animal not observed. Shell small, ovate oblong, moderately inflated, inequilateral, translucent ; anterior and basal margins rounded, posterior somewhat distended and subtruncate ; beaks inclined towards the anterior, prominent, calyculate ; valves slight, convex; epidermis dark yéllow, irregularly spotted with a darker color; striz hardly visible ; teeth very small; hinge-margin some- what curved, very narrow. Long. 0.31; Lat. 0.18; Diam. 0.15 inches. Hab. South America, in Brazil and Venezuela. (Cabinets of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Bourguignat, Gassies, Museum of Paris, Michaud, and Museum at Leyden.) Cyclas modioliformis, AN'ron, Wiegm. Archiv, 1837, 284. Pisidium diaphanum, Haupeman, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. I, 1841, 53. Pisum modioliforme, DEsHAYES, Brit. Mus. Cat. 1854, 283. Pisidium moquinianum, Bourcuienat, Amen. I, 1855, 61, pl. 3, f. 13-17. Cyclas moquiniana, Gassres, Pisid. 1855, f. 9. Cyclas striatella, Férussac, Museum of Paris. Cyclas littoralis, Firussac, Collect. Michaud. Cyclas venezuclensis, Prime, Museum of Leyden. Musculium modioliforme, Apams, Rec. Gen. II, 1858, 451. The specimen from which this description was prepared (the original shell from which Mr. Haldeman described the P. diapha- num) is in the Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; it was discovered in the interior of a large Ampullaria from Brazil. Ihave never seen C. modioliformis or P. moquinianum, but judging from their descriptions and from the figure of the latter, I do not doubt that they belong to this species. I have had occasion to examine C. striatella and C. littoralis personally. SPH RIUM. 5 or 8. modioliforme seems to be rare. It bears some resemblance to S. meridionale, but it differs from it in being more inflated and the color is lighter. 34. Spherium meridionale, Prmz.—Animal not observed. Shell small, transversely-oblong, compressed, delicate, inequilateral ; anterior side narrow, shorter ; anterior margin some- what angular, posterior subabrupt, basal slightly Fig. 54. rounded ; beaks inclined towards the anterior, small, calyculate, approximate at apex ; valves slight, com- pressed, strie very regular and delicate, hardly per- ceptible; epidermis yellowish-brown, irregularly mottled with large blotches of a much darker color ; hinge-margin very slightly rounded, narrow, much shorter than the basal margin; cardinal teeth di- S. meridionale. minutive; lateral teeth slight, the posterior tooth much the more elongated. Long. 0.33; Lat. 0.20; Diam. 0.12 inches. Hab. North America, at Panama. (Cabinets of Prime and Smithsonian Institution. ) Spherium meridionale, Prime, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 414. This species is easily distinguished by its very inequilateral and compressed shape. Compared with S. maculatum, it is larger, its posterior margin is less abrupt, and its lateral teeth are larger. 35. Spherium maculatum, Moreter.—Animal not observed. Shell small, transversely-oblong, rhombic, elongated, inequilateral, com- pressed, delicate ; anterior side much the narrower, slightly rounded ; posterior side very broad ; posterior margin abrupt, forming a straight line from the hinge to the base of the shell; inferior margin nearly straight; valves slight, very little convex; beaks small, calyculate, inclined towards the anterior side ; striz not perceptible ; epidermis dark yellowish- brown, irregularly mottled with spots of a much darker color; hinge-margin nearly straight; cardinal teeth very small; lateral teeth strong, elongated. Long. 0.25; Lat. 0.18; Diam. 0.12 inches. Hab. North America, in Yucatan. (Cabinets of Morelet, Jay, Prime and Smithsonian Institution.) A” | S. maculatum. Cyclas maculata, MoRELET, Test. nov. Insul. Cub. ete. 1851, 25, pt. 2d. A rare species; the only specimens I have met with were 56 AMERICAN CORBICULADA. kindly presented to me by the original describer. It is easily distinguished from all other species of Spherium by the very great disproportion which exists between the lateral margins. 36. Spherium veatleyii, C. B. Apams.—Animal not observed. Shell small, transversely elongated, inequilateral, compressed ; anterior and inferior margins rounded ; posterior margin sub- Fig. 56. truncate; beaks situated towards the anterior side and inclined in that direction, small, prominent, calyculate ; valves slight, interior irregularly spotted with dark blotches; strie regular, coarse for the size of the shell; epidermis horn color with a tinge ~~ of brown; hinge-margin nearly straight; cardinal S. veatleyii. teeth small but distinct, placed in the shape of the letter V reversed; lateral teeth well developed, elongated. Long. 0.18; Lat. 0.12; Diam. 0.06 inches. Hab. North America, in the Island of Jamaica. (Cabinets of Jay and Prime.) Cyclas veatleyit, C. B. Apams, Contrib. Conch. 1849, 44. Pisidium veatleyii, Petrr, Journ. Conch. II, 1851, 421. Pisum veatleyii, DesHayes, Brit. Mus, Cat. 1854, 283. Musculium veatleyiit, ApAms, Rec. Gen. II, 1858, 452. This rare species, of which I received specimens from the late Prof. Adams, is somewhat allied to S. portoricense ; it is, how- ever, smaller, more delicate, more elongated, the valves are less full, the beaks less large, and the hinge is more slight. 3%. Spherium portoricemse, Prme.—Animal not observed. Shell small, transversely elongated, rhombic, equi- Fig. 57. lateral, slightly compressed ; margins generally straight, in especial the posterior margin ; beaks central, slightly inclined towards the anterior side, calyculate, approxi- mate at apex; strie regular, quite heavy with respect to the size of the shell; epidermis light brownish- yellow; cardinal teeth strong; lateral teeth strong, short; valves solid, very little convex; the interior, S. portoricense. and at times the exterior, irregularly spotted with a few dots of very dark color. Long. 0.25; Lat. 0.20; Diam. 0.12 inches. Hab. Portorico, West Indies. (Cabinets of Swift and Prime.) Sphxrium portoricense, Prime, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 415. SPHRIUM. 57 The specimens from which this description was prepared were kindly furnished to me by Mr. Swift, of St. Thomas. In propor- tion to its size this species is quite robust. It is different from the generality of the West Indian and South American Sphzria by its sulcations, which are regular and deep. In shape and appearance it recalls the young of S. suleatum. It is allied to S. veatleyit in outline, but otherwise it differs, being heavier and of a larger size. 38. Sphzrium parvulum, Primr.—Animal not observed. Shell small, transversely-oblong, inequilateral, moder- ately compressed; beaks calyculate, prominent; anterior Fig. 58. side narrower, rounded ; posterior subtruncate ; strie very : AG ae es delicate ; epidermis greenish-gray ; teeth slight, but well marked. Long. 0.15; Lat. 0.11; Diam. 0.06 inches. “cc 33 & “ 23 : Hab. At Hamacao in the Island of Portorico, West Indies. (Cabinets of Smithsonian Institution, Morelet and Prime.) “ 12 mill. In outline this species offers some resemblance to S. bahiense , it is, however, much less inflated. 39. Sphzrium viridamte, Moretert.—Animal not observed. Shell small, transversely-oblong, compressed, delicate, inequilateral ; anterior side somewhat narrow, shorter, rounded ; posterior subabrupt, basal margin slightly rounded; beaks inclined towards the anterior, very small, calyculate, approximate at apex; valves slightly compressed ; strie very regular and delicate ; epidermis greenish-brown, irregularly mottled with large blotches of a darker color; hinge margin nearly g. yiriaante. straight; cardinal teeth diminutive; lateral teeth slight, posterior tooth longer. Long. 0.24; Lat. 0.18; Diam. 0.13 inches. ee Gai ee eee 3} mill. Hab. At Pointe-a-Pitre in the Island of Guadeloupe, West Indies. (Cabi- nets of Smithsonian Institution, Morelet and Prime.) The specimens from which this description was prepared were obtained from the author. This species is very closely allied to S. meridionale ; it differs, however, in being transversely less long, less produced at the posterior; it is also less compressed. Found not unplentifally. 58 AMERICAN CORBICULADA, 40. Spherium cubemse, Prive.—Animal not observed. Shell small, transversely-oblong, very inequilateral, com- pressed ; anterior side shorter, narrower, rounded ; posterior broad, subtruncate ; inferior margin very much curved ; beaks small, not much raised; striz barely visible, epi- dermis brownish-yellow with spots of a darker color. Long. 0.16; Lat. 0.10; Diam. 0.09 inches. “ 4 ; “ce 9 ls “ao; S. cubense. “ 91 1 27 mill. Hab. Sta. Catalina de Guantanamo, Punta de la Jaula and Esperanza, Cuba, West Indies (fide Wright). (Cabinets of Smithsonian Institution, Wright, Morelet, Wheatley, and Prime.) Compared with S. viridante, this species is much smaller and more compressed. Fosstn SPEcrgEs. Ai. Spheerium recticardimale, Mreex and Haypen.—“ Shell of medium size, transversely subelliptical, rather compressed, very thin ; anterior side rounded ; base forming a regular semielliptic curve ; posterior extremity obliquely subtruncate above and rather narrowly rounded below ; cardinal margin long and straight ; beaks very small, compressed and pro- jecting but slightly above the hinge, located nearly half way between the middle and the anterior end; surface marked by moderately distinct, irregular lines of growth.” Long. 0.55; Lat. 0.36; Diam. 0.24 inches. Hab. Near the mouth of Grand River, on the Upper Missouri, Nebraska, United States of America. Tertiary formation. (Cabinet of Smithsonian Institution.) Spherium recticardinale, MEEK and Haypen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1860, 175. 42. Sphzrium plamuma, Meek and Haypen.—“Shell rather small, broad oval or subcircular, much compressed ; extremities more or less regularly rounded, the posterior margin being sometimes faintly sub- truncate; base semioval in outline ; cardinal margin rounding gradually from near the middle; beaks very small, compressed, and scarcely ex- tending beyond the hinge-margin, nearly central ; surface marked by fine, irregular, obscure concentric strie.” Long. 0.38; Lat. 0.32; Diam. 0.08 inches. Hab, Near the mouth of Grand River, on the Upper Missouri, Nebraska, United States of America. Tertiary formation. (Cabinet of Smithsonian Institution. ) Spherium planum, MgEK and Haypen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1860, 175. PISIDIUM. 59 AS. Sphezerium formosum, Meek and Haypry.—* Shell small, oval, oblique, scarcely ventricose ; cardinal margin straight; buccal end rounded ; anal extremity obliquely truncate ; basal margin semielliptical or broadly rounded; beaks obtuse, tumid, rising somewhat above the hinge, nearly touching, placed a little in advance of the middle; surface ornamented by very fine, regular, distinct, concentric wrinkles.” Long. 0.17; Lat. 0.08; Diam. 0.14 inches. Hab. Three miles above Fort Union, Nebraska, United States of America. Tertiary formation. (Cabinet of Smithsonian Institution.) Cyclas formosa, MEEK and Haypen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. , 1856, 115. Cyclas fragilis, Mrrx and Hayprn, loc. sub. cit. 1856, 115. Sphexrium formosum, MEEK and Haynen, ib. May, 1860, 185. 44. Spheerium subellipticum, Mreex and Haypren.— Shell small, elliptical-ovate, somewhat ventricose, thin and fragile; posterior end narrower than the anterior, both narrowly rounded; base semi- elliptical or semiovate ; cardinal border apparently rounding gradually to both extremities ; beaks not much elevated, pointed, incurved, not oblique, located.near the middle; surface indistinctly marked with lines of growth.” Long. 0.24; Lat. 0.14 inches. Hab. Three miles above Fort Union, Nebraska, United States of America. Tertiary formation. (Cabinet of Smithsonian Institution. ) Cyclas subelliptica, MreK and Haypen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 115. Spherium subellipticum, MEEK and Haypsn, ib. May, 1860, 185. “The beaks are so near the middle, and curved so nearly at right angles to the longitudinal diameter of the shell, that it is not easy to determine, especially from the examination of muti- lated specimens, which is the posterior or which the anterior end. As we have only seen imperfect specimens, we are not.sure the surface markings are indistinct on unworn shells.”—M. & H. PISIDIUM, Preirrer.! Pectunculus, List. 1685.—Musculus, Gaur. 1742.— Tellina, MULLER, 1774.—Sphezrium, Scor. 1777.—Cardium, Pou, 1791.—Cyclas, Lamk. 1818.—Pera, Euglesia, Cordula, Leacu, 1820.—Physemoda, Rar. 1820.—FPisidium, Pr. 1821.— Gallileja, Da Cosra, 1839.— Pisum, GRAY (non MEGERLE), 1847.—Musculiwm, Gray (non Link), 1851. Animal elongate-oval, compressed laterally; lobes of the mantie without tentacles, united posteriorly into a single, short 1 Pfeiffer, Deiitsch. moll. 1821. 69 AMERICAN CORBICULADA. syphonal tube; oral aperture small, tentacles of the mouth tri- angular, elongated; gills of medium size; foot small, tongue- shaped, capable of great extension. Shell small, rounded-oval, inequilateral, anterior side longer ; beaks terminal; cardinal teeth double, at times united, situated immediately under the beaks; lateral teeth elongated, lamelli- form, double in the right valve, single in the left valve ; ligament always on the shorter side. This genus was instituted by Pfeiffer for a class of shells which, by the older authors, had been confounded with Tellina, and more recently with Spherium. The differences which exist between Pisidium and Spherium, which led Pfeiffer to establish this new genus, are very material, both in the animal and in the shell. The animal of Pisidiwm has the lobes of the mantle united posteriorly into one syphonal tube; whereas in Spherium, the lobes form a tube, single at its base, but double at the extremity. According to M. Deshayes there is much difference in the formation of the foot of Pisidium from that of Spheriuwm—that of the former being somewhat similar to that of Cardium. This organ is capable of great extension, and when prolonged to its utmost extent, is not unlike that of Lucina; it is made use of much in the same manner as that of Spheriwm, either to burrow into the ground or to crawl on solid bodies. With regard to the shell, the main difference consists in the position of the beaks. In Pisidiwm the beaks are terminal, that is, the distance from the beaks to the anterior extremity is greater than the distance from the beaks to the posterior extremity. In Spherium, on the contrary, the position of the beaks is generally central, dividing the hinge-margin into equal portions. The formation of the hinge of Pzs¢dium is very similar to that of Spherium ; the position of the cardinal teeth, however, in Pis7- dium is terminal, like that of the beaks, whereas in Spherium it is central. The teeth of Pisidiwm are, in proportion to the size of the shell, more robust than in Spheriwm. The habits and mode of living of the species of these two genera are very much the same. They are found buried an inch or more in the mud under water, or else attached to the roots or stems of aquatic plants. PISIDIUM. 61 Their mode of breeding is much the same, both ejecting the young when sufficiently mature, which up to that time they carry between the folds of the gills. Pfeiffer supposes the Pisidium to breed by throwing out eggs, but I have myself found young in the shells of Pistdium. The most appropriate time of the year for collecting Pisidium, in the North, would seem to be from the middle of April to the early part of July—the season during which they breed; some species, however, such as P. variabile, I have found at all seasons, even in winter; others, such as P. ventricosum, are seldom found but in the early summer. Live specimens may be preserved for examination, for some time, if the water is kept sufficiently fresh. On the application of water, slightly warmed, they exhibit great activity, extending their syphonal tube and foot. They not only crawl on the sides of the vessel, in which they are confined, but also on the under surface of the water. They are very similar in some of their movements to certain species of fluviatile Gasteropods. While this genus has of late years been generally adopted by the Conchologists of Europe, and more recently by those of this country, some English authors have committed the error of apply- ing to it the names of Pisum and Musculium—a great careless- ness on their part, as the types of these two genera, as set out by their respective describers, Megerle and Link, are genuine Spheria. The genus Pistdium is very abundantly distributed over both sections of this continent ; and while the species of America are entirely distinct as such from those found elsewhere, their forms present, in nearly every instance, great analogies with those of the species of Hurope and of Asia. i. Pisidium wirgimicum,, Bovrevienar.—Shell large, thick, oblique, very inequilateral; anterior side longer, nar- rower, rounded ; posterior broader, subtruncate at end, Fig. 61. basal margin rounded ; beaks situated posteriorly, large, prominent; valves solid, moderately convex, interior light blue ; strie coarse and irregular; epidermis green- ish-brown or chestnut color, with zones; hinge-margin very much curved; hinge broad, two strong cardinal teeth, disposed in the shape of the letter V reversed ; lateral teeth strong, short. Long. 0.35; Lat. 0.29; Diam. 0.21 inches. P. virginicum. 62 AMERICAN CORBICULAD. Hab. North America, in New England, in the States of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Wisconsin, Michigan, Maryland and Virginia, and in the St. Charles River at Quebec in Canada. (Cabinets of the Bos- ton Society, the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Smithsonian Institution, Jay, Prime, and others.) Tellina virginica, Guu., 1788, 3236, pl. clix, f. 15. Tellina pusilla (pars), Dinuw. II, 1817, 106. Cyclas dubia, Say, Nich. Eneycl. 3d ed. 1819, f. 4, pl. i, f. x. Physemoda xqualis, Ra¥rinesque, Ann. Gen. Sci. Phy. V, 1820, 319. Pisidium abruptum, HatpEMAN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. I, 1841, 53. Pisidium dubium, HatpEMAN, loc. sub. cit. I, 1841, 103. Pisidium quale, RAFINESQUE, Prime in Bost. Jour. VI, 1852, 367. Pisidium virginicum, Bourcuienat, Amer. Malac. I, 1853, 53. . Spherium dubium, Desuayes, Biv. Brit. Mus. 1854, 266. Pisum virginicum, DesHayeEs, loc. sub. cit. 1854, 281. Pisum abruptum, DesHayEs, loc. sub. cit. 1854, 281. Pisum dubium, DESHAYES, loc. sub. cit. 1854, 282. Musculium dubium, ApAms, Rec. Gen. II, 1858, 451. Musculium abruptum, ADAMS, loc. sub. cit. I, 1858, 451. Musculium virginicum, ApAms, loc. sub. cit. II, 1858, 452. This, the largest species of the genus found in America, is not easily confounded with any other—its size, and general robust and coarse appearance, rendering it at once distinct. The young shell is more elongated and less full than the adult, and of a lighter color. Found not unplentifully in running waters. Compared with P. adams?, to which it bears some resemblance in outline, it is larger, more robust, more produced on the anterior side, less full, the beaks are larger, the markings on the surface are heavier, and the color is darker. Its foreign analogue is P. amnicum, of Europe, to which it is very closely allied; it differs, however, in being somewhat smaller and more oblique. P, virginicum. | CN er eer SS eae tp Ea PISIDIUM. 63 2. Pisidium adamsi, Prrve.'—Shell subovate, full, oblique, in- equilateral; anterior side a little longer, narrower, slightly produced at end; posterior side broader, somewhat sub- truncate at end, basal margin rounded; beaks small, a little raised, approximate at apex; surface smooth, strie very delicate; color light gray, interior whitish; hinge- margin curved; cardinal teeth very small; lateral teeth very distinct. Long. 0.3; Lat. 0.24; Diam. 0.2 inches. Hab. North America, at Norway in the State of Maine, and at Holly, Oakland Co., Michigan. (Cabinets of the Boston Society, Smithsonian Institution, and Prime.) Cyclas nitida, MicuErts (non Haney), Bost. Proc. I, 1841, 48. Pisidium adamsi, Prime, Stimp. Moll. New Engl. 1851, 16. Spherium nitidum, DesHayes, Biv. Brit. Mus. Cat. 1854, 271. A rare species. JI have never seen any specimens but those in the collection of the Boston Society and those in my own, all of which came from Professor Adams, who discovered it with Dr. Mighels. The young is elliptical, obliquely striate and com- pressed. The so-called Cyclas nitida, from Connecticut and New Hampshire, is P. variabile. Compared with P. variabile, this species is larger, compara- tively more delicate, less oblique, less heavily striated, of a lighter color. It is much more oblique and less elongated than P. abditum. It is more oblique, and more inflated than P. virgini- cum; it is also more delicate than that species. Fig. 64. P. adamsi. 3. Pisidium vequilaterale, Prive.—Shell small, stout, heavy, somewhat inflated, rhomboidal, subequilateral; posterior margin a little ' Not to be confounded with Pisum adamsi of Desuayes, Biv. Brit. Mus. 1854, 284, which is the P. jamaicense, PRIME. 64 AMERICAN CORBICULADA. angular where it meets the basal margin; inferior and anterior margins slightly rounded; beaks central, large, prominent, rounded, not approximate; valves very solid, moderately convex, in- terior light blue; strize fine, surface glossy, epidermis very variable in color, light yellow, greenish or brown; hinge- margin curved, cardinal teeth small, lateral teeth strong, distinct. Long. 0.15; Lat. 0.14; Diam. 0.10 inches. Hab. North America, in the States of Maine, Massachusetts and New York. (Cabinets of the Boston Society, Smithsonian Institution, Lewis, Jay, and Prime.) Pisidium xquilaterale, Prime, Bost. Jour. VI, 1852, 366, pl. xii, f. 23-25. P. equilaterale. This species is remarkable for its solidity and for its short and quadrangular form, the latter gives it somewhat the appearance of a Spherium ; it is the most equilateral P7sidium I know of. Compared with P. variabile, to which at first sight it bears a general resemblance from the gloss and color of its epidermis, it differs very materially in not being at all oblique, and in being equilateral; it is also much less full. Somewhat rare. I dis- covered it in the spring of 1852, in a clay pit in the neighbor- hood of Augusta, Maine, in company with P. compressum. Fig. 66. P. equilaterale. 4, Pisidium compressum, Prioe.—Shell solid, very oblique, trigonal, triangular, subequilateral, very much Fig. 67. drawn up in the region of the beaks, inflated in adult ; anterior side a little longer, narrower, produced at the end, posterior broader, sub- truncate; beaks placed a little posteriorly, small, raised, with a wing-shaped appendage on the summits, distant; strie distinct, regu- lar; epidermis very variable, yellow, gray or chestnut color; valves solid, varying in infla- tion, interior light blue ; hinge thick ; cardinal P. compressum. teeth small, robust, compressed, disposed in the shape of the letter V reversed; lateral teeth distinct, short, strong, placed at an obtuse angle with the hinge proper. PISIDIUM. 65 Long. 0.16; Lat. 0.14; Diam. 0.09 inches. Hab. North America, in New England, in the States of New York, Penn- sylvania, Ohio, and California, and at Montreal and Quebee in Canada. (Cabinets of the Boston Society, Smithsonian Institution, Jay, Prime, and others.) Cyclas altilis, ANTHONY, in litt., 1847. Pisidium compressum, Prime, Bost. Proc. IV, 1851, 164. Pisidium altile, Antu. Prime, Bost. Jour. VI, 1852, 353, pl. xi, f. 10-12. Pisidium cicer, Prime, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VI, 1853, 65, pl. i, f. 1. Pisum compressum, Desuayes, Biv. Brit. Mus. 1854, 282. Pisum altile, DesHayves, loc. sub. cit. 1854, 280. Musculium compressum, ADAms, Rec. Gen. II, 1858, 451. Musculium altile, ApAms, loc. sub. cit. II, 1858, 451. Musculium cicer, ApAms, loc. sub. cit. II, 1858, 451. Pisum cicer, ADAMS, loc. sub. cit. II, 1858, 660. This species, though perfectly distinct and well characterized, is subject to much variation; its very oblique shape is constant ; in fulness it is exposed to much change, some old specimens are remarkably obese; the young are generally more elongated and more compressed. One of the peculiarities of this species, which, however, is at times wanting, from abrasion or from other causes, is the very singular shape of the apex of the beaks, which assume the appear- ance of wings placed on the summit of the umbos. P. cicer, from Greenwich, which I place with this species, differs a little from the type of P. compressum, in being larger, more inflated; the beaks also are larger, and do not exhibit the winged appendage. P. altile, a mere variety, is more oblique than the type, and does not possess the appendage on the beaks. Both these varieties are darker in color than the true P. com- pressum. The foreign analogue, P. conicum, from France, is so closely allied to our species that it is with the greatest care only that they may be separated. P. compressum is more trigonal and less inflated than P. variabile ; it is more equilateral than either P. virginicum, adamsi, or abditum, and more oblique and less equilateral than P. xquilaterale. The animal is remarkable for its liveliness. It is found sparingly 5 66 AMERICAN CORBICULADA. during the spring, and not at all in winter. It inhabits both running and still water, and buries itself somewhat in the mud. Fig. 68. fv N {7 P. compressum. 5. Pisidium variabile, Prive.—Shell heavy, oblique, inequi- lateral, inflated ; anterior side longer, narrower, somewhat angular at end ; posterior subtruncate; beaks situated pos- Fig. 69. teriorly, full, prominent, not approximate at apex; valves solid, interior light blue; strie regular, but very distinct; epidermis glossy, very variable, straw color or green- _ ish-brown with a yellow zone on the basai margin; hinge-margin curved ; hinge rather slight ; cardinal teeth united, small ; lateral teeth distinct, strong, short. i Long. 0.21; Lat. 0.18; Diam. 0.17 inches. Hab. North America, in New England, and in the States of New York, Pennsyl- vania, and Virginia. (Cabinets of Jay, Smithsonian Institation, Prime, and others.) Cyclas nitida, Micuerts, Linsley, Amer. Jour. XLVIU, 1845, 276. Pisidium variabile, Prime, Bost. Proc. IV, 1851, 163. Pisidium grande, WuitTEmorg, in litt. 1855. Musculium variabile, ApAMs, Rec. Gen. II, 1858, 452. Pisum variabile, ADAMS, loc. sub. cit. I, 1858, 660. P. variabile. This species has hitherto always been looked upon by collectors as the P. virginicum; but having compared it with the original shells, described as Cyclas dubia, Say, by Dr. Gould, in his Re- port, and with some specimens of P. virginicum from Westfield, Mass., sent to me by Prof. C. B. Adams, as well as with some others sent to me from Philadelphia, by Prof. 8. S. Haldeman, I have become convinced that it is different from Say’s shell. Compared with the young of P. virginicum, it is more oblique, less elongated, more inflated, and of a different color. This species is not so elongated as the P. virginicum; it is more in- flated, the beaks are larger and more tumid, it is also a much / PISIDIUM. 67 smaller shell. Say describes Cyclas dubia as being six-twentieths of an inch in length; P. variabile is only four-twentieths of an inch in length, and that it is a full grown shell, I am led to be- lieve not only from its heavy striations and mature appearance in general, but also from having found young in the shell. The young is not so oblique as the adult, it is more elongated, less inflated, and of a light yellow color. As a general rule, the coloring of this species varies much in different localities. The specimens collected from Rowley, Essex County, Mass., are larger than any I have seen from other places; their color is also lighter. The animal is remarkable for its want of activity. This is one of our most common species, being found in nearly every stream, and at all seasons of the year, though most plentifully during the spring. Fig. 70. Mos P. variabile. 6. Pisidium nov-eboracenmse, Priue.—Shell rounded-oval, very inequilateral, inflated, margins rounded; anterior side considerably produced, narrower; beaks situated posteriorly, large, full, prominent; valves comparatively slight, interior light blue; strie irregular; epidermis variable, generally greenish-yellow or brown; hinge- margin a little curved; hinge slight, narrow; cardinal teeth double, very small; lateral teeth elongated. Long. 0.35; Lat. 0.18; Diam. 0.13 inches. Hab. North America, in the State of New York. (Cabinets of Smith- sonian Institution, Lewis, Jay, and Prime.) Pisidium nov-eboracense, Prime, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VI, 1853, 66, pl. i, f. 3. Pisidium amplum, Iyeauts in Jitt. 1855. Musculium nov-eboracense, ADAMS, Rec. Gen. II, 1858, 451. Pisum nov-eboracense, ADAMS, loc. sub. cit. II, 1858, 660. P. now-eboracense. This species, for its size, is comparatively delicate. It seems to be intermediate between P. abditum and P. variabile; it is less elongated and more tumid than the former, and less oblique and more elongated than the latter. Found only in two places, at Greenwich and at Mohawk, in the State of New York. 68 AMERICAN CORBICULADA. 4%. Pisidium abditum, Ha.pemay.—Shell rounded-oval, elon- gated, very inequilateral, moderately convex, margins well rounded, beaks placed nearer the posterior side, small, slightly raised; surface smooth, strie not distinct, epidermis variable, generally light straw color; hinge-margin yery nearly straight ; cardinal teeth small, separate, the anterior tooth larger and more prominent ; lateral teeth small, not much elongated. Long. 0.15; Lat. 0.14; Diam. 0.09 inches, Hab. North America, in New England, in the States of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, South Carolina and California, in the Lake Superior region, at Montreal in Canada, and in Honduras. (Cabinets of Jay, Cuming, Prime, Smith- sonian Institution, and others.) Pisidium abditum, HaupEMAN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. I, 1841, 53. Cyclas minor, C. B. Apams, Bost. Proc. I, 1841, 48.. Pisidium tenellum, Gouup, Agassiz, Lake Super. 1848, 245. Pisidium obscurum, Prime, Bost. Proc. IV, 1851, 161. Pisidium rubellum, Prix, loc. sub. cit. 1V, 1851, 163. Pisidium minus, Stimpson, Moll. New Engl. 1851, 16. Pisidium kurtzi, Prime, Bost. Proc. IV, 1851, 162. Pisidium zonatum, Par, loc. sub. cit. [V, 1851, 162. Pisidium regulare, Prime, Bost. Jour. VI, 1852, 363, pl. xii, f. 11, 12. Pisidium notatum, Prime, loc. sub. cit. VI, 1852, 365, pl. xii, f. 20-22. Pisidium arcuatum, Prime, loc. sub. cit. VI, 1852, 364, pl. xii, f. 14-16. Pisum abditum, DusHayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. 1854, 282. Pisum minus, DESHAYES, loc. sub. cit. 1854, 281. Pisidium resartum, INGAuts, in litt. 1855. Pisidium rubrum, Lewis, in litt. 1855. Pisidium plenum, Lewis, in litt. 1855. Musculium abditum,. ApAms, Rec. Gen. II, 1858, 451. Musculium minus, ADAMS, loc. sub. cit. II, 1858, 451. Musculium rubellum, ApAms, loc. sub. cit. II, 1858, 452. Musculium obscurum, ADAms, loc. sub. cit. II, 1858, 452. Musculium kurtzi, ADAMS, loc. sub. cit. II, 1858, 451. Musculium zonatum, ApAms, loc. sub. cit. II, 1858, 452. Pisum obscurum, ApAms, loc. sub. cit. II, 1858, 660. Pisum kurtzi, Apams, loc. sub. cit. II, 1858, 660. Pisum rubellum, ADAMS, loc. sub. cit. II, 1858, 660. Pisum zonatum, ADAMS, loc. sub. cit. II, 1858, 660. Pisidium retusum, Pre, Proc. Zool. XXVIII, 1860, 322. This species is distributed over such a vast area of country, and varies so much according to the different localities in which it is found, that it is hardly surprising that its numerous varieties PISIDIUM. 69 should have been mistaken for so many species. P. casertanum, its foreign analogue, to which it bears the closest resemblance, and from which it is very difficult to separate it, is likewise widely distributed and subject to much variation. P. abditum is our most common species, and occurs generally in great numbers; its epidermis, though usually light yellow, is at times, according to the habitat of the shell, of a much darker color ; the surface is at times also quite rough and the strie coarse. Compared with P. nov-eboracense, to which it is nearly allied, it differs in being less heavy, more rounded, less full, the beaks are less large, the hinge-margin is straighter, the anterior extremity, which in the P. nov-eboracense forms a declivity from the beaks, is more regularly rounded, the distance from the beaks to the basal margin is less great, the exterior surface is much smoother, and the epidermis Qf a lighter color. Fig. 73. ae P. abditum. 8. Pisidium simile, Prime.—Shell rounded-oval, very much elongated, very inequilateral, slightly compressed ; anterior side rounded, posterior subabrupt ; beaks moderately full, Fig. 74. raised ; surface smooth, epidermis light straw color; hinge- ‘ margin nearly straight. Long. 0.14; Lat. 0.13; Diam. 0.07 inches. Hab. At Guadeloupe, in the West Indies. (Cabinets of P. Sade. Smithsonian Institution, Morelet, and Prime.) This species bears the greatest resemblance to P. abditum in outline and size ; it is, however, a little more elongated, and more compressed. 9. Pisidium chilemse, Drsuayes.—Shell small, delicate, moder- ately inflated, elongated, inequilateral; anterior side a little longer, angular at end, posterior subtruncate; beaks large, Fig. 75. full, somewhat raised; strie very fine, surface smooth; epi- H. 8 olivacea, Carp. 15, 17,18, 21 ordinaria, Prime, 19, 20 panamensis, Prime, 24 paranacensis, D’Orb. 4 peruviana, Desh. 30, 31 placens, Hanley, 20, 21 pullastra, Mérch, 26 radiata, Hanley, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 24 recluzii, Prime, 24 regalis, Prime, 18, 19, 20 salmacida, Morelet, 29, 30 solida, Phil. 14, 19, 20 sordida, Hanley, 13 subquadrata, Desh. 24 triangula, v. d. Busch, 14, 15, 23 truncata, Lam. 7 tumida, Prime, 26 varians, Carp. 15, 22 variegata, D’Orb. 5, 6 violacea, Lam. 10 Cyrenidz, 1 Euglesia, 59 Gallileja, 59 Geloina, 11 Isocardiam cor, 27 INDEX. Lucina, 60 Lucina lenticula, Gould, 52 Mactra, 11 Musculium, 32, 59, 61 Musculium abditum, Adams, 68 abruptum, Adams, 62 altile, Adams, 65 bahiense, Adams, 53 chilense, Adams, 70 cicer, Adams, 65 compressum, Adams, 65 dubium, Adams, 62 kurtzi, Adams, 68 maculatum, Adams, 53 minus, Adams, 68 modioliforme, Adams, 54 nov-eboracense, Adams, 67 obscurum, Adams, 68 _ pulchellum, Adams, 71 pygmeum, Adams, 70 rotundatum, Adams, 72 rubellum, Adams, 68 variabile, Adams, 66 veatleyi, Adams, 56 ventricosum, Adams, 72 virginicum, Adams, 62 zonatum, Adams, 68 Musculus, 32, 59 Nux, 32 Pectunculus, 32, 59 Pera, 59 Pera chilensis, Gray, 70 Physemoda, 59 Physemoda exqualis, Rafin. 62 Pisidium, v, 2, 32, 33, 35, 47, 53, 59, 60, 61, 64 Pisidium abditum, Hald. 63, 65, 67, 68, 69, 71, 76 abruptum, Hald. 62 adamsi, Prime, 62, 63, 70 equale, Rafin. 62 zequilaterale, Prime, 63, 64, 65 ' altile, Anthony, 65 amnicum, 62 amplum, Ingalls, 67 angulatum, Prime, 70 arcuatum, Prime, 65 casertanum, Bourg. 69, 70, 71 chilense, Desh. 69, 70 cicer, Prime, 65 compressum, Prime, 64, 65, 66 conicum, Baudon, 65 79 Pisidium consanguineum, Prime, 75 contortum, Prime, 73 diaphanum, Hald. 54 dubium, Hald. 62 ferrugineum, Prime, 71 grande, Whitt. 66 jamaicense, Prime, 63, 70 kurtzi, Prime, 68 minus, Stimp. 68 moquinianum, Bourg. 54 notatum, Prime, 68 nov-eboracense, Prime, 67, 69 obscurum, Prime, 68 obtusale, 72 occidentale, Newe. 73 plenum, Lewis, 68 pulchellum, Jenyns, 70, 71 regulare, Prime, 68 resartum, Ingalls, 68 retusum, Prime, 68 rotundatum, Prime, 72 rubellum, Prime, 68 rubrum, Lewis, 68 simile, Prime, 69 tenellum, Gould, 68 ultramontanum, Prime, 75 variabile, Prime, 61, 63, 64, Ga GO Opinio veatleyii, Petit, 56 ventricosum, Prime, 61, 71, 72, 73 virginicum, Bourg. 61, 62, 63, 65, 66 zonatum, Prime, 68 Pisum, 32, 59, 61 Pisum abditum, Desh. 68, 76 abruptum, Desh. 62 adamsi, Desh. 63, 70 altile, Desh. 65 bahiense, Desh. 53 chilense, Desh. 70 cicer, Adams, 65 compressum, Desh. 65 dubium, Desh. 62 ferrugineum, Desh. 71 kurtzi, Adams, 68 maculatum, Desh. 53 minus, Desh. 68 modioliforme, Desh. 54 nov-eboracense, Adams, 67 obscurum, Adams, 68 pulchellum, Desh. 71 pygmeum, Adams, 70 rotundatum, Adams, 72 rubellum, Adams, 68 variabile, Adams, 66 veatleyii, Desh. 56 80 INDEX. Pisum ventricosum, Adams, 72 virginicum, Desh. 62 zonatum, Adams, 68 Polymesoda, 11 Spherium, iv, 2, 4, 32, 33, 35, 37, 39, 53, 56, 59, 60, 64 Spherium africanum, iv argentinum, D’ Orb. 52 aureum, Prime, 35 bahiense, Spiz, iv, v, 53, 54 barbadense, Prime, 53, 54 contractum, Prime, 48, 49 corneum, iv cubense, Prime, 58 dentatum, Hald. 40 dubium, Desh. 62 elevatum, Hald. 44, 45 emarginatum, Prime, 43 fabalis, Prime, 40 ferrugineum, Arauss, 71 flavum, Prime, 42, 43 formosum, VW. § H. 59 jayanum, Prime, 46 lacustre, Fer. iv, 51, 52 lenticula, Gould, 51, 52 maculatum, Morelet, 53, 55 meridionale, Prime, 53, 555151 modioliforme, Anton, 54, 55 nitidum, Desh. 63 nobile, Gould, 41 occidentale, Prime, 41 ovale, Stimpson, 41 partumeium, Say, iv, 41, 45, 46, 51 parvulum, Prime, patella Gould, 40, 42, 43 planum, Jf. § H. 58 portoricense, Prime, 56 Spherium Tellina, 2, pulchellum, D’ Orb. 71 recticardinale, M/. § H.58 rhomboideum, Say, iv, 34, 39 rosaceum, Prime, 50, 51 securis, Prime, 49, 50 solidulum, Prime, 36, 37, 38 solidum, iv sphericum, Anthony, 50 spokani, Baird, 44 stamineum, Conr. 38, 42 striatinum, Zam. 37, 38, 42 subellipticum, J/. §- H. 59 subtransversum,Prime,i2 sulcatum, Lam. iv, 33, 34 42,57 tenue, Prime, 47 triangulare, Say, 36 transversum, Say, 47, 48, 9 truncatum, Linsley, 46, 51, 52 tumidum, Baird, 43, 44 veatleyii, C. B. Adams, 56, 57 vermontanum, Prime, 42, 43 viridante, MJorelet, 57, 58, 32, 59, 60 Tellina fluminalis, 2 Jluminea, 2 Jluviatilis, 2 limosa, Maton, 5 pusilla, Dillw. 62 virginica, Gml. 62 Velorita, 1, 10, 11, 12 Velorita cyprinoides, 11 Veneriade, Venulites, 2 1 Venus, 2, 9,10, 11 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS. SO 8200 — ____ CHECK LIST OF THE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS or NORTH AMERICA. EOCENE AND OLIGOCENE. BY en COUN A WASHINGTON: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. MAY, 1866. ADVERTISEMENT. Tue following Lists of the described species of Invertebrate Fossils of North America have been prepared at the request of the Institution for the purpose of facilitating the labelling of the collections and the distribution of duplicate specimens. 7 It will be understood that the Smithsonian Institution does not vouch for the accuracy of the Lists, or for their completeness, and that the responsibility in reference to these points rests with the authors. JOSEPH HENRY, Secretary S. I. SairHsonraNn InstiTvTION, Wasuincton, April, 1866 (ii) PHILADELPHIA? COLLINS, PRINTER. | ; TABLE OF CONTENTS. EOCENE. 