SE
Anan

ee han a tt Be

ee ee ee ee ee ree

nr aT oe aT enh a ere ae:
Saag Speeinieeeeae ea eee ee Cre : .
5 = stay = mee a eae cen: Se ee lS ae TL Ee Oe TOTO
= en neque a ns 5 a ! ¥e : ae
. : oars a Lae ee e~ : Peiaiaseet esos :- See andl . :
em ‘i = es naan he S - : . “ — ~—* = 7 3
- . teat i ad = - oo 7 7 elie ; :
ae a 7 7 , ar nae a a -

al

‘omni

ote ee

‘ii

F Bees 4 Fil LYE

= —
a

ae

es

“i
iD

a Se Leen (a “4 - ;

— i 2 ne oats ie m a) Se Et a , eo :
" hal : |

Pran Chiy We Saieincipr. |
vy |

7
vi

a x 1” ,
7 i Bi r ‘i

7

a

oft
| i

SMITHSONIAN
MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

VOL. 88

IS A VALUABLE MEMBER OF SOCIETY WHO, BY HIS OBSERVATIONS, RESEARCHES,

““ EVERY MAN
AND EXPERIMENTS, PROCURES KNOWLEDGE FOR MEN -——-SMITHSON

(PUBLICATION 3240)

CITY OF WASHINGTON
PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
1934

The Lord Baltimore Press

BALTIMORE, MD., U. S. A.

ADVERTISEMENT

The present series, entitled “ Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collec-
tions,’ is intended to embrace all the octavo publications of the
Institution, except the Annual Report. Its scope is not limited,
and the volumes thus far issued relate to nearly every branch of
science. Among these various subjects zoology, bibliography, geology,
mineralogy, anthropology, and astrophysics have predominated.

The Institution also publishes a quarto series entitled ‘* Smith-
sonian Contributions to Knowledge.” It consists of memoirs based
on extended original investigations, which have resulted in important
additions to knowledge.

CiGeABBOT.

Secretary of the Sinithsonian Institution.

(iti)

Lopes Veh

CONTENTS

Fow.e, Frepertck E. Smithsonian Physical Tables. Eighth revised
edition. 782 pp., Sept. 22, 1933. (Publ. 3171.) (Whole volume. )

(vy)

le
ny
'

7

yee

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOLUME 88
(WHOLE VOLUME)

SMITHSONIAN
ev ole AL TABLES

FIGH THA REVISED EDITION

PREPARED BY

BPREDERICK (Es. POWIiis

ASSOCIATE PHYSICIST, SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY

ory

800g ene!

(PUBLICATION 3171)

CITY OF WASHINGTON
PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
1933

The Lord Baltimore Press

BALTIMORE, MD., U. S. A.

ADVERTISEMENT

In connection with the system of meteorological observations established by
the Smithsonian Institution about 1850, a series of meteorological tables was
compiled by Dr. Arnold Guyot, at the request of Secretary Henry, and the
first edition was published in 1852. Though primarily designed for meteoro-
logical observers reporting to the Smithsonian Institution, the tables were so
widely used by physicists that it seemed desirable to recast the work entirely.
It was decided to publish three sets of tables, each representative of the latest
knowledge in its field, and independent of one another, but forming a homo-
geneous series. The first of the new series, Meteorological Tables, was
published in 1893, the second, Geographical Tables, in 1894, and the third,
Physical Tables, in 1896. In 1909 and 1922, respectively, two further volumes
were added, so that the series now comprises: Smithsonian Meteorological
Tables, Smithsonian Geographical Tables, Smithsonian Physical Tables,
Smithsonian Mathematical Tables, Smithsonian Mathematical Formulae.

The 14 years which had elapsed in 1910 since the publication of the first
edition of the Physical Tables, prepared by Prof. Thomas Gray, made im-
perative a radical revision for the fifth and sixth revised editions published in
tg10 and 1914. The latter edition was reprinted thrice. The seventh revision
was issued in 1919 and was reprinted thrice. The present eighth edition results
from a further extensive revision.

Inconsistencies that will be noted in minor points of style, such as abbrevia-
tions, etc., arise from the fact that many of the tables are printed from electro-
type plates; to change them to agree with present usages would involve too
great expense.

CHARLES G. ABBOT,
Secretary, Smithsonian Institution.
March, 1932.

PREPACEIV®) ctu REVISED EP DiTI@nN

The present edition of the Smithsonian Physical Tabies entails a consider-
able enlargement. Besides the insertion of new data in the older tables, about
270 new ones have been added. Their scope has been further broadened to
include many new tables relating to astrophysics, geophysics, meteorology,
geochemistry, atmospheric electricity, wireless, molecular and atomic data, ete.

Many suggestions and data have been received: from the Bureau of Stand-
ards, the Coast and Geodetic Survey (magnetic data), the Geophysical Labora-
tory, Naval Research Laboratory, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism,
Harvard College Observatory, Eastman Kodak Co. (photographic data),
National Research Council (International Critical Tables); from Messrs.
Adams, White (Geophysical Laboratory), R. T. Birge, Briggs, Dellinger,
Deming (Bureau of Chemistry and Soils), Dorsey (I. C. T.), Fleming, For-
sythe, Hulburt, Lovejoy and Loomis (Eastman Kodak Co.), Kimball, Menzel,
van Maanen, Russell, Shapley, St. John, Wells, Wherry, and many others
whose names generally will be found with the corresponding data furnished.
To all these we are indebted.

The changes in the domain of physics and allied branches have been so
radical and extensive that it has been difficult to do justice to the advances.
Further, it has been deemed essential to keep this volume in handy size,
referring the reader to the more extensive International Critical Tables or
to Landolt-Bornstein’s Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen for more extensive
data. It has been inadvisable to delay the tables for revision in many places.
We will be grateful for criticisms, the notification of errors, and new data.

FREDERICK EUGENE FowWLE.
ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY,

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,
March, 1932.

PABEEZOn CONTENDS

PRUEELOCIUIC LL TIe ear temo Ue Uni R DT ot fe tore Woe 4. ut a erica: aba Tebre

. oe

RU ISM TMC ASTIRCIITetita me wes ecules oc pre se oar ace les duels eect eieternhs, ERC

Fundamental units, xxxi; derived units, xxxii.

Conversion factors and dimensional formulae. ... . sca tLe OTE

Geometrical and mechanical units, xxxiv; heat aie XXXVI;
electric and magnetic units, xxxvii; electrostatic system,
Xxxviii; electromagnetic system, Xxxix.

Fundamental standards . :

Standard of length, xlii; semdard of: mass, aaa andar af nie.

xlii; standard of temperature, xlii.
Numerically different systems of units ;

Proposed Syoiems Of units (Pable, 1), xin; Ennssion ee
xliii; “ practical ” electromagnetic system, xliv; the inter-
national electric units, xliv.

The standards of the international electrical units . .

Resistance, xlvi: Mercury standards, xlvi; secondary standards:
xlvii; resistance standards in practice, xlvii; absolute ohm,
xvii.

Current, xlviii: The silver voltameter, xlviii; resistance stand-
ards used in current measurements, xlix; absolute ampere,
xlix.

Electromotive force, xlix: International volt, xlix; Weston
normal cell, xlix; Weston portable cell, li; absolute and
semi-absolute volt, li.

Quantity of electricity, lii: Standards, lii.

Capacity, lii.

Inductance, lii: Inductance standards, lii.

Power and energy, liii: Standards and measurements, lii1.

Magnetic units : .
The ordinary and the ampere- uid magnetic units 6 Table II), fe
TABLE

1. Spelling and abbreviations of common units of weight and measure.
2. Fundamental and derived units, conversion factors

(a) Fundamental units

(b) Derived units Mat hfe
3. Tables for converting U. S. weights ane measures :

(1) Customary to metric

.(2) Metric to customary :
4. Miscellaneous equivalents of U. S. and metric iaeatae ea measures,

sll

. xin

. xivi

v1

on

35:

CONTENTS

Equivalents of metric and British imperial weights and measures:

(1) Metric to imperial

(2) Metric to imperial, multiples .
(3) Imperial to metric

(4) Imperial to metric, multiples

MATHEMATICAL TABLES

Derivatives and Ea 3

Series Nie

Mathematical constants . Seer ‘ :
Reciprocals, squares, cubes, square roots of meter aamabere
Logarithms [4-place, 1000-2000 |

i ee
Antilogarithms [| 4- ries :
*s [eae Saas oeeoes I penal :
Circular (trigonometric) functions [arguments (° 4] ;
i r : [ : Gatianan

Logarithmic factorials, !, 7 =1 to 100 .
Hyperbolic functions .

Factorials [1 to 20]
Exponential functions

; : Values of e® and e* and their logarithms.
66 ‘e “c (eC ee 6c ““ “6
e4 Cans
‘6 66 ‘“ ‘6 Va. 6 ME pie Gc 6 ‘“
Cua” e 5
ee ce ve ee er “ec e— ee ce “e

| fractional |
argument /iv

4/7

Least squares: Probability integral,

ee oe oe oe ee

Values of 0.6745V1/(n—1)
“ 0.6745 V1/n(n—1)
“0.8453 V1/n(n—1)
“ 08453{41/nVn—1h
( Formulae ) :
Diffusion integral, inverse poke inteoral ‘

“ce “ce “ce
ee “e “ce

ce 6é ce

“ce oe

Exponential integral, E7(+), ine (e“/u)du

Gamma function, logarithms, m between 1 and 2

Zonal spherical harmonics [first seven, 9=0° to6=go°| .

Cylindrical harmonics, oth and tst orders | 6-place values, + =0 to Al
% sei? A | 4-place values, r=4to 15]

(a) 1st 10 roots (Rm) of Jo(4)=0; Ji(Rm)

(b) “6 15 “ec of 1,(4)= 22) =o
Notes, general formulae of Bessel’s functions

10
Te

12
13
14
15
24
26
28
30
a7
40
4I
47
48
54

59
55

CONTENTS

T
38. Elliptic integrals: Values of | 2 (1—sin?@ sin? 6)+!d@ ,

-O

39. Moments of inertia, radii of gyration, and corresponding weights .

40.

Al.

2)

43-

44.
45.
46.

47.
48.
49.
50.
Ble
52.
53:
54.
55-
56.

57-

BrrGe’s PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

Probable values of the general physical constants .
The velocity of light in vacuum (c) [2.99796 cm/sec. i
Newtonian constant of gravitation (G) [6.664 dyne cm?/ o]
Mean density of the earth [5.522 ae
Relation liter to dm* [1.000027 dm*] .
Normal mole volume of ideal gas [Ry/, 22.41 ; 5 i Jeaote)
Ratio international to absolute electrical units .
Atomic weights of certain elements .

Ep ore iie iN, At p. 62: 1 C, p83; Cin ea!
Normal atmosphere, 4, [1.013249 x 10° dyne/cm? |
Absolute temperature of ice-point (7,) [273.18° K.|
Mechanical equivalent of heat (J) ; electrical, (/’)

The faraday (F) [96489 abs. coul. |

Electronic charge (e) [4.770 X 10°7° abs. e.s.u. Va

Specific charge of electron (e/1)

Planck constant (h) [6.547 x 10-7’ erg/sec. |

Fundamental constants, Birge
ROWwers! Ob (c, hye, /c-*. .
Additional constants used by Binge in aancesion ane Table 40 .
Miscellaneous derived physical constants, Birge .

Volume of glass vessel from weight of its volume of Hg or H.O .
Reductions of weighings in air to vacuo .
Reductions of densities in air to vacuo .

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Introduction and definitions . ye oer care eo
Ferrous metals and alloys: Iron and iron alloys .
¥ " : Carbon steels
Heat treatments .
Alloy steels . ,
Steel wire—specification males
a Tf is ro les experimental values .
Semi-steel

“ec “cc “ce “ “ec “cc ce

Plow-steel rope [specification values |

58. Aluminum

Steel-wire rope—specification values.
experimental values.

vil

lie
Ww

GOINT NT NaN Sy
e NJ Ul wn UL tN

103
103
104
105

108
109
109

TIO
Il
I12
I12
rie
I1l4
114
114
Drs
an
115

116

Vill

39:

60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.

68.
69.
70.

od

2.

73:

Ji.

CONTENTS

Aluminum sheet: (a) Experimental values
(b) Specification values .
Aluminum alloys
Copper :
ra ae rolled 3 pene ont values ;
wire |hard-drawn |—specification maine: :
, medium hard-drawn .
Copper wire—soft or annealed
% PlALES esta ey eae
alloys [nomenclature] .

“c“ “cc

“ec

“ce

“e

oe “cc

: Three (or more) components .
Miscellaneous metals and alloys .

“ec ce “ce ee

Cement and concrete: (a) Cement .....

(b) Cement and cement ese

(2) Concrete: hea

Stone and clay products: (a) American building byanes ‘

: Copper-zine or peassens copper-tin or Gronsee ‘

(a) Tungsten and zinc .
(b) White metal bearing alloys

(6) Bavarian building stones .

(c) American building bricks .
(d) Brick piers, terra-cotta block piers.

(e) Various bricks
Rubber and leather: (a) Rubber, sheet
(>) Leather beltine. <
Manilla rope vk
Hardwoods grown in wu S. “(onettic units) :

Conifers eet bes i
Hardwoods “ “ “ “ (English units)
Conifers “ec ee ee “ee “ce “e
Rigidity modulus

Variation of the rigidity modulus with the demperauire 5
Interior friction at low temperatures .
Hardness . ‘
Relative hardness a thie! dlemients (Gneaceyae
Poisson’s ratio
ete of crystals Fbnetavlaell
. [numerical results| .

Wise hesnien, ee eae metal crystals, etaaic esneeiate

ce “ce

“ce . “ec “ec “ee

cubic

Relations between T, p, v, and wt. of gases [theory ]
Values of factor P= (273.1/T )ipv . :

Relative gas volumes at various pressures .

ee

Sono
+ lO
. MZ
; rs
Pee bi tc:
5 ES

5 TG)
. TO
, 1r9

AIG
» 120

IGE
A
aes

125

pl 26
126

§ 27
~ £28

. 128
- £29

129

29
= 130
= LZ0
Sei
= 32
- 133
- 134
- 135
=, 136
; £320
- 137
>) 37
- 137
- 137
- 138
- 139
. 140
linear compressibility

140
140

= TA
: 142
.. 142

106.
107.
108.
109.

110.
Tn:
E12:
113.
114.
ELS:
116.
EL.
118.
119.
120.
Er,
522:
123.
124.
125.
126.
127%,
128.
129.
130.

03T.
132.

CONTENTS ix

Correcting factors: Saturated gas volume to volume at 760 mm, 0° C. 143

Compressibility of gases: At ordinary et 144

i Menai * low 144

“ ele een OMatienIN atid hit ne 145

ss emi EL CVIEN ey 4) sc Beane 145

= en en @atbonr dioxide Sa AS

es «_“ ~ Physical properties of eames neaeen 146

fe So) Under hich presstiresie. 147

Gage pressure to atmospheres (absolute) . eine 147

Relation between p, T, and v, sulphur dicside ged 5 148

s sg be sammonias . . 148

Volume of gases: Values of 1+ one sh Sleuh opimenie ; 149

(a) For values of ¢t between 0° and 10° C Ey OLE: steps , 149

(b) Logs for ¢ between —49° and +399° C by 1° steps . . 150

(c) For values of t between —go° and ee C by 10° steps. 152

(d) Logs for t between 400° and 1990° C by 10° steps . 153

oe of liquids Bikg 154

and thermal expansion a pettoleans oils 155

es of solids 156

. “ crystals 157
DENSITIES

Specific gravities corresponding to the Baumé scale . . . . . . . 158

Degrees A. P. I. corresponding to specific gravities at 60° /60° F eee

Density of the elements, liquid or solid 159

‘s ‘“ different kinds of wood . 161

: ‘““ various solids . 162

i me v2 alloys... 163

sy “some foreign woods . : 163

- “various natural and artificial Peale ‘ 164

4 “liquids . s ore hari es 165

- “pure water free fone anenGas Lomi ae 166

Volume of water free from air, 0° to 36° C . 167

Density and volume of water, —10° to +250° C 168

+ - i mercury, —10° to a E 169

: of aqueous solutions ; 170

- “mixtures of ethyl alcohol atid water . 172

cs “aqueous methyl alcohol, cane sugar, sulphuric Hoe a Si eliget

Re “cane sugar solutions, Brix and Baumé degrees . 175

a ey eases ‘ 170

i moist \att: h/'760, h fem I os 9 177

iE uae “log h/760, h from 80 to 860. 177

o eG “values of 0.378¢ 179

Maintenance of air at definite humidities . «L7@

Pressure of columns of mercury and water . . 180

ie
134.
15.
130.
17:
138.
139.

140.

41.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
LAE
148.
140.
50.
Toye
152:
ges
154.
155.
156.

157.
158.
150.
160.
101.
162.
nOZ
104.
165.

166.
167.
168.

CONTENTS

BAROMETRIC TABLES

Reduction a barometric height to standard temperature 181
‘ barometer to standard gravity, free-air altitude oa 182
‘ Pe . oe ‘metric measures 183
‘ - * ee “English measures 185
Correction of the barometer for capillarity . 187
Volume of mercury meniscus in mm* 187
Pressures and the boiling point of water:
(a) Metric units . 188
(b) English units : 188
Determination of heights by the poramees 5 189
ACOUSTICS
Velocity of sound in solids 190
: oi | ae Abe : 190
rs “ «© liquids and gases IQI
Musical scales: Data for middle octave . ; : 192
as : Notes needed to transpose to other seiles - 1g2
Fundamental tone, harmonics, nearest tone of equal-tempered scale. 193
ihesbelvand: theydecihely scars 193
Loudness levels of various noises . 193
Peak power in watts of musical instruments Goninon 193
Relative strength of partials, various musical instruments . 194
Miscellaneous sound data. . 194
Audibility as dependent on sound pressure oad Heliteney 194
SECC en. can oll cclisyen vem Ese eke 195
Characteristic resonance values’ for apoken Howls : 195
Speech power (Fletcher ) 195
Phonetic powers, average conversation 195
AERODYNAMICS
Velocity pressure at different air speeds 196
Corrections to Robinson cup anemometers 197
Resistance coefficient for thin flat plates normal to wind 198
Forces on thin flat plates at angles to wind 199
Forces on nonrotating circular cylinders . 4200
mf “spheres . + 2201
i * miscellaneous panties . 201
¥ “cylinders 4 (202
Skin “friction:\\.." < fe. cs 4? aa se ee » 202
MrictiOr ~.... 9,472 Ls Guta AS es, cea “204:
Bab ricants i 1.1 Gig chess Woe Cait ne aeeee ge st Rn . 204
eGbricants: for cutting toolse- act enone ame one . 204

169.
170.
Ul
M72:
73:
174.
175.
nO:

“e

“ce

ce

ce

ce

“ce

“cc

“ec

alcohol-water mixtures (temperature Pesan)
and density of sucrose in aqueous solution

6c

é

CONTENTS

VISCOSITY

BEES of fluids and solids .
water in centipoises (temperature variation) .

* glycerol “

“cc

of organic liquids . : ae
Fluidities of gasolines and kerosene (eauipenaniiee a Acitioui)

ee

“ce

(20° C)

castor oil (temperature variation )

tb tb bd
S) ©).
Nm oun

177. Pressure effect on viscosity of pure liquids
178. Viscosity of miscellaneous liquids : Py le,
179. Specific viscosity of solutions (density and ean nerattire Na.

180. = sd $$ (various concentrations, 25° C)
Tele \VAISCOSIty-OL gases and VapOrs.. 2 = fs sa Gs eve
182. i “« “ ; Variation with pressure ana eriperatare

183. Diffusion of an aqueous solution into pure water .

oe “cc

184. MAPORGH Tears ae. feu BeBe ed en N25
, coefficients of, for various gases and vapors

185. 5a
186. s of metals into metals . . . Cite as
187. Solubility of inorganic salts in water (etaneriture ehetiow)
188. s “a few organic salts in water (temperature variation )
189. x “gases in water (temperature variation)
190. “ , change of, produced by uniform pressure
191. Commonly used organic solvents, boiling points
fae se NbSOnpuoMmOmeases My MQUIGS) 0 4.) 2 ag) ne eh
193. Capillarity and surface tension: Water and alcohol in moist air
194. ‘ * y Miscellaneous liquids in air
195. . % Solutions of salts in water
196. Surface tension of liquids cin a pn
197. cs “« “at solidifying point
VAPOR PRESSURE
198. Vapor pressure and rate of evaporation
199. - * of elements .
200. F is * organic liquids
201. ri at low temperatures
202. ;, cS of ethyl alcohol . .
203. as “methyl alcohol . . .
204. > 2 (a) carbon disulphide .

(b) chlorobenzene
(c) bromobenzene

(d) aniline

.

(e) methyl salicylate

(f) bromonaphthalene

(g) mercury

.

.

bo b&b Ww WY Wb
Oo b&b Ww Wb WN
MS) TPS) Asi ey ©)

to
to
tN

to
LS)
w

X11 CONTENTS

205... Vapor pressure of solutions of saltsin water...) sees es, 280
206. Pressure of saturated aqueous vapor over ice, low temperatures . . 232
207. > < i. o i “water, low temperatures. 232
208 “ee ce ‘ce “ce &é 6e “ec Oo to 374° & 232

209. Weight in grams of a cubic meter of saturated aqueous vapor . . . 234

“ce “e = cc “ce “ce “e “ce 6é

210. grains foot We
211. Pressure of aqueous vapor in une atmosphere: Various altitudes . 234

212. , i : iy ee 2 Sede Velen tain oos
213. Relative humidity, vapor pressure and dry temperature . . . . . 236
214. % a wet and. dry; thermometers, 4). i..6 4. eee ego
THERMOMETRY
215; «The anternational temperatune scale gv. sement en ne ee a
210. Recommended: procedure fcr calibration) =.) sa) eee eee
Pathe The standard platinum resistance thermometer. . . . . . . 242
218. Whe standard thermocouples =.) care eee et ie eee
219. Secondary calibration points ... . yaar eae
220. Directions for use of standard iictnoclement canines tions ee ae
221. Standard calibration curve for Pt-PtRh (10%Rh) thermoelement . 245
222. w . “© Cu-constantan thermoelement . . . 245

223: = * PST ate ij =, below,o" (C2246
224. Melting points of some purified salts, 400° to 1300° C. . . . . . 246
225. Standard calibration curve for chromel-alumel thermoelement . . 247

220) pticalpyTOMetny ius lowe urcpeepee see 4248
227. Correction for temperature of micreneel heerorernetes hve 2 ye 240
226. Stemcorrection for centiorade thermometers): ae fen eer
229. Reduction of gas thermometers to eae seate a vofulsly ors, PRO)
230. Practical thermoelectric scales (comparisons) . . . icy eo

231. Temperature differences between I. T. S. and various oldee seates 250
232. Cotiversion factors for units of work = 2 2 2 2 > =9 250
233. English and American horsepower at various altitudes and atiiudes: 251

234.5 Noniammable liquids for cryostats: (11.0. bea eet eee) eee

MELTING AND BoILinG Points

235. Melting and boiling points of the chemical elements. . .... . 252
236. Effect a pressurevon melting “point 7.085 ee. 9 ee eee
227. - y hreezing. pomt of water... ns SeeeesG
238. aia ih DOLE PoInth et AINE oie ee se ee
239. Densities and melting and boiling points of inorganic compounds . 254
240. t ‘i i - i> organic e . 256

(a) Paraffin series .. . he BEAL ea ee eS

(6) Olefines or the sthyléne ls SEriesy {42s 2 A ee ee

Ce). Acetylene series tree ream “O02... ea ee eee

241.
242.
243.
244.
245.
246.
247.
248.
249.
250.

251.
252.
252:
254.
255.
250.
257:
258.
259.
260.
261.
262.
263.
264.

265.

266.
267.
268.

270.
B7K:

O72:
2273.

CONTENTS

Xili

(d) Monatomic alcohols 257

(e) Alcoholic ethers “257

(f) Ethyl ethers . 257

(g) Miscellaneous i 250

Melting point of mixtures of metals : i - 2256

? “ “alloys of lead, tin, and bismuth . . 259

* “© Jow-melting-point alloys . - 250

cs “© some refractory substances . 260

Enantistropic inversions in crystals ; 261

Transformation and melting temperatures of einer: i eutectic’ 266

Lowering of freezing points by salts in solution . : 5 267,

Rise of boiling point eae by salts dissolved in water . ; 1260

Freezin@ mixtures; ~ <<. - Ae : | 270

Critical temperatures, pressures, and denenies oe gases . 27
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITIES

Thermal oe of metals and alloys . han 272

s ‘““ insulators at high temperatures . : 273

4 = “various substances . $273

i e “insulating materials 2 274

- f “various insulators 276

- “water and salt solutions . “1270

s a “organic liquids 297.

. - peta SCShay wenn 277.

DDikiiSIVIteS. 2.0 a). Bi eeheyil eho Lie 7 ae ey,

Thermal conden enauits pressure ences : 278

The unit of thermal resistance—the fourier . - 279

Factors to reduce heat flow in fouriers to other units . . 279

Conversion factors between units of current density of heat sent = 279

Thermal resistivities in fouriers . AiezG)

Anti-freezing solutions (for automobile radiators, etc.) . 0279
EXPANSION COEFFICIENTS

Linear expansion of the elements . nan: . 280

a cs “miscellaneous substances . 28%

Cubical expansion of solids . =) 202

e - ** liquids 7/283

Thermal expansion of gases . - 204

SPECIFIC HEATS

Specific heat of the chemical elements . = 205

Formulae for true specific heats . : A es 207

Heat capacities, true and mean specific heats, fatent heats at Cheon . 288

283.
284.
285.
2806.
287.
288.
289.
290.

291.
292.
293.
204.

205.
296.

207.

307.
308.

CONTENTS

Atomic heats and specific heats (50° K.), atomic volumes, elements. 289

Specific heat of various, solidS) Stee ees eae e200
ss ** water and of mefeury: Guaen cy ceo) 200
i “© various liquids Succes tyes eV SRE «20H

ce “ce

“liquid ammonia under saturation conditions . . . 291
Heat content of saturated liquidjammonia 2)). 2 <2 =). 2 4 201
Specific heat of mineralsiand roclksgsmaeteinc: aca ee eae
i e silicates Aes reed vie ee, ee eae eee we 20m
5 “ “ogases and Vaporsiay picts ecteeae el oiersd ears 208
LaTeENT Heats
Latent. heat of fusion: ( ait iat emer tteiee eo) eee ee
‘i “ “vaporization, eevents an) apts, SENGeio bee) Sacee nee mEEeOS

‘3 oe i liqntidlss ce4e8) Ges hea jet tetas 205
“and total heat of vaporization, formulae Syesy -oruesa eee ZOO.
5 “of vaporization, ammonia .. . a eels es 6 eee eZOe)

“Latent heat of pressure variation” of liquid ammonia . . . . . 296
Thermal properties of saturated water and’steamm. <-. 2 = = = - 207
Properties of saturated steam: Metric and common units, 0° to
220i Gai e7 es 6 hate rea tch Se ee dt Co Re ate ee eee
Properties of saturated steam: Common units, 400° to 700° F. . 304
. “ superheated steam: Common units, 212° to 3000° F. 305
i ** MMETCUrY VApPORs 402. tOkOOO yy) ans 0.0 ren neEsOO)
re “liquid ammonia: "100" to -=250° F753. 2 2 geo

Heats oF CoMBUSTION, FORMATION, ETC.

Heats of combustion of some carbon compounds .... . . . 307
Bal why a miscellaneous compounds jj, 6) niet 8 S07
Heat values and analyses of various fuels: (a) Coals... .. . 308

(b) Peats and woods . 308
(ce) iqtidvtuels Sas 1305
(@)nGases tea cs See ee
@hemical-and physical-properties of explosivesi9. =<) =) 3-109
(Additionalsdata on ‘explosivesii-) 3 cyeeyent-ae oe che) Ueireueees oun une
Ignition temperatures of gaseous mixtures. . .. . +... . + + 310
Time of heating for explosive decomposition. . ....... - 310

Flame temperatures... . : Siig. Wels et io We eae LO,

Thermochemistry: Heats of fopeecion fore femente 6 8 4a pois

Se gets fe Of OMS. sa: 7 Uy hove Maes

of neutralization < s' c ele it eee

«dilution of sulphuric ice . aves, eae
RADIATION

Radiation constants and formulae for black body... . .. . « 313
- in ergs and g. cal. from a perfect radiator to absolute zero. 313

309.
310.

Sr.
are.

313.
314.
B05.
316.
B17.
318.
319.
320.
ao
B22:
B23.
324.
Bore
320.
27.
328.
329.
330.

Sole
332.
333-

334-
335.
336.
3o7-

338.

339.
340.
341.
342.

CONTENTS

Black: body oes MESHSIEES (59),2850" to, 20000°C KK:
Wns to: 600? aK:
800° to 25000° K.

“e “ce “ce ce ce

“ce e e “ce

DERAMIECS. ites) epee -ey 6 hs .
Black-body spectrum intensities, J y» Various atareence Cc
Spectral energy distribution, luminosity. Relative J)
Luminosity relative to maximum value at each temperature .
Spectral energy distribution and luminosity. Luminosity factors
- “ . 0 i: Variation with C,
‘ . Metals and oxides . ;
Some intrinsic properties of tungsten [300° to 3655° mepe

Spectrum emissivity of tungsten (percentage) [| 1800° to ee. Ke]

Temperature scale for tungsten [1700° to 2400° K.|
Radiation characteristics of tungsten [500° to 3500° K. |

3 and other properties of tantalum [300° to 3300° K. |

- eee a ca “ molybdenum [273°-2895° K. |]
Relation brightness and color temperatures for various substances
Color minus brightness temperature for carbon .
Percentage emissivities of metals and oxides . Wee
Emissivities, metals [Au, Ni, Ta, Pt, Ag, Fe, nichrome] .
Total radiation from bare and soot-covered nickel (watts/em*>) .

CooLiInG BY RADIATION, CONDUCTION, AND CONVECTION

Cooling by radiation and convection: At ordinary pressures
_ 7% i % . “ different pressures

ce “ce ce cc oe

velope

Cooling by radiation and secant Efteet ae pressure aud temp.

Conduction of heat across air spaces (ordinary temperatures )
Convection of heat in air at ordinary temperatures . sat?
xe and conduction of heat by gases at high temperatures
(a) s as function of a/B epee Mee
(b) ¢ in watts per cm as function of aiearnte temperature
Heat losses from incandescent filaments
(a) Wires of platinum sponge .
(Oy tee 7° bright platinum

THE Eve AND RADIATION

Spectral variation of sensitiveness as a function of intensity
Threshold sensibility as related to field brightness
Heterochromatic threshold sensibility

Contrast or photometric sensibility .

Aetna table, J,, any tem-

WW Do WW WH WH W W
bOS Hw Wb
Ww

Platinum wire in copper en-

WWW WW W W W

XV

ate

315
316

317

Su
areas

318

“09
+ 310

Radiation emissivities: Relative emissive powers for total radiation.

320

WW WwW
b bw HH YN
COMICS NO NON ae)

by NY b
AK WwW

WwW Ww W
bo wb wb WYN SL)
CONT Ny CN ON on on

bo b& w& bw bw
OOO OW

a00
330

OL

33!

Xvi CONTENTS

aa3. Glare sensibilitye a). & apRep aia) Co 15 | Ge a aie ; Ber
344. Rate of adaptation of senha : + Bak
345. Apparent diameter of pupil and flux Beech 2 at retina . . 262
346. Relative visibility of radiation (international stidard toe) B32
347. Miscellaneous eye data . A ga2

PHOTOMETRIC TABLES
348. Photometric definitions and units SIRS
349. n standards : A334
350. Waidner-Burgess standard of light . 334
351. Intrinsic brightness of various light sources : | 234
352. Brightness, Crova wave length, mechanical encivalene ee Genes 2 age5
353. Luminous and total intensity and luminous efficiency of black-body. 335
354. Color of light emitted by various sources . . 335
355. Blue brightness B, brightness in candles of ineandesrent coats Rie Rae
3506. Efficiency of various electric lights . + 337
357. Color and brightness temperatures, and bhenenese a cients » 238
358. Temperature, efficiency, brightness of vacuum lamps . > B28
359. Temperature, efficiency, brightness of gas-filled tungsten eee 1 338
300. Energy distribution for some tungsten lamps . ‘ . 1330
361. Brightness of some tungsten lamps and other sources . - 330
362. Characteristics of some miniature lamps . : = 329
363. oe “sunlight Mazda lamp (S ve Boon Wealelecuge : 340
304. re “ photoflash lamp . ; ie ome . 340
365. Visibility of white lights . - 340
PHOTOGRAPHIC DaTA
306. Sensitometric constants of type plates and films, definitions . 341
307. Formula for laboratory pyrogallol developer 341
308. Sensitometric constants of type plates and films . 342
369. eee line power, shar ase and astro gamma, definitions 342
370. ae - data 343
371. Relative spectrum sensitivity of various plates and films . 343
372. Spectrum sensitivity of photographic materials . 344
373. Relative photographic efficiency of illuminants . 344
374. Variation of resolving power with plate and developer . 345
375. Relative intensification of various intensifiers - 345
376. Reflection and transmission by photographic plates . 2345
SPECTRUM WaAvE LENGTHS

377. Wave lengths of Fraunhofer lines . i : 5 BAO
378. Primary wave-length standard. Definition of eee BAT
379. International secondary standards. Iron arc lines . Seid Bae
380. Computed wave lengths of iron arc lines . 2 349

381.
382.
383.
384.
385.

380.
387.
388.
389.
390.
301.
302.
393-
394.
395.
3096.
397.
308.
399.

400.

4ol.
402.
403.
404.

405.

406.
407.

408.
409.
410.
All.
412.
413.

414. Media for determinations of refractive indices with the microscope :

415. Media for determinations of refractive indices with the microscope:

CONTENTS

Neon wave lengths PO Pa URIS MEET Y
Standard solar wave lengths. International Angstroms .
Provisional ultra-violet and infra-red solar wave lengths .
Reduction of wave-length measures to standard conditions .
Spectra of the elements .

INDICES OF REFRACTION

Index of refraction of glass: nx—mp and ng —np
Cia oh “ “, effect of composition on
Derivation of partial dispersions of glass from mp—“e .
Index of refraction of glasses (American) .....
Dispersion of glasses of Table 389. .......

Index of refraction of glasses made by Schott and Gen, eas ‘

Mp, Dispersion and density of Jena glasses. . .. .
Change of indices for 1° C [for some Jena glasses] .
Index of retractions Rock-salt invaitiy. (4 4.24.)

ae 6s; . Change of, for 1° C [for rock calelite
Silvite (potassium chloride) in air .

emacs iu Hluorite ansaim iii yieie.
“6 & Change of, for 1° C [for Aueeeel
eo ts Iceland spar (CaCOs) in air .

« « a Nitroso-dimethyl-aniline .

ac - Quartz (Si@>), 18; CC.

Various alums . .

solids .

Index of refraction: Selected uniaxial minerals: (a) Positive .

(b) Negative

Miscellaneous uniaxial crystals .

Miscellaneous biaxial crystals
Liquefied gases, oils, fats, waxes .
Liquids relative to air. .

Gases and vapors... .

wave lengths and frequencies in air to vacuo. .

Liquids with np (0.589) =1.74 to 1.87 .

Resinlike substances, mp (0.589) =1.68 to 2.10 .

Selected monorefringent or isotropic minerals.
Miscellaneous monorefringent or isotropic

. 364
. 365
. 365
. 366
= 9367
. 368
3370
. 370
237i

Selected biaxial minerals: (a) Positive .
(b) Negative

Relative to air for solutions of gales aed spite:

XVii

S349
= 350
- 353
- 354
- 355

. 356
» 356
fH
. 358
. 259
+ 359
- 359
359
. 360
. 360
= 360.
is SOR
301
2 20K
. On
. 362
~ 362

363

372

- 373
mig (Ts C76, cm); rections 80 reducing

- 374
0D

0375

XVill CONTENTS

416. Media for determinations of refractive indices with the microscope:
Permanent standard resinous media, mp (0.589) = 1.546 to 1.682. 375

417. Media for determinations of refractive indices with the microscope :
Substances, #p == 4:86) tOUDy ae: ie ae Hh oc tst ode: eee eee RITES

REFLECTING POWERS

418. a reflected when light is normal to surface. . ..... . - 376
419. i «mS near unity enrequals 1-4-dn > een ee seo
A420. , Seamer Pes, oe LN Lie 81710)
421. ‘Optical:constantsiof metals, “Weer tee ve eco on cree
422. s additional edata i )"2). etter
423. ae nove Of metals) Tan FORME a (eid! Sha US eee
424. si ‘“ : Perpendicular incidence and reflection. 379
425. Percentage diffuse reflection: from miscellaneous substances . . . 379
420. ei reflection from metals, violet end of spectrum. . . . 380
427. Ultra-violet reflecting power of some metals... . . ti deseo
428. Infra-red reflectivity of tungsten (temperature Hae. 51 3380
429. Percentage reflecting power of dry powdered pigments. . . . . 381
430. Infra-red diffuse percentage reflecting powers of dry pigments . . 381
431. Reflectivity of snow, sand, etc... . Sg ne aie Meee he ae ool
432. Reflecting power of powders (white iene oe ee oe
433. Variation of reflecting power of surfaces with anble oe eae
434. The reflecting power of building materials. . . ...... . - 383

TRANSMISSIVE POWERS

435. Light filters, narrow spectrum regions . . . n45 A Oe Sao
436. Absorbing power of various materials—infra- ea ches eset
437. Transmissibility a ea eblor By GyeOS: 2," 5. eye ee ee ee OS
438. ib Jenapelasses. Guta to eee eee
439. ii > i *. o “coloned olasses Cait \leue seus oo
440. if + 2 iinoleultra=violet classes ¥-44) = eeon
441. ‘i . 4 ‘S Amiericanioelasses (2 5)... oat. eee
442. Transmission of various lights through colored glasses. . . . . . 388
443.) Witra-violet transparency, (202 saip ep cere ee eee ce tree 388
444. (a) Ultra-violet transparency atmospheric components . . . . . 389

(b) Atmospheric transparency for ultra-violet. . . .... . . 389
445. Penetration ultra-violet light into sea water... . «ay eee)
446. Transparency of the various substances of Tables 394 to ioe + ine) 3 BOO
447. Color’screens [Landolt] . ots Phy pcp seen 5 ee etal Last 20 eee ae he
AAS) aa 7‘ [ Wied] oy fee's xs cceyl seeehee COE
449. Transmission percentages of en through mOist.air >). ssa soe
450. ena of water vapor pee Si tas nite axg3 ek ROS
451. TE Watery ee Me HIE ays oa. 6 oy ee OZ
452. Infra-red transmission and Aeorptions ones C7 £0. 329O i. wae SOS

453. i ve . 1 = Solids 6:70 32:8): .0 eS

454.
455.
456.
457:
458.
459.
460.
Aor.
462.

463.

464.

465.
466.
467.
468.
409.
470.
471.
472.
473.
474.
475.
476.
477:
47°.
479.

481.
482.

483.
484.
485.
486.
487.
488.
489.

CONTENTS

inira-red refection,psolids;;22:0 and 32.8. 0s) «<s)ishie sile fe 8
“ transmission, various substances, 20to I30H.... .

“ce

Far infra-red, 20 to 150u: Restrahlung bands’. . . . ‘

i Simin eeiya) Hine paMellecting mOWEr Te Uallette. J) Se %
aranisniissiont syste ee teu )s.) +
Long-wave radiations: Long-wave absorption by gases .

i ie ‘ Properties with wave lengths 108+p .
Rotation of plane of polarized light: Solutions . :

a Se ae = “Sodium chlorate, Bee

“c oe “cc “ec “ec ce

lectitenequivalents = Cie aistencs ps 3° 0 eu ect cioe” cco oF e, +

ELECTROMOTIVE ForCcES

Composition and electromotive force of voltaic cells: .

(a) Double fluid cells .

O@esinge ly.

(c) Secondary cells . Mente te adage: Fae
Contact difference of potentials in volts. Solids and liquids .
Difference of potential between metals in solutions of salts .
Thermoelectric power

ee ce

of ators

Thermal e.m.f. of metals and alloys versus sien Gaullivolts) :

“ oe ce

platinum-rhodium alloys versus platinum
aluminum versus platinum

zinc versus platinum . .

cadmium versus platinum .

nickel versus platinum .
Thermoelectric properties at low temperatures .

Thomson effect in microvolts per oo :

Peltier effect . 9. . 4%.
: - Nnelcauses Ni- Cu, @> to ye60% co
rf eee, (ti. iad nV OlES aw. seis aaiyey cae g eats

@hernioclectric power; pressure elects < 2°. 5:
Peltier and Thomson heats; pressure effects . . .
The tribo-electric series

ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE

Auxiliary table for computing wire resistances... . .
iesistivity of tuetals-andisomevalloys’. i, 7 «is 5 + «%
Resistance “ “ under pressure (Bridgman)

i “ mercury and manganin under pressure .
metals, effect of tension on . .
Conductivity and resistivity of miscellaneous ailoyee eae doe.
Conducting power of alloys .

“cc “cc

XIX

393

- 393
- 394
- 394
- 394
- 395
- 395

Si

397

. 398

=. 398
a 308
308
099
. 400
1 408
. 402
. 403
=| 403
. 404
. 404
. 404
. 404
. 405
» 405
. 406
. 406
- 406
2407;
5. 407

. 408

oh Tien Ven © pmer 10) 46 P.e) fe) hse] Vel? ce

. 408
. 409
. AL
» #i2
3 A
oe ata
. 415

xX

490.
491.
492.
493:
494.

495.
490.
497:
498.

499.
500.

50l.
502.

503.
504.
505.
506.
507.
508.

509.
510.

ine
Fae.

S12.
514.
ise
516.
5Lg
518.

519.
520.
521.
522.

523-

CONTENTS

Allowable carrying capacity of rubber-covered copper wires . . . 416

Resistivities at high and low temperatures . : | A,

Volume and surface resistivity of solid dielectrics . . . 418

Variation of resistance, glass and porcelain, with temperature . . . 419

Temperature resistance coefficients of glass, porcelain, and quartz . 419
Wire TABLES

Tabular comparison of wire gages . . 420

Introduction ; mass and volume resistivity of copper ea al Wnatatieee 421
Copper wire: Temperature coefficients . - 422
is “Reduction of observations to standard Liners 422
ra ““, standard annealed: English units, B. Sa cape: eee
4 a ‘ m Metric <i . 426
Aluminum wire, hard-drawn: English units, B. = Ss gage : 420
% i‘ 4 x Metric wet - 430
ELECTROLYSIS

Electrochemical equivalents . ... Aan
Conductivity of electrolytic solutions . Seneca temere : 422
Electrochemical equivalents and normal solutions. . .. . = 492
Specific molecular conductivity of solutions: Mercury=10* . . . 433
a4 4 : % * Limiting values of ». 434

si se Se i. sity et coeffici-
ents : 3 oy a! cats beat ahenmeAae
Equivalent enadionuity oe ee ne meee in aqueous solutions . 435
: i ‘““ additional salts in aqueous solutions . . 437
. separate ions : . 438
Hydrolysis of ammonium acetate and ionization ag nace ‘ - 438

DIELECTRIC STRENGTH
Steady potential required to produce spark in air, ball electrodes . 439
A.c. - - OES a i - 439
Potential to produce spark in air, more widely separated elecundaee 440
Effect of the pressure of the gas on the dielectric strength . « G40
Dielectric strength of materials . em « A4t
Potentials in volts to produce a spark in kerosene . . 441
DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS

Dielectric constant of gases: Atmospheric pressure . . 442
a ‘i “« “ , temperature variation . 4a2
of "Ys “opressute jvariation ; aae
§ i ) liquids (e).: Pressure effect i. : 443

ce ‘ce “é “ce

- 443

524.
525:
526.
527:
528.

529:
530.
Eau.
532.
533:
534-

535-
536.

537:
538.
539.
540.
541 .
542.
543.
544.
545.
546.
547.
548.

549.
550.
551.
552.
553-
554.
555-
550.
557:
558.
559.

CONTENTS XxX1
Dielectric constant of liquids: Temperature formula . 445
2 a4 “liquefied gases . Sa ee 445
i “, standard solutions for measuring . 446
a of solids 446
* rs Pe RCIVOEGISHIy SOM A eeierno nes cere foe, nel lie sa 447
Plectto-sthiectonr (means). tx oe 6 tents oo es 8 448
Piezo-electricity Se hs cae ee mean aie tos AAS
Calculation of the high- fReuuene resistance ar La ee Ve Ss Joe
Resistance ratio “ Ff” for isolated round wires... . . 450
. “for isolated tubular conductors . 450
Coefficients in formula for proximity factor, inh -aiinid
wires. Ren E mE MEL. ASO
Ratio of Eircneatine to Vaittect current resistances fon copper wires . 451
Max. diam. of wires for high-frequency resistance ratio of 1.01 . . 451
WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY
Radiation resistances for various wave lengths and antenna heights. 452
ithe-dielectric properties: Of nonconductors wy iherare <obsiyene . 452
Power factor, insulating materials at radio- faueneies Sew entae Ye, i458
Dielectric constant, insulating materials at radio-frequencies . . . 454
PAUSOLPUOM LACLOLS fOr fadio propagation. <<. <2 = o 4 454
Transmission path over sea water, conductivity 1.1 x 107 em.u. . 455
a i ~ Jand; conductivity 11x10 emu. ~~ 455
iy Sees % hoe? enti e€— 05, €.Sa0. 455
es ee ae? -OROUNC.. 1On Lest. as. = A655
Kilocycle-meter conversion table, 299820 km/sec. . . ... . + 456
Wave length, frequency, oscillation constant, 300000 km/sec. . . . 460
Skip-cistanice and ranee!tawle. sacs.) 3, « a ole a re be teu fel oc nens) AOL
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Definitions and general discussion Res . 463
pence pipes of various types of iron vane Siete: . 464
“a specimen of very pure iron (.017% C) . 464°:
; i Selec tiiGal ee SHECESH Ste. mucin oyu ce ie epee wed 404
a Ni “ two types of American magnet steel . . . 465
. “a ferro-cobalt alloy, Fe,Co (35% cobalt) . 465
a sa “ ring sample of transformer steel, weak fields. 465
‘ 3 itonhanivery- weak fields: . 65% = ; 465
Composition and magnetic properties of iron and steel . .... 4606
Permeability of some of the SPLSIMEHS in Table 557 cee RR eet sc 468
ee properties of soit iron at O° and “100° Ce. SM). 468
i eS SteelatsO> alia! TOO Cae Se? PEE! 468

XXi1

561.

562.

563.

564.
565.
560.
567.
568.
569.
570.
vale
72.
573-
574-
575:
576.
577:
578.

579:
580.

581.
582.
583.
584.
585.
580.
587.
588.
589.

590.

Sol.
592.
593:
594:

595.
590.

CONTENTS

Magnetic pag een tes of cobalt at 0° and 100° C.
nickel Samay Weenie.
magnetite .

‘ Lowmoor wrought iron

a: “< “ Vicker’s tool steel .
Hadfield’s manganese steel .
saturation values for steels .
Demagnetizing factors for rods... .

ce “cc “cc ce

“ce ee
ee ee oe

ce “e

“cc “ce ee

“ce ce “ec

Magnetic properties of iron and steel .
Cast iron in intense fields .
Corrections for ring specimens
Energy losses in transformer steels .
Magnetic properties of permalloy Wireman ace Wade
Dissipation of energy in cyclic magnetization, various substances .
Magnetism and temperature, critical temperature .
Temperature variation for paramagnetic substances . :
' effect on susceptibility of diamagnetic elements .
Seas 4 ““ paramagnetic elements .
Magnetic susceptibility a te comrenien tot cehon nen temas te

MAGNETO-OPTIC ROTATION

Magneto-optic rotation: General discussion .

oi mt é Solids, Verdet’s constant .
Liquids, 5 .
be m a Acids and salts in water, ender s constant.
Gases, Verdet’s constant .
Verdet srandseKundtxs constants ar acne ercecuete
Values (of Ners’s constant 2) .0.0 te mene catenee
Dispersion ot Kerr effects, ae ie

ce “cc “ce ce

Various MAGNETIC EFFECTS

Resistance of metals: Bismuth, variation in transverse magnetic
field LAN Cotas es Rerweee he neat: ste. Te
Resistance of metals: Nickel, increase in transverse magnetic field.
aa oi Change, in transverse magnetic field .
Transverse galvanomagnetic and thermomagnetic effects .
Variation of Hall constant with the temperature .

Atomic DATA

International atomic weights, atomic numbers and valencies .
Isotopes, packing fractions

. 469
. 469
. 469
. 469
. 469
. 469
. 469
. 470
. 470
Aga
SAGA
ARE
: A72
. 472
- 473
- 474
- 474
- 474
- 474
- 475

. 476
- 477

. 478

- 479
- 479
. 480
. 480
. 480

. 481

481

. 481
. 482
. 482

. 483
. 484

597-
598.
599.
600.
601.
602.

603.

604.
605.
606.
607.
608.
609.
610.

61I.
612.
6L3:
614.

615.
6106.
617.
618.
619.
620.
621.

625.
620.
627.

CONTENTS

Periodic system of the elements .

Atomic numbers . suhe
Periodic system and the Pavonctize isotopes .
Atomic structure content hane ee
Electron configurations in normal atom .
Effective atomic radii

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

(a) Electrons, protons, Rutherford atom .

(b) Bohr atom, relativistic considerations

(c) Hydrogen orbits, inner quantum numbers .
(d) The spinning electron, summary .

Energy of binding of an electron—neutral atoms .
First ionization potentials of the elements .
Second == r res 7
Radiation units ear:
Spectrum ranges of various Fadations
The mechanical effects of radiation .

ATOMIC SPECTRUM SERIES RELATIONS AND NOTATIONS

Normal series relations in atomic spectra .
Inner quantum numbers
Spectroscopic notation . . . ‘

numbers Sic :

Comparison of notations :
Ultimate spectrum lines, raies ultimes
Persistent lines, arc spectra .

= 2 ‘spark
Resonance lines . ae she
Electron impacts in gases ieroducine et

Average life for various quantum states of excited atoms .

Molecular constants of diatomic molecules, [description] .

oe oe “ec oe oe | table |
Various atomic and spectrum functions .

RADIOACTIVITY

Introduction. The uranium family
Ionium-radium family
Actinium family

singly 1onized atoms .

= 903
=. 50A
Comparison series letters and SP mathal ana Bohr’s s quanta

. 506

CEC

Xxili

~ 485
. 485
. 486
487
. 488
. 491

. 492
- 494
- 495
. 496
- 497
. 498
- 499

500
501
501
501

502

5°95

507
509

. 510

51I

511

gee
- 51g

» 515

516

517
518

XXiV CONTENTS

628. Thorium family; Boe rubidium) 2 40 Se ee

629. Radioactivity units ... G aeih cera ee SnPHE Searea ts

630. Miscellaneous radioactivity constants. .....

631. Relative phosphorescence excited by radium .

632. Vapor pressure of the radium emanation in cm of mercury .

633. ee particles: Range; velocity, ionization’ %. 9/3 Sees

634. % Relative ranges of, of RaF in gases. ....

635. c 40 ee TRaC’-in) solid elements.

635(a). ‘ = , long-range [from RaC’ and ThC’]. Relative
HuMDETS. — 5.5. S Estaoiesuna a eee ness farcical ee

636. Alpha particles: Atomic stopping powers for, aE aCe

637. ss 5 Stopping powers of molecules for, of RaC’ .

638: El Jparticles: << +s Mel /sucobcuch canes ieee remem eee :

639. Relative total ionization by a rays in various gases .

640.. Delta “rays: 5. 2° (sh ai. dex ems imoehe aes eee

641. Heating effect of radium onda its emanation .

O42 Jbeta aysus. -s,) sattars eta Sl ne awn

643. “ particles, work of extraction of . :

C44 from Rak, effective range of, ina ea Slenieats ¢

GAGs ee absorption of, in air and CO, .

646. Gamma rays: Emission, energy and wave length, etc. .

647. = *““ Nuclear analysis, ionization . ;

648. “Scattering, comparison of sources .

649. re “Absorption of me

650. Characteristic gamma rays, wave lengths iia energies .

651. Gamma rays: Nuclear energy from spectra. . . ‘

652. i “Wave lengths and energies by crystal Fedection :

653. ‘Quantities ini radioactive eqtilibmum’. . < +2. se eee

RONTGEN Rays (X Rays)

654. Cathode rays . ae 3

655. Constants for euhode -ray eee in matter ‘

656. X-ray emission

657. Emission lines and ee absangeon fhartie (in Angstroms)

658. Probabilities of ionization in K and L shells . :

659. Energy and efficiency of production of characteristic X rays .

660. Energy and quality of emission X rays .

661. “X-ray -specttoscopy i275. 800 2h see

662. Lattice constants of crystals . : ;

663. Absorption and scattering of X rays; adgrecrence é

664. X-ray absorption and chemical combination .

665.. Mass absorption coefiicients; u/p. = 4. sear:

666; Photographic eiiects oreerays <n tee

- 543
- + 543
- + 543
- 544
- 545
. 546

AG LO

520

. (520
wg2k
. S20

522
523

- 523

523

» 523
» 523
. 524
. 525
525
. 525
. 526
a
. 528
=. 2520
529
. 530
Tio oe
a na 5S2

“S59
== 505
- 534

535

+ 530
“1337
Oy.
. 538
. BAT
BAe

CONTENTS XXV

ELECTRON EMISSION

667. Electron emission from hot solid elementary substances... . . 547
668. i: 3 ‘monomolecular thorium-coated filaments . 547
669; “Emission Gurrent, efficiency, diftusion, Th omn)W . 2. 2).*. «= + - 547
670. Electron emission from other coated filaments ........ . 548
fomeehotocleceierertcen ma per te tii ts, 2. a th eas MMe ok > es Ss Ss 54S
fyee@ontactiGN alta)pepotentiaise 46 Ay Geka. 6 ae «548
oie. Hlectromatiinity of the elements, inivolts’. . . 20:02 % +» = = ~ "549
674. Molecular velocities .. . : Bees oss 50
675. i free paths, coieien Trequencies nad diameters ene. GO
676. Cross-sections and lengths of some organic molecules. . . . . . 551
O777eoize Ol diiitacting Unitsamenystals 2... El eee se 5D
G76: lonic mobilities: 5. . 6 6 ss OE RE Sere CES, Gh
670.) Ditusion coefficients <4. 7.6 2s PEA NUR SES! ee
Geos Galloids. seneral properties:or. ¢ 7.92) Ve a.) B58
681. san tno lectilak WeIohts Our Uses. he Re cee ee tense tae ee ed ee 6 ODS
682. ‘© : Brownian movement. . . Wee ee Se
683. “Adsorption of gas by finely aivided maciaiee ee he ee at
684. = Eleats or adsorption. "2. - SeGSa
685. “Molecular heats of adsorption ea Gqueiacien (F are) 554
METEOROLOGY

686. Transmission of solar radiation by earth’s atmosphere. . . . . . 555

687. Ultra-violet solar radiation at earth’s surface... ....-. - 555
688. Relative intensity of solar radiation. ....... FT Te so
689. Mean monthly and yearly temperatures... .. . = aig diene: 550
690. Temperature variation over earth’s surface (Hann) . ... . - 557
691. s 5 with depth (land and ocean) . . . . . . 557
692. Atmosphere: Miscellaneous data. Variation with latitude. . . . 558
693. a Var. percentage Seren with altitude (Hum-
plireys), =. pate) PN SS sa peas ML ae . 558
694. Atmosphere: ae foe Dreeerre: i density with alee Scene
PRSey Ss) VA 9e lie wen ve cual choke sf Sak oe ee
695. Atmosphere: Sinedard [ Nat. Adv. Con Peron rca i Fs so lei Ee
696. re p. in dynes/cm?, summer and winter, day and night
(VaGIS Viet comet a, Noasteee teuetietpcani, foe, 8) bee: Ste Ms . 560
697. Atmosphere: Minleaulan, corciies of Weenie gases (Mfarieyi 500
698. > Geopotential, dynamic heights. . .. . . 561
699. Equivalents, in geodynamic km, of Pepneeine heente, 561
700. . : “geometric “ “ dynamic > 501
701. - Temperature variation lower 25 km with lat. and alt. 562
702. 7 Seasonal variation of tropopause at Agra and Batavia. 562

XXXVI CONTENTS

703. Atmosphere: Seasonal variation height of tropopause over Batavia. 562

704. AtmOSpheHicpozonen fo. 3 205 secee are ce Consus
705. : Mean free path, air plecuics o 2k ye Bee wees, SOR
GEODESY
706. Acceleration of gravity: For sea-level and different altitudes . . . 564
FOZ. ’ s 3 Vanious world’ stations: ..7: Jt peas OS
708. ‘ % : (g)angthe: United) States’ 5.0) acai Soe
709. Some places of anomalous gravity... . 507
710. Length of seconds pendulum at sea-level and tok diflerent fatitades! 568
711. [Replaced by Table 716, which see] . ys Ne tol ne Sains aS
GEOPHYSICS
712. Muscellaneous veostraphicalidata, © 903) 22) 25 ie eonene ee Oo
713. Wensitiesiand presstires ‘of earth's interion ..) -yecweeie eee SOO
714. Velocities ‘of earthquake waves: “\ Rigas chien aie Ronee ete ee OO
75. Elastic constants ot earths) Imtenons shite enemas es Om)
zi. Muscellaneous geophysical data ~ 4, cass as be ena eee ee
77. Age of earthyand) its strata) reas. a Me cee ale Gal
718. (a) Geologic age determinations teem on ae ical meried a a eal

(b), ‘The agevot thesearthy 2 juin osha onseucuach irs occa Sie che one ee de
7rg.. (Geochemical data 4 sr sc)-ouuutpsies. 3! cei 2 2 ates kere) eS gee
720. lhe é€arthis rotation; Its vanabtonwyc) ysis cure ie as cn mS S
yon. ides, sea-level, level met ca ae ae. <4 cast en ee E

‘TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM

y722.. Magnetic and electric data forsun andearthy. 2) 2. 9 5) 2 oat
723. Niagnetic constants of the earth, sath. a en eae ee 5
724, Northtmagnetic pole..1/ 2's 12.8: Fn aes eects joe eee ne meee an
725. South 5 SEO M POI Rae, RUTTER al BS nc ey UC eS
720 aGhart+ World isogoniclines, JOS) 9. (te 2. tats) 0 ee ee i)
727. Chart: “World isoclinic lines Ia. see tie 2 ae) ee
Fat oe es isodynamic lines; 7.3: ; 4 An4%) ay ics A es ea
(70 ae ““ isoporic Sy MUD! Rae Saat LS Aticaaned aly Ae een terme Maes
F205 © = 4 i fo Ane RAP Fn 1 RR Se, em
fe a x * ED Peek, IRIS Cc hk eh EMO een
732. Annual ee inwmacnetie declination, JP*s 0) Si 2s. = eeO
733. 5 i x inclinations Fx. cas, 2A) eee
734. J “ * i‘ horizontalsintensity, Fl 929 rn 79
735. Chart: World asoporie!lines, verticalintensity). "| . 9. 2. 2usss5c8
730. ‘ s y etotabmntenisity Otis c~. ‘i ca eo
737. Mean annual values of magnetic elements at observatories. . . . 581
738. og t oes ‘ = Sw ebibliography > = 22589

739. Secular change in declination, United States [1820-1930] . . . . 590

740.
741.
742.
743-
744.
745.
746.
747-

748.
749.
759.
751.
752:
753:
754- .
754(a). Maximum electron density y, max. in the upper Perot phere :

ape
756.
Thea
758.
759.

701.
762.
763.
764.
765.
760.
767.
768.
769.
7/0:
Wipik.
7/2
773:
77/4-
775:
770.

CONTENTS XXVIII

Dip or inclination, United States [ 1925, long. and lat. variation] .
Secular change in dip, United States [1855-1925] .
Horizontal intensity, United States [ 1925, long. and lat. variation].
Secular change in horizontal intensity, United States | 1855-1925].
Total intensity, United States [1925, long. and lat. variation] .
Secular change in total intensity, United States [REAR :
Agonic line, United States [1800 to 1925] . ba alae
Mean magnetic character of each month, oon to mae

ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY

Elements and constants of atmospheric electricity .
Atmospheric-electric data . ‘

Tonic equilibrium in the atmosphere .
Thunderstorm electricity .

Charge on rain and snow . ‘
Tonization in the upper atmoepliere =f fhe ear
Ion density y, in the upper atmosphere .

ASTRONOMY

Miscellaneous astronomical data . tae
oS “and formulae .

Calendar, Julian day .

« perpetual ae
Right ascension-declination into Palaces cognate tes :
Planetary data :

Satellites of the solar eystenn

Diameters of the planets .

Planetary and Satellite distances, Bode’ S as tafe develpeente.

Albedos f

Equation of time .

Solar data: The solar constant é
Solar spectrum energy, transmission by ean S si aanepbete ‘
Amount of solar radiation, u.-v., visual, i.-r., in calories .
Distribution of intensity (radiation) over the solar disk .
The solar constant, decade means .

Klin coke i. monthly and yearly means

1930, 1931 : ;

Wolf’s observed sun-spot numbers. Annuals means .

Duration of sunshine pag lk

Transmission of radiation ne moist aac acy air .

Brightness of sky radiation, Mt. Wilson wee oa Flint
Island (sea-level) . : : ote idle

“cc “ec ce

2 592
- 592

593
593

- 594
= 994
- 395
- 595

- 596
. 596
- 597
=. 5O8
. 598
- 599
- 599
. 600

- GOL
; 602
: 602
. 603
» 5 "604
s "606
=. 606
. 606

607

= 607,
~ 607,
. 608
. 608
. 608
. 608
. 609
. 609
. ‘610
. 610
. 610

Or!

‘Ort

XXVill CONTENTS

777:

778.

a>

779:
780.
781.
782.

783.
784.
785.
780.
787.
788.

789.
790.
7O1.
792.
793:
794-
795:
790.
797:
708.
799.
800.
Sol.
802.
803.

804.
805.
806.
807.
808.
809.
810.
SII.
812.

813.
814.

Distribution in normal spectrum of sunlight and skylight, Mt.

Wilson . GUE
Air masses . : ‘ Pos ~ OFT
58 elements known in ee sun’s iene here Bee eka 's LOLS
Quantitative estimates of composition of solar aimoe aber Hus
Abundance of elements in sun, earth and meteorites . Gna
Abbot-Priest solar-energy curve, sea-level . . 614
Constellation abbreviations (Astron. Union, 1922).............- 615
Occurrence and abundance of elements in the stars . S1Gins
Stellar systems ; . 616
Stellar spectra and related Geneeidvied - OE7
The Harvard spectrum classification . . 'OL7
Log (no. stars) /(sq. degree) brighter thant! HiStOstapIie. magni-
tude, m, at stated galactic latitudes . - 1618
Numbers and equivalent light of the stars . . 618
The first-magnitude stars . : : . OLO
Stars known to be within five parsecs ke tea sun . . ‘616
Percentage of stars of various spectrum classes . . 620
Galactic concentration of various spectrum classes . . 620
Distribution of binaries as to spectrum class . . 620
Masses of spectroscopic binaries, Sun=1 2 1620
Russell diagram [Adams] ‘ 2 O21
Spectrum types and absolute magnitudes [Strombergils . 622
Brightness of the stars . + (622
Giant and dwarf stars .. 622
Masses and densities . ia Shock . 022
Parallax and mean apparent mastatnde ‘ . 624
Spectrum type and mean absolute magnitude . - 024
Reduction of visual to bolometric magnitude. . ....... . 624
STELLAR Motions
Summary, elements of solar motion eee 1928) . 625
Elements of solar motion (Charlier, 192 Te 1625
Stars of large proper motion . 025
Spectrum class and proper motions . . 626
Equipartition of energy in stellar motions . : - 626
Stars of large space velocity, greater than 300 km . sec! . = (O27
Stars of small space velocity, 5 km/sec. or less . (627
Motions of the stars . : . 628
Known stars of radial velocity Breetes ise 100 ieee . 628
Binary STARS
Visual binary stars . 626
Spectroscopic binary stars . 629

CONTENTS XX1X
815. Spectroscopic eclipsing binaries... ....... : . 629
816. Periods of known binary stars within 10 parsecs of the sun Pension
1930 | . 630
817. Masses and aboot Beenie of Gina stars SIGE tmans neal. 631
818. Mass luminosity data . HORT
819. Stellar radiation measurements (Pettit, Nicholson, 1928) . +632
820. Spectrum classes and temperatures . ; ; = (622
821. Visual and radiometric magnitudes and total Pao : (632
822. Stellar radiation measurements: Energy spectra (Abbot, oo 2, (623
823. Be * ;" Temperatures, radiation, eters 633
VARIABLE STARS
824. Variable stars, general characteristics; classification . mr OZA
825. The Cepheid period-luminosity curve . . 635
SUMP IN ONACTI Gy oo rSd ruminn cas Rates eles ssc 7-635
827. Observed maxima of spectrum lines in the giant sequence . . . . 635
828. High-density stars. White dwarfs. ..... . 636
829. Low-density stars. Giants see = 626
830. High-temperature stars. High- “luminosity ae =e . 636
STAR CLUSTERS
eer. Properties and’ classification of star clusters; 4...) 63.0) «hee eis 9s 637
832. Distribution of open star clusters . fs 207.
833. Globular star clusters . «1638
834. Galactic star clusters . . 638
NEBULAE
pace) Classiication of nebulae). . 2°. a -. 3 tg IIS 21 gs. the 639
Boa) ra GalachicnMepUlaG s.. iv, seucistarsy ia) ietecsagial’ s | 630
836(b). Data on six planetary nebulae . . . 639
837. Diffuse galactic nebulae, dimensions . . 040
838. Nongalactic nebulae .. . : . 640
839. The Magellanic clouds and N. G. e eee fpeatons : . 640
840. Magnitudes, radial velocities and distances of external pales OAT
841. Extra-galactic nebulae, high velocities . 642
842. Rotation of stars Dee ad . 642
843. The galaxy, its center ae rotation . ee. ss OAS
844. Transmission of Hen zeae space ; tieoreteal. . 643
845. i i ‘observed estimates . . . 643
846. Amount of matter in interstellar space . a nOAA!
847. Radii of curvature of space . . 644

XXX CONTENTS

848. . Interstellar’ gases! (calcium; sodium) gm © (ei seem ee 644
840. sTemperaturesof anterstellansspace mice. is em ee het 4 OAS
850.9 Matter and energy :. 20h wc epee aiewne =) eee ye eee - O45

Compton‘éfiect: |) 74x kth techs <i ee R ece Eh ROO

DeBroglie.phaselwaves:.0):)/ 282 Gee stele) Gee temenee ee {.. (046

Neéutrons: 232s 1S cok) OR i re ec Oe

Positrons) eee 4a) cot ARDS 02908 Cea aod
851. Packing fractions (Aston) 5 acta cmieeat lis sis dis izoa be eee ~-. 648
852. Cosmic:rays: seers ee eee eran? Sealer erie Ot

APPENDIX

853. Area of ocean depths (luittlehales) ayes) cee: 5st eee a ROSO
854. Oceanic gradients (Katmmel) . . oi es OSO
855. Atlantic Ocean basin. Areas and Renee (etdenaics) vue, Bae OO
856. Indian Ocean basin. Areas and depths (Littlehales) . . . . . . . 650
857. Pacific Ocean basin. Areas and depths (Littlehales) . . . . . . 651
858. Physical properties of sea water (Thompson) . ele ipa RO
859. Chemical composition of sea water CEB Robincan) 3 ie po OSS
860. Waves of the sea ( Patton, asap ae EMA a. Ot oth Bae Pol get aad OL
Sor Properties: efacarboloy.. 42) 292 SO Rar peel oa hed Serle AROSE
862. ‘ ~ Dekhotinsky icementely rena. n 4 asic) cn a Ose
863. a 7 fusedsquartz iGvitreousisilica)ia. /.. 2 so) os OnE
864. . “ phenol-resinoid Be ere. BUEN ay 3 Joe ao lst |e eon
865. High vacuum technique. .. . BM etka Oa oe OSS
866. Relative viscosity of water; high pressure variation... ... . 656
867. Viscosity of mercury } high ‘pressure variation =) \): 1272 2.056
868. x ‘some elasses at hightemperature’. <9.) 3939596 nono
860; "Some possibleaccuracies,, 1928: Ache 2 ee OSS
870... Bropertiesvof malleableicast inom (fei: ps a ae ee Oe,
S74. Welinitionss of summits cron, Ae) os as se Oe

Nel sce ee AAO ee DSS, ae, oe nec ee Me oes hue 4 LOOK

INTRODUCTION

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

The quantitative measure of anything is expressed by two factors, — one,
a certain definite amount of the kind of physical quantity measured, called the
unit, the other, the number of times this unit is taken. A distance is stated
as 5 meters. The purpose in such a statement is to convey an idea of this dis-
tance in terms of some familiar or standard unit distance. Similarly quantity
of matter is referred to as so many grams; of time, as so many seconds, or minutes,
or hours.

The numerical factor definitive of the magnitude of any quantity must depend
on the size of the unit in terms of which the quantity is measured. For example,
let the magnitude factor be 5 for a certain distance when the mile is used as the
unit of measurement. A mile equals 1760 yards or 5280 feet. The numerical
factor evidently becomes 8800 and 26400, respectively, when the yard or the
foot is used as the unit. Hence, to obtain the magnitude factor for a quantity
in terms of a new unit, multiply the old magnitude factor by the ratio of the
magnitudes of the old and new units; that is, by the number of the new units
required to make one of the old.

The different kinds of quantities measured by physicists fall fairly definitely
into two classes. In one class the magnitudes may be called extensive, — in
the other, intensive. To decide to which class a quantity belongs, it is often
helpful to note the effect of the addition of two equal quantities of the kind ir
question. If twice the quantity results, then the quantity has extensive (addi-
tive) magnitude. For instance, two pieces of platinum, each weighing 5 grams,
added together, weigh to grams; on the other hand, the addition of one piece
of platinum at too° C to another at 1roo° C does not result in a system at 200° C.
Volume, entropy, energy may be taken as typical of extensive,— density, tem-
perature and magnetic permeability, of intensive magnitudes.

The measurement of quantities having extensive magnitude is a compara-
tively direct process. Those having intensive magnitude must be correlated
with phenomena which may be measured extensively. In the case of tempera-
ture, a typical quantity with intensive magnitude, various methods of measure-
ment have been devised, such as the correlation of magnitudes of temperature
with the varying lengths of a thread of mercury.

Fundamental Units. —It is desirable that the fewest possible fundamental
unit quantities should be chosen. Simplicity should regulate the choice, —
simplicity tst, psychologically, in that they should be easy to grasp mentally,
and 2nd, physically, in permitting as straightforward and simple definition as

XXXil INTRODUCTION

possible of the complex relationships involving them. Further it seems desirable
that the units should be extensive in nature. It has been found possible to
express all measurable physical quantities in terms of five such units: rst, geo-
metrical considerations — length, surface, etc., — lead to the need of a length;
and, kinematical considerations — velocity, acceleration, etc., introduce time;
3rd, mechanics — treating of masses instead of immaterial oints — intro-
duces matter with the need of a fundamental unit of mass; 4th, electrical, and
5th, thermal considerations require two more such quantities. The discov._y
of new classes of phenomena may require further additions.

As to the first three fundamental quantities, simplicity and good use sanction
the choice of a length, Z, a time interval, 7, anda mass, M. For the measure-
ment of electrical quantities, good use has sanctioned two fundamental quan-
tities, — the dielectric constant, K, the basis of the “electrostatic” system and
the magnetic permeability, yu, the basis of the “electromagnetic” system. Besides
these two systems involving electrical considerations, there is in common use a
third one called the ‘‘international” system which will be referred to later. For
the fifth, or thermal fundamental unit, temperature is generally chosen.1

Derived Units. — Having selected the fundamental or basic units, — namely,
a measure of length, of time, of mass, of permeability or of the dielectric
constant, and of temperature, — it remains to express all other units for physi-
cal quantities in terms of these. Units depending on powers greater than unity
of the basic units are called “derived units.”’ Thus, the unit volume is the volume
of a cube having each edge a unit of length. Suppose that the capacity of some
volume is expressed in terms of the foot as fundamental unit and the volume
number is wished when the yard is taken as the unit. The yard is three times
as long as the foot and therefore the volume of a cube whose edge is a yard is
3 X 3 X 3 times as great as that whose edge is a foot. Thus the given volume
will contain only 1/27 as many units of volume when the yard is the unit of
length as it will contain when the foot is the unit. To transform from the foot
as old unit to the yard as new unit, the old volume number must be multiplied
by 1/27, or by the ratio of the magnitude of the old to that of the new unit of
volume. This is the same rule as already given, but it is usually more conven-
ient to express the transformations in terms of the fundamental units directly.
In the present case, since, with the method of measurement here adopted, a
volume number is the cube of a length-number, the ratio of two units of volume
is the cube of the ratio of the intrinsic values of the two units of length. Hence,
if / is the ratio of the magnitude of the old to that of the new unit of length, the
ratio of the corresponding units of volume is /*. Similarly the ratio of two units
of area would be /?, and so on for other quantities.

1 Because of its greater psychological and physical simplicity, and the desirability that the
unit chosen should have extensive magnitude, it has been proposed to choose as the fourth fun-
damental quantity, a quantity of electrical charge, e. The standard unit of electrical charge
would then be the electronic charge. For thermal needs, entropy has been proposed. While
not generally so psychologically easy to grasp as temperature, entropy is of fundamental im-

portance in thermodynamics and has extensive magnitude. (R. C. Tolman, The Measurable
Quantities of Physics, Physical Review, 9, p. 237, 1017.)

INTRODUCTION XXXill

CONVERSION FACTORS AND DIMENSIONAL FORMULAE

For the ratios of length,
mass, time, temperature, dielectric constant and permeability units the small
bracketed letters, [/], Lm], Lt], L@], LA], and [wu] will be adopted. These symbols
will always represent simple numbers, but the magnitude of the number will
depend on tre relative magnitudes of the units the ratios of which they repre-
sent. When the values of the numbers represented by these small bracketed
Setters as well as the powers of them involved in any particular unit are known,
the factor for the transformation is at once obtained. Thus, in the above ex-
ample, the value of / was 1/3, and the power involved in the expression for volume
was 3; hence the factor for transforming from cubic feet to cubic yards was /*
or 1/3° or 1/27. These factors will be called conversion factors.

To find the symbolic expression for the conversion factor for any physical
quantity, it is sufficient to determine the degree to which the quantities length,
mass, time, etc., are involved. Thus a velocity is expressed by the ratio of the
number representing a length to that representing an interval of time, or [ L/T],
and acceleration by a velocity number divided by an interval-of-time number,
or [ L/T?], and so on, and the corresponding ratios of units must therefore enter
in precisely the same degree. The factors would thus be for the just stated cases,
[J/t] and [//t?]. Equations of the form above given for velocity and acceleration
which show the dimensions of the quantity in terms of the fundamental units
are called dimensional equations. Thus [E]=[ML?T-*] will be found to
be the dimensional equation for energy, and [7 L?7~-*] the dimensional formula
for it. These expressions will be distinguished from the conversion factors by
the use of bracketed capital letters.

In general, if we have an equation for a physical quantity,

Ola CEM Tre.
where C is a constant and L, M, T represent length, mass, and time in terms
of one set of units, and it is desired to transform to another set of units in terms
of which the length, mass, and time are L,, M,, T,, we have to find the value of
L,/L, M,/M, T,/T, which, in accordance with the convention adopted above,
will be /, m, t, or the ratios of the magnitudes of the old to those of the new units.

Thus L, = Ll, M, = Mm, T, = Ti, and if Q, be the new quantity number,

Q, i CLM ?T,,
= Mem? Dele — Om te
or the conversion factor is [/%mt], a quantity precisely of the same form as the
dimension formula [L°M°T*].

Dimensional equations are useful for checking the validity of physical equa-
tions. Since physical equations must be homogeneous, each term appearing in
them must be dimensionally equivalent. For example, the distance moved by
a uniformly accelerated body is s = at + 43at?. The corresponding dimensional

equation is [LZ] = [(L/7T)T]+ [(L/T?*)T?], each term reducing to [L].

_ Dimensional considerations may often give insight into the laws regulating
physical phenomena.! For instance Lord Rayleigh, in discussing the intensity

1 See “On Physically Similar Systems; Illustrations of the Use of Dimensional Equations.”
E. Buckingham, Physical Review, (2) 4, 345, 1914; also Phil. Mag. 42, 696, 1921.
2

XXXIV INTRODUCTION

of light scattered from small particles, in so far as it depends upon the wave
length, reasons as follows: ?

“The object is to compare the intensities of the incident and scattered ray; for these will
clearly be proportional. The number (7) expressing the ratio of the two amplitudes is a function
of the following quantities: — 7, the volume of the disturbing particle; r, the distance of the
point under consideration from it; \, the wave length; 6, the velocity of propagation of light;
D and D’, the original and altered densities: of which the first three depend only on space, the
fourth on space and time, while the fifth and sixth introduce the consideration of mass. Other
elements of the problem there are none, except mere numbers and angles, which do not depend
upon the fundamental measurements of space, time, and mass. Since the ratio 7, whose expres-
sion we seek, is of no dimensions in mass, it follows at once that D and D’ occur only under the
form D: D’, which is a simple number and may therefore be omitted. It remains to find how
i varies with 7,7, X, 0.

‘“Now, of these quantities, 6 is the only one depending on time; and therefore, as 7 is of no
dimensions in time, ) cannot occur in its expression. We are left, then, with 7, 7, and \; and
from what we know of the dynamics of the question, we may be sure that 7 varices directly as
T and inversely as r, and must therefore be proportional to T + \’r, T being of three dimensions
in space. In passing from one part of the spectrum to another ) is the only quantity which
varies, and we have the important law:

‘When light is scattered by particles which are very small compared with any of the wave
lengths, the ratio of the amplitudes of the vibrations of the scattered and incident light varies
inversely as the square of the wave length, and the intensity of the lights themselves as the
inverse fourth power.”

The dimensional and conversion-factor formulae for the more commonly
occurring derived units will now be developed.

GEOMETRICAL AND MECHANICAL UNITS

Area is referred to a unit square whose side is the unit of length. The area of

a surface is expressed as
Sa ere

where the constant C depends on the contour of the surface and JL is a linear
dimension. If the surface is a square and L the length ofa side, C is unity;
if a circle and L its diameter, C is 7/4. The dimensional formula is therefore
[ L?] and the conversion factor [/?]. (Since the conversion factors are always of
the same dimensions as the dimensional formulae they will be omitted in the
subsequent discussions. A table of them will be found on page 3.)

Volume is referred to a unit cube whose edge is the unit of length. The volume
of a body is expressed as
Ve GE
The constant C depends on the shape of the bounding surfaces. The dimen-
sional formula is [ L*].

Density is the quantity of matter per unit volume. The dimensional formula
is [M/V] or [ML].

Ex.— The density of a body is 150 pd. per cu. {t.: required the density in grains per cu. in.
Here m, the number of grains in a pd., = 7000; /, the number of in. in a ft., = 12; ml-3 = 7000/123
= 4.051. The density is 150 X 4.051 = 607.6 grains/cu. in.

The specific gravity of a body is the ratio of a density to the density of a standard
substance. The dimensional formula and conversion factor are both unity.

* Philos. Mag., (4) 41, p. 107, 1871. See also Robertson, Dimensional analysis, Gen. Elec..
Rey., 33, 207, 1930.

INTRODUCTION XXXV

Velocity, 7, of a body is dL/dt, or the ratio of a length to a time. The dimen-
sional formula is [ L7—"].

Angle is measured by the ratio of the length of an arc to its radius. The di-
mensional formula is unity.

Angular Velocity is the ratio of the angle described in a given time to that
time. The dimensional formula is [ 7~"].

Linear Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity or a = dv/dt. The dimen-
sional formula is [V7-!] or [LT~*].

Ex. — A body acquires velocity at a uniform rate and at the end of one minute moves at the
rate of 20 kilometers per hour: what is the acceleration in centimeters per second per second?
Since the velocity gained was 20 km per hour in one minute, the acceleration was 1200 km
per hour per hour. /= 100000, ¢ = 3600, If? = 100000/3600 = 0.00771; the acceleration =
00771 X 1200 = 9.26 cm/sec.

Angular Acceleration is rate of change of angular velocity. The dimensional
formula is [ (angular velocity)/T] or [T-?].

Momentum, the quantity of motion in the Newtonian sense, is measured by
the product of the mass and velocity of the body. The dimensional formula is
[MV] or [MLT].

Moment of Momentum of a body with reference to a point is the product of
its momentum by the distance of its line of motion from the point. The dimen-
sional formula is [M/L?7—"].

Moment of Inertia of a body round an axis is expressed by the formula Lmr?,
where m is the mass of any particle of the body and r its distance from the axis,
The dimensional formula for the sum is the same as for each element and is
[ ML? }.

Angular Momentum of a body is the product of its moment of inertia and
angular velocity. "The dimensional formula is [ M/L?7~'].

Force is measured by the rate of change of momentum it can produce. The
dimensional formulae for force and “‘time rate of change of momentum” are
therefore the same, the ratio of a momentum to a time [MLT~*].

Ex. — When mass is expressed in lIbs., length in ft., and time in secs., the unit force is called
the poundal. When grams, cms, and secs. are the corresponding units, the unit of force is
called the dyne. Find the number of dynes in 25 poundals. Here m = 453.59, / = 30.48, t = 1;
mlt = 453.59 X 30.48 = 13825 nearly. The number of dynes is 13825 xX 25 = 345625 approxi-
mately.

Moment of Couple, Torque, or Twisting Motive can be expressed as the product
of a force and a length. The dimensional formula is [PL] or LM L?T-?].

Intensity of Stress is the ratio of the total stress to the area over which the
stress is distributed. The dimensional formula is [/Z~?] or [ML~'!T-?].

Intensity of Attraction, or ‘‘ Force at a Point,” is the force of attraction per
unit mass on 1 body placed at the point. The dimensional formula is [FM~']
or [L7~*], the same as acceleration.

XXXVI . INTRODUCTION

Absolute Force of a Center of Attraction, or ‘‘ Strength of a Center,’”’ is the
intensity of force at unit distance from the center, and is the force per unit mass
at any point multiplied by the square of the distance from thescenter,* ihe
dimensional formula is [PF L2M—"] or (L°T~?].

Modulus of Elasticity is the ratio of stress intensity to percentage strain. The
dimensional of percentage strain, a length divided by a length, is unity. Hence
the dimensional formula of a modulus of elasticity is that of stress intensity
(Att AT aah

Work is done by a force when the point of application of the force, acting on
a body, moves in the direction of the force. It is measured by the product of
the force and the displacement. The dimensional formula is [FL] or LML?T~?].

Energy. — The work done by the force produces either a change in the veloc-
ity of the body or a change of its shape or configuration, or both. In the first
case it produces a change of kinetic energy, in the second, of potential energy.
The dimensional formulae of energy and work, representing quantities of the same
kind, are identical [M L?7~?].

Resilience is the work done per unit volume of a body in distorting it to the
elastic limit or in producing rupture. The dimensional formula is [M/L*7~?L~]
Ore Ad = il:

Power or Activity is the time rate of doing work, or if W represents work and
P power, P = dw/dt. The dimensional formula is [W7~'] or [ML?T~], or for
problems in gravitation units more conveniently [FL7~], where F stands for
the force factor.

Exs. — Find the number of gram-cms in one ft.-pd. Here the units of force are the attrac-
tion of the earth on the pound and the gram of matter. (In problems like this the terms ‘“‘grams”’
and “pd.” refer to force and not to mass.) The conversion factor is [ jl], where f is 453.59 and
tis 30.48. The answer is 453.59 X 30.48 = 13825.

Find the number of ft.-poundals in 1000000 cm-dynes. Here m = 1/453.59, / = 1/30.48,
t=1; mPt? = 1/453.59 X 30.482, and 10°%mlt? = 10°/453.59 X 30.48" = 2.373.

If gravity produces an acceleration of 32.2 ft./sec./sec., how many watts are required to make
one horsepower? One horsepower is 550 ft.-pds. per sec., or 550 X 32.2 = 17710 ft.-poundals
per second. One watt is 107 ergs per sec., that is, 107 dyne-cms per sec. The conversion factor
is [ml’t-3], where m is 453.59, / is 30.48, and ¢ is 1, and the result has to be divided by 10’, the
number of dyne-cms per sec. in the watt. 17710 ml%t~8/10’ = 17710 X 453.59 X 30.48?/107
=n s

HEAT UNITS

Quantity of Heat, measured in dynamical units, has the same dimensions as
energy [ML?7-*]. Ordinary measurements, however, are made in ¢hermal
units, that is, in terms of the amount of heat required to raise the temperature
of a unit mass of water one degree of temperature at some stated temperature.
This involves the unit of mass and some unit of temperature. If we denote
temperature numbers by 0, the dimensional formula for quantity of heat, H,
will be [MO]. Unit volume is sometimes used instead of unit mass in the meas-
urement of heat, the units being called thermometric units. The dimensional
formula now changed by the substitution of volume for mass is [L*0 ].

INTRODUCTION XXXVil

Specific Heat is the relative amount of heat, compared with water as standard
substance, required to raise unit mass of different substances one degree in tem-
perature and is a simple number.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of a substance is the ratio of the change of
length per unit length (linear), or change of volume per unit volume (voluminal),
to the change of temperature. These ratios are simple numbers, and the change
of temperature varies inversely as the magnitude of the unit of temperature.
The dimensional formula is [07]. =

Thermal Conductivity, or Specific Conductance, is the quantity of heat, H,
transmitted per unit of time per unit of surface per unit of temperature gradient.
The equation for conductivity is therefore AK = H/L?T@/L, and the dimen-
sional formula [H/OLT]=[ML—T~—'] in thermal units. In thermometric
units the formula becomes [ L?7~'], which properly represents diffusivity, and
in dynamical units [ML7~*0~*].

Thermal Capacity is mass times the specific heat. The dimensional formula
is [M].

Latent Heat is the quantity of heat required to change the state of a body
divided by the quantity of matter. The dimensional formula is [M0/M] or
[6]; in dynamical units it is [ L?7-?].

Note. — When @ is given the dimensional formula [LT], the formulae in thermal and
dynamical units are identical.

Joule’s Equivalent, J, is connected with the quantity of heat by the equation
MiI?T* = JH or JM®. The dimensional formula of J is [L?T-26-'].. In
dynamical units J is a simple number.

Entropy of a body is directly proportional to the quantity of heat it contains
and inversely proportional to its temperature. The dimensional formula is
[M0/0] or [M7]. In dynamical units the formula is [M/L?T-20-*].

Exs. — Find the relation between the British thermal unit, the large or kilogram-calorie
and the small or gram-calorie, sometimes called the “therm.” Referring all the units to the
same temperature of the standard substance, the British thermal unit is the amount of heat
required to warm one pound of water 1° F., the darge calorie, 1 kilogram of water, 1° C, the
small calorie or therm, 1 gram, 1° C. (1) To find the number of kg-cals. in one British thermal
unit. m = .45359, 8 = 5/9; m0 = .45359 X 5/9 = .25199. (2) To find the number therms in one
kg-cal. m= 1000, and@=1; m@= i000. (3) Hence the number of small calories or therms in
one British thermal unit is 1000 X .25199 = 251.99.

ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC UNITS

A system of units of electric and magnetic quantities requires four funda-
mental quantities. A system in which length, mass, and time constitute three
of the fundamental quantities is known as an ‘‘absolute”’ system. There are
two absolute systems of electric and magnetic units. One is called the electro-
static, in which the fourth fundamental quantity is the dielectric constant, and
one is called the electromagnetic, in which the fourth fundamental quantity is
magnetic permeability. Besides these two systems there will be described a
third in common use called the “international’’ system. :

XXXVII1 INTRODUCTION

In the electrostatic system, unit quantity of electricity, Q, is the quantity
which exerts unit mechanical force upon an equal quantity a unit distance from
it in a vacuum. From this definition the dimensions and the units of all the
other electric and magnetic quantities follow through the equations of the mathe-
matical theory of electromagnetism. The mechanical force between two quan-
tities of electricity in any medium is .

pee,
Ky
where K is the dielectric constant, characteristic of the medium, and r the dis-
tance between the two points at which the quantities 0 and Q’ are located. K
is the fourth quantity entering into dimensional expressions in the electrostatic
system. Since the dimensional formula for force is [ML7T~?], that for Q is
[Mt+L?T— K?].

The electromagnetic system is based upon the unit of the magnetic pole
strength. The dimensions and the units of the other quantities are built up
from this in the same manner as for the electrostatic system. The mechanical
force between two magnetic poles in any medium is

mam

“3 br?

in which yw is the permeability of the medium and ,¢ is the distance between two

poles having the strengths m and m’. yw is the fourth quantity entering into

dimensional expressions in the electromagnetic system. It follows that the
dimensional expression for magnetic pole strength is [M?L?7—'y? ].

The symbols A and mw are sometimes omitted in the dimensional formulae so
that only three fundamental quantities appear. There are a number of objec-
tions to this. Such formulae give no information as to the relative magnitudes
of the units in the two systems. The omission is equivalent to assuming some
relation between mechanical and electrical quantities, or to a mechanical expla-
nation of electricity. Such a relation or explanation is not known.

The properties AK and w are connected by the equation 1/4/ Ku = v, where v
is the velocity of an electromagnetic wave. For empty space or for air, A and
uw being measured in the same units, 1/.1/ Ku =, where c is the velocity of
light in vacuo, 3 X 10’? cm per sec. It is sometimes forgotten that the omission
of the dimensions of A or mw is merely conventional. For instance, magnetic
field intensity and magnetic induction apparently have the same dimensions
when uw is omitted. This results in confusion and difficulty in understanding the
theory of magnetism. The suppression of wu has also led to the use of the ‘‘centi-
meter” as a unit of capacity and of inductance; neither is physically the same
as length.

’

ELECTROSTATIC SYSTEM

Quantity of Electricity has the dimensional formula [M/?L'7—! K?], as shown
above.

Electric Surface Density of an electrical distribution at any point on a surface
is measured by the quantity per unit area. The dimensional formula is the ratio
of the formulae for quantity of electricity and for area or [M!L?7- K?].

INTRODUCTION KOKO

Electric Field Intensity is measured by the ratio of the force on a quantity
of electricity at a point to the quantity of electricity. The dimensional
formula is therefore the ratio of the formulae for force and electric quantity or
MoE Meh KA or (tL 47 K-*).

Electric Potential and Electromotive Force. — Change of potential is propor-
tional to the work done per unit of electricity in producing the change. The

dimensional formula is the ratio of the formulae for work and electrical quantity
or [ML?T-2/M3L'T— K*] or [M#L!T— K-*].

Capacity of an Insulated Conductor is proportional to the ratio of the quan-
tity of electricity in a charge to the potential of the charge. The dimensional
formula is the ratio of the two formulae for electric quantity and potential or
[Mt LiT-" Kt/MiLiT— K-)] or [LK].

Specific Inductive Capacity is the ratio of the inductive capacity of the sub-
stance to that of a standard substance and therefore is a number.

Electric Current is quantity of electricity flowing past a point per unit of
time. The dimensional formula is the ratio of the formulae for electric quan-
tity and for time or [M?L:!7— K?/T | or [M?L'T~ K? |.

Electrical Conductivity, like the corresponding term for heat, is quantity per
unit area per unit potential gradient per unit of time. The dimensional formula
IS WMA ee (Vere Ket) Ee or Pek |.

Resistivity is the reciprocal of conductivity. The dimensional formula is
ek 5:

Conductance of any part of an electric circuit, not containing a source of
electromotive force, is the ratio of the current flowing through it to the difference
of potential between its ends. The dimensional formula is the ratio of the for-
mulae for current and potential or [M?LiT~ K?/M?LiT—"! K-*] or [LT K].

Resistance is the reciprocal of conductance. The dimensional formula. is
ema:

Exs. — Find the factor for converting quantity of electricity expressed in ft.-grain-sec. units
to the same expressed in c.g.s. units. The formula is [m32/2tk2], in which m= 0.0648,
1 = 30.48, £=1, k=1; the factor is 0.06483 X 30.483, or 42.8.

Find the factor required to convert electric potential from mm-mg-sec. units to c.g.s. units.
The formula is [m2/2t7k-2], in which m=o0.001, J=0.1, f=1, k=1; the factor is 0.0013
X 0.13, Or 0.01.

Find the factor required to convert electrostatic capacity from ft.-grain-sec. and_ specific
inductive capacity 6 units to c.g.s. units. The formula is [/k] in which / = 30.48, k = 6; the
factor is 30.48 x 6, or 182.88.

ELECTROMAGNETIC SYSTEM

Many of the magnetic quantities are analogues of certain electric quantities.
The dimensions of such quantities in the electromagnetic system differ from
those of the corresponding electrostatic quantities in the electrostatic system
only in the substitution of permeability uw for K.

xl INTRODUCTION

Magnetic Pole Strength or Quantity of Magnetism has already been shown
to have the dimensional formula [M?L:?7T-y? ].

Magnetic Flux characterizes the magnetized state of a magnetic circuit.
Through a surface inclosing a magnetic pole it is proportional to the magnetic
pole strength. The dimensional formula is that for magnetic pole strength.

Magnetic Field Intensity or Magnetizing Force is the ratio of the force on a
magnetic pole placed at the point and the magnetic pole strength. The dimen-
sional formula is therefore the ratio of the formulae for a force and magnetic
quantity, or [MLT-?/M*LiT “yu? ] or [MILT y+].

Magnetic Potential or Magnetomotive Force at a point is measured by the
work which is required to bring unit quantity of positive magnetism from zero
potential to the point. The dimensional formula is the ratio of the formulae for
work and magnetic quantity, [ML?7-?/M?LiT—y:] or [M?L$T—y3].

Magnetic Moment is the product of the pole strength by the length of the
magnet. The dimensional formula is [M?L!7T—y?].

Intensity of Magnetization of any portion of a magnetized body is the ratio
of the magnetic moment of that portion and its volume. The dimensional
formula is [M?L27—!y2/L?] or [M?L-?7T—y*].

Magnetic Induction is the magnetic flux per unit of area taken perpendicular
to the direction of the magnetic flux. The dimensional formula is [ M?L?7—'y}/L? |
Cie Edie reap

Magnetic Susceptibility is the ratio of intensity of magnetization produced
and the intensity of the magnetic field producing it. The dimensional formula
is [MtL37—p3/M?L3T—y-*] or [py].

Current, 7, flowing in circle, radius 7, creates magnetic field at its center,
271 /r. Dimensional formula is product of formulae for magnetic field intensity
and length or [M?L?7-"y-? J.

Quantity of Electricity is the product of the current and time. The dimen-
sional formula is [M?L*y-? j.

Electric Potential, or Electromotive Force, as in the electrostatic system, is
the ratio of work to quantity of electricity. The dimensional formula is [ M L?T-?/
MtLiy-*] or [MtL?T—u*}].

Electrostatic Capacity is the ratio of quantity of electricity to difference of
potential. The dimensional formula is | L-!7?u~!].

Resistance of a Conductor is the ratio of the difference of potential be-
tween its ends and the constant current flowing. The dimensional formula is
[MIT ut/MiLiT 4p] or [LT py).

Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance, and the dimensional formula is
ict Tite ae

Conductivity is the quantity of electricity transmitted per unit area per unit
potential gradient per unit of time. The dimensional formula is [M*L?y-4/
DAMA 73/ 2) TT) or tie ieee

INTRODUCTION xli

Resistivity is the reciprocal of conductivity as just defined. The dimensional
formula is [L?T—'y ].

Self-inductance is for any circuit the electromotive force produced in it by
unit rate of variation of the current through it. The dimensional formula is
the product of the formulae for electromotive force and time divided by that
for current or [M/*L:?T—2y3 x T + M*LiT—y-*] or [Ly].

Mutual Inductance of two circuits is the electromotive force produced in one
per unit rate of variation of the current in the other. The dimensional formula
is the same as for self-inductance.

Electric Field Intensity is the ratio of electric potential or electromotive force
and length. The dimensional formula is [M/?L*7T-°y} |.

Magnetic Reluctance is the ratio of magnetic potential difference to magnetic
flux. The dimensional formula is [Z~'u~"].

Thermoelectric Power is measured by the ratio of electromotive force and
temperature. The dimensional formula is [M/?L:7—u39~*].

Coefficient of Peltier Effect is measured by the ratio of the quantity of heat
and quantity of electricity. The dimensional formula is[M/L?T-?/M?Liu-* ] or
[M?L?T-*u?], the same as for electromotive force.

Exs. — Find the factor required to convert intensity of magnetic field from ft.-grain-min.
units to c.g.s. units. The formula is [m2/~2¢4y-2]; m = 0.0648, 1 = 30.48, f = 60, and w=1;
the factor is 0.06483 X 30.4874, or 0.046108.

How many c.g.s. units of magnetic moment make one ft.-grain-sec. unit of the same quan-
tity? The formula is [m2/3t1y2]; m = 0.0648, / = 30.48, ¢=1, and w=1; the number is
0.06483 X 30.482, or 1305.6.

If the intensity of magnetization of a steel bar is 700 in c.g.s. units, what will it be in mm-
mg-sec. units? The formula is [m4l2ty2]; m= 1000,/=10,¢=1, w=1; the intensity is
700 X 10003 X 102, or 7C000.

Find the factor required to convert current from c.g.s. units to earth-quadrant-10 gram-
sec. units. The formula is [m4 4yu-2]; m=10!, 1] = 10°, w=1; the factor is 10% x 1073,

or Io.
Find the factor required to convert resistance expressed in c.g.s. units into the same expressed

in earth-quadrant-10§ gram-sec. units. The formula is [/#4p2]; 1]=10°°, t=1, w=1; the
TActOnmISeLOm.

FUNDAMENTAL STANDARDS

The choice of the nature of the fundamental quantities already made does
not sufficiently define the system for measurements. Some definite unit or
arbitrarily chosen standard must next be taken for each of the fundamental
quantities. This fundamental standard should have the qualities of perma-
nence, reproducibility and availability and be suitable for accurate measures.
Once chosen and made it is called the primary standard and is generally kept
at some central bureau, — for instance, the International Bureau of Weights
and Measures at Sevres, France. A primary standard may also be chosen and
made for derived units (e.g., the international ohm standard), when it is simply
a standard closely representing the unit and accepted for practical purposes,
its value having been fixed by certain measuring processes. Secondary or refer-

xhii INTRODUCTION

ence standards are accurately compared copies, not necessaruy duplicates, of
the primaries for use in the work of standardizing laboratories and the produc-
tion of working standards for everyday use.

Standard of Length. — The primary standard of length which now almost
universally serves as the basis for physical measurements is the meter. It is
defined as the distance between two lines at o° C on a platinum-iridium bar
deposited at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures. This bar is
known as the International Prototype Meter, and its length was derived from
the ‘“‘métre des Archives,’ which was made by Borda. Borda, Delambre, Laplace,
and others, acting as a committee of the French Academy, recommended that
the standard unit of length should be the ten-millionth part of the length, from
the equator to the pole, of the meridian passing through Paris. In 1795 the
French Republic passed a decree making this the legal standard of length, and
an arc of the meridian extending from Dunkirk to Barcelona was measured by
Delambre and Mechain for the purpose of realizing the standard. From the
results of that measurement the meter bar was made by Borda. The meter is
now defined as above and not in terms of the meridian length; hence subsequent
measures of the length of the meridian have not affected the length of the meter.

Standard of Mass. — The primary standard of mass now almost universally
used as the basis for physical measurements is the kilogram. It is defined as
the mass of a certain piece of platinum-iridium deposited at the International
Bureau of Weights and Measures. This standard is known as the International
Prototype Kilogram. Its mass is equal to that of the older standard, the “ kilo-
gram des Archives,” made by Borda and intended to have the same mass as a
cubic decimeter of distilled water at the temperature of 4° C.

Copies of the International Prototype Meter and Kilogram are possessed by
the various governments and are called National Prototypes.

Standard of Time.— The unit of time universally used is the mean solar sec-
ond, or the 864ooth part of the mean solar day. It is based on the average time
of one rotation of the earth on its axis relatively to the sun as a point of reference
= 1.002 737 91 sidereal second.

Standard of Temperature. — The standard scale of temperature as adopted
by the International Committee of Weights and Measures (1887) depends on
the constant-volume hydrogen thermometer. The hydrogen is taken at an
initial pressure at o° C of one meter of mercury, o° C, sea-level at latitude 45°.
The scale is defined by designating the temperature of melting ice as o° and of
condensing steam as 100° under standard atmospheric pressure. This is known
as the Centigrade scale (abbreviated C).

A scale independent of the properties of any particular substance, and called
the thermodynamic, or absolute scale, was proposed in 1848 by Lord Kelvin.
In it the temperature is proportional to the average kinetic energy per molecule
of a perfect gas. The temperature of melting ice is taken as 273.18°, that of
the boiling point, 373.18°. The scale of the hydrogen thermometer varies from
it only in the sense that the behavior of hydrogen departs from that of a perfect
gas. It is customary to refer to this scale as the Kelvin scale (abbreviated Kk.)

INTRODUCTION xh

NUMERICALLY DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF UNITS

The fundamental physical quantities which form the basis of a system for
measurements have been chosen and the fundamental standards selected and
made. Custom has not however generally used these standards for the meas-
urement of the magnitudes of quantities but rather multiples or submultiples of
them. For instance, for very small quantities the micron (uw) or one-millionth
of a meter is often used. The following table ! gives some of the systems pro-
posed, all built upon the fundamental standards already described. The centi-
meter-gram-second (cm-g-sec. or c.g.s.) system proposed by Kelvin is the only

one generally accepted.
TABLE |.

PROPOSED SYSTEMS OF UNITS.

- Giorgi | Practical
Weber Kelvin | Moon MKS C A. | (B. A. Strout
‘ : om.,
C.g.S. 181 (Prim. 186 Com., 1891
ole 2872)

and

Gauss Stds.)

Length dm m ro? cm | 10? cm
Mass Kg Kg LOm Lig Tons
sec.
10

‘Time sec.

Further the choice of a set of fundamental physical quantities to form the basis
of a system does not necessarily determine how that system shall be used in
measurements. In fact, upon any sufficient set of fundamental quantities, a
great many different systems of units may be built. The electrostatic and elec-
tromagnetic systems are really systems of electric quantities rather than units.
They were based upon the relationships fF = QQ’/ Kr? and mm'/ur?, respec-
tively. Systems of units built upon a chosen set of fundamental physical quan-
tities may differ in two ways: (1) the units chosen for the fundamental quanti-
ties may be different; (2) the defining equations by which the system is built
may be different.

The electrostatic system generally used is based on the centimeter, gram,
second, and dielectric constant of a vacuum. Other systems have appeared,
differing from this in the first way, — for instance using the foot, grain and second
in place of the centimeter, gram and second. A system differing from it in the
second way is that of Heaviside which introduces the factor 4m at different
places than is usual in the equations. There are similarly several systems of
electromagnetic units in use.

Gaussian Systems. — “‘The complexity of the interrelations of the units is
increased by the fact that not one of the systems is used as a whole, consistently
for all electromagnetic quantities. The ‘systems’ at present used are therefore
combinations of certain of the systems of units.

1 Circular 60 of the Bureau of Standards, Electric Units and Standards, 1916. The subse-
quent matter in this introduction is based upon this circular.

xliv INTRODUCTION

“Some writers ! on the theory of electricity prefer to use what is called a Gaus.
sian system, a combination of electrostatic units for purely electrical quantities
and electromagnetic units for magnetic quantities. There are two such Gaus-
sian systems in vogue, — one a combination of c.g.s. electrostatic and c.g.s elec-
tromagnetic systems, and the other a combination of the two corresponding
Heaviside systems.

‘“‘When a Gaussian system is used, caution is necessary when an equation
contains both electric and magnetic quantities. A factor expressing the ratio
between the electrostatic and electromagnetic units of one of the quantities
has to be introduced. This factor is the first or second power of c, the number
of electrostatic units of electric charge in one electromagnetic unit of the same.
There is sometimes a question as to whether electric current is to be expressed
in electrostatic or electromagnetic units, since it has both electric and magnetic
attributes. It is usually expressed in electrostatic units in the Gaussian system.”

It may be observed from the dimensions of K given in Table 1 that [1/ Ky]
= [ L?/T?]| which has the dimensions of a square of a velocity. This velocity
was found experimentally to be equal to that of light, when K and wp were ex-
pressed in the same system of units. Maxwell proved theoretically that 1/./ Kh
is the velocity of any electromagnetic wave. This was subsequently proved
experimentally. When a Gaussian system is used, this equation becomes c/+/ Ku.
=v. For the ether A = 1 in electrostatic units and yw = 1 in electromagnetic
units. Hence c = v for the ether, or the velocity of an electromagnetic wave in
the ether is equal to the ratio of the c.g.s. electromagnetic to the c.g.s. electro-
static unit of electric charge. This constant c is of primary importance in elec-
trical theory. Its most probable value is 2.9979 x 10°° centimeters per second.

“Practical? Electromagnetic System. — This electromagnetic system is
based upon the units of 10? cm, 1o7!! gram, the sec. and yw of the ether. It is
never used as a complete system of units but is of interest as the historical basis
of the present International System. The principal quantities are the resistance
unit, the ohm = 10° c.g.s. units; the current unit, the ampere = 107! ¢.g.s. units;
and the electromotive force unit, the volt = 10° c.g.s. units.

The International Electric Units. — The units used in practical measurements,
however, are the ‘‘International Units.”” They were derived from the “practical”
system just described, or as the latter is sometimes called, the “absolute” sys-
tem. These international units are based upon certain concrete standards pres-
ently to be defined and described. With such standards electrical comparisons
can be more accurately and readily made than could absolute measurements in
terms of the fundamental units. Two electric units, the international ohm and
the international ampere, were chosen and made as nearly equal as possible to
the ohm and ampere of the “practical” or “absolute” system.

1 For example, A. G. Webster, ‘‘Theory of Electricity and Magnetism,” 1897; J. H. Jeans,
“ Electricity and Magnetism,” 1911; H. A. Lorentz, ‘‘The Theory of Electrons,” 1909; and
O. W. Richardson, ‘“‘The Electron Theory of Matter,” 1914.

INTRODUCTION xlv

This system of units, sufficiently near to the ‘‘absolute”’ system for the pur-
pose of electrical measurements and as a basis for legislation, was defined as
follows:

“1. The International Ohm is the resistance offered to an unvarying electric
current by a column of mercury at the temperature of melting ice, 14.4521 grams
in mass, of a constant cross-sectional area and of a length of 106.300 centimeters.

“2. The International Ampere is the unvarying electric current which, when
passed through a solution of nitrate of silver in water, in accordance with speci-
fication IT attached to these Resolutions, deposits silver at the rate of 0.co111800
of a gram per second.

“3. The International Volt is the electrical pressure which, when steadily
applied to a conductor the resistance of which is one international ohm will pro-
duce a current of one international ampere.

“4. The International Watt is the energy expended per second by an unvary-
ing electric current of one international ampere under the pressure of one inter-
national volt.”

In accordance with these definitions, a value was established for the electro-
motive force of the recognized standard of electromotive force, the Weston
normal cell, as the result of international codperative experiments in tg10. The
value was 1.0183 international volts at 20° C.

The definitions by the 1908 International Conference supersede certain defini-
tions adopted by the International Electrical Congress at Chicago in 1893. Cer-
tain of the units retain their Chicago definitions, however. They are as follows:

“Coulomb. As a unit of quantity, the International Coulomb, which is the
quantity of electricity transferred by a current of one international ampere
in one second.

“Farad. Asa unit of capacity, the International Farad, which is the capacity
of a condenser, charged to be a potential of one international volt by one
international coulomb of electricity.

“Joule. As a unit of work, the Joule, which is equal to ro’ units of work in
the c.g.s. system, and which is represented sufficiently well for practical use
by the energy expended in one second by an international ampere in an
international ohm.

“ Henry. As the unit of induction, the Henry, which is the induction in a
circuit when the electromotive force induced in this circuit is one interna-
tional volt, while the inducing current varies at the rate of one ampere per
second.”

“The choice of the ohm and ampere as fundamental was purely arbitrary.
These are the two quantities directly measured in absolute electrical measure-
ments. The ohm and volt have been urged as more suitable for definition in
terms of arbitrary standards, because the primary standard of electromotive
force (standard cell) has greater simplicity than the primary standard of current
(silver voltameter). The standard cell is in fact used, together with resistance
standards, for the actual maintenance of the units, rather than the silver vol-
tameter and resistance standards. Again, the volt and ampere have some claim

xlvi INTRODUCTION

for consideration for fundamental definition, both being units of quantities
more fundamental in electrical theory than resistance.”

For all practical purposes the “international” and the “practical” or ‘abso-
lute” units are the same. Experimental determination of the ratios of the corres-
ponding units in the two systems have been made and the mean results are
given in Table 463. These ratios represent the accuracy with which it was possible
to fix the values of the international ohm and ampere at the time they were
defined (London Conference of 1908). It is unlikely that the definitions of the
international units will be changed in the near future to make the agreement
any closer. An act approved July 12, 1894, makes the International units as
above defined the legal units in the United States of America.

THE STANDARDS OF THE INTERNATIONAL ELECTRICAL
UNITS

RESISTANCE

The definition of the international ohm adopted by the London
Conference in 1908 is accepted practically everywhere.

Mercury Standards. — Mercury standards conforming to the definition were
constructed in England, France, Germany, Japan, Russia and the United States.
Their mean resistances agree to about two parts in 100,000. To attain this
accuracy, elaborate and painstaking experiments were necessary. Tubes are
never quite uniform in cross-section; the accurate measurement of the mass of
mercury filling the tube is difficult, partly because of a surface film on the walls
of the tube; the greatest refinements are necessary in determining the length of
the tube. In the electrical comparison of the resistance with wire standards,
the largest source of error is in the filling of the tube. These and other sources
of error necessitated a certain uniformity in the setting up of mercury standards
and at the London Conference the following specifications were drawn up:

SPECIFICATION RELATING TO MERCURY STANDARDS OF RESISTANCE

The glass tubes used for mercury standards of resistance must be made of a glass such that
the dimensions may remain as constant as possible. The tubes must be well annealed and straight.
The bore must be as nearly as possible uniform and circular, and the area of cross-section of the
bore must be approximately one square millimeter. The mercury must have a resistance of
approximately one ohm.

Each of the tubes must be accurately calibrated. The correction to be applied to allow for
the area of the cross-section of the bore not being exactly the same at all parts of the tube must
not exceed 5 parts in 10,000.

The mercury filling the tube must be considered as bounded by plane surfaces placed in
contact with the ends of the tube.

The length of the axis of the tube, the mass of mercury the tube contains, and the electrical
resistance of the mercury are to be determined at a temperature as near to o° C as possible.
The measurements are to be corrected to 0° C.

For the purpose of the electrical measurements, end vessels carrying connections for the
current and potential terminals are to be fitted on to the tube. These end vessels are to be
spherical in shape (of a diameter of approximately four centimeters) and should have cylindrical
pieces attached to make cormections with the tubes. The outside edge of each end of the tube

INTRODUCTION xlvui

is to be coincident with the inner surface of the corresponding end vessel. The leads which make
contact with the mercury are to be of thin platinum wire fused into glass. The point of entry
of the current lead and the end of the tube are to be at opposite ends of a diameter of the bulb:
the potential lead is to be midway between these two points. All the leads must be so thin
that no error in the resistance is introduced through conduction of heat to the mercury. The
filling of the tube with mercury for the purpose of the resistance measurements must be carried
out under the same conditions as the filling for the determination of the mass.

The resistance which has to be added to the resistance of the tube to allow for the effect ot
the end vessels is to be calculated by the formula

se oar (+ + 7) ohm,
10637 \r1 re

where 7; and 72 are the radii in millimeters of the end sections of the bore of the tube.

The mean of the calculated resistances of at least five tubes shall be taken to determine the
value of the unit of resistance.

For the purpose of the comparison of resistances with a mercury tube the measurements
shall be made with at least three separate fillings of the tube.

Secondary Standards. — Secondary standards, derived from the mercury
standards and used to give values to working standards, are certain coils of
manganin wire kept in the national laboratories. Their resistances are adjusted
to correspond to the unit or its decimal multiples or submultiples. The values
assigned to these coils are checked from time to time with the similar coils of
the other countries. The value now in use is based on the comparison made
at the U.S. Bureau of Standards in rgro and may be called the “tgro ohm.”
Later measurements on various mercury standards checked the value then used
within 2 parts in 100,000. Thus the basis of resistance measurement is main-
tained not by the mercury standards of a single laboratory, but by all the mer-
cury standards of the various national laboratories; it is furthermore the same
in all countries, except for very slight outstanding discrepancies due to the
errors of measurement and variations of the standards with time.

Resistance Standards in Practice. —In ordinary measurements, working
standards of resistance are usually coils of manganin wire (approximately 84
per cent Cu + 12 per cent Mn + 4 per cent Ni). They are generally used in oil
which carries away the heat developed by the current and facilitates regulation
and measurement of the temperature. The best type is inclosed in a sealed case
for protection against atmospheric humidity. Varying humidity changes the
resistance of open coils often to several parts in 10,000 higher in summer than
in winter. While sealed r ohm and o.1 ohm coils may remain constant to about
I part in 100,000.

Absolute Ohm. — The absolute measurement of resistance involves the pre-
cise determination of a length and a time (usually an angular velocity) in a
medium of unit permeability. Since the dimensional formula of resistance in
the electromagnetic system is [Lu/T], such an absolute measurement gives R
not in cm/sec. but in cm X p/sec. The definitions of the ohm, ampere and
volt by the 1908 London conference tacitly assume a permeability equal to
unity. The relation of the international ohm to the absolute ohm has been
measured in different ways involving revolving coil, revolving disk, and alter-

xlvili INTRODUCTION

nate current methods. Probably the most accurate value is that given by Birge
(see p. 77).

I international ohm= 1.00051 + 0.00002 absolute ohms,

or, in other words, while one international ohm is represented by a mercury
column 106.300 cm long as specified above, one absolute ohm requires a similar
column 106.246 cm long.

CURRENT

The Silver Voltameter. — The silver voltameter is a concrete means of meas-
uring current in accordance with the definition of the international ampere. As
used for the realization of the international ampere “‘it consists of a platinum
cathode in the form of a cup holding the silver nitrate solution, a silver anode
partly or wholly immersed in the solution, and some means to prevent anode
slime and particles of silver mechanically detached from the anode from reach-
ing the cathode. As a standard representing the international ampere, the
silver voltameter includes also the chronometer used to measure time. The
degree of purity and the mode of preparation of the various parts of the vol-
tameter affect the mass of the deposit. There are numerous sources of error, and
the suitability of the silver voltameter as a primary standard of current has
been under investigation since 1893. Differences of as much as o.1 per cent or
more may be obtained by different procedures, the larger differences being
mainly due to impurities produced in the electrolyte (by filter paper, for instance).
Hence, in order that the definition of current be precise, it must be accompanied
by specifications for using the voltameter.”

The original specifications were recognized to be inadequate and an inter-
national committee on electrical units and standards was appointed to com-
plete the specifications. It was also recognized that in practice standard cells
would replace secondary current standards so that a value must be fixed for the
electromotive force of the Weston normal cell. This was attempted in 1910 at
the Bureau of Standards by representatives of that institution together with one
delegate each from the Physikalische-Technische Reichsanstalt, The National
Physical Laboratory and the Laboratoire Central d’Electricité. Voltameters
from all four institutions were put in series under a variety of experimental con-
ditions. Standard Weston cells and resistance standards of the four laboratories
were also intercompared. From the joint comparison of standard cells and
silver voltameters particular values were assigned to the standard cells from
each laboratory. The different countries thus have a common basis of measure-
ment maintained by the aid of standard cells and resistance standards derived
from the international voltameter investigation of 1gro.

It was not found possible to draw up satisfactory and final specifications for
the silver voltameter. Provisional specifications were submitted by the U. S.
Bureau of Standards and more complete specifications have been proposed in
correspondence between the national laboratories and members of the inter-

INTRODUCTION xlix

national committee since 1910, but no agreement upon final specifications has
yet been reached.

Resistance Standards Used in Current Measurements. — Precise measure-
ments of currents require a potentiometer, a standard cell and a resistance
standard. The resistance must be so designed as to carry the maximum current
without undue heating and consequent change of resistance. Accordingly the
resistance metal must have a small temperature resistance coefficient and a
sufficient area in contact with the air, oil, or other cooling fluid. It must have
a small thermal electromotive force against copper. Manganin satisfies these
conditions and is usually used. The terminals of the standard must have suffi-
cient contact area so that there shall be no undue heating at contacts.! It must
be so designed that the current distribution does not depend upon the mode of
connection to the circuit.

Absolute Ampere. — The absolute ampere (10~'c.g.s. electromagnetic units)
differs by a negligible amount from the international ampere. Since the dimen-
sional formula of the current in the electromagnetic system is [ L*M?/7Ty? | which
is equivalent to [ F?/u?], the absolute measurement of current involves funda-
mentally the measurement of a force in a medium of unit permeability. In most
measurements of high precision an electrodynamometer has been used of the
form known as a current balance.

The best value may be taken as (Birge, 1930)

I international ampere =0.99995 + 0.00005 absolute ampere.

The result may also be expressed in terms of the electrochemical equivalent of
silver, and thus equals 0.00111805 g per absolute coulomb. The value is
0.00111800 g per international coulomb. —

ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE

International Volt. — ‘‘The international volt is derived from the interna-
tional ohm and ampere by Ohm’s law. Its value is maintained by the aid of the
Weston normal cell. The national standardizing laboratories have groups of
such cells, to which values in terms of the international ohm and ampere have
been assigned by international experiments, and thus form a basis of reference
for the standardization of the standard cells used in practical measurements.”

Weston Normal Cell. —The Weston normal cell is the standard used to
maintain the international volt and, in conjunction with resistance standards,
to maintain the international ampere. The cell is a simple voltaic combination

”

1 See “Report to the International Committee on Electrical Units and Standards,” 1912, p
199. For the Bureau of Standards investigations see Bull. Bureau of Standards, 9, pp. 209, 493;
IO, P. 475, 1912-14; 13, P- 147, 1915; 9, P- 151, 1912; 13, PP. 447, 479, 1916.

| INTRODUCTION

having its anode or negative electrode of cadmium amalgam, consisting of 10
per cent by weight of cadmium and go per cent mercury. The cathode, or posi-
tive electrode, is pure mercury covered with a paste consisting of mercurous
sulphate, cadmium-sulphate crystals, and solution. The electrolyte is cadmium-
sulphate solution in contact with an excess of cadmium-sulphate crystals. The
containing vessel is of glass, usually in the H form. Connection is made to the
electrodes by platinum wires sealed into the glass. The cells are sealed, pref-
erably hermetically, and in use are submerged in a constant-temperature oil
bath. The resistance of a cell is about 600 to 1000 ohms. The Weston cell used
with potentiometers is not the Weston normal cell, but differs from it only slightly,
the cadmium-sulphate solution not being saturated. It is described in the next
section below.

One of the great advantages of the Weston normal cell is its small change of
electromotive force with change of temperature. At any temperature, ¢ (centi-
grade), between o° and 4o°, Et = Ex — 0.0000406 (¢ — 20) — 0.00000095 (t — 20)?
+ 0.00000001 (f — 20)*. This temperature formula was adopted by the London
conference of t908. That this formula may apply, the cell must be of a strictly
uniform temperature throughout. One leg of the cell has a large positive and
the other leg a large negative temperature coefficient. If the temperature of
one leg changes faster than the other, the formula does not hold.

When the best of care is taken as to purity of materials and mode of procedure,
Weston normal cells are reproducible within 1 part in 100,000. The source of
the greatest variations has probably been in the mercurous sulphate. Cells using
the best samples of this material have an electromotive force the constancy of
which over a period of one year is about 1 part in 100,000. Only very meager
specifications for the cell have as yet been agreed upon internationally, how-
ever, and the procedures in various laboratories differ in some respects.!

The basis of measurements of electromotive force is the same in all coun-
tries as the result of the joint international experiments of 1910. As already
stated, a large number of observations were made at that time with the silver
voltameter, and a considerable number of Weston normal cells from the na-
tional laboratories of England, France, Germany and the United States were
compared. From the results of these voltameter experiments and from resist-
ance measurements, the value

1.0183 international volts at 20° C

was assigned to the Weston normal cell. A mean of the groups cf cells from the
four laboratories was taken as most accurately representing the Weston normal

1 For the preliminary specifications which have been issued and the reports of the various
investigations on the standard cells see the following references: Preliminary specifications,
Wolff and Waters, Bull. B. of S. 3, p. 623, 1907; Clark and Weston Standard Cells, Wolff and
Waters, ditto, 4, p. 1, 1907; Temperature formula of Weston Standard Cell, ditto, 5, p. 309,
1908; The materials, reproducibility, etc., of the Weston Cell, Helett, Phys. Rev. 22, p. 321,
1906; 23, p. 166, 1906; 27, pp. 33, 337, 1908; Mercurous sulphate, etc., Steinwehr, Zs. fiir
Electroch. 12, p. 578, 1906; German value of cell, Jaeger and Steinwehr, ditto, 28, p. 367, 1908;
National Physical Laboratory researches, Smith, Phil. Trans. 207, p. 393, 1908; On the Weston
Cell, Haga and Boerema, Arch. Neerland, des Sci. Exactes, 3, p. 324, 1913.

INTRODUCTION li

cell. Each laboratory has means of preserving the unit. Any discrepancies
between the bases of the different countries at the present time would be due
only to possible variations in the reference cells of the national laboratories.
Such discrepancies are probably less than 2 parts in 100,000.

The figure 1.0183 has been in use since January 1, 1911. The value used in
the United States before 1911, 1.019126 at 20°C or 1.0189 at 25° C, was as-
signed to a certain group of cells maintained as the standard of electromotive
force at the Bureau of Standards. The high value is partly due to the use of
commercial mercurous sulphate in the cells. The old and the new values, 1.01926
and 1.0183, thus apply to different groups of cells. The group of cells to which
the value 1.019126 was assigned before toro differed by 26 microvolts from the
mean of the international group, such that the international group to which the
value 1.0183 is now assigned had the value 1.019126 + 0.000026, or 1.019152,
in terms of the old United States basis. The difference between 1.019152 and
1.0183 iS 0.000852.

The electromotive force of any Weston cell as now given is therefore 0.000852
volt smaller than on the old United States basis, i.e., the present international
volt is 84 parts in 100,000 larger than the old international volt of the United
States.

Upon the new international basis the Clark cell set up according to the old
United States legal specifications has an e.m.f of 1.43289 international volts at
15°C. The Clark cell set up (with specially purified mercurous sulphate) accord-
ing to improved specifications used at the Bureau of Standards has an e.m.f of
1.43250 international volts at 15° C or 1.42637 at 20° C.

Weston Portable Cell. — The standard cell used in practice is the Weston
portable cell. It is like the Weston normal cell except that the cadmium-sulphate
solution at ordinary temperatures is unsaturated. As usually made, the cad-
- mium-sulphate solution is saturated at about 4° C; at higher temperatures the
crystals are dissolved. Plugs of asbestos or other material hold the chemicals
in place. Its resistance is usually about 200 to 311 ohms. The change of e.m.f,
wholly negligible in most electrical measurements, is less than o.coocor volt
per degree C. The two legs of the cell have large and opposite temperature
coefficients so that care must be taken that the temperature of the cell is kept
uniform and the cell must be protected from draughts or large changes of tem-
perature. The electromotive force of a portable cell ranges from 1.0181 to
1.0rgt international volts and must be determined by comparison with stand-
ards. It decreases very slightly with time, usually less than 0.0001 volt per
year.

Absolute and Semi-absolute Volt. — Since the direct determination of the
volt in absolute measure presents great difficulties, it is derived by Ohm’s law
from the absolute measures of the ohm and ampere. From the absolute values
of these,

I international volt =1.00046+0.00005 absolute volts.

The electromotive force of the Weston normal cell at 20° C is 1.0183, interna-
tional volts and 1.0187; absolute volts. A semi-absolute volt is that potential

lit INTRODUCTION

difference which exists between the terminals of a resistance of one inter-
national ohm when the latter carries a current of one absolute ampere. The
e.m.f of the Weston normal cell may be taken as 1.01821 semi-absolute volts
at zo, /C:

QUANTITY OF ELECTRICITY

The international unit of quantity of electricity is the coulomb. The faraday
is the quantity of electricity necessary to liberate 1 gram equivalent in electroly-
sis. It is equivalent to 96494 international coulombs=96489 absolute cou-
lombs (Birge).

Standards. — There are no standards of electric quantity. The silver voltam-
eter may be used for its measurement since under ideal conditions the mass
of metal deposited is proportional to the amount of electricity which has flowed.

CAPACITY

The unit generally used for capacity is the international microfarad or the
one-millionth of the international farad. Capacities are commonly measured
by comparison with standard capacities. The values of the standards are de-
termined by measurement in terms of resistance and time. The standard is
some form of condenser consisting of two sets of metal plates separated by a
dielectric. The condenser should be surrounded by a metal shield connected to
one set of plates rendering the capacity independent of the surroundings. An
ideal condenser would have a constant capacity under all circumstances, with zero
resistance in its leads and plates, and no absorption in the dielectric. Actual
condensers vary with the temperature, atmospheric pressure, and the voltage,
frequency, and time of charge and discharge. A well-constructed air condenser
with heavy metal plates and suitable insulating supports is practically free from
these effects and is used as a standard of capacity.

Practically air condenser plates must be separated by 1 mm or more and so
cannot be of great capacity. The more the capacity is increased by approach-
ing the plates, the less the mechanical stability and the less constant the capac-
ity. Condensers of great capacity use solid dielectrics, preferably mica sheets
with conducting plates of tinfoil. At constant temperature the best mica con-
densers are excellent standards. The dielectric absorption is small but not quite
zero, so that the capacity of these standards with different methods of measure-
ment must be carefully determined.

INDUCTANCE

The henry, the unit of self-inductance, is also the unit of mutual inductance.
The henry has been known as the ‘‘quadrant” and the ‘‘secohm.”’ The length
of a quadrant or quarter of the earth’s circumference is approximately 1o® cms.
and a henry is to? cms. of inductance. Secohm is a contraction of second and
ohm; the dimensions of inductance are [7R] and this unit is based on the
second and ohm.

Inductance Standards. — Inductance standards are measured in international
units in terms of resistance and time or resistance and capacity by alternate-

INTRODUCTION li

current bridge methods. Inductances calculated from dimensions are in abso-
lute electromagnetic units. The ratio of the international to the absolute henry
is the same as the ratio of the corresponding ohms.

Since inductance is measured in terms of capacity and resistance by the bridge
method about as simply and as conveniently as by comparison with standard
inductances, it is not necessary to maintain standard inductances. They are
however of value in magnetic, alternating-current, and absolute electrical meas-
urements. A standard inductance is a circuit so wound that when used in a
circuit it adds a definite amount of inductance. It must have either such a
form or so great an inductance that the mutual inductance of the rest of the
circuit upon it may be negligible. It usually is a wire coil wound all in the same
direction to make self-induction a maximum. A standard, the inductance of
which may be calculated from its dimensions, should be a single layer coil of
very simple geometrical form. Standards of very small inductance, calculable
from their dimensions, are of some simple device, such as a pair of parallel wires
or a single turn of wire. With such standards great care must be used that the
mutual inductance upon them of the leads and other parts of the circuit is negli-
gible. Any inductance standard should be separated by long leads from the
measuring bridge or other apparatus. It must be wound so that the distributed
capacity between its turns is negligible; otherwise the apparent inductance will
vary with the frequency.

POWER AND ENERGY

Power and energy, although mechanical and not primarily electrical quanti-
ties, are measurable with greater precision by electrical methods than in any
other way. The watt and the electric units were so chosen in terms of the c.g.s.
units that the product of the current in amperes by the electromotive force in
volts gives the power in watts (for continuous or instantaneous values). The
international watt, defined as ‘“‘the energy expended per second by an unvarying
electric current of one international ampere under an electric pressure of one
international volt,” differs but little from the absolute watt.

Standards and Measurements. — No standard is maintained for power or
energy. Measurements are always made in electrical practice in terms of some
of the purely electrical quantities represented by standards.

MAGNETIC UNITS

C.g.s. units are generally used for magnetic quantities. American practice
is fairly uniform in names for these units: the c.g.s. unit of magnetomotive force
is called the “gilbert,” of reluctance, the “‘oersted,” following the provisional
definitions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (1894). The c.g.s.
unit of flux is called the “maxwell” as defined by the 1900 Paris conference.
The name “‘gauss”’ is used unfortunately both for the unit of induction (A.I.E.E.
1894) and for the unit of magnetic field intensity or magnetizing force. “This
double usage, recently sanctioned by engineering societies, is based upon the
mathematical convenience of defining both induction and magnetizing force

liv INTRODUCTION

as the force on a unit magnetic pole in a narrow cavity in the material, the cavity
being in one case perpendicular, in the other parallel, to the direction of the
magnetization: this definition however applies only in the ordinary electro-
magnetic units. There are a number of reasons for considering induction and
magnetizing force as two physically distinct quantities, just as electromotive
force and current are physically different.”

In the United States ‘‘gauss” has been used much more for the c.g.s. unit of
induction than for the unit of magnetizing force. The longer name of ‘‘max-
well per cm?” is also sometimes used for this unit when it is desired to distin-
guish clearly between the two quantities. The c.g.s. unit of magnetizing force
is usually called the “gilbert per cm.”

A unit frequently used is the ampere-turn. It is a convenient unit since it
eliminates 47 in certain calculations. It is derived from the ‘‘ampere turn per
cm.” The following table shows the relations between a system built on the
ampere-turn and the ordinary magnetic units."

TABLE [1.
THE ORDINARY AND THE AMPERE-TURN MAGNETIC UNITS.

Ordinary
Ampere-turn units in 1

units. ampere-
turn unit

Ordinary
Quantity magnetic
units.

Magnetomotive force Gilbert _ Ampere-turn 4m/to
cm cm

| Maxwell | Maxwell

| { Maxwell per | { Maxwell per cm ?

|| cm? Gauss _ | | Gauss

Magnetic flux
Magnetic induction

leche

Magnetizing force Hi) sGilbert. per Ampere-turn per | 47/10
Pp
B

Permeability
Reluctance Oersted { Ampere-turn per
| Maxwell

Magnetization intensity J | Maxwell per cm ?
Magnetic susceptibility k
Magnetic pole strength | m | Maxwell

1 Dellinger, International System of Electric and Magnetic Units, Bull. Bureau of Standards,
13, P- 599, 19106.

PHYsi@Ak TABLES

2 TABLE i

SPELLING AND ABBREVIATIONS OF THE COMMON UNITS OF WEIGHT AND MEASURE

The spelling of the metric units is that adopted by the International Committee on Weights
and Measures and given in the law legalizing the metric system in the United States (1866).
The period is omitted after the metric abbreviations but not after those of the customary system.
The exponents ‘‘?” and ‘*%” are used to signify area and volume respectively in the metric units.
The use of the same abbreviation for singular and plural is recommended. It is also suggested
that only small letters be used for abbreviations except in the case of A. for acre, where the use
of the capital letter is general. The following list is taken from circular 47 of the U. S. Bureau
of Standards.

Abbreviation. Unit. Abbreviation.

acre A
are a
avoirdupois av.
barrel bbl
board foot

bushel bu.
carat, metric Cc
centare ca
centigram cg
centiliter cl
centimeter cm
chain ch.
cubic centimeter cm?
cubic decimeter dm?
cubic dekameter

cubic foot

cubic hectometer

cubic inch

cubic kilometer

cubic meter

cubic mile

cubic millimeter

cubic yard

decigram

deciliter

decimeter

decistere

dekagram

dekaliter

dekameter

dekastere

dram

dram, apothecaries’

dram, avoirdupois

dram, fluid

fathom

foot

firkin

furlong

gallon

grain

gram

hectare

hectogram

hectoliter

hectometer

hogshead

hundredweight

inch

SMITHSONIAN TABLES,

kilogram

kiloliter

kilometer

link

liquid

liter

meter

metric ton

micron

mile

milligram
milliliter
millimeter
millimicron

minim

ounce

ounce, apothecaries’
ounce, avoirdupois
ounce, fluid
ounce, troy

peck

pennyweight

pint

pound

pound, apothecaries’
pound, avoirdupois
pound, troy

quart

rod

scruple, apothecaries’
square centimeter
square chain
square decimeter
square dekameter
square foot

square hectometer
square inch

square kilometer
square meter
square mile

square millimeter
square rod

square yard

stere

ton

ton, metric

troy

yard

TABLE 2 3
FUNDAMENTAL AND DERIVED UNITS

Conversion Factors

To change a quantity from one system of units to another: substitute in the corresponding
conversion factor from the following table the ratios of the magnitudes of the old units to the
new and multiply the old quantity by the resulting number. For example: to reduce velocity
in miles per hour to feet per second, the conversion factor is /t!; 1 = 5280/1, t = 3600,/1, and
the factor is 5280/3600 or 1.467. Or we may proceed as follows: e. g., to find the equivalent of
I c.g.s. unit of angular momentum in the pd.ft.m unit, from the Table t g cm2/sec.=. Ib. ft.2/min.
where x is the factor sought. Solving, x=1g/lb. x cm?/ft.2 X min./sec.=1I X .002205 X .001076
X 60=.0001 425.

The dimensional formulz lack one quality which is needed for completeness, an indication of
their vector characteristics; such characteristics distinguish plane and solid angle, torque and
energy, illumination and brightness.

(a) FUNDAMENTAL UNITS

The fundamental units and conversion factors in the systems of units most commonly used
are: Length [/]; Mass [m]; Time [t]; Temperature [9]; and for the electrostatic system,
Dielectric Constant [k]; for the electromagnetic system, Permeability [uw]. The formulae
will also be given for the International System of electric and magnetic units based on the units
length, resistance [7], current [7], and time.

(6) DERIVED Units

Conversion Conversion

; factor ” factor.
Name of unit. Cmzlvte] Name of units. CmzluezOr)

Soe es (Heat and light.)

AT ea mSUTACe nein. sae Quantity of heat:
thermal units.......
thermometric units..
dynamical units....
SOlidkanel exatveyacren eres -
Curvature Coefficient of thermal
Angular velocity expansion

Linear velocity Thermal conductivity:
Angular acceleration. ... thermal units.......
Linear acceleration... .. 2 thermometric units
or diffusivity
dynamical units... .
Moment of inertia
Intensity of attraction. . - Thermal capacity

Momentum Latent heat:
Moment of momentum.. thermal units
Angular momentum.... dynamical units. ...

Joule’s equivalent

2 || Entropy:

Work, energy heat in thermal units
heat in dynamical
Power, activity
Intensity of stress
Modulus of elasticity... . Luminous intensity....] 0
I]lumination
Compressibility Brishtnesshcmec lets csc
Resilience Visibility

Viscosity Luminous etficiency....

|

|
NN

* For these formul@ the numbers in the last column are the exponents of F where F refers to the luminous flux
For definitions of these quantities see Table 348, page 333.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

4. TABLE 2 (continued)
FUNDAMENTAL AND DERIVED UNITS

Conversion Factors
(6) Drrtvep UNITS

CONVERSION FACTOR.

Electrostatic Electromagnetic International
NAME OF UNIT. system. system. system.
(Electric and magnetic.)
mlutzR” malyt2[L? rzivlzpe

| res
e

|

Quantity of electricity
Electreidisplacements = ener
Blectricsuriace density. 44.)

|
recone |e
|
bol bol hole

tl bole rojo

NiHtlR tele
bolt nol roles
bol rie tole

bol bole bole

Electric field intensity
Electric potential
Electromotive force

bole role nole
rolcors|co ty|t
bol bol bol

Nol role nol
bo|t bole Rol

°
O°

Electrostatic capacity
Dielectric constant
Specitic inductive capacity.....

Oo
H
Oo
1 |
OnNH
ia
OHH

°
°
°

|

Current
Electric conductivity
Resistivity

0 ON
ROH NI
0 On
to oN NIK
HOH NIH

Conductance
Resistance
Magnetic pole strength........

eS
|
Loni

vIHKO O
|
bole
Ow
sl

die HOH

NIKO O

blto oS

|

NIFH OH

Quantity of magnetism........
IMiaigine tiGailtixitee serie tre Geer:
Magnetic field intensity

by 0 0
bol tol bol

bol bole role
bol bo] bole
ble poles boleo
bol bl bole

bol tole ole
|
|
|

Magnetizing force
Magnetic potential
Magnetomotive force

oles bojce bo
no DN DN

tele bole bole
tol | tole

bol | bol
bol|H |e |e
bol tol ol

Magnetic moment
Intensity magnetization
Magnetic induction

°
|

Ri tlR ble
beleere|"e nojeo
Oo
bol bol bol
bole bol tole
tol bole non
bol oie hole

°
|

Magnetic susceptibility........
Magnetic permeability
Current density

nix O O

le Oe

nH O O
|
NiIF bt tb
N
eal
le Hw
wrk O O

Self-inductance
Mutual inductance
Magnetic reluctance

°
°

O°
°

°
°

Thermoelectric powert
Peltier coefficient t

hlRNle

tte
Lojcerojea

* As adopted by American Institute of Electrical Engineers, rors. .
+ cis the velocity of an electromagnetic wave in the ether= 3 X 10!" approximately.
t This conversion factor should include [67].

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 3
TABLES FOR CONVERTING U. S. WEICHTS AND MEASURES *
(1) CUSTOMARY TO METRIC

" 7 ac |

LINEAR. CAPACITY.

ee bis lyase Fluid ees

Yi Feet to Yards to ae || Sree cunees quarts eo | caous to
millimeters. Se SSeS kilometers. | or cubic aliht liters. HSE |

centimeters, | MI UIETS- |
i. — = i eee oe == at |
I 25.4001 | 0.304801 | 0.914402 I. Migsane I 3.70 29.57 0.94633 Be 3178533 aM
2 | 50.5001 | 0.609601 | 1.828504 | 3.21869 | 2 7.39 59-15 1.89267 7. 57000
3 76.2002 | 0.914402 | 2.743205 i. $2804 ||| 3 11.09 $8.72 2.83900 | IT. 35600 |
4 | 101.6002 | 1.219202 | 3.657607 | 6.43739 ||| 4 14.79 118.29 3:7853 15.1413
5 | 127-0003 | 1.524003 | 4.572009 | 8.04674 |] 5 18.48 147.87 4.73167 18.92666
6 | 152.4003 | 1.828804 | 5.486411 | 9.65608 || 6 22.18 177.44 5.67800 | 22.71199
7 | 177-8004 | 2.133604 | 6.400813 |. 11.26543 || 7 25.88 207.01 6.62433 | 26.49733 |
8 | 203.2004 | 2.438405 | 7.315215 | 12.87478 ||| 8 29.57 236.58 7.57006 | 30.28266
Q | 228.6005 | 2.743205 | 8.229616‘! 14.48412 ||| 9 B27) 206.16 8.51700 | 34. o87/29
oT rr eee ie 7)
SQUARE. | WEIGHT.
| = = ——
| Square Square || Avoirdu
; : | : 1
snches to pauake feet yards to Acres to | Grains to Avoirdu- pois pounds Troy
square cen- | {0 Square square hectares } milligrams, | PO! OUNCES |“ t6 kilo- ounces (0
timeters. decimeters- meters. | MO grams. Brams.
Seas | prorated DR a | a ze 23 ss a
ale 20.452 9.290 0.836 | 0.4047 || 1 | 64.7989 | 28.3495 | 0. 45359 | 31-10348
2 12.903 18.581 1.672 0.8094 || 2 | 129.5978 56.6991 | 0.90718 | 62.20696
3 19.355 27.871 2.508 1.2141 | 3 | 194-3968 | 85.0486 | 1.36078 | 93.31044 |
4} 25-507 37-161 3-345 1.6187 || 4 | 259.1957 | 113.3081 | 1.81437 |124.41392
Gales 2:250 46.452 4.181 2.0234 | 5 | 323-9946 | 141.7476 | 2.26796 |155.51740
6 | 38.710 55-742 5-017 2.4281 || 6 | 388.7935 | 170.0972 | 2.72155 |186.62088
ae 4.5-LOl 65.032 5.353 2.8328 || 7 | 453-5924 198.4467 | 3.17515 217-72437 |
8 51.613 74.323 6.689 3-2375 || 8 | 518.3913 | 226.7962 3.62574 ag 82785 |
g} 58.065 83.613 F525 3.6422 9 | 583.1903 | 255.1457 | 4.08233 8's 33
CUBIC.

Cubic : Cubic |
inches to peice yards to | Bushels to |} 1 Gunter’s chain = 20.1168 meters. |
pemecel- I) ‘meters! cupics hectoliters. !/ 1 sq. statute mile = 259.000 hectares. |

. , | 1 fathom ==" | 1.620) ) meters, |
I 16.387 0.02832 0.765 | 0.35239 || I nautical mile = 1853.25 meters.
else 774 a5 peep oa 7e | foot = 0.304801 meter. |
161 oO. 5 22 1.05718 :

i ae anaes Soe sieoes | I avoir. pound = 453.5924277 grams,
Ca OleLgs 0.14159 2:028 1.76196 || 15432-35639 grains = 1.000 kilogram.
16 | 98.323 0.16990 4.587 2.11436 |

ual 47 © 0.19822 5-352 2.40067 5

8 | 131.097 0.22654 6.116 | 2.81914

9 | 147.484 0.25485 6.881 3.17154 |I

According to an executive order dated April 15, 1893, the United States yard is defined as 3600/3937 meter, and
the avoirdupois pound as 1/2.20462 kilogram.

1 meter (international prototype) = 1553164.13 times the wave length of the red Cd. line. Benoit, Fabry and
Perot. C. R. 144, 1907 differs only in the decimal portion from the measure of Michelson and Benoit rq years earlier.

The length of the nautical mile given above and adopted by the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey many years ago,
is defined as that of a minute of arc of a great circle of a sphere whose surface equals that of the earth (Clarke’s Sphe-

roid of 1866).
* Quoted from sheets issued by the United States Bureau of Standards.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

LINEAR.

TABLE 3 (continued)
TABLES FOR CONVERTING U.S. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
(2) METRIC TO CUSTOMARY

=

CAPACITY:

CON DAuAwWS + |

Meters to
inches.

78.7400
118.1100
157-4800
196.8500
236.2200
275.5900
314.9600
354-3300

39-3700 |

Meters to
feet.

Meters to
yards,

Kilometers
to miles.

Millili-
ters or
cubic cen-
timeters
to fluid
drams.

Centi-
liters to
fluid
ounces.

Liters
to

quarts.

Deca-
liters
to
gallons.

3-28083
6.56167
9.54250

1 3-12333

16.40417

19.68 500

22.96583

26.24667

BOE S

1.093611
2.187222
3.280833
4-374444
5.468056
6.561667
7-655278
8.748889
9.842500

0.62137
1.24274
1.86411
2.48548
3.1068 5
3.72822
4.34959
4.97096
5:59233

0.27

0.54
0.81

1.08
1.35
1.62
1.89
2.16
2.43

oO.
0.676
1.014
1.353
1.691
2.029
2.307
2.705
3-043

338

1.0567
2.1134
3-1701
4.2268
5.2836

6.3403
7-3970
8.4537
9.5104

2.6418
5-2836
19253
10.5671
13.2089

15-3507
18.4924
21.1342
23.7760

Hecto-
liters

to
bushels.

2.8378
5.6756
8.5135
11.3517)
14.1891
17.0269

19.8647
22.7026

25.5404

|
|
Vi
|

OO ON A UfWN

Square
centimeters
to square
inches.

I

0.1550
0.3100
0.4650
0.6200
0.7750
0.9300
1.0850
1.2400
1.3950

SQUARE.

0 ON OMBWN

WEIGHT.

Square
meters to
square
feet.

10.764
21.528
32.292
43-055
53-819
64.583
75-347
86.111
96.875

Square
meters to
square
yards.

1.196
2.392
3.588
4.784
5.980
7.176
8.372
9.568
10.764

|

Hectares
to acres.

2.471
4-942
7-413
9.854

12.355

14.826

17.297

19.768

22.239

OOYN ANAND |

Milli-
grams to
grains.

0.01543
0.03086
0.04630
0.06173
0.07716
0.09259
0.10803
0.12346
0.13889

Kilo-
grams to
grains.

15432.36

30864.71
46297.07
61720.43
77161.78

92594.14
108026.49

123458.85
138891.21

Hecto-
grams to
ounces

avoirdupois.|avoirdupois.

3-5274

7.0548
10.5822
14.1096
17.6370
21.1644
24.6918
28.2192
31.7466

Kilo-
grams to
pounds

2.20462
4-40924 |
6.61387
8.81849
11.02311

13-22773
15.43230
17.63698
19.84160

CUBIC

Ss

Cubic

centimeters

Cubic
decimeters

Cubic

meters to

ad

Cubic

meters to

Quintals to

WEIGHT.

Milliers or

|

Kilograms

tonnes to pounds
av.

to ounces

pounds av. Troy.

cubic
yards.

cubic
feet.

to cubic
inches.

to cubic
inches.

er

SO

70.269
LOT 943
141.258
176.572
211.887
247.201
282.516
317-830

0.0610
0.1220
0.1831
0.2441
0.3051
0.3061
0.4272
0.4882
0.5492

220.46
440.92
661.39
$81.85

1102.31

1322.77
1543-24
1763.70
1984.16

2204.6
4409.2
6613.9
8818.5
11023.1

1322707
15432-4
17637.0
19841.6

61.023
122.047
183.070
244.094
305.117
306.140
427.164
488.187
549-210

1.308
2.616
3.924
5-232
6.540
9.156
10.464
11.771

32.1507
64.3015
96.4522

128.6030

160.7 537

192.9045
225.0552
257-2059
289.3507

O ON AUPWN He
O OI DANfWN

By the concurrent action of the principal governments of the world an International Bureau of Weights and
Measures has been established near Paris. Under the direction of the International Committee, two ingots were
cast of pure platinum-iridium in the proportion of 9 parts of the former to 1 of the latter metal. From one of these
a certain number of kilograms were prepared, from the other a definite number of meter bars. These standards of
weight and length were intercompared, without preference, and certain ones were selected as International proto-
type standards. The others were distributed by lot, in September, 1889, to the different governments, and are called
National prototype standards. Those apportioned to the United States were received in 1890, and are kept at the
Bureau of Standards in Washington, D. C.

The metric system was legalized in the United States in 1866.

The International Standard Meter is derived from the Métre des Archives, and its length is defined by the
distance between two lines at o° Centigrade, on a platinum-iridium bar deposited at the International Bureau of
Weights and Measures.

The International Standard Kilogram is a mass of platinum-iridium deposited at the same place, and its weight
in vacuo is the same as that of the Kilogram des Archives. ?

The liter is equal to the quantity of pure water at 49 C (760 mm _ Hg pressure) which weighs 1 kilogram and =
1.000027 cu. dm. (Trav. et Mem. Bureau Intern. des P. et M. 14, 1910, Benoit.)

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 4

MISCELLANEOUS EQUIVALENTS OF U. S. AND METRIC WEIGHTS AND MEASURES *

(For other equivalents than those below, see Table 3.)

LINEAR MEASURES.

r mil (.oor in.) = 25.4001 pL
1 in. = .000015783 mile
1 hand (4 in.) = 10.16002 cm
1 link (.66 ft.) = 20.11684 cm
I span (9 in.) = 22.86005 cm
1 fathom (6 ft.) = 1.828804 m
1 rod (25 links) = 5.029210 m
1 chain (4 rods) = 20.11684 m
1 light year (9.5 x 10! km) = 5.9 xX 10%
miles
: parsee (31 X 10” km) = 19 X 10” miles
7; in. = .397 mm gz in. = .794 mm
ok in. = 1.588 mm z in. = 3.175 mm
Zin. = 6.350 mm 2 in. = 12.700 mm
1 Angstrom unit = .cooccccc0t m
I micron (1) = .ooocoI M = .00003937 in.
1 millimicron (mp) = .coocc000t m
I m= 4.970960 links = 1.093611 yds.
= .198838 rod = .0497096 chain

SQUARE MEASURES.

1 sq. link (62.7264 sq. in.) = 404.6873 cm?
I sq. rod (625 sq. links) = 25.29295 m?

1 sq. chain (16 sq. rods) = 404.6873 m?

I acre (10 sq. chains) = 4046.873 m?

I sq. mile (640 acres) = 2.589998 km?

1 km? = .3861006 sq. mile
I m?= 24.7104 sq. links = 10.76387 sq. ft.
= .030537 sq. rod = .00247104 sq.
chain

CUBIC MEASURES.

t board foot (144 cu. in) = 2359.8 cm
t cord (128 cu. ft.) = 3.625 m?

CAPACITY MEASURES.

I minim (M) = .o616102 ml

rt fl. dram (60M) = 3.69661 ml

t fl. oz. (8 fl. dr.) = 1.80469 cu. in.
= 29.5729 ml

1 gill ae oz.) = 7.21875 cu. in. = 118.292
m

1 liq. pt. (28.875 cu. in.) = .473167 |
t liq. qt. (57-75 cu. in.) = .946333 |
t gallon (4 qt., 231 cu. in.) = 3.785332 |
1 dry pt. (33. 6003125 cu. in.) = .550599 |
t dry qt. (67.200625 cu. in.) = 1.101108 |
1 pk. (8 dry qt., 537.605 cu. in.) = 8.80958 |
t bu. (4 pk., 2150.42 cu. in.) = 35.2383 |
1 firkin (9 gallons) = 34.06799 1
1 liter = .264178 gal. = 1.05671 liq. qt.
= 33.8147 fl. oz. = 270.518 fl. dr.
1 ml = 16.2311 minims.
1 dkl = 18.620 dry pt. = 9.08102 dry qt.
= 1.13513 pk. = .28378 bu.

* Taken from Circular 47 of the U. S. Bureau of Standards, 1915, which see for more complete

tables.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

MASS MEASURES.
Avoirdupois weights.
I grain=.0647089018 g
1 dram av. (27.34375 gr.) =1.771845 g
I Oz. av. (16 dr. av.) = 28.349527 g
I lb. av. (16 oz. av. or 7000 gr.)
= 14.583333 OZ. ap. (3) or oz. t.
=1.2152778 or 7000/5760 lb. ap.
or t.
= 453-5024277 &
1 kg = 2.204622341 lb. av.
Ig =15.4323506 gr. =.5643833 dr. av.
= .03527306 oz. av.
1 short hundred weight (100 lb.)
= 45.350243 kg
t long hundred weight (112 |b.)
= 50.802352 kg
1 short ton (2000 lb.)
=0907.18486 kg
t long ton (2240 lb.)
= 1016.04704 kg
I metric ton=0.98420640 long ton
= 1.1023112 short tons

Troy weights.

I pennyweight (dwt., 24 gr.) = 1.555174 g;
gr., oz., pd. are same as apothecary

A pothecaries’ weights.

I gr. = 64.798918 mg
1 scruple (W, 20 gr.)
1 dram (3, 3 0)
1 oz. (5; 8 3)
1 Ib. (123, 5760 gr.)
tpl —s05 420350 gr.

= 0.2572059 3,
t kg = 32.150742 5

1.2959784 g
3.8879351
31.103481 g
373-24177 &
0.771618 J
.03215074 3
6792285 lb.

hab uv to bt

I metric carat = 200 mg = 3.0864712 gr.

U. S. 3 dollar should weigh 12.5 g and the
smaller silver coins in proportion.

7

TABLE 5

EQUIVALENTS OF METRIC AND BRITISH IMPERIAL WEIGHTS AND
MEASURES *

(1) METRIC TO IMPERIAL

(For U. S. Weights and Measures, see Table 3)

LINEAR MEASURE.
mires Om} scan

centimeter (.0l m) = 0.39370 “
decimeter Gam) = 973503701

39.370113 “
METER (m) . . .= 5 3.280843 ft.
1.09361425 yds.

“ce

dekameter
(10m)
hectometer
(100 m)
kilometer
(1,000 m )
myriameter
(10,000 m)
micron.

} Loz ord
} OO OI25
} i OO2 137ml:
} 1 =. O2I1e72hmiles:

= 0O.00I mm.

SQUARE MEASURE.

sq. centimeter . .=
sq. decimeter
(100 sq. cm)

0.1550 sq. in.
15.500 sq. in.

\
ie
sq. meter or ena 10.7639 sq. ft.

are (100 sq. dm) 1.1960 sq. yds.
I ARE (100 sq.m) =TII9Q.60 sq. yds.
hectare (100 ares | _

= 2.4711 acres.
Or 10,000 sq. m) a7 ge

CUBIC MEASURE.

(cc) (1,000 cubic >= 0.0610 cu. in.
millimeters )

cu. decimeter
(cd) iGjooccubic:-= 61.024“
centimeters )

CU. METER
or stere .

(1,000 cd )

cu. centimeter }

me eac arse at.

* —\L 1.307954 cu. yds.

MEASURE, OF CAPACITY:

milliliter (ml) \= 4

(.oo1 liter) == 0,0010, CU. in.
if o:61e24"*
~ (0.070 gill.
= 0.176 pint.

“

centiliter (.o1 liter)
deciliter (.1 liter)

I LITER (1,000 cu.

centimeters or I 1.75980 pints,
cu. decimeter )

dekaliter (10 liters) = 2.200 gallons.
hectoliter (100 “ )= 2.75 bushels.

kiloliter (1,000 “ ) = 3.437 quarters.

APOTHECARIES’ MEASURE;

cubic centi- 0.03520 fluid ounce.
meter (I ¢— 4 0.28157 fluid drachm.
gram w't) 15.43236 grains weight.
cu, millimeter = 0.01693 minim.

AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT.

0.01543 grain.
OG
1.54324 grains.
15.43236 “
5.64383 drams.
3-52739 OZ.
2.2046223 Ib.
1 15432.3504
grains.
22.04622 lbs.
1.96841 cwt.

milligram (mg)
centigram (.01 gram)
decigram (.1 cores)
GRAM oe
dekagram (10 grams)

)

)

te

hectogram (100 “

|

KILOGRAM (1,000 “

myriagram (10 kg)

quintal (Goom)
millier or tonne |
(1,000 kg) se

Il Il

I|

0.9842 ton.

TROY WEIGHT.

0.03215 oz. Troy.
.=4 0.64301 pennyweight.
15.43236 grains.

APOTHECARIES’ WEIGHT.
0.25721 drachm.

| 0.77162 scruple.
15.43236 grains.

Notre.—The Meter is the length, at the temperature of 0° C, of the platinum-iridium bar deposited
at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Sévres, near Paris, France.

The present legal equivalent of the meter is 39.370113 inches, as above stated.

The KrLocram is the mass of a platinum-iridium weight deposited at the same place.

The Lirer contains one kilogram weight of distilled water at its maximum density (4° C), the bar-

ometer being at 760 millimeters.

* In accordance with the schedule adopted under the Weights and Measures (metric system) Act, 1897.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 5 (continued)

EQUIVALENTS OF METRIC AND BRITISH IMPERIAL WEIGHTS AND
MEASURES
(2) METRIC TO IMPERIAL, MULTIPLES (For U. S. Weights and Measures, see Table 3)

LINEAR MEASURE. MEASURE OF CAPACITY.

Kiloliters
to
quarters.

Hectoliters
to
bushels.

Dekaliters
to
gallons

Kilo-
meters to
miles.

Liters
to
pints

Meters Meters
to

feet.

Millimeters |
to
inches

2.74969
5.49935
5.24908
10.99877
13-74846

1.75980 |
3.51961

5-27941 |
7.03921
8.79902 |

3-28084 |
6.56169
9.84253 |
IS 22397,
16.40421

0.62137
[.24274
1.56412
2.48549
| 3-10686

2.19975
4.39951
6.59926
8. 79902
10.99877

13.19852
15.39828
14.07842 | 17.59803
15.83823 | 19.79778

S495 7/5 2a)
6.87423
10.31135 |
13.74846
17.18558

0.03937011 |
0.0787 4023 |
oO. 11811034 |
0.15748045
0.19685056

mew we

ON

3-7 2823 || 20.6226g |

4.34960
8.74891 | 4.97097 || 8
9.84253 | | 939735 | | 9

10.5582
12.31862

| 16.49815
19.24785 | 24.05981
21.997 54 | 27-49692 |
24-74723 | 30.93404 |

0.23622068 |
OSD 90719
0.31496090 |

0.35433102 |

19.68 506
22.96590
26.24674
29.52755

NI

SQUARE MEASURE. WEIGHT (Avorrpupots).

Kilo-
grams
to
pounds,

P| :

| Milli- | | | Quintals |
Hectares | | Kilograms |

to acres. to grains, |

Square
| meters to
square
yards.

Square
meters to
square

Square
centimeters
to square

inches. weights.

grains.

1.96841 |
3-93683 |
5:90524
7-87 365
9.84206 |

2.20462

4.40924 |
6.61387 |
8.81849 |

|

11.0231T |

15432.356 |
30864.713
46297.069
61729.426 |
77161.782

2.4711 |
49421
7.4132
9.8842
12-3553)

0.15500
0.31000
0.46500
0.62000
0.77 500

I. 7.19599
2.39198 |
5.587 98 |
4.78397 |

5-97990

is 17595

37194 |
| z 56794 |
| 10.76393 |

0.01543
0.03086
0.04630
0.06173
0.07716 |

I
il 3
4
5
11.81048
13-77889 |

15-747 30
7.71572

(3.22773 |
1 5.43236
17.63698
19.84160 |

14.8263 || 6
17.2974 ||| 7
19.7685 || 8
22.2395 || 9

0.09259 | 92594.138
0.10803 | 108026.495
0.12346 | 123458.851
0.13889 | 138891.208

0.93000
1,05 500
1.24000

1.39501

| 64.58357
| MEPS SS
| $6.11143
96.87 530

|
|

I
3
4
5
6
i
5

>

2

APOTHE-
CARIES’
WEIGHT.

APpoTueE- |
CARIES’
MEASURE.

Troy WEIGHT.

CUBIC MEASURE. | ORES

(cont.)

Cubic
decimeters
to cubic
inches,

61.02390 |

122.0478!
183.07171
244.09561
305.1 1952

366.14342

| 176.

Cubic
meters to
cubic
feet.

35-31476
70.62952
105.94428
141.25904
57379

211.88855 |

Cubic
meters to |

cubic
yards,

| Cub, cen- |)

meeters Milliers or

to fluid tonnes to

drachms.

0.28157 ||
0.56314 |)
0.84471
1.12627
1.40784

1.30795

2.61591
3-92386 |
5.23182
6.53977 |
7.84772. | 1.68941
1.97098

I
2
5
4
5
6
7
8

427.16732 | 247.20331 | 9.15568 |
488.19123 | 282.51807 | 10.46363

9 | 549.21513. | 317.83283 | 11.77159 |

Cr N MbWN

2.25255

No}

Grams
to ounces
Troy.

0.03215
0.06430
0.09645
0.12860
0.16075

0.19290
0.22506
0.25721
0 28936

C7

| 0.64301

Grams
to penny- |
weights. | scruples. |

;

| 0.77162
1.54324
2.31485 |
3.08647 |

| 385809 |

1.28603
1.92904

4.62971
5-401 32
| 6.17294
| 6.94456

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

Io TABLE 5 (continued)

EQUIVALENTS OF BRITISH IMPERIAL AND METRIC WEIGHTS AND
MEASURES
(3) IMPERIAL TO METRIC (For U. S. Weights and Measures, see Table 3)

LINEAR MEASURE. MEASURE OF CAPACITY.

; ae milli- Pet. . |.) == eae deciliters:
I inch = meters. Iepint(qscills)ie Se 0.568 liter.
TefOOt} (2k) eens 0.30480 See I quart (2 pints) . .—= 1.136 __ liters,
1 YAED (3 ft.) .. 0.914399 I GALLON (4 quarts) = 4.5459631 “
I pole (St yd.) ... 5.0292 meters. impeek (2\gal;) . 2 —@ioge “
1 chain (22 yd. or ! Bote mea 1 bushel (8 al.) . = 3.637 dekaliters.

100 links) ran se 1 quarter (8 bushels) = 2.909 hectoliters,
t furlong (220 yd.) = 201.168

1.6093 kilo-

1 mile (1,760 yd.) . = }

meters,
a 1420210. X Cdra.

I yard . (Tutton 1932) AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT.

, ey Ges om itt

SQUARE MEASURE. ah: ries ech bole ne ; grams,

Ty cleanly. eee ae 1.772 grams.

6.4516 sq. cen- || 1 ounce (16 dr.). . 28:35010

timeters. I POUND (16 oz. or 4

sq. ft: (nagioqnin) Mn reg el Col, ecm) f= 045359243 ke.

ca ey Re le meters. I stone (14 1b.) . . 6.350 =
t

Squarednehe. 1. — ;

0.836126 sq. I quarter (28 1b.) . 12.70 -
meters. I ae or ae 50.80 =
25-2 . - 2 es i
perch (30g sq. yd.) = cae ak etre ca a

SQ. YARD (9 sq. ft.) =

rood (40 perches) = IO.II7 ares. igs
ACRE (4840 sq. yd.) = 0.40468 hectare. || I ton (20 cwt.) . OPO ENS

sq.mile (640 acres) — 259.00 hectares.

grams.

TROY WEIGHT.
CUBIC MEASURE.
1 Troy OUNCE (480

cu. inch = 16.387 cu. centimeters. grains av.)
(0.028317 cu. me- I pennyweight (24( __

ee fool a8 aL 7 Oe | (| esa as
et cu. decimeters.

= 31.1035 grams.

1.5552 s

cu. YARD (2 1 Note. — The Troy grain is of the same weight as
= a ) of 0.76455 cu. meter. the Avoirdupois grain.

APOTHECARIES’ MEASURE.

APOTHECARIES’ WEIGHT.

gallon (8 pints or] _ :
160 fluid ounces) =| fodagoguliters.

fluid ounce, f 3 fees cubic on ‘
(8 drachms) centimeters. ; eee Basis iccr = 3.888 «

3.5515 cubic I scruple, 5i (20
centimeters. rains)
=} 0.05919 cubic 8
a centimeters. Notre. — The Apothecaries’ ounce is of the same
weight as the Troy ounce. The Apothecaries’
Notr.—The Apothecaries’ gallon is ot the same grain is also of the same weight as the Avoirdupois
capacity as the Imperial gallon. grain.

I ounce (8 drachms) = 31.1035 grams,

66

(60 minims)
minim, mM (0.91146
grain weight)

= 1.296

fluid drachm, f 5 t
(
)

Notr.— The Yarp is the length at 62° F., marked on a bronze bar deposited with the Board of Trade.
_ The Pounp is the weight of a piece of platinum weighed in vacuo at the temperature of o° C., and
which is also deposited with the Board of Trade.
The Gatton contains 10 Ib. weight of distilled water at the temperature of 62° F., the barometer
being at 30 inches.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 5 (concluded)

EQUIVALENTS OF BRITISH IMPERIAL AND METRIC WEIGHTS AND
MEASURES

(4) IMPERIAL TO METRIC, MULTIPLES

LINEAR MEASURE.

centimeters.

Feet
to
meters.

Yards
to
meters.

Miles
to kilo-
meters.

Te

(For U. S. Weights and Measures, see Table 3)

MEASURE OF CAPACITY.

liters.

Gallons
to
liters.

Bushels

to
dekaliters.

| Quarters |

| to
hectoliters. | |

2.539998
5.079996
7-619993
10.1 59991
12.699989

15.239987
17-779984
20.319982
22.859980

WO OND NMAWNH

0.30480
0.60960
0.91440
1.21920
1.52400

1.82880
2.13360
2.43840
2.74320

0.91440

1.82880
2.74320
3.65760

4.57200

5.48640

6.40080
7-31519
8.22959

1.60934
3-21869
4.82803
6.43737
8.04671

9.65606
11.26540
12.87474
14.48408

MO COND MNPWN A

1.13649
2.27298
3-40947
4.54596
5-68245

6.81894
795544
9.09193
10.22842

4.54596
o-29093
13.63789
18.18385
22.72982

27.27578
31.82174
36.36770
40.91 367

363677
7-27354
10.91031
14.54708
18.18385

21 82062
25-45739
29.09416
32-73093

2.90942
selon
-7.2825
11.63767
14.54708

17.45650
20.30591
23-27 533
26.1847 5

SQUARE MEASURE.

Square
inches
to square
centimeters.

Square
feet
to square
decimeters.

Square
yards to
square
meters.

Acres to
hectares.

WEIGHT (Avorrpurois).

Grains
to milli-
grams.

Ounces to
grams.

Pounds
to kilo-
grams.

Hundred-
weights to
quintals,

|

6.45159
12.90318
19:35477.
25.80636

38.70953
45.16112
51.6127
58.00430

I
2
5
4
5
6
7
8
9

0.83613

1.67225
2.50838

3-344 50
4.18063

5.01676
5.85288
6.05901
T5295 03

0.40468
0.80937

64.79892
129.59754
194.3997 5
259-19567
323-99459

388.7935
453-59243
§18.39135
583.19026

28.34953
56.69905
85.04858
113.398L1
141.74763

170.097 16
198.44669
226.79621
255-14574

0.45359
0.90718
1.36678
1.81437
2.26796

2.72155
3-17515
3.62874
4.08233

0.50802
1.01605
1.52407
2.03209
2.54012

3.04814
3.55016
4.00419

4.57221

Cubic
inches
to cubic

centimeters.

MEASURE.

Cubic feet
to
cubic
meters.

Cubic
yards
to cubic
meters.

MEASURE. ||

Fluid

drachins

to cubic
centi-

meters.

|

AVvoIRDUPOIS
(cont.).

Tons to
milliers or
tonnes.

Ounces to
grams.

Troy WEIGHT

Penny-
weights to
grams.

APOTHE-
CARIES’
WEIGHT

Scruples

16.38702
32-77404
49-16106
65-54808
81.93511

98.32213
IL4-70915
131.09617
147.48319

O OND MPWNH

0.02832
0.05663
0.08495
0.11327
0.14158

0.16990
0.19822
0.22653
0.25485

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

3

0.76455
1.52911
2.29306
3.05821
3.82276

4.58732
5.35187
6.11642
6.88098

3°55153
7.10307
10.65460
14.20013
17-7 5767

21.30920
24.8607 4
28.41227
31.96380

O OND MPWN

1.01605
2.03209
3.04814
4.00419
5.08024

6.09628

7.11233
8.12838

9.14442

31.10348
62.20696
93-31044
124.41392
155-51749

186.62088
| 217.72437
| 248.82785

| 279-9313

1.55517
3.11035
4.66552
6.22070
7-77 587

9.33104
10.88622
12.44139
13.99657

1.29598
2.59196
3-887 94
5.18391
6.47989

7-77 587
9.07185
10.36783
11.66381

TABLE 6

DERIVATIVES AND INTEGRALS *

I2

“ntl
— , unless n=—1

Tei
= logs

d
fe

S e% dx
S e%dx

qm ett

/ rmere dx

a

ma x m-1 ett dr
a

=x log x—x
=uvr—/vdu
_ (a+bx)r+1

JS log x dx
Judv

xt (1+log, x) dx

cos x dx

—sin x dx

d cos %

d tan x = sec? x dx

—csc? x dx

tan « sec x dx

= —cotx.cscxrdr
(1—x?) —4 dx
—(1—4?)—2 dx
(1+x?)—! dx
—(1+x?)—! dx

= x1 (x?-1)—3 dx
—x—! (x2—1)-3 dx
cosh x dx

sinh x dx

sech? x dx

—csch? x dx
—sech x tanh dx
—csch x. coth x dx

= (x?+1)—-3 dx

= (x?—1)—} dx

= (1—x?)—! dx

= (1—x?)—! dx
—x—1 (1—x?)—3 dx
Se GAA) ot

dcotx
adsecx
acscx

d sin—1 4%
d cos—! x
d tan—! x
dcot—1x
dsec—1 x
d csc—!
d sinh x
d cosh x
d tanh x
d coth x
d sech x
d csch x

d sinh—! x

d cosh—! x
d tanh! x
d coth—! x
d sech—! x
d csch—! x

JS (a+bx)” dx

S (@?+x")—! dx

S (a?—x?)— dx
S (a2—x?)-3 dx
P&C x) aide
J sin? x dx

JS cos? « dx

J sin « cos x dx

(n+1)b

I %
Shi =
a a

Mtr
=—ISina 4
a Vx'+a?
a+x

a—-x

I
= 10,
2a

5 x x
= sin—! ~—, or—cos—! —
a a

= +(a?+x7)t

—} cos xsinx+i x
hsin x cos x+3 4
3 sin? x

J (sin x cos x)—1dx = log tan x

J tan x dx

J tan? x dx
JS cot x dx
S cot? « dz
JS csc x dx
Sx sin x dx
J x cos x dx
JS tanh x dx
JS coth x dx
JS sech x dx

J csch x dx

Sx sinh x dx

Sx cosh x dx

JS sinh? x dx

J cosh? x dx

JS sinh x cosh x dx

—log cos x

tan x—2%

log sin x

—COL ec — 7

log tan 4%

sin x—x COS ¥%
cosa+~ sin x
log cosh x

log sinh x

2 tan—! et=gd y

log tanh :

x cosh x—sinh x

x sinh x—cosh x
(sinh «cosh x—2)
(sinh x cosh x+2)

+ cosh (2 x)

* See also accompanying table of derivatives.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

For example: §fcos. « dx = sin. x + constant.

TABLE 7
SERIES

13

n (n—1)
fis N—2 a2
A x V2 Sten arate
n(n—1) : -(u—m+1 ')

m!

nN
n= xn ues —
— + an ly 4
I

pT) x4 = —2)x? Wiel) ls
Ttnx + Me : Je a (A) ins )x a ie (Ein! x
: (n—k)! k!

3
° 3
<n 1 Fnrt n(n +1 or n(n +1) (nm + 2) x

see.
2 3:

(n + ) ak

k
ene

Sta fasten ateck crterte ofa te =
Seta st ata hat eee OMS a ers

h2 n
Genie G) 7G) ee MF (ete.

=f@+ =f Ot Es wt...“ smo)+...

9

I1+xloga+ -

Gy
2 %— I t— ot
eg Nea of 1

log (1 + x)

sin x =
21

yn m yet ra hee

. = I — versin +

2 oz)
(<a)

(v?<1)

Taylor's
series.

Maclaurin’s
series.

(x2< a)

(2< 0)
(x> 2)
(2>x>0)
(x >0)

(x? <1)

(2

(Gi)

(a2<1)

25>)

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

14 TABLES 7 (continued) AND 8
TABLE 7 (continued) SERIES

cosh x = * (e% -+ e=*) = I -- a (a?< 0)

tanh x = x (x? < 11?)

(a? <1)

sinh-! 4+ =x

oy!

log 2x (a?> 1)

|- 3

cosh—! x = log 2x (x2 >1)

Nile ble
loo IW
Alin Alun
Or
s
a

Or
3
a

tanhise canola. (x2 <1)

I
Baa
J

I
Bia oP te tere (x small)

7 I sech3x
— — sech. x — —- ———=
2

x large
Bp 3 (x large)

(<2)

_ Wx 24x
+ ay Se ean eee a, +...(—c<x<c)

I TX 27X
3 bo + b, cos Parga cos Sere

Enel JL & \ ot NOX
Jf 224 @sin : dx

I f-Fe

_ ¢ J (x) cos

Cat
M = loge
(M)—! = log, 10

logy logyoe

logyo2

log,2

logiox a

loggx =

log. 7 =

p

log p

= 2.71828 18285

0.36787 94412

= 0.43429 44819

2.30258 50930
9.63778 43113

= 0.30102 99957

= 0.69314 71806

M.loger
logex. log Re
logex + log.B

1.14472 98858

- 0.47693 62762

9.67846 03565

x
Ny
3

Numbers.

T = 3.14159
9.86960
- = 0.31830

= 1.77245
= 0.88622

nd

0.79788

Ba A

ane Jivynl/y A

0.78539

= 0.44311

3 +

4.18879

a of

1.08443

26536
44011
98862

38509
69255

95835
91671
41373
45608

81634

02048

75514

Logarithms.

0.49714 98727
0-99429 97454
9.50285 01273

0.24857 49363
9-94754 49407

9.75142 50637
0:05245559595
0.09805 99385
9.90194 C0615
9.89508 98814
9.64651 49450
0.62208 $6093

0.03520 45477

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

n 1000.4
10 | 100.000
II go.9ogI
12 | 83-3333
13 76.9231
14 71.4286
15 66.6667
16 62.5000
17 58.8235
18 | 55.5550
1g 52-6316
20 50.0000 |
21 47.6190 |
o- 45-4545
23 | 43.4783
24 41.6667
25 40.0000
26 38.4615
ZI EOS LO)|
28 | 35-7143 |
29 34.4828
SO | 33-3333 |
31 32.2581 |
2 31.2500
33; | 39:303°
34 29.4118 |
35 | 28.5714
36 | 27-7778 |
37 27.0270 |
38 26.3158 |
39 25.6410
40 | 25.0000
41 24.3902
20) 28:8005
43 | 23.2558
44 22.7273 |
45 | 22.2222 |
46 21.7391 |
Aa il) 227.66
43 20.8333 |
49 20.4082 |
50 20.0000 |
19.6078 |
19.2308
18.8679 | 2
18.5185 |
18.1818 |
17.8571
17-5439 |
17.2414
16.94 92
16.6667 |
16.3934 |
16.1290 |
15.87 30
15.6250

SmitHsorian TABLES.

100
121
144
169
196

225
250
259
324
301
400
441
484
529
576
625
676
729

TABLE 9

VALUES OF RECIPROCALS, SQUARES, CUBES,
OF NATURAL NUMBERS

15

AND SQUARE ROOTS

n | n>

n3 \2 n 1000.3 \2
, | za
1000 | 3.1623 |} GS | 15.3846 , 4225 | 274625 8.0623
1331 | 3.3166 || 66 | 15.1515 | 43250 | 287496 8.1240
1728 | 3.4641 67 12.925¢,| 4489 | 300763 8.1854
2197 3.6056 63 14.70;9 | 4624 | 314432 8.2462
274d) | 357407 69 14.4628 | 4761 | 328509 8.3066
3375 | 3-8730 || 70 | 14.2857 | 4900} 343000 8.3666
4096 | 4.0000 71 14.0845 | 5041 | 357911 | 8.4261
4913 | 4.1231 | 72 | 13.8889 | 5184 | 373248 | 8.4853
5832 | 4.2426 | 73 | 13.6986 | 5329 | 389017 | 8.5440
6859 | 43589 | 74 | 13.5135) 5476 405224 | 8.6023
8000 | 4.4721 AS) |) 138335 uh 50250 421075 8.6603
9261 | 4.5826 70; | 13-D5700\. 5770 | 438976 | 8.7178
10648 | 4.6904 77 | 12.9870 | 5929 | 456533 | 8.7750
12167 | 4.7958 78 | 12.8205 | 6084] 474552 8.8318
13824 | 4.8990 | 79 | 12.6582 | 6241 | 493039 8.8882
15625 | 5.0000 || 80 | 12.5000; 6400} 512000 8.9443
17576 | 5.0990 81 12.3457 | 6561 531441 9.0000
19683 | 5.1962 82 | 12.1951 | 6724 | 551368 9.0554
21952) |) 15.2015 83 | 12.0452 | 6889 | 571787 g.1 104
24389 | 5.3852 || 84 | 11.9048 | 7056 | 592704 | 9.1052
27000 5:-4772 || 85 11.7647 | | 7225 614125 9.2195
29791 5.5678 | 86 | 11.6279 | 7396 | 636056 9.2730
32768 | 5.6569 87 11.4943 | 7509 658503 9.3274
35937 | 5:7446 || 88 | 11.3630 | 7744 | 681472 | 9.3808
39304 | 5.8310 | 89 | 11.2360 | 7921 | 704969 | 9.4340
42875 | 5.9161 || 9O | It.111t | 8100 | 729000 9.4868
46656 | 6.0000 QI 10.9890 | 8281 | 753571 9.5394
50653 | 6.0828 2 10.8696 | 8464 | 778688 9.5917
54872 | 6.1644 93 | 10.7527 | 8649 | 804357 9.6437
59319 | 6.2450 || 94 | 10.6383 | 8836 830584 | 9.6954
64000 | 6.3246 | 95 10.5263 | 9025 | 857375 9.7468
68921 | 6.4031 96 | 10.4167 | 9216 | 884736 9.7980
74088 | 6.4807 97 10.3093 | 9409 | 912673 9.8489
79507 | 6.5574 || 98 10.2041 | 9604 | 941192 9.8995
85184 | 6.6332 || 99 | 10.1010 | 9801 | 970299 9.9499
gtt25 | 6.7082 ||| 100 [0.0000 | 10000 | 1000000 | 10.0000
97330 | 6.782 IOI 9.90099 | 1020f | 1030301 10.0499
103823 | 6.8557 102 | 9.80392 | 10404 | 1061208 | 10.0995
110592 | 6.9282 | 103 | 9.70874 | 10609 | 1092727 | 10.1489
117649 | 7.0000 ]| 104 | 9.61538 | 10816 | 1124864 | 10.1980
| |
125000 | 7.0711 || 105 | 9.52381 |; trozs5 | 1157625 | 10.2470
132651 | 7.1414 106 | 9.43396 | 11236 | 1191016 | 10.2956
140608 ; 7.2111 107 | 9.34579 | 11449 | 1225043 10.3441
148877 7.2801 108 | 9.25926 | 11664 | 1259712 | 10.3923
157464 | 7.3485 | Tog | 9.17431 | 11881 | 1295029 10.4403
166375 | 7-4162 || 110 | 9.0go91 | r2100 | I 331000 10.4881 |
P75OLO | 174833 ||| 10, | Q.oogor || T2321 | 1367631 4| 1o:.5357
185193 7.5495 112 | 8.92857 | 12544 | 1404928 10.5830
Tg5112 | 7.6158 113 | 8.84956 | 12769 | 1442897 10.6301 |
205379 | 7-6811 || 314 | 8.77193 | 12996 | 1481544 | 10.6771 |
216000 | 7.7460 || 11S | 8.69565 | 13225 | 1520875 | 10.7238 |
226981 | 7.8102 | 116 | 8.62069 | 13456 | 1560896 | 10.7703
238328 | 7.8740 || 117 | 8.54701 | 13689 | 1601613 | 10.8167
250047 | 7-9373 | 118 | 8.47458 | 13924 | 1643032 | 10.8628
262144 | 8.0000 || I19 8.40336, T4161 | 1685159 | 10.9087

i

16 TABLE 9 (continued)

VALUES OF RECIPROCALS, SQUARES, CUBES, AND SQUARE ROOTS
OF NATURAL NUMBERS

n3

| 1
V n | 2 1000.7,

V2

|

14400 | 1728000 | 10.9545 | 30625 | 5359375 | 13-2288
|
|

| 275 5.71429
14641 | 1771561 | 11.0000 | 176 | 5.68182 | 30976 | 5451776 | 13.2665
| 14884 | 1815848 | 11.0454 |) 177 564972 | 31329 |] 5545233 | 13-3041

3 | 15129 | 1860867 | 11.0905 | 178 | 5.61798 | 31684 | 5639752 | 13.3417
15376 1906624 (EES Se) 179 | 5.58659 Wooeue §735339 | 13-379!

8.00000 | 15625 | 1953125 | 11.1803 || 180] 5.55556 | 32400 | 5832000 | 13.4164
7.936051 | 15876 | 2000376 | 11.2250 |} 181 | 5.52486 | 32761 5929741 | 13-4536
7.87402 | 16129 | 2048383 | 11.2604 182 | 5.49451 | 33124 | 6028568 | 13.4907
7.81250 | 16384 | 2097152 | 11.3137 183 | 5.46448 | 33489 | 6128487 | 13.5277
7.75194 | 16641 | 2146689 | 11.3578 184 | 5.43478 | 33856 | 6229504 | 13.5647

7.69231 | 16900 | 2197000 | 11.4018 185 | 5.40541 | 34225 | 6331625 | 13.6015

7-63359 17161 | 2248091 11.4455 186 | 5.37634 34596 6434856 13.6382
7-57570 | 17424 | 2299968 | 11.4891 187 | 5.34759 | 34969 6539203 _ 13-6748

7-51880 | 17689 | 2352637 | 11.5326 || 188 | 5.31915 | 35344 | 6644672 | 13.7113
7.46269 | 17956 | 2406104 | 11.5758 189 | 5.29101 | 35721 | 6751269 | 13-7477
|
7-40741 | 18225 | 2460375 | 11.6190 || 190 | 5.26316 | 36100 | 6859000 13.7840

7.35294 15496 | 2515450 | 11.6619
7-29927 | 18769 | 2571353 | 11.7047 |
7-24638 | 19044 | 2628072 | 11.7473
7.19424 | 19321 | 2685619 | 11.7808

19t | 5.23560 | 36481 | 6967871 | 13.8203
192 | 5.20833 | 36864 | 7077888 | 13.8564
193 | 5.18135 | 37249 | 7189057 | 13.8924
194 | 5.15464 37636 7301384 13.9284

195 | 5.12821 | 38025 | 7414875 | 13.9642
196 | 5.10204 | 38416 | 7529536 | 14.0000
197 | 5.07614 | 38809 | 7645373 14.0357
198 | 5.05051 | 39204 | 7762392 | 14.0712
199 | 5.02513 | 39601 | 7880599 14.1067

200 | 5.00000 40000 | 8000000 14.1421
201 | 4.97512 | 40401 | 8120601 | 14.1774
202 | 4.95050 | 40804 | 8242408 | 14.2127
203 | 4.92611 | 41209 | 8365427 | 14.2478
204 | 4.90196 | 41616 | 8489664 | 14.2829

7.14286 | 19600 | 2744000 | 11.8322
7.09220 | 19881 | 2803221 | 11.8743
7.04225 | 20164 | 2863288 | 11.9164
6.99301 | 20449 | 2924207 | 11.9583
6.94444 | 20736 | 2985984 | 12.0000 |

6.89655 | 21025 | 3048625 | 12.0416

6.84932 | 21316 | 3112136 | 12.0830
6.80272 | 21609 | 3176523 | 12.1244
6.75676 | 21904 | 3241792 | 12.1655
6.71141 | 22201 | 3307949 | 12.2066 ||

6.66667 | 22500 | 3375000 | 12.2474 || 205 | 4.87805 | 42025 | 8615125 | 14.3178

6.62252 | 22801 | 3442951 | 12.2882 || 206 | 4.85437 | 42430 | 8741816 | 14.3527

6.57895 | 23104 | 3511808 | 12.3288 || 207 | 4.83092 | 42849 | 8869743 | 14.3875

6.53595 | 23409 | 3581577 | 12.3693 | 208 | 4.80769 | 43264 | SgQ8912 | 14.4222

6.49351 | 23716 | 3652264 | 12.4097 ||| 209 | 4.78469 | 43681 | 9129329 | 14.4568
|

6.45161 | 24025 | 3723875 | 12.4499 || 210 | 4.76190 | 44100 | 9261000 | 14.4914

6.41026 | 24336 | 3796416 | 12.4900
6.36943 | 24649 | 3869893 | 12.5300
6.32911 | 24964 | 3944312 | 12.5608 ||
6.28931 | 25281 | 4019679 | 12.6095 |

211 | 4.73934 | 44521 | 9393931 | 14.5258
212 | 4.71698 | 44944 | 9528128 | 14.5602
213 | 4-69484 | 45369 | 9663597 | 14.5945
214 | 4.67290 | 45796 | 9800344 | 14.6287

215 | 4.65116 | 4622 9938375 | 14.6629
216 | 4.62963 | 46656 | 10077696 | 14.6969
217 | 4.60829 ; 47089 | 10218313 | 14.7309
218 | 4.58716 | 47524 | 10360232 | 14.7648
219 | 4.56621 | 47961 | 10503459 | 14.7986

220 | 4.54545 | 48400 | 10648000 | 14.8324
221 | 4.52489 | 48841 | 10793861 | 14.8661
4.50450 | 49284 | 10941048 | 14.8997
223 | 4.48430 | 49729 | 11089567 | 14.9332
224 | 4.46429 | 50170 11239424 14.9066

225 | 4.44444 | 50625 11390625 | 15.0000
226 | 4.42478 | 51076 | 11543176 | 15.0333
227 | 4.40529 | 51529 11697083 | 15.0665
228 | 4.38596 | 51984 | 118 52352 15.0997
5268024 | 13.1909 || 229 | 4.36681 | 52441 | 12008989 | 15.1327

6.25000 | 25600 | 4096000 | 12.6491
6.21118 | 25921 | 4173281 | 12.6886 ||
6.17284 | 26244 | 4251528 | 12.7279 |
6.13497 | 26569 | 4330747 | 12.7671
6.09756 | 26896 | 4410944 | 12.8062 |

6.06061 | 27225 | 4492125 | 12.8452
6.02410 | 27556 | 4574296 | 12.8841 |
5.98802 27859 4057463 | 12.9228 |
§-95238 | 28224 | 4741632 | 12.9615 |
5.91716 | 28561 | 4826809 | 13.0000

5-388235 | 28900 | 4913000 | 13.0384 |
584795 | 29241 | 50002T1 | 13.0767 |
5.81395 | 29584 | 5088448 | 13.1149 |
5-78035 | 29929 | 5177717 | 13-1529
5-74713 | 30276

ty
tN
~]

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 9 (continued ) 17

VALUES OF RECIPROCALS, SQUARES, CUBES, AND SQUARE ROOTS OF
NATURAL NUMBERS

L | | Br Th
1000.,, ns | = ies n® \2

| 81225 | 23149125 | 16.8819
| 81796 | 23393656 | 16.9115
| 82369 | 23639903 | 16.9411
82944 | 23887872 | 16.9706
83521 | 24137569 | 17.0000

4.34783 12167000 | 15.1658 |
4.32900 12326391 | 15.1987 |
4.31034 | 12487168 | 15.2315 |
4.29185 12649337 | 15.2643 |
4.27350 12812904 | 15.2971 ||

4.25532 12977875 | 15-3297 ||
4.23729 13144256 | 15.3623 |
4.21941 13312053 | 15.3948 |
4.20168 13481272 | 15.4272
4.18410 | 13651919 | 15.4596

4.16667 13824000 | 15.4919 |
4.14938 | 13997521 | 15.5242
4-13223 14172488 | 15.5563 ||
4.11523 14348907 15.5885 ||
4.098 36 14526754 | 15.6205

4.08163 14706125 | 15.6525
4.06504 14886936 | 15.6844 |
4.04858 15069223 | 15-7162
4.03226 15252992 | 15.7480 g1809 | 27818127 | 17.4069
4.01606 15438249 | 15.7797 92416 | 28094464 | 17-4356

4.00000 15625000 | 15.8114 Y | 93025 | 28372625 | 17.4642
3-98406 15813251 | 15.8430 : | 93636 | 28652616 | 17.4929
3-96825 16003008 | 15.8745 | 94249 | 28934443 | 17-5214
3-95257 16194277 | 15.9060 | .24675 | 94864 | 29218112 "17-5499
3-93701 16387064 | 15-9374 95481 | 29503629 | 17.5754

3-921 57 16581375 | 15.9687 .22 96100 | 29791000 | 17.6068
3-90625 16777216 | 16.0000 : 96721 | 30080231 | 17.6352
3:89105 16974593 | 16.0312 97344 | 30371328 | 17-6635
3.87597 17173512 | 16.0624 3.194 97969 | 30064297 | 17.6918
3.86100 17373979 | 16.0935 98596 | 30959144 | 17.7200

3.84615 17576000 | 16.1245 my 99225 | 31255875. | 17-7482 |
3-83142 17779581 | 16.1555 99856 | 31554496 | 17.7764
3-81679 17984728 | 16.1864 5 100489 | 31855013 | 17-8045
3-50228 18191447 | 16.2173 : IO1I24 | 32157432 | 17.8326
3-78788 | 18399744 16.2481 ; IOI761 | 32461759 | 17.8606

Gate Ga Qu

84100 | 24389000 | 17.0294
84681 | 24642171 | 17.0587
85264 | 24897085 | 17.0880
85849 | 25153757 | 17-1172
86436 | 25412184 | 17.1464

87025 | 25672375 | 17.1756
87616 | 25934330 | 17-2047
88209 | 26198073 | 17.2337
88804 | 26463592 | 17.2627
89401 | 26730899 | 17.2916

WHWYW Wowodg

g0000 | 27000000 | 17.3205
go6or | 27270901 | 17.3494
91204 | 27543008 | 17.3781

Gao Ga Ge Gs
N Go & Go Go

3-77358 18609625 | 16.2788 3.12500 | 102400 | 32768000 | 17.8885
3-75940 | 18821096 | 16.3095 3.11526 | 103041 | 33076161 | 17.9165
3-74532 | 19034163 | 16.3401 2 | 3-10559 | 103684 | 33386248 | 17.9444
3-73134 19248832 | 16.3707 3-09598 | 104329 | 33698267 | 17.9722
3.71747 19465109 | 16.4012 3.08642 | 104976 | 34012224 | 18.0000

3:70370 19683000 16.4317 3.07692 | 105625 | 34328125 | 18.0278
3.69004 | 19902511 | 16.4621 3.06748 | 106276 | 34645976 | 18.0555
3-67647 20123648 | 16.4924 3.05810 | 106929 | 34965783 | 18.083 |
3.66300 20346417 | 16.522 3.04878 | 107584 | 35287552.| 18.1108
3:64964 | 20570824 | 16.5529 3.03951 | 198241 | 35611289 | 18.1384

3.63636 20796875 | 16.5831 | 3.03030 | 108900 | 35937000 | 18.1659
3-62319 21024576 | 16.6132 3.02115 | 109561 36264691 | 18.1934
3-61011 21253933 | 16.6433 3.01205 | 110224 | 36594368 | 18.2209
3-597 12 21484952 | 16.6733 | 3.00300 | 110889 | 36926037 | 18.2483
3-58423 21717639 | 16.7033 2.99401 | I11556 | 37259704 | 18.2757

3:57143 21952000 | 16.7332 2.98507 | 112225 | 37595375 | 18.3030
3-55872 16.7631 | 2.97619 | 112896 | 37933056 | 18.3303
3-54610 2242 16.7929 | 2.96736 | 113569 | 38272753 | 18.3576
3:53357 | 16.8226 2.95858 | 114244 | 38614472 | 18.3848
3.52113 | 16.8523 2.94985 | 114921 | 38958219 | 18.4120 |]

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

18 TABLE 9 (continued )

VALUES OF RECIPROCALS, SQUARES, CUBES, AND SQUARE ROOTS
OF NATURAL NUMBERS

1
1000.4 n | ns \ 72 : n® ns yz

2.94118 | 115600 | 39304000 | 18.4391 ; | 156025 | 61629875 | 19.8746
2.93255 | 116281 | 396051821 | 18.4662 |} ; 150816 | 62099136 | 19.8997
2.92395 | 116964 | 40001688 | 18.4932 .51889 | 157609 | 62570773 | 19.9249
2.91545 | 117649 | 40353607 | 18.5203 |} 158404 | 63044792 | 19.9499
2.90698 | 118336 | 40707584 | 18.5472 || ; 159201 | 63521199 | 19.9750
2.89855 | 119025 | 41063625 | 18.5742 ; 160000 | 64000000 | 20.0000
2.89017 | 119716 | 41421736 | 18.6011 : 160801 | 64481201 | 20.0250
2.88184 | 120409 | 41781923 | 18.6279 ; | 161604 | 64964808 | 20.0499
2.87356 | 121104 | 42144192 | 18.6548 .48 162409 | 65450827 | 20.0749
2.86533 | 121801 | 42508549 | 18.6515 ; | 163216 | 65939264 | 20.0998

2.85714 | 122500 | 42875000 | 18.7083 || 2.46914 | 164025 | 66430125 | 20.1246
2.84900 | 123201 | 43243551 | 18.7350 2.46305 | 164836 | 66923416 | 20.1494
2.84091 | 123904 |-43614208 | 18.7617 2.45700 | 165649 | 67419143 | 20.1742
2.83286 | 124609 | 43986977 | 18.7883 2.45098 | 166464 | 67917312 | 20.1990
2.82486 | 125316 | 44361864 | 18.8149 2.44499 | 167281 | 68417929 | 20.2237

2.81690 | 126025 | 44738875 | 18.8414 2.43902 | 168100 | 68921000 | 20.2485
2.80899 | 126736 | 45118016 | 18.8680 2.43309 | 168921 | 69426531 | 20.2731
2.80112 | 127449 | 45499293 | 18.8944 2.42718 | 169744 | 69934528 | 20.2978
2.79330 | 128164 | 45882712 | 18.9209 2.42131 | 170569 | 70444997 | 20.3224
2.78552 | 128881 | 46268279 | 18.9473 2.41546 | 171396 | 70957944 20.3470

2.77778 | 129600 | 46656000 | 18.9737 2.40964 | 172225 | 71473375 | 20.3715
2.77008 | 130321 | 47045881 | 19.0000 2.40385 | 173056 | 71991296 | 20.3961
2.76243 | 131044 | 47437928 | 19.0263 2.39808 | 173889 | 72511713 | 20.4206
2.75482 | 131769 | 47832147 19.0526 -39234 | 174724 | 73034632 | 20.4450
2.74725 | 132496 | 48228544 | 19.0788 ; | 175561 | 73560059 | 20.4695

2.73973 | 133225 | 48627125 | 19.1050 j | 176400 | 74088000 | 20.4939
2.73224 | 133950 | 49027896 | 19.1311 2 i | 177241 | 74618461 | 20.5183
2.72480 | 134689 | 49430863 | 19.1572 § | 178084 | 75151448 | 20.5426
2.71739 | 135424 | 49836032 | 19.1833 -36407 | 178929 | 75686967 | 20.5670
130161 | 50243409 | 19.2094 : 179776 | 76225024 | 20.5913

370 | 2. 136900 | 50653000 | 19.2354 2.352904 | 180625 | 76765625 | 20.6155
371 : 137641 | 51004811 | 19.2614 2.34742 | 181476 | 77308776 | 20.6398
372 | 2.688 138384 | 51478848 | 19.2873 2.34192 | 182329 | 77854483 | 20.6640
B73 2: 139129 | 51895117 | 19.3132 2.33045 | 183184 784027 52 20.6882
374 | 2. 139876 | 52313624 | 19.3391 2.33100 | 184041 | 78953589 | 20.7123

375 | 2. 140625 | 52734375 | 19.3649 || 2.32558 | 184900 | 79507000 | 20.7364
BUMS) || 2s 141376 | 53157376 | 19.3907 2.32019 | 185761 | 80062991 | 20.7605
B77: 142129 | 53582633 | 19.4165 32 | 2.31481 | 186624 | 80621568 | 20.7846
378 | 2. 142884 | 54010152 | 19.4422 2.30947 | 187489 | 81182737 | 20.8087
379 | 2.63852 | 143641 | 54439939 | 19.4679 2.30415 | 188356 81746504 | 20.8327

380 | 2. 144400 | 54872000 | 19.4936 2.29885 | 189225 | 82312875 | 20.8567
Bisie |) 2s T45161 | 55300341 | 19.5192 2.29358 | 190096 | 82881856 | 20.8806
BSom ime: 145924 | 55742968 | 19.5448 2.28833 | 190969 | 83453453 | 20.9045
383 | 2. 146689 | 56181887 | 19.5704 2.28311 | 191844 | 84027672 | 20.9284
384 | 2. 147456 | 56623104 | 19.5959 2.27790 | 192721 | 84604519 | 20.9523

385 | 2.59740 | 14822 57066625 | 19.6214 | 2.27273 | 193600 | 85184000 | 20.9762
386 | 2.59067 | 148996 | 57512450 | 19.6469 2.26757 | 194481 | 85766121 | 21.0000
387 | 2.58398 | 149769 | 57960603 | 19.6723 || 2.26244 | 195364 | 86350888 | 21.0238
388 | 2.57732 | 150544 | 58411072 | 19.6977 ||| 2.25734 | 196249 | 86938307 | 21.0476
389 | 2.57069 | 151321 | 58863869 | 19.7231 || | 197136 | 87528384 | 21.0713

390 | 2.56410 | 152100 | 59319000 | 19.7484 | 2.24719 | 198025 | 88121125 | 21.0950
391 | 2.55754 | 152881 | 59776471 | 19.7737 | 2.24215 | 198916 | 88716536 | 21.1187
392 | 2.55102 | 153664 | 60236288 | 19.7990 2.23714 | 199809 | 89314623 | 21.1424

393 | 2.54453 | 154449 | 60698457 | 19.8242 2.23214 | 200704 | 89915392 | 21.1660
394 | 2.53807 | 155236 | 61162984 | 19.8494 2.22717 | 201601 | 90518849 | 21.1896

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

VALUES OF RECIPROCALS, SQUARES, CUBES, AND SQUARE

N NNN KH
NbN dNYHN bv

2.15054
14592
-14133 |
-13675

213 220)|2

2.12766
2.12314
11864 |
11416 |
-10970

2.10526
2.10084
2.09644
2.09205
2.08768

2.08333
2.07900
2.07469
2.07039
2.06612

2.06186
2.05701
2-05339
2.04918 |
2.04499 |

2.04082 |
2.03666
2.03252
2.02840
2.02429

2.02020
2.01613 |
2.01207
2.00803
2.00401

2.00000
1.99601
1.99203
1.98807
1.98413

| 214369

n2

202500
203401
204304
205209
200116 |
|
207025
207930
208849
209764
210081

211600
212521
213444

215296

216225
217150
218089

219024

NHON NN

230400
231361
232324
233289
234250

235225
230196
237169
238144
239121

240100
241081
242064
243049
244030

245025
246016
247009
248004
249001

2 50000
251001
252004
253009
254016

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 9 (continued)

OF NATURAL NUMBERS

ns

91125000
91733951
92345408
92959677
93570664

9419637 5
94818816 | 2
95443993
g6071912 | 2
96702579 |

97 336000

97972181
g8611128

99252847

99897344 | 2
100544625 | 2

101194696
101847 563
102503232
103161709

103823000
104487111

| 105154048

105823817
100496424

| 107171875

107850176
108531333
109215352
BOD502239

110592000
111284641
TI1980168
112678587
113379904

114084125

114791256
T15 501303

116214272

116930169

117649000
118370771

119095488
119823157

120553784
121287375

122023936

122763473
123505992
124251499

125000000

125751501
126506008

127263527

128024064

21.8632

21.8861 |

21.9089 |}
21.9317 |

21.9545

~)

0 Om
Ne

NNN N N
NNN NN

(al (oy Te} fey (oe)
HO OL N

NNN H ND
NNN Nb
RR eRe
Ww
WwW

Ro wWwhN hd
NNN HN ND

NNN NN
NNWN bo

| 521

21.7945 ||
21.8174 ||
21.8403 |||

21.9773 ||
22.0000 |

NI

505

506
597
508
509

| SIL

512
DS
oe

| 515

516

517
i} 518

| 519
520

522

N23

I) 524

1000.}

1.98020 |
1.97628 |
1.97239
1.96850 |
1.96464

1.96078
1.95095 |
1.95312
1.94932 |
1.94553 |

1.9417 5
1.93798 |
1.93424 |
1.93050 |
1.92678 |

1.92308 |
191939)
1.91571
1.91205
1.90840

1.90476
I.QOIl4
1.89753

1.59304
1.89036

1.88679
1.88324
1.87970
1.87617
1.87266

1.86916
1.86567
1.86220
1.85874
1.85529

1.85185 |
1.84843
1.84502 |
1.84162 |
1.83824 |

1.83486 |
1.83150 |
1.82815 |
1.82482 |
1.82149 |

1.81818 |
1.81488 |
1.81159 |
1.80832
1.80505 |

1.80180 |
1.79856 |
1.79533 |
1.79211 |
1.78891 |

260100

261121 |
262144 |
263169

264196
26522

206256
267289

268324
| 139795359

209361

270400

271441
272484
273529
274576

27 5625

276676
277729
278784
279841

280900
| 149721201
| 150508768
284089 |
285156

281961
283024

28622

289444
290521

291600

292681
293764
294849
295936

297025
298116

299209 |
300304
| 165469149

301401

302500

303601

304704
305809

300916
308025

3091 36

310249
311304

312481

128787625, |
129554216

| 130323843
| 131096512

13187222

132651000
133432831 |
134217728
135005697

| 135796744
| 13659087 5

137388096
138188413
1389918 32

140608000
141420761
142236648
143055067
143877824

PAA OB 12)
145531576
146303183
147197952
148035889

148877000

151419437
15227 3304

| 153130375
287296
288 369

153990656
154854153

155720872 | 2
| 156590819

157464000
158340421
159220088
160103007
160989184

| 161878625

162771336
163667 323
164566592

16637 5000
167284151
163196608
169112377
170031464

170953875
171879616
172808693
173741112
174676879 |

1g

ROOTS

—
>
s

RN

HD ANAM UuNnpp
oO Go oe
mn oo
\O NI

NwNN ND
N bo

iS}

Co
Ww

XS

NN

Nh
NNN WN

ty
NI
- Go

NS
=O
On

tN

Nb

NN NNN

1G
Su
Oo’ ON

u
‘oO
ON

NON to

ow
Wm

N wN
NNN NWN

DBDOOUOO mmnnmnwo NInNnNN
WO AL WO
— NW
Onwst

NN

NNNNN
=
~I\O

Wh NNN

OMIM wW
OMAN
OWN

NNN NN

G2 Ga Gs Ga Go
=-O0O00

NNN

mw NNN

NN
PWWOD WHO OAHOW HHOALY

Nv
Oo
ON
5
a)
y

to

NR WN

20 TABLE 9 (continued)

VALUES OF RECIPROCALS, SQUARES, CUBES, AND SQUARE ROOTS
OF NATURAL NUMBERS

1000.3 n ns yz 1000.4 n2 m3 \2
560 | 1.78571 | 313600 | 175616000 | 23.6643 | 615 | 1.62602 | 378225 | 232608375 | 24.7992
| 561 | 1.78253 | 314721 | 176558481 | 23.6854 | 616 | 1.62338 | 379456 | 233744896 | 24.8193
| 562 | 1.77936| 315844 | 177504328 | 23-7065 || 617 | 1.62075 | 380689 | 234885113 | 24.8395
563 | 1.77620 | 316969 | 178453547 | 23-7276 || 618 | 1.61812 | 381924 | 236029032 | 24.8596
564 | 1.77305 | 318096 | 179406144 | 23.7487 | 619 | 1.61551 | 383161 | 237176659 | 24.8797
565 | 1.76991 | 319225 | 180362125 | 23.7697 1.61290 | 384400 | 238328000 | 24.8998
566 | 1.76678 | 320356 | 181321496 | 23.7908 1.61031 | 385641 | 239483061 | 24.9199
507 | 1.76367 | 321489 | 182284263 | 23.8118 1.60772 | 386854 | 240641848 | 24.9399
568 | 1.76056 | 322624 | 183250432 | 23.8328 1.60514 | 388129 | 241804367 | 24.9600
569 | 1.75747 | 323761 | 184220009 | 23.8537 1.60256 | 389376 | 242970624 | 24.9800
570 | 1.75439 | 324900 | 185193000 | 23.8747 1.60000 | 390625 | 244140625 | 25.0000
57 egg | 326041 ISO109411 | 23-8956 1.59744 | 391876 | 245314376 | 25.0200
572 | 1.74825 | 327184 | 187149248 | 23.9165 1.59490 | 393129 | 246491883 | 25.0400
573 | 1-74520 | 328329 | 188132517 | 23.9374 1.59236 394384 24707 31 52 25-0599
574 1.74216 | 329476 | 189119224 | 23.9583 1.58983 | 395041 | 248858189 | 25.0799
575 | 1.73913 | 330625 | 190109375 | 23-9792 | 630 | 1.58730 | 396900 | 250047000 | 25.0998
576 | 1.73611 | 331776 | 191102976 | 24.0000 || 1.58479 | 398161 | 251239591 | 25.1197
577 | 1-73310 | 332929 | 192100033 24.0208 1.58228 | 399424 | 252435968 | 25.1396
578 | 1.73010 | 334084 | 193100552 | 24.0416 | £.57978 | 400689 | 253636137 | 25.1595
579 | 1-72712 | 335241 | 194104539 | 24.0624 |} 1.57729 | 401956 | 254840104 | 25.1794
580 | 1.72414 | 336400 | 195112000 | 24.0832 | 1.57480 | 403225 | 256047875 | 25.1992
581 | 1.72117 | 337561 | 196122941 | 24-1039 1.57233 404496 | 257259456 | 25.2190
582 | 1.71821 | 338724 | 197137308 | 24.1247 1.56986 405769 258474853 | 25.2389
583 | 1-71527 | 339889 | 198155287 | 24.1454 1.56740 | 407044 | 259694072 | 25.2587
584 | 1.71233, 341056 | 199176704 | 24.1661 1.56495 | 408321 | 260917119 | 25.2784
585 | 1.70940 | 342225 | 200201625 | 24.1868 1.56250 | 409600 | 262144000 | 25.2982
586 1.70048 | 343396 | 201230056 | 24.2074 1.56006 | 410881 | 263374721 | 25.3180
587 1.70358 | 344509 | 202262003 | 24.2251 1.55763 | 412164 | 264609288 | 25.3377
588 | 1.70068 | 345744 | 203297472 | 24.2487 1.55521 413449 | 205847707 | 25.3574
589 | 1.69779 | 340921 | 204336469 | 24.2693 1.55280 414730 | 267089984 | 25.3772
590 | 1.69492 | 348100 | 205379000 | 24.2899 1.55039 416025 | 268336125 | 25.3969
591 | 1.69205 | 349281 | 200425071 | 24.3105 1.54799 | 417316 | 269586136 | 25.4165
592 | 1-68919 | 350464 | 207474688 | 24.3311 1.54560 | 418609 | 270840023 | 25.4362
593 | 1.08634 | 351649 | 208527857 | 24.3516 1.54321 | 419904 | 272097792 | 25-4558
594 | 1.68350 | 352836 | 209584584 | 24.3721 1.54083 | 421201 | 273359449 | 25.4755

1.68067 | 354025 | 210644875 | 24.3926 1.53846 | 422500 | 274625000 25.4951

596 | 1.67785 | 3552160 | 211708736 | 24.4131 I} 1.53610 | 423801 | 275894451 | 25.5147
597 | 1.67504 | 356409 | 212776173 | 24.4336 1.53374 | 425104 | ores 25-5343
508 | 1.67224 | 357604 | 213847192 | 24.4540 1.53139 | 426409 | 278445077 | 25.5539
599 | 1.66945 | 358801 | 214921799 | 24.4745 1.52905 | 427716 279720264 25.5734
600 | 1.66667 | 360000 | 216000000 | 24.4949 1.52672 | 429025 | 281011375 | 25.5930
601 | 1.66389 | 361201 | 217081801 | 24.5153 1.52439 | 430336 | 282300416 | 25.6125
602 | 1.66113 | 362404 | 218167208 | 24.5357 1.52207 | 431649 | 283593393 | 25.6320
603 | 1.65837 | 363009 | 219256227 | 24.5561 1.51976 | 432964 | 284890312 | 25.6515
604 | 1.65563 | 364816 | 220348864 | 24.5764 1.51745 | 434251 | 286191179 | 25.6710
605 |. 1.65289 | 366025 | 221445125 | 24.5967 1.51515 | 435600 | 287496000 | 25.6905
606 | 1.65017 | 367236 | 222545016 | 24.6171 1.51286 | 436921 | 288804781 | 25.7099
607 | 1.64745 | 368449 | 223645543 | 24.6374 1.51057 435244 | 290117528 | 25-7294
608 | 1.64474 | 369664 | 224755712 | 24.6577 1.50530 | 439569 | 291434247
609 | 1.64204 | 370881 | 225866529 | 24.6779 1.50602 | 440896 | 292754944
610 | 1.63934 | 372100 | 226981000 | 24.6982 1.50376 | 442225 | 294079625
611 | 1.63666 | 373321 | 228099131 | 24.7184 1.50150 | 443556 | 295408296
612 | 1.63399 | 374544 | 229220928 | 24.7386 1.49925 | 444559 | 296740963
613 | 1.63132 | 375769 | 230346307 | 24.7588 || 1.49701 | 446224 | 298077632

614 168806, 57h906 231475544 | 24-7790 1.49477 | 447561 299418309

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

l
1000.;

n

n3

1.49254
1.49031
1.48810

1.48588 |

1.48368

1.48148
1.47929
1.47710
1.47493
1.47275

1.47059
1.46843
1.46628
1.46413
1.46199

1.45985 |
1.45773,
1.45560 |
1.45349 |

1.45138

1.44928 |
1.44715 |

1.44509

1.44300 |
1.44092 |

1.43885

1.43678
1.43472
1.43206

1.43062 |

1.42857
1.42053
1.42450

1.42248 |
1.42045 |

1.41844

1.41643 |
0.41443 |
1.41243 |

1.41044

1.40845 |

1.40647

1.40449
1.40252 |

1.40056

1.39860
1.39665
1-39470
1.39276
1.39082

1.38889
1.38696
1.38504
1.38313
1.38122

445900
450241
451554
452929
454276

455625
450976
458329
459084
401041

462400
463761
405124
460489
467856

469225
470596
47 1969
473344
474721

476100
477481
478864
480249
48 1636

483025
484416

| 485809

487204
458601

490000
491401
492804
494209

495016

497025

498436

499849
501264
502681

504100
505521

300763000

BO21i7 II
303464448
304821217
306182024

307 540875
30891 5776
310288733
311665752
313040839

Besos
315821241
317214568
318611987
32001 3504

321419125 |

3228288 56

324242703
32506067 2
327082769

328509000

379939371
331373888
332812557
334255354

TABLE 9 (continued )

VALUES OF RECIPROCALS, SQUARES, CUBES, AND SQUARE ROOTS
OF NATURAL NUMBERS

335702375

337153536
33860587 3

340368392
341532099

343000000

344472101

| 26.4764 |

345948408
347428927
34891 3664

350402625
351895816

899395243

354894912

| 26.6083 |

356400829
|

| 357911000

506944

508 369
509796

511225

512656

514089
5t5524

516961

518400
519841

| 371694959

37 3248000
374805 361

521284

522729
524176

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

359425431
360944128
362467097
363994344
365525875
367061
368601813
370146232

376367048
377933067
379503424

6
|
|

21

26.0768
26.0960
260.1151
26.1343
26.1534

26.1725 |ll
26.1916 |}

26.2107

26.2298 ||
26.2488 ||

26.2679
26.2869

26.3059 |

26.3249

26.3439 |

26.3629 ||)
| 26.3818 |f|

26.4008

26.4197 |

26.4386
26.4575
26.4953

26.5141 |
26.5330 |
26.5518

26.5707 |

26.5895
26.6271

| 26.6458

26.6646
20.6833

26.7021 |
26.7208 |

26.7 395 |

26.7 582

26.7769 ||
26.7955 |
26.8142 |||

26.8328 |

26.8514
26.8701

26.8887 |
26.9072 |

I.
I.

I
I
I

-33869 |
-33690 |
-33511

“33333

3793: |
37741

37552
37363
37174
36986 |
30799 |
-30012 |
. 36426
36240

36054
-35870
35085 |
sSOSOE
35318 |

35135 |
34953
34771
34590 |
-34409

34228 |
34048 |

|

525625
527076
522529
529984

531441
532900

534301

535824

537259

| 538756

540225
541696
543169

544044 |

540121

547600
| 400869021

549081

550564

552049

553536

555025

| 381078125

382657176

384240583

| 385828352
387 420489

550516
559009
559504

501001

562500
| 504001
| 505504

567009

| 568516

570025
571536

573049
| 574564
— §76081 |

577600
| 579121
580644
| 444194947

582169
583696

| 440711081
442450728

359017000
390617591

392223168

393832537
395440904

397065375

398688256

| 27.1293

A003 E99

401947272

403553419

405224000

408518488
410172407

411830784

413493625
415160936

410832723
418508992
420189749

42187 5000

23564751
425259008
420957777

428661064
43036887 5

432081216
433798093
AS92952
437245479

438976000

| 445943744

585225 447697125
586756
| 588289
589824

591361

| 592900

504441

| 595984
597529 | 299
463054824

28866 |
.28700 |
-28535
.28370

599076

600625
602176
603729
605284
606841

449455096

451217663 |

452984532

4547 50609

456533000
| 458314011

400099048

461889917

465484375
467288576

| 469097433

470910952

| 472729139

26.9258
20.9444
20.9629
26.981 5
27.0000

27.0185
27.0370
27-595
27.0740
27.0924

27.1109

27-1477
27.1662
27.1846

27.2029
27.2208
27-2397
27-2580
27.2704
27-2947

27.3130
2/1330

NNN Nb NNN NN NNN NN NNN ND NNN NN

NNN NN

Die TABLE 9 (continued)

VALUES OF RECIPROCALS, SQUARES, CUBES, AND SQUARE ROOTS
OF NATURAL NUMBERS

y2 n? n8 V2

697225 | 582182875 | 28.8964
698896 | 584277056 | 28.9137
700569 | 586376253 | 28.9310
702244 | 588480472 | 28.9482
703921 | 590589719 | 28.9655

705600 | 592704000 | 28.9828
| 707281 | 594823321 | 29.0000
| 708964 | 596947688 | 29.0172
| 710649 | 599077107 | 29.0345
| 712336 | 601211584 | 29.0517

714025 | 603351125 | 29.0689
715716 | 605495730 | 29.0861
717409 | 607645423 | 29.1033
719104 | 609800192 | 29.1204
720801 | 611960049 | 29.1376

| 608400 | 474552000 | 27.9285
609961 | 476379541 | 27-9464
611524 | 478211768 | 27.9643
613089 | 480048087 | 27.9821

| 614656 | 481890304 | 28.0000

| |

—

616225 | 483736625 | 28.0179 |
, 617796 | 485557656 28.0357 |
| 619369 487443403 | 28.0535
| 620944 | 489303872 | 28.0713
| 622521 | 491169069 | 28.0891

ot

624100 | 493039000 | 28.1069
625681 | 494913671 | 28.1247
627264 | 496793088 | 28.1425
628849 | 498677257 | 28.1603
630436 | 500566184 | 28.1780

ee

722500 | 614125000 | 29.1548
724201 | 616295051 | 29.1719
725904 | 618470208 | 29.1890
727609 | 620650477 | 29.2062
729316 | 622835864 | 29.2233

632025 | 502459875 | 28.1957
633616 | 504358336 | 28.2135
| 635209 | 506261573 | 28.2312
| 636804 | 508169592 | 28.2489
638401 | 510082399 | 28.2666

ein iene in|

731025 | 625026375 | 29.2404
732730 | 627222016 | 29.2575
734449 | 629422793 | 29.2746
730164 | 631628712 | 29.2916
737881 | 633839779 | 29.3087

739600 | 636056000 | 29.3258
741321 | 638277381 | 29.3428
743044 | 640503928 | 29.3598
744769 | 642735647 | 29.3769
| 746496 | 644972544 | 29.3939

| 748225 | 647214625 | 29.4109
| 749956 | 649461896 | 29.4279
| 751689 | 651714363 | 29.4449
753424 | 653972032 | 29.4618
755161 | 656234909 | 29.4788

756900 | 658503000 | 29.4958 |
758641 | 660776311 | 29.5127
760384 | 663054848 | 29.5296
762129 | 665338617 | 29.5466
763876 | 667627624 | 29.5635

640000 | 512000000 | 28.2843
641601 | 513922401 | 28.3019
| 643204 | 515849608 | 28.3196
644809 | 517781627 | 28.3373 ||
646416 | 519718464 | 28.3549

648025 | 521660125 | 28.3725
649636 | 523606616 | 28.3901
651249 | 525557943 | 28.4077
652864 | 527514112 | 28.4253
654481 | 529475129 | 28.4429

656100 | 531441000 | 28.4605
| 657721 | 533411731 | 28.4781
| 650344 | 535387328 | 28.4956
660969 | 537367797 | 28.5132 |}
662590 | 539353144 | 28.5307 |}

| 664225 | 541343375
665856 | 543335496
| 667459 | 545338513 |
669124 | 547343432
670761 | 549353259

| 672400 | 551368000
674041 | 553357661
| 675684 | 555412248 |
677329 | 557441767 |
678976 | 559476224

2) 680625 | s61sr5625 |

5 682276 | 563559976 | 2
| 683929 | 565609283
| 685584 | 567663552 | 2
687241 | 569722789

688900 | 571787000
690561 | 573856191
692224 | 575930368
693889 | 578009537
695556 | 580093704

sO

i

Oe

oe

765625 | 669921875 | 29.5804
767376 | 672221376 | 29.5973
769129 | 674526133 | 29.6142
770884 | 676836152 | 29.6311
772641 | 679151439 | 29.6479

774400 | 681472000 | 29.6648
776161 | 683797841 | 29.6816
777924 | 686128968 | 29.6985
779689 | 688465387 | 29.7153
781456 | 690807104 | 29.7321

a |

FE)

783225 | 693154125 | 29.7489
784996 | 695506456 | 29.7658
786769 | 697864103 | 29.7825
788544 | 700227072 | 29.7993
790321 | 702595369 | 29.8161

Oe
ape revereiarene 's:

SMITHSONIAN TABLES,

TABLE 9 (concluded) 23

VALUES OF RECIPROCALS, SQUARES, CUBES, AND SQUARE ROOTS
OF NATURAL NUMBERS

t000.} n n3 2 | T0004 n?

| |
8329 ||| 945 | 1.05820 | 893025 | 843908625 | 30.7409
8496 || 946] 1.05708 | 894916 | 846590536 | 30.7571
-8664 || 947 | 1.05597 | 896809 | 849278123 | 30.7734
.8831 || 948 | 1.05485 | 898704 | 851971392 | 30.7896
8998 | 949 | 1.05374 | goobor | 854670349 | 30.5058

.9166 || 950 | 1.05263 | 902500 | 857375000 | 30.8221
-9333 || 951 | 1.05152 | 904401 | 860085351 | 30.8383
“9500 |] 952 | 1.05042 | 906304 | 862801408 | 30.8545
-9666 || 953 | 1.04932 | 908209 | 865523177 | 30.8707
-9833 || 954] 1.04822 | g10116 | 865250664 | 30.8869

.12360 | 792100 | 704969000
-12233 | 793881 | 707347971 |
.12108 | 795664 | 709732288 |
-11982 | 797449 | 712121957
-11857 | 799236 | 714516954

-11732 | 801025 | 716917375 |
.11607 | 802816 | 719323136
.11483 | 804609 | 721734273 |
-11359 | 806404 | 724150792 |
11235 | 808201 | 726572699 |

RO NNN DN

WODOWOOO OOUOWOWO

NwHNHN N

-IIIII | 810000 | 729000000 | 30.0000 || 955 | 1.04712 | 912025 | 870983875 | 30.9031
10988 | 811801 | 731432701 | 30.0167 |} 956] 1.04603 | 913936 | 873722816 | 30.9192
-10865 | 813604 | 733870808 | 30.0333 |] 957 | 1.04493 | 915849 | 876467493 | 30.9354
.10742 | 815409 | 736314327 | 30.0500 |} 958 | 1.04384 | 917764 | 879217912 | 30.9516
10619 | 817216 | 738763264 | 30.0666 || 959} 1.04275 | 919681 | 881974079 | 30.9677

.10497 | 819025 | 741217625 | 30.0832 || 960 | 1.04167 | 921600 | 884736000 | 30.9839
-10375 | 820836 | 743677416 | 30.0998 || 961 | 1.04058 | 923521 | 887503681 | 31.0000
10254 | 822649 | 746142643 | 30.1164 |} 962 | 1.03950| 925444 | 890277128 | 31-0161
.10132 | 824464 | 748613312 | 30.1330 || 963 | 1.03842 | 927369 | 893056347 | 31.0322
-IOOII | 826281 | 751089429 | 30.1496 || 964 | 1.03734 | 929296 | 895841344 | 31.0483

1.09890 | 828100 | 753571000 | 30.1662 ||| 965 | 1.03627 | 931225 | 898632125 | 31.0644
1.09769 | 829921 | 756058031 | 30.1828 ||| 966} 1.03520 | 933156 | 901428696 | 31.0805
1.09649 | 831744 | 758550528 | 30.1993 |] 967 | 1.03413 | 935089 | 904231063 | 31.0966
1.09529 | 833569 | 761048497 | 30.2159 ||| 968 | 1.03306 | 937024 | 907039232 | 31-1127
1.09409 835396 | 763551944 | 30.2324 || 969 | 1.03199 | 938961 | 909853209 | 31.1288

1.09290 | 837225 | 766060875 | 30.2490 ||| 970 | 1.03093 | 940900 | 912673000 | 31.1448
1.09170 | 839056 | 768575296 | 30.2655 || 971 | 1.02987 | 942841 | 915498611 | 31.1609
1.09051 | 840889 | 771095213 | 30.2820 || 972 | 1.02881 | 944784 | 918330048 | 31.1769
1.08932 | 842724 | 773620632 | 30.2985 || 973 | 1-02775 | 946729 | 921167317 | 31.1929
1.08814 | 844561 | 776151559 | 30.3150 || 974 | 1.02669 | 948676 | 924010424 | 31.2090

1.08696 | 846400 | 778688000 | 30.3315 ||| 975 | 1.02564 | 950625 | 926859375 | 31.2250
1.08578 | 848241 | 781229961 | 30.3480 || 976| 1.02459; 952576 | 929714176 | 31.2410
1.08460 850084 | 783777448 | 30.3645 || 977 | 1.02354 | 954529 | 932574833 | 31.2570
1.08342 | 851929 | 786330467 | 30.3809 || 978 | 1.02249 | 956484 | 935441352 | 31.2730
1.08225 | 853776 | 788889024 | 30.3974 || 979 | 1.02145 | 958441 | 935313739 | 31.2890

1.08108 | 855625 | 791453125 | 30.4138 || 980 | 1.02041 | 960400 | 941192000 | 31.3050
1.07991 | 857476 | 794022776 | 30.4302 || 981 | 1.01937 | 962361 | 944076141 | 31.3209
1.07875 | 859329 | 796597983 | 30.4467 || 982 | 1.01833 | 964324 | 946966168 | 31.3369
1.07759 | 861184 | 799178752 | 30.4631 || 983 | 1.01729 | 966289 | 949862087 | 31.3528
1.07643 | 863041 | 801765089 | 30.4795 || 984 | 1.01626 | 968256 | 952763904 | 31.3088

1.07527 | 864900 | 804357000 | 30.4959 ||| 985 | 1.01523 | 970225 | 955671625 | 31.3847
1.07411 | 866761 | 806954491 | 30.5123 || 986] 1.01420 | 972196 | 958585256 | 31.4006
1.07296 | 868624 | 809557568 | 30.5287 || 987 | 1.01317 | 974169 | 961504803 | 31.4166
1.07181 | 870489 | 812166237 | 30.5450 ||| 988 | 1.01215 | 976144 | 964430272 | 31.4325
1.07066 | 872356 | 814780504 | 30.5614 || 989 | I.o1112 | 978121 | 967361669 | 31.4484

1.06952 | 874225 | 817400375 | 30.5778 ||| 990 | 1.01010 | 980r00 | 970299000 | 31.4643
1.06838 | 876096 | 820025856 | 30.5941 || 991 | 1.00908 | 982081 | 973242271 | 31.4502
1.06724 | 877969 | 822656953 | 30.6105 ||| 992 | 1.00806 976191488 | 31.4960
1.06610 | 879844 | 825293672 | 30.6268 || 993 | 1.00705 | 979146657 | 31.5119
1.06496 | 881721 | 827936019 | 30.6431 ||| 994 | 1.00604 982107784 | 31.5278

1.06383 | 883600 | 830584000 | 30.6594 || 995 | 1.00503 985074875 | 31.5436
1.06270 | 885481 | 833237621 | 30.6757 ||| 996] 1.00402 988047936 | 31.5595
1.06157 | 887364 | 835896888 | 30.6920 ||| 997 | 1.00301 991026973 | 31-5753
1.06045 | 889249 | 838561807 | 30.7083 ||| 998 | 1.00200 994011992 | 31.5911
1.05932 | 891136 | 841232384 | 30.7246 ||| 999 | I.coI00 997002999 | 31.6070

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

24 TABLE 10
LOGARITHMS

SMITHSONIAN TABLES,

TABLE 10 (continued) 2 5
LOGARITHMS

1
Om
lonwe)

Cn

Ry HHN

NNN N ND
wRwN dN
Nw NHN be

COUn Gs
-

SMITHSONIAN TABLES,

26 TABLE 11
LOGARITHMS

eH

NNR NHWW WwWwwtpp

NNNNN

=NNNN
WWWWW WwWWwWw HPHAH AUMUND DDN CO

I
I
I
I
I

Ce |
NNHWNNN

en len ile le
NNNNN

SS = Oe
NNNNN
NNNWW WWWWW WWWWW WHnowth fAAALH AU UMW ADADODA NNN OO

WwWwww HAHAH HAHAH HUH UNUMUNAD DAQONN NNOWOW Ww
AAPL A PANN UNuUNN DANAN BAOQNN™N NWOOCWO WOvwo

te
NNNNN

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

60 | 7782 7789
61 | 7853 7860
62 | 7924 7931
63 | 7993 8000
64 | 8062 8069

65 | 8129 8136
66 | 8195 8202
67 | 8261 8267
68 | 8325 8331
69 | 8388 8395

70 | 38451 = 8457
71 | 8513 8519
72 $573 8579

74 |8692 8698

POVNO75U ) 8756
76 | &308 8814
77 | 8865 8871
78 | 8921 892

79 | 8976 8982

80 9031 9036
go

82 Bae 9143
83 | 9191 9196
84 | 9243 9248

85 | 9294 9299
86 19345 9350
87 19395 9400
88 19445 9450
89 |9494 9499

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

7796
7868
7938
8007
8075

8142
8209
8274
8338
8401

8463
8525
8585
8645
8704

8762
8820
8876
8932
8957

go42
9096
9149
9201
9253

9304
9355
9405
9455
9504

8710

8768
8825
8882
8938
8993

9047
gIOI
9154
g206
9258

9309
9360
9410
9460
9509

TABLE 11 (continued)
LOGARITHMS

7810
7882
7952
8021
8089

8156
8222
8287
8351
8414

8476
8537
8597
8657
8716

8774
8831
8887
$943
8998

9°53
gito6
9159
g212
9263

9315
9365
9415
9465
9513

7818
7889
7959
8025
8096

8162
8228
$293
8357
8420

8482
8543
$603
8663
8722

8779
8837

8893
8949
9004

9058
QgII2
9165
9217
9269

9320
9370
9420
9469
9518

7825
7896
7966
8035
8102

8169
8235
8299
8363
8426

8488
8549
8609
8669
8727

8785
8842
8899
8954
goog

9063
gI17
9170

aD)

9274

9325
9375
9425
9474
9523

7832
7993
7973
8041
8109

8176
8241
8306
8370
8432

8494
8555
8615
8675

8733

8791
8848
8904
8960
9015

9069
gI22
9175
9227

279

933° |

9380
9430
9479
9528

7846
7917
7997
8055

8122

8189
8254
8319
8382
3445

8506
8567
862

8686

8745

8802
8859
8915
8971
9025

9079
9133
g186
9238
9289

9340
9390
9440
9489
9538

ee

OOO F SS oe eels tile ila | “OO

o0000

SS eS

Oe

OoOo000

Se ho el eatiilen ien ian! See ee — ey — Om

et

tet eee NN NwNNN NNNNN NNNNN NNNNN NNNNN

ee

NNN NN

NNONNNHN WWWWO WWWWW WWWWW |

NNNNN NNNNN NNNNN

NNNNN

N NNN HN

NN NWW WwWwwwW Coa WW OO WW Os WW WwWWWoW WHowtf PHP HL

NNNNN

NNNNN

28 TABLE 12
ANTILOGARITHMS

a

O0000
—
Lain iilen tien tien!
— oe

OROLOEOLO)
— Oe
~
eee

OFOVORORO:
—
|
NwWH a

to

Oo0000
—
—

mn

9 I
oO I
O | I
O° I
O° I

NNN Ne
N NHN

oo0o0°0
= = =
db WH HN
NNHNNN

~O0000
Nee ee
LS ee
WNNNN

COU ©
Cond O

NNHNN
In & G2 Gs bv
ee)
NwNH LW
NNHHNHN

of
Ov
W Od Ga Go U2

db NHKHHHN
OO
OOr.O

on

Pm
RMN hh

OofhN HUN
Mmnwo

G2 2 Wd a Gd QW WH N
RWW G2 G2 Cn G2 Go

eet
NNN WN be

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 12 (continued) 29
ANTILOGARITHMS

|

NNN WN &
NNN NN

ee
NN HN

Www nd

—
NNNNN
WwW WW GW

— OS et
NNNHNN
NDAAADACO DON UNnmnnmn wnfHPHf SPA AH

I
I
I
iF
I

OS CS a a a)

ee |

AANDADO NOUN Munir mp HH AA AL HWW W WwWwWwWw
N™NN™N™N

wR NN bY &

G2 G2) G2 Go Go WWW 2 OD
Muti Munim & HHH HHH Wd Wd Wd WD

NNNNWN
fHWWW

0O00O0OO WOOWO COO 00 CO CO COMI

RN wRN

NNHNN

WOO CO mOMmcecon NunNNN

SIS IES tonto Tonyfonanylaniton}

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

30 TABLE 13
ANTILOGARITHMS

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 13 (continued) 31
ANTILOGARITHMS

SMITHSONIAN TABLES,

32

TaBLe 14

CIRCULAR (TRIGONOMETRIC) FUNCTIONS
(Taken from B. O. Peirce’s ‘‘ Short Table of Integrals,’’ Ginn & Co.)

COSINES.

TANGENTS.

COTANGENTS.

Nat. Log.

7.4037
-7648
-9408

| 116 8.0658
| 145 .1627
0175 8.2419
| 0204 .3088
| 0233 .3668
0262 .4179
0291 .4637
| 0320 .5050
‘|| 0349 8.5428
0378 .5776
|| 0407 .6097
10436 .6397
0465 .6677 |
| 0494 .6940
0523 8.7188
0552 = -7423
| O53r .7645
|| 0610 .7857
0640 .8059
.0669 ~=.8251

‘|| .0698 8.8436
|| 0727 .8613
|| 0756 .8783
| 0785 .8946
| 0814 .g1o4

0843 .9256
| 0872 8.9403
| O90L = -9545
| 0929 ~=—.g082
| 0958 .9816
0987-9945
-I0I6 9.0070

| 1045 9.0192
| 1074 .O311

| 1103 .0426
| -£132 .0539
| .1161 .0648
| .I190 .0755

|| .1219 geese
|| .1248 .og6I
.1276 .1060
Woligtols | Bielsy
iggqanesl2ice2
-1363 .1345
-1392 9.1436
al42T) 0525
-1449 .1612
.1478 .1697
SO7) ealyol
15360 .1863

-1564 9.1943 | .98

I.0000 0.0000 |
1.0000 .0000 |
1.0000. .0000 |
1.0000 .0000
-9999 0000 |
9999-0000

9998 9:9999 -
9998 .9999 |
9997-9999

9997-9999 |
9996 .9998
9995 -9998

99949-9997
9993-9997
9992-9996 |
9990-9996 |
9989-9995
9988 .9995
9986 9.9994
9985-9993 |
9983-9993
-998L 9992
-9980 =.99QI
9978 .9990
9976 9.9989
9974-9989 |
9971 .9988 |
9969 .9987
9967-9986
9964 .9985 |
.9962 9.9983 |
9959 .9982

9957-9981
9954 .9980
‘995! -9979
9948 .9977

9945 9.9976 |
9942 .9975
9939-9973
-9936 .9972
-9932 .9971
9929 .9969

9925 9.9968
9922 .9966
9918 .9964
9914 — .9963 |
QO9II .gg61
9907 .9959

9903 9.9958
9899 .9956
9894 .9954
9890 .9952 |
.9886 .9950
.9881 —.9948 |

Nat. Log.

COSINES.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

.0000
.0029
.0058
.0087
.O116
0145
0175
.0204
.0233
.0262
.029I

.0320
0349
.0378
.0407
0437
.0466
-0495
.0524
0553
0582

.0O12

.0041

.0670

.0699 8
.07 29
0758
0787
| .0816
.0846
.087 5
.09O4
0934
.0903
.0992

-1022
-IOSI
ace
-IITIO

.1139
.1169

1198
1228
1257
.1287
a7
-1346
.1376

1405
1435
1465
“1495
-1524
ASSES

9.9946 | -

1584

~o eo
343-772-5363
171.89 2352 |
114.59 0591 |
85.940 1.9342
68.750 8373

57-290 1.7581 ||
49-104 .6QII
42.964 .6331 |
38.188 5819
34.368 — .5362
31.242 .4947
28.636 1.4569 |
26.432 .4221
24.542 — .3899
22.904 = .3599
21.470 .3318
20.206 = .3055
19.081 1.2806
13:07.5 25711
17.169 .2348
16.350 .2135
15.605 .1933
14.924 1739
14.301 1.1554
13°72 73 7,0
13/197. | 2.1205
12.706 .1040
12.251 .0882
11.826 .0728

11.430 1.0580
11.059 .0437
10.712 .0299
10.385 .0164
10.078 .0034

9.7882 0.9907

9.5144 0.9784
9.2553 -9664
9.0098 .9547
8.7769 .9433
8.5555 9322
8.3450 .9214
8.1443 0.9109
7-9539 -9005
7:7704 .8904
7.5958 .8806
7.4287 .8709
7.2687 .8615
7.1154 0.8522
6.9682 .8431
6.8269 .8342
6.6912 .8255
6.5606 .8169
6. nae 808 5

6.3138 0.8003

| Nat.

Nat. Log.

; TANGENTS.

SINES.

1564
°1593
1622
-1650
-1679
.1708

1736
1765
1794
.1822
-1851
-1880

.1908
| 1937
| «1965
-1994
.2022
-2051
2079
2108
.2136
.2104
| .2193

222I1

2250
2278
+2306
-2334
2303
.2391
-2419
2447
| .2476
.2504
.2532
“2500
-2588
2016
.2044
.2672
.2700
2728

-2756
2784
2812
.2840
.2868
2896

2924
-2952
:2979
+3007
| 3035

-3062

TABLE 14 (continued )
CIRCULAR (TRIGONOMETRIC) FUNCTIONS

COSINES.

9877

2 | .9872
| 9863
9858

| 9853
| .9848
| .9843
| .9838
| 9833
| 9327
| .g822
9816
| .o81t
| .9805
9799
| 9793
| 9787
9781
9775
9769
9763
-97 57
‘9750

9744
9737-9884 |
9730 .9881
9724 .9878
9717 9875
9710 .9872

9.9869
.9866
.9863
9859
9856

9853 |

9.9849
-9846
9843
-9839

19628 .9836 | .
| 9621 .9832 |
9613 9.9828
.g605 .9825
9596 .9821
9588 .9817
9580 .9814
9572 9810
.9563 9.9806
9555 -9802 |
9546 .9798
9537 -9794
9528 .9790
9520 .9786
9511 9.9782

|

TANGENTS.

1584

4 | .1614
| .1644

1673
.1703
-1733

| .1763

1793

| .1823

| 1853
| 1833

| 1914
| -1944

+1974
-2004

.2035
2005

| +2095
| .2126
| .2156

.2186
.2217

| 2247
| .2278

| .2309

-2339
.2370
.2401
2432
.2462
-2493
2524
2555
2580
.2617
.2648
.2679

2931
-2962
-2994
3026
“3057
.3089
3121
“3153
23185
3217
=3249

Nat. Log. Nat.

9.1997 | 6.3138

-2078 6.1970
2158 | 6.0844
2236 | 5.9758
-2313 | 5.8708
-2389 5.7004
9.2463 | 5-6713
-2536 | 5.5764
-2009 | 5.4845
-2080 | 5.3955
927 5ON159:3 093
2819 5-2257
9.2887 | 5.1446
2953 | 5.0658
3020 4.9894
3085 | 4.9152
-3149 | 4.8430
-3212 | 4.7729
9.3275 | 4.7046
+3330 | 4.6352
+3397 | 4.5736
+3458 | 4.5107
+3517 | 4.4494
-3576 | 4.3897
9.3634 | 4.3315
-3091 | 4.2747
-3748 | 4.2193
3804 | 4.1653
3859 | 4.1120
3914 | 4.0611
9.3968 | 4.0108
.4021 |
+4074
4127
4178
-4230 |
9.4281 |
-433!
4381
4430
-4479
4527
9-4575
.4622
.4669
4716
4762
.4808 |
9.4853 |
-4898 |
4943 |
.4987
“9O3F | 3:2397
-5075 | 3.1084
9.5118 | 3-0777

\COTANGENTS.

Log.

0.8003 |

-7922 |

-7842 |
7764
-7687

7611 |

0.7537 |
-7404

-7 391
«7320
-7250 |
7181 |

O701s ||

6542
6483
.6424
0.6366

.6309 ||

6252
-6196

.6141 ||
-6086 |

0.6032

O79
5926 ||

-5873

5022 |
“577° |
0157029)

.5669

5619 |

-5570
5521

5473 ||

0.5425
+5378

533! |
5284
5238
5192 ||

0.5147

5102 ||
“D257

-5013 ||

-4969 |
“4925 ))

food ped Bont) lod ert Reh pmed Dae fe Sad bed Bd eh tt a stp Dr dD emt a) ed ibe Bette iS Vt RL gal EA I) Oe de ets ce

COSINES.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

Nat.

Nat.

Log. | Nat.

0.4882 |

Log.

COTAN- | =
GENTS. | TANGENTS.

33

34 TABLE 14 (continued)
CIRCULAR (TRIGONOMETRIC) FUNCTIONS

ui 1g SINES. COSINES. | TANGENTS. | COTANGENTS.
i gy |
<4 Ax |
m4 oO Nat. Log. | Nat. Log. Nat. Log. Nat. Log.

|
0.3142 | 18°00’ | .3090 9.4900 | .9511 9.9782 | .3249 9.5118 | 3.0777 0.4882 | 72°00! | 1.2566
0.3171 10 | .3118 .4939 | 9502. .9778 | .3281 «5161 | 3.0475 4839 50 | 1.2537
0:3200 20 GI45 4977-9492" O74 3BT4 (5203) 3.0178 -4797 4o | 1.2508
0.322 BOmiesi7s SOS | .9483 .9770 | .3346 5245 | 2.9887 ~ .4755 30 .2479
0.3258 4o | .3201 .5052| .9474 -9765 | .3378 .5287 | 2.9600 .4713 20 2450
0.3287 50 | -3228 .5090 | 9465 .9761 “3411 .5329 | 2.9319 .4071 10 2421
0.3316 | 19°00’ | .3256 9.5126 (+9455 9-9757 | -3443 9.5379 | 2.9042 0.4630 | 71°00! | 1.2392
0.3345 10 | .3283 5163 | 9446 .9752 | .3476 5411 | 2.8770 .4559 50 2363
0.3374 20 | 3311 «5199-9436 .9748 3508 «5451 | 2.8502 .4549 40 | 1.2334
0.3403 30 | -3338 -5235 | 9426 .9743 | -3541 -5491 | 2.8239 4509 30 | 1.2305
0.3432 4O | .3305 -5270) -9417 9739 | -3574 5531 | 2.7980 -4469 20 | 1.2275
0.3462 50 | .3393 -5306 | 9407 .9734 | -3007 .5571 | 2.7725 .4429 10 | 1.2246
0.3491 | 20°00’ | .3420 9.5341 | 9397 9-9730 .3640 9.5611 | 2.7475 0.4389 | 70°00! | 1.2217
0.3520 | 10 | .3448 .5375 | -9387 -9725 | .3673. .5650| 2.7228 .4350 50 .2188
0.3549 20 | -3475 +5409 | 9377-9721 | 3706 .5689 | 2.6985 4311 40 | 1.2159
0.3578 | 30 | 3502 -5443 | 9367 9716 | .3739 —--5727 | 2.6746 4273 30 | 1.2130
0.3607 40 | -3529 354771) -9350- 970-3772) -5700)| 20501 | 423% 20 2101
9.3636} 50 , -3557 -5510 | .9346 9706 .3805 5804 | 2.6279 .4196 Io | 1.2072 |I
0. 3665 | 21°co’ | 3584 9.5543 | -9336 9.9702 -3839 9.5842 | 2.6051 0.4158 | 69°00’ | 1.2043
0.3694 | Io | 3611 .5576| .9325 .9697 | .3872 + .5879 | 2.5826 4121 50 .2014
0.3723 | 20 | .3638 5609 | .9315 .9692 | .3906 = .5917 | 2.5605 .4083 40 1985
0.3752 | 30 | 3665 -5641 .9304 9687 | .3939 =-5954 | 2.5380 .4046 30 1956
0.3782 | 40 | .3692 .5673 | 9293 .9682 | .3973 5991 | 2.5172 .4009 20 .1926
0.3811 | 50 | 3719 .§704 | .9283 .9677 | .4006 =.6028 | 2.4960 = .3972 10 | 1.1897
0.3840 | 22°00’ | .3746 9.5736 | -9272 9.9672 | .4040 9.6064 | 2.4751 0.3936 | 68°00! | 1.1868
0.3869 10 | .3773 -5767 | -9261 .9667 | .4074 =.6100 | 2.4545 .3900 50 -1839
0.3898 | 20 | .3800 .5798 9250 .9661 | .4108 .6136| 2.4342 .3864 40 -1810
0.3927 | 30 | .3827 5828 | .9239 6.9056 | 4142 .6172| 2.4142 .3828 30 1781
0.3956 | 4° 3854 -5859 | -9228 .9651 | .4176 .6208 | 2.3945 .3792 20) ||| Malis
0.3955 | 50 | .3881 .5889! .9216 .9646| .4210 6243 | 2.3750 .3757 TO) |) LaG723

-1694

0.4014 | 23°00’ | .3907 9.5919 | .9205 9.9640 | .4245 9.6279 | 2.3559 0.3721 | 67°00’
0.4043 | 10° | .3934 ~=-5948 | 9194 .9635 | .4279 .6314 | 2.3369 ©—.3686 50 1665

_

mee eee meee eee
. ae is . apenas on

0.4072 | 20 | .3901 .5978 | .9182 .9629 | -4314 .6348 | 2.3183 .3652 40 1636
0.4102 30 | .3987 6007 | .g171 9624 | -4348 6383 | 2.2998 ~=—.3617 30 | 1.1606
0.4131 | 40 | .4014 .6036 | 915g .9618 | 4383 .6417 | 2.2817 3583 20 S77
0.4160 50 | .4041 6065 | .O147. .9613| .4417 .6452 | 2.2637 354 10 1548
0.4189 | 24°00’ | .4067 9.6093 | .9135 9.9607 | .4452 9.6486 | 2.2460 0.3514 | 66°00’ | 1.1519
0.4218 Io | .4094 .6121 | 9124 .9602 | .4487 .6520 | 2.2286 .3480 50 | 1.1490
0.4247 | 20 | .4120 .6149| .9112 .95§96| .4522 .6553 | 2.2113 .3447 40 | 1.1461
0.4276 30 | -4147 -6177 | .QI00 9590 | .4557 .6587 | 2.1943 -3413 30. | 1.1432
0.4305 40 | 4173 -6205| .g088 = .9584 | .4592 .6620 | 2.1775 .3380 20 | 1.1403
0.4334 50 | -4200 .6232 | .9075 .9579 | .4628 6654 | 2.1609 .3346 Io | 1.1374
0.4363 | 25°00’ | -4226 9.6259 | .9063 9.9573 | .4663 9.6687 | 2.1445 0.3313 | 65°00’ | 1.1345
0.4392| 10 | -4253 -6286]| 9051 .9567 | .4699 6720 | 2.1283. .3280 50 | 1.1316
0.4422 | 20) |-4279) EOzi3h| 90088. OSOU \l-a7e4, O7i52) |) 2:12 3248 40 | 1.1286
0.4451 30 | -4305 -6340| .9026 § .9555 | .4770 .6785 | 2.0965 -3215 Zo) | Ue2 57
0.4480 40 | .4331 .6366| 9013 .9549 | .4806 .6817 | 2.0809 == .3183 20 | 1.1228
0.4509 50 | 4358 -.6392| .gool .9543| .4841 .6850 | 2.0655 .3150 10 | 1.1199 |]
0.4538 | 26°00’ | .4384 9.6418 | £8988 9.9537 | 4877 9.6882 | 2.0503 0.3118 | 64°00! | 1.1170
0.4507 10 | .4410 .6444 | .8975 .9530 | 4913 .6914 | 2.0353 .3086 50 | I-1141
0.4596 20 | .4436 .6470 | .8962 .9524 | .4950' .6946 | 2.0204 3054 4o | T1112
0.4625 30 | 4462 .6495 | -8949 .9518 | .4986 ©.6977 | 2.0057 = -3023 30. | 1.1083
0.4654 40 | .4488 .6521 | 8936 .9512]| .5022 .7009| 1.9912 .299I 20 | 1.1054
0.4683 50 |.4514 .6546 | .8923 .9505| .5059 .7040 | 1.9768 .2960 10 | 1.1025
0.4712 | 27°00’ | .4540 9.6570 | .8910 9.9499 | .5095 9.7072 | 1.9626 0.2928 | 63°00’ 1.0996
| | ae rm |
Nat. Log. Nat. Log. Nat. Log. Nat. Log. wn 2
|- a | oe
COSINES. SINES. eoraee TANGENTS. | 9% | @<

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

CIRCULAR (TRIGONOMETRIC) FUNCTIONS

TABLE 14 (continued)

COSINES.

Nat.

Log.

TANGENTS.

no nn
YW HWW bo

Ss
WWNn Nh

-7342

9.7361
-7380

7419
7438
-7457

-7400 | .

“7513
753!
7559
-7508
9.7586 |
-7604
-70622
-7640 |

5854 7875 |
.5878 9.7692 |

COSINES.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

9.7476 | .
-7494 | -

-7657 | .

.8Q10
8897

9.9499

9492 |

-9486
9479

9473
9466

9.9459
9453
-9446

9439 |

-9432 | -

9425
9.9418 |

-O411
9404
9397
“9390
9383
99305
9368
9361

9353 |

-9346
-9338
9-933!
9323
9315
9308
-9 300
.9292
9.9284

192701)|)

-9208

9260 |.
9252))|\.

9244

9.9236 | .
9228 |.
9219 |
SQeiTiTy

.9203
‘9194

9.9186 |
<Q 770
9169 |

.9160

QI5t |.
9142

9.9134

O125 |
O16 |

9107

9098 |.

.9089
9.9080

COTANGENTS.