1. Lower AND Mepiau Eocene (Shark River and Claiborne Groups) 1 Subkingdom Protozoa : . : < 4 “ ° i Class Rhizopoda 1 Subkingdom RapiaTA 2 Class Polypi . . . ° . . : 5 : 2 « Echinodermata . ° 2 : : 7 “ 2 Subkingdom Motivsca . 2 Class Polyzoa 2 «“ Brachiopoda 2 «“ Lamellibranchiata 3 “© Gasteropoda : : : : : 9 «“ Cephalopoda 6 : : . : < 19 | Subkingdom ARTICULATA .- . ° ‘ : 7 : 20 Class Annulata . : : 2 : : ; 20 “ Crustacea . : | 5 ; c : 20 2. SHett Brurr Group . : ; : 5 ; : ; 20 | Subkingdom MoLLvscA . : : : . . : : 20 | Class Lamellibranchiata : a : : : : 20 “ Gasteropoda , : 5 ; : 20 | 3. Upper Eocene, oR JACKSON GROUP C : : < - . 21 Subkingdom Prorozoa .« < . é : : : - 21 Class Rhizopoda_ . : : : z ; ; 2 | Subkingdom RapiaTa . : 7 : ° : : : 21 Class Polypi .- ; 5 “ 5 5 “ ; 21 “ Echinodermata . : : . 2 : : 21 | Subkingdom Mo..ovsca . - 6 ° : : : ; 2 | Class Polyzoa é 2 ; : ; : 5 : 2 «“ Brachiopoda 0 ° ° A : ; 4 22 | “ JTamellibranchiata - . : 6 ; - 23 | “ Gasteropoda 5 : : : ; : : 24 | “ Cephalopoda ° b S : : : : 26 | Subkingdom ARTICULATA A ; : , : 26 | Class Crustacea - 26 Gay ive OLIGOCENE. (Vicksburg Group.) PAGE Subkingdom Rapiata . : ; . 5 ‘i : 0 26 Class Polypi . . . . ° . ° : 26 Subkingdom Protozoa . . . . ° ° : . 26 Class Rhizopoda . : . ‘ ° . 3 . 26 Subkingdom Moutuvsca . ° . . . . . . 27 Class Lamellibranchiata : : : . . 27 c ‘“« Gasteropoda . ot Ths : . . . - 28 Appendix ; : 6 : ‘. . . . ° . : 31 Addenda A : ° . . . . ; : ne, 82 Notes and Explanations . . ° . ° : ; ‘ ° 33 Index of Genera . . . ° . ° . . ° . 39 ChHPENGn le SesSek OF THE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS OF NORTH AMERICA. A. EOCENE. 1. LOWER AND MEDIAL EOCENE. Supxincpom PROTOZOA. Cuass RHIZOPODA. Order FORAMINIFBRA. Camerinide. 1. Cristellaria rotella, Conrad. Flor. 2. Nemophora floridana, Conrad. Flor. ' The Eocene Period in North America may be subdivided into three distinct groups, which I believe hold few, if any, species in common. These I have designated ‘‘ Lower, Medial, and Upper Eocene.”’ Localities of the first subdivision occur near Washington, D. C.; Piscataway and Upper Marlboro’, Md.; Pamunkey River, Va.; Shark River, N. J.; and at Clai- borne in the lowest bed, only visible in a low stage of the water. The second subdivision occurs in the fossiliferous sand in the upper part of Claiborne Bluff, immediately beneath the Upper Eocene limestone. A portion of the Buhr Stone of South Carolina and Georgia falls in this sec- tion, as well as the ‘‘Shell Bluff Group” on the Savannah River. All the Eocene species of New Jersey are from Shark River, Monmouth Co., except Ostrea georgiana, Conrad. As the Eocene of Georgia has not been generally investigated, the Echino- dermata of that State are only provisionally referred to the Jackson Group. The portion of the Check List which includes the land and fresh-water shells is published on the authority of F. B. Meek. An asterisk (*) is prefixed to the Lower Eocene species to distinguish them from those of the Medial Eocene. The Upper Eocene species form a separate list, beginning on p. 21. There are five distinct Tertiary formations between the Cretaceous and Miocene epochs. 1. Shark River Group; 2. Claiborne Group; 3. Shell Bluff Group; 4. Jackson Group; 5. Vicksburg Group. The three lower divisions are referred to the Eocene, and the first list includes the fossils of the two oldest divisions, but each of the newer grouns has a separate list, beginning respectively on pages 20, 21, and 26. (1) ao 13. 14. 15. 16. Ti. 18. 19. AA Oe Suspxincpom RADIATA. Crass POLYPI. Order ACTINARIA. Turbinolide. . Platytrochus Goldfussii, (Lea) Edwards. . Platytrochus Stokesii, (Lea) Edwards. . Paracyathus ? serrulus, Conrad. Turbinolia pharetra, Lea. . Osteodes elaborata, Conrad. . Flabellum cuneiforme, (Conrad) Lonsdale. Madreporidez. . Endopachys alticostatum, Conrad. 10. ie Endopachys Maclurii, (Lea) Conrad. Endopachys triangulare, Conrad. Crass ECHINODERMATA. Order ECHINOIDEA. Scutellidae. . Mortonia (Periarchus) Lyelli, Conrad. Susxincpou MOLLUSCA CLass POLYZOA. Escharidz. Lunulites interstitia, Lea. Escharianella linea, Gabb § Horn. Flustrelarida. Discoflustrellaria Bouei, (Lea) Gabb § Horn. Capularia discoidea, (Lea) Gabb § Horn. Heteractis Duclosii, (Lea) Gabb §& Horn. Crass BRACHIOPODA. Terebratulidz. Rhynchonella nitens, Conrad. Rhynchonella wilmingtonensis, (Lyell §- Sowerby) Conrad. Ala. Ala. Ala. Ala. Ala. a Car: Ala. Ala Ala. Ala. Ala. - Cars Ala. Ala. Ala. Or. « Car, oo = 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39 40. 41. 42. 43. 44, 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. Ciass LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. Anomjidz# - *Anomia Ruffini, Conrad. *Placunanomia inornata, Gabb. Ostreidz. - Ostrea alabamiensis. Lea. - Ostrea carolinensis, Conrad. . Ostrea compressirostra, Sdy. . Ostrea divaricata, Lea. € . Ostrea falciformis, Conrad. - *Ostrea selleformis, Conrad. . Ostrea subtrigonalis, Evans § Shumard. *Gryphostrea eversa, (Veshayes) Conrad. Spondylide. Plicatula filamentosa, Conrad. Pectinide. Pecten coosaensis, Shumard. Pecten Deshayesii, Lea. Pecten propatulus, Conrad. Pecten Spillmanni, Gabb. Camptonectes calvatus, (Jorton) Conrad. Nuculanide. Nuculana zequalis, Conrad. Nuculana bella, Conrad. Nuculana celata, Conrad. Nuculana calcarensis, Conrad. Nuculana claibornensis, Conrad. Nuculana compsa, (Gabb) Conrad. *Nuculana cultelliformis, (Rogers) Conrad. Nuculana floridana, Conrad. *Nuculana Gabbii, Conrad. *Nuculana improcera, Conrad. Nuculana magna, (Lea) Conrad. Nuculana media, (Lea) Conrad. Nuculana opulenta, Conrad. *Nuculana oregona, (Simard) Conr cd. Nuculana ovula, (Lea) Conrad. *Wuculana penita, Conrad. *Nuculana parva, (Rogers) Conrad. Nuculana plana, (Lea) Conrad. Nuculana plicata, (Lea) Conrad. Va. Cal. Ala. S. Car. Md. Ala. Ala. Dae se Ca Vis Dak. ; Idaho. Md.; Miss. Ala. Or. Ala. Or. Ala. S21 Care Ala. . Ala. Ala. Miss. Ala. Tex. Wat Flor. Cal. Va. Ala. Ala. Ala. Aulays Or. Va. Ala. Ala. ao ot a vv Db =] Cr ot io Oo c> Ss @ =Il SO Oo Oo ew De © cS wT eT eT st 7 7 st aT et 1 oOo =I x oS © 00 oO 2 oN OO DD = oo co @ © ao So @ a I oo oo 90. 91. - Nuculana protexta, Conrad. }. Nuculana pulcherrima, (Lea) Conrad. . Nuculana semen, (Lea) Conrad. - Nuculana subtrigona, Courad. . *Nuculana willametensis, (Shumard) Conrad. . *Neilo ? abrupta, Conrad. 61. 2. Yoldia eborea, Conrad. - *Yoldia impressa, Conrad. . *Yoldia nasuta, Gabb. . - *Yoldia protexta, Conrad.» *Yoldia acutifrons, Conrad. Nuculide&. - Nucula carinifera, Lea. . *Nucula Conradi, Meek. . Nucula magnifica, Conrad. Arcidez. . Axinza idonea, Conrad. . Azxinza intercostata, Gabb. . Azxinza staminea, Conrad. . Azxineza trigonella, Conrad. . *Latiarca gigantea, Conrad. . *Latiarca ononcheila (Rogers) Conrad. . *Latiarca transversa, (Rogers) Conrad. - Cucullarca cuculloides, Conrad. - *Anomolocardia devincta, Conrad. . Anomolocardia rhomboidella, (Lea) Conrad. . Limopsis aviculoides, Conrad. . Limopsis corbuloides, Conrad. - Limopsis decisus, Conrad. . Limopsis declivus, Conrad. . Limopsis ellipsis, (Lea) Conrad. . *Limopsis nitens, Conrad. . *Limopsis oregonensis. Conrad. . Limopsis pectuncularis, (Lea) Conrad. . Limopsis perplanus, Conrad. . Trigonoccelia cuneus, Conrad. Trigoniidax. . Hippagus isocardioides, Leu. ‘ Aviculide. *Avicula annosa, Conrad. Avicula limula, Conrad. . *Avicula pellucida, Gabb. Ala. Or. Ala. Ala. Tex. Ala. Ala. Md. Va. Wa: Ala. Or. Ala. Ala. Ala. Ala. Ala. Ala. Ala. Ala. N. Jer. Ala. Cal. f ee — 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. _ 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. Mytilidz. Lithophaga claibornensis, Conrad. Perna texana, (Gabb. *Mytilus ? humerus, Conrad. *Stalagmium concentricum, ((G'‘abb) Conrad. Stalagmium margaritaceum, Conrad. Unionidz. Unio Dane, Meek § Hayden. Unio Deweyanus, Meek § Hayden. Unio Haydeni, Meek. Unio priscus, Meek §- Hayden. Unio subpatulatus, Meek §- Hayden. Unio (Uniomeris) vetulus, Meek. Crassatellidz. Crassatella alta, Conrad. Crassatella aleformis, Conrad. Crassatella antestriata, Gabb. *Crassatella capricranium, Rogers. Crassatella grandis, Gabb. Crassatella protexta, Conrad. *Crassatella palmula, Conrad. *Crassatella uvasana, Conrad. Astartidz. Astarte Conradi, Dana. Astarte tellinoides, Conrad. Micromeris minutissima, (Lea) Conrad. Micromeris parva, (Lea) Conrad. Venericardia alticosta, Conrad. Venericardia ? bilineata, Conrad. *Venericardia Blandingi, Conrad. *Venericardia densata, Conrad. *Venericardia Hornii, Gabb. Venericardia monilicosta, Gubb. Venericardia parva, Lea. *Venericardia perantiqua, Conrad. *Venericardia planicosta, Lam. *Venericardia regia, Conrad. Venericardia rotunda, Lea. Venericardia Sillimani, Lea. Venericardia ? subquadrata, Conrad. Solemyidez. *Solemya ventricosa, Conrad. Ala. Tex. Cal. Cal. Ala. Dak. Dak. Uta. Idaho. Dak. Uta. Ala. Cal: Md..;S: Car: Tex. Wie Cal. Ala. Md. Cal. Ala. Ala. Ala. Ala. Ala. S. Car. S. Car. Ala. Cal. Tex. Ala. N. Jer. Va. Md. Ala. Ala. S. Car. Or. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 13s 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144, 145. 146. 147, 148, 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157: 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. Ungulinidz. Spherella inflata, (Lea) Conrad. Spherella levis, Conrad. *Spherella oregona, Conrad. *Mysia parilis, Conrad. *Mysia polita, Gabb. Lucinide. *Lucina acutilineata, Conrad. Lucina carinifera, Conrad. Lucina dolabra, Conrad. *Lucina fibrosa, Shumard. *Lucina gyrata, (Gabb) Conrad. Lucina modesta, Conrad. Lucina papyracea, Lea. Lucina pandata, Conrad. Lucina pomilia, Conrad. Lucina impressa, Conrad. Gafrarium distans, Conrad. Gafrarium liratum, Conrad. Cardiidz. *Cardium Brewerii, Gab. *Cardium Cooperii, Gabb. *Cardium subtentum, Conrad. *Protocardia gambrina, Gabb. *Protocardia virginiana, Conrad. *Levicardium linteum, Conrad. Cyrenidzx. Spherium formosum, Meek §- Hayden, Spherium planum, Meek § Hayden. Spherium recticardinale, Meek § Hayden. Spherium subellipticum, Meek §- Hayden. Corbicula cytheriformis, Meck § Hayden. Corbicula moreauensis, Meek § Hayden. Corbicula nebrascensis, Meek §- Hayden. Cyprinidae. *Cyprina bisecta, Conrad. *Cyprinella tenuis, Gabb. Veneride. *Dosiniopsis alta, Conrad. *Dosiniopsis Meekii, Conrad. *Dosiniopsis lenticularis, (Rogers) Conrad. Ala. Ala. Or. Or. Cal. Cal. Cal. Or. Cal. Va. Cal. Dak. Dak. Dak. Dak. Dak. Dak. Dak. Or. Cal. Flor.; Va.; Cal. Ma. Vai ie | | 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. Li. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199° 200. 201. 202. 203. 7 Cryptogramma floridana, Conrad. Cryptogramma ? penita, Conrad. *Venus ? lamellifera, Conrad. *Venus securis, Shumard. Meretrix Yoakumii, Gabb. Dione angustifrons, Conrad. Dione equorea, Conrad. *Dione brevilineata, Conrad. *Dione Conradiana, Gabb. *Dione californiana, Conrad. Dione discoidalis, Conrad. *Dione eversa, Conrad. Dione floridana, Conrad. *Dione lenis, Conrad. *Dione liciata, Conrad. Dione Mortoni, Conrad. Dione Nuttalli, Conrad. *Dione oregonensis, Conrad. *Dione ovata, (Rogers) Conrad. *Dione perbrevis, Conrad. Dione perovata, Conrad. Dione Poulsoni, Conrad. *Dione Uvasana, Conrad. *Dione varians, Gabb. Paphiidz. Mactropsis zquorea, Conrad. Mactropsis rectilinearis, Conrad. Scrobiculariidz. Semele linosa, Conrad. Abra nitens, Conrad. Abra tellinula, Conrad. Donacidz. Egeria donacia, Conrad. Egeria funerata, Conrad. Egeria limatula, Conrad. Egeria ? nana, Lea. Bgeria ovalis, Lea. Egeria subtrigona, Lea. Egeria veneriformis, Lea. Tellinide. *Tellina albaria, Conrad. Tellina (Arcopagia) alta, Conrad. *Tellina arctata, Conrad. Flor. Flor. Ala.; Tex. Or. Va. Va. Ala. Miss. Cal. Cal. Ala. Ala. Ala. Ala. Ala. Ala. Ala. Ala. Ala. Ala. Ala. Ala. Or. Ala. Or. 204, 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 221. 222. 223. 224. 225. 226. bo bo Dow wv Mm ~T bo OCAIE Va..: N. Cal: 99. 100. - Pecten edgecombensis, Conrad. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. ete 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. aoe 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. H HI bo bo oOo © Pecten pabloensis, Conrad. Pecten dispalatus, Conrad. Pecten decemnarius, Conrad. Pecten concentricus, Say ? Pecten comparilis, Twomey §- Holmes. Pecten Clintonensis, Say. Pecten biformis, Conrad. Lyropecten volzformis, Conrad. Lyropecten estrellanus, Conrad. Ledide. Yoldia levis, (Say) Conrad. Yoldia eborea, Conrad. Yoldia impressa, (Conrad) Meek. Nuculana acuta, Conrad. Nuculana willamettensis, (Shumard) Meek. Nuculana acutidens, (H. C. Lea) Conrad. Nuculana carinata, (/7. C. Lea) Conrad. Nuculana concentrica, (Say) Conrad. Nuculana penita, (Conrad) Meek, Nuculana liciata, Conrad. Nuculana oregona, (Shumard) Meek. Neilo abrupta, (Conrad) Meek. Nuculide. Nucula cuneiformis, Conrad. Nucula dolabella, H/. C. Lea. Nucula decisa, Conrad. Nucula diaphana, H. C. Lea. Nucula proxima, Say? Nucula obliqua, Say (not Lamk.). Nucula Conradi, Meek. Arcidz. . Axinza arata, Conrad. . Axinzea barbarensis, Conrad. 130. 131. 132. a: 134. a5. 136. w37. 138. Axinzea carolinensis, Conrad. Axinza levis, (Zuomey § Holmes) Conrad. Axinza lentiformis, Conrad. Axinza passa, Conrad. Axinea parilis, Conrad. Axinza quinquerugata, Conrad. Axinea tricenaria, Conrad. Axineea transversa, (Twomey § Holmes) Conrad. Axinza subovata, (Say) Conrad. Va.; 5. Witten N: Md. ; 5. th A A Gar Cal. Gare siGars Car. Car. Car. . Car. cael . Gar: Md: 139. Axinea tumulus, Conrad. Va. 140. Limopsis nitens, (Conrad) Meek. Or. 141. Barbatia propatula, Conrad. N. Car. 142. Barbatia marylandica, Conrad. Md. 143. Barbatia hians, (Twomey § Holme) Conrad. S. Car. 144. Barbatia celata, Conrad. N. Car.; S. Car. 145. Striarca centenaria, Conrad. Va. Md.5/N.Car.3 8. Car. 146. Anadara? canalis, (Conrad) Meek. Cal. 147. Anadara? congesta, ( Con.) Meek. Cal. 148. Anadara incile, (Say) Meek. Va. 149. Anadara microdonta, (Conrad) Meek. Cal. 150. Anadara trigintinaria, (Conrad) Meek. S. Car. 151. Anadara protracta, (Rogers) Meek. Va. 152. Anadara trilineata, (Conrad) Meek. Cal. 153. Scapharca arata, (Say) Conrad. Md. 154. Scapharca equicostata, Conrad. N. Car.; 8. Car. 155. Scapharca callepleura, Conrad. Md. 156. Scapharca idonea, Conrad. _ Md. 157. Scapharca incongrua, (Say?) Conrad. 8. Car. 158. Scapharca improcera, Conrad. N. Car. ; Md. ? 159. Scapharca lineolata, Conrad. N. Car. 160. Scapharca lineosa, (Say) Conrad. S. Car.; N. Car. 161. Scapharea plicatura, Conrad. N. Car. 162. Scapharca rustica, (Twomey § Hovmes) Conrad. S. Car. 163. Scapharcea stillicidium, Conrad. Md. 164. Scapharca scalaris, Conrad. Va. 165. Scapharca subsinuata, Conrad. N. Car. 166. Scapharca subrostrata, Conrad. Md. 167. Scapharcea transversa, (Say?) Conrad.: WVa,.50N.) Car. 168. Scapharca triquetra, Conrad. Ma. 169. Area[?] obispoana, Conrad. Cal. 170. Argina pexata, (Say) Conrad. S. Car. 171. Noetia carolinensis, Conrad. N. Car. 172. Neetia limula, Conrad. Vas aN. Car: Trigoniide. 173. Verticordia, Emmonsii, Conrad. IN. Care Pteriide. 174. Pteria[?] multangula, (//. C. Lea) Meek Vax 175. Melina montana, (Conrad) Meek. ma Cal. 176. Melina torta, (Say) Meek. Md. Mytilide. 177. Mytilus inezensis, Conrad. Cal. 178. Crenella equilatera, (H. C. Lea) Con. Va. 179. Volsella contracta, (Conrad) Meek. Cal. ed ( 180. Volsella [?] spinigera, (H. C. Lea) Meek. Va. 181. Volsella Ducatallii, (Conrad) Meek. Md. 182. Volsella inflata, (Twomey § Holmes) Meek. S. Car. 183. Volsella striata, Gabb. Cal. 184. ? Mytiloconcha incurva, Conrad. Md. 185. ? Mytiloconcha incrassata, Conrad. Va.? S. Car. Crassatellidaz. 186. Carditamera aculeata, Conrad. N. Jer. 187. Carditamera arata, Conrad. N. Jer.; Md.; Va.; N. & S. Car. 188. Carditamera carinata, Conrad. N. & §. Car. 189. Carditamera protracta, Conrad. Md. 190. Venericardia (Pteromeris) abbreviata, (Conrad) Meek. 2 191. Wenericardia (Pteromeris) radians, (Conrad) Meek. ? 192. Wenericardia (Cardiocardites) carinata, (Hmmons) Meek. N.C. 193. Venericardia (Cardiocardites) sublenta, (Conrad) Meek. Or. 194. Venericardia (Cardiocardites) granulata, Say Md.; Va.; S. Car. 195. Venericardia (Cardiocardites) monilicosta, (Gabb) Meek. Cal. 196. Venericardia (Cardiocardites) occidentalis, (Conr.) Meek. Cal. 197. Wenericardia (Cardiocardites) tridentata, Say N.&S.C. 198. Crassatella curta, Conrad. ? 199. Crassatella colina, Conrad. Cal. 200. Crassatella marylandica, Conrad. Md. 201. Crassatella melina, Conrad. Nears 202. Crassatella turgidula, Conrad. Md. 203. Crassatella undulata, Say. Va. ; N. Car. 204. Erycinella ovalis, Conrad. Va. 205. Gouldia lunulata, Conrad. Va. 206. Buloxa latisulcata, Conrad. Va. 207. Astarte arata. Conrad. Va. 208. Astarte bella, Conrad. Va. 209. Astarte concentrica, Conrad. Va. 210. Astarte cuneiformis, Conrad. Md. 211. Astarte Coheni, Conrad. Va. 212. Astarte distans, Conrad. Md. ? 213. Astarte exaltata, Conrad. Md. 214. Astarte lineolata, H. C. Lea. Va. 215. Astarte obruta, Conrad. Md. 216. Astarte perplana, Conrad. Mad. 217. Astarte planulata, Conrad. Mad. 218. Astarte symmetrica, Conrad. Va. 219. Astarte Thomasii, Conrad. : N. J. 220. Astarte undulata, Say. Md:; Va.; N. & S. Car. 221. Astarte vicina, Say. Md. 222. Astarte varians, Conrad. Md. 223. Astarte virginica, Conrad. Va. 224. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. 235. 236. 237. 238. 239. 240. 241. 242. 243. 244, 245. 246. 247. Solemyide. Solemya ventricosa, Conrad. Leptonidz. . Lepton mactroides, Conrad. Ungulinide. . Kellia levis, (H. C. Lea) Conrad. 7. Spherella subvexa, Conrad. . Mysia acclinis, Conrad. Va.; N. . Mysia elevata, Conrad. N. Lucinide. Loripes parilis, Conrad. Lucina Americana, De France. Md.; Va.; 8. Lucina contracta, Say. Lucina crenulata, Conrad. Lucina estrellana, (Conrad) Meek. Lucina fibrosa, Shumard. Lucina Foremani, Conrad. Md?-oNn: Lucina permacra, (Conrad) Meek. Lucina Leana, D’ Orbigny. Lucina subobliqua, Say. Lucina subplana, Conrad. Lucina trisulcata, Conrad. N. Lucina undulata, Conrad. N. Lucina (Codakia) cribraria, Say. Lucina (Codakia) multistriata, Conrad. NE Lucina (Codakia) speciosa, H. D. § W. B. Rogers. Lucina (Cyclas) Conradi, D’ Orbigny. Thyatira? bisecta, (Conrad) Meek. Chamidez. . Chama congregata, Conrad. Md.+ Vas-3S: . Chama corticosa, Conrad. Va.; N. &S. . Chama striata, Hmmons. N. . Chama (Arcinella) arcinella, Linnzus. N. & S. Glossidz. 2 . Glossus fraterna, (Say) Meek. Md.; Va.; N. . Glossus Markoei, (Conrad) Meek. Cardiida. . Cardium (Cerastoderma) acutilaqueatum, Conrad. 55. Cardium (Cerastoderma) carolinense, Conrad. N. &S. . Cardium (Cerastoderma) craticuloides, Conrad. Or. Ma. Car. Car. Car. Car. Car. Mad. Car. Md. 257. 258. 259. 260. 261. 262. 263. 264. 265. 266. 267. 9 Cardium (Cerastoderma) laqueatum, Conrad. Cardium (Cerastoderma) leptopleura, Conrad. Cardium (Cerastoderma) virginianum, Conrad. Cardium (Cerastoderma) modestum, Conrad. Cardium (Leevicardium) sublineatum, Conrad. Cardium Gabbii, Remond. Cardium muricatum, Linnzus 2? Cyrenide. Corbicula densata, Conrad. Va. Petricolidz. Petricola compressa, H. C. Lea. Petricola carolinensis, Conrad. Pliorytis centenaria, Conrad. M.; Veneridz. . Mercenaria cancellata, Gabb. . Mercenaria capax, Conrad. . Mercenaria violacea, Schum? Md.; Va. . Mercenaria permagna, Conrad. . Mercenaria Rileyi, Conrad. . Mercenaria submortoni, D’ Orbigny. . Mercenaria tetrica, Conrad. . Mercenaria tridacnoides, (Lamk.) Conrad. . Psephis tantilla, (Gould) Gabb. . Venus ? ascia, H. C. Lea. . Venus securis, Shumard. . Venus Ducatellii, Conrad. . Venus lamellifera, Conrad. . Venus pajaroana, Conrad. . Chione (Lirophora) athleta, (Conrad) Meek. Va.; N.&S. . Chione (Lirophora) alveatus, (Conr.) Meck. Md.; Va.; N.&8.C. . Chione (Lirophora) latilirata, (Conrad) Meek. . Pachydesma ineza, Conrad. . Dione albaria, (Say) Conrad. . Dione angustifrons, (Conrad) Meek. . Dione ? brevilineata, (Conrad) Meer. . Dione decisa, (Conrad) Meek. . Dione marylandica, Conrad. . Dione carolinensis, Conrad. . Dione densata, Conrad. 3. Dione elevata, (I. C. Lea) Conrad. . Dione idonea, Conrad. . Dione marylandica, Conrad. . Dione obovata, Conrad. . Dione oregonensis, (Conrad) Meek. N. &§. aN: eS. N. ; N. & S. Vides. Md aiid anes Md.; S. Md. Ma. Va. Cal. . Car. Cal. Car. Car. Va. - (Car: Vian Car. Car. Car. Car. Car. Md. Mad. Va. Cal. Va. Or. Jer. Or. Cal. Car. Md. Cal. Md. Or. Or. Cal. Md. . Car. Va. Car. Md. Va. 10 298. Dione reposta, Conrad. Vaiss) Ni Care 299. Dione Sayana, Conrad. Md.; N. &S. Car. ° 300. Dione spherica, (H. C. Lea) Conrad. Va. 301. Dione staminea, Cenrad. ? 302. Dione tularana, (Conrad) Meek. Cal. 303. Dione subnasuta, Conrad. 4 Md. 304, Dione uniomeris, (Conrad) Meek. Cal. 305. Dione virginiana, Conrad. Va. - 306. Dione vespertina, (Conrad) Meek. Or. 307. Dione (Chamelea) cancellata, (Linnzus?) Conrad. S. Car. 308. Dione (Chamelea) cribraria, Conrad. N. & S. Car. 309. Dione (Chamelea) cortinaria, (1. D. é& W. B. Rogers) Con. Va. 310. Gemma spheerica, (//. C. Lea) Conrad. Va. 311. Circe metastriata, Conrad. N. & S. Car. 312. Dosinia alta, Conrad. Cal. 313. Dosinia acetabulum, Conrad. Md. & Va. 314. Dosinia elegans, Conrad. iN. Car. 315. Dosinia intermedia, Conrad. S. Car: 316. Dosinia longula, Conrad. Cal. 317. Dosinia montana, Conrad. Cal. 318. Dosinia subobliqua, Conrad. Cal. 319. Tapes regularis, (abb. Cal. 320. Tapes linteatum, Conrad. Cal. 321. Tapes montana, Conrad. Cal. 322. Tapes inezensis, Conrad. Cal. 323. Clementia inoceramiformis, (Wagner) Conrad. Md. Wellinide. 324. Tellina arctata, Conrad. Or. 825. Tellina abrupta, Conrad. Or. 326. Tellina diegoana, Conrad. Cal. 327. Tellina emacerata, Conrad. Or. 328. Tellina congesta, Conrad. Cal. 329. Tellina eborea, Conrad. Or. 330. Tellina ocoyana, Conrad. Cal. 331. Tellina nasuta, Conrad. Or. 332. Tellina pedroana, Conrad. Cal. 333. Tellina bitruncata, Conrad. 2 Or. 334. Tellina oregonensis, Conrad. Or. 335. Tellina [Angulus] polita, Say? 8. Car. 336. Tellina [Angulus] declivis, Say. Va. 337. Tellina [Peronzoderma] alternata, Say? S. Car. 338. Tellina (Peronzoderma) arctata, Conrad. IN: Cars 339. Tellina (Peronzoderma) egena, Conrad. Vac 340. Tellina (Peronzeoderma) producta, Conrad. ? 341. Tellina (Peronz#oderma) lens, Conrad. Md. 342. 343. 344. 345. 346. 347. 348. 349. 350. 351. 352. 353. 354. 355. 356. 357. 358. * 359. 376. Rangia (Perissodon) clathrodonta, Conrad. Va.; N.&S. 377. Rangia (Perissodon) minor, Conrad. N. 378. Standella fragilis, Chemnitz? N. &§. 379. Standella subparilis, Conrad. N. Anatinide. 380. Periploma alta, Conrad. , N. 382. 383. 384. i Tellina (Peronzoderma) lusoria, Say? Vials endurS: Arcopagia (undt.), Conrad. Psammocola (?) lucinoides, H. C. Lea. Psammocola(?) pliocena, Zuomey § Holmes. S. Metis biplicata, Conrad. Mdiis Na cis Strigilla carolinensis, Conrad. S. Abra carinata, Conrad. Md.; N. Abra equalis, (Say) Conrad. N. &S. Abra equata, Conrad. N. & S$. Abra protexta, Conrad. N. Abra subreflexa, Conrad. Abra subovata, (Say) Conrad. Abra nuculoides, Conrad. Semele orbiculata (Say?) Conrad. Fabella constricta, Conrad. Cumingia tellinoides, Conrad. Wiak's Donax[??] protexta, Conrad. Mesodesma incrassata, Conrad. m iA m ‘A Mactridae. . Lutraria transmontana, Conrad. . Lutraria? Traskii, Conrad. . Mactra albaria, Conrad. - Mactra delumbis, Conrad. . Mactra? gabrotensis, Conrad. . Mactra ponderosa, Conrad. - Mactra diegoana, Conrad. . Spisula modicella, Conrad. . Spisula medialis, Conrad. Spisula similis, (Say?) Conrad. N. & S. . Spisula confragosa, Conrad. . Mulinia crassidens, Conrad. N. . Mulinia [?] densata, Conrad. . Mulinia lateralis, (Say) Conrad. N. & 8. . Mulinia triquetra, Conrad. Va.; N. . Rangia Leconti, Conrad. . Periploma antiqua, Conrad. Thracia ventricosa, Conrad. Thracia [?] transversa, H. C. Lea. Thracia mactropsis, Conrad. Car. Cal. Viste Car. Car. Car. Car. Car. Car. Car. Va. Mad. = Gar: . Car. “Cars . Car: Or. Md. Cal. Jer. Va. Or. Va. Cal. 402. 403. 404. 405. 46. 407. 408. 409. 410. 411. 412. 413. 414. 415. 416. 417. 418. 419. 420. 12 . Margaritaria abrupta, Conrad. }, Pandora crassidens, Conrad. . Pandora bilirata, Conrad. . Pandorella arenosa, Conrad, Corbulidez. . Sphenia bilirata, Gabb. . Corbula cuneata, Say. . Corbula diegoana, Conrad. - Corbula elevata, Conrad. . Corbula Evansana, Shumard. . Corbula idonea, Conrad. - Corbula inzqualis, Say. . Cryptomya ovalis, Conrad. Myida. - Mya corpulenta, Conrad. . Mya producta, Conrad. . Mya montereyana, Conrad. . Mya reflexa, Conrad. -. Mya? subsinuata, Conrad. Saxicavida. Saxicava bilineata, Conrad. Saxicava lancea, (//. C. Lea) Conrad. Saxicava myaeformis, Conrad. Saxicava pectorosa, Conrad. Saxicava rugosa, Lamk ? Panopea abrupta, (Conrad) Woodward. Panopea Americana, Conrad. Panopea dubia, /7. C. Lea. Panopea estrellana, (Conrad) Meek. Panopea Goldfussii, Wagner. Panopea porrecta, Conrad. Panopea reflexa, Say. Paramya subovata, Conrad. Solenida. Ensis ensiformis, Conrad. Ensis curtus, (Conrad) Meek. Ensis directus, Conrad. Ensis magnodentatus, (/7. C. Lea) Conrad. Siliquaria equalis, Conrad. Siliquaria carolinensis, Conrad. Pholadide. . Pholas arcuata, Conrad. 2, Pholas producta, Conrad. . Pholas [?] rhomboidea, H. C. Lea. Wiainrs INS 1S! Va.; N. &S§. Car. Car. Cal. Va. ~ Cal. N. Md. Cal. Jer. Oreg. Vaiss Np oS Va. & N. 5. & N. N. & S. Vast Md. Va. Cal. Car. Care Va. 13 424. Teredo calamus, /7. C. Lea. 425. Teredo fistula, HW. C. Lea. Gastrochznide. 426. Gastrochena ligula, HW. C. Lea. Crass GASTEROPODA. Susctass OPISTHOBRANCHIATA. Order TECTIBRANCHIATA. Bullide. 427. Bulla cylindrus, H. C. Lea. 428. Bulla subspissa, Conrad. 429. Bulla [??] jugularis, Conrad. 430. Tornatina cylindrica, Emmons. Cylichnid2. 431. Cylichna petrosa, (Conrad) Meek. 432. Volvula iota, Conrad. Actzonidez. 433. Actzon [?] angulatus, 7. C. Lea. 434. Actzon ellipticus, (Zrask) Meek. ‘435. Actzon glans, H. C. Lea. 436. Actzon [?] globosus, H. C. Lea. 437. Actzon melanoides, Conrad. 438. Actzon novellus, Conrad. 439. Actzon ovoides, Conrad. 440. Actzon sculptus, //. C. Lea. 441. Actzon [?] turbinatus, H. C. Lea. SupctAss PULMONIFERA. Limnzide. 442. Planorbis vetustus, Meek § Hayden, 443. Planorbis Leidyi, Meck §- Hayden. Va. Va. Md, Cal. NN. Car. Md. Va. Cal. Va. Va. Ma. Md. Vas Wipe Dak, Dak. 444, Planorbis [Segmentina?] nebrascensis, Hvans § Shumard. Dak. 445. Limnezea Meekiana, Hvans § Shumard. 446. Limnzea diaphana, Evans § Shumard. 447. Limnzea nebrascensis, Evans §- Shumard. 448. Physa nebrascensis, Kvans § Shumard. 449. Physa secalina, Hvans § Shumard. Auriculide. 450. Melampus (Ensiphorus) longidens, Conrad. Dak. Dak. Dak. Dak. Dak. Va. 451. 452. 453. 454. 455. 456. 457. 459. 460. 461. 462. 463. 464. 465. 466. 467. 468. 469. 470. 471. 472. 473. 474, 475. 475. 14 Helicidez. Helix Leidyi, Hall § Meek. Dak. Susctass PROSOBRANCHIATA. Order CYCLOBRANCHIATA. ? Dentalide. Dentalium attenuatum, Say. Md. ; 8. Car. Dentalium carolinense, Conrad. N. Car Dentalium duodecenare, HLmmons. N. Car Dentalium [?] thallus, Conrad. Va.; N. & S. Car. Dentalium pliocenum, Tuomey § Holmes. S. Car. Dentalium substriatum, (Conrad) Woodward. Or. Chitonidz. . Chiton transenna, H. C. Lea. Va. Patellidez. Patella acinaces, H. C. Lea. Va. Order RHIPHIDOGLOSSATA. Fissurellidea. Fissurella alticostata, Conrad. Ma. Fissurella catilliformis, 1. D. § W. B. Rogers. Va. Fissurella Griscomi, Conrad. N. Jer. Fissurella marylandica, Conrad. Ma. Fissurella nassula, Conrad. Md. Fissurella redimicula, Say. Va. Cemoria oblonga, //. C. Lea. Va. Cemoria crucibuliformis, Conrad. Cal. Rotellidz. Umbonium carinatum, (//. C. Lea) Conrad. Va. Umbonium lenticulare, (//. C. Lea) Conrad. Va. Umbonium subconicum, (H. C. Lea) Conrad. War Umbonium umbilicatum (H. C. Lea) Conrad. Va. Carinorbis arenosum, Conrad. 7 Va. Carinorbis costulatus, (//. C. Lea) Conrad. Va. Carinorbis distans, Conrad. N. Car. Carinorbis lyra, Conrad. Va. Carinorbis quadricostatus, (Hmmons) Conrad. N. Car Trochidze. . Zizyphinus aratus, (H. C. Lea) Conrad. Va. 78. Zizyphinus armillatus, (Zuwomey §- Holmes) Conrad. 8. Car, 15 79. Zizyphinus armillus, (/7. C. Lea) Conrad. Va. 480. Zizyphinug bellus, Conrad. Va. 481. Zizyphinus conus, (H.0. Lea) Conrad. Va. 48%. Zizyphinus gemma, (Twomey § Hglmes) Conrad. 5. Car. 483. Zizyphinus humilis, Conrad. Md. 484. Zizyphinus labrosus, Conrad. Va. 485. Zizyphinus lens, 17. C. Lea. Va. 486. Zizyphinus Mitchelli, Conrad, Va. 487. Zizyphinus peralveatus, Conrad. Md. 488. "Zizyphinus philanthropus, Conrad. Wide 489. Zizyphinus Ruffinii, (WH. C. Lea) Conrad. Va. 490. Zizyphinus reclusus, Conrad. Md. 491. Zizyphinus torquatus, (//. C. Lea) Conrad. N. Car. 492. Zizyphinus arenosus, Conrad. Turbimide. 493. Monilea exoleta, Conrad. 9 494. Monilea (Leiotrochus) distans, Conrad. Md. ? 495. Monilea (Leiotrochus) eborea, (Wagner) Conrad. Ma. 496. Monilea? (Leiotrochus) caperatus, Conrad. Va. 497. Monilea (Leiotrochus) kiawahensis, (Zuomey §- Holmes) Conrad. S. Car. Order CTENOBRANCHIATA. Vanikoride. 498. Vanikoro diegoana, (Conrad) Meek. Cal. Calyptraide. 499. Crucibulum constrictum, Conrad. Md. 500. Crucibulum costatum, (Say) Conrad. Md. 501. Crucibulum dumosum, Conrad. N. & S. Car. 502. Crucibulum grande, (Say) Conrad. Va. | 503. Crucibulum multilineatum, Conrad. N. Car. i 504, Crucibulum ramosum, Conrad. Va. | 505. Trochita centralis, Conrad. N. & S. Car. | 506. Trochita diegoana, Conrad. Cal. | 507. Trochita concentrica (H. C. Lea) Conrad. Va. ! 508. Trochita costellata, Conrad. Cal. | 509. Trochita perarmata, Conrad. Md. | 510. Crypta convexa, (Say?) Conrad. ? | 511. Crypta costata, (Morton) Conrad. Mad. | 512. Crypta cornucopia, (//. C. Lea) Conrad. Va. 513. Crypta cymbiformis, Conrad. Va. 514. Crypta densata, Conrad. ‘ N. Car. 515. Crypta fornicata, (Say?) Conrad. N. & S. Car. 516. Crypta glauca, (Say?) Conrad. ? en nS co oo on bow bb tb -~1 On 528. 529. 530. 531. 532. 533. 534, 535. 536. mon vol. 538. 539. 540. 541. 542. 543. 544, 545. 546. 547. 549. 550. 551. 16 . Crypta lamina, (H. C. Lea) Conrad. . Crypta plana, Say? (Sp.) . Crypta ponderosa, (H. C. Lea) Conrad, . Crypta spinosa, Conrad. . Crypta praerupta, (Conrad) Meek. - Capulus Bullii, Tuomey § Holmes. Cewecidea. . Cecum annulatum, Emmons. Vermetida. . Vermetus carolinensis, Conrad. . Vermetus convolutus, (//. C. Lea) Conrad. . Anguinella virginiana, Conrad. . Petaloconchus sculptulatus, HW. C. Lea. VTurritellida. Turritella equistriata, Conrad. Turritella alticostata, Conrad. Turritella Burdenii, (Twomey § Holmes) Conrad. Turritella constricta, Emmons. Turritella cumberlandia, Conrad. Turritella exaltata, Conrad. Turritella fluxionalis, H. D. § W. B. Rogers Turritella inezana, Conrad. Turritella striata, (Twomey § Holmes) Conrad. Turritella indenta, Conrad. Turritella octonaria, Conrad. Turritella ocoyana, Conrad. Turritella plebeia, Say. Turritella quadristriata, H. D. § W. B. Rogers. Turritella secta, Conrad. Turritella terstriata, H. D. § W. B. Rogers. Turritella terebriformis, Conrad. Turritella varieta, Conrad. Turritella variabilis, Conrad. Turritella perlaqueata, Conrad. Viviparida. . Viviparus glaber, (i. C. Lea) Meek. Lacunidz. Laouna carinata, Gould. Litorinid2. Litorina carolinensis, Conrad. Litorina lineata, Hmmons. 5. Car. N. Car; Q F 17 Cerithiide. §52. Cerithium [Sichar] moniliferum, H. C. Lea. Via ewN Oar. 553. Cerithium [?] mediale, Conrad. Or. Cancellariidz. 554. Cancellaria alternata, Conrad. Ma. 555. Cancellaria carolinensis, Conrad. N. Car 556. Cancellaria depressa, Zuomey §- Holmes. 8. Car. 557. Cancellaria engonata, Conrad. Ma. 558. Cancellaria lunata, Conrad. Md. 559. Cancellaria perspectiva, Conrad. Va. 560. Cancellaria plagiostoma, Conrad. Va. 561. Cancellaria scalarina, Conrad. ? 562. Cancellaria venusta, Twomey § Holmes. 8. Car. 563. Cancellaria (Trigonostoma) biplicifera, Conrad. Mad. Cypreeide. 564. Cypreea carolinensis, Conrad. N. &S. Car. i 565. Cypreea annulifera, Conrad. ? 566. Cypreea pediculus, Lmmons. N. Car. | Conide. \ 567. Conus adversarius, Conrad. ; N. & S. Car. | 568. Conus diluvianus, (een. Md. i 569. Conus marylandicus, (een. Md. 570. Celatoconus protractus, Conrad. | Solariidae. 571. Architectonica (Phillipia) trilineata, Conrad. Ma. | 672. Architectonica (Phillipia) nupera, Conrad. Va. } 573. Architectonica (Rhillipia) perspectiva, Linnzus? S. Car. | Cerithiopsidz. 574. Cerithiopsis annulata, (Emmons) Conrad. N. Car: 575. Cerithiopsis clavula, (H. C. Lea), Conrad. Va. 576. Cerithiopsis Emmonsii, Conrad. N. Car. Ewlimide. | 577. Niso lineata, Conrad. Ma. 578. Bulima eborea, Conrad. Va. 579. Bulima migrans, Conrad. Va. Pyramidellidz. | 580. Obeliscus arenosus (Conrad. Va. & N. Car. | 581. Obeliscus reticulatus (Hmmons) Conrad. N. Car. 2 Ww b ort or or Gr OF Or OF Ot. Gr OH on smeooowowTeo mono @om ®S Mm Oo B WOWOnwnrovo mat QQ OO ff 600. 601. 602. 603. 604. 605. 606. 607. 608. 609. 610. 611. 612. 613. 614. 615. 616. 617. 618. 619. 620. 621. 622. 18 . Odostomia ? glans, (7. C. Lea) Conrad. . Cdostomia ? curta, (#7. C. Lea) Conrad. . Odostomia dedeelia (H. C. Lea) Conrad. . Odostomia granulata, (/7. C. Lea) Conrad. 3. Odostomia nitens, (1. C. Lea) Conrad. . Odostomia ovula, (1. C. Lea) Conrad. . Odostomia turbinata, (77. C. Lea) Conrad. . Odostomia ? turbinopsis, (/7. C. Lea) Conrad. . Odostomia? sculpta, (H. C. Lea) Conrad. . Turbonilla perlaqueata, Conrad. . Turbonilla papillosa, (Trask) Meek. - Turbonilla reticulata, (Lmmons) Conrad. Bittium asptrum, (alb. . Auriculina eburnea, (7. C. Lea) Conrad. Auriculina exarata, (H. C. Lea) Conrad. . Auriculina ornata, (H. C. Lea) Conrad. . Auriculina subula, (7. C. Lea) Conrad. . Menestho (?) limnza, Conrad. Werebrida. Terebra (Acus) carolinensis, Conrad. Terebra (Acus?) clavula, (//. C. Lea) Conrad. Terebra (Acus) curvilineata, Conrad. Terebra (Acus) indentata, Conrad. Terebra (Acus) neglecta, Hmmons. Terebra.(Acus) simplex, Conrad. Terebra (Acus) sublirata, Conrad. Terebra (Acus) unilineata, Conrad. Scalaride. Scala arctata, Conrad. Scala aciculata, (//. C. Lea) Conrad. Scala clathra, (Lamarck?) Con. Scala curta, Emmons, Scala distans, Conrad. Scala micropleura, (//. C. Lea) Conrad. Scala microstoma, (H. C. Lea) Conrad. Scala procera, Conrad. Scala multistriata, (Say?) Conrad. Scala (Sthenorytis) expansa, Conrad. Scala (Sthenorytis) pachypleura, Conrad. Naticide. Natica ocoyana, Conrad. Natica plicatella, Conrad. Natica inezana, Conrad. Natica caroliniana, Conrad. N. &'8: Via ia’ Care Md. + Vis Cal. . Car. Cal. Car. 19 623. Neverita duplicata, Say? Md.; Va.; N. & S. Car. 624. Neverita percallosa, Conrad. N. Car. 625. Natica[?] geniculata, Conrad. Cal. $26. Natica[?] saxea, Conrad. Or. 627. Lunatia catenoides, (Wood) Conrad. Md \5, Viaw 7S. Car. 628. Lunatia interna, (Say) Conrad. Ma. 629. Lunatia perspectiva, (H. D. § W. B. Rogers) Conrad. Va. 630. Sigaretus fragilis, (Say) Conrad. ? 631. Sigaretus scopulosus, Conrad. Or. Doliide. 632. Dolium galea, Lamarck ? S. Car. 633. Dolium petrosum, Conrad. Or. 634. Dolium? octocostatum, Emmons. N. Car. Ficidae. 635. Ficus [??] ocoyanus, (Conrad) Meek. Cal. 636..Ficus reticulatus (Lumarck ?) S. Car. 637. Ficus modestus( Conrad) Meck. Or. Cassidee. 658. Semicassis celata, Conrad. Md. 639. Sconsia Hodgei, Conrad. N. &S. Car. Volutidez. 640. Woluta solitaria, Conrad. Md. 641. Voluta Trenholmii, Twomey § [Holmes. S. Car. 642. Voluta obtusa, Hmmons. N. Car. 643. Voluta (Volutifusus) mutabilis, Conrad. N. & S. Car. 644. Megaptygma sinuosa, ((rall) Conrad. Tex. 645. Pleioptygma carolinensis, Conrad. N. & S. Car. Margimeilide. 646. Marginella (Volutella) conulus, //. C. Lea. Va. 647. Marginella (Volutella) distans, Conrad. ? 648. MarginelJa (Volutella) oliviformis, (Tuomey & Holmes) Emmons. N. & S. Car. 649. Marginella constricta, Emmons. N. Car. 650. Marginella denticulata, Conrad. Md. 651. Marginella eburneola, Conrad. Va. 652. Marginella[?] exilis, H. C. Lea. Va. 653. Marginella limatula, Conrad. Va. 654. Marginella ovata, Emmons. N. Car. 655. Marginella (Porcellanella) bella, Conrad. ? 656. Erato [?] levis, Emmons. Olivide. 657. Olivella ancillariformis, (//. C. Lea) Meek. °* Va. 658. Olivella duplicata, Conrad. N. Car. 659. Oliva canaliculata, H. C. Lea. Va. 660. Oliva carolinensis, Conrad. Va. 661. Oliva eborea, Conrad. Va. 662. Oliva idonea, Conrad. N. Car Purpuride2. 663. Purpura (Stramonita) petrosa, Conrad. Cal. 664. Cronia? tridentata, (Zuomey § Holmes) Conrad. 8. Car. 665. Ecphora quadricostata, Conrad. Md.; Va.; N. & S. Car. Buccinide. 666. Tritia altilis, Conrad. Va. 667. Tritia anomala, (//. C. Lea) Conrad. Va. 668. Tritia ovata, (Say) Conrad. Md. 669. Tritia bidentata, (Hmmong) Conrad. N, Car. 670. Tritia bilix, Conrad. y Va. 671. Tritia fossulata, Conrad. Me 672. Tritia impressa, (/7. C. Lea) Conrad. Va. 673. Tritia haspuloides, Conrad. ? 674. Tritia interrupta, Conrad. N. Car. 675. Tritia irrorata, Conrad. SCar: 676. Tritia moniliformis, (Emmons) Conrad. N. Car. 677. Tritia multilineata (Hmmons) Conrad. IN. Car. 678. Tritia multirugata, Conrad. N. Car. 679. Tritia porcina, (Say) Conrad. Md.; N. & 8. Car. 680. Tritia prerupta, Conrad. Md. 681. Tritia scalaris, Conrad. 2 682. Tritia sexdenta, Conrad. ? 683. Tritia trivitata, (Say?) Conrad, Md.; Va.; S. Car. 684. Tritia Tuomeyi, (ZH. C. Lea) Conrad. Vas 685. Tritia laqueata, Conrad. Va. 686. Tritia (Bulliopsis) integra, Conrad. Md. 687. Tritia (Bulliopsis) anomala, (//. C. Lea) Conrad. Va. 688. Tritia (Bulliopsis) marylandica, Conrad. Md. 689. Tritia (Bulliopsis) ovata, Conrad. Md. 690. Tritia (Bulliopsis) quadrata, Conrad. Md. 691. Buccinum [?] divinctum, Conrad. Or. Writomiide. . 692. Bursa (Bupleura) caudata, (Say) Conrad. Md.; S. Car. Pleurotomide. 693. Turris [??] transmontana, Canrad. Cal. 694. Surcula bicatenaria, Conrad. Md. 20 21 695. Surcula bella-crenata, Conrad. Md. 696. Surcula communis, Conrad. Md. 697. Surcula engonata, Conrad. Va. 698. Surcula gracilis, Conrad. Ma. 699. Sureula marylandica, Conrad. Md. 700. Surcula nodulifera, Conrad. Va. 701. Surcula parva, Conrad. Ma. 702. Surcula rotifera, Conrad. Mad. 703. Surcula rugata, Conrad. Md. 704. Surcula tricatenaria, Conrad. Va. 705. Surcula virginiana, Conrad. Va. 706. Drillia arata, Conrad. Va. 707. Drillia bella, Conrad. Va. 708. Drillia distans, Conrad. Va. 709. Drillia dissimilis, Conrad. Md:,;) Via.? 710. Drillia eburnea, Conrad. Va. 711. Drillia elegans (Emmons) Conrad. N. Car. 712. Drillia flexuosa, (Emmons) Conrad. N. Car, 713. Drillia impressa, Conrad. Wise 714. Drillia limatula, Conrad. Md. 715. Drillia lunata, (H. C. Lea) Conrad. Va.; S. Car. 716. Drillia multisecta, Conrad. Wil. 717. Drillia pyrenoides, Conrad. Va. 718. Drillia tuberculata, (Emmons) Conrad. WN. Car. 719. Mangelia virginiana, Conrad. Va. Fasciolariide. 720. Fasciolaria alternata, Emmons. Ne Ce 721. Fasciolaria gigantea, Aeiner ? S. Car. 722. Fasciolaria nodulosa, Hmmons. N. Car. 723. Fasciolaria Tuomeyi, Holmes. S. Car. 724. Pasciolaria [?] parvula, Lea. Va. 725. Fasciolaria rhomboidea, H. D. § W. B. Rogers. Va.; N. & S. Car. 726. Fasciolaria Sparrowi, Emmons. N. Car. 727. Fasciolaria Woodii, Gabb. Tex. 728. Fasciolaria [Terebraspira] acuta, Emmons. N. Car. 729. Fasciolaria [Terebraspira] elegans, Lmmons. N= C: 730. Fasciolaria (Lyrosoma) sulcosa, Conrad. 