1.9626

| 1.9486

1.9347
1.9210
1.9074
1.8940

| 1.8807
| 1.8676

1.8546

5 | 1.8418

1.8291
1.8165

| 1.8040

1.7917
1.7796
1.7675

| 1.7550

1.7437
1.7321
1.7205
1.7090
1.6977

| 1.6864
| 1.6753

1.6643

| 1.6534

1.6426
1.6319
1.6212
1.6107

| 1.6003

1.5900

| 1.5798

2 | 1.5697

15597

| 1.5497

E99
1.5301
1.5204
1.5108
1.5013
1.4919
1.4826

| 1.4733
| 1.4641

1.4550
1.4460
1.4370
1.4281
1.4193
1.4100
1.4019
1.3934
1.3848

1.3764

35

Nat.

SINES.

36

TABLE 14 (concluded)
CIRCULAR (TRIGONOMETRIC) FUNCTIONS

COSINES.

TANGENTS.

COTANGENTS.

Nat. Log.

Nat. Log.

Nat.

8405 |

9.8418
8431

8444

8457
8469
8482

9.8495 |

| 8090 9.9080
| 8073 -9070
| 8056 .go6r
8039 .9052
| 8021 .9042
8004 .9033
| -7986 9.9023
(| -7969 -QOL4
OSL OCO4
| 7934-8995
7916 .8985
-7898 8975 |

7880 9.8965
| -7862 8955
| -7844 8945
-7826 = .8935
| .7808 8925
| -7790 8915
| +7771 9.8905
|:7753 -8895

7735 8884
1.7716 .8874
| .7698 .8864

7679 .8853
| .7660 9.8843
7042) a
| .7623 + .8821
| .7604 .8810
| -7585 .8800
| .7566 .8789
| -7547 9.8778
715201 sO 7,07,
| +7509 8756 |
| 7490 8745 |
7470 8733 |
7451 .8722 |

| 7431 9.8711 |
\e7Ac ae
| 7392 ©.8688 |
7373-8676 |
7353. -8665 |
7333 8653

-7314 9.8641

-7294 .8629

7274 .8618 |
| .7254 .8606
-7234 8594 |
7214 .8582 |
7193 9.8569 |
7173, 8557 |
7153 8545 |
ISS -OS3eh|
-7112 .8520
7092 .8507
7071 9.8495 |1.0000 0.0000

8832

Nat Log.

8699 |

-7310
‘7355
-7400
7445
7490
7536
-7591
-7627
7673
.7720
.7766
7813
.7860
7907

7954
.8002

8050 9088

8098 9.9084
8146 .gII0
8195-9135
8243 .QI61
8292 .9187
8342 .9212

8391 9.9238
8441 .9264
8491 9289
S540 9315
S59t .9341
8642 .9366

8693 9.9392
‘8744 .Q417

8796-9443 |

8847 .9468

8899-9494,
8952 .9519 |

.9004 9.9544

oh) desi).
OELOR O59 5i
9163 .9621 |

9217 .9646
9271 .9671
9325 9.9697
9380 .9722
9435) -9747
9490-9772
9545-9798

601.9823 |

.9657 9.9848
9713-9874
9770 —.9899
.9827 -9924
-9884 .9949
9942-9975

Nat. Log.

7265 9.8613

1.3764 0.1387
1.3680 .1361

1.3597 +1334

2] 1.3514 .1308

Ieg432ueeleoe

lekeggigity s weliZiss

1.3270 0.1229

| 1.3190 .1203

QUILL oI 6
1.3032 .1150
1.2954 .1124
1.2876 .1098

1.2799 0.1072
1.2723 .1046
1.2647 .1020
1.2572 .0994
1.2497 .0968
1.2423 .0942
1.2349
1.2276
1.2203
W203
1.2059
1.1988
1.1918
1.1847
1.1778
1.1708
1.1640
1.1571
1.1504
1.1436
1.1369
1.1303
1.1237
1.1171
1.1106
1.1041
1.0977
1.0913
1.0850
1.0786
1.0724
1.0661
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

0599

.0538

0477
.0416

70355
.0295

.0235
.0176

.O117
.0058
.0000

Nat.

COSINES.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

COTAN-
GENTS.

TABLE 15

CIRCULAR (TRIGONOMETRIC) FUNCTIONS

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

SINES. COSINES. | TANGENTS.
Log. Nat. Log. Nat. Log. |
0.00000 —% 1.00000 0.00000 —<« —x*
.01000 7.99999 | 0.99995 9.99998 | 0.01000 8.00001
.02000 8.30100 , .g9980 = .g999I_| .02000_~.30109
03000 §=.47700 99955 ~— 99980 03001 47725
.03999 .60194 | .99920 .99965 .04002 .6022
0.04998 8.69879 0.9987 5 9.99946 0.05004 8.69933
.05996 ~=.77789 | .g9820 99922 .06007 -77867
06994 84474 | -99755 .99894 | .O701I 84581
.0799I_ = .g0263 | = .g9g630 ~~. 9801 .08017 -90402
.08988 = .95306 = .99595 = 99824. .09024 — .95542 |
0.09983 8.99928 | 0.99500 9.99782 | 0.10033 9.00145 |
-10978 9.04052 | .99396 = 99737-11045 04315
-I1Q7I .07814 | .99281 .99687 | .12058 .08127
12963 =. 11272 991 56 .99632 -13074 -11640
13954-14471 | -99022 99573 | 14092 —.14898
0.14944 9.17446 | 0.98877 9.99510 | O.15114 9.17937
eh5Q32) | -20227 -987 23 .99442 | .16138 .20785
-16918 .22836 | .98558 .99369 ) .17166 .23466
-17903-— .25292 | -98384 .99293 .18197 .26000
18886 .27614 | .98200 .gg2tI | .19232 .28402
' 0.19867 9.29813 | 0.98007. 9.99126 | 0.20271 9.30688
: 20846 = .31902, | 97803, .99035_— 21314 «32867
22)| | -21823 -33891 | -97590 .98940 | .22362 34951
-23.| .22798 = .35789 97367-98841 | -23414 36948
P2Aas-28770) | 237.603) LO7034 208737) | -24472 38866
.25 | 0.24740 9.39341 | 0.96891 9.98628 | 0.25534 9.40712
20 | .25708 .41007 | .96639 98515 | .26602 .42401
27 | .26673 .42607 | .96377 .98397 | .27676 -44210
28 | .27636 .44147 | .96106 -9827 5 28755 .45872
29 | .28595 45629 | .95824 .98148 | .2984I -47482 |
0.29552 9.47059 | 0.95534 9.98016 | 0.30934 9.49043
-30506 = 48438-95233. --97879 | 32033-50559 |
“31457, -49771 | 94924-97737 | -33139 —--520334 |
-32404 .51060 | .94604 .97591 | -34252 -53469
-33349 «52308 | .94275 97440 | -35374 ~—-54868 |
0.34290 9.53516 | 0.93937 9.97284 | 0.36503 9.56233
-35227 54088 | .93590 97123, | 37640-57505
30162 55825 | -93233 96987 38786 = .58865
37092 = 5692 .92866 .967586 | .39941 -601 42
38019 ~=—.58000 | .g2491 96610 | .41105 61390
0.38942 9.59042 | 0.92106 9.96429 | 0.42279 9,62613 |
39861 .60055 | .91712 .96243 | .43463 .63812
.40776 ~=.61041 91309 —.g6051 .44657 .64989
.41687 .62000 |} .90897 = .95855 | .45862 .66145
42594 62935 | 90475 = 95653-47078 ~— 67282
0.43497 9.63845 | 0.90045 9.95446 | 0.48306 9.68400 |
-44395 64733 | 89605 = 95233 | -49545 —-69500 |
.45289 65599 | 89157 .gs015 | .50797 _—-«.70583
.46178 P0443 88699 .94792 | -52061 -71651
-47063— .67268 | 88233-94563 | -53339—-72704
0.47943 9.68072 | 0.87758 9.94329 | 0.54630 9.73743 |

COTANGENTS.
Nat. Log.
oe co
99-997 1.99999
49-993 69891
33:323 “52275

| 24.957 397/71
19.983 1.30067
16.647 22033
14.262 -15419
12.473 09598
11.081 04458

9.9666 0.99855
9.0542 — .9 5635
8.2933 .91873
76489 .88360
7.0961 85102
6.6166 0.82063
6.1966 = .79215
5.8256 — .76534
54954, 274000
51997 «71598
4.9332 0.69312
4.6917 .67133
4.4719 — .65049
4.2709 .63052
4.0864 61134
39163 0.59288
O7S92) 57509
3-6133 .55790
3-4776 54128
3.3511 52518
a 2527— (950957,
3.1218 -49441
3:0176 .47966
2.9195 46531
2.8270 .45132
2.7395 0.43767
2.6567 42435
2.5782 41132
2.5037. ~—-.39858
2.4328 .38610
2.3052 0.37387
2.3008 .36188
2.2393 «35011
2.1804 — .33555
2.1241 32718
2.0702 0.31600
2.0184 .30500
1.9686 —.29417
1.9208 .28349
1.8748 .27296
1.8305 0.26257

DEGREES.

wWNN NN

°o
~

in Wb WN
m OD
WwW oo

OWN nf
0oaOn™s

_

Nom Hh

CON OV

2

Co

°
Go

2

38

SINES.

TABLE 15 (continued)
CIRCULAR (TRIGONOMETRIC) FUNCTIONS

COSINES.

TANGENTS

COTANGENTS.

Nat.

RADIANS.

0.47943
48818

.49038
-50553
51414

0.52269
53119
-53963
54802
.55036

0.56464
57287
53104
58924
-59720

0.60519
61312
.62099
.62879
-63654

0.64422
65183
-65938
60687
-67429

0.68164
.68892
. 69614
.70328
71035

0.71736
72429
73115
73793
74464

0.75128
75784
-70433
-77074
‘77797

0.78333
.78950
-79500
80162
.807 56

0.81342
S199
82489
83050
.83603

0.84147

Log.

Nat.

Log.

Nat.

Log.

Nat.

Log.

9.6807 2
68858
69625
79375
-71108

9.71824
2525
.7 3210
+7 30880
74536

97ST,
-7 5805
-70420
-77022
77012

9.78189
-78754
-79308
79851

80352

9.80903
81414
S1Qt4
82404
82885

9.83355,

83817
.84269
84713
85147

9.85573
85991
.86400

.86802
87195

9.87 580
87958
88328
88691
89046

9.89394
89735
-90070
-90397
.907 17

9.91031
-91339
91039
-91934

.92222

9.92504

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

0.87758
87274
.86782
86281
85771

0.85252
84726
84190
83646
-83094

0.82534
81905
81388
80803
.80210

0.79608
-78999
78382
77757
77125

0.76484
-75836
75181
74517
-73847

0.73169
-72484
-71791
.7 1091
70385

0.6967 1
.68950
.68222
.67 488
.667 46

0.65998
65244
-64483
-63715
62941

0.62161
.61375
60582
-59783
-58979

0.58168
57352
-56530
55702
-54869

0.54030

9-94329
94089

93843

Os5gu
93334

9-9307 1

.92801
92526

92245
-O1 957

9.91663
.91363
-Q1056
-907 43
90423

9.90096
89762
89422
89074
88719

9.88357
87988
87611
87226
86833

9.86433 |

.86024
.85607
85182

84748

9.34305
83853
83393
82922

82443 |

9.81953
81454
80944

80424
79894

9-79352 |

-78799

-78234
.77658

-77970
9.76469

75855 |

75228

-74587
73933

|

9-73264 |

0.54630
-55936
57250
58592
*59943

| 0.61311

.62095
.64097
‘05517
.66956

0.68414
.69892
71391
72911
74454

0.76020
-77610
‘80860
32534

0.84229
85953
87707
.89492
91 309

0.93160
95045
.90967
.98926
0092

.0296
0505
.O717
SOO 84
1156

.1383
-1616
1853
.2097
-23.40

.2602
.2864
3133
3409
3692

-3934
4284
4592
4910
“9237

1.5574

9-7 3743
-74769
-75782
-76784
77774

9.787 54 |

79723
80684

81635

82579

9.83514
84443
85364
.86280
87189

9.88093
88992

89886

“O71
91663

9.92546
-93426

-94303

95178
.Q0051

9.96923 |

97793
.98062

9:9953° |
0.00400

0.01208
02138
03008
.03879 |
04752

0.05627 |
"06504
-07 384
.08266
-O91 53

0.10043
-10937
11835

12739
13648

0.14563

.15484
-16412

-17 347
18289

0.19240

8305
.7878
7465
-7007
6683

.6310
-5950
5001
5263
4935

.4017
.4308
-4007
3715
“3431

3154
2885
.2622
.2366
.2116

.1872
1634
1402
D7!
0952

-07 34

.0521

.0313

1.0109
0.99084

0.97121
“95197
+9339
‘91455
89635

0.87848
80091
34365
82668
80998

0.79355
77739
.76146
74578
-7 3034

0.71511
.70010
68531
.67071
.65631

0.64209

0.26257
25231
-24218
23216
-22226

.21246
20277
-19316
18365
17421

.16486
15557
14636
.13720
12811

11907
.11008
-IOII4
09223
08337

0.07454
.00574
05697
.04822
03949

0.03077
.02207
.01338
.00469

9.99600

9-987 32
.97 862
-96992
.Q612I
95248

9.94373
-93496
.92616
91734
-90847

9.89957
89063
88165
87261
86352

985437
84516
83588
82653
SI7II

9.80760

DEGREES.

TABLE 15 (continued) 39
CIRCULAR (TRIGONOMETRIC) FUNCTIONS

COSINES, TANGENTS. COTANGENTS.

Log. Nat. : : : Nat. Log.

| |
0.84147 9.92504 | 0.54030 9.73264 | I. 0.19240 | 0.64209 9.80760
84683 .92780 | .53186 .72580| . -20200 | .62806 .79800
85211 -93049 | .52337 -71881 62 21169 | .61420 .78831
Ob7208 1 OS303 | 50402) = 7 W165 4 22148 | .60051 -77852
86240 .93571 | .50622 .70434 : -23137 | .58699 =—.76863

0.86742 9.93823 | 0.49757 9.69686 . 0.24138 | 0.57362 9.75862
87236 .g4069 | .48887 —.68920 .78 25150 | .56040 .74850
87720 .94310 | .48012 68135 82 -ZOL 7S MEGA Saale 73025
88196 .94545 | -.47133 -.67332 : 27212 | .53441 72788
88663 94774 | .46249 .66510 : .28264 | .52162 .71736

0.89121 9.94998 | 0.45360 9.65667 ‘ 0.29331 | 0.50897 9.70669
89570 .95216| .44466 .64803 ‘ -30413 | .49644 .69587
-QOOIO 95429 | .43568 -63917 : 31512 -48404 .68488
-90441 -95037 .42066 = .63008 : 32020 10 -AT5. 07372
90863-95839 | -41759. 62075 |. -33763 | -45959 66237

0.91276 9.96036 .40849 9.61118 y 0.34918 | 0.44753 9.65082
91680 .96228 | .39934 .60134 : -36093 | .43558 .63907
92075 .96414] . 59123 i B72 ile 4237300 027.09
92461 .96506 | . 2 .58084 : 38512 | .41199 .61488
92837 96772 | . 57015 |. -39757 | -40034 60243

0.93204 9.96943 | ©. 92559145 ||) 2: 0.41030 | 0.38875 9.58970
<O3502.) G7 110) ||* 2 syi7isiey | A22308 Nea 7730 57670
93910 .97271 : 53611 7B2 .436060 | .36593 + .56340
94249 97428 | .3342 -52406 : -45022 |] . 54978
-94578 “O7IS7O |) 1-82 -S1161 : 46418 | . 53582

oZ
yd
a
a2
“2

fwWNHrHO

0.94898 9.97726 | 0. 9-4987 5 0.47850 | 0.33227 9.52150
OSZO0 NN -G75058)) -45546 3 -49322 | .3212 50678
‘95510 .98005 | «2 47170 .§0835 | .3102 49165
95802 .98137 | .28672 45745 52392. -47008
.96084 .98265/] . -44267 -53998 | .2 .46002

kb RAH
O CON] Qu

0.96356 9.98388 | o. 9.42732 | 0.55650 | 0.27762 9.44344
.96618 .98506| . -41137 | -57309 | .26687 .42631
.96872 .98620 | . 39476 -§9144 | .25619 .40856
.Q7 II .98729 | . 37744 60984 | .24556 .39016
97345 98833 | - -35937 62896 | .23498 «37104

0.97572 9.98933 | ©. 34046 0.64887 | 0.22446 9.35113
97786 .99028 | .2092 -32064 | .66964 | .21398 .33036
-97991 99119 | . -29983 | 69135 | -20354 -30865
98185 .99205] . 27793 ‘7I4IE | .19315 — .28589
98370 .99286] . 25482 73804 | .18279 .26196

0.98545 9.99363 | ©. .23036 0.76327 | 0.17248 9.23673
98710 .994360]| . -20440 | -78996 | .16220 .21004
98865 .99504| . .17674 81830 | .15195 .18170
-gg0I0~=— «.ggg68 |. 14716 84853 | .14173 -15147
99146 .99627| . -11536 60 88092 | .13155 .11908

0.99271 9.99682 | o. 9.08100 .23 0.91583 | 0.12139 9.08417
.99387. -.99733 | - 04364 95369 | .III25 .04631
47 | .99492 .99779| . .0027 I 99508 | .I0II4 —_.00492
99588 .gg82r | . 8.95747 | 1.04074 | .og105 8.95926
-49 | .99674 .99858 | . 90692 : 09166 | .08097 ~—-.90834

1.50 | 0.99749 9.99891 | 0.07074 8.84965 1.14926 | 0.07091 8.85074

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLES 15 (concluded) AND 16
CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS AND FACTORIALS

40

TABLE 15 (concluded).—Circular (Trigonometric) Functions

| COTANGENTS.

RADIANS.
DEGREES.

Log.

85°57’
86 31
87 05
87 40
$8 14

4926
“21559
oie
30514
-51136 |

8.54965
78361
-70505
.61050
.48843

9.99891
-99920
99944
-99904
-99979

14-101 1.1
16.428
19.670
24.498
32.401

00749
-99815
-9957 I
‘99917
99953

0.07074
.00076
-05077
04079
03079

0.07001
.06087
.05054
.04052
03051

75441
-70021
-O1086
-43804

0.02080
.O1080
.00080

—.00920

—.01921

48.078
92.621
1255.8
108.65
52.067

0.02079
.O1080
.00050

—.00920

—.01920

8.31796
8.03327
6.90109
7-960396n
§.28336n

1.68195
1.9667 I
3.09891
2.03603 |
1.71056

$.31805
8.03 329
6.90109
7-903970
8.28344n

9.99991 88°49"
9-99997
0.00000

9.99998

0.99975
0.99994
T.0O0000

0.99996

0.99982

9.99957

Logarithms of the products 1.2.3. .....
See Table 18'for Factorials 1 to 20.

9.99992
|

9.99981 | —0.02920

TABLE 16.—Logarithmiec Factorials

§.46535n

34-233 1.53444

go°=1.570 7963 radians.

-0.02921

.n, m from I to 100,

See Table 33 for log. Tl (w+1), values of m between I and 2.

OO ONO UW DdD EH

_

log (7!)

0.000000 |
0.301030

0.778151 ||| 2
1.380211 ||

2.079181

2.857332 |
3-702431
4.605521 |
5.559703

6.559763 |]

7.601156 |

8.680337 |
9-794280 |

10.940408
12.116500

13.320620
14-351009 |
15.506341 |
17.085095,
18.386125

Re KN He

UniwW 2 VO

-708344 |
P5OAe/ |
412494 ||

3.792700
.190646

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

log (7!)

26.605619
28.030983
29.4541 41

30-946539 ||

32.423060 |

33.91 5022
35-420172
30.938686

38.470165 |

40.01 4233

41.570535
43-1387 37

44.718520 ||

46.309585
47.911645 ||

51
§2
53
54
55

| 56

57

| 58

59
60

61
| 62
63
| 64
| 65

49.524429 | 66
es

stro
52-781147

54-424599 ||

56.077812

57-740579
59.412668
61.093909
62.784105
64.48307 5

| 68
69
7O

71
les

73
| 74
75

log (zz!)

66.190645
67.906645 |
69.630924

71.303318 |||

73: 103081

74.851869 ||
76.607744 |]
78.371172
80.142024 ||
81.920175 |

83.705505

85.497596 |
87.297237 ||
89.103417 ||
90.910330 |

92.735874 |
94.561949 |}
96.3944 58 |
98.233307

100.075405 |

101.929663 ||
103.786996
105.650319 ||
107-51955° |
109.394612

log (7!)

T11.275425
1 3.161916
I15.054011
116.951638
118.854728

120.763213
122.677027
124. S00tes
126.520384
128.449803

130. 384301
132.323821
134.268303
136.217693
138.171936

140-130977
142.094765
144.063248
146.036376
148.01 4099

149.996371
151.983142
153-974368
15 5.970004

| 1§7.970004

8.46556n

sinh u

TaBLe 17

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

tanh u

0.00000

-02000

.00004
.07006
.08009
,OgOl2

.11022
.12029
-13037
.14046

.15056
.16068
.17082
.18097
-IQIIS

.20134

21155

bhwRKH

fon O

2s Dun

tN to tv to rs}

©

0.41075
42158
.43246
-44337
45434

0.46534
.47640
.487 50
-49865
50984

0.52110

rae

.01000 8.00001
30106
03000 .47719
.0400I .60218

0.05002 8.69915

77941

34545 |

90355
95433

-IOO0I17 9.00072

.04227

.08022
-1I517
sR47/55 |

L772

-20597 |
-23254

.00000
.00005
.00020
00045
.00080

.OO125
.0o180
00245
.00320
00405

.00 500
.00606
.007 21
.00846
00982

.O1127
01283
01448
.O1624
.o18to

.02007
.02213
.02430
.02657
02894

.O3141
-03399
.0 3067
-03946
04235

104534
.04844
.05 164
05495
05836

06188
.06550
06923
-07 307
.07702

.08 107
.08523
08950
09388
.098 37

102970
.10768

0.00000
.00002
.00009
.00020
.00035

0.00054
.00075
.0O106
.0O1 39

.00176

0 00217
.00262
00312
00366
.00424

0.00487
00554
0062 5
.00700
00779

0.00863

.0095t
01043

O11 39

01239

0.01 343
01452
.O1 504
-O16S1
.O18or

0.01926

02054
.02187
02323
02463

0.02607

02755

.02907

.04822
05018

0.00000
-OLO00O
-O2000
-02999
:03998

| 0.04996

05993
.06989
07983
.08976

-09967
.10956
O43
12927
gcd

14889
15865
16838
.17808
18775

-19738
20097
21652
-22603
<2355°

-24492
=215430
.26362
27291
28213

29131
.30044
.30951
.31852
32748

33038
34521
-35399
-36271
37136

-37995
-38847
-39693
-40532
.41 364

0.42190
.4 3008
:43820
.44624
45422

0.46212

—o~
7:99999
8.30097

-47099

.60183
8.69861

77793

84439

-90216

95307
8.99556

9.03965
.07710

-TIISI

-14330

9.17285
20044
.22629
.25062
7307

-29529
31590
“33549
-35416

-37198

38902

40534

.42099
-43001
-45046

9.46436
47775

-490067
“50314

51518

61663

9.62521
63355
.64167
64957
65726

9.6647 5

100.003
50.007
33-343
25-013

20.017
16.687
14.309
12.527
II.141

10.0333
9.1275
8.3733
7-7 350
7-1895

6.7166
6.3032
5.9389
5.6154
5.3263

5.0065
4.8317
4.6186
4.4242
4.2464

4.0830
3:9324
3:7933
3-664 3
3-5444

3-4327
3285
.2309
-1395
0530

-9729
8968
8249
7579
.6928

6319

2.00001
1.69903
1.52301
1.39517

1.30139
-22237
-15501
09734
04693

1.00144
0.96035
.92290
88549
85670

0.82715
-79956
one
-74938
-72043

0.70471
.684 10
66451
-64554
-62802

0.61098
-59466
-57901
-56399
54954

0.53564
“52225
-50933
.49086
-48482

0.47318
46191
.45101
-44044
.43020

0.42027
41064
.40129
-39220
-38337

-37479
3664 5
35833
-35043
-34274

0.33525

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

nb BON

On

oN
t

NWN N tv

SNS Quuw fPWW HW

NNN NN

NininM
nw no

Al

42 TABLE 17 (continued)
HYBERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

Nat. Log. Nat. Log.

0.52110 9.71692 | I. 0.05217 | 0.46212 9.66475 | 2.1640 0.33525
53240) .72624) |). 05419 | .46995 .67205 | .1279 232755
54375-73540 | 13827. .05625 | .47770 67916 | .0934 = .3208 4
15 SOOM m7 AdA2 er .05834 | .48535 .68608 | .o602 -31392
A56G03)0 27,5330) ||) .06046 | .49299 ©6 69284 | .0284 -30716

0.57815 9.76204 | 1. 0.06262 | 0.50052 9.69942 | 1.9979 0.30058
ESO7S N77 OO. 06481 | .50798 .70584 | .9686 .290416
.60137. .77914 , .06703 SUSGON 70200 -9404 -28789
.61307. .78751 ; .00929 IC2207;m 7 O22 9133 .28178
162483) 9-79576)1||" - .O7157 .52990 .72419 | .8872 27581

0.63665 9.80390 | 1.18547 0.07389 | 0.53705 9.73001 | 1.8620 0.26999
64854 .81194 | . 07624 | .54413 ..73570 | .8378 .26430
66049 .81987 | . JO7 501i) SG MUo Me 74 LGM IN. OlA |S 25875
6725 027700) ee 08102 | .55805 .74667 | .7919 25333
68459 .83543 | - .08346 | .56490 .75197 | .7702 24803

0.69675 9.84308 | I. 0.08593 | 0.57167 9.75715 | 1.7493 0.24285
70897 .85063 | .22582 .08843] .57836 .76220| .7290 .23780
i2UZ0" | -O5SOOm|n -2g2 09095 | .58498 .76714 | -7095 .23286
472303). -oO54Sh)| 09351 | .59I152 .77197 | .6906 22803
74007)— ~87278)\\| .0g609 | .59798 .77669 | .6723 .22331

0.75858 9.88000 | 1. 0.09870 | 0.60437 9.78130 | 1.6546 .21870
iG? Vastly || -10134 | .61068 .78581 6375 21419
7830400, <89423) |), 2705 .TO401 61691 .79022 | .62I0 20978
79059 .90123 | .278 .10670 | .62307 .79453 | -.6050 20547
80941 .90817 | .28652 .10942 | .62915 .79875 | .5895 20125

0.82232 9.91504 | I. 0.11216 | 0.63515 9.80288 | 1.5744 0.19712
5O3530) | .O2TS5 1] ) 202 .11493 | .64108 .80691 5599 -19 309
84838 .92859 | . -11773 | .64693 .81086 | .5458 -I8Q14
COUGH KOR 527A « SIZO5 5) -OS 27 OldA7 2a ue5O2I 18528
.87478 .94190 ae .12340 | .65841 .81850 | .5188 -18150

0.88811 9.94846 | 1. 0.12627 | 0.66404 9.82219 | 1.5059 17781
90152 .95498 | .34638 .12917 | .66959 82581 4935 -17419
91503 .96144 | .35 3200 N| O75070) -O208 bul e4oLs -17065
92863), -90784)|" - 3.13503 | .68048 .83281 .4696 16719
194233) .97420)| 372 .13800 | .68581 .83620 | .4581 .16380

0.95612 9.98051 | 1.38353 0.14099 | 0.69107 9.83952 | 1.4470 16048
97000 .98677 | . .14400 | .69626 .84277 | .4362 15723
98398 .99299 | -40203. 14704 | .70137_ .84595 | .4258 —--15405
-99806 .ggg16 | . .15009 | .70642 .84906 | .4156 -1 5094
1.01224 0.00528 422 15317 Sr AUIEGYO) ——xelepaitnl 4057 -14789

1.02652 0.01137 | 1.43309 0.15627 | 0.71630 9.85509 | 1.3961 -14491
.04090_ .O1741 : .15939 | -72113 -85801 -3867 -14199
05539 .02341 .453¢ 16254 | .72590 .86088 | .3776 13912
.06998 .02937 | .46453 .16570 | .73059 -86368 | .3687 .13632
.08468 .03530] . .16888 | .73522 .86642 | .3601 13358

1.09948 0.04119 | I. 0.17208 | 0.73978 9.86910 | 1.3517 .1 3090
.I1440 ..04704 | . LAGoU -74428 .87173 -3436 .12827
-12943 .05286 | .: 17855 | -74870 .87431 3356 .12569
14457 .05864 | .5 18181 75307. ~—«87683, | -3279 12317
a SQO3° 00480)" « .18509 | .75736 .87930 | .3204 .12070

1.17520 0.07011 | 1.54308 0.18839 | 0.76159 9.88172 | 1.3130 0.11828

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 17 (continued) 43
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

Nat. Log.

0.07011 54308 0.18 0.76159 9.88172 | I. 0.11828
07580 | -.55491_ .76576 .88409 | . -I15Q1
08146 | .56689 .76987 88642 | .298 11358
.08708 | .57904 . .77391 88869 | .2 AI131
09268 | .59134 77789 .89092 | . .10908

.09825 | 1.60379 0. 0.78181 9.89310 : 0.10690
.10379 61641. .78566 = .89524 ve .10476
.10930 | .62919 . .78946 .89733 | - .10267
-11479 | .64214 2154 79320 — .89933 .2 .10062
pr2025"|) 055255 «2 79088 .90139 | -25¢ 09861

12509 | 1.66352 0.222: 0.80050 9.90336 | I- 0.09664
Tien 68196 .2258 80406 .90529 | .24:; 09471
.13649 | .69557. 80757 .90718 | .238 09282
14186 | .70934 .232 81102 .90903 | .23 .09097
SUG O) || GBPS) 8144t .gi085 | . 08915

15253 | 1.73741 0.23990 | 0.81775 9.91262 | I. 0.087 38
15783 WSP7L, -24340).|| 82104. 90436 ||. .03 564
16311 .76618 .24703 | .82427 .91607 ‘ .08393
.16836 | .78083 .25062 | .82745 .91774| .2 .08226
17300 | .79565 25422 | .83058 .91938 | .2 .08062

0.17882 | 1.81066 0.25784 | 0.83365 9.92099 | I. 0.07901
.18402 82584 .26146 83668 .92256 . 07744
.18920 | .84121 .26510 | .83965 .92410| . .07 590
19437 | .85676 .26876 | .84258 .92561 i .07439
19951 87250. .27242 84546 .92709 : .07291

4
2
2
2
oz

bhWNFO

.20464 | 1.88842 0.27610 | 0.84828 9.92854 | I. 0.07146
20975 | .90454 .27979 | .85106 .92996]| . .07004
21485 | .92084 .28349 | .85380 .93135 | -1712 06865
21993 | .93734 =—-.28721 85048 .93272 | . .067 28
22499 | 95403-29093 | 85913-93400) - 06594

0.23004 | 1.97091 0.29467 | 0.86172 9.93537 | I- 0.06463
23507 98800 .29842 | .86428 .93665] . .06335
.24009 | 2.00528 .30217 | .86678 .93791 : .06209
24509 | .02276 .30594 | .86925 .93914| . .06086
25008 | .04044 .30972 | .87167 94035] . .05965

.25505 | 2.05833 0.31352 | 0.87405 9.94154 | I. 0.05846
.20002 | .07643 31732 | -87639 .94270) . .057 30
09473-32113, | .87869 }§=.94384 | 05616
11324-32495 | 88095 94495 | - 105505
13196 §©.32878 | 88317. | .94604 | . .05396

.1§090 0.33262 | 0.88535° 9.94712 | I. 0.05288
17005 .33647 | .88749 .94817 U2 05183
18942 .34033 | .88960 .94919 | . 05081
.20900 = .34420 | .89167 = .g 5020 2 .04980
.22881 .34807 | .89370 .951I9] . 04881

24884 0.35196 | 0.89569 9.95216 | I. 0.04784
26910 = .35585 | .89765 = -95311 : .04689
.28958 .35976 | .89958 = 95404 | - .04596
.31029 = 36367 | .90147. 95495 | - 104505
.33123 --36759 | -90332 6.95584 | .- .04416

2.35241 0.37151 | 0.90515 9.95672 | 1. 0.04328

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

4

TABLE 17 (continued)

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

sinh u

tanh u

Nat.

Log.

.12928
15291
.17676
.20082
.22510

.24961
-27434
-29930
32449
34991

°37557
40146
-42760
45397
-48059

50746
-53459
56196
-58959
.61748

2.64563
67405
70273
73168
.76091

2.79041
.82020
.85026
88061
.OII25

2.94217
-97 340
3.00492
03074
06886

3.10129
13403
.16709
.20046
»23415

3.26816
.30250
-33718
37218
.407 52

3-44321
47923
51561
S52 34
58942

3.62686

0.32823
*333093
+3378!
34258
*34735

0.35211
35686
30160
-36633
-37105

0.37577
38048
38518
-38987
39456

0.39923
-40391
-40857
4
4178

0.42253
42717
43180
-43643
44105

0.44567
45028
-45488
-45948
.46408

0.46867
“47325
-47783
48241
48698

0.49154
-49610
50066
50521
50976

0.51430
51834
52338
52791
-53244

0.53696
54148
54600
55051
55502

0.55953

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

2.35241
-37382
39547
41736
-43949

2.46186
.48448
-50735
53047
-55384

2.57746
60135
-62549
.64990
-67457

2.69951
.72472
-75021
-77596
.80200

2.82832
85491
-88180
-90897
-93643

2.96419
-9922

3.02059
04925
.07821

3-10747
-13795
.16694
-19715
.22768

3.25853
.28970
32121
"35305
38522

3-41773
.45058
.48378
-51733
“50225

3-58548
-62009
-65507
.69041
72011

3.76220

0.37151
+37545
-37939
-38334
-38730

0.39126
-39524
“39921
.40320
.40719

0.41119
.41520
41921
42323
42725

0.43129
-43532
43937
44341
44747

0.45153
-45559
-45906
-46374
.46782

0.47191
.47600
.48009
-48419
48830

0.49241
49052
50064
50476
50889

0.51302
-51716
52130
52544
752959

0.53374
-53789
54205
54621
55038

D5 5405
55872
-56290

-56707

57126

0.57544

Log.

| 0.90515

-90694
.90870
-Q1042
.QI212

091379
91542
-91703
-91860
92015

0.92167
92316
92462
.92606
92747

0.92886
93022
93155
.93286
93415

0.93541
93065
-93786
-93906
94023

0.94138
-94250
-94361
-94470
94576

0.94681
94783
94884
-94983
95080

0.95175
.95268
95359
95449
95537

0.95624
95709
-95792
95873
95953

0.96032
.J6109
96185
96259
96331

0.96403

9.96457
96528
.96597
.96064
.967 30

9-96795
.96858
.96921
.90982
.97042

9.97 100
97158

197214
-97269

O72)

9.97376
-97428
97479
-97 529
-97 578

9.97626
97673
-97719
97764
.97809

9.97852
-97895
97936
97977
.g8017

9.98057
-98095
.98133
.98170
.982c6

9.98242
.98276
98311
-98344
98377

9.98409

0.04328
04242
04158
.04076
03995

0.03916
03838
.03762
.03087
.03614

0.03543
03472
-03403
-03336
+03270

0.03205
03142
OB 07/9)
-03018
.02958

0.02900
.02842
.02786

.02731
.02677

0.02624
.02572
02521
.02471
.02422

0.02374
.02327
.02281
02236
.O2191

0.02148
02105
.02064
02023
.01983

0.01943
.O1905
.01867
.01830

01794

0.01758
.O1724
.01 689
01656
01623

0.01591

TABLE 17 (continued)

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

Nat.

3.62686
.66466
goes
7413
-78029

3.81958
.85926
-89932
‘93977
.g8061

4.02186
.06350
T0555
.1480I
.19089

4.23419
-27791
32205
.36663
41165

4.45711
-50301
54936
-59617
64344

4.69117
-73937
-78804

8372
"88084

4.93696
.987 58
5.03870
.09032
14245

tN

RwAHRKH

-20
Bork
23
24
5
6
7
8
9

ty

42 Ca Ga Co
nO

5.19510
.24827
30196
.35618
.41093

5-46623
-52207
-57847
-63542
-69294

5:7 5103
.80969
86893
.92876
98918

6.05020

Log.

0.55953
-50403
56853
57393
-57753

0.58202
58650
59099
59547
-59995

0.60443
.60890
-61337
.61784
.62231

0.62677
63123
-63569
64015

.64460

0.64905
.65350
65795
.66240
.66684

0.67128
67572
68016
68459
.68903

0.69346
.69789
.70232
.7067 5
7 ny

O72 559
.72002
72444
72885
“1.3327,

0.73769
-74210
74652
+7 5093
75534

0.75975
-7O415
-768 56
.77296
-77737

0.78177

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

Nat.

Log.

Nat.

3.76220
-79865
83549
87271
.91032

3-94832
.9867 1
4.02550
.06470
10430

4.14431
-18474
22558
.2668 5
-30855

4.35067

583732
89512
95352

6.01250
.07 209

6.13229

0.57544

0.65972
.66396
.66820
67244
.67668

0.68093

68518
68943
69368
.69794

0.70219
-70645
-71071
-71497
-71923

0.72349
-72776
-73203
.73630
.74056

0.74484
‘74911
-75338
-75766
-76194

0.76621
+7749
‘77477
-77906

-78334

0.78762

0.96403
-96473
-960541
.96609
.9667 5

0.967 40
96803
96865
.96926
.96986

0.97045
-97 103
-97159
97215
97269

0.97 323
-97 375
97426
97477
97526

0.97 574
-97622
97668
97714
97759

0.97803
.97846
.97888
97929
97970

0.98010
.98049
-98087
.Gg8124
98 161

0.98197
98233
98267
.98301
98335

0.98367
.98400
.98431
.98462
.98492

0.98522
98551
-98579
.98607
98635

0.98661

9.98409
-98440
.98471
.98502
98531

9.98560
.98 589
.98617
-98644
.9867 1

9.98697
98723
98748
95773
-98798

9.98821
98845
.98868
.98890
.98g12

9.98934
-98955
.9897 §
-98996
-Q9016

999035
99054
9907 3
99091
99 109

9.99127
99144
-QQIOI
-99178
99194

999210
.99226
99241
99256
99271

9.99285
-99299
-99313
-99327
-99340

9.99353
99 366
99379
99391
99403

9-99415

——_—_—_—__1

0.01591
.01 560
01529
.01498
-01469

0.01440
.O14II
01383
.01356
-O1 329

0.01303
01277
.O1252
.01227
.O1202

0.01179
O11 55
O11 32
.OIIIO
.O1088

0.01066
01045
01025
-O1004
00984

0.00965
.00946
.00927
.00909
.0089I

0.0087 3
.008 56
008 39
.00822
.00806

0.00790
.00774
.007 59
.00744
.007 29

0.00715
.00701
.00687
.0067 3
.00660

0.00647
.00634
.00621
.00609

aso)
0.00585

45

Nat.

TABLE 17 (continued)
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

Nat.

Log.

6.05020
11183
-17407
.23092
-30040

6.36451
-42926
-49404
.56068

.62738

6.6947 3
-76276
83146
-Q008 5
97092

7.04169
11317
-18536
.25827
sao to

7.40626
48137
55722
63383
71121

7-78935
86828
94799

8.02849
-10980

9.05956
15116
24368
33712
“43149

9.52681
.62308

.72031
81851

-Q1770

| 3.00 |10.01787

0.78177
-78617
-79057
79497
-79937

0.80377
80816

81256
81695
82134

0.82573
83C12
83451
83890
84329

0.84768
85206
85645
8608 3
86522

0.86960
87398
87836
.88274
88712

0.89150
89588
.g0026
90463
-QOgol

0.91339
91776
92213
92651
93088

0.93525
93963
-94400
-94837
95274

0.95711
.g6148
.96584
.97021
97458

0.97895
98331
.98768
99205
99641

6.13229
19310
225459
31658
37927,

6.44259
50650
57118
63646
.70240

6.76901
83629
90426
97292

7.04228

7-11234
18312
25461
32683
-39978

7-47 347
54791
62310
‘69905
7757

7.85328
SOB TD 7]
8.01065
:09053
.17122

8.25273
-33506
41823
50224
58710

8.67281
75940
.84686
93520

9.02444

9.11458
20504
.29761
39051
.48436

9.57915
-67490
77161
.86930

.96798

1.00078 |10.06766

0.78762

‘79191
79619
.80048
80477

0.80906

81335
81764

82194

82623

0.83052
83482
83912
84341
84771

0.85201
85631
86061
86492
.86922

0.87352
Be? 3
88213
88644
-89074

0.89505
89936
.90367
90798
.91229

0.91660
-92091
.92522
92953
93385

0.93816
-94247
94679
-Q5110
95542

0.95974
-96405
.96837
.97 269
-97701

0.98133
98505
-98997
99429
.99861

1.00293

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

Nat.

0.98661
.98688
.987 14
98739
98764

0.98788
98812
-98835
.98855
98831

0.98903
98924
.98946
.98966
98987

0.99007
-99026
99045
:99064
-99083

0.99101
.gg118
.99136
99153
99170

0.99186
99202
.99218
99233
99245

0.99263
99278
99292
99306
99320

0.99333
.99346
-99359
-99372
-99384

0.99396
99408
+99420
-99531
99443

0.99454
99464
-99475
99485
99496

0.99505

Log.

9.9941 5
99426
99438
99449
-99460

9.99470
99481
-99491
‘99501
‘99511

9.99521
-99530
-99540
99549
99558

9.99566 |:

-99575
99583
99592
-99600

9.99608
-99615
99623
99631
.99638

9.99645
99652
-99659
-99666
99672

9.99679
-9968 5
-99691
.99698
-99704

9-99709
-99715
99721
99726
-997 32

9-997 37
99742
99747
-997 52
-99757

9.99762
.99767
99771
-99776
-99780

9.99785

0.00585
CO574
00562
.00551
00540

0.00530
00519
.00509
00499
00489

0.00479
.00470
.00460
00451
00442

0.00434
00425
.00417
.00408
.00400

0.00392
.00385
00377
.00369
00362

0.00355
00345
00341
.00334
.00328

0.00321
00315
00309
.00302
00296

0.00291
.0028 5
.00279
.00274
.00268

0.00263
00258
00253
00248
00243

0.00238
.00233
.00229
.00224
.00220

0.00215

TABLES 17 (concluded) AND 18 47
TABLE 17 (concluded) HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

sinh u

u

| Nat. Log. Nat. Log.

10.0179 1.00078 | 10.0677 1.00293 | 0.99505 9.99785 0.00215
11.0765 .04440 | II.1215 .04616 | .99595 .99824]| . .00176
12.2459 .08799 | 12.2866 .08943 | .99668 .99856| . .0O144
TZ S870 esis ouilss 7408 bse73l) O07 2505 -O0co2 alu: .0O118

14.9054 — -17509 | 14.9987 17605 | .99777 -99903 | - .00097

Ww

Ww
OoON OH ABSHHO

16.5426 1.21860 | 16.5728 1.21940 | 0.99818 9.99921 : 0.00079
15,285 Guee 202K |etS.g125) 26275 |) .og8Sr -99935u\. 00065
20.2113 .30559:| 20.2360 .30612 | .99878 .99947 | . -00053
22.3394 -34907 | 22.3618 —.34951 | .99900 99957 |. -00043
24.691f .39254 | 24.7113 .392900| .99918 .99064] . .00036

27.2899 1.43600 | 27.3082 1.43629 | 0.99933 9.99971 : 0.00029
30-1619 — .47946 | 30.1784 .47970 | -99945 -99976) . 00024
33-3357 -52291 | 33-3507 -52310 | .99955 99980 |. 00020
36.8431 .56636 | 36.8567 .56652 | .99963 .99984 | . .00016
40.7193 60980 | 40.7316 = .60993 | -99970 =—.99987 | - £00013

-

ae
OONOH BOKHHO

45.0030 1.65324 | 45.0141 1.65335 | 0.99975 9.99989 | I. 0.00011
49-7371 .69068 | 49.7472 .69677 | .99980 .gggQI : .00009
54.9690 .74012 | $4.9781 .74019 | .99983 .999903 |. .00007
60.7511 .78355 | 60.7593 ~=.78361 -99986 .99994 | . .00006
67.1412 .82699 | 67.1486 .82704 | .99989 .99995| . .0000 5

i 74.2032 1.87042 | 74.2099 1.87046 | 0.99991 9.99996 0.00004

TABLE 18.—Factorials

See Table 16 for logarithms of the products 1.2.3....m from I to Ioo.
See Table 33 for log. I (n+1) for values of n between 1.000 and 2.000.

°

=

|

I.

O.
36666 66666 66666 66666 66667
.04166 66666 66666 66666 66667

00833 33333 33333 33333 33333

0.00138 88888 88888 88588 88889
00019 84126 98412 69841 26984
00002 48015 87301 58730 15873
00000 27557 31922 39858 90653
.00000 02755 73192 23985 89065 36 28800

OO ONO NPWDHN &

0.00000 00250 ae 38544 17188 399 16800

.00000 00020 87675 69878 68099 4790 01600
00000 00001 60590 43836 82161 62270 20800
.00000 00000 11470 74559 77297 8 71782 91200
.00000 00000 00764 71637 31820 76743 68000

0.00000 00000 00047 79477 33239 27898 88000
.00000 00000 00002 81145 72543 74280 96000
00000 00000 00000 15619 20697 37057 28000
.00000 00000 00000 00822 06352 04088 32000
.00000 00000 00000 00041 10318 81766 40000

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

48

logio(e7)

0.00000
00434
.00869
.01303
01737

0.02171
.02606
03040
-03474
-03909

0.04343
-04777
05212
.05046
.06080

0.06514
.06949
07 383
.07817
08252

.09120
-09554
-09989
10423

bbHRwKHbL

hONHO

10557
.11292
.11726
.12160
12595

.13029
-13463
.13897
“14352
.14766

bb bb
Oo ON Qu

15200
15635
.16069
16503
- 16937

-17372
.17806
.18240
18675
-IQI0Q

“19543
.19975
.20412
.20846
.21280

0.21715

0.08686 ©

TABLE 19

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

log o(e2)

1.000000
0.990050
.980199
-970446
.960789

0.951229
.941765
932394
923116
913931

0.904837
895834
886920
878095
869358

0.860708
852144
843665
835270
826959

0.818731
810584
802519
794534
786628

0.778801
771052
-763379
755784
-748264

0.740818
733447
.726149
-718924
.711770

0.704688
.697676
-6907 34
-683861
-677057

0.670320
.663650
-657047
-650509
.644036

0.637628
.631284
625002
-618783
.612626

0.606531

0.21715
22149
22583
23018
“23452

0.23886
-24320
24755
25189
-25623

.26058
-26492
-26926
.27361
271,95

0.28229
28663
-29098
20502
-29906

0.30401
-30835
31269
“317/03
32138

0.32572
.33006
“33441
-33875
-34309

-34744
35178
35612
-36046
30481

36915
-37349
-37784
.38218
.38652

0.39087
-39521
“39955
-40389
.40824

0.41258
41692
.42127
.42561

-42995
0.43429

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

0.606531
.600496
594521
Sas
58274

0.576950
-571209
56552
356808
-554327

0.548812
5403 5E
537944
SoS
527292

0.522046
516851
511709
500617
-501576

0.496585
-491644
4867 52
-481909
477114

0.472367
.467666
.463013
-458406
453845

0.449329
444858
-440432
-436049
431711

0.427415
423162
-418952
41473
410056

0.406570
402524
-398519
394554
390628

0.386741
382893
-379083
2375311
-371577

0.367879

TABLE 19 (continued) 49
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

logo (e7) login (e7)

0.43429 % 0.367879 || é 0.65144
43864 : 364219 ; 65578
44298 ; 360595 ; 60013
-447 32 . -357007 | . -66447
45167 : 353455 | ; 66881

0.45601 ‘ 0.349938 : 0.67316
46035 88 346456 | ; 67750
.46470 : 343009 | : 68184
.40904 : -339596 : .68619
47338 : 336216 | : -69053

0.47772 E 0.332871 | : 0.69487
.48207 : 329559 | ; 69921
-48641 2 .326280 : -70356
49075 : -323033 : 79799
-49510 4 319819 2 -71224

0.49944 f 0.316637 ; 0.71659 .I92050
50378 18 .313486 | : -72093 : -190139
-50812 «222 310367 | d 72527 ‘ .188247
51247 : .307279 2 .72961 : .186374
51681 : .304221 : -73396 ; 184520

0.52115 . 0.301194 | : 0.73830 182684
52550 . .298197 | ; -74264 52 .180866
52984 38 295230 | : -74099 ; -179066
53418 292293 : 75133 : 177284
53853 289384 | - 75507 175520

0.54287 .286505 | : 0.76002 173774
54721 ‘ 283654 3 -70436 172045
55155 : 280832 : -76870 170333
55590 5 278037 : 77304 .168638
56024 .275271 . 77739 .166960

0.56458 0.272532 . 0.78173 .165299
56893 .269820 : -78607 163654
57327 -267135 , -79042 . .162026
57761 .264477 -79476 160414
58195 -261846 : -79910 . 158817

0.58630 0.259240 : 0.80344 157237
59064 250661 : 80779 155673
59498 -254107_ | ; 81213 : 154124
-59933 -251579 . 81647 +152590
.60367 -24907 5 : 82082 151072

0.60801 246597 : 0.82516 0.149569
61236 .0960 244143 .C .829 50 -148080
.61670 241714 : 83385 .146607
.62104 : : 83819 .145148
62538 .23692 : 84253 : -143704

0.62973 ne : 0.84687 0.142274
.63407 5 6 .96 85122 5 .140858
63841 : : 85556 : -139457
.64276 : : 85990 : -138069
64710 : : 86425 : -136695

0.65144 ; 0.86859 0.135335

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

50 TABLE 19 (continued)
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

os logio (e”) ex ex x login (e%) ex e-x
2.00 0.86859 7.3891 0.135335 2.50 1.08574 12.182 0.08208 5
.O1 87293 .4633 .133989 SE .09008 305 .08 1268
.02 87727 5393 132655 52 09442 -429 .080460
03 88162 6141 -131336 53 .09877 554 -079659
.04 88596 .6906 130029 54 10311 .680 078866
| e205 0.89030 7.7079 0.128735 2.55 1.10745 12.807 0.078082
.06 89405 .5460 .127454 50 -II179 -936 077 305
.07 89599 9248 126186 | 57 -11614 13.006 076536
| 08 90333 8.0045 124930 | 58 12048 197 075774
.09 .JO7 08 .0849 .123687 | 59 12482 -330 .07 5020
| 2ire 0.91 202 §.1662 0.122456 2.60 1.12917 13.464 0.07 4274
| II .91636 .2482 121238 61 -13351 -599 -07 3535
sue .92070 3311 .120032 || 62 13785 730 .07 2803
a3 92505 4149 .118837 63 -14219 874 .07 2078
14 92939 -4994 -117655 64 14654 14.013 .07 1361
2uns 0.93373 8.5849 0.116484 2.65 1.15088 14.154 0.070651
.16 93808 6711 «115325 .66 15522 296 .069948
a7 .94242 7583 .114178 .67 -15957 -440 .0692 52
18 .94676 8463 113042 .68 .16391 585 .068 563
.19 95110 9352 .IIIQI7 .69 -16825 Be .067881
2.20 0.95545 9.0250 0.110803 2.70 1.17260 14.880 0.067 206
.21 95979 1157 -10970I 71 .17694 15.029 .066537
a22 .96413 .2073 -108609 oe 18128 .180 .00587 5
223 90848 -2999 .107 528 a713) .18562 333 065219
24 97282 3933 -106459 74 .18997 .487 -064570
zs 0.97716 9.4877 0.105399 2715 1.19431 15.643 0.063928
| .26 Q8I5! 5831 104350 76 19865 800 063292
> 4227 98585 -6794 -103312 77 -20300 959 .062662
28 -Q9019 .7767 .102284 78 .20734 16.119 062039
.29 99453 8749 101266 79 21168 281 .061 421
2.30 0.99888 9.97 42 0.100259 2.80 1.21602 16.445 0.060810
31 1.00322 10.074 .099261 SI .22037 610 060205
32 .007 56 176 .098274 82 .22471 aT, .0 59606
33 .OTIQI 278 .097 296 83 .22905 945 059013
34 01625 1381 096328 84 .23340 17.116 058426
ails 1.02059 10.486 0.095369 2.85 1.23774 17.288 0.057844
-36 .02493 Sgt 094420 || 56 -24208 -462 .057 269
.37 02928 .697 .093481 87 24643 637 .056699
38 .03362 805 092551 88 .25077 814 056135
39 .03796 913 091630 89 25511 993 055570
2.40 1.04231 11.02 0.090718 2.90 1.25945 18.174 0.055023
41 04605 .134 08981 5 gl .26380 -357 054476
.42 .05099 .246 0838922 .Q2 .26814 541 053934
43 105534 -359 -088037 93 27248 .728 -053397
44 05908 473 .087161_— |] .94 .27683 .g16 052866
2.45 1.06402 11.588 0.086294 || 2.95 1.28117 19.106 0.052340
.40 .068 36 705 085435 .96 28551 .298 051819
47 07271 822 084585 .97 28985 492 051303
48 07705 O41 .083743 98 .29420 .688 050793
.49 .08139 =—«: 12.061 .08 2910 99 29854 886 050287
|
| Zaks 1.08574 12.182 0.082085 || 3.00 1.30288 20.086 0.049787

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

logyo(e)

TABLE 19 (continued)

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

logyo(ex)

1.30288
39723
31157
31591
-32026

32460
-32894
33328
33763
34197

34631
35006
35500

-35934
-36368

36803
°37237
37671
.38 106
38540

-38974
-39409
-39343
-40277
-40711

.41146
.41580
42014
42449
.42883

43317
“43751
-44186
.44620
45054

-45489
45923
-46357
.46792
.47226

.47660
-48094
.48529
48963
49397
.49832
.50266
50700
-S1134
“51509

1.52003

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

33-115

0.049787
.049292
.048801
.048316
047835

0.047359
.046888

.046421
045959
045502

0.045049
.044601
04.4157
.043718
043283

0.0428 52
042426
042004
.041 586
041172

0.040762
0403 57
039955
039557
039164

0.038774
038388
.038006
.037628
-037254

0.036883
036516
0361 53
035793
035437

0.035084
034735
034390
034047
-033799

0.035373
.033041
032712
032387
032065

0.031746
.031430
-O31117
.030807
.030501

0.030197

1.52003
52437
52872
-53306
°53740

54175
-54609
-55043
-55477
«55912

. 56346
56780
57215
57049
58083

58517
-58952
-59356
-59820
.60255

.60689
61123
61558
61992
.62426

.62860
163295
.63729
64163
-64598

65032
.65466
.65900

66335
.66769

67203
-67638
.6807 2
-68 506
68941

69375
-69809
.70243
.70678
-71112

71546
-71QS1
72415
-72849
73283

1.73718

0.030197
.029897
029599
029305
029013

0.028725
028439
.028156
.027876
-027 598

0.027324
.027052
026783
026516
026252

0.025991
025733
025476
02522
024972

0.024724
.024478
024234
0235993
0237 54

0.023518
.023284
023052
.022823
022596

0.022371
022148
.021928
.021710
.021494

0.021280
.021068
020858
020651
020445

0.020242
.02004I
.O19841
.019644
.019448

0.019255
.019003
.018873
018686
018500

0.018316

52 TABLE 19 (continued)
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

logy o(e) logyo(e*)

1.73718 0.018316 1.95433 0.011109
-74152 .018133 : 95867 9 -010998
-74586 017953 ; .96301 .010889
.7 5021 -017774 : 96735 .010781
75455 .017 597 . -97170 -010673

75889 0.017422 1.97604 0.010567
70324 017249 98038 010462
.767 58 .017077 ; 98473 010358
-77192 .016907 ; -98907 010255
77626 016739 : 99341 -O10153

.78061 0.016573 : 1.99775 0.010052
78495 .016408 : 2.00210 0099 52
.78929 .016245 3 00044 009853
79364 .016083 ‘ .01078 0097 5
79798 : 01 5923 : 01513 .00965

80232 : 0.01 5764 2.01947 0.009562
.50667 ‘ .01 5608 02381 .009466
STIOI at 015452 4 .02816 .009372
81535 é .01 5299 : .03250 .009279
81969 i 015146 ; 03684 .009187

82404 : 0.014996 3 2.04118 0.009095
82838 : .014846 ; 04553 009005
83272 3. .01 4699 : .04987 -00891 5
.83707 : 014552 : 05421 .0088 26
4141 : .014408 : 05856 .0087 39

NNN hd

84575 : 0.014264 2.06290 0.008652
85009 : .O14122 .067 24 .008 566
85444 : .013982 é .07158 .008 480
85878 2.2 013843 ‘ 07593 .008 396
.86312 : .013705__ | i .08027 .008 312

oO
I
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

bb RRL

86747 : 0.01 3569 : 2.08461 0.008230
87181 .01 3434 : .08896 .008148
87615 18 013300 || : 09330 .008067
.88050 4 .O1 3168 : .09764 .007987
88484 : 013037 2 | .10T99 .007907

88918 : 0.012907 || i 2.10633 0.007828
89352 2 .012778 4 -11067 .0077 50
.89757 : 012651 . II SOI .007673
90221 838 .012525 . -11936 .007 597
90055 6 .O1 2401 : .12370 .007 521

-Q1090 : 0.012277 2.12804 0.007447
-Q1524 : 012155 ‘ 13239 007 372
91958 : 012034 : .13673 007299
.92392 : .OLIQT4 : .14107 .007 227
.92827 : .O11796 : -14541 -007155

.93261 .62 0.011679 2.14976 0.007083
93095 ; -O11 562 -15410 .007013
94130 : -O11447 |Il ; 15844 .006943
94504 : .011333 : 16279 00687 4
.94998 a2 011221 16713 .006806

1.95433 : 0.011109 : Ul) 2507047 0.0067 38

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 19 (concluded) 53
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

logio(e~) E logio(e~)

2.17147 0.0067 38
-21490 .006097
25833 .005517
30176 .004992
34519 .004517

2.17147 ; 0.0067 38
17582 : .00667 I
.18016 3 .00660 5
18450 3 .006539
18884 ‘ .000474

wm

2.38862 0.004037
43205 .003698
-47548 .003346
51891 003028
56234 .002739

mn

2.19319 } 0.006409
19753 . 006346
go ; oes
.20622 ; .006220
21056 2. 006158

-wWNeHO WO ON Qu ahwWNHO

2.60577 0.002479
.64920 .002243
69263 -002029
-7 3606 .001836
77948 .001662

2.21490 : aoe!
21924 ; .00603
22359 : 005976

22793 .02 005917
23227 : 005858

[ony

2.82291 0.001 503
86634 .0O1 360
.90977 2 001231
95320 OOL1I4
99663 001008

2.23062 : 0.005799
-24096 : .005742
-24530 : 005685
24905 : 005628
-25399 ; 005572

2.25833 : 0.005517
.26267 : 005462
.26702 : 005407
.27136 E -005354
.27570 : .005 300

3.04006 0.00091 2
.08349 .0008 2 5
.0007 47
.000676
-OOOOII

“I

NI

2.28005 3 0.005248
28439 2. 005195
.28873 : 005144
.29307 005092
.290742 .005042

3.25721 0.000553
.30064 .000 500
“344097 0004 53
38750 .000410
43093 .00037 I

oo

Zou : 0.004992
30610 : 004942
31045 204. 004893
31479 ; .004844
31913 : 004796

3-47436 0.000335
-51779 000304
56121 .00027 5
.60464 .000249
.64807 .000225

eo

2.32348 : 0.004748
32782 212.72 -004701
-33216 ; .004654
-33650 : .004608
34085 : 004 562

3.691 50 0.000203
73493 .000184
77836 .000167
82179 .OOOI 51
86522 0001 36

3-90865 0.0001 23
95208 .OOOT 12
99551 .OOOIOI

4.03894 : .00009I
08237 . .000083

2.34519
34953
35388
35822
36256

0.004517
.004472
004427
004383
004339

0.004296
004254
004211
004169
004128

0

4.12580 ; 0.00007
16923 : .00006
.21266 : .000061

.25609 : .000055
.29952 . .0000 50

2.36690
3/125
-37559
*3799
.3842

ROR HY RHODE
0

AnADWIHDA Pum COW

0 ODONODn ABWKHEO OONTH F£0H0NHO OBNOAH £WHHO ODN OM

2.38862 : 0.004087

_
9°

4.34294 0.00004 5

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

54

TABLE 20
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

Values of ex” and e—~’ and their logarithms

2
log e”

- ° °
COON DD UpwndEe

=

=
COON OD Utwne

2° 5534
3.6966

5.4598

8.2269
1.2647 X
1.9834
3:1735
5.1801

8.6264
1.4656 X
2.5402
4.4918
8.1031

nN

Ne

NO
COON OD UPHOrndH

|

1.4913
2.8001
5.3637
1.0482
2.0898

4.2507
8.8205
1.8673
4.0329
8.8861

@
OOON DD HWewn eH

Pop

1.9975 X
4.5809
1.0718 X
2.5582
6.2296

1.5476 X
3:9225
1.0142 X
2.6755
7.2005

SMITHSONIAN TABLES,

1.2936 X 10
1.7993

0.00434
01737
93929
06949
19857

0.15635
21280
27795
35178
43429

0.52550
62538
73396
85122
97716

-IL179
25511
40711
56780
73718

.Q1524
.IOIQ9
29742
50154
71434

2.93583
3.10601
40487
65242
90865

4.17357
44718
72947

5.02044
32011

5.62846
94549
6.27121
60562
94571

7-30049
66095
8.03010
40794
79446

9.18967
59357
10.00614
42741
85736

0.99005
96079
91393
85214
77880

0.69768
61263
52729
44486
36788

0.29820

0.77305 X
55576
39164
27052
18316

0.12155
79071 X
50418
31511
9309

0.11592
68233 X
39307
22263
12341

0.67055 X
35713
18644
95402 X
47851

0.23526
11337
53553 X
24796
11254

0.50062 X 1077

21830)
93303 X 10-8

39089“
T6052)

0.64614 X 107°
2 494 “cc
98595 X 10—!

s7870° ©
13888

2
log e*

1.99566
98263
96091
O8O51
89143

1.84365
78720
72205
64822
56571

1.47450
37462
26604
14878
02284

2.88821
74489
59289
43220
26282

2.08476
3-89801
70258
49846
28566

3.06417
4.83399
59513
34758
09135

582643
55282
27053

6.97956
67959

6.37154
_ 05451
7-72879
39438
05129

8.69951
_ 33995
9.96990
59206
20554

10.81033
_ 40643
11.99386
57259
14264

TABLES 21 AND 22
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

7

Tr
TABLE 21,—Values of €@4*and@ * and their logarithms

8

Tr
log @4”

21935 0.34109 0.45594
4.8105 .68219 .20788
1.0551 X 10 1.02328 .94780 X
2.3141 ss 36438 43214
5.0754“ -79547 19703

T0032 x0 10% 2.04656 0.89833
2.damgny |< .38766 -409538
53549“ -72875 -18674
1.1745 X 103 3.0698 5 85144 X
235,000 ies -41094 .38820

1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
°

56498 “ 3-75203 0.17700
1.2392 X 104 4.09313 80700 X
2.7178“ 43422 -36794
Re sicy 9 77532 .16776
1.3074 X 10° 5-11641 .76487 X

2.8675“ 5-45751 0.34873 * 6.54249
6.2893‘ -79860 ssi{ayo). | _+20140
1.3794 X 108 6.1 3969 -72495 X 7.86031
30254“ -48079 -33053 “51921
6.6356 “ 82188 .15070 17812

Vr

and @ *~ and their logarithms

=z

Vi
TABLE 22,—Values of & +

0.64203
41221
26465
16992
-10909

0.070041
.044968
.028871
018536
.OIIQOI

0.0076408
0049057
0031496
.0020222
.0012983

CODON G UbhWwWdNH

3.07907 0.00083355
HF EST .00053517
.46395 .00034360
.65639 00022060
848353 .0001 4163

SMITHSONIAN TABLES. -

56 TABLES 23 AND 24

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS AND LEAST SQUARES
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
TABLE 23,—Values of e* and e-* and their logarithms.

log e | alos:

1.0157 | 0.00679 | 0. | 1.3956 | 0.14476
.0317 FOS 7a mae | .6487 | +21715
.0045 .02714 . 21170 | .32572
HOGS |) Tdoigvis) || 34. I 7183 | .43429
all 5) |) 0402 50m 34 I 3.4903 | 54287

.1331 | 0.05429 | 0.882 | 3/2 | 4.4817 | 0.65144
a1533 00 |. COZO4 SII: } 4| 5-:7546 | .76002
eTOud ||) O72 80m laue | 7.3891 | .86859
.2214 | .08686 .8 | 9) 9.4877 | .97716
.2840 | .10857 | .77880 | 12.1825 | 1.08574

LEAST SQUARES
2 h
TABLE 24,—Values of P= ie © the? J (hx).

P, the probability of an observational error having a value positive or negative equal to
; oe hx 5
or less than + when / is the measure of precision, P =2 fp omiathe). h’=(4mAz”)

where m=no. obs. of deviation Ax.

3

03384
-14587
-25502
35928
-45689
54646
.62705
-69810

75952
81156

85478
88997
91805
.94002
95086

-96952
97834
98558
99035
-99366

99591
-99741
-99839
-99902 | .
99941 | -
-99965 | -
99980 |
.99989 |
-99994
-99997
T.00000

o

=

vO

N

0
aie
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
ol
3
4
1.5
6
a
8
9
0
ol
we
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0

oO

Burgess, James. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, 39, 257, 1900.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLES 25 AND 26 57

LEAST SQUARES
TABLE 25

This table gives the values of the probability P, as defined in last table, corresponding to different values of
«x |x where 7 is the ‘‘ probable error.’? The probable error 7 is equal to 0.47694 / 4.

.00000
05378
10731
.16035
212608
.20407
31430
.36317
-41052
45618
. 50000
54188
50171
61942 |
65498
68833
yD)
74947
77528
79999
82266
84335
86216
87918
-89450
90825
92051
.Q3141
94105
94954

O

95698
509502
-99926 —

rponnNovone

0 ODYDAG £Wb->

TABLE 26,—Values of the factor 0.67454, ed

=v?

This factor occurs in the equation 7; = o. ous | 22 for the probable error of a single observation, and other

similar cate ane

0.3016 | 0.2754 | 0.2549
0.2248 | oO. 2 2 : -1803 | .1742 | .1686] .1636
1547 | . E 1438 | .1¢ , -1349 | .1323 |] .1298
W25ze (12 .12 SL O2el ; II4O | .1124 | .I109
1080 | . : -10¢ -102 ; -I005 | .0994 | .0984

0.0909 | 0.090I | 0.0893
OS7OR|| a: : -08 08 .08 08 37 .0830 | .0824
Coren | : : : 5 .0779.| .0774 | .0769
0759] . : : ; : 073? | .0727'| .0723
soyiigt|| a : : : : .0692 | .0688 | .0685

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

58 TABLES 27-29
LEAST SQUARES
1

TABLE 27.—Values of the factor 0.67454 ert
n(m—1)

s : ‘| Se? :
This factor occurs in the equation 7>= ons] aay for the probable error of the arithmetical mean.
=

0.1947 | 0.1508
0500 | .0465
0287 0275
.0201 .O196
0155 | .O152

0.0126 | 0.0124
.0106 | .O105
.0092 .009 I
.OOSI .0080
.007 2 .007 I

TABLE 28,—Values of the factor 0.04634 ve
n(m—1)

z|v!

yt (7—1)

for the probable error of a single observation.

This factor occurs in the approximate equation = 0.8453

TABLE 29,—Values of 0.8453 —_-—
n¥n—1

’

z|v|
This factor occurs in the approximate equation 70=0.8453 i; —= for the probable error of the arithmetical mean.
wYaM—T

0.1993 | 0.1220 | 0.0845 | 0.0630
0188 | .0167 | .O1SI .0136
.0078 | .0073 | .0069 | .0065
.0045 | .0043 | .0041 | .0040
0030 | .0029} .0028 | .0027

0.0022 | 0.0022 | 0.0021 | 0.0020
.OO17 .OO17 .0016 | .0016
0014 | .0013 | .0013 | .0013
.OOII .OOTT .OOTI .OOTI
.0009 | .0009 | .0009 | .0009

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 3O 59
LEAST SQUARES (FORMULAE)

Observation equations :

ajZj + byZ2 +... 14Zq = Mi, weight p,
agZz1 + beze +... |eZq = Me. weight po
anZ, + bnZe Tet esis InZq = Mp, weight Pn.
Auxiliary equations:
[paa] =pia? +peazZ +... pnaZ.
[pab] = pyaib; + peagbe + . . ~ pnanbn.

[paM] = pyaiMy + peagMe + .. . pnanMn.

Normal equations :

[paa]z,;+[pab]z. + .. . [pal]zq = [paM]
[pab]zi + [pbb]z +... [pbl]zq = [pbM]
(pla]z: + (plb ]z2 res eros " [pll]zq = [plM].
Solution of normal equations in the form,
71 = Ai[paM] + B,[pbM] + .. . Ly[pIM]
Z2 = Ag|[paM] + Be|pbM] + .. . Le[plM]
| 2q = An{[paM] + Bn[pbM] +. . . Ln[pIM],
| gives:
q
weight of z] = pz; = (Ai)—!; probable error of z; ee
VPA
weight of zp = pzo = (By)— a
Res
weight of zq = Pz, = (Ln); probable error of zqg = =
VPzq
wherein
r = probable error a observation of weight unity
| = 0.6745 aes a aa - (g unknowns.)

Arithmetical mean, n observations:

2 0.8 =z
r = 0.6745 oe yo Pee (approx.) probable error of ob-

| al amet): servation of weight unity.
Be Seo Oa 5a) ar v
=o0. a approx. ) = probable error
easy (n— Dive nVn—1 Epon? re mean.

| Weighted mean, n observations:

Dpv? r _=pv
r = 0.6745 \ ae ; To Sao ae Vas

Probable error (R) of a function (Z) of several observed quantities z1, 22, . . . whose
probable errors are eerie Wag Tow. osee ee
= f ( (Z1, ZQ. + +
cok (ey
ae
6Z}
Examples : = +2z0+ . R2 = ais St
Ppa Ronee egies t Masini
Z = 2 Zo. R? = z,? 12 + Za 22.
See Birge, Calculation of errors by the method of least squares, Phys. Rev., 40, 207,
1932.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

60 TABLE 31
DIFFUSION INTEGRAL

2 7
Inverse * values of v/e=1~— We e—Pdg
aKa

log x =log (2g) + log./4z. ¢ expressed in seconds.
= log 6+ log./&z. ¢ expressed in days.
= logy + log \/&¢. “ “ years.
& = coefficient of diffusion.t
¢ = initial concentration.
v =concentration at distance x, time 4

ae log 29 | log 6 6 logy y

0.00 +00 +00 +2 00 00
OI | 0.56143 | 3. 3.02970 | 1070.78 || 4.31098 | 20463.
[O23 |e S LOM |e: | 2.98545 | 967.04 .26674 | 18481.
03 | .48699 | 3. | .95525 | 902.90 || .23654 | 17240.
.04 | .46306 | 2. | .93132 | 853.73 || .21261 | 16316.

0.05 | 0.44276 | 2. | 2.91102 | 814.74 || 4.19231 | 15571.
.06 | .42486 | 2. 89311 | 781.83 || .17440, | 14942.
.07 | .40865 | 2.562 87691 | 753-20 || .15820 | 14395.
OS nine O3725 (ne: 86198 | 727.75 14327 | 13908.
09 | -37979 | 2. 84804 | 704.76 || .12933 | 13469.

0.36664 | 2.3262 || 2.83490 | 683.75 || 4.11619 | 13067.
35414 | 2. 82240 | 664.36 || .10369 | 12697.
34218 | 2. 81044 | 646.31 09173 | 12352.
2GQ007) ||) 2: 79893 | 629.40 || .08022 | 12029.
31954 | 2. .78780 | 613.47 .06909 | 11724.

0.30874 | 2. | 2.77699 | 598.40 || 4.05828 | 11436.
29821 | I. 76647 | 584.08 .04776 | T1162,
.28793 | I. 75619 | 570.41 .03748 | I0gol.
.27786 | I. 74612 | 557-34 02741 | 10652.
.26798 | I. -7 3624 | 544.80 01753 | 10412.
s2RO25) | Te | 2.72651 | 532.73 || 4.00780 | ro18r.
.24866 | 1.772 : 521.10 | 3.99821 | 9958.9
-23919 | I. ‘ 509.86 || .98874 | 9744.1
22953 | I. . 498.98 || .97937
2205 (5m eae : 488.43 .97010

0.21134 | I. 2: 478.19 || 3.96089
.20220 | I. : 468.23 || .95175
19312 | I. : 458.53 || .94266
.18407 | I. i 2} 449.08 93361
-17505 | I. . 43985 || .92460 |

0.16606 | I. 2.63431 | 430.84 || 3.91560
15708 | I. 62533 | 422.02 : 2
-14810 | I. | .61636 | 413.39
-I13Q12 | I. .60738 | 404.93 ||
-13014 | 1.3494 || .59840 | 396.64 |

0.12114 | I. 2.58939 | 388.50 |
sitar |) dis .§8037 | 380.51
-10305 | 1.2 S57 L3te | 3g 72.00
.09396 | I. 56222 | 364.93 ||
.08482 | 1.2 | -55308 | 357-34 ||

0.07 563 | I. | 2.54389 | 349.86 |
.06639 | I. | -53464 | 342.49 ||
05708 | I. 52533 | 335-22 |
04770 | I. 51595 | 328.06 ||
.03824 | 1. -50050 | 320.99

0.02870 | I. | 2.49696 | 314.02 || 3.77825
.O1907 | I. “497/33 | 307-53) || 76862
00934 | I. -47760 | 300.33 || .75889

9-99951 | 0. | -46776 | 293.60 || .74905
.98956 | O. -45782 | 286.96 73911

997949 | 0. | 2.44775 | 280.38 || 3-72904 |

RbHbHt

ty

3
4
5
6
7
8
9

bKHKK

+ Kelvin, Mathematical and Physical Papers, vol. III. p. 428; Becker, Am. Jour.
of Sci. vol. III. 1897, p. 280. * For direct values see table 2a.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 31 (continued) 61
DIFFUSION INTEGRAL

log 29 2q | log 5 log y
|

9.97949 | 9-95387 || 2.44775 | 280.38 || 3.72904
.96929 | .93I 74 -43755 | 273-87 71884
-95896 | .90983 || .42722 | 267.43 -70851
.94848 | 88313 -41674 | 261.06 .69803
-93784 | .86605 -40610 | 254.74 | -687 39

|
|

9.92704 | 0.84536 | 2.39530 | 248.48 3-67659
91607 | .82426 || .38432 | 242.28 66561
-90490 | -80335 | .37316 | 236.13 || 65445
89354 | -78260 || .36180 | 230.04 -64309
88197 | .76203 -35023 | 223.99 63152 |

9.87018 | 0.74161 || 2.33843 | 217.99 3.61973 |
85815 | -72135 || -32640 | 212.03 -60770
84587 | .70124 || .31412 | 206.12 | .59541
83332 | -68126 || .30157 | 200.25 58286
82048 | .66143 || .28874 | 194.42 57003 | 3

9.80734 | 0.64172 .27560 | 188.63 3.55689
79388 | .62213 || .26214 | 182.87 54343
-78008 60266 | .24833 ] 177.15 | -52962
76590 | .58331 || .23416 | 171.46 51545
75133 | -56407 || .27959 | 165.80 50088

9-7 3634 | 0.54493 | 2.20459 | 160.17 3-48583 |
72089 | .52588 -ISQI5 | 154.58 | .47044 | 2
-70495 | -50094 || -17321 | 149.01 -45450
68849 | .48808 || .15675 | 143.47 .43804
-67146 | .46931 | +13972 | 137-95 | -42101

N Wt
Om
wp
ON reas
hw

9.65381 | 0.45062 || 2.12207 | 132.46 | 3-40336 |
-63550 | .43202 -10376 | 126.99 |} .38505
-61646 | .41348 08471 | 121.54 | .36600
.§9662 | .39502 || .06487 | 116.11 || .34616 |
-57590 | -37062 || .04416 | 110.70 eeozicaicg!|

NN NNN
me NWhi

mm NW NO

WON Ds
NONUOD

9-55423 | 0.35829 || 2.02249 | 105.31 || 3:3037
-53150 | .34001 || 1.99975 | 99.943 || .28104
-50758 | .32180 | .97584 | 94.589 -25713
48235 -30363 | .g5061 | 89.250 -23190
45504 | .28552 || -.92389 | 83.926 |, -20518

9.42725 | 0.26745 89551 78.615 3-17680 |
-39695 | 24943 | 86521 73.317 -14650
-36445 | -23145 || .83271 | 68.032. |] .11400
-32940 | .21350 || -79766 | 62.757 || .07895 |
-29135 | -19559 | -75961 | §7-492 | 3-04090

9.24972 | 0.17771 || 1.71797 | 52. age | 2.99926
.20374 | .15986 | .67200 | 46.989 95329 |
15239 | .14203 || .62065 | 41.750 -QOIQ4
09423 | .12423 -56249 | 36.516 84378

9.02714 | .10645 || -49539 | 31.289 77068

8.94783. 08868 | .41609 26.067 2.69738

85082 | .07093 || -31907 | 20848 | .60036 |

-72580 ae -19406 | 15.633 | .47535 |
tlle

-54965 | .03545 .O1791 10.421 | .29920 |
coo .01773 || 0.71684 | 5.21007 || 1.99813 |

—c 0.00000

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

62 TABLE 32
VALUES OF THE EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL

-L

Ei(x) = | (e-“/u)du

(Taken from Glaisher, Philos. Trans., 160, 367, 1870)

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 32 (continued) 63
VALUES OF EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL

Ei(x) = (ee/avta

Ei(x) 15-(E9) E(x)

&
&

+ 9.933
10.626
11.367
12.161
13.012

+1.895 118 —0.219 384
2.167 378 —0.185 991
2.442 092 —0.158 408
2.721 399 —0.135 451
3.007 207 —0O.116 219

— =

OWA ROHHO

+3.301 285 —0.100 020
3.605 320 —0.086 3083
3.920 963 —0.074 6546
4.249 868 —0.064 7131
4-593 714 —0.056 2044

+13-925
14.906
15.960
17.094
18.315

+19.630
21.048
22.577
24.227
26.008

OU Ah PHOHHO

= ss

+4.954 234 —0.048 9005
5:333 235 —0.042 6143
5-732 615 —0.037 IQII
6.154 381 —0.032 5023
6.600 670 —0.028 4403

ay
°

+27.933
30.014
32.263
34-697
37-332

+7.073 766 —0.024 9149
7.576 I15 —0.02I 8502
8.110 347 —0.019 1819
8.679 298 —0.016 8553
9.286 024 —0.014 8240

YP RAE PEEEE SERED HHWOY
O ON DWN PwWNHO

°

+40.185

+9.933 833 —0.013 0484

Ei(x) E1(—x)

+ 85.989 0.000 360

+ 191.504 -000 II5

+ 440.379 -000 037

+ 1037.878 -000 O12
+ 2492.228 .000 004
-++ 6071.406 .000 OOI
+ 14959.532 -000 000
+ 37197.688 -000 000
+ 93192.513 .000 000
+ 234955.852 .000 000

(Taken from Glaisher, Philos. Trans., 160, 367, 1870)

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

64 Taste 33
CGAMMA FUNCTION *

o
Value of log if e 7x" "dx +10
0

0
Values of the logarithms + 1o of the “‘ Second Eulerian Integral’’ (Gamma function) e-22"%-ldxro log I(#)+1¢

0
for values of 2 between 1 and 2. When 2 has values not lying between 1 and 2 the value of the function can be
readily calculated from the equation T(z+1) = xT) = n(w—1) . . . (x—r)T(2—7).

75287
51279
27964
05334

9.9883379
62089
41455
21469
02123

9-9783407
65313
47834
30962
14689

9-9599007
83910
69390
55440
42054

9.9629225
16946
05212

S9FOUS
33350

9.957 3211
63592
54487
45890
37798

Rae SES

Nd wn
oO ON DD

9-9530203
23100
16485
10353
04698

ile
w
SS

TEENS
94800
90549
86756
83417

9.94805 28
78084
76081
74505
73382

* Legendre’s “Exercises de Calcul Intégral,” tome ii.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 33 (continued )
GAMMA FUNCTION

n O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1.45 | 9.9472677 | 72630 | 72587 | 72549 | 72514 | 72484 | 724590 | 72437 | 72419 | 72406
1.46 72397 | 72393 | 72392 | 72396 | 72404 | 72416 | 72432 | 72452 | 72477 | 72506
1.47 72539 | 72576 | 72617 | 72662 | 72712 | 72766 | 72524 | 72886 | 72952 | 73022
1.48 73097 | 73175 | 73258 | 73345 | 73436 | 7353! | 73630 | 73734 | 73841 | 73953
1.49 74068 | 74188 | 74312 | 74440 | 74572 | 74708 | 74848 | 74992 | 75141 | 75293
1.50 | 9.9475449 | 75610 | 75774 | 75943 | 76116 | 76292 | 76473 | 76658 '| 76847 | 77040
1.51 77237 | 77437 | 77642 | 77851 | 78064 | 78281 | 78502 | 78727 | 78956 | 79189
1.52 79426 | 79067 | 79912 | 80161 | 80414 | 80671 | 80932 | 81196 | 81465 | 81738
1.53 82015 82295 82580 | 82868 | 83161 | 83457 | 83758 | 84yo62 | 84370 | 84682
1.54 84998 | 85318 | 85642 | 85970 | 86302 | 86638 | 86977 | 87321 | 87668 | 880I19
1.55 | 9.9488374 | 88733 | 89096 | 89463 | 89834 | 90208 | 90587 | 90969 | 91355 | 91745
1.56 92139 | 92537 | 92938 | 93344 | 93753 }| 94166 | 94583 | 95004 | 95429 | 95857
1.57 96289 | 96725 | 97165 | 97609 | 98056 | 98508 | 98963 | 99422 | 99885 | 00351
1.58 500822 | 01296 | 01774 | 02255 | 02741 | 03230 | 03723 | 04220 | 04720 | 05225
1.59 05733 | 06245 | 06760 | 07280 | 07803 | 08330 | 08860 | 09395 | 09933 | 10475
1.60 | 9.9511020 | 11569 | 12122 | 12679 | 13240 } 13804 | 14372 | 14943 | 15519 | 16008
1.61 16680 | 17267 | 17857 | 18451 | 19048 }| 19649 | 20254 | 20862 | 21475 | 22091
1.62 22710 | 23333 | 23960 | 24591 | 25225 | 25863 | 26504 | 27149 | 27798 | 28451
1.63 29107 | 29766 | 30430 | 31097 | 31767 | 32442 | 33120 | 33801 | 34486 | 35175
1.64 35867 | 36563 | 37263 | 37966 | 38673 | 39383 | 40097 | 40815 | 41536 | 42260
1.65 | 9.9542089 | 43721 | 44456 | 45195 | 45938 | 46684 | 47434 | 45187 | 48944 | 49704
1.66 50468 | 51236 | 52007 | 52782 | 53560 | 54342 | 55127 | 55916 | 56708 | 57504
1.67 58303 | 59106 59913 6072 61536 | 62353 | 63174 | 63998 | 64825 | 65656
1.68 66491 | 67329 | 68170 | 69015 | 69864 | 70716 | 71571 | 72430 73293 | 74159
1.69 75028 | 75901 | 76777 | 77657 | 78540 | 79427 | 80317 | 81211 | 82108 | 83008
1.70 | 9.9583912 | 84820 | 85731 | 86645 | 87563 | 88484 | 89409 | 90337 | 91268 | 92203
1.71 93141 | 94083 | 95028 | 95977 | 96929 | 97884 | 98843 | 99805 | 00771 | 01740
1.72 602712 | 03688 | 04667 | 05650 | 06636 | 07625 | 08618 | 09614 | 10613 | 11616
173 12622 | 13632 | 14645 | 15661 | 16681 }| 17704 | 18730 | 19760 | 20793 | 21830
1.74 22869 | 23912 | 24959 | 26009 | 27062 | 28118 | 29178 | 30241 | 31308 | 32377

1.75 | 9.963345! | 34527 | 35607 | 36690 | 37776 | 38866 | 39959 | 41055 | 42155 | 43258
1.76 44364 | 45473 | 46586 | 47702 | 48821 | 49944 | 51070 | 52199 | 53331 | 54467
1.77 55006 | 56749 | 57894 | 59043 | 60195 | 61350 | 62509 | 63671 | 64836 | 66004
1.78 67176 | 68351 | 69529 | 70710 | 71895 | 73052 | 74274 | 75468 | 76665 | 77866
1.79 79070 | 80277 | 81488 | 82701 | 83918 | 85138 | 86361 7588 | 88818 | goosr

1.80 | 9.9691287 | 92526 | 93768 | 95014 | 96263 | 97515 | 98770 | C0029 | oF2g1 | 02555
1.51 703823 | 05095 | 06369 | 07646 | 08927 | 10211 | 11498 | 12788 | 14082 | 15378

1.82 16678 | 17981 | 19287 | 20596 | 21908 } 23224 | 24542 | 25864 | 27189 | 28517
1.83 29848 | 31182 | 32520 | 33860 35204 30551 | 37900 | 39254 | 40610 | 41969 |
1.84 43331 | 44697 | 46065 | 47437 | 48812 | So1go | 51571 | 52955 | 54342 | 55733 |
1.85 | 9.9757126 | 58522 | 59922 | 61325 | 62730 } 64139 | 65551 | 66966 | 68384 | 69805 |
1.86 71230 | 72657 | 74087 | 75521 | 76957 | 78397 | 79839 | 81285 | 82734 | 84186
1.87 85640 | 87098 | 88559 | 90023 | 91490 | 92960 | 94433 | 95909 | 97359 | 98871 |
1.88 800356 | 01844 | 03335 | 04830 | 06327 | 07827 | 09331 | 10837 | 12346 | 13859
1.89 15374 | 16893 | 18414 | 19939 | 21466 | 22996 | 24530 | 26066 | 27606 | 29148 |
1.90 | 9.9830693 | 32242 | 33793 | 35348 | 36905 | 38465 | 40028 | 41595 | 43164 | 44736
1.91 46311 | 47890 | 49471 | 51055 | 52642 | 54232 | 55825 | 57421 | 59020 60621
1.92 62226 | 63834 | 65445 | 67058 | 68675 | 70294 | 71917 | 73542 | 75170 | 76802
1.93 78436 | 80073 | 81713 | 83356 | 85002 | 86651 | 88302 | 89957 | 91614 | 93275
1.94 94938 | 96605 | 98274 | 99946 | 01621 | 03299 | 04980 | 06663 | 08350 | 10039
1.95 | 9.9911732 | 13427 | 15125 | 16826 | 18530 | 20237 | 21947 | 23659 25375 | 27093
1.96 28815 | 30539 | 32266 | 33995 | 35728 | 37464 | 39202 | 40943 | 42688 | 44435
1.97 46185 | 47937 | 49693 | 51451 | 53213 | 54977 | 56744 | 58513 | 60286 | 62062
1.98 63840 | 65621 | 67405 | 69192 | 70982 | 72774 | 74570 | 76368 | 78169 | 79972
1.99 81779 | 83588 | Ssgor | 87216 | 89034 | 90854 | 92678 | 94504 | 96333 | 98165
poe lie |

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

66 TABLE 34
ZONAL SPHERICAL HARMONICS *

Degrees P;

-+ 1.0000
9957
9830
.9620
9329

+ 0.8962
8522
8016
7449
6830

+ 0.6164
-5462
“4731
3980
3218

‘Oo CON Om fWNeO

+ 0.2455
+ .1700
+ .0961
+ .0248
— +0433

— 0.1072
.1664
.2202
-2680

3094

— 0.3441
3717
-3922
4053
4113

— 0.4102
.4022
-3877
-3671
+3409

— 0.3096
-2738
-2343
-1918
1470

— 0.1006

O59
— .0064
+ .0398
+ .0846

+ 0.1271
-1667
-2028
2350
.2626

+ 0.2854

* Calculated by Mr. C. E. Van Orstrand for this publication.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES,

TABLE 34 (continued) 67
ZONAL SPHERICAL HARMONICS

Degrees P,

+ 0.6428
.6293

6157
.6018

5878

+ 0:5736
*5592
“5446
"5299
*5150

+ 0.5000
.4848
-4695
.4540
4384

+ 0.4226
.4007
-3907
.3746
-3584

+ 0.3420
3256
.3090
.2924
.2750

.2588 : — 0.2730
2419 ‘ . . : .2850
.2250 : : : .2921
.2079 : : : .2942
1908 : : : : 2913

+ 0.1736 ; — 0.2835
1564 . . . -2708
.1392 : s .2530
1219 : Zaz : .2321
1045 ; : -2067

+ 0.0872 | ' — 0.1778
.0698 : 3 8 : .1460
.0523 , ; : DLE
.0349 : 3 ‘ .0755
0175 ; : : .0381

-++ 0.0000 : — 0.0000

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

68 TABLE 35
CYLINDRICAL HARMONICS OF THE OTH AND 1ST ORDERS

dJo (x)

Ine) = Se {3 A eh OT eee oA . Juz) = Jd (x) = SF

2"-T' (n + 1) ~~ 22(n-+1) | 242! +1)(n+2)° °°

Fac ate) FAG) Tae oe) x | Jo(x) | Sr(x)

unity zero -50} .938470] .242268/|1 .00) . : ‘ 557937
.999975| .005000|| .51| .936024] .246799]| .o1| .760781] .443286]| .51/ .506241] .559315
.999900] .or0000]| .52| .933534] -251310]| -02| .756332| .446488]) .52] .500642| .560653
.999775| -.0F4998|| .53] -930998] .255803|| .03] .751851] .449658]| .53] -495028] 561951
.999600] .org996|| 54] .928418] .260277|| .04] .747339] -452794/| -54| -489403] .563208

.999375| .024992|| .55} .925793| .264732/|1 .08| .7427096] .455897||1 65) .483764) .564424
999100] .029987/| .56] .923123] .269166]| .06] .738221| .458966|| .56) .478114| .565600
.998775| -034970]| -57| -920410] .273581|| .07]| .733616] .462001|| .57| .472453] -566735
.998401| .039968]| .58] .917652| .277975]| -08] .728981] .465003]| .58] .466780} .567830
.997976| .044954|| .59| -914850] .282349]] -09] -724316] .467970]|| .59] .461096} .568883

.997502| .049938]| .60) .g12005} .286701)|1 .10) .719622) .470902/|1 .60) 455402] .569896
.996977| .054017|| .O1| .gogt16] .291032]| .11| .714898] .473800]] .61| .449608] .5 70868
.996403] .059892|| .62] .995184] .295341|| .12] .710146] .476663]) .62] .443985] .571798
.995779| .064863]| .63] .g03209] .299628]| .13] .705365] .479491|| -63! .438262] .572088
.995106] .069829]| .64| .goorg2] .303803]] -14] .700556] .482284]| .64] .432531] -573537

-994383] .074780]| .65| .897132] .308135||L .16] .695720} .485041]|1 .65) .426792! .574344
.993010] .079744|| .66] .894029] .312355]| - .690856| .487763]| .66) .421045] .575111
992788] .084693]} .67] .890885] .316551|| 17] .685965] .490449]| .67] .415290] .575836
.99IQ16| .089636|| .68} .887698] .320723]| .18] .681047] .493098]| .68} .409528] .576520
-990995]| .094572|| .69| .884470] .324871|| . -676103] .495712|| .60] .403760| .577163

.990025] .oggs5o1|| .70) .881201] .328996]|1 .20} .671133] .498289]|1 .70) .397985] .577765
.989005} .104422]| .71| .8778g0] .333096]| .21] .666137] .500830]| .71| .392204] .578326
.987937| .109336|| .72| -874539] -337170|| -22| 661116} .503334|| -72] .386418] .578845
.986810| .114241|| .73] 871147] .341220]| .23] .656071) .50580r|| .73} .380628] .570323
.985652| .119138|| .74] 867715] .345245]| -24] 651000] .508231]| -74] .374832] .579760

.984436] .124026]| .75| .864242| .349244||1 .25] .645906] .510623]|1 .75| .369033| .580156
.983171| .128905]| .76] -860730] .353216|| .26] 640788) .512979]| -76) .363220] .580511
.981858] .133774|| .77| 857178] -357163]] -27| 635647] .515296]| -77] .357422| .580824
.980496| .138632|| .78] .853587] .361083]| .28] .630482] .517577]| -78) .351613] .581096
.979085| .143481|| .709] 849956] .364976]| .29] .625295] .519819]| -79] 345801] .581327

.977626| .148319|| .80} .846287] .368842]|1 .30] .620086} .522023]|1 .80) 339986] .581517
.976110| .153146|| .81] .842580] .372681]| .31] .614855] .524189]| .81] 334170] .581666
.974563| .157961|| .82] .838834] .376492]| 32] 609602] .526317|| .82] .328353] .581773
.972960| .162764]| .83] .835050] .380275]] .33] .604320] .528407]| .83] .322535] .581840
.971308| .167555|| .84| 831228] .384029]] .34] .599034] .530458]| .84] .316717| .581865

.969609| .172334|| .85} 827360} .387755||1 .35] 593720] .532470||1 .85) .310808] .581849
.967861] .177100]] .86] .823473] -391453|| -36] .588385] .534444]| .86] .305080] .5817093
.966067| .181852|| .87| 819541] .395121|] .37| -583031| .536379|| -87] .299262| .581695
.964224| .186591|| .88] .815571] .398760]| .38) .577658] .538274]| -88] .293446] .581557
.962335| -191316]|| .809| 811565] .402370]| .39| .572206] .540131]| .89] .286631| .581377

.960398] .196027|| .90} .807524| .405950||1 .40) .566855] .5410948||1 .90) 281810] .581157
-958414] .200723]] .g1} .803447] .409499|| 41] .561427] .543726|| .91| .276008] .580896
.950384| .205403|| .92] -799334| .413018]] .42] .555981] .545464|| .92| .270201| .580595
-954306| .210069|| .93} -795186] .416507]| .43] .550518} .547162]| .93] .264397] .580252
.952183| .214719|| .94] .791004] .419965|| .44] .545038] .548821]| .94] .258596] .579870

-9§0012| .219353|| .95| .786787] .423392/|1 45) .539541| .550441||1 .95) .252799] 579446
.947796| .223970]| .96] .782536| .426787]| .46| .534029] .552020|| .96] .247007| .578983
945533] -228571|| .97| -778251| -430151|| -47| .528501] .553550|| -97| .241220] .578478
-943224] .233154|| .98] .773933] -433483]| -48] .522958] .5550590]| -98| .235438] .5779034
.940870| .237720|| .99] -769582| .436783]| 49] .517400] .556518]| .99] .229661| .577349

.938470| .242268]|1 .00] .7651098] .440051]|1 .60) .511828) .557937||2 00) .223891] .576725

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

ee

TABLE 355 (continued)
CYLINDRICAL HARMONICS OF THE OTH AND 1ST ORDERS

Ji (x) = —Jo’ (x). Other orders may be obtained from the relation, Jn41(x) = * In(w) — Jn-1(x).

J_n(x) = (—1)"Jn (x).

Jo(x) Ji (x)

-576725
.576060
-575355
.574011
-573827

.223891
.218127
-212370
.200620
-200878

-195143
.189418
.183701
-177993
.172295

-166607
.160929
-155262
-149607
-143963

-573003
572139
-571236
+5 702904
.569313

.568292
-567233
566134
-564907
.563821

.562607
-501354
-560063
-558735
-557368

.138330
.132711
.127104
-121509

-115929

-110362
-104810
.099272
-093749
.088242

-555963
554521
-553041
-551524
-549970

.082750
077274
-O71815
.066373
.060947

-548378
-546750
-545085
543384
-541646

-539873
538063
-536217
-534336
-532419

*055540
-O50150
-044779
-039426
-034092

.028778
.023483
-018208

.O12954
.007720

-530407
.5 28480
526458
524402
522311

: .002508
-41|—.002683
-42|—.007853
-43|—-013000
-44)—.018125

.520185
-518026
-515833
.513606
.511346

2.45|—.023227
.46|—.028306
-47|—-033361
-48|—.038393
-49|/—-043401

2.50|—.048384

509052
.506726
-504366
-501974
-499550

-497094

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

x Jo(x) Ji (x)

2.50|—.048384|.497004
-51|—-053342].494606
5 2|—-058276].492086
-53|—-063184].489535
-54|—.068066}. 486953

2.55|—.072923}].484340
.56|—.077753].481696
-57|—-082557]|-479021
-58|—-087333]-476317
-59|—-092083].473582

2.60|—.096805].470818
-61]—.101499].468025
.62]—.106165].465202
.63|—.110803].462350
-64|—.115412].459470

2.65|—.119992|.456561
-66]—.124543].453625
-67|—.129065].450060
-68]—.133557].447068
-69|—.138018|.444648

2.70|—.142440].441601
-71|—.146850].438528
-72|—.151220].435428
-73|—-155559}-432302
-74|—-159866].429150

2.75|—.164141|.425972
-76|—.168385].422769
-77|—-172597|-419541
-78|—.176776|.416288
-79|—.180922].413011

2.80|—.185036}.409709
-81|—.189117].400384
.82|—.193164].403035
.83|—.197177].399062
-84|—.201157]|.396267

2.85|—.205102/.392840
-86|/—.209014].389408
.87|/—.212890|.385945
.88|—.216733].382461
.89|—.220540|.378955

2.90|—.224312|.375427
-QI|—.228048].371879
-92|—.231740].3608311
-93|—-235414).364722
-94|—.239043].301113

2.95 —+242636|.357485

-96|—.246193 .353837
97|—-249713|.350170
-98|—.253196}.346484
-99|—.-256643).342781

3.00|—.260052].339050

x Jo(x)

3.00|—.260052
.O1|—.263424
.02/—.266758
.03|—.270055
:04|—.273314

3.05|—.276535
06|—.279718
.07|—.282862
.08/—.285968
.09|—.289036

3.10|—.292064
-II|—.2905054
-12/— 298005
.13/—.300916
-14/—.303788

3.15|—.306621
-16|—.309414
-17/—.312168
-18/—.314881
-19/—-317555

3.20|—.320188
.21/—.322781
-22)—.325335
.23|/—.327847
-24|—.330319

3.25
-20

S27
.28

.29

3.30
ar
332
33
34

3.35
-36
37
.38
39

3.40/—.3642096
-41|—.366067
-42|—.307797
-43|—-369485
-44/—-371131

—-332751
—-335142
—-337492
—.339801
—.342069

—.344296
—.346482
—.348627
—-350731
—-352793

—.354814
—-350793
—.358731
—.360628
—.362482

3.45|/—.372735
-46|—.374207
-47|—-375818
.48|—.3772096
-49|—-378733

3.50|—.380128

Ji (x) |

-339059
-335319
.331563
-327789
-323998

320191
.316368
312529
-308675
.304805

300921
297023
.293110
.289184
.285244

.281291
-277326
-273348
.269358
-2605356

.261343
-257319
-253284
-249239
-245184

.241120
-237046
-232963
228871
.224771

.220663
.216548
-212425
-208296
-204160

.200018
-195870
-Ig1716
-187557
-183304

.179226
-175054
.170878
.166699
-162516

158331
-154144
-140954
-145763
-I41571

-137378

69

=
x Jo(x) Ji (x)

3.50/—.380128
.51|/—.381481
.52|—-382791
-53/—-384060
-54|—-385287

3.55/—.386472
-56/—.387615
-57|—-388717
.58|—.389776
-59|—-399793

3.60|—.391760
.61|/—.392703
-62/—.393595
-63/—-394445
-64|—.395253

3.65|—.396020
-66|—.396745
.67|—.397429
.68]—.398071
.69|/—.398671

.137378
-133183
.128989
-124795
-120601

-116408
-112216
-108025
.103836
.099650: f

.095466
.091 284
.087106}
.082931
.078760

-074593
.070431
.066274
.062122

057975

.053834
.049699
1045571
-041450)
-037336

3.70/—.399230
-71|—.399748
-72|—.400224
-73|—-400059
-74|—-401053

3.75|—.401406
-76|/—.401718
-77|—-401989
.78|—.402219
-79|—-402408

3.80|—.402556
.81/—.402004
.82|/—.402732
.83/—.402759
.84/—.402740

3.85/—.402692
.86]—.402599
.87|—.402465
.88]—.402292
-89|—.402079

3.90|—.401826
-Q1/—.401534|—.031186
-92|—.401 202|—.035115
-93|—-40083 2|—.039031
-94|—.400422|—.042933

-033229
.029131
-025040
.020958
.016885

.O1 2821
.008766
.004722
.000687

— 003337

—.007350
—.O11352
—-015343
—.019322
—.023289

—.027244

3.95)—.399973|—.040821
.96|—.399485|—.050095
-97|—-398959|—-054555
-98|—.398394|—-058400
-99|—-397791|—.062229

4.00|—.397150] .066043

TABLES 36 AND 37
CYLINDRICAL HARMONICS OF THE OTH AND 1ST ORDERS
TABLE 36.—4-place Values for x —4 TABLE 37.

7O

to 15 (a) Ist 10 roots (Rm) of Jo(4)= 0; Ji( Rm)
ce oan ee Ae) Higher roots may be calculated to better
than I part in 10,000 by the approximate
4-0/— .3972 9-5/—-1939/+-1013/} formula Rm = Rma+ 7
tl 3087 voli fo oal: eee Ri = 2.404826 — Ja (its D=4- 0.5101
.2/— .3766 .7|—.2218] .1166 R. = 5.520078 J1(R2)= — 0.3403
-3|— -30T0 “O)— 72323) 70020 Re = 8.653728 Js (Rs = +0.2715
3423 -9|— 2403] 0684 R. =11.701534 Ja (Rs )= — 0.2325
3205 .O|—.2459| .0435 Rs =14.930018 J; (R; )=-+ 0.2065
. 2961 .I|—.2490|+ .0184 Re = 18.071064 Js (Re )= — 0.1877
. 2693 .2|— .2496|— .0066 IR; =21.201637. JR) 011738
- 2404 -3|— - 2477|— -0313 Rs = 24.352472 Ji (Rs )=— 0.1617
- 2007 -4/— - 2434|— .0555 Rs = 27.403479 Ji (Rs )=-+ 0.1522
.1776 .5|—. 2366|— .0789 Rw = 30.634606 Ji (Ri)= — 0.1442

.6)— .2276|— . 1012
.7|—.2164|— .1224
.8|— . 2032|— . 1422
.Q|— . 1881|— . 1603
.O]— .1712|— .1768
-I/—.1528|—. 1913
. 2|— .1330|— . 2039
-3)—.1121|/—. 2143
.0902|— . 2225
.0077|— . 2284
.0446|— . 2320
.0213|— . 2333
.0020|— . 2323
.0250|— . 2290

-0477|— - 2234
.0097|— . 2157
.0908]— . 2060

.1108|— . 1943
.1296|— .1807
.1469|— . 1655
.1626|— . 1487
.1766|— .1307
.1887|—. 1114
.1988|— .og12
. 2069|— .0703
.2129|— .0489

1443
. 1103

.0758
.O412
.0068|—.
.0270|—.
-0599|— .
.OgI7/—.
.1220]—.
.1506|—.
-1773\— -
.2017|—.
.2238)/-.
. 2433|—.
.2601|—.
.2740|—.
.2851|—.
.2931|—.
.2981|—.
.3001|—.
.2991|+.
.2951

. 2882

. 2786

. 2663

. 2516

(b) 1st 15 roots of hh(a)=—

with corresponding values of maximum or
minimum values of Jo(+).

dJo(x) _
Me

No. of

root (n) Root = 2,

Jo(xn)

.831706
.015587
.173468
. 323692
.470630
.615859
. 760084
.903672
.046829
. 189680
. 332308
-474766
.617094
- 759319
.gor461

-402759
. 300116
- 249705
. 218359
. 196465
. 180063
.167185
.156725
. 148011
. 140606
.134211
.128617
. 123668
. 119250
.115274

I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10

tee (ects | eta et ee ta tt |

Higher roots may be obtained as under (a).

1OOn B&W HHO O OU OMN RO HHO OWOVIANAWHHO O ONION

. 2346 .2167|— .0271 Notes. y=J,(x) is a particular solu- .
. 2154 . 2183|— .0052 tion of Bessel’s equation,
.1944 .2177|+.0166 ay dy : :
.1717 .2150| .0380 erat eat Ww )y=o.
antl ees ieee The general formula for J,(x) is
.0960 .1943]} .0984 Qo (Hr) gents
.0092 . 1836 . 1165 J r(x) = er rae
.O419 ALC isen or 9
.0146 .1570| .1488 (—1)%nts
.7|\— .O125 .1414| .1626 = Soa ENT
..8|— .0392 .1245| .1747 Sans! (n+ sy!
.0053 .1065| .1850 when m is an integer and
.0903 .0875| .1934 Nase o
.1142 .0679] .1999 ey Inti(x) i In(x) — In-(x),
.1367 .0476| .2043|f * T(x) = Ho)
.1577 .0271| .2066 LA aaa

O OU AN Aw LHHO O ONAN RWHHO OWI ON AWHHO Of

.1768
- 1939

.0004
15 .0]—.0142

. 2069
. 2051

J—n(x) = (-1)"Jn(x).

Tables 36 to 37 are based upon Gray and
Matthews’ reprints from Dr. Meissel’s
tables. See also Reports of British Associa-
tion, 1907-1916.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TaBLe 38
ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

2 +}
Values of is 2(1— sin? 6 sin? ¢)-* do
/0

"This table gives the values of the integrals between o and m /2 of the function (1—sin?@ sin?) ** @ for different val.
ues of the modulus curresponding to each degree of @ between o and go.

oar. i 7 db T
(ae ata yy 7(1—sin*@sin°)-adp Ee ea RTE 2 (1—sin%sin%)*dp
(1—sin2@ sin? 6)? kJ 9 9 (1—sin?@ sin? ¢) 0

Number. Log. Number. Log. Number. Log. Number. Log.

oO

1.5708 | 0.196120 } 1.5708 | 0.196120 1.8541 | 0.268127 | 1.3506 | 0.130541
5709 196153 5707 196087 8691 271644 | 3418 127690
5713 | 196252 | 5703 | 195988 8848 | 275267 | 3329 | 124788
5719 196418 5097 195822 goll 279001 3238 121836
5727 196649 5689 195591 g180 282848 | 3147 118836

Q fwnrHO

Oo

1.5738 | 0.196947 ] 1.5678 | 0.195293 .9356 | 0.286811 |1.3055 | 0.115790
5751 197312 5065 194930 9539 290895 2963 112698
5707 197743 5649 194500 9729 295101 2870 109563
5785 | 198241 | 5632 | 194004 9927 | 299435 | 2776 | 106386
5805 198806 | 5611 193442 .0133 303901 | 2081 103169

oO COON

oO

h

1.5828 | 0.199438 | 1.5589 | 0.192815 0347 | 0.308504 | 1.2587 | 0.099915
5854 | 200137 | 5564 192121 0571 313247 | 2492 096626
5882 200904 5537 191 302 0804 318138 2397 093303
5913 201740 | 5507 | 190537 1047 323182 | 2301 089950
5940 202643 5476 189646 1300 328384 | 2206 | 086569

oO

ra)
WOON OAT FWNH

1.5981 | 0.203615 | 1.5442 | 0.188690 1565 | 0.333753 [1.2111 | 0.083164
6020 204657 5405 187668 1842 339295 201 § 079738
6061 205768 | 5367 186581 2132 | 345020 | 1920 | 076293
6105 200948 | 5326 185428 2435 350936 | 1826 | 072834
6151 208200 | 5283 184210 2754 357053 1732 069364

tO
°
°

1.6200 | 0.209522 | 1.5238 | 0.182928 .3088 | 0.363384 | 1.1638 | 0.065889
6252 210916 5191 181580 3439 369940 1545 062412
212382 5141 180168 3809 376736 | 1453 | 058937

213921 5090 178691 4198 383787 1362 055472

215533 5037 177150 4610 391112 1272 | 052020

Q PWN

oO

N

0.217219 | 1.4981 -175545 .5046 |0.398730 | 1.1184 | 0.048589
218981 | 4924 173876 5507 406665 1096 | 045183
220818 | 4864 172144 5998 414943 IOI 041812
222732 | 4803 170348 6521 423596 | 0927 038481
224723 4740 168489 7081 432660 | 0844 035200

oO

oOo OONO

a

.226793 | 1.4675 | 0.166567 2.7681 | 0.442176 | 1.0764 | 0.031976
228943 4608 164583 8327 452196 0686 028819
231173 4539 162537 9026 462782 o6Il 025740
233485 | 4469 | 160429 9786 | 474008 | 0538 | 022749
235880 | 4397 158261 3.0617 485967 | 0468 019858

q@
O ONIN AN PWN

.238359 | 1.4323 | 0.156031 3.1534 | 0.498777 ] 1.0401 | 0.017081
240923 | 4245 153742 2553 512591 | 0338 | 014432
243575 | 4171 | 151393 3099 | 527613 | 0278 | or1927
246315 | 4092 | 148985 5004 | 544120 | 0223 | 009584
249146 4013 146519 6519 562514 O172 007422

Oo

»
hwWnHO

.252068 | 1 3931 | 0.143995 3.8317 | 0.583396 | 1.0127 | 0.005465
255085 3849 I41414 4.0528 607751 0086 003740
253197 3765 138778 3387 637355 0053 002278
261406 | 3680 136086 7427 676027 | 0026 | oorI2I
264716 | 3594 | 133340 5-4349 | 735192 | 0008 | 000326

»
a
oO

0.268127 | 1.3506 | 0.130541 oo o 1.0000

SmitHsonian TaBLes.

72

TaBLe 39

MOMENTS OF INERTIA, RADII OF GYRATION, AND WEIGHTS

In each case.the axis is supposed to traverse the centre of gravity of the body. The axis is

one of symmetry.

The mass of a unit of volume is w.

Weight.

Moment of Inertia Io.

Sphere of radius ~

Spheroid of revolution, po-
lar axis 2a, equatorial di-
ameter 27

Ellipsoid, axes 2a, 20, 2c

Spherical shell, external ra-
dius 7, internal 7’

Ditto, insensibly thin, ra-
dius 7, thickness a7

Circular cylinder, length 2a,
radius 7

Elliptic cylinder, length 2a,
transverse axes 20, 2c

Hollow circular cylinder,
length 2a, external ra-
dius 7, internal 7”

Ditto, insensibly thin, thick-
ness adr

Circular cylinder, length 2a,
radius 7

Elliptic cylinder, length 2a,
transverse axes 2a, 20

Hollow circular cylinder,
length 2a, external ra-
dius 7, internal 7’

Ditto, insensibly thin, thick-
ness dr

Rectangular prism, dimen-
sions 2a, 24, 2c

Rhombic prism, length 2a,
diagonals 24, 2¢

Ditto

For- further mathematical data see Smithsonian Mathematical Tables, Becker and Van

| Diameter

Polar axis

Axis 2a
Diameter

Diameter

Longitudinal
axis 2a

| Longitudinal

axis 2a

Longitudinal
axis 2a

Longitudinal
axis 2a

Transverse
diameter

Transverse
axis 2d

Transverse
diameter

Transverse
diameter

Axis 2a

Axis 2a

Diagonal 2

4mrwre

3
qrewart
3

4nwabe

>

3
4rzw(73—r’8)

3

4nwredr
2nwar2
2mwabe
2mwa(r2—r'?) |
4nwardr
2mwar?

2mwabe

2mrwa(72—r'?)

4nrwardr

Swabe

4wabe

|
|

Te

6

8rwr®
15
8rwart
15
4nwabc(b2-+-c? )
15
8r7w(7r5—r’)
15
Srwrtdr
3

mwart

mwabc(b?-+-c?)
2

mwa(74*—vr'4)

4rwarrdr
mwar?(37?-+ 4a”)
mwabc(3c?+-4a")
6
; 3(74A—r’4)

1a

Fag) 5

eva(2r84 "adv

Swabe(P+e)
3
eat Meiee
3
2wabc(c? 20”)
3

)

Square of Ra-
dius of Gyra-
tion p%.

2r2

272
5
b2- 2
5
2(7°—+r')
533)
art
3
72
2
+2
4

rr?
2

rz

(Taken from Rankine.)

Orstrand (Hyperbolic, Circular and Exponential Functions) ; Smithsonian Mathematical
Formulae and Tables of Elliptic Functions, Adams and Hippisley; Functionentafeln,
Jahnke und Emde (xtgx, x“tgx, Roots of Transcendental Equations, a+ bi and re,
Exponentials, Hyperbolic Functions,

Ee

Qo
2 ze, .

— e-x*dx, Pearson Function e-$7

Vr

Qo Qo
and Cylindrical Functions, etc.). For further references see under Tables, Mathematical, in the
11th ed. Encyclopedia Britannica. See also Carr’s Synopsis of Pure Mathematics and Mellor’s
Higher Mathematics for Students of Chemistry and Physics.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

. Loo % x eae ;
SUE wf £08. aw f “— du, Fresnel Integral, Gamma Function, Gauss Integral
u u“ “
x Co

Tv
sinv evxdx, Elliptic Integrals and Functions, Spherical

TABLE 40 73
PROBABLE VALUES OF THE GENERAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
(As of January 1, 1929)

(Considerably abbreviated from paper by Raymond T. Birge published in Phys. Rev.
Suppl., vol. 1, no. 1, July, 1929, which see for further details)

Some of the most important results of physical science are embodied in the
numerical magnitudes of various universal constants; the accurate determina-
tion of such constants has engaged the time and labor of many most eminent
scientists. Some of these constants can be evaluated by various methods. Each
has been investigated by various persons, at various times, and each investiga-
tion normally produces a result more or less different from that of any other
investigation. Under such conditions there arises a general and continuous need
for a searching examination of the most probable value of each important con-
stant. An investigation of the values of general constants in current use reveals
a surprising inconsistency, both in regard to the actually adopted values and to
their origin, probably because of the fact that it is almost impossible to find
a critical study of the best values, sufficiently up-to-date to be really reliable,
and sufficiently detailed to explain the inconsistencies found among older
tables.

(1) In what follows “ each general constant has been determined from the
available data, beginning with that constant whose value depends least on other
constants. The value thus adopted has then been used consistently in the calcu-
lation of each succeeding constant for which it is an ‘ auxiliary constant’. No
attempt has been made to compare the results of different investigators until
these have been made properly comparable by the use of the same value of
each auxiliary constant.

(2) “ Each constant has been calculated from the available data by the use,
as far as possible, of formulas which involve no approximations.

(3) “Each constant has been recalculated, whenever it seemed necessary,
by analytic methods—usually by the method of least squares.”

Attention should be directed to two important sources :

(1) The International Critical Tables (1926) publish a list of nine so-called
“Accepted Basic Constants,’ each with its “ Uncertainty.” A list is given of
21 constants derived from these, and also certain other conventional and ex-
perimental constants. The I.C.T." list was adopted in 1923; since then im-
portant work on nearly every constant has appeared. It was prepared with the
aid of various scientific societies and individuals. The values are not claimed
to be the best values then available, although obviously an attempt was made to
obtain the best values. The chief weakness of this list is the lack of any state-
ment as to their origins. By correspondence and in other ways Doctor Birge
has obtained such information, and specific references to this are made in the
various sections to follow.

*LC.T. will be used for International Critical Tables, 1926.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

74. TABLE 40 (continued)
PROBABLE VALUES OF THE GENERAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

(2) The Geiger and Scheel “ Handbuch der Physik ”* contains an article
by F. Henning and W. Jaeger on “ The General Physical Constants.” There

is a list of 52 constants, basic and derived, and a statement as to the theoretical t

and numerical basis of each value. Many approximations and sources of incon-
sistency are pointed out, but with one or two exceptions no attempt is made to
recalculate data to improve the published values. The Henning and Jaeger
article, written in 1926, contains more recent information than the I.C.T.

Since 1926 much new material has appeared, so that practically every con-
stant adopted in the present paper differs more or less in value from that given
in either of these two preceding lists. In fact for the great majority of the con-
stants considered the adopted value is based primarily on work which has
appeared since 1926. In the case of most of the constants, the situation is now
much more satisfactory than it was a few years ago.

The velocity of light in vacuum (c).—An accurate summary of all numerical
results to 1927, in which many errors in the literature are corrected, has been
given by de Bray.’ A good recent account of the experimental methods for
measuring c, as well as the numerical results, is that by Ladenburg.”

The latest and most accurate direct determination of the velocity of light is
that by Michelson,‘ in 1921-1926. When the various sets of results are col-
lected under the five different mirrors used, the agreement is quite remarkable,
all five results varying only from 299797 to 299795 with a mean of 299796
as before.

c= (2.99796 + 0.00004) x 10*° cm - sec.*

The velocity of electromagnetic waves may be obtained indirectly from the
measured ratio of the electrostatic (es) to the electromagnetic (em) system
of electrical units, according to the generally accepted electromagnetic theory
of light. The best value of this ratio, which is here denoted by c’, is undoubtedly
that found by Rosa and Dorsey.’ Their final result is the average of a very
large number of individual results, taken at different times, under varying
conditions, and of remarkable consistency. It seems to Doctor Birge that about
one part in 30000 is a very conservative estimate for the probable error, giving
C == 2. 90/1 0.0001.

This result is in terms of international electrical units. Henning and Jaeger *
show that, to obtain the true ratio between the es and the em system, in absolute
units, the result of Rosa and Dorsey must be multiplied by p*/*, where one int.
ohm=p abs. ohm. According to a subsequent discussion, p = 1.00051 + 0.00002.
This gives a corrected value of c’ = (2.9979+0.0001 ) X 10° cm+ sec. It is in
beautiful agreement with Michelson’s recent value of c.

* Henceforth denoted by H.P. * Nature, 120, 602, 1927. * Handb. der Exp. Phys., 18, 1,
1928. * Astrophys. Journ. 65, 1, 1927. * Bur. Standards Bull., 3, 433, 1907. °H.P., 2, 507.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 40 (continued) 75
PROBABLE VALUES OF THE GENERAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

_ The Newtonian constant of gravitation (G).—The H.P.” gives a table of
seven determinations of G, ranging from 6.60 to 6.70 10° dyne: cm? g~’.
Henning and Jaeger adopt 6.65. In their list they omit Poynting’s value? of
6.66+0.01. The I.C.T. adopt as one of their basic constants G=6.66+0.01.

Since the publication of these reviews, Heyl* has made undoubtedly the
most reliable determination of G. His final result is

G = (6.664 +0.002) x 10-8 dyne - cm? - g~”

This result is adopted here. It is based on five separate determinations vary-
ing from 6.661 to 6.667.

Mean density of the earth—Assuming R =6.371 x 10° cm as the mean radius
of the earth, as given in the H.P., and gs; =980.616 cm: sec’, G - 8(earth)
= 30.797 X 10°° sec”, where 8(earth) is the mean density of the earth. From
the H.P. result G=6.65 S(earth)=5.53 g-cm™*. With the new result
G = 6.664

s(earth) — 5.522 + 0.002 g -cm-*

Relation of the liter to the cubic decimeter (1000 cm*),—The liter is defined
as the volume of a kilogram of air-free water at its maximum density. In
other words, the maximum density of water is, by definition, one kg- 1+. The
kilogram is defined as the mass of the prototype kilogram preserved in Paris.
This original prototype was intended to be the mass of a cubic decimeter (dm*)
of water, at maximum density. Later determinations have shown a slight
discrepancy. The various experimental results are discussed by Henning and
Jaeger.’ The mean of the best determinations is 1 liter=1000.027 cm°; this
value has been accepted in all recent tables. Henning and Jaeger give no prob-
able error for the result, but one unit in the last place seems a reasonable
assumption. Hence

1 liter = 1000.027 + 0.001 cm* = 1.000027 + 0.000001 dm?
The maximum density of water 6n(H2O) is accordingly
1/1.000027 = 0.999973 + 0.000001 kg - dm-* or g - cm?

It should be noted in conclusion, that it is customary to define I cc as
liter/1000, while 1 cm*=liter /1000.027.
The normal mole volume of an ideal gas.—

(vn cm? mole, or FR, liter - mole?)
The normal mole volume of an ideal gas is the volume occupied by one gram

mole of an ideal gas, at o° C, under one normal atmosphere pressure. This

*H.P., 2, 507. 7“ Gravitation,” Encyc. Brit., XI ed. * Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 13, 601,
1927. Heyl’s more recent value is 6.670 X 10° cm®-g™- sec.” Bur. Standards Journ. Res.,
Breas, 1930, *H.P., 2 491:

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

5

76 TABLE 40 (continued)
PROBABLE VALUES OF THE GENERAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

quantity can theoretically be determined from any real gas, correcting to
reduce to an ideal gas. Actually, only oxygen is used because its atomic
weight is 16.000 by definition ; there is no error in the resulting value due to
error in the atomic weight. As a result of extensive investigations, the cor-
rection to change oxygen to an ideal gas is known with considerable accuracy.

The LCT. gives v,=22.4115 X10® cm®.’ The H.-P. gives’ 22.414, x 108
cm® or Ry= 22.4135 liters. The discrepancy must be due to different values of
dn(Oz), the normal density of oxygen, or of (I—a), the factor due to the
deviation of oxygen from an ideal gas.’ Thus

Vn = 32(1—a) /8n(Oz) =4 32(1—a) /Ln(Oz2) $1000.027 = R,, ( 1000.027)

where vy» is the normal mole volume in cm’, R,, the same in liters, §,(O.) the
normal density of O2, in grams per cm*, and L,»(O,) the normal density in
grams per liter. All these values correspond to normal gravity (gn=980.665).
It is, however, customary among chemists to express the experimental results
in terms of gs; (980.616). Such values will be denoted by v, 6, L, and R. Thus

R=M(1-—a)/L
where J is the molecular weight.

*The most general definition of a is (1/pv) d(pv)/d(p), (temp. constant) ; it
measures the change in pu, per unit change in pressure, and has the dimensions of pres-
sure’. To make the numerical values more definite, it is customary to write a = [1/(pv):]
d(pv)/d(p), where (pv): refers to unit pressure. In investigations on normal density or
normal mole volume, it is natural to choose one atmosphere as the unit of pressure.
Henning and Heuse use one meter of mercury as the unit of p, and denote a by xt (see
page 85). Since the numerical magnitude of a is proportional to the size of the unit of p,
we have «kt = 1002/76. Henning (H.P. 9, 528) uses the symbol xt, but states that p is
measured in atmospheres.

Within limits of error, the isothermal pv is a linear function of p, for the so-called
permanent gases Oz, Nz, Hz, etc., for such substances a is independent of p but is a
function of temperature, and is more properly written at. The linear extrapolation of
pu to p=0 gives then (pv)o= (1 — a) (pv). Now in the limit p=0, any gas becomes,
by definition, an ideal gas. Hence (pv)o is the constant pv of an ideal gas, and (1 — a)
is the factor which converts the real (pv):, (unit pressure) into the ideal (pv)o, both at
some definite temperature. (I — a) is often denoted by (1+), and (1—a) or (1 +A)
may be defined as the ratio (pv)o/(pv)1. Frequently v is so chosen (in magnitude or unit)
that (pv): is unity. a (or xt) is then numerically (but not dimensionally) the slope of the
pv isothermal (see H.P. 9, 528 and 538).