9 731. Peristernia filicata, Conrad. Va. ; S. Car. > Muricide. 732. Busycon adversarium, Conrad. S. Car. 733. Busycon carinatum, Conrad. Va. 734. Busycon carica, ((melin) Bolten? S. Car. 735. Busycon contrarium, Conrad. N. Car. 22 736. Busycon coronatum, Conrad. Md. 737. Busycon canaliferum, Conrad. N. & S. Car. 738. Busycon excavatum, Conrad. N= Cart 739. Busycon filosum, Conrad. Va. 740. Busycon fusiforme, Conrad. Md. 741. Busycon incile, Conrad. Va. 742. Busycon maximum, Conrad. i 743. Busycon? oregonensis, (Conrad) Meck. Or. 744. Busycon rugosum, Conrad. GE 745. Busycon tuberculatum, Conrad. 2 746. Busycon scalarispira, Conrad. N. Jer. 747. Busycon striatum, Conrad. ? 748. Busycon tritonis, Conrad. Va. 749. Fusus arctatus, (Conrad) Meek. Cal. 750. FPusus barbarensis, Z’rask. Cal. 751. Fusus[?} geniculus, Conrad. Or. 752. Fusus[?] corpulentus, Conrad. Or. 753. Fusus rugosus, Zvask. 754. Fusus (Scalarispira) strumosus, Conrad. Va. 755. Tritonifusus migrans, (Conrad) Meck. Md. 756. Neptunea devexa, Conrad. Ma. 757. Neptunea exilis, Conrad. Va. 3S: & N. Car. 758. Neptunea equalis, (Zmmons) Conrad. N. Car. 759. Neptunea filosa, Conrad. ? 760. Neptunea lamellosa, (Emmons) Conrad. N. Car. 761. Neptunea parilis, Conrad. Mad. 762. Neptunea rustica, Conrad. Mad. 763. Neptunea trossula, Conrad. Va. 764. Trophon tetricus, Conrad. Va. 765. Typhis acuticostata, Conrad. Ma. 766. Murex [?] fragilis, Trask. Cal. 767. Murex globosus, Emmons. N. Car. 768. Murex ponderosus, Gabb. Cal. 769. Murex (Pterorytis) umbriferus, Conrad. N. Car. 770. Murex perlaminosus Conrad. Cal. Cuass CEPHALOPODA. Order TETRABRANCHIATA Nautilida. z 771. ? Aturia angustata, (Conrad) Meck. Or. 23 Susxincpon ARTICULATA. Crass CRUSTACEA. Scopctass ENTOMOSTRACA, Order CIRRIPEDIA. Balanide. 772. Balanus proteus, Conrad. Md. & Va. 773. Balanus estrellanus, Conrad. Cal. Order ? LOPHYROPODA. Cypride. 774. Cypris Leidyi, Evans § Shumard. Dak. Suscnass DECAPODA. Order MACRURA. Calliamasside. , 775. Callianassa oregonensis, Vana. Oreg. NOTES AND EXPLANATIONS. (MIOCENE LIST.) land 2— Are not true Astreas. 3 = Columnaria? sexradiata, Lonpsatz, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. VI, 1845, 497. 6 = Lithodendron lineata, Coyrap, Trans. Geol. Soc. Pa. I, 1835, 340, xiii, 4. _ 43 = Orbicula lugubris, Conran, Mioc. Foss. 75, 43, 2. 44= Orbicula multilineata, Conrap, ib. fig. 3. 45 =Terebratula nitens, Coyrap, U. 8. Expl. Exp. X, 726,19,1a, I see Mr. Carpenter, in his valuable report to the British Asso- ciation on the Moll. West Coast N. A. (1863, 680), expresses the opinion that this is very probably identical with the recent Waldheimia pulvinata, Gould.' On examining the typical spe- 1 The extensive and critical knowledge of the living Mollusks of the Western Coast of North America, possessed by this able conchologist, ren- ders his remarks on the relations of Tertiary and existing species of that region unusually interesting to the paleontologist. It is to be regretted, however, that his comparisons were, in most cases, necessarily made with very imperfect figures of the fossil species ; the type specimens not being ac- cessible at the time he was in thiscountry. Hence, his suggestions that so large a proportion of the Miocene shells of the Pacific slope are, probably. identical with living species should not be toohastily accepted. Particularly since the questions involved are of far greater importance than that of the mere'specific difference or identity of certain forms, for if wrongly decided, they may lead to very erroneous conclusions in regard to the age of these tertiary deposits; while they have a direct and important bearing on the discussions respecting the duration of specific types intime. Consequently, I have carefully compared the types of Mr. Conrad’s Western Coast Terti- ary species, with their living representatives, in all cases where authentic examples of each were at hand, and give the results of these comparisons under each of the species in these notes. In most of these cases, it will be observed, I have arrived at the con- clusion that the fossi! shells are distinct species from the recent. This accords with the conclusions, in many cases, adopted by those who have, of late years, instituted eareful comparison of the Miocene species formerly supposed to be identical with living forms. ae 25 ) 26 cimens, however, from Astoria, I find that they show, under the microscope, no traces of the punctate structure character- izing the Terebratulide, although they exhibit, by transmitted light, very distinctly the usual fibrous texture. From this I infer that the species can neither be a Terebratula, nor a Waldheimia, but belongs to the genus Rhynchonella. None of the specimens are in a condition to show the nature of the foramen, nor any of the internal characters of the shell; but from all that can be determined, I am inclined to think it related to the recent Ff. psittacea, though it seems to be more finely striated, and has apparently a less prominent beak. 53-—Since the foregoing list of Miocene shells was partly stereotyped, Mr. Conrad informs me that he now thinks his Ostrea Hermanni probably a cretaceous species. 65 — Mr. Carpenter refers this species with doubt, in his British Asso- ciation Report, to the recent Placunomia macroschisma, Des- hayes. The type specimen, however, is too imperfect to be satisfactorily compared with anything. 70 — Referred with doubt by Mr. Carpenter to the recent H. giganteus Gray. On comparison, I am inclined to think they may be identical, but the specimens of the fossil are by no means suflicient to decide such a question, particularly in a genus like this. 77 = Janira affinis, Tuomey and Homes, Plioc. Foss. 8. Car. 26, 8, 56. I do not adopt the name Janira, because it was founded upon the typical forms of the older genus Pecten, Miiller. 79 — This and most of the following species here retained under the name Pecten are distinct from that genus, as properly restricted by Lamarck, to such forms as P. Jacobius, and P. maximus, though it is not considered desirable to attempt to distribute them into proper groups with the material at hand. 84=Janira bella, Coyrap, Pacific R. R. Rept. VI, 71, HI, 16. 95—This should probably have been printed Amussium propatulum in the list; it differs, however, from the typical species of that genus in the possession of large external radiating coste, and a distinct byssal sinus. I observe Mr. Carpenter suggests that if not identical with the recent Amussium caurinum, Gould, this shell is most closely related. It is undoubtedly related to that species, as many of our Miocene shells are to their living representatives; but on comparison, I find that they may be readily distinguished, In the first place the A. caurinum has from 20 to 22 coste to each valve ; while the fossil species has uniformly only about 16, which are also wider in proportion to the depressions between. Again, when the surface of the fossil shell is well preserved it shows, under a magnifier, a very peculiar and beautiful style of sculpture resembling somewhat the regularly i: | DT disposed asperities on the surface of a rasp, and entirely unlike any markings seen on the living species. 108 —Is referred by’Mr. Carpenter to Janira (=typical Pecten, Miiller), and is one of the forms upon which Mr. Conrad proposed to establish a new genus Lyropecten. It differs from the typical Janiras, in ,having both valves distinctly and very nearly equally convex, and the hinge provided with three strong di- verging teeth on each side of the cartilage pit, but feebly represented by the slender ridges in the hinge of Janira. 111 =Nucula impressa, Conran, U.S. Expl. Expd. X, 722. . 113 =Leda Willamettensis, Suumarp, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. I. | 117 = Nucula penita, Coyrap, Am. Jour. Sci. V, (2), 433, Fig. 9. 119 = Leda Oregona, Suumarp, Trans. St. Louis Acad. I. 127=Nucula divaricata, Coyrap, Am. Jour. Sci. V, (2) 1848, 432: (not NV. divaricata, Hunds, 1844). The name of this species should have been Nucula (Acila) Conradi, in the list, since it belongs to H. and A. Adams’ group Acila. ‘ Since the foregoing list was partly stereotyped, I see Mr. Carpenter refers this species to the recent Nucula castrensis, of Hinds, 1844. I have no specimens of the recent shell at hand for comparison, and have seen only imperfect examples of the fossil species. On comparing the latter and Mr. Conrad’s figures in the Journal of Science, and the Report of the U.S. Exploring Expedition, with Dr. Hind’s figure of N. castrensis, I find that the fossil shell, in addition to being much larger, with more prominent beaks, differs in having the imaginary line from which the surface strie divaricate, extending directly from the beaks to the posterior basal magin ; while in the figure of N. castrensis, itis represented as curving down so as to in- tersect the base near the middle. Again, the divaricating markings are proportionally larger, and less numerous on the figure of WV. castrensis, while on the posterior dorsal region they are drawn as if extending back nearly parallel to the dgrsal margin, instead of curving gracefully upwards so as to intersect the cardinal border, asin the fossilshell. I am aware these differences may be due to errors in Dr. Hind’s figure, but when we bear in mind that the fossil shell is also so nearly like another found associated with Baculites, Ammonites, and other cretaceous types in California, that even Mr. Conrad, on comparing specimens, pronounced them identical, we may be also excused for hesitating to admit the identity of the Miocene and recent forms, until verified by the comparison of good examples of each, showing all the internal and external cha- racters. 140 = Pectenculus nitens, Conran, U.S. Expl. Exp. X, 726, 18, 9, a, b- In Mr. Carpenter’s first Report to the British Assoication on 28 West Coast Shells, 1856, 367, Mr. Woodward states that this species “resembles Limopsis.”’ In Mr. Carpenter’s later Report of 1863, he remarks that it “resembles Psephis tantilla (= Venus( Trigona) tantilla, Gould). On examining the type specimens, I find the shell to be a true Limopsis, as surmised by Mr. Woodward, and very closely allied to a common species in the well-marked cretaceous rock of the upper Missouri country. 146 = Arca canalis, Conran, Pacific R. R. Report VI, 70. 147 = Arca congesta, ConrRaD, ib. 148 = Arca incile, Say, Jour. Acad. N. Sci. IV, 8. 149 = Arca microdonta, Conran, Pacific R. R. Report V, 323. 150 = Anomalocardia trigintinaria, Conrap, Proceed. Acad. N. Sci. 1862, 289. This and the other species ranged in the list under the name Anadara, Gray, of course belong to Anomalocardia, Klein, 1753, which latter name I do not adopt from its ante-Lin- nean date, and its author’s irregular system of nomenclature. 151=> Area protracta, H. D. and W. B. Rogers, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. V, 332. 152 = Arca trilineata, Conran, Pacific R. R. Report, V, 70. 174= Avicula multangula, H. C. Lea, Tr. Phila. Soc. IX, 1846, 245» er aiile Probably belongs to an undescribed genus. 175 = Perna montana, Conrap, Pacific R. R. Report VI, 195. The spe- cimen for which this name was proposed is a very imperfect cast, probably belonging to some other genus. 176 = Perna terta, Say, Am. Jour. Sci. II, 38. 179 = Modiola contracta, Conran, Pacific R. R. Rept, Vi) 3205 It Adanson’s ante-Linnean names are to be adopted (with his first species of each as the type), all the shells in the list under the name Volsella should be ranged under the name Perna, Ad. (1757.) If neither his nor Scopoli’s names are to be adopted, then they would have to be included under Modiolus, Lamarck, 1779. ‘ 180= Modiola spiniger, H. C. Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. IX, 244, 35, 30, : 181 = Modiola ducatellii, Conran, Mioc. Foss. 53, 28, 2. 182= Mytilus inflatus, Tuomey and Houmegs, Plioc. Foss. 8S. Carr. 33, 14, 3. 190 =Cardita abbreviata, Conrap, Am. Jour. Sci., XLI. (2), 2, 17. This and all the other species in the list under the name Vene- ricardia belong to Actimobolus, Klein, 1753. But, I do not adopt his names for reasons already stated. They also all belong to sections of Venericardia, Lamarck, 1801, and cannot be properly included in Cardita, Bruguiere, 1789, as restricted 29 by Lamarck in 1799 to such forms as Chama calyculata, Lin., subsequently (1824) called Mytilicardia, by Blainville. 191 = Cardita radians, Conyrap, Am. Jour. Sci. XLI, (2) 2, 16. = Cardita carinata, Emmons, Geol. N. Car. 302. 193 = Cardita subtenta, Conran, U. &. Expl. Exp. X, 726. Mr. Car- penter refers this to the recent C. borealis, Conrad. On con parison of the fossil form with typical eastern coast examples of the recent shell, lam led to regard them as distinct. The fossil species is more gibbous, and has uniformly from five to seven more coste. In form, it is much nearer the western coast species or variety ventricosa, Goud, but it has smaller and more numerous ribs. 195 = Cardita monilicosta, Gass, Proceed. Acad. N. Sci. 1861, 371, is included with doubt in the Miocene list. 196 = Cardita occidentalis, Conran, ib. 1855. 224—Mr. Carpenter, misled by an imperfect figure, suggests that this species “‘ has the aspect of a large Lazaria.” It is, however, a true Solemya, with an extremely thin shell, and nearly obsolete postero-dorsal radiating coste. Lazaria, Gray, 1853, is a syn- onym of Carditamera, Conrad, 1838. 2303 = Lucina occidentalis, Conran, U.S. Expl. Exp. X, 725, from the Astoria (Oregon) beds, was inadvertently omitted in its proper place between Nos. 230 and 221, in the list. It is a littie re- markable that the specimen figured in the Xth Vol. U. 8. Expl. Exp. pl. 18, fig. 8 and 8 a,as Pectunculus patulus, represents an internal cast of this species of Lucina. I see Mr. Carpenter expresses the opinion that Lucina occt- dentalis, of Conran, is identical with the common recent L. bore- alis of authors; and that Pectunculus patulus, Conrad, founded as above stated on an internal cast of Lucina occidentalis, may be the recent Pectunculus septentrionalis, Middendorf. In regard to the identity of Lucina occidentalis, Conrad, with the recent L. borealis, I scarcely feel prepared to express an opinion, having but a single specimen of the fossil shell (the original type) in even a moderately good state of preservation for com- parison. They are certainly much alike, but as species in this genus are often very similar, I have little doubt but on com- paring a good series of each they will be found specifically distinct. The suggestion in relation to the supposed Pectun- culus patalus, is obviously an error. 237 = Cyclas permacra, ConRaD, Pacific R. R. Rept. VII, 192. 247 = Venus bisecta, Conran, U. S$. Expl. Exp. X, 724, 17, 10, 10a. Although there are several good specimens of this species in the Astoria collections, none of them show the hinge. From markings on some of the internal casts, however, I am nearly convinced that its pallial line is simple, from which fact, together 30 with the thinness and general aspect of the shell, I am led to refer it to the genus Thyatira, (Leach) Lamarck, 1818. If we adopt Turton’s name, it should be written Cryptodon bisectus ; or, following Sowerby, it would be Axinus bisectus. 252 =Isocardia fraterna, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. IV, 143; (=. rustica, Conrad). Ido not adopt Bucardia, Lister, 1678, on account of its ante-Linnezan date, nor /socardia, Lamarck, 1799, because Polis’ name Glossus 1795, has priority. 253 = Isocardia Markoi, Conran, Bul. Nat. Inst. 193, 2, 1. 260 = Cardium modestum, Connap. Mr. Carpenter suggests that this may be the goung of the recent Cardium biangulatum. In this, however, he was misled by a very imperfect figure, for I find, on comparison, that the two shells are very distinct in form, and other surface characters. 276—Mr. Gabb described this shell as a Miocene species (Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861) under the name Venus rhysomia. It is now believed by him and Mr. Carpenter to be identical with the recent Venus (Trigona) tantilla, Gould. 282 = Venus athleta, Conran, Proceed. Acad. N. Sci. 1862, 586. 283 = Venus alveata, Conran, Mioc. Foss. 9, 5, 2. 284 = Venus latilirata, Conran, ib. 68, 38, 3. 287 = Venus angustifrons, Conran, U.S. Expl. Exp. X, 724, 17, 11. 288 = Venus brevilineata, Conran, ib. Fig. 13. 259 = Meretrix decisa, Conran, Pacific R. R. Rept. V, 323. 297 = Cytherea oregonensis, Conran, Am. J. Sci. V, (2), 432. 302 = Meretrix tularana, Conran, Pacific R. R. Rept. V. 323. 304—= Meretrix uniomeris, Conrap, ib. 306 = Cytherea vespertina, Conran, Am. Jour. Sci. Vol. V, (2) 1848, 433. 358 — This is certainly not a Donaz, but doubtless a Solemya, as suggested by Mr. Woodward (Brit. Asso. Rept. 1856, 366), and should have been printed Solemya protexta in the list. It is clearly distinct from its associate S. ventricosa, Contad. 367 — Mr. Conrad originally described this and the other species of Spisula in the list, under the name Mactra, and subsequently referred them to Hemimactra. He now agrees with me that Gray’s name Spisula should be retained for this group, and authorized me to make the changes in his name. 410=Glycimeris estrellanus, Conran, Pacific R. R. Rept. VII, 194. Mr. Carpenter (Brit. Assoc. Rept. 1863) refers this species with doubt, to the recent Panopxa gencrosa, Gould. The fossil is only known from a single imperfect cast, giving no idea of its internal characters. It is much smaller than the recent species alluded to, but resembles it in form, not more, however, than it resembles other fossil species, which from their geological position must be distinct, and would not be suspected to be iden- tical with any living species. The P. generosa-agrees more 31 nearly in size and most of its other characters with the eastern Miocene P. Americana, but can be readily distinguished. 416 = Solen curtus, Conran, Am. J. Sci. V, (2) 433. 431 =Bulla petrosa, Conran, ib. 432, Fig. 11. 434 => Tornatella elliptica, Trask, Proceed. Cal. Acad. Sci. 1856, 41. 455 — The name of this species should have been Helonyx thallus, (Con- rad) Meek, in the list, since it belongs to the genus Helonyx, founded by Dr. Stimpson for the reception of the recent Denta- lium clavatum, of Gould. This genus dates back to the Creta- ceous epoch, and includes Dentalium (Ditrupa?) pusillum, Gabb, from the California Cretaceous. 467 = Diodora crucibuliformis, Conran, Proceed. Acad. N. Sci., Feb. 1855. Iam authorized by Mr. Conrad to place this species in his name under Cemoria, Leach. The propriety of making the change, however, may be doubted, since it is questionable whether or not Leach’s M.S. name was published previous to Gray’s name Diodora. 498 = Narica diegoana, Conran, Pacific R. R. Rept. V, 326. Doubtful Miocene species. 521 = Crepidula prerupta, Conran, U.S. Expl. Exp., X, 727, 19, 9, 9a. Mr. Carpenter refers this to the recent C. princeps, Middendorf. Mr. Conrad’s specimens agree in size and form, and apparently in surface markings with the recent shell, but they are unfor- tunately too imperfect, and there are not enough of them to make a satisfactory comparison in a genus like this. 548 = Turbo glabra, H. C. Lea. Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., IX, 267, 37, 87. = Vivipara glabra, Conrad, Synop. Miocene Foss. Proceed. Acad. 1862, 567). : 621 = WNatica inezana, Conran, Pacif. R. R. Rept. VII, 195, 10, 5, 6. This should probably have been printed Lunatia inezana, in the list. I see Mr. Carpenter refers it with doubt to the recent Lunatia Lewisii, Gould. On comparison, however, I find they can be readily distinguished. The specimens of the fossil spe- cies are imperfect, but present, at least, one character, which is alone sufficient to separate the species. That is, a peculiar truncation and horizontal flattening of the upper part of the whorls, just below the suture; the flattened or slightly concave shoulder being bounded by a revolving angular ridge. Unfor- tunately, Mr. Conrad’s figure represents an internal cast, which does not show this character. Good specimens would doubtless present other differences. 631—If we go back to pre-Linnean names, that is, to names proposed previous to the issue of Linneus’ 10th ed. Syst. Nat. 1758, the name of this species would have to be Stomatia scopulosa, or Catinus scopulosus, the former generic name having been pro- 32 posed for this group by Hill, 1752, and adopted by Browne, 1756, while the latter was used for it by Klein, 1753. As it is not the generally approved practice, however, to go behind Linnzus, the rule of priority will probably require us to write it Sinum sco- pulosum, since Bolten’s name Sinum (1798) has priority over Sigaretus, Lamarck (1799). 635 = Sycotypus ocoyanus, Conran, Pacif. R. R. Rept. V, 329. 637 = Pyrula modesta, Conran, Am. Jour. Sci. V, (2) 1848, 433, 12. 657 = Oliva ancillarizformis, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phila. Soc. IX (N. 8.), 274, 37, 105. 743 = Fusus oregonensis, Conran, ib. fig. 13. 749 = Colus arctatus, Conran, Pacif. R. R. Rept. V, 322. 755 = FPusus migrans, Conran, Proceed. Acad. N. Sci. I, 309. 771=Nautilus angustatus, Conrap, U. S. Expl. Exp. X, 728. Mr. Woodward places this (Brit. Ass. Rept. 1856, 567) with doubt as synonymous with the well known Nautilus zizac of Sowerby ; and so far as can be determined from imperfect specimens, I am much inclined to agree with him. The name Aturia, or Aganides, however, will have to be used for the genus. SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS. 177 CHECK LIST OF THE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS OF NORTH AMERICA. CRETACEOUS AND JURASSIC. | / BY HILB. MEEK, WASHINGTON: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. APRIL, 1864. ADVERTISEMENT. Tre following Lists of the described species of Invertebrate Fossils of North America have been prepared at the request of the Institution for the purpose of facilitating the labelling of the collections and the distribution of duplicate specimens. It will be readily understood that the Smithsonian Institutian cannot vouch for the accuracy of the Lists, or for their complete- ness, and that all responsibility in reference to these points rests with the authors. JOSEPH HENRY, Secretary S. 1 Smirusonran InstrruTion, Wasuineton, April, 1864. Cis PHILADELPHIA: COLLINS, PRINTER. SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS. aa CEC Ke, UE Sek OF THE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS OF NORTH AMERICA. CRETACEOUS FORMATION. BY E.B. MEER. Susxinapom PROTOZOA. | Crass AMORPHOZOA. 1. Budea? dichotoma, (abd. N.S Crass RHIZOPODA. Order FORAMINIFERA. Lagemide. 2. Phonemus (Cristellaria) rotulatus D’ Orb. ? N. 3. Phonemus (Flabellina) cuneatus, (Jorton) Meek. N. J 4, Phonemus (Flabellina) sagittarius, (Lea) Meek. N. J 5. Phonemus (Dentalina) pulcher, (abd. N. J Globigerinida. -6. Rotalia lenticulina, Dak.; Neb. 7. Rotalia senaria, Dak. ; Neb. 8. Tinoporus (Orbitolina) texanus (Roemer) Meek. Tex. 9. Textularia americana, Ehrenberg. 10. Textularia missouriensis, Ehrenberg. Dak. ; Neb. 11. Textularia globulosa, Ehrenberg. Dak. ; Neb. 12. Textularia phyllodes, (Hhrenberg) Meek. Dak. ; Neb. 1 Gulag) 1 al 13. 14, 15. 16. 17. Ss ID 20. 21. 30. 31. 32. 33. Susxinepom RADIATA, CLass POLYPI. Order ACTINARIA. - Fumgida. Micrabacia americana, Meek §- Hayden. Asteridae. Trochosmilia conoidea, Gabb §& Horn. Trochosmilia ? texana, Conr. Montlivaltia atlantica, (J/orton) Lonsdale. Astroccenia guadaloupae, Roemer. Turbimolida. Platytrochus speciosus, Gabb §- Horn. Turbinolia[?]inauris, JJorton. Flabellum striatum, Gabb §- Horn. ’ Order ALCYONARIA. Gorgonidea. ? Websteria cretacea, Meek §- Hayden. Cuass ECHINODERMATA. Order ECHINOIDEA. Cidaride. . Cidaris Galeottii, Desor. . Cidaris hemigranosus, Shumard. . Cidaris[?] pustulosus, Galeotti. . Pseudodiadema diatretum, (Morton) Desor. . Pseudodiadema texanum, (Roemer) Desor. Galeriide. . Pyrina Parryi, Hail. - Holectipus planatus, Roemer. - Holectipus simplex, Shumard. Cassidulide. Nucleolites crucifer, Morton. Cassidulus equoreus, JJorton. Cassidulus florealis, (Morton) Gabb. Pygurus geometricus, (Jorton) Desor. Neb. INGE ie Tex. Neale Tex. Ten. Neder cAlas Ala. Dak. Tex. Tex. Tex. News Ala. Del. Del. 49. 50. 51. 52. 54, 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. HO. 61. 62. ° Spatangide. . Holaster simplex, Shumard. . Holaster comanchesi, J/arcou. - Toxaster elegans, Shumard. . Toxaster texanus, Aoemer. . Hemiaster ? Humphreysanus, Meek § Hayden. 9, Hemiaster ? stella, (J/orton) Desor. . Hemiaster [?] parastatus, (J/orton) Desor. . Hemiaster texanus, Roemer. Suskincbom MOLLUSCA. CLrass POLYZOA. Escharide. . Eschara digitata, Morton. . Cellepora prolifera, Gab) § Horn. . Cellepora exserta, Gabb § Horn. . Cellepora Janewayi, Gabb § Horn. . Cellepora pumila, Gabb §- Horn. . Reptocelleporia aspera, Gabb § Horn. . Escharifora typica, Gabb § Horn. Escharinellide. Escharinella muralis, Gabb § Horn. Porinide. Reptoporina carinata, Galb § Horn. Escharellinida. Escharellina prolifera, Gabb § Horn. Escharipora distans, Gabb § Horn. Escharipora Abbottii, Gabb §- Horn. Escharipora immersa, Gabb § Horn. Pliophlea sagena, (Morton) Gabb §- Horn. Raptascharipora marginata, Gabb & Horn. Fiustrellaride. Biflustra torta, Gabb § Horn. Biflustra disjuncta, Gabb § Horn. Pyripora irregularis, Gabb §- Horn. Membranipora abortiva, Gabb § Horn. Membranipora perampla, Gabb § Horn. Membranipora plebia, (abb § Horn. ind sue Tex. Ind. T. Tex. Id. Ala. Ala. Tex, Aa oy OH Miss. Neel: « AA Se | ¢ 63. 64. 65. 66. 68. 69. 05 ~I H Tse =f «J a7 =7 Ww bo or 76. 77. 78. 83. Flustrellida. Flustrella capistrata, Gabb § Horn. Flustrella cylindrica, Gabb § Horn. Reptoflustrella [?] heteropora, Gabb & Horn. Reptoflustrella tubulata, Galb § Horn. Eleida. . Retelea ovalis, Gabb § Horn. Fascigeridae. Filifascigera megaera, (Lonsdale) D’ Orb. Fascioporide. ¥asciopora americana, Gubb § Horn. Tubigeride. Spiropora calamus, Gubb § Horn. . Idmonea contortilis, Lonsdale. Sparaside. 2. Entalophora quadrangularis, Gabb § Horn. . Entalophora Conradii, Gabb §- Horn. . Diastopora lineata, Gabb § Horn. . Alecto regularis, Gabb § Horn. Crisinida. Reticulipora sagena, Gabb § Horn. Reticulipora dichotoma, Gab) & Horn. Bicrisina Abbottii, Gabb § Horn. Cavide. . Reptomulticava cepularis, Gab § Horn. Crescisidae. . Crescis labiata, Gabb § Horn. . Multicresis parvicella, Gabb §- Horn. CLiass BRACHIOPODA. Lingulide. . Lingula nitida, Meek § Hayden. Lingula subspatulata, Jal! § Meek. a So Se oy 84. Terebratulid2. Terebratula guadaloupae, Roemer. - 85a. Terebratula Harlani, Say. : 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. ou 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. at5.. 116. Terebratula leonensis, Conr. Terebratula wacoensis, Roemer. Terebratulina floridana, (Morton) D’ Orb. Terebratulina Halliana, Gabb. Terebratella plicata, (Say) D’Orb. Terebratella Vanuxemi, (Lyell §- Forbes) D’ Orb. ? RUDISTA. Radiolitideae. . Caprotina Romerii, Gabb. . Caprotina [?] senseni, (Conr.) Gabb. . Caprotina [?] subtriquetra, (Roemer) Gabb. . Caprotina texana, Roemer. . Radiolites Aimesii, Tuomey. . Radiolites Austinensis, Roemer. Tex. ; Ala.: . Radiolites lamellosus, Twomey. 9. Radiolites Ormondii, Tvomey. . Radiolites Tuomeyanus, Gabb. Caprinide. Caprina crassifibra, Roemer. Caprina guadaloupae, Roemer. Caprina occidentalis, Conr. Caprina planata, Conr. Caprina quadrata, Conr. Ichthyosarcolithus coraloides, (Hall § Meek) Gabb. Ichthyosarcolithus cornutus, 7uomey. Ichthyosarcolithus loricatus, Twomey. Ichthyosarcolithus quadrangularis, Twomey. Hippurites texanus, Roemer. Cuass LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. Ostreidz. Ostrea anomizformis, Roemer. Ostrea acuticostata, Galeotti. Ostrea bella, Conr. Ostrea belliplicata, Shumard. Ostrea carinata, Lam. ? Ostrea confragosa, Conr. "Vex. Nid. Tex. ‘Tex. Ala. id Wares Never Miss. 1 118. OE 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125 40. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131: 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140, 141. 142. 143. 144, 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 154. 155s 156. 57s 158. 159. 160. Ostrea congesta, Conr. Dak.; Neb.; Kans.; Ark. Ostrea crenulata, Twomey. , Ala. Ostrea crenulimargo, Roemer. Tex. Ostrea crenulimarginata, (‘abb. Ten. Ostrea denticulifera, Conr. Ala.; Miss.; Ten. .Ostrea Gabbana, Meek §- Hayden. Id. Ostrea glabra, Jeck § Hayden. Idah. ; Utah. Ostrea larva, Lam. N. J.; Del.; Ala.; Miss., &c. Ostrea lugubris, Conr. Tex. Ostrea Lyoni, Shumard. Tex. Ostrea multilirata, Conr. Tex. Ostrea Owenana, Shumard. Tex. Ostrea panda, Morton. N. J.3; Del: Ala: Ostrea pandeformis, Gabb. Miss. Ostrea patina, Meek § Hayden. Td. Ostrea peculiaris, Conr. Ala. Ostrea planovata, Shumard. Tex. Ostrea plumosa, Morton. N. J: 5 Ala.; Miss7;’ Ten, Ostrea quadriplicata, Shumard. Tex. Ostrea robusta, Conr. Tex. Ostrea subovata, Shumard. Tex.sind: cl Ostrea subsimilis, D’ Orb. Mex. Ostrea subspatulata, Forbes. ING. sAlacise Misses: “Wes. Ostrea tecticosta, Gabb. ‘ Newey len. Ostrea translucida, Meck § Hayden. Dak. Ostrea vellicata, Conr. Tex. Gryphea navia, Conr. Tex.; N. Mex., &c. Gryphea Pitcheri, Morton. Ark.; Tex.; Ind. T.; N. Mex.; Ariz. Gryphea thirse, Gabb. Ala. Gryphea vesicularis(Lk.) Shy. N.J.; Del.; Ala.; Miss.; Tex.; Dak.? Exogyra arietina, Roemer. Tex. Exogyra costata, “Say. Ni Js3) Del.s Alay; Miss.j2 Dex.,.acs Exogyra fimbriata, Conr. Tex. Exogyra fragosa, Conr. Tex. Exogyra interrupta, Conr. Miss. Exogyra leviuscula, Roemer. , Tex. 3. Exogyra lateralis, (Neilson) Gabb. NEE Exogyra Matheroniana, (D’Orb.?) Conr. Tex. Anomiiidae. Placunomia lineata, Conr. Ten. Placunomia Saffordi, Conr. Ten. Placunomia scabra, (orton) Gabb. Ni we Anomia argentaria, J/orion. N. J. ; Ala.; Miss:; Ten. Anomia Flemingi, Meek. Br. Am, Anomia obliqua, Meek §- Hayden. Dak. 161. Anomia selleformis, Conr. Miss. 162. Anomia subtrigonalis, Meck §- Hayden. Dak. 163. Anomia tellinoides, Morton. N. J.; Ala. ; Miss. Spondylidz. 164. Plicatula incongrua, Conr. ‘Tex. 165. Plicatula Saffordi, Conr. Ten. 166. Plicatula tetrica, Conr. Ten. 167. Plicatula urticosa, JJorton. Need 168. Spondylus echinatus, (Morton) Meck. N. J. 169. Spondylus gregalis, (Morton) D’ Orb. BN od 170. Spondylus guadaloupae, oemer. Tex. Limidide. 171. Lima acutilineata, (Conr.) Meck. INerde c Aldea s elers 172. Lima crenulicosta, Roemer. Tex.; Ala.; Miss.; Ten. 173. Lima denticulata, (Gabb) Meek. Ala. 174 Lima leonensis, Cour. Tex, 175. Lima pelagica, (Morton) Meek. INGrds 176. Lima reticulata, Lyell § Forbes. Nodes Lene Ala. 177. Lima squarrosa, (Gabb) Meck. Ala. 178. Lima wacoensis, Roemer. Tex. Pectenide. 179. Neithea duplicosta, (Roemer) Gabb. Tex. 180. Neithea Mortoni, (D’ Orb.) Gabb. N. J.; Ten.; Ala.; Miss. 181. Neithea occidentalis, Conr. Tex. 182. Neithea quadricostata, (Sowb.) Gabb. Tex. 183. Neithea quinquenaria, (Conr.) Gabb. Del. 184. Neithea texana, (Roemer) Conr. Tex. 185. Neithea Wrightii, (Shumard) Gabb. Tex. 186. Pecten argillensis, Cour. Ala. 187. Pecten burlingtonensis, Gabb. N. J.; (Ala. ?) 188. Pecten craticula, Morton. Nad 189. Pecten mississippiensis, Conr. Miss. 190. Pecten nebrascensis, Meek § Hayden. Id. 191. Pecten Neilsoni, Goldfuss (not Desh.) Tex. 192. Pecten tenuitesta, Gabb. ING: 193. Pecten texanus, Gabb. Tex. 194. Pecten venustus, Morton. N. J. 195. Sincyclonema rigida, (//ull §- Meck) Meek. Dak. 196. moe 198. Sincyclonema? simplicus, ( Cor.) Meek. N.J.; Ala. ; Miss. ; Ten. Nuculanide. Yoldia Evansi, Meek §- Hayden. dix: Yoldia scitula, Meek §- Hayden. Id. ; Dak. Dak: 199. Yoldia subnasuta, (Hail §- Meck) M. §& H. Dak. 200. Yoldia ventricosa, (Hall & Meek) M. & H. Dak. 201. Nuculana bisulcata, (Meek § Hayden) Meek. Id. 202. Nuculana longifrons, (Conr.) Meek. Ala. ;.Miss..; NJ. 203. Nuculana pinneformis, (Gabb) Meek. Neves 204. Nuculana protexta, (Gabb) Meek. Nevdey Ten. 205. Nuculana Slackiana, (Gabb) Meek. Nigra 206. Nuculana subangulata, (Gubb) Meek. Nowe 207. Neilo Hindi, Meek. Br. Am. Nuculide. 208. Nucula cancellata, Meck §- Hayden. Dak. 209. Nucula beilastriata, Shumard. Tex. 210. Nucula cuneiformis, Conr. Miss. 211. Nucula distorta, (abd. Tenn. ; Miss. 212. Nucula? equilateralis, J/eek §- Hayden. Dak. 213. Nucula Haydeni, Shumard. Tex. 214. Nucula obsoletistriata, Jleck § Hayden. Dak. 215. Nucula percrassa, Conr. Ala. ; Miss. 216. Nucula perequalis, Conr. Ala. ; Miss.; N.J..3 Den. 217. Nucula planimarginata, Meek § Hayden. Dak. 18. Nucula serrata, Shumard. Tex. 219. Nucula subplana, Meek §- Hayden. Id. 220. Nucula Traskana, Meek. Vane. I. Arcide. 221. Limopsis parvula, Mcek §- Hayden. Id. 222. Limopsis striato-punctata, vans § Shumard. Dak. 223. Axineea hamula, (Jorton) Gabb. Neda; Ala. 224. Axinzea siouxensis, (Hall §- Meek) M. § H. Iowa. 225. Axinzea subventricosa, Meck § Hayden. Dak. 226. Axinza rotundata, Gabb. Ned; 227. Axineza subaustralis, (D’Orb.) Gabb. Alat% No J:z 228. Cuculleea ? equilateralis, Week. Vance, I. 229. Guculleea antrosa, JJorton. Ni des ?Delf; Ala. 230. Cuculleea exigua, Meck §- Hayden. Id. 231. Cuculleea maconensis, Conr. Ala. 232. Cucullea nebrascensis, Owen. Dak. 233. Cucullea Shumardi, J/eek §- Hayden. Dak. 234. Cucullza terminalis, Conr. ; Tex. 235. Cucullea tippana, Conr, Ala. 236. Cucullea transversalis, Gabb. N. J. 237. Cucullea ungula, Zuomey. Ala. 238. Cucullea vulgaris, Morton. Nagi; Dels 239. Arca altirostrata, Gabb. N. J. 240. Arca Proutiana, Shumard. Tex. 8 241. 242. 243. 244. 245. 246. 247. 248. 249. 250. 251. 252. 253. 254. 255. 256. 257. 263. 264. 265. 266. 267. 268. 269. 270. 271. 272. 273. 274. 275. 276. 277. 278. 279. 280. 281. 9 Arca quindecemradiata, Gabb. Arca Saffordi, Gabb. Arca subelongata, Conr. Arca sulcatina, Evans § Shumard. Arca uniopsis, Conr. Arca vancouverensis, Meck. Cibota lineata, Conr. Cibota multiradiata, Gabb. Cibota rostellata, (Morton) Gabb. Trigoniidze. Trigonia Emoryi, Conr. Trigonia Bufalensis, Gabb. Trigonia Evansi, JJcck. Trigonia limbata, D’ Orb. 2 Trigonia Mooreana, Gabb. Trigonia plicatocostata, Galeotti. Trigonia texana, Conr. We Jess Dek Nerden ‘Tens Tex. Dak: : Id. Nee. Vane. I. Ala. ; Miss. Nak. Navel; Tex. N. J.; Ala.; Ten.; Miss. Vane. I. Tex.->)\ Alla. Tex. Mex. Tex. Trigonia thoracica, Morton. N.J.; Del.; Ala.; Miss.; Ten.; Tex. Pinnide. . Pinna calamitoides, Shumard. . Pinna fibrosa, Meek §- Hayden. . Pinna laqueata, Conr. . Pinna rostriformis, Morton. ‘ . Pinna? lingula, Newberry. Aviculide2. Pteria abrupta, (Conr.) Meek. Pteria convexoplana, (foemer) Meck. Pteria cretacea, (Conr.) Meck. Pteria Haydeni, (Hall §- Meck) Meck. Pteria iridescens, (Shumard) Meek. Pteria laripes, (Morton) Meek. Pteria linguiformis, (vans § Shumard) Meek. Pteria nebrascana, (vans §& Shumard) Meek. Pteria pedernalis, (foemer) Meek. Pteria petrosa, (Conr.) Meek. Pteria planisulca, (Roemer) Meek. Pteria subgibbosa, (Meck §- Hayden) Meek. Pteria triangularis, (vans § Shumard) Meek. Gervillia ensiformis, Conr. Gervillia gregaria, Shumard. Gervillia recta, Meek § Hayden. Gervillia subtortuosa, Meek §- Hayden Pulvinites argentea, Conr. Inoceramus alveatus, Morton. Vane. I. Dak. Nee dagAllas eiss. Neri N. M. Nee. Tex. Ark. Dak. Tex. Del. IdS;*Dak3+) Td Dak.; Br. Am. Tex. Del. Tex. Dak. Vance. I. ING Jo; Alaz Tex. Dak. Id. Ala.; Miss. Ala. 10 282. Inoceramus argenteus, Conr. Ala. 283. Inoceramus aviculoides, Meek. Neb. ; Dak.; Kans.; Iowa. 284. Inoceramus Barabini, Morton. Ni Jey Dak.3) Ala., &e: 285. Inoceramus Balchii, Meek §- Hayden. Dak. 286. Inoceramus capulus, Shumard. Tex. 287. Inoceramus confertim-annulatus, Roemer. Tex. 288. Inoceramus Conradi, Hull §- iileek. Neb. 289. Inoceramus convexus, /all §- Meek. Dak. 290. Inoceramus Cripsii, MJunte/l 2 Id.; Dak. 291. Inoceramus cuneatus, Meek § Hayden. TS RNe ves 292. Inoceramus exogyroides, Meck § Hayden. Id. 293. Inoceramus fragilis, Hull §- Meek. Neb. 294. Inoceramus gibbus, Tuomey. Miss. 295. Inoceramus incurvus, Meek §- Hayden. Dak. 296. Inoceramus inflatus, Z’uomey. Ala. 297. Inoceramus latus, Juntell 2 Tex.; Dak. 298. Inoceramus Larouxii, Marcou. N. M. 299. Inoceramus Mortoni, Meck § Hayden. Dak. 300. Inoceramus nebrascensis, Owen. Dak. 301. Inoceramus perovalis, Conr. Del. 302. Inoceramus pertenuis, Meek §- Hayden. Neb. ; Id. ;- N..M. 303. Inoceramus pseudomytiloides, Schiel. Ind. T.; Kans.; Neb. 304. Inoceramus proximus, Twomey. Ala. 305. Inoceramus problematicus, (Schlot.)D’ O. Tex.; In.T.; Kans.; Neb. 306. Inoceramus sagensis, Owen. Dak. 307. Inoceramus saleebrosus, Twomey. Ala. 308. Inoceramus Simpsoni, Meek. Id. 309. Inoceramus striatus, Jantell ? Tex. 310. Inoceramus subcompressus, Meck § Hayden. Id. 811. Inoceramus sublevis, Hall § Meck. Dak. 812. Inoceramus subundatus, Meek. Vane. I. 313. Inoceramus tenuilineatus, /Zall § Meek. Dak. 314. Inoceramus tenuirostratus, Meek § Hayden. Id. 315. Inoceramus texanus, Conr. Tex. 316. Inoceramus triangularis, Twomey. Ala. 317. Inoceramus undulo-plicatus, Roemer. Tex. 318. Inoceramus undabundus, J/eck §- Hayden. Id- 319. Inoceramus Vanuxemi, Meck §- Hayden. Dak. 320. Inoceramus [Actinoceramus] costellatus, Conr. Miss. Dreissemida. 321. Dreissena tippana, Conr. Miss. Mytilida. 322. Lithophagus affinis, Gabb. N. J. 323. Lithophagus ripleyanus, Gabb. Miss. 363. ll - Modiola attenuata, Meek §- Hayden. - Modiola concentrico-costellata, Roemer. Tex. - Modiola cretacea, Conr. - Modiola Julie, Lea. - Modiola Meekii, Lvans §- Shumard. - Modiola ovata, Gabb. - Modiola pedernalis, Roemer. - Modiola Saffordi, (abb. . Mytilus [?] simplicatus, Roemer. - Mytilus subarcuatus, J/eck §- Hayden. . Mytilus tenuitesta, Roemer. . Crenella elegantula, Meek §- Hayden. . Crenella granulato-cancellata, (loemer) Meek. Tex. -. Crenella (Stalagmium) sericea, Conr. Crassatellida. . Cardita eminula, Conr. . Cardita subquadrata, Gabb. . Cardita subtetrica, Conr. . Crassatella alabamensis, D’ Orb. . Crassatella cuneata, Gabb. . Crassatella delawarensis, (abb. . Crassatella Evansii, Hall §- Meek. . Crassatella lintea, Conr. . Crassatella lineata, Shumard. . Crassatella monmouthensis, (abb. . Crassatella parvula, Shumard. . Crassatella pteropsis, Conr. . Crassatella subplana, Conr. . Crassatella transversa, Gabb. 2. Crassatella vadosa, Morton. 3. Astarte crenulata, Conr. . Astarte gregaria, Meck §- Hayden. . Astarte lineolata, Moemer. . Astarte octolyrata, Gab. . Astarte parilis, Conr. . Astarte texana, Conr. . Astarte washitaensis, Shumard. . ? Opis bella, Conr. 4 . ? Opis bicarinata, Conr. - ? Opis Haleana, LD’ Or. Solemyide. Solemya subplicata, Jleek § Hayden. Dak. Ala. Neds Dak. Nero's Tex. Ten. Tex. Id Tex. Id. Ala. Tex. Ten ? Tex. Ala. Ala.; Ten. IDO O INS de Dak. Ala. ; Miss. Tex. IN: des Alas hen: Tex. Ala.; Miss. Ala. A 4 Neen DebaeacAl eels Ala. No Jes Miss. Len. Dak. Kelliide. 364, Kellia cretacea, Conr. Ala.; Miss. Diplodontidz. 305. Mysia gibbosa, Gabb. IN. Js Dele 366, Mysia parilis, Conr. Ala. ; Miss. 367. Spheerella concentrica, Conr. Ala. Lucinide. 368. Lucina occidentalis, (J/orton) Meek § Hayden. Id. ; Dak. 369. Lucina parvilineata, Shumard. Mess 370. Lucina pinguis, Conr. N. J. 371. Lucina sublenticularis, Shumard. Tex. 372. Lucina subundata, J/all & Meek. Dak. 373. Lucina ventricosa, JJeck §- Hayden. Id. ; Dak. Glossidae. 374. Glossus ? moreauensis, (Meck §- Hayden) Gabb. Dak. 375. Glossus washita, (J/arcou) Gubb. Tex. 376. Glossus Conradi, Gabb. AlascyNos. Cardiida. 377. Papyridea [Liopistha] elegantula, (/tocmer) Conr. Tex. 378. Papyridea [Liopistha] bella, Conr. Miss. 079. Papyridea [Liopistha] protexta, Conr. Nid 380. Papyridea (Liopistha) rostrata, Meek. Ark. 351. Papyridea? sancti-sabe, (loemer) Meek. Tex. 382. Cardium abruptum, (abb. Ten. 5383. Cardium coloradoense, Shumard. Tex. 384. Cardium congestum, Conr. Tex. 385. Cardium curtum, Meek §--Hayden. Id. ; Utah. 386. Cardium eufalense, Conr. Ala. 387. Cardium hemicylum, Tuoney. Ala. 388. Cardium mediale, Conr. Tex. 389. Cardium multiradiatum, Galb. Ala. cuNs ae 390. Cardium [Acanthocardia] ripleyense, Conr. Ala. 391. Cardium [Acanthocardia] speciosum, J/eek §- Hayden. Id. 392. Cardium [Acanthocardia] tippanum, Conr. Ala.; Miss. odd. Cardium (Protocardia) arkan’sense, Conr. Ark. 394. Cardium [Protocardia] brazoense, Shumard. Tex. 595. Cardium [Protocardia] choctawense, Shumard. Tex. 396. Cardium (Protocardia) filosum, Conr. Tex. 397. Cardium [Protocardia] multistriatum, Shumard. Tex. 398. Cardium [Protocardia?] pertenue, Meck §- Hayden. Id. 399. Cardium [Protocardia?] rarum, Evans § Shumard. Id.; Dak. 400. Cardium (Protocardia) scitulum, J/eek. Vane. I. 401. 402. 403. 404. 405. 13 Cardium [Protocardia?] subquadratum, Evans § Sh. Id.; Dak. Cardium (Protocardia?) texanum, Conr. Cardium (Liocardium) Spillmani, Conr. Tancrediidz. Tancredia americana, Meek §- Hayden. Cyrenide. Cyrena arenaria, (Meek §- Hayden) Meek. Vemiliidze. . Cyprina compressa, Meck § Hayden. . Cyprina ovata, Meck §- Hayden. . Venilia Conradi, Morton. . Venilia humilis, (Weck §- Hayden) Meek. . Venilia Gabbana, JJeck. - Venilia Mortoni, Meck §- Hayden. - Venilia subtumida, (Meek §- Hayden) Meek. . Venilia rhomboidea, Conr. . Venilia trapezoidea, Conr. . Venilia trigona, Gabb. - Venilia Laphami, (Shumard) Meek. Vemeridz. . Cyclina? circularis, (Meek § Hayden) Meek. -. Dosinia densata, (Conr.) Gabb. . Dosinia depressa, Conr. . Dosinia excavata, (Morton) Conr. . Dosinia haddonfieldensis, Lea. - Dosinia obliquata, Conr. -. Dosinia? tenuis, Meck. . Dione delawarensis, Gabb. - Dione eufalensis, (Conr.) Meek. . Dione Deweyi, (Meck § Hayden) Meek. - Dione lenonensis, (Conr.) Meek. . Dione lamarensis, (Shumard) Meek. . Dione missouriana, (orton) Meek. . Dione nébrascensis, Meck §- Hayden. - Dione orbiculata, (//all § Meek) Meek . Dione Owenana, (Meek §- Hayden) Meek. . Dione? pellucida, (Meck § Hayden) Meek. . Dione texana, (Conr.) Meek. . Dione tippana, (Conr.) Meek. . Dione [?] Meekana, (Gabl) Meek. . Dione [?] ripleyana, (Gabb) Meek. . Dione [?] tenuis, (Hall § Meek) Meek, . Venus [?] sublamellosa, Shumard. N. J. ING dine Tex. Miss. Idah. Neb. ; Dak. Dak. Dak. N. J. Id.; Dak. Wigalie Id. Id. Near ; Ala.; Miss. New Tex. Id.* Dak: INendlé Ala. ; Miss. Nene N. J. Ala. ; Miss. Vane. I. Del. Ala. Dak. -@ld: Tex. Tex. Id.; Dak. Dak. ; Id. Neb. Id. Id. Tex. Ala.; Miss. Miss. Miss. Neb. Tex. 440. 441. 442. 445. 444, 445. 14 Tellinidz. Abra? formosa, (Meek § Hayden) Meek. Capsa texana, Vonr. Sanguinolaria cretacea, Conr. Tellina? cheyennensis, Meek § Hayden. Tellina eufalensis, Conr. *Tellina equilateralis, Meek & Hayden. . Tellina nitidula, Meek §- Hayden. 7. Tellina ripleyana, Conr. 8. Tellina scituta, Meck §- Hayden. 9. Tellina? subelliptica, Meek §- Hayden. . Tellina (Tellinimera) eborea, Conr. . Tellina (Tellinimera) limatula, Conr. . Arcopagia[?] texana, Roemer. . Linearia metastriata, Conr. . Linearia? irradians, (/toemer) Meek. 5. Linearia? cancellato-sculpta, (Roemer) Meek. Mactridea. . Mactra alta, Meek § Hayden. . Mactra formosa, Jleck § Hayden. . Mactra gracilis, Meek §- Hayden. . Mactra siouxensis, Meck §- Hayden. 30. Mactra texana, Conr. . Mactra Warrenana, Meek §- Hayden. Anatinide. . Homomya alta, Roemer. . Pholadomya elegantula, Evans § Shumard. . Pholadomya occidentalis, Morton. . Pholadomya papyracea, Meck §- Hayden. . Pholadomya pedernalis, Roemer. . Pholadomya subventricosa, Meck §- Hayden. Pholadomya subelongata, Jeek. . Pholadomya tenua, J'womey. . Pholadomya texana, Conr. . . Pholadomya tippana, Conr. . Pholadomya umbonata, [oemer. . Pholadomya [Cymella] undata, Meek §- Hayden. . Goniomya americana, Week §- Hayden. . Goniomya borealis, Meck. Anatimya anteradiata, Conr. Anatimya postsulcata, Conr. . Anatimya papyra, Conr. Nezra aleformis, Shumard. N. J.; Del. Dak. Tex. Ala. Dak. Ala. Id. Id. Miss. Dak. Dak. Miss. Ala. Tex. Ala. Tex. Tex. Alas. Id. Id. Id. Dak.; Iowa. Tex. Dak. Tex. Vance. I. ; Miss.; Ark. Td. Tex. Id. Vane. I. Ala. Tex. Miss. ; Ala. Tex. Id. Dak. Vance. I. Miss. Miss. Miss. » Tex. 491. 492. 493. 494, A495. 496. A97. 498. 499, 500. 501. 502. 503. 504. 505. 506. 507. 508. 509. 510. 511. 512. 513. 514. 515. 516. 517. 15 Neera fibrosa, (Evans §- Shumard) Meek. - Nezwra moreauensis, Meek §- Hayden, . Nezra ventricosa, Meck §- Hayden. . Thracia gracilis, Meek §- Hayden. . Thracia occidentalis, J/cek. 0. Thracia? Prouti, Meek §- Hayden. 3. Thracia subtortuosa, Meck §- Hayden. 87. Thracia subtruncata, Meek. - Periploma applicata, Conr. . Anatina elliptica, Gabb. . Anatina sulcatina, Shumard. Corbulide. Corbula crassimarginata, Jeek §- Hayden. Corbula crassiplicata, Gabb. Corbula eufalensis, Conr. Corbula Foulkei, Lea. Corbula graysonensis, Shumard. Corbula Hillgardii, Gabb. Corbula inornata, Meek § Hayden, Corbula occidentalis, Conr. Corbula[?] subcompressa, Gabb. Corbula Tuomeyi, Shumard. Corbulamella gregaria, JJeek §- Hayden. Saxicavidae. Panopeza decisa, (Conr.) Gabb. Panopea Newberryi, Shumard. Panopea occidentalis, Meek §- Hayden. Panopea subplicata, Shumard. Panopea subparallela, Shumard. Panopea texana, Shumard. Panopea Tuomeyi, Gabb. ? Pachymya austenensis, Shumard. Solenidze. Siliquaria biplicata, Conr. Siliqua cretacea, Gabb. Pharella dakotensis, Meek §- Haagen Legumen appressa, Conr. Legumen elliptica, Conr. Legumen planata, Gabb. Gastrochazenidz. Clavagella armata, Morton. Gastrochzena americana, Gabb. Ala. ; Dak. Dak. Dak. Dak. Vane. I. Dak. Dak. Vance. I. ' Miss. ING ae Tex. Dak. Ne dsieulens Ala. INS de Tex. Ala. Dak. Tex. Nees elene Tex. Dak. Nessa bel: Tex. Dak. Tex. Tex. Tex. Ala. iN. J Iowa. Ala.; Miss. Miss.; N. J. NE Ding Alla: Node ING e Alas 16 Teredide. 518. Teredo calamitoides, Gabb. la. 519. Teredo contorta, Gabb. ; Niue 520. Teredo globosa, Meek § Hayden. Dak. 521. Teredo irregularis, Gabb. Nodes Ala. 522. Teredo selliformis, Meek §- Yayden. Dak. 523. Teredo tibialis, Morton. N. J.; Bel. 524. Polarthus americanus, Gabb. Noe Pholadidz. 525. Martesia? cuneata, Meek § Hayden. Dak. 526. Goniochasma Stimpsoni, (Meck § Hayden) Meek. Dak. 527. Xylophagella elegantula, (Meek § Hayden) Meek. Dak. 528. Pholas cithara, Morton. Ne Je 529. Pholas cretacea, Gabb. INGA Cuass GASTEROPODA. Suscitass OPISTHOBRANCHIATA. Order TECTIBRANCHIATA. Bullidae. 530. Bulla macrostoma, (abb. Ala. 531. Bulla minor, JMeek § [Mayden. Dak. 532. Bulla Mortoni, Lyell §- Forbes. Nee 533. Bulla nebrascensis, J/eek § Hayden. Id. 534. Bulla speciosa, J/cel: § Hayden. Id. 535. Bulla volvaria, Meek § Hayden. Dak. Cylichnide. 536. Cylichna minuscula, Shumard. Tex, 537. Cylichna recta, Gabb. N. J. 538. Cylichna scitula, Meek § Hayden. Dak. 539. Cylichna secalina, Shumard. Tex. 540. Cylichna striatella, Shumard. Tex. Ringiculidee. 541, Cinulia (Avellana) concinna, (//all § Meek) M. & H. Dak. 542. Cinulia (Avellana) pulchella, (Shumard) Meek. Tex. 543. Cinulia (Avellana) texana, Shumard. Tex. 544. Cinulia (?) naticoides, (('abl) Meek. N. J. 545. Ringinella subpellucida, (Shumard) Meek. Tex. 546. Ringinella acutispira, (Shumard) Meek. Tex. 556. 563. oo-4, 565. 506. 567. 572. 573. 574. 575. 576. 577. 578. 579. Ut Actzonide. - Solidula attenuata, Meek §- Hayden. - Solidula biplicata, (Gabb) Meek. 9. Solidula[?] bullata, (Morton) Gabb. . Solidula lenta, Conrad. - Solidula Mortoni, (Forbes) Gabb. . Solidula Riddelli, Shumard. - Solidula subelliptica, Meek §- Hayden. . Actzeon cretacea, Gabb. . Actzon modicella, Conr. Actzon ovoidea, Gabb. . Actzon texana, Shumard. . Actzonina texana, (Roemer) Gabb. - Bullopsis cretacea, Conr. - Globiconcha coniformis, Roemer. - Globiconcha curta, Gabb. - Globiconcha elevata, Shumard. Suschass PROSOBRANCHIATA. Order CYCLOBRANCHIATA. tDentalidz. Dentalium fragile, Meek §- Hayden. Dentalium gracile, Hall §- Meek. Dentalium nanaimoense, Meck. Dentalium pauperculum, Meek §- Hayden. Dentalium subarcuatum, Conr. Patellidz. Helcion [?] tentorium, (Jorton) D’ Orb. Tecturidae. . Anisomyon alveatus, Jeek § Hayden. . Anisomyon borealis (Morton) Meek § Hayden. . Anisomyon Haydeni, Shumard. Anisomyon ? inzquicostatus, (Shumard) Meek, Anisomyon patelliformis, Meck §- Hayden. Anisomyon sexsulcatus, Meek § Hayden. Anisomyon Shumardi, Meek §- Hayden. Anisomyon subovatus, Meek §& Hayden. Tectura? occidentalis, (//all § Meek) Meek. Tectura? papillata, Meek § Hayden. Tectura? parva, Meek § Hayden. 2 Id. NES le Nerd Miss. N. J: Tex. Dak. Neda Miss. ; Ala. ING ude Tax Tex. Miss. Tex. EGE Texe sind. Dak. Dak. Vane. I. Dak. Neds N: J: Id. Dak. Tex. em Id. Id. Dak. Id. Dak. Dak. Dak. 580. Delphinula [?] lapidosa, Morton. Neos Del. 581. Straparollus[?] lapidosus, Gabb. Ala. 582. Straparollus[?] subplanus, Gabb. Ala. Order RHIPIDOGLOSSATA. Phasianellide. 583. Eutropia Haleana, (D’Orb.) Meek. "Ala. 584. EHutropia perovata, Shwnard. Tex. 585. Butropia[?] punctata, Gcbb. Ned. Pleurotomariide. 586. Pleurotomaria austenensis, Shumard. Tex. 587. Pleurotomaria[?] crotaloides, (Morton) D’Orb. Ala. Trochidee. 588. Margaritella Abbotti, (Gabb) Meck. WRAL 589. Margaritella flexistriata, (vans § Shumard) M. § H. Id.; Dak. 590. Margarita abyssinis, (Gabb) Meek. N. J. 591. Trochus Mortoni, Gubb. Ala. Neritidae. 592. Neritella (Nereis) densata, (Conr.) Meek. Miss. Order CTENOBRANCHIATA. Vanikoride. 593. Vanikoro ambigua, (Meek §- Hayden) Meek. Dak. 594. Neritopsis ? Tuomeyana, Meck §- Hayden. Id. Capulide. 595. ? Thylacus cretacea, Conr. Ala. Phoridz. 596. Phorus leprosus, (Morton) Gabb. Na dast alae 597. Phorus? umbilicatus, Zuomey. ; Miss. Turritellida. 598. Turritella altilis, Conr. Miss. 599. Turritella corsicana, Shumard. Tex. 600. Turritella encrinoides, Morton. N..J..;. Ala..s Miss. 601. Turritella granulicostata, Gabb. Nee 602. Turritella fastigata, Tuomey. Alas 603. Turritella hardemanensis, Gabb. News 604. 18 Turritella irrorata, Conr. Tex.; Indians 19 605. Turritella leonensis, Conr. Tex. 606. Turritella multilineata, Zvans § Shumard. Dak. 607. Turritella pumila, Gabb. Tenn. 603. Turritella Saffordii, Gabb. Tenn. 609. Turritella seriatim-granulata, Roemer. Tex. 610. Turritella tennesseensis, Gulb. Tenn. 611. Turritella tippana, Conrad. Miss. 612. Turritella trilira, Conr. Miss.; Ala. 613. Turritella vertebroides, Morton. N. J.; Ala. ; Miss. 614. Turritella Winchelli, Shumard. Tex. Littorimidee. 615. Spironema tenuiliniata, (Meek §- Hayden) Meek. Dak. 616. Spironema bella, (Conr.) Meek. Ala. Cerithiidz. 617. Cerithium bosquense, Shumard. Tex. 618. Cerithium Bustamentii, Galeotti. Mex. 619. Cerithium cingulatum, Galeotti. Mex. 620. Cerithium subminutum, D’ Orb. Mex. 621. Cerithium [?] suturosum, Galeotti. Mex. | 622. Cerithium nodosum, Tuomey. Ala. ra Aporrhaide. | _ 623. Anchura abrupta, Conr. Ala. | 624. Anchura? biangulata, (Meek § Hayden) Meek. Id. 625. Anchura? parva, (Meek § Hayden) Meek. Id. | 626. Anchura? subleevis, (Meck § Hayden) Meek. Id. 627. Anchura (Drepanochilus) americana, (L. § S.) Meek. Dak.; Id. 628. Anchura (Drepanochilus) decemlirata, (Conr.) Meck. Ala. 629. Anchura (Drepanochilus) nebrascensis, (F.§-S.) Mk. Dak.; Id. 630. Anchura (Drepanochilus) rostrata, (Gabb) Meek. Neds Cancellariidee. 631. Cancellaria[?] eufalensis, Gabdb. Ala. 632. Cancellaria[?] septemlirata, Gadd. ING dE 633. Morea cancellaria, Conr. Miss. 634. Morea naticella, Gabb. Wo dk 635. Turbinopsis [?] alabamensis, Gabb. Ala, 636. Turbinopsis depressus, Gabb. Wioutt) Del 637. Turbinopsis Hillgardi, Conr. Miss.; Ala. Trichotropidz. 638. Trichotropis [?] cancellaria, Conr. Miss. Cypreidez. 639. Cypreea Mortoni, Gadd. Ala. —~T <7 =7 <7 -~7T -T -T -7T ~J7 bo 22 Buccinidea. . Buccinum constrictum, (//all § Meek) Meek § Hayden. . Pseudobuccinum nebrascense, Meek § LHayden. 2. ? Buccinopsis Parryi, Conv. Tritoniida. 3. Trachytriton vinculum, (//all §- Meek) Meek. Pileurotomide. . Daphnella? eufalensis, Conr. . Daphnella? lintea, Conr. 6. Daphnella? subfilosa, Conr. Drillia[?] distans, Conr. Ala. ; . Drillia novemcostata, Conr. . Drillia? tippana, Conr. . Turris minor, (Lvans & Shumard) Meck § Hayden. . Turris texanus, (Shumard) Meek. . Turris [Surcula] contortus Meek §- Hayden. Muricidz. . Clavellithes (Piestochilus) Scarboroughi, (V/. § 7.) Meek. . Cantharus? Vaughani, (Meek § H.) Meek. 5. Pyrifusus bellaliratus Conr. MSS. . Pyrifusus? flexi¢ostatus (Meck §- Hayden) Meek. . Pyrifusus ? Haleanus, (D’Orb.) Meck. . Pyrifusus? impressus(Gabb) Meek. . Pyrifusus intertextus (Meek §- Hayden) Meek. . Pyrifusus Newberryi, (Meck § Hayden) Meek. Lane . Pyrifusus subdensatus, Conr. . Pyrifusus subturritus (Meck § Hayden) Meek. . Strepsidura ripleyana, Conr. ."Pritonifusus ? tenuilineatus, (/all § Meek) Meck. . Fusus [?] alabamensis, D’ Orb. }. Fusus Culbertsoni, Meck §- Hayden. . Fusus [?] eufalensis, Twomey. 738. Fusus Galpinianus, Meek ¢ Hayden. i“ . Pusus Holmesianus, Gabb. . Fusus mullicaensis, (Gabb. . Fusus nebrascensis, Evans §- Shumard. . Fusus novemliratus, Conr. 3. Fusus pedernalis, Roemer. . Fusus [?] retifer, Gabb. Fusus Shumardi, /all § Meek. Fusus[?] tippanus, Conr. Tudicla trochiformis, (Zwomey) Gabb. Dak. Dak. Tex. Dak. Ala. Ala. Ala. Miss. Miss. Miss. Dak. Tex. Dak. Dak. Dak. Miss. Id. . Ala. Ten. Miss. Dak. Miss. Dak. Ala. Dak. Ala. Dak. Ala. Nevo Dak. Miss. Tex, Neds Dak. Ala. Ala. 23 748. Tudicla (Pyropsis) Bairdi, (/. §- H.) Meek. Dak. 749. Tudicla (Pyropsis) perlata, Conr. Miss. 750. Tudicla elevata, Gabb. Weide 751. Tudicla? dakotensis, (M. §- H.) Meek. Dak. 792. Perrissolax? brevissima, (D’0.) Gabb. Ala. 753. Perrissolax octolyrata, (Conr.) Gabb. Asters Masse Newel. 704. Perrissolax trivolva, Gabb. iNeed 755. Perrissolax[?] Richardsoni, (Zuwomey) Gabb. Ala. Am monitidee. 756. Baculites anceps, Lamarck ? Ala.; Ten. ; Del. ; Tex., &c. 757. Baculites annulatus, Conr. Mox. 758. Baculites asper, Morton. Ala. 759. Baculites asperoides, Meck §- Hayden. Id. 760. Baculites bacculus, Meek § Hayden. Id.; Dak. 761. Baculites carinatus, Morton. Ala. 762. Baculites chickoensis, Z7rask. Cal. 763. Baculites compressus, Say. Dak.; Id. 764. Baculites gracilis, Shumard. Tex. 765. Baculites grandis, Hull § Meek. Dak. 766. Baculites labyrinthicus, Morton. Ala. 767. Baculites occidentalis, Meck. Vance. I. 768. Baculites ovatus, Say. Dak. ; Id.; N. J. 3 Ala. ; Miss., &c. 769. Ptychoceras (Solenoceras) annulifer, Morton. Noida 5) Alla 770. Ptychoceras Leai, (Troost) Meek. Ten. 771. Ptychoceras Mortoni, Meck §- Hayden. Dak. 772. Ptychoceras texana, Shumard. Tex. 773. Ptychoceras Verneuilii, (Troost) Meek. Ten. 774. Hamites [?] arculus, Morton. Ala. 775. Hamites[?] columna, (Morton) D’Orb. Ala. 776. Hamites Fremonti, JJarcou. Tex. 777. Hamites larvatus, Conr. Tex. 778. Hamites rotundatus, Conr. Tex. 779. Hamites [?] torquatus, Morton. Ala. 780. Hamites [?] vertebralis, Morton. Ala. 781. Ancyloceras annulatus, Shumard. Tex. 782. Ancyloceras ? approximans, Conr. Ark. 783. Ancyloceras [?] Nicolleti, Hall ¢ Meek. Dak. 784. Ancyloceras uncus, Meck §- Hayden. Dak. 785. Scaphites abyssinus, (Morton) Meek §- Hayden. Dak. Crass CEPHALOPODA, Order TETRABRANCHIATA. . Scaphites cheyennensis, (Owen) Meek §- Hayden. Dak. 24 787. Scaphites Conradi, (Morton) D’Orb. N.J.; Del.; Ala.; Miss.; Dak. ; Id. 788. Scaphites Nicolletii, (Morton) Meek § Hayden. Dak. sid: 789. Scaphites hippocrepis, DeKay. Delsey Neg: 790. Scaphites larviformis, Meek § Hayden. Dak. ; Id.; Neb. ; N. Mex. 791. Scaphites mandanensis, (orton) Meek § Hayden. Dak. 792. Scaphites nodosus, Owen. ide Dak. 793. Scaphites nodosus, var. brevis, Meck § Hayden. Id.; Dak. 794. Scaphites nodosus, var. exilis, Meck §- Hayden. Id. 795. Scaphites nodosus, var. quadrangularis, Meek § Hayden. Id. 796. Scaphites nodosus, rar. plenus, Meck § Hayden. Id. 797. Scaphites semicostatus, Roemer. Tex. 798. Scaphites texanus, [oemer. Tex. 799. Scaphites vermicularis, Shumard. Tex. 800. Scaphites vermiformis, Jeck §- Iayden. Dak. 801. Scaphites verrucosus, Shumard. Tex. $02. Scaphites ventricosus, JMeek §- Hayden. Id. 803. Scaphites Warreni, Meek § Hayden. Dak. 804. Trigonellites cheyennensis, (J/eek §- Hayden) Gabb. Dak. 805. Trigonellites fragilis, (Meck §- Hayden) Gabb. Dak. 806. Ceratites americanus Harper. Ala. 807. Ammonites acutocarinatus, Shumard. Tex, 808. Ammonites angustus Zuomey. Ala. 809. Ammonites Belknapii, Marcou. Tex. 810. Ammonites Barnstoni, Week. (Placed provis. in Crt. List.) Brit.Am. 811. Ammonites Billingsi, Meek. ss es Brit. Am. 812. Ammonites chickoensis, Trask. Cal. 813. Ammonites complexus, //all § Meek. Dales Neds $14. Ammonites delawarensis, Morton. Del. svN. Jes’ Ala. 815. Ammonites dentato-carinatus, Roemer. Tex. 816. Ammonites flacidicosta, Roemer. Tex. 817. Ammonites Galpini, Evans § Shumard. Dak. $18. Ammonites geniculatus, Conr. Tex. $19. Ammonites Gibbonianus, Lea? Tex. 820. Ammonites guadalupae, Moemer. Tex. 821. Ammonites Graysonensis, Shumard. Tex. 822. Ammonites Halli, JJeck § Hayden. Id. 823. Ammonites inequiplicatus, Shumard. Tex. 824. Ammonites leonensis, Cour. Tex. 825. Ammonites lobatus, Twomey. Alacse Nader’ Dak, 826. Ammonites magnificus, Zuomey. Ala. 827. Ammonites Marcoanus, Shuwmard. Tex. 828. Ammonites Meekianus, Shumard. Tex. 829. Ammonites Meekii, Gabb. Ala. 830. Ammonites Mullananus, Meek § Hayden. Tdi: 831. Ammonites Newberryanus, Meek. Vance. I. 25 §32. Ammonites novimexicanus, Marcou. Tex. + N. Mi 833. Ammonites opalis, Owen. Dak. 834. Ammonites pedernalis, Von Buch. Tex. 835. Ammonites percarinatus, J/all § Meek. Neb.; Dak.; Id.; N. M. 836. Ammonites peruvianus, Von Buch? Tex 837. Ammonites placenta, DeKuy. N.J.; Del. ; Ala. ; Miss. ; Ten. ; N. M 835. Ammonites placenta, var. intercalaris, Meck §- Hayden. Dak. $39. Ammonites pleuricepta, Conr. Tex. 840. Ammonites ramosus, J/eck. Vance. I. 841. Ammonites ramosissimus, Twomey. Ala. 842. Ammonites [?] reconditus, Galeotti. Mex. 843. Ammonites Rioii, Galeotti. Mex. 844. Ammonites Shumardi, Marcou. Tex. $845. Ammonites Sillimani, D’ Orb. Id. ? 846. Ammonites Swallovii, Shumard. Tex. 847. Ammonites syrtalis, Morton. Ala. 848. Ammonites Tuomeyi, (abb. Ala. 849. Ammonites vancouverensis, J/ee/:. Vane. I. 850. Ammonites vespertinus, Morton. Amr ke ss ld ols. Se Nic Mgt Ld Tease lowcs 851. Helicoceras Conradi, (Morton) Gabb. N. J. 852. Helicoceras cochleatum, Meek § Hayden. Dak. 853. Helicoceras navarroensis, Shumard. Tex. 854. Helicoceras Mortoni, (//all §- Meek) Meek § Hayden. Dak. 855. Helicoceras? tenuicostatum, eek §- Hayden. Dak. 856. Helicoceras ? nebrascensis, Meek §- Hayden. Dak. 857. Helicoceras ? umbilicatum, Meek § Hayden. Dak. 858. Heteroceras Oweni, Meck. Ark. 859. Heteroceras tortum, (Meek §- Hayden) Meek. Dak. 860. Heteroceras ? angulatum, (Jleck § Hayden) Meek. Dak. 861. Heteroceras ? cheyennensis, (Meck § Hayden) Meek. Dak. 862. Turrilites attenuatus, Zuwomey. 4) Alla. 863. Turrilites brazoensis, Roemer. Tex, 864. Turrilites helicinus, Shumard. Tex. 865. Turrilites spiniferus, Conr. Ala. 866. Turrilites splendidus, Shumard. Tex. Nautilide. 867. Nautilus angulus, Tuomey. Ala. 868. Nautilus Campbelli, Meek. Vance. I. 869. Nautilus DeKayi, Morton. N.J.; Del.; Ala. ; Miss. ; Ten. ; Ark. ; Tex.; Neb.; Id.; Brit. Am. 870. Nautilus elegans, Sowerby ? Tex. ; Id. 871. Nautilus elegans, var. nebrascensis, Meek & Hayden. Id. 872. Nautilus Spillmani, 7'womey. Ala. 873. Nautilus texanus, Shumard. Tex. 874. ? Aturia orbiculata, (Twomey) Meek. " Ala. 26 Order DIBRANCHIATA. Belemnitidae. 875 = Belemnitella bulbosa, Meek § Hayden. Dak. 876 = Belemnitella paxillosa, (Lamk.) Meek. N. J. 3, Del.:3 Miss: Ala. ; Tex., &c. Teuthide. 877. Phylloteuthis subovatus, Meek §- Hayden. Dak. Susxinepom ARTICULATA. Crass ANNULATA, Order TUBICOLA. Serpulidae. 878. Hamulus major, Gabb. Ala. 879. Hamulus onyx, Morton. Ala. 880. Hamulus squamosus, Gablb. Ala. 881. Serpula? tenuicarinata, Meek § Hayden. Dak. 882. Serpula barbata, Morton. ING 883. Spirulea rotula, (Morton) Meek. Neds Crass CRUSTACEA. Susctass ENTOMOSTRACA. Order LOPHYROPODA. Cytheride. 884. Cytherina tippana, Conr. Miss. Supctass DECAPODA. Order MACRURA. Callianmassidae. 885. Callianassa Danai, JZall § Meek. Dak. CH P@R thre. OF THE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS OF NORTH AMERICA. JURASSIC FORMATION. BY F.B. MEER. Susxincpom RADIATA. CLrass ECHINODERMATA. Order CRINOIDEA. Pentacrinide. 886. Pentacrinus asteriscus, Meck § Hayden. Dak. ; Id.; Col. Susxinepom MOLLUSCA. Cuass BRACHIOPODA. Lingulide. 887. Lingula brevirostra, Meek § Hayden. Dak. Rhynchonellidez. 888. Rhynchonella 2 Dak.’ Crass LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. Ostreidz. 889. Gryphza calceola, Quenstedt? Dak. ; Id. 890. Ostrea Engelmanni, Meek. Dak. ; Id. 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 28 Pectinidz. . Camptonectes bellistriatus, Meck. . Camptonectes? extenuatus, (Meck §- Hayden) Meek. Arcidze. . Grammatodon inornatus, Meck § Hayden. Trigoniida. . Trigonia Conradi, Meek § Hayden. Pteriida. . Eumicrotis curta, (//all) Meek. . Pteria (Oxytoma) Munsteri, (Lronn?) Meek. My tilidae. . Volsella pertenuis, (Meek §- Ilayden) Meek. . Volsella formosa, (Meck § Hayden) Meek. Astartidae. . Astarte fragilis, Meek §- Hayden. . Astarte inornata, Meck § Hayden. Cardiide. Dak. - Cardium (Protocardia?) Shumardi, Meek § Hayden. Tancredidz. - Tancredia Warrenana, Meck §- Hayden. . Tancredia? zquilateralis, Meek §- Hayden. Anatinide. . Pholadomya humilis, J/eek §- Hayden. . Myacites subellipticus, Meek § Hayden. - Myacites nebrascensis, JJeck §- Hayden. . Myacites unionoides; (Roemer) Meck. . Thracia? arcuata, Meck § Hayden. . Thracia? subleevis, Week §- Hayden. Crass GASTEROPODA. Supcnass PULMONIFERA. Order INOPERCULATA. Limmna2idee. 910. Planorbis veternus, MJec/: §- Hayden. Russ. Td. Dak. Dak. Dak. > Id. Id. Tide Dak. Dak. Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. - Id. Am, Id. Id. Id. SupcLtass PROSOBRANCHIATA. Order CYCLOBRANCHIATA. 911. Dentalium subquadratum, Meek § Hayden. Id. Order SCUTIBRANCHIATA. Neritide. 912. Neritella nebrascensis, Meek §- Hayden. Id. Order PECTINIBRANCHIATA. Valvatide. 913. Valvata scabrida, Meek § Hayden. Id. Viviparide. 914. Lioplacodes veterna, (J/eek §- Hayden) Meek. Id. Crass CEPHALOPODA. | ; Order TETRABRANCHIAPA. Ammonitidz. 915. Ammonites biplex, Sowerby? Russ. Am. 916. Ammonites cordiformis, Meck §- Hayden. Id. 917. Ammonites Henryi, Meek § Hayden. Id. 918. Ammonites Wosnessenskii, Grewingk. Russ. Am. Order DIBRANCHIATA. Belemnitide. 919. Belemnites densus, Jeek §- Hayden. Dak. ; Id. 920. Belemnites. Russ. Am. Susxincpom ARTICULATA. Crass ANNULATA. Order TUBICOLA. Serpulide. 921. Serpula (ined.). Id. ; Dak. NOTES AND EXPLANATIONS. (CRETACEOUS. ) 3= Planularia cuneata, Morroy, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. VIII, 214, pl. xi, fig. 5. 4= Palmula sagittaria, Lea, Am. Phil. Soc. 1833, Contrib. Geol. pl vi, p. 218. Dr. Carpenter unites Cristellaria, Flabellina, Den- talina, Nodosaria, &c. as members of a single genus, for which he uses the name Nodosarina. It may be at least convenient however, to retain these names in a subgeneric sense; but, in either case, we should think Montfort’s older name Phonemus, should stand for the entire group. 6 and 7 —I have not been able to find by whom these two species were described, but believe it was by Ehrenburg. 8 = Orbitulites texanus, Roemer, Kreid. Vou. Tex. 86. 12= Grammostomum phyllodes, Exurensure. 168 = Plagiostoma echinatum, Morron, Synop. Org. Rem. (Add. Obs.) 1835.—3 = Spondylus capax, Conran, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. II, sec. ser. 1850, 274, xxiv, 8. | 171 = Ctenoides acutilineata, Conrap, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. sec. ser. WS 29 vexcivia ze 173 = Ctenoides denticulata, Gass, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Oct. 1861, 327. 175 = Plagiostoma pelagicum, Morton, Synop. Org. Rem. 1834, 61, v, 2. 177 = Ctenoides squarrosa, WAbB, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Nov. 1860, 366. | 195 = SYNCYCLONEMA, Meex. Type Pectenrigida, Harr & Merk, Mem. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci. Boston, V, new ser. 381, ii, 4, a, b, c (not SowErsy, 1818). The type of this group is a very small, nearly equivalve, ovate-suborbicular, compressed shell, with small, flat, slightly unequal ears, and closed margins. Hinge short; surface with fine, obscure concentric striz#, and sometimes on the right valve, small rounded concentric ridges. Some of the larger smooth Cretaceous and Jurassic species may possibly also belong to this group. None of the so-called Pectens, of the Cretaceous or older rocks, belong properly to the genus Pecten, Miller, as typified by the recent P. maximus, Linn. * 9201 = Leda bisulcata, Meex & Haypgy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, Dec. 1861, 440. (31) 32 202 = Leda longifrons, Conran, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. sec. ser. IV, 281, xvi, 18: 203 = Leda pinneformis, Gasp, ib. 303, xlviii, 22. 204 = Leda protexta, Gass, ib. 23. 205 = Leda Slackiana, Gasp, ib. 397, Ixviii, 36. 206 = Leda subangulata, Gass, Synop. Mol. Cret. 1861, 133. 263 = Avicula abrupta, Coyrap, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. sec. ser. II, 274, Va. / 264 = Avicula convexo-plana, Rormer, Kreid. Vou. Tex. 1852, 61, vii, 9. 265 = Avicula cretacea, Conran, Nicollett’s Report, 1845, 169. 266 = Avicula Haydeni, Hau & Merx, Mem. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci. sec. ser. V, 382, 1-5. 267 = Avicula iridescens, Saumarp, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Sept. 1861. 268 = Avicula laripes, Morron, Synop. Org. Rem. 1834, 63, xvii, 5. 269 = Avicula linguiformis, Evans & Suumarp, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 163. 270 = Avicula nebrascana, Evans & Suumarp, Trans. St. Louis Acad. I, 38. 271 = Avicula pedernalis, Roemer, Kreid. Vou. Tex. 1852, 62, viii, i. 272 = Avicula petrosa, Conran, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. sec. ser. I, 174, xxiv, 15. 273 = Avicula planisulca, Roemer, Kreid. Vou. Tex. 1852, 62, vii, 7. 274 = Avicula. subgibbosa, Merk & Haypen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1860, 180. 278 = Avicula triangularis, Evays & Suumarp, ib. 1855, 163. 320 = ACTINOCERAMUS, Merx. Type Inoceramus sulcatus, Parkinson, Geol. Tr. V,59. This name is proposed for a small section of Znocerami, with a short hinge, and radiating plica- tions or costz. 324— This and the following species, placed in the catalogue under the name Modiola, belong to. Volsella, Scopoli, 1777, and should be called Volsella attenuata, V. concentrico-costellata, &e. They also belong to Perna, Adanson, 1757, if his genus should be adopted with the first species as its type. 336 = Modiola granulato-cancellata, Rormer, Kreid. Vou. Tex. 1852, 54, vii, 12. 377 = LIOPISTHA, Merex. Type Cardium elegantulum, Roemer, Kreid. Vou. Tex. 1852, 48, 5. The shells embraced in this group, which seems to be peculiar to the Cretaceous system, have, according to Mr. Conrad, the hinge of Papyridea, Swainson. They differ, however, from the type of that genus (Cardium bullatum, Linn.) in being closed and without cost on the postero-dorsal region, or crenulations 33 in the posterior margins of the valves. They are also much thinner shells. 380 = Corbula (sp. ined.), OwxEy, Second Rept. Geol. Survey Arkansas, pl. viii, fig. 1. 381 = Cardium ? sancti-sabee, Roemer, Kreid. Vou. Tex. 1852, 48, vi, 7. This is not a true Papyridea, and it is very doubtful whether it can go into the group Liopisiha. 404 — The genus Tancredia differs so materially from the Cardiidx, Luci- nidx, Isocardiide, &e., to which it has been respectively referred, that we are probably less liable to err in keeping it separate as the type of a distinct family. 405 = Cyprina arenaria, Meek & Haypen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. May 1857, 143. 409 = Cyprina humilis, Merx & Haypen, ib. May 1860, 179. The name Cyprinide, having been in use for a family of fishes, since 1831, cannot be retained for this family ; I would, there- fore, propose to call it Venilzide. 410 = Venilia quadrata, Gass, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Nov. 1861, 364 (not Cyprina quadrata, D’Orbigny, 1843, which is a true Venilia). 412 = Cyprina subtumida, Meek & Haypen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. May 1857, 144. 416 = Cyprina Laphami, Suumanrp, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Sept. 1861. 417 = Venus? circularis, Merk & Haypen, ib. Noy. 1856, 27. 425 = Callista eufalensis, Conran, Jaur. Acad. sec. ser. IV, 285, xlvi, 24. 426 = Cytherea Deweyi, Mzex & Haypen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. April 1846, 83. 427 = Cytherea leonensis, Conran, Mex. Bound. Rept. I, part 2, 1858, 153, vi, 1. (Wrongly printed Jenonensis on p. 13 of the List.) 428 — Cytherea lamarensis, Suumanp, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. I, p. 600. : 429 = Cytherea missouriana, Morron, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. sec. ser. VIII, 120, ii, 2. 430 = Cytherea nebrascensis, Mrex & Haypen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. April 1856, 83. 431 = Cytherea orbiculata, Harn & Merk, Mem. Am. Acad. V, new ser. I, fig. 7. 432 = Cytherea Owenana, Merk & Hayne, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. VIII, 273. 433 = Cytherea pellucida, Mex & Haypen, ib. Nov. 1856, 278. 434 = Cytherea texana, Conran, Mex. Bound. Rept. I, part 2, 1858, 153, vi, 2. 435 = Cytherea tippana, Coyrap, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. VIII, sec. ser. 326, xxxiv, 18. 436 = Venus Meekiana, (ass, ib. IV, 394, Ixviii, 23. 437 = Venus ripleyana, Gass, ib. 393, Lxvili, 22. 3 34 438 = Cytherea tenuis, Harz & Meex, Mem. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci. V, new ser. 383, i, 5. 440 =Tellina formosa, Meek & Haypen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. May 1860, 179. 454 — Solen irradians, Rormer, Kreid. Vou. Tex. 1852, 54, vi, 9. 455 = Psammobia cancellato-sculpta, Roemer, ib. 46, vi, 10. 473 =CYMELLA, Merk. Type Pholadomya undata, Meek & Hay- pEN, Proc. Acad. April 1856, 81. Shell small, subequilateral, ovate, with numerous regular, well-defined concentric undulations, crossed on the middle of the valves by a few radiating impressed lines, not marked in the depressions between the ridges. 480 = Leda fibrosa, Evans & Suumarp, Trans. St. Louis Acad. 1857, 39. 509 — Not being acquainted with the hinge and interior of this genus, I placed it with doubt in the family Sazicavide. Since the cata- logue was stereotyped, I have been informed by Prof. Agassiz, that he has specimens showing it to possess the internal characters of the Mytilidz. 526 = GONIOCH ASMA, Merk. Type Xylophaga Stimpsoni, Merk & Haypen, Proc. Acad. Phila. May 1857, 141. Differs from MJartesia in having no accessory dorsal pieces, and in having the anterior hiatus formed by a rectangular notch in the antero-ventral margin of each valve. 527 = XYLOPHAGELLA, Meex. Type Xylophaga elegantula, Meek & Haypen, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1857, 141. Has the form and ornamentation of Xylophaga, but internal casts show the impression of an oblique, internal postero-dorsal ridge not seen in that genus. Burrows apparently always without a shelly lining. 542 = Ringicula pulchella, Suumarp, Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist. Sept. 1861. Since the publication of a paper on the Actxonidz, in the Am. Jour. Sci. vol. XXXV, p. 84, I have, through the kindness of Dr. Stimpson, had an opportunity to examine a drawing of the animal of a recent Ringicula (R. arctata, Gould), made by him ; from a living specimen taken on the coast of China. From this drawing, and his notes, it appears that it has a large well- developed siphon, which lies (perhaps when the creature moves) folded back upon the body whorl between two short, unequal tentacular lobes? From this fact, and the general dissimilarity of the animal to any of the known types of the Actxonidz, I can scarcely doubt the propriety of regarding this genus as the type of a distinct family, which will probably in- clude the extinct groups Ringinella, Cinulia, Avellana, Euptycha and Aptycha. 39 544 = Actzonina naticoides, Gass, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. IV, sec. ser. 293. 545 = Ringicula subpellucida, Suumarp, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Sept. 1861, 192. 546 = Ringicula acutispira, Suumarp, ib. 193. 548 = Actzonina biplicata, Gass, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. March 1860, 93. 572 = Scalpellum inequicostatum, Suumarp, Proceed. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861, 199. Scalpellum, Leach, being a genus of Crustacea, it was perhaps by some oversight in copying manuscript that this species was described under that name. 577 = Capulas occidentalis, Haun & Merx, Mem. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci. V, new ser. 1856, 385. 583 = Phasianella Haleana, D’Orsieny, Prodr. de Pal. II, 1850, 224. 584 = Phasianella perovata, Suumarp, Trans. St. Louis Acad. I, 597. 585 = Phasianella punctata, Gass, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. IV, sec. ser. 299. 588 = Architectonica Abbotti, Gass, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Oct. 1861, 321. 590 = Solarium abyssinus, Gass, ib. March 1860, 94. 580 — Not Delphinula, Lamk. 581 and 582 — Straparollus of Montfort does not occur in the Cretaceous or more recent rocks. 592 = Nerita (Nereis) densata, Conran, Jour. Acad. new ser. IV, 288, xlvi, 57. 593 = Natica ambigua, Merk & Haypen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. March 1856, 64. 594 = Natica Tuomeyana, Merk & Haynen, ib. Nov. 1856, 270. 615 = SPIRONEMA, Meex. Type Turbo tenuilineata, Mrex & HaypeEn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. March 1856, 64. Shell ovate ; whorls rounded, and separated by a rather deep suture; aperture ovate, lip thin, continuous; columella not thickened, perforated by a very small umbilicus ; surface with revolving lines and furrows. The non-perlaceous texture of the interior layer, as well as the other characters of such Cretaceous shells, remove them from the Trochidz. 616 = Tuba? bella, Conran, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. IV, 289, xlvi, 38. 624 = Rostellaria biangulata, Meek & Haypen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1856, 65. 625 = Aporrhais parva, Mrex & Haypen, ib. May 1860, 178. 626 = Aporrhais sublevis, Meek & Haypen, ib. 627 = DREPANOCHEILUS, Merk. Type Rostellaria americana, Evans & Suumarp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1860, 423. Shell like Aporrhais, but without a posterior canal extending up the spire, and having the lip produced into a single, usually 36 scythe-shaped projection. This type, as well as the including genus Anchura, differ from the Jurassic genus Alaria, in never having the labial appendage developed during the growth of the shell, so as to be left behind the aperture as projecting spines on the body whorl or spire. It, however, probably in- cludes some of the so-called Alaria. 628 = Aporrhais decemlirata, Conrap, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. sec. ser. IIL, 330, xxxiv, 11. 29 = Rostellaria nebrascensis, Evays & Suumanrp, Proc. Acad. Aug. 1856, 164. 630 = Rostellaria rostrata, Gass, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. IV, 390, lxviii, 7. 643 =ISOPLEURA, Merk. Type Rimella curvilirata, Conran, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. II, new series, 1858, 331. I cannot think this and the succeeding species congeneric with Rimella rimosa, Sowerby, the type of Prof. Agassiz’s genus Rimella. 644 = Chemnitzia Meekiana, Gass, Jour. Acad. Nat Sci. IV, 1860, 299. 646 = PTEROCERELLA, Meek. Type Harpago tippana, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. III, sec. ser. 331, xxxv, 25. Shell small, thin; whorls few, rounded, smooth or subangu- lated ; last one not much enlarged. Lip greatly extended, and ascending the spire, trilobate—the middle lobe much larger and more produced than the others, carinated on the outer side. I cannot believe such shells as this should be placed in the same genus with Strombus chiragra and S. lambis, Linneus, the types of Harpago and Pterocera ; nor is it probable that any of our Cretaceous or older species, usually referred to Prerocera, really belong to that genus as properly restricted. This type should probably be placed in the Aporrhaidz, on p. 19 of the List, instead of in the Strombidz. 651 = CHEMNITZIA, Conran, 1860 (not D’Orsieyy, 1839). Mr. Con- rad proposes to retain this name for a group of Cretaceous shells which he ranges as a subgenus under Turbonilla, Risso. He does not say which species he regards as the type of the group, though his description was evidently written from his C. laqueata and C. melanopsis; consequently I have regarded these as typical, and the others as doubtful forms. 658 = Scalaria texana, Rormer, Kreid. Vou. Tex. 1852, IV, fig. 11, a, 5. 662 == Scalaria Forshayii, Suvmarp, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Sept. 1861, 195. 668 = Natica acutispira, Snumarp, Trans. St. Louis Acad. I, 597. 689 = Volutilithes bella, Gasp, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. IV, sec. ser. 300, xviii, 7. 690 = Volutilithes biplicata, Gass, ib. 6. 691 = Volutilithes Conradi, Gass, ib. 10. 692 = Volutilithes nasuta, Gass, ib. 9. co oT 713 = TRACHYTRITON. Merk. Type Fusus? vinculum, Haun & Merk, Mem, Am. Acad. Arts and Sci. V, new ser. 39, iii, 5, a, b. Shell subfusiform or bucciniform, rather thin; canal moder- ate, nearly straight ; columella smooth ; outer lip sharp except- ing at intervals, when it becomes thickened and crenate within. Surface without distinct varices, roughened or cancellated by small, regular, revolving bands, crossing small, equidistant longitudinal coste. Seems to be nearly related to the recent Triton cancellatum, Lamk., and 7. oregonensis, Redfield, usually referred to Argo- buccinum or Lagena, Klein ; though they appear sufficiently dis- tinct from Klein’s types, even if his genera could be regarded as regularly established. 721 = Pleurotomaria texana, SuumArp, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Sept. 1861, 197. 