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 40 (continued) |
PROBABLE VALUES OF THE GENERAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
Henning and Jaeger’ give as a mean value, L=1.42892 g-1I* and (1—a)
=1,00092. A more recent result by Baxter and Starkweather * (L =1.42901)
is omitted, but is included in the discussion by Henning and Jaeger, and raises
the mean L to 1.42893. From this, and the value of (I1—a) just quoted, the
H.P. gets its value of v,. The more recent values of (1—a), average 1.00086,
and this, taken with the Baxter and Starkweather value of L, gives vn =22.4119
x 10° cm’, in close agreement with the I.C.T. value.
Baxter and Starkweather “have recalculated their 1926 data in a more logical
manner and obtain L=1.428965 grams per liter, (1 —a) =1.000927.

L= (1.428965 + 0.000030) gram : liter"? (g=980.616)
I —a= 1.000927 + 0.000030.

R= 22.4146 + 0.0008 liter - mole (g,;—980.616)
R,, = 22.4135 + 0.0008 liter - mole (g,,— 980.665)
Vn = (22.4141+ 0.0008) x 10° cm? - mole“ (g,,—980.665).

Ratio of international (int.) to absolute (abs.) electrical units—For prac-
tical convenience, the ohm, ampere, and volt have been defined, by international
agreement,’ in terms of definite physical apparatus.”

These international units are to be compared with the corresponding absolute
units, with which they were of course identical, within limits of experimental
error, at the time of adoption in 1908. One abs. ohm=10° em units of resis-
tance, the em unit, under the assumption that permeability is dimensionless,
being one cm sec.-t. Measurements of the abs. ohm have been made ina variety
of ways, but all methods necessarily involve the measurement of length and
time. The abs. ampere is 107 em units, the em unit being one dyne’/*, again
with the assumption of dimensionless permeability.

The definition of the int. amp. just given is the primary definition, and
Doctor Birge follows the I.C.T. in designating the int. amp. so defined, and all
quantities involving it, by the symbol “(a).’’ Now let

(1) I int. ohm=p abs. ohm (2) 1 int. amp. (a) =q abs. amp.
then

(3) I int. coul. (a) =q abs. coul. (6) 1 int. henry=p abs. henry

(4) 1 int. volt (a) =pq abs. volt (7) 1int. gauss=q abs. gauss

(5) I int. joule (a) = pq? abs. joule

*H.P., 2, 493. * Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 10, 476, 1924. *Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 14, 57,
1928. *London, 1908. ° This book, p. xlvi et seq.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

78 TABLE 40 (continued)
PROBABLE VALUES OF THE GENERAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

The int. ohm can be constructed as a definite laboratory standard. This is
not true of the int. amp. (a). Hence the 1908 London conference appointed a
committee to determine the e.m.f. of the Weston normal cell, in terms of the
int. ohm and int.amp. The final value adopted by the committee (Jan. I, 1911)
was 1.0183 int. volts, at 20°C, which, to avoid ambiguity, is written 1.01830.
This is effectively a new definition of the int. volt and to distinguish it, if neces-
sary, from the primary definition, Doctor Birge again follows the I.C.T. in
writing int. volt (v). Similarly all units involving the Weston normal cell will
be designated by “(v).” Let

I int. volt (v) =r abs. volt (8)

as contrasted with eq. (4). It is now possible to use the int. volt (v) and the
int. ohm to obtain a new (subsidiary) definition of the int. amp. Thus

I int. amp. (v)=r/p abs. amp. (9)

as compared to eq. (2). Finally, in many investigations, a so-called “ semi-
absolute” volt has been used. This is defined as the e.m.f. required to force
one abs. amp. of current through one int. ohm resistance. Hence from eq. (1)

I semiabs. volt= abs. volt. (10)
From eqs. (8) and (10) one obtains
I int. volt (v)=r/p semiabs. volt. (11)

We have now to consider the most probable value of p and of q, and the
difference, if any, between 7 and pq (or between r/p and q). These questions
are discussed by Henning and Jaeger in the H.P., and they conclude,

q= ies pe 1.00059, r=pq= 1T.0005o.
On the other hand, the I.C.T. gives
G=01909003, P=—1.00052, _ 7= 1.00042; while pqg=1.00045.

Hence r/p=o0.g9990q. The correct determination of the best values of
p and q is a very technical and extremely involved matter. Unfortunately,
as just seen, there is no exact agreement on the subject. Part of the present
disagreement in the values of p and q is due to the fact that there is no standard
international unit of resistance or of voltage. Each national laboratory has its
own standards which differ more or less among themselves, and also may
change with time. The values of p and q finally adopted here represent, as well
as possible, mean values both in respect to place and to time. Fortunately the
accuracy of these quantities is so great that any possible error in the finally
adopted values is entirely immaterial in its effect on the many constants
derived later in this paper.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 40 (continued) 79
PROBABLE VALUES OF THE GENERAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

The numerical relation of the int. and abs. ohm rests chiefly on two exten-
sive investigations, one P=1.00052+0.00004, by Smith,’ at the National
Physical Laboratory (N.P.L.) of England, and the other, p=1.00051, by
Griineisen and Giebe,’ at the German Reichsanstalt. The latter estimate their
probable error, as well as that of Smith, as about 3 parts in 10°. In 1925 a
committee at the N.P.L. began an investigation of the relation of the int. and
abs. electrical units. This work is incomplete. It was stated in 1925 ° that a
comparison of various manganin with mercury resistances indicates that the
former have all increased in resistance by about 2.5 parts per 10° since 1912,
or that the mercury standards (defining the int. ohm) are really smaller by this
amount. The latter assumption would give p=1.000495, in place of Smith’s
value of 1.00052. In a recent investigation at the Reichsanstalt, Steinwehr and
Schulze * evidently assume that the N.P.L. 1925 standards are 2 parts in 10°
less than the older 1912 standards, giving a mean value of p in exact agreement
with the 1920 Reichsanstalt value. Their own experiments in 1928 agree with
this same mean value to +I in 10°. Various intercomparisons at the N.P.L.°
show that the German and American standards lie between the I1g12 and 1925
N.P.L. values. It seems certain that the best value of p, at the present time,
is 1.00051 (p.e. seems to be not more than 2 parts in 10°),

The most probable value of g is more uncertain. In the older work, the abs.
amp., determined with either a current balance or a tangent galvanometer, was
compared directly with the int. amp. as measured by a silver voltameter. There
was measured by means of a silver voltameter, with certain specifications, the
amount of silver, in grams, deposited per sec. by a current of one abs. amp.
This mass of silver was then compared with 0.00111800 gram, the defined
amount deposited, under the same conditions, by one int. amp. per sec.

Such a procedure determines g unambiguously, but does not necessarily
evaluate the electrochemical equivalent of silver (Ea,) per abs. coul. The
electrochemical equivalent of a substance is the mass actually associated with
unit charge, and is independent of experimental imperfections, while the mass
deposited in an electrolytic cell per unit charge—the only quantity we can
actually measure—is subject to experimental imperfections. This distinction
has no bearing on the value of gq, so long as one accepts the official definition
of the int. ampere. It concerns only the value of electrochemical equivalents
and the resulting value of the faraday. The various experimental values of g,
determined as explained above, are listed by Henning and Jaeger.”

*Philos. Trans., 214, 27, 1914. 7 Ann. Phys., 63, 1790, 1920. *N.P.L. Reports, p. 94,
1925. * Ann. Phys., 87, 760, 1928. °N.P.L. Reports, p. 8, 1927.. °H.P., 2, 490.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

80 TABLE 40 (continued)
PROBABLE VALUES OF THE GENERAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

In the later work (1906 to date) the current, measured in abs. amp., usually
with a current balance, is sent through,an int. ohm resistance, using a Weston
normal cell. From the known current in abs. amp. and the known resistance
in int. ohms, one obtains the e.m.f. of the Weston cell in semiabsolute volts.
By eq. (11) the ratio of this result to the e.m.f. in int. volt (v), (1.01830 by
definition), is r/p, evaluating only r/p, and not q.

The value of the e.m.f. of the Weston cell, in semiabs. volts, the assumed
corresponding electrochemical equivalent of silver per abs. coul., and the
true resulting value of r/p, are listed by Henning and Jaeger." Omitting a
probably less accurate value by Guthe, the remaining four values range from
1.00006 to 0.99989. Henning and Jaeger give correctly as 1.01822 semiabs.
volts the Rosa, Dorsey and Miller * value of the e.m.f. of the Weston cell, but
misquote and use in their averages the resulting E4, and r/p, giving 0.99995
for r/p in place of the true 0.99992 ( = 1.01822/1.01830). Using 0.99992, the
unweighted average of the four investigations * is r/p=0.99995. The Bureau
of Standards * considers only (a) (c) and (d) of reference 3 and gives 0.99991
as the best average value of r/p. The I.C.T. value (0.99990) is based on (a)
and (d) only. Henning and Jaeger? take the unweighted average of all four
values, and Doctor Birge has done the same, since there seem to be differences
of opinion as to the relative weighting of these four values. It is very probable
that (c) should be given a relatively lower weight; the final average is
fortunately not changed.

The next question concerns the equality of r/p and g. Rosa, Vinal and
McDaniel * determined the e.m.f. of the Weston cell as 1.01827 int. volt (a),
by using a silver voltameter and an int. ohm resistance. Hence by eqs. (4) and
(8), knowing 1.01827 int. volt (a) =1.01830 int. volt (v), pq/r=1.01830/
1.01827 = 1.00003. Hence g=1.00003 r/p. These investigators naturally as-
sumed r/p=0.99992, for reference 3 (d). Hence g=0.99995. This is the
figure misquoted as r/p, by Henning and Jaeger.

The result indicates that q differs from r/p by 3 parts in 10°, and that, to
agree with the primary int. units, the Weston cell should have been taken as
1.01827 int. volts. But at the Reichsanstalt,* the corresponding quantity was
found, in 1908, to be 1.01834 int. volts, and in 1922, 1.01831. The average
of these three results indicates that the accepted value of 1.01830 int. volts is
correct within limits of error. In other words, g=r/p, and one int. volt
(a) =one int. volt (v). This agrees with the view of Henning and Jaeger.’
The relative values of g and r/p adopted by the I.C.T. are based directly on
the work of the Bureau of Standards.” °

*H.P., 2, 500, Table 6. * Bur. Standards Bull., 8, 260, 1912. *(a) Ayrton, Mather,
Smith, (N.P.L.) 1908, r/p = 0.99980, (b) Janet, Laporte, Jouaust, 1908, 1.00006, (c) Haga,
Boerema, 1913, 0.99994, (d) Rosa, Dorsey, Miller (Bur. Standards), 1912, 0.99992. * Bur.
Standards Circ. 60, 38, 1916. ° Bur. Standards Bull., 10, 475, 1914. °Z. Instrument., 28,
327 and 353, 1908; ibid., 42, 221, 1922. *H.P., 2, sor.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 40 (continued) SI
PROBABLE VALUES OF THE GENERAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

Henning and Jaeger * consider that the variation from unity of either r/p or
q is less than the experimental error, and think it more practical to assume
r/p=q=1.0000. It seems best to accept the mean value of r/p=0.99995,
determined in four different laboratories, with the probable error as +0.00005.
Assuming then no distinction between int. volt (v), and int. volt (a), we have

p=1.00051 + 0.00002 pq = 1.00046 + 0.00005
q= 0.99995 + 0.00005 pq’ = 1.00041 + 0.00010

The atomic weights of certain elements.—In evaluating some of our con-
stants, it is necessary to use the atomic weights of various elements. In the
ultimate analysis, only ratios of atomic weights enter our formulas for the
general constants. All atomic weights are determined from ratios, but in
general not directly from the particular ratios we need. Hence it is necessary
to consider individual atomic weights.

The present atomic weights are based on the arbitrary assumption that the
weight of oxygen is 16 exactly. In choosing oxygen as a basis, it is assumed
that it has always the same atomic weight; i. e., it has no isotopes. Giauque
and Johnston * have very recently found an isotope of atomic weight 18, from
an analysis of the atmospheric absorption bands of oxygen. H. D. Babcock
states that experiments performed on absorption coefficients in these bands
indicate that O,, has an abundance of only one part in 1250 (probable error
some 25 per cent). Aston’s atomic weights should be greater than the chemical
values by about one part in 10,000. Babcock’s determination of relative abun-
dance, involves the assumption that the absorption coefficient is the same, per
molecule, for- each species of molecule (Ois—Oxg and Oig—O;s), and this
may not be true. The atomic weights determined by Aston, from the mass
spectrograph, need not be identical with those determined by chemical means,
since Aston’s atomic weights are based on the mass 16 isotope of oxygen con-
sidered as exactly 16, while the chemical atomic weights are based on the
ordinary mixture of the two isotopes considered as exactly 16. We shall see
that Aston’s atomic weights of hydrogen, helium, nitrogen and iodine seem
to agree with the chemical values within his limit of error (one part in ten
thousand to one part in five thousand).

Hydrogen.—Moles* lists nine results lying in the narrow range 1.00766 to
1.00783, with a mean value of 1.00777 + 0.00002, or a rounded figure of 1.0078.
The final average represents the result of 223 different measurements by five
different investigators, using four different methods, and seems to be the most
reliable now available. Doctor Birge accordingly adopts

*H.P., 2, 501. 7 Journ. Amer. Chem. Soc., 51, 1436, 1929. * Proc. Roy. Soc., 115 A, 487,
1927. * Berichte, 61 B, 1, 1928; 59, SII, (A) 1926.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

82 TABLE 40 (continued)
PROBABLE VALUES OF THE GENERAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

H= 1.00777 + 0.00002.

Aston, from positive ray analysis, obtains H=1.00778 with a limit of error
0.00015. The recent discovery of an isotope of oxygen makes it permissible
to use Aston’s value only as an indication of the relative abundance of O,; and
Oy,., not as an atomic weight determination. It is in perfect agreement with the
chemical value, which indicates a very low abundance of Oy,s.
_ Helium.—The true atomic weight of helium must be close to Aston’s value.
The chemical value is at present slightly less accurate than Aston’s, and Doctor
Birge accordingly adopts his value but his assumed error as the probable error,
although he considers such a procedure may be open to criticism, in view of the
situation regarding the oxygen isotopes. He accordingly writes

He = 4.0022 + 0.0004.

Nitrogen.—The error in the atomic weight of nitrogen produces practically
the entire error in the atomic weight of silver. Since the great majority of
the accepted atomic weights are derived more directly from silver than from
oxygen, that of silver is of the highest importance.

The atomic weight of nitrogen can be obtained by direct comparison with
oxygen, and also from density measurements, using the adopted value of R.
According to Clarke,’ the final average of these two methods gives N=14.0076.
The atomic weight can be obtained indirectly in many ways. The results of all
methods, including the two just mentioned, are summarized by Clarke* and
give N=14.0081, presumably the best value in 1920. Now it is generally
agreed that, as in the case of helium, the atomic weight of nitrogen can be
determined most accurately from its density and deviation from a perfect gas,
by the use of R=M(i—a)/L where FR is 22.4146+0.0008 (see p. 77),
(1—a) =1.00043 +0.00002, and L=1.25046+0.000045 * whence

N=14,0083 + 0.008.

Aston‘ obtains N=14.008, but his assumed accuracy is only one part in
5000. Aston gives always the limit of error, and his probable error should be
much smaller. His values all agree beautifully with the chemical values; the
decision as to his actual probable error may be left open.

Silver.—The best atomic weight of silver is at present directly dependent
on that of nitrogen. A summary is given by Moles and Clavera.’ Of the many
methods for obtaining the value of Ag, the most accurate is based on the reduc-

*Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., 16, 1920. ”Z. anorg. Chem., 167, 49, 1927. *Ibid., 167, 40,
1927. * Proc, Roy. Soc., 115 A, 487, 1927.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 40 (continued) 83
PROBABLE VALUES OF THE GENERAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

tion of AgNO, to Ag. Since O= 16.000, by definition, the sole error is due to
that in N. The proportional error is due to that in NOs, only about one fourth
the probable proportional error in N. The ratio AgNO;/Ag can be determined
with great precision. The most accurate ratio, by far, is that by Richards and
Forbes,’ yielding also 1.57479. A very elaborate investigation by Hénig-
schmid, Zintl and Thile,’ gives again exactly the same ratio. With our adopted
value of N and the above value of AgNO;/Ag=r, one has NO;/(r—1)
= (62.0083 + 0.0008) /(0.57479) = 107.8799 + 0.0014.

The atomic weight of silver can be obtained in many ways. Clarke ®* lists
43 methods, yielding a final weighted average of 107.8804. It seems reasonable
that at the present time only the AgNO;/Ag ratio results need be considered,
with a final real error in Ag due merely to that in N. It seems reasonable to
adopt

Ag=107.880=+0,001.

Iodine.—The atomic weight of iodine enters into the discussion of the value
of the faraday. Clarke* lists eight methods, with a mean of 126.926. This
result will bear closer scrutiny. The most accurate is the direct determination
of the I/Ag ratio, assuming the atomic weight of silver as known. Among
the values of this ratio, 1.176603, obtained by Baxter,’ in 1910, is the most
reliable. Clarke lists all determinations. Now the four earlier results are all
approximately 1.1753, while the later results run much higher. These earlier
results probably are vitiated by some systematic error. They are quite self
consistent, and so by Clarke are given a high weighting. With the four earlier
results eliminated, we have a new weighted average of 1.176549, in closer
agreement with Baxter’s 1910 result. This ratio, combined with Ag= 107.880,
gives [=126.926, while Baxter’s result gives 126.932. Using the revised
average value for the I/Ag ratio with Clarke’s results for the other seven
methods, we obtain a final weighted average of I= 126.932, in place of Clarke’s
value 126.926, and in exact agreement with Baxter’s result. Doctor Birge
adopts

I=126.932 + 0.002.

In conclusion it is of interest to note that Aston gets I1=126.932, in exact
agreement with our adopted value.

Carbon.—The atomic weight of carbon can be determined directly from oxy-
gen. The result of all such determinations, as obtained by Clarke,’ is 12,0000+
0.00026. This result (written 12.000) was accepted in 1925 by the Inter-
national Committee on Atomic Weights,’ and has since been used by Baxter.’

* Journ. Amer. Chem. Soc., 29, 808, 1907. *Z. anorg. Chem., 163, 65, 1927. *Mem. Nat.
Acad. Sci., 16, 1920. * Journ. Amer. Chem. Soc., 32, 1591, 1910. ° Journ. Amer. Chem.
Soc., 47, 507, 1925. ° Journ. Amer, Chem. Soc., 50, 603, 1928.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

84 TABLE 40 (continued)
PROBABLE VALUES OF THE GENERAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

Thirteen methods, including the above, listed by Clarke, give a weighted mean
of 12.0025+0.00019. Aston* finds C=12.0036, (limit of error 0.0012).
The mean of the final Clarke value and Aston’s value is 12.003, and is adopted

here.
C=12.003 + 0.001.

Calcium.—The atomic weight of calcium is needed for the grating space of
calcite. The value of Ca, accepted since I91I, is 40.07. When readopted in
1925 by the International Committee, reference was made to the work of
Richards and Honigschmid.* These investigators precipitate CaCl, by a solu-
tion of Ag, and determine the amount of AgCl produced. They assume
Ag=107.88 and Cl=35.457. The final result is Ca=40.075, based on four
determinations ranging from 40.085 to 40.070. It seems probable that the
Richards and Honigschmid value of 40.075 is the best. The probable error
0.005, is very uncertain.

Ca= 40.075 + 0.005.

The normal atmosphere (A,,).—The normal atmosphere is defined as the
pressure due to a column of Hg 76 cm high, of normal density (o0°C, An),
under normal gravity.

The I.C.T. gives An = 1.013250 X 10° dyne-cm”, based on the definition of
A, as the pressure of a column of a liquid of density 13.5951 g per cm®, normal
gravity. The H.P. gives An=1.013253x10°, from the defining equation
An=Hn- pn(Hg) + 8m(H2O) + gn, in which H,=height of normal barome-
ter = 76.000 cm, pn»=normal specific gravity of Hg (at 0o°C, A,), referred to
air-free water of max. density, 8,(H.2O) =max. density of water, gn =normal
gravity‘ =980.665 cm-sec.-*. Henning and Jaeger,’ using the density of mer-
cury in the definition, investigate the most probable value of pn, then adopt
pn=13.5955. The value of 8n(H2O) is 0.999973 g-:cm™*. The product
pn( Hg) - 8m(H20) = Dn = 13.5955 X 0.999973 = 13.595133 g:cm™®, agreeing
with the I.C.T. value to the six significant figures given by the I.C.T., but,
with the use of seven figures, leading to 4,=1,013,253, as given by the H.P.

Doctor Birge adopts as the most probable value of pn, the figure calculated by
Scheel and Blankenstein,’ viz. 13.59546. Dn=13.59546 X 0.999973 = 13.59509
g:-cm™’, and An=13.59509 x 76 x 980.665 = 1.013249 X 10° dyne-cm-*, This
should have a probable error of not more than two or three units in the last
digit, + 0.000003.

The 45° atmosphere is obtained by the mere substitution of gs5(980.616)
for gn.

A, = (1.013249 + 0.000003) x 10° dyne - cem-.
A,;= (1.013199 + 0,000003) x 10° dyne - em-?.

*Proc. Roy. Soc., 115 A, 487, 1927. 7Z, anorg. Chem., 163, 315, 1927. °H.P., 2, 490,
494. *Z. Phys., 31, 202, 1925,

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 40 (continued) 85
PROBABLE VALUES OF THE GENERAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

Note.—It is evident that the definition of the normal atmosphere given by
Dorsey in the I.C.T. is technically quite different from Henning and Jaeger’s
inthe H.P. The I.C.T. definition makes the normal atmosphere a conventional
constant, with no probable error. Doctor Birge had some correspondence on
this matter with Doctor Dorsey, leading to the conclusion that the H.P. defini-
tion is correct. The adopted value is therefore based on this H.P. definition.

Unfortunately, an article by Burgess * was overlooked in which the “standard
atmosphere ” is defined as “ the pressure due to a column of mercury 760 mm
high, having a mass of 13.5951 g-cm’%, gravitational acceleration of 980.665
cm: sec.”, and is equal to 1,013,250 dyne-cm-?.” It is thus a conventional
constant, with no error. This definition was adopted in 1927 by the Inter-
national Commission of Weights and Measures. Fortunately, this definition
makes no change in the magnitude or the error of any derived constant. It
should be noted that no temperature is specified and that the word “ mercury ”
is technically superfluous. This seems very objectionable, since there is thus
technically no simple method for reducing to standard atmospheres an actual
barometer reading at an actual observed temperature. The H.P. definition,
as used by Doctor Birge, seems preferable, in spite of international agreement.

The absolute temperature of the ice-point (T,).—The generally accepted
value of JT, was, for many years, 273.09°K., based on Berthelot’s analysis ” of
the data of Chappuis,’ and of Joule and Thomson for the porous plug experi-
ment. The final average value was y=36618X10%, or T)>=273.09°. The
I.C.T. gives T)=273.1 as one of its basic constants.

Most extensive observations on the volume and pressure coefficients (a and
8) of certain gases have recently been made by Henning and Heuse,* at the
Reichsanstalt. The value of y was obtained by two different methods.°

The first method gave for the gases He, Hz, and Nz, y X 10’= 36600, 36607,
and 36606, or 7)=273.224°, 273.172° and 273.179°. The mean is yx 10°
= 366043 or 7)=273.190° +0.015.

The second method gave for He (two determinations at slightly different
Po), Hz and No, yx 107=36598, 36597, 36617, and 36604. The mean is
36604.0 or T)>=273.194°. They conclude that the best mean value of all the
experiments is y X 10’= 36604. The reciprocal of this is T,=273.19°. They
write it as 273.20°. In the later article * by Heuse, neon is used, and the above
value of y is confirmed.

The only other determination of T, of. comparable accuracy is that by
Roebuck,’ using the Joule-Thomson effect in air.’ This method requires a, the
volume coefficient, as well as the Joule-Thomson coefficient ». Roebuck mea-

*Bur. Standards Journ. Res., 1, 635, 1928. * Tray. et Mem. Bur. intern.; 13, 12, 1907.
Sinid.) vols. 6,13. --Z. Phys.,.5, 264, 1021; 5, 285, 1921; 37, 157, 1926. °H-P., 9, 527.
* Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., 60, 537, 1925. *H.P., 2, 496.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

86 TABLE 40 (continued)
PROBABLE VALUES OF THE GENERAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

sured p, but for a used data, mainly by Chappuis. Henning and Jaeger * note this
and adopt merely the Henning and Heuse value 273.20° (which as previously
noted should be 273.19°). Roebuck obtained three results, 273.18°, 273.16°
and 273.12°, average, 273.15°. He lists all previous determinations, and
chooses 273.17°, lying midway between his own result and that of Henning and
Heuse. He gives +0.02° as the probable error. Doctor Birge feels that these
two results (273.15° and 273.19°) are entitled to far more weight than any of
the older work, but that the second result is probably the most accurate, being
based on new determinations of a. Hence he adopts—with the probable error
given by Henning and Jaeger—
T,=273.18+0.03°K.

(Roebuck’s +0.02° may well be more reasonable).

The mechanical equivalent of heat (J) and the electrical equivalent of
heat (J’).—A description of the methods for the evaluation of J, and a dis-
cussion of the results, is given by Jaeger in the H.P.* The value adopted by
Henning and Jaeger in the H.P.’ is one cal.4;=4.184, int. joule= 4.186; abs.
joule. The I.C.T. value is one cal..4;=4.185 abs. joule. The cal.,; is defined as
the amount of thermal energy required to heat one gram of pure water from
EAs tout oea ce,

Joule turned mechanical energy directly into thermal energy, and J was
evaluated in abs. joules. In most modern work electrical energy is turned
directly into thermal, thus evaluating the electrical equivalent of heat (J’, mea-
sured in int. joules). Since the relation between the int. joule and the abs.
joule (107 ergs) is known with considerable precision, the mechanical equiva-
lent may be obtained from the electrical equivalent.

The value of J adopted by the H.P. results from the work of Jaeger and
Steinwehr.* They determined J’, for many different mean temperatures lying
between 4.75°C and 49.60°C. This is undoubtedly the most accurate work
now available. They list 67 results. These results are represented as a para-
bolic function of f.

On examining their data, Doctor Birge finds that a parabola is not a suffi-
ciently complex function. Their residuals show pronounced trends; unfortu-
ately the largest trend is near 15°C. He accordingly made a separate investi-
gation of the best curve for their data.

J’ = 4.21040 — 2.78958 X 1073¢ + 7.73723 X 10°?

— 8.52567 x 10°78 + 3.7540 X 10-*t# (1)
This gives J’1;= 4.18327 int. joules, and is the most probable value resulting
from the work of Jaeger and Steinwehr. Jaeger gives two parts in 10000
(i.e., 8X 107+ joules) as the probable error. Doctor Birge therefore writes
J’15= 4.18334 0.0008 int. joules. We have one int. joule=pq? oe joule,
where pq*=1.00041+0.00010. Hence there results

J45= (4.1833 + 0.0008) (1.00041 + 0.00010) = 4.1850+ 0.0009 abs. joules.

+H.P., 2, 406. *H.P., 0, 476, *H.P., 2, 497. *Ann. Phys.,64, 305, 19at.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 40 (continued) 87
PROBABLE VALUES OF THE GENERAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

The most accurate direct determination of the mechanical equivalent of
heat J is the work of Laby and Hercus,’ which appeared since the H.P. was
compiled. They use a continuous flow calorimeter and make 23 determinations,
grouped about six different temperatures, the temperature change in the
calorimeter being always about 5°C. Their result is J=4.1841+0.0001 abs.
joules at 16.67°C.

A more precise method of reduction is first to adopt a curve for the tempera-
ture variation of the specific heat of water. Such a curve is given immediately
by eq. (1). If it is desired that the specific heat at 15°C be unity, eq. (1) is to
be divided by 4.18327. Doctor Birge finally adopts

one 15° calorie (J,; ) =4.1852 + 0.0006 abs. joules
onel5° “ (J’,;) =4.1835 + 0.0007 int. joules

and by eq. (1) »9 = 4.1813 + 0,0006 abs. joules
J’ 59 = 4.1796 + 0.0007 int. joules

The faraday (F).—The faraday is defined as the quantity of electricity
carried in electrolysis by one gram equivalent of any element. It is believed to
be a general constant of nature. According to modern ideas, each univalent ion
carries a charge numerically equal to the electronic charge e. The Avogadro
number NV, gives the number of atoms (or molecules) in one gram equivalent.
Hence one may define the faraday more precisely as the product No: e. The
fact that F can be most accurately evaluated from electrolysis, and No is then
obtained from F and e, does not affect the validity of the definition.

One electrochemical equivalent is the mass associated with unit electric
charge. Like the faraday, its true value, independent of experimental condi-
tions, depends only on the adopted unit of charge. On the other hand we can
measure only the amount of a substance deposited or released in an electrolytic
cell, per unit current per second. This is affected by experimental conditions,
and may or may not equal the electrochemical equivalent. The faraday is
then, by definition, the ratio of the gram. equivalent of a substance to its
electrochemical equivalent. Almost universally the distinction between mass
deposited per unit charge, and electrochemical equivalent is ignored. Con-
siderable confusion results regarding the best value of certain electrochemical
equivalents, and the resulting best value of the faraday.

Nevertheless, it is convenient to assume, for the moment, that the silver
deposited per unit charge in a silver voltameter, under the conditions defining
the international ampere, is the electrochemical equivalent of silver (Fug).
With this assumption, the value of faraday follows from constants already
adopted. The gram equivalent of silver, or of any univalent substance, is
numerically equal to its atomic weight in grams (Ag). The amount of silver
deposited in electrolysis by one international coulomb is, by definition,
0.00111800 gram. Hence

* Philos. Trans., A 227, 63, 1927,

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

88 TABLE 40 (continued)
PROBABLE VALUES OF THE GENERAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

F = Ag/0.0011 1800 = (107.880 + 0.001 ) /0.001 11800 int. coul.
=96494.+1 int. coul., (1)
= 96489. + 5 abs. coul. (2)

If q=1, as adopted by the H.P., F=96494 int. coul. or abs. coul., the actual
value adopted by Henning and Jaeger. If g=0.99993, as adopted by the I.C.T.,
there results F=96487 abs. coul. The I.C.T., however, adopts F =96500+ 10
abs. coul., which with its adopted value of q, leads to F=96507 int. coul. This
last value requires Ag = 107.893, in direct contradiction to facts. F=96500
+10 abs. coul. is evidently taken from Vinal and Bates,’ and to understand the
seeming discrepancy, it would be necessary to examine in detail this last quoted
work employing the distinction between mass carried in electrolysis and mass
deposited (see Doctor Birge’s discussion, Phys. Rev., Suppl. 1, 35, 1929).
Henning and Jaeger * make no distinction between mass carried and mass
deposited, writing E4,=0.00111800 g per int. coul. It seems evident from
Vinal and Bouvard * that there are inclusions in the silver deposit, tending to
make E4, too large by 4X 10% g, and F too small by 4 coulombs. There may
be small parasitic chemical reactions in the silver voltameter, tending to de-
crease the value of E4, and hence to increase the value of F. It seemed best to
adopt the value of F given in eqs. (1) and (2), but to assign to E4, a probable
error of 5X 10°*g, 1.e., an error slightly greater than the measured effect of the
inclusions. Then

hy 107.880 + 0.001

~~ (1.11800 + 0.00005) x 10-3
= 96489 + 7 abs. coul.

= 9648.9+0.7 abs. em units,

= (2.89270 + 0.00021) x 10** abs. es units.

F = 96494 + 5 int. coul. (3)

The electronic charge (e).—The values of a large number of important con-
stants depend directly on the value of the electronic charge; in most cases the
final probable error is due mainly to the error in e. It is desirable that it
be determined in many different ways, and by many different persons. The
situation has been the reverse. Only one precision method for the evaluation
of e was known, and the work had been carried out by a single individual.
It is very fortunate that the investigation referred to is a masterpiece. Milli-
kan’s * investigations extend over more than a decade; the latest value of e
was published in 1917. The great importance of e, and because higher values
have recently been obtained, led Doctor Birge to investigate the matter in more
than usual detail.

Millikan found that if the viscosity of air is taken as constant, in Stokes’
law of fall, the apparent value of ¢ is a function of the radius of the drop and
of the pressure of the air. The true value of e can be found by assuming a
modification of Stokes’ law such that his observations could be plotted as a

*Bur. Standards Bull., 10, 425, 1914 (p. 447). 7H.P., 2, 502. *Bur. Standards Bull,
13, 147, 1916. * Phys. Rev., 29, 60, 1909; 32, 342, I9II; 2, 109, 1913; Philos. Mag., 34, I,
1917; 19, 209, IQIO.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 40 (continued) 89
PROBABLE VALUES OF THE GENERAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
linear graph, its intercept on the y axis giving e?/*, and leading to the desired
quantity.

Millikan found that for values of 1/pa less than about 700 (p in cm Hg, a,
radius of drop, in cm), the resulting graph was linear. Only that part of the
curve corresponding to 1/pa less than 700 was used in precise determinations
of e. The 1917 value of e was deduced from 25 oil drops, each giving one point
on the graph. The 25 observations form a beautifully consistent set of data.
The least squares solution, as calculated by Doctor Birge, gives for the inter-
cept (61.111 +0.032) X10*; but plotted data are based on the 1913 value
(0.0001824) for the viscosity of air. The value of a)(=e?/*) is proportional
to the viscosity. With the improved 1917 value of the viscosity (0.00018227),
€=d,*/? = (4.7721 + 0.0038) X 107? es units.

Millikan stars 18 of the points, with conditions of observation as perfect as
possible. These 18 drops give a)=61.121+0.038 (e€=4.7733+0.0045, IQI7
viscosity). These 18 drops deviate from the best straight line more than do
the other 7. The standard deviation of the 25 drops is 0.121 x 10-8, while for
the 18 drops it is 0.123 x 10%. The drops of smaller radius fall more slowly,
and can be more accurately timed. Actually they are less reliable. Thus 13
smaller drops have a standard deviation of 0.134, considered as part of the
25 drops, definitely larger than the 0.121 average of the 25. A least squares
solution of these 13 drops gives d)=61.143 +0.050, standard deviation of 0.132.
This is so close to 0.134 that we can conclude that the 13 drops fit the graph of
the entire 25 as well as a graph designed to fit them alone. On the other hand,
the 12 larger drops give for the least square solution, @) =61.078 + 0.045, stand-
ard deviation 0.117, thus definitely more reliable than the smaller drops. The
resulting value of e, reduced to the 1917 viscosity, is 4.7759+0.0058 for the
13 smaller drops, and 4.7683+0.0053 for the larger drops. The weighted
mean is 4.7718, in essential agreement with the value (4.7721) obtained from
all 25 drops. This, of course, is what we should expect.

The average deviation from the average for small and large drops is 0.0038,
much less than the probable error of either. This is an analytic proof that
the true value of e is not a function of the radius of the drop. This also indi-
cates that the larger drops are, if anything, more reliable than the smaller.
If the larger are given a higher weight, the resulting value of e would lie
between 4.772 and 4.768. The final conclusion is that there is no particular
reason for giving different weights to the different drops, and that any such
weighting, if made, would slightly lower e. We therefore take 4.772 x 10° es
units as the best result of the 1917 work.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

go TABLE 40 (continued)
PROBABLE VALUES OF THE GENERAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

In 1913 data on 58 drops were obtained. Millikan used, in evaluating e,
the 23 drops (out of 58) of smallest 1/pa. These are more consistent, having a
standard deviation of only 0.092. They lead to e=4.7665+0.0058 (1917
viscosity), while the entire 58 give 4.7703+0.0022. This last figure might
appear more reliable than that of 1917; such a conclusion ignores other errors.
In 1913 Millikan estimated four factors, each with a maximum uncertainty
of 0.1 per cent. In 1917 he estimated two such factors, each with a maximum
uncertainty of 0.05 per cent. His final 1917 estimate for the maximum uncer-
tainty in e is 0.1 per cent, based mainly on these two factors. The above calcula-
tions show, however, a probable error of 0.08 per cent (+0.0038) in the 1917
value, due to accidental errors. The final uncertainty is therefore several times
as large. Doctor Birge estimates that the final probable error is about 0.1 per
cent, and writes e= (4.772+0.005) X 107° es units.

This value is now subject to two further corrections. In reducing the result
to es units per cm, Millikan used c=2.999 x 101° cm: sec.“?, and made no dis-
tinction between international and absolute electrical units. It has been shown
definitely that the int. volt differs from the abs. volt by an appreciable amount.
We have also now the new value, c=2.99796. The change in c is obvious, it
lowers e from 4.772 to 4.770. The other change seems to have been overlooked
by everyone. Because the electrical potential forces the charged drops against
the viscosity of air, instead of against electrical resistance, one has only electric
voltage coming into the calculations. One int. volt=1.00046+0.00005 abs.
volts. The true value of F, in abs. volts, is larger and the true value of e, in
abs. es units is smaller by just this ratio. Hence, the value of e is reduced’
from 4.770 to 4.768. Since the error in each of these corrections is negligible,
the final result is e= (4.768+0.005) X 10°7° abs. es units. This should be the
most reliable value from Millikan’s oil-drop work,

Recently an entirely different method has been devised for e. The two
results which have already been published are apparently less reliable than the
oil-drop value. This new method measures directly the Avogadro number No,
and from this and the value of the faraday, e immediately follows. It utilizes
the absolute wave lengths of X-ray lines, determined with an ordinary ruled
grating at grazing incidence, as compared with the wave lengths determined
with a crystal grating.

A=2d - sin (1)

where d is the grating space. It has been pointed out by Siegbahn,* and by

1 Professor Millikan agreed, 1928. *Siegbahn, Spectroscopy of X-rays, p. 26.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 40 (continued) gl
PROBABLE VALUES OF THE GENERAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

Compton, Beets and DeFoe,’ that, to obtain the true X-ray wave length J, it
is necessary to use an effective grating space d, automatically correcting for
the refraction of the X rays at the crystal surface. For first order spectra and
the high frequencies of ordinary X rays, the true grating space d’ is connected
with the effective space d by the relation

d=d'(I—0.000135). | (2)
Siegbahn uses for calcite d= 3.02904 X 10° cm, at 18°C. This is a more or less
arbitrary value, assuming that d for rock-salt, at 18°C, is 2.81400 x 10-8 cm.
We shall denote by dj, this 3.02904 value, and by A” the resulting wave-
length. Hence Nr pet (2)

NAL = GeO 18 (3)

where J is the true wave length from a ruled grating, d,s the effective grating
space of calcite at 18° C, A” the supposed true wave length from measures with
a calcite crystal with d”;g as an assumed grating space at 18°C. dy, follows
knowing d”,, and A. From (2) we obtain d’;s, the true grating space of calcite.
The temperature coefficient* is 1.04 10°; d's) is accordingly 2.08 x 10%
larger. This 20° value is given theoretically by the formula

d' y= {nM /pNo(B) (°° (4)
where n is 4, M, the molecular weight of calcite (CaCos3), p, its density at
20°C, (8), a geometrical constant depending on the crystal structure, and
No, F/e; knowing d'x) we can obtain No and then e.

We have M = 100.078 + 0.005 ; the best value of p is 2.7102+0.0004 g + cm=®
(DeFoe, Compton *), of (8), 1.09630+0.00007 at 20°C (Beets*) whence

and

e= (1.7176+0.0003) X 1013 (d'99)%. (5)

The two published determinations of ds, based on absolute X-ray wave
lengths, are by Backlin,’ and Wadlund.° Using (3), Wadlund obtains 1.5373
+0.0008A for the Ka, line of Cu, combined with Siegbahn’s values of d”13 and
Xr”, giving d,s= (3.0290+0.0016) X 10-8 cm. The corresponding value of doo is
3.02906 ; the true grating space d’.9, (30295 0.0016) x 10° cm. This value is
to be substituted in (5). It gives e=(4.7757+0.0076) X 107° abs. es units.
This is not as accurate as the oil-drop value.

It is difficult to appraise the work of Backlin, as regards its accuracy. He
gets 8.333+0.008A for the absolute wave length of the Al Ka line. Compar-
ing this with an unpublished result by A. Larsson (8.3229+0.0008A ), ob-
tained with a crystal, Backlin obtains djg=3.033+0.003A. This gives d'2o
= 3.03347A, and e=(4.794+0.015) X107° abs. es units. This value is 0.55
per cent higher than the oil-drop result.

*Phys. Rev., 25, 625, 1925. *Siegbahn, Spectroscopy of X-rays, p. 85. * Phys. Rev.,
25, 618, 1925. * Phys. Rev., 25, 621, 1925. ° Upsala Dissertation, 1928. ° Proc. Nat. Acad.
Sci., 14, 588, 1928; Phys. Rev., 32, 841, 1928.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

g2 TABLE 40 (continued)
PROBABLE VALUES OF THE GENERAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

Backlin’s results lead to 4.794+0.015.

The investigation by Backlin is a pioneer piece of work, and it is quite
likely, as such, to contain unsuspected systematic errors. If the three values
of e (4.768 from Millikan’s oil-drop work, 4.776 by Wadlund, and 4.794 by
Backlin) are weighted according to the apparent probable error of each, the
result is still suspiciously high. The thorough examination made of the actual
value of e and its probable error, from the oil-drop work, was carried out
because of this inconsistency. It seems best to reject the Backlin value, and
to use the weighted mean of the remaining two values, viz. 4.768+0.005 and
4.776+0.008, or 4.770; as usual adopt as its probable error the smaller of the
two individual errors, rather than that given by least squares; the latter is
meaningless when only two observations are concerned. The finally adopted

value is then
e= (4.770+0.005) x 10-'° abs. es units.

The specific charge of the electron (e/m).—A very complete and critical
account of all work on the measurement of e/m, up to 1919, has been given by
Bestelmeyer.’ His final conclusion is that e/m= (1.76+0.02) X 10 em units.
A more recent discussion is that by Gerlach,” who concludes that e/m= 1.766
x 107 em units. The question is discussed very briefly by Henning and Jaeger,”
who however adopt Gerlach’s value. The I.C.T. adopts 1.769 + 0.003.

The latest work greatly exceeds in accuracy all the preceding; it seems
legitimate to confine the discussion to these new results. The value of e/m
has been obtained with considerable accuracy by three distinct methods,
(a) deflection of electrons in electric and magnetic fields, (b) Zeeman effect,
(c) fine structure and relative wave lengths of H and He? spectral lines. It
may be obtained also from Bohr’s theoretical expression for the Rydberg
constant, R,, provided one assumes the value of e and of h. This last method
is not as accurate as the preceding. A fifth involves the Compton shift. This
also is as yet a relatively inaccurate method.

The latest and most accurate work with method (a), that by Wolf,” is
carried out with every possible refinement. The essential point is the employ-
ment of a longitudinal magnetic field. The electron velocity is calculated from
the potential fall. He concludes that e/m=(1.7679+0.0018) X 107 em units.
1.7679 should be corrected for the difference between the int. and abs. units.
It then becomes (1.7689 + 0.0018) X 107 abs. em units.

* Marx, Handb. Radiologie, 5, 1, 1919. *H.P., 22, 41. *H.P., 2, 504. * Ann. Phys., 83,
849, 1927.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 40 (continued) 93
PROBABLE VALUES OF THE GENERAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

The most recent accurate work, using method (0b), is by Babcock." A large
number of spectrum lines (116 in all) were employed. Nearly all showed a
complex Zeeman pattern. For determining e/m it was necessary to assume
the Runge denominator of each line. In cases where this is small, it was known
with certainty. In some cases it was large and rather uncertain. His work has
been criticized, and Gerlach, in his final table,” omits Babcock’s result. It
appears to Doctor Birge that the criticism is unjustified; at his suggestion,
Babcock has recalculated his data, omitting all Zeeman patterns in any way
doubtful. The new result,® based on 48 lines for which the Zeeman pattern is
definitely established, is 1.7606+0.0012; the error is purely observational.
The difference between the two values is just that produced by the change in
the value of c. Doctor Birge therefore writes e/m= (1.761 +0.002) X 107 abs.
em units as the best result from Zeeman effect.

The latest, most accurate work using method (c), is by Houston,’ based on
the Bohr-Sommerfeld model consisting of a positive nucleus and one encircling
electron (moving in elliptic or circular orbits). Such atoms are H and He’.
In order to determine e/m, we must evaluate the so-called Rydberg constant
for hydrogen (Ry) and for ionized helium (Ruy-). Practically the entire error
in ¢/m is merely the error in the difference Rue—Ru.

The pioneer work was performed by Paschen.’ He obtained Ry = 109677.69
+0.06 cm, Rye=109722.14+0.04 cm™. Those give e/m=1.768+0.003,
using his values and assumed errors for Ry and Rue, but the present accepted
values and errors for H, He, and F. The recent investigation by Houston,’ is
so much more accurate than the work just mentioned that it alone will be
considered. Houston’s new experimental results are

Rue=109722.403 + 0.004 cm", Ru=109677.759 + 0.008 cm-.

The stated errors are purely least squares probable errors. He believes the
relative values of Rye and Ry are correct to 0.02, although the absolute error
in each may be about 0.05.

Houston used m=5.4 X10, He=4.0001, H=1.0077, F=96470 abs. cou-
lombs, and obtained e/m= (1.7606+0.0010) X 107 em units. Using his con-
stants and the corrected formula the result is 1.7603. The error in his formula
is therefore almost negligible. The entire probable error in e/m, due to errors
in all factors, aside from (Rye—Ry), is less than 0.01 per cent and so is
entirely negligible compared to the error in (Rye—Rzu).

* Astrophys. Journ., 58,.149, 1923. *H.P., 22, 81. * Phys. Rev., 33, 268 A, 1929; Astro-
phys. Journ., 60, 43, 1929. * Phys. Rev., 30, 608, 1927. ° Ann. Phys., 50, 901, 1916.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

94 TABLE 40 (continued)
PROBABLE VALUES OF THE GENERAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

Using Houston’s value of Ry, and of Rue—Ru, together with the values
of H, He, etc., we obtain e/m= (1.7608 + 0.0008 ) X 10° abs. em units. This
value of e/m thus agrees with that obtained by Babcock. Summarizing the
results we find e/m=1.769+0.002 from deflection experiments, =1.761
+o,002 from Zeeman effect, =1.761+0.001 from H and He spectra. The
discrepancy between the first result and the last two is four times the probable
error of the first. Theory gives only one chance in 143 of this occurring. The
discrepancy seems to be real.

The last two results are measurements of e/m for electrons inside of an atom,
based upon the quantum theory of atomic structure. The first is the measure-
ment of ¢/m for electrons 1m free space. The figures point to the conclusion
that the e/m of an electron is less when it is inside an atom than when it is
outside. If this conclusion seems unacceptable, then it would appear that there
is some general error in the equations of the quantum theory of atomic struc-
ture or there is some unknown general error in all the deflection experiments.
Under the circumstances two values may be assumed of e/m—one for where
atomic structure is involved, the other for free electrons. Hence

e/m (spectroscopic) = (1.761 +0.001) x 10° abs. em units per g;
— (5.279 +0.008) x10" abs.es “ * ro
e/m (free electrons) = (1.769 + 0.002) x 107 abs.em “ ee
= (5.303 + 0.006) x10 abs.es =“ oe

The Planck constant (h).—The Planck constant has been evaluated in a
number of ways. There is difference of opinion as to the relative accuracy of
the results ; some are more or less incompatible. A satisfactory determination
of this constant is difficult.

The first attempt to obtain a value of h, from the results of all seven meth-
ods, was made by Doctor Birge in 1919. The value found was (6.5543
+0.0025) X 10°*” erg : SEC., the error being merely the least-squares probable
error. This error has been criticized by Ladenburg as far too small. It is
not the final error since, as clearly stated, one must add to it an error somewhat
greater than the proportional error in e. This occurs with some positive power
(unity to two) in every known method for obtaining h. This makes the total
probable error more nearly +0.01. Doctor Birge’s 1919 evaluation of h has
been adopted by the I.C.T., but the probable error should be +0.001.

In 1920 Ladenburg* wrote an article on the evaluation of h, in which
several of Doctor Birge’s conclusions were criticized. His own result in that
article was 6.54+0.01. In 1925 Ladenburg wrote another article on this
subject, for the H.P? He then concludes that h=6.547, which value he rounds

1 Jahrb. Radioakt. und Electronik, 17, 93, 1920. *H.P., 23, 279.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 40 (continued) 95
PROBABLE VALUES OF THE GENERAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

off to 6.55+0.01. Henning and Jaeger * discuss the most probable value and
adopt 6.55.

(a) Bohr’s formula for the Rydberg Constant.—Bohr’s theory of the Hy-

drogen atom leads to the equation

wo = 2re®/hic2e/m (1)
in which Ro is the Rydberg constant for infinite mass (cm units), e, the
electronic charge (abs. es units), and e/m is in em units. Ra» is derived from
the observed Ry by the equation

Ro =Ry(1+m/myg) =Rait + F/(e/m) (H —m) =109737.424 em. (2)
The probable error in R» is about 0.06 cm. In absolute units Ro +c
= (3.28988 + 0.00004) x 10? sec.t. Substituting in (1) the spectroscopic
value of e/m, since we are dealing with spectroscopic data,

h=(6547=20.011) <10;*" ete.-sec.

After adopting a weighted mean value of h, (1) becomes a method for calcu-
lating, indirectly, the value of Rw. Or, using the directly determined value
Re, (1) becomes a means for calculating e/m.

(b) Ionization potentials —In 1919 Birge had available 13 values of ioniza-
tion and resonance potentials. Many more such potentials have been obtained.
The probable error in each is rather large. We have one really accurate de-
termination obtained with electrons of carefully controlled velocity. This is
Lawrence’s value* of the ionization potential of Hg. His final value equals
10.40 +0.02 int. volts.

The equation for obtaining h is hv=eV; all quantities are in absolute units.
The observed potential (’’) is always in int. volts. The potential in abs. es units
is then VY = pqV’108/c. The spectral frequency v (in sec.*') is obtained always
from the wave length A, in cm. Hence v’(cm™) =1/A, and v=c/A. The above
equations lead to

h/e= (pqV'10*) /(c7v') = (pqV'A10*) /c? (3)
It seems quite customary to assume that V¢s=IV" volts/300 and to write this
pavation h/e=V'X/300¢. (4)

This is equivalent to assuming c=3 X 10° cm: sec.-1, causing an error of 0.07
per cent. Scarcely anyone uses c=3 X10'° cm: sec.* when reducing A to »,
and thus in the same equation it is customary to use two different values of c.
The “term” of Hg corresponding to the ordinary ionization potential is
84178.5 cm™, whence
4772.5 t= (0:500-=0.015 107".

The probable error in V’ is 0.2 per cent and in e, 0.1 per cent. The errors of
the other factors are negligibly small.

(c) X-ray continuous spectrum.—This method uses (3), A being measured
by means ofa calcite crystal, i.e., \=2d sin 6 where d is the grating space, and 6
the angle at which the given wave length shows constructive interference.

h/e=pq 2d(V’ sin 6) 108/c?

Duane, Palmer, and Yeh * have carried out an accurate investigation. The
resulting value of h is (6.556+0.009) x 10°’. Another result for which equal
accuracy is claimed, is by Wagner.’ Ladenburg” gives a complete list of
Wagner’s experimental results. Ladenburg, using eq. (4), with c=2.9985
X10", gets 6.529+0.01.

*H.P., 2, 510. * Phys. Rev., 28, 947, 1926. * Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 7, 237, 1921. ‘ Phys.
Mei 21, 621, 1920. °H.P., 23, 2063; :

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

96 TABLE 40 (continued)
PROBABLE VALUES OF THE GENERAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

Duane, Palmer, and Yeh used a known potential (int. volts) and measured
the angle 6 at which the ionization suddenly started (or stopped). This gives
the critical ionization frequency corresponding to the given voltage. Wagner
used known wave lengths varying the voltage for a given wave length, until
ionization suddenly began (or ceased). Both methods involve the calcite
grating space d. On page 91 the absolute wave lengths of rays were used to
evaluate d’, the true grating space; d’ was then used with other known con-
stants to evaluate the electronic charge e. In this section we use the finally
adopted value of e, (4.770+0.005) X 107° abs. es units, with these same con-
stants, to evaluate d’.

@ 9 =14.770 * 1079/ 1.7570 <1! (2 — (310283 + O:0010) <1; cnt

This value of d’x9 includes the result of the X-ray work, since the value of e
just used is the weighted average from both oil-drop and X-ray work. We
might have used e= 4.768 to get a value of d’ based on oil-drop work. A second
value of da’ might then be obtained from absolute X-ray measurements. The
weighted average of these two values would be the value given, provided we
use the data and probable errors indicated on p. 91.

We obtain for the effective grating space of calcite at 20°C, for the first order
Spectrult doo = (3.0279 + 0.0010) X 10°? cm.
This value is to be substituted with the direct experimental value of V’’ sin 6.
For the latter Duane, Palmer, and Yeh found 2039.9+1 int. volts (mean tem-
perature of about 20°C). Thus we have

h—\(6'550== 6.006) <10;4terg,1sec.

Similarly revising Wagner’s result we obtain 6.532+0.010, in place of
6.526+0.010. It is difficult to judge what revision is required in the values of
A used by Wagner ; the change is probably small. We thus have, as the two best
values of h, from X-ray data, 6.559+0.008 (or 0.009) and 6.532+0.010. The
work of Wagner has not yet been published in sufficient detail. For this reason
in adopting a weighted average only one-half as much weight is given to
Wagner. Since the two results differ by much more than the probable error
of either, the regular least squares probable error is used. Hence, from X-ray
data, bes

h= (6.550+0.009) X 10-* erg : sec.

(d) Photoelectric effect—-The most accurate determination of h, from
photoelectric work, is by Lukirsky and Prilezaev." They use a somewhat
different technique from that employed by Millikan,’ and obtain a simple
empirical relation for the ionization current as a function of voltage. The
actual curve may be transposed into a linear graph, making the extrapolation
to zero current more certain. They also carry the readings very close to this
zero point.

1 Zeit. Phys., 49, 236, 1928. * Phys. Rev., 7, 355, 1916.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 40 (continued) 97
PROBABLE VALUES OF THE GENERAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

The equation for evaluating h is that just used, except that now the energy
(P) to pull an electron out of the metal is no longer negligible compared to hv.

Hence we write
Ve —hy— ee

To eliminate P, light of varying frequencies is used, measuring for each the
critical voltage V at which ionization starts. V is plotted against v; the result-
ing curves should be linear, with a slope

dV /dv=h/e.
With V measured as V’’ int. volts, and v as »’ cm-?, we have
dV /dv= (pato®dlV’")/(c?dv’) =h/e

Lukirsky and Prilezaev use the metals Al, Zn, Sn, Ni, Cd, Cu, and Pt. Six
curves, three with Zn, two with Al, and one with Ni, were the best. Un-
fortunately these investigators give no detailed data, and no indication of the
actual equation used. Their final value of h is 6.543 x 10°" erg - sec., the indi-
vidual results being 6.539, 6.542, 6.540, 6.556, 6.536, and 6.546. We take

h= (6.543 +0.010) X 10°*" erg ='sec.

These investigators estimate their final error in h as 0.1 to 0.2 per cent.
(e) Wien’s displacement law; Planck equation—h may be had from radia-
tion constants in two different ways. The first is by means of cs, in the Wien

displacement law,
Kee G/p—A.

where B=4.9651 (root of e+ 8/5—1=0). The radiation constant cz occurs
also in Planck’s black-body radiation law in the form

6G1—NG/E:

c=velocity of light, k( Boltzmann constant) =R,/No, Ro (gas constant per
mole) =vnAn/To, and No (Avogadro’s number)=Fc/e. Substituting the
values of vn, An, To, F and e previously adopted,

No = (6.0644 + 0.0061 ) X 1078 mole,
Ro= (8.3136+0.0010) X 10" erg - deg.? : mole7?.
h=(( 1637002010014) < 107, erg. deg.

In 1919 Doctor Birge asked Coblentz what in his opinion was then the best
value of co. He recommended 1.433 cm: deg.; this value was adopted. In a
long critical review of the radiation constants, three years later, Coblentz * gives
1.432 as the most probable value. No probable error is given but the four
results, obtained by four investigators, were 1.436, 1.430, 1.430 and 1.4318,

*Bur. Standards Bull., 17, 7, 1922.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

98 TABLE 40 (continued)
PROBABLE VALUES OF THE GENERAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

the last being Coblentz’ own value. Ladenburg* gives 1.432+0.006. The
separate results which he used are 1.425 to 1.441, 1.4295+0.007, 1.435, 1.4318,
1.430. The chief error arises from the various corrections applied to the
observed values. Coblentz’ original value * of 1.4456 has become 1.4318 in his
latest article, Doctor Birge believes 0.003 is a much more reasonable estimate
of error. Both Coblentz and Ladenburg agree on the absolute value. Hence
he adopts

C2= 1.432 + 0.003 cm: deg.

h=(6.548+0.015) X 10°" erg - sec.

The radiation constant cy. occurs in the Boltzmann factor e-*/#7, (e=energy,
T =absolute temperature) in the form e-¢”/?=e-%/A?, where v in cm, or A in
cm, is the quantum equivalent of e ergs.

(f{) The Stefan-Boltzmann law and the Planck equation—The second
method for determining h by the radiation constants is through the Stefan-
Boltzmann law, E=oT*=acT*/4. h is connected with o, using Planck’s law,
by the relation

h= (2n°k*/15c?c)?.

As in the case of ¢s, there is a difference of opinion concerning the accuracy
with which o may be measured. The best value, in 1919, was that obtained by
Coblentz,’ namely (5.722+0.012) X 10° erg -cm™?: deg.*: sec.-*. In his more
recent discussion, Coblentz* gives all available data, and concludes that the
most probable value lies between 5.72 and 5.73.

Since this 1922 article by Coblentz, there have been two new determinations
of o, one by Hoffman’ (method of Westphal), giving o=5.764+0.052, and
the other by Kussman,’ using the modified Angstrém pyrheliometer. This latter
method was used also by Coblentz * giving 5.722 as stated, by Gerlach‘ giving
5.80, and by Kahanowicz * giving 5.69 to 5.73 as corrected by Coblentz.* Kuss-
man obtained o=5.795 +one per cent. Ladenburg’* quotes the four results by
Gerlach, Hoffman, Coblentz, and Kussman. He adopts the unweighted mean.
He agrees with Gerlach that Coblentz’ true error is more nearly 0.06 than 0.012.
The experimental results of Kussman* and Coblentz* are in almost perfect
agreement. The discrepancy in their results is due to the correction for the
lack of complete absorption of the receiver. Michel and Kussman”* claim to
prove that the correction Coblentz applied is too small. The values of o by
Kussman and by Hoffman, as well as Gerlach’s earlier value of 5.80, corre-
spond to impossibly low values of h. Coblentz’ result gives an h in good agree-
ment with that obtained by more accurate methods. This tends to indicate the
correctness of Coblentz’ correction for incomplete absorption, as opposed to
Kussman’s.

7 HEP. 23/303.) = Bus. (Standards Bulli rommior4) 4 ProcyyNatiiAcadasSch, ssn soe
1917.. * Bur: Standards Bull. 17, 7, 1912," Zeit Phys., 14, 30%, 10235) -lbidy 25.65e
1924. "Ann. Phys., 50, 259, 1916; Zeit. Phys., 2, 76, 1920. * Nuovo Cimento, 13, 142, 1917.
* Zeit. Phys., 18, 263, 1923.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 40 (continued) 99
PROBABLE VALUES OF THE GENERAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

It appears that Coblentz’ estimated error for his own work (5.722+0.012)
is too small, but that his final average of the work of all investigators up to
1922 (5.72 to 5.73) should be more trustworthy than any single value. We
will choose 5.725 and 0.02 for its probable error. This result is then to be
averaged with the more recent work whence

T= (0735 O.OlN) X16 ere’ ciir> - deg. «sec.
ae @—Ag/C—\(7,052-— 0.005) X07 > ere semi sder.*
There has appeared a further determination of this quantity, by Hoare.’ He
used a Callendar radio balance ; the advantage of the method is that both source
and receiver are essentially “ black-bodies.’’ Hoare obtains «= 5.735, agreeing
exactly with the value adopted. He lists 38 separate results, average deviation
only 0.016. The inclusion of this new result leaves the average value un-
changed, and Doctor Birge leaves the probable error unchanged. Objection
might be made to this adopted error as too small; such an objection can hardly
hold in the face of Hoare’s work. This new work also speaks against Strum’s
assumption of an inadequacy of Planck’s formula. We have then

R=(61539== O1:01O >< TO ere * Sec:

(g) Summary—We have now six determinations of h:

Rydberg constant h = 6.547 + 0.011 Power of e involved, 5/3
Ionization potentials 6.560 = 0.015 3/3
X rays 6.550 + 0.009 4/3
Photoelectric 6.543 + 0.010 3/3
C2 6.548 + 0.015 3/3
o 6.539 + 0.010 4/3

Doctor Birge adopts
h= (6.547 + 0.008) x 10-°’ erg - sec.

This value of h is identical with Ladenburg’s most recent estimate.” This
identity is spurious, since Ladenburg assumes e=4.774X 107°. If this older
value of e had been used in the present work, we should have obtained
h=6.5535, in practically exact agreement with Doctor Birge’s 1919 value
(6.5543).

Another potentially accurate method is given by the Compton shift of X-ray
lines. The theoretical equation for this is AA=(h/mc)(1—cos ¢), where m
is the mass of an electron, as deduced from the values of e and e/m. Since h
varies in value with e, this equation can better be used to evaluate e/m. We
can in fact write AA= (h/e) (e/m) (1—cos ¢) in which ¢ as usual is in es units,
and e/m in em units. Then

e/m= (Ad) /(h/e)(1—cos ¢)
The most accurate work on this subject has been done by Sharp,’ who obtains
AX= (0.04825 +0.00017) X 10% cm, for (I—cos ¢) =(1.984+0.001). With
the adopted values of h and e, we have h/e=(1.3725+0.0005) x 1072"
* Philos. Mag., 6, 828, 1928. 7H.P., 23, 279. * Phys. Rev., 26, 691, 1925.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

I0O TABLE 40 (continued)
PROBABLE VALUES OF THE GENERAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

erg:sec:es?. Substituting, one finds e/m=(1.772+0.006) X10" abs. em
units, the final error being due almost entirely to the error in AA. It seems pos-
sibly significant that this value agrees better with the deflection than with the
spectroscopic value of e/m, for the theory used in the derivation of the equa-
tion is essentially the collision theory of classical dynamics for free electrons.

e, e/m, and h* appear in many important constants. h depends for its value
on e, therefore the e appears implicitly, if not explicitly, in every quantum
relation. The outstanding discrepancy was between the work of Wagner and
of Duane and co-workers, on the value of h from the X-ray continuous
spectrum. The recent work of Feder, using this method, gives h in exact
agreement with the value adopted, and explains Wagner’s low value. Doctor
Birge now feels that the value of h/e listed in Table 43 can be assumed with
some confidence. The real problem concerns the values of e and of e/m.

The need of two values of e/m is very annoying, and fundamentally unsatis-
factory. The same situation seems to be arising in regard to e. Millikan’s
value has been accepted; it was the only one available. The new work on
X rays opened another possibility. The value of Backlin is one-half per cent
higher than Doctor Birge’s adopted value. As a final result Doctor Bearden
obtains for the absolute wave length of the (unresolved) Cu Ka line, 1.5439
+0.0002A, and for the Cu KB line, 1.3940+0.0002A. These results are ob-
tained under many varied conditions. The first is 0.345 per cent higher than
Siegbahn’s value, the second 0.336 per cent. The relative wave lengths are
in agreement with Siegbahn, but the absolute wave lengths lead to a value
for calcite of d’2.5=3.0398A, and e=4.825 x 10°*° abs. es units, 1.15 per cent
above Doctor Birge’s adopted value of e. It is desirable to consider the various
relations that have been suggested between these constants. The most famous
connects e, e/m, h, and c in Bohr’s formula for the Rydberg constant. This
was used to evaluate h, and the value (6.54713) is identical to four digits with
that adopted. Hence, the indirectly calculated value of e/m is also practically
identical with that adopted. Thus the adopted values of e, e/m,h and c form a
self-consistent system, as judged by the Bohr formula for Ro.

Lewis and Adams * (theory of ultimate rational units), have obtained, with
the aid of Planck’s radiation law, the relation: hc/2mre?=87(87°/15)3. The
right side equals 137.348; the left side, with the constants here adopted, equals
137.29,+0.11. The left side equals the reciprocal of the fine structure con-
stant a, and the value quoted is taken directly from Table 43. The numerical
agreement is very striking. The present agreement shows that this method
yields a value of / almost identical with that adopted.

a is a dimensionless constant involving fundamental general constants ;
it should be remembered that to make a dimensionless, we must include with
the factor hc the unknown dimensions of specific inductive capacity.

‘Note added by Birge April, 1929 (abbreviated). * Phys. Rev., 3, 92, 1914.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 40 (continued) IOI
PROBABLE VALUES OF THE GENERAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

Perles * has pointed out that the ratio of the mass of the proton to that of
the electron (M/,/m,) is another dimensionless constant which should have
some significance, and has found that

(he/e*) (=2mr/a) = (M,/m,) (7-1)

the left side equals 862.64+0.68, the right 858.36+0.49 or 862.26+0.99 de-
pending on whether one uses the spectroscopic or the deflection value of e/m.
The agreement is good for the deflection value but poor for the spectroscopic.

Note.—In evaluating the constants, it has been necessary to calculate auxiliary con-
stants, and also to use certain conventional quantities, such as gis and gn. All such quan-
tities are listed in Table 42.

In addition to constants listed in Table 42 there are many other functions of constants
given on page 103 of this table and in Table 42. A number of these dcrived constants are
collected in Table 43. An attempt has been made to include the more important or more
frequently used values. The process for obtaining the correct probable error for many of
the constants of Tables 42 and 43 is sometimes involved. The various derived constants
of Table 43 (and the occasional derived constant appearing on page 103 of this table and
in Table 41) are given with one and often two more digits than required by the probable
error. Such digits are printed below the line, and have been added that calculations made in
different ways shall not introduce any appreciable error.

e/m always indicates merely the ratio of charge to mass for an electron, in em units; e
indicates electronic charge in es units; mmo, electronic mass; m, the atomic weight of an
electron. A more logical but less convenient nomenclature would have been (e/mo) es
units, and possibly (e’/mw) em units.

In the quantum relation, e=hv=eVl, each side represents energy in ergs, provided
all quantities are in abs. c.g.s. units. v/V (=e/h) then measures the frequency in sec.*
associated with one abs. es unit of potential. It is usually convenient to substitute the
wave number (»’) or the wave length (A) in place of », and to substitute the number
of abs. volts (V”) in place of V. (V’’ = int. volts, throughout this paper). The values
of the various ratios, such as »’'/)’” etc., are given in Table 43.

An electron which has fallen through one abs. volt of potential is termed an abs. volt-
electron; its energy in ergs and speed in cm: sec.” are given in Table 43. Corresponding
to any ionization potential of an atom or molecule in volts (V”), there is an energy of
ionization (eV") which can be measured in units equal to the energy of a volt-electron,
and is so designated. An ionization potential of 10 volts corresponds to an energy of
ionization of 10 volt-electrons. Similarly, in the case of molecules, we speak of a
dissociation potential of, let us say, 10 volts, and a corresponding energy of dissociation
(heat of dissociation) of 10 volt-electrons per molecule. The factor by which this last
quantity must be multiplied to give the heat of dissociation in calories per mole is given
in Table 43. Unfortunately there has arisen the practise, to which Doctor Birge pleads
guilty, of designating the heat of dissociation as 10 volts, instead of stating, more correctly,
that the equivalent dissociation potential is 10 volts, or that the heat of dissociation per
molecule is 10 volt-electrons.

The name of the units conforms as far as possible with current practise. Difficulties
arise with the unknown dimensions of magnetic permeability mu, and specific inductive
capacity e. It is customary to indicate these unknown dimensions by the symbols yu and e.
A given unit, such as the gauss, is applied only to quantities of a given set of dimensions,
including « and e. In the present discussion we are concerned only with numerical mag-

nitudes and no particular attention has accordingly been paid to this matter of dimensions.
SNE Nahe SLI ene LGe I Rae no es PN reg CE eT er oe ap

* Naturwiss., 16, 1094, 1928.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

102 TABLE 40 (continued)
PROBABLE VALUES OF THE GENERAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

Thus the statement that the absolute em unit of resistance is one cm- sec.” involves the

assumption not only of unit permeability, but also of dimensionless permeability. In a
number of the equations given in Table 43 the two sides of the equation do not check
dimensionally unless one assumes u and e to be dimensionless. It follows from this that
the name of the unit stated in the table applies strictly only to one side of such an
equation. In such cases the unit applies to the left side of the equation, since this is the
quantity being evaluated. The right side gives merely the most direct derivation of the
numerical magnitude, in terms of quantities already evaluated. Since this ambiguity does
not affect the numerical magnitude, it is inconsequential in the present discussion. As
examples of this situation we cite the fine structure constant a, which is dimensionless.
To satisfy this condition one should write a= 2me*/ehc where & is numerically unity, |
and represents merely the dimesions of e. The ratio of the Bohr magneton m to the
Bohr unit of angular momentum (//27) is strictly uo}(e/m), where wo is numerically
unity, and represents merely the dimensions of permeability.

The mole is a (variable) unit of mass, equal to the molecular weight in grams. The
gram equivalent is a similar (variable) unit of mass, equal to the atomic or molecular
weight in grams, divided by the valence.

The various quantities appearing on page 103 of this table and in Table 42 have been
discussed. No general explanation will be given of the meaning or use of the quantities
appearing in Table 43; any adequate explanation would constitute a textbook of modern
physics and physical chemistry. For the more specialized constants, no explanation is
needed by investigators working with such constants, and it is to such persons that the
data will be most useful.

In conclusion, attention should be directed merely to two constants for which the
formula used here differs from that normally given. It is customary to use for the
speed of the electron in the normal orbit of hydrogen, as given by Bohr’s original theory,
a value which refers to the nucleus considered as the center of coordinates. This is called
v(=ac) in Table 43. It would seem more logical to give the speed referred to the
center of mass, the quantity denoted vo’ in Table 43. There is a similar discrepancy in the
case of the radius of this orbit. The electron, according to Bohr, moves about the center
of mass in a circle of radius a’, as it is denoted in Table 43. This is not the same as the
constant separation of the nucleus and electron, which is here denoted ao. In the literature
these two quantities, ao, and ao’, are sometimes confused. The expressions for vo, vo’, do, and
do’ given in Table 43 include also the factor (1 —a’)*/*, arising from the variation of
mass with speed.

Birge. Probable values of e, h, e/m and a Phys. Rev. 40, 228, 1932.

e, (4.7688 + 0.0040) X 10°” es units

h, (6.5443 + 0.0091) X 10” erg - sec.

e/m, (1.7611 = 0.0009) X 10° em units - g*
I/a, 137.307 + 0.048

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 40 (concluded) AND 41 103

Fundamental constants, Birge——The critical discussion of the determina-
tion by Dr. R. T. Birge of theses values will be found in abbreviated form on
pages 73 to 102 of this book; for full details see Phys. Rev. Suppl., 1, 1, 19209.
These constants, for purposes of computation, are to be taken as exactly
correct ; that is, all additional digits in each constant are to be assumed as zero.
The real probable error of each value is of course that indicated in the table,
and each constant has an accepted value carried only to the number of signifi-
cant figures required by the adopted probable error.

Beretny7OL: LIGNE. os icu Sse aviere oele'sacs ¢ = (2.99796 + 0.00004) X 10*.cm- sec.”
Eeravitation constant... .).....s0.00¢ G = (6.664 + 0.002) 10° dyne - cm’ - g?
ERE Ths Satu Soe eR Ph a 1 = 1000.027 + 0.001 cm*

Volume of perfect gas (0°C, An)..vn = (22.4141 + 0.0008) 10° cm® - mole
Volume of perfect gas (0°C, Ass)...R = 22.4146 + 0.0008 liter - mole*
International ohm =>? abs. ohm....f = 1.00051 + 0.00002

International ampere = g abs. amp..g = 0.99905 + 0.00005

Normal atmosphere .............. A, = (1.013249 + 0.000003) X 10° dyne - cm
MEMHINOSPNELe ...2..6.00000c0 Aas = (1.013199 + 0.000003) X 10° dyne - cm?
Ice point (absolute scale)......... Tig 2731S = O03 ale

Mechanical equivalent of heat..... Jis = 4.1852 + 0.0006 abs. joule - cals”
Electrical equivalent of heat...... J'1s = 4.1835 = 0.0007 int. joule - cal.15*
Beeta@ay *CONStANE ~ = 666+ core sisisinjesee . .F = 96404 + 5 int. coul. - g-equiv.*

=: 96489 + 7 abs. coul. - g-equiv.~
= 9648.9 + 0.7 abs. em-unit - g-equiv.*
Fe = (2.89270 = 0.0002) X 10% abs. es-unit - g-equiv.*
Bilectronic charge * 5.:....6-ccesses e= (4.770 + 0.005) X 10°’ abs. es-units
e/c-= (1.5910s + 0.0016) & 10°” abs. em-units
Specific electronic charge (spectro-
REET oS ee oe 5 ta Ae Site e/m = (1.761 + 0.001) X I0' abs. em-unit - g*
(e/m)c = (5.2704 + 0.003) X 10” abs. es-unit - g*
Specific electronic charge (deflec-

BRIM Oh iss sicieins cae es Soe oe e/m = (1.769 = 0.002) X 10° abs. em-unit - g7
(e/m)c = (5.303% + 0.006) X 10” abs. es-unit - g7
Elanckeconstant «22. csgueseeoens h = (6.547 + 0.008) & 10° erg - sec.

Atomic weights

O = 16.0000 C = 12.003 + 0.001 I = 126.932 + 0.002
He = 4.0022 + 0.0004 H = 1.00777 = 0.00002 Ca = 40.075 + 0.005
Ag = 107.880 + 0.001 N = 14.0083 + 0.0008

TABLE 41.—Powers of c, h, e, h/c

0.012) 1078 erg-3 «sec, -%
.005) 10° erg-2*sec,-2

(1.11262 + 0.00003) 10-2! cm-2 *sec.2 Se

(3.33560 + .00005)10-lcm-!-sec. ae

(5.77546 + .00006) 10-§cm-!/2+ sec,1/2 + .o10)10-%erg?:sec. 2
(1.73146 + .00001)105cm!/2+sec,-1/2 ; + .010)10-%erg3 «sec, 3
(8.98782 + .00024)10%cm2°sec.-2 2; i + .009)101!8¢5-units-*
5 + .0045)10-%¢s-units?
+ .0033)10-% es-units$
+ .021)10-% ¢s-units4
+ .012)10-47 e¢s-units®

(2.60449 + .00011)10%!cm3:sec,-3
(8.07798 + .00043)104!cm4*sec,-4

(2.1838 + .003)10-37g:cm

* Millikan, Phys. Rev., 35, 1930, takes ¢ = 4-774 X 10°, h = 6.547 X 10-27, N = 6.062 X 10-8,

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

104 TABLE 42
ADDITIONAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

Used or evaluated by Doctor Birge in Phys. Rev. Suppl., 1, 1, 1929, in
connection with Table 40, p. 103.

Ratio of es to em units (direct)...... c’ = (2.9979 + 0.0001) X 10°’ cm: sec.
Acceleration of gravity (45°)....... gss = 980.616 cm - sec. *

Acceleration of gravity (normal) ...gn = 980.665 cm- sec.”

Mean’ density, of the earth... «1-111 6 = 5.522 + 0.002 g-cm™”

Maximum density of water...5m(H20) = 0.999973 + 0.000001 g - cm™®
Density of oxygen gas (0°C, As)
L(O2) = 1.428965 + 0.000030 g - liter
Factor converting oxygen (0°C, Ais) to
ideal: easy Pee aes ore I — a(Oz) = 1.000927 + 0.000030
Density of nitrogen (0°C, Ass).L(N2) = 1.25046 + 0.000045 g - liter
Factor converting nitrogen (0°C, Ass)
tomideal@gasacmem coc socte 1 — a(N:) = 1.00043 + 0.00002
Density ‘of Hg s(0°G An): sss - Dn = 13.59509 + 0.00003 g :cm™*
International volt (= pq abs. volts) ..~q = 1.00046 + 0.00005
International joule (= pq’ abs. joules)
pq’ = 1.00041 + 0.00010
Electrochemical equivalent of Ag
E(Ag) = (1.11800 + 0.00005) X I0™ g - int. coul.*
= (1.11805 + 0.00007) 10“ g - abs. coul.**
Density of calcite” (2o7@)i2-.-. 23. p = 2.7102 + 0.0004 g-cm™*
Structural constant of calcite (20°C)
(8) = 1.09630 + 0.00007

True grating space of calcite (20°C)
d'2 = (3.0283 + 0.0010) X 10 *°cm
Effective grating space of calcite
(Oo CG)» Pht Sor ee eee dx = (3.0279 + 0.0010) X 10*°cm

Rydberg constant for hydrogen...... Ru = 100677.759 + 0.05 cm™
Rydberg constant for ionized helium

R ge = 109722.403 + 0.05 cm™
Wave length of red Cd line (15°C, An)

Aca = 6438.4606 1.A. (definition of I.A. unit)

Rydberg constant for infinite mass..R = 109737.42 = 0.06 cm™

cRy = (3.28988 + 0.00004) X 10” sec.
Avogadro’s number ........ No = Fe/e = (6.0642. + 0.006) X 10° mole
Gas constant per mole... Ro = vnAn/To= (8.31360 + 0.0010) X 10’ erg - degree” - mole*

R'> = Ro/ (Jss XK 10") = 1.98643 + 0.0004 calas - deg. - mole™
Boltzmann constant ........ k = Re/No = (1.3708 + 0.0014) X 10°” erg - deg.”
Second radiation constant (exp. value)
C2 = 1.432 = 0.003 cm - deg.
Second radiation constant (indirect )
C2 = hc/k = 1.4317; = 0.0006 cm - deg.

Radiation density constant....a = 40/c = (7.651s 0.015) &K 10°’ erg -cm”™ - deg.~*

Stefan-Boltzmann constant (exp. value)
o="69:735 = 001) X10" ergem= “deg secig
Stefan-Boltzmann constant (indirect)

o = 2m k*/15c7h®'= (5.7139 + 0.006) X 10° erg: cm’ - deg.~* - sec.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 43 105
MISCELLANEOUS DERIVED PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
Evaluated by Doctor Birge in Phys. Rev. Suppl., 1, 1, 1929.
(See notes on page 99.)

Mass of electron (spectroscopic )
mo = e/ { c(e/m) sp +} = (9.035 + 0.010) X 10" ¢
Mass of electron (deflection)
mo = e/ 4 c(e/m)adeft | = (8.9042 + 0.014) XK 10” g
Atomic weight of electron (spectroscopic)
m = F/(e/m) sp = (5.4792 + 0.003) * 10%
Atomic weight of electron (deflection)
m = F/(e/m) deft = (5.4544 + 0.006) X 10“
Mass of atom of unit atomic weight
Mo = 1/No= (1.64893 + 0.0016) & 10“ ¢
Mass of hydrogen atom........Mx= H/No = (1.66172 + 0.0017) X 10 “g
Number of atoms per gram of hydrogen
1/Mu = (6.0170 + 0.006) X 10” g*
Meassvor proton... 2.1... Mr = (H — m)/No = (1.6608 + 0.0017) X 10% ¢
Mass of oa particle....Ma= (He — 2m)/No = (6.597% + 0.007) X 10% g
Charge (electrolysis) of 1 g hydrogen
e/Mu = F/H = (9574.5: + 0.7) abs. em-units - g*
Specific charge of proton
e/Mr = F/(H — m) = (9579.73 + 0.7) abs. em-units - g*
Specific charge of a particle
2e/Ma = 2F/(He — 2m) = (4823.11 + 0.6) abs. em-units - g*
Ratio, mass H atom to mass electron (spec-

EGOSCOPIC) «gh. skate says: (e/nt) sp/(e/Mu) = 1830.26 + 1
Ratio, mass H atom to mass electron (deflec-

LOT ME Rac ae (e/m) deft/(e/Mx) = 1847.0 + 2
Ratio, mass proton to mass electron (spec-

PRCISEODIG)) © iscis ote Lanes odes 6 bea os Me/msp = 1839.20 — 1 = 1838.2 1
Ratio, mass proton to mass electron (deflec-

ETO) Mamede ete Sots oe oles (are eae otek Mor/imdeft = 1847.61 — 1 = 1846.1 + 2

Energy associated with unit wave number
e/v’ = hc = (1.96274 + 0.0025) K 10 “erg - cm
Potential (es) associated with unit frequency
V /v=h/e= (1.37251 = 0.0005) XX I0
Frequency associated with 1 abs. volt
»/V" = 10°e/hc = (2.43025 + 0.0009) X 10" sec.” - abs. volt™
Wave number associated with 1 abs. volt
vo = v' /V" = 10°e/hc? = (8106.1 = 3) cm™ - abs. volt™
Wave length associated with 1 abs. volt
No = AV" = he?/e= (123361 = 5) X 10° cm - abs. volt

-™ os-units - sec.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

106 TABLE 43 (continued)
MISCELLANEOUS DERIVED PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

Energy of one-abs.-volt-electron
hv/V" = 10°e/c = (1.5910s + 0.0016) X 10 ergs
Speed of abs.-volt-electron (spectroscopic)
vc = [2 X 10°(e/m) sp]*/ = (5.9346. + 0.0017) X 10’cm- sec.
Speed of abs.-volt-electron (deflection)
ve = [2 X 10°(e/m)deft]*/* = (5.9481: + 0.0034) X 107 cm: sec?

iBsine structure constant... see ee a = 2me*/hc = 7.2830, = 0.006) X 107
Reciprocal of fine structure constant........ I/a = 137.20 £0.11
Magnetic moment, Bohr magneton (spectro-
SCOPIC) trance clearer Hs =} h(e/m) sp | /4m = (0.91740 + 0.0013) X 10 erg - gauss

Magnetic moment, Bohr magneton (deflection)
Ma = 4 h(e/m)adeft ¢ /4m= (0.921635 + 0.0016) X 10 erg - gauss
Magnetic moment per mole (1 Bohr magneton

per molecule) (spectroscopic).......... baNo = 5563.5; + 10 erg’: gauss - mole*
Magnetic moment per mole (1 Bohr magneton
per molecule) (deflection)? scree nee MiNo = 5580.15 + II erg - gauss - mole

Zeeman displacement per gauss
Av'/H = (e/m) sp/4mc = (4.67438 = 0.003) X I0-° cm™ - gauss
Band spectrum constant connecting wave-number

(cm) and moment of inertia......... h/87*c = (27.658: + 0.04) X 10 g-cm
Atomic specific heat constant....... c2/c = h/k = (4.77572 = 0.0019) X 10™ sec - deg.
Reduced mass of H atom...ux = Ru(mo) sp/R » = 9.0301 + 0.010) X 10°" g
Schroedinger constant for H atom..... 82 un/h? = (1.66312 + 0.003) X 10% g- erg - sec.”

Schroedinger constant for electron
82 (10) sp/h? = (1.66422 + 0.003) X 10” g - erg - sec.
Ionization potential for H atom.......... Ru/vo = 13.520. + 0.005 abs. volt
Ionization potential for Het............ 4Rue/% = 54.141; + 0.020 abs. volt
Radius of Bohr orbit in normal hydrogen, re-
ferred to center of mass, using experimental

Wales Gh vices. tree ao’ = a(1 — a?)*/?/4r7R op = (0.528109 + 0.0004) X 10° cm
Speed of electron in normal H orbit, referred to
center of massmenr. Otte vast sec Vo = acRu/R ow» = (2.18242 + 0.0017) X 10° cm - sec.*

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

'

TABLE 43 (concluded) 107
MISCELLANEOUS DERIVED PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

Hydrogen doublet constant
Ava = Rua’/16 = 0.363650 + 0.0006 cm™
Compton shift at 90° (spectroscopic)
h/moc = (e/m) sph/e = (0.024170; + 0.000016) X 10“ cm
Compton shift at 90° (deflection)
h/moc = (e/m) defth/¢ = (0.024280 + 0.00003) X 10 cm
Wave length of 1-abs.-volt-electron
h/[mo(ve) sp] = (12.210) + 0.006) X 10° cm
Loschmidt number ......... to = No/vn = (2.7050 + 0.003) X 10" cm™ (0°C, An)
Wien’s displacement constant (indirect)
A = ¢2/4.9651 = 0.28836: + 0.00011 cm - deg.
Hirst radiation. constant *.....:....... 1 = 8rhc = (4.93206 + 0.006) X 10” erg -cm
or hc? = (0.58842. + 0.0008) X 10-° erg - cm’ - sec.
or 2mhc? = (3.6972 + 0.005) X 10° erg - cm’: sec.*
Energy per mole, equivalent to I-abs.
-volt-electron per molecule
F (abs. coul. - g-equiv.~*) /
Jss(abs. joule - calas*) = 23054.s + 4 cal.ss - mole™
Sackur-Tetrode constant (e€= base of
log. = 2.71828)

-1

So= Ro'ln [(2mk)?/?6/?/h°No°/?] = — 11.0533 + 0.0026 cal.ss - deg.* - mole™
Chemical constant (unit at. wt., pressure
in atm.)
to’ = 8 log [2rk*/*?/Noh?] — log An = — 1.58825 + 0.0004

Multiplier of (Curie constant)*/” to give

magnetic moment in Bohr magnetons
per molecule ......... (3k/No)*/?/pa= 2.83842 + 0.0019 erg™/” - gauss - deg.*/? - mole’/?

*E = cid *(e-¢2/AT — 1)"; E) may be defined in various ways, and c: varies accord-
ingly. If E\d\ denotes the energy density of unpolarized radiation in range dA, c: = 87h.
If E)dX denotes the intensity of emission of linearly polarized radiation in range dk,
perpendicular to a surface, per unit of surface, per unit solid angle, c:=hc*. If E, dx
denotes the emission of unpolarized radiation in range dA, per unit surface, in all directions
(2x solid angle), c:1 = 2mhc’.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

108 TaBLe 44

VOLUME OF A CLASS VESSEL FROM THE WEICHT OF ITS EQUIVALENT
VOLUME OF MERCURY OR WATER

lf a glass vessel contains at °C, P grammes of mercury, weighed with brass weights in air at
700 mm pressure, then its volume in ccm
at the same temperature, 4,: V= PR = Pe,
at another temperature, 4,: V= PR; =Pop/dfi+y(4-4}
p = the weight, reduced to vacuum, of the mass of mercury or water which, weighed with brass
weights, equals I gram;
d = the density of mercury or water at ¢°C,
and y = 0.000 025, is the cubical expansion coefficient of glass.

WATER. MERCURY.

Rigs Ly = Ol ale leap Oe : ie er One Teac 20s

1.001192 1.001443 | 1.001693 || 0.0735499 0.07 35683 0.07 35867
1133 1609 $633 5798 5982
1092 292 1542 5766 5914 6098
1068 1493 5900 6029 6213
1060 1460 6033 6144 6328
1068 1443 6167 6259 6443

1.CO1092 1.001192 1.001442 || 0.0736301 0.07 36374 0.07 30558
1131 1206 1456 6490 6674
1184 1234 1485 6605 6789
1252. | 1277 1527 6720 6904
1333 1333 1534 6835 7020

1.001428 1.001403 1.001653 || 0.0736969 0.07 36951 0.07 37135

1486 1730 7103 7066 7250
1582 1832 7236 7181 7305
1690 1940 7370 7297 7481
1810 2060 7504 7412 7590

3

1.001942 1.002193 0.07 37637 0.07 37 527 0.07 37711
2086 2337 7771 7642 7826
2241 2491 7905 7757 7941
2407 2658 8039 7872 8057
2584 2835 8172 7988 8172

1.002772 1.003023 0.07 38306 0.07 38103 0.07 38288
2970 322 8440 8218 8403
3178 3429 8573 8333 8518
3396 3647 8707 8449 8633
3624 3875 8841 8564 8748

1.004264 1.003862 1.004113 0.07 38974 0.07 38679 0.07 38864
4537 4110 4301 g108 8794 8979
4518 4366 4616 || 9242 8910 9094
5110 4632 4884 9376 9025 9210
5410 4908 5159 | g510 g140 9325

Taken from Landolt, Bornstein, and Meyerhoffer’s Physikalisch-Chemische Tabellen.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLES 45 AND 46 10g
TABLE 45.—Reductions of Weighings in Air to Vacuo

When the weight M in grams of a body is determined in air, a correction is necessary for the
buoyancy of the air equal to M 8 (1/d—1/d,) where 5 = the density (wt. of I ccm in grams
=o.0012) of the air during the weighing, d the density of the body, d, that of the weights.
8 for various barometric values and humidities may be determined from Tables 128 to 130. The
following table is computed for 8 = 0.0012. The corrected weight = M-+kM/tooo.

Density : Density

of body

weighed
d.

Correction factor, k.

Bteeins a | ee | Brass uartz or
weights i i j weights | Al. weights
dj=a2r.5. | 8.4. | .65. ake. 8.4. |

°
ON
_

+ 2.34
+ 1.94
+ 1.66
+ 1.55
+ 1.44
+ 1.36
+ 1.28
+ 1.21
+ 1.14
+ 1.04
+ 0.94
sn 07

+ .80
=er75

.56
52
-49
.46
+34
.20
16
.06
.OI

|) | | ++ +++4+4+44+4+
SPS Sissies

| +t+tt+t++t+++

TABLE 46.— Reductions of Densities in Air to Vacuo

(This correction may be accomplished through the use of the above table for each separate
weighing.)

If s is the density of the substance as calculated from the uncorrected weights, S its true den-
sity, and L the true density of the liquid used, then the vacuum correction to be applied to the
uncorrected density, s, is 0.0012 (t —s/L).

Let Ws = uncorrected weight of substance, W1= uncorrected weight of the liquid displaced
by the substance, then by definition, s= .Ws/W1. Assuming D to be the density of the
balance of weights, Ws {1 + 0.0012 (1/S —1/D)}and Wi {1 + 0.0012 (1/1.—1/D) \are the
true weights of the substance and liquid respectively (assuming that the weighings are made
under normal atmospheric corrections, so that the weight of 1 cc of air is 0.0012 gram).

Ws{t + 0.0012 (1/S — 1/D) be
W1 {1 + 0.0012 (i 1/D) } ‘

But from above Ws/W1=s/L, and since L is always large compared with 0.0012,
S—s=ooor2 (1—s/L).
The values of 0.0012 (1 —s/L) for densities up to 20 and for liquids of density 1 (water),
0.852 (xylene) and 13.55 (mercury) follow :
(See reference below for discussion of density determinations).

Then the true density S =

Density of Corrections.

subst
ee a L=0.852

Water. Xylene.

Density of Corrections.

l

| substance
Sree || a Lr L=1713°55
Mercury. | Water. Mercury.

0.9

+ .0ooo12 .0132
.O144
.O156
.0009 | : 0168
0180
0192
.0204
.0216
0228

| |

+ 0.00024 | - | | : — 0.0120
0.0000 | | |
.OOT2
0024 | |

0036 |
.0048
.0060— |
.007 2
.008 4
.0096
.0108

tHe eb t et

I.
2.
Be
4.
5:
6.
ie
8.
9.
oO.

_

Johnston and Adams, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 34, p. 563, 1912.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

IIO TABLE 47
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES: INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS

(Compiled from various sources by Harvey A. Anderson, C.E., Assistant Engineer Physicist, U. S.
Bureau of Standards.)

The mechanical properties of most materials vary between wide limits; the following figures are given as
being representative rather than what may be expected from an individual sample. Figures denoting such
properties are commonly given either as specification or experimental values. Unless otherwise shown, the
values below are experimental. Credit for information included is due the U. S. Bureau of Standards; the
Am. Soc. for Testing Materials; the Soc. of Automotive Eng.; the Motor Transport Corps, U.S. War Dept.;
the Inst. of Mech. Eng.; the Inst. of Metals; Forest Products Lab.; Dept. of Agriculture (Bull. 556); Moore’s
Materials of Engineering; Hatfield’s Cast Iron; and various other American, English and French authorities.

The specified properties shown are indicated minimums as prescribed by the Am. Soc. for Testing Materials,
U. S. Navy Dept., Panama Canal, Soc. of Automotive Eng., or Intern. Aircraft Standards Board. In the
majority of cases, specifications show a range for chemical constituents and the average value only of this
range is quoted. Corresponding average values are in general given for mechanical properties. In gen-
eral, tensile test specimens were 12.8 mm (0.505 in.) diameter and 50.8 mm (2 in.) gage length. Sizes of
compressive and transverse specimens are generally shown accompanying the data.

All data shown in these tables are as determined at ordinary room temperature, averaging 20° C (68° F.).
The properties of most metals and alloys vary considerably from the values shown when the tests are con-
ducted at higher or lower temperatures.

The following definitions govern the more commonly confused terms shown in the tables. In all cases the
stress referred to in the definitions is equal to the total load at that stage of the test divided by the original
cross-sectional area of the specimen (or the corresponding stress in the extreme fiber as computed from the
flexure formula for transverse tests).

Proportional Limit (abbreviated P-limit). — Stress at which the deformation (or deflection) ceases to be
proportional to the load (determined with extensometer for tension, compressometer for compression and
deflectometer for transverse tests).

Elastic Limit. — Stress which produces a permanent elongation (or shortening) of o.oo1 per cent of the
gage length, as shown by an instrument capable of this degree of precision (determined from set readings with
extensometer or compressometer). In transverse tests the extreme fiber stress at an appreciable permanent
deflection.

Yield Point. — Stress at which marked increase in deformation (or deflection) of specimen occurs without in-
crease in load (determined usually by drop of beam or with dividers for tension, compression or transverse tests).

Ultimate Strength in Tension or Compression. — Maximum stress developed in the material during test.

Modulus of Rupture. — Maximum stress in the extreme fiber of a beam tested to rupture, as computed
by the empirical application of the flexure formula to stresses above the transverse proportional limit.

Modulus of Elasticity (Young’s Modulus). — Ratio of stress within the proportional limit to the corre-
sponding strain, — as determined with an extensometer. Note: All moduli shown are obtained from tensile
tests of materials, unless otherwise stated.

Brinell Hardness Numeral (abbreviated B.h.n.). — Ratio of pressure on a sphere used to indent the
material to be tested to the area of the spherical indentation produced. The standard sphere used is a 10-
mm diameter hardened steel ball. The pressures used are 3000 kg for steel and 500 kg for softer metals, and
the time of application of pressure is 30 seconds. Values shown in the tables are based on spherical areas
computed in the main from measurements of the diameters of the spherical indentations, by the following

formula:

B.h.n. = P + atD = P + rD(D/2— VD?2/4 — d2/4).
P = pressure in kg, ¢ = depth of indentation, D = diameter of ball, and d = diameter of indentation, — all
lengths being expressed in mm. Brinell hardness values have a direct relation to tensile strength, and hardness
determinations may be used to define tensile strengths by employing the proper conversion factor for the ma-
terial under consideration.

Shore Scleroscope Hardness. — Height of rebound of diamond pointed hammer falling by its own weight
on the object. The hardness is measured on an empirical scale on which the average hardness of martensitic
high carbon steel equals 100. On very soft metals a ‘“‘ magnifier’? hammer is used in place of the commonly
used “universal”? hammer and values may be converted to the corresponding “universal’’ value by multi-
plying the reading by #. The scleroscope hardness, when accurately determined, is an index of the tensile
elastic limit of the metal tested.

Erichsen Value. — Index of forming quality of sheet metal. The test is conducted by supporting the
sheet on a circular ring and deforming it at the center of the ring by a spherical pointed tool. The depth of
impression (or cup) in mm required to obtain fracture is the Erichsen value for the metal. Erichsen standard
values for trade qualities of soft metal sheets are furnished by the manufacturer of the machine corresponding
to various sheet thicknesses. (See Proc. A. S. T. M. 17, part 2, p. 200, 1917.)

Alloy steels are commonly used in the heat treated condition, as strength increases are not conimensinata
with increases in production costs for annealed alloy steels. Corresponding strength values are accordingly
shown for annealed alloy steels and for such steels after having been given certain recommended heat treat-
ments of the Society of Automotive Engineers. The heat treatments followed in obtaining the properties
shown are outlined on the pages immediately following the tables on steel. It will be noted that considerable
latitude is allowed in the indicated drawing temperatures and corresponding wide variations in physical prop-
erties may be obtained with each heat treatment. The properties vary also with the size of the specimens
heat treated. The drawing temperature is shown with the letter denoting the heat treatment, wherever the
information is available.

TABLE 48 Tat
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Tron and Iron Alloys

Ultimate
strength.
Ultimate
strength.

Sclero-
Tension. Tension scope.
kg/mm? Ib/in?

Iron:
Electrolytic* (remelt): as forged...| 34.0} 38.5) 48,500) 55,000

annealed goo® C | 12.5} 27.0] 18,000) 38,000

Gray cast{(19 mm diam. bars) .... indet. 17.5| indet. | { 25,000

ZOBIS|| == | 38,000

35,000
57,000

Malleable cast, American (after (igi

24.5 20,000
Hatfield) 31-5

40.0| 45,000
65,000

28.0 409,000)

GastingspAss)) kee 1- eben 45-5
(see p. 653)
Commercial wrought bares { 19. 5! (34.0 zen 48,000
| 22.5] 637.0] 32,000] (53,000

Silicon alloys|| Si 0.01: as forged...; 29.5! 31.5] 41,800] 45,200
(Melted in vacuo) ann. 970° C II.0] 24.5] 16,000] 34,900
(Note: C max. o.o1 per cent)
Si 1.71: as forged 48.0] 53.5] 68,100] 76,300
annealed 970° C 25.0] 38.0] 35,800] 54,200

Si 4.40: as forged............| 66.0] 74.0] 94,000] 105,000
annealed g70° C ......| 51.0] 64.5] 72,900] 91,600

Aluminum alloys§ Al0.00:asforged) 35.5] 38.5] 50,700) 54,700
(Melted in vacuo) ann. 1000° C 12.5] 24.5] 17,600] 34,g00
(Note: C max. 0.01 per cent)
Al 3.08 : as forged 48.0] 54.5] 68,200] 77,500
annealed 1o00° C 22.5] 37.5| 31,800] 53,400

Al 6.24: as forged 54.5] 60.5| 77,700] 86,000
annealed 1000° C 37-5| 49.0] 53,400] 69,800

European (after Am. Malleable i ee pees pee

Composition, approximate:

Electrolytic, C 0.0125 per cent; other impurities less than 0.05 per cent.

Cast, gray: Graphitic, C 3.0, Si 1.3 to 2.0, Mn 0.6 to 0.9, S max. 0.1, P max. 1.2.

. S. T. M. Spec. A48 to 18 allows S max. 0.10, except S max. 0.12 for heavy castings.
Malleable: American ‘‘ Black Heart,” C 2.8 to 3.5, Sio.6 to 0.8, Mn max. 0.4, S max. 0.07, P max. 0.2.
European ‘‘ Steely Fracture,” C 2.8 to 3.5, Sio.6 to 0.8, Mn o.15, S max. 0.35, P max. 0.2.

Compressive Strengths [Specimens tested: 25.4 mm (1 in.) diam. cylinders 76.2 mm (3 in.) long].

Electrolytic iron 56.5 kg/mm? or 80,000 |b/in?.

Gray and malleable cast iron 56.5 to 84.5 kg/mm? or 80,000 to 120,000 Ib/in?.

Wrought iron, approximately equal to tensile yield point (slightly above P-limit).

Density:
lectroly tic iON +... eco 7.8 g/cm’ or 487 Ib/ft8 Malleable iron............... see page 653
MC ASETON pons cveteeeussties o. hee store 7.2 g/cm or 449 lb/ft} Wrought iron............... 7.85 g/cm or 490 lb/ft?
Ductility: — Normal Erichsen values for good trade quality sheets, 0.4 mm (0.0156 in.)
Thickness, soft annealed. Depth.
mm in.
Sheet metal hoop iron, polished...............-020000- 9-5 0.374
Charcoallsronitinned sheeth.c se cincuinee ee eens 75 0.205
Second quality tinned sheetsene eae oem eee. 6.7 0.264
Modulus of elasticity in tension and compression:
Electrolytic iron.... 17,500 kg/mm? or 25,000,000 lb/in? Malleable iron... see page 653
REFS EArONS <-jocesjcve-s « 10,500 kg/mm? or 15,000,000 Ib/in? Wrought iron.... 17,500 kg/mm? or 25,000,000 Ib/in?
Modulus of elasticity in shear:
Electrolytic iron....... 7030 kg/mm? or 10,000,000 Ib/in? Cast iron....... 8450 kg/mm? or 12,000,000 lb/in?
Wirourhtironin stem a cnen cn eer 7030 kg/mm? or 10,000,000 |b/in? :

Scleroscope hardness values shown are as determined with the Shore Universal hammer.
Strength in Shear:

Electrolytic (remelt) Commercial wrought
-limit eT te Peosiate 8.4 kg/mm? or 12,000 lb/in? Pelimit eee eee 21.1 kg/mm? or 30,000 |b/in?
Ultimate strength..... 21.1 kg/mm? or 30,000 |b/in? Ultimate strength... 35.0 kg/mm? or 50,000 |b/in?

Transverse strength, from flexure formula:
Gray cast iron
Modulus of rupture, 33.0 kg/mm? or 47,000 lb/in?
“Arbitration Bar,” 31.8 mm (1} in.) diameter, or 304.8 mm (12 in.) span; minimum central load at rup-
oe - neo Ee (2500 to 3300 lb.); minimum central deflection at rupture 2.5 mm (0.1 in.), (A. S. r
. Spec. 48-18).
* Properties of Swedish iron (impurities less than 1 per cent) approximate those of electrolytic iron.
t These two values of B.h.n. only are as determined at 500 kg pressure.
+ U.S. Navy specifies minimum tensile strength of 14.1 kg/mm? or 20,000 |b/in?2.
|| From T. D. Yensen, University of Illinois, Engr. Exp. Station, Bulletin No. 83, 1915 (shows Si 4.40 as alloy of
Maximum strength).
4 From T. D. Yensen, University of Illinois, Engr. Exp. Station, Bulletin No. 95, 1917.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

112 TABLES 49 AND 5O

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

TABLE 49. — Carbon Steels — Commercial Experimental Values

S. A. E. (Soc. of Automotive Eng., U. S. A.) classification scheme used as basis for steel groupings. First
two digits S. A. E. Spec. No. show steel group number, and last two (or three in case of five figures) show
carbon content in hundredths of one per cent.

The first lines of properties for each steel show values for the rolled or forged metal in the annealed or nor-
malized condition. Comparative heat-treated values show properties after receiving modified S.A. E. heat
treatment as shown below (Table 50). The P-limit and ductility of cast steel average slightly lower and the
ultimate strength 10 to 15 per cent higher than the values shown for thesame composition steel in the annealed
condition. The properties of rolled steel (raw) are approximately equal to those shown for the annealed con-
dition, which represents the normalized condition of the metal rather than the soft annealed state.

The data for heat-treated strengths are average values for specimens for heat treatment ranging in size
from 3 to 14 in. diameter. The final drawing or quenching temperature for the properties shown is indicated
in degrees C with the heat treatment letter, wherever the information is available. In general, specimens
were drawn near the lower limit of the indicated temperature range.

Hardness.

S.A.E.| Nominal
Metal. spec. | contents
no. | per cent.

Ultimate
strength
Ultimate
strength
Reduct.
in area

3000 kg,

@

Steel, carbon | roto) | See Spec.

IOIO No.

1020 Ann.
1020 (Mn 0.45) Hi2zornC
1045 Ann.
1045 (Mn 0.65) H 260° C
1095
1095

§7,50¢
88,000
59,500
I 20,000

00000000
00n00000
00000000

(Mn 0.35)|p eae $4

1

Specification values: Steel, castings, Ann. A.S.T.M. A27-16, Class B;* P max. 0.06; S max. 0.05.

Ultimate tensile strength. Per cent |
elong. Per cent
i ew 50.8 mm reduct.
kg/mm? lb/in? or 2 in. area.

Yield point.

o.45 ultimate 56.2 80,000
0.45 ee 49.2 70,000

“cc

0.45 42,2 60,000

Structural Steel: Rolled: S max: 0.05; P-Bess. max. 0.10; —O-H. max. 0.06.
Tension: Yield Point min. = 0.5 ultimate; ultimate = 38.7 to 45.7 kg/mm? or 55,000 to 65,000 Ib/in?
with 22% min. elongation in 50.8 mm (2 in.).

* aretie carbon contents: steel castings, C 0.30 to 0.40; structural steel, C 0.15 to 0.30 (mild carbon or medium
hard steel).

TABLE 50.— Explanation of Heat Treatment Letters used in Table of Steel Data

Motor Transport Corps Modified S. A. E. Heat Treatments for Steels. (S. A. E. Handbook, Vol. 1, pp.
od and oe, 1015, q. v. for alternative treatments.)

Heat Treatment A. — After forging or machining (1) carbonize at a temperature between 870 and 930° C
(1600 and 1700° F.);_ (2) cool slowly; (3) reheat to 760 to 820 C (1400 to 1s00° F.) and quench in oil.

Heat Treatment D. — After forging or machining: (1) heat to 820 to 840° C (1500 to1550° F.); (2) quench;
(3) reheat to 790 to 820° C (1450 to r500° F.); (4) quench; (5) reheat to 320 to 650° > (600 to 1200° F.)
and cool slowly.

Heat Treatment F. — After shaping or coiling: (1) heat to 775 to 800° C (1425 to1475° F.); (2) quench;
(3) reheat to 200 to 480° C (400 to 900° F.) in accordance with degree of temper required and cool slowly.

Heat Treatment H.— After forging or machining: (1) heat to 820 to 840°C (1500 to 15so° F.);
(2) quench; (3) reheat to 230 to 650° C (450 to 1200° F.) and cool slowly.

Heat Treatment L. — After forging or machining: (1) carbonize at a temperature between 870 and
950° C (1600 and 1750° F.), preferably between 900 and 930° C_(1650 and 1700 F.); (2) cool slowly in car-
bonizing material; (3) reheat to 790 to 820° C (1450 to r500° F.); (4) quench; (5) reheat to 700 to 760° C
(1300 to 1400° F.); (6) quench; (7) reheat to 120 to 260° C (250 to 500 F.) and cool slowly.

Heat Treatment M.— After forging or machining: (1) heat to 790 to 820°C (1450 to 1500° F.);
(2) quench; (3) reheat to between 260 and 680° C (500 and 1250° F.) and cool slowly.

Heat Treatment P. — After forging or machining: (1) heat to 790 to 820° C (1450 to r500° F.); (2)
quench; (3) reheat to 750 to 770° C (1375 to 1425°F.); (4) quench; (5) reheat to 260 to 650° C (500 to
r200° F.) and cool slowly.

Heat Treatment T. — After forging or machining: (1) heat to goo to 950° C (1650 to1750° F.); (2) quench;
(a) reheat to 260 to 700° C (500 to 1300° F.) and cool slowly.

Heat Treatment U. — After forging: (1) heat to 830 to 870°C (1525 to 1600° F.), hold half an hour;
(2) cool slowly; (3) reheat to 900 to 930° C (1650 to 1700° F.); (4) quench; (5) reheat to 180 to 290° C
(350 to 550° F.) and cool slowly.

Heat Treatment V. — After forging or machining: (1) heat to 900 to 950°C (1650 to 1750° F.);
(2) quench; (3) reheat to between 200 and 650° C (400 and 1200° F.) and cool slowly.

Epitor’s Nore: Oil quenching is recommended wherever the instructions specify ‘‘ quench,” inasmuch as
the data in the table are taken from tests of automobile parts which must resist considerable vibration and
which are usually small in section. The quenching medium must always be carefully considered.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 51 113

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Alloy Steels — Commercial Experimental Values

S. A. E.
heat
treat-
ment.

SHAVES Nominal
spec. contents,
no. per cent.

Ultimate
strength
Ultimate
strength
Elong. in
50.8 mm
(2 in.).

Tension

Ib/in?

Steel, nickel. . . | 30.0] 38.0] 42,500] 54,000
53-0] 76.0] 75,000/107,500
39.0] 48.0] 55,000] 68,000
106.0]131.0]151,000| 186,000
] ; 44.0] 55.0| 62,500] 78,000
(Mr 0.65) 136.0|149.0|193,000] 212,000

Invar | Ni 36.0
C 0.40 , 50.0] 77.5| 71,000|I10,000| .

nickel

chrome... .| 3120 he r.25| Ann. 34-0] 44.0] 49,000] 62,000
3120 Cr 0.60} H 450°C | 60.0] 82.0] 85,000/116,000
3135 Ann. 40.0] 50.0] 57,000] 71,300
3135 | |((Mn 0.65)| Hor D | 88.0}/121.0/125,000]172,000
3220 Ann. 39-0] 49.0] 55,000] 69,000
3220 Ni 1.75 | Hor D | 77.0/106.0]/110,000]151,000
3250 Cri.to | Ann. 44.0] 55.0] 62,000] 78,000
3250 J |(Mn 0.45) M 134.0|183.0]190,000] 260,000
3320 Ann. 32.0] 42.0] 46,000] 59,500

3320 Ni 3.50 L 77.0|105.0|I10;000] 150,000

3340 Cr 1.50 Ann. 39-0] 52.0] 56,000] 74,000

3340 { |(Mn 0.45) iE 120.0] 163.0]1 70,000] 232,000

chromium. |51120 || Cr 1.00] Ann. 44.0] 58.0] 62,000] 82,000
51120 { |(Mn 0.35)| M or P |144.0]193.0|205,000]275,000

Cr20 Ann. 44.0] 58.0] 62,000] 82,000
M or P. ]141.0|178.0|200,000] 253,000

vanadium } : Ann. 43-0] 59.0] 61,500] 84,500
al 84.0] 115.0]120,000]163,000

Ann. 48.0] 63.0} 68,200] go,000
U 176.0] 23 2.0|250,000]330,000
silico-

manganese|9250 Si 1.95} Ann. 42.0| 54.0] 60,000] 77,000
9250 Mn 0.70 V QI.0]122.0|130,000]1 74,000
Si 0.85} Ann. 48.0] 61.0] 68,000} 87,000
Mn 1.75 V 113.0|148.0]160,000] 211,000
tungsten. . W 2.4 Ann. 34.0| 59.0] 48,100] 84,200
W 09.7 Ann. 63.0] 89.0] g0,000}1 26,000

W 15.6 | Quench
1065° |158.5|175.0]225,000] 248,000

Draw

2056

e eeNeEAL Note. — Table on steels after Motor Transport Corps, Metallurgical Branch of Engineering Division,
able No. 88.
Maximum allowable P 0.045 or less, maximum allowable S 0.05 or less.
Silicon contents were not determined by Motor Transport Corps in preparing table, except for silico-manganese steels.
Compressive strengths: F
4 For all steels approx. equal to yield point in tension (slightly above P-limit).
ensity:
Steel weighs about 7.85 g/cm% or 490 lb/ft?
Ductility, Erichsen values:
0.75 mm (0.029 in.) thick, low carbon soft annealed sheet (B. S.), depth of indentation 12.0 mm or 0.472 in.
1.30 mm (0.050 in.) thick, low carbon soft annealed sheet (B.S.), depth of indentation 12.5 mm or 0.492 in.
Modulus of elasticity in tension and compression:
For all steels approx. 21,000 kg/mm? = 30,000,000 Ib/in?.
Modulus of elasticity in shear:
For all steels approx. 8400 kg/mm? = 12,000,000 lb/in?.
Scleroscope hardness values shown are as determined with the Shore Universal hammer.
Strength in shear:
P-limit and ultimate strength each about 70 per cent corresponding tensile values.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

114 TABLES 52-54
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

TABLE 52.— Steel Wire — Specification Values

(After I. A. S. B. Specification 3S12, Sept., 1917, for High-strength Steel Wire.)
S. A. E. Carbon Steel, No. 1050 or higher number specified (see Carbon steels above). Steel used to be manutac-
tured by acid open-hearth process, to be rolled, drawn, and then uniformly coated with pure tin to solder readily.

American Diameter. Req’d Weight. Req’d Spec. minimum tensile strength.

5 or FP cae tance Twists EEE bends

. and S. ; 203.2 mm 1 . :

wire gage. . or 8 in. byace thru 90 c . {kg/mm?} Ib/in?
219,000
229,000
233,000
244,000
244,000

254,000
252,000
255,000
258,000
259,000

264,000
267,000
270,000
275,000
280,000

° O0O000 OHH HN

284,000

Nore. — Number of 90° bends specified above to be obtained by bending sample about 4.76 mm (0.188 in.) radius,
alternately, in opposite directions. %

(Above specification corresponds to U.S. Navy Department Specification 22W6, Nev. 1, 1916, for tinned, galvan
ized or bright aeroplane wire.)

TABLE 53.— Steel Wire — Experimental Values

(Data from tests at General Electric Company laboratories.) ‘‘ Commercial Steel Music Wire (Hardened).’

Diameter. Ultimate strength.

kg/mm? tension lb/in?

226.
249.
253-
260.
262.
265.
386.
527.

49.

321,500
354,000
360,000
370,000
372,500
378,000
550,000
750,000

70,000

°
°
°
°
°
5
5
°
2

* For 4.55 mm wire drawn cold to indicated sizes. + For 4.55 mm (0.018 in.) wire annealed in Hz at 850°C.

TABLE 54.— Semi-steel

Test results at Bureau of Standards on 155-mm shell, Jan. 1919. :
Microstructure — matrix resembling pearlitic steel, embedded in which are flakes of graphite.
Composition-Comb. C 0.60 to 0.76, Mno.88, P 0.42 to0.43,$ 0.077 to 0.088, Si1.22 to 1.23, graphitic C 2.84 to 2.94.

Hardness.

Ultimate
strength
Ultimate
strength
Ultimate
strength
Ultimate
strength

| Brinell | ctero-

: : : @
Tension Compression Compression eS CS scope.

Semi-etect:
xraph. C 2.85 x
Comb. C 0.76 : 28,200 | 24.3 | 72.6 specie 103,000 | 176

Graph. C 2.92 - 6 oO
GomUEGIENGS ‘ : 21,200 18.3 | 61.4 26,000 87,30

Tension specimens 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) diameter, 50.8 mm (2 in.) gage length; elongation and reduction of

area negligible. ; 3 i
Compression specimens 20.3 mm (0.8 in.) diameter, 61.0 mm es in.) long; failure occurring in shear.
Tension set readings with extensometer showed elastic limit of 2.1 kg/mm? or 3000 ]b/in?.

Modulus of elasticity in tension — 9560 kg/mm? or 13,600,000 Ib/in?.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TaBLEes 55-57 I 15
TABLE 55.— Steel-wire Rope — Specification Values

Cast steel wire to be of hard crucible steel with minimum tensile strength of 155 kg/mm*or 220,000 lb/in?
and minimum elongation of 2 per cent in 254 mm (to in.). ;
Plow steel wire to be of hard crucible steel with minimum tensile strength of 183 kg/mm? or 260,000
lb/in? and minimum elongation of 2 per cent in 254 mm (to in.). aye ,
Annealed steel wire to be of crucible cast steel, annealed, with minimum tensile strength of 77 kg/mm? or
110,000 Ib/in? and minimum elongation of 7 per cent in 254 mm (ro in.). i
Type A: 6 strands with hemp core and 10 wires to a strand (= 6 X 19), or 6 strands with hemp core and
18 wires to a strand with jute, cotton or hemp center.
Type B: 6 strands with hemp core, and 12 wires to a strand with hemp center.
Type C: 6 strands with hemp core, and 14 wires to a strand with hemp or jute center.
Type AA: 6 strands with hemp core, and 37 wires toa strand (= 6 X 37) or @ strands with hemp core and
36 wires to a strand with jute, cotton or hemp center.

Diameter. Approx. weight. Minimum strength.
Description. —

oe
bol aoleoto|e

.

59,735
2,095
5,210
20,890
47,965
18,825
515575
4,690
8,165
32,675
69,140 | 152,430
4,540 10,000
8,750 | 19,300
32,250 71,100
83,010 | 183,000

——————

I
I

i
2
3
8
1
2

HHH HA
bol

bol co|e0 colon

“ “cc

ee

bol a0 cor

ce “ce

on

BPHOOWHOONHNHOOWHOOWHOO

CoS gO) CARBS On CaS Po Sa One tesa) Casa On
DAnvnookhnodofhdtwWHtOOdONMNndadNUnvoOod)O

ee
olor

TABLE 56.— Steel-wire Rope — Experimental Values
(Wire rope purchased under Panama Canal Spec. 302 and tested by U. S. Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. G:)

Ultimate strength

Diameter. Ultimate strength. (net area).

Description and analysis.
mm in. kg Ib. kg/mm? Ib/in2

Plow Steel, 6 strands x 19 wires
C 0.90, S 0.034, P 0.024, Mn
OMG ROlONn7 2. Gyre ton cece 50.8 2 137,900 | 304,000 | 129.5 184,200

Plow Steel, 6 strands x 25 wires
C 0.77, S 0.036, P 0.027, Mn
COM SLIONDE2 ey. sake snes: 69.9 23 314,800 | 694,000 | 151.2 | 214,900

Plow Steel, 6 x 37 plus 6x 19
C 0.58, S 0.032, P 0.033, Mn
ETP SU, OSE OO actos pecs uctacancincns 82.6 31 | 392,800 | 866,000 | 132.2 | 187,900

Monitor Plow Steel, 6 x 61 plus
6 X 19, C0.82, S0.025, Po.otg,

IMmVvO.22" SiOs6O8. sas 82.6 31 | 425,000 | 937,000 | 142.5 | 202,400

SS ee ee Se

Recommended allowable load for wire rope running over sheave is one fifth of specified min. strength.
TABLE 57.— Plow-Steel Hoisting Rope (Bright)

: (After Panama Canal Specification No. 302, 1912.)
_, Wire rope to be of best plow steel grade, and to be composed of 6 strands, 19 wires to the strand, with hemp center.
Wires entering into construction of rope to have an elongation in 203.2 mm or 8 in. of about 2} per cent.

Diameter. Spec. minimum strength. Diameter. Spec. minimum strength.

| ah ke Ib.

5

Bom 164,000
50.8 280,000
63.5 458,000
69.9 | 3 550,000

3
8
1
2
3
4

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

116 TABLES 58 AND 59

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
TABLE 58. — Aluminum

Density Hardness.

24 aS
2 to to
Eg eS
BE :
Pn n

Tension, Tension,

Metal, approx. i's
composition, Condition.
per cent.

Per cent.

ALUMINUM:
Av. Al 99.3
Imp., Fe and Si. . .
2.57|160.5]6.0 to Broke 8,500 to|12,000 to
Ke) : 10,000 | 14,000
Cast, sand and i : Z
heat treated — |8.9to| — _ |12,600 to
Ann. 500° C, air
; 13,600
Cast, chill 2 : : : : 13,000
Sheet, ann : : : : g, 13,500
Sheet, hard 7 Be - 3 ; 30,000
' Bars, hard : ; B . : 33,000
Wire, hard y Ba ; i : 40,000

Compressive strength: cast, yield point 13.0 kg/mm? or 18,000 lb/in?; ultimate strength 47.0
kg/mm? or 67,000 lb/in?.
Modulus of elasticity: cast, 6900 kg/mm? or 9,810,000 lb/in? at 17° C.

TABLE 59.— Aluminum Sheet

(a) Grade A (Al min. 99.0) Experimental Erichsen and Scleroscope Hardness Values.
[From tests on No. 18 B. & S. Gage sheet rolled from 6.3 mm (0.25 in.) slab. Iron Age v. 101, page 952].

Heat treatment Thickness, Indentation, Scleroscope
annealed. mm mm hardness.

None (as rolled) : 6.83
@ 200° C, 2 hours : 8.86
@ 300° C, 2 hours : 10.17
@ 400° C, 2 hours : 9.40
@ 200% €Bommine eee : Hoey
@ijoo; Gy soymins +s.) ee ‘ 9.80

(b) Specification Values. — (1) Cast: U. S. Navy 49 Al, July 1, 1915; Al min. 94, Cu max.
6, Fe max. 0.5, Si max. 0.5, Mn max. 3.

Minimum tensile strength 12.5 kg/mm? or 18,000 lb/in? with minimum elongation of 8 per
cent in 50.8 mm (2 in.).

(2) Sheet, Grade A: A. S. T. M. 25 to18T; Al min. 99.0; minimum strengths and elongations.

Tensile strength.| Elong. in 50.8
mm or 2 in.
per cent.

Gage, sheet thicknesses. Renee ING.

| hardness. |————_—
(B. &S.) in. kg/mm2|_ |b/in?

12,500 Sheets of temper No.
18,000 I to withstand being
22,000 / bent double in any di-
12,500 rection and hammered
18,000 flat; temper No. 2 to
25,000 bend 180° about radius
12,500 equal to thickness with-
2 Half-hard 18,000 out cracking.

3 Hard 30,000

ped be EE ee ee ee ee

t Soft, Ann.
2 Half-hard
3 Hard

12 to .052 to | 0.0808 to
16 incl.| 1.293 .0509

2 Half-hard
3 Hard
t Soft, Ann.

643 -0253

.574 to .0226 to
- 404 -O159

152 to .0453 to eae Ann.

Nore. — Tension test specimen to be taken parallel to the direction of cold rolling of the sheet.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 60 LL
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Aluminum Alloys

oo
|| eat 3 nS esa ASa ire ey
s=) = ~ Wee S
Density a 8 be E ge |G ec) 38 Hardness.
a or weight. | = | 39 Bo SLO CONS erga
Alloy, approx. Condition, Ay 54 Ay 53 ey Omi Wes
composition per cent we ; SOR
per cent. reduction. ax E a
gm/ | |b/ Tension, Tension, 82/35
cm? | ft? kg/mm? - Ilb/in? Per cent. : 2) %
Aluminum—Copper.| Cast, chill. . | 5.3) TORS 7,500 |15,000 |24.0 |34.0 ee
Alo8 CurImp.max.1| Rolled, 19% 3o|| == — 19:0 21.0 |27,000 |30,000 4.0 — —}—
{ Cast, chi sel] = —— I. [13.7 |11,500 |10,500 |12.0 |2I1.0 =, || =
Al96 Cu 3 Imp. max. 1 \ Rolled, 19%: i= — |25.0 |28.8 135,000 |41,000 5.5 —_ ae
Cast, ch es — |10.0 |15.0 |14,500 |21,500 7.0 |14.0 —= || —
Alo4 Cus Imp. max. 1 \ Rolled, be .| — | — |23.0 |27.0 [33,000 |38,000 6.0 — |) —. |, —
Al 92 Cu 8: Alloy No.| Cast, sand... .|2.38 |180 7.7 to|10.5 to|11,000 to|15,000 to} 4.0 to] 3.5 to|s50 to|13 to
TED ie avec apsbors etehcis aiese ais = — |10.5 |16.2 |15,000 |23,000 | None} None]65 {18
Al go-92 Cu 7-8.5
imp Smaxcuts yey war ee CaSbee sme sci 2.9 |181r — 12.7 — 18,000 1.0 _ — | —
Copper, Magnesium..| Castat 700° C.| — — | 3.2to} 9.6 to] 4,500 to]13,600 to] 2.0 to] 0.5 to}74 to|17 tc
Al 9.52 Cu 4.2 Mg 0.6 4:6 113.3 6,500 |18,900 ° ° 74 «+|18
Ann. 500° C...| — | — | 4.6° |17.3 6,500 |24,900 3.0 1.0 |80 |2r
Duralumin or 17S { ANT cryshesstes 2.8 |174 |25.0 |42.0 |35,100 |50,500 |21.1 |29.5 —|—
Alloy Al 94 Cu 4 Mg} { Rolled 70%...| — — |53.0 |56.0 175,400 179,600 4.0 |13.2 — | —
Ee ec | | Rolled heat
tees sus = — 123.4 130.0 |33,400 [55,300 |25.5 |26.0 —-~|—
Copper, Manganese..| Cast, chill....} — — |10.0 |14.0 |14,300 [20,300 5.0 —_ —|—
Alo6 Cu2Mn2.... Rolled, 2omm| — — 19.0 |27.0 |27,100 |38,200 |16.0 |28.0 —|—
Al 96 Cu 3 Mnz..... Cast, chill. . — — |11.3 |19.0 |16,200 |27,000 |14.0 —_ —|—
Naval Gun Factory... {eae sand....|2.8 |175 — |14.0 — 20,000 |12.0 — —}|—
Algo7 Cur.5 Mni....| ( Forged....... — — |14.0 |19.0 |19,500 |27,800 |12.0 |47.0 —|—
Al 4 es max. 6 Mn
Perera sis Minimum f...| — _ — |12.7 —_— 18,000 8.0 —_— —|—
Gener Nickel, Mg
VED 5 2 ssf. sioresofatelers ce Cast at 700° C.| — — | 3.5 to|17.9 to] 5,000 to|25,500 to|6.0 to | 8.5 to|54 tolg to
Al 93.5 Cu 3.5 Ni 1.5
Mg1Mno.s5..... a — | 9.8 |23.2 |14,000 |33,000 1.5 I.o |86 25
Copper, Nickel Mn.. Cast at 700° C.| — —_ — |14.5 to — 20,600 to|6.0 to |1I.0 to|50 to|g to
Al 94.2 Cu 3 Ni 2 Mn
OlGe eitcrae dae aejerent 21.4 30,500 1.0 20) jor | |27
Miaedietam:
Magnalium Al 95 eS Cast, sand....}2.5 |156 5-6 [15.5 8,000 |22,000 7.0 8.5 —|—
Al 77-08, Mg 23-2. Cast, chill. ...]2.4 to|1rsoto] — {29.5 to _— 42,000 to] — cae a
2.57 |160 145.0 64,000
Cast, chill. ...| — — | 4.0 |1I1.0 5,800 |14,900 |21.0 |36.0 —|—
Nickel Al 97 Ni 2.....| } Drawn, cold..| — | — |14.0 [16.0 |19,700 |22,700 |13.0 |37-0 —|—
Rolled, hot...| — — | 8.0 |13.0 |11,900 |18,200 |28.0 [52.0 —|—
Cast, chill....| — | — | 6.0 [15.0 9,000 21,700 9.0 |II.0 —\|;—
PALO SMNIUS ey essers cares Drawn, cold..| — | — |16.0 |20.0 22,900 {27,900 | 8.0 |24.0 —|—-— |)
Rolled, hot...| — | — | 9.0 |16.0 |13,500 |22,300 |22.0 1|36.0 —|—-—
Nickel Copper:
Al 93.5 Nis5.5 Cur..}| Cast, chill....| — | — | 7.0 |17.0 [10,700 [24,800 | 6.0 | 80 | — | —
Al or.5 Ni4.5 Cuq4.. Casts chills: -| — | — | 7.0 \18.0 9,900 |25,200 4.0 5.0 - —
: rawn, cold..| — — |22.0 |27.0 |31,700 |37,800 8.0 |15.0 —|—
Al 92 Ni 5-5 Cu 2.... \ Rolled, hot...| — | — |13.0 |22.0 |18,200 |31,500 |16.0 |24.0 —|—
Zinc, Copper:
Al 88.6 Cu 3 Zn 8.4..] Castat 700°C.) — | — | 4.7 |18.5 | 6,700 |26,300 |*8.0 |.7.5 |50 |10
Ann. 500° C. .}| — — | 4.4 |20.2 6,200 |28,800 8.0 7.5 50 |IO
Al 81.1 Cu 3 Zn 15.9.} Castat700°C.}3.1 {193 9.8 |24.7 |14,000 |35,100 2.0 2.0 |74 |I5
Ann. 500° C...|_ — — | 9.8 |29.0 |14,000 |41,200 4.0 4.0 |70 |15

* Specification Values: Alloy “No. 12”: A.S.T. M. B26-18T, tentative specified minimums for aluminum, copper.

t+ Quenched in water from 475° C ee heating in a salt bath. Modulus of elasticity for Duralumin averages
7000 kg/mm? or 10,000,000 |b/in?.

t Specification values: Aluminum castings; U.S. Navy 49 Al, July 1, 1915 (Impurities: Fe max. 0.5, Si max. 0.5)

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

118: TABLES 61-63

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
TABLE 61.— Copper

Metal and Density

or weight.
approx. os
composition. Condition.
Per cent.

Ultimate
strength.
Ultimate
strength

Ib/ Tension, Tension, lb/in?

Copper:
99-9: electrolytic neguee brea”

Culoo!6=e eee toate at 8.85
{ Hard, 40% reduct} 8.89
“ragesesaioneee \ Ann. at 500°C... .] 8.90
Drawn cold, 50%
Sota e No Ann. (96% re-
duction).......
Ann. 750°C after
drawing cold...
aie Ciotaiole Drawn hot (64%
reduction).....

* Wire drawn cold from 3.18 mm (0.125 in.) to 0.64 mm (0.025 in.) Bull. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Feb., to19.
+ Wire drawn at 150° C ‘from 0.79 mm (0.031 in.) to 0.64 mm (0.025 in.) (Jeffries, Joc. cit.).
Cempression, cast copper, Ann. 15.9 mm (0.625 in.) diam. by 50.8 mm (2 in.) long cylinders.
Shortened 5 per cent at 22.0 kg/mm? or 31,300 lb/in? load.
g to “ “ 29.0kg/mm? “ 41,200 lb/in? “‘
ss 20 & € 39.6kg/mm? “ 55,400 lb/in?
Shearing strength, cast copper 21.0 kg/mm? or 30,000 lb/in®
Modulus of elasticity, electrolytic 12,200 kg/mm? or 17,400,000 Ib/in?
s se cast 7,700 kg/mm? or 11,000,000 |b/in?
ce ff “ drawn, hard 12,400 kg/mm? or 17,600,000 Ib/in?

TABLE 62.— Rolled Copper — Specification Values
Specification values: U. S. Navy Dept., 47C2, minimums for rolled copper, — Cu min. 99.5

“

Tensile strength. =
oe earn Elong. in 50.8

Description, temper and thickness. rere eon clad enya or 2 in. — per cent.

Rods, bars, and shapes:
30,000 25
Hard: to 9.5 mm (# in.) incl : 50,000 Io
Hard: 9.15/mm’ to.2i5.4.mmi(G@ 1n=) see er : 45,000 12
Hard: 25.4 mm to 50.8 mm (2 in.)......... 28.0 40,000 I5
Hard moverssouciri (Zale) eect eieiciterioeiat 24.5 35,000 20
Sheets and plates:
21.0 to 28.0 30,000 to 40,000 25 to 25
35,000 18

TABLE 63.— Copper Wire — Specification Values

Specific Gravity 8.89 at 20° C (68° F).
Copper wire: Hard Drawn (and Hard-rolled flat copper of thicknesses corresponding to diameters of wire)
Specification values. (A. S. T. M. Br-15, and U.S. Navy Dept., 22W3, Mar. 1, rors.)

Diameter. Minimum tensile strength. Maximum elongation,
oo per cent in
kg/mm? Ib/in? 254 mm (Io in.).

49,000
51,000
52,800
54,500
56,100
57,000
$9,000

HRN NNWD

in 1524 mm (60 in.)
24.
.18
anal
-09
06
02

Anko HON

60,100
61,200
62,100
63,000
63,700
64,300
64,900
65,400
65,700
65,900
66,200
66,400
66,600
66,800
67,000

-97

10.
9.
8.
7-3
6.
Be
Re
4.
4.
Bs
3.
2.
2s
oh
2%
ae
I.
I.
Te
Te
re

HO OYANW ROW OHUOH
ODODDDDOOH HHH HHH

_ P-limit of hard-drawn copper wire must average 55 per cent of ultimate tensile strength for four largest sized wires
in table, and 60 per cent of tensile strength for smaller sizes.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLES 64-67 11g
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Table 64.— Copper Wire — Medium Hard-drawn
(A. S. T. M. B2-15) Minimum and Maximum Strengths.

Tensile strength.

_ Elongation,
minimum per cent
in 254 mm (zo in.).

Diameter.
Maximum.

kg/mm? Ib/in?

Minimum.

kg/mm? Ib/in?

49,000 3-7

5
2.50
in 1524 mm (60 in.)
56,000 1.15

575332 1.04
60,000 0.88

47,000 38.0 54,000
49,000 39-5
595330 49.5
53,000 42.0

Representative values only from table in specifications are shown above.
P-limit of medium hard-drawn copper averages 50 per cent of ultimate strength.

TABLE 65.— Copper Wire — Soft or Annealed
(A. S. T. M. B3-15) Minimum Values.

Minimum tensile

Diameter.

kg/mm?

strength.
lb/in?

Elongation
in 254mm
(ro in.),
per cent.

11.70 to 7.37 | 0.460 to 0.290 25.5 36,000

7.34 to 2.62 | 0.289 to 0.103 26.0 37,000

2.59 t0 0.53 | 0.102 to 0.021 27.0 38,500

0.51 to 0.08 | 0.020 to 0.003 28.0 40,000

Nore. — Experimental results show tensile strength of concentric-lay copper cable to approximate 90 per cent of
combined strengths of wires forming the cable.

TABLE 66.— Copper Plates
(A. S. T. M. Br1-18) for Locomotive Fire Boxes. Specification Values.

Tensile strength. Elong. in
203.2 mm

Minimum requirements. (8 in.)
kg/mm? \b/in? per cent.

Copper, Arsenical, As 0.25-0.50

Impurities, max. 0.12 j Ba
Copper, Non-arsenical:

Impurities, max. 0.12 : 30

Note. — Copper to be fire-refined or electrolytic, hot-rolled from suitable cakes.

TABLE 67.— Copper Alloys

The general system of nomenclature employed has been to denominate all simple copper-
zinc alloys as brasses, copper-tin alloys as bronzes, and three or more metals alloys composed
primarily of either of these two combinations as alloy brasses or bronzes, e.g., ‘‘Zinc bronze”’
for U. S. Government composition ‘“‘G”’ Cu 88 percent, Sn 10 percent, Zn 2 percent. Alloys
of the third type noted above, together with other alloys composed mainly of copper, have
been called copper alloys, with the alloying elements other than minor impurities listed

as modifying copper in the order of their relative percentages.

In some instances, the scientific name used to denote an alloy is based upon the deoxidizer
jused in its preparation, which may appear either as a minor element of its composition or
not at all, e.g., phosphor bronze. te

Commercial names are shown below the scientific names. Care should be taken to specify
the chemical composition of a commercial alloy, as the same name. frequently applies to
widely varying compositions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

120 TABLE 68

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Copper Alloys — Copper-Zine or Brasses; Copper-Tin or Bronzes

Metal and Density
approx. or weight.
composition, Condition.
per cent.

Ultimate
strength.
Ultimate
strength

Tension,

Brass:
Sand cast
Cu 90 Zn rof. .| { Cold rolled, hard
Cold rolled, soft.) 8.7
Sand cast _—
Cu 80, Zn 20 f.| { Cold rolled, hard
Cold rolled, soft.

55,000 *
37,000 *
35,000
75,000 *
42,000 *
40,000
60,000
48,000 *

Cu 70, Zn 30...

Cu 66Zn 34 Std. { Cold rolled, hard
h Cold rolled, soft.

45,800

Cu 60, Zn 40...| Sand cast {
70,000

Muntz metal...} Cold rolled, hard

CI
mn
Un

8.4

w
H

Bronze:

Cu 97.7, Sn 2.3. { 28,000

48,000

Cast or
Cu 90, Sn to... bronze or ‘ 33,000

Cu 80, Sn 20... 3 ‘ g 32,000
Gu 7oF Sn 30... : 5 ‘ z 7,000

Compressive Strengths, Brasses:

Cu go, Zn 10, cast 21.0 kg/mm? or 30,000 lb/in?
Cu 80, Zn 20, cast 27.4 kg/mm? or 39,000 lb/in?
Cu 70, Zn 30, cast 42.0 kg/mm? or 60,000 Ib/in?
Cu 60, Zn 40, cast 52.5 kg/mm? or 75,000 lb/in?
Cu 50, Zn 50, cast 77.0 kg/mm? or 110,000 |b/in?

Modulus of elasticity, — cast brass, — average 9100 kg/mm? or 13,000,000 |b/in?

Erichsen values: Soft slab, 1.3 mm (0.05 in.) thick, no rolling, depth of impression 13.8 mm (0.55 in.).
Hard sheet, 1.3 mm, rolled 38% reduction, depth of impression 7.3 mm (0.29 in.).
Hard sheet, 0.5 mm, rolled 60% reduction, depth of impression 3.7 mm (0.15 in.).

Compressive Ultimate Strengths, Cast Bronzes:

Cu 97.7, Sn 2.3 to 24.0 kg/mm? or 34,000 |b/in?
Cu 90, Sn 10 to 39.0 kg/mm? or 56,000 lb/in?
Cu 80, Sn 20 to 83.0 kg/mm? or 118,000 |b/in?
Cu 70, Sn 30 to 105.0 kg/mm? or 150,000 lb/in?

i Specification value, A.S.T. M., B 22-18 T, for specimen = cylinder 645 sq. mm (1 sq. in.) area, 25.4 mm (r in.)
ong.
Cu 80, Sn 20: minimum compressive elastic limit = 17.0 kg/mm? or 24,000 lb/in?
i; Modulus of elasticity for bronzes varies from 7000 kg/mm? or 10,000,000 lb/in? to 10,000 kg/mm? or 15,500,000
/in?

* Values marked thus are S. A. E. Spec. values. (See S. A. E. Handbook, Vol. I, p. 13a, rev. December, 1913.)
+ Red metal. { Low brass or bell metal.
: § A.S.T.M. Spec. Bro-18T requires B.h.n. of 51-65 kg/mm? @ 5000 kg pressure for 70: 30 annealed sheet
Tass.

Foot NoTES To TABLE 69, PAGE 121

* Tensilite, Cu 67, Zn 24, Al 4.4, Mn 3.8, Po.or compressive P-limit: 42.2 kg/mm? or 60,000 lb/in? and 1.33 per
cent set for 70.3 kg/mm? or 100,000 Ib/in? load.

+ Compressive P-limit 20.0 to 28.2 kg/mm? or 28,500 to 40,000 Ib/in?

t Compressive ultimate strength 54.5 kg/mm? or 77,500 lb/in?

§ Compressive P-limit 4.2 kg/mm? or 6000 Ib/in? and 4o per cent set for 70.3 kg/mm? or 100,000 Ib/in?

§ Modulus of elasticity 9840 kg/mm? or 14,000,000 Ib/in?

|| Values are for yield point. ** Minimum values for ingots. :

Tt Rolled manganese bronze (U. S. N.) Cu 57 to 60, Zn 40 to 37, Fe max. 2.0, Sno.5 to 1.5; 2.9 per cent increase
for thickness 25.4 mm (1 in.) and under.

tt Nig per cent, B.h.n. = 130 as rolled; B.h.n. = 50 as annealed at 930° C. i 4

U. S. Navy Dept. Spec. 46S 3a, June 1, 1917: German silver Cu 60 to 67, Zn 18 to 22, Ni min. 15, no mechanical
requirements. p
e For Tee ore German silver alloys, see Braunt, ‘‘ Metallic Alloys,” p. 314, — “‘best”’ (Hiorns), “‘ hard Sheffield,”

u 46, Zn 20, Ni 34.

§§ Platinoid Cu 60, Zn 24, Ni14, W 1 to 2; high electric resistance alloy with mechanical properties as nickel brass

|||| Specification Values, Naval Brass Castings, U. S. Navy, 46B rob, Dec. 1, 1917 for normal proportions Cu 62, Zn
37,501, min. tensile strength 17.5 kg/mm? or 25,000 lb/in? with 15 per cent elongation in 50.8 mm (2 in.).

SMITHSONIAN TABLES,

‘

TABLE 69 121
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Copper Alloys — Three (or more) Components

Ultimate
strength.
Ultimate

Alloy and approx. *
composition Condition.
per cent.

Brass, Aluminum...} Cast
Cu 57, Zn 42, Alr..
Cu 55, Zn 41, Alq.
Cu 62.9, Zn 33.3, Alls.3.
Cu 70.5, Zn 26.4, All3 |
Alum., Manganese.. Gast tensilite*
Cu 64, Zn 20, Al 3.1,
Mn 2.5, Fe 1.2...
Alum., Vanadium...
Cu 58.5, Zn 38.5, Al
1.5, V 0.03 Cold drawn... 4 3 s 12.0 |14.0
Iron:
Cu 56, Zn 41.5, Fet. : 72,000 to/35.0 to}35.0 to|/r09 to
84,000 |22.0 |25.0 |119
Aich’s Metal

Cu 60,Zn 38.2,Fe1.8 : 2 57,300 = a

Delta Metal
inGastysandier. 7 45,000 |I0.0 —
Cw's7,Zn 42, Fer.. \ Rolled, hard. . .2 60,000 {17.0 —_—
Cu 65, Zn 30, Fes..| Rolled hard... 5. 65,000 — a
Tron, Tin:
Cus6.s, cnae,E Hex-5; : 49.2 to]33,000 to] 70,000 to]35.0 to|35.0 to|104 to

SOM olfeeee : 52.8 |37,000 75,000 |20.0 |22.0 |119
Sterro metal:

Cu 55, Zn 42.4 Fe 53.0 — 76,200 aa ae

He uio8 Hard drawn. .| — 58.5 — 83,100 _— ~-
Lead or Yellow brass : 23.2 to 33,000 to}30.0 to
27.5 39,000 + |26.0

Cu 60 to 63.5, Zn 35] { Sheet ann..... 25.5 — 42,000 |50.0 =
to 33.5, Pb5 to3.| \ Sheet hard.... 42.9 — 61,000 |30.0 a
Lead, Tin or

Cu83,Zn7,Pb6,Sn4

Cu 78, Zn9.5, Pb Io,
Sn 2. ase a 4| 8. 3 12,000 26,500 : 24.9

Yellow brass:

o 70, Zn 27, Pb) 2,

oT 42.5 — 60,500 — --

21.0 |16,000 30,000 |17.0 |I9.0

20.7. |10,500 29,500 |25.0 |28.5 153.0
Manganese or Man-
ganese bronze
Cu 58, Zn 39, Mnj Cast, sand f..|8. : 49-2 to|30,000 to} 70,000 to]30.0 to]32.0 to|rog to|18 to
0.05 4 52.7 |35,000|| | 75,000 |22.0 |25.0 |119 |19
(Sn, Fe, Al, Pb.) Cast, chill... . 4 52.7 to|32,000 to] 75,000 to]32.0 to}34.0 to|r19 to|18 to
56.3 |37,000!| | 80,000 {25.0 28.0 |130 |22

Cu 60, Zn 39 Mn,| Rolled : : 52.5 |45,000 75,000 |25.0 |28.0 — |30
t

r
suretieation values:

16a a : coe 70,000
U.S.N.,46 B 15a) Rolledtt : .2 |35,000 | 70,000
Manganese Vana-
dium:
Cu 58.6, Zn 38.5, Al] Cold drawn... : : 50,600 81,400
1.5 Mno.s, Vo.03.
Nickel: Nickel sil-
ver, Cu 60.4, Zn
StS INL 7e7 ects 3 i E 15,400 36,000
German silver,
Cu 61.6, Zn 17.2,
Nj 2rt ee. : ; : 18,800 40,900
Cu 60.6, Zn 11. 8,
NIG 2723 arena 8 15 : Z 23,700 53,500
Fine wire:
Cu 58,Zn 24, Ni18} Drawn hard. .|8. f _ 150,000
Nickel silver ff
Nickel Tungsten: §§
Tin:
Cnl6r Zn 38; snr-..|| Cast, sand... II.0 : Xi 42,600
Navalbrass,asabove| Ann. after roll-
MG fee sare — |26.0 f ; 62,000
Tobin bronze: as be- .8.3]518)17.6 : 60,000

Cu 58.2, Zn 30.5,
Sn 2:3. . -4 |524|38.0 : : 79,000
Cu ss, Zn 43, Sn 2 Cas —| — ' 68,900

For Footnotes see page 120.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

122 TABLE 69 (continued)

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Copper Alloys — Three (or more) Components

Ultimate
strength

Alloy and approx.
composition Condition.
per cent.

Ultimate
strength

Tension, Per cent

Brinell @

Brass, Tin — (continued):
Rods:* o to 12.7 mm (3 in.) : : 35.0 |To bend 120°
12.7 to 25.4 mm (I in.) f i 40.0 cold about
radius equal
over 25.4 mm (in.) diam.. : 40.0 to diameter.
Shapes, all 39.4 30.0 <
Plates to 12.7 mm (} in.) 38.7 32.0
over 12.7 mm (3 in.) thick 39.4 35.0
Tubing (wall thickness) o to
3. 2smmi (Fins) jena ares : 42.2 28.0 _
3.2 to 6.4 mm (4 in.)..... ; 38.7 32.0 _—
over 6.4 mm (3 in.)...... : 35.1 35.0 —_—
Vanadium:
Victor bronze,
V 0.03, Cu 58.6, Zn 38.5,| Cold drawn ¢ 64.5 II.5
11.5, Fer.o
U.S. Navy t 49 B rb.... 8 38.7 25.0
Bronze, Aluminum. ....... See Cu Al
Lead:
Cu 89, Sn to, Pb1 15.5 _ — =
Cu 88, Sn 10, Pb 2 21.1 to] 19,000 to] 30,000 to} 20.0 to} 26.0 to|65 to
24.6 |23,000 |35,000 |15.0 |18.0 {70
Cu 80, Sn 10, Pb 10 { Cast, sand. |8. 22.1 |15,500 |31,400 |13.5 |I2.0 163
Cast, chill.. 24.7. |18,200 {35,200 4.5 3.5 {85
Lead, Phosphor:

Cu 80, Sn to, Pb 1o, P trace : 21.0 |16,000 |30,000 6.0 Sa | ey
Lead Zinc, Red brass: : 18.8 |19,600 |26,800 |1ro {|II.5 —
Cu 81, Sn 7, Pho, Zn3 | z 21.1 to] 19,000 to] 30,000 to} 18.0 to] 24.0 to}50 to
24.6 |20,000 |35,000 |1I5.0 |22.0 |55
Cu 88, Sn 8, Pb 2, Zn 2 Piesy Calls = 31,000 to}20.0to} — {57 to

26.0 37,000 |16.0 59
Lead, Zinc Phosphor:
Cu 73.2, Sn 11.3, Pb 12.0,
2ni2-5 bt seaete 10.5 |21.4 |15,000 |30,400 4.0 3.3
Manganese:
Cu 88, Sn ro, Mn 2 9.0 |19.1 |12,800 |27,200 |25.0 _
Nickel, Zinc:
Cu 88,Sns5, Nis, Zn2(1)...} Cast 9.2 |28.6 |13,100 |40,700 |32.0 {28.0
Cu 89, Sn 4, Nig, Zn 3 (2)...| Cast 8.1 |27.9 |11,500 |39,700 |31.0 |31.0
Phosphor:
Gatos; Snia-On bok cee ee i 28.0 |46.0 |40,000 |65,000 |30.0 _
Cwi8o"Snit0:5) Pos... 22s ee II.2 to}21.8 to] 16,000 to| 31,000 to] 6.0to} —
CulSos%SnizosPimaxur cee sratets I4.I |24.6 |20,000 |35,000 |10.0
Rods and bars §§ up to 12.7
AMG (Fane) reese 42.2\|||||56.2 |60,000 {80,000 |12.0 |Required to
(minimum) over 12.7 mm bend cold
to 25.4 mm (1 in.)..... 28.1|||||42.2 |40,000]||||60,000 | 20.0 through 120°
Over 25.4 mm (I in.)..... 21.1|||||38.7 |30,000]||||55,000 |25.0 about radi-
Sheets and plates §§ spring us equal to
— 163.2 90,0 a thickness.
Medium temper 17.6|||||35.2 |25,000|||||50,000 25.0 e

Bronze, Phosphor: spring wir2, hard-drawn or hard-rolled (U. S. Navy Spec. 22 Ws, Dec. 1, 1915). Cuoggq,
Sn min. 4.5, Zn max 0.3, Fe max. 0.1, Pb max. 0.2, P 0.05 to 0.50; max. elong. in 203 mm (8 in.) = 4 per cent.

Min. tensile Diameter Min. tensile

Diameter (group limits). strength. (group limits). strength.

kg/mm? Ib/in? mm in. kg/mm? Ib/in?

Up to 1.59 mm or 0.0625 in : 3 135,000 to 6.35 to 0.250 aI II0,0co
Over 1.59 mm to 3.17 mm (0.125 in.).. : 125,000 to9.52 to 0.375 74.0 105,000

* Specification Values, Rolled Brass, Cu 62, Zn 37,Sn1, min. properties after U. S. Navy Spec., ror8. |

+ Specification Values: Jan. 3, 1916, Vanadium Bronze Castings, Cu 61, Zn 38, Sn max. 1 (incl. V). Mimima.

t Compressive P-limit 15.5 kg/mm? or 22,000 lb/in?

§ Compressive P-limit 10.5 kg/mm? or 15,000 lb/in? and 28 per cent set for 70 kg/mm? or 100,000 lb/in?

|| Ultimate compressive strength, 54.2 kg/mm? or 77,100 lb/in? (Cu 76, Sn 7, Pb 13, Zn 4).

{| Compressive P-limit 8.8 to 9.1 kg/mm? or 12,500 to 13,000 Ib/in?, and 34 to 35 per cent set for 70 kg/mm?

** Compression: ultimate strength 49.5 kg/mm? or 70,500 |b/in?

+t Modulus of Elasticity: (1) 12,200 kg/mm? or 17,300,000 lb/in?; (2) 10,500 kg/mm? or 14,900,000 lb/in?

tt Compressive P-limit 17.6 to 28.1 kg/mm? or 25,000 to 40,000 lb/in? and 6 to 1o per cent set for 70 kg/mm?
or 100,000 lb/in? load.

Specification Values: U. S. Navy 46 B sc, Mar. 1, 1917, Cu 85 to 90, Sn 6 to 11, Zn max. 4: Cast, Grade 1. — Im-
purities max. 0.8; min. tensile strength 31.6 kg/mm? or 45,000 lb/in? with 20 per cent elong. in 50.8 mm (2 in.).

4 Grade 2.— Impurities max. 1.6; min. tensile strength 21.1 kg/mm? or 30,000 |b/in? with 15 per cent elong. in
50.8 mm (2 in.). ,

§§ Specification Values: U. S. Navy 46B 14b, Mar. 1, 1916, Cu min. 94, Sn min. 3.5, P 0.50, rolled or drawn.

||| Minimum yield points specified: for P-limits assume 66 per cent of values shown.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 69 (concluded) 123
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Copper Alloys — Three (or more) Components

>o 24 Secu eSeel sire
2S = E & 2 ad woe! 3S | Hardness.
Alloy and approx oe fee a ae 83.9 E 2
an : =3 Hs I268 j
composition. Condition. Aly a |e im Pa jaw | & ©. |.
er cent. a ov
F se a Tension, ee Per cent 29 3 3
pe pe | ke/mm? Ib/in® ( | Eola &
Bronze:
Silicone see tec eesteteione @astiesies ace —}—]| — 146.0 _ 65,000 — — —|—
Cu 70, Zn 29.5, Sio.5..|Drawn, hard..} —}| — | — 174.0 = 105,000 —_ —_ — |—
“inc *|Comp) (G77. 0. .||Cast..<: 2. -11 8.6 | 535| 8.6 |27.4 |12,200 38,900 25.0 |2I.0 64 13
Admiralty gun metal. .|Castt.........| — | — | 5-6 to}22.5 to] 8,000 to] 32,000 to}25.0 to}25.0 to] 65 tojro to
Comm’c’l range... . . 8.4 |26.7 |12,c00 38,000 |10.0 |12.0 75 |20
Spec. values.......... Cast (mins.):-\.|/— | — | = {21-1 = 30,000 |14.0 — == |
GimesnSnis, Zn ase | Castine. st: 8.5 |530 | 7-7 |27-5 |11,000 39,200. |30.5 |24.0 58 II
Cu 85,Sn13,Zn2..... Castatece —|—] — |26.7 —_ 38,000 |2.5 es — |25
Ane UCAS facies as jorexs
Cugo,Sn6.5,Zn2,Pbr.5|Cast §........ — | — | 8.4 to}23.9 to]12,000 to] 34,000 to}33.0 to|34.0 to} 50 to} —
Rods and bars || up to 11.2 |28.1 |16,000 40,000 |25.0 |26.0 | 60
12.7 mm (} in.)..... — | — }]28.1 {56.2 |40,000 80,000 |30.0 |Required to bend
Over 12.7 mm to 25.4 cold through
MITIUN (KIN) taper cheeky — | — }j26.4 |52.7 |37,500 75,000 |30.0 120° about ra-
over 25.4 mm (rin.).. — | — }24.6 {50.7 |35,000 72,000 30.0 dius equal to
Shapes,|| all thicknesses —} — |26.4 {52.7 137,500 75,000 |30.0 thickness.
Sheets and plates,||o to
12.7 mm (4 in.)..... — | — }27.4 |54.8 |309,000f] | 78,000 30.0 ee
over 12.7 mm (#in.).. — | — |26.4 |52.7 137,500 75,000 |30.0 os
AluminumTin:
Cu 88.5, Al 10.4, Sn 1.2/Cast, chill....] — | — |26.0 |48.0 |36,700 68,000 4.5 5.5 |189 |32
Aluminum Titanium:
Gast¥e aca. — | — |13.9 |52.0 |19,800 74,000 |19.5 |23.7 |100 |25
Wugo Altos... 042%: Quench,
800° C....] — | — }29.0 |74.0 |40,500 |105,200 1.0 0.8 |262 —_
Cu 89, Alro, Fer..... Gast iilencsese 7.58] 473 |14.1 to]45.7 to] 20,000 to] 65,000 to}30.0 to}30.0 to} 93 to}25 to
17.6 |56.2 |25,000 80,000 |20.0 |20.0 |100 |26
Lead:
Cu 71.9, Pb 27.5, Sn.o.5|Cast......... —|]—] — | 4.2to _— 6,000 to] 3.0to} 4.2to] — | —
4.6 6,600 3.2 6.7

Nickel, Aluminum:
Cu 82.1, Ni14.6, Al 2.5,

INOW REE tSefentes ne Forged... ....- —]|— |44.5 90.0 |63,300 |128,000 |10.0 |12.0 — |—-
Cu 8s5,Sn5,Zn5, Pbs5.|Cast §§....... — | — |10.5 to]19.0 to|/15,000 to} 27,000 to}20.0 to] 20.0 to] soto} —
: 13.4 |23.2 |19,000 33,000 |16.0 |15.0 62
Gis3:Snit4yZni2, bbit|Gast. en. 2 — | — |ro.5 to]16.2 to|/15,000 to} 23,000 to} 4.0 to] 4.0to} — |20
13.4 |19.0 |19,000 27,000 0.5 0.5 — |24
Zinc, Phosphor
(‘* Non Gran’’)
Cms6, Snir, 20.3, Ptr.| Casts... < — | — |13.0 |25.0 |19,000 35,000 9.0 — — |—-
Vanadium, See Brass, ;
Vanadium.
Copper, Aluminum or
Aluminum Bronze:
GiigovAlito wes. tsa Cast, sand || ||.]7-5—| 468-|13-.9 to]51.1 to}19,800 to] 72,700 to} 28.8 to} 30.0 to}102 to}25 to
7.45|465 |23.3 |60.0 |33,200 85,500 21.7 |22.4 |106 |26
@wi92:5,Al-7.2.....4..- Rolled, andj — | — | 7.0 137-5 9,600 53,500 |9I.0 |72.9 81 |19
ann.
Aluminum, Iron or Sill-|Wrought..... —}]—1] 09.8 1}59.3 |14,000 84,400 |II.5 — — | —
man bronze........ Castanos, —|—] 8.1 [55.5 |11,500 78,850 |14.5 — — |—
Cu 86.4, Alg.7, Fe3.9..|_ Cast, sand..| — | — ]14.0 |54.0 |20,000 77,000 |24.5 |25.0 |I00 —
Quenched
850° C
Cu 88.5, Al 10.5, Fe 1.0. drawn
700° C....]| — | — ]|28.0 |65.0 |40,000 92,000 |14.0 |18.5 |140 —

* Gov’t. Bronze: Cu 88, Sn 10, Zn 2 (values shown are averages for 30 specimens from five foundries tested at the
Bureau of Standards).

+ Compressive P-limit 10.5 kg/mm? or 15,000 lb/in? with 29 per cent set for 70 kg/mm? or 100,000 lb/in? load.

t Values from same series of tests as first values for ‘‘ 88—10-2,” averages for 26 specimens from five foundries tested
at Bureau of Standards.

; Compressive P-limit 9.1 kg/mm? or 13,000 lb/in® with 34 per cent set for 70 kg/mm? or 100,000 |b/in? load.

| Specification minimums: U. S. Navy 46B17, Dec. 2, 1918, for hot-rolled aluminum bronze, Cu 85 to 87, Al 7
to 9, Fe2.5 to 4.5. Specification values under P-limit are for yield point.

Two and six tenths per cent increase in strength up to 762 mm (3o in.) width.

\ 4) Compressive P-limit: cast, 14.1 kg/mm? or 20,000 Ib/in? with 11.4 per cent set at 70 kg/mm? or 100,000 |b/in?
oad.

+t Compressive P-limit: cast, 12.7 to 14.1 kg/mm? or 18,000 to 20,000 Ib/in? with 13 to 15 per cent set at 700 kg/mm?
or 100,000 |b/in? load.

tt Modulus of elasticity 14,800 kg/mm? or 21,150,000 lb/in?

- Compressive P-limit 8.4 kg/mm? or 12,000 lb/in? with 36 per cent set for 70.3 kg/mm?, or 100,000 lb/in? load.

||| High values are after Jean Escard ‘‘ L’Aluminum dans L’Industrie,” Paris, 1918. Compressive P-limit 13.5
g/mm? or 19,200 lb/in? with 13.5 per cent set for 70.3 kg/mm? or 100,000 |b/in® load.

SMITHSONIAN TABLE3.

124 TABLE 70

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Miscellaneous Metals and Alloys

Density
or weight.
Ultimate
strength.

Metal or alloy.
Approx. composition, Condition.
per cent. peat han seeot
gm | lb.
per | per
cm3 | ft§

* Cobalt, Co gg. 8.8 | 550
0 99.7 8.9 | 556

Gold, Au 100 19.3 1203

Copper, Au go, Curo.... 17.2 |1073
Copper, Silver, Au 58, Cu
30 Ag 12 Drawn hard.....| —
Lead, Pbt Cast 11.38] 710
Rolled hard 11.40] 711

(CommiciS) Peer oeeree = |=

Antimony tPb95.5,Sb4.5
Magnesium, Mg { Drawn hard.....

nN

lol] J II

655

4

Coe

alta

NOUIIH
aS
on
HO
on
ele tales? calla es leslealis

Wrought, ann....
Wrought, com.
Rolled hard, “
Rolled ann. ‘“
Drawn hard, D =
mm

|
Heeltecs| lett al elie lees

Viele ecw lle leet |rean|

ele
ellie

76,000]35.0

155,000) —
Copper, iron, manganese
or Monel metal:
: 3 : : 70,000]18.0
Ni 67, Cu 28, Fe3, Mn2. : j 104,900|31.3
Ni 66, Cu 28, Fe3.5,Mn| Wrought........ : : 92,200] 46.3

2.5
Ni71, Cu 27, Fe2§ Drawn hard 3 160,000] —
46 Mia || Se eae
) Rolled, min., rods
46 M 7b! and bars J... .
Rolled, mini-
mum, sheets
and plates... .. : 65,000|15.0
§ |Palladium, Pd Drawn hard 39,000] —
Platinum, Pt Drawn hard 53,000]18.0

Drawn ann 35,000]50.0
40,000} —
51,200] —

109,500] —

130,000] —

4,000|35.0
5,300 a
10,000); —

Silver, Ag too. 4). ome ek (pen hae
Copper, Ag 75,Cu2s5....| Drawn hard
Tantalum, Ta Drawn hard

Tin, Sn 99.8tt |

Antimony, Copper, Zinc
(Britannia Metal):
Sn 81, Sb 16, Cu 2, Znt.
Zinc, Aluminum, etc.
(aluminum solder):
Sn 63, Zn 18, Al 13, Cu
3, Sb 2, Phr : 14,500] 1.9
Sn 62, Zn 15, Al 11, Pb
8, Cu3, Sb1 : 13,000] 1.6
Zinc, aluminum:
Sn 86, Zn g, Al 5 4 12,200|41.0
Aluminum, zinc, cad-
mium:

Sn 78, Alo, Zn 8, Cds. ; | 14,300]18.0

FLAS TI a
Ve less) teal io tale lea

LlolIS lax] |

| |

Antimony: Modulus of Elasticity 7960 kg/mmz2 or 11,320,000 lb/in? (Bridgman).

* Compressive strength: cast and annealed, 86.0 kg/mm2 or 122,000 Ib/in? , Leek:

Comm’c’l. comp., C 0.06, cast, tensile, ultimate, 42.8 kg/mm? or 61,000 lb/in?, with 20 per cent elongation in 50.8
or 2 in. Compression, ultimate 123.0 kg/mm? or 175,000 lb/in? : 3

Stellite, Co 59.5, Mo 22.5, Cr 10.8, Fe 3.1, Mn 2.0, Co.9, Sio.8. Brinell hardness 512 at 3000 kg, density 8.3 :

+t Modulus of elasticity, cast or rolled, 492 kg/mm? or 700,000 Ib/in?; drawn hard 703 kg/mm? or 1,000,000 Ib/in

t For compressive test data on lead-base babbitt metal, see table following zinc.

§ Modulus of elasticity 15,800 kg/mm? or 22,500,000 Ib/in? ,

eee values, U. S. Navy, Monel metal, Ni min. 60, Cu min. 23, Fe max. 3.5, Mn max. 3.5, C + Si max.
0.8, max. 0.5. ,

‘| Values shown are subject to slight modifications dependent on shapes and thicknesses.

** Values are for yield point.

tt Compressive strength: cast, 4.5 kg/mm? or 6,400 lb/in? ‘

Modulus of elasticity: cast av. 2,810 kg/mm? or 4,000,000 Ib/in?; rolled av. go1.0 kg/mm? or 5,700,000 Ib/in?

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 71 126

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Miscellaneous Metals and Alloys
(a) TUNGSTEN AND ZINC

|

Density Hardness.

Metal or or weight.
alloy f;

approx. Condition.
comp.

per cent. : ae Per cent

Ultimate
strength

P-limit.
Ultimate
strength

Brinell @
500 kg

( Ingot sintered,

D = 5.7 mmoro.22 in. : E207 18,000
Swaged rod,
D =0.7 mmoro.o3 in. 151.0 215,000
Drawn hard,
D = 0.029

0.00114 in 415.0 590,000
Swaged and drawn hot

97-5% reductionf.. . 164.0 233,500
Same as above and

equiaxed at 2000°C
i 118.0 168,000

(Impurities Pb, Fe and Cd)

Coarse crystalline... .. 2.8to| — 4,000 to
Fine crystalline 8.4 12,000
Rolled (with grain or

direction of rolling). d i 27,000
Rolled (across grain or

direction of rolling) . E a 36,000
Drawn hard ; x 10,000

* Commercial composition for incandescent electric lamp filaments containing thoria (ThO2) approx. 0.75 per cent
after Z Jeffries Am. Inst. Min. Eng. Bulletin 138, June, 1918.

+ Alter Z Jeffries Am. Inst. Min. Eng. Bulletin 149, May, roro.

¢ Ordinary annealing treatment makes W brittle, and severe working, below recrystallization or equiaxing tempera-
ture, produces ductility W rods which have been worked and recrystallized are stronger than sintered rods. The
equiaxing temperature of worked tungsten, with a 5-min. exposure, varies from 2200° C fora work rod with 24 per cent
reduction, to 1350° C tor a fine wire with roo per cent reduction. Tungsten wire, D = 0.635 mm or 0.025 in.

§ Compression on cylinder 25.4 mm (x in.) by 65.1 mm (2.6 in.), at 20 per cent deformation:

For spelter (cast zinc) free from Cd, av. 17.2 kg/mm? or 24,500 lb/in?

For spelter with Cd 0.26, av. 27.4 kg/mm? or 39,000 lb/in? (See Proc. A. S. T. M., Vol. 13, pl. 19.)

Modulus of rupture averages twice the corresponding tensile strength.

Shearing strength: rolled, averages 13.6 kg/mm? or 194,000 lb/in?

Modulus of elasticity: cast, 7,750 kg/mm? or 11,025,000 |b/in?

Modulus of elasticity. rolled, 8450 kg/mm? or 12,000 000 Ib/in? (Moore, Bulletin 52, Eng. Exp. Sta. Univ. of Ill.)

(6) Waite Metat BEeaArinc AtLoys (BABBITT METAL)
A. S. T. M. vol. xviii, I, p. 491.
Experimental permanent deformation values from compression tests on cylinders 31.8 mm (r} in.) diam. by 63.5 mm
(23 in.) long, tested at 21°C (70° F.) (Set readings after removing loads.)

Permanent deformation @ 21° C Hardness.

Formula, , pS Se
per cent. : @ 454kg @ 2268kg | @ 4536kg =
= 1000 |b. = 10,000 lb.

kg

@ 500
@ too" C

0.000] 0.0000] 0.025
.000] .0000] .038] .0o15
.025| .OoIo] . -0045
.013] .0005 .0025
.025| .OOIO] . «0030

HU tb
Qo COoO~1 SI C—O

.038] . 3 «0050

<025] =. A .0050] .583

<O5E| 5 .0090] 1.575

<102|| -305| .O120] 2.130

<O25|0 4 .O100] 3.910

s025|)) “- ; .OI00] 3.020
0.064 : 0.0170] 7.240

_..*U S. Navy Spec. 46M2b (Cu 3 to 4.5, Sn 88 to 89.5, Sb 7.0 to 8.0) covers manufacture of anti-friction-metal castings.
‘Composition W.)
ae — See aiso Brass, Lead (yellow brass), Brass, Lead-Tin (Red Brass); Bronze, Phosphor, etc., under Copper

SMITHSONIAN TABLES,

126 TABLE 72

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Cement and Concrete

(a) CEMENT

CEMENT: Specification Values (A. S.T.M. Cg to 17, C1o to 99, and Co to 16T).

Minimum strengths based on tests of 645 mm? (1 in?) cross section briquettes for tension,
and cylinders 50.8 mm (2 in.) diameter by 101.6 mm (4 in.) length for compression. Mortar.
composed of 1 part cement to 3 parts Ottawa sand by volume; specimens kept in damp
closet for first 24 hours and in water from then on until tested.

: Tension. i
Cement Boeciie ension Compression.

(1: 3 mortar tested). gravity. eee ae ne kg/mm?

Std. Portland
White Portland....

INaturalpAwere ca = .03 50
Natural ©.09 125

(6) CEMENT AND CEMENT MorTARS

CEMENT AND CEMENT Mortars. — Bureau of Standards Experimental Values. Com-
pressive Strengths of Portland cement mortars of uniform plastic consistency. Data from
tests on 50.8 mm (2 in.) cubes stored in water. Sand: Potomac River, representative con-
crete sand.

Cement. | Sand. Water, Compressive strength.

per cent.

Proportions by volume.

tN

by
OONHWHAPW OL

NS
Co~wr CONT CONT CONT CONT

to

Notre. — (From Bureau of Standards Tech. Paper 58.) Neat cement briquettes mixed at
plastic consistency (water 21 per cent) show 0.52 kg/mm? or 740 lb/in? tensile strength at 28
days’ age;

1 Cement: 3 Ottawa sand-mortar briquettes, mixed at plastic consistency (water 9 per
cent) show 0.28 kg/mm? or 400 lb/in? tensile strength at 28 days’ age.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 72 (continued) 127,
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

(c) CONCRETE

ConcrETE: Compressive strengths. Experimental values for various mixtures. Results compiled by Joint
Committee on Concrete and Reinforced Concrete. Final Report adopted by the Committee July 1, 1916.
Data are based on tests of cylinders 203.2 mm (8 in.) diameter and 406.4 mm (16 in.) long at 28 days age.

American Standard Concrete Compressive Strengths.

Aggregate. Units.

Granite, trap rock kg/mm? E
Ib/in? 3300
Gravel, hard limestone and
hard sandstone kg/mm? 2). ; 1.4
lb /in? 3000 2000 1600
Soft limestone and _ soft
sandstone kg/mm? 5 Ta 0.8
Ib/in? 2200 1500 1200
Cinders kg/mm? 0.6 Ons 0.4 0.4
Ib/in? 800 700 600 500

x

ao — Mix shows ratio of cement (Portland) to combined volume of fine and coarse aggregate (latter as
shown).

Committee recommends certain fractions of tabular values as safe working stresses in reinforced concrete
design, which may be summarized as follows:

Bearing, 35 per cent of compressive strength;

Compression, extreme fiber, 32.5 per cent of compressive strength;

Vertical shearing stress 2 to 6 per cent of compressive strength, depending on reinforcing;

Bond stress, 4 and 5 per cent of compressive strength, for plain and deformed bars, respectively.

Modulus of Elasticity to be assumed as follows:

For concrete with strength. Assume modulus of elasticity.

kg/mm? lb/in? kg/mm? lb/in?

up to 0.6 up to 800 530 750,000
0.6 to1.5 800 to 2200 1400 2,000,000
Th LOZ 30) 2200 to 2900 1750 2,500,000

over 2.0 Over 2900 2100 3,000,000

(See Joint Committee Report, Proc. A. S. T. M. v. XVI, IQ17, Pp. 201.)

Eprror’s Nore. — The values shown in the table above are probably fair values for the compressive strengths
of concretes made with average commercial material, although higher results are usually obtained in laboratory
tests of specimens with high grade aggregates. Observed values on 1: 2:4 gravel concrete show moduli of
elasticity up to 3160 kg/mm? or 4,500,000 lb/in? and compressive strengths to 4.2 kg/mm? or 6000 |b/in?

Tensile strengths average 10 per cent of values shown from compressive strengths.

Shearing strengths average from 75 to 125 per cent of the compressive strengths; the larger percentage
representing the shear of the leaner mixtures (for direct shear, Hatt gives 60 to 80 per cent of crushing strength).

Compressive strengths of natural cement concrete average from 30 to 40 per cent of that of Portland
cement concrete of the same proportioned mix.

Transverse strength: modulus of rupture of 1 : 23: § concrete at 1 and 2 months equal to one sixth crushing
strength at same age (Hatt).

Weight of granite, gravel and limestone, 1: 2: 4 concretes averages about 2.33 g/cm? or 145 lb/ft®; that of
cinder concrete of same mix is about 1.85 g/cm or 115 lb/ft

Concrete, 1: 2:4 Mix, Compressive Strengths at Various Ages.

Experimental Values: one part cement, two parts Ohio River sand and four parts of coarse aggregate as
shown. Compressive tests made on 203.2 mm (8 in.) diameter cylinders, 406.4 mm (16 in.) long. (After Pitts-
burgh Testing Laboratory Results. See Rwy Age, vol. 64, Jan. 18, 1918, pp. 165-166.)

Age.
Coarse aggregate. Unit.
14 days. 30 days. 60 days.

Gravel kg/mm?
Ib/in? 1921 2925
Limestone.. .. kg/mm? 1.24 - 2535
Ib/in? 1758 3343
Trap rock.... kg/mm? TAs : 2.36
Ib/in? 2063 3360
KSTAMICO Ne scsi cte Sater ere oe kg/mm? 1.49 4 2.14
lb/in? 2122 3043
Slag No. 1... kg/mm? Te75 : 2.37
Ib/in? 2484 3365
Slag No. 2. kg/mm? wei 2.06
Ib/in? I9Q4I 5 2930

Nore. — Maximum and minimum test results varied about 5 percent above or below average values shown above,
SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

128 TABLE 73
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Stone and Clay Products

(a) STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS OF AMERICAN BUILDING STONES *

Flexure. Shear.

Compression. : Flexure.
Weight Ultimate strength. ae eee Modulus of elasticity.

average.

Average. , i : Average.

Granite...] 2. 14. 20]20,200 I.15]1600] 30 |r. 5300] 7,500,000
Marble...} 2. 8.85]12,600 I.05|1500| 50 |0.g0/1300} 25 |5750]/8,200,000
Limestone} 2.6 | 160 | 6.30] 9,000 0.85|1200]100 |1.00]/1400 5900|8,400,000
Sandstone.] 2.2 | 135 | 8.80|12,500 I.05|/1500] 55 |r.20/1700 2300] 3,300,000

* Values based on tests of American building stones from upwards of twenty-five localities,
made at Watertown (Mass.) Arsenal (Moore, p. 184). Each value shown under “Range”
is one half the difference between maximum and minimum locality averages expressed as
a percentage of the average for the stone.

(b) STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS OF BAVARIAN BUILDING STONES *

. Flexure. Shear. Flexure.
E i eh Modulus of Ultimate Modulus of
Weight, Brn. rupture. Strength.t elasticity.
average.

Average. . | Average. ,| Average. ; Average.

Granite. .| 2.66 | 165 |13.70|19,500] 5 |lo.go|rz00] 5 |r. 1600] 2,300,000
Marble f. | 2.16 | 135 | 5-60] 8,000] 15 |o.30] 450| — |o. 345014,900,000

Limestone} 2.48 | 155 | 8.10!11,500] 5 |r.10/1550 ‘ 2350| 3,350,000
Sandstone} 2.30 | 145 | 8.10/11,500] 75 |o.45| 650 : 2500|3,550,000

* Values based on careful tests by Bauschinger, ‘‘Communications,” Vol. ro.
} Shearing strength determined perpendicular to bed of stone.
t Values are for Jurassic limestone.

GENERAL Notes.— 1. Later transverse strength (flexure) tests on Wisconsin building stones
(Johnson’s “Materials of Construction,’ 1918 ed., p. 255) show moduli of rupture as follows:
Granite, 1.90 to 2.75 kg/mm? or 2710 to 3910 lb/in?; limestone, 0.80 to 3.30 kg/mm? or 1160 to ©
4660 lb/in?; sandstone, 0.25 to 0.95 kg/mm? or 360 to 1320 lb/in?.

2. Good slate has a modulus of rupture of 4.90 kg/mm? or 7000 |b/in? (loc. cit., p. 257).

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 73 (continued) 129
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Stone and Clay Products

(c) STRENGTH OF AMERICAN BUILDING Bricks *

eee eer carn EEEEEEEEEEEESEEEEEnEnIES

Compression. Flexure.

; |
Absorption Min. ult. strength. Min. modulus rupture.

Brick — description. average
per cent.

kg/mm? lb/in? kg/mm? lb/ in?

Class A (Vitrified) 3.50 5000 0.65 goo
Class B (Hard burned) 2.45 3500 0.40 600
Class C (Common firsts) 1.40 2000 0.30 400
Class D (Common) 1.05 1500 ©. 20 300

* After A. S. T. M. Committee C-3, Report 1913, and University laboratories’ tests
for Committee C-3 (Johnson, p. 281).

—

(d) STRENGTH IN COMPRESSION OF BRICK PIERS AND OF TERRA-COTTA Biock PIERS

Tabular values are based on test data from Watertown Arsenal, Cornell University,
U. S. Bureau of Standards, and University of Ill. (Moore, p. 185).

Compression.*
Brick or block used. Mortar. Av. ult. strength.

kg/mm? Ib/in?

Witritied! brick. : 2). .a-<0< 4¢- 1 part P.f cement : 3 parts sand.... 95 2800
Pressed (face) brick 1 part P. cement : 3 parts sand..... .40 2000
Pressed (face) brick. ......... r part lime : 3 parts sand .0O 1400
Common brick 1 part P. cement : 3 parts sand 70 1000
Common brick 1 part lime : 3 parts sand .50 700
Terra-cotta brick 1 part P. cement : 3 parts sand..... .10 3000

* Building ordinances of American cities specify allowable working stresses in com-
pression over bearing area of 12.5 per cent (vitrified brick) to 17.5 per cent (common
brick) of corresponding ultimate compressive strength shown in table.

t P. denotes Portland.

(e) STRENGTH OF COMPRESSION OF VARIOUS BRICKS
Reasonable minimum average compressive strengths for other types of brick than
building brick are noted by Johnson, “ Materials of Construction,” pp. 289 ff., as follows:

lb/in?

sand-lime .10 3000
sand-lime (German) 2180 (av. 255 tests)
paving 60 8000
acid-refractory 70 1000
silica-refractory .40 2000
The specific gravity of brick ranges from 1.9 to 2.6 (corresponding to 120 to 160 lb/ft’).
Building tile: hollow clay blocks of good quality, — minimum compressive strength:
0.70 kg/mm? or 1000 |b/in?. Tests made for A. S. T. M. Committee C-10 (A. S. T. M.
Proc. XVII, I, p. 334) show compressive strengths ranging from 0.45 to 8.70 kg/mm?
or 640 to 12,360 lb/in? of net section, corresponding to 0.05 to 4.20 kg/mm? or 95 to 6000
Ib/in? of gross section. Recommended safe loads (Marks, “ Mechanical Engineers’
Handbook,” p. 625) for effective bearing parts of hollow tile: hard fire-clay tiles
0.06 kg/mm? or 80 lb/in®; ordinary clay tiles 0.04 kg/mm? or 60 lb/in®; porous terra-
cotta tiles 0.03 kg/mm? or 4o lb/in.2. The specific gravity of tile ranges from 1.9 to 2.5
corresponding to a weight of 120 to 155 lb/ft’.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

130 TABLE 74
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Rubber and Leather

(a) RuspBer, SHEET *

Ultimate strength. Ult. elongation. Set.t

Longitudinal.t ‘Transverse. Longit. | Transv. Longit. Transv.

lb/in? kg/mm? Ib/in? Per cent. Per cent.

2070 ; 2030 670
1200 ‘ 1260 555
1850 : 1700 460
0.48 690 ; 510 280
0.62 880 ; 690 315

- * Data from Bureau of Standards Circular 38.
} Longitudinal indicates direction of rolling through the calendar.
{Set measured after 300 per cent elongation for 1 minute with 1 minute rest.

The specific gravity of rubber averages from 0.95 to 1.25, corresponding to an average weight
of 60 to 8o lb/ft®.

Four-ply rubber belts show an average ultimate tensile strength of 0.63 to 0.65 kg/mm? or
890 to 930 Ib/in® (Benjamin), and a working tensile stress of 0.07 to 0.11 kg/mm?’ or 100 to
150 lb/in* is recommended (Bach).

(b) LEATHER, BELTING

Oak tanned leather from the center or back of the hide:

Minimum tensile strengths of belts { single 2.8 kg/mm’ or 4000 1b/in’
(Marks, p. 622) double 2.5 kg/mm? or 3600 1b/in”

Maximum elongation for one hour application of { single 13.5 per cent
1.6 kg/mm’ or 2250 lb/in® stress double 12.5 per cent

Modulus of elasticity of leather varies from an average value of 12.5 kg/mm* or 17,800
lb/in® (new) to 22.5 kg/mm’ or 32,000 lb/in’ (old).

Chrome leather has a tensile strength of 6.0 to 9.1 kg/mm? or 8500 to 12,900 Ib/in’.

The specific gravity of leather varies from 0.86 to 1.02, corresponding to a weight of 53.6
to 63.6 lb./ft®.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 75 131

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Manila Rope

Manila Rope, Weight and Strength — Specification Values. From U.S. Government Stand-
ard Specifications adopted April 4, 1918.

Rope to be made of manila or Abaca fiber with no fiber of grade lower than U. S. Govern-
ment Grade I, to be three-strand,* medium-laid, with maximum weights and minimum strengths
shown in the table below, lubricant content to be not less than 8 nor more than 12 per cent of
the weight of the rope as sold.

Approximate

I Minimum breaking
diameter.

Circumference. Maximum net weight. strength.

Raft Co) A] onlt HL
ol? wien oo ct
NS NO - _ eB eK e
W|Co bale 0lCo | Cole

nN
leo tle el

aio
OF 0) (OO MOMO OO; OF OF 0
OF OP OROR ORO sO OF CORO

RP AHOWWO HNO wW
ONKnONHHO WAR H

nla elt ie lco color HY,
rs)

Ww

1
4
1
37
3
4

wW

App pP
lO bale Ie

* Four-strand, medium-laid rope when ordered may run up to 7% heavier than three-strand
rope of the same size, and must show 95% of the strength required for three-strand rope of the
same size.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

132 TABLE 76.—Mechanical Properties of Hardwoods Grown in U. S. (Metric Units)

: : Impact bend- . Ten-
Specific Static bending. ing. Compression. Shear. a Hardne
gravity, = SR a | eaeaa|
even, e A ei % 13 ' Paralll |S. | -S% |3. Load
Common and botanical BS eoD & o8 oS & Ei 2 to grain. a * 5 A ga % tine
name. 80 a ee 8B 35 Bea ou les :
wd — a a. car at bal, Kone} d. ba
os | oo ae 7s Sal eee Ulti- ‘ay A 3. |Z a8
vol vol a K 3 : ad ae Geol sie | gee
: : § SPS q | limit | mate. Ra] 3 i
when | oven-| 2 | a2 / a5 | 33 me Es Bo |bt | endl
1 7 00
green. | dry. Ay 3 Ss az ag kg/ mm? |44 aS la, kg
1 4 Bi || needa, s | 9 | so | aa a2’ | a3 |) ae?) 45°) Gee
[Alldertned!. .-cepact sain cyiorere ©937|'1O-43) 1) 21050) eaeiss 830 | 5.60 | 0.56] 1.85 | 2.10 |] 0.22] 0.54] 0.27 | 250
(Alnus oregona)
(ASH Did ekyns wararecsecteciorers ©.46 | 0.53 | 1.85 | 4.20 720 | 5.10. | O.8f | 1.25 |) r.60) |) 0.31 | 0. 6r |) 0.35 |Pe7a
(Fraxinus nigra)
Ash, white (forest grown)..] 0.52 | 0.60] 3.45 | 6.40 950 | 8.25 | O.9r | 2.30] 2.70 | 0.57] 0.89 | 0.44 | ASSTIm

(Fraxinus americana)

Ash, white (second growth) } 0.58 | 0.71 | 4.30 | 7.60 | 1150 | 9.70] 1.19 | 2.70] 2.90] 0.56] 1.13 | 0.56] 515 | |
(Fraxinus americana)

ASPEN Hebe. oo: Sonsvshamnmet os 0.36 | 0.42 | 2.05 | 3.75 5001| 4.85 || 0.70 || Tero | 125011] nrg |/"0: 44 || (onrg) lite
(Populus tremuloides )

Basswoods. «critic rerio 0.33 | 0.40] £.900 | 3.50 FOC A. 35 || O-43 || Lazo) Les l) OnrS ||| O43) |) Ongoil mney
(Tilia americana)

Beechy. 24) Aorta ae 0.54] 0.66 | 3.15 | 5.80 875 | 7.30 | 1.02 | 1.80] 2.30 | 0.43 | 0.85 | 0.56 | 4300m
(Fagus atropunicea)

Birch paperceeases nesses 0.47 | 0.60 | 2.05 | 4.10 710 | 5.50 | I.14 | 1.20] 1.55 | 0.2r | 0.56 | 0.27 | T8ontm
(Betula papyrifera)

Birch yellowse eee. 0.54 | 0.66 | 3.25 | 6.05 | 1080 | 8.25 | r.02 |] r.99 | 2.40] 0.32 || 0.78 || 0.34 | 370mm
(Betula lutea)

IButtermuteseprccrcenisan 0.36 | 0.40] 2.05 | 3.80 680] 5.25 |} 0-6r | x.40)|) 1270 |) O-59)|) 0.53) | 0230) ros
(Juglans cinerea)

Cherry; black-- faster ae OVAT, |OnSSu|iezeO5uesiOs5 920 | 7.20] 0.84 | 2.10] 2.50 | 0.31 | 0.80 | 0.40] 340] %
(Prunus serotina)

Chestnut. isetes es eae oe O40 || 0.46) || 2.203.095) 1655 1|| 5.55) || O-Or | stag) | Le75)||| 0.27) |0.500lmonso. age
(Castanea dentata)

Cottonwood=tes.ascneeee On37) |INO-4Bi)| 2205 ie seers 710 || 5.05) | 0.53 | 1.25 || L260 ||.0.17 | 0-48) |\10.20) Ker7s
(Populus deltoides)

Cucumber tree.. .-| O.44 | 0.52) | 2.95 | 5.20) rr00 | 6.55 | 0.76 | t.95 | 2:20 | 0.29 | 0.70 | o13r | 270mm
(Magnolia acuminata)

Dogwood (flowering)...... 0.64 | 0.80 | 3.40 | 6.20 830 | 5.00] 1.47 — 2255 || 10.73) || X07, — 640 | |
(Cornus florida)

Elm corkifcryancaertes sick O5.58)|| 102600) 3525) (6.70 840 | 7.75 | 1.27 | 2.00 | 2.70 | 0.53 | 0.89 | 0.47 | 445nim
(Ulmus racemosa)

Elm white pycte ait ee ecm 0.44 | 0.54] 2.55 | 4.85 725 | 5.70 | 0.86 | 1.60 | 2.00] 0.28 | 0.65 | 0.39 | 275))m
lies americana)

Gamibluetaease eee 0.62 | 2.80] 5.35 | 7.85 | 1430 |10.00 | 1.02 |] 3.40] 3.70 | 0.72] 1.09 | 0.45 | 505 |
(Euchby plies globulus)

(Gumycottone..o.> deen On405|tOn52) | 205 ulmsnEs 740 | 6.30 | 0.76] 1.95 | 2.40 | 0.42 | 0.84 | 0.42 | 365 1%
(Nyssa aquatica)

Gumitined er ncccocssrsitestnae 0.44 | 0.53 | 2.60 | 4.890 810 | 7.05 | 0.84] 1.70 | 1.95 | 0.32 | 0.75 | 0.36 | 285 ||
(Liquidambar styraciflua)

Enickory;pecan nice aes 0.60 | 0.69 | 3.65 | 6.90 960 | 8.65 | 1-35 | 2.15 | 2.80] 0.63] r.04 | 0.48 | 57501
(Hicoria pecan)

Hickory, shagbark........ 0.64 — 4.15 || 7.75'| pros |ro.r0 | 1.88)! 2.40 °|| 3.20 | 10.70 | (0.93 — —_—
(Hicoria ovata)

Holly. American as. -se1 oe 550] 0.6%, || 2.40) || 4.55 630 | 6.25 | 1.30] 1.40 | 1.85 | 0.43 | 0.80 | 0.43 | 30971mm
(Ilex opaca)

Laurel, mountain......... 0.62 | 0.74 | 4.10 | 5.90 650 | 7.20] 0.81 — 3.00 | 0.78} 1.18 —_— 635 | |
(Kalmia latifolia)

ocustyblackenemnnenn cer 0.65] 0.71 | 6.20 | 9.70 | 1300 |12.90 | 1.12 | 4.40 | 4.89] 1.01 | 1.24 | 0.54 | 7400Kmm
(Robinia pseudacacia)

Locust; honey2. «+... ee ce 0.69 | 0.67 | 3.95 | 7.20 910 | 8.30 | £.20 | 2.35 || 3.r0'| T.09 | 1.27 | 0.66 | 655mm
(Gleditsia triacanthos)

Magnolia (evergreen)......| 0.46 | 0.53 | 2.55 | 4.80 780 | 6.20 | 1.37 | I.55 | I.90 | 0.40] 0.73 | 0.43 | 3550/mm
i eaealie foetida)

Mapletsilveriia.cia.cic6 <a 0.44 | 0.51 | 2.20] 4.10 660 | 4.80 | 0.74 |] 1.35 | I.75 | 0.32 | 0.74 | 0.39 | 305mime
(Acer saccharinum)

Mapletsugar= ssceeceeene 0.56 | 0.66] 3.50 | 6.40 | 1040] 8.50] 0.91 | 2.20 | 2.80] 0.53 | 0-97 | 0.54 | 455 | 4
(Acer saccharum)

Oak canyonilivieraccenaeee 0.70 | 0.84 | 4.45 | 7.45 045 | 7-90] 1.20] 2.85 | 3.30 | 1.04 | 1.20 | 0.68 | 720 1%
(Quercus chrysolepsis)

Oak tredercicaeieie ce 0.56 | 0.65 | 2.60] 5.40 910 | 7.30] 1.04 | 2.65 | 2.25 | 0.51 | 0.79 | 0.52 | 405uime
(Quercus rubra)

Oaks white yenensaeiciieccee 0.60 | 0.71 | 3.30] 5.85 880 | 7.55 | 1.07 | 2.10] 2.50] 0.59 | 0.88 | 0.54 | 510 |/4
(Quercus alba)

Persimmon Saqys seas einen 0.64 | 0.78 | 3.95 | 7.05 965 | 8.50] 1.04] 2.15 | 2.95 | 0.78 | 1.03 | 0.54 | 565mm
(Diospyros virginiana)

Roplarsyellowseneecniee ste Ova 712024211225 103605: 850 | 5.65 | 0.43 | 1.40] 1.80] 0.22] 0.56 | 0.32] roo}

(Liriodendron tulipifera)

SYCAMOLE rercyaraye everata sierer rete 0.46 | 0.54] 2.30 | 4.60 745 | 6.20] 0.84] 1.70 | 2.00 | 0.32 | 0.71 || 0.44 | 320K
(Platanus occidentalis)

Walnuts blacks te eerste 0.51 | 0.56 | 3.80] 6.70} 1000 | 8.40] 0.94] 2.55 | 3.05 | 0.42 | 0.86 | 0.43 | 435 | 4
(Juglans nigra)

Willow; iblack.n..% -facreon’s O34 Oss 254| 2.75 305 | 3.69 | 0.92 | 0.70] £.05 | 0.15 |] 0.44 | 0.30 | 160 |

(Salix nigra) ig booed

Nore. — Results of tests on sixty-eight species; test specimens, small clear pieces, 50.8 by 50.8 mm in section, 762 mm
for bending; others, shorter. Data taken from Bulletin 556, Forest Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, containing data on 1;
tests. See pages 133 and 135 for explanation of columns,

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 77.—Mechanical Properties of Conifers Grown in U. S. (Metric Units) 133

Specific Static bending. fn Compression. Shear. eee Hardness.
gravity, =
oven-dry, E E 5 % 5&8 Parallel gy Ae Ss Load to
wu - . wv bo 1
mon and botanical eee ey eee coor te E | togram. | aeo,) A |Su%a| 2 nee
name. eae Wes ete ee | Se | Sg pall
! oo lias |g | ys | oa | Be | Uli SoS] om [aS
vol. ; vol. ‘g Sisilncie = “4 | limit. | mate. | 5.4.2 Sa |o3o
when | oven-| 2 | AZ ag & =S ee Bo [GE
green.| dry. | a, 3 = a se kg/mm? [fi | AS [Ay
1 4 5 6 a 8 9 10 il 12 13 14 15
BSIGETISC sh.) e) ocho ce.eve. se 0.35 | 0.36] 2.75 | 4.35 590 | 5-15 | 0.43 | 2.00 | 2.20] 0.32 | 0.58] 0.20
gcedrus decurrens)
Port Orford,.......| 0.41 || 0.47 | 2.75 | 4.80 | to55 | 6.55 | 0.64 | 2.10] 2.30] 0.27%| 0.62 | 0.17
aecyparis lawsoniana)
western red........ ©. 31 | 0.34 || 2.30 || 3-65 670) ||| 505 ||| 0.43) |S 1.75 ||) 2-00") 0.22" || Oo. 5r | 0.55
yja plicata)
BEIEC Rot alc. ioe wes 0.29 | 0.32] 1.85 |] 2.05 450 | 3.75 | 0.38 | 1.00] 1.40] 0.20 | 0.44 | 0.17
ya occidentalis)
POMEL acts. Se, chw seue. che 0.4£ | 0.47 | 2.80] 4.80 835 | 5.60 | 0.62 | 2.20] 2.45 | 0.33 | 0.58 | 0.20
odium distichum)
BEAISTEIS I cots: aye ors vepaxer es 0.37) Or42) (e225) 445 OLS)|) 5150) ||| 0.53) |) Laz! |) 2200) || 0,22) | 0.47 | oO. n7
es amabilis)
BEIM was,sis< 4) o!s:0 2 0.34 | 0242 || 2:10 | 3-45 675 |) 4.85 | o.42 |) 1.55 |) raz | O-r5) || O. 43) || (0523
es balsamea)
PPPS UT) E. ayarclc:« ake, sv 0.45 | 0.52 | 3.50 | 5.50] 1110 | 6.60] 0.63 | 2.40 | 2.80 | 0.37 | 0.64] 0.14
udotsuga taxifolia)
BIAS (2))\. ercusteuevere: oe 0.40 | 0.44 | 2.55 | 4.50 830 | 6.40 | 0.51 | 1.80] 2.10 | 0.32 | 0.62] 0.25
udotsuga taxifolia)
BEM cas che iai'e'teiish.s o's 0.37 | 0.42] 2.55 | 4.30 O15 | 5.70 | 0.56 | I.90 | 2.10 | 0.24 | 0.53 | 0.16
es grandis)
PE Sos aisie eo ve a 0.35 | 0.41 | 2.40 | 4.00 900, |) 5-55, | 0:52 |) £-70 |) 2.99 | ©422 || 0-40) 0-73
es nobilis)
NI ofa e ace) eaves 0235) 10-445 22715) | 4-20 FOS 5205) | Org) LoS £295 | O.3E IO-5L)| Onno
es concolor)
BReveaSteIN <<... 02s 0.38 | 0.44} 2.95 | 4.70 700) ||| 5255 || Os5z | L£-90 |) 2.30 | 0.35 |! 0.62 || 0518
ga canadensis)
Bk, western......... 0.38 | 0.43 | 2.40 | 4.30 835) 5.50 |b 0-51 |) L269) |) 2.05) || 0025 10.1577) O11S
ga heterophylla)
BRESECTI «i555 6 cle else 0: « 054911102500] 63825) )| 5-25 950 | 6.60 | 0.61 |] 2.30 | 2.70 | 0.39 | 0.65 | 0.16
ix occidentalis)
METAL 1) 5) chores: «ol s:.0/s 0.58 | 0.68 | 3.95 | 6.20 | rr50 | 7.95 | 0.94] 2.80 | 3.15 | 0.41 | 0.72 | 0.20
us heterophylia)
BELO Mist Sie sec cre ooh 0.50 | 0.59 | 3.10 | 5.30 970 | 6.70 | 0.81 | 2.00] 2.50] 0.39 | 0.63 | 0.20
us taeda) |
MIPEDOIE. 0.6. 002-3 0.38 | 0.44 | 2.10 | 3.85 7600: || 5.05 || O. 5x || L.50 || £.85)| ©.22))| 0.49) | 0.15
us contorta)
BPPNCASE TS: «cs /o's Sisc 0.55 | 0.64 | 3.80 | 6.10] 1150 | 7.60] 0.86] 2.70] 3.10] 0.42] 0.75 | 0.20
us palustris)
BMEWAY icc sce soe ess 0.44 | 0.51 | 2.60] 4.50 O7ZOMMSES Su On ZEN eke ys) e220) Or25.|nOs5S) | ourg
us resinosa)
ME clays, 0vs.0.< ss 9.5 0.47 | 0.54 | 2.60] 4.70 OOM) 6240 O57 40\]) 1.50))|) 2205) |) 0.301|0.107 | 0.25
us rigida)
EEA eee 0.50 | 0.58 | 3.15 | 5.65 | 1020 | 7.90] 0.99 | 2.50 | 2.70 | 0.34 | 0.63] 0.23
us echinata)
SME TAYs as 0,5 :ec0 2:3 0.36 | 0.39 | 2.30] 3.75 685 | 4.70] 0.43 | 1.65 | 1.85 | 0.25 | 0.50] 0.190
us lambertiana)
yestern white....... 0.39 | 0.45 | 2.45 | 4.00 OSS Se S5u OSS |) LaQ5) |p 2ets) | 1O.20) |) 0-50) |p oars
us monticola) .
restern yellow.......] 0.38 | 0.42 | 3.20 | 3.65 710 | 4.70 | 0.48 | 1.45 | 1.75 | 0.24 | 0.48 | 0.20
us ponderosa)
NEMS a's sis sates s 0.36 | 0.39) 2.40 |) 3.75 750 | 4.55 | 0.46 | 1.65 | t.90 | 0.22] 0.45, 0.18
us strobus)
BREET ives os.05,0 0.48 | 0.41 | 2.40 | 4.00 830 || 5.05 |).0.40 | 2.65) | ©.05 | 0.25 | 0.54 || 0.15
7a rubens)
MONCH nn e.g 0.34) || 0.371) 2.10)! 3.65 83011) 5.05) 10.74) |) L.00) |) E-S5, || 0. 23) || 0.55) || 0.20
ea sitchensis)
ERE eS aicc sie sje ssa 0.49 | 0.56 | 2.95 | 5.05 875 | 5:50 || On7x || 2.20 | 2.45 || 0.34 | 0.66 || 0/18
ix laricina)
RENAE fo ec jc:oic: oc» s 0.60 | 0.67 | 4.55 | 7.10 605 | 9.20] 0.97 | 2.40 | 3.25 | 0.73 | I.14 | 0.32
cus brevifolia) '

oTE. — The data above are extracted from tests on one hundred and twenty-six species of wood made at the Forest Products
ry, Madison, Wisconsin. Bulletin 556 records results of tests on air-dry timber also, but only data on green timber are shown,
tter are based on a larger number of tests and on tests which are not influenced by variations in moisture content. The
of dry material usually exceeds that of green material, but allowable working stresses in design should be bas_d on strengths
timber, inasmuch as the increase of strength due to drying is a variable, uncertain factor and likely to be offset by defects.
specimens were two inches square, by lengths as shown.

SotuMN Notes. — 2, Locality where grown, — see Tables 78 and 79; 3, Moisture includes all matter volatile

C expressed as per cent of ordinary weight; 5, Weight, air-dry is for wood with 12 per cent moisture;
sity, see metric unit tables 76 and 77; 6-10, 762 mm (30 in.) long specimen on 711.2 mm (28 in.) span, with
center,

ONIAN TABLES.

134 TABLE 78.—Mechanical Properties of Hardwoods Grown in U. S. (English Units)

Static bending. ee Compression. | Shear.

Common and botanical Locality
name. where grown.

Moisture content,
green, per cent

Modulus of
P-limit, lb/in?
Parallel to grain,
ult. st. lb/in?
» | Perpendicular to
@ | grain, ult. st. lb/in?

Modulus of elas-
ticity 1000 X lb/in?2

(Alnus oregona)
Ash, black
(Fraxinus nigra) Wis.
Ash, white (forest grown).|Ark. and W.
(Fraxinus americana) ‘
Ash, white (2d growth). .|N. Y. 6100
(Fraxinus americana)
2900

Wis. and Pa. 2700
(Tilia americana)
Beech Ind, and Pa. 4500
(Fagus atropunicea)
Birch, paper...........|Wis. and Pa. 2900
(Betula papyrifera)
Birch, yellow is. 4600
(Betula lutea)
Butternut 7 2900
(Juglans cinerea) Ji
Cherry, black g 4200
(Prunus serotina)
3100
(Castanea dentata)
Cottonwood . 2900
(Populus deltoides)
Cucumber tree ' 4200
(Magnolia acuminata)
Dogwood (flowering)... . : 4800
(Cornus florida)
Elm, cork is. 4600
(Ulmus racemosa)
Elm, white jis. A 3600
(Ulmus americana)
Gum, blue s 7600
(Eucalyptus globulus)
Gum, cotton 0 : 4200
(Nyssa aquatica)
Gum, red ' 3700
(Liquidambar styraciflua)
Hickory, pecan ' 5200
(Hicoria pecan)
Hickory, shagbark : iss. ; 5900
(Hicoria ovata)
Holly, American 5 3400
(Ilex opaca)
Laurel, mountain . 5800
(Kalmia latifolia)
Locust, black ; 8800
(Robinia pseudacacia)
Locust, honey Mo. and Ind. 5600
(Gleditsia triacanthos)
Magnolia (evergreen)....|La. 3600
(Magnolia foetida)
Maple, silver Wis. 3100
(Acer saccharinum)
Maple, sugar Ind., Pa. and 5000
(Acer saccharum) Wis.
Oak, canyon live........ : 6300
(Quercus chrysolepsis
Oak, red : r : 3700
(Quercus rubra)
Oak, white Ark., La. and
(Quercus alba) Ind.
Persimmon............-|Mo.
(Diospyros virginiana)
Poplar, yellow Tenn.
(Liriodendron tulipifera)
| Sycamore Ind.and Tenn.
(Platanus occidentalis)
Walnut, black Ky.
(Juglans nigra)

Note. — Results of tests on sixty-eight species; test specimens, small clear pieces, 2 by 2 inches in section, 30 inches long tor
bending; others, shorter. Tested ina green condition. Data taken from Bulletin 556, Forest Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture,
containing data on 130,000 tests. See pages 133 and 135 for explanation of columns.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 79.—Mechanical Properties of Conifers Grown in U. S. (English Units) 135

. ; Static bending. paopet Compression. |Shear. pen
a ee Weight. pes
= = a
Bs » | % | 22] % (Parallels. |g. | 8S
Common and botanical Locality og : a | ss | 3s a |to grain| 4° gH | 33
name. where grown.| & ™ teen Air- a aren cc 2 B4% on Bs
gq Teen. dry. ae a0 n at P- AS] 3 .
29 ; moss 3 : st |e ee| oe | a4]
$5 A 22/35 £ | limit ba-| 52 | 23
3 o> & | &3 | 54
ee Pe eam lise | Peja lan |e AE
——— — eta 3 50 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 13 14 15
Cedar, incense.......... Cal. and Ore.| 108 45 24. | 3900 | 6200] 840 7300 2870 | 460] 830 | 280
(Libocedrus decurrens)
Cedar, Port Orford een Ore. 52 39 31 3900 6800 | 1500 9300 3970 380 880 | 240
| (Chamaecyparis law- \
soniana)
Cedar, western red...... Wash. and 39 27 23. | 3300 | 5200] gso] 7100 2500 | 310 | 720 | 210
(Thuja plicata) Mont
ieedar; white.......-..- Wis. 55 28 21 2600 4200 640 5300 1420 290 620 | 240
(Thuja occidentalis)
isypress, bald: 2. ss... La. and Mo. 87 48 30 | 4000 | 6800} 1190 | 8000 3100 470 | 820 | 280
. pecan distichum) 5 a
REAM AILS ©. 3 c.c)wlcrelereie'= re. an Io2 47 27 3900 6300 00 800 2380 20 670 | 240
(Abies amabilis) Wash : g 2 d Z 3 f ;
Bi DAISAM 5, «-1-1- veins Wis. 117 45 25 3000 | 4900 | 960] 6900 2220 210 | 610 | 180 |
(Abies halsamea)
Bar PYOULIaS (L)). s.)<.100 Wash. and 36 38 34 5000 7800 | 1580 9400 3400 530 gio | 200
(Pseudotsuga taxifolia) Ore.
nics Douglas) (2)... 2... Mont. and 38 34 32 3600 6400 | 1180 gIoo 2520 450 880 | 350
(Pseudotsuga taxifolia) Wyo.
BE ETANG ena ie clots, s,sieie's Mont. and 94 44 27 3600 6100 | 1300 8100 2680 340 700 | 230
(Abies grandis) Ore |
BA NODLE ve,<cic is sisls.oit o's Ore. 41 31 26 3400 5700 | 1280 7900 2370 310 700 | 180
(Abies nobilis)
BMWS jo 0 <0 1c\e whe Cal. 156 56 26 | 3900 | 6000 | 1130 ]| 7200 2610 | 440 730 | 260
(Abies concolor)
Hemlock (eastern)...... Tenn. and 105 48 29 | 4200 | 6700 | 1120 | 7900 2710 | 500 | 880 | 260
(Tsuga canadensia) Wis. i
Hemlock (western)...... Wash. 71 4L 29 | 3400 6100 | I190 7800 2290 350 810 | 260
(Tsuga heterophylla) j
earch; western. .....:.- Mont. and 58 48 37 4600 7500 | 1350 9400 3250 560 920 | 230
(Larix occidentalis) Wash.
Pine; (SUDAN. 2). . 0% 61 Fla. 47 53 45 5600 8800 | 1630 | 11300 3950 590 | 1030 | 290
(Pinus heterophylla)
pine; loblolly. .%........ Fla., N. and 70 54 39 4400 7500 | 1380 9500 2870 550 goo | 280
_(Pinus taeda) a Gare
Pine, lodgepole......... Col., Mont. 65 39 28 3000 5500 | 1080 7200 2100 310 690 | 220
(Pinus contorta) and Wyo.
Pine, longleaf.......... Fla., La. and 47 50 43 5400 8700 | 1630 | 10800 3840 600 | 1070 | 290
(Pinus palustris) iss.
Pine, Norway.......... Wis. 54 42 34 3700 6400 | 1380 7500 2470 360 780 | 190
(Pinus resinosa)
BEEING; DItCh.,......002.6008 Tenn. 85 54 35 3700 6700 | 1120 | gIoo 2100 510 950 | 350
| (Pinus rigida)
Pine, shortleaf.......... Ark. and La. 64 50 37 4500 | 8000 | 1450 }] 11200 3650 480 | 890 | 330
(Pinus echinata) |
BING SULAT siaye'sis 6 Sa sie v's Cal. 123 50 26 3300 5300 970° 6700 23.40 350 710 | 270
(Pinus lambertiana)
} |Pine, western white..... Mont. 58 39 30 3500 5700 | 1330 7600 2770 300 710 | 250
{| (Pinus monticola)
| |Pine, western yellow....|Col., Mont., 95 46 28 3100 5200 | IoIo 6700 2080 340 680 | 280
(Pinus ponderosa) Ariz., Wash
1. and Cal
}|\Pine, white............ Wis. 74 39 27 3400 5300 | 1070 6500 2370 310 640 | 260
(Pinus strobus)
W\Spruce, red............|N. H. and 43 34 28 | 3400 | 5700 | 1180 | 7200 2360 | 350 | 770 | 220
(Picea rubens) Tenn :
mispruce, Sitka........... Wash. 53 33 26 | 3000 5500 | 1180 7900 2280 | 330 | 780 | 230
(Picea sitchensis)
MBDAIMATACK. .. 2. cc ecicces Wis 52 47 38 | 4200] 7200 | 1240 | 7800 3010 | 480] 860 | 260 |
(Larix laricina)
4) \Yew, western........ .«- | Wash. 44 54 45 6500 | 10100 990 | 13100 3400 | Io4o | 1620 | 450
i (Taxus brevifolia)

Cotumn Notes (continued). — (7) recommended allowable working stress (interior construction): % tabular value; experi-
mental results on tests of air-dry timber in small clear pieces average 50 per cent higher; kiln-dry, double tabular values; (10)
repeated falls of so-lb. hammer from increasing heights; 11-12, 203.2-mm (8 in.) long specimen loaded on ends with deformations
measured in a 152.4-mm (6 in.) gage length; (12) allowable working stress } tabular crushing strength; (13) 152.4-mm (6 in.) long
block loaded on its side with a central bearing area of 2580.6-mm? (4 in?) allowable working stress, 3 tabular value. (14) 50.8-mm
by 50.8-mm (2 in.) projecting lip sheared from block; allowable working stress, } tabular value; (15) 63.5-mm (23 in.) specimen with
oo (x in.) free loaded length; allowable working stress, } tabular value. (16-17) for values in lbs. multiply values of metric
es by 2.2.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

136 TABLES 8O AND 81

ELASTIC MODULI

TABLE 80.—Rigidity Modulus

If to the four consecutive faces of a cube a tangential stress is applied, opposite in direction on
adjacent sides, the modulus of rigidity is obtained by dividing the numerical value of the tangential
stress per unit area (kg per sq. mm) by the number representing the change of angles on the
non-stressed faces, measured in radians.

|
| Rigidity | Refer- | Rigidity | Refer-
Substance. Modulus.| ence. | Substance. Modulus. | ence.

Atuminum’ yas cs, eke BGO rae Quartz bre.) . |... 4. |) 2888

“ ASG s a 0 65 || ZYso ie ol een net al ze SO

BYERS) 5 elo 00 do 5 all RRO LOpy | POUVer sa. e Nay yeh cer. all ZOO

* + poigsh. come ee Ta 72S) Ft Wy en nn pe reone | (EZOSO)

“ cast, 60 Cu-++- 12Sn .| 3700 So Si Ltn coment ee cOG

Bismuth, slowly cooled . . | 1240 Petites: \shard-drawn) 210210 eel 2006

Bronze, cast, 88 Cu-+-+12Sn. | 4060 SalSteelt. nsep Sy ght) <= 2 RETO 2OO

Cadmium casti-uee eee te 2450 5 SF Cast ee ce acne ss een 7458

Copper ncastyeercm coment ine 47.o0 3 = icast,coaTse pr.tes Nee |e SO 70

a ans 4213 I SSG! GC le gos ce 6 || oie

4450 nO! ||| Iie CASE Sg 4 ae 1730

¢ Seemo nia OOF! 19 S Seance eam | SAS

Gold gecmme imc le Zo50 |p Zin temcu ey Gita ie erm COCO,

Sasi or is eee ce einen | OSO Ave |||etes tee te ote ee ee eee OCG

Iron, cast . . obeoids f-o[iarS2tOue | -a580 || Platinumiy 2) Be cub lene come peooso

si 6706 ies ie Fg te. Wisk Paired eee Pe 220

7975 10 | Glassi en 4. cnet? ME E2350

6940 7 | ¢ a 6 8 6 oo oo || 2730)

8108 16 Clayrockwe ices Soe 1770

Perey Wer ee aie 7505 14am Granite wma teint 1280

Magnesium; cast - = ; |. 1710 Callie vlanble ssp ecrmoumchs chine: 1190

INTORG 5 6 6 ota Tec alll!) Gee Gi A SVE" LG 16 Go Ga ipo ||, Base
Phosphorbronze) |. 7). |. 41) “4359 II |

NN HN bo

References 1-16, see Table 48. 21 Boys, Philos. Mag. (5) 30, 1890.

17 Gratz, Wied. Ann. 28, 1886. 2 Thomson, Lord Kelvin.

18 Savart, Pogg. Ann. 16, 1820. 3 Gray and Milne.

19 Kiewiet, Diss. Gottingen, 1886. 4 Adams-Coker, Carnegie Publ. No. 46,
20 Threlfall, Philos. Mag. (5) 30, 1890. 1906.

TABLE 81,—Variation of the Rigidity Modulus with the Temperature
t=, (1 — at — Br? — y#3), where ¢ = temperature Centigrade.

Substance. Authority,

BESS Gg Go 6 & = | Pisati, Nuovo Cimento, 5, 34, 1879.

ss SAN isieeet cbt Kohlrausch-Loomis, Pogg. Ann. 141.
Copper aah: bs Pisati, loc. cit.

cali ketene : K and L, loc. cit.

Irony! oe a Pome a) 5 Pisati, loc. cit.

Siem Commees Peel Se gers K and L, loc. cit.
Ienobo G 5 o go Pisati, loc. cit.
Silver . co

ce “ee “

m* = m5 [1 —a(¢—15)]; Horton, Philos. Trans. 204 A, 1905.

4.37*| a=.00039 ||| Platinum | 6.46*| a = .00012 || Tin j 00416
| Copper (com- | Gold 2.45 .00031 ||| Lead : 00164
mercial) 3.80 00038 | Silver 2.67 .00048 || Cadmium } 2. 0058
Iron 8.26 00029 || Aluminum } 2.55 .001 48 |) Quartz : .00012
Steel 8.45 | 00026 ||

| |

* Modulus of rigidity in 104 dynes per sq. cm
SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TaBLes 82-85 £37

TABLE 82.—Interior Friction at Low Temperatures
C is the damping coefficient for infinitely small oscillations; T, the period of oscillation in sec-
onds; N, the second modulus of elasticity. Guye and Schapper, C. R. 150, p. 963, 1910.

|

Substance : 5 i Ag | Quartz
Length of wire incm. : 22 : ‘ i zee
Diameter in mm : : ; : ‘ 3 -612

TOOs sGue
aly eae
INDO Gooc

oF (C

Hin hb #4

o1

aT Sate

- Ga see
—I95 :

ah eon

INDSTOmaes

No

DHHANH NHR NWN

WHWWNHUWNE

or

Brass : Iridosmium :

7 || Calamine : Iron : Stibnite

5 || Calcite 3 Kaolin : Serpentine
| Copper 5-3: Loess (0°) ; Silver

5 || Corundum : Magnetite ; Steel

5 | Diamond : Marble 3-4. Talc

2

3

5

“J

Agate
Alabaster
Alum 2=
Aluminum
Amber 2-
Andalusite
Anthracite
Antimony
Apatite
Aragonite

7:
I.
—2.
2.
—2.
7:
2. Dolomite .5-4. || Meerschaum Sen eeairy
3:
5:
1 3:
Arsenic 3:
5.
2)
6.
3:
7:
4.
2
3:

Feldspar
| Flint
| Fluorite
| Galena
| Garnet
| Glass
| Gold
| Graphite
| Gypsum
| Hematite
5 | Hornblende
| Iridium

Mica 8 || Topaz

Opal . | Tourmaline
Orthoclase . || Wax (0°)
Palladium .8 || Wood’s metal
Phosphorbronze
Platinum

| Platin-iridium

| Pyrite

Quartz
Rock-salt

| Ross’ metal
Silver chloride

TON

Asbestos
Asphalt I-
Augite

Barite

Beryl
Bell-metal
Bismuth
Boric acid

tn nin
[Eat
mn wm

a
Dw DP Hw AW p

in

From Landolt-Bornstein-Meyerhoffer Tables: Auerbachs, Winklemann, Handb. der Phys. 1891.
TABLE 84,—Relative Hardness of the Elements (Means)

to

to o1
to

EMM ADAAND
see sae
Bee ee
tnitnin 0000000 0
OC1O OFOrrers
NWA DAN

on

TABLE 85.—Ratio, p, of Transverse Contraction to Longitudinal Extension under Tensile Stress
(Poisson’s Ratio)

From data from Physikalisch-Technischen Reichsanstalt, 1907.
p for: marbles, 0.27; granites, 0.24; basic-intrusives, 0.26; glass, 0.23. Adams-Coker, rqo06.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

138 TaBLE 86
ELASTICITY OF CRYSTALS *

The formule were deduced from experiments made on rectangular prismatic bars cut from the crystal. These bars
were subjected to cross bending and twisting and the corresponaing Elastic Moduli deduced. The symbols
a B y, a, By y; and ay By yz represent the direction cosines ef the length, the greater and the less transverse
dimensions of the prism with reference to the principal axis of the crystal. E is the modulus for extension or
compression, and Tis the modulus for torsional rigidity. ‘The moduli are in grams per square centimeter.

Barite.
10
— = 16.130! + 18.518! + 10.424! + 2(38.79B8%y? + 15.2177a7 + 8.88a7B?)
10 ‘
a = 69.520 +- 117.668! + 116.467! + 2(20.16B’y? + 85.297°a" + 127.3508?)

Beryl (Emerald).
TOWN, eee kes 4 Nop 2, { where $$; $2 are the angles which
E 4325sin ? + 4.619 cos + 13.328 sin’ cos’» the length, breadth, and thickness
roo Fe come slorieteas! par eaGleoey even of the specimen make with the
T . : 2 principal axis of the crystal.

Fluorite.
AE = 13.05 — 6.26 (a! + B+ 74)

rol)

as 58.04 — 50.08 (By? + 7a? + a?B?)

0
_— = 5.08 — 2.24 (at + Bt+ 7)

10
“TT = 18.60 — 17.95 (BY? + 7a? + 078?)

Rock salt.
10
“Po = 33-48 — 9.66 (at + Bt+ 4)

1010 2.2 9.9 2Q2
ar! 54-58 — 77.28 (By? + ya +-a?B’)

Sylvite.

10
10- = 75.1 — 48.2 (at + B+ 7)
1010 J ¢ 9

arp 306.0 — 192.8 (By? + y?a? + ap?)

Topaz.

=> 4.341at + 3.460B* + 3.7717! + 2 (3.879877? + 2.85677a" + 2.39078?)
10
a = 14.88at + 16.548! + 16.4574 + 30.8987? + 40.8977" + 43-5147B?

Quartz.
10
a = 12.734 (I— 7”)? + 16.693 (1 — y”)y? + 9.7057 — 8.460By (3a — B?)

“a = 19.665 -F 9.06072" + 22.9841? — 16.920 [(yBit B71) (3401 — BBi) — B2y2)]

* These formule are taken from Voigt's papers (Wied. Ann. vols. 31, 34, and 35).

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 87 139

ELASTICITY OF CRYSTALS

Some particular values of the Elastic Moduli are here given. Under E are given moduli for extension or compression
in the directions indicated by the subscripts and explained in the notes, and under T the moduli for torsional
rigidities round the axes similarly indicated. Moduli in grants per sq. cm.

(z) ISOMETRIC SYSTEM *

Substance. E, E, BE, rT. Authority.

Bluontes 0. 2.) €473 cro | To0s x 10° gto X 108 345 X 108 | Voigt.t

EY TILC Me Mare etme (SSGODeL Oo | 2530 Ot 23 TOD GIO mmo 75 >< 108
Rockisalt. 2 = |) 419 xX 108 349 X 108 303 X 108 129 X 108
Rie Ee ado aoe 339 X 108 — = Koch.
SVIVILCe een eA OlOeIOe 209 X 10° — — <

< he ed temas 2 X 108 196 X 108 ~~ 655 X 10° | Voigt.
Sodium chlorate. Boe XS1o2 Ab x 108 — ae ens

| Potassium alum. , 181 X 108 199 X 108 — — Beckenkamp.§

Chromium alum. 161 X 10° 177 X 108 = _

“

Txonialumile sue es 186 X 108

(4) ORTHORHOMBIC SYSTEM ||

Substance. E, E, | Es | Ey | E; Es Authority.

376 X 10°} 702 X 108| 740 X 108] Voigt.
2670 X 10° | 2893 X 10° | 3180 X 108 as

| Barite .| 620 X 108 ge X 108} 959 X 108
| Topaz . | 2304 X 10°| 2890 X 10°] 2652 X 108

Substance. Ty.=To T,3=Ts1 To3 = T30 Authority.

WBaritel™ jo 8s Meters oie ots 283 X 108 293 X 108 I2I X10 | Voigt.
MapaZzcme panne mrt n io ac 1330 X 108 1353 X 108 1104 X 108 se

In the MONOCLINIC SySTEM, Coromilas (Zeit. fiir Kryst. vol. 1) gives

{ Enax = 887 X 108 at 21.9° to the principal axis.
nine — U3 aloe ate7 os > eC ee cu:

{ Emax == 2213 X 108 in the principal axis.

Emin = 1554 X 108 at 45° to the principal axis.

Gypsum

Mica

In the HEXAGONAL SYSTEM, Voigt gives measurements on a beryl crystal (emerald).
The subscripts indicate inclination in degrees of the axis of stress to the principal axis of
the crystal.

Bij — 2165 >< 10°, Eus——1790><10, ton — 2312 “10%

To = 667 X 108, Too = 883 X 10°. The smallest cross dimension of the
prism experimented on (see Table 86), was in the principal axis for this last case.

In the RHOMBOHEDRAL SYSTEM, Voigt has measured quartz. The subscripts have the
same meaning as in the hexagonal system.

E9= 1030 X 105, E_45;=1305 X 10°, Eas; 650 x 10%, Eao— 785 x 108,
Wins Fe SK WY, Wy = SHS So.

Baumgarten § gives for calcite :
Ej— 5o1-oi1e. B= 4 — 441 X 10%, he — 772 < 10°, tog — 790 xX 10°

* In this system the subscript 2 indicates that compression or extension takes place along the crystalline axis, and
distortion round the axis. The subscripts 6 and ¢ correspond to directions equally inclined to two and normal to the

third and equally inclined to all three axes respectively.
+ Voigt, ‘‘ Wied. Ann.” 31, p. 474, Pp. 701, 18873 34, P- 981, 1888; 36, p. 642, 1888
+ Koch, ‘* Wied. Ann.” 18, p. 325, 1882.
§ Beckenkamp, ‘“‘ Zeit. fiir Kryst.’’ vol. 10.

|| ‘he subscripts 1, 2, 3 indicate that the three principal axes are the axes of stress; 4, 5,6 that the axes of stress

are in the three principal planes at angles of 45° to the corresponding axes.
{| Baumgarten, ‘‘ Pogg. Ann.” 152, p. 369, 1879.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

7

140

TABLES 88-90

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SINGLE METAL CRYSTALS

(BRIDGMAN)

All the following metals have an axis of rotational symmetry: Zn and Cd have a 6-fold
axis (hexagonal system); Bi, Sb, Te, 3-fold, trigonal; Sn, 4-fold, tetragonal. The rotational
axis is taken as the datum line. The notation of Voigt is used (Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik,
Berlin, 1910). Bridgman, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., 60, 305, 1925.

TABLE. 88.—Elastic Constants, Abs. c.g.s. units

Constant Zn

Su Sezai
NO

Siz +0.34

513 —6.64

533 26.38
544 25-0

VY See S11-Si2
S14 Oo

12.98 X 10%) — 5.32 X 10°2p?

1.946
15.92
6.450
16.48
5.256
— 4.137
27.48
6.719
6.022

(V/V); Pressure kg/cm?

ROVS7, XO pe

29.17
26.99

50.82
18.76
3.18

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

Cd Bi Sb Te Sn Ww
12.9 X 2 OI <li -/ON AST7a xe) 1S: 5io< 2.534 X
190718 19°13 10713 to-183 19718 190713

ales) ALO —3.8 —OsQ —9-9 —0.726

—=9.3 — 6.2 —8.5 —13.8 Day S12
36.9 28.7 33.8 23.4 11.8 Si
64.0 104.8 41.0 58.1 57.0 6.55
S11-S12 S11-S12 S11-S12 S11-S12 67.5 S11-Si2
O +16 —8.0 = oO oO

TABLE 89.—Linear Compressibility, 1/lo

Pressure in kg/cm? Range 12,000 kg/cm?

at 30°C at 75° €
13.55 X 10D — 7.82 XK 1074p?
2.025 eA 7
15.80 —I1.6
6.423 — 4.57
16.37 — 3.0
5.091 — 3:04
=a SPuge
27-77 — 53-6
6.956 —— Or
6.144 — 4.26

NL
alia
400
— 20.5
— 4.56
+ 9.6
— 52-7
— 4.07
— 4.20

TABLE 90.—Cubic Compressibility

Range, 12,000 kg/cm? (calculated)

at 30°C at 75°C

17.60 X 1077) —11.35 X 1072p?
29.89 = Bitols

26.55 —25.3

50.41 — 85.6

19.24 —13.7

3.18 Sars

8.08 X 10°?
22a
eT
= LOL
——walese@
ea.

TABLE 91 I4I

CALCULATIONS INVOLVING THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE TEMPERA-
TURES, PRESSURES, VOLUMES, AND WEIGHTS OF GASES

(Abridged from S. F. Pickering, Bur. Standards Circ. 279, which see for further details.)

Simple laws.—Any amount of gas completely fills the space in which it is confined. The
pressure it exerts upon the confining walls depends upon the temperature. A quantity of
gas can not be specified by volume only; all three factors—volume, temperature, and pres-
sure—must be stated. The relations between these three factors are expressed by means of
the following equation, po= KT (1)

in which p, v, and 7 represent simultaneous values of the pressure, volume, and absolute
temperature of any definite quantity of gas, while K is a constant, the numerical value of
which depends upon the quantity of gas considered and the units in which pressure, volume,
and temperature are measured.

While the behavior of gases at atmospheric pressure closely approximates the equation
(Ge the relation is not exact. The expansion of air is nearer one 272nd of its volume at
273.1° K. per degree. For most practical purposes such errors may be neglected.

lf we take weights of gases proportional to their molecular weights, a new relation of
the greatest importance develops: The value of the constant in equation (1) is the same
for each gas. It is customary to use as the unit of quantity, the mol, the number of grams
of gas equal to the molecular weight. When 1 mol is the quantity considered, the resulting
value of K is designated FR.

Absolute temperature Pressure Volume R
Ss C1273 Nahe 9. ate ces, svete Atmosphenrennmriceceicicise Ager apis. Sitettaden aeRO 0.08206
BG arora urEme ny terteres.5 fk mm of mercury......... COA eiicicc eee re tent broke 62.37
SG mea SNe cates tres to Grama per .cill-..cniacee s OMe uss co coe oe ee 84.79
Cate 27 QUT a rsieeuas nines iMezabaremereeceeeenomer COM dae ete 08315
SCE e7 Tit cchcesac es Atmospheres o.cseecne ce Subiewstest iin cescvstereretecrees 002808
Gra Norge eel te ce bie iim Of Mencuny. ..-s see. GOR ato Cee eens 2.2024
i Cates O77 BUT dticicte syeldetes ote Inches of mercury...... Onset cits eee .08671
Gea titan, 0s ns Rounds; per in. ..0.210. eo: COR ret thcia ce oro 04259
With the mol the unit of quantity, N the number of mols of gas, equation (1) becomes
pu NRT (2)

By the use of equation (2), the above table, and a table of molecular weights, the solution
of any problem involving volumes, temperatures, pressures, and weights of gases is
very simple.

Mixtures of gases.—Any quantity of gas fills the space in which it is confined and exerts
a pressure upon the confining walls. If an additional quantity is added, the pressure is
increased in direct proportion to the quantity added. One can regard the pressure exerted
by each portion of the total quantity of gas as independent of the presence of the rest. This
is true if the second portion of gas is different chemically from the first (Dalton’s law),
provided the gases do not react chemically.

Vapor pressure and the effect of vanes pressure upon the measurement of gas.—lIf a
volatile liquid is introduced, a portion evaporates and exerts a pressure on the confining
walls. The amount evaporated and the pressure exerted are independent of the presence of
any other gas. If there is enough so that not all evaporates and if time is allowed for equili-
brium, the pressure is independent of the volume of space and of the amount of liquid left
unevaporated ; but it does depend upon the temperature. For each volatile liquid there is
therefore a definite saturation pressure or vapor pressure corresponding to every tempera-
ture (see pages 223 to 232).

When any gas is in contact with a volatile substance, the measured pressure is the
pressure exerted by the gas plus the vapor pressure of the volatile material. With no
change of temperature, this vapor pressure remains constant no matter how we change
the total pressure. Hence for the purposes of volume conversion the saturated gas may be
considered as a dry gas, the pressure of which is the partial pressure of the gas, or its
equivalent, the difference between the total pressure and the saturated vapor pressure of
the volatile material.

Volume conversions involving high pressures.—In the measurement of gases at high
pressures, pressure 2,000 lbs./in.”, the quantity pv is no longer constant at constant tempera-
ture, but varies with the pressure by amounts which differ for each gas. Consequently the
relation p121/71 = p2m/T> is no longer true.

In Table 92 4 273.1/T } pv is given as a function of the pressure. This quantity
4 273.1/T | pv is called the factor (F). Consider the 0°C isothermals. They are taken
on the basis of pv at o°C and I atm. as unity. The factor for any pressure given by the
table will represent the ratio of the value of pv at this pressure to the value of pv at 1

atmosphere; that is, (pv) n/ (pv)s = Fn
where Fn is the factor for n atmospheres. This relation, of course, holds for all pressures,
therefore, vm = vn} PnFm/PmFn |. The corrections are made as though the substance

behaved as a perfect gas, and the result multiplied by the ratio of the factor at the desired
pressure to the factor at the measured pressure.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

142 TABLES 92 AND 93
TABLE 92.—Values of Factor
F = (273.1/T) pv. (See p. 141)

v =I at I atm. pressure, 0° C

Air: Holborn, Schultze, 1915 Argon: Holborn, Schultze, 1915
One 50°C 100°C 200°C o°C 50°C =100°C 200°C o°C

-9950 .9995 1.0019 1.0059 -9919 .9971 .9998 1.0021 1.0043
.9875 .9985 1.0042 1.0082 -9782 .9916 .9982 1.0042 1.0117

.9780 .9994 1.0098 1.0175 -9575 -9840 .9969 1.0082 1.0233
.9720 1.002 1.0189 1.0275 -940I .9781 .9969 1.0136 1.0356

-9710 1.0075 1.0251 1.0380 .9260 .9744 .9988 1.0195 (1.0490)

Helium: Holborn, Otto, 1922 Hydrogen: Holborn, 1920 Oxygen: Holborn, Otto, 1922

o°C 50°C 100°C o°C 50°C o°C 20-G) 50-@ | 100.6

1.0048 1.0040 1.0033 | I.0055 1.0055 1.0045 | .9915 .9940 .9972 1.0000
1.0127 I.0106 1.0090 | 1.0150 1.0136 1.0122 | .9778 .9842 .9915 .9987
1.0258 1.0216 1.0183 | I.03I1I 1.0280 1.0248 | .9569 .9692 .9838 .9975

1.0390 1.0327 1.0277 | 1.0475 1.0422 1.0375 | .9385 9778 .9978
1.0522 1.0438 1.0370 | 1.0640 1.0565 1.0500 | .9238 .... .9740 .9990

Nitrogen Mean tf Methane: Keyes, Smith, Joubert

0°C SOG 100°C arG s0°@ x008G, 200°C *Onnes, Crommelin, 1915.
we a + Holborn, Otto, 1922,
.996 1.000 1.002 .978 .989 .993 .999 Srey Daylomee as:
.982 1.002 I1.OII <093 .941) 971. §.007
.982 1.013 1.028 781 .896 .951 .998
1.000 1.037 1.053 (.730) .873 .943 1.004
eee OG 7A OS2 sae -973) 6950) -1-020

TABLE 93.—Relative Gas Volumes at Various Pressures

(Deduced by Cochrane, from the pv curves of Amagat and other observers)

Relative volumes when the pressure is reduced from the value given at the head of the
column to 1 atmosphere; see also Bur. Standards Circ. 279:

Relative volume which the gas will occupy when the pressure
. Gas is reduced to atmospheric from
(Temp. = 16°C)
Iatm. 50atm. 100 atm. 120 atm. 150 atm. 200 atm.

“‘Perfect”’ gas 50 100 120 150 200
94.6 112.5 141

ty drogentmmeric steele 48.5 93.6 I11.3 136.3 176.4
Nitrogen 50.5 100.6 120.0 147.6 190.8
Air 50.9 101.8 121.9 150.3 194.8
ye Reus 106.3 127.6 161

aie 105.2 Bete Nets

Oxygen (at 0°C) : 107.9 128.6 161.9 218.8
Carbon dioxide Ap 485* 498* 515*

212.6

* Carbon dioxide is liquid at pressures greater than 90 atmospheres.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 94 143

CORRECTING FACTORS: SATURATED GAS VOLUME TO VOLUME AT
760 MM HG AND O°C

[Multiply observed volumes of saturated gas by factor to correct to volume of dry gas at
760 mm of mercury pressure (0°C) and o°C]

(Abridged from Bur. Standards Circ. 279)

Pressure mm of Hg.
725 730 735 740 745

0.935 0.942 0.948 0.954
924 .931 -937 -944 .950
920 .927 .933 -940 .946
-QLOe) .923))) 929) -936) .942

919.925.932.938

O08 1:9D5)) -921. 2928), +934
[QOAWI OI) -OL7, © -9245) .920
-900) .907)) 913)" -919) 925
“390% 902), 909) = -O15) 921

899 .905 .QII .QI7

895 .9OI1 .907 .QI3
.890 .896 .903 .909
886 .892 .898 .905
.882 .888 .894 .900
878 .884 .890 .896

: 7379) 2800) =
869 .875 .881 .887
POOR EST MS 77m EeOOs
ESOOM SOO G72) move
.856 .862 .868

: LOST OOS
847 .853 .859 .865
842 .848 .854
837.843 .849

838 .844 .850

: .833 .840

.823 .829 .835 .840

SOLS.) O23) O30) S835

POlZ) OLS 1-o240 S30
SOLsi CLOW O25

[SOG :
so02): 814
797 - .809
27.0) eae -803
-785

5780) =: ;

7 Ae es -786
P7OSsen -779
702s Ts

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

144 TABLES 95 AND 96
COMPRESSIBILITY OF GASES
TABLE 95.—Compressibility at Ordinary Temperatures

As a measure of the compressibility, it is customary to use a coefficient, I + A = Poo/
Pith, Po, Yo being at o°C

I + A = 0.99939 + 0.00001
1.00044 0.00001
1.00094 0.000013
0.99948 0.000005

0.99951 0.000025
1.00099 0.000026

Wild, Philos. Mag., 12, 49, 1931 Rayleigh, Z. Phys. Chem., 52, 705, 1905

TABLE 96.—Compressibility at Low Temperatures

pv = 1 for 0°, 1 atmosphere

Table 96a.—Helium Table 96b.—Hydrogen
Pp po Density tae p po Density
atm. atm.

26.66 1.0146 26.28 0.00 32.313 1.0188 31.715
38.95 1.0196 38.20 Soa SrTG 1.0266 43.284
58.58 1.0294 56.91 —103.57 38.41 -6376 38.41
24.13 -6337 38.07 58 51.49 -6433 80.04
49.96 -6479 77.08 —204.70 16.75 -2404 69.68
.232 .O1I26 =20.63 M 37.00 .2316 159.7
353 -OI104I 33.92 pia 44.63 -2300 194.0
.0308 -OO9QII 3.381 — 257.26 .06698 .05783 1.1582
.0649 .00858 7.535 S1ZU53) O57 1O4N me B03

Bocke, Onnes, 1924 Nighoff, masa eg eo az a 1903;

Table 96c.—Neon Table 96d.—Argon
Pp po Density Pp po Density
atm. atm.

23.06 1.0089 21.87 : 20.58 -9856 20.88
39.79 1.0147 30.34 31.57 -9774 32.30
84.66 1.0408 81.35 14.86 -5813 25.57
61.66 -2337 763.8 45-09 -4706 95.80
79.92 -2293 348.6 62.24 -3939 158.01
49-93 -1393 358-5 12.77 -4663 27-39
64.97 -1269 511.8 11.99 -4262 28.12
79.42 1256 632.2 I1.15 3821 29.18

Onnes, Crommelin, 1915 Onnes, Crommelin, I910

Table 96¢.—Oxygen Table 96f.—Nitrogen

AC en pv Density a po Density

oO 20.92 9813 21.32 33.14 .9886 33.52

66

49.79 9573 52.01 43.08 -9860 43-70

— 80.03 21.01 -6550 32.09 58.63 -9834 » 59.62
+ 34.18 -6213 55.02 30.17 -6516 46.13

s 61.88 -5464 13.23 45-47 -6270 72.52
—116.01 22.30 -4835 46.12 56.71 -6109 92.84
- 43-95 -3541 124.1 22.92 -3340 68.62
55-05 -1667 330.2 30.14 .2656 113.48

36.49 1058 = 344-5

Onnes, Kuypers, 1923, 1924 Onnes, Van Urk, 1924

6c

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 97-99 145
COMPRESSIBILITY OF GASES

TABLE 97.—O, Air, N, and H. Relative Volumes at Various Pressures and Temperatures, the volumes
at O°C and at 1 atmosphere being taken as 1 000 000

Nitrogen.

Amagat: C. R. 111, p, 871, 1890; Ann. chim. phys. (6) 29, pp. 68 and 505, 1893.

TABLE 98.—Ethylene
po at o°C and i atm. = I

Amagat, C, R. 111, p. 871, 1890; 116, p. 946, 1893.
TABLE 99.—Carbon Dioxide
Pressure in Relative values of po at—

meters of
mercury

liquid
625
825
1020
1210
1405
1590
1770
1950

2135

Amagat, C. R. 111, p. 871, 1890; Ann. chim. phys. (5) 22, p. 353, 1881; (6) 29, pp. 68 and 405, 1893.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES

146 TABLE 100

COMPRESSIBILITY OF GASES
TABLE 100.—Some Physical Properties of Compressed Nitrogen

(Abridged from Deming, Shupe, Phys. Rev., 37, 639, 1931; based on data by Bartlett and collaborators,

Journ. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1927-31.)

Tables published by Bartlett et al show compressibility factors po/(pv)s at the different pressures and tem-
peratures. The denominator (pv); is the value of pv at S.T.P. In order to find the specific volume of the gas it
is required to know the volume of 1 g at S.T.P. Birge gives 22414.1 cc as the volume of a mole of an ideal gas

at S.T.P

po/(po)s at I atm. is close to 1/1.00046. The gas used by Bartlett contained 0.9993 nitrogen and 0.0007 inert
gas, presumably argon; the apparent molecular weight is therefore taken as 28.025. The volume adopted for
I gat S.T.P. is 22414.1/1.00046 X 28.025 = 799.42 cc, and the value of RT at 0° is 22414.1/28.025 = 700.70
cc atm./g. When one of Bartlett’s compressibility factors is divided by the pressure and multiplied by 799.42

the result is the volume in cc of 1 g of the gas at the given temperature and pressure.
For fugacities, see Lewis and Randall, Thermodynamics, 1923.

Density
Sp. vol. p
cc/g g/cc
28.50 -03508
8.840 -II31
5.082 -1968
2.725 .3669
1.806 -5273
1.508 -6630
1.358 +7305
31.75 -03149
10.13 -09872
5.952 -1680
3.139 -3186
2.068 -4836
1.5901 -6284
1.408 -7103
35-75 -02798
11.66 -08578
6.950 -1439
3.645 +2744
2.287 -4372
1.605 -5901
1.473 -6789
39.67 -02521
13.11 -07627
7.886 -1268
4.139 -2416
2.510 -3984
1.798 -5500
1.543 -6481

42.74 -02340
14.23 -07027
8.604 -1162
4.524 -2210
2.603 -3713
1.880 -5318
1.601 -6248

47.33 -O2113
15.87 .06301
9.639 -1038
5.078 -1969
2.007 -3371
2.010 -4974
1.688 -5925
54.87 .01822
18.52 -05400
11.29 -08856
5.955 -1679
3.421 +2924
2.225 -4404
1.836 -5447
84.64 -OIIT8I
28.73 .03480
17.57 -05602
9.230 -1083
5.008 -1962
3.060 -3268
2.387 -4190
128.8 .007766
43.57 -02205
20.54 -03768
Dain -07264
7.409 -1350
4.234 -2362
3-177 3148

Ue
fugacity
atm.

19.22
53.31
83.18
152.1
319.2
976.2
2545
19.48
55-49
88.75
168.4
357.8
1063
2645

19.70
57.43
93-70
183.6
395-5
II2I
2703

19.84
58.72
97.05
194.6
424.2
1194
2732
19.92
59.41
99.06
201.0
441.5
1226
2737
20.01
60.18
100.9
207.5
459.7
1254
2719
20.08
60.87
102.1
213.7
476.8
1271
2649
20.18
61.62
104.6
219.6
487.4
1218
2306
20.15
61.36
103.9
215.8
466.9
1097
1938

PSP» fab!
vp dp

1.053
1.075
1.004

+717
-403
.280
.250
1.031
1.048
1.000
“775
-472
+313
-286
1.018
1.025
.900
.830
-540
+353

-978
.850

T ad
alee ar

1.162
1.530
1.806
1.564
-918
-551
-356
1.129
1.381
1.560
1.462
-937
-578
-404
1.004
1.266
1.377
1.363
-961
-608
-457

1.068
1.183
1.265
1.281
.083
-639
-503
T.055
I.140
1.199
T2232)
-9904
.660
-534

1.037
1.099
1.138
I.I51
+995
.688
-506
1.023
1.052
1.078
1.078
974
-720
+597
1.003
-997
-992
.969
-804
5%
-642
-995
-987
-978
-943
.801
-792
-720

ACp ML
p cal./mole° °/atm.

-50
1.79
3.13
5-17
5.10

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

Joule-
Thomson
coefficient

-627
-538
-408
-128
.013
-057

-074

+559
-463
+355
-136
.O12
.064
.O81

-470
-383
.298
-134
.008
.069

085

-387
-308
+247

125

-005

.O71
.084

325

-203
-211
-II4
.002
.O71
.083

-208

asvietLe

TABLES 101 AND 102 147
TABLE 101.—Compressibility of Gases Under High Pressures
(Bridgman, Proc. Amer. Acad., 59, 173, 1924.)

Actual vols. rest upon Amagat’s doubtful values at 3000 kg/cm.” Vol. of gas = 1 cm’ at
o°C, 1 kg/cm? pressure. Densities at highest pressures indicate that the molecules or atoms
are very nearly in contact in the sense of the kinetic theory.

(a).—Results for Hydrogen (b).—Results for Nitrogen

Vol. change 2
c3/g from yes Vol. c3/mol V ep uence volun at

po
3000 kg at 68°C
30°C 65°C || c3/g_ c?2/mol | c3/g_c3/mol

23.47 24.53 -000 0.00 | 1.2900 36.13 4.68
21.21 22.24 089 2.49 | 1.201 33.64 5.82
19.76 20.74 .152 4.25 | 1.138 31.88 6.80
17.88 18.73 -234) 0:56) 1-056) 205577 8.05
L655, 17212 -308 8.61 “982 27.52 II.OL
14.76 16.05 -357 10.00 -933 26.13 14.70

sas uous -382 10.70 908 25.43 16.50

(d).—Results

for Argon (e).—Results for Ammonia

(c).—Results for Helium

Vol. Total
change vol. Volume at Vol. change at Vol. change at

c3/g change 65°C 2 Sieg kg/cm? 30°C
30-95°

c3/g c3/g atom c3/g c3/mol

0.000 0.00 1000 —0.827 —I4.I
-049 1.96 2000 — .217. — 3.70
-085 3.39 3000 .000 0.00
-134 5.34 5000 + .200 + 3.41
-180 7.18 7000 .310 5.28
-209 8.34 10000 -409 6.07
-224 8.04 12000 -461 7.85

TABLE 102,—Gage Pressure (lb./in.2) to Atmospheres (absolute)
(Taken from Bur. Standards Circ., 279, 1926.)

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

148 TABLES 103 aND 104

RELATION BETWEEN PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE, AND VOLUME
OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE AND AMMONIA*
TABLE 103.—Sulphur Dioxide

Original volume 100000 under one atmosphere of pressure and the temperature of the experi-
ments as indicated at the top of the different columns.

Corresponding Volume for Ex- Pressure in Atmospheres for
periments at Temperature — Experiments at Temperature —

Pressure in

58°.0 99°.6 183°.2

9.60
TOs
11.85
13-05
14.70
16.70
20.15
23-00
26.40
30.15
35-20

TABLE 104.—Ammonia

Original volume 100000 under one atmosphere of pressure and the temperature of the experiments as
indicated at the top of the different columns.

Corresponding Volume for Ex- Pressure in Atmospheres for Experiments
periments at Temperature — at Temperature —

Volume.
46°.6 99°-6 183°.6 ; 46°.6

99°.6 183°.0

Pressure in
Atmos

°o

9500 a 9-50
12.5; 7245 7935 : 10.45
5880 6305 11.50
13.00
14-75
16.60
18.35
18.30

bos
On

|
|
|
|
|

FPHWW
momo

* From the experiments of Roth, ‘‘ Wied. Ann.” vol. 11, 1880
SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TaBLe 105 149
VOLUME OF CASES

Values of 1 + .00367 ¢

The quantity 1 + .00367 ¢ gives for a gas the volume at /° when the pressure is kept
constant, or the pressure at £2 when the volume is kept constant, in terms of the
volume or the pressure at 0°.

(a) This part of the table gives the values of 1-++.00367¢ for values of ¢ between 0°
and 10° C by tenths of a degree.

(b) This part gives the values of 1-+ .00367 ¢ for values of ¢ between —go° and + 1990°
C_ by 10° steps.

These two parts serve to give any intermediate value to one tenth of a degree by a sim-
ple computation as follows :—In the (4) table find the number corresponding to
the nearest lower temperature, and to this number add the decimal part of the
number in the (2) table which corresponds to the difference between the nearest
temperature in the (4) table and the actual temperature. For example, let the
temperature be 682°.2:

We have for 680 in table (4) the number . : : « 3.49560
And for 2.2 in table (a) the decimal . ; : 4 . .00807
Hence the number for 682.2 is . : : : + 3.50367

(c) This part gives the logarithms of 1+ .00367¢ for values of ¢ between — 49° and
+ 399° C by degrees.

(d) This part gives the logarithms of 1 + .00367 ¢ for values of ¢ between 400° and 1990°
C by 10° steps.

(a) Values of 1+ .00367¢ for Values of ¢ between 0° and 10°C by 0.1° Steps

0.1 0.2 0.3

1.00037 1.00073 I.0O110
00404 00440 00477
.00771 .00807 .00844
01138 -O1174 O1211
01505 .O1541 01578

.01872 .01908 01945
.02239 .02275 .02312
.02606 .02642 .02679
02973 03009 03046
03340 03376 03413

WOON DW pond

0.6

1.00220
.00587
00954
.O1 321
01688

02055
.02422
.02789
03156
-03523

WOON DW pond

GMITHSONIAN TABLES.

150 TABLE 105 (continued )
VOLUME OF

(b) Logarithms of 14+ .00367¢ for Values

1.931051
949341
960892
.98 3762

0.000000

0.000000
.01 5053
.030762
045362
059488

0.073168
086431
.099301
-IL1S00

.123950

135768
-147274
158483
.169410
.180068

190472
.200632
210559
220265
220750

-239049
-248145
ee,
.265734
274343

282735
-290969
-299049
-30698 2
314773

0:322426
329947
-337 339
344608
351758

0.358791
-305713
-372525
-379233
-385439

SMITHSONIAN T ABLES,

1920179
“947 546
965169
982104
-998403

0.001591
017188
032244
.046796
06087 5

0.074513
.087735
-100567
-11 3030
125146

-136933
.248408
159588
-170488
.181120

.191498
-201635
.211540

315544

0.323184
-330692
-338072
“340529
352466

* 0.359488
-366399
373201
-379898
-386494

1.927299
945744
+9634 38
-980440
996801

0.003176
.O18717
033721
.048224
062259

0.07 5853
.089036
101829
114257
126339

0.138094
149539
.160691
171563
182169

0.192523
.202635
212518
.222180

.231633

.240884
249942
258814
-207 510
-276034

-284395
“292597
300048
~308 552
316314

0732394
“331435
338803
-346048
353174

0.360184
.367084
-373875
-380562
-387148

1.925410
943934
-QO1701
978769
995192

0.0047 55
020241
03519
.04964
063637

0.077190
090332
103088
115481

-127529

.139252
-1 50667
-161790
172635
183216

-193545
203034
oars,
-223135
.232507

241798
250837
.259692
-208370
.276877

285222
"293409
.301445
-309334
317083

0.324696
332178
339533
-346766
353880

0.360879
367768
+374549
381225
387801

1.923513
942117
959957
-977 092
993577

0.006329
.021760
036661
051008
005012

0.078522
091624
.104344
-116701
.128716

0.140408
“151793
-162887
-173795
-184260

-194564
-204630
.214468
.224087
-233499

0.242710
251731
-260507
269228
:277719

-286048
-294219
-302240
310115
317850

325450
“332919
-340262
-347482
354585

-361573
-368451
-37 5221
.381887
-388453

Mean diff.
per degree.