723 = PIESTOCHILUS, Merk. Type Fusus Scarboroughi, Msrx & HaypeEn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. May 1857, p. 139. Differs from. the typical species of Clavellithes in having the aperture acutely angular behind (in consequence of the outer lip being closely appressed to the body whorl above), instead of forming a kind of posterior canal; and in having the inner lip thin instead of thickened above. Includes the Eocene Clavella vicksburgensis, Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. sec. ser. II, pl. i, fig. 5. As Swainson neither figured, described, nor referred to any known species in pub- lishing his name Clavel/a, it cannot be retained. 724= Fusus Vaughani, Meek & Haypen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. May 1857, 139. This is not a true Cantharis, as has been determined since the List was in type. It may remain undér that name, how- ever, until its affinities can be determined from the examina- tion of better specimens. 726 — Fusus ? flexicostatus, Merk & Haypen, ib. 1856, 66. 727 = Fusus? Haleanus, D’Orsicny, Prodrome de Pal. II, 1850, 228. 728 = Neptunea impressa, Gass, Jour. Acad. IV, new ser. 389, xviii, 5. 729 — Fusus intertextus, Merk & Haypen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. May 1857, 139. 730 = Fusus Newberryi, Murex & Haypen, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. May 1857, 66. I have long suspected that this shell, and others from the Upper Missouri, are not generically distinct from Pyrifusus ; but was left in doubt because that genus was described as having a broad, thick, flattened columella. On sending a specimen of this species to Mr. Conrad for comparison, he writes that he now thinks the columella of his typical specimen was flattened by pressure, and that our shell probably belongs to the same 38 genus. I have, therefore, referred this and several other species to Pyrifusus. Should it be found, however, when better specimens can be examined, that the type of that genus really has a broad, flattened columella, and consequently that our shells belong to a distinct genus, I would propose for this group the name Neptunella, with Fusus Newberry’, Meek & Hay- den, as its type. It would also include F. intertextus and F. subturritus, M. & H.; Afer bellalirata, Conrad ; and F. mullica- ensis, Gabb. These forms cannot be referred to Afer, Conrad, because that group was founded upon the recent Fusus afer, of Lamarck, a very distinct type. It is not probable that any of the species retained under the name Fusus, in the foregoing List, belong to that genus as properly restricted. It is, however, probably better to leave them there, until Conchologists have agreed in regard to what particular type of that heterogeneous group the name Fusus is to be applied. 32 = Fusus subturritus, Merx & Haypey, ib. 04 = Fusus ? tenuilineatus, Hart & Meex, Mem. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci. V, new ser. 394, iii, 9. 740 = Pleurotomaria mullicaensis, Gass, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. March 1860, p. 95. Should be Pyrifusus milicaensis, (Gabb) Meek. 748 = Pyrula Bairdi, Meek & Haypen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. March 1856, 66. ~I ~I 751 = Fusus ? dakotensis, Merk & Haypen, ib. 65. 770 = Hamites Leai, Troost, Fifth Rept. Geol. Surv. Tennessee, 1840, 53. 773 = Hamites Verneuilii, Troosr, ib. 52. 858 = Turrilites (sp. ined.), OwreN, Second Report Geol. Recon. Arkansas, pl. viii, 2. 859 = Helicoceras tortum, Meek & Haypen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. March 1858, 54. 860 = Helicoceras ? angulatum, Mrrex & Haypen, ib. May 186 , 176. 861 = Turrilites cheyennensis, Merk & Haypen, ib. Nov. 1856, 280, 874 = Nautilus orbiculatus, Tuomey, ib. 1855, 167. This should probably be written Aganides orbiculatus, since Montfort’s name Aganides (1808) was founded apparently upon a species of this group. 876 = Belemnites paxillosa, Lamx. 1801, Syst. 104. 883 = Vermetus rotula, Morron, Synop. Org. Rem. 1834, 81, i, 14. NOTES AND EXPLANATIONS. (JURASSIC. ) 891—= CAMPTONECTES, Acassiz MSS. Example Pecten lens, Sowerby. Also includes Pecten bellistriatus,Meek, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. July, 1860, 311. The name Camptonectes has been adopted by Prof. Agassiz for a group of Jurassic and Cretaceous species, several of which have been confounded under the name Pecten lens. These shells are subequivalve, compressed, lenticular, and closed all around. They have generally small compressed ears, and a short edentulous hinge; byssal sinus under the anterior ear of right valve deep, well defined. Surface ornamented with fine, very regular, closely arranged, often sub-punctate, radiating or sub-divaricate strie, which curve gracefully outwards on each side. This genus is known to be represented by at least one unde- scribed species in the Cretaceous beds of New Jersey. It will include a few species, such as Pecten cottaldinus, D’Orbigny, upon which the radiating strie are nearly or quite obsolete. 992 — Pecten extenuatus, Mzex & Haypen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. May 1860, 184. 895 = Avicula? curta, Haut, Stansbury’s Rept. Exped. to Great Salt Lake, 1852, 412. See Am. Jour. Sci. March, 1864, 212. 996 =OXYTOMA, Merk. Type Avicula Munsteri, Brony, Leh. Zeitsch. 1829, 76. The shells of this group differ from the living typical Pteria (= Avicula), in having a much more deeply and sharply de- fined byssal sinus. They are also less oblique, more distinctly inequivalve, and usually more strongly costate, particularly on the left valve, around the pallial margins of which the coste sometimes terminate in projecting spines. This type forms a transition from the true Pteria to Eumicrotis. Includes Avicula costata, Morris & Lycett; A. digitata, and apparently Monotis interlevigata, Quenstedt, and A. cygnipes, Phillips. Mainly, if not entirely, confined to the Jurassic rocks. ( 39 ) 40 897 = Modiola pertenuis, Meex & Harnen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. March 1858, 51. 898 = Modiola (Perna) formosa, Mrex & Haynes, ib. Dec. 1861, 439. The names of these two shells should be written Perna pertenuis, and P. formosa, if Scopoli’s name Volsella is not adopted. 907 = Venus unionides, Rormer, Ool. I, 109, tab. 8, fig. 6. This and the two preceding species (904 and 905) belong to the genus Pleuromya, which name must be adopted if Myacites, Schlot., as affirmed by Bronn and Goldf., is not to be retained. 910 — This, and 911, 912, and 913, are only placed provisionally in the Jurassic list. 912 — Should be written Neritina nebrascensis, if Humphrey’s name Neri- tella is not to be adopted. 914=> LIOPLACODES, Mees. Type Melania (Potadoma) veterna, Meek & Haynpen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Dec. 1861, 44. Differs from the type of Lioplar, Troschel, in its more elon- gated form, smaller body whorl, more constricted suture, and particularly in having the posterior extremity of the aperture angular instead of rounded, owing to the oblique flattening of the upper side of the body whorl. From the types usually included in Melania, it differs in having the columella perforated by a small umbilical opening, and the peritreme continuous. SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS. 156 ————__—— CATALOGUE OF MINERALS, WITH THEIR FORMULAS, ETC. PREPARED FOR THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. BY ee Ge eek: Ss, 2h OUNe | WASHINGTON: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION: JUNE, 1863. CONTENTS. Advertisement . ° . . . . . . . ° vill Introduction . > : : b . ° . 2 0 Vi Chemical symbols. : ; ‘ A . . A : one wal Systems of crystallization < . A ‘ . . oe ix Analytical table . . . . . . . . ae SL Catalogue of minerals : : : . 5 al Check list of minerals : . 5 . e ° - 3a Alphabetical index . ° ° ( ii ) ADVERTISEMENT. THE following Catalogue of Mineral Species has been prepared by Mr. Egleston, at the request of the Institution, for the purpose of facilitating the arranging and labelling of collections, and the conducting of exchanges, as well as of presenting in a compact form an outline of the science of mineralogy as it exists at the present day. In labelling collections it is considered important to give the chemical composition as well as the names, and hence the formule have been added. Some doubt was at first entertained as to the system of classi- fication which ought to be adopted; but after due consideration it was concluded to make use of that followed by Professor Dana, in the last edition of his Manual of Mineralogy. Whatever differ- ence of opinion may exist as to the best classification, the one here employed is that which will be most generally adopted in this country, on account of the almost exclusive use of Professor Dana’s excellent Manual. The Institution is under obligations to Prof. Dana, Prof. Brush, Dr. Genth, and other gentlemen, for their assistance in perfecting the work, and carrying it through the press. Copies of the Catalogue, printed on one side only, to be cut apart for labels, can be furnished on application. JOSEPH HENRY, Secretary S. I. SmITHsonIan InstITUTION, June, 1863. ( iii ) INTRODUCTION. To render the present Catalogue of Minerals more than a mere enumeration of names, the formule expressing the chemical com- position of the mineral and the system in which it crystallizes, as far as at present understood, have been given. ‘The classification adopted is Dana’s, as published in the fourth edition of his Mineralogy. Some species that have proved not to be well founded have been omitted, and many since published have been added. Of these latter species, some must be considered as having only a provisional place in the series, and it is probable that others will ultimately be dropped altogether. In making the additions and corrections, the Supplements to Dana’s Mineralogy, which have appeared from time to time in Scdiiman’s Journal, have always been consulted, and the most probable formule, as deduced by recent investigations, have been selected. In a few instances a change has been made in the place of a species where a more thorough examination has thrown light upon the true nature of the mineral or where it has been found that the system of crystal- lization had previously been incorrectly given. auwjasite, p. 19, was formerly considered as dimetric, it has lately been proved to be monometric, and it has therefore been placed among the mono- metric zeolites. The formula for Hauclase is the one given by Rose; Damour’s analysis gave water, and the formula 2#e Si? + 3A] Sif + H. tammelsberg has recently discovered the existence of protoxides in Staurotide, and proposes as a general formula (R, #*) + Sie. In the formula for Opal, water has not been written, Cay, vi INTRODUCTION. as it is found in very variable quantities, and is not considered as essential. For what is known of the species added to the list of organic compounds, see the 2d, 5th, 6th, and 7th Supplements to Dana’s Mineralogy. For changes in the systems of crystallization, Des-Cloizeaux has generally been the authority. A table of the symbols used, with illustrations of the meaning of the formule, are given on p. vii., and on p. ix. will be found a table relating to the systems of crystallization. In the first column are the simple forms from which all the others, of the same system, are derived; in the second the description of the axes of these simple forms, and in the others the nomenclature that has been adopted by the authors whose names stand at the head of the column. The axes of a crystal are imaginary lines drawn through its centre and about which it is symmetrical. It has been found most convenient to refer to the systems of crystallization by the numbers which have been placed on the left hand of the table. An asterisk following the name of a mineral, as Gold,* p. 1, denotes that it has been found in the United States. A dagger, as Danburite,}+ p. 14, denotes that it has been found in the United States only. The other minerals have not, so far as is known, been found in this country. T. EGLESTON. New Yorg, May, 1863. Ag. (Argentum) Silver. Mg. Magnesium. Al. Aluminium. Mn. Manganese. Aq. Water. Mo. Molybdenum. As. Arsenic. N. Nitrogen. Au. (Aurum) Gold. Na. (Natrum) Sodium. B. Boron. Ni. Nickel. Ba. Barium. O. Oxygen. Be. (Beryllium) Glucinum. Os. Osmium. Bi. Bismuth. P: Phosphorus. Br. Bromine. Pb. (Plumbum) Lead. C. Carbon. Pd. Palladium. Ca. Calcium. Pt. Platinum. Cb. Columbium. Rd. Rhodium. Cd. Cadmium. Ru. Ruthenium. Ce. Cerium. Ss. Sulphur. Cl. Chlorine. Sb. (Stibium) Antimony. Co. Cobalt. Se. Selenium. Cr. Chromium. Si. Silicium. Cu. (Cuprum) Copper. Sn. (Stannum) Tin. D. Didymium. Sr. Strontium. F. Fluorine. Ta. Tantalum. Fe. (Ferrum) Iron. Hos Terbium. H. Hydrogen. Te. Tellurium. Hg. (Hydrargyrum) Mercury. Th. Thorium. I. Iodine. U. Uranium. Ir. Iridium. Vis Vanadium. K. (Kalium) Potassium. W. (Wolframium) Tungsten. La. Lanthanum. nye Yttrium. Li. Lithium. Zn. Zinc. M. Mellie Acid. Zr. Zirconium. CHEMICAL SYMBOLS. Nore.—R is an indefinite symbol, and may refer to any one or more of the symbols in the table. In the formule given in the Catalogue the dots over the symbols indicate atoms ef oxygen—thus, Fe indicates one atom ( vii ) Vili CHEMICAL SYMBOLS. of Iron combined with one of Oxygen. A dashed letter indicates a double atom of the substance—thus, Fe means two atoms of Iron combined with three of Oxygen. A general formula has sometimes been given when one or more of the elements are replaced by others in variable proportions, or for species which include several important varieties, as Melinophane, p. 12, Allanite and others, p. 14, Pyroxene, p. 11, Amphibole and Peridot, p. 12, &. In these formule R represents all the bases composed of one atom of an element and one of Oxygen, and # all those composed of two atoms of an element and three of Oxygen. Thus the general formula for the family of the Chlorites, p. 17, is 5R3 8i3 + 38 Si? + 12H, which means that the mineral contains five atoms of a compound made up of three atoms of proto-base combined with three-quarters of an atom of silicic acid, plus three atoms of a compound of one atom of sesqui-base combined with three- quarters of an atom of silicic acid, plus 12 atoms of water. In Chlorite and Pennine the proto-bases are Magnesia and Iron, but in Clinochlore Magnesia only; in Chlorite and Clinochlore the sesqui-base is Alumina only, while in Pennine it is Alumina and Iron. It will thus be seen that a large figure written as a co-efficient refers to the whole of the member to which it is prefixed, while a small figure written as an exponent refers only to the symbol to which it is attached. Thus 5R3 Si? means five atoms of R3 Si?, while R? means simply three atoms of R. When the symbols are written together the substances are in chemical combination—thus As§$ which is the formula for Realygar, p. 2, characterizes that mineral as a sulphuret of Arsenic. When one element is combined with several these are placed in brackets and each symbol is followed by a comma—thus Smaltine (Co, Fe, Ni) As’, p. 4, is an Arseniuret of Cobalt, Iron, and Nickel. In this case the proportions of Cobalt, Iron, and Nickel are not stated. In the formula of Eisennickelkies (4Ni-++ #Fe) §, p. 3, a sulphuret of Nickel and Iron, the proportions are stated. The general formula in this case would be RS; one-third of R is Nickel, and the other two-thirds Iron. When more than one element is combined with several others, both mem- bers are written in brackets; thus Glaucodot (Co, Fe) (8, As)’, p. 4, is a Bi-sulpho-arseniuret of Cobalt and Iron. In some instances, as Bismuth Silver, p. 1, no formula has been given, but simply an enumeration of the elements of which the mineral is composed; in this case each symbol is followed by a comma. When the water of a mineral has not been determined, it has been written Aq. instead of H. SYSTEMS OF CRYSTALLIZATION. SIMPLE ForMs. Cube and octahedron. Right prism with square base. | Right prism with rectangular or rhombic base. Right rhomboidal and oblique rhombic prisms. | Oblique disymetric rhomboidal prism. Rhombohedron and hexagonal a |-3 axes rectangular and equal. | 3 axes rectangular, 2 equal. | 3 axes unequal, and unequally | 4 axes, 3 equal and equally in- 3 axes rectangular and unequal. 3 axes unequal, 2 rectangular. inclined. prism. clined, 1 at right angles to the other three. NAMES USED BY DIFFERENT AUTHORS. | No Naumann. Mohs. Weiss & Rose. | Phillips. | Delafosse. | Dana. 1 | Tesseral. Tessular. Regular. |Cubie. | Cubic. | Monome- : | | | tric. 2 | Tetragonal.| Pyramidal. 2and1 axial. | Pyram- | Tetrago- | Dimetric. | idal. | nal. 3 |Rhombic. | Orthotype. 1 and 1 axial. | Pris- | Ortho- | Trimetric. | matic. rhombic. | 4 | Monoclino- | Hemiortho- 2 and 1 mem- | Oblique. Clino- | Mono- hedric. type. bered. rhombic. clinic. 5 | Triclino- Anortho- | 1 and 1 mem- | Anorthic.| Clino- | Triclinie. hedric. type. bered. | hedric. | 6 Hexagonal. | Rhombohe- 3 and 1 axial. | Rhombo- | Hexago- | Hexago- dral, | | hedral. nal. | nal. | | ANALYTICAL TABLE. PAGE A. NATIVE ELEMENTS . 5 F 5 5 : : : yay al 1. Hydrogen Group , F . : : ee: 2. Arsenic Group 1 3. Carbon Group 2 B. SULPHURETS, ARSENIURETS, ETC. 2 J. Binary CompounpDs . 2 1. Compounds of Elements of the Arsenic Group with one another 2 2. Compounds of Elements of the Arsenic Group with those of the Hydrogen Group 3 1. Diserasite Division 3 2. Galena Division . 3 3. Pyrites Division : 5 . 4 4. Skutterudite Division ; : 5 : ee) II. Dovsie Binary Compounps 5 1. The Persulphuret a Sulphuret of an Element of the Hy- drogen Group, as of Iron, Cobalt, or Nickel . 5 2. The Persulphuret a Sulphuret of Elements of the Arsenic Group. : ; ; : e : see eo C. FLUORIDS, CHLORIDS, BROMIDS, IODIDS 6 1. Calomel Division 6 2. Rock Salt Division 7 D. OXYGEN COMPOUNDS 8 I. Binary Compounds . . 8 1. Oxides of the Elements of the Hydrogen Group 8 A. Anhydrous Oxides 8 1. Monometric 3 : : 8 2. Hexagonal . . : ene 8 (xi) Xil ANALYTICAL TABLE. D. OXYGEN COMPOUNDS.—(Continued). 3. Dimetriec . . ° 6 4. Trimetric . : - 5 Appendix to Anhydrous Oxides . 5. Combinations of Oxides and Chlorides or ae. phurets. : B. Hydrous Oxides 2 . : Appendix to Hydrous ‘Oxiass 4 2. Oxides of Elements of the Arsenic Group 1. Arsenic Division 2. Sulphur Division 5 é ; 3. Oxygen Compounds of Carbon, Boron and Silicon . II. Oxycen DousLe Binary CompounpDs 1. Silicates . A. Anhydrous Silicates 1. Edelforsite Section bo . Augite Section 3. Eulytine Section 4. Garnet Section . : : c . : 5. Mica Section : ; 6. Feldspar Section : . Appendix . . ; : 7. Andalusite Section . ; . . ; B. Hydrous Silicates . I. Magnesian Hydrous Silicates & : : 1. Tale Section : ns 2. Serpentine Section =. z : : : Appendix . 3. Chlorite Section Il. Non-Magnesian Hydrous Silicates 1. Pyrophyllite Section . 2. Pectolite Section ; ; : : : 3. Calamine Section 3 5 5 . 4. Zeolite Section : 5. Datholite Section , : , : : : Appendix to Hydrous Silicates . : 5 C. Unarranged Silicates containing Titanic Acid Appendix . : . . ° 2. Titanates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Tantalates, Columbates, Chromates, Vanadates . i Ss 3. Sulphates and Selenates : : : ; 1. Anhydrous Sulphates : 5 . : . . PAGE 10 16 18 20 ANALYTICAL TABLE. xili PAGE D. OXYGEN COMPOUNDS.—(Continued. ) 1. Trimetric . é . : 5 : aes 2. Rhombohedral . 7 ; 7 : 5 . 22 3. Monoclinic. . ; : ¢ “ 3 ae Appendix to Anhydrous Sulphates . 6 eo 2. Hydrous Sulphates . 4 ; 23 4. Borates . ; 5 B 5 5 5 5 . 25 5. Phosphates, Arsenates, Antimonates, Nitrates 25 a. Anhydrous : z 5 : ; ‘ ; - 20 1. Hexagonal ; 5 : , , . 25 2. Dimetric . ; : ; : 2 6 . 20 3. Monoclinic ; ; ; : ; : 2 4. Trimetric . : ; : 5 ; , 20 Appendix . A 2 : : 5 5 5 XS 6. Hydrous . ° . : . ; 5 : > 26 Sulphato-Phosphates . 0 , 4 C i Appendix . c : z ; 5 28 c. Nitrates . ° ; f 28 6. Carbonates ; ; f q a 5 28 1. Anhydrous Carbonates : I : : . 28 2. Hydrous Carbonates . : 2 ; . 28 3. Carbonates with a Chloride or Fluoride 3 ao) 7. Oxalates : : : , ‘i ; : 3 3 29 E. RESINS AND ORGANIC COMPOUNDS A z : 5 oo 10. 14, ) 45. | 16. 17. . os bo H or di. CATALOGUE OF MINERALS. Name, - Gold * . Platinum * . Platiniridium * - Palladium - Quicksilver * . Amalgam - Arquerite . Gold Amalgam * . Silver * Bismuth Silver Copper * - Lead Bz. Iron * Tin Zinc Iridosmine * Tellurium 1 Formula. A. NATIVE ELEMENTS. 1. Hydrogen Group. Au Pt Ir, Pt Pa Hg Ag Hg? and Ag Hg? Ag® Hg (Au, Ag)? Hg% Ag Fe, Bi, Pb, Ag Cu Pb Fe Sn Zn 2. Arsenic Group. Ir, Os, Rd Te System of crystallization. fee ee oO SO we we Be et et No. CATALOGUE OF MINERALS, System of Name. Formula. crystallization. eee 18. Bismuth * Bi 6 19. Tetradymite * Bi, Te 6 20. Antimony Sb 6 21. Arsenic * As 6 22. Arsenical Antimony * Sb, As 6 23. Sulphur * s 3 24. Selenium Se 4 25. Selensulphur Se,S 3. Carbon Group. 26. Diamond. * Cc 7 27. Mineral Coal Cc 274, Anthracite * 27°. Bituminous Coal * 27°. Jet * 274, Lignite * 28. Graphite * Cc 6 B. SULPHURETS, ARSENIURETS, ETC, I. BINARY COMPOUNDS. 1. Compounds of Elements of the Arsenic Group with one another. 29. Realgar AsS_ 4 30. Orpiment * As? S3 3 31. Dimorphine As‘ §3 ‘ 3 32. Bismuthine * Bi? $3 3) ( 33. Stibnite * Sb? s 3 iy 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44, 45. 46. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. Name. CATALOGUE OF MINERALS. Formula. System of crystallization. Discrasite Domeykite * Algodonite * Whitneyite * Silver Glance * Erubescite * Galena * Steinmannite Cuproplumbite ? Alisonite Neaneanbicade Syepoorite Hisennickelkies . Clausthalite Naumannite Berzelianite Eucairite Hessite * Altaite Grunauite Blende* Copper Glance * 2 1. Discrasite Division. Ag? Sb Cu3 As? Cu$ As? Cu® As? 2. Galena Division. Ag 8 (Fe, €u) S PbS Pb, S, Sb 2PbS-+ €uS 3€uS-+ Pbs Mns Cos (4Ni+ 3Fe) S Pb Se Ag Se €u Se (€u, Ag) Se Ag Te Pb Te (Bi, Ni, Co, Fe)? S* Zn$ €uS . Compounds of Elements of the Arsenic Group with those of the Hydrogen Group. tt pt ~ 4 CATALOGUE OF MINERALS. Ne. Name. Formula. a ne fe eAieanthite Ags 3 57. Stromeyerite (€u, Ag) § 3 58. Cinnabar * Hgs 6 59. Millerite * Nis 6 60. Pyrrhotine * Fe’ 58 6 61. Greenockite Cds 6 62. Wurtzite Znus 6 63. Onofrite Hg® Seé 64. Copper Nickel * Ni As 6 65. Breithauptite * NiSb 6 66. Kaneite Mn As 67. Schreibersite Fe, P, Ni 3. Pyrites Division. 68. Pyrites * Fe 8? 1 69. Hauerite Mn S? ‘ i 70. Smaltine * (Co, Fe, Ni) As*® 1 71. Cobaltine ' Co (S, As)? 1 72. Gersdorffite * Ni (5S, As)? J 73. Ullmannite Ni(S, As, Sb)? 1 74. Marcasite * Fe S? 3 75. Rammelsbergite Ni As? 3 76. Leucopyrite * Fe As? 3 77. Mispickel * Fe (As, 8)? 3 78. Glaucodot 5 (Co, Fe) (S, As)? 3 79. Sylvanite * (Ag, Au) Te? 3 80. Nagyagite (Pb, Au) (Te, £5? 2 CATALOGUE OF MINERALS. oO System of No. Name. Formula. crystallization. 81. Covelline €u S? 6 82. Molybdenite * Mo S? 6 83. Riolite Ag Se? 6? 4. Skutterudite Division. 84. Skutterudite “Co As? 1 II. DOUBLE BINARY COMPOUNDS. 1. The Persulphuret a Sulphuret of an Element of the Hydrogen Group, as of Iron, Cobalt, or Nickel. 85. Linneite * Co S+ Co?S3 1 86. Cuban CuS + Fe? S83 1 87. Chalcopyrite * €u 8 + Fe?53 2 88. Barnhardite * 2€u $+ Fe? 83 2 89. Tin Pyrites €u § (Sn? 83, Fe? $3) 2? 90. Sternbergite Ag S-+ 2Fe? 53? 3 2. The Persulpharet a Sulphuret of Elements of the Arsenic Group. 91. Wolfsbergite €u $+ Sb? 83 3 92. Tannenite | €uS-+ Bi’? 8% 3? 93. Berthierite Fe 5+ Sb? 83 94. Zinkenite PbS-+ Sb?83 ° 3 | 95. Miargyrite Ag S-+ Sb? $3 di | 96. Plagionite Pb S+ 3Sb? 83 4 | 97. Jamesonite PbS-+ 2Sb? 83 3 | 98. Heteromorphite PbS -+ 3Sb?53 | 99. Brongniardite (Pb, Ag) S++ 4Sb?s? 1 100. Chiviatite (€u, Pb) S+ 4Bi2 83 6 CATALOGUE OF MINERALS. No. Name. Formula. eam 101. Dufrenoysite PbS-+ 3As?83 1 102. Pyrargyrite Ag S-+ 4Sb? 83 6 103. Proustite * Ag S + 3As? 83 6 104. Freieslebenite * (Ag, Pb) S+ 4Sb? 83 zt 105. Bournonite * ~— (€u, Pb) S+ 48b? 83 3 106. Kenngottite Ag, Pb, S, Sb 4 107. Boulangerite PbS + 45b? 83 108. Aikinite (€u, Pb) S+ 4Bi? S83 3 109. Wolchite . Pb, Cu, As, Sb, 8 3 116. Clayite ? (€u, Pb) (S, As, Sb) 1 111. Kobellite ? (Fe, Pb) S-++ 2(Sb, Bi)? $3 1? 112. Meneghinite PbS+ }Sb83 113. Tetrahedrite * (€u, Fe, Zn, Ag) S++ }(Sb, As)?83 1 114. Tennantite * (€u, Fe) S+ } As? 83 1 115. Geocronite * PbS+ 2(Sb, As)’ 83 = 116. Polybasite (Ag, €u) 5+ 4(Sb, As)? 83 6 117. Stephanite Ag S-+ 4Sb’S3 3 118. Enargite * (€u, Fe, Zn) S+ 4(As,Sb)?8°? 3 119. Xanthocone (8AgS+As’S°)+2(3Ag S+As’S3) 6 120. Fireblende Ag, S, Sb 4 121. Wittichite €u, Bi, 5 3 C. FLUORIDS, CHLORIDS, BROMIDS, IODIDS. 1. Calomel Division. 122. Calomel Hg? Cl 2 } | ! CATALOGUE OF MINERALS. No. Name. Formula. 2. Rock Salt Division. 123. Sylvine KCl 124. Salt * Na Cl 125. Sal Ammoniac NH'Cl 126. Kerargyrite * Ag Cl 127. Embolite 3Ag Cl+ 2Ag Br 128. Bromyrite Ag Br 129. Iodo-bromid of Silver Ag, I, Br 130.. Fluor * CaF 131. Yttrocerite * CaF, YF, CeF 132. Iodyrite AgI 133. Coccinite Hg I 134. Fluocerite €e, Y, HF 135. Fluocerine Ce? F3+ 3 Ge H 136. Cotunnite Pb Cl 157. Muriatic Acid H Cl 138. Cryolite Na F-+ 4Al? FS 139. Chiolite Na F-+ 2Al? F% 140. Fluellite Al, F 141. Carnallite K Cl-+ Mg C14 12H 142. Tachhydrite CaCl+ 2Mg Cl+ 12H System of crystallization. fmt mt et No. Name. CATALOGUE OF MINERALS. Formula. System of crystallization. D. OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. I. BINARY COMPOUNDS. 1. Oxides of the Elements of the Hydrogen Group. A. ANHYDROUS OXIDEs. 1. Monometric. 143. Periclase Mg 1 144, Red Copper * €u 1 145. Martite * Fe 1 146. Iserine Fe (Fe, Ti) 1 147. Irite ? (ir, Os, Fe) (Ir, Os, Cr)? 03? 1 148. Spinel * * Mg Al 149. Magnetite * Fe Fe 1 150. Magnoferrite t Mg? et 1 151. Franklinite * (Fe, Zn)3 (Fe, Mn) 1 152. Chromic Iron * (Fe, Mg) (Al, €r) 1 153. Pitchblende Us? 1 154. Melaconite * €u 1? 155. Plumbic Ochre * Pb 2. Hexagonal. 156. Water * H 6 157. Zincite * Zn 6 158. Corundum * Al 6 159. Hematite * Fe 6 160. Ilmenite * i, Fe, 6 161. Plattnerite Pb - 6? 162. Tenorite €u 6? * Mg may be replaced by Ca, Fe, Mn, or Zn, alone or in combination. + Rammelsberg gives the formula Mg™ Fe*, and gives 3 and 4 as the probable values of m and n. No. 173. 174. 175. Name. . Braunite * . Hausmannite * . Cassiterite * . Rutile * . Anatase * . Chalcotrichite * . Chrysoberyl * . Brookite * . Pyrolusite * . Polianite Minium * Crednerite Heteroclin ? . Palladinite’? * CATALOGUE OF MINERALS. Formula. 3. Dimetric. Mn Mn Mn Mn Sn Ti Hi 4, Trimetric. €u Be+ Al Ti Mn Mn Mn Appendix to Anhydrous Oxvdes. Pb? Pb System of crystallization. KORO SS) bs) bo wo wo H Ww 9 5. Combinations of Oxides and Chlorides or Sulphurets. - Voltzite - Matlockite . Mendipite . Percylite? . Karelinite ? . Diaspore * 3. Gothite * 47nS+ Zn Pb Cl+ Pb Pb Cl+ 2Pb (Pb C1l+ Pb)+(CuCl+Cu)+Aq Bi+ Bis B. Hyprovs Oxipes. AlLH Fe —_ 10 CATALOGUE OF MINERALS. ome sien Sa 184; Manganite Mn H 3 185. Limonite * Fe? H3 186. ‘Brusite * Mg Ht 6 187. Gibbsite * Al HS 6 Appendix to Hydrous Oxides. 188. Volknerite * Mg®.Al+ 16H 6 189. Hydrotalcite Mg? Al+ 12H 190. Psilomelane * (Mn, Ba) Mn?+ 191. Newkirkite Mn, Fe, H 192. Wad * *RMn+H 193. Atacamite CuCl+ 3Cu Ht 3 2. Oxides of Elements of the Arsenic Group. 1. Arsenic Division. 194. Arsenolite * As . 1 195. Senarmontite Sb 1 196. Valentinite Sb 3 197. Bismuth Ochre * Bi 198. Kermesite 28b $3 + Sb 4 199. Retzbanyite (3BiS+ 2CuS, PbS)+2Pb8 200. Cervantite Sb + Sb 201. Volgerite Sb + 5If 202. Ammiolite Tig, Sb, #e, 2. Sulphur Division. 203. Sulphurous Acid * Ss ‘ 204. Telluric Ochre Te? * R=K, Ba, Co, Mn. CATALOGUE OF MINERALS. Lt No. Name. Formula. Sytem oo crystallization. 205. Sulphuric Acid * SH 206. Wolframine * WwW 1 207. Molybdine * Mo 3 3. Oxygen Compounds of Carbon, Boron and Silicon. 208. Carbonic Acid * G 209. Sassolin Bre 5 210. Quartz * Si 6 2102. Jasper * 210°. Agate * 210°. Chalcedony * 211. Opal * Si 211%. Precious opal 211% Semi-opal * 211°. Hyalite * 2114, Geyserite Il. OXYGEN DOUBLE BINARY COMPOUNDS. L. Silicates. A. ANHYDROUS SILICATES. 1. Edelforsite Section. 212. Edelforsite Ca Si 2. Augite Section. 213. Wollastonite * Oa3 Si2 4 214. Pyroxene R3 Si? 4 214". Diopside * (Ca, Mg)3 Si? . 214», Hedenbergite * (Ca, Fe)? Si? 214°. Augite * (Ca, Mg, Fe)? Si? 215. Pelicanite ALS + 2H 12 CATALOGUE OF MINERALS, No Same yormaln, emt 216. Spodumene * (Li, Na)3 Si? + 441 Si? 4 217. Prehnitoid (Na, Ca)? Si? + 241 Si? 218. Amphibole Ris 4 218", Tremolite * (Ca+ 3Mg) Si8 218», Actinolite * (Ca+ 3(Mg, Fe)) Sis 218°, Hornblende * (Fe+ 3Mg) Si8 219. Acmite Na Si ¥#e Si? 4 220. Strakonitzite ? Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, Si, H 4 221. Enstatite Mg? Siz 3 222. Anthophyllite * (Fe + 3Mg) Si8 38 223. Hypersthene * (Fe, Mn)3 Si2 3 224, Wichtyne (Na, Ca, Mg, Fe)? Si+ 41 Si2 225. Babingtonite * (Ca, Fe)§ Sié . 5 226. Rhodonite * Mn? Si? 5 227. Beryl * (Be + 341) Si? 6 228. Budialyte - 2(Ca, Na, Fe)? Si?-+ 2r Si? 6 3. Eulytine Section. 229. Bulytine Biz Sis z 230. Leucophane (a3 Si?+ Be Sit NaF 3 231. Melinophane * R52+ RSi+ NaF 6? 4. Garnet Section. 232. Peridot R3 Si . 3 232, Forsterite * Mg? Si 232», Chrysolite * (Mg, Fe)3 Si J 232°, Fayalite * Fe} Si *R=Ca.Na. R= Al. Be CATALOGUE OF MINERALS. 13 System of No. anaes Hommuulé crystallization. 233. Tephroite * Mn? Si 2? 234. Knebelite (Fe, Mn)3 $i 235. Chondrodite * * Mg*Si 3 336. Willemite * Zn3 Si 6 237. Phenacite * $e Si 6 238. Garnet R3 Si+ # Si 1 2383. Pyrope * (Ca, Mg)3 Si+ (Al, #e) Si 238>. Grossular * Ca3 Si+ 158i 238°, Almandine * Fe? Si+ Al Si 2384, Spessartine * Mn? Si+ Al Si 238°. Melanite * Cas Si+ #e Si 238', Ouvarovite Oa? Si+ (€r AD Si 239. Helvin (Mn, Fe)? Si?+ Be Si4+ MnS 1 240. Zircon * Pri 2 241. Auerbachite Arh Siz 2 242. Alvite ? Th?, Y, Zr, Fe, Al, Be, Si, H 2 243. Tachyaphaltite Th?, Al, #e, Ar, Si, H 2 244. Idocrase * (Ca, Mg, Fe)? Si+ Al Si 2 245. Sarcolite (Ca, Na)? Si+ Al Si 2 246. Meionite Oa? Si + 241 Si 2 247. Scapolite * Ca’ Si?+ 241 Si 2 248. Mellilite 2(Ca, Na, Mg)®Si+ (Al,#e) Si 2 2 . Dipyre 4(Ca, Na) Si+ 3A18i * Part of the oxygen is replaced by fluorine in varying proportions. 14 CATALOGUE OF MINERALS. No. Name Pormala ame 250. Epidote R? Si + 28 Si 5 250%. Pistacite * (Ga, Fe)3Si+ 241 Si 250%. Zoisite * Ca3 Si + 241 Si 250°. Piedmontite Oa Si + 2(41, Mn) Si 258. 259. 260. 261. 262. , Allemite a . Partschin . Zoisite Brooke . Gadolinite . Danburite f . Axinite * . Iolite * Muscovite * Phlogopite * Biotite * Astrophyliite Lepidomelane . Lepidolite * . Sodalite * . Lapis Lazuli . Hauyne . Nosean . Skolopsite *RSi+ BSi 4 (Fe, Mn)? Si+ AlSi 4 Ca3 Si+ 241 8i 4 t (RS, R) Siz 4 Ca® Si + 3B Si 5 t (R%, 8, B) Si 5 (Mg, Fe) Si?+ 341 Si 3 5. Mica Section. § (pg k?+ 128) Sis 3 3(K, Mg)? Si+ 2418i 3 (K, Mg)? Si+ (Al, Fe) Si 3? K, Na, Ca, Fe, Mn, Ti, Al, Zr, #e, Si (K, Fe)? Si+ 3(Al, Fe) Bi 3? Ck, Li) Bit (Al, Be) Si 3 6. Feldspar Section. Na’ Si+ 341 8i+ NaCl 1 Na, Ca, Al, Fe, Si, S 1 Na? Si+ 3A418i+ 26a8 1 Nat Si+ 341 S5i+ NaS 1 | Re Si2?+ Al Si+4NaS F— Ai Fe t R=Ca. Ce. Fe. Y. R= Be. § R= Al. Fe. R= Ca. Co. La. Di. Fe. Mg. R=Ca. #—= Al. Pe. Mn. ll R=Na. Ka. Ca. Mg. Mn. No. 269, 281. 282. 283. 284. 285. 226. 287. 288. 289. 290. 291. Name. Leucite ). Nepheline * . Cancrinite * . Anorthite . Andesine * Barsowite - Bytownite ? }. Labradorite * . Oligoclase * . Albite * Orthoclase * . Petalite * Cyclopite Weissigite ? Pollux Isopyre Silicate of Yttria? Polychroilite Gehlenite Andalusite * Topaz * Staurotide * Carolathine * And 41 Si3. ¢ And Al Si}. CATALOGUE OF MINERALS. 15 Formula. ayer oe crystallization. Kk? Si?+ 341 Si? 1 (Na, K)?Si+ 241 8i 6 Na? Si-+ 241 S8i+ (Na, Ca) C+ H6 (Na, K, Ca, Mg) ®Si+ 341 Si | 5 (Ca, Na) Si? + 341822 5 (a3 Si? 341 Si 5? Oa3 Si? + 341 Si (Ca, Na) Si+ 418i 5 (Ca, Na) Si+ Al Si? 5 Na Si+ 41833 5 K Si+ Al Si? 4 (Li, Na)*8it + 441S8i8 5? Appendix. (Ga, Na)3 Si + 2(Al, Fe) Si 5 Na, K, Li, Al, Si 4 K, Na, Al, Pe, Si Ca Si+ (A, Fe) Si Y, Si Mg, Al, ¥e, Si, H 6? 7. Andalusite Section. 3(Mg, Ca)? Si+ (#e, Al) 3Si 2 * ALSi2 3 * K1Siz 3 t (Al, Fe) Siz 3 Al Siz In Topaz part of the oxygen is replaced by fluorine. Rammelsberg writes the formula (R, R2) + Sit 16 292. 293. 294. 295. 296. 297. 298. 299. 306. 307. 308. 309. 310. dll. Name. Lievrite * Kyanite * Sillimanite * Sapphirine Euclase Sphene * Keilhauite Tourmaline * » Talo * - Meerschaum - Neolite . Spadaite . Chloropheite . Crocidolite Picrophyll Kerolite * Monradite Aphrodite Picrosmine Saponite * * And 41 8i%. CATALOGUE OF MINERALS. Hopanls ane 3(Fe, Ca)3 Si+ #e? Si 3 A1 Si? 5 * 41 Siz 3 Mg, Fe, Al, Si 3? (2Be + 3A) Sif 4 (Ca, Ti) Si? 4 (Y, (Ca, Ti), Al, Fe, Mn, Gr) Sif 4 t (R3, ®, B) sik 6 B. Hyprovs SInicateEs. I. Magnesian Hydrous Silicates. 1. Tale Sectzon. Me? Sis + 21 S? MgSi+H? (Fe, Mg) Si4+ 4H? Mg’ Si'+ 411 Fe Si+ 61? (Na, Mg, Fe)®Si5 + 20 4? 2. Serpentine Section. (Mg, Fe)? Si? + 2 6? Mg*Si?+43H (Mg, Fe)? Si?+ 3H Mg? Si?+ 220 Mg? Si?+ 134 3 2Mg? Si?+ Al Si+ 10H t R=Fe.Mg.Ca.Na. R=. Fe. CATALOGUE OF MINERALS. 17 No, Name Formula ete 312. Serpentine * Mg? Sit+ 61H 3? 313. Deweylite * Mg?Si+ 31 314. Hydrophite * (Mg, Fe)?Si+ 3H? 315. Nickel Gymnite * (Ni, Mg)? Si+ 3H Appendix. 316. Ottrelite * (Fe, Mn)3 Si? + 241 8i-+ 3H 4? 317. Groppite (K, Ca, Mg)? Si? + 241 Si4+ 3H 318. Stilpnomelane Fe Si2+ A1Si?+ 7H 319. Chalcodite ft 2(Fe, Mg) Si+ (Al, #e) Si+ 3H 320. Bukamptite (Mg, Fe)S8i+ AlSi+ Hf 321. Melanhydrite (Mg,Fe,Mn)°Si?++-2(Al,#e)Si+- 12H 3. Chlorzte Section. 322. Hisingerite Fe? Si+ 2¥e Si+ 6H . Thuringite * . Huphyllite t . Pyrosclerite * . Pseudophite ? - Thermophyllite? . Chlorite 3282. Chlorite * 328>, Pennine 328°. Clinochlore * . Delessite . Ripidolite G. Rose . Clintonite * . Chloritoid * 2¥e3 Si+ (Al, Fe)? Si+ 6H (Na, K, Ca)? Si-+ 841 Si+ 6H 2M¢3 Si+ Al Si+ 611 6? 4(Mg, Fe)? Si+ Al? Si-+ 91f Mg? Siz + (Al, Fe) Si?+ 21 5R3 Sig+ 38 Sis + 121 6 5(Mg, Fe)3 Si? + 3418134 127 5(Mg, Fe)3 Si? + 3(Al, Fe) Sif + 12H 5Mg Sif + 341 Sif + 1277 (Mg, Fe)? Si8+- (Al, Fe) Sif +31 6? (Mg, Fe)? Siz + Al Si? + 3H 6 Ca, Mg, Fe, 1, Si, Tr (Fe, Mg)? Siz + 24181 2+ 377 18 CATALOGUE OF MINERALS. No. Name. Formula. aaa 333. Cronstedtite (Mg, Fe, Mn)? Sid+ Fe Sid-+ 3H 6 324. Sideroschisolite Fe? Si} + 31 6 335. Margarite * (Na, Ca)? Si+ 341? 8i+ 3H 3 336. Ephesite Na, K, Ca, 41, Si, H II. Non-Magnesian Hydrous Silicates. 1. Pyrophyllite Section. 337. Pyrophyllite * ALSB+130 | 3 338. Pholerite * AB Sit+ 6H 339. Anthosiderite #e Si8 + 2. Pectolite Section. 340. Apophyllite * (Ca, K)3 Si? 2H 2 341. Pectolite * (Ca, Na)* Si? + A 4 342. Okenite Ca? Sit+ 611 3? 343. Laumontite * Ca? Si? + 341 Si?+ 127 4 344. Leonhardite * Ca3 Si?+ 341 Si?+ 9 4 345. Catapleiite (Na, Ca)? Si?+ 22r Si? + 6H 6 346. Dioptase Cu Si?+ 3H 6 347. Chrysocolla * Cu’ Si?+ 6H 348. Demidoffite Cu, Si, H 349. Pyrosmalite * 4(R3 Si+ 2R3Si?+ 6H) + 3FeCl 6 350. Portite Al Si? + 2 S 3. Calamine Section. 351. Tritomite t RSi+ 201? 1 352. Thorite Th? Si+ 3H 2 353. Cerite (Ce, La, Di)? Si-++ 6 * R=Fe, Mn. t R= Ge. fa. CATALOGUE OF MINERALS. 19 No. Name, Formula. System of crystallization. 354. Calamine * Zn? Si+ 14H 3 355. Prehnite * Ca2Si+ AlSi+H 3 356. Chlorastrolite + (Ga, Na)? Si+ 2(Al, #e) Si+ 3H 357. Savite (Na, Mg)3 Si?+ Al Si+ 2H 3 358. Schneiderite 3(Ca, Mg)? Si? 4+ AlS8i2+ 3H 359. Carpholite CA, Fe, Mn) Si+13 8 3 4. Zeolste Section. 360. Analcime * | Na Si? + 341 Si?+ 6H 1 361. Ittnerite (Na, Ca)? Si+ 341 Si+ 6H 1 362. Faujasite (Na, Ca) Si+ AlSi?+ 9 1 363. Chabazite * (Ca, Na, K)3Si?+ 3A41S8i2+ 18H 6 364. Gmelinite (Oa, Na, k)3S?4+ 3A1S2+ 18H 6 365. Levyne Oa Si+ AlSi+ 44 6 366. Gismondine (Ca, K)? Si+ 2418i + 9 2 367. Edingtonite 3Ba Si+44A1 Si+ 12H 2g 368. Harmotome Ba Si+ AlSi? + 5H 3 369. Phillipsite (Ga, kK) Si+ Al Si?+ 5H 3 370. Thomsonite * (Ca, Na)? Si+ 341 Si+ 7H 3 371. Natrolite * Na Si-+ AlSi-+ 2H 3 372. Scolecite Ca Si+ AlSi+ 3H 4 373. Bllagite Ca3 Sit + A1 Si+ 12H 4? 374. Sloanite (Ca, Mg)? Si? 541 Si+ 9H 3 375. Epistilbite (Ca, Na) Si+ AlSi?+ 5H 3 376. Heulandite * Ca Si-+ A1Si34+ 5H 4 377. Brewsterite (Sr, Ba) Si+ Al Si?+ 5H 4 378. Stilbite * Ca Si+ Al Si + 6H 3 379. Caporcianite Ca3 Si?+ 341 Si?+ 9H 4 3 20 380. 381. 382. 383. 384. 385. 386. 387. 388. 389. 390. 391. 392. 393. 394. 395. 396. Name. Datholite * Allophane * Schrotterite * Chloropal Collyrite W olchonskoite Chrome Ochre Pimelite Montmorillonite Delanovite ? Erdmanite Bavalite CATALOGUE OF MINERALS. Ee peated 5. Datholite Section. 2Ca3 Si+ B3 Si2?4+ 3H 3 Als Si2+ 15H AM Si+ 31 Appendix to Hydrous Silzeaten. Fe Si?+ 3H AB Si+ 15 * RSi+ 2111? (Al, €r)* Sit+ 471 (Ni, Mg)3 Si+ 2(Al, ¥e) Si+ 9H Ca, K, X1, Pe, Si, H Mn'Si?+ 241 Si?+ 454 Ca, Fe, Mn, Y, Ce, La, Al, Si, H Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, Si, H C. UNARRANGED SILICATES CONTAINING TITANIC ACID. Tscheffkinite Schorlomite f Mosandrite ‘W olherite Turnerite ? * p= €r. AL Fe. ((Ca, Ti), Ge, fa, Al) Siz { 2R3 Sik + 38 Sid 1 t RS Si+ oR Si+ 4 3 6(Na, Ca)>Si4+34rSi+ Cosi 3 Appendix. Ca, Mg, 41, Si? 4 t R=Ca. R= (Ca. Ti). Fe. ij R=Ca. E= (Oa. Ti). Ge. D. Eas ¢ CATALOGUE OF MINERALS. oil System of No. Name. Formula. Rae crystallization. a 9. Titanates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Tantalates, Columbates, Chromates, Vanadates. 397. Perofskite Ca Ti 1 398. Pyrochlore * 4(Ca, Mg, Ce, La, Y, U) cf, Cb) 1 399. Pyrrhite Ce, Zr, Cb 1 400. Scheelite * Ca W 2 401. Scheeletine * Pb W 2 402. Tungstate of Copper?j{ . Cu, Ca, W 403. Wulfenite * Pb Mo 2 404. Azorite Ca, Cb 2 405. Fergusonite (Y, Ce)§ Cb 2 406. Tyrite ? Y, Ce, Fe, U, Al, Cb 2 407. Adelpholite Fe, Mn Ta 2 408. Tantalite (Fe, Mn) Ta 3 409. Wolfram * 2heW-+3MunW and 4FeW+Mnw 3 410. Columbite * (Fe, Mn) €b 3 411. Paracolumbite ? f Fe, U, and a metallic acid. 412. Samarskite * Y, Ce, La, Fe, &, Cb 3 413. Mengite fe, Zr, Ti 3 414. Polymignyte * Y, Ti, Zr, Fe, €e, 3 415. Polycrase U, Ti, Zr, Fe, Ge, Cb 3 416. Zschynite 2(Ge, La, Y, Fe) Cb +€e, Ti3 3 417. Huxenite Ca, Mg, Y, Ce, La, U, Ti, Cb 3? 418. Yttro-Tantalite * R3 (Ta, W, BH 3 419. Parathorite { Fe, Ti? 3 420. Rutherfordite { Coy, Ca. Ti 4 * Intheyellow R=Y. Inthe black R=Y,Ca,Fe. In the brown R=Y, Ca. 22 CATALOGUE OF MINERALS. No. Name. OEE oe 421. Crocoisite Pb Cr 4 422. Vauquelinite * (Cu, Pb) Gr? 4 423. Melanochroite Pb? Cr? By 424. Dechenite 2(Pb, Zn)3 V + (Pb, Zn)3 As 425. Descloizite Pb? V 3 426. Vanadinite Pb? V + 4Pb Cl ; 6 427. Volborthite (Cu, Ca)! V+ 6 428. Pateraite ? Cu, Co, V 3. Sulphates and Selenates. 1. ANHYDROUS SULPHATES. 1. Trimetric. 429. Glaserite KS 3 430. Thenardite NaS 3 431. Barytes * BaS 3 432. Celestine * sr§ 3 433. Anhydrite * CaS 3 434. Anglesite * . Pos 3 435. Almagrerite Zn$ 3 436. Leadhillite * PbS +3hPbv6 3 437. Caledonite * PbS, Pb G, CuG 3 2. Rhombohedral. 438. Dreelite CaS+ 3BaS 6 439. Susannite PoS+ 3Pp6 6 3. Monoclinic. 440. Glauberite (4Na+ 3Ca)8 4 441. Lanarkite PbS+ Po6 4 CATALOGUE OF MINERALS. 23 Ne SEB os oa sega Appendix to Anhydrous Sulphates. 442. Reussin Na 8, Mg §, Ca Cl 443. Selenate of Lead Pb Se 1? 444. Connellite Cu §, Cu Cl? 6 445. Alumian #1 8? 6? 2. Hyprovus Supuates. 