1884
1805
1733
1667
1605

1582
1526
1474
1426
1381

1335 -
1299
1259
1226
IIQl

1158
1129
1101

1074
1048

1023
1000

TABLE 103 (continued) I51
GASES.
of t between — 49° and + 399° © by 1° Steps

| Mean diff.

: 5 6 7 8 9 seedeeiees
— 40 1.921608 1.919695 1.917773 T.915843 T.91 3904 1926
=)30 .940292 .938460 -936619 934771 932915 1845
— 20 958205 956447 954081 952909 951129 1771
— 10 -97 5409 973719 972022 970319 .968609 1699
== 10 -991957 -990330 988697 .987058 985413 1636
+0 0.007897 0.009459 0.011016 0.012567 0.014113 1554
10 .023273 .024781 026284 .027782 029274 1 500
20 038123 .039581 .041034 042481 043924 1450
30 052482 053893 055298 .0 50699 058096 1402
40 .066382 067748 .009109 .070466 071819 1359
50 0.079847 0.081174 0.082495 0.083811 0.085123 1315
60 .092914 094198 .09 5486 .096765 098031 1281
70 105595 106843 .108088 .109329 110506 1243
80 117917 119130 .120340 121547 .122750 1210
go .129899 .131079 132256 .133430 .134601 1175
100 0.141559 0.142708 0.143854 0.144997 0.146137 1144
110 -152915 154034 -I55151 156264 SLATES TII5
120 163981 .164072 -166161 .167246 .168330 1087
130 174772 175836 176898 177958 179014 1060
140 185301 .186340 187377 188411 189443 1035
150 0.195581 0.196596 0.197608 0.198619 0.199626 IOII
160 -205024 .20061 5 .207605 .208 592 -209577 988
170 -215439 .216409 217376 218341 219304 966
180 .225038 .225986 .226932 .227876 228819 946
190 -234429 235357 236283 .237 207 238129 925
200 0.243621 0.244529 0.245436 0.246341 0.247244 906
210 252623 253512 -254400 .255287 2560172 887
220 261441 262313 263184 .264052 .264919 870
230 .27008 5 .270940 .271793 272644 273494 853
240 278559 .279398 280234 .281070 281903 836
250 0.28687 2 0.287694 0.288515 0.289326 0.290153 820
260 295028 295835 .296640 297445 298248 805
270 -303034 303827 .304618 305407 306196 790
280 310895 311673 312450 .313226 314000 776
2 318616 .319381 320144 .320906 321667 763
300 0.326203 0.326954 0.327704 0.328453 0.329201 750
310 -333659 -334397 -335135 -335871 -336606 737
320 -340989 341715 342441 343164 .343887 722
330 -348198 348912 -349624 -350337 351048 713
340 -355289 -355991 -356693 -357394 -35&093 701
350 0.362266 0.362957 0.363648 0.364337 0.365025 690
360 .3691 32 369813 .370493 37 L171 .371849 678
370 -37 5892 376562 377232 -377900 -378567 668
380 .382548 .383208 .383868 384525 .385183 658
390 -389104 -3897 54 -390403 -391052 -391699 648

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TaBLe 105 (continued)
VOLUME OF GASES

152

(c) Values of 1+ .00367¢ for Values of ¢ hetween —90° and + 2090° C by
10° Steps

00

I .OOOOO

1.00000
1.36700
1.73400
2.10100
2.46800

2.83500
3-20200
3.56900
3.93600
4.30300

4.67000
5:03700
5.40400
5:77 100
6.13800

6.50500
6.87200
7.23900
7.60600
7-97 300

8.34000
50

0.81650

1.18350
1.55050
1.91750
2.28450
2.65150

3.01850
3-38550
S275 52
4.11950
4.48650

4.85350
5.22050
5-587 50
5-95450
6.32150

6.68850
705550
7.42250
7-78950
8.15650

8.52350

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

10

0.96330

1.03670
1.40370
1.77070
2.13770
2.50470

2.87170
3.23870
360570
3-97279
4-33970

4.70070
5-07370
5-44070
5-30770
6.17470

6.54170
6.90870
7-27570
7.64270
8.00970

8.37670
60

0.77980

1.22020
1.58720
1.95420
2.32120

2.68820

3-05 520
3.42220
3-78920
4.15620
4.52320

4.89020
5:25720
5-62420
5-99120
6.35820

20

0.92660

1.07 340
1.44040
1.80740
2.17440
2.54140

2.90840
3:27 549
3-64240
4.00940
4.37640

4-74340
5.11040
5-47749
5-84440
6.21140

6.57840
6.94540
7.31240
7-67940
8.04640

8.41340
70

0.74310

1.25690
1.62390
1.99090
2.35790
2.72490

3-09190
3.45890
3.82590
4.19290
4205992

4.92690
529390
5.66090
6.02790
6.39490

6.76190
7.12890
7-4959°
7.86290
8.22990

8.59690

30

0.88990

I.1IO1O
1.47710
1.84410
2.21110
2.57810

2.94510
3.31210
3.67910
4.04610
4.41310

4.78010
5-14710
5.51410
5.08110
6.24810

6.61510
6.98210
7:34910
7.71610
8.08310

8.45010
80

0.70640

1.29360
1.66060
2.02760
2.39460
2.76160

3.12860
3-49560
3.86260
4.22960
4.59660

4.96360
5.33060
5.69760
6.06460
6.43160

6.79860
7.16560
7.53260
7.89960
8.26660

8.63360

40

0.85320

1.14680
1.51380
1.88080
2.24780
2.61480

2.98180
3-34880
3-71 580
4.08280
4.44980

4.81680
5-18380
5.55080
5.91780
6.28480

6.65180
7.01880
7.38580
7.75280
8.11980

8.48680

PSS SPT AMG ere

90

0.66970

1.33030
1.697 30
2.06430
2.43130
2.79830

3.16530
353230
3-59930
4.26630
4.63330

5.00030
5-367 30
5:73430
6.10130
6.46830

6.83530
7.20230
7-56930
7-93630
8.30330

8.67030

TaBLe 105 (concluded) 153

VOLUME OF GASES

(d) Logarithms of 1+.00367¢ for Values of ¢ between 400° and 1990° C by 10° Steps

00

0.392345

0.452553
-505421
552547
-§95055
.633771

0.669317
-702172
732715
701251
-788027

0.813247
837083
859679
881156
.go1622

0.423492

0.479791
529623
574321
.614545
.651908

0.68605 5
717712
-747218
774845
.800820

0.825329
848528
870550
891510
-QI1 504

|

10

0.3987 56

0.458139
510371
-556990
599086
.637 460

0.672717
795325
735955
-704004
.790616

0.81 5091
839396
861875
883247
.go 3616

60

0.429462

0.485040
-
57854
.618696
655446

0.689327
-720755
-7 50061
777514
803334

0.827705
850781
.87 2692
893551
“913454

20

0.405073

0.463654
515264
501388
.603079
-O41117

0.676090
-708455
738575
-766740
793199

0.818120
.541697
.864060
885327
-905602

70

0.435351

0.49022
-538938
582734
622515
-658955

0.692574
-723776
752886
-780166
805834

0.830069
853023
874824
895583
915395

30

0.411300

0.469100
520103
565742
.607037
-644744

0.679437
-711563
741475
-769459
795745

0.8205 36
843986
866234
887 398
.907578

80

0.441161

0.495359
543522
-586880
.626299
.662437

0.695797
726776
75692
782802
808319

0.832420
855253
876945
897605
917327

40

0.417439

0-474479
524889
570052
610958
-648341

0.6827 59
-714648
744350

0.446894

0.500415
548058
-590987
630051
.665890

0.698996
-7297 56
758480
785422
.810790

0.8347 58
857471
879056

899618
919251 |

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

154 TABLE 106
COMPRESSIBILITY OF LIQUIDS

At the constant temperature t, the compressibility 8 = (1/I’o) (dV /dP). In general as P
increases, 8 decreases rapidly at first and then slowly ; the change of 8 with ¢ is large at low
pressures but very small at pressures above 1000 to 2000 megabaryes. I megabarye
=10° dynes/cm* = 1.020 kg/cm* = 0.987 atmosphere.

ty per

Substance.

Reference.

megabaryes.
Compres-
sibility per
megabaryes.
Reference
Pressure,
megabaryes.
Compres-
sibili
megabaryes,
B X 108

OV
H

Ethyl ether, ctd. a4
Ethyl iodide.......

me

° HHO
me
°

HoH
HOO

iS}
w AH

HHH
NANDD

HoH H
NAN DW

iso..
iso..
iso..

aS

“ “cc

iso. .
Carbon bisulphide. .

Lal

‘cc
ef cf Nitric acid
Carb. tetrachloride. Oils: Almond......
e . : @astorsa5eer
Chloroform

Dichlorethylsulfide. Rape-seed....
$ : Phosph. trichloride.
Ethyl acetate...... si 2 :

ce

“ “cc “

Ethyl bromide

For references, see page 156.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 107 155
COMPRESSIBILITY AND THERMAL EXPANSION OF PETROLEUM OILS,

0-50 kg/cm?, 0-400°C

(R. S. Jessup, Bur. Standards Journ. Res., 5, 985, 1930.)

It was found that the compressibility and thermal expansion of two samples of the same
specific gravity, but from different sources, differed more than 30 per cent at the higher
temperatures, whereas oils of the same specific gravity and the same viscosity had the same
compressibility and thermal expansion within rather narrow limits. In other words, with a
knowledge of the specific gravity and viscosity of the oils, it was possible to represent all
the measured volumes within less than 0.5 per cent over the entire range of temperature
and pressure covered by the measurements.

Kinematic Specific Relative volumes

7 A Pressure
viscosity gravity kg/cm?
I00°F., c.g.s. | 60°/60°F.

0° | 20° | 50° 100°

.80 oO .0o18 : .096
“ 50 .O14 -O41

85 oO -O17 -044

oo 50 O14 .040

-90 ° -O17 .043
oe 50

.80 °O j
ss 50 A .038
85 Oo 4 .O41
. 50 5 -037
-90 oO zi -040
ae 50

.85 oO : k

op 50 i .036
-95 oO ; .038
ve 50

-85 ° A .038
e 50 ; -034

-95 o .036
rf 50

.85 °
“ 50
-95 oO
ze 50

85 oO
ee 50
-95 oO
“es 50

.85 oO
oe 50
-95 e

‘ 50

210°F., c.g.s. | 60°/60°F.| kg/cm?

-90
“95

-00
oe

-90

00
“

-90

-00
oe

-90

-00
“a

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

156 TABLE 108
COMPRESSIBILITY OF SOLIDS

If V is the volume of the material under a pressure P megabaryes and Vo is the volume at
atmospheric pressure, then the compressibility 8 = — (1/Vo) (dV/dP). Its unit is cm?/
megadynes (reciprocal megabaryes). 10°/8 is the bulk modulus in absolute units (dynes/
cm?). The following values of 8, arranged in order of increasing compressibility, are for
P =o and room temperature. I megabarye = 10° dynes/cm? = 1.020 kg/cm? = 0.987
atmosphere.

Compres- Compres-
sion per Bulk sion per Bulk
unit vol. | modulus, | Refer- Substance unit vol. | modulus, | Refer-
per mega- | dynes/cm?| ence per mega- | dynes/cm?| ence
barye X 1012 barye
X 108

Substance

Tungsten 0.27
0.3
0.32
Platinum 0.38
INickel eee er 0.43
Molybdenum 0.46
sRantalumy so. ee 0.53
Palladium 0.54
0.55
Nichrome=-3...... 0.56
0.60
0.60
0.7
0.75
0.84
0.89
0.9
0.99
Mg. silicate, crys.. 1.03 ;
Mg. silicate 1.21 0.82
Aluminum TSS 0.75
1.39 0.72
1.40 0.71
1.74 0.57
1.89 0.53
2.09 0.48
Cadmium=: 4-0 2517 0.46

Thallium
Antimony
Quartz
Magnesium

Graphite
Silicavelasska. ce

WOONNNNNNNN

Sodium chloride.. .

Ca

Rey pp”
N

Potassium chloride.
Strontium

Phosphorus (red). .
Selenium

HHORADIWMOOKHHWOAHOA

HHH HHH HHH HRD HDHWWW
-
NNOW snr 0

Or
oo
a4

Ce)
N

AHO | NR”

SOAGHLVOO SINE RYHHWHHHNN!

w
Nee ee ee

Phosphorus (white)
Potassium
Rubidium
Caesinmin eee ee

NHR DACOOCONKOBRBINHOAHOOONS
NNNNKHNITINHNONNHNOANNHOKRNHANHNND

Leal
nN
Op Ww
HOR
oon

Winklemann, Schott, and Straulel (Wied Ann., 1897, 1899) give the following (among others) for
Jena glasses in terms of the volume decrease divided by the increase of pressure expressed in kg/mm2,

Bulk Bulk
¥ moduli

7520 2154 | Kalibleisilicat
1299 | Barytborosilicat 5800 S208 | Heaviest Bleisilicat
16 | Natronkalkzinksilicat 4530 || St9o6 | Tonerdborat with sodium, baryte..| 3470

These values are in cm?/kg x 108 x Compressibility, Griineisen, Ann. der Phys. 33, p. 65, 1910.

Al — 191°, 1.32; 17°, 1.46; 125°, I.70 Fe — 190°, 0.61; 18°, 0.63; 165°, 0.67
Cu— I91°, 0.72; 17°, 0.77; 165°, 0.83 Ag —I9gQI°, 0.71; 16°, 0.76; 166°, 0,86
Pt — 189°, 0.37; 17°, 0.39; 164°, 0.40 PD Olen (225) sles) (3.2)

4

References to Table 106, p. 154:

(1) Bridgman, Pr. Am. Acad. 49, I, 1913; (9) Amagat, C. R. 73, 143, 1872;

(2) Roentgen, Ann. Phys. 44, I, 18901; (10) Amagat, C. R. 68, 1170, 1869;

(3) Pagliani-Palazzo, Mem. Acad. Lin. 3, 18, 1883; (11) Amagat, Ann. chim. phys. 29, 68, 505, 1893;

(4) Bridgman, Pr. Am. Acad. 48, 341, 1912; (12) de Metz, Ann. Phys. 41, 663, 1890;

(5) Adams, Williamson, J. Wash. Acad. Sc. 9, Jan. 19, (13) Adams, Williamson, Johnston, J. Am. Chem.
1919; Soc. 41, 27, 1919;

(6) Richards, Boyer, Pr. Nat. Acad. Sc. 4, 389, 1918; (14) Colladon, Sturm, Ann. Phys. 12, 39, 1828;

(7) Richards, J. Am. Ch. Soc. 37, 1646, 1915; (15) Quincke, Ann. Phys. 19, 401, 1883;

(8) Bridgman, Pr. Am. Acad. 47, 381, 1911; (16) Richards et al. J. Am. Ch. Soc. 34, 988, 1912.

References to Table 108, p. 156:

(1) Adams, Williamson, Johnston, J. Am. Ch. Soc. (5) Richards, Boyer, Pr. Nat. Acad. Sc. 4, 388, 1918;
41, 39, I9IQ; (6) Voigt, Ann. Phys. 31, 1887; 36, 1888;

(2) Richards, tbid. 37, 1646, 1915; (7) R. E. Gibson, L. H. Adams, unpublished;

(3) Bridgman, Pr. Am. Acad. 44, 279, 1909; 47, 366, (8) Bridgman, Pr. Am. Acad., 48, 310, 1912;

IQII; (9) Bridgman, Pr. Am. Acad., 58, 166, 1923.

(4) Adams, Williamson, unpublished;

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

Crystal

Quartz
Hanksite

Orthoclase

Galena
Barite

Celestite

Calcite

Sphalerite
Fluorite
Apatite

Jeffersonite

Tourmaline
(black)

Cobaltite

Spodumene

Pyrite
Andradite
Topaz

Magnetite
Garnet

* These symbols relate to the corresponding trigonal, tetragonal, hexagonal, axes respectively.

TABLE 109

ES/

COMPRESSIBILITY OF CRYSTALS

Trigonal
Hexagonal ||

ale
Monoclinic A

(

Y
Cubic
Orthorhom q

G
Orthorhom A
B

C
Trigonal ||
Alt

Cubict
Cubic
Hexagonal ||

AL
Monoclinic A

Trigonal

Cubic
Monoclinic A
B

Cubic

Cubic

Orthorhom A
B

C
Cubic
Cubic

Linear, L/Lo =
ap — bp?

30°C
a X 106

6b X 102 a X 108

|| *| 0.7052
*

9764
1.1651
.624
-9944
-5490
-4599
.0765
.6122
-4940
.6695
.5660
.6268
-4476
4537
.8071
-2688
-427
-4019
-2410
-4160
-3093,
+3924
-3078
-1945
-478
.163
-2519
.1801
-2459
-1997
-2474
.2243
.2210
-2145
-1486
-2393
-1799
-1793

30°C

Volume, V/Vo =
ap — bp?

75°C

a X 106 b X 102

+ Transition

above 9000°. Data from Bridgman, Amer. Journ. Sci., 10, Dec., 1925; 15, Apr., 1928. Unit of pressure kg/cm?.
The following additional crystal volume compressibilities have been taken from Madelung, Fuchs, Ann. Phys.,
65, 305, 1921. Their unit of pressure is dynes X 108 per cm? at 0°C. 1 dyne/cm? equals 1.020 X 10-6 kg/cm?2.

Sylvite, KCl.....
Halite, NaCl....
CAQIN Ossie cuieisic ave
Bismuthinite, BieSs3
Argentite, AgoS...
Gypsum. ise acce
Witherite, BaCOs

Anglesite, PbSOs

Cerusite, PbCOs. .
Andularia, K2AleSiceOis......

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

AnhyaritenCasOL-eemecie cet 1.76
Strontianite, SrCO3........ 1.74
Aragonite, €aCQz.......... 1.53

Rhodocrosite, MnCO3...... Tes
Chalcopyrite, CuFeS:.......

Dolomite, CaCOsMgCOs3.... 1.21
Hematite, Fe:O3........... 1.08
Siderite; FeCQav. .s6ccs03%s 0.99
ZirconnsiOsZnOaee senior 0.85
Marcasite, FeSoe. .. cic. ee 0.81

ZiniciteeZnOMemercc cette 0.77
Periclase; MgO. scien eee 0.71
Hematite (specular)........ 0.59
Rutile Di Oeste seein 0.58
Ilmenite, (FeTi)2O3......... 0.55
@assiterite; SnO)s . 5. oi. cferes 0.48
Sapphiferts cas <!c sclera 0.43
Corundum, AleOz.......... 0.38

158 TABLES 110 AND 111
TABLE 110.— Specific Gravities Corresponding to the Baumé Scale

The specific gravities are for 15.56°C (60°F.) referred to water at the same temperature
as unity. For specific gravities less than unity the values are calculated from the formula:

140

Degrees Baume = Specific Gravity

130.
For specific gravities greater than unity from:

145

Degrees Baumé = 145 — Specie Ga

Specific Gravities less than I.

Degrees Baumé.

88.75 | 85.38 | 82.12
59:19 | 50.67 | 54.21
36-67 | 34-71 | 32.79
18.94 | 17.37 | 15:83

Specific Gravities greater than 1.

Degrees Baumé.

5.58 6.91
17.81 | 18.91
28.06 | 29.00
36.79 | 37-59
44.31 | 45.00
50.54 51.45
Henge) |) Gene)
61.67 62.14 |
66.20 | 66.62 |

TABLE 111. Degrees A. P. I. Corresponding to Specific Gravities at 60°/60° F.
(15.56°/15.56° C) for petroleum oils.

In order to avoid confusion and misunderstanding the American Petroleum Institute, the
Bureau of Mines, and the Bureau of Standards have agreed that a scale based on the modulus
141.5 shall be used in the United States Petroleum Industry and shall be known as the A. P. I.
scale. The United States Baumé scale based on the modulus 140 will continue to be used for other
liquids lighter than water.

oh 141.5 o
Calculated from the formula, degrees A. P. I.= Sp. Gr. 60°/60" F 131.5

Degrees
ASP als

60° /60°F.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 112

DENSITY OF THE ELEMENTS, LIQUID OR SOLID

The density may depend considerably on previous treatment.
To reduce to Ibs./cu. ft. multiply

Element Physical State

commercial h’d d’n

Aluminum
s liquid

vacuo-distilled
ditto-compressed
amorphous
liquid

solid
crystallized
amorph. br.-black
yellow

solid
electrolytic
vacuo-distilled
liquid

solid

crystal
amorph. pure
liquid

solid

wrought
vacuo-distilled
solid

liquid

solid

liquid

Antimony

Argon

Arsenic
“ee

sc

Barium
Bismuth
“é

Boron
ae

Bromine
ae

Cadmium
ae

Czsium
oe

Calcium
Carbon diamond
e graphite

Cerium electrolytic
Hg pure
Chlorine liquid
+ solid
Chromium
“ec pure
Cobalt
Columbium
Copper cast
os annealed
hard drawn

vacuo-distilled
ditto-compressed
liquid

Erbium
Fluorine
ae

liquid
solid

Gallium
Germanium
Glucinum

Gold

ae

cast
vacuo-distilled
ditto-compressed
solid

Hafnium

Helium liquid
: solid

Hydrogen liquid
solid

Indium

* Where the temperature is not given, ordinary temperature is understood.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

g/cm3

2.70
2.43
2.29
6.618
6.691
6.22
6.55
1.40
1.65
5-73
3.70
3.88
3.78
9-747
9.781
10.00
9.67
2.535
2.45
3.12
4.2
8.67
8.648
8.37
7:99
1.873
1.836
1.54
3.52
2.25
6.79
7.02
1.507

6.52-6.73
6.93
8.71

4
8.30-8.95
8.89
8.89
8.9326
8.9376
8.217
4-77
1.14
1.5
5-93

1.85
19.3
18.88
19.27
13:3

0.15

0.19

0.070

0.763

7.28

Ck

20

740
1000

20

631
—186
— 233

14

20
271
271

—273
20

318
318

27

by 62.4.

Authority

Wolf, Dellinger, 1910

Edwards, Taylor
Kahlbaum, 1902

Hérard

Pascal, Jauniaux
Baly-Donnan
Simon, 1924

Geuther

Linck

Guntz

Classen, 1890
Kahlbaum, 1902
Vincentini-Omodei

Wigand
Moissan
Richards-Stull
Computedt

Kahlbaum, 1902
Vincentini-Omodei
Richards- Brink
Eckardt, Graefe, 1900
Brink

Wigand
Muthmann-Weiss

Drugman-Ramsay
Computed}

Peffer, 1931

Tilden, Ch. C., 1898
Muthmann-Weiss
Dellinger, 1911
Kahlbaum, 1902

Roberts-Wrightson

St. Meyer, Z. Ph. Ch. 37

Moissan-Dewar
Computed}

de Boisbaudran
Winkler
Humpidge

Kahlbaum, 1902

de Boer, 1930
Onnes, 1908
Computedt
Dewar, Ch. News, 1904
Dewar
Richards

+ Herz, 1919.

160 TABLE 112 (continued)
DENSITY OF THE ELEMENTS, LIQUID OR SOLID

Element Physical State g/cm3 Authority

Iridium 22.42 Deville-Debray
Iodine 4.940 Richards-Stull
_ liquid B71 Drugman, Ramsey
Iron pure 7.86 Bureau of Standards
a gray cast 7.03-7.13
white cast 7.58-7-73
wrought 7.80-7.90
liquid 6.88 Roberts-Austen
- 6.91 Honda
2.16 Ramsay-Travers
solid 3.4 Computedt
Lanthanum 6.15 Muthmann-Weiss
Lead vacuo-distilled 11.342 Kahlbaum, 1902
if ditto-compressed 11.347 oY
solid 11.005 Vincentini-Omodei
liquid 10.597 Day, Sosman, Hostetter,
. 10.078 1914
Lithium 0.534 Richards-Brink, 1907
Magnesium 1.741 Voigt
Manganese a8 Mean
Mercury liquid 13.596 Thiesen, Scheel, Sell,
a on 13.546 Heuse, 1912
13.690 Vincentini-Omodei
solid 14.193 .8 | Mallet
i 14.383 Dewar, 1902
Molybdenum 10.2 Davy, 1925
Neodymium 7.00 Kremers, 1925
Neon 1.204 Onnes, Alii
Nickel 8.8
Nitrogen liquid 0.810 Baly-Donnan, 1902
ae 46 0.854 “6 “a “sé
solid 1.0265 Dewar
ey 1.14 Computedt
Osmium 22.5 Deville-Debray
Oxygen liquid 1.132 Drugman, Ramsey
solid 1.426 Dewar
“ 1.568 Computedt
Palladium 11.5
Phosphorus white 1.83
red 2.20
metallic 2.34 15 Hittorf
black 2.69 Bridgman, 1918
Platinum 2137, 20 Richards-Stull
black 2.70
Potassium 0.870 20 Richards-Brink, 1907
fe solid 0.851 62.1 | Vincentini-Omodei
liquid 0.830 62. e a
Praseodymium 6.6 25 Wierda, Kremers, 1925
Rhodium 12.44 Holborn Henning
Rubidium 1.532 20 Richards-Brink, 1907
Ruthenium 12.30 19 Ruff, Vidic, 1925
Samarium 7.7-7.8 Muthmann-Weiss
Selenium 4.82 Bradley, 1924
Silicon cryst. 2.42 20 Richards-Stull-Brink
amorph. 2.35 15 Vigoroux
Silver cast 10.42-10.53
vf vacuo-distilled 10.492 20 Kahlbaum, 1902
‘““ -compressed 10.503 20 1 o
liquid 9.51 Wrightson
0.9712 20 Richards-Brink, 1907
solid 0.9519 97.6 | Vincentini-Omodei
liquid 0.9287 97.6 a
1.0066 —188 Dewar

“é

Krypton

* Where the temperature is not given, ordinary temperature is understood. + Herz, 1919.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

Element

Strontium
Sulphur

Tantalum
Tellurium

Thallium
Thorium
Tin

Titanium
Tungsten
Uranium
Vanadium
Xenon
Yttrium
Zinc

‘

Zirconium

TABLES 112 (concluded) AND 113

161

TABLE 112 (concluded).—Density of the elements, liquid or solid

Physical state
solid
“é
liquid

crystallized
amorphous

white, cast
“wrought
‘* solid
liquid

gray

liquid

cast

solid
vacuo-distilled
ditto-compressed
liquid

Authority

Vincentini-Omodei

Bjeljankin
Stull

Nilson
Matthiessen

Vincentini-Omodei
“é “ee

Mixter
Zimmermann

Ramsay-Travers
Kremers, 1926

Herz, computed
Kahlbaum, 1902

Roberts-Wrightson
De Boer, 1930

TABLE 113.—Density in grams per cubic centimeter and in pounds per cubic foot of different kinds of wood

Wood is to be seasoned and of average dryness. See also pages 132 to 135 and 163

Basswood.
See Linden

Grams
per cubic
centimeter

Blue.gum.¢...5. «:...

Pounds
per cubic

foot

Hickory
Holly

[ronsbarkseseoeieee

Juniper
Laburnum
Lancewood
Lignum vite

Linden or Lime-tree. .

Mahogany, Honduras
Spanish. .

Satinwood

Sycalnorese- eee.
Teak, Indian..

ae

Wraltititerwerysctue.s orcs

Water gum
Willow

Pounds
per cubic

Grams
per cubic
centimeter

0.93-1.04

0.56

0.92
0.68-1.00
Teele, lie 3
0.32-0.59
0.67-0.71
0.91

0.66

0.85
0.62-0.75
0.60—0.90
0.61-0.73
0.66-0.78
0.35-0.5
0.95
0.40—0.60
0.66-0.88
0.98
0.64-0.70

* Where the temperature is not given, ordinary atmospheric temperature is understood.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

162 TaBLe 114

DENSITY IN GRAMS PER CUBIC CENTIMETER AND POUNDS PER CUBIC
FOOT OF VARIOUS SOLIDS

N. B. The density of a specimen depends considerably on its state and previous treatment; especially is this the
case with porous materials.

Material.

Agate
Alabaster :
Carbonate
Sulphate
Albite
Amber
Amphiboles
Anorthite
Anthracite
Asbestos
Asphalt
Basalt
Beeswax
Beryl
Biotite
Bone
Brick
Butter
Calamine
Caoutchouc
Celluloid
Cement, set
Chalk
| Charcoal: oak
pine
Chrome yellow
Chromite
Cinnabar
Clay
Coal, soft
Cocoa butter
Coke
Copal
Corundum
Diamond :
Anthracitic
Carbonado
Diorite
Dolomite
| Ebonite
Emery
Epidote
| Feldspar
Flint
Fluorite
Gamboge
Garnet
Gas carbon
Gelatine
Glass : common
flint

Glue
| Granite
| Graphite

Grams per

IN Our

PN APD Aw nw NP P&

WANUOF WB OH N HH ON KN

Pounds per
cu. foot.

156-168

168-173
141-145
163-165
66- 69
180-200
171-172
87-112
125-175
69- 94
150-190
6o- 61
168-168
170-190
106-125
87-137
Sonos
255-280
57- 62
87
170-190
118-175
Be 28
74
Se
597
122-162
Sms
50- 57
62-105
65- 71
24552 50

104
188-203

ES OSE75
180-370
80

165-172
144-170

SMITHSONIAN TABLFS.

| Rutile

| Zircon

Grams per
cu. cm.

Material.

Gum arabic
Gypsum
Hematite
Hornblende
Ice
Ilmenite
Ivory
Labradorite
Lava: basaltic
trachytic
Leather: dry
greased
Lime: mortar
slaked
Limestone
Litharge :
Artificial
Natural
Magnetite
Malachite
Marble
Meerschaum
Mica
Muscovite
Ochre
Oligoclase
Olivine
Opal
Orthoclase '
Paper
Paraffin
Peat
Pitch
Porcelain
Porphyry
Pyrite

I.3-1.4
2.31-2.33

|| Quartz

Quartzite
Resin
Rock salt

Sandstone
Serpentine
Slag, furnace
Slate
Soapstone
Starch
Sugar

Talc
Tallow
Topaz
Tourmaline

Pie ag)

DONO AN
=
|
» DL oo
oO
N

BWW ONHANNNDND -
wo}

1 woo
b

Pounds per
cu. foot.

80- 85
144-145
306-330
187

57-2
280-310
114-120
168-170
175-185
125-168

TABLES 115 AND 116 163
TABLE 115.—Density in Grams per Cubic Centimeter and Pounds per Cubic Foot of Various Alloys

Grams Pounds
Alloy per cubic | per cubic
centimeter foot

Brasses: Yellow, 70Cu + 30Zn, cast 527
rolled 8. 56 534

8.70 542
Red, g0Cu + 10Zn 8.60 536

White, 50Cu + 50Zn 8.20 511
Bronzes: goCu + 10Sn 8.78 548
- 85Cu + 15Sn 8.89 555

f 80Cu + 20Sn 8.74 545

Hy 75Cu + 25Sn 8.83 551
German Gree Chinese, 26.3Cu + 36.6Zn + 36.8Ni 8.30 518
es Berlin (1) 52Cu + 26Zn + 22Ni 8.45 527

it * ‘* (2) 59Cu + 30Zn + 11Ni 8.34 520

zs te (3) 63Cu + 30Zn + 6Ni 8.30 518

f ‘* Nickelin 8.77 547
Lead and Tin: 87.5Pb + 12.5Sn 10.60 661
el eer oa by aToon : 644
77.8Pb + 22.25n : 627

63.7Pb + 36.3Sn 588

x

“cc “cc

46.7Pb + 53-3Sn . 545

30.5Pb + 69.5Sn : 514
Bismuth, Lead, and Cadmium: 53Bi + 40Pb + 7Cd............ : 659
Wood’s Metal: 50Bi + 25Pb + 12.5Cd + 12.5Sn : 605
Cadmium and Tin: 32Cd + 68Sn i 480
Gold and Copper: g8Au + 2Cu
g6Au + 4Cu
“ ‘c ‘ 94Au 45 6Cu
ee goAu + 10Cu
: 86Au + 14Cu
Aluminum and Copper: Al + g0Cu

“a “ec “cc

Aluminum and Zinc: 91Al + 9Zn
Platinum and Iridium: 90Pt + tolr
85Pt + 15Ir
i oa + 8866.67Pt—- 33-33)r
Carboloy
Constantan: 60Cu + 4oNi
Magnalium: 70Al + 30Mg
Manganin: 84Cu + 12Mn + 4Ni
Monel metal
Platinoid: German silver + little Tungsten
Stellite: Co 59.5; Mo 22.5; Cr 10.8; Fe 3.1; Mn 2.0; C 0.9; Sio.8...

TABLE 116.—Density (g/cm’) of some foreign woods on the American market
(See also pages 132-135 and 161.)

Gardner i i Boulger
Bullet-wood, Guiana : - Boulger Orange Wood ms
Boxwood, West Indian....} . 5 i. Padouk
Carpenter || Prima Vera.... Sein 5o Howard
: U.S.F.P.L. || Purple-heart e 4 Boulger
Cedar, Spanish : is Quebracho a
Cocobola ‘ Boulger Rosewood, Brazil
Stone Rosewood, Honduras
Boulger i
Koa Howard Snakewood
EAnees. Red f Gardner Tamarind
Mahogany, African : Boulger Tanguile : : Gardner

“ce

“ee

“ce

“ce

Mahogany, E. Indian : - Wallaba EC : Boulger

“ee

ae

Table prepared by W. M. N. Watkins, U. S. National Museum

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

164 TABLE 117
DENSITY OF VARIOUS NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL MINERALS

Density in Sp. vol.
Name and formula grams in cm’ Reference
per cm? per gram

Oxides

Corundum Al2O3 art
Lime CaO art
Magnesia MgO art
Ferrous oxide FeO art
Hematite Fe20O;
Magnetite Fe3O4
Quartz SiO2 nat

art
Cristobalite SiOz art
Vitreous silica
Rutile TiOe
Ilmenite (FeTi)203

Sillimanite AlxO3.SiO2
Mullite 3Al2O3. 2SiO2 art
Albite NaAISizOs art
Anorthite CaAlsSisOs art

OligoclaseyAb7sAinss: < tbce cr nt ee on Cee Deane eae
Orthoclase KAISi30s>

Microcline

a — Ca2SiOs art i -307
B — CaeSiOs art 3.27 -306
y — Ca2SiOs art 2.965 +3373

Calcium Metasilicates

a — CaSiO; (¥ — Wollastonite) art 2.004 +3444
B — CaSiO; (Wollastonite) art 2 2.906 -3441
Diopside CaSiO3.MgSiOz 3.257 -3070
o a 3.265 -3063
Enstatite MgSiO3; art 3.166 «3159
se (MgSiOs) ss (FeSiOs)12 3.254 +3073
Hypersthene (MgSiOs) 70 (FeSiOs) 30 3.415 -2928
Forsterite Mg2SiO. 3.223 -3103
Fayalite FezSiOs art 4.28 +234
Garnet—grossularite 3.544 -2822
a almandite 4.160 +2404
Jadeite 3.328 «3005

Miscellaneous Substances

Borax, Anhydrous, NazBsO; art 2.27 -440
CaCOs3; aragonite or) 2.032 -3411
CaCQOs3; calcite 2.7102 -3688
CaF>2; fluorite 3.180 -3145
3-516 -2844
NaCl; rock salt 2.1632 -4623
Na2SO,V ; thenardite art 2.664 -3754
Naz2SO,III art 2.607 -3708
KCl; fine powder art 1.984 -5040
Pyrite FeS2 5.012 -1995
Marcasite eSotinny.< so cieeis eta es Cee Ee een eee 4.873 -2052

(1) Day and Allen, 1905. (2) Day and Shepherd, 1906. (3) Allen, Wright and Clement, 1906. (4) Allen
and White, 1909. (5) Larsen, 1909. (6) Bowen, 1912. (7) Johnston and Adams, tort. (8) Merwin, 19IT.
(9) Allen and Crenshaw, tort. (10) Busz and Riisberg, 1913. (11) Madelung and Fuchs, 1921. (12)
Adams and Williamson, 1923. (13) Rinne, 1923. (14) Pauling and Hendricks, 1925. (15) Wyckoff and
Crittenden, 1925. (16) Greig (unpublished). (17) Aurousseau and Merwin, 1928. (18) Adams and Gibson,
xo29: (19) Kracek and Gibson, 1929. (20) Bjeljankin, 1927. (21) DeFoe and Compton, 1925. (22)

osman, 1927.

a X-ray diffraction data.
b Calculated from density and composition of adularia.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 118

DENSITY OF LIQUIDS

Density or mass in grams per cubic centimeter and in pounds per cubic foot of various liquids.

Liquid.

Acetone ;
Alcohol, ethyl
methyl

Aniline
Benzene
Bromine ;
Carbolic acid (crude)
Carbon disulphide
Chloroform . ;
Cocoa-butter

Ether . 5
Gasoline

Glycerine

Japanwax .

Milk :
Naphtha (wood) .

Naphtha (petroleum ether).

Oils: Amber
Anise-seed .
Camphor
Castor
Clove
Cocoanut
Cotton Seed
Creosote
Lard
Lavender
Lemon
Linseed (boiled) .
Neat’s foot. ss
Olive .

Palm ; ‘
Pentane . ;
“cc

Peppermint
Petroleum . 2
s pent
ee :
Popp
Raped fenudeyi
G (refined)
Resin . ,
Sperm
Soya-bean :

Train or Whale.
Turpentine.
Valerian
Wintergreen
Pyroligneous acid
Water . .

165

Grams per

cubic centimeter.

Pounds per

cubic foot.

Bie” (Or 6) 8) 8), 1016, ele") Sa) a), (8. ee). 8

eeeee ff © @ © © © © © © © © @

Og OO nO WORN Ong OO" 16) ey fertie® ier 0

Oe 10 '2) le; 58) 40) 0. 8 Oe). (a) (6) (O46) 6) Oe 6. (0) (0) (0) ce. ee. e 0..'0) 6 0) ‘0. 6: see tex (6: 50. 0) «e686, (0 1e) © 40 “6 “euse ie. 18 6

0.792
0.807
0.810
1.035
0.899
3.187

0.950-0.965
1-293
1.489
0.857
0.736

0.66-0.69
1.260
0.875

1 .028-1 .035

0.848-0.810
0.665
0.800
0.996
0.910
0.969

-04-1 .06
0.925
0.926

I.040-I.100
0.920
0.877
0.844
0.942

0.Q13-.917
0.918
0.905
0.650
0.623
0.90-.92

0.878

0.795-0.805

0.850-0.860
0.924
0.915
0.913
0.955
0.88
0.919
0.906

0.918-0.925
0.873
0.965
1.18
0.800
1.000

SCUSGO! Oe OUR OL 10 0°10" 10) Je ‘ele ey 16). Se) oe 6) ey ie. Ke. <0) Yee, (4) je. -@:-.0) -6:..6 ‘0 0) ‘e: 10.6) Je) ‘6: 0) ‘e). 0 (¢

49.4
50.4
50.5
64.5
50.1
199.0

59.2-60.

80.6
93.0
53-5
45.9

410-43.

78.6
54.6

64.2-64.6
52.9-50.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

6

eH

166 Tas.ie 119
DENSITY OF PURE WATER FREE FROM AIR. O° TO 41° G

[Under standard pressure (76 cm), at every tenth part of a degree of the international hydrogen scale from 0° to 41°
C, in grams per milliliter 1]

Tenths of Degrees.

0.999 8681 887 8936
9267 9405 | 9452
9679 9769 | 9796
9922 9962 3

lee
1.000 0000 *9992 | *9986

0.999 9919 9864 9842

9682 9582 | 9545
9296 QI5I | g100
8764 8577 | 8512
8091 7863 | 7784

O ON Ou fWNHO

7282 7014 | 6921
6331 8 6020 | 5913
5248 4898 | 4780
4040 3654 | 3523
2712 2289 | 2147

1266 0809 | 0655
0.998 9705 9214, 9048
8029 7505 | 7328
6244 5686 | 5498
4347 3757 | 3558

2343 17/22 | TS in
0233 *9580 | *9359
0.997 8019 7335 | 7104
5702 4983 | 4747
3286 2 2541 | 2201

bw NNN HN

CON Qn hWNnNHO

0770 *9997 | *9736
0.996 8158 7356 7087
5451 4620) 4342
2052 | 2 1793) 1505
0.995 9761 8876 | 8579

by NN NH

2
\o

6780 5869) 5564
3714 2776| 2462
o561 #9599 | *9276
0.994 7325 6338 | 6007
4007 2997 | 2659

Ww
=O

~)

WwW
Pw et

o610 *9576 | *9230
0.993 7136 6078 | 5725
38 2505| 2144

8559 | 8490
5140) 4765

Ww
Our

1352) 0971

0.991 8661

1 According to P. Chappuis, Bureau international des Poids et Mesures, Travaux et Mémoires, 13; 1907.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

Tas.ie 120 167

VOLUME IN CUBIC CENTIMETERS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES OF A
CUBIC CENTIMETER OF WATER FREE FROM AIR AT THE
TEMPERATURE OF MAXIMUM DENSITY. 0° TO 36° CG

Hydrogen Thermometer Scale

1.0001 32
073
032
008
000

008
032
070
124
tgI

272
367
476
596
729

873
1.001031

198

378
568

769
981
1.002203
430
679

N NNN NN

O CON ON PWHRO

932
1.003195
467
749
1.004041

Rb NNN

341
651
968
1.005296
631

975

Reciprocals of the preceding table.
Influence of Pressure *

kg/cm? O=€ 20° C 40° C kg/cm? 20° C 40° C
I I.0000 I.0016 1.0076 7,000 0.8404 0.8485
500 9771 -9808 .9873 8,000 8275 .8360

1,000 9578 .9630 -9700 Q,000 .8160 .8240
2,000 .9260 .9327 -9403 10,000 — 8149
3,000 .QOI5 -9087 -9164 I1I,000 _ .8056
5,000 .8632 .8702 8778 12,000 _ -7906
6,000 8480 8545 -8623 12,500 = -7922

* Williamson, Change of Physical Properties with Pressure, J. Frank. Inst. 193, p. 491, 1922.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

168 TaBLe 121

DENSITY AND VOLUME OF WATER
—10° TO +250° C
The mass of one cubic centimeter at 4° C is taken as unity.

Temp. C.| Density. Volume. Temp. C.| Density. Volume.

—10° : 1.00186 | 0.99406 1.00598
—0) 8 } | 22
—8 131 ||
—7 108
—6 | 088

—5 0.99930 | 1.00070 | 0.99225
4 945 055 | 187
a 955 042 147
—2 970 O31 107
—I 979 O21 066

0.99987 1.00013 0.99025 1.00985
993 007 0.98982 1.01028
997 cos 940 072
999 oor || 896 116

1.00000 1.00000 852 162

+

O COONOAM pwn Oo

0.99999 1.00001 |} 0.98807 1.01207
997 003 | 762 254
993 Co7 715 gfou
988 oi2 669 349
981 O19 398

0.99973 1.00027 |Ij 1.01448
963 037 || 795
952 048 | 979
940 o60 | 7 y } 1.02270
927 073 || 576

_
_

0.99913 1.00087 |] 2 5 1.02899
397 103 1.03237
880 120 590
862 138 c 959
843 || 9553 1.04343

0.99823 1.00177 ||| y 1.0515
802 198 || : 1.0601
780 220 || r 1.0693
757 244 | 92 1.0794
733 268 | e 1.0902

0.99708 1.00293 | : -1019
682 320 || ; 1145
655 347 -1279

of) 875 .1429

404 | SZ -1590

-177

From — 10° to 0° the values are due to means from Pierre, Weidner, and
Rosetti; from o° to 41°, to Chappuis, 42° to 100°, to Thiesen; r1o° to 250°, to
means from the works of Ramsey, Young, Waterston, and Hirn.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 122
DENSITY AND VOLUME OF MERCURY

— 10° to + 360°C
Density or mass in grams per cubic centimeter, and the volume
in cubic centimeters of one gram of mercury.

Mass in Volume of || Massin Volume of
grams per| 1 gram in grams per| 1tgram in
cu. cm. cu. cms. || cu. cm. cu. cms.

| 0.0734225 13.5213 | 0.0739572
4358 5189 9705
4492 5164 9839
4626 5140 9973
4759 5116 40107

.0734893 . 5091 .0740241
5026 5066 0374
5100 5042 0508
5293. 5018 0642
5427 4994 0776

.0735560 . 4909 .0740910
5694 4725 2250
5828 4482 3592
5961 4240 4936
6095 3998 6282

.0736228 «3723 | 0.0747631
6362 3515 8081
6496 3279 50305
6629 3040 1653
6763 2801 3002

0736893 | .2563 | 0.0754°54
7030 2326 5708
7164 2090 7064
7298 || 1853 8422
7431 1617 9784

-0737565 . 1381 .O761149
7699 1145 2516
7832 ogIo 3886
7966 0677 5260
8100 0440 6637

0738233 3.0206 | 0.0768017
8367 -9972 9402
8501 9738 7090
8635 9504 2182
8768 9270 3579

-0738902 || .9036 | 0.0774979
9036 8803 6385
9170 8569 7795
9304 i) 68336 9210
9437 | 8102 80630

.0739571 || ! .7869 | 0.0782054
7635 3485
7402 | 4921

Based upon Thiesen und Scheel, Tatigkeitber. Phys.-Techn. Reichsanstalt,
1897-1898; Chappuis, Trav. Bur. Int. 13, 1903. Thiesen, Scheel, Sell;
Wiss. Abh. Phys.-Techn. Reichsanstalt 2, p. 184, 1895, and 1 liter
=1.000027 cu. dm.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

170 TaBLe 123
DENSITY OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS *

The following table gives the density of solutions of various salts in water. The numbers give the weight in
grams per cubic centimeter. For brevity the substance is indicated by formula only.

Weight of the dissolved substance in 100 parts by weight of

the solution. Oo
Substance. a Authority.
co
5 10 15 20 25 30 40 | 5° 60 a
K,0 . . . «| 1.047] 1.098] 1.153] 1.214 | 1.284] 1.354] 1-503] 1-659| 1.809|15. | Schiff.
|KOH . .. .| 1.040] 1.082] 1.127 | 1.176] 1.229 | 1.286) 1.410] 1.538 | 1.666 5. ss
|NagO . . .|1.073| 1.144] 1.218 | 1.284] 1.354 | 1.421 | 1.557 | 1-689 | 1.829] 15. a
NaOH . . .|1.058| 1.114] 1.169 | 1.224] 1.279 1 33) 1.436| 1.539] 1-642] 15. "
NH3. - . .|0.978|0.9§9|0.940| 0.924 | 0.909 | 0.596] —- - - |16. | Carius.
|NH,C] . . .| 1.015] 1.030] 1.044] 1.058] 1.072| — ~ - -— |15. | Gerlach.
[KCL .°*.. $6) Sieg |1:665))t000)| 12135) — - ~ ~ — |15. .
NEKO 65 5. TOAG| rey || Hol UO| Mer Fo| Tne || = - - — |15. a
LiCl 2 2 Pa) eile020 | 1.057, |(1-085)| Mann) iran) pr Om |. 2515 -— |I5. a
CaClh . .*.| 2.041 |\1.086) 1.132) 1.18% | 1.232)|1.286|'1.402) = - |15 s
eee omee 1.019 | 1.040 | 1.061 | 1.083] 1.105 | 1.128 | 1.176] 1.225] 1.276] 18. | Schiff.
INE a> 1.030 | 1.072 | 1.111] 1.153] 1.196] 1.241 1.340) — — |15. | Gerlach.
MgClo . 1.041 | 1.085 | 1.130] 1.177 | 1.226|1.278] — - — |I5. if
MClo-+6ti20 1,014 | 1.032 | 1.049 | 1.067 | 1.085 | 1.103] 1.141 | 1.183] 1.222] 24. | Schiff.
ZC) See 1.043 | 1.089 | 1.135 | 1-184] 1.236] 1.289 | 1.417 | 1.563 | 1-737 | 19-5] Kremers.
CdClp . . «| 1.043] 1.087 | 1.138] 1.193] 1.254 | 1-319 | 1.469] 1.653] 1.887 | 19.5 &
SiG@loeme.s 1.044 | 1.092 | 1.143] 1.198] 1.257 | 1-321] | — elo tise Gerlach.
SrClo + 6H,0 1.027 | 1.053] 1.082] 1.111 | 1.042] 1-174] 1.242]1.317] -- |15 “
BEKEI 5 1.045 | 1.094 | 1.147 | 1.205] 1.2 = - ~ =) a) ris s§
BaClo+ 2H20 1.035 | 1.075 | 1.119| 1.166] 1.217] 1-273] — - — |21. | Schiff.
WiGuGl 2S a ltodal oon |marts 5-220 T2o T(r 3O0! T5277) | — |17.5| Franz.
INIE@IS) co ko) -al 0-04 8)'1-098) |ali5 7, ||1-223))1-200)|) — - - — |17.5 s¢
Ele Cp aroma ey POA | 12002)|Nne— = - - - - — |20. | Mendelejeff.
FeoCle . . .| 1.041 | 1.086] 1.130] 1.179| 1.232] 1.290 | 1.413] 1.545| 1-668 |17.5) Hager.
PtCla. . bo) 2 \'r046') ¥,097))1-053)| 1-204 n.285)| 1.3021 1.540) rs705 |) > rt | || Keene.
SnClo + 2H20 | 1.032 | 1.067 | 1.104] 1.143] 1.185 | 1-229] 1.329] 1.444] 1-580] 15. | Gerlach.
SnCl4 + 5H20 1.029 | 1.058 | 1.089 | 1.122] 1.157 | 1.193 | 1.274 | 1.365 | 1.467 | 15. “|
(eB ee 1.033] 1.070] I.1I1| 1.154] 1.202 | 1.252] 1.366|1.498] — |19.5| Kremers.
KBr 1. he) A 0g'5)| 1-073) |t-B 14] CPS) e208) 1.2541) 1-404 | - |19.5
NaBr . . .| 1.038] 1.078] 1.123] 1.172] 1.224 | 1.279| 1.408] 1.563] — |19.5 as
MgBre . . .{1.041| 1.085] 1.135 | 1.189] 1.245] 1.308] 1.449]1.623] - | 19.5
ZnBrg . . .|1.043) 1.091 | 1.144 | 1-202 | 1.263 | 1.328 | 1.473 | 1-648 | 1.873 | 19.5 ae
CdBrg . . .| 1.041] 1.088] 1.139] 1-197 | 1.258 | 1.324 1.479|1 678} - 119.5 “«
CaBre . % .«|1.042) 1.087) 1.137) 1-192) 2.250] 1.313] 1-459 1-039) - — ||19-5 ef
BaBrg . ~ «| 1.043] 1.090] 1.142 | 1.199| 1.260 | 1.327 | 1.483| 1.683} — | 19.5 ‘§
SrBrg . « «| 1.043] 1.089] 1.140] 1.198 | 1.260 | 1.328 | 1.489 | 1-693 | 1-953 | 19-5 ¢
KI . . . .[1.036] 1.076] 1.118 | 1.164] 1.216 | 1.269 | 1.394 | 1.544 | 1-732] 19-5 s
Lil . . . .{1.036] 1.077 | 1.122] 1-170| 1.222] 1.278] 1.412} 1.573] 1-775] 19-5 as
Nal . . .. .|1.038| 1.080] 1.126] 1.177 | 1.232 | 1.292 | 1.430 | 1.595 | 1.808 | 19.5
Za wee aces 1.043 | 1.089 | 1.138 | 1-194 | 1.253 | 1.316] 1.467 | 1.648 / 1.873} 19.5) “
CdIg. . . «| 1.042] 1.086] 1.136] 1.192 | 1.251 | 1.317|1.474|1.678| — | 19.5 a
Mgl,. . . -|1.041| 1.086] 1.137 | 1-192] 1.252 | 1.318] 1.472] 1.666] 1.913] 19.5)
Calg. . . «| 4.042| 1.088] 1.138] 1-196] 1.258 | 1.319] 1.475 | 1-663 | 1.908 | 19.5 <
SrIz . . . «| 1.043] 1-089] 1.140 | 1.198 | 1.260 | 1.328 | 1.489 | 1.693 | 1-953] 19-5 ss
Balz . . . .| 1.043] 1.089] 1.141 | I-199| 1.263] 1.331 | 1-493 | 1-702 | 1-968] 19.5 a
NaClO3. . «| 1.035] 1.068] 1.106] 1-145] 1.188 | 1.233] 1.329] — = ||To:5)) ©
NaBrOg. . .| 1.039] 1.081 | 1.127 | 1-176] 1.229|1.287| — - - |19.5| “
|KNOg . . .|1.031| 1.064] 1.099/1-135| — - - ~ - |15. | Gerlach.
NaNOg. . .|1.031| 1.065] 1.101 | 1.140] 1.180 | 1.222 | 1.313 1.416] —- | 20.2] Schiff.
AgNO3.. . .|1.044| 1.090] 1.140] I.195| 1.255 | 1.322| 1.479 | 1-675 | 1-918 | 15. Kohlrausch.

* Compiled from two papers on the subject by Gerlach in the “‘ Zeit. fiir Anal. Chim.,” vols. 8 and 27.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 1 23 (continued) 17!
DENSITY OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

Weight of the dissolved substance in 100 parts by weight of
the solution.

Substance.

NH4NOz3
Zn(NOs)2 ;
Zn(NO3)2 +6H2O0
Ca(NOs)e
Cu(NOs)o

Sr(NOs)2
Pb(NOs)2
Cd(NOs)o
Co(NOs)2
Ni(NOsz)2

Feo(NOsg)¢ -
Mg(NOs)2-+6H2O
Mn(NOs)2+6H20
Ke C@grt:

KeCO3 = BHO!

NagC O310H2O
(NH4)2S04
Fes(S@i)a LOSE;
FeSO,+7H20 .
MgSQ,'. . .
MgSO4 + 7H2O .
Na SO4 + 10H2O
CuSO4+ 5H20.
MnSO4+4H20 .
ZnSO4+7H20 .

Feo(SO4)3+ KeSO4
24 rIG@) ess
Cro(SO4)g* K2SO4
4 24H20 .
MgSO4 + KoSO4
26H.O . .
(NH4)2 SO4 ot
FeSO, + 6H20
KoCrO, . 4

KyCr2O7
Fe(Cy)gk4 .
Fe(Cy)sK3 a) eas
Pb(C2Ho0) Ep

3 :
2NaOH zs As.Os
+24H,0 . .

SOs
SOz
SC nie.
C4HegO¢ .
CEba@r -

Cane sugar.

25

Authority.

10

20

. | 1-040] 1.084

1.013] 1.028
1.033] 1.069
1.021 | 1.047
1.018 | 1.038

. | 1.019 | 1.039

1.025] 1.050

. | 1.035] 1.073
. | 1.037 | 1.077

| 1.032 | 1.069

. | 1.040 | 1.082

a @) cs ke eke ane
P.Os o 3H2O .
IBN (OFE MS
CoH4O2 .

SmitHSONIAN TABLES.

8

. | 1.035 | 1.077
. | 1.027 | 1.057

1.028 | 1.056
1.007 | 1.014

1.179
1.063
I.141
1.096
1.079
1.082
1.101
I
I
I
I
I
I

158
165
145

Bley
119
1.086 | I.
1.088 | I.

167

1.021 | 1.028 | I.

“I
a eae

2| Schiff.

Gerlach.
Franz.
Oudemans.
Gerlach.
Franz.

Kremers.
Gerlach.
Franz.

“cc

Schiff.
Oudemans.
Gerlach.

“ce

Schiff.
Hager.

Gerlach.

Schiff.
Gerlach.
Schiff.

Franz.

Kremers.
Schiff.

a“

Gerlach.
Schiff.

Brineau.
Schiff.
Kolb.
Gerlach.

“cc

Kolb.
Topsoe.

Kolb.

Stolba.
Hager.
Schiff.
Kolb.
Oudemans.

ne TABLE 124

DENSITY OF MIXTURES OF ETHYL ALCOHOL AND WATER IN GRAMS
PER MILLILITER

The densities in this table are numerically the same as specific gravities at the various temperaturesin terms of water
at 4° C asunity. Based upon work done at U. S. Bureau of Standards. See Bulletin Bur. Stds. vol. 9, no. 3; con-

tains extensive bibliography; also Circular rg, 1913.

Temperatures. |

by weight roo. 15o1C; ; BEG:

0.99973 | 9.99913 0.99708
785 725 520
602 542 330
426 365 157
258 195 .98954

098 032 : 817
.98946 98877 780 656
801 729 500
660 584 346
524 442 193

393 304 043
267 171 97897
145 O41 : 753
026 97914 611
“97, 9 EL 79° 472

800 669 334
692 552 199
583 433 062
473 313 96923
363 I9I : 782

10 ON Qui fWNHe O

252 068 639
139 -96944 2 495
024 818 348
-96907 689 199
787 558 048

bow NN YD
OO

WN

665 424
539 287
406 144
95996

844

I2

bY HNN
10 CONI Qn

686
823 524
665 357
502 186
oll

94832
650
464
273

079

193882
682
478
271
062

92852
6

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 1 24 (continued) I 73

DENSITY OF MIXTURES OF ETHYL ALCOHOL AND WATER IN CRAMS
PER MILLILITER

Temperature.
Per cent

C,H;OH
eer rol: : 20° C. ZEOles

|
|
|

0.92162 : 0.91384 0.9098 5
160 760

-90936 534
711 397
485 079

258 89850
031 621
89803 392
574 162
344 .88931

113 699
88882 466
650 233
417 -0799)
183 763

87948 527
713 ZO
477 054

241 86817

004 S79)

340
37 100
85859
618
376

134
84891
647
493

>

158

ums
Oo
uns

oo

&
Oo
wr

“SIO NUN
SI DN NN
“NI C~NIUn tv

83911
664
415
164

82913

660
40
14
81888
626
362

094
80823

549
272

fore)

Oo

‘79991
706
415
117

78814

506

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

174 TABLE 125

DENSITY OF AQUEOUS MIXTURES OF METHYL ALCOHOL, CANE SUGAR,
OR SULFURIC ACID

Per cent
by weight

1 of

substance.

Methyl

Alcohol.

Dc.

4°

Cane
Sugar.
20°
See p. 175

Sulphuric
Acid.

Per cent
by weight
of

Methyl
Alcohol.

substance. 4

D 22:

Cane
Sugar.
20°
See p. 175

Sulphuric
Acid.
20 x
D-5 CG:

O ON OQU PWHHO

0.99913
-997 27
99543
99379
-99198
.99029
.98864
.98701
-98547
98394
98241
-98093
97945
.97802
-97 660

97 518
97377
-97 237
-97046
96955
.96814
.9667 3
90533
.96392
.96251
.96108
95963
95817
.9 5668
95518

-95366
95213
95050
.94896
-947 34

-94570
94404
94237
.94067
-93894
‘93720
93543
93365
93185
93001
92815
.92627
.92436
.92242

.g2048
91852

0.998234

1.002120
T.00601 5

1.009934
1,01 3881

1.017854
1.021855
1.025885
1.029942
1.034029
1.038143
1.042288
1.046462
1.050665
1.054900

1.059165
1.063460
1.067789
1.072147
1.076537

1.080959
1.085414
1.089900
1.094420
1.09897 I
1.103557
1.108175
112828
17512
122231
126984
131773
.136596
-T41453
-146345
151275
156238
.161236
.166269
.171340
-176447
181592
186773
-191993
-197 247
.202540
.207870
1.213238
1.218643
1.224086

1.229567

mee tee

_

1.00506
1.01178
1.01839
1.02500
1.03168
1.03843
1.04527
1.05216
1.05909
1.06609
1.07314
1.08026

1.08744
1.09468

10199
.10936

.11679
12428
13183

-13943
-14709
15480
16258
17041
.17830
.18624
19423
20227
.21036

.21850
22669
-23492
.24320
25154
25992
.208 36
27685
1.28543
1.29407
1.30278
LeQUnisy7
1.32043
1.32938
1.33843
1.34759
1.35686
1.36625
1.37574
1.38533

1.39595

~

mee mee
* sie . .

=

0.91852
91653
Q1451
-91248
‘91044
.908 39
.90631
90421
.90210
.89996
89781
89563
89341
SOQ1I7
88890
.88662
88433
88203
87971
87739
87507
87271
87033
86792
86546

.86300
86051
85801

85551
.85300

85048
84794
84536
84274
.84009
83742
33475
83207
82937
.82667
82396
82124
81849
81568
81285
-80999
80713
.80425
80143
79859
79577

.229567
235085
240041
.246234
251866

ese
‘268980
274774
.280595
286456
"202354
298291
304267
.310282

-316334
322425
-325554
+3347 22
.340928
-347174
-353456
-359778
.3061 39
1.372536
1.378971
1.385446
1.391956
1.398505
1.405091
1.411715
1.418374
1.425072
1.431807
1.438579

1.445388
1.452232
1.459114
1.466032
1.472986

1.479976
1.487002
1.494063
1.501158
1.508289
1.515455
1.522656
1.529891
1.537161
1.544462
1.551800

Pmt et te ttt tte tt tte pay

_

1.39505
1.40487
1.41481
1.42487
1.43503

1.44530
1.45568
1.46615
1.47673
1.48740
1.49818
1.50904
1.51999
1.53102
1.54213
1.55333
1.56460
1.57595
1.58739
1.59890
1.61048
1.62213
1.63384
1.64560
1.65738
1.66917
1.68095
1.69268
1.70433
1.71585
1.72717
1.73827
1.74904
1.75943
1.76932
1.77860
1.78721
1.79509
1.80223
1.80864

1.81438
1.81950
1.82401
1.82790
1.83115
1.83368
1.83548

1.83637
1.83605

(1) Calculated from the specific gravity determinations of Doroschevski and Rozhdestvenski at
15°/15°C; J. Russ., Phys. Chem. Soc., 41, p. 977, 1909. pt

(2) According to Dr, F. Plato; Wiss. Abh. der K. Normal-Eichungs-Kommission, 2, p. 153, 1900.

(3) Calculated from Dr. Domke’s table; Wiss. Abh. der K. Normal-Eichungs-Kommission,

, p. 131, 1900.
5 31, 19
All reprinted from Circular 19, U.S. Bureau of Standards, 1913.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 126 175
DENSITY, BRIX, AND BAUME DEGREES, OF CANE SUGAR SOLUTIONS

Degrees Brix, Specific Gravity, and Degrees Baumé of Sugar Solutions.
Degrees Brix = Per cent Sucrose by Weight. 3
Specific Gravities and Degrees Baumé corresponding to the Degrees Brix are for G

145

The relation between the specific gravity and Degrees Baumé is given by Degrees Baumé = 145 — ————~2—.
specific gravity

' Peerees
egrees rix or SoU
Baumé per cent Spee)
(modu- sucrose Sean
lus 145) 20°/20°C

Degrees Peerecs
Brix or . Degrees rix or Grant
per cent Specific Baumé per cent Specific
sucrose SrAVALY, on (modu- sucrose Brava Ly, oe
by 20°/20' lus 145) ; 209/20
weight weight

Degrees
Baumé
(modu-
lus 145)

40.
at
42.
43-
44.
45-
46.
47
48.
49.

0000000000
See ee ee Re Oe
Se ee OO OO

O0 ON ANHWHHO
NwWWNHNHHH OO
0000000000
Se ee ee ee Oe oe
0000000000

50.
Shee
52.
53-
54
55
56
57-
58.

.o
-o
-O
.o
.o
Oo
-o
Oo
-O
.O

on ee |
©000000000
i ee |
0000000000

O00 COrI331 DOM
HHH HHH HHH

moe

o
-

0000000000
0000000000
SO Ot Ot ot

we OR

0000000000
0000000000
St OO

Catenin!

The above table is abridged from Bureau of Standards Technologic Paper No. 115. The original table is given in
steps of o.1 Degrees Brix.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

176 TABLE 127
DENSITY OF GASES

The following table gives the density as the weight in grams of a liter (normal liter) of
the gas at o°C, 76 cm pressure, and standard gravity, 980.665 cm/sec.?, (sea-level, 45°
latitude), the specific gravity referred to dry, carbon-dioxide-free air, and to pure oxygen,
and the weight in pounds per cubic foot. Dry, carbon-dioxide-free air is of remarkably
uniform density; Guye, Kovacs and Wourtzel found maximum variations in the density of
only 7 to 8 parts in 10,000. For highest accuracy pure oxygen should be used as the standard
gas for specific gravities. Observed densities are closely proportional to the molecular
weights. The following table was prepared by the Gas Chemistry Section, Bur. Standards,

1929.

yas rm Air =I 2=1 : H
: pau cubic
grams Gab 4
INIT ESS geacg tact ere tee sila 1.2929 1.0000 9047 ee OSO 7 mal
Acetylene niats iano: &. ceuacicion C2He ren 73 -907 28208) -07322) 1
Ammonia see oo sc okie toe NH; a7 7LO) -5963 -5395 .04813
IAT ONES. crsteyepsaierueral es Ek ere A 1 O37) a AL 7 OOnN L242 a5) ae
VABIITE 8.0 Wo Nello ods ee ee AsH; 3.48 2.69 2.44 27, I
IBTItATIC-1SO}, ..Aiyavarrn susiecckekerehe CaHio 2.673 2.067 1.870 .1669 I
Butane meee een aiesie. «Gaeta C4Hio fe aioe 2.0854") T.886s" 3157257 5,6
Garbonidioxides ... S.'cesie CO, 1:9769 | “T5200 11-3834 0812341 |
Carbon monoxides..-aeeacdeee CO 1.2504 .9671 8750 .07806 I
Garbonioxysulphides.e cane COS 2.72 2.10 1.90 .170 I
Ghiorine 2h ee ene aaoe: Cle 3.214 2.486 2.249 .2006 I
Chlorine monoxide... &..- 4. Cl,0 3.89 3.01 2.72 243 I
Es thameteetoc os eee eee C.He 1.3566 1.0493 -9493 .08469 I
Ethylene erst we eee sentence C.H4 1.2604 -9749 .8820 .07868 I
BWOrne Sak acy oe eee ner F, 1.696 Tae 1.187 -1059 I
PACIIUITIL i, Bock creas oes He .17847 .13804 ~ .1248) -O1TI42 I
Fiydrogen). peels arte He .08988 .06952 .06290 .00561I I
Hydrogen bromide. =. 5222. - HBr 3.6445 2.8189 2.5503 .22752 I
Hydrogen chloride........... HCl 126392 9 91-2678) 0 Herd 7. 1oe 0232 eel
Eiydrocensiodidesee rae a eto HI 5-78901 4.4776 4.0510 -36140 I
Hydrogen selenide........... H2Se 3.670 2.839 2.568 .229 I
Hydrogen sulphide.......... H2S 1.539 1.190 Te O77; .09608 iI
KGryEOMs ty a oie cao Se Kr 3.7038 2.863 2.595 2315 I
Miethane:. knees aoe eer eee: CH, -7163 5544 SSOlgue ee O4A75 nl
Monomethylamine........... CH3NH2_ 1.396 1.080 9769 .08715 I
Methylkchlonides ee. a. eon CH;Cl 2.3076 1.7848 1.6148 .14406 1
Miethylketh erence: eee an (CH:)20)))2:10908) ) 91-6318) 0r-47645 Taree ot
Methyl fluortdesee. «+ sea aneoe CH;F 125452) MelO5Tan OS lsum OOG46n mmr
INCOME Soccer pees ic Ae ee Ne .90035 .6963g .6300, .05620; 3
INitriCOxtdene tee ae ae NO 1.3402 1.0366 19378" -08367r
Nitrogen’: (chemi)... 92"). 223% No 1.25055 .96724 .875I0 .07806) 1,4
Nitrogen (atin) =) eerie Se: 1.2568 .9721 8795 .07846 I
INitrosylachlorides =. =o +e) NOG! 2.992 2.314 2.094 -1868 I
INGtTOUSIOXIGEZ 7. i. s sae Ais eNO 1.9778 1.5297 1.3840 .12347 I
Oxy nem cas ye ec can eve ae O, 1.42904 1.10527 1.0000 .089212 I
PhoOsphinest ) seek ce Aes PH; 1.5294 1.1829 1.0702 .0954s I
IPO DAM Ch nee mac parech neiecs coacheis C;Hs 2.020 1.562 1.414 -1261 I
Silicon! tetrahuoride o5..s..4- 4: SiF 4 4.684 3.623 3.278 2924 I
Sulphuridioxidemmnr seers SO, 219260) 2.202012 0482 S272.
ELEM OIE 5 vce Cl wae edehal eieheamevar ease xX 5.851 4.525 4.094 3653 I

* Both butane and air at 710 mm.

. Based on densities in I. C. T., 3, 3, 1928.

. Baxter and Starkweather, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 14, 57, 1928.
. Baxter and Starkweather, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 14, 50, 1928.
. Moles and Clavera, Z. Anorg. Allgem. Chem., 167, 49, 1927.

Bogaert, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 36, 384, 1927.
. Beckers, Bull. Soc. Chim, Belg., 36, 559, 1927.

QAMBWNH

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 128 AND 129 17

RELATIVE DENSITY OF MOIST AIR FOR DIFFERENT PRESSURES
AND HUMIDITIES

TABLE 128,—Values of a from h=1 to h=9, for the Computation of Different Values

of the Ratio of Actual to Normal Barometric Pressure

This gives the density of moist air at pressure h in terms of the same air at normal atmosphere pres-
sure. When air contains moisture, as is usually the case with the atmosphere, we have the
following equation for pressure term: h=B—o.378e, where e is the vapor pressure, and B the
corrected barometric pressure. When the necessary psychrometric observations are made the value
of e may be taken from Table 212 and theno.378e from Table 130, or the dew point may be found
and the value of 0.378e taken from Table 130.

ExAMPLES OF USE OF THE TABLE.

To find the value of + when hk = 75493
760

hi = 700 gives .g2105
ae

1 0.001 3158 .065739
“
2 0026316 ; -005263
3 -0039474 -3 “* .000395
754-3 -992497
4 Oe eets: ==
.006
2 Sous To find the value of x when 4 = 5.73
7 Goseenes R= S5 gives .0065789
} 7) 0009210
8 .0105263 .03 “© 0000395
9 -O118421 5-73 -0075394

|

TABLE 129,—Values of the logarithms of da for values of ” between 80 and 800

Values from 8 to 80 may be got by subtracting 1 fom the characteristic, and from o.8 to 8 by subtracting 2 from the
characteristic, and so on.

Values of log

4 9

80 | 1. : 1.03300 1.04347 | I. T.05368 | 1.05 1.06858 |
go| . : .08297 0922 Tilly. 10146] . -11482

100 | f.11919| 1.12351 | 1.12779 1.13622 | 1.14038 | 1.14449 | I. T.15661
I10| .16058| .16451| .16840] . 17609] . 8| .18364} . j 19473
120] .19837| .20197| .20555] . PAO) || A .21950| . : 22978
130 | .23313} -23646 23976] . | -24629| . 2215273) .2 5 . .26220
140| .26531| .20841| .27147| .2 eee rane .28354| -2 : 29237
150 | 1.29528 | 1.29816 | 1.30103 | I. | 1.30671 | T. T3023 0s (ie ie 1.32058
160] .32331| -32601| .32870| .33137)| .33403] - 233029)|— =< . -34707
170 -34904| .35218] .35471| - 3| 35074] - .36470| . : 37204
180 | .37446| .37686| .37926| . 38400] .38 .38870| . : 39505
190 | .39794| .40022| .40249| . .40699 | . heared Tele All is : 41804

200 | 1.42022 | 1.42238 | 1.42454 | I. .42882 | T. T-4'3305)||¥. : 1.43933 |
210) .4414t| .44347| -44552| - -44960| .45162| .45364| . -45903
220| .46161} .46358} .46554] . .46943| -4713 AAB2Oile ; -47902
230| .48091| .48280| .48467| . .48840] . -49210} . Bille 49758
240 | .49940} .50120] .50300| . 50658] . sSNA) 03] 51539

250 | 1.51713] 1.51886 | 1.52059 | I. -52402 | I. BS 27a ai lle 2) itis 1.53249
260 | -53416| .53583| -53749| - -54079| - -54407 | - 54894
270 | .55055| -55216] .55376| . -550694) . -56010| . : 56479
280 | .50634] .56789| .56944] . 57250) cs SSSI : 58008
290} .58158] .58308} .58457]| . SO75SiN 59048 | . ; 59486

300 1.59631 | 1.59775 | 1-59919 | I. 1.60206 | T. 1.60491 | 1.60632 | I. 1.60914
310 | .61055| .61195! .61334/ . OTO0T |e. .61887 | .62025]| .; 62298
320 | .62434| .62569| .62704| . .62973| . .63240| . ate 63638
330 .63770| -63901 | .64032 .64293| - -64553 | -64682 -64939 |
340 | .65067} .65194]| .65321 -65574| - .65826| . 66201

1

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

178 TABLE 129 (continued)
DENSITY OF MOIST AIR

Values of logarithms of 500 for values of 2 between 80 and 800

Values of log Le,
760

4 5

1.66325 | 1.66449 | 1.66573 | 1.66696 | 1.66819 | 1.66941 | 1.67064 | 1.67185 | 1.67307 | 1.67428
.67549| .67669| .67790| .67909| .68029| .68148| .68267| .68385| .68503) .68621
.68739| .68856| .68973| .69090| .69206| .69322| .69437| .69553| -69668) .69783
-69897 | .7001I | .70125| .70239] .70352| .70465| .70577| .70690| .70802| .70914
71025] -71136| .71247| .71358| .71468| .71578| .71688] .71798] .71907| .72016

1.72125 | 1.72233 | 1.72341 | 1.72449 | 1.72557 1.72664 | 1.72771 | 1.72878 | 1.72985 | 1.73091
-73197| - 73408 | -73514| -73619| .73723| -73828| 73932) -74036| .74140
-74244| . | -74450} -74553 74655 -74758| -74860| .74961| .75063| .75164
SIS ZOSi| es 75407 | -75567| -75663| .75768| .75867| .75967| .76066| .76165
-76264| . 76461) .76559| .76657) .76755| .76852| .76949| .77046| .77143

1.77240 | I. 1.77432 1.77528 1.77624 | 1.77720 | 1.77815 | 1.77910 | 1.78005 | 1.78100
-78194| . -78383 | -78477| .78570| .78664| .78757| -78850| .78943| .79036
79128] . 79313} -79405| -79496| -79588| -79679| .79770| .79861| .79952
80043] . .80223| .80313] .80403| .80493| .80582| .80672| .80761| .80850
80938 | . 81115| .81203] .81291] .81379|] .81467| .81554| .81642] .81729

1.81816 | T. 1.81989 | 1.82075 | 1.82162 | 1.82248 | 1.82334 | 1.82419 | 1.82505 | 1.82590
.82676| .82 82846] .82930] .83015| .83099| .83184| .83268) .83352| .83435
83519| . 83686] .83769] .83852] .83935| .84017| .84100] .84182]| .84264
84 346 ; 84510] .84591| .84673] .84754 848 3 3 .84916| .84997| .85076
85158 | .85238| .85319| .85309} .85479) .85558] .85638| .85717| .85797| .85876

1.85955 | 1.86034 | 1.86113 | 1.86191 | 1.86270 | 1.86348 | 1.86426 | 1.86504 | 1.86582 | 1.86660
86737 | .86815] .86892] .86969| .87047| .87123| .87200| .87277| .87353]| .87430
.87506| .87582] .87658| .87734| .87810| .87885] .87961| .88036| .88111| .88186
88261 | .88336| 88411] .88486) .88560| .88634| .88708| .88782| .88856] .88930

89004] .89077] .89151| .89224| .89297]| .89370] .89443| .89516|] .89589] .89661

1.897 34 | 1.89806 | 1.89878 | 1.89950 | 1.90022 | 1.90094 | 1.90166 | 1.90238 | 1.90309 | 1.90380
90452] -90523] .90594| .g0665} .90735] -90806| .90877]} .90947| .g1017| .g1088
-QI1158| .91228] .91298| .91367| -91437] .91507| .91576] .91645] .91715| .91784
91853] .91922] .91990] .92059| .92128| .92196| .g2264|] .92333] -92401]| .92469
92537 | -92604] .92672] .92740| .92807| .92875| .92942| -93009| .93076| .93143

1.93210 | 1.93277 | 1.93343 | 1-93410 | 1.93476 | 1.93543 | 1-93609 | 1.93675 | 1.93741 | 1.93807
-93873 | -93939| -94004| -94070| .94135| -94201| .94266/ .94331| .94396| .94461
94526] .94591| -94656| .94720| .94755| -94849| .94913] .94978| .95042| .95106
‘95170| .95233] -95297| -95361| -95424| -95488| .95551| .95614| .95677| .95741
.95804| .95866] .95929| .95992| .96055| .96117]| .g6180| .9g6242| .96304|] .96366

1.96428 | 1.96490 | 1.96552 | 1.96614 | 1.96676 | 1.967 38 | 1.96799 | 1.96861 | 1.96922 | 1.96983
97044] .97106| .97167| .97228| .97288| .97349| -97410] .97471| .97531] .97592
97652] .97712| .97772| -.97832| .97892| .97951| .98012] .98072| .98132] .g8191
98251 | .98310] .98370| .98429| .98488} .98547| .98606| .98665| .98724] .98783
-98842 | .98900] .98959| .99018| .99076| .99134| -99193] -99251| .99309| .99367

1.99425 | 1.99483 | 1.99540 | 1.99598 | 1.99656 | 1.99713 | 1.99771 | 1.99828 | 1.99886 | T.99942
0.00000 | 0 00057 | 0.00114 | 0.00171 | 0.00228 | 0.00285 | 0.00342 | 0.00398 | 0.00455 | 0.00511
00568 | .00624| .00680| .00737| .00793| .00849| .00905| .00961| .o1017| .o1072
01128] .01184] .01239| .01295| .01350| .01406] .o1461| .01516| .o1571| .01626
.O1681 | .01736] .o1791| .01846] .o1901| .01955| .02010] .02064| .02119| .02173

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLES 130 AND 131 179
DENSITY OF MOIST AIR

TABLE 130. — Values of 0.378e*

This table gives the humidity term 0.378e, which occurs in the equation 6 = 8
760
B — 0.378e

760
e; Jo is the density of dry air at normal temperature and barometric pressure, B the ob-
served barometric pressure, and h = B — 0.378e, the pressure corrected for humidity. For

for the calculation of the density of air containing aqueous vapor at pressure

A ; ‘ j bh
values of 560" see Table 128. Temperatures are in degrees Centigrade, and pressures in milli-

meters of mercury.

e e e

Vapor Dew Vapor Vapor

pressure i point. pressure pressure
(ice). (water). (water).

mm

.58
.g2
29
68
IO
54
OI
51
04
61
21
85
52
.24
-99
2.79
.64
54
-49
.49
55
.66
. 84
.09
. 40
a7o
.24

mm
31.86
33-74
35-72
37-78
39-95
42.2
44.62
47.13
49.76
G2asa
55-40
58.42
61.58
64.89
68.35
71.97
75-75
79.70
83.83
88.14
92.6
97.
102.
107.
Lie
118.
124.
130.
130.
142.
149.

mm

.029
054
og6
169
288
480
53°
585
646
712
783
862
-947
.O41
.142
252
-373
503
.644
-798
.964
-144
- 340
550
778
.025
. 291
.578
.887
. 220
. 580

°

on
\W

Oo SIAM WNHH ODT

=
ee

al
000 WHOIAN DAAUUNDA LE

=
e

HHH
Wh

oO He eS eS oe
HO COON DAMN

»
NS

h
h

ty
Ww

~)

b

=
OO WONININAANUKHAHPHHPWWWWWHNHNHNHND A Hoy

°
oO.
O.
O.
O.
oO.
Or
oO.
O.
O.
(of
oO.
°
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
2
2
ae
2.
3
3
3
3
4
4

HHMH HHH O00000000009009000900090000
i
4

* Table quoted from Smithsonian Meteorological Tables.
TABLE 131.— Maintenance of Air at Definite Humidities

Taken from Stevens, Phytopathology, 6, 428, 1916; see also Curtis, Bul. Bur. Standards, 11,
359, 1914; Dieterici, Ann. d. Phys. u. Chem., 50, 47, 1893. The relative humidity and vapor
pressure of aqueous vapor of moist air in equilibrium conditions above aqueous solutions of sul-
phuric acid are given below.

Vapor pressure. Vapor pressure.

Density of Relative Density of Relative
acid sol. humidity. Vere 30° C acid sol. humidity. 20°C

mm mm mm
ye oie I.30 58.
17. 39. T.35 47.
16. 29. 1.40 Bie
TS 28. TSO 18.
14. 25: 1.60 8.
rs 22. 1.70 BI.

6
7
6
O
4
2

AW Nn Ww Pe

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

180

TaBLeE 132

PRESSURE OF COLUMNS OF MERCURY AND WATER

British and metric measures.

Correct ato? C for mercury and at 4° C for water.

METRIC MEASURE.

Pressure
in grams per
sq- cm.

Pressure
in pounds per
sq. inch.

Inches of
Hg.

13-5956

40.7868
54-3824
67.9780
81.5736
95.1692
108.7648
122.3604

135.9560

0.193376
0.3867 52
0.580128
0.773504
0.966880
1.160256
1.353632
1.547008
1.740384
1.933760

1

BRITISH MEASURE.

Pressure
in grams per
sq. cm.

34-533

69.066
103.598
138.131
172.664
207.197
241.730
276.262

310.795

Pressure
in pounds per
sq: inch.

0.491174
0.982348
1.473522
1.964696
2.455870
2.947044
3.438218
3:929392
4.420566

4.911740

Pressure
In grams per
sq- em.

Pressure
in pounds per
sq. inch.

Inches of

2.

Pressure
in grams per
sq. cm.

0.0142234
0.0284468
0 0426702
0.05689 36

0.07 11170

0.08 53404
0.0995638
0.1137872

0.1280106

0.1422340

2.54
5-08
7.62

Pressure
in pounds per
sq- inch.

0.036127
0.072255
0.108382

0.144510

0.180637

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

REDUCTION OF BAROMETRIC HEICHT TO STANDARD TEMPERATURE *

TaBLeE 133

181

Corrections for brass scale and Corrections for brass scale and Corrections for glass scale and
English measure. metric measure. metric measure.
Height of a Height of | a Height of a
barometer in in inches for barometer in | in mm for barometer in in mm for
inches. temp. F. mm. temp. C. mm. temp. C.
15.0 0.001 35 400 | 0.0651 50 0.0086
16.0 .OO1 45 410 .0668 100 .O172
17.0 00154 420 0684 150 .0258
17-5 001 58 430 .0700 200 0345
18.0 .00163 440 0716 250 0431
18.5 .00167 450 0732 300 0517
19.0 .0O172 460 -07 49 350 0003
19.5 .00176 470 | .0765
480 0751 400 0.0689 |
20.0 0.00181 490 0797 450 -| 0775
20.5 00185 500 | .0861
21.0 .OO190 500 0.0813 520 .0895
21.5 .00194 510 -08 30 540 .0930
22.0 00199 520 .08 46 560 0965
22.5 00203 530 .0862 580 0999
23.0 00208 540 .0878
2355 00212 550 .0894 600 0.1034
500 -OOLI 610 -IOSI
24.0 0.00217 570 0927 620 1068
24.5 00221 580 0943 630 1085
25.0 00226 590 0959 640 1103
25.5 00231 650 -I120
26.0 00236 600 0.097 5 660 S037
26.5 .00240 610 0992
27.0 00245 620 .1008 670 0.1154
27.5 00249 630 -1024 680 1172
640 -1040 690 1189
28.0 0.00254 650 -1056 700 .1206
28.5 .00258 660 1073 710 A222
29.0 00263 670 1089 720 1240
29.2 -00265 680 -1IOS 730 1258
29.4 .00267 690 1121
29.6 00268 740 0.1275
29.8 .00270 700 0.1137 750 1292
30.0 .00272 710 1154 7600 .1309
720 1170 770 .1327
30.2 0.00274 730 1186 780 1344
30.4 .0027 740 .1202 790 sUgOr
30.6 .00277 750 .1218 800 .1378
30.8 00279 760 1235
31.0 .00281 770 1251 850 0.1464
31.2 .00283 780 .1267 goo SURETY
31-4 .00285 790 1283 950 1639
31.6 00287 800 1299 1000 0723

* The height of the barometer is affected by the relative thermal expansion of the mercury and
the glass, in the case of instruments graduated on the glass tube, and by the relative expansion of
the mercury and the metallic inclosing case, usually of brass, in the case of instruments graduated
on the brasscase. This relative expansion is practically proportional tothe first power of the tem-
perature. The above tables of values of the coefficient of relative expansion will be found to give
corrections almost identical with those given in the International Meteorological Tables. The
numbers tabulated under a are the values of ain the equation Hy= Hy’ —a(t/ —¢) where H;is the
height at the standard temperature, H/’ the observed height at the temperature /’, and a (¢’—7) the
correction fortemperature. Thestandard temperature is 0° C for the metric system and 28°.5 F.
for the English system. The English barometer is correct for the temperature of melting ice ata
temperature of approximately 28°.5 F., because of the fact that the brass scale is graduated so as
to be standard at 62° F., while mercury has the standard density at 32° F.

EXaAMPLE.—A barometer having a brass scale gave H= 765 mm at 25° C; required, the cor-
responding reading ato° C. Here the value of a isthe mean of .1235 and .1251, or .1243;.°.a(/’/—2}
= .1243 X 25 =3.11. Hence Ay = 765 — 3.11 = 761.89

N. B.—Although ais here given to three and sometimes to four significant figures, it is seldom
worth while to use more than the nearest two-figure number. In fact, all barometers have not the
same values for a,and when great accuracy is wanted the proper coefficients have to be deter:
mined by experiment. ‘

SmitHsonian TABLES:

182 TaBLeE 134
REDUCTION OF BAROMETER TO STANDARD GRAVITY
Free-air Altitude Term. Correction to be subtracted.

The correction to reduce the barometer to sea-level is (g1 — g)/g X B where B is the barometer reading and g and
gi the value of gravity at sea-level and the place of observation respectively. The following values were computed for
free-air values of gravity gi (Table 706). It has been customary to assume for mountain stations that the value ef
gi = say about 3 the free-air value, but a comparison of modern determinations of gi in this country shows that little
reliance can be placed on such an assumption. Where g: is known its value should be used in the above correction
term. (See Tables 707 to 709. Similarly for the latitude term, see succeeding tables, the true value of g should be
used if known; the succeeding tables are based on the theoretical values, Table 706.)

- Observed height of barometer in millimeters.
Height

abvove
sea-level.

meters.

Ico ; Correction in mm to be subtracted for
200 : height above sea-level in first column and
300 : barometer reading in the top line.
400
500
600
700
800
900
I000
IIooO
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
3200
3200
3300
3400
3500
3600
3700
3800
3900
4000

LSet a ara as staat

90900000000
SIAKDDUUUP HL
Hw BPH OOM NO
00 ON DUN

ela leet ate TU eatcet Ghillie Tealis|

RODWAY
ROO KBAnRKGA

12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
39
-41
o21
020
o19
o18
O17
o16
ors
o14
O13

p
w&

HHL
Conn

—

ie Tet tel

>
o

n
°

ar Corrections in in. to be

= ; ; : ; subtracted for height above

= sea-level in last column and
barometer reading in bot-
tom line.

Height
above
sea-level.

Observed height of barometer in inches.

eel

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

Taste 135 183

REDUCTION OF BAROMETER TO STANDARD GRAVITY *
METRIC MEASURES
From Latitude 0° to 45°, the Correction is to be Subtracted.

640 | 660 | 680

Ae eRe Ke
oy fees

Sea = = eS
ee ipl 0* co.) 0

OHH ee
Bane aetnctas
SS = Re

SS eS ee
a tte ema (a

Oo Orn-

i pacer Bee aoe eee
t

i ee eaten ieratak

b coco ooood

* “Smithsonian Meteorological Tables.”
SMITHSONIAN TABLES

184 TABLE 135 (continued)

REDUCTION OF BAROMETER TO STANDARD GRAVITY *
METRIC MEASURES
From Latitude 46° to 90°, the Correction is to be Added.

580 | 600

760 | 780

mm. mm. mm. nm. mm. mm. . . . . ° mm. mm.
—0.02—0.03 —0.03 —0.03 —0.03 —0.03 —0.03 —0.03 —0.03 —0.03—0.03 —0.03\—0..04)

'+0.03/+0.03,+0.03 +0.03 +0.03 +0.03 +0.03 -+0.03/+0.03)+0.03|/+0.03 +0.04,+0.04
0.08) 0.08 0.08} 0.08) 0.09] 0.06] 0.00| 0.09] 0.10} 0.10) 0.10) 0.10) 0.11
0.12] 0.13|° 0.13] 0.14 ©.14| 0.15] 0.15] 0.16) 0.16] 0.17) 0.17| 0.18] 0.18
0:17| (Oc18| O10) ‘O.16| 10.20) /.0221) 6:21) 10.22) \O.23))0523)-No-eal) tos25)Ge2s
0.22) 0.23] (0.24) (0.25) ©:26) ©.26) 0.27) 0.28) (0.20) 10.30) “O.3%| (O23) joss

+0.27 +0.28+0.29+0.30+0.31+0.32+0.33+0.34+0.35 +0.36+0.37+0.38+0.39
0.32| 0.33] 0.34) 0.36| 0.37] 0.38] 0.30) 0.40) 0.42) 0.43} 0.44) 0.45] 0.46
0.37| 0.38] 0.40} 0.41| 0.42) 0.44 0.45] 0.46] 0.48) 0.49) 0.51) 0.52) 0.53
0.42) 0.43} 0.45] 0.46) 0.48] 0.49) 0.51| 0.52) 0.54) 0 56 .057| 0.59) 0.60
0.46} 0.48} 0.50) 0.52} 0-53) 0-55) 0-57; 0.58 0.60) 0.62) 0.64) 0-65) 0.67

+0. 51/+0.53+0.55\+0-57+0-59+0.60 +0.62 +0.64-+0.66 +0.68 +0.70 +0-72+0.74
0.56] 0.58} 0.60) 0.62) 0.64] 0.66) 0.68 0.70) 0.72) 0.74| 0.76) 0.78) 0.80
0.60| 0.62} 0.65] 0.67) 0.69} 0.71| 0.74) 0.76) 0.78 0.80) 0.82) 0.85) 0.87
0.65| 0.67} 0.69} 0.72) 0-74] 0-77| 0.79] 0-81) 0.84) 0.86) 0.89] 0-91] 0.93
0.69} 0-72| 0.74) 0.77] 0-79] 0.82] 0.84) 0.87] 0.89) 0-92] 0.94) 0.97] 1-00,

+0.73-+0.76+0.79 +0-81+0.84|+0.87 +0.89 +0.92/+0.95,+0.98 +1.00+1.03,+1.06
0.77| 0.80) 0.83) 0.85) 0.88] 0.91) 0.94) 0.97) I-00} I-02} 1.05) I-08} I.1I
0.81; 0.85] 0.88) 0-91; 0.94! 0.97) 1.00) 1.03) 1.06] 1.09) 1.12) I.15| 1.18
O65) (Oz 80] 70.92|" (0295|!) 0:08) sl OL) 04) Wa -O8| hrs mtl) ste r4 eng |) ecole
0.80] ©:93| 0:96] 0-99) 1.03] 1-06) 1-00] 1-13] 1.16 T-1O) .22) 1-26) iezo

+o.93+0.97,+1.00+1.04+1-07/\+1.10+1.14/+1.17)+1.21)+1.24,+1.28+1.31+1.35
0.97) ©-00l\-t204) W-08) a. Tal. wers|, 218) ws22) “a25|| 20) Geesal e360) eae
1.00) 1.04) eS) WITT) Sbsts) < T9}) Vassily 4226) Esso] ae S4l| Sr 37 estes
TAOA AOS) WSL TL! Mey LS| ets LO| sets 23) ues) eee salle ate Sele © Te
LO7|) Tell) Veet5|) Geto) ee23|) ie 27) ere srl ere B5| ile SO) ele AS | elt 4 zee Silesia 5
+1.104+1.14-+1.18+1.22+1.26+1.31/+1.35/+1.30/\+1.43/)+1-47/,+1.51/+1-55+1.59
Pete) Wsr7] s22| 26)" 7230), 2394) 38) 42) saz) 5a SS) sso) Bros
WzOe Mes 2O| eye 25 |) Ae 2O|| el 33) lig7 | eae) eA eres 1155] el 5O hema Os | mmm oz)
Moule) oA dinztel) iosvl Atastolp ainZlidl Stor ieotfol| atalevll ino kel] (5 oO) a7
$220) 1.26) Ps 30° 1235) 2es30) aaa! e48) ands3) we57|, 62). ere O6l ia ees
+1.244+1.2841.33+1.37+1.42\+1.47)+1.51/+1.56/+1.60)+1.65,+1.70+1.74,+1.79
120) “Ls 3i|. 535] 1240) Ts45|- 1240) 54) se): 163) TAGS) Te7aieoie77 | atees
TZ) 33 le sol, we42| re 4z|| ale SZ aeS7 | ROL ete OO!) ate7/l| ere 76m OOS S
1230) 1235] 1.40) Weas|) T.4o) a54)) eso) a4) 60) Te73/) Ie ZS) os) aos
TG2|) @e37|) We42|| WEA seS1|) E56 SreOn| 1266) eae Z|) Se 7G) seen ee SO) Ie OO!
+1.33+1.38+1.43+1.48+1.53)\+1.58 +1.63/+1.68+1.73+1.78)+1.83+1.88+1.93
135) 40) WAS) ou. 50) ere55| e-60)) ar65|) 1670) a475| Se Sol) TESS ele OO areOS
TO} 40 ete 40l) S50 ae SO) Ie Onl| seO7|) eate2l ale 77) ele Sz |i 7 ere Oe TRO
1237 WeAal se 48) Ts53l ee58| eos 16S) mes) ore 78)) aees| ie Scie eos EROS
TAS Sines 1 1.54] 1 Te Le Tie ies Te Tks ite 7.
+1.41/+1-46+1.51+1.56

* “ Smithsonian Meteorological Tables.”

SM'THSONIAN TABLES.

TaBLeE 136 185

REDUCTION OF BAROMETER TO STANDARD GRAVITY *
ENGLISH MEASURES
From Latitude 0° to 45°, the Correction is to be Subtracted.

i —

19 20 | 21 22 23 24 | 25 ‘a 26a 28 | 29 | 30
|
| | |
Inch. Inch. | Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. | Inch. Inch, | Inch. | Inch.

ere em ee cm oh, pee
050\—0.053 —0.055—0.058—0.. 061 —0, 063—0 , 066 —0.069—0.071—0.074—0.077 —0..079)
050! 0.052 0.055 0.058 0.060 0.063 0.066 0.068 0.071) 0.073 0.076 0.079
.049| 0.052) 0.055) 0.057, 0.060 0.062 0.065, 0.068 0.070, 0.073 0.075) 0.078
049} 0°052) 0.054) 0.057; 0.059) 0.062) 0.064) 0.067; 0.070; 0.072) 0.075! 0.077
048} 0.051| (0.054) 0.056 0.059) 0.061; 0.064; 0.066) 0.069) 0.071 pea 0.076
048 —0.050—0.053—0.055 —0.058—0. 060 —0. 063 —O.066—0.068 —0.071—0.073—0 .076
047| 0.050] 0.052 0.055, 0.057, 0.060 0.062) 0.065 0.067) 0.070 0.072) 0.075
.047| 0.049] 0.051| 0.054, 0.056 0.059 0.061) 0.064 0.066, 0.069 0.071 0.074
.046 0.048 0.051) 0.053 0.055) 0.058) 0.060) 0.063) 0.065, 0.068 0.070 0.072
.045 mca 0.050] 0.052| 0.055] 0.057| 0.059] 0.062} 0.064) 0.066 a i
.044—0.047 —O.049—0.051 —0.053—0.056—0, 058 —0. 060—0 , 063 —0.065—0.067 —o.07
.043, 0.046 0.048 0.050 0.052) 0.055) 0.057) 0.059) 0.062) 0.064 0.066 0.068
.042) 0.045) 0.047 0.049 0.051} 0.053| 0.056) 0.058) 0.060) 0.062) 0.065) 0.067
.041; 0.044 0.046 0.048 0.050) 0.052, 0.054 0.057; 0.059 0.061) 0.063) 0.
040) oa 5) aa 0.049} 0.051] 0.053) 0.055) 0.057; 0.059) 0.062) o,
.039—0 .041 —0,043—0. 04 —0.047—0.050—0. 052-0. 054 —0. 056, —0.058—0.060—o,
.038) 0.049 0.042) 0.044 0.046 0.048 0.050 0.052 0.054 0.056 0.058 o.
.037, 0,039, 0.041) 0.043) 0.045, 0.047| 0.049 0.050 0.052, 0.054 0.056 O.
.036, 0.038 0.039 0.041 0.043, 0.045, 0.047) 0.049) 0.05I/ 0.053, 0.054) 0.
a oe eee eee 0.042) 0.043) 0.045] 0.047| 0.049] 0.051} 0.052) oO.
.033—0.035 —0.037 —0 .038 —0.040—0 .042 —0.. 043 —0.045—0.047 —0 .049—0.050—o.
.032| 0.033/ 0.035| 0.037} 0.038 0.040! 0.042) 0.043} 0©.045| 0.047] 0.048) o
.030| 0.032) 0.033) 0.035) 0.037; 0.038] 0.040| 0.041) 0.043) 0.045| 0.046) o.
.029| 0.030, 0.032) 0.033) 0.035| 0.036 0.038) 0.039] 0.041; 0.043| 0.044) Oo
.027 ae 0.030) 0.032) 0.033) 0.035) 0.036) 0.037) 0.039) 0.040) 0.042) o
.026—0 .027 —0.029 —0.030—0 ,031 —0.033—0.034 —0.035—0.037,—0 .038—0 .040— 0.
.024, 0.026) 0.027) 0.028 0.030 0.031/ 0.032) 0.033] 0.035| 0.036) 0.037} o
.023| 0.024| 0.025] 0.026; 0.028] 0.029] 0.030, 0.031| 0.032} 0 034) 0.035] o.
.021| 0.022} 0.023) 0.025} 0.026) 0.027; 0.028 0.029] 0.030) 0.031|/ 0.032} o
.020) 0.021) 0.022 a 0.024, 0.025) 0.026) 0.027} 0.028) 0.029) 0.030; oO
.018 —0.019 —0.020—0.021 —0.022—0.023—0.024—0.025—0 .026—0.027;—0.027\—0.
.O16) 0.017; 0.018} 0.019! 0.020! 0.021} 0.022) 0.022) 0.023) 0.024) 0.025) oO.
.O15| 0.015) 0.016] 0.017) 0.018) 0.019] 0.019} 0.020| 0.021; 0.022| 0.022] 0.
.O13| 0.014 0.014) 0.015) 0.016) 0.016} 0.017}; 0.018) 0.018) 0.019) 0.020, oO.

OI a 0.012| 0.013} 0.014, 0.014] 0.015] 0.015; 0.016] 0.017| 0.017] Oo.
.O10;—0. 010|/—0..011|—0.. O11 0.012 —_0..012\0..013|0.. 0130. 0140 .014,—0.. 0150.
.008 0.008 0.009} 0.009 0.009) 0.010 0.010; 0.OIT) 0.011) 0.012 OLOT2! (Oo:
.006, 0.006, 0.007 0.007, 0.007 0.008 0.008! 0.008) 0.009) 0.009 0.009 o.
.004, 0.005} 0.005) 0.005, 0.005) 0.005] 0.006, 0.006) 0.006 0.006, 0.007 Oo.
.003 Pas 0.003 0.003) 0.003/ 0.003) 0.003) 0.004; 0.004) 0.004 ae Oo.

| | |
-OOI—O.00I—O.00I —0.00I—0.001I —O.00I—0.001'—0 ..001I|—0.O0I —0..00I|;—_ 0. 00I —O.

* “ Smithsonian Meteorological Tables.”
SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

186

TABLE 136 (continued)

REDUCTION OF BAROMETER TO STANDARD GRAVITY *
ENGLISH MEASURES
From Latitude 46° to 90° the Correction is to be Added.

0.011
0.013
0.015
0.017
0.019

0.021
0.023)
0.025)
0.026
0.028

0.030
0.032
0.033
0.035
0.036

+0.038
0.039
0.041

ota 19 20 | 21
Inch. Inch. Inch.

45 +—0.001—0.00I—0. 001
46 |+0.090:|\+0.001/+0.001
47 | 0.003) 0.003) 0.003
48 | 0.004) 0.005) 0.005
49 | 0.006; 0.006) 0.007
50] 0.008) 0.008 0.009
51 |+0.010/;+0.010-+0.011

2] 0.011; 0.012) 0.012
53 | 0-013) 0.014) 0.014!
54] 0.015} 0.015} 0.016
55 | 0.016) 0.017; 0.018
56 |+0.018-++0.019+0.020
57 | 0.020) 0.021} 0.022
58] 0.021} 0.022) 0.023
59 | 0.023) 0.024) 0.025
60 | 0.024) 0.026) 0.027
61 |+0.026/+0.027\+0.028
62] 0.027) 0.029) 0.030
63] 0.029) 0.030 0.032
64] 0.030) 0.032) 0.033
65 | 0.031) 0.033) 0.035
66 |+0.033,+0.034+0.036
67 | 0.034, 0.036 0.038
68 | 0.035) 0.037) 0.039
69 | 0.036; 0.038) 0.040
70} 0.038 0.040) 0.042
71 !|+0.039/+0.041|+0.043
72| 0.040) 0.042) 0.044
73 | 0.041} 9.043) 0.045
74] 0.042) 0.044] 0.046
75 | 0.043| 0.045) 0.047
76 |+0.044+0.046-+0.048
77} 0.044) 0.047| 0.049
78 | 0.045) 0.047] 0.050
79 | 0.046) 0.048 0.051
80] 0.046) 0.049) 0.051
81 |+0.047\+0.049-+0.052
82] 0.047| 0.050) 0.052
83 | 0.048) 0.050) 0.053
84] 0.048) 0.051) 0.053
85 | 0.049) 0.051; 0.054
90 !+0.049-+0.052/+0.055

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

0.042
0.044

+0.045
.046
-047
.048
.049

oo0o0°o

050
O51
052
.053
054

ooo0o°o

+054
-055
-056
.056
.056

ooo0o°o

+0.057

23 24 | 25 26 27 28 29 30
Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch, Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch
—0.001I|—0.00I—0.001,-—0.00I —O.001 —O.001|—0.001/—O.001
+0.001|+0.001)+0.001|+0.001/+0.001/+0.001/+0.001/+0.001

0.003} 0.003) 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.00.
0.005) C.006 0.006, 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.007, 0.007
0.007} 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.009 0.009) 0.009 0.01
0.010) 0.010) 0.010} O.OII| 0.011; 0.012) 0.012) 0.012
+0.012/+0.012|+0.013/+0.013/+0.014+0.014-+0.015/+0.
0.014] 0.014) 0.015) 0.015] 0.016 0.016) 0.017] oO.
0.016, 0.016, 0.017) 0.018 0.018 0.019 0.020 0.
0.018, 0.019 0.019 0.020 0.021 0.022 0.022) Oo.
0.020) 0.021) 0.021} 0.022 oo 0.024) 0.025] Oo.
+0.022|+-0.023/+0.024/+0.024'+0.026+0.026;+0.027/+0
0.024' 0.025) 0.026) 0.027; 0.028 0.029 0.030; O
0.026} 0.027/ 0.028) 0.029 0.030, 0.031) 0.032) oO
0.028) 0.029} 0.030 0.031, 0.032 0.033) oO 035) O
0.029) 0.031) 0.032) 0.033 oes 0.036 0.037) Oo
+0.031/-+0.033 +0.034|+0.035 +0.037 +0.038 +0.039 +o.
0.033) 0.034] 0.036) 0.037) 0.039) 0.040) 0.042) Oo.
0.035, 0.036) 0.038 0.039 0.041) 0.042 0.044 0.
0.036] 0.038 0.040) 0.041) 0.043) 0.044 0.046 o.
0.038} 0.040) 0.041} 0.043) 0.045) 0.046) 0.048) o.
+0.040/+0.041|-+0.043/-+0.045/+0.047|/+0.048)+0.050-+0.
0.041] 0.043) 0.045} 0.047| 0.048) 0.050) 0.052) oO.
0.043) 0.045} 0.046) 0.048) 0.050) 0.052) 0.054) oO.
0.044) 0.046) 0.048) 0.050) 0.052) 0.054) 0.056) Oo.
0.046) 0.048) 0.050} 0.052} 0.053) 0.055) 0.057] o.
+0.047/+0.049-+0.051|+0.053|/+0.055|+0.057/+0.059|/++0.
0.048) 0.050) 0.052) 0.054; 0.057) 0.059 0.061) oO.
0.049} 0.052) 0.054 0.056) 0.058) 0.060 0.062) Oo.
0.051; 0.053} 0.055} 0.057; 0.059! 0.062) 0.064) oO.
0.052} 0.054) 0.056) 0.058) 0.061) 0.063) 0.065] oO.
+0.053/+0.055|+0.057-+0.060+0.062)\+0.064 0.066 o.
0.054, 0.056 0.058 0.061) 0.063) 0.065 0.068) oO.
0.055} 0.057 0.059} 0.062) 0.064) 0.066, 0.069) oO.
0.055) 0.058 0.060; 0.063) 0.065) 0.067, 0.070) oO.
0.056, 0.059 0.061) 0.063) 0.066] 0.068 0.071) oO.
+0.057|+0.059 +0.062/+0.064 +0.067/+0.069,+0.072/+0.
0.057, 0.060/ 0.062) 0.065 0.067| 0.070) 0.072) o.
0.058 0.061) 0.063) 0.066 0.068 0.071) 0.073) oO.
0.059 0.061) 0.064 0.066 0.069 0.071) 0.074 oO.
0.059 0.061) 0.064, 0.067 0.069) 0.072) 0.074 O.
+0.060-+0.062-+0.065 +0.068-+0.070+0.073-+0.075 +0.

* “ Smithsonian Meteorological Tables.”

TABLES 137 AND 138 187
TABLE 137,—Correction of the Barometer for Capillarity *

1. METRIC MEASURE.

HEIGHT oF Meniscus 1N MILLIMETERS.

Diameter

of tube ik H 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.2 1.4

in mm.

Correction to be added in millimeters.

1.54 1.98 2.37 -
0.86 1.19 1.45 1.80
.56 0.78 |! 0.98 1.21
.40 ‘53 .67 0.82
.29 3 .46 .56
.21 .28 33 .40
IS .20 125 .29
.10 14 18 21

.07 .10 “13 15
.04 .07 -10 a2

. BRITISH MEASURE.

HEIGHT OF MENISCUS IN INCHES.

Diameter

of tube .O1 | .02 | .03 | .04 | .05 .06

in inches.

Correction to be added in inches.

0.069 0.092 0.116 ~
033 .045 059 0.078
O19 .028 .037 -047
O13 018 023 029
.008 O12 O15 018
.006 .008 , O12
003 .005 : .008
.002 .004 j .006
.OOT .002 f .004

* The first table is from Kohlrausch (Experimental Physics), and is based on the experiments of Mendelejeff and
Gutkowski (Jour. de Phys. Chem. Geo. Petersburg, 1877, or Wied. Beib. 1877). The second table has been calcu-
lated from the same data by conversion into inches and graphic interpolation.

TABLE 138.—Volume of Mercury Meniscus in Cu. Mm

Diameter of tube in mm

Height of
meniscus.

Scheel und Heuse, Annalen der Physik, 33, p. 291, 1910.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

T88 TABLE 139
PRESSURES AND THE BOILING POINT OF WATER

Useful when a boiling-point apparatus is used in the determination of heights.
(A) METRIC UNITS.

| Tem-
perature.
|

Z5OR7Si30L. 362.65
374.51 | 376.02) 377.
389 .80 | 391 . 36} 302.
405.61 | 407.22] 408.
421.95 |423-61| 425.

438 .83 | 440.55
450.28] 458.06] 459.
474-31 | 476-14] 477.
492.93 | 494.82] 406.
512.15/514.

531.99| 534.01] 536.
552.48] 554.56] 556.
573-61] 575.
595-41 | 507.

2 | 617.90] 620.

641.09] 643.45]645.
665 .00| 667 . 43 | 669.
689.65 | 692.15] 694.
715.04| 717.63| 720.
741.21| 743.871 740.

768.17| 770.91 | 773.66 | 776.42

Tem-
perature.

185 Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches.
185° 117.075 |17.112|17.150| 17.187] 17.224| 17.262] 17.300] 17.337 | 17.375] 17.413
186 |17.450|17.488| 17.526] 17.564] 17.602] 17.641] 17.679] 17.717 | 17.756] 17.794
187 |17.832 |17.871117.910| 17.948] 17.987| 18.026] 18.065| 18.104 | 18.143] 18. 182
188 |18.221/18.261 . 300} 18. 340] 18.379] 18.419] 18.458] 18. 498 | 18.538] 18.578
189 |18.618] 18.658] 18.698] 18.738] 18.778] 18.818] 18.859] 18.899 | 18.940] 18.980

|

190 .02I | 19.062| 19.102] 19.143] 19.184] 19.225} 19.266] 19.308 | 19.349] 19.390
IgI -431 -473 -514| 19.556] 19.598] 19.639| 19.681] 19.723 | 19.765] 19.807
192 .849 { 19.892 | 19.934] 19.976] 20.019] 20.061 | 20.104] 20. 146 | 20. 189] 20.232
193 275 {20.318 301 .404| 20.447] 20.490] 20.533) 20.577 | 20.620 664
194 -707 | 20.751 -795 .839| 20.883 | 20.927 | 20.971] 21.015 | 21.059 .103

195 .148) 21.192 | 21.237! 21.282! 21.326] 21.371 | 21.416] 21.461 | 21.506] 21.551
196 .597 | 21.642 |21.687| 21.733] 21.778) 21.824] 21.870] 21.915 | 21.961] 22.007
197 -053 , 22-099 22.145| 22.192| 22.238| 22.284] 22.331 | 22.377 | 22.424] 22.471}
198 .517] 22.564 22.611 .658 | 22.706) 22.752] 22.800] 22.847 | 22.8905 -942
199 .990 | 23.038 | 23.085 | 23.133 | 23. 181 | 23.229] 23.277 | 23.325 | 23.374] 23.422

200 .470| 23.519} 23.568 23.616] 23.665 | 23.714| 23.763] 23.812 | 23.861 .910
201 -959|24.009'24.058) 24.108} 24. 4.207| 24.257 - 307 | 24.357
202 -457|24.507 24.557] 24.608) 24. 4.709) 24.759] 24.810 | 24.861
203 ‘ .O14 , 25.065 pO 25 ye .219| 25.271 .322)25.374
204 ‘ .530 | 25.582] 25.634] 25. .738| 25.791 | 25.843 | 25.806

205 ; .054 26.107 | 26.160) 26. 26.266 | 26.319| 26.373 | 26.426
206 3 -587 |26.641 .695 : 26.803} 26.857 | 26.912 | 26.966
207 . .130/ 27.184] 27.239] 27. 27 .349 | 27.404] 27.460] 27.515
208 |27.62 LOSTIZ7e73 727579327. 27 .904| 27.960] 28.016 | 28.073

27
209 : .242 | 28.298 | 28.355 | 28. 28.469 | 28.526] 28.583 | 28.640

210 75 .812 | 28.869 | 28.927 | 28. 29.042| 29.100} 29.158 .216
211 : 391 | 29.450| 29.508] 29. 29.626 | 29.685 | 29.744 .803
212) 120.02 .Q8I | 30.040 | 30.100 ; 30.219 | 30.279 | 30.339 -399
213 : . 580 | 30.640 | 30.701 ; 30.822 | 30,883} 30.944 .005
214 -199 | 31.250 oe Stt ‘ 31.435 | 31.497] 31-559 | 31-621

SMITHSONIAN TABLES,

Taste 140 189

DETERMINATION OF HEIGHTS BY THE BAROMETER

5 —8

B+ 8B

C (in feet) = 52494 [: +. Be English measures.
goo

Formula of Babinet: Z = C

C (in meters) = 16000 [: + 2% +4) metric measures.
1000

In which Z = difference of height of two stations in feet or meters.
Bo, B = barometric readings at the lower and upper stations respectively, corrected for all
sources of instrumental error.
%, ¢ = air temperatures at the lower and upper stations respectively.

Values of ©

ENGLISH MEASURES. METRIC MEASURES.

4 (t) +2). G Log C 4 (4) +2). G Log C

Fahr. , Meters.
10° 4-698 34 15300 4.18639

15 70339 3 15488 «19000
15016 -19357
20 4-70837 15744 -19712
25 .71330 15872 -20063

30 4.71818 16000 4.20412
35 -7 2300 16128 .20758
16256 -21101
40 4-72777 16354
45 73248 16512

50 4.73715 16640
55 -74177 2 16768
16896
4-74633 17024
75085 17152

4.75532 17280
‘75975 17408
17536
4.76413 17064
-76847 17792

4.77276 17920

-77702 18048
E 18176
4.78123 18304

Values only approximate. Not good for great altitudes. A more accurate formula with
corresponding tables may be found in Smithsonian Meteorological Tables.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

Igo TABLES 141 AND 142
VELOCITY OF SOUND
TABLE 141.—Velocity of Sound in Solids

The velocity of sounds in solids varies as ¥ 'E/p, where E is Young’s modulus of elasticity
and p the density. These constants for most materials vary through a somewhat wide range.
The numbers can be taken only as rough approximations to the velocity in any particular
case. When temperatures are not marked, between 10° and 20° is to be understood.

NHNNNNHRNNHNNN

Ash, along the fiber... .

ac

across the rings. . .
along the rings....
Beech, along the fiber. .
““ across the rings.
along the rings. .
Elm, along the fiber... .
‘““ across the rings:
along the rings..
Fir, along the fiber
Mahogany, along the

ae

ae

NNNNNNNNNDND
DWAWOAAN AUN

Magia along the fiber. .
Oak, along the fiber. .
Pine, along the fiber... .
Poplar, along the fiber. .
Sycamore, along the

NNN NW

vv

(1) Masson. (2) Wertheim. (3) Cast steel, Wertheim. (4) Melde. (5) Chladni. (6) Gray & Milne. (7) Stefan.
8) Warburg. (9) Ciccone & Campanile. (10) Exner.

TABLE 142.—Velocity of Sound in Water

Substance : Substance

Water, air-free. Pik Water, sea: (continued)
dust-free . Seine River
eae N. Atlantic,
distilled 1228m deep
10% Na Cl sol.. Carib. Sea,
15% Na Cl sol.. ‘ 338m deep

20% Na Cl sol.. Carib. Sea,
Water, sea: 1771m deep
35.1% salt Pacific, 2962m deep. .

nav On n wo

Explosive Waves:

35% _ “ : Gun Cotton, 9 0z....
se ae Io ae ee

% LS ier

ce 64 “ae

NNNIN

(1) Dérsing, 1908. (2) Ionescu, 1924. (3) Wood, Browne, Cochran, 1923. (4) Colladon-Sturm. (5) Wertheim.
(6) Heck & Service, 1924. (7) Threlfall, Adair, 1889, see Barstow’s Sound, p. 518.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 143

IgI

VELOCITY OF SOUND IN LIQUIDS AND GASES

For gases, the velocity of sound = ¥7vP/p, where P is the pressure, p the density, and +
the ratio of specific heat at constant pressure to that at constant volume. For moderate
temperature changes V; = Vo(1 + at) where a = 0.00367. The velocity of sound in tubes
increases with the diameter up to the free-air value as a limit. The values from ammonia to
methane inclusive, except for argon and helium, are for closed tubes.

Substance Temp. C| m/sec.

Alcohol, 93% Ethyl
“ Methyl 1143
Ammonia, .880 1663
1166

Carbon bisulphide.... .... 1060
Chloroformeyeeec ose 983

Mercury 1407
Turpentine oil 1326
Gases: Air, dry, 1 atmosphere.... 331.7
waies 25 ~ ete 332.0
: 334-7
350.6
386
553
700
415
308
666
337-1
337-4
258.0
189
206.4
205.3
314
971
1269.5
1286.4
490.4
432
325
337-8
261.8

aI7.2

“c

‘* disulphide
Chlorine
Ethylene
Hydrogen
Illuminating gas
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen
Nitrous oxide

Oxygen
Explosive waves in air:

oO
oO
oO
oO
oO
oO
oO
oO
O
oO
oO
oO
oO
oO
O
0

336
500
931
1268
230.6
179.2
401
404.8

Authority

Cisman, 1926
Busse, 1924
Dérsing, 1908

Cisman, 1926
Dorsing, 1908
Mean
Bungetziam
Dorsing, 1908
Mean

% (Witkowski)
Stevens

Masson

Mean

ID), (Cy 12%, repr
Wullner

Dulong
Brockendahl, 1906
Masson

Martini

Strecker

Dulong

Scheel, Heuse, 1919
Dulong

Zoch

Masson
“c

Mean
Dulong

Violle, Cong. Intern.
Phys. 1, 243, 1900

Masson
ae
“ec

Treitz, 1903

Supersonics: Reid, 1930:—Air, 0°C, no CO, 42 Kc/sec., 331.75 m/sec.; 20°C, sat. H2O, 333.1 m/sec.; 140
Ke/sec. 331.60, 332.92, respectively; Thompson, 1930:—109 c/sec. sat. H2O vapor, 27°C, 432 m/sec.; Poole,

1930:—Water, distilled, audio-frequency, 25°C, 1485 m/sec.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES

192 TABLES 144 AND 145
MUSICAL SCALES

The pitch relations between two notes may be expressed precisely (1) by the ratio of their vibra-
tion frequencies; (2) by the number of equally-tempered semitones between them (E. S.); also, less
conveniently, (3) by the common logarithm of the ratio in (1); (4) by the lengths of the two portions
of the tense string which will furnish the notes; and (5) in terms of the octave as unity. The ratio
in (4) is the reciprocal of that in (1); the number for (5) is 1/12 of that for (2); the number for
(2) is nearly 40 times that for (3).

Table 144 gives data for the middle octave, including vibration frequencies for three standards of
pitch; As=435 double vibrations per second, is the international standard and was adopted by the
American Piano Manufacturers’ Association. The ‘“just-diatonic scale’? of C-major is usually
deduced, following Chladni, from the ratios of the three perfect major triads reduced to one

octave, thus: 4 : 5 . 6
4 : 5 : 6 4 : 5 : 6
F A Cc E G B D
16 20 24 30 36 45 54

24 27 30 32 36 40 45 48

Other equivalent ratios and their values in E. S. are given in Table 145- By transferring D to the
left and using the ratio 10: 12: 15 the scale of A-minor is obtained, which agrees with that of C-major
except that D=26 2/3. Nearly the same ratios are obtained from a series of harmonics beginning
with the eighth; also by taking 12 successive perfect or Pythagorean fifths or fourths and reducing
to one octave. Such calculations are most easily made by adding and subtracting intervals expressed
in E. S. The notes needed to furnish a just major scale in other keys may be found by successive
transpositions by fifths or fourths as shown in Table 145. Disregarding the usually negligible differ-
ence of 0.02 E. S., the table gives the 24 notes to the octave required in the simplest enharmonic
organ; the notes fall into pairs that differ by a comma, 0.22 E. S._ The line “mean tone” is based
on Dom Bedos’ rule for tuning the organ (1746). The tables have been checked by the data in
Ellis’ Helmholtz’s “‘Sensations of Tone.”

TABLE 144.—Data for Middle Octave

Interval. Ratios. Logarithms. | Number of double Vibrations per second.

Tem-
pered.

Tem-
pered. |

eS en eee
0.

Just. Tem: | Just. | Just.| Just. Tem: | Tem. | Tem-

Just. pered. | pered- | pered. | pered

Just.

-00000 -00000 | 25 258.7 | 258.
-05926 -02509 || 274.
.12246 -05017 291.0] 290.
- 18921 -07526 | 307.
-25992 - 10034 B23nANl 25
33484 | -12543 | 344-9 | 345-
-41421 |} -I5051 | 365.
-49831 || . -17560 | 388
-58740 20069 410.
-68179 22577

-78180 . 25086

88775 +27594 |
.00000 +30103

261.6 | 271.
277. 287.
293 - 304-
Sari. 322.
329.6 | 341.
349. 361.
370. 383.
392. 406.
415-3 | 430
440.0} 456
466. 483
493 - 511.
523: 542-

2.04

3.86
4.98

SO CONTOQNUN CSN) AO 77

NOn OWOOK DHnN
WORM ORKNRO DROW A

0
AY AS

enw fF uM AN

B
E
A
D
G
Cc
F

NOON SSS
wmmoododa
ODOONHNHNN

5.88
76 | 5.88
3.84 5.38

nNnhpPHRL

pRPPPp

NNO O10 10

Tie

2.98 4-70/| 5.51 7:73

| Cycle of fifths 3.18 | 4.08 | 5.22 | 6.12 | 7.02 | 8.16
Cycle of fourths 2.94 | 3.84 | 4.98 | 5.88 | 6.78 | 7.92
Mean tone : 3.11 | 3.86 | 5.03 | 5-79 | 6.97 | 7-72
Equal 7 step 3.43 5-14 6.86 |

Harmonic Series : ( es ) 3.86 ( 3 ) = Be ( es)

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLES 146-149 193

TABLE 146.—A Fundamental Tone, its Harmonics (Overtones) and the Nearest Tone
of the Equal-tempered Scale

No. of partial

Frequency

Nearest tempered note
Corresponding frequency....

No. of partial

Frequency

Nearest tempered note
Corresponding frequency....

CHARACTERISTICS OF SPEECH, Music, AND NOoIsE

(See Kaye, Nature 128, 253, 1931; Fletcher, Rev. Mod. Phys., 3, 258, 1931.)
Average ear perceives frequencies 20~20,000 cycles/sec. Upper limit less with increasing
age. Ordinarily attention largely restricted to 505,000 for speech, 35~7,000 1n music.
Matching of sounds.—Average ear detects 10 per cent difference of energy when two
notes of medium loudness sound alternately without break; doubled if interval of silence;

ordinarily 25 per cent holds.

Weber-Fechner law.—When sound sensation advances arithmetically, physical intensity
advances geometrically (Kingsbury). Frequencies, 700-4,000 c/sec., relation between
loudness and intensity independent of frequency. Lower frequencies, loudness increases
proportionally more rapidly than intensity.

TABLE 147.—The Bel and the Decibel

Bel, Decibel.—One bel is 10-fold increase in power or energy.
Intensities differing as r to 1 differ by log 7 bels.

Ra GTOMIMECNSIELES: oa 3. lors = aye oe I 10 100 1,000 10,000 108
Number decibels, 1o logr......... © 10 20 30 40 130 db

Least perceptible change in loudness of a sound of medium loudness under various con-
ditions = 1 db (0.2 to 9 db according to frequency and loudness). Threshold of audibility
taken as zero (see Table 148). Pure sounds of medium frequency: range of audibility be-
tween threshold and sensation of “‘feeling’’ of the sound about 130 db.

If intensity levels of two pure sounds is the same, then if each is increased by the same
amount of energy they no longer give an equal sensation of tone. Standard for mixed sounds

may be taken as a pure note. Frequency about 1000 cycles/sec. Threshold value (zero) =
about 1 millidyne/cm®.

TABLE 148.—Loudness Levels of Various Noises

Average = ate
Distance decibels z istance decibels
ft. above Source ft. above
threshold threshold

Source

Quiet whisper 10

1 Lindbergh applause.. Street
Onutetigardentesen | pa. 30

Pneumatic drill 20
Elevated R.R., N.Y. 20
INS Wasi wayeese: 2. Unt.
Riveting

Steamship siren

Airplane cabin

Airplane engine

Ordinary talk 50
Express train 60
Steamship siren... 1,500 60
Biisy, traitic, NepYien a | oe 72
Police whistle 80
Lion roaring, Zoo.. 85

WwWNHWF AH OD

(1) Davis, Journ. Roy. Aeron. Soc., 1931. (2) Free. (3) Galt. (4) Parkinson, Journ. Acoust. Soc. Amer., 1930-
(5) Fletcher. (6) Kaye.