446. Misenite KS+H5 447. Polyhalite (K, Ca, Mg) $+ 40 3 448. Gypsum * Ca 8+ 2H 4 449. Astrakanite NaS+ MgS4+4H 450. Loweite NaS+MgS-+ 23H 451. Mascagnine NH‘S+H ~ 3 452. Lecontite (Na, NH‘) S+ 2H 3 453. Coquimbite Fe $3+ 9H 6 454. Roemerite (Fe, Zn) $ + ¥#e 834 12H 4 455. Cyanosite * CuS +5 456. Cyanochrome GK +03Cu) 8+ 3H 4 457. Picromerid (Mg, Ou) 8 + 3H 4 458. Alunogen * A1 $+ 18H 459. Alum RS+ AlS*+ 247 1 4592. ‘Potash Alum * K Ba ee ns 459>. Solfatarite NaS+ « ce 459°. Tschermigite NES an nee 4594, Pickeringite MgS+ “ & 459°. Halotrichite * FeS+ « ce 459, Apjohnite * Mn S+ 6c 6c 460. 461. 462. 463. 464. CATALOGUE OF MINERALS. Name. Voltaite Epsomite * Tauriscite ? Mangan Vitriol ? Goslarite . Copperas * ). Bieberite -. Pyromeline * )3. Morenosite . Johannite . Basic Sulphate of Uranium . Glauber Salt * 2. Botryogen . Copiapite . Apatelite . Alunite * . Jarosite . Websterite - Loewigite . Pissophane . Linarite ‘1. Brochantite * 2. Lettsomite - Medjidite - Uranochre - Uranochalcite Formula, ene Fe 8+ Fe 83 + 24H : Mg 8+ 7H 2 beS+ TH : Mn, §, 1 ZnS 7H FeS+7H : (Co, Ma) 8+ 7H ‘ fae w Ni, 5, H 2(U &) $+ (Cu $) + 4H ‘ 2(U 3 S2+ “Ca, Cu) $+ 10H NaS-+ 10H Fe3 S2-+ 3¥e S?+ 36H Fe? $>+ 18H 2#e? S34 3H KS+ 3415 4+ 6H K S+ 4¥e $+ 91 A1S+ 97 KS+4+ 3418+ 9H (Fe, A1)° S?4+ 30H PoS+ Cul Cut S$ + 31 (Cu® $+ 3H) + (418+ 91) #S+ Ca8S4+ 15H 3638S + 14H and 2838 + CaS+ 28H US+ 26a84 OuS+ 18H CATALOGUE OF MINERALS. 25 System of ormula. a5 od Name. Form crystallization. 4. Borates. 486. Boracite 2(Mg? B*) + Mg Cl x 487. Rhodizite Ca’ B4? 1 488. Hydroboracite Ca? Bt+ Mg? B+ 181 489. Hayesine Ca B1+ 10H 490. Boronatrocalcite Na B4+ Ca3 B+ 12H 491. Borax * Na B?-++ 10H 4 492. Lagonite #e 63+ 3H 493. Larderellite NH‘ G4-+ 4H 494. Warwickite { Mg, Fe, Ti, B 4 5. Phosphates, Arsenates, Antimonates, Nitrates. a. ANHYDROUS. 1. Hexagonal. 495. Apatite * (a5 P + 3Ca (Cl, F) 6 496. Hydroapatite 6a P+ iCaF+H 497. Cryptolite oe 6 498. Pyromorphite * Pb? P + 1Pb Cl 6 499. Mimetene* (Pb, Ca)3 (As, B) + 4Pb Cl 6 2. Dimetric. s 500. Xenotime * (VY, Ge)? B 2 3. Monoclinic. 501. Monazite * (Ce, La, Th)3 6 4 502. Wagnerite Me P+ MgF 4 503. Kihnite (Ca, Mg, Mn)? As 504. Lazulite * 2(Mg, Fe)? P+ Al $34 577 4 505. Turquois * AL P4+ 5H 506. Conarite ? Ni, £, H 4? 26 CATALOGUE OF MINERALS. 4. Trimetric. 507. Triphyline * (Fe, Mn, LiyP - 3 508. Triplite (Mn, Fe)* £ 3 509. Fischerite AvP +8 3 Appendix. 510. Hopeite Zn, P, Aq 3 511. Amblygonite * (2(Li, Na)? B4- 241 B)4 (Al? F34 41) 3 512. Herderite #1, Ca, B, F 3 513. Carminite Pb3 As + 5#e As ou 514. Romeine Ca3, Sb, Sb 2 ! b. Hyprovs. 515. Thrombolite Cu3 2+ GIL? 516. Stercorite - (Na, NH‘) 6 + 9Ff 517. Struvite NH! Mg? P + 12H 518. Haidingerite Ca? As+ 411 3 519. Pharmacolite Ca? As + 611 4 520. Vivianite * Fe P + 8H 4 521. Brythrine * Co? Ks + 8H 4 522. Hornesite Mg? As+ 8H 4 523. Roesslerite Mg? As + 1511 524. Annabergite * Ni’ As+ 8H 525. Kottigite (Zn, Co, Ni)? As + 8H 4 526. Symplesite 3Fe As? + 8H 4 527. Trichalcite Cu3 As+ 5H 528. Scorodite * #e As + 411 3 529. Libethenite Cut 8 + batik Name. . Olivenite . Conichalcite 532. Euchroite 534. 542. 543. 544. 545. 546. 547. 548. 549. 550. 553. 554. . Arseniosiderite Pharmacosiderite . Wavellite * . Cacoxene * . Childrenite * . Hrinite - Cornwallite . Phosphochalcite * . Tagilite Tyrolite Delvauxene Dufrenite * Aphanesite Chalcophyllite Liroconite Uranite * Chalcolite Carphosiderite - Plumbo Resinite - Calcoferrite Pitticite Haus * Diadochite CATALOGUE OF MINERALS, 27 Formula. eae Cu! (As, P) + 3 (Gu, Ga)! (B, As) + 8H Cut As+ 7H 3 CaS Ks + 4¥#e2 As+ 15H 1 fet As? + 18H 1 A138 P24 12H 3 #e 2) 4+ 121 ((Mg, Fe, Mn)’, 41) P3415 83 Cu’ As + 2H Cu’ As+ 5H Cu5 6 + 234 3 Cut £ + 391 Cud As +10H + Ca? 3 fe? B+ 2411 fe? P + 2377 3 Cu Xs+ 3H 4 Cus As + 12H 6 50uo As+ ABR+ 75H 4 (Ca, &) B+ 12H 3 (Cu, 6) P+ sy 2 #e, f, 1 Pb? P + 641 6(Ca, Mg), 3(Al,Fe), 48, 201 Sulphato-Phosphates. Fe? 834 2¥e Ast 2417 fe? P24 We 82+ 36H 28 CATALOGUE OF MINERALS. No. Name. Soe Seca . Appendix. 555. Lindackerite? 2Cu3 As + NPS + 8H 3 c. NITRABES. © 556. Nitrammite * NH‘ N 557. Nitre * KN 3 558. Nitratine NaN fae 559. Nitrocalcite * - GaN+H 6. Carbonates. 1. Anhydrous Carbonates. 560. Calcite * Ca G 6 561. Magnesite * Mg G 562. Dolomite * (Ca, Mg) 6 6 563. Breunnerite (Mg, Fe, Mn) 6 564, Chalybite * Fe G 6 565. Diallogite * Mn 6 6 566. Smithsonite * Zn G ; 6 567. Aragonite * CaG 3 563. Witherite Ba G 3 569. Strontianite * Sr 3 570. Bromlite Ba C+ Ca 3 571. Manganocalcite Mn 6, Fe G, Ga 6, Mg 6 3? 572. Cerusite * Po 3 573. Barytocalcite Ba G+ Ca 6 4 2. Hydrous Carbonates. 574. Bicarbonate of Ammonia NH‘ G24 Tf 575. Trona * Na? 03+ 41 4 CATALOGUE OF MINERALS. 29 No. Name. Formula. ne oat 576. Thermonatrite Nad+H 3 577. Natron * Na 6+ 10H 4 578. Gay-Lussite NaG+ 0a0+ 5H 4 579. Lanthanite * Lad+ 3H 3 580. Hydromagnesite * Mg‘ 634 4H 4 581. Hydrocalcite CaG+5H 6 582. Malachite * CwC+H 4 583. Azurite * 20u 64+ Cu Ht 4 584. Aurichalcite * 2(Zn, Cu) C+ 3(Zn, Cu) 585. Zine Bloom * 7n3 6+ 3H 536. Emerald Nickel * Ni? C+ 6H 537. Remingtonite t Co 6+ Aq? 588. Zippeite * $3824 12H and t S24 CuS+4+ 12h 589. Liebigite 66+ Ca C+ 20H 590. Voglite 20 6+ Ca C+ Cu C2414 591. Bismutite * Bit C3 Ht 3. Carbonates with a Chloride or Fluoride. 592. Parisite 8(Ce,La,D)C+2CaF-+ (Ce,La,D) TH? 6 593. Kischtimite 3La C+ Ce? (FI, 0)?+ H 594. Cerasine PbCl+ Pb 2 7. Oxalates. 595. Whewellite Caé+H 4 5°6. Oxalite 2Fe €4+ 3H 597. Thierschite - Ca, 30 Noam, Paris, | Wate oar E. RESINS AND ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. 598. Amber * CO H20 599. Copaline C HzO 600. Middletonite C»™ HW 601. Retinite * 602. Scleretinite C°H'"O 603. Guyaquillite C20 Hs 08 604. Piauzite 605. Walchowite C2 H9O 606. Bitumen * CaHs 607. Idrialine Cc? HO 608. Pyropissite 609. Brewstoline GP 610. Blaterite * C,H 611. Scheererite C H?? 4 612. Konlite C?H 613. Fichtelite C* H3 4 614. Konleinite C88 18 615. Hartite cs He a 616. Hartine C®” H!7 O? 3 617. Ixolyte 618. Hatchettine C,H 619. Ozocerite C,H 620. Chrismatine 621. Dopplerite. c§ H5 05 CATALOGUE OF MINERALS. No. Name. 2. Dinite . Hircine . Jaulingite - Melanchyme . Anthracoxene - Baikerite . Krantzite . Mellite CATALOGUE OF MINERALS, Formula, £1 M3+ 18H 31 System of crystallization. TOO Pw bh eS oOo Oo 9 32 14. tee 16. Wi 18. 19. 20. . Arsenic * 22. . Sulphur* [mony * . Selenium - Selensulphur . Diamond * - Mineral Coal 28. 29. CHECK . Gold * . Platinum * . Platiniridium * . Pailadium - Quicksilver Amalgam . Arquerite Gold Amalgam * . Silver * . Bismuth Silver ee Copper * Lead Iron Tin Zinc Iridosmine * Tellurium Bismuth * Tetradymite * Antimony Arsenical Anti- 27". Anthracite * 27>. Bituminous 27°. Jet* [Coal * 274, Lignite * Graphite * Realgar LIST OF MINERALS. 30. aille 32. 33. 34, 35. 36. Sil 38. 39. . Galena * . Steinmannite . Cuproplumbite ? . Alisonite . Manganblende . Syepoorite . Bisennickelkies . Clausthalite 3. Naumannite . Berzelianite - Hucairite . Hessite * . Altaite . Grunauite . Blende* . Copper Glance * Orpiment * Dimorphine Bismuthine * Stibnite * Discrasite Domeykite * Algodonite * Whitneyite * Silver Glance * Erubescite * 56. Akanthite 57. Stromeyerite 58. Cinnabar * 59. Millerite * . Pyrrhotine * . Greenockite - Wurtzite 63 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. rae: 72 73. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. - Onofrite Copper Nickel * Breithauptite * Kaneite Schreibersite Pyrites * Hauerite Smaltine * Cobaltine - Gersdorftite * Ullmannite - Marcasite * . Rammelsbergite . Leucopyrite * - Mispickel * - Glaucodot - Sylvanite * - Nagyagite 1. Covelline 2. Molybdenite * - Riolite - Skutterudite Linnezite * Cuban Chalcopyrite * Barnhardite * Tin Pyrites Sternbergite W olfsbergite Tannenite Berthierite Zinkenite Miargyrite ( 33 } of CHECK LIST OF MINERALS. 96. Plagionite 142. Tachhydrite 97. Jamesonite 143. Periclase 98. Heteromorphite 144. Red Copper * 99. Brongniardite (145. Martite * 100. Chiviatite (146. Iserine 101. Dufrenoysite (147. Irite ? 102. Pyrargyrite |148. Spinel * 103. Proustite * 149. Magnetite * 104. Freieslebenite * 150. Magnoferrite 105. Bournonite 151. Franklinite * 106. Kenngottite | 152. Chromic Iron * 107. Boulangerite 153. Pitehblende 108. Aikinite 154. Melaconite * 109. Wolchite 155. Plumbic Ochre * 110. Clayite ? | 156. Water * 111. Kobellite ? (157. Zincite * 112. Meneghinite 158. Corundum * 113. Tetrahedrite * (159. Hematite * 114. Tennantite * 160. Ilmenite * 115. Geocronite * 161. Plattnerite 116. Polybasite | 162. Tenorite 117. Stephanite | 163. Braunite * 118. Enargite * | 164. Hausmannite * 119. Xanthocone 1165. Cassiterite * 120. Fireblende | 166. Rutile * 121. Wittichite 167. Anatase * 122. Calomel 168. Chalcotrichite * 123. Sylvine 169. Chrysoberyl * 124. Salt * 170. Brookite * 125. Sal Ammoniac |171. Pyrolusite * 126. Kerargyrite |172. Polianite 27. Embolite |173. Minium * 128. Bromyrite _174. Crednerite 129. Iodo-bromid of 175. Heteroclin 130. Fluor * [Silver 176. Palladinite ? * 131. Yttrocerite * 177. Voltzite 132. Iodyrite |173. Matlockite 133. Coccinite | 179. Mendipite 134. Fluocerite 180. Percylite ? 135. Fluocerine 181. Karelinite ? 136. Cotunnite | 182. Diaspore * 157. Muriatic Acid 183. Gothite * 138. Cryolite 1*4. Manganite 139. Chiolite 185. Limonite * 140. Fluellite 156. Brucite * 141. Carnallite 187. Gibbsite * 188 189 190. 191. 192. 193. 19-4. | 195. 1196. | 197. 1198. /199. | 200. | 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. | 209. 210. 219. 220. 211. - Volknerite * . Hydrotalcite Psilomelane * Wewkirkite Wad* Atacamite Arsenolite * Senarmontite Valentinite Bismuth Ochre * Kermesite Retzbanyite Cervantite Volgerite Ammiolite Sulphurous Acid Telluric Ochre Sulphuric Acid * W olframine * Molybdine * Carbonic Acid * Sassolin Quartz * 210%. Jasper * 210. Agate * 210°. Chalcedony * Opal * 211%. Precious opal 211». Semi-opal * 21l1c. Hyalite 211°. Geyserite - Edelforsite . Wollastonite * 214. Pyroxene 214". Diopside * 214°. Hedenbergite* 214°. Augite * . Pelicanite 216. Spodumene * . Prehnitoid - Amphibole 218, Tremolite * 218», Actinolite * 218°. Hornblende * Acmite / Strakonitzite ? bo bp pr to bw pw lo wb oF Wh Re bo bo bo ao bpwpwhb bb tv Co WwW bh lo eK OOo © =I 2 eo bo Ad bo i oo bo bo ww ww Ss ON : bo -I bo ow wo 251. 252. 253. 254. . Enstatite . Anthophyllite * . Hypersthene * . Wichtyne . Babingtonite * . Rhodonite * . Beryl * . Hudialyte . Bulytine . Leucophane . Melinophane . Peridot 232%, Forsterite, * 232», Chrysolite * 232°, Fayalite * . Tephroite * . Knebelite . Chondrodite * }. Willemite * . Phenacite * Garnet 238". Pyrope * 238°. 238°, 2384, By Ee ork Grossular * Almandine * Spessartine * Melanite * Ouvarovite . Helvin . Zircon * . Auerbachite . Alvite ? 3. Tachyaphaltite . Idocrase * . Sarcolite . Meionite . Scapolite * . Mellilite . Dipyre . Epidote 2502. Pistacite * 250>. Zoisite * 250°. Piedmontite Allanite * Partschin Zoisite Brooke Gadolinite 4 CHECK LIST OF MINERALS. 9p WW Wb by C or Sr aN Io Oo 5. Danburite + }. Axinite * - Iolite * 3. Muscovite * . Phlogopite * 260. . Astrophyllite . Lepidomelane Biotite * 263. Lepidolite * . Sodalite * }5. Lapis Lazuli . Hauyne . Nosean 268. Skolopsite 276 bmw bP bw ew 4 4 s SE lo Oe aS I on we © ¢ bw bp bh bb bw bt ¢ ) wm a nm =I bo le) — mw by bp bp pw © OO 0 © IS OB oO bp 9. Leucite 0. Nepheline * . Cancrinite * . Anorthite . Andesine * . Barsowite 5. Bytownite ? . Labradorite * 277. 278. PATS) 0. ‘1. Cyclopite . Weissigite ? ‘3. Pollux - Isopyre . Silicate of Yttria? . Polychroilite . Gehlenite . Andalusite, 39. Topaz * . Staurotide * . Carolathine . Lievrite * . Kyanite * . Sillimanite * . Sapphirine - Buclase . Sphene ~ | 298. | 299. 300. Oligoclase * Albite * Orthoclase * Petalite * Keilhauite Tourmaline * Talc * | | B01. 1Qna Dd me 303. | 304. | 305. 306. 307. | 308. 309. | 310. Sle 312. 313. 314. les 316. ollie 318. aloe | 320. . Melanhydrite . Hisingerite . Thuringite * . Huphyliite tf 5. Pyrosclerite * . Pseudophite ? . Thermophyllite? . Chlorite Oh Io vo PR wwe ww ww w WwWownnwwW WwW bd wv + im ¢ 30 Meerschaum Neolite Spadaite Chioropheite Crocidolite Picrophyll Kerolite * Monradite Aphrodite Picrosmine Saponite * Serpentine * Deweylite * Hydrophite * Nickel Gymnite* Ottrelite * Groppite Stilpnomelane Chalcodite { Bukamptite 3282. Chlorite 32->. Pennine 320°. Clinochlore 9. Delessite . Ripidolite G. Rose . Clintonite * 2. Chloritoid * 33. Cronstedtite . Sideroschisolite 5. Margarite * }. Ephesite . Pyrophyllite * . Phoierite * . Anthosiderite . Apophyliite * . Pectolite * . Okenite 3. Laumontite * 36 344. 345. 346. 347. 348. 349. 350. 351. Oz Bua. 354. 5. Prehnite * }. Chlorastrolite + . Savite . Schneiderite . Carpholite Leonhardite * Catapleiite Dioptase Chrysocolla * Demidoffite Pyrosmalite Portite Tritomite Thorite Cerite Calamine* Anaicime * . Ittnerite . Faujasite . Chabazite * . Gmelinite . Levyne . Gismondine . Edingtonite 3. Harmotome . Phillipsite . Thomsonite * . Natrolite * . Scolecite . Bllagite . Sloanite 5. Epistilbite . Heulandite * . Brewsterite . Stilbite * . Caporcianite . Datholite * . Allophane * . Schrotterite * . Chloropal . Collyrite . Wolchonskoite . Chrome Ochre . Pimelite . Montmorillonite . Delanovite ? CHECK LIST OF MINERALS. . Erdmanite . Bavalite . Tscheffkinite . Schorlomite f . Mosandrite . Wolherite - Turnerite ? . Perofskite . Pyrochlore * . Pyrrhite . Scheelite * . Scheeletine . Tungstate of Cop- . Wulfenite * [perf . Azorite . Fergusonite . Tyrite ? . Adelpholite . Tantalite . Wolfram * . Columbite * . Paracolumbite ? ¢ . Samarskite * . Mengite - Polymignyte * - Polycrase . AGschynite - Huzxenite . Yttro-Tantalite ', Parathorite f 420. 421. 22. 423. 424. 425. 426. 427. 428. 429, 430. 431. 432. 433. 434. 435. Rutherfordite t Crocoisite Vauquelinite * Melanochroite Dechenite Descloizite Vanadinite Volborthite Pateraite ? Glaserite Thenardite Barytes * Celestine * Anhydrite * Anglesite * Almagrerite 436. 437. 438. 439. 440. 441. 442. 443, 444, 445. 446. 447. | 448. | 449, | 450, | 451. 1452. 453. 454. | 455. 456. 457. 458. 460. 461. 462. 463. 464, 465. 466. 467. 468. 469. 470. 471. 472. 473. 474. 475. 459. Leadhillite * Caledonite * Dreelite Susannite Glauberite Lanarkite Reussin Selenate of Lead Connellite Alumian Misenite Polyhalite Gypsum * Astrakanite Loweite Mascagnine Lecontite Coquimbite Rcemerite Cyanosite * Cyanochrome Picromerid Alunogen * Alum 4592, 459», 459°, 4594, Potash Alum* Solfatarite Tschermizite Pickeringite 459°. Halotrichite* 459". Apjohnite * Voltaite Epsomite * Tauriscite ? Mangan Vitriol Goslarite Copperas * Bieberite Pyromeline * Morenosite Johannite [Uran. Bas. Sulph. of Glauber Salt * Botryogen Copiapite Apatelite Alunite * . Jarosite . Websterite 78. Loewigite . Pissophane . Linarite - Brochantite . Lettsomite 3. Medjidite - Uranochre - Uranochalcite ». Boracite -. Rhodizite . Hydroboracite . Hayesine 490. 491. 492. 493. 494, 495. A496. 497. 498. 499. 500. 501. 502. 503. 504. 505. 506. 507. 508. 509. 510. Bad. 512. Dil. 514. D5 516. piles 518. pigs 520. 521. Borocalcite Borax Lagonite Larderellite Warwickite f Apatite * Hydroapatite Cryptolite Pyromorphite * Mimetene * Xenotime * Monazite * Wagnerite Kuhnite Lazulite * Turquois * Conarite ? Triphyline * Triplite Fischerite Hopeite Amblygonite * Herderite Carminite Romeine Thrombolite Stercorite Struvite Haidingerite Pharmacolite ‘Vivianite * Erythrine * CHECK LIST OF MINERALS, or or Or OF OW Or Or OF OX WonNNnNNWNW WY WY Wb bs 9m CO aI go OF He W b S . Hornesite - Roesslerite . Annabergite * . Kottigite - Symplesite . Trichalcite . Scorodite * 9. Libethenite . Olivenite . Conichalcite Buchroite . Arseniosiderite . Pharmacosiderite . Wavellite * }. Cacoxene * . Childrenite * . Hrinite . Cornwallite . Phosphochalcite * . Tagilite ay TOLLte 5. Delvauxene . Dufrenite * . Aphanesite . Chalcophyllite . Liroconite . Uranite * . Chalcolite . Carphosiderite . Plumbo Resinite . Calcoferrite 3. Pitticite Haus * - Diadochite . Lindackerite ? . Nitrammite * . Nitre * . Nitratine . Nitrocalcite * . Calcite * . Magnesite * . Dolomite * . Breunnerite . Chalybite * . Diallogite * . Smithsonite * . Aragonite * oH ¢ — t co or Or Nn S ~I cp Ot G op oO TS or Sr or Or Srv on nD > ON 3T . Witherite 9. Strontianite * - Bromlite . Manganocalcite . Cerusite * . Barytocalcite - Bicarbonate of . Trona * . Thermonatrite - Natron* ’. Gay-Lussite . Lanthanite * . Hydromagnesite* . Hydrocalcite . Malachite * . Azurite * . Aurichalcite * . Zinc Bloom * . Emerald Nickel * - Remingtonite f . Zippeite * . Liebigite . Voglite . Bismutite * . Parisite - Kischtimite . Cerasine - Whewellite ). Oxalite 7. Thierschite . Amber * 9. Copaline 600. 601. 602. 603. 604. 605. 606. 607. 608. 609. 610. 611. 612. 613. [Ammon Middletonite Retinite * Scleretinite Guyaquillite Piauzite Walchowite Bitumen * Idrialine Pyropissite Brewstoline Elaterite * Scheererite Konlite Fichtelite 38 CHECK LIST OF MINERALS. 614. Konleinite 620. Chrismatine | 625. Melanchyme 615. Hartite 621. Dopplerite ieee Anthracoxene 616. Hartine 622. Dinite 627. Baikerite 617. Ixolyte 623. Hircine " 628. Krantzite 618. Hatchettine 624. Jaulingite 629. Mellite 619. Ozocerite yu Acmite, 12 Actinolite, 12 Adelpholite, 21 fEschynite, 21 Agate, 11 Aikinite, 6 Akanthite, 4 Albite, 15 Algodonite, 3 Alisonite, 3 Allanite, 14 Allophane, 20 Almagrerite, 22 Almandine, 13 Altaite, 3 Alum, 23 Alumian, 23 Alunite, 24 Alunogen, 23 Alvite, 13 Amalgam, 1 Amber, 30 Amblygonite, 26 Ammiolite, 10 Amphibole, 12 Analcime, 19 Anatase, 9 Andalusite, 15 Andesine, 15 Anglesite, 22 Anhydrite, 22 Annabergite, 26 Anorthite, 15 Anthophyllite, 12 Anthosiderite, 18 Anthracite, 2 Anthracoxene, 31 Antimony, 2 Apatelite, 24 Apatite, 25 Aphanesite, 27 Aphrodite, 16 Apjohnite, 23 Apophyliite. 18 Aragonite, 28 Arquerite, 1 Arsenic, 2 Arsenical antimony, 2 ( 39 ) Arseniosiderite, 27 Arsenolite, 10 Astrakanite, 23 Astrophyllite, 14 Atacamite, 10 Auerbachite, 13 Augite, 11 Aurichaleite, 29 Axinite, 14 Azorite, 21 Azurite, 29 Babingtonite, 12 Baikerite, 31 Barnhardite, 5 Barsowite, 15 Barytes, 22 Barytocalcite, 28 Bavalite, 20 Berthierite, 5 Beryl, 12 Berzelianite, 3 Bicarbonate of ammonia, 28 Bieberite, 24 Biotite, 14 Bismuth, 2 Bismuth ochre, 10 Bismuth silver, 1 Bismuthine, 2 Bismutite, 29 Bitumen, 30 Bituminous coal, 2 Blende, 3 Boracite, 25 Borax, 25 Boronatrocalcite, 52 Botryogen, 24 Boulangerite, 6 Bournonite, 6 Braunite, 9 Breithauptite, 4 Breunnerite, 28 Brewsterite, 19 Brewstoline, 30 Brochantite, 24 Bromite, 28 Bromyrite, 7 Brongniardite, 5 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. Brookite, 9 Brucite, 10 Bytownite, 15 Cacoxene, 27 Calamine, 19 Calcite, 28 Caleoferrite, 27 Caledonite, 22 Calomel, 6 Canerinite, 15 Caporcianite, 19 Carbonic acid, 11 Carminite, 26 Carnallite, 7 Carolathine, 15 Carpholite, 19 Carphosiderite, 27 Cassiterite, 9 Catapleiite, 18 Celestine, 22 Cerasine, 29 Cerite, 18 Cerusite, 28 Ceryantite, 10 Chabazite, 19 Chalcedony, 11 Chaleodite, 17 Chaleolite, 27 Chalcophyllite, 27 Chalcopyrite, 5 Chaleotrichite, 9 Chalybite, 28 ‘Childrenite, 27 Chiolite, 7 Chiviatite, 5 Chlorastrolite, 19 Chlorite, 17 Chloritoid, 17 Chloropal, 20 Chlorophzeite, 16 Chondrodite, 13 Chrismatine, 30 Chrome ochre, 20 Chromic iron, 8 Chrysoberyl, 9 Chrysocolla, 18 | Chrysolite, 12 40 Cinnabar, 4 Clausthalite, 3 Clayite, 6 Clinochlore, 17 Ciintonite, 17 Cobaltine, 4 Coccinite, 7 Collyrite, 20 Columbite, 21 Conarite, 25 Conichaleite, 27 Connellite, 23 Copaline, 30 Copiapite, 24 Copper, 1 Copperas, 24 Copper glance, 3 Copper nickel, 4 Coquimbite, 23 Cornwallite, 27 Corundum, 8 Cotunnite, 7 Covelline, 5 Crednerite, 9 Crocidolite, 16 Croeoisite, 22 Cronstedtite, 18 Cryolite, 7 Cryptolite, 25 Cuban, 5 Cuproplumbite, Cyanochrome, 23 Cyanosite, 23 Cyclopite, 15 Danburite, 14 Datholite, 20 Dechenite, 22 Delanodvite, 20 Delessite, 17 Delyauxene, 27 Demidoffite, 18 Descloizite, 22 Deweylite, 17 Diadochite, 27 Diamond, 2 Diallogite, 28 Diaspore, 9 Dimeorphine, 2 + Dinite, 31 Diopside, 11 Dioptase, 18 Dipyre, 13 Diserasite, 3 Dolomite, 28 Domeykite, 3 * Dopplerite, 30 Dreetite, 22 Dufrenite, 27 Dufrenoysite, 6 Edelforsite, 11 Edingtonite, 19 Bisennickelkies, 3 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. Elaterite, 30 Ellagite, 19 Embolite, 7 Emerald nickel, 29 Enargite, 6 Enstatite, 12 Ephesite, 18 Epidote, 11 Epistilbite, 19 Epsomite, 24 Erdmanite, 20 Erinite, 27 Erubescite. 3 Erythrine, 26 Eueairite, 3 Euchroite, 27 Euclase, 16 Eudialyte, 12 Eukamptite, 17 Eulytine, 12 Euphyllite, 17 Euxenite, 21 Faujasite, 19 Fayalite, 12 Fergusonite, 21 Fichtelite, 30 Fireblende, 6 Fischerite, 26 Fluellite, 7 Fluocerine, 7 Fluocerite, 7 Fluor, 7 Forsterite, 12 Franklinite, 8 Freieslebenite, 6 Gadolinite, 14 Galena, 3. Garnet, 13 Gay-lussite, 29 Gehlenite, 15 Geocronite, 6 Gersdorffite, 4 Geyserite, 11 Gibbsite. 10 Gismondine, 14 Glaserite, 22 Glauberite, 22 Glauber salt, 24 Glaueodot, 4 Gmelinite, 19 Gold, 1 Gold amalgam, 1 Goslarite, 24 Gothite, 9 Graphite, 2 Greenockite, 4 Groppite, 17 Grossular, 13 Griinauite, 3 Guyaquillite, 30 Gypsum, 23 | Haidingerite, 26 Halotrichite, 23 Harmotome, 19 Hartine, 30 Hartite, 30 Hatchettine, 30 Hauerite, 4 Hausmannite, 9 Hiiuyne, 14 Hayesine, 25 Hedenbergite, 11 Helvin, 13 Hematite, 8 Herderite, 26 Hessite, 3 Heteroclin, 9 Heteromorphite, 5 Heulandite, 19 Hireine, 31 Hisingerite, 17 Hopeite, 26 Hornblende, 12 Hornesite, 26 Hyalite, 11 Hydroapatite, 25 Hydroboracite, 25 Hydroealeite, 29 Hydromagnesite, 29 Hydrophite. 17 Hydrotaleite, 10 Hypersthene, 12 Tdoerase, 13 Idrialine, 30 Imenite, 8 Todo-bromid of silver, 7 Todyrite, 7 Tolite, 14 Tridosmine, 1 Trite, 8 Tron, 1 Iserine, 8 Isopyre, 15 Ittnerite, 19 Ixolite, 30 Jamesonite, 5 Jarosite, 24 Jasper, 11 Jaulingite, 31 Jet, 2 Johannite, 24 Kaneite, 4 Karelinite, 9 Keilhauite, 16 Kenngottite, 6 Kerargyrite, 7 Kermesite. 10 Kerolite, 16 Kischtimite, 29 Knebelite, 13 Kobellite, 6 KGnleinite, 30 Konlite, 30 Kottigite, 26 Krantzite, 31 Kuhnite, 25 Kyanite, 16 Labradorite, 15 Lagonite, 25 Lanarkite, 22 Tanthanite, 29 Lapis lazuli, 14 Larderellite, 25 Laumontite, 18 Lazulite, 25 Lead, 1 Leadhillite, 22 Lecontite, 23 Leonhardite, 18 Lepidolite, 14 Lepidomelane, 14 Lettsomite, 24 Leucite, 15 Leucophane, 12 Leucopyrite, 4 Levyne, 19 Libethenite, 26 Liebigite, 29 Lievrite, 16 Lignite, 2 Limonite, 10 Linarite, 24 Lindackerite, 28 Linneite, 5 Liroconite, 27 Loewigite, 24 Léweite, 23 Magnesite, 28 Magnetite, 8 Magnoferrite, 8 Malachite, 29 Manganblende, 3 Manganite, 10 Manganocalcite, 28 Mangan vitriol, 24 Mareasite, 4 Margarite, 18 Martite, 8 Mascagnine, 23 Matlockite, 9 Medjidite, 24 Meerschaum, 16 Meionite, 13 Melaconite, 8 Melanchyme, 31 Melanhydrite, 17 Melanite, 13 Melanochroite, 22 Melinophane, 12 Mellilite, 13 Mellite, 31 Mendipite, 9 Meneghinite, 6 Mengite, 21 ALPHABETICAL INDEX, Miargyrite, 5 Middletonite, 30 Millerite, 4 Mimetene, 25 Mineral coal, 2 Minium, 9 Misenite, 23 Mispickel, 4 Molybdenite, 5 Molybdine, 11 Monazite, 25 Monradite, 16 Montmorillonite, 20 Morenosite, 24 Mosandrite. 20 Muriatie acid, 7 Muscoyite, 14 Nagyagite, 4 Natrolite, 19 Natron, 29 Naumannite, 3 Neolite, 16 Nepheline, 15 Newkirkite, 10 Nickel gymnite, 17 Nitrammite, 28 Nitratine, 28 Nitre, 20 Nitrocalcite, 28 Nosean, 14 Okenite, 18 Oligoclase. 15 Olivenite, 27 Onofrite, 4 Opal, 11 Orpiment, 2 Orthoclase, 15 Ottrelite, 17 Ouvarovite, 13 Oxalite, 29 Ozocerite, 30 Palladinite, 9 Palladium, 1 Paracolumbite, 21 Parathorite, 21 Parisite, 29 Partschin, 14 Pateraite, 22 Pectolite, 18 Pelicanite, 11 Pennine, 17 Percylite, 9 Peridot, 12 Periclase, 8 Perofskite, 21 Petalite, 15 Pharmacolite, 26 Pharmacosiderite, 27 Phenacite, 13 Phillipsite, 19 Phlogopite, 14 41 Pholerite, 10 Phosphochalcite, 27 Piauzite, 30 Pickeringite, 15 Piecromerid, 23 Picrophyll, 16 Picrosmine, 16 Piedmontite, 14 Pimelite, 20 Pissophane, 24 Pistacite, 14 Pitchblende, 8 Pitticite Haws, 27 Plagionite, 5 Platiniridium, 1 Platinum, 1 Plattnerite, 8 Plumbie ochre, 8 Plumbo resinite, 27 Polianite, 9 Pollux, 15 Polybasite, 6 Polychroilite, 15 Polyerase, 21 Polyhalite, 25 Polymignyte, 21 Portite, 18 Potash alum, 23 Precious opal, 11 Prehnite, 19 Prehnitoid, 12 Proustite, 6 Pseudophite, 17 Psilomelane, 10 Pyrargyrite, 6 Pyrites, 4 Pyrochlore, 21 Pyrolusite, 9 Pyromeline, 24 Pyromorphite, 25 Pyrope, 13 Pyrophyllite, 18 Pyropissite, 30 Pyrosclerite, 17 Pyrosmalite, 18 Pyroxene, 11 Pyrrhite, 21 Pyrrhotine, 4 Quartz, 11 Quicksilver, 1 Rammelsbergite, 4 Realgar, 2 Red copper, 8 Remingtonite, 29 Retinite, 30 Retzbanyite, 10 Reussin, 23 Rhodizite, 15 Rhodonite, 12 Riolite, 5 Ripidolite, G. Rose, 17 Reemerite, 24 42 Roesslerite, 26 Romeine, 26 Rutherfordite, 21 Rutile, 9 Sal ammoniac, 7 Salt, 7 Samarskite, 21 Saponite, 16 Sapphirine, 16 Sarcolite, 13 Sassolin, 11 Savite, 19 Scapolite, 13 Scheeletine, 21 Scheelite, 21 Scheererite, 30 Schneiderite, 19 Schorlomite, 20 Schreibersite, 4 Schrotterite, 20 Scleretinite, 30 Scolecite, 19 Scorodite, 26 Selenate of lead, 23 Selenium, 2 Selensulphur, 2 Semi-opal, 11 Senarmontite, 10 Serpentine. 17 Sideroschisolite, 18 Silicate of yttria, 15 Silimanite, 16 Silver, 1 Silver glance, 3 Skolopsite, 14 Skutterudite, 5 Sloanite, 19 Smaltine, 4 Smithsonite, 28 Sodalite, 14 Solfatarite, 23 Spadaite, 16 Spessartine, 13 Sphene, 16 Spinel, 8 Spodumene, 12 Staurotide, 15 Steinmannite, 3 Stephanite, 6 Stercorite, 26 Sternbergite, 5 Stibnite, 2 Stilbite, 19 Stilpnomelane, 17 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. Strakonitzite, 12 Stromeyerite, 4 Strontianite, 28 Struvite, 26 Sulphur, 2 Sulphuric acid, 11 Sulphurous acid, 10 Susannite, 22 Syepoorite, 3 | Sylvanite, 4 | Sylvine, 7 | Symplesite, 26 Tachhydrite, 7 Tachyaphaltite, 13 Tagilite, 27 Tale, 16 Tannenite, 5 Tantalite, 21 Tauriscite, 24 Telluric ochre, 10 Tellurium, 1 Tennantite, 6 Tenorite, 8 Tephroite, 13 Tetradymite, 2 Tetrahedrite, 6 Thenardite, 22 Thermonatrite, 29 Thermophyllite, 17 Thierschite, 29 Thomsonite, 19 Thorite. 18 Thrombolite. 26 Thuringite, 17 Tins) Tin pyrites, 5 Topaz, 15 Tourmaline, 16 Tremolite, 12 Trichaleite, 26 Tryphyline, 26 Triplite, 26 Tritomite, 18 Trona, 28 Tscheffkinite, 20 Tschermigite, 23 Tungstate of copper, 21 Turnerite, 20 Turquois, 25 Tyrite, 21 Tyrolite, 27 Ullmannite, 4 Uranite, 27 Uranochalcite, 24 Uranochre, 24 Valentinite, 10 Vanadinite, 22 Vauquelinite, 22 Vivianite, 26 Voglite, 29 Volborthite, 22 Volgerite, 10 Volknerite, 10 Voltaite, 24 Voltzite, 9 Wad, 10 Wagnerite, 25 Walchowite, 30 Warwickite, 25 Water, 8 Wavellite, 27 Websterite, 24 Weissigite, 15 Whewellite, 29 Whitneyite, 3 Wichtyne, 12 Willemite, 13 Witherite, 28 Wittichite, 6 Wolchit®, 6 Wolchonskoite, 20 Wolfram, 21 Wolframine, 11 Wolfsbergite, 5 Wolherite, 20 Wollastonite, 11 Wulfenite, 21 Wurtzite, 4 Xanthocone, 6 Xenotime, 25 Yttrocerite, 7 Yttro-tantalite, 21 Zine, 1 Zine bloom, 29 Zincite, 8 Zinkenite, 5 Zippeite, 29 Zireon, 13 Zoisite, 14 pete Brooke, 14 SMITHSONTAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS. 161 A DICTIONARY OF THE CHINOOK JARGON, OR | | TRADE LANGUAGE OF OREGON. PREPARED FOR THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. ag GEORGE, GIBBS. WASHINGTON: SMIPHSONLAN ENS TUL ULTON: MARCH, 1363. ADVERTISEMENT. In 1855, the Smithsonian Institution published a Vocabulary of the Jargon or Trade Language of Oregon, from a manuscript fur- nished by Dr. B. Rush Mitchell, and edited by Prof. W. W. Turner. This was necessarily very imperfect, and in fact was printed mainly with the view of eliciting additions and corrections, which might be used to prepare a more perfect account of this very remarkable mix- ture of language. The present work, which is much more complete, has been prepared by George Gibbs, Esq., from materials collected by himself during a residence of twelve years on the northwest coast of North America. } JOSEPH HENRY. Wasuineton, 1863. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Advertisement Preface Bibliography of the Chinook Jargon Dictionary—Part I. Chinook-English Part II. English-Chinook ( iii ) ER, Bol ALC i. Some years ago the Smithsonian Institution printed a small vucab- ulary of the Chinook Jargon, furnished by Dr. B. R. Mitchell, of the U.S. Navy, and prepared, as I afterwards learned, by Mr. Lionnet, a Catholic priest, for his own use while studying the language at Chi- nook Point. It was submitted by the Institution, for revision and preparation for the press, to the late Professor W. W. Turner. Al- though it received the critical examination of that distinguished philologist, and was of use in directing attention to the language, it was deficient in the number of words in use, contained many which did not properly belong to the Jargon, and did not give the sources from which the words were feral Mr. Hale had previously given a vocabulary and account of this Jargon in his “ Ethnography of the United States Exploring Expedi- tion,” which was noticed by Mr. Gallatin in the Transactions of the American Ethnological Society, vol. 11. He, however, fell into some errors in his derivation of the words, chiefly from ignoring the Chiha- lis element of the Jargon, and the number of words given by him amounted only to about two hundred and fifty. A copy of Mr. Lionnet’s vocabulary having been sent to me, with a request to make such corrections as it might require, I concluded not merely to collate the words contained in this and other printed and manuscript vocabularies, but to ascertain, so far as possible, the languages which had contributed to it, with the original Indian words, This had become the more important, as its extended use by different tribes had led to ethnological errors in the classing together of essen- tially distinct families. Dr. Scouler, whose vocabularies were among the earliest bases of comparison of the languages of the norilatext coast, assumed a number of words, which he found indiscriminately vi PREFACE. employed by the Nootkans of Vancouver Island, the Chinooks of the Columbia, and the intermediate tribes, to belong alike to their several languages, and exhibit analogies between them accordingly.* On this idea, among other points of fancied resemblance, he founded his family of Nootka-Columbians,—one which has been adopted by Drs. Pritchard and Latham, and has caused very great misconception. Not only are those languages entirely distinct, but the Nootkans differ greatly in physical and mental characteristics from the latter. The analogies between the Chinook and the other native contribu- tors to he Jargon are given hereafter. The origin of this Jargon, a conventional language similar to the Lingua Franca of the Mediterranean, the Nero. English-Dutch ot Surinam, the Pigeon English of China, and several other mixed tongues, dates back to the fur droguers of the last century. Those mariners whose enterprise in the fifteen years preceding 1800, explored the intricacies of the northwest coast of America, picked up at their general rendezvous, Nootka Sound, various native words useful in barter, and thence transplanted them, with additions from the Eng- lish, to the shores of Oregon. Even before their day, the coasting trade and warlike expeditions of the northern tribes, themselves a sea- faring race, had opened up a partial understanding of each other's speech ; for when, in 1792, Vancouver's officers visited Gray’s Harbor, they found that the natives, though speaking a different language, understood many words of the Nootka. On the arrival of Lewis and Clarke at the mouth of the Columbia, in 1806, the new language, from the sentences given by them, had evidently attained some form. It was with the arrival of Astov’s party, however, that the Jargon received its principal impulse. Many more words of English were then brought in, and for the first time the French, or rather the Canadian and Missouri patois of the French, was introduced. The principal seat of the company being at Astoria, not only a large addition of Chinook words was made, but a considerable number was taken from the Chihalis, who immediately bordered that tribe on the north,—each owning a portion of Shoal- water Bay. The words adopted from the several languages were, naturally enough, those most easily uttered by all, except, of course, that objects new to the natives found their names in French or Eng- lish, and such modifications were made in pronunciation as suited tongues accustomed to different sounds, Thus the gutturals of the a a i * Journal Royal Geographical Society of London, vol. xi., 1841. oF Se ee ee Sa So: Se PREFACE. Vil Indians were softened or dropped; and the f and r of the English and French, to them unpronounceable, were modified into p and Z. Gram- matical forms were reduced to their simplest expression, and variations in mood and tense conveyed only by adverbs or by the context. The language continued to receive additions, and assumed a more dis- tinct and settled meaning, under the Northwest and Hudson’s Bay companies, who succeeded Astor’s party, as well as through the American settlers in Oregon. Its advantage was soon perceived by the Indians, and the Jargon became to some extent a means of com- munication between natives of different speech, as well as between them and the whites. It was even used as such between Americans and Canadians. It was at first most in vogue upon the lower Colum- bia and the Willamette, whence it spread to Puget Sound, and with the extension of trade, found its way far up the coast, as well as the Columbia and Fraser rivers; and there are now few tribes between the 42d and 57th parallels of latitude in which there are not to be found interpreters through its medium. Its prevalence and easy ac- quisition, while of vast convenience to traders and settlers, has tended greatly to hinder the acquirement of the original Indian languages; so much so, that except by a few missionaries and pioneers, hardly one of them is spoken or understood by white men in all Oregon and Washington Territory. Notwithstanding ‘its apparent poverty in number of words, and the absence of grammatical forms, it pos- sesses much more flexibility and power of expression than might be imagined, and really serves almost every purpose of ordinary in- tercourse. The number of words constituting the Jargon proper has been vari- ously stated. Many formerly employed have become in great meas- ure obsolete, while others have been locally introduced. Thus, at the Dalles of the Columbia, various terms are common which would not be intelligible at Astoria or on Puget Sound. In making the fol- lowing selection, I have included all those which, on reference to a number of vocabularies, I have found current at any of these places, rejecting, on the other hand, such as individuals, partially acquainted with the native languages, have employed for their own convenience. The total number falls a little short of five hundred words. An analysis of their derivations gives the following result : Chinook, including Clatsop ...6. 0.252 .0eeeees 200 Chinook, having analogies with other languages... 21 Interjections common to several ...........-- wits Vill PREFACE. Nootka, including dialects.............. cneae AOE Chihalis, 82; Nisqually, 7.......00-.% se ae eee Kihkatat and Yakama. is. se. sos 5 Be oscil. Coys oaloe Cree! 22 208 ero. soe es tdelewe Salto sre hits sKuP ee Chippeway (Ojibwa) ............ or eset re ceed Wasco (probably) ........ Biale aee efevolelels stool ane Kalapuya (probably) "5.1%, 6 teecleatec fs esis Se 2 By directonomatopeia 01) sce. eos RS ol ah Derivation unknown, or undetermined ........ 2 is French; 790\s? Canadian;/4io.0cih i ate shee ofctb tote ern 94 Bnolishvyerre. 