TABLE 149.—Peak Power in Watts of Musical Instruments (Fortissimo)

(Sivian, Dunn, White, Journ. Acoust. Soc. Amer., Jan. 1931.)

5-piece orchestra ..... 70 MrOmbONE wevetaraveicve erciers 6 Piccolo dcidistcxelenererers 0.08
arge bass drum...... 25 Piano rics ecco 0.4 BIMtet go aec fe cloleeiciers 0.06
me sougan steers citer 13 Prumpetal o.cttwecrcemoeies 0.3 Glarinetime. soc wos 0.05
SA LesAnUnie sie eee ee 12 Bassmtubaw eee ete. 0.2 Erench) norms — cacao 0.05
ymibalgy csleies les sleloclevelels 10 BAS VIO ioeisisice creer 0.16 Miriane ler e.sererciere asuetets 0.05

Peak powers, fortissimo playing. Orchestra of 75 pieces. Both peak and average powers of orchestra
are about 10,000 times such for conversational speech. Violin played as softly as possible, 4 microwatts.
Threefold peak power 20,000,000 times this.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

194 TABLES 150-152
TABLE 150.—Relative Strength of the Partials in Various Musical Instruments

The values given are for tones of medium loudness. Individual tones vary greatly in quality and,
therefore, in loudness.

Strength of partials in per cent of total tone strength.

Instrument.

Tuning fork on box. .

| |
11

HwWORH

Avr of O | |
4

tb HOOF

H

TABLE 151.—Miscellaneous Sound Data

Koenig’s temperature coefficient for the frequency (7) of forks is nearly the same for all pitches.
Nt = No(1 — o.ooo11t® C), Ann. d. Phys. 9, p. 408, 1880.

Vibration frequencies for continuous sound sensations are practically the same as for continuous light
sensation, ro or more per second. Helmholtz’ value of 32 per sec. may be taken as the flicker value for
the ear. Moving pictures use 16 or more per sec. For light the number varies with the intensity.

The quality of a musical tone depends solely on the number and relative strength of its partials
(simple tones) and probably not at all on their phases.

The wave lengths of sound issuing from a closed pipe of length L are 4L, 4L/3, 4L/s, etc., and from
an open pipe, 2L, 2L/2, 2L/3, etc. The end correction for a pipe with a flange is such that the antinode
is 0.82 x radius of pipe beyond the end; with no flange the correction is 0.57 x radius of pipe.

The energy of a pure sine wave is proportional to n*A*; the energy per cm® is on the average
2p7*U*A*/)*; the energy passing per sec. through 1 cm? perpendicular to direction of propagation is
2pm7*U%A*/)*; the pressure is 3(y + 1) (average energy per cm*); where n is the vibration number per
sec., \ the wave length, A the amplitude, VY the velocity of sound, p the density of the medium, y the
specific heat ratio. Altberg (Ann. d. Phys. 11, p, 405, 1903) measured sound-wave pressures of the
order of 0.24 dynes/cm? = 0.00018 mm Hg.

TABLE 152.—Audibility as Dependent on Sound Pressure and Frequency

The ear detects sounds over a pressure range about 0.001 to 1ooo dynes/cm*; over much of this
range it differentiates between complex sounds so nearly alike that no existing physical device can
distinguish them. Plot shows minimum audibility pressures from 72 normal ears from 60 to 4000 cycles
(both scales logarithmic); standard deviation indicated by dotted curves. The maximum audibility curve
was obtained from 48 normal ears. A louder sound becomes painful. The AC CnSEY of pressure neces-
ae is about _ required to excite the tactile nerves in the finger tips. (Wegel, » Nat. Acads Se.

P- 155, 1922

CYCLES PER} SECOND

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

\
‘\

1000 ©2000 5000 10000 20000

TABLES 153-156 195
TABLE 153.—Speech

(Fletcher, Rev. Mod. Phys., 3, 258, 1931.)

Speech is composed of vowels and consonants. Most are continued in steady tones (con-
tinuants), long vowels, a, short, i, diphthongs, ou, semivowels, 1, fricative consonants, s;
others are interrupted (stops). The pure stops are p, t, ch, k; voiced, b, d, j, g.

When frequencies, f, are measured in kilocycles, then the pitch P=log, F. J is the
intensity of the sound passing through a cm* of the wave-front. The intensity level
I =1ogio J and is expressed in bells.

TABLE 154.—Characteristic Resonance Values for Spoken Vowels

The larynx generates a fundamental tone of a chosen pitch with some 2o partials, usually of low intensity. The
particular partial, or partials, most nearly in unison with the mouth cavity is greatly strengthened by resonance. Each
vowel, for a given mouth, is characterized by a particular fixed pitch, or pitches, of resonance corresponding to that
vowel’s definite form of mouth cavity. These pitches may be judged by whispering the vowels. It is difficult to sing
vowels true above the corresponding pitches. The greater part of the energy or loudness of a vowel of a chosen pitch
is in those partials reinforced by resonance. The vowels may be divided into two classes, — the first having one char-
acteristic resonance region, the second, two. The representative pitches of maximum resonance of a mouth cavity
for selected vowels in each group are given in the following table.

Vowel indicated by italics in Pitch of maxi- Vowel indicated by italics in Pitch of maxi-
the words. mum resonance. the words, mum resonance.

father, far, add, 800 and 1840
fall, feather, 691 and 1953
rode, bait, 488 and 2461
move, pique, 308 and 3100

Pitch in octaves from one kilocycle. For the first 6 vowels high pitch region less
intense (Fletcher).

pool —0.3 —1.3. talk —0o.I —0.7 tap —o045 +08 tip —124+1.2
put OO. — ai. Le ston + 0.2 —0.5 ten —0oO7 +090 team —I1.4 +1.3
tone —o.2 —1.0 father +03 —03 tape —og +1.1

TABLE 155.—Speech Power (Fletcher)

Average conversational speech power, 10 microwatts or 100 ergs per second. About 1/3
of time no sound is flowing (pauses), so if silent intervals are excluded these values may
be taken as 15 and 150. Shouting as loud as possible increases 100-fold, whispering in-
telligibly 1/10,000. The mean speech power may be defined as average over 1/100 sec.
period; phonetic speech power, max. value of mean speech power of a fundamental vowel
or consonant; peak speech power, max. value of instantaneous power over interval
considered.

TABLE 156.—Phonetic Powers, Average Conversation

0 680 6 470 ifn Sto 1 x60 ch 42 S 16 V Ti 5
GOON (1107400, i 260 sh 80 n 36) it 15 b 7 th I
Oo 510 apn370 Ch220 ee e738 j 23 g 15 d oy
a 4090 Cun 50) esti 210 mt 52 Zz 16 k 13 D 6

The most powerful sound is “ azwl,’—900 times the power of th in thigh. Intoned
without emphasis it is about 50 microvolts. Peak powers are 10-20 times the phonetic
power. In ordinary conversation 2% of time > 20 db over average level ; 42%, 6 to 16 db.

Note.—For Bibliography of Acoustics of Buildings (Watson) see Nat. Res. Council,
Reprint, and Circulars, No. 98, 1931, or Journ. Acoust. Soc. Amer., 2, 14, 1931.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

196 TABLE 157
VELOCITY PRESSURE AT DIFFERENT AIR SPEEDS

The resistance F of a body of fixed shape and presentation moving through a fluid may

be written oi
Fis oR) @)

in which p denotes the fluid density, » the viscosity, Z a linear dimension of the body fixing
the scale, and V is the speed of the body relative to the fluid. The dimensionless ratio

ues is termed the Reynolds Number R. Values of R are comparable only for geometrically

bw

similar bodies. The quantity (1/2)pV? is termed the velocity pressure q; it is the increase in
pressure above the static pressure set up in a tube whose open end is pointed into the
relative wind. The relation (1) is usually written F = CAq, A being some specifically defined
area as, for example, the area of the projection of the body on a plane normal to the wind.
C is usually termed the absolute resistance coefficient. It has the same value in any self-
consistent system of units and is a function of the Reynolds Number R. The method of
defining A and L must in every case be explicitly stated.

For speeds near the speed of sound, C is also a function of the ratio of the air speed to
the speed of sound. Values given in these Tables can not then be used.

The table gives values of the velocity pressure qg at different air speeds. In conjunction
with the values of C in subsequent tables, this table can be used for computation of the
resistance under specified conditions. It is computed for standard air density: dry air,
normal CO, content, 15°C, one atmosphere, standard gravity,

metric slugs (Ages = 0.002378 slugs ‘ea (mass)

0.12497 maz 9.807 m3 ft-* \ 322. 156t.*

For other densities the values must be multiplied by the ratio of the actual density to the
standard density.

Air Air Air Air Air
speed Pressure,q | speed Pressure,g | speed Pressure,q | speed Pressure, q | speed Pressure, g
m/sec. kg/m? m/sec. kg/m? m/sec. kg/m? m/sec. kg/m? m/sec. kg/m?

0.063 on 7.56 21 27.56 31 60.06 4I 105.1
.250 12 9.00 22 30.25 32 64.00 42 110.3
.562 13 10.56 23 33.06 Be 68.06 43 115.6

1.00 14 12.25 24 36.00 34 72.25 44 121.0

1.56 15 14.06 25 39.06 35 76.56 45 126.6

2.25 16 16.00 26 42.25 36 81.00 46 13 2"2

3.06 17 18.06 2H 45.56 37 85.56 47 138.1

4.00 18 20.25 28 49.00 38 90.25 48 144.0

5.06 19 22.56 29 52.56 39 95.06 49 150.1

6.25 20 25-00 30 56.25 40 100.0 50 156.3

COO ON ANLWN

_

Air Air Air Air Air
speed Pressure, qg | speed Pressure,qg | speed Pressure, gq | speed Pressure,q | speed Pressure,
ft./sec. 1b./ft.? ft./sec. Ilb./ft.? ft./sec. lb./ft.? ft./sec. Ib./ft.2 ft./sec. 1b./ft.2

0.00119 II .1438 21 5243 55 3.597 105 Toa
.00476 12 elle. 22 25755 60 4.280 I1IO 14.39
.O1070 13 -2009 23 .6290 65 5.024 115 15.72
.O190 14 .2330 24 .6849 70 5.826 120 Lyle
.0297 15 -2675 25 -7431 75 6.688 125 18.58
.0428 16 -3044 30 1.070 80 7.610 130 20.09
.0583 17 -3436 355 2-457, 85 8.591 135. (21-67
.O761 18 -3852 40 1.902 90 9.631 140 23.30
.0963 19 -4292 45 2.408 95 10.73 145 25.00
11 SOn)) | 2O -4756 50 2.973 100 11.89 150 26.75

OO ON DAuNLWN

_

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 158 197
CORRECTIONS TO ROBINSON CUP ANEMOMETERS

The official Weather Bureau instrument used for measuring speed of natural winds is a
Robinson type cup anemometer. Before January 1, 1928, a four-cup driving unit was used;
after that date a three-cup unit, because of the large errors of the older type at high speeds.
The table gives the speeds indicated by the old and new instruments at various true speeds.

Indicated Indicated Indicated Indicated Indicated Indicated
speed, speed, speed, speed, speed, speed,
True four-cup three-cup True four-cup three-cup True four-cup three-cup
speed, standard, standard, speed, standard, standard, speed, standard, standard,
miles miles miles miles miles miles miles miles miles
per hour perhour per hour perhour per hour’ perhour per hour per hour per hour
5 5 5 40 50 41 75 98 © 79
10 II 10 45 57 47 80 105 84
15 17 15 50 64 52 85 112 89
20 23 20 55 71 57 90 118 95
25 30 25 60 78 63 95 125 100
30 37 31 65 85 68 100 132 105
35 44 36 70 QI 73 110 145 116

Note.—Values above a true speed of 75 miles per hour are extrapolated.

It must be borne in mind that problems in aerodynamics can not be idealized as easily as
many problems in mechanics. The side of a building may not be regarded as a thin flat
plate in computing the force of the wind, and data for a cylinder of a given length can not
be directly applied for the wind force on a cylinder of some other length. Further, objects
nearby exert an appreciable influence.

These complications limit the strict application of a test on a particular object to geo-
metrically similar objects in similar surroundings. They also cause apparent discrepancies
among the results of different experimenters which are to be attributed to departure from
geometrical similarity of the models, to the effects of the relative size of the body and the
air stream, of the supports or other nearby objects, and to differences in the fine structure
(turbulence) of the approximately steady air streams rather than to errors of measuring.

The data here given are intended to apply to the ideal condition of an isolated body of
exactly the shape specified in a uniform, steady air stream of infinite extent.

Example of tables: Take the problem of the resistance of a sphere 1.5 cm. diam. moving
at a speed 35 m/sec. (3500 cm/sec.) through still air of density 0.ooro g/cm* and viscosity
0.000173 g/cm sec. The Reynolds number is 3500 X 1.5 X 0.0010/0.000173 Or 30,347;
logiR is 4.482; whence from Table 162 C is 0.50. From Table 157 the value of q for std.
density is 76.56 kg (force) /m’. The ratio of the actual to std. density is 0.0010/0.0012255 or
0.816. The resistance is therefore {0.50 } { 7/4 } { 1.5/100 }?{ 76.56 } { 0.816 | =0.00552
kg (force) = 5413 dynes.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

198 TaBLE 159
RESISTANCE COEFFICIENT FOR THIN FLAT PLATES NORMAL TO THE WIND

The pressure on a thin rectangular plate varies with the “aspect ratio,” a term intro-
duced by Langley for the ratio of the length of the leading edge (span) to the chord length.
The resistance coefficient is nearly independent of the Reynolds Number if the Reynolds
Number (ZL taken as the chord length) is greater than 100. In the following table the
values of C are given as a function of the aspect ratio. 4 is taken as the area of the plane,
viz., product of chord and span. Values of C for circular disks are practically the same
as for a square plate.

Aspect ratio I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 00
Cc I.12 1.18 1.22 1.24 1.26 1.28 1.30 1232 2.00

(2

jo ASPECT Rario 1.
SQUARE PLATE.

Ix
-

COEFFICIENTS OF RECTANGULAR PLATES, SEE P. 190.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 160 199
FORCES ON THIN FLAT PLATES AT ANGLES TO THE WIND

For plates at angles, the force is usually resolved into components at right angles and
parallel to the direction of the relative wind. The components, termed the lift and drag
respectively, are expressed in the form of absolute coefficients, the forces being divided by
the product of the velocity pressure and the area of the plate (N. B.—wnot the projected
area on a plane normal to the wind). The line of action of the force is given by the inter-
section of the resultant force with the plate expressed as the ratio of the distance of the
intersection from the leading edge to the chord length, a quantity called the center of
pressure coefficient. The lift coefficient L = lift/Agq, the drag coefficient D = drag/Agq, and
the center of pressure coefficient for various angles are given for plates of aspect ratios 1, 3,
and 6 in the form of graphs. (See page 198.)

The following formulae indicate the use of the coefficients from the plots for the deter-
mination of the forces:

Fa = component of resulting wind force parallel to wind = drag = DAgq;
F, = that normal to wind and width al =lift = LAg;
x- (see small figure in upper set of curves) = CP: W; W is that dimension of the plane of
reference which makes the least angle with wind.

= area of one surface of plate. D, L, CP are independent of Reynold’s No. and tempera-
ture.

Authorities and the conditions of their experiments: (1) Eiffel. (2) Dines, 1890. (3) Féppl, toro. (4) Ria-
bouchinski, 1912. (5) Stanton, 1903. (6) Bureau of Standards. In lower figure of previous page: Li, Féppl;
Io, Lz, B. of S.; Ls, Eiffel; Di, Foppl, B. of S.; De, B. of S.; Ds, Eiffel. For more detailed information as to
references and data see I.C.T. 1, 406, 1926.

Aspect ratio I Aspect ratio 3 Aspect ratio 6

Authority
(1) (3) (6) (6)

90} 30-5] 72] 30.5

15] 5.08 12] 5.08
. : P ROM NTe7A| vee
Tunnel diam.... 1500 | 1370 | 2000
Reynold’s No...| 210 126| 64] 55

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 161
FORCES ON NON-ROTATING CIRCULAR CYLINDERS

The coefficient for cylinders normal to the wind, the area A being taken as the product
of length and diameter and the linear dimension L as the diameter, depends to a marked
degree on the ratio of length to diameter and on the Reynolds Number, Rk. The graph
shows the variation of C with R for cylinders of infinite length.

The variation of C with the length-diameter ratio for a Reynolds Number of 80,000 is

as follows:

200

Ratio of length to diameter I 2 a 5 10 20 40
GE 0.63 .69 75 74 83 .Q2 1.00 1.20

If the axis of the cylinder is inclined to the wind direction, the force remains approxi-
mately at right angles to the axis of the cylinder, its magnitude falling off approximately
as the square of the sine of the angle of the axis to the wind.

Arr Forces, CIRCULAR CYLINDERS.

Force = CAq. Reynold’s number = R = V Dp/u.

C is taken from above plot; for q see Table 157; 4 = Area axial section of cylinder =
L (length) * D (diameter) ; the plane of reference contains the axis and is perpendicular
to the plane defined by the axis and the wind direction; V = air speed; p, the density of
the medium and uy, its viscosity. Curve (a) is due to Wieselsberger, 1922; curve (b)
to Relf.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 162 AND 163 201
TABLE 162.—Forces on Spheres

For spheres the linear dimension L is taken as the diameter of the sphere D

aD?

and the area as . For values of the Reynolds Number between 80,000 and

300,000 the value of C depends in large measure on the turbulence of the air
stream (cf. Technical Report 342 of the National Advisory Committee for
Aeronautics). The curves marked S and W most clearly approximate the con-
dition of zero turbulence.

Arr Forces ON SPHERES.

Forcee=F=CAq. A=nrD?/4. R=VDp/p.

For meaning of letters see previous table.

Authorities: A, Allen, 1900; B., Bacon and Reid; E, Eiffel; P, Pannell ;
R, Riabouchinski, 1914; S, Bureau of Standards; W, Wieselsberger, 1914,
1922. For more detailed references see I.C.T., 1, 411, 1926.

TABLE 163.—Forces on Miscellaneous Bodies

The values of the shape coefficients in the following table are to be used
with the area of the projection of the body on a plane normal to the wind
direction. Where this projection is a circle, the diameter is used as the quantity
L in the Reynolds Number. Where the projection is rectangular, the shortest
side of the rectangle is taken as L.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

202 TABLES 163 (continued) AND 164

TABLE 163 (continued).—Forces on Miscellaneous Bodies

Body

Struts (bodies streamlined in two dimensions)......... 0.06-0.08

Streamline. bodies of revolution). cir qe. selec 1210) stelele ere 0.03-0.04
Rectangular prism, I x I x 3, normal to 1 x3 face...... 1.60 *
Model of *automobiletiar cre ecieelac ie eer a at acoso toto .78 *

Cone, angle 60°, diam. base 40 cm, point to wind, solid.. 51

Cone, angle 30°, diam. base 40 cm, point to wind, solid.. 34

Hemisphere; convex:-to- wind <iseccrtoanryew-a-crowwreriets 34

Heniisphere,;concave toswind..... soc. tee ja aes eistele= a3

Concave CUD fc caciers sis Cals lever sises ctatahelteie eatetararess scutes 1.39

Convex cup i........- statefotaisicterciaus wince terete ierther setae -35

Sphero-conic body, diam. 20 cm, cone 20° point forward. .16
Sphero-conic body, diam. 20 cm, cone 20° point to rear.. 088

Cylinder 120\ cm long, spherical ends..-...--.<.-<-...- .19

* C varies very little with Reynolds Number.
TABLE 164.—Forces on Cylinders
Cylinder, base perpendicular to Ge
. length

WT rear clSvalsteqs ates aia oO 1.0

diameter Yi

rs I 1.07

ss 2 88

$ 4 81

re 6 82

a 8 82

= 14 94

* Eiffel’s values: See Table 159 for best value, 1.12.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

Reynolds
Number

above
above

about
about

40,000
100,000
400,000
300,000
270,000
270,000
170,000
170,000
170,000
170,000
135,000
135,000
100,000

100,000 to 200,000

“ce

“cc

6c

“

“

“

TABLE 165 203

SKIN FRICTION

The surface friction on well-varnished surfaces of thin flat plates may be expressed in

the following form:
Rr = 0.0375AqR°™

where Rr is the frictional force on the area A exposed to the stream, q is the velocity
pressure, and R the Reynolds Number based on the length of the plate parallel to the
wind direction. The values in the table apply when the flow is fully turbulent as in most
practical applications. (Cf. Technical Report 342 of the National Advisory Committee
for Aeronautics. )

Skin friction Skin friction
kg per sq. m Ibs. per sq. ft.
plane

ee -———— av vX—X_,
1 m long 30 m long , 3 1 ft. long 30 ft. long

0.0311 0.0187 0.00083 0.00050
.112 .0673 .00303 .00182
.237 .142 .00641 00385
.404 .243 .O109 .00655
{oni 366 .O164 .00987
856 514 .0231 0139

1.138 .683 .0307 0184

1.457 874 0393 .0236

1.812 1.087 .0488 .0293

2.202 1.321 0504 .0356

2.626 1.570 .0708 0425

3.085 1.851 .0831 .0499

3.577 2.146 .0964 .0579

4.102 2.461 1106 .0664

4.662 2.797 .1256 0754

5.253 3.152 1416 .0850

5.875 3.525 1584 0951

6.531 3.919 1761 .1057

7.218 4.331 .1946 1168

7.037 4.762 .2140 .1284

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

204 TABLES 166-168
TABLE 166,—Friction

The required force F necessary to just move an object along a horizontal plane =// where M is the normal pressure
on the plane and / the “coefficient of friction.””? The angle of repose ® (tan ® = F/N) 1s the angle at which the
plane must be tilted before the object will move from its own weight. The following table of coefficients was com-
piled by Rankine from the results of General Morin and other authorities and is sufficient for ordinary purposes.

Material.

Wood on wood, dry. j : ; : : .25-. 4.00-2.00 | 14.0-26.5
Sea oe ROAD Vane : ; : : : -20 5.00 | 1.5
Metals on oak, dry : : ; : : : -50-. 2.00-1.67 26.5-31-0

ss oe mwet ; ; : . ; . -24-.2 4.17-3.85 13.5-14.5
=. (soapy -- . . : : : : 5-00 11.5
«elm, diy , s : 2 : : .20-.2 5-00-4.00 I1.5-14.0
Hemp on oak, dry 2 : : : : : a 10a 28.0
os rabt bateeee . . ° : : : . 3-00
Leather on oak : ; , : .27-. 3-70-2.86
- “metals, dry . : : : : : : 1.79
a ey awet ‘ : ; ; 2 : 2.78
o ED CAS Vai. : : : : : 4.35
2 ¢ oily : : : i
Metals on metals, dry . : : : : -15—.20
s F ig wet : 5 : 28
Smooth surfaces, occasionally greased . : : .07-.08
rs continually greased . : : 705
s se best results : : ; 5 .03--036
Steel on agate, dry* . : : : : : +20
Go GG oiled : : ‘ 2 5 107
Iron on stone : : . . : : : -30-.70
Wood on stone. ; : : . | About .40
Masonry and brick work, dry : 3 : . .60-.70
3 s damp mortar : : 74
on dry clay . ; : : ; ; SI
“* moist clay . : ‘ : : : a3 y
Earth on earth. : : : : . : .25-1.00 4.00-1.00
« « «dry sand, clay, and mixed earth . 38-7 5 2.63-1.33
“damp clay . : : : : 1.00 1.00
“wet clay . : : : ae
“shingle and grav el : : ; SI-1.11

* Quoted from a paper by Jenkin and Ewing, ‘‘ Phil. Trans. R. S.’* vol. 167. In this paper it is shown that in
cases where “‘ static friction ’’ exceeds “‘ kinetic friction ”’ there is a gradual increase of the coefficient of friction as the
speed is reduced towards zero.

TABLE 167,—Lubricants

The best lubricants are in general the following: Low temperatures, light mineral lubricating
oils. Very great pressures, slow speeds, graphite, soapstone and other solid lubricants. Heavy
pressures, slow speeds, ditto and lard, tallow and other greases. Heavy pressures and high speeds,
sperm oil, castor oil, heavy mineral oils. Light pressures, high speeds, sperm, refined petroleum
olive, rape, cottonseed. Ordinary machinery, lard oil, tallow oil, heavy mineral oils and the
heavier vegetable oils. Steam cylinders, heavy mineral oils, lard, tallow. Watches and delicate
mechanisms, clarified sperm, neat’s-foot, porpoise, olive and light mineral lubricating oils.

TABLE 168,—Lubricants For Cutting Tools

Material. Turning. Chucking. ae [Zapping Reaming.

Tool Steel, dry or oil oil or s. w. oil oil lard oil
Soft Steel, dry or soda water soda water oil or s. w. | oil lard oil

Wrought iron dry or soda water soda water oil or s. w. | oil lard oil
Cast iron, brass | dry dry dry dry dry
Copper dry dry dry dry mixture
Glass turpentine or kerosene

Mixture = 44 crude petroleum, %3 lard oil. Oil = sperm or lard.

Tables 167 and 168 quoted from “ Friction and Lost Work in Machinery and Mill Work,’’ Thurston,
Wiley and Sons.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 169-171 205
TABLE 169.—Viscosity of Fluids and Solids

The coefficient of viscosity of a substance is the tangential force required to move a unit area of a plane surface
with unit speed relative to another parallel plane surface from which it is separated by a layer a unit thick of the sub-
stance. Viscosity measures the temporary rigidity it gives to the substance. The viscosity of fluids is generally meas-
ured by the rate of flow of the fluid through a capillary tube the length of which is great in comparison with its diameter.
The equation generally used is

4 22
b, the viscosity, = Seinen (4 a ):

r28004-A) \

g
where ¥ is the density (g/cm), d and / are the diameter and length in cm of the tube, Q the volume in cm! discharged
in ¢ sec., A the Couette correction which corrects the measured to the effective length of the tube, # the average head
in cm, m the coefficient of kinetic energy correction, mv2/g, necessary for the loss of energy due to turbulent in distinc-
tion from viscous flow, g being the acceleration of gravity (cm/sec/sec), v the mean velocity incm per sec. (See Tech-
nologic Paper of the Bureau of Standards, 100 and 112, Herschel, 1917-1918, for discussion of this correction and ).)

The fluidity is the reciprocal of the absolute viscosity. The kinetic viscosity is the absolute viscosity divided by
the density. Specific viscosity is the viscosity relative to that of some standard substance, generally water, at some
definite temperature. The dimensions of viscosity are ML“47—. It is generally expressed in cgs units as dyne-seconds
per cm? or poises.

The viscosity of solids may be measured in relative terms by the damping of the oscillations of suspended wires
(see Table 82). Ladenburg (1906) gives the viscosity of Venice turpentine at 18.3° as 1300 poises; Trouton and
Andrews (1904) of pitch at 0°, 51 X 10!°, at 15°, 1.3 X 10!; of shoemakers’ wax at 8°, 4.7 X 108; of soda glass at 575°,
II X 102; Deeley (1908) of glacier ice as 12 X rol’,

TABLE 170.—Viscosity of Water in Centipoises (Temperature Variation)

Bingham and Jackson, Bulletin Bureau of Standards, 14, 75, 1917. Pressure effect, see p. 652.

Vis-
cosity.

II .2713
I2 . 2363
.OIQI 13 . 2028
-5674 14 -1709

. 5188 15 .1404
-4728 16 (REET
.4284 17 -0828
- 3860 18 -0559
- 3462 19 .0299

OmI AN LWNHHO
oo0000
990900

* de Haas, 1894. Undercooled water: —2.10°, 1.33 Cp} —4.70°, 2.12 cp; —6.20°, 2.25 cp; —8.48°, 2.46 cp;
—9.30°, 2.55 cp; White, Twining, J. Amer. Ch. Soc., 50, 380, 1013.

TABLE 171.—Viscosity of Alcohol-water Mixtures in Centipoises
(Temperature Variation)

Percentage by weight of ethyl alcohol.

Same authority as preceding table.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

206 TABLES 172-174
TABLE 172.—Viscosity and Density of Sucrose in Aqueous Solution

See Scientific Paper 298, Bingham and Jackson, Bureau of Standards, 1917, and Technologic
Paper 100, Herschel, Bureau of Standards, 1917.

Viscosity in centipoises. Density di’.

Tempera-
ture.

Per cent sucrose by weight. Per cent sucrose by weight.

rae ae A _| 100 X
Den- vee % Den- N Boo Kine-
sity. : Glyc- sity. y In | matic
g/cm? coneks centl- | Viscos-
polses. poises. ity.

%
Glycerol.

erol. g/cm$

.0098] 1.181 |r. .0855| 3.115|2.870
.02T7] 1.364 |1. .0989] 3.791|/3.450 = L7O 7 ie
.0337] 1.580 |I. .1124] 4.692|/4.218 S1OS2 NGS
.O461] 1.846 |r. .1258] 5.908]5. 248 . 2066] 55.
.0590| 2.176 |2. .1393| 7.664/6.727 .2201/102.5 ,
.0720| 2.585 |2. .1528]10.31 |8.943 . 2335]/207.6 | 168.

The kinematic viscosity is the ordinary viscosity in cgs units (poises) divided by the density.

TABLE 174.—Viscosity and Density of Castor Oil (Temperature Variation)

Viscosity
in poises
Kinematic
viscosity
Density,
Viscosity
in poises
Kinematic
viscosity
Density,
Viscosity
in poises
Kinematic
viscosity
Viscosity
in poises
Kinematic
viscosity.

-9797/37-
- 9700/34.
-9693|31.
.9686]28.
.9679]26.
.9672/24.
.9665|22.
. 965920.
.9652|18.

-9520)3-94/4.
-9513]3- 65/3.
.9506]3. 40/3.
-9499)3- 16/3.
-9492)2.94)3-
.9485]2.74]2.
-9478]2.58]2.
-9534/4. 51/4. -9471|2.44|2.
.952714. 7 .9464]2.31/2

NH HN HBO AUN D
HN HNN DN WW WD

MCONM~TO NN ©
CO OOOW WAMNs

Tables 173 and 174, taken from Technologic Paper 112, Bureau of Standards, 1918. Glycerol
data due to Archbutt, Deeley and Gerlach; Castor Oil to Kahlbaum and Raber. See preceding
table for definition of kinematic viscosity. Archbutt and Deeley give for the density and viscosity
of castor oil at 65.6° C, 0.9284 and 0.605, respectively; at 100° C, o.goso and 0.169.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLES 175 AND 176 207
TABLE 175.—Viscosity of Organic Liquids

Compiled from Landolt and Bornstein, 1912. Based principally on work of Thorpe and
Rogers, 1894-97. Viscosity given in centipoises. One centipoise = 0.01 dyne-second per cm?.

Viscosity in centipoises
Liquid

Formula 10°C | 20°C | 30°C | 40°C | 50°C |70°C| 100°C

Acids: Formic id |2.247|1.784|1.460|1.219|1.036].
id |solid |1.222]1.040] .905] .796].

Propionic 2 |I. I.289]1.102] .960] .845] .752].
Butyric 2 |2. 1.851}1.540]1.304/1.120] .975}.

Alcohols: Methyl ; .690| .596| .520] .456] .403

Allyl : 1.705|1.363|1.168] .g14| .763}.
2.918|2.256/1.779|1.405|I.130}.
3.246]2.370|1.757|1.331
3.873|2.948|2.267|1.782
6| .763| .654| .567} .498
Toluene : .671] .590| .525| .471
Orthoxylene : .937] .810] .709] .627
Metaxylene ‘ -702| .620] .552| .497
Paraxylene id] .738] .648] .574] .

Bromides: Ethyl 2 5 .441| .402] .368
Propyl °3 ‘ .582| .524] .475
Ethylene , .039|1.721|1.475

B .120|1.005] .QII| .

Chlorides: Ethylene 2 j .966| .838] .736] .
Chloroform ‘ .633| .571} -519| .
Carbon-tetra ‘ .138| .975] .848} .

Ethers: Diethyl ; .268] .245] .223
Methyl-propyl CsHiO | . .285| .260] .237
Ethyl-propyl GsHisO" | .360] .324] .294] .

Esters: Methylformate CoH4O2 | . .391| .355| .325
Ethylformate © |i< .454| .408] .369] .
Methylacetate ‘ .431| .388] .352] .
Ethylacetate 5 .512| .455] -407] .

Iodides: Methyl : 548] .500] .460] .

Eth .654| .592] .54C] .
.833] -744] .669] .
.936] .826] .734] .660] .

.289] .262] .240] .220
.401| .360] .326] .296] .
—370|| 338i .206| 1.270].

Heptane cc ¢ : .416| .375
i-Heptane 481] «2 SOA) ee AG iee
é ; .706| . .542| .483] .
Sulphides: Carbon di- .438] .405] .376] .352] .

Turpentine 2.248/1.783/1.487|1.272|1.071

Table 176.—Fluidities of Gasolines and Kerosene (Temperature Variation)

(Henschel, Bur. Standards, Techn. Paper, 125, 1919.)

Sp. gr. Temperature Sp. gr. Temperature
15°.6/15°.6| 5°C PAO! Ie BSC || PSc.0/TS.0)marcw erscG, 25-C 35°C - 45°C ssc

0.757 145 1925212 262 0.702 233 261 206 321 358 400
-748 130 170 194 243-701 230 262 287 333 373 398
743 129 185 203 699 233 269 306 335 372 423

720" 4 202 264 293 360 694 251 286 316 354 387 427
22 189 244 278 342 + .680 288 323 365 413 441 475

IG.) -TG7 256 289 SAT (SLs \39

-708 203 257 292 260 Kerosene 47 61 71 8

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

208 TABLE 177
PRESSURE EFFECT ON VISCOSITY OF PURE LIQUIDS

This table gives logio of the relative viscosity as a function of pressure and density, the
viscosity at 30°C and atmospheric pressure taken as unity. Bridgman, Proc. Amer. Acad.,
61, 59, 1926, which see for further liquids. For each compound first line log n/m at 30°C,
second line at 75°C, third line 730/n7s.

Pressure kg/cm?
Substance
1000 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

139
Methyl ‘ : LOZ e2OOM e-A7 Te -OLON 7/5000 S745) -008
alcohol... : ; 9:933) 7-043) 7-208) 9-334) - 4480 95555) 2655
1.714 1.750 1.832 1.914 2.004 2.084 2.203
Ethyl : ‘ 2200) - 9-303) 617) 820) 1-022) feo TIE 300
alcohol... ‘ : O87 BZN eO4 5 e2SQe4 74 O34y 0-77. See OO
2.123 2.080 2.128 2.270 2.449 2.710 2.958
n-propyl! 2 : .283 .494 .836 1.131 1.402 1.667 1.915
alcohol... y : 9:880) 2074) .368) ».610 -827) 1-033) 1.223
: 2.529 2.630 2.938 3.319 3.758 4.305 4.920
n-butyl ; : 321 «6.554 =.934 +1.289 1.609 1.912 2.208
alcohol... : j 9.867, 080) .312) 46900) <941 1-172) 1.396
2.858 2.932 3.343 3-991 4.679 5.521 6.518
: -341 .607 1.060 1.448 1.811 2.164 2.495
alcohol... ‘ d 9:87.01) \-105 -466) 2772) 1-049) ie gira nr.562
2.951 3-177 3.926 4.742 5.781 7.096 8.570
: $305 3524-847) T31t2 1-360) 1-615)1-846
n-pentane.. . : : 1OZe8)-Go0) 676) 908, s1- DLO) 1-313 eIcAg2
1.419 1.393 1.483 1.600 1.742 2.004 2.254
j 332 .561 # .914 1.224 1.514 1.803
n-hexane... : : A7t 2379) .70Or <961 12198) 1-42651:646
1.449 1.521 1.633 1.832 2.070 2.382
Ethyl : : 242) S405) -649) 9.837, 1-008). 1217291322
chloride. . : : AQT e285.) 514i 2OS2y S340 On 7aienier
1.291 1.318 1.365 1.426 1.493 1.567 1.633
Ethyl ‘ 2222 1-387)) 2621-854)" 1-043) 1-223)1-400
bromide. . : 1072) 1-235) 72472) 2653), S816) 2978) 1-123)
1.413 1.419 1.442 1.589 1.687 1.758 1.892
Ethyl ; 218 .385 .656 .888 1.108 1.330 1.549
iodide.... : LO5 74 e227) ed O7nn 072) S540 O32 OnIE200
1.445 1.439 1.545 1.644 1.795 1.995 2.234
; -226) 12373) -605) -S04\) .987)) 1.160
Acetone.... t 113) 22455 .44'5) 610) § 2762) 28081-0371
1.297 1.343 1.445 1.563 1.679 1.828
: -200) 1-497, ) 93601-3400 742.133
Glycerine... : 9.023 9.204 9.529 9.818 .094 .369 .628
17.26 19.63 25.53 33-73 44.36 58.08

I -493

(1500) kg/cm?
100 .349 ~=.542
1.782
211 .386 .660 .884
094 .251 .480 .691 .O14 1.141
1.309 1.365 1.514 1.560
160 .307 .509 .674 «.840 1.010 1.189
[O51 LOOM 3 725 527 On SOS O46
1.285 1.340 1.371 1.403 1.476 1.592 1.750
324 .514 .792 1.042 1.261 1.469 1.670
S40) 9-344.) COT SOON 986 t- 155). lu
1.496 1.479 1.552 1.722 1.884 2.061 2.286

347
Benzene.... : 081.308

.498
5028 bce cm?

1.845
227A, 1-497) 897) 1-285) £699) 2-17,7
.065 .267 .597 .896 1.186 1.504 1.832
1.618 1.698 1.995 2.449 3.258 4.710
-541 1.081 2.273 3.007
1.652 (3000) (5000) kg/cm?
9.810 .143 .805 1.520 2.343
5.383 8.670 29.38

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 178 209
VISCOSITY OF MISCELLANEOUS LIQUIDS

Viscosities are given in cgs units, dyne-seconds per cm?, or poises.

Sener

Pert yhe ¥ Refer-
Liquid. Viscosity. Liquid. 5 Viscosity. | ence.

00275
.00252
. 00231
oo172
04467
o156

o1r6r

o146

80

* Dark cylinder

* “Extra
“

Linseed .925 ¢

Olive .
Me

Hw
OOOH OwWNHEODOOONOONO

2

.87
.30
94
.O21
222
.092

. OOOTI
2 X 10!?
.069
0184
.O1661
-O1547
.01476
.01263
O1079
00975

80.31% H20..

64.05% H20..

49.79% H20..
Hydrogen, liquid
Menthol, solid

ao

Manunn ww oo

(another)

(another)

Soya bean .g19 f°
ee OLS

“00

Mercury
“

9000000n%00%00000nHOD000HO~

SPREE HE ONNN DADDADWNFLHLwOWNH HHH
O9OmnADIVODODOAOI Ae

909000000

Dogfish-liver . 414

a 211
080
331
176
.o71
453
-162

033

“ “c

Linseed .925
fe -922

PeeIcO Lane ere
* Spindle oil ROO Sonne

900900000

“

Pentadecane
.138 Hexadecane
-342
049
-O15
. 496
-058
B72
572
.063

9909900090990000

OBKOOKHUKHKOYO

* “ Solar red” engine..
ae oe ae

“e “ce “ce
*“ Bayonne”’ engine..
« 7

* “e ae
*“ Queen’s red”’ engine
“ “e “ in a
71
.070
- 366 sf

- 909

“ “ec “

* “ Galena ” axle oil ..
* ae ae 46

“ae

* Heavy machinery...
“oe ae

- 406

nN
CODDDOHN DS

*F iltered cylinder. aa

* Dark cylinder

0 00 WAONAWRAD WADI HADDAD WH 0M

OFOHHAOFPODONIDOIONIDOOHOOH

240

* American mineral oils; based on water as .o1028 at 20°C. ft Based on water as per 1st footnote. { Densities.

References: (x) Thorpe and Rodger, 1894-7; (2) Verschaffelt, Sc. Ab. 1917; (3) Wijkander, 1879; (4) Pliiss.
Z. An. Ch. 93, 1915; (5) Metz, C. R. 1903; (6) Schdttner, Wien. Ber. 77, 1878, 79, 1879; (7) Heydweiller, W. Ann.
63, 1897; (8) Koch, W. Ann. 14, 1881; (9) White, Bul. Bur. Fish. 32, 1912; (10) Archbutt-Deeley, Lubrication and
Lubricants, r912; (11) Higgins, Nat. Phys. Lab. 11, 1914; (12) Bartolli, Stracciati, 1885-6; (13) Scarpa, 1902-4;
(14) Rotinganz, Z. Ph. Ch. 62, 1908.

Ratio of Viscosity at High to that at Atmospheric Pressure.

Pressure Bayonne oil FFF cylinder Trotter Rape castor Sperm
tons/in? Kg/cm 2 (mineral) (mineral) (animal) (vegetable) (fish)
I 157-5 1.3 TA 1.2 I.1 1.2 1.2
2 315. 2.0 2.0 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.5
4 630. 4.0 4:5 2.4 2.3 2.7 2.4
6 045. 78 8.9 3-5 3-5 4.2 3-5
8 1260. 16.1 — 5.0 _ 5.8 -

Hyde, Pr. Roy. Soc. 97A, 240, 1920.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

210 - TABLE 179
SPECIFIC VISCOSITY OF SOLUTIONS
(Density and temperature variation)

This table shows the effect of change of concentration and change of temperature on the
viscosity of solutions of salts in water. The specific viscosity X 100 is given for one or more
densities and for several temperatures in the case of each solution. » stands for specific
viscosity, and ¢ for temperature Centigrade.

(Abridged from earlier editions of these tables.)

Per-
centage

by
weight
of salt in
solution

7.60
24.34
2.98
15.17
31.60
39-75
44.09
17-55
40.13
I1.09
7.81
22.36
7:97
2227,
8.28
24.53
12.01
21.35
33-03
18.99
46.71
6.79
12.57
17.49
8.14
16.12
23.04
3-55
8.37
12.20
28.31
7-87.
15.50
23-43
10.23
22.21
23.16
34.64
8.42
33-93
54.00
5.69
6.32
17.60
eT,
9-77
11.93
32.78
6.97
18.62
39-77
4.98
19.32
8.01
40.13

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

Authority

Sprung

Wagner
Sprung

Wagner

Slotte
Wagner

Sprung

Wagner
ce

TABLE 179 (continued)
SPECIFIC VISCOSITY OF SOLUTIONS

(Density and temperature variation)
(Abridged from earlier editions)

Ql

Per-
centage
b

Salt weight Density LK t fm t Lh t L t | Authority
of salt in

solution

ae

(NH4)2SO«

(NH4)2CrOs
(NH4)2Cr20;
NiCl,
Ni(NOs)s
Pb(NOs)2
Sr(NOs)2
ZnCl,
Zn(NOs)e
ZnSO,

ae

49.83

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

Mn(NOs)>s 18.31
r: 49.31
MnSO, 11.45
eS 22.08
NaCl 7.95
se 14.31

< 23.22
NaBr 9.77
i 18.58

a 27.27
Nal 8.83
re 17.15
ns 5-47
NaClOs; seuek
: 3-54
NaNO; cae
pH 18.20

. 31-55
NaeSO, 4.98
M 14.03

a 19.32
NazCrO, 10.62
. 14.81
NH.Cl 3.67
i 15.68

of 23.37
NH,Br 15.97
ee 36.88
27.08

1.148
1.506

96.0
396.8
129.4
661-8 a

82.4

94.8
128.3

75-6

82:6. 4

95-9

WaRt

73.8
157.2

78.7
121.0

75-6

87.0
12-2

96.2
187.9
302.2
103.3
127.5

71-5

67.3

67.4

65.2

62.4

69.6, |

67.0

81.1
107.9
148.4

S32

229.5
90.7

76.4. 2

301.1
98.6
474-3
52.0
60.1
79-4
48.7
53:5
61.7
46.0
47-4
96.4
50.0
75:7
47-9
59-9
76.2
59-0
107.4
166.4
79-3
97.1
45.0
46.2
47-7
43.2
44.6
44-3
47-7
63.3
52-3
74.8
70.0

70.1

64.5
221.0
78.3
347-9
31.8
36.9
47-4
34-4
38.2
43.8
32-4
33-7
66.9
35-3
53.0
33.8
39-3
53-4
49.9
7
106.0
63.5
77°3
31.9
34-0
36.1
31-5
34-3
31.6
34-9
48.9
37-0
54-1

60.8

57:4

128.2

55-6 45 | Wagner
188.8 “ os
63.4 oe “ae
266.8 “ *
ER Sprung
“52.3 40 | Slotte
63.0 ‘ ae
ee Sprung

om) TABLE 180

SPECIFIC VISCOSITY OF SOLUTIONS (VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS,
25°C)

Normal solution. 3 normal.

oe
3
°
=
3
p
—

Dissolved salt. Authority.

viscosity.
Density.
Specific
viscosity.
Density
Specifie
viscosity.
Specific
viscosity,

Oo

ty

oo
1oS}

Reyher

“

°
\O
\O
\O

Acids : Cl,03
FCI

o0°0
WO
OW

9

9
No)

HNOs
HeSO4

| Aluminium sulphate
Barium chloride .
“nitrate

_ Calcium chloride

ce nitrate .

Cadmium chloride .
ce nitrate
e sulphate.
Cobalt chloride
“nitrate
sulphate .

“ee

_ Copper chloride .

we nitrate
“sulphate

| Lead nitrate

| Lithium chloride

ss sulphate.

Magnesium chloride
nitrate .
sf sulphate

Manganese chloride
s nitrate .
- sulphate

Nickel chloride
coe nitrate
“sulphate .
Potassium chloride .
se chromate
nitrate
sulphate

Sodium chloride.
cs bromide.
gs chlorate

nitrate

Silver nitrate. . . 3 : ; : : Wagner

e

Strontium chloride . 5 : : F : <
ce nitrate . ; 3 : : : Se
Zinc chloride. . . : ; 3 Z : se
Se nithatey va wae. j : ‘ z ; cs
<7 sulphate. 2) 5 : : : : <

* In the case of solutions of salts it has been found (wéde Arrhennius, Zeits. fiir Phys. Chem. vol. 1, p. 285) that
the specific viscosity can, in many cases, be nearly expressed by the equation “=”, where p, is the specific viscosity
for a normal solution referred to the solvent at the same temperature, and x the number of gramme molecules in the
solution under consideration, The same rule may of course be applied to solutions stated in percentages instead of
gramme molecules. The table here given has been compiled from the results of Reyher (Zeits. fiir Phys. Chem. vol. 2,
Pp. 749) and of Wagner (Zeits. fiir Phys, Chem. vol. 5, p. 31) and illustrates this rule. The numbers are all for 25° C.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 181 213
VISCOSITY OF GASES AND VAPORS

The values of w given in the table are 10® times the coefficients of viscosity in c.g.s. units.

| Substance. oC. Substance. oC Refer-

ence.

Ethyl chloride. . . .
Ethyl iodide. .....

Helium' = viata
Alcohol, Methyl. ... s
Alcohol, Ethyl

Alcohol, Propyl,

“e

WWwWNHN NNN ND

Hydrogen

OARAWIOOW

e

NSN ONWNH NN WCWWCKOWOH NHN NHNHONMNUNNNNW SHH

Alcohol, Isopropyl. .
Alcohol, Butyl,norm.
Alcohol, Isobutyl. . .
Alcohol, Tert. butyl.

144.
160.

96.
108.
210.
220.
224.
272k
322.

70.

79-
118.

Q2.
129.
142.
145.
186.
22).
268.
163.
184.
128.
147.

95-
102.
189.

RUDOUOO MOH HONWD

Lal

SNIONODOOOHO OR FP WORHO OR

Methane
Methyl chloride. . .

“cc 6h

O ® COW —— s+

Methyl iodide. ....
Nitrogen

Carbon bisulphide. .
Carbon dioxide. ....

3000-7
bp

ol tn © 60101010 010000 Of b
eH

Ooonwo ONO ON HAHN
HWHHPARONNHNNONKH ADIONUMNUUNPHPWWWWW

ONROD0000FHO.

a
co
oO

Puluj, Wien. Ber. 69 (2), 1874. 9 Meyer-Schumann, Wied. Ann. 13, 188r.
Breitenbach, Ann. Phys. 5, 1gor. 10 Jeans, assumed mean, 1916.

Steudel, Wied. Ann. 16, 1882. 11 Rankine, 1910.

Graham, Philos. Trans. Lond. 1846, III. 12 Vogel (Eucken, Phys. Z. 14, 1913). For
Schultze, Ann. Phys. (4), 5, 6, 1901. summaries see: Fisher, Phys. Rev. 24,
Schumann, Wied. Ann. 23, 1884. 1904; Chapman, Phil. Tr. A. 211,
Obermayer, Wien. Ber. 71 (2a), 1875. tg11; Gilchrist, Phys. Rev. 1, 1913.
8 Koch, Wied. Ann. 14, 1881, 19, 1883. Schmidt, Ann. d. Phys. 30, 19009.

SIAN PW DNDN HH

* Gilchrist’s value of the viscosity of air may be taken as the most accurate at present avail-
able. His value at 20.2° C is 1.812 x 10-4. The temperature variation given by Holman (Phil.
Mag. 1886) gives p = 1715.50 X 10-"(1 + .00275t — .c0000034/). See Phys. Rev. 1, 1913.
Millikan (Ann. Phys. 41, 759, 1913) gives for the most accurate value pd: = 0.00018240 —
0.000000493(23 —f) when (23>f>12) whence px =0.0001809 + 0.1%. For po he gives
0.00017II.

+ The values here given were calculated from Koch’s table (Wied. Ann. 19, p. 869, 1883)
by the formula w = 489 [1 + 746(t — 270) ].

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 182

VISCOSITY OF GASES
Variation of Viscosity with Pressure and Temperature

According to the kinetic theory of gases the coefficient of viscosity m = 3(pcl), p being the
density, ¢ the average velocity of the molecules, / the average path. Since / varies inversely
as the number of molecules per unit volume, p/ is a constant and uw should be independent of the
density and pressure of a gas (Maxwell’s law). This has been found true for ordinary pressures;
below #o atmosphere it may fail, and for certain gases it has been proved untrue for high pres-
sures, e.g., CO, at 33° and above 5c atm. See Jeans, ‘‘ Dynamical Theory of Gases.”’

If B is the amount of momentum transferred from a plane moving with velocity U and parallel
to a stationary plane distant d, and s is a quantity (coefficient of slip) to allow for the slipping
of the gas molecules over the plane, then u» = (B/U) (d+ 2s); s is of the same magnitude as J,
probably between .7 (Timiriazeff) and .9 (Knudsen) of it; at low pressures d becomes negligible
compared with 2s and the viscosity should vary inversely as the pressure.

© depends only on the temperature and the molecular weight. ¢ varies as the VT, but u
has been found to increase much more rapidly. Meyer’s formula, wt = mo(1 + at), where a
is a constant and mo the viscosity at o° C, is a convenient approximate relation. Sutherland’s

formula (Phil. Mag. 31, 1893),
esse \s
Oe rae Ge

is the most accurate formula in use, taking in account the effect of molecular forces. It holds
for temperatures above the critical and for pressures following approximately Boyle’s law. It

may be thrown into the form T = K qT? /y2 — C which is linear in terms of T and Tt /p, with a
slope equal to K and the ordinate inter-ept equal to —C. See Fisher, Phys. Rev. 24, 1907,
from which most of the following table is taken. Onnes (see Jeans) shows that this formula does
not represent Helium at low temperatures with anything like the accuracy of the simpler formula
P= bo(L/273-1)

The following table contains the constants for the above three formulae, T being always the
absolute temperature, Centigrade scale.

Hydrogen
Krypton

eH
oo
Y Ch

Carbon mo-

H ON

noxden- nee 2 25a OO? ; Nitrogen
Carbon dioxide 5 , : Nitrous oxide,
Chloroform...
Ethylene
Helium
Helium.......

H
Oo

* The authorities for m are: Air, Rayleigh; Ar, Mean, Rayleigh, Schultze; CO, CO2, Na,
N2O, von Obermayer; Helium, Mean, Rayleigh, Schultze; 2d value, low temperature work of
Onnes; He, Oo, Mean, Rayleigh, von Obermayer.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES,

TABLE 183 215

DIFFUSION OF AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION INTO PURE WATER

If 4 is the coefficient of diffusion, aS the amount of the substance which passes in the time a
at the place x, through g sq. cm of a diffusion cylinder under the influence of a drop of concen:
tration dc/ dx, then ye
aS = —kq ae at.

& depends on the temperature and the concentration. ¢ gives the gram-molecules per liter.
The unit of time is a day.

Substance. Substance.

Refer-
ence

Bromine .
Chlorine . ‘
Copper sulphate
Glycerine :
Hydrochloric acid .
Iodine. 6 ;
Nitric acid ; ;
Potassium chloride .
“hydroxide -
Silver nitrate . ;
Sodium chloride
Urea
Acetic acid
Barium chloride
Glycerine
Sodium actetate
“chloride
Urea A j
Acetic acid
Ammonia f
Formic acid
Glycerine : : | 10.14 | 0.339
Hydrochloric acid . \ate2en |
Magnesium sulphate We
Potassium bromide. 10.
“hydroxide . | 12.
Sodium chloride
“

“

_

Calcium chloride

«

oe

“ce

Magnesium sulphate
“ce ae

| “

“

Potassium hydroxide

“

nitrate .

“cc

“

, es : 0.02

«hydroxide . sulphate | 0.95

se iodide & ,

Sugar :

Sulphuric acid

Zinc sulphate .

Acetic acid

Calcium chloride

Cadmium sulphate .

Hydrochloric acid .

Sodium iodide

Sulphuric acid

Zinc acetate

ac “cc

Acetic acid :

Potassium carbonate
me hydroxide

Acetic acid . ;

Potassium chloride .

>

0.28

¢ . | 0.05
A - | 0.02
Silver nitrate . mS
6 6 - f 0.9
[igs rh : - | 0.02

| Sodium chloride /8
: /8

8

/8

ae “ce 4
6/
10
14/8
9.85
4.85
2.85
0.85 |
0.35 |
0.005

|

WOADNDW!IOO NANO DHO DAWNW YN DOP QWNN QW NUWFHPWNNNNN Nw nd

1 Euler, Wied. Ann. 63, 1897. 5 Kawalki, Wied. Ann. 52, 1894; 59, 1896.

2 Thovert, C. R. 133, I901; 134, 1902. 6 Arrhenius, Zeitschr. Phys. Chem. ro, 1892.

3 Heimbrodt, Diss. Leipzig, 1903. 7 Abegg, Zeitschr. Phys. Chem. 11, 1893.

4 Scheffer, Chem. Ber. 15, 1882; 16, 1883; 8 Schuhmeister, Wien. Ber. 79 (2), 1879.
Zeitschr. Phys. Chem. 2, 1888. 9 Seitz, Wied. Ann. 64, 1898.

Compiled from Landolt-Bornstein-Meyerhoffer’s Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen
SMITHSONIAN TABLES,

216 TABLE 184
DIFFUSION OF VAPORS

Coefficients of diffusion of vapors in C. G. S. units. The coefficients are for the temperatures given in the table and
a pressure of 76 centimeters of mercury.*

; kee for vapor | Ae for v. c 0
Vapor. Temp. C. diffusing aaa Hien aot |
eo hydrogen. air. carbon dioxide.)
Acids: Formic : . : 5 0.0 0.5131 0.1315 0.0879
Ss : ; : ; 65.4 0.7873 0.2035 0.1343
ea : : : : 84.9 0.8830 0.2244 0.1519
Acetic j ‘ ‘ ‘ 0.0 0.4040 0.1061 0.0713
s : ; ; : 65-5 0.6211 0.1578 0.1048
cman . . ; 98.5 0.7481 0.1965 0.1321
Isovaleric . : : E 0.0 0.2118 0.0555 0.0375
ee . : . ; 98.0 0.3934 0.1031 0.0696
Alcohols: Methyl . : ‘ : 0.0 0.5001 0.1325 0.0880
SSS) BAH Ped : : 25-6 0.6015 0.1620 0.1046
hs ‘ : : : 49.6 0.67 38 0.1809 0.1234
Ethyl . : 3 2 0.0 0.3806 0.0994 0.0693
7 : : ‘ 2 40.4 0.5030 0.1372 0.0898
ge : ; : : 66.9 0.5430 0.1475 0.1026
Propyl . : : z 0.0 0.3153 0.0803 0.0577
a : : : : 66.9 0.4832 0.1237 0.0901
a : . : : 83-5 0.5434 0.1379 0.0976
Butyl . : : , 0.0 0.2716 0.0681 0.0476
s : ; : ; 99.0 0.5045 0.1265 0.0884
Amyl . : 7 : 0.0 0.2351 0.0589 0.0422
ss : ; : : 99.1 0.4362 0.1094 0.0784
Eexy lair : : : 0.0 0.1998 0.0499 0.0351
: ; 2 . 99.0 0.3712 0.0927 0.0651
Benzene . : . : : : 0.0 0.2940 0.07 51 0.0527
“ : : : ; 2 : 19.9 0.3409 0.0877 0.0609
6 ‘ ; ; : : : 45.0 0.3993 O.IOII 0.0715
Carbon disulphide . ; : : 0.0 0.3690 0.0883 0.0629
ss 5 ; . . 19.9 0.4255 O.1OT5 0.0726
s & : : : 5 32.8 0.4626 0.1120 0.0789
Esters: Methyl acetate . . : 0.0 0.3277 0.0840 0.0557
x e : ; , 20.3 0.3928 0.1013 0.0679
Ethyl ; : . 0.0 0.2373 0.0630 0.0450
ce ce : 2 : 46.1 0.3729 0.0970 0.0666
Methyl butyrate. : : 0.0 0.2422 0.0640 0.0438
es « ; : ; 92.1 0.4308 0.1139 0.0809
Ethyl < ; : : 0.0 0.223 0.0573 0.0406
s of : 2 : 96.5 0.4112 0.1064 0.07 56
«valerate .- : : 0.0 0.2050 0.0505 0.0366
cs es : : C 97-6 0.3784 0.0932 0.0676
Ether : ; ; ; : : 0.0 0.2960 0.0775 0.0552
“ : : : : : : 19.9 0.3410 0.0893 0.0636
Water . : : : 5 2 0.0 0.6870 0.1980 0.1310
‘6 j : : : : : 49.5 1.0000 0.2827 o.18TI
ss : : : E ; : 92.4 1.1794 0.3451 0.2384

* Taken from Winkelmann’s papers (Wied. Ann. vols. 22, 23, and 26). The coefficients for 0° were calculated
by Winkelmann on the assumption that the rate of diffusion is proportional to the absolute temperature. According
to the investigations of Loschmidt and of Obermeyer the coefficient of diffusion of a gas, or vapor, ato° C and a
pressure of 76 centimetres of mercury may be calculated from the observed coefficient at another temperature and

as -
pressure by the formula k= Fn) e where 7 is temperature absolute and ¢ the pressure of the gas. The
exponent is found to be about 1.75 for the permanent gases and about 2 for condensible gases. The following
are examples: Air—CO., »=1.968; CO.—N.O, x=2.05; CO,—H, x=1.742; CO—O, x=1.785: H—O,
= 1.755; O—N, x=1.-792. Winkelmann’s results, as given in the above table, seem to give about 2 for vapors
diffusing into air, hydrogen or carbon dioxide.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLES 185 AND 186 217

DIFFUSION OF GASES, VAPORS AND METALS
TABLE 185,—Coefficients of Diffusion for Various Gases and Vapors *

Gas or Vapor diffusing. | Gas or Vapor diffused into. a Pvt Authority,

PAN TM aroun keene Tay = Hydrogen
be

0.661 Schulze.
0.1775 Obermayer.
0.1423 Loschmidt
0.1360 Waitz.
0.1405 Loschmidt.
0.1314 Obermayer.
0.5437 ey
0.1465 .
0.0983 Loschmidt.
0.1802 s
0.0995 Stefan
0.1314 Obermayer.
0.101 “
0.6422 Loschmidt.
0.1802 #6
0.1872 Obermayer.
0.0827 Stefan.
0.3054 *

0.6340 Obermayer.
0.5334 :

0 6488

0.4593

0.4863

0.6254

0.5347

0.6788

0.1787

OES 57

0.7217 Loschmidt.
0.1710 Obermayer.
0.4528 Loschmidt.
0.2390 Guglilemo.
0.2475 oo
0.8710 cs

ee eee OSV CD
Carbonrdioxides 45. 4) Air

sf Se oe Carbon monoxide

eee ebydrogen

w tery bets Methane .

se Se eee ee Nitrous.oxide

x: : cone Oxygen
Carbon disulphide . . . A enue spe cae
Carbon monoxide .. . Carbon dioxide

os erie Ethylene .

mas Hydrogen

Oxygen

IAN Ings), Lcuuae
Hydrogen :
ATs loin oeenon tt
Carbon dioxide

ss monoxide
Ethane
Ethylene .
Methane .
Nitrous oxide
Oxygen

Nitrogen ese eas eer

ONSFREM Gg Bea to Woe ioy t Carbon dioxide
oS Cities ae Hydrogen

Wee teak tee ks Nitrogen .

Sulphur dioxide . . : Hydrogen

EMITS Gc Redrse ee INP Ge

“cc

“ec

Ce GolOC' On) © O)'O!0! 0) .©5 60) © (OOO) OF O):O80) (O10) 0) 0:0) 0) ©1080 0) OOO

—

Hydrogen

* Compiled for the most part from a similar table in Landolt & Bornstein’s Phys. Chem, Tab.

TABLE 186.— Diffusion of Metals into Metals

dv __,d*v_ where x is the distance in direction of diffusion; v, the degree of concentration of
at dx’ the diffusing metal; 4, the time; 4, the diffusion constant = the quantity of metal
in grams diffusing through a sq. cm_ in a day when unit difference of concentra

tion (gr. per cu. cm ) is maintained between two sides of a layer one cm thick.

; : Dissolving | Tempera- we , ; : : fates Tempera-
Diffusing Metal. Meat Wate Ncs Diffusing Metal. | Maral. haa:

Lead . | 492

Wit oo I} RE
Readies 550

Gold’ = - = Wee SS5 Platinum .
Sl at eee El eed Oz f JFead@aeaae
251 Rhodium.

165 Lead

100 Zinc.

555 | Sodium : 15

oe. 555 : || Potassium : 15
Silver. . cae 555 Goldie. cb escent | 15

ee oh 15
Sie 9 15

|
|
200 donee Mercury | 15

From Roberts-Austen, Philosophical Transactions, 187A, p. 383, 1896.
* These values are from Guthrie.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

218 TABLE 187

SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC SALTS IN WATER
(TEMPERATURE VARIATION)

The numbers give the number of grams of the azhydrous salt soluble in 1000 grams of water at
the given temperatures.

Temperature Centigrade.

| | |
| 50° | 60° | 80° | go? | 100°
| |

40°
| nee

ADIN Osyn-parcniesmes | | 3350 4000 | 4700 0502 | 7600 | | 9100
AIS(SOZ) sence chee | | 521 | 5Qt 2 731 | 808 | 891
AlgKo(SO4)4 SW iestgh ze a j a 248 = 1540
Alo(NH4)e(SO4)4- | 124| 159 211 352) - -
BIOs acme Ronee: | ao eliue oe OZ) = 157
ERMC 5 a to Oc | | 436 | 464 524! 5560] 588
BEUNKOA 6 oa c | ) tae)! elas 270 | 306
(CalGiby ak ts: 5, det {1153} — | 1368 1470 | 1527
COO oc o 6 6 « | | 650; 935 | 940 960) -
CsCley i ates: | | ; 2080 | 2185 | 2290 | 23 2500 | 2601
CEN Op ue ees ce ogc. | | 230 | | 472| 644 | 838 70 | 1340; 1630
CsoS OW eet 5 1899 | 1949 | 1999 | 2 | 2103 | 2149 |
Cul(N@s)o0 ean | = | 1598! — | 1701 2078 | =
CuS Omer are | 295] 336 | 390 535 |. 62
BEC IS a fale a - | - $20 | = - 1040 | 1050 |
INAH Ge boo. cia 4 | lee (Ta Te | }5258| —
FeSO ae ee 264 | | 402| 486 | 550 | 506
HigGloy i sahesess | (90) ins a e139 243] 371
KSB 1 Peyatet orem iod ae Sea | | 760; - | 860 OSS) teal
KsCOs. eka s. - | 1170 | 1210 | 1270 1400 | 1470 |
KG ee eet rope: 401} 429 | 455 510} 533
ICNOS So oa 6 145] 197 | 260 396 | 475 |
KoCrOus seeds | in 16708| CGO |ae7.10 750 || “aaa
ACGIH OG) 3) 8 fon | - 202) SOS 730)
KHCOs a ete | 453 | 522 | 600 Pf - | =
Kee cee h cane 5 1600 | 1680 | 1760 | 1920 | 2010 |
KEN @ oacycu ancien | 6 | 639 | 855 | 1099 1690 | 2040
KOT Sey oe eet | 20 | 12 1360 | 1400 | 1460 1590 | 1680 |
Keet@leru-amsmesmes 18 22 26 38} 45
KoSOg "2 vals. | 148| 165 | 182 214| 228
161) eee 133) 138 153
MIKO 5° G 5 5s S75 ni Gey || = 660 | E
MgSO4 hy Oo 2 | = | = = |
s ae ) | 504 | 550 642 |
INEGI ey es rea anos | | 504 552 656
INJshilalClORNs 6 to 6 | - | |
INMSYINKOR Go ol Gc | 2 2970 3540? | 43002 |
(N H4)eSOq. a Pinte tate 5 810 844 |
IN ABTS sh iiciiren eos 45 | | - | 1058 | 1160 E ee T1865 |
Nas BiO7 Ae aaa =) il | - 105 | 200 2 314 |
NagCO3. . (10aq) | } = - | - — |

See 74g) ze: | }(taq)| 475 | 464 452
NAGI a 6 ee eee | | | 360} 363] 367 | B7len| 380
INaClO xia emet nOZOn| pas Siete | 1750
Na CrOAme cma g60 1050 | II50 | 1240 |
Nas@rm@7 1.) ewes 2200 | 2480 | 2830 | 3 3860 |
NaliGO atest ce pene | 2 127| 145 | 164 | — el
: Gaotlet— iene AQ) || Ss
2050 | 2280 | 2570 - | 2950
1049 | I140 | 12 | 1480

| | |

we
Cun

VP al eaticots eal

2
°

Compiled from Landolt-Bérnstein-Meyerhoffer’s Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLES 187 (continued)=-189 219

TABLE 187 (continued).—Solubility of Inorganic Salts in Water (Temperature Variation)

The numbers give the number of grams of the azAydrous salt soluble in 1000 grams of water at
the given temperatures.

Temperature Centigrade.

10° | 20° 30° | 40°) ROD 60°

INA@EUNT eh ter co 515 | 1090 1190 | 1290 | 1450 | 1740 | 3130 |
Nag PSO ai ict ser aos 3 39|- 621 99:|-135\| 174 |) 220 300 |
a . . | | | oO |
arene oe | ce | 482 468} 455 | 437
NagSeO03. . | 610 | 1697 | 2067 | | 2488 |
Ne oie ien oe sal Melnas | | 760) 810 | ~
INTIS © oar maces 02 48 | 4| 632
sie G of oh 8s yo ea Bs | a |
BD UNI@s)\om ments) le: | | | 787| 880} 977 | 1076 |
ARDC Metso) de von ° | 8 | 1093 | 1155 | 1214 | 1272
IRIN 5 Go a | 1556 | 2000 | 2510 | 3090 |
IR SKOhe ig. os oF case 64 | 5 631| 674]! 714] 750
SCI Te ee 6 4| 831] 896| 924 |
SVAby sco) Tom O Wow 0 WE | 21 A || eto
Sr(NOs)2_ 940 | 950) 972
Th(SO4)o = Seta ace
“ 16 |

ICU co eae 2 Sila a5 10
AIN@ss Joes es ) 462
SOse Ts eee 7 | ues)
Yb2(SO4)3 : |

Zn(NOs)2
ZnSO,

lst(COMy 6 98 o © 36 53 | 102 635 978
Ho(CHy.COg)2 .§ .- 28 45 69 511 | 708
Tartaric acid . . . {| I150/ 1260 | 1390 30 | 2440 | 2730
Racemic “95% 92] 140] 206 999 | 1250
Ke(HIC Os) Wee 2900)! =a s3ise = 57/50
KEEN(@aizOe) 2 3 4 6 Bo neds

TABLE 189,—Solubility of Gases in Water (Temperature Variation)

The table gives the weight in grams of the gas which will be absorbed in tooo grams of water
when the partial pressure of the gas plus the vapor pressure of the liquid at the given tempera-
ture equals 760 mm.

.0263 .0221
00129} .0o118|
.O12I

Compiled from Landolt-Bérnstein-Meyerhoffer’s Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen.
SMitHsonian TaBLes.

TABLES 190 AND 191

Table 190.—Change of Solubility Produced by Uniform Pressure*

CdSO,8/3 H,O at 25°

Pressure

Conc. of satd. soln.
gs. CdSO, per

Percentage change.

Conc. of satd. soln.
gs. ZnSO, per
100 gs. H,O.

ZnSOq.7H20O at 25°

Percentage change.

Mannite at 24.05° NaCl at 24.05°

Cone. of satd. soln.
gs. monnite per
100 gs. H,O.

Percentage change.

Cone. of satd. soln.
gs. NaCl. per
too gs. H.O.

Percentage change.

S)
9
aD
O
bo
OE
©
O

* E. Cohen and L. R. Sinnige, Z. physik. Chem 67, p. 432, 1909; 69, PD

C. Euwen, 7é7d. 75, p. 257, 1911.

102, 1909.

E. Cohen, K. Inouye and

These authors give a critical résumé of earlier work along this line.

Table 191.—Commonly Used Organic Solvents

Arranged in the order of their Boiling Points
(Table by Dr. J. W. H. Randall, reprinted with permission of Chemical Catalog Co.)

Boiling

Name point

Ethyl ether
Carbon disulphide

Methyl acetate
Chloroform

Methyl alcohol
Carbon tetrachloride
Ethyl acetate

Ethyl alcohol

Benzol
lsopropylalcohole ess aaaei eee
Ethylene dichloride
Trichlorethylene
Ethyl propionate

Butyl alcohol (n)
Ethyl butyrate
Methyl cellosolve
Diethyl carbonate
Butyl acetate
Tetrachlorethane
Cellosolve

Ethyl benzene
Amy] alcohol (n)

Boiling
Name

Xylene (0)

Amy] acetate
Cellosolve acetate
Ethyl lactate
Cyclohexanone

Buty! cellosolve
Ethyl acetoacetate
Diethyl oxalate
Ethylene glycol

Benzyl alcohol
Ethyl benzoate
Butyl stearate

Butyl carbitol
Diethylene glycol
Triphenyl phosphate
Triacetin

Diacetin

Dimethyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Dibutyl phthalate
Diamyli phthalates st.os eer 344

For producers of solvents, see the following pages of Chemical Engineering Catalog:

1017, I018, 1020, 1023, 1024, 1027, 1028-9, 1030, I03I, 1032, 1033, 1036-7, 1038, 1039, 1041, 1043, 1046-7,
1048, 1050, 1052, 1056, 1060, 1063, 1066, 1068-9, 1072-3, 1077, 1078, 1082-3, 1084, 1087, I09I, 1004, 1095.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 192 Dont

ABSORPTION OF CASES BY LIQUIDS *

ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS, a;, FOR GASES IN WATER

Temperature 2 =:
Centigrade. ;
Nitric Nitrous
oxide. oxide,

NO NO

Carbon Carbon
dioxide. monoxide.

Hydrogen. | Nitrogen.
~ ss H N
CO, CO

Oxygen.
oO

1.797 0.0354 0.021 10 0.02399 0.0738 1.048 0.04925
1.450 0315 .02022 .021 34 .0646 0.8778 04335
1.185 .0282 -01944 01918 .0571 0.7377 03852
1.002 0254 01875 01742 0515 0.6294 034.56
0.901 .0232 01809 01599 .0471 0.5443 .03137
C.772 .0214 01745 .O1 481 0432 ~ .02874

- .0200 -O1690 01370 .0400 - .02646
0.506 0177 01644 OLIQS 0351 02316

- .O161 01608 .O1074 0315 .02080
0.244 .OI4I .01600 .OIOII 0263 01690

Temperature

Centigrade. Ammonia. | Chlorine. Ethylene. Methane. Hydrogen Sulphur

7 . sulphide. dioxide.
NH; Cl C,H, CH, HS SO.

0.02471 1174.6 3.036 0.2563 0.05473
02179 971.5 2.808 2153 .04889
01953 840.2 2.585 1837 .04 367
01795 756.0 2.388 L615 03903
.O1704 683.1 2.156 1485 03499

= 610.8 1.950 - 02542

79:79
67.48
56.65
47.28
39:37
32°79

PYQwQs

ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS, a4, FOR GASES IN ALCOHOL, C.H;0H

Temperature

Centigrade. Caton

: , : Nitric Nitrous | Hydrogen} Sulphur
dioxide. aires ond Ey dresen: Neen oxide. oxide. sulphide. | dioxide.

: C0; NO To H,S SO.

0.5226 | 0.0092 0.1263 | 0.3161
5086 : 1241 | .2998
4953 : 1228 | .2861
-4828 : 1214 | .2748
.4710 .o€ 1204 | .2659
4598 .066 -1196 | .2595

17.89 | 328.6
14.78 | 251.7
11.99 | 190.3
9-54 | 144-5
7.41
5-62

42329
3.891
3-514
37199
2.946
2.756

Qn
ty Oo

WR ROGo&
~ BS
Mw N QwsMN

mn oO
SI
Pow qg +

* This table contains the volumes of different gases, supposed measured at 0° C and 76 centimeters’ pressure, which
unit volume of the liquid named will absorb at atmospheric pressure and the temperature stated in the first column.
The numbers tabulated are commonly called the absorption coefficients for the gases in water, or in alcohol, at the
temperature ¢ and under one atmosphere of pressure. The table has been compiled from data published by Bohr &
Bock, Bunsen, Carius, Dittmar, Hamberg, Henrick, Pagliano & Emo, Raoult, Schénfeld, Setschenow, and Winkler.
The numbers are in many cases averages from several of these authorities.

Note. — The effect of increase of pressure is generally to increase the absorption coefficient. The following is
approximately the magnitude of the effect in the case of ammonia in alcohol at a temperature of 23° C :
{ Pe —A5CMs 50 cms 55 cms 60 cms 65 cms
G53 = 69 74 79 84 88
According to Setschenow the effect of varying the pressure from 45 to 85 centimeters in the case of carbonic acid ir
water is very small.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLES 193-195

CAPILLARITY AND SURFACE TENSION OF LIQUIDS
Table 193.—Water and Alcohol in Contact with Moist Air

222

Table 195.—Solutions of Salts
in Water

Values represent means. See I.C.T. and L. and B.
for more elaborate tables. Tension (vy) in dynes/cm.

°C H:2O C:H;sOH
—5 76.4

°C H:O C:H;OH

79.3
69.5
68.7
67.9
67.0
66.1
67.0
64.3

2IEO
20.6
20.2
19.8
19.4
19.0
18.6
18.2

Oo 75.6
5 74.8

24.0
23-5
2ant
D2e7,
223,
21.8
21.4

LOVE 74:2
15. 73-4
2072.7
25 71.9
2007 1st

Table 194.—Miscellaneous Liquids in Contact with Air

i ¥
C Dynes
per cm

Liquid

Aceton, (CH3)2CO.... 20

on, 23-7
Acetic acid, CH;CO.H. 20

27.6

Amy] alcohol, C5H120.
Aniline, CsH;N
Benzene, CsHe

Bromoform, CHBr3...
Butyric acid

Carbon disulphide... .
Carbon tetrachloride. .
Chloroform, CHCl;. ..
Ether, C,H yO

Ethyl chloride
Glycerine

Methyl alcohol

Petroleum

Phenol, CsH-O

Propyl alcohol

Silicon tetrachloride,
SiCl,

Toluene, C;Hs

Turpentine

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

24

43 :

27. Richards ’21
28.9 Sudgen '24
41.5 Mean

26.7 CH3(CH:2).CO2H
32.3 CS:

26.8 CCl,

27.2 Mean

17.01

16.2 CH;Cl

63 C3Hs(OH)s
22.6 CH;0H

Baer
26

41.0
23 CH;3(CH:2),;OH

17.0 Ramsay ’93
28.4
27

TABLES 196-198
TABLE 196.—Surface Tension of Liquids *

223

| Surface tension in dynes per cen-
timeter of liquid in contact with —
Liquid. Specific te }
gravity.

Air. Water. Mercury.

Water . : : : : . : : 1.0 75:0 0.0 (392)
Mercury : . : : ; : : 13-543 513.0 392.0 °

Bisulphide of carbon . 5 7 ; 6 : 1.2687 30-5 41.7 (387)
Chloroform . A : A ; - 1.4878 (31.8) 26.8 (415)
Ethyl alcohol : : : : : 0.7906 (24.1) - 364
Olive oil : : : ; : : 5 0.9136 34.6 18.6 Bly
Turpentine . ; “ : ' : ; 0.8867 28.8 11.5 241
Petroleum. ; : : : ; : : -7977 29.7 (28.9) 271
Hydrochloric acid : : : 1.10 (72.9) - (392)
Hyposulphite of soda solution 1.1248 69.9 - 429

TABLE 197.—Surface Tension of Liquids at Solidifying Point t

Tempera- Tempera-

Surface

Substance.

Platinum
Gold
Zinc

Tin
Mercury
Lead
Silver

ture of
solidifi-
cation.
Cent.°

tension in
dynes per
centimeter.

ture of
solidifi-
cation.
Cent.°

Substance.

Surface
tension in
dynes per

centimeter.

2000
1200
360
230
330

1000

1691
1003
877
599
588
457
427

Antimony
Borax

Water
Selenium
Sulphur

Carbonate of soda
Chloride of sodium . -

432
1000
1000

249
216
210
116
87.91
71.8
42.1

‘ : °
217
III

Bismuth
Potassium
Sodium

8 Phosphorus . : : 43
: 5 371 WWiaxtae : : : 68 34-1
; go 258

1390 42.0

* This table of tensions at the surface separating the liquid named in the first column and air, water or mercury
as stated at the head of the last three columns, is from Quincke’s experiments (Pogg. Ann. vol. 139, and Phil. Mag.
1871). The numbers given are the equivalent in dynes per centimeter of those obtained by Worthington from
Quincke’s results (Phil. Mag. vol. 20, 1885) with the exception of those in brackets, which were not corrected by
Worthington ; they are probably somewhat too high, for the reason stated by Worthington. The temperature was
about 20° C.

+ Quincke, “‘ Pogg. Ann.” vol. 135, p. 661. ;

+ It will be observed that the value here given on the authority of Quincke is much higher than his subsequent
measurements, as quoted above, give.

| ‘‘ Proc. Roy. Soc.” 1877, and “ Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc.”’ 1881, 1883, and 1893.

Norte. — Quincke points out that substances may be divided into groups in each of which the ratio of the surface
tension to the density 1s nearly constant. Thus, if this ratio for mercury be taken as unit, the ratio for the bromides
and iodides is about a half: that of the nitrates, chlorides, sugars, and fats, as well as the metals, lead, bismuth, and
antimony, about 1; that of water, the carbonates, sulphates, and probably phosphates, and the metals platinum, gold,
silver, cadmium, tin, and copper, 2; that of zinc, iron, and palladium, 3; and that of sodium, 6.

TABLE 198.—Vapor Pressure and Rate of Evaporation

Evaporation rate.

g/cm?/sec Platinum.

1200
1400
1600

. 014260
-O1401
E 09966
1800 07667

2000 ; 05195
4180 —

Langmuir, MacKay, Phys.
Rev. 2, 1913; 4, 1914.
Order of vacuum, 0.001 mm.

-O101 44
09798
. 07236
06429
-05523
. 04467
03769

00000000

Oo.
°.
Oo.
°O.
oO.
oO.
oO.
OF

p = K.T~te-do/RT dynes/cm?.

Zn, Axo = 3-28 X 104; K =

Hg, Xo = 1.60 X 104;
SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

Egerton, Phil. Mag. 33, p. 33, 1917.
T.17 x to (Cd kee 2577 * 10% K = 6.27 x10"
= 3.72 X 108 (Knudsen)

224

TABLE 199

VAPOR PRESSURE OF ELEMENTS

(Over liquid unless otherwise noted)

4-9
4.20

3-52

Onnes, 1923 Onnes, I915-6

Onnes, 1917
Travers, 1902

Niton
K

Oxygen
mm SKS

mm

62.37
68.57
Uefa
77-59
86.18

90.13

377-5 62

364.4 53

321.7. 26.4
290.3, 13.2
262.8 6.6
212.4
202.6

9.59
36.1
64

162.2

493

1.05
.66

Gray, Ramsay,

1909 Cath, 1908

Ozone
mm

120

162
89.94
86.01
83.24
81.36

34
760

042
.O152

Spangenburg,

Ton Horiba,
Reisenfeld

1923

Fischer, Alt.,

Arsenic, solid
o atm.

Chlorine

Nitrogen
ake: atm.

mm

+100

+ 20 6.62

fo} 3.66
33.6 760
DO oOo
7On nL TS
80 62

760
700
500
400
300
200

77-33
76.65
74-03
72-39
70.42
67.80

41.7

Knietsch,

1902 1890

Bismuth
Ae atm.

Cadmium
Xe
793 1000
feo
oaL
350

Greenwood,
1910

Copper
Ae

Gallium
mm 5

mm

20
100

257

926 .0004
1009 .003

1875
1980
2180

Greenwood,
IOII

sc

T1155
1985
2315

Gold
mm

808 .08

996 1.75
1178 16.8

1275 73

.00007
17
130

Harteck,
Ruff

Wartenberg,
1913

252
.279

1315 105

210.5 41240
201.5 31620
170.9 11970
Li2:7, 387,
88.6 17a

9

287.7 44110
255-6 21970
244.2 15870
231.4 11130
237-4 13500
183.2 2020

Ramsay, Travers, I901

Bromine
Me mm

+58.75 760
51.95 600
40.45 400
23.45 200

8.20 100

— 7.0

—12.0

45
30

Young, 1886

Calcium
a mm

1028 23

1049 4I
1085 99
1129 287

Hartmann,
IQI4

Lead
mm

1410 266
1325 760

6 atm.

Greenwood,
IQII

Iodine
2c mm

55
50
45
40
35

3.084
2.154
1.498
1.025

-699
Baxter, Hickey,
Holmes, 1907

Caesium
sG mm

Magnesium
a mm

623
742 20
986 211
1080 751

9

Hartmann,
1924

Rubidium
ce mm

-00006
-0004
98

115
250

759-8 783

Gray, Ramsay,

1909 19

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

Flock, Redebust,

various Ruff,

Silicon
°

Silver
mm

1038

1368
1660
1758

Konschak,
1926

.82
103
200

various

TABLE 200 225
VAPOR PRESSURE OF ORGANIC LIQUIDS

The vapor pressures on this page are in millimeters over a liquid phase unless distinguished
by the subscript ;. They are generally means from various determinations.

Carbon | Carbon Ethyl
°C Acetone | Benzine | Cam- bisul- tetra- | Chloro- | Ethane | Ethyl bro- Turpen-
CsHsO CeHe phor phide | chloride| form CoHe ether mide tine
CioHisO CSe CCls CHCls CsHiO | CoHsBr} CioHe

—60° \ —100°| —101.3° \. sy
8 390 O58:
4.8 — 90°| — ash
10 700 { 4 Leia
19 — 80°|\ — a 59
: 1180 f 19 102
610 — 75° 186.1 166
: 1500 ae 207
100 ete 201.8) 6257
oe mete te B17
160 Oe 442.4 386
247 Siels 648 564
370 eiors g2I 802
540 stere 1276 III3
750 ele 1728 I510
eee 204 2015
sas 2991 2640
1120 aoe 3840 3400
1460 500 Lkels%o) 4310
1880 : Siow Are 5390
2390 sere 7500 6660
3000 oasis ere 8120
3700 ele ea 9780
160°
4500 15800f

°
ims teeaeee

Ethylene Glycerine Met beds Methyl ether Naphthalene eae chloride
4 (

2H, C3HsO 3)2 10H 2Hs5

se mm 3 mm Tc mm cc mm Xe mm cc mm

—I50 14.9 24) —180) 119) — 67 78 oO .02, —30
—190 45.6 6.5 —175 212 — 60 120 20 .06; —20
—145 26.7 13 —170 353 — 41.4 326 50 815 —10
—135 74.4 32 —165 559 — 30.9 524 79 4.0s oO
—130 I17.2 100 —160 848 —241 782 80 10 10
—120 260 385 —155 1229 O 2.52atm. 90 13 20
—IIO 519 —150 1720 254 (Oy (ar3 20 30
—103 792 AO sees 29 50
SOT) 1 223Tes 43 75
00.ON Seen a 119 100
7250 St Ss 490

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

226 TABLES 200 (continued) AND 201
Table 200 (continued).—Vapor Pressure of Organic Liquids

Nap- | Sulphur

Hy- Methyl
Am- | Carbon] Ethyl
Ethyl thalin tence
2

; esis omen drogen chlo-
NH. eaai ea acetate |sulphide} ride

Hes | CH:c1 | CeHs

mm mm °c

Sie So 6 86 —9QI.9
579 ate 286 —81.7
TES Pert 379 —77-4
SSaF worse 474 —67.5 .
1079 06 j25 =—57:7) » .060
NaNO). Sse 760 —38.0 .
D5 7 Qe wectete sel) nA 2) WAY,
1891 Sats 1155 — 2.9 5.72
2250 eqs eke oO 6.86
PANTO SIS 1714 +15.0 16.8
B13 AS Me leley ois --- 725.8 28.7
3667 Boo 2460 Cha ayy Ongie
4267 eyes sis
4940 aa 3420
5700, Ac 5 Gh Sade ole
6650) 7 o5- 4650 Drucker,
US Bens Soe: Jumen,
8510 Bie 6210 I9I5
10900 aE 8150 Barker,
14300... 10540 I9IO
16800 9:6" a8.
21000 TOs saree
25800 19. 27.8 atm.

fees fee eee
53600 | 490 \71.4 “

Table 201.—Vapor Pressure at Low Temperatures

Many of the following values are extrapolations made by Langmuir by means of plots
of log p against 1/T. Gen. Elec. Rev. 23, 681, 1920. 1 bar = 0.000000987 atm. =
0.000750 mm Hg.

.0023
4:3°X 40%
2.2 etom

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 202 AND 203 ODF

TABLE 202.—Vapor Pressure of Ethyl Alcohol *

Vapor pressure in millimeters of mercury at 0° C

|
TANG) WS CON G.20 || 17.3% 18.46

55-50 | 58.86 |] 62.33
97-21 | 102.60 | 108.24

49-47 | 52-44

87.17 | 92.07

148.10 | 155.80 | 163.80 | 172.20 | 181.00

242.50 | 253-80 | 265.90 | 278.60 | 291.85

383-10 | 400.40 | 418.35 | 437-00 | 456.35

588.35 | 613.20 | 638.95 | 665.55 | 693.10
| 1

27.94 | 28.67 | 30.50 | 32.44 | 34-49

From the formula log =a + /a’ + cB’ Ramsay and Young obtain the following numbers.t
| 30° | 40° | 50° 60° 70° | 80° | 90°
Vapor pressure in millimeters of mercyry at 0° C

133-42] 219.82] 350.21 40.91} 811.81) 1186.5
5686.6 |7368.7 |9409.9 |11858. |14764. | 18185.

TABLE 203.—Vapor Pressure of Methyl Alcohol +

Vapor pressure in millimeters of mercury at 0° C

0
I
2.

40.2
71.4
22.7
9

3
7
ok

=

NIOnWw to
Aono
BNI SIG

* This table has been compiled from results published by Ramsay and Young (Jour. Chem. Soc. vol. 47, and Phil.
Trans. Roy. Soc., 1886).

+ In this formula @= 5.0720301; log = 2.6406131; log ¢ =0.6050854; log a= 0.003377538; log B= 1.99682424
(c is negative).

+ Taken from a paper by Dittmar and Fawsitt (Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. vol. 33).
SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

298 TABLE 204
VAPOR PRESSURE *

Carbon Disulphide, Chlorobenzene, Bromobenzene, and Aniline

(a) CARBON DISULPHIDE.

0°| 127.90 | 133-85 | 140.05 | 146.45 | 153-10 | 160.00 | 167.15 | 174.60 | 182.25 | 190.20
10 | 198.45 | 207.00 | 215.80 | 224.95 | 234-40 | 244.15 | 254-25 | 264.65 | 275.40 | 286.55
20 | 298.05 | 309.90 | 322.10 | 334-70 | 347-70 | 361-10 | 374:95 | 389.20 | 403.90 | 419.00
30 | 434-60 | 450.65 | 467.15 | 484.15 | 501-65 | 519.65 | 538.15 | 557-15 | 576-75 | 596.85
40 | 617.50 | 638.70 | 660.50 | 682.90 | 705.90 | 729.50 | 753-75 | 778-60 | 804.10 | 830.25

(b) CHLOROBENZENE.

20°} 38.65 9.14 9.66

ove 10.79 | 11.40 | 12.04 | 7la|| oS Aen LA ey
30 | 14.95] 15-77 16:63, |) 17-584) 15:47) || 1O.45, ||) 20:48 1.56 | 22.69 230
Aon ||) Parente) 26.30) 2767220. Ten!) 30.50 |) .32alOn ll 43:00. 35 | 37.08 | 38.88

I

3
50} 40.75 | 42-69 | 44.72 | 46.84 | 49.05| 51.35 | 53:74 | 56.22 | 58.79 | 61.45
60 | 64.20 |. 67.06 | 70.03 | 73.11 | 76.30 | 79.60 | 83.02 | 86.56] 90.22 | 94.00
70 | 97.90 | 101.95 | 106.10 | 110.41 | 114.85 | 119.45 | 124.20 | 129.10 | 134.15 | 139.40
80 | 144.80 | 150.30 | 156.05 | 161.95 | 168.00 | 174.25 | 181.70 | 187.30 | 194.10 | 201.15
go | 208.35 | 215.80 | 223.45 |* 231.30 | 239.35 | 247-70 | 256.20 | 265.00 | 274.00 | 283.25

100 | 292.75 | 302.50 | 312.50 | 322.80 | 333-35 | 344-15 | 355-25 366.65 | 378.30 | 390.25
ITO | 402.55 | 415.10 | 427-95 | 441-15 454-05 468.50 | 482.65 | 497.20 | 512.05 | 527.25
i120 | 542.80 | 558.70 | 575.05 | 591.70 | 608.75 | 626.15 | 643.95 | 662.15 680.75 | 699.65
TOMES: 59730-0500 750-COn lh eas - - -

(c) BROMOBENZENE.

40° z= = = = - 12:40) 1310" eL3\7 5a d=4 7m elo 22m

50 | 16.00| 16.82) 17.68 | 18.58 | 19.52 | 20.50 | 21.52 | 22.59 | 23.71 | 24.88
60 | 26.10 | 27.36) 28.68 | 30.06 | 31.50 | 33-00] 34.56] 36.18 | 37.86] 39.60
vo | 41.40 | 43-28 | 45.24 | 47.28] 49.40 | 51.60] 53.88) 56.25 | 58.71 | 61.26
80 | 63.90 | 66.64 | 69.48 | 7242] 75.46| 78.60 | 81.84 | 85.20 | 88.68 92.28
90 | 96.00} 99.84 | 103.80 | 107-88 | 112.08 | 116.40 | 120.86 | 125.46 | 130.20 | 135.08

100 | 140.10 | 145.26 | 150.57 | 156.03 | 161.64 | 167.40 | 173.32 | 179.41 | 185.67 | 192.10
110 | 198.70 | 205.48 | 212.44 | 219 58 | 226.90 | 234.40 | 242.10 | 250.00 | 258.10 | 266.40
120 | 274.90 | 283-65 | 292.60 | 301.75 | 311-15 | 320-80 | 330.70 | 340.80 | 351-15 | 361.80
130 | 372.65 |} 383-75 | 395-10 ; 406.70 | 418.60 | 430.75 | 443-20 | 455.90 468.90 | 482.20
140 | 495.80 | 509.70 | 523.90 | 538.40 | 553.20 | 568.35 | 583-85 | 599.65 | 615.75 | 632.2

150 | 649.05 | 666.25 | 683.80 | 701.65 | 719.95 | 738-55 | 757-55 | 776-95 | 796.70 | 815.90

(ad) ANILINE.

80°, 18.80 | 19.78 | 20.79 | 21.83 | 22.90 | 24.00 | 25.14 ASC) || Ayfouvin || Assis
QO! || 30:10) || 31-A44el 32.8351 34-27 35.76 | 37-30 | 38-90 | 40.56 | 42.28! 44.06
100 | 45.90 | 47.80] 49.78 | 51.84] 53-98 | 56.20] 58.50 | 60.88 | 63.34 | 65.88

110 | 68.50 | 71.22 | 74.04 | 76.96] 79.98 | 83.10 | 86.32 | 89.66 | 93.12 96.70
120 | 100.40 | 104.22 | 108.17 | 112.25 | 116.46 | 120.80 | 125.28 | 129.91 | 134.69 139-62
130 | 144.70 | 149.94 | 155-34 | 160.90 | 166.62 | 172.50 | 178.56 184.80 | 191.22 | 197.82
140 | 204.60 | 211.58 | 218.76 | 226.14 | 233-72 | 241.50 | 249.50 | 257.72 266.16 | 274.82

150 | 283.70 | 292.80 | 302.15 | 311-75 | 321-60 | 331.70 | 342.05 352-65 | 363-50 | 374.60
160 | 386.00 | 397.65 | 409.60 421.80 | 434.30 | 447-10 460.20 | 473-60 | 487.25 | 501.25
170 | 515.60 | 530.20 | 545.20 | 560.45 | 576.10 | 592.05 | 608.35 | 625.05 | 642.05 659-45
180 | 677.15 | 695.30 | 713-75 | 732-65 | 751-90 | 771-50 - - -

* These tables of vapor pressures are quoted from results published by Ramsay and Young (Jour. Chem. Soc.
vol. 47). The tables are intended to give a series suitable for hot-jacket purposes.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 204 (continued)

VAPOR PRESSURE

Methyl Salicylate, Bromonaphthalene, and Mercury

(e) METHYL SALICYLATE.

Hb
Coo ee
° ° Oo

Dn OO

nw N

2.97
5-44
9.06

14.47
22.55
34-21
50.96
74-38

106.10
148.03
202.49
271.90
359-95

467.25
600.25
761.90

3.18
5:74
O52

15-15
23-53
35-63
52.97

(f) BROMONAPHTHALENE.
Se eee

Oo
NN

4.
6.2
9:7
4.9

(g) MrERcuRY.

3-40
6.05

9-95

15.85
24-55
37-10

55:05
80.00

113-60
157.85
215.10
287.80
375.90

A/S
630.15
798.10

4.40

6.80
10.60
16.20

24.00
34-40
48.05
66.10
89.75

120.20
158.85
207-35
267.55
342-75
434-45

545°35
677.85

4:79
7-42

Ow
xe
co

Od

WNN Ss
me ON Os
SO Copy eee
DAL td to Go
Oo0oOnN as

un
wm

126.97
161.07
202.53

381.18
| 463.20
558-87

| 669.86

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

252.18 |
31T.30 |

164.86
207.10

257.65
317.78
388.81
472.12
569.25

681.86

no- =
m= QO
mm SoG.
Sip
QW Or

tn OW

CO n OO
SOMONE Ce)
SEH bb
CWO Q™N

“I

oy
Xo)
a
°
a

136.50
172.67
216.50

268.87
331.08
404-43
490.40
590.48

706.40

230 TABLE 205
VAPOR PRESSURE OF SOLUTIONS OF SALTS IN WATER *

The first column gives the chemical formula of the salt. The headings of the other columns give the number of
gram-molecules of the salt in a liter of water. The numbers in these columns give the lowering of the vapor
pressure produced by the salt at the temperature of boiling water under 76 centimeters barometric pressure.

Substance. 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
Alp(SO4)s 12.8 | 36.5
AlCls . 22.5 | 61.0 | 179.0 | 318.0
BaSoOg 6.6 ie, | BY
Ba(OH)2 12.3 22.5 | 39.0
Ba(NOs)o - iehis || 2770
Ba(ClOs)o .« 15:07 1) 33-Sual) a7. C= 5h | eLOo:2
BaCle . 3 16.4 | 36.7 77-0
BaBry . 16.8 | 38.8 | 91.4 | 150.0 | 204.7
CaS-Os 9.9 | 23.0] 56.0 | 106.0
Ca(NOs)2 16.4 | 34.8] 74.6 | 139.3 | 161.7 | 205.4
CaCl . 172On|) 39:08 5.aii| 1 OO-Onleza Tease | aiOns
Cabre . 1727) | 442) | 1O5:55| PIO L-Oul 253135 30Ss6
CdSO4 4.1 8.9 18.1
Cdlg HAS || whey || SeEG |) Gey
CdBrp . SiON eres. | sOs7n |e 557m OOO
CdCl, . : O10} PTS Sr |tgOs74 |S 7Onlln 77238 9:0
Cd(NOs)eo . 15-9 | 36.1 78.0 | 122.2 .
Cd(C1Os3)2 : 17-5
CoSO4 , Spl Kap | 2a: 45-5
CoCle . 15-0 | 34.8 83.0 | 136.0 | 186.4
Co(NOs)e 17:3 |' 39:2) | 89:0 |) 152.0: | 218.7""|)-282:0 133270
FeSQ4 5.0 al) LOs7.| me 24-On |) 42-4!
H3BOg3 GOW 2 -aull ee 25 alll g0-0 au) aS Te
H3PO4 6.6] 14.0] 28.6] 45.2 | 62.0] 81.5 | 103.0 | 146.9 | 189.5
HsAsO4 73 15.0 | 30.2 46.4 | 64.9
H2SO4 12.9] 26.5} 62.8 | 104.0 | 148.0 | 198.4 | 247.0 | 343.2 |
KH2PO4 10.21) Sigics!) 23:30 47-Onle OO Gul e7 a ial eros
KNOs. 1Os3))| 20a |) 4 Oar 57-0) || 74-5 | (88.2 |) 102.1 126.351 948.0
KC1O3 10.6 | 21.6 220) ||| O2aT 80.0
KBrOg 10.9 | 22.4 | 45.0
IES Ons eae : sil) LO:ON | ez Qu] 43-3) O5-sull woSa5 ue LO7-o nt 2O:201 mt O0
KNOg : ; ea eeaLi Lek 22.8} 44.8 | 67.0] g0.0 | 110.5 | 130.7 | 167.0 | 198.8
KC1O4 ° : oa lea) 225g
KCI: : 7 = ||) b222 )) 24-4) 48:81 74-03) LOO:Ou ne h25.5. |) 152.2
KECOs : Fy) tN Heya Gover ||) Yayo) Werks |) 1eeHe) || ikSeHe).|| Bitover || AEG
SIG. : ; =) [es le2s 5a means 2:2) 82:05 |) l2.2 04s) | 071.9. | ee2itcn| areas
KeCoO4 St : wi LS -Oh| 2823) le SO:on | O4-2u leo 2
KoWOq_.. : ai) LS:On i) saeco 73-0 123.8 | 175.4 | 226.4
KC Og «| T4.a"l” (3n-ofl #683) 105-5 4, 1s2:0 | 200.0) || 258:5)|\ atoro
KOH . : ; -| 15.0] 29.5 | 64.0] 99.2 | 140.0 | 181.8 | 223.0 | 309.5 | 387.8
KoCrO, : -| 16.2 | 29.5 | 60.0
LiNOg : : S|) UAE BEG) ire || tetsio) || hear I | 188.0 | 253.4 | 309.2
LiCl . : : 2 |Pet2%, | (256 ocr |) OR Onlens2.g0) Tims. ch| 219.5) |) ols Oans
Libr. : . - | 12.2 | 26.2 | 60.0 | 97.0 | 140.0 | 186.3 | 241.5 | 341.5 | 438.0
LigSO4 ° 5 S| aieben i cise Kosei toe
LiHSO, . i oii gL250))} 7127-0). 57-0 Q3.0nleT30:0) flOs-O
Ga ls eat : : ‘ 13.6 | 28.6] 64.7 | 105.2 | 154.5 | 206.0 | 264.0 | 357.0 | 445.0
| LigSiFlg . 2 , 15-4 | 34.0] 70.0 | 106.0
LiOH . : : el eLIS AO oT Aalst
Lip€rOny 3 : 16.4 | 32.6] 74.0 | 120.0 | 171.0

pe eee

* Compiled from a table by Tammann, ‘‘ Mém. Ac. St. Petersb.’’ 35, No. 9, 1887. See also Referate, ‘‘ Zeit. f
Phys.” ch. 2, 42, 1886

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 205 (continued) 231

VAPOR PRESSURE OF SOLUTIONS OF SALTS IN WATER

Substance. 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 | 6.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
MgSO, : : : 6.5 | 12.0] 24.5 | 47.5
MgCl. : : -| 16.8] 39.0 | 100.5 183.3 277.0 | 377-0
Mg(NOs)o . . : 7G! 42.0n|) TOTO} 174.
Mgbr2 . : SL Onl eAzOn | Uhs.50|| 205-3) 205.5
MgH2(SO4)2 ‘ : 18. 46.0 | 116.0
MnSO4 : : | MOON) rors | aen.O|
MnCl. : : af) 5-0. 34-08 7.0:0 | 122-3 | IG7:0m 200;0
NaHePO, . : Bf) HOLS | | 20.0. |) $36.54) 51-7) | (66:8) | 82.0) OG:5 | 26:7" |) r57-1
NaHSO, . : : 10.9 | 22.1 4753)|) 75:07) 100:25 |b r26:1) (4825) 189.7) 231-4
NaNOg : : STieeLOsOy| 22s 46:2") 68.1 |! -90:g) | 141.5 | 2317)| 167.8 | 198:8
NaClOg : ee toss f° 23-07} 4 8ige lores “98s5 "|r 2 3538 (raz -Heh 19625" |-223:5
(NaPOs)g_ .- : ; 11.6
NaOH : : eB elon 22:Onlmea O20 lea 7.20| LO7. Su enaQuin et 2eGnle2da.aulat4.O
NaNOg . j : 11.6 | 24.4 50-0 | 75.0 | 98.2 | 122. 146.5 | 189.0 | 226.2
NagHPQ, . : 5 || tee |) ene || Zgxer ||) Wexen|| 7isk47 ||) Geka |) eeen
NaHCOg 1210) Aer 48.2 | 77.6 | 102.2 | 127.8 | 152.0 | 198.0 | 239.4
NagSO4 WHS) |] | oy || itso) |] Gil
NaCl . E2090), 252.) G2. |, SOOb| VI TL-On 1430) 176.5
NabrOg T2502 GON || esd otal Oleg) LOS:onl 0:0
Nabr . 12.6 || 25.9) 57:0 | 89.2: |) 124.2 | 10:5 || 197.5 | 268.0
Nale =: : : : 12.1 21516) || 00:2 OOa5u EU 3647 4) 177-55 |s 220-0) || BOI-5) |/9370:0
NagP2O7 .. 5 ; 13.2 22.0
NagCOg_ . : S| Bee) ee Gens) |) eter imix)
NaoCsO4, .. ; i 14.5 30.0 | 65.8 | 105.8 | 146.0
NagWO,4 . : : TALS eS -ON ee leOnlULIS.75)|) 10216
NagPO,_ : +) CHS |) sfekey |) Gas
(NaPOs)3 . , a Ue || Sion
NH4NO 3 . ; ‘ 12.8 22.0 42.1 62.7 82.9 | 103.8 | 121.0 | 152.2 | 180.0
(N H4)eSiFl¢ : : Pies || 25:0" 54455
NH,Cl . ; e |) 20") 23-70) <45.1 |) X60:34|" 94:28) B1S:55/en30-25 | 179.0) 213.0
NH,4HSO, . : ; 11.5 22.0 | 46.8 7A.O)\ O4258 |e LlGs 139.0 | 181.2 | 218.0
-(NH4)2SO4. . S| LON! 24-0),|F 4635) |) 60:59) O3:0) VT 17-0) pare
NH4Br : : 3] Dro} £239 |) 48.5°| 74210) -90:4 || 121-5. 145-5 | 190-2 | 228.5
NHgl . : : -| t291 25.1 | 49.8 | 78.5 | 104.5 | 132.3 | 156.0 | 200.0 | 243.5
NiSO4 : ° : FOn| pe LOs2a|e2res
NiCle . 37.0
Ni(NOsz)z BIS
Pb(NQs)o 23-5
ae 20.3
Sr(NOs)o 31.0 131.4
SrClo . 223.3
SrBre . 267.0
ZnSO4 66.2
‘7nCle . 107.0
| Zn(NOs)2 223.8

ee

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

232 TABLES 206-208
PRESSURE OF SATURATED AQUEOUS VAPOR

The following tables for the pressure of saturated aqueous vapor are taken princi-
pally from the Fourth Revised Edition (1918) of the Smithsonian Meteorological Tables.

TABLE 206.—At Low Temperatures,—69° to 0° C over Ice

NHOOOOO

mm mm mm mm
L079) | TeO20) | LAOSA 550 |p e14'20
4.255 | 3-952 | 3-669 | 3.404 | 3.158

Onw pp
Aunnn f&
Annn &
DANN fp
Dan fp

On
Ov

an
Aw vO
Oo COn~INI OD
0 C~ISNI DD

ConINI OD

moons a
Co CONTI NI OO
COnn nn

te

H
HOF

ae
O°

nn
HW

comsy

NO NN AR
NH O

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 208 (continued) 233
PRESSURE OF SATURATED AQUEOUS VAPOR

For Temperatures 0° to 374° C over Water

NNN N

0 eA
®WSNHNNN
WNHNNN

w

130. 136.

164. oz ie 179. 5 Aig 205. 214.
254. 266. 277. a3 : 314. 307.
385. 400. AL ; : 468. 487.
567. 588. 611. 3 : 682. 707.

815.9 845.0 875.1 ‘ j 970.5 ; 1004.2
1149 1187 1227 2 1353 1307
1585 1636 1687 1850 1907
2140 2214 2280 2487 2559
2866 2947 3030 3290 3381

3793 3864 3967 4290 4402
4873 4097 5123 525 é 5518 5654
6228 6378 6532 7009 W174
7865 8046 8230 8802 890909
9823 10040 10260 10940 III7o

12140 12400 12650 13450 13730
14870 15160 15470 5 16400 16720
18050 18390 18740 19820 20190
21720 22120 22520 2 f 23770 24190
25950 26410 26870 28290 28780

39790 31310 31830 33450 34000
36280 | 36870 | 37470 39300 | 39920
42500 43160 43840 5 45900 46600
49500 50250 51000 53320 54110
57360 58190 59040 61620 62510

66130 67060 68000 70890 71870
75910 7694¢ 77990 81200 $2290
86760 87910 89070 92630 93840
98790 | 100060 ! 101350 i 105280 | 106600
II2I00 | 113500 | I14900 119200 | 120700

126800 | 128300 | 129900 | 131400 | 133000 | 134600 | 136300
142900 | 144600 | 146300 | 148100 | 149800 | 151600 | 153400
158800 | 160700 | 162600 | 164400

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

234 TABLES 209-211
TABLE 209.—Weight in Grams of a Cubic Meter of Saturated Aqueous Vapor

-797
10. 664 -348 : . 832 -635
19. 430 578 . .049 | 24.378
33.812 .656 , -599 | 41.706

For higher temperatures, see Table 290.

COMNPWNHHOO

4
H

COW ONNWNHHHO
COP ONINWNHHHO

HHH

ee
NSWONNWNHHO

PHONnPNHHOO
AH ONnENNHOO

HH

NH
love}
wr
Ow
wn
Hp

Tables are abridged from Smithsonian Meteorological Tables, fourth revised edition.

TABLE 211.—Pressure of Aqueous Vapor in the Atmosphere
For various altitudes (barometric readings).

The first column gives the depression of the wet-bulb temperature t, below the air temperature t. The
value corresponding to the barometric height at the altitude of observation is to be subtracted from the
vapor pressure corresponding to the wet-bulb temperature taken from Table 208. The temperature
corresponding to this vapor pressure taken from Table 208 is the dew ae The wet bulb should be
ventilated about 3 meters per second. For sea-level use Table 212. Example: ¢ = 35°, t; = 30°, barome-
ter 74 cm. Then 31.83 — 2.46 = 29.37 mm = aqueous vapor pressure; the dew ate IS—2816O-7 G:

Abridged from Smithsonian Meteorological Tables, 1907.

Barometric pressure in centimeters.

eH OO

iS)

WWNNnH
WOWNNH

2. 2
2 A 2
3 3. 2
3 3. 3
4 3- 3

PhHRWW WNHNHNH

anp pw

ufh pw
Ann APR wWW WNHNNH
nan PhRWW WNHNNH

NNN Anu >
INN Aunt

NAD ANH
NAD UMNpPppp

ADAH UMNPHEs
Ane PPAOWW

Dan
NDown
ann

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 212 235

PRESSURE OF AQUEOUS VAPOR IN THE ATMOSPHERE;
SEA-LEVEL

This table gives the vapor pressure corresponding to various values of the difference ¢ — 4, between the readings of
dry and wet bulb thermometers and the temperature f: of the wet bulb thermometer. The difference ¢ — h is given
by two-degree steps in the top line, and 4 by degrees in the first column. Temperatures in Centigrade degrees, vapor
pressures in millimeters of mercury are used throughout the table. The table was calculated for barometric pressure
B equal to 76 centimeters. A correction is given for each centimeter at the top of the columns. Ventilating velocity
of wet thermometer about 3 meters per second.

Corrections
for B per cm

10.0; B = 74.5 cm
$1 = 77.2
From table: 6.17 — 12 X 0.050
For B, 1.5 X .048
Hence p

Qa CO O
NNNHN HR
99900

PRCT OES

Hnopu
NAAR eR
#0000
90900

bHHOO
oro

°
°
an

pf
Oo

1

uo

a

NHHOO
Ooo
NO

o0o0o000

© CONT Qu hwNHO
oo o~ISI OV Out BWW Www
DAoupp fPwWwWdb

th

nn
w

Hes OH
Iw NUN

2.
2.
2).
2.
Be
an
Be
4:
4.
Se
Si
6.
6.
7
mi
8.
8.
9.
oO.
°.

COON AD UMnpww WNNHH

DAouk WRNHH

re

I
at

OO Onn
oo INITAUMN HLHWNDNHD

ODO MID UNfwo

00 cox
99000

He
RRS,

DHHNHN
Auwnoao
o0o0000

nN
o

nw

no
ROHN ND
oo0000

OW Ww
Oo aL
oo
ODOR N

9909090

°

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.
10

236 TABLE 213
RELATIVE HUMIDITY, VAPOR PRESSURE AND DRY TEMPERATURE

Vertical argument is the observed vapor pressure which may be computed from the wet and dry-
bulb readings through Table 211 or 212. The horizontal argument is the observed air temperature
(dry-bulb reading). Based upon Table 43, p. 142, Smithsonian Meteorological Tables, 3d Revised
Edition, 1907.

| Vapor F Air Temperatures, dry bulb, ° Centigrade.
Pressure.
| mm. —6° —7o —8° —9° —10° —1]° —12° —13° —14° —15° —200 |

LG pL7e) eS
SOM SAT AES 7
AGA SOe TSS

61; 67474
76 84 92

92 100

mm.

3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50

QOQWHONNNN FRPP OOS
UNOIYGUND NUNS Nb
OUuSuons Bwous aon

| Vapor Air Temperatures, dry bulb, ° Centigrade.
Pressure.
mm. go 10° 11° 12° 13° 14°

4

8
iS
17

2I

i
Sno Qn

25
ey

Rb Nhe

es elon tea
Tete es iinet

=

0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5:5
6.0 =
6.5 -
7.0 -
7.5 ~
8.0
85
9.0
9.5
0.0
10
2.0
3.0
40
5.0
.O
.O

Hee ep

HH
“0

|

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 213 (continued) 27]
RELATIVE HUMIDITY, VAPOR PRESSURE AND DRY TEMPERATURE

Vapor Air Temperatures, dry bulb, ° Centigrade.
Pressure.
mm. ° 26° 27° 28° 29° 80° 31° 382° 33° 34°

ONINHDH PONE
Nw dee ~
me OO MWONF mO OW
Np lo

bWWwo
out
COAL Ww O

¥

aE
Aun t

Orn
he

oh ale
in
NON

Pe el ay
oO’
Wn

Lila
[lial
Peet

|
alt oko

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

238 TABLES 213 (concluded) AND 214
TABLE 213 (concluded) —Relative Humidity, Vapor Pressure and Dry Temperature

(Data from 20° to 60° C based upon Table 208.)
Air Temperatures, dry bulb, ° Centigrade. |
40° 41° 42° 43° 44° 45° 46° 47° 48° 49° 60°? 51° 52° 53° 64° 65° 56° 57° 58° 69° 60°

ONES RID 7a we
17 aelOm NS ees 13
As) 2 2B BP 20
34 33 31 2 26
43 39) 37, 33

3
7
10

Noe ee
ODn OF
ete tet
Piet
Cn en
et
ofr ONS

SI 46 44 40
60 Ga i 46
68 62 59 53
77 69 66 59
86 TS 66

85 81
93 88

IN &

SD Gok
Ny hw Nh
Onur

Our AR >
OONn Of °
Munn & WoW Nt
afodn Cin SO Onn Of
Ww boy by vy
SOS an
Ovo
mn

me NOD 0
oO’
2

oo
nn

Wo ow
MN G2 0

TABLE 214.—Relative Humidity, Wet and Dry Thermometers

This table gives the relative humidity direct from the difference between the reading of the dry (t ° C) and the wet
(ti ° C) thermometer. It is computed for a barometer reading of 76cm. The wet thermometer should be ventilated
about 3 meters per second. From manuscript tables computed at the U.S. Weather Bureau.

Depression of wet-bulb thermometer, t9-t,°.

DDO ACS God 822.02

44 35 25
54 39
62 50
69 59
74 66
78 71
81 75

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 215 239
THE INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE
(Adapted from G. K. Burgess, Bur. Standards Journ. Res., 1, 635, 1928.)

The Thermodynamic Centigrade Scale, on which the temperature of melting
ice, and the temperature of condensing water vapor, both under the pressure of
one standard atmosphere, are numbered 0° and 100°, respectively, is recognized
as the fundamental scale to which all temperature measurements should ulti-
mately be referable.

The experimental difficulties incident to the practical realization of the
thermodynamic scale have made it expedient to adopt for international use a
practical scale designated as the International Temperature Scale. This scale
conforms with the thermodynamic scale as closely as is possible with present
knowledge, and is designed to be definite, conveniently and accurately repro-
ducible, and to provide means for uniquely determining any temperature within
the range of the scale, thus promoting uniformity in numerical statements of
temperature.

Temperatures on the international scale will ordinarily be designated as
“°C,” but may be designated as “°C (Int.) ” if it is desired to emphasize the
fact that this scale is being used.

The International Temperature Scale is based upon a number of fixed and
reproducible equilibrium temperatures to which numerical values are assigned,
and upon the indications of interpolation instruments calibrated according to a
specified procedure at the fixed temperatures.

The basic fixed points and the numerical values assigned to them for the
pressure of one standard atmosphere are given in the following table, together
with formulas which represent the temperature (t,) as a function of vapor
pressure (p) over the range 680 to 780 mm of mercury.

Basic Fixed Points of the International Temperature Scale
oC.
(a) Temperature of equilibrium between liquid and gaseous oxygen
at the pressure of one standard atmosphere (oxygen point). — 182.97

tp=tz60 + 0.0126( p — 760) —0.0000065 ( p — 760)?

(b) Temperature of equilibrium between ice and air-saturated water

ai normal atmospheric pressure (ice point)i. 5 .5.544---. - 0.000
(c) Temperature of equilibrium between liquid water and its vapor
at the pressure of one standard atmosphere (steam point).. 100.000

tp=tre0 + +0.0367 ( p — 760) — 0.000023 (p— 760)?

(d) Temperature of equilibrium between liquid sulphur and its
vapor at the pressure of one standard atmosphere (sulphur
FIOM Me eer ree ea eater a5 Wie 6 2 siece MSR nea eT hs he 444.60

tp =tz60 + 0.0909 ( p — 760) — 0.000048 ( p — 760)”

(e) Temperature of equilibrium between solid silver and liquid

silver at normal atmospheric pressure (silver point)...... 960.5
(f) Temperature of equilibrium between solid gold and liquid gold
at normal atmospheric pressure (gold point)..,.......... 1,063

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

240 TABLE 2155 (continued)
THE INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE

Standard atmospheric pressure is defined as the pressure due to a column of
mercury 760 mm high, having a mass of 13.5951 g/cm’, subject to a gravita-
tional acceleration of 980.665 cm/sec.” and is equal to 1,013,250 dynes/cm?.

It is an essential feature of a practical scale of temperature that definite
numerical values shall be assigned to such fixed points as are chosen. It should
be noted, however, that the last decimal place given for each of the values in
the table is significant only as regards the degree of reproducibility of that fixed
point on the International Temperature Scale. It is not to be understood that
the values are necessarily known on the Thermodynamic Centigrade Scale to
the corresponding degree of accuracy.

The means available for interpolation lead to a division of the scale into
four parts.

(a) From the ice point to 660° C the temperature t is deduced from the
resistance FR, of a standard platinum resistance thermometer by means of the
formula

R,=R.(1+4,4+Bt?)

The constants R,, A, and B of this formula are to be determined by calibration
at the ice, steam, and sulphur points, respectively.

The purity and physical condition of the platinum of which the thermometer
is made should be such that the ratio R,/A> shall not be less than 1.390 for
f—T00- and! 2.645 for t=A24410"-

(b) From —190° to the ice point, the temperature t is deduced from the
resistance FR, of a standard platinum resistance thermometer by means of the
formula

R,=R,[1+At+BHP+C(t—100)¢]

The constants Ry, A, and B are to be determined as specified above, and the
additional constant C is determined by calibration at the oxygen point.

The standard thermometer for use below 0° C must, in addition, have a ratio
R,/Ro less than 0.250 for t= — 183°.

(c) From 660° C to the gold point, the temperature ¢ is deduced from the
electromotive force e of a standard platinum v. platinum-rhodium thermo-
couple, one junction of which is kept at a constant temperature of 0° C while
the other is at the temperature ¢ defined by the formula

C=4-" bi Gt"
The constants a, b, and ¢ are to be determined by calibration at the freezing
point of antimony, and at the silver and gold points.
(d) Above the gold point the temperature ¢ is determined by means of the
ratio of the intensity J, of monochromatic visible radiation of wave length
A cm, emitted by a black body at the temperature ty, to the intensity J, of radia-

tion of the same wave length emitted by a black body at the gold point, by
means of the formula

ia 7 = 4a - I |
Se ve Nel. e36 (t+273)

The constant cy» is taken as 1.432 cm degrees. The equation is valid if A(t+273)
is less than 0.3 cm degrees.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 216 241
THE INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE

Recommended Procedure for Calibration
I. OXYGEN

The temperature of equilibrium of liquid and gaseous oxygen has been best
realized experimentally by the static method, the oxygen vapor-pressure ther-
mometer being compared with the thermometer to be standardized in a suitable
low temperature bath.

ZIOCE

The temperature of melting ice is realized experimentally as the temperature
at which pure, finely divided ice is in equilibrium with pure, air-saturated water
under standard atmospheric pressure. The effect of increased pressure is to
lower the freezing point to the extent of 0.007° C per atmosphere.

3. STEAM

The temperature of condensing water vapor is realized experimentally by the
use of a hypsometer so constructed as to avoid superheat of the vapor around
the thermometer, or contamination with air or other impurities. If the desired
conditions have been attained, the observed temperature should be independent
of the rate of heat supply to the boiler, except as this may affect the pressure
within the hypsometer, and of the length of time the hypsometer has been in
operation.

4. SULPHUR

For the purpose of standardizing resistance thermometers, the temperature
of condensing sulphur vapor is realized by adherence to the following speci-
fications relating to boiling apparatus, purity of sulphur, radiation shield, and
procedure.

The boiling-tube is of glass, fused silica, or similar material, and has an
internal diameter of not less than 4 nor more than 6 cm. The vapor column
must be sufficiently long that the bottom of the radiation shield is not less than
6 cm above the free liquid surface and its top is not less than 2 cm below
the top of the heat insulating material surrounding the tube. Electric heating is
preferable, although gas may be used, but the source of heat and all good con-
ducting material in contact with it must terminate at least 4 cm below the free
surface of the liquid sulphur. Above the source of heat the tube is surrounded
with insulating material. Any device used to close the end of the tube must
allow a free opening for equalization of pressure.

The sulphur should contain not over 0.02 per cent of impurities. Selenium is
the impurity most likely to be present in quantities sufficient to affect the tem-
perature of the boiling point.

The radiation shield is cylindrical and open at the lower end, and is provided
with a conical portion at the top, to fit closely to the protecting tube of the
thermometer. The cylindrical part is 1.5 to 2.5 cm larger in diameter than
the protecting tube of the thermometer and at least I cm smaller in diameter
than the inside of the boiling tube. The cylinder should extend at least 1.5 cm

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

242 TABLES 216 (continued) AND 217

THE INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE
TABLE 216 (continued).—Recommended Procedure for Calibration

beyond each end of the thermometer coil. There should be ample opening at
the top of the cylindrical and below the conical portion to permit free circula-
tion of vapor. The inner surface of the shield should be a poor reflector. The
shield may be made of sheet metal, graphite, etc.

In standardizing a thermometer the sulphur is heated to boiling and the
heating so regulated that the condensation line is at least I cm above the top
of the insulating material. The thermometer with its radiation shield is inserted
in the vapor, and when the line of condensation again reaches its former level
simultaneous observations of resistance and barometric pressure are made. In
all cases care should be taken to prove that the temperature is independent of
vertical displacements of the thermometer and shield.

5. SILVER AND GoLpD

For standardizing a thermocouple, the metal to be used at its freezing point
is contained in a crucible of pure graphite, refractory porcelain, or other ma-
terial which will not react with the metal so as to contaminate it to an appre-
ciable extent.

Silver must be protected from access of oxygen while heated.

The crucible and metal are placed in an electric furnace capable of heating
the contents to a uniform temperature.

The metal is melted and brought to a uniform temperature a few degrees
above its melting point, then allowed to cool slowly with the thermocouple
immersed in it as described in the next paragraph.

The thermocouple, mounted in a porcelain tube with porcelain insulators
separating the two wires, is immersed in the molten metal through a hole in
the center of the crucible cover. The depth of immersion should be such that
during the period of freezing the thermocouple can be lowered or raised at least
I cm from its normal position without altering the indicated e.m.f. by as much
as I microvolt. During freezing, the e.m.f. should remain constant within
I microvolt for a period of at least five minutes.

As an alternative to displacing the couple, as a means of testing the absence
of the influence of external conditions upon the observed temperature, both
freezing and melting points may be observed and if these do not differ by more
than 2 microvolts, the observed freezing point may be considered satisfactory.

TABLE 217.—The Standard Platinum Resistance Thermometer

The diameter of the wire should not be smaller than 0.05 or larger than
0.2 mm.