2 aeictoleiel Ae Bi istats fee ieeieet 67 I had no opportunity of original investigation into the Nootka proper, but from the few words in different published vocabularies, and from some imperfect manuscript ones in my possession of the Tokwaht, Nittinat, and Makah dialects, have ascertained the number above given. Some of the unascertained words probably also belong to that language. Neither was I able to collate the Wasco or Kala- puya, but have assigned them on the opinion of others. The former, also called Cathlasco, the dialect of the Dalles Indians, is a corrupted form of the Watlala or Upper Chinook. With the Chihalis, Yakama, and Klikatat, and the Nisqually, I had abundant means of comparison, The introduction of the Cree and Chippeway words is of course due to the Canadians. None have been derived from the Spanish, as their intercourse with the Nootka and Makah Indians was too short to leave an impression, Spanish words, especially those relating to horses or mules and their equipments, have of late come into general use in Oregon, owing to intercourse with California, but they form no part of the Jargon. It might have been expected from the number of Sandwich Islanders introduced by the Hudson’s Bay company, and long resident in the country, that the Kanaka element would have found its way into the language, but their utterance is so forcign to the Indian ear, that not a word has been adopted. In the nouns derived from the French, the definite article Ze, 7a, has almost in every instance been incorporated into the word, and the same has in one or two instances been prefixed to nouns not of French origin. Besides the words created by direct onomatopeeia, there are quice a number which are really Indian, but have their origin in the similarity of sound to sense. Dr. Scouler’s analogy between the Nootkan and “Columbian,” or Chinook, was founded on the following words: PREFACE, 1x English. Tlaoquatch and Nutka. Columbian. plenty, Payee se *haya. no, *wik, * wake. water, tchaak, chuck. good, *hooleish, *closh. bad, *peishakeis, *peshak. man, *tchuckoop, tillicham. woman, *tlootsemin, *clootchamen, child, *tanassis, *tanass. now, tlahowieh, clahowiah, come, *tchooqua, *sacko. slave, *mischemas, *mischemas. oe ay t *akoots-ka-*mamook, — ekta-*mammok. doing, ee ‘ao *au-kaak-* wawa, ekta-* wawa. saying, let me see, , *nannanitch, *nannanitch. sun, *opeth, ootlach. sky, *sieya, *saya. fruit, *chamas, *camas. to sell, *makok, *makok. understand, *commatax, *commatax, But of these, none marked with an asterisk belong to the Chinook yr any of its dialects. The greater part of them are undouttedly Nootkan, though there are errors in the spelling and, in some in- stances, in the meaning. Of the rest, the Nootkan tchaak and the Chinook ¢?’tsuk alone presents an analogy. Alahowiah does not mean “now,” nor do I believe it is Nootkan, in any sense. It is, as ex- plained in the dictionary, the Chinook salutation, “How do you,” “ Good-bye,” and is supposed to be derived from the word for poor, miserable. Mischemas is a Nootkan word, meaning a common person. With the exception of Franchére, whose short vocabulary was pub- sished by Mr. Gallatin, and Mr. Hale, all the writers mentioned by Ludwig who have given specimens of the Chinook language, have presented it in its Jargon form, more or less mixed with the neigh- boring ones, and with corruptions of French and English words. Mr Swan, among others, has been led into this error, The place of his residence, Shoalwater Bay, is common ground of the Chinook and Chihalis Indians, and the degraded remnants of the two tribes are closely intermarried, and use both languages almost indifferently, x PREFACE. Setting aside interjections, common in a more or less modified form to several adjoining tribes, twenty-one words of those given in this vocabulary present noticeable analogies between the Chinook and other native languages. They are as follows: English. Chinook. Hailtzuk and Belbella. salmon berries, klalilli, olalli. English. Chinook and Clatsop. a oot water, t’tsuk : tl’chukw, chauk : chahak. English. Chinook. Cowlitz. Kuwantlen. Selish. six, takhum, tukh’um, tuckhum’, tackan. English. Chinook. Chihalis. Nisqually. ; deep, kellippe, kluputl, klep. glad, kwan, _ kwal (tame). proud, eyutl, jail. demon, ichiatku, tsiatko, tsiatko. black bear, ' eitchhut, chetwut. crow, skaka, skaka. oyster, klokhklokh, chetlékh, klokhklokh. game of “hands,” itlokum, setlokum. English. Chinook. Yakama and Klikatat. certainly, nawitka, n’witka. always, — kwanisum, kwalisim. younger sister, ats, atse. road, wehut, wiet (far). barrel, tamulitsh, tamolitsh. buffalo, emtsmus, musmus, coyote, italipus, telipa (gray fox) 1 mouse, kholkhol, khéilkhoil, | bread, tsapelil, saplil. needle, okwépowa, kapus (a pin), The Clatsop (Klatsop) is merely a dialect of the Chinook (Tchi- nik); the Cowlitz (Kaualitsk), Kwantlen, Chihalis (Tsihélis), and Nisqually (N’skwali), are severally languages belonging to the @ Sélish family, The Yakama and Klikatat are dialects of one of the - PREFACE. x1 Sahaptin languages; and the Tokwaht (Tokwat), Nittinat, and Makah (Maka) quoted in the dictionary, are dialects of the Nootka (Nutka), of which the Hailtzuk or Belbella (variously spelled Haeeltzuk and Hailtsa) is probably the northern type. It thus appears that, with two or three exceptions, the analogies of the Chinook, as contained in this vocabulary, are to be sought in the immediately adjoining tongues, or those of languages belonging to the same families with them; that these analogies, with perhaps one or two exceptions, can by no means be considered radical, and that their correspondence, or rather adoption, is easily accounted for by neighborhood and habits of intermarriage. A much more remarkable coincidence is the fact that two words included in this Jargon,—one from the Nootkan, viz, Mawitch, a deer, venison; and the other Chinook, J/ooluk, an elk,— are also to be found in the Kowilth, the language of Humboldt Bay, in California. As this bay was first discovered in the winter of 1849-50, the words could not have been introduced by the fur trappers. With regard to the form into which this dictionary has been thrown, an explanation is necessary. The Jargon must in some degree be regarded as a written language, the orthography of which is English. In Mr. Hale’s vocabulary alone has one more scientific been attempted, and of several other printed, and numerous manu- script dictionaries in circulation, M. Lionnet’s alone, that I have met with, ss according to the French. Although no fixed system of spell- ing exists among them, I have therefore deemed it best to preserve for the Jargon words that which most distinctly represents the com- mon English pronunciation; while for the Indian derivations, I have adopted that recommended by the Smithsonian Institution in collect- ing Indian vocabularies, using the Italian sounds of the vowels, and representing the guttural of the German ich by kh. This seemed the more proper, as the work would thereby be rendered of practical use, independent of what philological value it may possess. It is worthy of mention that quite a number of the Jargon words have been adopted into ordinary conversation in Oregon, and threaten to be- come permanently incorporated as a local addition to the English. Bibliography of the Chinook Jargon. Journal of Travels over the Rocky Mountains. By Rev. Samuel Parker. 12mo. Ithaca, N.Y., 1888. “Vocabulary of the Chenook language, as spoken about Fort Van- couver,” pp. 336-338. Ethnography and Philology of the United States Exploring Evpe- dition. By Horatio Hale. 4to. Philadelphia: Lea & Blanchard, “1846. A vocabulary of the “Jargon or Trade Language of Oregon,” with an essay thereon, and phrases, is given in this work, pp. 636-650. Transactions of the American Ethnological Society. 2 vols., 8vo. New York: Bartlett & Welford, 1845, 1848. In vol. ii., pp. 62-70, under title of “ Hale’s Indians of Northwest America,” is a partial reprint of the above. Rev. Z. B. Z. Bolduc, “ Mission de la Colombie.” 8vo. Quebee, 1843. The Lord’s Prayer in Jargon, “et quelques mots Tchinoucs et Sneo- mus.” The Snohomish is a tribe of Puget Sound. The,Chinook words are merely Jargon. Journal of Travels over the Rocky Mountains, &e. By Joel Palmer. 12mo. Cincinnati, 1847, 1852. “ Words used in the Chinook Jargon,” pp. 147-152. Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, &c. By Alexander Ross. 12mo. London, 1849. Ross gives a “ Chinook Vocabulary,” pp. 342-348, and words of the “mixed dialect,” p. 349. His Chinook is, however, also impure. Ten Years in Oregon. By D. Lee and F. H. Frost. 12mo. New York, 1844. “A short vocabulary of the Clatsop dialect.” This is likewise Jargon. xiv BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE CHINOOK JARGON. History, &¢., of the Indian Tribes of the United States. Collected by Henry R. Schoolcraft. 4to. Parts 1-5. Philadelphia, 1851, 1855. Lieut. G. F. Emmons gives a brief “ Klatsop Vocabulary” in Part IIL., pp. 223, 224, which is of the same character. Note 1 to article, “ Philosophy of Utterance,” Part V., pp. 548-551, a “ Vocabulary of the Chinook Jargon.” Vocabulary of the Jargon or Trade Language of Oregon. English, French, and Jargon. 8vo. Washington, 1853. pp. 22. Printed by the Smithsonian Institution, for private distribution. Without title-page. This is the one by M. Lionnet, before referred to. The Northwest Coast; or, Three Years’ Residence in Washington Territory. By James G. Swan. 12mo. New York: Harpers, 1857. “ A vocabulary of the Chehalis and Chenook or Jargon Languages, with the derivation of the words used in the latter,” pp. 412-422. A Complete Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon. English—Chinook, and Chinook—English. To which is added numerous conversations, &c. 3d edition. 24mo, pp. 24. Portland, Oregon: published by S. J. McCormick. Several editions of this work have been published; the last which I have seen, in 1862. Guide-Book to the Gold Regions of Frazer River. With a map of the different routes, &c. 24mo, pp. 55. New York, 1858. A vocabulary of the Jargon, pp. 45-55. The Chinook Jargon and English and French Equivalent Forms. In “Steamer Bulletin,” San Francisco, June 21, 1858. Contains an unarranged vocabulary of 354 words and phrases. The Canoe and the Saddle. By Theodore Winthrop. 12mo. Boston: Ticknor & Fields. 1863. “ A partial vocabulary of the Chinook Jargon,” pp. 299-302. History of the Oregon Territory, dc. By John Dunn. 2d edition. London, 1846. “ A few specimens of the language of the Millbank and Chinook tribes.” Chinook tribe: 50 words and phrases, including digits. These words, as usual, are in great part “Jargon,” and belong to the Nootkan, not to the Chinook. ‘ Besides the above, one, of which I have not the title before me, has been published by Mr. A. C. Anderson, and several in the newspapers of Oregon and Washington Territory. PART I. CHINOOK-ENGLISH. Notr.—The references, ‘‘ Hale,’’ ‘‘Cook,’’ ‘‘ Jewitt,’’ are respectively to Hale’s “ Ethnology of the United States Exploring Expedition,’ “ Cock’s Voy- ages,’’ and ‘‘ Jewitt’s Narrative.’’ The others, as ‘‘ Anderson,’’ ‘‘ Pandosy,’’ _ “Shaw,” ‘‘Tolmie,”’ are from manuscript notes of those gentlemen in posses- sion of the writer. + Arey. TE ON AY hoe OF THE dd daN OQ) Koon dichotic dany, PART I, CHINOOK—ENGLISH. A. Ah-ha, adv. Common to various tribes. Yes. Expression of simple assent. On Puget Sound, £-£x. Ah'n-kut-te, or Ahn-kot-tie, adv. Chinook, Ankurti. For- merly; before now. With the accent prolonged on the first syl- lable, a long time ago. Ex. Ahnkutte lakit sun, four days ago: Tenas ahnkutte, a little while since. Al-ah, interj. Expression of surprise. Ex. Alah mika chahko! ah, youve come! Al-kie, adv. Chinook, Aukxexu. Presently; in a little while ; hold on; not so fast. Al’-ta, adv. Chinook, Atraxu. Now; at the present time. A-mo’-te, x. Chinook, Amure; Clatsop, Kuanors. The strawberry. An-ah, intevy, An exclamation denoting pain, displeasure, or de- preciation. Ex. Anah nawitka mika halo shem, ah, indeed you are without shame. On Puget Sound, Ad-de-dah. Ats, ». Chinook, idem; Yakama, Atsz (Pandosy). pahtl chuck, wet; pahtl illahie, dirty ; mamook pahtl, to jill. Paint, or Pent, 7., adj. English, Parytr. Mamook pent, to paint. Papa, 7. English, idem. A father. Pa'see-sie, x. Chinook, Pasist. -A blanket ; woollen cloth. Pa-si’-ooks, 7., adj. Chinook, Pasistuxs. French; a French- man. Mr, Hale supposed this to be a corruption of the French word Francais. It is, however, really derived from the foregoing word, Passi, with the terminal uxs, which is a plural form ap- plied to living beings. Lewis and Clarke (vol. ii, p. 413) give Pashisheooks, clothmen, as the Chinook name for the whites, and this explanation was also furnished me by people of that tribe. It has since been generally restricted to the French Canadians, though among some of the tribes east of the Cascade Range, it is applied indiscriminately to all the Hudson’s Bay people. Pchih, or Pit-chih, adj. Quereu.d. Thin in dimension, as of a board. (Shaw.) Not in common use. Pe-chigh, adj. Chinook, Prsexn. Green. Pee, conj. French, Purs. (Anderson.) Then; besides; and; or; but. Pee weght, and also; besides which ; pee nika wauwau wake, but I say, No. Peh’-pah, ». English, Parzr. Paper; a letter; any writing. Mamook pehpah, to wrvte. Pel’-ton, 7., adj. Jargon. A fool; foolish; crazy. Kahkwa pel- ton, like a fool; hyas pelton mika, you are very silly. The Indians adopted this word from the name of a deranged person, Archibald Pelton, or perhaps Felton, whom Mr. Wilson P. Hunt found on his journey to Astoria, and carried there with him. The circumstance is mentioned by Franchére, in his “ Narrative,” - trans. p. 149. Pe-shak’, or Pe-shuk’, a/j. Nootka, Pesuux; Nittinat, idem. Bad. Pe-what’-tie, adj. Chinook, Prawars. Thin, like paper, Xe. Pi’-ah, n., adj. English, Fire. ire; ripe; cooked. Mamook piah, to cook; to burn; piah-ship, a steamer; piah olille, repe berries , PART I. CHINOOK—ENGLISH. OT piah sapolill, baked bread ; piah sick, the venereal disease ; saghillie piah, lightning. Pil, adj. Chinook, Tiretpst, Father Pandosy gives Pieri, as signifying red, in the Nez Percé or Sahaptin, also. Red; of a red- dish color. Pil illahie, red clay or vermilion; pil dolla, gold ; pil chickamin, copper; pil kiuatan, a bay or chestnut horse. . Pil’-pil, x. Jargon. Blood. Mahsh pilpil, to bleed ; to menstruate. — Derived from the foregoing. Pish, ». English. ish. i Pit-lith’, or Pit-hlil’, adj. Quere u.d. Thick in consistence, as molasses, : Piu-piu, n. French, Pusr, to stink. Or from the sound often ut- tered expressive of disgust at a bad smell. A skunk. Poh, v. Chinook, idem. By onoma. Mamook poh, to blow out or extinguish, as a candle. , Po’-lak-lie, n., adj. Chinook, Potaxut. Wight; darkness; dark. Tenas polaklie, evening ; hyas polaklie, late at night; very dark ; sit-kum polaklie, médnight (literally, the half night). Po’-lal-lie, x. Quere French, Poupre. Gunpowder; dust; sand. Polallie illahie, sandy ground. The word is certainly neither Chi- nook nor Chihalis. Poo, 7. By onoma. (Hale.) Zhe sound of a gun. Mamook poo, to shoot; moxt poo, a double-barrelled gun; tohum poo, a six- shooter. Nisqually, Opoo, to break wind. Poo’-lie, adj. French, Pourrr. Rotten. Pot’-latch, or Paht’-latsh, x.,v. Nootka, Pancuitr (Jewitt) ; PacuartL, or Pacuatn (Cook). A gift; to give. Cultus pot- latch, a present or free gift. Pow’ -itsh, x. Chinook, Pauirsu. A crab-apple. Puk’-puk, n. Probably an invented word. A blow with the fist ; a fist-fight. Mamook pukpuk, to box; to fight with the fists; puk- puk solleks, to fight in anger, Puss’-puss, 7. English. A cat. On Puget Sound, pronounced pish-pish, Hyas pusspuss, @ cougar. ‘ S. Sagh-a-lie, or Sah’-ha-lie, adj. Chinook, Saxnatr; Clatsop, Unusuakuarr. Up; above; high. Saghalie tyee (literally, the chief above), God. A term invented by the missionaries for want of a native one. 22 DICLIONARY OF THE CHINUUK JARGON. Sail, or Sill, x. English, Sam. A sail; any cotton or linen goods. Mamook sail, to make sail; mamook keekwillie sail, to take in sail ; tzum sail, printed cloth or calico. Sa-kol’-eks, or Se-kol’-uks, ». Chinook, TsaxAnuns, leggings. Trowsers; pantaloons, Weekwillie sakoleks, drawers. Sal-lal’, ». Chinook, Kixwusuava. (Ssetweit of Lewis and Clarke.) The sallal berry ; fruit of gualthtria shallon. Salmon, n. English, idem, The salmon; fish generally, ‘Tyee salmon, i.e., chief salmon, the spring salmon (salmo kwinnat, Rich.) ; masahchie salmon, a winter species (salmo canis, Suckley); tzum salmon, salmon trout. Salt, n., adj. English, idem. Salt, or a salt taste. Salt chuck, the sed, San-de-lie, x., adj. French, Cenprt. Ash-colored. (Anderson.) A roan horse; roan-colored. Sap’-o-lill, x. Chinook, Tsarern. Wheat, flour, or meal. Piah sapolill, baked bread; lolo sapolill, whole wheat. “The word has been erroneously supposed to come from the French la farine. It is, however, a true Indian word, and seems common to various Columbia river tribes. Pandosy gives Sapiin as Yakama for bread ; Lewis and Clarke write it CHaPELELL. Se-ah-host, or Se-agh’-ost, 7. Chinook, StAxuoss, the face. The face; the cyes. Halo seahhost, blind; icht seahhost, one-eyed ; lakit seahhost (four eyes), or dolla seahhost, spectacles. Se-ah-po, or Se-ah-pult, . French, Cuapsav. A hat or cap. Seahpult olillie, the raspberry. Shame, or Shem, 7. English, idem. Shame. Halo shem mika? arwt you ashamed of yourself ? Shan-tie, v. French, Cuanrer. To sing. She-lok’-um, n. Chinook, Tsuaitaxumrr, (Anderson.) A look- ing-glass ; glass. Ship, ». English, idem. A ship or vessel. Stick ship, @ sadling vessel; piah ship, a steamer ; ship-man, @ sazlor, Shoes, ». English, idem. Shoes; skin shoes ; moccasins, Stick shoes, boots or shoes made of leather. Shot, ». English, idem. Shot; lead. Shot olillie, huckleberries. Shu’-gah, or Shu’-kwa,. English. Sugar. Shugh, n. Chinook, Sauxusnuxn. A ratile, An imitation doubt- less of the sound, (Anderson.) Shugh-opoots, a rattlesnake. Shut, n. English, Sarr. A shirt. Shwa4h-kuk, x. Chihalis, Snwaxtux. A frog. PART I. CHINOOK—ENGLISH. 23 Si-ah, adj. Nootka, Sara. Far; far off. Comparative distance is expressed by intonation or repetition; as, siah-siah, very far; wake siah, near, not far. Jewitt gives Sreyan as the sky in Nootka, which was perhaps the true meaning, or, more probably, they called the sky “the afar.” Si-am, 7”. Chinook, IsHarem. The grizzly bear. Sick, adj. English, idem. Sick, Cole sick, the ague; sick tum- tum, grieved ; sorry; jealous; unhappy. Sikhs, or Shikhs, x. Chinook, Sxasms’; Sahaptin, Sursrua. (Pandosy.) A friend. Used only towards men, Sin’-a-moxt, adj. Chinook, Sinimaxsr. Seven. Si-pah, adj. Willamette dialect of the Kalapuya. (W. C. John- son.) T'sai’-pa. Straight, like a ramrod. Of only local use. Sis’-ki-you, ». Cree. (Anderson.) A bob-tatled horse. This name, ludicrously enough, has been bestowed on the range vf mountains separating Oregon and California, and also on a county in the latter State. The origin of this designation, as re- lated to me by Mr. Anderson, was as follows. Mr. Archibald R. McLeod, a chief factor of the Hudson’s Bay Company, in the year 1828, while crossing the mountains with a pack train, was over- taken by a snow storm, in which he lost most of his animals, in- cluding a noted bob-tailed race-horse. His Canadian followers, in compliment to their chief, or “ bourgeois,” named the place the Pass of the Siskiyou,—an appellation subsequently adopted as the veritable Indian name of the locality, and which thence extended to the whole range, and the adjoining district. Sit’-kum, »., adj. Chinook, Srrkum (Anderson) ; Clatsop, Asirxo. A half; apart. Sitkum dolla, half a dollar ; sitkum sun, noon ; tenas sitkum, a quarter, or a small part. Sit’-lay, or Sit’-li-ay, ». French, Les errimrs. (Anderson.) Stirrups. Sit’-shum, v. Chihalis, idem. Zo swim. Si/-wash, n., adj. French, Sauvaer. An Indian; Indian. Skin, x. English, idem. Skin. Skin shoes, moccasins ; stick skin, the bark of a tree. Skoo’-kum, or Skoo-koom’, 7., adj. Chihalis, Sxuxum. A ghost; an evil spirit or demon; strong. Skookum tumtum, brave ; skookum chuck, @ rapid. Skwak’-wal, ». Chinook, Skaxurn (Anderson); Clatsop, Sxa- Kou. A lamprey eel. Of local use only. Skwis’-kwis, x. Chinook, Cathlamet dialect. A squirrel. 94 DICTIONARY OF THE CHINOOK JARGON. Sla-hal’, x. Chinook, Evrarrran. A game played with ten small disks, one of which is marked, Smet’-ocks, x. Chihalis, Swerraxs. The large clam (Lutraria). Used only at the mouth of the Columbia river. Smoke, x. English, idem. Smoke; clouds; fog; steam. Snass, 7. Quere u. d. Rain. Cole snass, snow. The word is neither Chinook nor Chihalis, and is perhaps manufactured. Snow, 2. English, idem. Snow. Seap, n. English, idem. Soap. So-le’-mie, ». Chinook, Sutamicu (Anderson); Clatsop, SHOLBE. The cranberry. Sol’-leks, or Sah’-leks, x., adj. Quere u. d. Anger; angry. Mamook solleks, to fight; tikegh solleks, to be hostile; kumtuks solleks, to be passionate. So’-pe-na, v. Chinook, T’sopena. To jump; to leap. Spo’-oh, or Spo’-eh, adj. Chinook, idem. Faded; any light color, as pale blue, drab, &c. Chahko spoeh, to fade. Spoon, x. English, idem. A spoon. Spose, conj. English, Suppose. Jf; supposing; provided that; in order that. Spose mika nanitsh nika canim, if you see my canoe ; spose nika klatawa kopa Chinook, if or when I go to Chinook ; kahkwa spose, as ¢f. See Kiosue spose. Stick, 7., adj. English, idem. ETHNOLOGY. F Hints ror Erunoiocicat Inqurry. Inquiries of this description have the two-fold object of ascertaining the present condition of these tribes and their past history. Although both branches of the investigation have of course a mutual bearing upon each other, yet the former has more of a practical, the latter more of a scientific character; the former is comparatively easy, the latter environed with difficulties. In examining into the numbers, physical and mental characteristics, and actual condition of the Indian tribes, we are accumulating data for beneficent, legislative, and philan- thropie action in their behalf. The work, moreover, is a mere matter of observation, to be accomplished with the requisite expenditure of time and labor to almost any degree of minute accuracy that may be desired. On the contrary, any reliable knowledge of ante-Columbian events, that is now attainable, can, from the nature of things, be only general in its character, and the fruit of laborious induction from the comparison of many diverse particulars. ‘As none of the tribes of this continent, not even the most advanced, ever arrived at the grand and fruitful idea of an alphabetic character for commemorating their thoughts and deeds, almost their entire history previous to the advent of Europeans is left a mysterious blank. To ascertain, if possible, the origin of the aboriginal population of this portion of our globe, to trace the migrations and conquests of the various nations that composed it from one part of the continent to another, to disclose their supersti- tions, their manners and customs, their knowledge of the arts of war and peace—in short, to place before us a moving panorama of America in the olden time—such is the purpose which the scientific ethnologist has in view, and to accomplish which he neglects no source of intor- mation that promises to cast even a single ray of light into the obscu- rity with which the subject is surrounded. Names of tribes—In addition to the name by which a tribe calls itself, it is desirable to ascertain those which are given to it by sur- rounding tribes, together with the literal meaning of each name, Geographical position.—Give as accurately as may be the size of the territory, whether mainland or island, belonging to each tribe; its climate, soil, and general character; also its animal, vegetable, and mineral productions. Number.—What is the number of individuals in the tribe? State, if you can, the number of adult males. females, and children respec- 8 ETHNOLOGY. tively. Has the number of the tribe increased or diminished to any remarkable extent; and if so, to what cause is the change owing? Physical constitution—lIt is essential to notice the general stature of the people, the form of their bodies generally, and the proportions of their limbs; the form of the skull and the facial angle; the features; have these any thing which distinguishes them from other people ? What are the color and texture of their skin and hair? What beard have they? What is the color of their eyes? Are they generally handsome or ugly? Have they much or but little muscular strength ? Are they remarkable for the peculiar perfection of any of their organs, as that of sight, of hearing, of smelling; or for any corporeal faculties, as speed in running, facility of climbing, of diving and remaining long under water, or for nimbleness and dexterity, or the reverse? What is the ordinary duration of life among them? It is highly desirable, also, that photographs should be taken of individuals of each tribe. Picture-writing, etc—A full description is desirable of any modes that the natives may practise of recording events or communicating ideas by sensible signs, especially paintings or picture-writings, how- ever rude, whether on pieées of bark or skin, on their dwellings or implements, on rocks, &c. When the object itself containing the record cannot be secured and brought away, exact drawings of the figures should be taken, colored after the originals. Every circum- stance respecting the locality and people among whom found should be noted down, together with the interpretations of the natives (endeavoring in all cases to have the independent testimony of more than one), when attainable. Dress.—State the materials, colors, and fashion of their dresses and ornaments. Do they paint themselves; and if so, with what materials ? Do they paint variously on different occasions, as on festivals and before going to war? Give specimens of the figures they employ, especially of any that may be distinctive of the tribe or band. The same of tattooing, if practised. Some tribes of the northwest make large incisions in the under lip, others flatten the heads of their infants by compression; all such things should be observed and accurately noted respecting each tribe. Food.—Describe the materials of which it consists, with the mode of procuring it, as by hunting, fishing, collecting roots, berries, &e, Do they practise agriculture at all; if so, to what extent; and what grains, roots, etc., do they cultivate? Do they rear any domestic ani- mals? Do they make any stimulating drinks of their own, and are they fond of tobacco or any other narcotic ? ETHNOLOGY. 9 Dwellings,—Are these permanent or movable; of what materials are they constructed, and how? Are they entirely above or partially under ground; what is their interior arrangement? Drawings of both exteriors and interiors should be made, so as to give an accurate idea of their peculiarities. On whom does the labor of construction fall, the men or the women; and in case of migration, is the entire struc- ture removed, or only the outside covering? When a number of dwellings are placed near each other, as when a tribe encamp together on a spot, is any regular mode of arrangement observed? Have they any buildings set apart for public purposes, as business, amusement, or worship; and how are they constructed ? Arts.—An exceedingly interesting branch of inquiry, and one too often overlooked or but imperfectly attended to by travellers, is pre sented to us in the primitive industrial arts of the aborigines. Of what materials is the pottery composed; is any of it turned on a wheel; how are the materials compounded ; is the ware burned completely or partially; is it glazed or not? How is it ornamented? Have they any utensils of stone; and if so, what is the material? Of what ma- terials are their arrow and spear heads manufactured, and what is the process? Are there individuals whose business it is to make them ? Do they make any articles of metal; and if so, of what metals, and what is their mode of working them? How and by what means do they produce fire? Their modes of spinning, weaving, and dyeing, and the materials and implements used, are of great interest. What are their modes of trapping animals and taking fish; and how are their implements for these purposes constructed? Do they still retain the bow and arrow, or have they wholly or partially abandoned them for the use of firearms? The construction and mode of using all their implements should be described, and complete collections made of them. Their performances, too, in the way of what may be called the fine arts, merit attention; such as their drawings and paintings on smooth rocks or the barks of trees, or their vessels, their dwellings, ete.; and their carvings in wood and stone, as on pipe-bowls, paddles, bows, etc., etc. If native melodies should be discovered among them, they should by all means be noted down, together with the words sung with them. Trade—Do.they carry on any traffic with each other, or with the whites? If so, of what articles does it consist, and how is it conduct-. ed? Have they any common standard of value which approaches the nature of money ? Religion.—W hat is the nature of their religious belief, as far as it 10 ETHNOLOGY. can be ascertained? What are the objects of their worship? Have they any idea of a Creator of all things; and do they give any account of the creation? Do they worship the sun, fire, or the serpent?) What becomes of men and animals after death? Are there any persons of the character of priests set apart for the performance of religious cer- emonies? If so, how are they supported, and in what general esti- mation are they held? Have they a sacred fire, and is it kept per- petually burning ? Government.—Is the tribe commanded by the same chief or chiefs in peace and in war, or by different ones? What is the extent of a chief’s authority ; and how does he acquire it, by birth or by the choice of the people? What are the insigma of his office, and what his privileges? Who are entitled to speak in the councils of the tribe? What laws have they; for instance, what are the punishments for theft, for adultery, for murder; and by whom are punishments intflict- ed? Social life—Is slavery known among them? Is female chastity prized? What is the treatment of women by their husbands; of children by their parents?» What is the division of labor between husband and wife? What festivals have they? enumerate them by their native names, and describe their import, and the manner in which they are celebrated. What ceremonies do they observe at births, marriages, and funerals? Are women obliged to live apart during their monthly terms, or after giving birth toa child? At what age do marriages take place, and what degrees of consanguinity are prohibited? May a man marry into the same band or tribe to which he belongs, or must he go to another for a wife? Do children belong to the tribe of the father or of the mother? Is polygamy practised ? Do the several wives stand on a footing of equality, or is one superior to the rest; and if so, why? How is the body. disposed of after death ; and what articles, if any, are buried with it? War.—Do the warriors array themselves in a peculiar attire and join in the war-dance before setting out? What are their weapons? What is their treatment of captives, especially if females? Do they practise scalping, and shave their own heads, all but the scalp-lock ? Medicine.—Are there any persons in the tribe whose profession it is to practise the cure of diseases, or is this a part of the business of the priest, or so-called “medicine-man?” What is their mode ot treating the principal complaints? Do they practise blood-letting, tooth-pulling, or any other surgical operations? What plants do they ise as remedies, and for what complaints is each one applied? It is ETHNOLOGY. 11 hardly necessary to say that collections of such plants and their seeds should be made for cultivation and experiment at home. Literature—Have they any thing partaking of the nature of a lit- erature among them; that is, have they any songs, tales, fables, and especially any historical legends? If they have, an endeavor should be made to record and preserve them; not so much for the informa- tion they may directly convey, as for the insight they must necessarily afford into the mental idiosyncrasy of the people. If there is any one capable of writing the language, it is much to be wished that these things should be set down in the original words, as well as an English translation. If the Indians, like many tribes in the older States, use pictorial im- ages for the purpose of recalling to memory the themes and general tenor of their songs, &e., specimens should be collected and delineated, and accompanied by copies of the documents they are intended’ to il- lustrate. Calendar and Astronomy.—W hat divisions of time are in use among the Indians? How many days do they reckon to a month, and how many months to the year? What names are given to these days, and to the months; and what are the literal meanings of the names? Have they any length of the natural year? What names do they give to individual stars and constellations, particularly to those of the zodiac ; and how do they account for eclipses? How do they ascer- tain and name the points of the compass? Have they any theory re- specting the nature and motions of the stars, and respecting the causes of wind, rain, hail, snow, thunder, &c. ? History.— Have the tribe, as far as their knowledge extends, always: lived on their present territory; if not, from what direction did they come, and to what other tribes do they state themselves to be related ? What changes have been introduced among them by intercourse with the whites? With what tribes have they been, and are they now, at war? Give the name of.their principal chief, and of any other emi- nent men among them, and of their predecessors, as far as they are remembered. Antiquities —Earthworks, of various forms and dimensions, and for various purposes, as for defence against enemies, for watch-towers, for funeral monuments, have been found in great numbers in the valley of the Mississippi and elsewhere; and an examination of their structure and contents has disclosed a variety of the most interesting facts re- specting the races that erected them. If time and opportunity be afforded of properly examining one of them, it is highly desirable that 12 ETHNOLOGY. it should be done. When a mound is opened, every particular respect- ing its position, size, form, and structure, should be noted down on the spot, the description being assisted by drawings of the ground-plan and elevation; and an accurate list should be taken of all the articles found in it. Such as are taken should be properly labelled, and kept by themselves, with the same care that is observed with respect to objects of natural history. When, however, the work cannot be thoroughly done, it is better to leave the mound unopened for a more favorable opportunity. PHILOLOGY. 13 PHILOLOGY. In view of the importance of a uniform system in collecting words of the various Indian languages of North America, adapted to the use of officers of the government, travellers, and others, the following is recommended as a Sranparp Vocasunary. It is mainly the one prepared by the late Hon. Albert Gallatin, with a few changes made by Mr. Hale, the Ethnologist of the United States Exploring Expedition, and is adopted as that upon which nearly all the collections hitherto made for the purpose of comparison have been based. For the purpose of ascertaining the more obvious relations between the various members of existing families, this number is deemed sufficient. The remote affinities must be sought in a wider research, demanding a degree of acquaintance with their languages beyond the reach of transient visitors. The languages spoken within the limits of the United States, in which the greatest deficiencies exist, are those of the tribes comprised in the States of California and Texas, and the Territories of Utah, Nevada, and New Mexico, and to these attention is particularly directed. It is not intended, however, to confine the collection to the languages of the United States. Those of British and Russian Amer- ica and of Mexico, particularly the western coast, fall within the pur- pose of this circular; and the alphabet may, in fact, with certain local adaptations, be used in any region. Some of the words contained in it will of course be found inap- plicable in particular sections of the country; as, for example, ice, salmon, and sturgeon among the southern tribes, buffalo among the coast tribes of the Pacific, and such should at once be omitted. Where several languages are obtained by the same person in one district, the inquirer may substitute for these the names of familiar things, taking care that the same are carried through them all, and that they are those of native and not imported objects. Such words as coat, hat, etc., are of course useless for purposes of comparison, unless it is explained that they refer to the dress of deer-skin, the hat of basket-work used by the natives, and of their own primitive man- ufacture. 14 PHILOLOGY. As the languages of savage nations, being unwritten and without fixed standard, are subject to constant change, the number of dialects is everywhere considerable. The collector is therefore recommend- ed to obtain vocabularies in each dialect; and for the greater cer- tainty, to employ one of those already collected, on the correctness of which reliance can be placed, as the medium of obtaining others. Whenever leisure and opportunity offer for the collection of larger vocabularies than that here given, it will of course be desirable to procure them; as also information concerning the grammatical struc- ture of the language, such as the modes of forming the plurals in nouns and adjectives, their declension, the conjugation of verbs, the character and use of pronouns, the number and employment of adverbs, prepositions, &c. Grammars and dictionaries, never yet published, were made of many of the languages of Upper and Lower California and the Mexican States by the Spanish missionaries, and the Smithsonian Institution has been favored with the loan of several manuscripts which are in the course of publication. It is desired to procure others, or copies of them, whenever it is possible, from all parts of both the American continents, or of printed works on the same subject. The present form is issued for the use of travellers or merely transient residents among tribes where no such records are procurable. In making collections, the utmost care is requisite to represent ac- curately the sounds of unfamiliar languages, particularly those which to us appear uncouth; and the inquirer should satisfy himself, by repetition of the words to other individuals, that he has correctly ac- quired their pronunciation. While the assistance of interpreters con- versant with the language is desirable to insure a correct understand- ing, the words themselves should be taken down from the lips of an Indian of the tribe. A great difference indeed exists among Indians in the purity with which they speak their own language, chiefs and men of note and women of good standing, as a general thing, speaking more correctly than common persons. Great patience is necessary to secure accuracy, as their attention soon becomes fatigued by being kept on the stretch. Whenever this is observed to be the case, it is best to postpone the subject for a time, if possible. The character of the Indian mind is so essentially different from that of the white man, they think in so different a manner, that many precautions are necessary to avoid giving them wrong impressions of our meaning, and of course obtaining incorrect replies. Indians not only distinguish by different names the degrees and PHILOLOGY. 15 nodifications of relationship, such as the elder from the younger brother and sister, but women use different words from men in ad- dressing their relations; as, for instance, a man employs one word in saying “my father,” and a woman another. Again, different words are, at least in some languages, used in speaking of one’s parents from those used in speaking fo them. It is, therefore, necessary either to give each form, or to specify by what sex and in what sense the words are used, Further to prevent uncertainty, it is preferable to employ the possessive pronoun in connection with the word, as given in the vocabulary, e. g., “‘my father,” &c.; and this is, in fact, in consonanee with Indian practice. Their languages are deficient in generic terms, or those representing classes of objects. Thus very few possess words equivalent to “tree,” “bird,” “fish,” &c., though names will be found for every particular species, as each kind of oak and pine, of duck or salmon; and of cer- tain animals, such as deer, there will be found, besides the specific name, black or white-tailed deer, as the case may be, separate words signifying buck, doe, and fawn, as with us. It is, therefore, essential in. obtaining such names, to ascertain definitively the object intended, and to note this in the vocabulary. This tendency to particularize extends to almost every class of ob- jects. In regard’to parts of the body, it has been found that in many languages there is no one word for arm or leg, but separate ones for the upper arm, and that below the elbow; for the thigh, and that part below the knee. Even of the hands and feet there are often no names embracing the whole. So, too, the words “leaf,” “ bark,” are repre sented by distinct names, according to their character, as broad and needle-shaped leaves, the woody and fibrous barks. Sheath and pocket knives and the various forms of canoes have in like manner each their specific names. In respect to particular words, the following points may be noted : Man. This must be carefully distinguished from the word “ per- son,” the collective of which is “people,” ¢, e., Indians. Boy, Girl, Infant. The answer often given for these is simply “little man,” “little woman,” “little one.” Husband and wife. Distinct words exist in most languages for these relationships; in others, it would seem as if there was only “ my man,” “my woman.” Indians, people. Care must be taken that the name of the tribe is not given unless really so designated. 16 PHILOLOGY. Head, A very common mistake to be guarded against ‘s the sub- stitution of hair or scalp. Face. The name for the forehead or eyes is, in some cases, em- ployed for the whole face. Neck, Throat is apt to be given instead of neck. In naming parts of the body, as well as relationship, it will be found a very common practice with Indians to prefix the pronoun “my” to each one, as “my head,” &c. The recurrence of the same syllable at the beginning of each word will indicate this. Town, village. Generally speaking, the same word is given as for house, or it is rendered “many houses.” In New Mexico, pueblo would have a different meaning from the habitations of the wild tribes. Warrior, Among the tribes of the Pacific coast, where there is no distinctive class of warriors, this is frequently rendered “strong man,” “ quarrelsome,” &c. Friend is a word of very indefinite meaning. Instead of it, “ cousin,” or “ one liked,” will often be given. ; Sun and moon. Curiously enough, these, among several tribes, bear the same name and are actually supposed to be the same. Others use for moon “ night sun.” The Seasons. These words have been retained, though it is ques- tionable if they have a very definite signification with Indians. The names of particular months, or “ moons,” warm or cold weather, or the periods in which particular occupations are followed probably, in most cases, replace them. River, lake. For these simply the word “water” will often be given, as, among tribes of limited range, their own river or lake is “the water” which they best know. Mountain. “Rock” is frequently the translation. Some tribes, again, apply a special name to snow peaks. The colors. The idea of color seems to be indistinct, dark blue and dark green having, in many languages, the same name as black, and vellow the same as light green. Old and young. Care should be taken that the words for “old man,” “young man,” are not supplied; or, on the other hand, “worn out,” and “new,” as is often the case. Alive is frequently rendered “not dead.” Cold, warm. Were, again, caution is requisite, as cold or warm weather may be given instead. Yesterday and to-morrow. In some languages, a single word is used for both, the distinction being made only by the connection. PHILOLOGY. 17 Numerals. Many tribes go no farther in counting than ten, and amoug those of California, it is said, some have no names for numbers veyond five. Others, on the contrary, have different sets of numerals, or rather their numerals have different terminations, one class being used in ordinary counting, the other applying to men, money, &e. Pronouns. The personal pronouns are of two classes, one simple or absolute, the other variously called fragmentary and copulative. These last are used only in composition, as in the form of prefixes and suffixes to the verbs. Verbs. It is a matter of dispute whether the Indian verb has any true infinitive mood, as “to go,” “to eat,” &c., and its simplest form appears to be, in all cases, the third person singular present, “ he goes,” “he eats.” It will be better, therefore, to obtain either this form or that of the first person, “I go,” &c. The last will be found often to be combined with the copulative pronoun. ORTHOGRAPHY. It is, of course, essential to the proper understanding by others of the words collected, especially in view of general comparisons, that a precise and fixed system of spelling should be used, and this is more so where the usual language of the collector is English than where French or Spanish, as there is far less certainty in the pronunciation of the first than of these last. In English, for instance, four different sounds are given as belonging to the letter a, viz.: those in far, full, Jat, fuie. As regards the simple vowels, the difficulty can be partly remedied by employing the Spanish or Italian sounds, as given be- low, and a further advantage will be found in separating the words into syllables and marking the principal one with an accent, thus. Da-ko’-ta. There are, however, in every language, sounds peculiar to itself, and the different Indian tongues abound in them, many being almost beyond our capacity to imitate and certainly to write, without some addition to the ordinary alphabet. Various systems, contem- plating a universal alphabet, or one applicable to all languages, have been devised, each having its peculiar merits ; but the greav difficulty, never fully overcome, has been to represent intelligibly such un- familiar sounds without confusing the inquirer with new characters or numerous marks, or, again, by employing several letters to represent a single sound. The alphabet here recommended for adoption, with- out pretending to remedy these defects, will at least prove an assist- ance to the collector in the field. Should it be necessary to repre- 18 PHILOLOGY. sent other sounds, not included below, it will be better for him to adopt some arbitrary maik of his own, describing fully its value or meaning. VOWELS. A as long in father, and short in German fat (nearly as in Eng- lish what). E as long in they (“long a” in face), short in met. “ % % marine, short in pin. oO “« « «go, short in home, whole (as generally pronounced in the northern States). U as long in rule (00 in fool), short in full (00 in good). U as in union, pure, &c.; to be written yu. A as in all (aw, au in bawl, taught). vA 6b Sat. U * © but (o in love, 00 in blood). AI “ « qisle (“long v” in pine). AU as ow in now, ou in loud, The distinction of long and short vowels to be noted, as far as pos: sible, by the division into syllables, joining a following consonant to a short vowel, and leaving the vowel open if long. Where this is in- sufficient, or where greater distinctness is desirable, a horizontal mark above, to indicate a long vowel, a curved mark a short one, thus: a, a, @, é, &c. A nasalsyllable, like those found so commonly in French, to be marked by an index, », at the upper right-hand corner of the vowel; thus o*, a", a”, u”, will represent the sounds of the French on, an or en, in, and un, respectively. CONSONANTS. as in English b/ad, c not to be used excepting in the compound ch ; write & for the hard sound, s for thé soft. D as in English dad. ce be uc Sife. / Oe “ gig, never for the soft sound, as in ginger; for this use always ). H as in English how, hoe, handle. J fo 8S judge. KH & kick, 2 eo \ Medd nwo wy GH PHILOLOGY. 19 as in English Jul. ea eS “mene: ce 6k “ noon. so 66 oc pipe. not to be used: for gu write kw. as in English rear, eG “ec sauce, COMECCENECG tight. se be “ vow. See Sad Sh nnenytoane « not to be used: write &s or gz, according to the sound, in waz, example. as in English you, year. age Se oat arcedl.souce. as ng in English, singing. as in English shall, shoe. as Z In azure, s in fusion. as in English church. “ thin, truth. as th inethe, with. a surd guttural aspirate, the German ch in ach, loch, buch, and sometimes approaching that in ich, recht, biicher. a sonant guttural aspirate (Arabic ghain); other compounds, like the clucks occurring in Chinook, &c., to be represented by &l, tki, tlk, &ce., according to their analysis. 20 PHILOLOGY, COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY. ENGLISH. Name of tribe. man i woman 2 boy 3 girl 4 infant 5 my father (said by son) 6 my father (said by daughter) a my mother (said by son) 8 my mother (said by daughter) 9 my husband 10 my wife 11 my son (said by father) 12 my son (said by mother) 13 my daughter (said by father) 14 my daughter (said by mother) 15 my elder brother 16 my younger brother ~ 17 my elder sister 18 my younger sister 19 an Indian 20 people 21 head 22 hair 23 face 24 forehead 25 ear 26 eye 27 nose 28 mouth 29 SPANISH. Nombre de la tribu. hombre mujer muchacho muchacha nino 6 nifia. mi padre (dice el hijo) mi padre (dice la hija) me mi madre (dice el hijo) mi madre (dice la hija) mi marido mi esposa ee m hijo (dice el padre) me mi hijo (dice la madre) ee mi hija (dice el padre) me mi hija (dice la madre) mi hermano mayor mi hermano menor mi hermana mayor mi hermana menor Indio gente cabeza pelo cara frente oreja ojo nariz boca en a eens eect aeesenens Ai eel adie atteesnnsnensnseee eee oonrtawk fk WwW bY = mph Nw Ww NH NY NY WN NY BH BK HB ke eS SB eS et eomonwrnoar wWwnNnrrooqQonronoawkt f& wns K—& & PHILOLOGY. 21 COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY. FRENCH. Nom de la tribu. homme femme garcon fille enfant mon pére (dit le fils) mon pere (dit la fille) ma mere (dit le fils) ma mere (dit la fille) mon mari mon épouse mon fils (dit le pere) mon fils (dit la mere) ma fille (dit le pére) ma fille (dit la mére) mon frére ainé . mon frére cadet ma sceur ainée ma secur cadette sauvage peuple téte cheveux figure front oreille ceil nez bouche Oo ot oS Gc BP SO bw a) = © 12 LATIN. Nomen nationis. vir, homo mulier puer puella ‘ infans pater meus (dicit filius) pater meus (dicit filia) mater mea (dicit filius) mater mea (dicit filia) sponsus. meus uxor mea filius meus (dicit pater) fillus meus (dicit mater) fiha mea (dicit pater) filia mea (dicit mater) frater meus natu major frater meus natu minor soror mea natu major soror mea natu minor Indus populus caput erinis facies frons auris oculus nasus Os 22 30 31 32 33 54 ENGLISH. Name of tribe. tongue teeth beard neck arm hand fingers thumb nails body chest belly female breasts leg , foot toes bone heart blood town, village chief warrior friend house skin lodge kettle bow arrow axe, hatchet knife canoe moccasins pipe PHILOLOGY. F SPANISH. Nombre de la tribu, 30 lengua 31. dientes 32 barba 33 cuello 84 brazo 35 mano 86 dedos ,27 dedo pulgar 38 unas 39 cuerpo — 40 pecho 41 barriga 42 pechos de mujer 43 pierna 44 pié 45 dedos del pié 46 hueso 47 corazon 48 sangre 49 pueblo, villa, aldea 50 jefe 51 guerrero 52 amigo 53 casa 54 casa de cueros . 55 caldera 56 arco 57 flecha 58 hacha 59 euchillo 60 canoa 61 zapatos Indios 62. pipa FRENCH. Nom de la tribu. langue dents barbe cou bras main doigts pouce ongles corps poitrine ventre - mamelles jambe pied doigts du pied os coeur sang bourg, village capitaine guerrier ami maison loge de peaux chaudiere are fleche hache couteau canot souliers de sauvage pipe PHILOLOGY. 9% LATIN. Nomen nations. lingua ~ dentes barba collis brachium manus digiti digitus pollex ungues corpus sternum venter ubera crus + pes digiti pedis os cor sanguis oppidum, pagus dux miles amicus domus tentorium e pellibus . Jebes arcus sagitta ascla culter scaplia Indica calceamenta Indica tubus nicotianus 24 ENGLISH. Name of tribe. tobacco sky sun moon star day night morning evening spring summer autumn winter wind thunder lightning rain ; snow fire water ice earth, land sea river lake valley prairie hill, mountain island stone, rock salt iron forest PHILOLOGY. SPANISH. Nombre de la tribu. 63 tabaco 64 cielo 65 sol 66 luna 67 estrella 68 dia 69 noche 70 manana 71 tarde 72 primavera 73 verano 74 otono 75 invierno 76 viento 77 trueno 78 relampage 79 luvia 80 nieve 81 fuego 82 agua 83 hielo 84 tierra 85 mar 86 rio 87 lago 88 valle 89 llano 90 cerro, montafia 91 isla 92 piedra, roca 93 sal 94 hierro 95 bosque, selva 63 64 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 Tl 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 FRENCH. Nom de la tribu. tabac ciel sol lune étoile jour nuit matin soir printemps été automne hiver vent tonnerre éclair pluie neige feu eau glace terre mer fleuve, riviére lac vallée prairie cote, montagne ile pierre, roche sel fer forét PHILOLOGY. Bh wo — © yr aT eT Mare Tate y ey Ty Ou a Co Tes), Oo wm LATIN, Nomen nationis. nicotianum ceelum sol luna stella dies nox tempus matutinum vesper ver egestas autumnus hibernus ventus tonitru fulgur pluvium nix ignis aqua glacies terra mar flumen lacus vallis pratum collis, mons insula petra, saxuno sal ferrum sylva 26 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 108 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 abate 112 113 114 115 116 7, 118 119 120 121 122 * 123 124 125 126 127 128 ENGLISH. Name of tribe. tree wood leaf bark grass pine maize squash flesh, meat dog buffalo bear, wolf fox deer elk beaver rabbit, hare tortoise horse fly mosquito snake rattlesnake bird ess feathers wings goose duck (mallard) turkey pigeon > fish PHILOLOGY. 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 108 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 115 il4 115 116 117 118 tag 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 20 128 SPANISH. Nombre de la tribu. . arbol madera hoja corteza zacate pino mais calabaza carne perro bisonte, biifalo oso lobo zorra clervo castor conejo tortuga caballo mosca mosquito culebra, serpiente culebra de cascabel ave huevo plumas alas ganso pato pavo, guanajo pichon pez FRENCH. Nom de la tribu. arbre bois feuille écorce herbe pin mais citrouille chair chien buffle ours loup renard cert élan castor lapin, lievre tortue cheval mouche maringouin serpent serpent a sonnettes oiseau ceuf plumes ailes oie canard dindon tourte poisson PHILOLOGY. 96 97 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 Lut 112 113 114 115 116 auie 7 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 LATIN. omen nationis. arbor lignum folium cortex herba pinus zea maiz cucurbitus caro canis bison, bos americanus ursus lupus vulpes cervus cervus canadensis castor lepus testudo equus musca culex serpens crotalus avis ovum plume alee anser . anas boschas pavo columba piscis 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 ort 158 159 169 161 ENGLISH. Name of tribe. 2 salmon sturgeon name white black red light blue yellow light green great, large small, little strong old young good bad dead alive cold warm, hot I thou he we ye they this that all many, much who far near PHILOLOGY. 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 SPANISH. Nombre de la tribu. salmon esturion nombre blanco negro colorado azul celeste amarillo verde grande pequeno fuerte viejo joven bueno malo muerto vivo frio caliente yo ta él nosotros vosotros ellos este aquel todo, todos mucho, muchos quien lejos cerea de 129 130 131 152 133 34 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 fe el rete Cot COR Gat Sr (OC) = co) ho — Or Or ~T 158 159 160 161 FRENCH. Nom de la tribu. saumon esturgeon nom blane noir rouge bleu jaune vert grand petit fort vieux jeune bon mauvais mort vivant froid chaud je tu il nous yous ils ceci cela tout, tous beaucoup qui loin pres PHILOLOGY. 129 150 132 153 154 135 136 137 158 139 140 141 142 26 LATIN. Nomen nationis. salmo sturio nomen albus ‘ niger rubrum cceruleum amarillis viridis magnus parvus fortis vetus juvenis bonus malus mortuus vivus frigidus calidus ego tu ille nos vos ili iste ille omnis, totus multus qui longe prope 3U 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 ENGLISH. Name of tribe. here there to-day yesterday to-morrow yes no one two three four five SIX seven eight nine ten eleven twelve twenty a thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety one hundred one thousand to eat to drink to run to dance PHILOLOGY. 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 abet 172 173 174 175 176 a area 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190, 191 192 193 194 SPANISH. Nombre de la tribu. aqui alla hoy ayer manana (el dia de) sl no uno ‘ . dos tres cuatro cinco sels siete ocho nueve diez once doce veinte treinta cuarenta cincuenta sesenta setenta ochenta noventa ciento mil q comer beber correr bailar FRENCH. Nom de la tribu. icl- la aujourd’ hui hier demain om non un deux trois quatre cing sIx sept huit neuf dix onze douze vingt trente quarante cinquante soixante soixante-dix quatre-vingts quatre-vingt-dix cent mille manger boire courir danser PHILOLOGY. LATIN. Jumen nationis. hic illuc hodie heri cras ita minime unus duo tres quatuor quinque sex septem octo novem decem undecim duodecim viginti triginta quadragihta quinquaginta sexaginta septuaginta octoginta nonaginta centum mille edere bibere currere saltare co bo 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 Ze to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to ENGLISH. Name of tribe. sing sleep speak see love kill sit stand go come walk work steal lie give laugh ery PHILOLOGY. SPANISH. Nombre de la tribu. cantar dormir hablar ver amar matar sentarse estar en ple ir venir andar trabajar robar mentir dar reir gritar 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 FRENCH. Nom de la tribu. chanter dormir parler voir almer tuer s’asseoir se tenir debout aller venir marcher travailler voler mentir donner rire crier PHILOLOGY. 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 LATIN. Nomen nationis. cantare dormire loqui videre amare ceedere sedere stare ire venire ambulare operari furare mentiri dare ridere clamare INSTRUCTIONS RELATIVE TO THE ETHNOLOGY AND PHILOLOGY OF AMERICA. ARUP BE Ni Dla As PHYSICAL CHARACTER OF THE INDIAN RACES. INVESTIGATIONS are now being made into the physical cha- racter of the soldiers composing the armies of the United States, embracing a large number of measurements of different parts of the body, designed to ascertain the effect of climate, locality, and mode of life upon men, the average size and proportions of troops of the United States as compared with those of foreign countries, and those of the different States as compared with each other. In connection with this inquiry it is deemed a matter of interest to extend the examination to the Indian tribes of America, and to ascertain the proportions of the aboriginal races as compared with those of European descent, and also the effects of different food, climate, and mode of life upon the various tribes of the former, The measurements seleeted for this purpose are, for various reasons, limited to a smaller number than in the case of the army, and with the exception of that of weight, which as being variable is of the least consequence, are such as can be taken with a tape- measure. They should be made with great care in feet, inches, and tenths of an inch. Persons familiar with the Indians are aware that a great differ- ence exists in the complexion, not merely of individuals, but of tribes. In some eases that peculiar reddish tinge of the skin which has given to the race the name of “Red” or “ Copper- colored Men” is predominant and marked; in others a light brown is the more common; again, a yellowish or somewhat orange hue exhibits itself; and, finally, some approach nearly to black, Among the lighter colored the red often shows in the May, 1865. ( 35 ) 36 PHYSICAL CHARACTER OF RACES. cheek. Nor are these diversities due altogether to climate or exposure. There seem to be well authenticated instances in which food also influences complexion. Thus it is said that among the Chepewyan tribes of British America, the Cariboo or Reindeer eaters are much darker than the cognate tribes who live on fish, and this, too, although they inhabit a far northern latitude. The texture of the skin is a noticeable feature. That of the youngér Indians, where it can be perceived through the dirt, is usually exceedingly soft and delicate, but becomes wrinkled with middle age. An important difference in the color of the hair also occasionally shows itself. For instance, the Indians of the Nooksahk tribe, in the neighborhood of Mount Baker, Wash- ington Territory, have often light-brown and even flaxen hair in youth, which, however, grows dark with age, and yet their blood is unmixed. When neglected and exposed to the sun the hair becomes of a rusty hue, and like that of whites loses its gloss. Among some of the Pueblo tribes of New Mexico albinos are not uncommon. Hazel eyes are frequent among the Indians of the lower Klamath. Particular information should be given as to their food, whether consisting of game, fish, maize, roots, &c., and even as to the kinds of either, whether of buffalo, elk, deer, or cariboo, of salmon or other varieties of river fish, or of the various animal produc- tions of the sea, such as the whale, walrus, seals, &c., as among the Esquimaux and some of the Northwest Coast Indians. Their mode of life will, of course, influence the development of the form. Among the tribes who live almost altogether on horseback, or in canoes, we may expect to see the legs compara- tively small, while in the latter the arms will be proportionately large. Among the mountain tribes, on the other hand, the legs will be more muscular and the chest expanded. As a general rule their limbs are rounded, and the separate muscles are not developed as in the white and black races. As to this, observa- tions are requested. The age of Indians it is very difficult, in most cases impossible, to ascertain, as they keep no record even in memory. An esti- mate founded on careful observation will, however, afford a reasonable approximation. Sometimes a reference to a known event as having occurred when they were of the size of some young boy will afford a guide. As the men usually marry young, PHYSICAL CHARACTER OF RACES. 37 the age of their families furnishes often another. CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY. 17. Hare, R.—Memoir on the Explosiveness of Nitre. 4to. pp. 20. (S. C. 1.) 25 cents. 88. Gibbs, W. and F. A. Genth.—Researches on the Ammonia-Cobalt Bases. 1856. 4to. pp. 72. (S.C.ix.) $1. 27. Booth, J. C. and C. Morfit.—On Recent Improvements in the Chemical Arts. 1852. 8vo. pp. 216. (M.C.u.) $1 25. ETHNOLOGY AND PHILOLOGY. 71. Haven, S. F.—Archexology of the United States; or, Sketches, His- torical and Bibliographical, of the Progress of Information and Opinion re- specting Vestiges of Antiquity in the United States. 1856. 4to. pp. 172. (S. C. vir.) $2. 5 1. Squier, E. G. and E. H. Davis.—Ancient Monuments of the Missis- sippi Valley ; comprising the results of extensive original surveys and ex- plorations. 1848. 4to. pp. 346, 48 plates and 207 wood-cuts. (S.C. 1.) $20. 15. Squier, EH. G.—Aboriginal Monuments of the State of New York) comprising the results of original surveys and explorations; with an illustra- tive appendix. 1850. 4to. pp. 188, 14 plates and 72 wood-cuts. (S. C. u.) $4. 37. Whittlesey, C.—Description of Ancient Works in Ohio. 1851. 4to. pp. 20 and 7 plates. (8. C. m1.) 155. Whittlesey, C.—Notices of Ancient Mining on Lake Superior. By Charles Whittlesey. 1863. 4to. pp. 32 and one map. (S.C. xm.) 50 cts. 70. Lapham, I. A.—The Antiquities of Wisconsin, as surveyed and de- scribed by I. A. Lapham, Civil Engineer, &c., on behalf of the American An- tiquarian Society. 1855. , 4to. pp. 108, and 50 plates. (S.C. vu.) $6. 53. Stanley, J. M.—Catalogue of Portraits of North American Indians, with sketches of scenery, etc. Painted by J. M. Stanley. 1552. 6vo. pp. 76. (M.C.u.) 50 cents. 86. Mayer, B.—Observations on Mexican History and Archeology, with a special notice of Zapotec remains as delineated in Mr. J. G. Sawkin’s draw- ings of Mitla, &c. 1856. 4to. pp. 36 and 4 plates. (S.C. rx.) 75 cents. 12. Lieber, F.—Vocal Sounds of Laura Bridgeman; compared with the elements of phonetic language. 1850. 4to. pp. 32 and one plate. (S.C. 11.) 40. Riggs, S. R.—A Grammar and Dictionary of the Dakota Language. 1852. 4to. pp. 414. (5S. C. rv.) 68. Mitchell, B. R.—Vocabulary of the Jargon or Trade Language of Oregon. Edited by Prof. W. W. Turner. 1853. 8vo. pp. 22. 161. Gibbs, G.—Dictionary of the Chinook or Trade’ Jargon of Oregon. 1863. 8vo. pp. 60. 50 cents. 98. Bowen, T. J.—Grammar and Dictionary of the Yoruba Language. 1858. 4to. pp. 232,and one map. (S.C. x.) $4. 138. Morgan, L. H.—Circular in reference to the Degrees of Relationship among different Nations. 1860. 8vo. pp. 34. (M.C. 1.) 10 cents. 160. Gibbs, G.—Instructions relative to the Ethnology and Philology of America. 1863. S8vo. pp. 54. 25 cents. 170. Blanks for recording Indian Vocabularies (reprinted on 4to. letter pap. from preceding). 25 cents. MICROSCOPICAL SCIENCE. 20. Bailey, J. W.—Microscopical Examination of Soundings made by the United States Coast Survey off the Atlantic Coast of the United States. 1851. 4to. pp. 16 and 1 plate. (S. C. m.) 23. Bailey, J. W.—Microscopical Observations made in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. 1851. pp. 48 and 3 plates. (8. C. 1.) 63. Bailey, J. W.—Notes on New Species and Localities of Microscopical Organisms. 1854. pp. 16 and one plate. (S. C. vit.) 50 cents. 44. Leidy, J—A Flora and Fauna within Living Animals. 1853. 4to. pp. 68 and 10 plates. (S.C. v.) $2. GENERAL NATURAL HISTORY. 34. Directions for collecting, preserving, and transporting specimens of natural history. Prepared for the use of the Smithsonian Institution. Third edition. 1859. 8vo. pp. 40. (M.C. 1.) 25 cents. 139. Instructions in reference to collecting Nests and Eggs of North Ameri- can Birds, pp. 22, and 18 woodcuts. “Circular in reference to the history of North American Grasshoppers, pp. 4. Circular in reference to collecting North American Shells, pp. 4. In one pamphlet of 30 pages, 8vo. 1860. (M. C. 1.) 10 cents. 164. Museum Miscellanea, or Aids to the Labelling, Cataloguing, and Re- cording of Specimens. 8vo. pp. 48. 1854—1862. 50 cents. PHYSIOLOGY. 82. Jones, J.—Researches, Chemical and Physiological, concerning certain North American Vertebrata. 1856. 4to. pp. 150. (S.C. vir.) $1 50. 135. Mitchell, S. W.—Researches upon the Venom of the Rattlesnake, 1860. 4to. pp. 156. (S.C. xu.) $1 75. 45. Wyman, J.—Anatomy of the Nervous System of Rana pipiens L. 1853. Ato. pp. 52 and 2 plates. (S. C. v.) ' 173. Dean, J.—Gray Substance of the Spinal Marrow and Trapezium. 1864. 4to. pp. 80 and 16 plates. $2 50. 169. Mitchell, S. W. and G. R. Morehouse.—Anatomy and Physio- logy of Respiration in the Chelonia. 1863. 4to. pp. 50. (S.C. xi.) $1. ZOOLOGY. 165. Allen, H.—Monograph of Bats of North America. 1864. S8vo. pp. 110. 50 cents. 105. Baird, S. F.—Catalogue of North American Mammals, chiefly in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. 1857. 4to. 50 cents. 106. Baird, S. F.—Catalogue of North American Birds, chiefly in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. 1858. 4to. 50 cents. 108. Baird, S. F.—Catalogue of North American ‘Birds, chiefly in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. 1859. 8vo. (M.C.1.) 25 cents. 181. Baird, S. F.—Review of American Birds in the Museum of the Smith- sonian Institution. Part I, 1864—1865. 8vo. pp. 320. $2. 89. Brewer, T. M.—North American Oology. Part I. Rapacious and Fissirostral Birds. 1857. 4to. pp. 140 and 5 plates. (S. C. x1.) $5 colored, $2 50 plain. 49. Baird, S. F. and C. Girard.—Catalogue of North American Reptiles in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Part I. Serpents. 1853. 8vo. pp. 172. (M.C. 1.) $1 00. 30. Girard, C.—Contributions to the Natural History of the Fresh Water Fishes of North America. I. A Monograph of the Cottoids. 1851. 4to. pp. 80 and 3 plates. (S.C. mr.) $1 50. 50. Stimpson, W.—Synopsis of the Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan, in New Brunswick. 1853. 4to. pp. 68 and 3 plates. (S.C. vr.) $1 50. 7 163. Stimpson, W.—Synopsis of the Crustacea of North America. (In preparation. ) 128. Check List of the Shells of North America. Prepared for the Smith- sonian Institution by Isaac Lea, P. P. Carpenter, W. Stimpson, W. G. Binney, and Temple Prime. 1860. 8vo. pp. 44. (M.C. 1.) 25 cents. 153. Carpenter, P. P.—List of Shells collected by the U.S. Exploring Expedition. (In preparation). 154. Carpenter, P. P.—Synopsis of the Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America. 8vo. (In preparation.) 176. Stimpson, W.—Synopsis of the Marine Shells of the East Coast of North America. 8vo. (In preparation.) 194. Binney, W. G.—Land and Fresh Water Shells of North America. Part I. Pulmonata Geophila. 8vo. (Ready for press.) 143. Binney, W. G.—Land and Fresh Water Shells, ete. Part II. Pul- monata Limnophila and Thalassophila. 1865. S8vo. pp.172. $1 25. 144. Binney, W. G.—Land and Fresh Water Shells, etc. Part III. Am- pullariide, Viviparide, etc. 1865. 8vo. pp. 126. $1. 190. Tryon, G. W.—Land and Fresh Water Shells, ete. Part IV. Stre- pomatide. 8vo. (Ready for press.) 145. Prime, T.—Monograph of American Corbiculade. 1865. 8vo. pp. 90. 75 cents. 201. Stimpson, W.—Researches upon the Hydrobiine and allied forms. 1865. 8vo. pp. 64. 50 cents. 142. Binney, W. G.—Bibliography of North American Conchology prior to 1860. Part I. American Authors. 1863. S8vo. pp. 658. (M.C.v.) $3. 174. Binney, W. G.—Bibliography of North American Conchology prior to 1860. Part II. Foreign Authors. 1864. 8vo. pp. 308. $2. 16. Agassiz, L.—Classification of Insects from Embryological Data. 1850. 4to. pp. 28, and one plate. (5. C. 11.) 62. Melsheimer, F. H.—Catalogue of the described Coleoptera of the United States. Revised by S.S. Haldeman and J. L. Le Conte. 1853. 8vo. pp. 174. $2. 136. Le Conte, J. L.—Classification of the Coleoptera of North America. Prepared for the Smithsonian Institution by John L. Le Conte, M.D. 8vo. Part I. 1861-1862. (M.C. 11.), pp. 278. $1 50. 140. Le Conte, J. L.—List of Coleoptera of North America. Part I. 1863- 1866. 8vo. pp. 80. 75 cents. 167. Le Conte, J. L.—New Species of North American Coleoptera. Part I. 1863-1866. 8vo. pp. 180. $1. 126. Le Conte, J. L.—Coleoptera of Kansas and Eastern New Mexico. 1859. 4to. pp. 66, and 3 plates. (S.C. x1.) $1 25. 134. Hagen, H.—Synopsis of the described Neuroptera of North America, with a list of the South American species. 1861. 8vo. pp. 368. (M. C. rv.) 2. ; 118. Morris, J. G.—Catalogue of the described Lepidoptera of North America. 1860. 8vo. pp. 76. (M.C. m1.) $1. 133. Morris, J. G.—Synopsis of the described Lepidoptera of North Ame- rica. Part I. Diurnal and Crepuscular Lepidoptera. 1862. S8vo. pp. 376. (M. C. 1v.) $2. 8 102. Osten Sacken, R.—Catalogue of the described Diptera of North America. 1858. 8vo. pp. 116. (M.C. 11.) 75 cents. 141. Loew, H.—Monograph of the Diptera of North America. Part I. Edited by R. Osten Sacken. 1862. S8vo. pp. 246, and two plates. $1 50. 171. Loew, H.—Monograph of Diptera of North America. Part Il. Edited by R. Osten Sacken. 1864. S8vo. pp. 340 and 5 plates. $2 50. 178. De Saussure, H.— Monograph of North American Hymenoptera. Edited by E. Norton. PartI. S8vo. (In press.) 189. Scudder, S. H.—Monograph of N. American Orthoptera. 8vo. (In preparation.) 148. Uhler, P. R.—Monograph of North American Homoptera and Hemip- tera. 8vo. (In preparation.) BOTANY. 22. Gray, A.—Plante Wrightiane Texano-Neo-Mexicane. Part I. 1852. 4to. pp. 146, and 10 plates. (S. C. m1.) 42. Gray, A.—Plante Wrightiane Texano-Neo-Mexicane. Part II. 1853. 4to. pp. 120, and 4 plates. (8S. C. v.) 32. Harvey, W. H.—Nereis Boreali-Americana, or Contributions to a History of the Marine Alge of North America. Part I. Melanospermee. 1852. Ato. pp. 152, and 12 plates. (S.C. 11.) $3. 43. Harvey, W. H.—Nereis Boreali-Americana, or Contributions to a History of the Marine Alge of North America. Part I]. Rhodosperme. 1853. 4to. pp. 262, and 24 plates. (S.C. v.) $5. 95. Harvey, W. H.—Nereis Boreali-Americana, or Contributions to a History of the Marine Alge of North America. Part III. Chlorospermez. 4to. pp. 142, and 14 plates. (S.C. x.) $3, in cloth. 96. Harvey, W. H.—Nereis Boreali-Americana, ete. By W. H. Harvey. The whole three parts complete in one volume. 4to. pp. 556, and 50 plates. Bound in cloth, colored plates, $20. 46. Torrey, J.—Plante Fremontiane, or Description of Plants collected by Colonel J. C. Fremont in California. 1853. 4to. pp. 24, and 10 plates. (S. C. vr.) 60. Torrey, J.—Observations on the Batis maritima of Linneus. 1853. 4to. pp. 8, and one plate. (S. C. vi.) 61. Torrey, J.—On the Darlingtonia californica: a new pitcher plant from Northern California. 1853. 4to. pp. 8, and one plate. (S. C. vi.) PALZONTOLOGY. 14. Gibbes, R. W.—A Memoir on Mosasaurus, and the three allied new genera, Folcodus, Conosaurus, and Amphorosteus. 1850. 4to. pp. 14, and 3 plates. (S. C. 1.) 41. Leidy, J.—Memoir upon the Extinct Species of Fossil Ox. 1852. 4to. pp. 20, and 5 plates. (S.C. v.) $1. ; 58. Leidy, J.—The Ancient Fauna of Nebraska; or, a Description of Re- mains of Extinct Mammalia and Chelonia from the Mauvaises Terres of Ne- braska. 1853. 4to. pp. 124, and 25 plates. (S.C. vi.) $5. 9 72. Leidy, J.—A Memoir on the Extinct Sloth Tribe of North America. 1855. 4to. pp. 70, and 16 plates. (8. C. vir.) $3. 192. Leidy, J.—Cretaceous Reptiles of the United States. 1865. 4to. pp. 140 and 20 plates. (S. C. xiv.) $4. 172. Meek, F. B. and F. V. Hayden.—Paleontology of the Upper Mis- souri. Part I. 1865. 4to. pp. 158, and 5 plates. (G. C. xiv.) $2 50. 177. Meek, F. B.—Check List of the Invertebrate Tossils of North Ame- rica. Cretaceous and Jurassic. 1864. 8vo. pp. 44. 25 cents. 183. Meek. F. B.—Check List, etc. Miocene. 1864. 5Svo. pp. 36. 25 cents. 200. Conrad, T. A.—Check List, etc. Eocene and Oligocene. 1866. 8vo. pp. 46. 26 cents. GEOLOGY AND PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 90, Hitchcock, E.—lIllustrations of Surface Geology. 1857. 4to. pp. 166, and 12 plates. (S. C. 1x.) $4. 13. Ellet, C.—Contributious to the Physical Geography of the United States. Part I. On the Physical Geography of the Mississippi Valley, with suggestions for the improvement of the Navigation of the Ohio and other rivers. 1850. 4to. pp. 64, and one plate. (S2Ce 11.) 197. Whittlesey, C.—Fresh Water Drift of the North Western States. Ato. (In press.) 202. Pumpelly, R.—Geological Observations in Mongolia, China, and Japan. 4to. (In press.) MINERALOGY. 156. Egleston, T.—Catalogue of Minerals with their formulas. 1863. Svo. pp. 42. 50 cents. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 117. Catalogue of Publications of Societies, and of other periodical Works in the Library of the Smithsonian Institution, July 1, 1858. Foreign Works. 1859. 8vo. pp. 266. (M.C. III.) 179. Catalogue, etc., 2d edition. January,1866. 8vo. pp. 600. (In press.) 74. Catalogue of Publications of the Smithsonian Institution. Corrected to June, 1862. 8vo. pp. 52. (M.C.v.) 25 cents. 203. List of works published by the Smithsonian Institution, January, 1866. 8vo. pp. 12. (Gratis.) _ 48. Girard, C.—Bibliography of American Natural History for the year 1851. By Charles Girard. 1852. S8vo. pp. 60. 142. Binney, W. G.—Bibliography of American Conchology. (See Zoo- logy. 47. Jewett, C. C.—On the Construction of Catalogues of Libraries, and of a general catalogue. 1853. 8vo. pp. 96. 116. Rhees, W. J.—List of Public Libraries, Institutions, and Societies in the United States and British Provinces of North America. 1859. §vo. 10 ARCHITECTURE. 2. Owen, R. D.—Hints on Public Architecture, containing, among other illustrations, Views and Plans of the Smithsonian Institution, together with an Appendix relative to Building Materials. Prepared on behalf of the Build- ing Committee of the Smithsonian Institution. 1849. 4to. pp. 140, and 15 plates. MISCELLANEOUS. s 64. List of Foreign Correspondents of the Smithsonian Institution. 8vo. 1862. pp. 56. 25 cents. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. Agassiz, 7 Algew of N. Am., 8 Allen, 6 Alvord, 1 Ammonia-Cobalt, 4 Amphorosteus, 8 Ampullariide, 7 Ancient mining, 5 Annual reports, 1 Archeology, 4 Architecture, 9 Aretie Seas, 2, 3, 4 Astronomy, lL Aurora Borealis, 3 Bache, 3 Bailey, 5 Baird, 6 Batis, 8 Bats of N. Am., 6 Bibliography, 9 Bib. of Conchol., 7 Bib. of Nat. Hist., 9 Binney, 7, 9 Birds, Catal. of, 6 Birds, Review of, 6 Botany, 8 Booth, 4 Bowen, 5 Brewer, 6 Bridgeman, Laura, 5 Carpenter, 7 Caswell, 2 Catalogue of Libr., 9 Catal. of Publica., 9 Catal. of Transac., 9 Chappelsmith, 2 Chelonia, 6 Chelonia, extinct, 8 Chemistry, 4 China, 9 Coffin, 3 i Coleoptera, 7 Conchology, 7 Conchol., Bib. of, 7 Conosaurus, 8 Corresp. of S. I., 10 | Conrad, 9 Cottoids, 6 Corbiculadsx, 7 Cretaceous Fossils, 9 Cretace. Reptiles, 9 Crustacea, 7 Dakota Dietion., 5 Darlingtonia, 8 Davis, 2,5 Dean, 6 Diptera, 8 Downes, 1 Draper, 4 Eclipse of Sun, 2 Kees, 6 Egleston, 9 Elec. Rheometry, 4 Electro-Mag. Tel., 4 Ellet, 9 Entomology, 7 Entophyta, 5 Entozoa, 5 Eocene fossils, 9 Ephem. Neptune, 2 Ethnology, 4 Exploring Expe., 7 Fishes, 6 Flood Tide, 2 Force, 3 Fox (Yacht), 3 Fremont, 8 General Series, 1 Genth, 4 Geography, Phys., 9 Geology, 9 Gibbs, 4, 5 Gibhes, 8 Gilliss, 2 Girard, 6, 9 Girard College, 3 Grand Manan, 6 Grasshoppers, 6 Gray, 8 Greenland, 2 Guyot, 3 Hagen, 7 Haldeman, 7 Hare, 4 | Harvey, 8 Ilaven, 4 Hayden, 9 Hayes, 4 Hemiptera, 8 | Hill, 2 Hitcheock, 9 Holeodus, 8 Homoptera, 8 Hydrobiine, 7 Hymenoptera, 8 Indian Portraits, 4 Insects, 7 Instruc. in Collee., 6 Instrue. Philology, 5 Invert. Marine, 6 Japan, 9 Jargon, 5 Jewett, 9 Jones, 6 Jurassic Fossils, 9 Kane, 2 | Lapham, 5 Lakes, Level of, 2 Lake Superior, 5 Lea, 7 Le Conte, 7 Lepidoptera, 7 Libraries, List of, 9 Leidy, 5, 8, 9 | Lieber, 5 9 “a Loomis, Locke, 3 Loew, 8 Mag. Surveys, 3, 4 Magnet., Terres., 3 Mammals, 6 Mammals, Cat. of, 6 Mammals, Extinct, 8 Mathematics, 1 Mauvaises Terres, 8 | Mayer, 5 McClintock, 3 Medulla Oblon., 6 Meech, 3 Meek, 9 Melsheimer, 7 Meteorology, 2 Mexico, 4 Mitchell, 6 Mitla, 5 Microscope, 5 Micros. Seience, 5 Minerals, List of, 9 Mineralogy, 9 Miocene fossils, 9 Miscellaneous, 10 Miscellane. Collec.,1 | Mississippi Val., 5, 9 Mitchell, 5 Mollusks, 7 Mongolia, 9 Morehouse, 6 Morfit, 4 Morgan, 5 Morris, 7 Mosasaurus, 8 Museum Miscel., 6 Natural History, 6 | Nebraska, 8 Neptune. 1, 2 Nereis Bor.-Am., 8 Nests, 6 Neuroptera, 7 Newcomb, 2 New Harmony, 2 New York, 5 Norton, 8 Observ., Meteor., 3 | Occultations, 1 Ohio, 5 Oligocene Fossils, 9 | Olmos, Peru, 2 Olmstead, 3 Oology, 6 Orthoptera, 8 Osten Sacken, 8 Owen, 9 Ox, Fossil, 8 Palxontology, 8 Pennsylvania, 4 Periodical Pheno., 3 Philology, 4 Photo. Celestial, 4 Phys. Geography, 9 Physiology, 6 Popocatapetl, 4 Prime, 7 Providence, 2 Psychrom. Tables, 3 Publica. of S. I. 9 Pulmonata, 7 Pumpelly, 9 Rana pipiens, 6 Rattlesnake, 6 Reports, Annual, 1 Reptiles, 6 »Reptiles, Fossil, 9 Rhees, 9 Riggs, 5 Runkle, 2 Saussure, 8 | Sawkins, 5 Schott, 2, 3, 4 | Scudder, 8 Secchi, 4 Serpents, 6 | Shells, 7 | Shells, Collecting, 6 Shells, List of, 7 Sloth, Extinet, 9 Smith, 2 Smithson. Cont., 1 Sonntag, 4 Soundings, 5 Squier, 5 Stanley, 5 Stimpson, 6, 7 | Storms, 2 | Strepomatidex, 7 Sun, Eclipse of, 2 Sun, Heat of, 3 | Surface Geology, 9 Tables, Met. & P., 3 Technology, 4 Telescope, 4 Ter Magnetism, 3 Terres. Physics, 4 Tides, 2 Trapezium, 6 Tornado, 2 Torrey, 8 Tryon, 7 Turner, 5 Uhler, 8 Upper Missouri, 9 Viviparide, 7 Vocabularies, 5 Walker, 1, 2, 6 Washington, Ark., 2 Whittlesey, 2, 5, 9 Wisconsin, 5 Wright, 8 Wyman, 6 Yacht Fox, 3 Yoruba, 5 Physies, 4 Zoology, 6 (11) o . ‘ OC Ce mca ce Ce G a = aoe: cecaea | r< cee CCE | ci ar aut Set ara sat c= beara KG - «<< ae eC 3 t Ww os iN UU SS CNNSI NN) RRR NOU NN UN UN Soe we NUNN eee Me Pct Uwe UNS Bee Ww We SO SONI SNS ON were MURS eins Wee et S| NS Nai ANNAN WS AU hs x NY meee Ma IVa dita Eee ay od Ny] Sid Y JUSS NNW “AG ieee egy | eae IU UUM Se WU steer SN ROIS Roh Nie Pewee UIVIV RY We Nv Wey wwe RUOveNbaer nv accvwvel rn Ll AaMnVOY BUSS OMI WYN ide Scan BO See Uae wv Y Vig | wh = Nadiad Maat Vi YG Z . 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