The platinum wire of the thermometer must be so mounted as to be subject
to the minimum of mechanical constraint, so that dimensional changes accom-
panying changes of temperature may result in a minimum of mechanical
strain being imposed upon the platinum.

The design of the thermometer should be such that the portion, the resistance
of which is measured, shall consist only of platinum, and shall be at the uniform
temperature which is to be measured. This may be accomplished by either of
the accepted systems of current and potential, or compensating leads.

After completion, the thermometer should be annealed at a temperature of
at least 660°.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 218 AND 219 243

THE INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE
TABLE 218.—The Standard Thermocouple

The platinum of the standard couple shall be of such purity that the ratio R:/Ro is
initially not less than 1.390 for t= 100°. The alloy is to consist of 90 per cent platinum with
Io per cent rhodium. The completed thermocouple must develop an electromotive force,
when one junction is at 0° and the other at the freezing point of gold, not less than 10,200
nor more than 10,400 international microvolts. The diameter of the wires used for standard
thermocouples should lie between the values 0.35 and 0.65 mm.

The freezing point of antimony, specified for the standardization of the thermocouple,
lies within the range of 0° to 660° where the international scale is fixed by the indications
of the standard resistance thermometer, and the numerical value of this temperature is
therefore to be determined with the resistance thermometer. In the appendix the result of
such determinations is given as 630.5°, but the temperature of any particular lot of antimony
which is to be used for standardizing the thermocouple is to be determined with a standard
resistance thermometer.

The procedure to be followed in using the freezing point of antimony as a fixed tempera-
ture is substantially the same as that specified for silver. Antimony has a marked tendency
to undercool before freezing. The undercooling will not be excessive if the metal is heated
only a few degrees above its melting point and if the liquid metal is stirred. During freez-
ing the temperature should remain constant within 0.1° for a period of at least five minutes.

TABLE 219.—Secondary Calibration Points

These points and their temperatures on the international scale are listed below. The
temperatures correspond to a pressure of one standard atmosphere. The formulas for
variation of vapor pressure with temperature are for the range from 680 to 780 mm.

2G

Baling hy Grog en) yep ten =15101 0044 |(pi— 760) ae acc eens «lapse oye sieve cpereyeiene ers olor — 252.75
Equilibrium between solid and gaseous carbon dioxide tp = treo + 0.1443

ere 827719) MLO Bran 7 OO) Manaieineie sista cule ale eeetsteh idee Aists (sei Sieve cemnstan eo eueiais oboe — 78.5
SRE CZ 101 SIT CT CUI yperret ge anaes tent cre aes eA Tose lore ole aie eels eceb sie sar cye SO Srspoieeoe Sievaasicke — 38.87
Mas EON) Oly SOGIUIM ASU pMave ays ure sys: 4.5| clckete gree cla ds elvis o Sein she care tej ale elals aur oleha dere ace 32.38
Condensing naphthalene vapor tp = treo + 0.208 (tp + 273.2) logi (p/760)....... 217.096
MME a RUIN YS Se Ese Pyar s ae recreate TI wialele rap ale ait oly Wao SRA ame beatae eaue Oo orale 231.85
Condensing benzophenone vapor tp = tro + 0.194 (tp + 273.2) logio (p/760).... 305.9
re COZITT Ra CTTITINTUM tap rte era siees eh asics tual Sue CEA POC oeGT Gs ais a alee Ua Sle eco SONS ee eck sbi 320.9
Baier T SS ALC GLE Fos aust se P St och 5 SY. Re ete be 6 he ae eee lakes SS REDS, Se SR cy BRAM che el chavs es 327.3
Freezing zinc ...... PATE REST pee be ats s choot eet yA SUSE NS. oy TAGES SEA PIE Ue ees beets 419.45
ICC ZING ATICITMOL Vas Mele ease loci niles BO lac idis celle hee wales kad drtalen( do sarate be 630.5
Beeczine copper itl a reducing atmosphere... 2.6500. Gos eee sees ccs ees te os 1,083
Beer a AlIACIil a sy..e Sele. Geter cere os wien s lace ts ea. eee a ne 1,553
Be ted GPa CELEY US LEU date raver tes ev che cnc tagmenn epee aeaey tier: ranaita ada lneNeaas Several dnc nee Se 3,400
BEMEMTANE! cc c0000cssecieesecs — 159.6 {* Ete S Orme on arc ees ak 1202) sala};
PATON) GIOKICE oo05 0 ccec cess — 111.6 f INGCkel Perit reece ce 1455. m,f
PEEREE cis ccalesec.senceecees —o5.1 f Cobaltsrer ceo ae costes 1490. m,f
HIV ACELALC sees cece ess < — 83.6 f Ga SE@ eaten oe sohs ohae 1555. m
PRUGLOVOTTT- 0... 5 sods os Sone. — 63.5 f ‘Blatinummesstneir asec one 1755. m
Carbon tetrachloride ......... — 22.9 f

*f, freezing. jm, melting.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

244 TABLE 220
DIRECTIONS FOR USE OF STANDARD THERMOELEMENT CALIBRATIONS

Deviation curves.—Standard tables such as are given on pages 245-247 have
no absolute significance; they are reference curves that, while representing
fairly well the e.m.f. functions for certain couples, are intended for use with
an appropriate deviation curve. The correction curve is determined for each
element by calibration at several fixed points—preferably three or more—given
in the tables. It is constructed by plotting AF as ordinate (AE=E observed
minus F standard) against E,s. In order to obtain the temperatures corre-
sponding to the measured e.m.f., the appropriate value of AE (obtained from
its deviation curve by inspection) is subtracted algebraically from the observed
value of E before the latter is converted into degrees by means of the table.
The required accuracy may be secured by plotting the deviation curve on a
small scale; coordinate paper 20 by 20 cm is ample. There need be no fear
of error with this method even with deviations of several hundred pv, especially
if sufficient calibration points are taken.

Fixed-junction correction.—Thermocouples have two junctions. The “ busi-
ness end ” is usually called the hot junction, and the other, the cold junction.

The calibration tables are made on the assumption that the fixed junction
is maintained at o° C. The standard method is to use a vacuum-jacketed flask
filled with ice into which is inserted the junction protected by a glass tube
closed at one end and partly filled with kerosene. If it is not feasible to have
the fixed junction at 0°, a fixed-junction correction must be applied. This
correction, in general, is not equal to the temperature of the fixed junction
and depends on both the temperature TJ) of the fixed junction and the tem-
perature T of the variable junction. It may be applied by either of the follow-
ing two methods.

(1) The e.m.f. corresponding to T) may be added directly to the e.m-f.
Er-ro and the resultant e.m.f. Ey, converted into degrees by means of the
proper table (Tables 221-225). Thus if a platinum-platinrhodium couple gives
a reading of 6000nv (microvolts), T) being 50°, the value of E7o, according
to Table 221, is 298uv which added to 6000 gives 6298 as the value of Ez,
which by referring to the table corresponds to T=.703.6°. This method of
correction is mathematically exact. (2) Multiply the fixed junction tempera-
ture by a factor, f= (dE/dt) )/(dE/dt), the ratio of the mean e.m.f. tempera-
ture gradient between 0° and ¢; to the gradient at ¢, and add the product to /’,
the uncorrected temperature, or t=?t’+ft;. The e.m.f. temperature gradients
may be obtained by taking the reciprocals of the numbers corresponding in
successive vertical difference of the numbers in the vertical columns.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 221 AND 222 246
TABLE 221,—Standard Calibration Curve for Pt—PtRh (10% Rh) Thermoelemenat

Giving the temperature for every 190 microvolts. For use in conjunction with a deviation curve determined by cali
bration of the particular element at some of the following fixed po‘nts:

Water boiling-pt. 100.0 643mv. Silver melting-pt. 960.2 QOIrmmvy.
Naphthalene re eS 217.95 1585 Gold - “ 1062.6 10296
Tin melting-pt. 231.9 1700 Copper <6 ss 1082.8 10534
Benzophenone boiling-pt. 305.9 2365 Li,SiO3 ae s¢ 1201. T1941
Cadmium melting-pt. 320.9 2503 Diopside s? £ 1391.5 14230
Zinc ne s 419.4 3430 Nickel sf ae 1452.60 140973
Sulphur boiling-pt. 444.55 3672

Antimony melting-pt. 630.0 5530 Palladium sf s 1540.5 16144
Aluminum a of 658.7 5827 Platinum we ie 1755. 18608

3000. | 4000. | 5000.

TEMPERATURES, °C.

374-3 478.1 578.3 | 675.3 | 769.5 | 861.1 950.4
384.9 488.3 588.1 684.8 778.8 870.1 959.2
395-4 408.4 597-9 | 604.3 | 788.0 | 870.1 968.0
405.9 508.5 607.7 703.8 797.2 888.1 976.7
416.3 518.6 617.4 713.3 806.4 807.1 985.4
426.7 528.6 627.1 722.7 815.6 | go6.1 994.1
437.1 538.6 636.8 72000 824.7 915.0 1002.8
447.4 548.6 646.5 741.5 833.8 923.9 IOII.5
457-7 558.5 656.1 750.9 842.9 932.8 1020.1
467.9 568.4 665.7 760.2 852.0 941.6 1028.7
478.1 578.3 675.3 760.5 861.1 950.4. 1037.3

13000. | 14000. | 15000. | 16000. 17000. | 18000.

TEMPERATURES, °C.

1289.3 1372.4 1454.8 1620.9 | 1704.3
1207.7 1380.7 1463.0 1629.2 | 1712.6
1306.0 1389.0 1471.2 1637.6 1721.0
T314.3 1397-3 1479.4 1645.9 1720.3
1322.6 1405.6 1487.7 1654.3 1737.7
1330.9 1413.8 1496.0 1662.6 1746.0
1339.2 1422,0 1504.3 1670.9 1754.3
1347-5 1430.2 1512.6 1679.3
1355.8 1438.4 1520.9 1687.6
1364.1 1446.6 1520.2 1696.0
1372.4 1454.8 1537-5 1704.3

TABLE 222.—Standard Calibration Curve for Copper—Constantan Thermoelement

For use in conjunction with a deviation curve determined by the calibration of the particular element at some of the
following fixed points: ;

Water, boiling-point, 100°, 4276 microvolts; Naphthalene, boiling-point, 217.95, 10248 mv.; Tin, melting-point, 231.9,
11009 mv.; Benzophenone, boiling-point, 305.9, 15203 mv.; Cadmium, melting-point, 320.9, 16083 mv.

3000. 4000. | 5000. | 6000. if 7000. | 8000. | Qooo.

TEMPERATURES, °C.

0.00 25.27 49.20 72.08 94.07 115.31 135.91 155-95 175.50 | 104.62
2.60 27.72 51.53 74.31 96.23 117.40 137-04 157-92 177.43 | 1096.51
Sony 30.15 53-85 76.54 98.38 119.48 139.96 159.89 179.36 | 1098.40
Tas 2.577 56.16 78.76 100.52 121.56 141.98 161.86 181.28 | 200.28
10.28 34.98 58.46 80.97 102.66 123.63 143.90 163.82 183.20 | 202.16
12.81 37.38 60.76 83.17 104.79 125.69 146.00 165.7 185.II | 204.04
15.33 39-77 63.04 85.37 106.91 127.75 148.00 167.73 187.02 | 205.91
17.83 42.15 65.31 87.56 109.02 129.80 150.00 169.68 188.93 | 207.78
20.32 44.51 67.58 89.74 II1I.12 131.84 151.99 171.62 190.83 | 2009.64
22.80 46.86 69.83 QI.or 113.22 133.88 153-97 173.56 192.73 | 211.50
25.27 49.20 | 72.08 04.07 Ur5.30) |) 135.08 | 155.95 175.50 194.62 | 213.36

10000. | II000. | 12000. | 13000. | 14000. | 15000. 16000. | 17000. | 18000.

TEMPERATURES, °C.

213.36 249.82 267.60 285.13 302.42 319.49 336.36
215.21 251.61 269.36 286.87 304.14 321.19 338.04
217.06 253-40 271.12 288.61 305.85 322.88 339.72
218.91 255.18 272.88 290.35 307.56 324.57 341.40
220.75 256.96 274.64 292.08 309.27 326.26 343-07
222.59 258.74 276.40 293.81 310.98 327.95 344.74
224.43 260.52 278.15 205.54 312.69 320.64 346.41
226.26 262.29 279.90 297.26 314.39 331.32 348.08
228.09 264.06 281.65 298.98 316.09 333.00 349-75
229.92 265.83 283.39 300.70 317-79 334.68 351-42
231.74 267.60 285.13 302.42 319.49 | 336.36 353.00

Cf. Day and Sosman, Am. Jour, Sci. 29, p. 93, 32, P- 51, ; thid. R. B. Sosman, 30, p. I.
SMITHSONIAN TARLES.

246 TABLES 223 AND 224

TABLE 2238.—Standard Calibration Curve for Copper—Constantan Thermoelement,
Temperatures Below 0°C

— 124.46 é —55.81
4.01 ; 3.05
— 128.47 : — 58.86
4.09
— 132.56
4.18 3-51
— 136.74 98.25
4.28 3-57
— 141.02 —101.82
4.39 3-63
— 145.41 — 105.45
4.50 3.68
—149.91 — 109.13
4.61 3-74
—154.52 — 112.87
4-73 3.80
—159.25 — 116.67
4.87 3.86
— 164.12 —120.53
5.02 3-93 3-37
—169.14 —124.46 — 87.86

TABLE 224.—Melting Points of Some Purified Salts, 400-1300°C

(Roberts, some new standard melting points at high temperatures, Phys. Rev., 2d ser., 23, 386, 1924, which
see for technique of their use.)

Potassium dichromate 397.5°C | Sodium chloride
45 KCl + 55 NaeSO, by wt..... 517.1 Sodium sulphate

30.5 NaCl + 69.5 Na2SOu by wt. 627.0 Potassium sulphate *
Potassium chloride Dicalcium borate (Ca2B20s5) ....1304

* Potassium sulphate has sharp inversion point at 583° +1.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 225 247
STANDARD CALIBRATION CURVE FOR CHROMEL-ALUMEL

THERMOELEMENT *

4.0
4-5
5.0
5:5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7:5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9-5

10.0

12.6
12.6
12.4
25.0
12.3
37-3
£252
49.5
12.2
6re7,
L255
73-8
T2.1
85.9
12.2
98.1
E2ve
110.3
12.4
T2247
12.5
135.2
12.6
147.8
12.6
160.4
12.7
Tyger
12.7
185.8
12.8
198.6
12.8
211.4
12.9
224.3
12.9
BRED
aot)
250.1

250.1
13.0
263.1
12.9
276.0
27)
288.7
12.5
301.2
12.3
313-5
I2.1
325.6
I1I.9
337-5
11.6
349.1
II.5
360.6
II.5
Bea
II.7
383.8
11.8
395-6
11.8
407.4
11.8
419.2
11.8
431.0
11.9
442.9
II.9
454.8
II.9
466.7
II.9
478.6

I1I.9

490.5

586.6
I2.1
598.7
I2.1
610.8
I2.2
623.0
12.2
635.2
I2.2
647-4
I2.3
659.7
I2.3
672.0
12:3
684.3
12.3
696.6
12.4
709.0
12.4
721.4
12.4

733-8

847.4
12.8
860.2
12.9
873.1
12.9
886.0
13.0
899.0
13.0
Q12.0
I3.1
925.1
I3.1I
938.2
I3.2
951.4
13.2
964.6
13-3
977-9
13-4
991.3

(1220.0)
I5.0
(1235.0)
16.0
(1251.0)
16.0
(1267.0)
16.0

(1283.0)

* Standard calibration curve for chromel-alumel (Hoskins) thermocouple giving the temperature
and temperature differences for every 0.5 millivolt. Fixed junction is at 0°. For use in conjunction with
a deviation curve determined by calibration of the particular couple at some of the following fixed
points:

S, boiling point
Sb, melting point
Al, melting point

Degrees
C

Ag, melting point........

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

Milli-
volts

Au, melting point

Degrees
€

Cu (in air), melting

point

Milli-
volts
mo

1063.0 42.60
1065.0 42.68

Cu (pure), melting point. 1082.8 43.31

248 TABLE 226
OPTICAL PYROMETRY
(The following discussion is abbreviated from Dushman, Rev. Mod. Phys., 2, 387, 1930.)

Data on various substances are now available by which accurate determina-
tions may be made of the temperature of an emitting surface. For a compre-
hensive review see Lax and Pirani, Handb. Phys., 19, 1-45; 21, 190-272, Julius
Springer, Berlin, 1929. Data on total radiation from various bodies have been
summarized by Coblentz (I.C.T. 5, 238-245, 1929).

Undoubtedly the most accurate method consists in determining the brilliancy
(candles/cm?). The temperature coefficient (dB/B)/(dT/T) where B=
brightness in international candles/cm?, for W varies from 22.75 at 1000° K,
to 8.45 at 3000° K. (Jones, Langmuir, Gen. Elec. Rev., 30, 310, 354, 408,
1927). With the exception of electron emission and the rate of evaporation,
the candlepower shows the greatest temperature variation.

While the values of B as a function of T are available for several substances,
a fair approximation is possible to the true T of a substance for which the
average luminous emissivity is unknown by the following methods. (Average
luminous emissivity means the ratio of the total normal brightness to that of a
black-body at the same T. For W this value is from 0.464, T=1000° K. to
0.440, T=3000° K., Forsythe, Worthing, Astrophys. Journ., 61, 126, 1925).

With a photometer determine the temperature T, at which substance emits
light of the same color as a black-body—a value higher than the true tempera-
ture. The following table is due to Worthing-Forsythe :

Tc (tungsten) True T (Te —T)/T Ts (tungsten)
1000° K. 1000° K. 0.006 966° K.
1517 1500 .OIl 1420
2033 2000 .0165 1857
2557 2500 023 2274
30904 3000 .031 2673

The brightness may be compared with a standard lamp for a given wave
length, usually 0.6654. The temperature found is called the brightness tempera-
ture, 7, lower than the true temperature, increasingly so with decrease in e),
the emissivity for this wave length, and increasing with the temperature. Thus
for w, e, for A=0.665p varies from 0.456, T=1000° K. to 0.415, T=3000° K.
and the observed values T; are given in the preceding table. From these
determinations of T, and T; fairly approximate values of T may be deduced.

It is possible to determine the actual value of e, by methods described by
both Langmuir, Worthing and Forsythe, then calculate 7, the true tempera-
ture from optical pyrometer measurements of JT. See Forsythe, Journ. Opt.
Soc. Amer., 16, 307, 1928; Journ. Amer. Ceram. Soc., 12, 780, 1929; Foote,
Fairchild, Symposium on Pyrometer, Amer. Inst. Mining and Metallurg.
Eng., 338, 324, 1920; also loc. cit., p. 291, 367, 285.

At temperatures below 1100-1200° K. optical methods become impractical,
and radiation in watts radiated per unit area or resistance must be used. Data
on energy radiated as a function of the temperature have been summarized by
Lax and Pirani, Handb. Phys., 21, 236-240, for W, Mo, Ta, Pr, Os, Au, Ni,
Fe, Cy Ag, Cujjand Zz.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 227-229 249

TABLE 227.—Correction for Temperature of Emergent Mercurial Thermometer Thread

When the temperature of a portion of a thermometer stem with its mercury thread differs much from
that of the bulb, a correction is necessary to the observed temperature unless the instrument has been
calibrated for the experimental conditions. This stem correction is proportional to n§(T —t), where n
is the number of degrees in the exposed stem, 8 the apparent coefficient of expansion of mercury in the
glass, T the measured temperature, and t the mean temperature of the exposed stem. For temperatures
up to 100° C, the value of 8 is for Jena 16!1 or Greiner and Friedrich resistance glass, 0.000159, for
Jena s9!I1, 0.000164, and when of unknown composition it is best to use a value of about 0.000155. The
formula requires a knowledge of the temperature of the emergent stem. This may be approximated in
one of three ways: (1) by a “‘ fadenthermometer ’”’ (see Buckingham, Bulletin Bureau of Standards,
8, p. 239, 1912); (2) by exploring the temperature distribution of the stem and calculating its mean
temperature; and (3) by suspending along the side of, or attaching to the stem, a single thermometer.
Table 228 is taken from the Smithsonian Meteorological Tables.

TABLE 228.—Stem Correction for Centigrade Thermometers
Values of o.ooo155n(T —?).

Oo. °
Oo. °
oO. °
oO. °
°. °

90000
CuO 6,076

TABLE 229.—Reduction of Gas Thermometers to Thermodynamic Scale

The final standard scale is Kelvin’s thermodynamic scale, independent of the properties of any
substance, a scale resulting from the use of a gas thermometer using a perfect gas. A discussion of this
is given by Buckingham, Bur. Standards Bull., 3, 237, 1907: ‘‘ The thermodynamic correction of the
centigrade constant-pressure scale at the given temperature is very nearly proportional to the constant
pressure at which the gas is kept’’ and “the thermodynamic correction to the centigrade constant-
volume scale is approximately proportional to the initial pressure at the ice point.’’ These two rules
are very convenient, since from the corrections for any one pressure, one can calculate approximately
those for the same gas at any other pressure. é ;

The highest temperature possible is limited by the container for the gas. Day and Sosman carried
a platinum-rhodium gas thermometer up to the melting point of palladium. For most work, however,
the region of the gas thermometer should be considered as ending at about 1000° C (1273° K.).

Note: All corrections in the following table are to be added algebraically,

273.1° C (ice point)
For a discussion of the various values and for the corrections of the various gas thermometers to
the thermodynamic scale see Buckingham, Bull, Bureau Standards, 3, p. 237, 1907.
Scale Corrections for Gas Thermometers.

Constant pressure = 100 cm Constant vol., pp = 100 cm, tg = O°C

H N

+o.18
.06
O10
.004
.000
.000
.000

+4+4+4++ | [+

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

250 TABLE 230
PRACTICAL THERMOELECTRIC SCALES
(Comparisons)
(Adapted from Roeser, Bur. Standards Res. Paper 99, 1920, which see for details of use.)

Prior to the adoption of the International Temperature Scale, the Pt-Pt1o% Rh ther-
mocouple was almost universally used for scales 450° to 1100°C, and defining equations
were quadratic or cubic depending upon the number of calibration points.

The scale based on the work of Holborn and Day was calibrated at the freezing point of
Zn (419.0°C), Sb (630.6°C) and Cu (1084.1°C) and a quadratic equation, E = a + vt + cf,
for interpolation. This was almost universally used from 1900-1909. Work of Waidner,
Burgess, 1909, and Day, Sosman, 1910-1912, necessitated a readjustment. In 1912 the
Bureau of Standards redefined its scale, assigning values determined with the resistance
thermometer to the Zn and Sb points, while the freezing point of Cu was taken as 1083.0°C.
This 1912 scale, used from 1912-1916, will be called the Zn,Sb,Cu temperature scale.

A scale proposed by Sosman and revised by Adams (Journ. Amer. Chem. Soc., 36, 65,
1914) was realized by using a standard reference table, giving the average #,e.m.f. relation
for thermocouple used by Day and Sosman. A deviation curve, determined by any other
couple by calibration at several points would be plotted relating the difference between
observed e.m.f. and the e.m.f. from the reference table against the obs. e.m.f. of the couple.
This scale, although very convenient, is not completely defined and no comparison is made
here.

In 1916, the Physikalische-Technische Reichsanstalt adopted a scale with the couple
calibrated at the Cd point (320.9°C), Sb (630°C), An (1063°C) and Pd (1557°C). No com-
parison will be made here.

A scale adopted by the Bureau of Standards in 1916 was defined by calibration at the
Zn and Al points with a Cu point (1083.0°C). This was used from 1916-1926 and is here
designated the Zn,Al,Cu scale.

The scale adopted by the P.T.R. and the Bureau of Standards in 1924 was calibrated
at Zn and Sb points (determined by resistance thermometer) and the Ag point (960.5°C)
and the Au point (1063.0°C). It will be designated the Zn,Sb,Ag,Au scale.

The 1927 7th Annual Conference of Weights and Measures (31 nations) unanimously
adopted what is between 660° and 1063°C the Zn,Sb,Ag,Cu scale with the Zn point omitted.
The table below shows a comparison of the various scales. The following values for the
freezing points were used:

Zn 419.47°C Al 659.23°C Au 1063.0°C
Sb 630.52°C Ag 9g60.5°C Cu (reducing atm.*) 1083.0°C
Table 231 gives the corresponding difference of temperature.

Comparison of #°C—e.m.f. relations with International Temperature Scale. (Comparisons
with two thermo-couples are given.)

E.m.f. in microvolts for temperature scales, E.m.f. in microvolts for temperature scales,
Thermocouple A Thermocouple B

Tempera- ae Interna- Interna-

ture (°C) n, Sb, tional Zn, Sb, tional
Zn, Sb, Zn, Al, Ag, and | tempera- Zn, Al, Ag, and | tempera-
and Cu and Cu Au ture and Cu Au ture

scale scale

3438.2 3438.2 3438.2 3447.5 3435-6 3435-6 3444.7
3732-9 3732-8 3733-4 3740.5 3729.6 3730.2 3737-2
4222.6 ~4222.204A 223739 WA22 7-6 4218.2 4219.3 4223.5
4720.9 4720.4 4721.6 4723.7 4715-4 4716.6 4718.7
5227.9 5227.2 5228.2 5228.8 5221-2) 5222°4) 5222.9

5541-6 5540.9 5541.6 5541.6 5534-2 5535 5535
5743-5 5742.8 5743-3 5743 5735-7) 5730-3 - 5736
5839.7. 5838.9 5839.3 5838.9 5831.6 5832.1 5831.6
6267.8 6267 6267 6266.1 6258.8 6258.8 6258
6800.8 6800 6799.3 6798.3 6790.6 6790 6789
7342-5 7341-7 7349-3 7339-4 7331 7329.8 7328.9
7892.8 7892.1 7890.2 7889.6 7880.1 7878.4 7877.7
8451.8 8451.2 8449.1 8448.8 8437.8 8435.8 8435.5
9019.5 9019 9017 9016.9 9004.2 9002.3 9002.2
9139-8 9139-3 9137-4 9137-4 9124.2 9122.4 9122.4
9595-8 9595.5 9594 9594.1 9579-2. 9577-8 9577-9
10180.8 10180.7 10180.3 10180.3 10162.8 I0162.5 10162.5
10334.4 10334.3 10334.2 10334.2 10316 10316 10316
LO5 7147 LO57147) 10572.3, 1057251 10552.8 10553.4 10553-3
10774.5 10774.6 10775.8 10775.5 10755.2 10756.4 10756.1

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 231-234 251
TABLE 231.—Temperature Differences between I.T.S. and various Older Scales

Neeiee emt | kedeesss— | PLe tls s= Bilyss5s—)1| eledeaSem| elas: = Tee le ees 0 | lebees=
ZnSb- | ZnAl- | ZnSb- ce - | ZnAl- | ZnSb- ZnSb- | ZnAl- | ZnSb-
Cu J c Cu AgAu Cu Cu AgAu

TABLE 232.—Conversion Factors for Units of Work

o British
thermal
units

Kilowatt-
hours

Foot- Kilogram- 15

Joules pounds meters Calories

I 0.73767 | 0.1020F | 0.2391 |0.0009486|0.2778 XK 10%
a5 Om i 0.1383 | 0.3241 *|0.001286*|0.3767 X 10%*
9.807 * Wee I 2.345* |0.009302*|2.724 X 10°%*
4.183 Be oBst 0.4267 T I 0.003965 |I.162 X 10%

1 Foot-pound..

I Kilogram- -meter
1 15° Calorie.

1 British thermal

1054. 777.51 Oras || DS) I 0.0002928
3 600 000.|2 655 000. t/367 200. t|860 800.} 3415. I

1 Kilowatt-hour..

The value used for g is the standard value, 980.665 cm. per sec. per sec. = 32.174 feet per sec. per sec.
* The values thus marked vary directly with ‘‘g.”’
+ The values thus marked vary inversely with ‘‘g.’’ For values of ‘“‘g’’ see Tables 706-709.

TABLE 233.—Value of the English and American Horsepower (746 watts) in Local Foot-pounds and Kilogram-
meters per Second at Various Altitudes and Latitudes

Kilogram-meters per second Foot-pounds per second

Latitude Latitude

o km 76.275 | 76.175 | 76.074 | 75-973 | 75-873 || 551-70 | 550.97 | 550-24 | 549-52 | 548.79
1.5 76.297 | 76.197 | 76.095 | 75.995 | 75-895 || 551-86 | 551-13 | 550-41 | 549.68 | 548.95
3 76.320 | 76.220| 76.119 | 76.018 | 75.918 ]| 552.03 | 551-30] 550.57] 549.85 | 549.12

ae

TABLE 234.—Nonflammable Liquids for Cryostats
(Taken from Kanolt, Bur. Standards Sci. Paper, 520, 1926.)

CCL GHG. 42 Goi; eres 2 39* No. rai
ae point —23 —63 -—8I1 —II9 —139 —145 —I150+
*Compositions: No. 4; CCla, 49. 455; CHCl, 50.6%.

No. ber, GEE: 19. oe C:H; Br, 44.9%; C.H2Cl, 13.8%; C.HCl,,
21.6

No. 39; CHCls, 14. a CoHsBr, 33.4%; CoH2Ch, 10.4%; CeHCls,
16. 4%; CHCl, 2 5-3/0

No. 40; CHCl, 17. 9%, GHC, 9.3%; CoHsBr, 40.7%; CoHeClhe, 125%;
C;HCls, 19.6%.

—80°C —90° —100° ~—110° ~—120° —130° —140° —145° —I150

Wiscositiesin” GSH Br "1.81 “2:25 2:89 3:86. 5.6... ee
SCenrIpoisess= MING! S2he)..-) 13.03 4.57 7.46 496.7. 20.3. 81 vale ruse
Nor34° 1:97 2.57 3-69 : 10 22°35 nos 242 1480
Nax400 4:2 2.88" 3.85 : ROL 2a 2 2-5 70 170) nO3t

°

* Because of volatility and oxidation of some, these liquids should be kept in well
stoppered bottles when not in use.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

252 TABLE 235
MELTING AND BOILING POINTS OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS
Symbol Melting Boiling Symbol Melting Boiling
Element and point point Element and point point
atomic no. iG 2 atomic no. | 2c

Aluminum..| Al 13 659.7 1800 Molybdenum..| Mo 42 2620 3700
Antimony...| Sb 51 630.5 1380 Neodymium. .| Nd 60 840
ATOM eee. el AY eS || — sto. 2k T85s7 INeoneew ee Ne 10] — 248.67| — 245.9
Arsenice....- |) Asi 33 (820) 615.s Nickelsi2 ss. Ni 28 1455 2900
Barium, .<oc: Ba 56 850 II 40 Nitrogen..... N 7] — 209.86 | — 195.81
Beryllium....| Be 4 1350 (1500) Osmiumeee Os 76 2700 (> 5300)
Bismuthye sa) bie 83 278 1450 Oxygen...... O 8 | — 218.4 | — 183
Borans eta. B 5 2300 Ozone. .| Og Ee Sian || alae
Bromine ae Byes we 72 58.8 || Palladium...| Pd 46 1553 2200
Cadmium....}| Cd 48 320.9 766 Phosphorus...| P15 44.1 280
Galeimmeas oor Ca 20 810 1170 Platinum....| Pt 78 1773s 4300
Carbone eal 6 | >3500 (4200) Potassium....} K 19 62.3 760
Cerium, a. 42 (Ce758 640 T400 Praseodymium] Pr 59 940
Ceasiimaarins aie sues 5 26 670 Radian. 4. 4c Ra 88 Q60 II40
Chlorine...... Chea 7 MOL On|; =) aqua Radom. .Su0.on Rn 86 | — I1o
Chromium er 2 1615 2200 Rhenium..... Re 75 (3000)
Cobaltaee aa. Con27, 1480 3000 Rhodium..... Rh 45 1985 >2500
Columbium...} Cb 41 1950 2900 Rubidium. ...| Rb 37 38.5 700
Copper...... Cu 29 1083 2300 Ruthenium...} Ru 44 2450 >2700
Dysprosium...| Dy 66 Samarium....| Sm 62 | >1300
Erbium) a.. Er 68 Scandium....| Se 21 1200 (2400)
Europium....| Eu 63 Selenium..... Se 34 220 688
HilWorine so. g | — 223 — 187 Silicons. ce cen Si 1d 1420 2600
Gadolinium...| Gd 64 Silwerscoscre Ag 47 960.5 1950
Gallium. .... Cast 29.7 | >1600 Sodium. ..... Na II 97-5 880
Germanium Ge 32 958.5 (2700) Strontiom!, 7 =|"Ssrr3s 800 IIso
Goldin. t.3 Au 79 1063 2600 Sulphur. ence S 16] 113-119 444.6
Hainium ..-. - Elim (1700) (> 3200) Mantalums =.) hae 73 2850 (> 4100)
elise pe He 2 |<—272 — 268.94 || Tellurium....| Te 52 452 1390
Holmium..... Ho 67 Merbininyiwos Tb 65
Hydrogen....| H I | — 259.14 | — 252.8 || Thallium..... ley Sin 303.5 1650
Indiumi.cas |) Ins 149 155 >1450 Thorium..... Th 90 1845 > 3000
lodines. ks: T ¥S3 113.5 184.35 || Thulium..... Tm 69
Iriditum>s Nia 2350 (> 4800) Aine eaeeo ROD SO 231.80 2260
LEGO nhe nee Fe 26 1535 3000 Mitanium\.s..|) ie 22 1800 (> 3000)
Keypronee ce Kr 36 | — 169 — 151.8 Tungsten..... W 74 3370 5900
Lanthanum...| La 57 826 T800 Uranium. UP 62> | P1850
Lead... 25. % Pb 82 327.4 1620 Vanadium;.25) V. 23 1710 (3000)
Lithium sc. A es 186 > 1200 ENONES doco. Xe 54] — 140 — 109.1
(uteciumen . eee 7a Ytterbium.. Wo 70)
Magnesium...| Mg 12 651 II00 Mittra: cq Wins 39 1490 (2500)
Manganese. ..| Mn 25 1260 1900 ZANC csc Zn 30 419.47 907
Mercury..... Hg 80 | — 38.87 356.00 || Zirconium....| Zr 40 1900 >20900

(Metals in heavy type are often used as standard melting points.)

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 236-238 253
TABLE 236.—Effect of Pressure on Melting Point

Highest 4s |
Melting point experimental dt/dp At (observed) |

at 1 kg/sq. cm pressure: at 1 kg/sq. cm
kg/sq. cm

for Reference}
tooo kg/sq. cm

Substance.

go:
59.

12,000
2,800
12,000
12,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000

N mn

ODD 0 An wo
WwwwWw PPD

* At (observed) for 10,000 kg/sq. cm is 50.8°.

+ Na melts at 177.5° at 12,000 kg/cm?; K at 179.6°; Bi at 218.3°; Pb at 644°. Luckey
obtains melting point for tungsten as follows: 1atme, 3623° K; 8, 3504; 18, 3572; 28, 3564.
Phys. Rev. 1917.

References: (1) P. W. Bridgman, Proc. Am. Acad. 47, pp. 391-96, 416-19, 1911; (2) G.
Tammann, Kristallisieren und Schmelzen, Leipzig, 1903, pp. 98-99; (3) J. Johnston and
L. H. Adams, Am. J. Sci. 31, p. 516, 1911; (4) P. W. Bridgman, Phys. Rev. 6, 1, 1915.

A large number of organic substances, selected on account of their low melting points, have
also been investigated: by Tammann, loc. cit.; G. A. Hulett, Z. physik. Chem. 28, p. 629, 1899;
F. KGrber, ibid., 82, p. 45, 1913; E. A. Block, ibid., 82, p. 403, 1913; Bridgman, Phys. Rev. 3,
126, 1914; Pr. Am. Acad. 51, 55, 1915; 51, 581, 1916; 52, 57,1916; 52,91, 1916. The results
for water are given in the following table.

TABLE 237.—Effect of Pressure on Freezing Point of Water *

Pressure: T

ke/sq: cm Freezing point. Phases in Equilibrium.

Ice I — liquid.

Ice I — liquid.

Ice I — liquid.

Ice I— ice III — liquid (triple point).

Ice III — liquid.

Ice III — ice V — liquid (triple point).
Ice V — liquid.

Ice V — liquid.

Ice V — ice VI — liquid (triple point).
Ice VI — liquid.

Ice VI — liquid.

Ice VI — liquid.

Ice VI — liquid.

* P. W. Bridgman, Proc. Am. Acad. 47, pp. 441-558, 1912.
7 1 atm. = 1.033 kg/sq. cm.

TABLE 238.—Effect of Pressure on Boiling Point *

Metal. Pressure.

10.2 cm Hg. : 2 20.6 cm Hg.
Assy (eotk) g kes ; 6.3 atme.

6.3 atme. ; 11.7 atme.
I1.7 atme. ; : TE acme:
16.5 atme. : 5 21.5 atme.
10.3 cm Hg. ! ; 53-0 atme.

* Greenwood, Pr. Roy. Soc., p. 483, 1910.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

254

DENSITIES AND MELTING AND BOILING

TABLE 239

POINTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Substance.

“c

sulphate...
phosphite. .
Antimony trichloride. . .

t pentachloride
Arsenic trichloride
Arsenic hydride
Barium chloride

y enitrate

perchlorate. ...
Bismuth trichloride... .

Boric acid
“ce

cc

“

Borax (sodium borate)..
Cadmium chloride
Calcium chloride
rf chloride
Mitrateee eee

Carbon tetrachloride...

= estrichlondess: ..
ce

“ce
ce

Chloric(per) acid
Chlorine dioxide
Chrome alum
Chromium oxide.......
Cobalt sulphate
Cupric chloride
Cuprous chloride
Cupric nitrate
Hydrobromic acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydriodic acid
Hydrogen peroxide
* phosphide. ..

sulphide.....
Tron chloride

* nitrate
sulphatesess: caer
Lead chloride

‘* metaphosphate.. .

Magnesium chloride... .
ce

“

oe

“f nitrate

sulphate...
Manganese chloride... .
* nitrate
sulphate. ...
Mercurous chloride... ..
Mercuric chloride

“

Chemical formula.

Al(NOs)3 + 9H2O
1,03
NH;
NH,NO;
(NH4)2SO4
NH,H2,PO3
SbCl;
SbCl;
AsCl
AsHg
BaCl,
Ba(NOs) 2
Ba(ClOx) 2
BiCl;
H3BOs3

Cd(NO3)2 + 4H20
CaCl,
CaCl. + 6H.O

Ca(NOs)2
Ca(NOs)2 + 4H20

CaO

CCl
C2Cle

CO

CO,

CS.

HCI1O, + H,0
ClO,
KCr(SQ,)2 + 12H,0
Cro(NOs)¢6 + 18H,0
CroO3
CoSOx4
CuCl,
CueCle
Cu(NOs3).2 + 3H20
HBr

HCl
HFI
HI
H,02
PH3
H2S
FeCl;

Fe (NOs)3 + 9H,0
FeSO, + 7H20
PbCl,
Pb(POs3)2
MgCl,

MgO
Mg(NOs)2 + 6H20
MgSO, + 5H.0
MnCl, + 4H.O
Mn(NOs)> + 6H,O
MnSO, + sH.O

Density,

=

Melting
point
ce

Boiling

about point
c

Authority.
Authority.

eV Uae St 1 = 15S) eel al Sal See cere a een ena ee

| |
nw Ww a

R

Nw
tS
4

Hh
Nov

Swe lo

me eH
Cnr

H
nN COO 0 AN leon

tN

H
oO

1
(lisse inte AISI] Sesel sel ooton lel ieent

(1) Friedel] and Crafts; (2) Ordway; (3) Faraday; (4) Marchand; (5) Amat; (6) Olszweski; (7) Gibbs;
(8) Baskerville; (9) Carnelly; (10) Carnelly and O’Shea; (11) Ruff; (13) Wroblewski and Olszewski; (14) Anschiitz;

(15) Roscoe; (16) Tilden;
(21) Schacherl;

(28) Kanolt.
6mMITHSONIAN TABLES,

(17)
(22) Tammann;
* Decomposes.

(18)

Ladenburg;
Thorpe;

(23)

Staedel;
(24)

Bruhl;
Day;

(20)

(27)

(19) Clarke, Const. of Nature;

Ramsay; (25) Lorenz; (26) Morgan;

TABLE 239 (continued) 255
DENSITIES AND MELTING AND BOILING POINTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

'Density,| Melting 2 Boiling | Pres- 2
Substance. Chemical formula. | about point & point Sures|mee
20°C C 3 mm | ¥
PRC ee Ba < Pees
Nickel carbonyl....... NiC.sO, 1.32 —25. I 43.° | 760 | —
ameTNIEGACE aes acgot: Ni(NO3)2 + 6H2O | 2.05 On ial2 136.7 || 760], 2
ORAM E etic h geen oc NiO 6.69 oo — — — |—
SeESUl phates tee NiSO, + 7H,0 1.98 99. Bi — — |—
INTGRIChaCIdemer er ee HNO; Dys2 —42.. 4 86. 760 | 16
Pe eankydrides. «34: N20; 1.64 30. 5 48. 760 | 9
ee MOXIGE aa eee ‘ NO 1.27 | —167. — | -153. 760 | 6
Meh peroxider a. 4e- N20, 1.49 —9.6 | 8 21.6 | 760 | —
Nitrous anhydride. .... N2O3 1.45 | —II1. 7 3.5 | 760 | —
ee Gxideaet.eeee NO oa —102.4 8 —89.8 | 760 8
Phosphoric acid (ortho). H3PO,4 1.88 40 + | — — — |—
Phosphorous acid...... H;PO3 1.65 De — — — |j—
Phosphorus trichloride... PCl; reo || aeieie teh |) aM) 76. 760 | 19
‘“* oxychloride . . POC]; 1.68 41.3) — 108. 760 | —
“disulphide... . P3S¢ — 297. 12 — 760 | —
“« pentasulphide PSs — 275. 13 522. 760 | —
‘* ~~ sesquisulphide P4S3 2.00 168: |/— 400. 760 | —
“« trisulphide... P2S3 — 290 + | 14 490. 760 | 25
Potassium carbonate.. . K,CO; 252 909. — — = | =
oa schiorate. 44% KCIO; 2.34 B57 15 — = >
=) chromate «24: K.2CrO, 2.72 975. 17 — ane
oF cyanide)... KCN T52) |) redahit. |) — — ett ie
‘perchlorate ... KCIO, Dae 610. 15 410.f | 760 | —
» eMchloride <': 32: KCl 1.99 772. |— | 1500. 760 | —
SaMMitrater: ..t47 KNO; 2.10 341. | — A@oqi} || ||
“acid phosphate KH,2PO, 2.34 96. 2 — rn ee
‘** acid sulphate. . KHSO, 2.35 2O5N dec ai ears
Silver chloride......... AgCl 5.56 451. 15 — — |—
ech Danitrateca.s+.:. ee: AgNO; 4.35 218. — dec. — | —

= perchlorates... 2 .. AgClO, — 486. 18 — anal
+ “phosphate... --- Ag3PO, 6237 840. 15 — =. |=
‘* ~~ metaphosphate.. . AgPOs — 482. 15 — a
SeeESulphateneee nee: AgeoSOg Baas 655 = | — "|| ro8ssh is)
Sodium chloride. ...... NaCl 27 800. II 1490. 008) a
Se ehydroxidesyse- NaOH 2a 318. 27 —_ — | =
~ eamitratess 45. NaNOsz 2.26 2050 OCs ieee | eae
ra eechlorates=4 445 NaClO; 2.48 248. 28 t li
& ee perchlorate= a. NaCloO, — } 482. 18 — == || ==
= acatbonates....- Na.CO; 2.48 852. = tT — | —
PmcaTbonatensees NaeCO3 + 10H2O | 1.46 34. 3 — — | —
“« phosphate. ....| NazHPO, + 12H2O | 1.54 38. | — = —= | —
“« metaphosphate. NaPO; 2.48 617. 15 — — |—
“pyrophosphate . Na4P207 2.45 970. 30 — = | =
os phosphite...... (H,NaPO3)2 +5H2O — 42. 20 — 1; — | —
a sulphate... .... NaeSOu 2.67 884. Il —— — |—
eeeSUl phates Na,SO, + 10H2O | 1.46 32.38] 17 Sa = |=
“« hyposulphite...| Na2S:0; + 5H2O 1.73 48.16] — t — |—
Sulphur dioxide........ SO. — —76. — —I0. 760 | —
Sulphunelacides mrs oer H.SO,4 1.83 10.4 I 338. 760 | 22
i AGIUEA Se tecaae 12H.SO,4 + H,O — —0.5 — = |=
Bs ACIG4 a. cee H.SO,4 + H,0 ad 8. So Saad ame ==
e acid (pyro)... H2S20; 1.89 B5E 22 T = |=
Sulphur trioxide....... 3 1.91 16.3 | — Aiatay || yfeXe) || —=
Tin, stannic chloride. .. SnCh 2.28 —33. 23 TAs 760 | 19
«« stannous chloride. . SnCly — 250. 24 605. 760 | —
Zinc chlovides seer ZnCle 2.91 3605. 29 710. fore) || =
pachloridete ane eae ZnCl, + 3H20 —_ 6.5 { 26 — ee oe
fo) omitrateten <4) /:.822 Zn(NO3)2 + 6H2O | 2.06 36.4 3 131 760 2
pe Sulphate joceer ZnSO, + 7H2O0 2-02 50. 3 = |

References: (1) Mond, Langer, Quincke; (2) Ordway; (3) Tilden; (4) Erdmann; (5) R. Weber; (6) Olszewski;
(7) Birhaus; (8) Ramsay; (9) Deville; (10) Wroblewski; (11) Day, Sosman, White; (12) Ramme; (13) Meyer;
(14) Lemoine; (15) Carnelly; (16) Mitscherlich; (17) LeChatelier; (18) Carnelly, O’Shea; (19) Thorpe; (20) Amat;
(21) Mendelejeff; (22) Marignac; (23) Besson; (24) Clarke, Const. of Nature; (25) Isambert; (26) Mylius;
(27) Hevesy; (28) Retgers; (29) Griinauer; (30) Richards and others.

* Under pressure 138 mm mercury. +t Decomposes.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

256 TABLE 240
DENSITIES AND MELTING AND BOILING POINTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Authority or pres-
sure for boiling

Chemical Temp.
Cc point if not 760 mm

Melting Boiling
formula i

Substance point point

Density

(a) Paraffin Series: CnHony2. Normal compounds only

Miethanes =. .2-1.. CH, —164 |0.415 ||—184
C3He¢ — 88 .546 ||—172.0
CsHs |— 44 | .595 ||—189.9
CH oO 6011 || —135.0
CsHi2 20 .631
CcoHis 20 .660
C7 Hie 20 -684
CsHig -707
CoH ale
CoH» -747
Undecane Cy Hos -741
Dodecane CoH .768
iiridecaness neee Ci3Ho e757)
Tetradecane CysH30 .765
Pentadecane CisH32 ie
Hexadecane 16H 34 775
Heptadecane CizH36 778
Octadecane CisHs 777
Nonadecane Ci9H a0 Srlafal
Eicosane CooH a2 .778
Heneicosane CorHas 775 : 215
Docosane Coo His .778 4 224.5
Tricosane Co3Hag -779 é 320.7
dietracosane wasn: CosH 50 -779 324
Pentacosane CosH 52 -779 284
Hexacosane CopHs4 -779 296
Heptacosane Co7Hs6 -779 270
Octacosane Cos He -779 318
Nonacosane CopHe0 .780 348
Triacontane C3oH ee .780 70 235
Hentriacontane....} Cs:Hes 781 302
Dotriacontane C32Hee ls 75 310 15 mm
Tetratriacontane...| CssHzo 781 76.5 255 1.0 mm
Pentatriacontane . . C35H 72 .782 74.7 331 15 mm
Hexatriacontane... C3sH74 .782 76.5 265 1.0 mm

ateste siege eleel

(6) Olefines or the Ethylene Series: C,H2n. Normal compounds only

Ethylene CoH, —102 .566 ||—169.4 |—103.8

Propylene C3He — 47 .609 ||—185.2 |— 47.0

Butylene C,Hs — 13.5] .635 Sieben

Amylene. 3. 3240 2|) GsElis 20 651 ||—139 + 36.4

Hexylene CesHie oO 76 69 Wreden or
Znatowicz

Heptylene CrHis 20 703 96-99) Morgan or
Schorlemmer

Octylene CsHie 17 -722 123 MoOslinger

Nonylene Co His 15 -754 149.9

Decylene CyoH oO -763 172

Undecylene CH» 20 iO 188

Dodecylene CypH 15 -762 , 96 15 mm

Tridecylene Ci3H oO .845 232.7

Tetradecylene CyuH TTS 246

Pentadecylene H 814 247 Bernthsen

Hexadecylene c .789 274

Octadecylene...... CisH 791 179 15 mm

Eicosylene C 871 395 Beilstein

Cerotene Cx7H Bernthsen

Melene ec : 380

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 240 (continued) 267
DENSITIES AND MELTING AND BOILING POINTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Melting | Boiling | AURotoS voile.
point point | point if not 760 mm

Chemical Temp.
Substance ve

formula Density

(c) Acetylene Series: C,H2n-». Normal compounds only

Acetylene.........| CoHe —80 .613 ||— 81.8 |— 83.6 | Villard
Allylene C;H, —13 .660 ||—104.7 |— 27.5
Ethylacetylene....| CyH¢ oO .668 ||—130 + 18.5
Propylacetylene. ..| CsHs oO .722 ||— 95 + 40
Butylacetylene....] CsHio —150 71.5
Amylacetylene....| C;Hie 103) .738 ||— 70 110.5
Hexylacetylene....] CsH,4 oO .770 125

Undecylidene 213 Bruylant
Dodecylidene .810 105 Krafft, 15 mm

aD wake
Tetradecylidene. .. + 6.5} .806 |l+ 6.5 134 erate
Hexadecylidene.... 20 .804 20 160
Octadecylidene.... 30 .802 30 184

(d) Monatomic alcohols: CpH2.4,;0H. Normal compounds only

Methyl alcohol... .| CH;0H 20 -792 ||— 97.8 64.5
Ethyl alcohol C,H;OH 20 .789 ||—117.3 78.5
Propyl alcohol.....| Cs;H;OH 20 .804 ||—127 97.8
Butyl alcohol C,H,OH 20 810 ||— 89.8 TAL 7-77
Amyl alcohol......} CsH1OH 20 817 ||— 78.5 137.9
Hexyl alcohol C.eH:30H 20 .820 ||— 51.6 155.8
Heptyl alcohol... .| C7;H,;OH 22 817 ||— 34.6 175.8
Octyl alcohol......| CsH:;OH 20 .827 ||— 16.3 194
Nonyl alcohol CyHigOH 20 828 ||— 5 215
Decyl alcohol CyoH»OH 20 829 ||+ 7 22h
Undecvl alcohol. . .| Ci;H230H 20 .833 ||+ 19 146
Dodecyl alcohol. ..} Ci2H2;0H 20 831 24 259
Tridecyl alcohol...) Ci3H2,OH 31 .822 30.5 156
Tetradecyl alcohol.} CisH290H 38 .824 38 167
Pentadecyl alcohol.| CisH;,0H 46

Cetyl alcohol Ci6H330H 79 798 49.3 344
Octadecyl alcohol. .| CigsH3,OH 59 812 58.5 210.5

(e) Alcoholic ethers: CyHon 420

Dimethyl ether... .| C2H sO 20 .6606 || —138
Diethyl ether CyHyoO 20 -714 ||—116.3 ; B=123'3 bs pt.
Dipropyl ether. ...| CsHisO -747 ||—122
Di-n-butyl ether. ..} CsHigs0 .769
Di-sec-butyl ether.. oe -756
Di-iso-butyl ether. . i .762

Diamy] ether CioH 220 774
Di-iso-amyl ether. . a -783

Dihexyl ether Cy2H 260

Diheptyl ether... .| CisH300 815

Dioctyl ether CisH340 .820

(f) Ethyl ethers: C,Hon420

Ethyl-methyl C;Hs0 20 .697 + 7.9
‘“ -propyl C5H120 20 732 ||I<_—79 61.4

-isopropyl.... oO -745 54
-n. butyl CsHi4O 20 SAGE QI.4
-iso-butyl.... = 20 -751 80 Wurtz
-iso-amyl....| C;HisO 18 -764 II2
nN. hexyl CsH,30
-n. heptyl....| CyH2O 16 -790 :
-n. octyl CioH20 17 -794 z Méslinger

Where no reference is given the data were compiled from the International Critical Tables.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

258 TABLE 240 (concluded)
DENSITIES AND MELTING AND BOILING POINTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

(g) MiscELLANEOUS

Density and Melting Boiling

Substance Chemical formula. temperature. Sonu ointte

Authority.

Acetic acid CH;COOH
Acetone CH;COCH;
Widehydes. ace C.H.O
Aniline C.sH;NH>2
IBEESWAKE Sas ace

Benzoic acid. ....

Benzene CeHe
Benzophenone.. . (CeHs)2CO

Sauls 16.7 : Young, ’og
.812 —94.6 iSOr

. 806 —120. +20.

.038 1 8! 183.

.960) + 62.

293 E20 249.

.879 5.48 80. Richards

. 090 48. 305. Holborn-
Henning

HOH OH OOH

Butter
Camphor
Carbolic acid.. .. C,H;OH
Carbon bisulphide CS2
“ ~ tetrachlor-

86-7 30+

99 176. 209.
o60 43- 182.
292 —IIo. 46.

HHOO

CCL 582 —30. 76.
Chlorbenzene... . C,H;Cl eaten —40.
Chloroform CHC1; -4989 -63. 61.
CoNo ae ie
Ethyl bromide... C.H;Br 45 —II7. 38.
5 chlondes C.H;Cl g18 Ate
C,Hi.O 736 —118.
C2HsI 944 aa
Formic acid..... HCOOH 242 8.
Gasolene 68 + —
Glucose CHO(HCOH),CH,OH 56
Glycerine C3HsO3 269 20.
Iodoform CHI, or

H

Me oe

PHHOR HAH OOH

29
Methyl chloride. . CH;Cl
Methyl iodide... CH:;I
Naphthalene .... CeHy- Cs

992

285 —64. :

152 80. - Holborn-
Henning

HNO

Nitrobenzene .... Ce>H;02N
Nitroglycerine.. . C3H;N309
Oliveros.
Oxalic acid C,H20,: 2H2O
Paraffin wax, soft. 350-390
is ‘¢ hard 390-430
Pyrogallol....... CeH;(OH)s; 293.
Spermaceti

Sc

H OHH

CeHio0;
Sugar, cane CyoHo2On
Steanines.- ..- 24. (CisH3502)3C3H5
Tallow, beef
Seem uttonien
santaniciaciduess: CyHeO¢
‘Toluene C.>HsCHs3
C.H4(CHs3)>
CcoHa(CHs)2
C.eH4(CHs3)2

Richards

©COO0OHOOOHHOH

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 241-243 259

MELTING POINTS
TABLE 241,.—Melting Point of Mixtures of Metals

Melting-points, °C

Metals. Percentage of metal in second column.

Reference.

30% | 40% | 50% | 60% | 70%

262 240 220 190 185
= 179 145 126 168
880 917 760 600 480
590 620 650 705 775
400 370 330 290 250
925 945 95° 955 985
330 395 440° 49° 525
925 945 950 9792 1000
560 540 580 610 755
800 855 gI5 970° 1025
600 | 590 580 575 570
600 580 560 530 510
1145 1145 1220 1315
620 605 590 570
575 555 54° 520 47°
520 500 505 545
450 430 395 35°
540 57° 565 540 525
1235 1290 1305 1230
645 690 720 730
285 325 330 340
700 760 805 850
262 258 245 230
313 327 340 355
995 925 975 1000
1054 1049 1039 1025
1320 1380 1455 1530
5 11 26 4l
- go 110 135
205 215 220 240
1320 1335 1380 1410
gio 870 830 788
725 680 630 580
goo 880 820 780
690 660 630 610

550 495 450 | 420

ae eee ”
N 0 CON DNWO CON

60 22 55
1 Means, Landolt-Bornstein-Roth Tabellen. II Heycock and Neville, J. Chem. Soc. 71, 1897.
2 Friedrich-Leroux, Metal. 4, 1907. 12 ss Phil. Trans. 202A, 1, 1903.
3 Gwyer, Zs. Anorg. Ch. 57, 1908. 13 Kurnakow, Z. Anorg, Chem. 23, 439, 1900.
4 Means, L.-B.-R. Tabellen. a Fe 30, 86, 1902.
5 Roberts-Austen Chem. News, 87, 2, 1903. iM ve £s 30, 10g, 1902.
6 Shepherd J. ph. ch. 8, 1904. 78 Roland- Gosseli in, Bul. Soc. d’ 'Encour. Sere 1896.
7 Kapp, Diss., Konigsberg, rgor. 17 Gautier, (GS)
8 Fay and Gilson, ‘Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng. Nov. 18 Le Chatelier, Sen ase + (4) 10, 5735
190t. 1895
9 Heycock and Neville, Phil. Trans. 189A, 1897. 19 Reinders Z. Anorg. Chem. 25, 113, 1896.
10 ““ 194A, 201, 1900. 20 Erhard and Schertel, Jahrb. Berg-u. Hiittenw.

Sachsen. 1879, 17.

TABLE 242.—Melting Point of Alloys of Lead, Tin, and Bismuth

Per cent.

10.7 50.0 35-8 20.0 | 70.9
2 f 23-1 33-0 52.1 60.0 "| g.t
Bismuth . Sikes i ‘ aya 33 66.2 17.0 12.1 20.0 | 20.0

|
Solidification at 148° 161° 181° 182° | 234°

Charpy, Soc. d’Encours, Paris, rgor.

TABLE 243.—Melting Point of Low-melting-point Alloys

Per cent.

Cadmium .
shing.
Lead

Bismuth i

Solidification at

Drewitz, Diss. Rostock, 1go2.
All compiled from Landolt-Boérnstein-Meyerhoffer’s Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen,

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 244

MELTING POINT OF SOME REFRACTORY SUBSTANCES

(Compiled by F. C. Kracek, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution, 1930.)

Symbols: m, melting point; r, reaction temperature, resulting in the break up of a compound into another and liquid;

Compound

BINARY
SILICATES

2BaO.SiO»
BaOmsiOiae sane
ABaOsSiOs. .)...
BaOZSiOw... 5-28
BeOlSiOos ane oe
ACH OLSHOns cdot old
GCAO LSIOse0...
(CAOSOhasonosiope
2CdO.SiO»
(ColOISHORe Ss Bc olbt
KGO!SiOssee ee.
K,0.2Si02
K,0.4Si02 icetowe seks
LizO.SiO2
LiO.2Si0>2
2Mn0O.SiO,

Min @2Si@snenr ee
2MgO.Si0>
Mg0.SiO,
2Na20.SiO»
Na,0.SiO,
NazO.2SiO2
2EebOMSsiO weer
rb @ SiO sae Ae
2SrO.SiO,

27 nO SiOss nee
ZnO SiOsn mak
DO SiGe sess) he |

tre

2050 + 10
1240
1923 ==310
2400 + 50
2572 +10
1692

I4i9

1560

1540

1900 + 20
27 30)==)20
1475 +5
1540 +2
2420-12
1242 +2
976
1036 = 1
765 40.5
1256+5
I20I +2
103245
1323
1273.-=15
1890 + 20
1557 +2
1120+ 5
1088 + 2
875 41
746 + 10
766 + 10
ASS
1580 + 4
5 2r==e 5
1437
2550 + 50

Type

Bess8a8

<
»
°

<
~
Q

353300

Susi Ses aes

m
m
m
m
m
ie
m
Tj
m
m
m
m
m
m
r
m
fy
r
m
m
r
r
m
m
m
m
m
m
m

r?
m

Ref.

21
II

th
21

40

Compound

BINARY
ALUMINATES

3Ca0.Al,O;

5CaO0.3Al03......
CaO.Al-O3. elena

iLOLALOy. see

MgO.AI.03
Na2O.AI.03

ALUMINO-
SILICATES

BaO.Al.03.2SiO». ab
2CaO.AI203.SiO». . :
CaO.Al.03.2Si0Ox. . ;
K20.A1203.2SiO». . .
K20.A1203.4Si0Os. 35
K.0.A]203.6Si0Osz. . .
LigO.Al203.2Si10>». . .
iO. ALO.4siOl..,
Na,O.AI.03.2Si0». E
Na20.A1203.6Si0O». .
SrO.AI,03.2Si0.2. one

2Si02.3Al,03

TERNARY
CALCIUM
SILICATES

BaO.2CaO.3Si0Oz. .
K,0.CaO.SiO2.. ..
2K,0.Ca0O.3SiOs.. .
4K20.CaO.10Si0...
2K2,0.CaO.6S10... .
K,O.2Ca0.6SiO».. .
K,0.2CaO.9SiO>. . :
MgO.CaO.SiOz....
MgO.2CaO.2SiO. .
2Mg0.5Ca0.6Si0O».
MgO.CaO.2SiO... .
2Na20.Ca0.3SiOz...
Na,0.2CaO.3SiOz»..
Na2O.3CaO.6SiOn. .

MISCEL-
LANEOUS
COMPOUNDS

2CaO.Fe,0;

CaO.Fe.03. cheweel eY cfs

2CaO.B.O3
K,0.2Ti02

Na2O.Fe203.4Si0». 5

d, compound decomposes before melting with evolution of gas; vac, melting in vacuo.

II00 +10
>1700
1810 +10

1320 +4

1oI0o+5
TOr§ = 5
946 +1
959 £1
EE Syst) 5
10o25+5
1498 + 5
TAS Sit 2
1365+ 5
139I +2
D4 = 5
1284+ 5
1047

1436 + 5

1216+5

1304 +5

2350 + 25
980

990 + 10

Type| Ref.

ASBeHeSus sen Se Bape:

HBxwrs tS ssa ea

if

is
m
m
m

r

Author List (References may be located in Abstract Journals): (1), Bowen, 1913. (2) Bowen, tor4. (3) Bowen,
Andersen, 1914. (4) Bowen, 1917. (5) Bowen, Greig, 1924. (6) Bowen, Schairer, 1929. (7) Bunting, 1926.
(8) Cooper et al, 1909. (9) Day, Shepherd, Rankin, Wright, 1909-15. (10) Day, Sosman, Allen, 1911. (11)
Eskola, 1922. (12) Ferguson, Merwin, 1919. (13) Ferguson, Buddington, 1920. (14) Friedrich, Sitting, 1925.
(15) Goeke, 1o11. (16) Greig, 1927. (17) Jaeger, torr. (18) Jaeger, Simek, ror4. (19) Jaeger, van Klooster, 1914.
(20) Jaeger, van Klooster, 1916. (21) Jaeger, van Klooster, 1919. (22) Kanolt, 1914. (23) Kracek, 1930. (24)
Kracek, Bowen, Morey, 1929. (25) Matignon, 1925. (26) Morey, 1917. (27) Morey, Bowen, 1922. (28) Morey,
Bowen, 1924. (29) Morey, Bowen, 1925. (30) Morey, Kracek, Bowen, 1930. (31) Niggli, 1916. (32) Rankin,
Merwin, 1916. (33) Roberts, 1924. (34) Ruff et al, 1916. (35) Ruff et al, 1929. (36) Schumacher, 1926. (37)
Slade, Higson, 1919. (38) Sosman, Merwin, 1016. (30) Tiede, Birnbrauer, 1914. (40) Washburn, Libman, 1920.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 245 261
ENANTISTROPIC INVERSIONS IN CRYSTALS
(Arranged by F. C. Kracek, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution, 1931.)

Values are given, for the more important crystals, of the inversion temperature in °C,
the heat of inversion in cal./g and the inversion volume change in cm*/g. No monotropic
inversions have been included.

hi, i inversion temperature on heating; m, metastable inversion temperature; e, estimated;
g, gradual inversion (not to be confused w ‘ith slow retarded inversions).

Inversion
volume
change

cm3/g

Inversion
heat
cal./g

Reference

=i
Substance Phases eon Pressure

atm.

158
98.5
tee
99.4
99.4
99.4
175
133
412
159.5
70
EE 275
red-black 267
red-yellow 170
: 704*
924
284
1149
811 & 982
Leis —35
diamond- 25
B graphite
g 22s

g — 252.7
g —II2

L-I Ss 48.5

115
II-III
I-III

I-II

I-III
II-III
L-I-II

L-II-III
I-II-1V
II-III-1V

I-II

I-III
II-III

© CON ANHRWWWW DN

ase Ft aa ona a elisa mee

nn

_
FE OO re

WO ONO GH OHA

on cof

ate
2
- O

CH;COOH..

CH;CON Ho.
(Acetamide)

(CH3)2COF..

ae
ONIN NT RD RWW WWW WWW WWW WWW WD

* Third modification at room temperature. + Acetone.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

262 TABLE 245 (continued)
ENANTISTROPIC INVERSIONS IN CRYSTALS

Inversion
volume | Refer-
change ence
cm$s/g

Inversion
heat
cal./g

Inversion Pressure
°,

Substance Phases eC naa

CoCle I-II 6.93 0.0280
(Perchlor ethane) II-III : 2.63 -0097
: 40.7 -0599
C;H7NO, (Urethane) L-I 37.9 .0253
t 35-9 0355
L-Il 34.4 -0184
Tesla | 40.6 .0640
LU 2.07 .O102
1.64 -0092
E 6.12 -0456
II-III 5.50 .0482
I-III Spal -0574
: : .O105
CsHe (Benzene) I-II 7.73(e) .0132(e)
LI 2 30.2 3T7
33-25(e) .0369(e)
L-II 25:5(€) pcre)
C.HsOH (Phenol) L-I o18 hope
. ea 30 -0825
I-II ae nee
33: .083
CH3CsH,OH (0.Cresol) L-I 34.2 .0317
L-II : 35 0555
I-II 8 .0238
I-II E 25 .00187
I-II 9.38

NNNNNN NNN NN

I-II high CO; > = i:
Jess 1190 + 10 Bee Casion” sae
2CaO.SiOz ae 1420, 675 ae soee) LO%, 675
Co Curie point ~ 1100 Be tar Te eae
-II IOI5
II-III 400
CoO Ape 350 + 10
CoOH Scare 223
CsCl Pte 460
CsClO, ore 219
CsoSO4 ars 2 660
CsNO3; Pee 153-5
Cs,Ca2(SOx)3 Syevohe 722
CuoBre I-IT-III 390, 470
Curl I-I]-III 402, 440
II-III 200
II-III 100
CueS ee gI
CuzSe ee TIO
CurTe cae 351, 387
Fe Curie point 730
B-y 920
7-6 1400
Fe;0, Curie point 570+
FeO; II-III —163 to —148
I-II 500+
FeS ica 140
FeS, pyrite, marcasite SH

* Five other modifications; not accurately located. + Cyclo-hexanol.
§ Very beautiful for demonstration purposes.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 245 (continued) 263
ENANTISTROPIC INVERSIONS IN CRYSTALS

——<$<—<—<—<<$<—<—<—<——_—<————— $<‘ —_—

Inversion
volume | Refer-
change ence
em3/g

Inversion
heat
cal./g

Inversion Pressure
EC atm.

Substance Phases

80
440
pane 215 eat ae Bis hs
red-yellow 127.5 tee Tes 0.00342
gre ee Aisle Sees 524 bar
cinnabDar
\metacinnabar 386+
ruby-brown ard: aye aay.
Stee 248 eR sks 27k
I-II 255 Cisse
II-III P = 5500 a 10. ot
do, = 0.02510 — 2.2 X 10" Ahz = 0.165 at 0° 0.281 at 200° 3
mae 295 = :
Tent Bae 4 765 00095
= 146.4 i! ecise B
LIl ae 7 I : .00484
128 81 : -0049
I-III 128 81 ; .0138
128 81 : -0089
II-III 21.3 2840 : -O156
III-IV 2108 2840 : .0284
II-IV 21.3 2840 : .0440
588 rae sj ate
L-Il 180.5 I ; -00066
198.6 1773 ‘ -00197
164.2 I : -00566
IT-1T 118.2 2810 ‘ .00570
198.6 1773 : -OO113
II-IV {118.2 2810 .I34 .OOII0
I-IV 198.6 1773 ; -00310
III-IV 118.2 2810 : .00680
KPO; ae 450 fi tee f Ae
K,P207 eiaers 278
K,CO; Beate 410 Stee Ses Ce
KCNS ae 143 : -00306
K.CdlI4 ewe 215
K,CrO, 50690 666
KeyCr,0; Shas 243
K,MoO, Scohte 327, 454, 477
K,WO, eet? 388
575

K»Ca2(SOx)s or. 937
KoSr(SOx4)3 oie 775
KLiSO, Poe 435

KNO, { me

KO (SiO»)> Eyer 290
2K,0(Al.03) (SiO»)4* eit 714
LiClO; yt 41.5, 99
LipSO, Sos 580
(MgO)«(B203)sMgCl aioe 266
MgO.SiO2t ses ae
Mn cals: 742, II9QI
MnSO, eet ie 860
MnO, Ns —185 to —175
MnO Beh —153 to —163
N> Bagen — 237.6
NH,Cl i — 30.5(g)
184.3

*Leucite. + Probably pentamorphic, inv. at 1150 and 1300°.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

264

Substance

NH,Br
NHagl

NH,C10,
NH,HSO,

(N H4)3H (SO,)2
NH,CNS

NH,NO;

NaOH

NaClO,
NaClO;
NasSO,

NaF.Na2SO,
NasCO;3
NaNO;
NasAlF es
NasMoO,
Na2sWO,

NaAISiO,
NaC.H;0.*
Ni

Ni3Se

NisAse
Oxygen

Phosphorus

PbO

PbSO,
PbCrO,
PbWO,
RbOH
RbC1O,
Rb2SOg
RboCay (SOx)
RbLiSO,

TABLE 2455 (continued)
ENANTISTROPIC INVERSIONS IN CRYSTALS

Inversion

: Inversion
Inversion Pressure © volume

Phases 1°C ere

—38 (g) ; fee Bae
137.8 ; 0.0647
—42.5(g) ‘ SE hice eaheve
—17.6 4.80 -0561
bi Sua 240 sie Seda
I-II-III 126.2
II-ITI-IV 176.9
er 134
I-I] 120 a rags sr oe
II-III S77. 10.36 .0409
L-I 169.5 LO OST
LI oe 12.9 01351
186.7 12.6 -00475
I-VI 186.7 1233) .00855
169.2 227 .00309
II-VI 186.7 aaa .00380
84 4 .00758
IT-IT 63.3 2.48 .00925
“Tv 32 4.67 .02026
TH-IV 63.3 4.03 .02135
II-IV 63.3 6.51 .OI210
169.2 11.84 .01267
IV-VI 169.2 r250 .00958
IV-V —18 1.6 .O17
aici 300 Bee Ake,
308 Si Suede
ee 248 oan Saveht spate
IV-III 185 ate 8.6 ,-0034
III-I 241 ees 15.5 .0070
eee 105 fA 4 sere vee
430 rat einen) Mt aca
275(g) Jone (GhekA) (Geos)
68 su S3 59 sae
Hie 424, 585, 623 Sea
I-IT 588 wd ee RAs
I-III 586m Seas 4.4
III-II m See 29.2
neph.—carn. 1250 \Ae,3 Ae eas
carnegicite 226, 650-690 snek cal
a Sess 198
Curie pt. 355
see 545
38 ei 970
I-IT
II-III
L-I

I-II
red-yellow

* Acetate. t+ Sluggish.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

ENANTISTROPIC INVERSIONS IN CRYSTALS

TABLE 2455 (concluded)

265

Substance

RbNO3;

RbCl
RbBr
RbI
Sulphur

Sb
Sb.O3
SbCl;
Si02*
SiO.t
SiO.§

Phases

Inversion
heat
cal./g

Pressure
atm.

Inversion
Xe

I-II
II-III
I-II
L-I-II
expl.-common
rhomb.-reg.
I-II-III
I-II
I-II
I-II
II-III

219
164.4
218.6
50
50
50
95-5
155

7.12
5:93

570
65, 69.5
573
215
150h
1o4gh

Inversion
volume
change

cm3/g

0.00688
-00434

Refer-
ence

SiO. *_§ 870
*_f 1250
§—t 1470
Sn Sera 161
eel 18
SnO, Bae 430; 540
SrSO, ores 1152
SrCO3; 925
TICIOg 226
TII 173
TINO; 144.6
7
44 ey :
nie 230 He 3+ pha
Rutile, anatase, brookite, stability relations unknown
—15 t
2400
175, 300
1020
ca 1000

small

00244,
.00073
.O18

2.86
.89

I-IT
II-III
TI picrate Neneh
wl

TiO;
TiBr,

(1) Vorlander, 1923. (2)Reedy, 1921. (3) Bridgman, 1915. (4) Rinne, 1924. (5) Bellatti, 1889. (6)
Nacken, 1907. (7) Bridgman, 1916. (8) Kendall, 1923. (9) Rushton, Daniels, 1926. (10) Borodorvski,
1906. (11) Guertler, 1903. (12) Yortisch, 1914. (13) Grahmann, 1013. (14) Boeke, 1913. (15) Lewis,
Schumacher, 1929. (16) Roth, 1925. (17) G. N. Lewis, 1923. (18) Clusius, 1929. (19) Kelley, 1929.
(20) Latimer, 1922. (21) Bridgman, 1914. (22) Tammann, 1903. (23) Wallerant, 1915. (24) Backstrom,
1921, 1925. (25) White, ror9. (26) Day, 1906. (27) Various. (28) Hendrichs, 1930. (29) Emmett-Schulz,
1930. (30) Hevesy, 1910. (31) Zemcuzny, Rambach, toro. (32) Miiller, 1910. (33) Tubandt, 1028.
(34) Bellati, 1889. (35) Chicaschigé, 1907. (36) Baudisch-Welo, 1925. (37) Millar, 1928. (38) Rinne,
Boeke, 1907. (39) Allen, 1912. (40) le Chatelier, 1909. (41) K6nigsberger, 1910. (42) Varet, 1896.
(43) Stortenbeker, 1889. (44) Kracek, 1930. (45) Kracek, 1931. (46) Amadori, 1913. (47) Brand, 1912.
(48) Hare, 1924. (49) Van Klooster, 1914. (50) Rinne, toro. (51) Kraus, Burgess, 1927. (52) Kroeker,
1802. (53) Allen, White, 1900. (54) Perrson, Ohmann, 10929. (55) Friedrichs, toro. (56) Eucken, 1924.
Clusius, 1920. (57) Simon, 1927. (58) Vorlander, 1923. (59) Fischer, to11. (60) Vresnevsky. (61) Retgers.
(62) Kracek, Gibson, 1929. (63) Roth, 1929. (64) Jaeger, Germs, 1921. (65) Bowen, Greig, 1925. (66)
Friedrichs, 1914. (67) Friedrichs, 1907. (68) Hare, 1924. (69) Schwarz, 1892. (70) Bridgman, 1928.
(71) Mondain, Monval, 1926. (72) Cohen, rors. (73) Fenwick, 1927. (74) Fenner, 1913. (75) White,
1900, 1919. (76) Wietzel, t921. (77) Werner, 1913. (78) Bronsted, 1913. (79) Gernez, 1904. (80) Cohen,
1920. (81) Baltz, Jelp, 1927. (82) Becker, 1928. (83) Saldan, 1930. (84) Bo6hm, 1925.

* Quartz. f+ Cristobalite. + Zincblende and wurtzite. § Tridymite.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

266 TABLE 246

TRANSFORMATION AND MELTING TEMPERATURES OF LIME-ALUMINA-
SILICA COMPOUNDS AND EUTECTIC MIXTURES

The majority of these determinations are by G. A. Rankin. (Part unpublished.)

| Substance. % CaO Al,O3 SiO, ‘Transformation. Temp.
|
|
| CASTOR soe a c 48.2 = 51.8 Melting . . Bet haere. ee TEA0e 1e2ca
LMCASOKR 9 go ¢ 48.2 — 51.8 @ toyB and reverse! . 20.) =). une) I |
th (Gan Si@4u 4) to. |, 265: as BiG: Melting = pic =} Soh Mpoh as be chaedl ee Oe rtm
| “« ats tllipaoee == 2. 5Y to) fab tinGl EWES 5 o 6 5 « 675 +5 |
| “ ec cdlnose — BG. B to a and reverse 1420 2
i e@asSinOr iu 58.2 — 41.8 Dissociation into CagSiOg and
liquid . . wriigy Iee|
CasSiOrnea 73-6 — 26.4 Dissociation into " CagSiOg and |
(Ca Oj mueae 1900 +5 |
| CagAlgOg . 62:2 37:8 oa Dissociation into CaO and liquid TSS Sees
b (GarAlgOi. == 47.8 52.2 — Melting oR GER. uses lates isc: Je |
GatlOwe 35-4 64.6 = Melting.) reese od ion ee 1600 15 |
CagAl1oO1g 24.8 75.2 os Melting Sl er teed Nina dee ee Eee 1720 10 |
Al2SiO5 — 62.8 Byal Melting . «ieee - = « © + ||, §6167Eroy
CaAlg pSigOan. oH lee2Os0 OL 43-3 MICS 5 oo yo oo 6 Oo |) Be) Gee
Cas AlsSiO; sl) 40.8) 372 22.0 Melting PC eaten |G OOM?
CagAleSiOg . . 50.9 30.9 18.2 Dissociation into CagSiO4+
CagAl2SiO; and liquid . .| 1335 +5
EUTECTICS. EUTECTICS.
| Crystalline Phases. | % CaO Al,03; SiOz, eee | Crystalline Phases. | % CaO Al,O3; SiO, Tee
Cet, 37: — 63 | 1436° Il CaaS: :
= z DPE,
3C20,28i0, tf} ses — 455 | tassel Csi,” | oe Ae ile ee
‘ CagSi0O4 a oye Bee all CaAleSigOg
| CaO, or 3?°5 205 =e CagAloSiO; 29.2 39. 31.8 | 1380
| AlgSiOs,SiOeg = wes 87. 1610 AlzO3 \
| AlpSiOs,Al,03 = Oi 36. | 1810 CagSiO,
| CaAleSizg0g U sti fheae CaAlO4 AOS aA Sez, 6.8 | I
| SiO, 20128 ¢| 105 195 70. | 1359 |
| CaAleSig0g a “ QUINTUPLE POINTS.
| Si0.,CaSiOg (| 232 14.8 (625 \/1T6s5
CagAlgSiO7z 5
I Casio, AQIS: REIT 420-71 ES ASN ete Aeon
| euleo. IG:gi, F083) ae ALAM radi Clos (| 48.2 11.9 39.9 | 1335
CaAleSigOg t CagAloSiO7z
AlzSi05,SiO2 98 19.8 (79-4 | 1345 CaaSiOs 48.3 42. 9.7 | 1380
a 6
CaMROR (ih S5s) meso wera eels? CaAl,SisOs /
| Cag aor 378 52.9 9.3. | 1512 ae ( 15:6 36:56 “47.98 ersi2
| aArlg4 ; 29105
| CagAleSiOz CagAloOj1g
Con aya. eh 9.3 | 1505 Cae BL.2n edd h ee 24 .oenaS
a3filj0V18 203
CaAleSigO |
CaAlpSiO, SOs ON as
CagAl,SiO7z QUADRUPLE POINTS.
CagSigO7 ATR een AL. 1310 |
CaSiOg
; CagAleSiO CaO.2SiO
| Casio, i 45:7 13.2 41.1 | 1316 3C20.SiOx. } SSNs 44.5 | 1475

The accuracy of the melting-points is 5 to 10 units. Geophysical Laboratory. See also Day and Sosman, Am. J.
of Sc. xxxi, p. 341, 1911.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

is therefore the product of these two columns.

TABLE 247

LOWERING OF FREEZING POINTS BY SALTS IN SOLUTION

In the first column is given the number of gram-molecules (anhydrous) dissolved in 1000 grams
of water; the second contains the molecular lowering of the freezing point ; the freezing point
After the chemical formula is given the molecular

weight, then a reference number.

267

Molecular

Pb(NO;)., 331-0: 1, 2.
0.000 362 :
.OO1 204
.002805
005570
-017 37
5015
Ba(NO,)., 261.5: 1.
0.000383
001259
.002681
005422
.008352
Cd(NO,),, 236.5: 3.
0.00298
.00689
-01997
04873
AgNOs,, 167.0: 4, 5.
0.1506
.5001
8645
1.749
2.953
3.856
0.0560
1401
3490
KNOs, to1.g: 6, 7.
0.0100
.0200
.0500
-100
200
.250
500
-750
1.000
NaNO, 85.09: 2, 6, 7
0.0100
.0250
-0500
-2000
.500
5015
1.000
1.0030
NH,NOs, 80.11: 6,
0.0100
0250

5
5

5
&.
5.
5

5

5
5

3
an
1
I

Bt
Be
a
3.
3:
3.
3.
3.
3:
2

Ge Ga 9 GY Ge Ga Ga GW Go

He
Wm Cun

VA CODOb WO’
mMonknnina one

QD Doo

Lowering.

OrFnnNaA
eww

°

|

Oo

OHWhiUnH

One COO He

OFWnHWHL
WwuwidOfpR LRH O
nn ie. <.

in OV
OO

g. mol.
1coo g H,O

Molecular

0.0500
.1000
.2000
.500

1.000

LiNOsg, 69.07: 9.

0.0398
-1671
.4728

1.0164

me Noh pp

RY GY Ge
FAW WY

Wo ww
Oo bo

| Alo(SO4)3, 342-4: 10.

0.0131
.0261
0543
.1086
217

CdSO,, 208.5: 1, rr.

0.000704
.00268 5
OLISI
.03120
-1473
4129

-7501

1.253

YNQW HEPA
MOWnO OO

K,SO4, 174.4: 3, 5,6, 10, 12.

°

0.00200
00398
.00865
.0200
.0500
.1000
.200
-454

€uSO,, 159-7: 1, 4;

0.000286
.000843
002279
.006670
01463
-IOSI
2074
4043 De
8898 17

MgS0O,, 120.4: 1, 4, 11.

0.00067 5
002381
01263
.0580
2104

5-4
5:3
4.9

Lowering.

WOumtn oO

°

Go Ww

4-76 |
4.60
4.32
4.07 |
3-87 |

1.95 |
84
6

3.29
3.10
2.72
2.65 |
2.23

g. mol.
1000 g- H,O

Molecular
Lowering.
|

0.4978
8112
15-33
BaCl.,, 208.3: 3,6, 13.
0.00200
.00498
.0100
.0200
04805
.100
.200
.500
586
-750
|| CdCl, 183.3
0.00299
.00690
.0200
0541
0818
214
429
858

1.072

3)

CuCl,, 134.5:
0.0350
-1337
-3380
7149
CoCl,, 129.9:
0.0276
1094
2369
-4399
538
CaCl,, 111.0:
0.0100
.05028
-1006
-5077
.946
2.432
| 3-469
3.829
0.0478

—

| MgCly, 95.26: 6, r4.

LiCl, 42.48: 9, 15.

AIBr;,, 267.0: 9.

g. mol. _
1000 g. H,O

Molecular
Lowering.

0.0100
.0500
.1500
» 3000
.6099 5

KCl, 74.60: 9, 17-19.

0.02910
05845
pe
3139
476

12000) —

1.989

3.269

NaCl, 58.50: 3, 20,

0.00399
-O1000
202211
04949
-T081
2325
4293
-700

NH,Cl, 53-52: 6, 1

0.0100
-0200
.0350
- 1000
-2000
.4000
7000

of

tb bw d&bhAAU
Ui oe m= Go

oO

WW GW WW 5 WOW wu
HWP Riu ON”
WN N COsetiNnN oF

ur

Oo

ON

WY GW Qo
HO Ur OV
mOWOW O

°

0.00992
0455
09952
-2474
-5012
7939

BaBr,, 297.3:

0.100
-150
-200
-500

N ows
>

G2 Gs Gd Ga G2 Ga

— =

0.0078
0559

Ts4°

2

|| 4355

1.07
1.07

1971

tr Kahlenberg, J. Phys. Ch. 5, rgor.

12 Abegg, Z. Phys. Ch. 20, 1896.

13, Jones-Getman, Am, Ch. J. 27, rgo02.
14 Jones-Chambers, Am. Ch. J. 23, 1900
15 Loomis, Wied. Ann. 60, 1897.

16 Roozeboom, Z. Phys. Ch. 4, 1889.

17 Raoult, Z. Phys. Ch. 27, 1808.

18 Roloff, Z. Phys. Ch. 18, 1895.

Hausrath, Ann. Phys. g, 1902.
Leblanc-Noyes, Z. Phys. Ch. 6, 1890.
Jones, Z. Phys. Ch. 11, 1893.
Raoult, Z. Phys. Ch. 2, 1888.
Arrhenius, Z. Phys. Ch. 2, 1888.
Loomis, Wied. Ann. 57, 1896.
7 Jones, Am. Chem. J. 27, 1902.
8 Jones-Caldwell, Am. Chem. J. 25, 1901. c
9 Biltz, Z. Phys. Ch. 40, 1902. 19 Kistiakowsky, Z. Phys. Ch. 6, 1890.
to Jones-Mackay, Am. Chem. J. 19, 1897. : 20 Loomis, Wied. Ann. 51, 1894.
Compiled from Landolt-Bornstein-Meyerhoffer’s Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

Il

Aunt WN

|

1000 g. H,O

| Molecular

| Lowering.

TABLE 247 (continued)
LOWERING OF FREEZING POINTS BY SALTS IN SOLUTION

Molecular
Lowering.

__ g. mol
1000 g. H,O

Molecular
Lowering.

Molecular
Lowering.

CdBr., 272.3: 3, 14.
0.00324
.007 18
.03627
-0719
p22
.220
.440
.800
|
| CuBr., 223.5:
0.0242
.OS17
2255
6003
| CaBr., 200.0:
0.0875 .
1742
-3484
5226
| MgBr,, 184.28:
0.0517
103
.207
| 517
KBr, 119.1:
0.0305
.1850
6801
250
| .500
| Cdl., 366.1:
0.00210
.00626
.02062
.048 57
.1360

°

Wb POwotu
UisIO WH COO

°

Cuomo
Chee
\o

w
oO’

WO Gog
inst oo
NOow

35 5) 22-

PRP oORS
MN SWNT OM
SAWwwWwMN OW °

KI, 166.0: 9, 2.
0.0651
2782
.6030
1.003
SrI., 341.3: 22
0.054
.108
216
+327
| NaOH, 40.06:
0.02002
05005
-IO01

oO

GG) GaGa
°

OU
SI

°

Muni
inWw WN =
RUN

Kee

HDWMKO

\o

KOH, 56.16:

| CH,OH, 32.03:

1, 15, 23+
0.00352 3.60°
.00770 3-59
.02002 3-44
.05006 3-43
-1001 3-42
2003 3-424
230 3-50
465 3-57

24, 25-
0.0100 Hesse
.0301 1.82
.2018 1.811
1.046 1.86
34 1.88
6.200 1.944

iz »H,OH, 46.04:

I, 12, 17, 24-27
0.000402 1.67°
004993 1.67
-O100 1.81
02892 1.707
0705 :
.1292
2024
5252
1.0891
1.760
3-901
7.91
VI.11
18.76
0.0173
.0778
K,CO,, 138.30: 6
0.0100
.0200
0500
.100
.200
Na.COs,, 106.10: 6.
0.0100
.0200
0500
1000
-2000
Na.SOg, 126.2: 28
0.1044
29507,
-7080
Na,HPO,, 142.1:
0.01001
02003
.0 5008
.1002

4.93
4.71
4.54
4.39

Sere
4.93
4.64
4.42
4.17

| Na,SiO,, 122.5: 15

0.01052
505239
-1045
-2099
5233
HCl, 36.46:
1-3, 6,
0.00305
-00095
-O100
.01703
-0500
1025
-2000
+3000
-464
-516
1.003
1.032
1.500
2.000
2 eT
3-000
3:053
4.0065
4.657

| HNO,, 63.05:

0.02004
OSOI5
0510
1004
1059
2015
1250
.500

1.000

2,000

3.000

H;PO,, 66.0: 29.

0.1260
2542
5171

1.071

H3POsz, 82.0: 4, 5+

0.0745
1241
2482

1.00

H;PO,, 98.0: 6. 22.

0.0100
.0200
.0500
.1000
2000

°o

6.4
5.86 |
5.28
4.66
3:99

Wa pls eee

68°

fey)
ON

SHRPRPHHHWOROKQOHY YW
MOL FON DAnUUU OV
NN WR OWMO CaS OO 0

AND
OOo Oo
N OW

6.19
3) 13, 15-

| Levulose, 180.1:

| (COOH), 90.02: 4, 15.
0.01002
02005
.O5019
-1006
2022
366
.648
C;H;(OH)s;, 92.06 : 24, 25.
0.0200 1.56°
-1008 186
-2031 1.85
535 I.O%
2.40 1.98
5-24 2513
(C,H5).0, 74.08: 24
0.0100
.0201
-IOIT
.2038
Dextrose, 180.1:
0.0198
.0470
.1326
.4076
1.102

1.67
1.72
1.702
24, 30.
1.84°
1.85
1.87
1.894
1.921
24, 25
1.87°
1.871
2.01

0.0201
.2050
554

1.354 2.32

2.77 3:04

C,.H»201;, 342-2: 1, 24, 26.

0.000332 1.90°
-OOI410 1.87
.009978 1.56
.0201 1.88
1305 1.88

H,SO,, 98.08 :
13, 20, 31-33.

0.00461 4.8°
.O100 4.49
.0200 4.32
.O461 4.10
100 3-96
-200 3-85
-400 3.98

1.000 4.19

1.500 4.96

2.000 5.65

2.500 6.53

1-20 See page 217.

21 Sherrill, Z. Phys. Ch. 43, 1903.

Chambers- Frazer, Am. Ch
Noyes-Whitney, Z. Phys. Ch. 15, 1894.

. J. 23, 1900.

24 Loomis, Z. Phys. Ch. 32, 1goo.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

Abegg, Z. Phys. Ch. 15, 1894.
Nernst-Abegg, Z. Phys. Ch. 15, 1894.

27 Pictet-Altschul, Z. Phys. Ch. 16, 1895.
28 Barth, Z. Phys. Ch. 9, 1892.

29 Petersen, Z. Phys. Ch. 11, 1893.

30 Roth, Z. Phys. Ch. 43, 1903.

31 Wildermann, Z. Phys. Ch. 15, 1894.
32 Jones- Carroll, Am. Ch. J. 28, 1902.
33 Jones-Murray, Am. Ch. J. 30, 1903.

TABLE 248 269
RISE OF BOILING POINT PRODUCED BY SALTS DISSOLVED IN WATER *

This table gives the number of grams of the salt which, when dissolved in 100 grams of water, will raise the boil-
ing point by the amount stated in the headings of the different columns. The pressure is supposed to be 76
centimeters.

Salt

dS
°
"

5° 7° 10° 15°

BaClg + 2H20 .
CaCls .
cae Os)2 2 2H:0

(71.6 gives 4°.5 rise of temp.
32.0) -41.5|" '55-5\|| .69:0 84.5
IO1.0| 152-5} 240.0] 331-5] 443-5
26.4] 34:5) 47-0} 57-5) 67.3
44.0 03:5, 98.0] 134.0] 171.5

tN Go

NOM &
OWMmun =

_
RHO N OO
-& SIO mG

NAOROO NANO

KC.H0, :

INCIRe
K2COg

7.4 gives a rise of 8°.5)
Sasi P1O3+5)| 12755 | 5255

36.2) 48.4] (5
60.5] 7

| 99.5 . | 185.0 |(220 gives 18°.5)
| 120.5] 188.5] 338.5

b ObUN
Fey Oat On
00 Guin

WwWNN
DANAE vv
ON OM)

a)
UmnW BO

KeC.H,O, + 4H,0
KENaAGZHZOg |.
KNaC4H4O¢ + 4H, O
eiCliae :
LiCl + 2H2O

| 126.5 .O| 284.0
119.0 .O| 272.5] 390.0
266.0 .0 | 5510.0
20.0] 26. B5Ollaedeas
44.0] 62. 92.0] 123.0

nN =e

DYN
mum OWwodod
Nee O™N

Av G0
OnNon7O

MgCly+6H20 .
NaOH : : : : .4| 30-0; 41.0] 51.0
NaCl . : ; : : ; ; 1s ca .5 | (40.7 gives 8°.8 rise)
NaNOg S 5 0} 99.5] 156.0| 222.0

NaCeH302 + 3H20 . k 194.0| 480.0 | 6250.0
NagS203SC«j , : : : ; : ; .0| 104.0] 152.0] 214.5
NagHPO, . ‘ : s : . ) )
NagC4H4Og¢ + 2H20. | 21. x 2) ORs 3.0 | (237-3 gives 8°.4 rice)
NaeS203 + 5H20 ‘ : : ;. .3,| 216.0 | 400.0 | 1765.0

NagCOg -+- 10H2,0 . 309. s

NapB4O7 + aka? : } .2 | 254.2 | 808. 5 gives 4°.5 rise)
NH,Cl : 2 Sy aus : 3 |) SeuOl| Ger2|) Glebs
NH4NOz . ; : .O | 20. : .O| 74.0| 108.0! 172.0
(NH4)2SO4 : : : : 4. : 8] 99.1 | (115.3 gives

SrClp + 6H2O . ; : : : : 3.0 | 150.0
Sr(NOs)z ‘ ‘ é :
Soe : : Y - 4 3 : .O | 123.0
H2O,4 + 2H,O : .0 | z 5 2.0 | 169.0 |
CHO! + H,0 . | 29.0] 58.0 | s : .O | 208.0

TO .O| 170.0| 241.0

HOR
Oy
wood

w
mn &
mn °

Cals - ‘ ‘ 2 .0 | 4.

QE : : 5 : 8 | ; : 444.4 | 623.0
NaOH : : .3 | 800. .0| 2353-0] 6452.0] —
NH,4NOs . : 1370.0 2400.0
CyHeOe¢ : : 37740, (infinity gives 3)

* Compiled from a paper by Gerlach, ‘‘ Zeit. f. Anal. Chem.”’ vol. 26.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

270 TABLE 249

FREEZING MIXTURES *

Column 1 gives the name of the principal refrigerating substance, A the proportion of that substance, B the propor.
tion of a second substance named in the column, C the proportion of a third substance, D the temperature of the
substances before mixture, Z the temperature of the mixture, # the lowering of temperature, G the temperature
when all snow is melted, when snow is used, and & the amount of heat absorbed in heat units (small calories when
A isgrams). Temperatures are in Centigrade degrees,

Substance.

| NaCgH302 (cryst.)

NH,Cl. F :

NaNOs. :

| NagS2O0s3 (cryst.)
KI

»

On
One

CaCle (cryst.)
NH4NO3 .
(NH4)2SO4 .
INTBIACH ‘
CaCle

KNO3 .
NaeSO4
NaNO3. :
KoSOx4 . ‘ ‘ Snow 100 ~
NagC Qs (cryst.) ‘ a

KNO3
CaCle °
NH,Cl .
NH4NOg
NaNOs.
NaCl

NNN &

NEON UCONN Core

NH,NO3-25

nN
won

on}

ce 6

N H4Cl-25

rs
9
°

ww
nw

tN

me
ORO
00

oe oo

No
at

sh
wo
oO +
‘oO

Wink NW
WOM Oo

_

H2SO4+ H20
(66.1 T H2SO4)

ee |

CaCly + 6H20

“

73
COgzg solid

“é “c

i

Alcohol at 4°

Chloroform
Ether .
Liquid SOs

H20-.75
6 94

ac

me

* Compiled from the results of Cailletet and Colardeau, Hammerl, Hanamann, Moritz, Pfanndler, Rudorf, and
Tollinger.
+ Lowest temperature obtained.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 250 27K
CRITICAL TEMPERATURES, PRESSURES, AND DENSITIES OF GASES

Substance

Acetylene

Alcohol (C2H,O)
Alcohol (CH,O)
Allylene

Benzene
Bromine
iso-Butane

Carbon dioxide
Carbon disulphide
Carbon monoxide
Chlorine

Ether (ethyl)

Ethyl chloride
Ethylene

Hydrogen
Hydrogen bromide
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen iodide
Hydrogen sulphide

Nitric oxide
Nitrogen
Nitrous oxide

Phosgene
Propane
Propylene
Sulphur dioxide

_

HO OOo

(a) ‘Plait point.”
(b) *‘Critical point of contact.”

1. Pickering, Bur. Standards Sci. Paper No. 541, 6. Ramsay and Young, Trans. Philos. Soc., London,
1926. 177, 123, 1887.
2. Lowry and Erickson, Journ. Amer. Chem. Soc., 7. Young, Journ. Chem. Soc., 590, 903, 1891.
49, 2720, 1927. 8. Ramsay and Young, Trans. Philos. Soc., London,
3. Mathias, Crommelin, and Watts, Compt. Rend., 178, 313, 1888.
185, 1240, 1927. 9. International Critical Tables, 3, 248, 1928.
4. Cardoso and Fiorentino, Journ. Chim. Phys., 23, 10. Ramsay and Young, Trans. Philos. Soc., London,
841, 1926. 178, 57, 1888. 7
5. Cardoso and Sorrentino, Journ. Chim. Phys., 24, 11. Young, Proc. Roy. Soc., Dublin, 12, 374, 1910.
77, 1927.

(Table prepared by Gas Chemistry Section, Bur. Standards, Feb. 19, 1929.)

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

272 TABLE 251
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, METALS AND ALLOYS

The coefficient k is the quantity of heat in small calories which is transmitted per second through
a plate one centimeter thick per square centimeter of its surface when the difference of tempera-
ture between the two faces of the plate is one degree Centigrade. ‘he coetticient k is found to
vary with the absolute temperature of the plate, and is expressed approximately by the equation
ki = kot + a(t — to) ]. ko is the conductivity at to, the lower temperature of the bracketed pairs
in the table, &; that at temperature ¢, and ais aconstant. k; in g-cal. per degree C per sec. across
cm cube = 0.239 X k; in watts per degree C per sec. across cm cube.

Substance Substance. ts

Aluminum... .|—16o0/o. Mercury.... ojo.
i 18|o. 7 eps 50}o.
1oo|o. : Molybdenum] 17J/o.

200|0. —I16o0]o.

40o|o. Se atoes 18]o.

“ce

, yellow..
ee RLeG es nas

500]|0.

Cadmium,pure|—16olo.
oc “ce

“cc

Constantan. Pe.
(60 Cu+4o Ni)
Copper,* pure.

ce “

German silver.

Tron,f pure...
“ce “cc

Iron, wrought.
“cc ce

18|o.

IOo|O. 2

18|o.
Too]o.
—I60|r.
18]o.
Too|o.
olo.
T7Il0.

17/0.0:

I7|O.
18]o.
Ioo|o.
—I6olo.
18]o.
Too|o.
18lo.
Too}o.

..|—I6olo.

Magnesium...

Manganin....
“* (84 CU+4
Ni 12 Mn)

18jo.
Too|o.

otol
O°.

100§
—I60]o.
18lo.
Too|o.

Palladium...
Platinum. ; . [

PiTooZulne
Pt 10% Rh.
Platinoid ...
Potassium. . 5

Rhodium...
Silver, pure..

Tungsten....

Tungsten....
‘ j 2000
2400
....| 2800
Wood’s alloy| —
Zinc, pure. ..|—160
i sate 18
“cc “ce Ioo

ce

“cc

-145
.192

.476

oo 090000

249
272
204
313
319
278

2653 \|_
2610 | .00016

References: (1) Lees, Phil. Trans. 1908; (2) Jaeger and Diesselhorst, Wiss. Abh.
Phys. Tech. Reich. 3, 1900; (3) Angell, Phys. Rev. 1911; (4) Lorenz; (5) Macchia,
1907; (6) Barratt, Pr. Phys. Soc. 1914; (7) H. F. Weber, 1879; (8) Hornbeck, Phys.
Rev. 1913; (9) Worthing, Phys. Rev. 1914; (10) Worthing, Phys. Rev. 1917.

* Copper: 100-197° C, kt = 1.043; 100-268°, 0.969; 100-370°, 0.931; I00-541°, 0.902 (Her-

ing; for reference see next page).

t Iron: 100-727° C, kt = 0.202; 100-g12°, 0.184; r100-1245°, 0.191 (Hering).
SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLES 252 AND 253 273
TABLE 252.—Thermal Conductivity of Insulators at High Temperatures

(See also Table 251 for metals; & in gram-calories per degree centigrade per second across a centimeter cube.)

Tempera-
Material. ture,
G

Material.

Reference.
Reference

|

Brick: Carborundum] 150-1200 | .0032-.027

Amorphous carbon... 37-163 .028-. 003
Building |

170-330 -027—.004
240-523 .020-.003
283-507 .OII—.004
100-360 -089
100-751 .124
100-842 -129
Graphite (artificial)...] 100-390 -338
100-546 +324
100-720 -300
100-914. . 291
30-2830 -162
2800-3 200 .002
QO-II0 -55--45
180-120 -44-.34
500-700 p3i—.22

ner ecattal I5-II00 | .co18—-.0038

Fire-clay....]| 125-1220 | .0032-.0054
Gas-retort...] Io0o-1125 | .0038
Graphite. ...] 300-700 .024
Magnesia....| 50-1130 | .0027—.0072
ili IO0-1000 | .002 —.0033
Granite 100 .0045—. 0050
200 .0043-.0097
500 . 0040
Limestone 40 .0046—.0057
100 .0039-.0049
350 . 003 2—. 0035
Porcelain (Sévres)..]| 165-1055 | .0039-.0047
Stoneware mixtures.| 70-1000 | .0029~-.0053

HHHHHNRNHNNNNKNHHHH
WARDHA HARWOWWHW WW

References: (1) Hansen, Tr. Am. Electrochem. Soc. 16, 329, 1909; (2) Hering, Tr. Am. Inst. Elect.
Eng. 1910; (3) Bul. Soc. Encouragement, I11, 879, 1900; Electroch. and Met. Ind. 7, 383, 433, 1909; (4)
Poole, Phil. Mag. 24, 45, 1912; see also Clement, Egy, Eng. Exp. Univers. Ill. Bull. 36, 1909; Dewey, Pro-
gressive Age, 27, 772, 1909; Woolson, Eng. News, 58, 166, 1907, heat transmission by concretes; Richards,
Met. and Chem. Eng. 11, 575, 1913. The ranges in values under 1 do not depend on variability in ma-
terial but on possible errors in method; reduced from values expressed in other units.

TABLE 253.—Thermal Conductivity of Various Substances

Substance, temperature. kt Substance, temperature.

Naphthalene MP 79° C, —160.. 0013
Naphthalene MP 79° C, o -Ooo8I
Naphthol — 8, MP 122° C, —160..| .00068
Naphthol, o .00062
Nitrophenol, MP 114° C, —160....] .0o106
Nitrophenol, o .00065
Paraffin MP 54°C, —160 . 00062
Parafhin, o - 00059
Porcelain -0025
.0586
.O173
.0133
Quartz’ || to axis, o .0325
Rock salt, o .0167
Rock salt, 30 .O150
Rubber, vulcanized, . 00033
Rubber, o . 00037
Rubber, para . 00045
Sand, white, dry . 00093
Sandstone, dry .0055
. 00012
Slate | to cleavage .CO34
slate '|[itoicleavages.......-.--.-..|, 0060
Snow, fresh, dens. ; . 00026
Snow, old . OO12
Soil, average, sl’t moist .0037
Soil, very dry . 0037
Sulphur, rhombic, o . 00070
Vaseline, 20 .00022
Vulcanite . 00087

Aniline BP 183° C, -QOOII2
Carbon, gas..... -O10
Garbonttgraphite si... cares « «/='s'- -O12
Carborundum .00050
Concrete, cinder . 00081
.0022
Diatomaceous earth..............| .00013
Earth’s crust -004
Fire-brick.... .00028
Fluorite, —190 -093
Fluorite, o -025
Glass: window -0025
crown, 03572, —190 -oo118
crown, 03572, O .00280
crown, 03572, LOO .00324
h’vy flint o165, —190 . 0008
h’vy flint o165, o .OO170
h’vy flint o165, 100 .OO18r
Glycerine, —160 .00077
Granite¢ .0053
.0006
.0050
Iceland spar, —190..............| .038
Iceland spar, o - 0103
.00029
Limestones, calcite | .0047 to
Marbles, dolomite J .0056
Mica .0o18
Flagstone _|_ to cleavage . 0063
Micaceous || to cleavage -0044

ISN DAIL AOD UnnMnNUMnnnn | HHH HHA A

ADIL ADRUMNHHOAHUMNANN [ane [RW Iw I IH

© com |

References: (1) Lees, Tr. R. S. 1905; (2) Lorenz; (3) Norton; (4) Hutton, Blard; (5) Eucken, Ann.
d. Phys., 1911; (6) Herschel, Lebour, Dunn, B. A. Committee, 1879; (7) Jansson, 1904; (8) Melmer, rorr;
(9) Stefan.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

274. TABLE 254
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF INSULATING MATERIALS

(Compiled from the International Critical Tables, which see for more complete data.)

Conductivity
Material

joule/cm?/sec. | g-cal./cm?/sec.

Air, 76 cm Hg ‘ .00023 .000055
Asbestos wool : .00068 .000162
‘i a .00090 .000215
.OOIOI .00024
with 85 percent MgO..|_ . .00075 .000179
Brick, very porous, dry 5 .OO174 .00042
‘machine made, dry 3 .00038 -00009I

ae “ce

“ec

ae

-00096 -00023
Calorox, fluffy mineral matter...| . .00032 -000076
Celluloid, white : .00021 -000050
Cement mortar j -0055 -0013
-0092 .0022
Charcoal j .00055 .00013
Coke dust 5 .OO15 .00036
Concrete : -008 -002
-00032 -000076
-O00041 .000098
-OOO6I -0001 46
-00079 -0001 89
-00038 -OOO09I
.00056 -000133
IIe 5 Pe OS : -00076 .00018
Cotton wool, tightly packed i .00042 .OOOTO
Diatomite, (binders may increase
100%) : .00052 .OOOI2
Diatoinite, ditto ; .00094 .00022
_ a .00086 .00021
: .OO157 .0003,7
Ebonite , .00138 .00033
. .OO157 .00038
.00160 .00038
.00047 .OOOIT
-00036 -000086
.00063 .OOOI51
.00052 .OOO1 24
Fuller’s earth ‘ -OOIOI .00024
Glass, lead .0060 .001 43,
2 .0072 .0O172
.0076 .00182
.00042 .0OOT00
.00050 .0001 20
-00065 -OOO155
.00081 -OO0O195
; .0018 -00044
40 Sted RAPS PA : .0038 -00093
20 to 40 mesh : .O129 -0031
Horsehair, compressed ; .00051 .0001 22
.022 .0053
Leather, chamois .00063 .OOO1 51
i cowhide .00176 .000421
.OO16 .00038
.00086 -00021
Linoleum, cork 4 .00080 .OOOIQI
Mica, average .0050 .OO12

‘cc ae cc

“eo

‘c

ae

4c

“e

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 254 (continued) 275
THERMAL GONDUCTIVITY OF INSULATING MATERIALS

Conductivity

Material Density EE

joule/cm2/sec. | g-cal./cm?2/sec.

Micanite 30 .0021— .000050-—
.0042 .0OOIO
Mineral wool 3 .00042 .OOOTO
sf a -00052 .OOOI2
Paper, rice .00046 -OOOTI
‘blotting .00063 .OOOT 5
Paraffin wax ‘ .0023 .00055
.00052 .OOO12
.OO17 .00041
Porcelain .O104 .0025
Rubber, rigid sponge, hard : .00037 .000088
5 sponge, vulcanized. . alone .00054 .00013
commercial, 40% rubber. .0028 .00067
< % -OO16 -00038
.00060 -0001 43
.0023 -0006
.00040 .OOOTO
00023 .000055
-00037 -000088
-000495 .00O118
-00056 -OO01 34
-0O16 .00038
-00080 -OOOTQI
.00090 .00022
.00036 -000086
very loose packing...|_ . .00042 .OOOTO
Woods: Ash | to grain : .OO17 00041
ae .0031 .00074
Balsa | to grain : .00045 .000084
Boxwood : .OOT5 .00036
Cedar | to grain ‘ .OOIT .00027
Cypress | to grain ‘ .00096 .00023
Fir | to grain 5 ¢ .OOT4 .00033
“|| to grain ; .0035 .0008 I
Lignum vitae : .0025 .00060
.0030 .00072
Mahogany, ale tO GTAIN)..a1|\- .0O16 .00038
[ito grain | 7 0031 .00074
Oak, | to grain : 0021 .00050
+. |(to;grain 3 .0036 .00086
Pine, pitch, | to grain. . .OO15 .00036
“Virginia, ditto ‘ .OO14 .00033
‘white, ditto : .OOII .00026
ca ; || to grain..} . .0026 .00062
Spruce, | to grain t .OOTT .00026
Teak, | to grain ; .OO175 .00042
- || to grain : .0038 .OOO9T
Walnut, | to grain 3 -OO14 .00033
.020 .0048
.0092 .0022
: .022 .0053
Limestone, very variable.| 2. .O1O .0024
Slate, | to cleavage .O14 .0033
“|| to cleavage 025 .0060
Sandstone, air-dried : .O13 .00031
- freshly cut....] 2. .O17 .00041

“e

ae

108

Running numbers arranged in order of increasing conductivity at room temperatures: .0002: 10, 1, 16,
Onsen 775 71 03; 09, 30).55,.78; OL, 37, 31) 50) 72, 61; -00052 46, 24,56, 34, 60, 64, 13, 21, 67, 28. 33, 58s
-00075: 5, 52, 26, 51, 3, 76, 84; .001: 35, 83, 97, 85, 94, 100, 14, 82, 93, 30, 50, 66, 74, 89, 61, 79, 6, 43,
08, 54, 91, 50, 68; .0025: 87, 65, 80, 90, 86, 44, 36, 92, 90, 54; .005: 53, 36, 37, 15, 12, 102; .010: 104, 45,
107, 108, IOI, 47, 103.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

276

TABLES 255 AND 256
TABLE 255.—Thermal Conductivity of Various Insulators

kt is the heat in gram-calories flowing in 1 sec. through a plate 1 cm thick per sq. cm for 1°C

drop in temperature.

Substance. Density.| °C k, Substance. k, Authority.
peas
| Asbestos fiber 0.201 500 .00019 Asbestos paper 0.00043 Iecase@horle
| 8207 magnesia asbestos Se eee .00016 Blotting paper. . -O0015 ‘an
5/0 mag Coe sae \ 500 .00017 Portland cement . 00071 :
Cottonteii-n set) o- .021 100 -OOOIII Corky toga. .0007? Forbes.
| east oc aP an Sis a= 101 ce .000071 Chalk . ane 0020 ! EG les De
| Eiderdown .... .» -0021 150 -00015 Ebonite, t, 49° - .00037 see p. 205.
es ou) Woy oy eect eon -109 sh -000046 Glass,mean .. -002 Various.
: § 100 00007 4 COV Hepner +0057 Neumann.
Lampblack, Cabot number 5 T93 | 1 soo -000107 Leather, cow-hide 00042 | |
Quartz, mesh 200 ; 1.05 500 .0002 4 igi chamois . .00015 | Lees-Chorl-
ee f 200 .00009I Linen . . -0002 1 imtol:
| Poplox, popped Na,SiOs 0-093), || sco .000 160 Silk = a) «|, .000095))|))
| Wool fibers .O15 100 ooo 118 Caen stone, limestone | .0043 HeLa
| re Ee .054 « .000085 Free stone, sandstone | .oo21 ead mage
S “ .192 fy .000054

See eee eee eee ed

Left-hand half of table from Randolph, Tr. Am. Electroch. Soc. XXI., p. 550, 1972; k, (Randolph’s values)

is mean conductivity between given temperature and about 10°C. Note effect of compression (density). The
following are from Barratt Proc. Phys. Soc., London, 27, 81, 1914.

Nae ce
k, ky

Substance. Density. Substance. Density.

at 20°C | at 100°C

at 20°C | at 100°C

Brick, fire . 1.73 .OOTLO .00109 Boxwood . 0.90 .00036 .00041
Carbon, gas 1.42 -0085 -0095 Greenheart 1.08 .OO112 -OO11O
Ebonite 1.19 .OOO14 -00013 Lignumvite . 1.16 .00060 .00072
Fiber, red 1.29 -OOTI2 -OOT19 Mahogany 0.55 00051 -00060
Glass,soda . . 2.59 -00172 -00182 Oak. 0.65 .00058 -00061
Silica, fused. . 2.17 00237 -00255 Whitewood 0.58 .0004 I .00045

The following values are from unpublished data furnished by C. E. Skinner of the Westinghouse Co., Pitts-
burgh, Penn. They give the mean conductivity in gram-calories per sec. per cm cube per °C when the mean
I

10.6

temperature of the cube is that stated in the table. Resistance in thermal ohms (watts/inch2/inch/CC ) =

conductivity.

Conductivity.
Grams.
per cm’

100° C 200° C 300° C 400° C 500° C

Safe

Substance.
temp.

Air-cell asbestos .

0.232 0.00034 0.00043 0.00050 — — 320
Cork, ground . -168 .O0015 .00019 _ _— — 180
Diatomit Ae RCy Ms 326 -00028 -00032 -00037 0.00042 0.00046 600
Infusorial earth, natural . . . +506 -0003 4 .00032 .00040 — --

ss ‘*h’d pressed blocks 321 -00030 .0002G .00033 .00036 _ 400
Magnesium carbonate . : -450 .00023 .00025 00025 a _ 300
Vitribestos. . . Ss .362 .00049 .00066 .00079 .00090 +O00102 600

°C

Substance. k,

Authority.

Solution
in water.

Density.

SE

k,

°
It
25

20

0.00150
-OO147
-00136
+001 43

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

Goldschmidt, ’11.
Lees, ’98.
Milner, Chattock

98

.160

-026
-178

+054
+180

+134
+136

0.00118
-OO116
,OOTIS
.00135
+00126
-00130
-o0118
-OO1I5

Authority.

H. F. Weber.
Graetz.

H. F. Weber.
Chree.
} H. F. Weber.

\
j

TaBLEs 257-259 277
TABLE 257.— Thermal Conductivity of Organic Liquids

Carbon disulphide.| o

5|.03472
Chloroform. .....}]9-15].

0352
- 0346
- 03345
Aniline 03434
Benzene - 03333

ae Glycerine .03 Vaseline

Oils: petroleum... 2 Xylene.
“turpentine. . 03325

Hw 1LONKRH
wWnwthp

References: (r) H. F. Weber; (2) Lees; (3) Goldschmidt; (4) Wachsmuth; (5) Graetz.

TABLE 258.—Thermal Conductivity of Gases

The conductivity of gases, kt = }(ovY — 5)uCv, where y is the ratio of the specific heats, Cp/Cv, and p is
the viscosity coefficient (Jeans, Dynamical Theory of Gases, 1916). Theoretically kt should be independent
of the density and has been found to beso by Kundt and Warburg and others within a wide range of pressure
below one atm. It increases with the temperature.

kt : : 5. kt

. 0000180
.0000566
. 0000719
. QCOOOT 42
.0000388
. 0000509
. 0000542
.0000219
. 0000332

.0000406
. 0000395
.000T 46
000344
000398
000133
. 000416

- 060499
. ©0007 20

.0000185
.0000183
0000568
0000718
0000172
0000570
0000743
000046

0000353

oo00000000
RHR Re RR ee
000000000
BHR HH RH DH
000000000
NOH HH RH HD

References: (1) Eucken, Phys. Z. 12, 1911; (2) Winkelmann, 1875; (3) Schwarze, 1903; (4) Weber, 1017.

* Air: ky = 5.22 (10-5) cal. cm ~! sec.-! deg. C-1; 5.74 at 229; temp. coef. = .oo2zg ; Hercus-Laby, Pr. R. Soc. Ags,
190, IgIQ-

TABLE 259.—Diffusivities

The diffusivity of a substance = fh? = k/cp, where k is the conductivity for heat, ¢ the specific heat and p the density
(Kelvin). The values are mostly for room temperatures, about 18° C.

Material. Diftusivity. Material. Diffusivity.

archaea’ oralatetey Sepereiarahas, eaeeels .82 SPRL StaCaL Me Laer eCoTCHeTSI CI ee reve mists, Srel die ake
IANLIMONY Bitton sion etovarto recto eee : lngyy. |i| (Caprese (Gielen s agnotoueoneouasobe
Be eect pe kalsvanliatecssten weer oe POO Gall) oncreten(StOne) biascinciece emis scorer

IBrASSaY ELlOW)h.: 0 erence ieicrs onisersisinee -339 Woncrete (lightislag) pea eee ole oe
Gadmnimiy. Gaia an cea eens .467 Gorki(ground) Perec ieee cin
SPR eerste arco vA Sin neers ae Fran | See pete feos re Rete cies
RAS tee toe Eee Ft een ee .182 |) 1Glassi (ordinary) sour omin. Soecnme cn.
Tron (wrought, also mild steel).......... e173; sal Granite seyerpe terry. toro cs tras sa ie task:
Iron (cast, also 1% carbon steel)........ .121 Ce seieareter aero ais eee ate rule ees
Re eee re mat denen cperet, india antacids . 237 EERE Te nea Sie Mets ca BN
RSM Sei eee aioe ec . 883 abe rehsiaiavarcr asin acerae austere

Be srcrronevaral Srocatclovetel Sroiea ete crs chats Wecane .0327 RAW ey evaytay eo cwvaie sicia) claverone coaches

IPS ie Cia ea eVects SUR one ae Dies .152 Rock material (earth aver.)...........

Re een oir alin .240 Rock material (crustal rocks)..........

Byte NERO eet rhe 0.243 SandsStoncemmacen sees one eto:

SPT ate nah Srakore ere Run thor aerials a7 SNOWACLECSHN Mice oe cisiatcie reais ana cam ts

LIN ate Se eye eR arene up eo eaieaeaale ©. 497 Soil (clay or sand, slightly damp). .... .
Pa sesh tates HO Siete cera euahe teks, Siar on elel Setehe .402 Soilil(verveary. es. eye ee a Gig utecilcjee See

PE Nera el ede hehe ete cate terete ete hale .179 IWiailermp rere rer aantaelkeiaceaia wucicaphelete
FASDEStOST LOOSE) sen aon oe iene on .0035 || Wood (pine, cross grain)..............
Bricka(average dire) aciciewrcieccemiee arete .0074 Wood (pine with grain)...............
Brick (average building)............... .0050

Taken from An Introduction to the Mathematical Theory of Heat Conduction, Ingersoll and Zobel, 1913.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

278 TABLE 260
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY—LIQUIDS, PRESSURE EFFECT
(P. W. Bridgman, Proc. Amer. Acad., 59, 158, 1923.)

Conduc- Conductivity relative to unity 0 kg/cm? as function of
Liquid tivity at pressure in kg/cm?
0 kg/cm?
1000 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 11000 12000

201 1.342 1.557 1.724 1.864 1.986 2.043 2.097
.212 1.365 1.601 1.785 1.939 2.072 2.133 2.191
.221 1.363 1.574 1.744 1.888 2.014 2.070 2.122
-233 1.400 1.650 1.845 2.007 2.152 2.217 2.278
.205 1.352 1.570 1.743 1.894 2.028 2.091 2.150
.230 1.399 1.638 1.812 1.962 2.093 2.154 2.211
.18I 1.307 1.495 1.648 1.780 1.900 1.955 2.008
.218 1.358 1.559 1.720 1.859 1.985 2.043 2.099
.184 1.320 1.524 1.686 1.828 1.955 2.013 2.069
.207 1.348 1.557 1.724 1.868 1.998 2.063 2.126
.305 1.509 1.800 2.009 2.177 2.322 2.388 2.451
313 1.518 1.814 2.043 2.231 2.394 2.469 2.537
184 1.315 I.5I1I 1.659 1.786 1.900 Freezes
-I8I 1.325 1.554 1.738 1.891 2.024 2.083 2.137
.174 1.310 1.512 1.663 1.783 1.880 1.923 1.962
.208 1.366 1.607 1.789 1.935 2.054 2.107 2.154
.193 1.327 1.517 1.657 1.768 1.858 1.895 1.928
.230 1.390 1.609 1.772 1.907 2.022 2.073 2.121
.125 1.232 1.394 1.509 1.592 1.662 1.694 1.724
148 1.265 1.442 1.570 1.671 1.757 1.799 1.837
.058 I.113 1.210 1.293 1.366 1.428 1.456 Freezes
.065 1.123 1.225 1.308 1.379 1.445 1.476 1.506

I
I

Methyl .000505
.000493
Ethyl .000430
.000416
Isopropyl .000367
.000363
Normal butyl .000400
.00039I
Isoamyl .000354
-000348
.000329
.000322
.000429
.000403
Carbon .000382

bisulphide. . .000362
Ethyl .000286
bromide.... .000273
Ethyl .000265
.000261
Waters 5. .OO144
.00154
Molwoleers ee .000364.
.000339
Normal .000322
pentane-..- -000307
Petroleum .000312
ethers .000302
Kerosene .000333

.159 1.286 1.470 1.604 1.716 (2%2025)
.210

-355 1.573 1-738 1.872 1.987 2.039 2.089
.281 1.483 1.777 1.987 2.163 2.325 2.404 2.481
.319 1.534 1.855 2.112 2.335 2.543 2.642 2.740
266 1.460 1.752 1.970 2.143 2.279 2.333 2.379
.268 1.466 1.780 2.026 2.232 2.409 2.488 2.561
.185 1.314 1.502 1.654 1.792 1.925 I.990 2.054

OO OOO OO OO OO OO OR OO OO OR OO OO OO Oot

I, 2, 6, 8, 12, 13, extreme purity; 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, II, very pure; 14, 15, commercial.
* Toluol freezes at 9900 kg/cm? at 30°. The figure at 11000 is for the solid.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 261-265 279
TABLE 261.—The Unit of Thermal Resistance—the Fourier

The fourier is defined as that thermal resistance which will transfer heat energy at the
rate of one joule per sec. (one watt) for each degree (centigrade) temperature difference
between the terminal surfaces (equivalent roughly to a prism of Ag or Cu 4.cm long by 1 cm?
cross section). (Harper, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci., 18, 469, 1928.)

TABLE 262.—Factors to Reduce Heat Flow in Fouriers for a cm’ to Other Units

To watts/cm? cal./sec./cm? kilocal./hr./m? hp./ft.2 hp./ft.2 hp./ft.2 watts/in.?
Gradient °C/cm °G/em Ream Cy ree itachi Ani aac /110)

Multiples I 4.18 .O116 4.14 44 3.67 394

TABLE 263.—Conversion Factors Between Units of Current Density of Heat Flow. Quantity of Heat Energy
Transferred Through Unit Area per Unit Time

Joules/
sec. cm? Cal./sec. cm? |Kilocal./hr./m? Hp./ft.? Watt/in.?
watts/cm?

I watt /cm?

1 cal./sec. /cm? 5 5.211

1 kilocal./hr./m? .OOOI1 162 .0000278 .0001448 .0007497
1 hp. /ft.? .8027 -I9I9 I 5.178

I watt /in.? .I550 .03705 .1931

The calorie is taken as 4.183 absolute joules.
TABLE 264.—Thermal Resistivities at 20°C Expressed in Fouriers for a Centimeter Cube

Silveh sana ee ake 0.239 Water.. wes, 17.0 Rubber* (over
Copperie. chet .258 Mica* ean to GOT ens. 700
Aluminum...... -49 laminations).. 200 Wood (Virginia
Brass (30% Zn). 93 irebnick= a. sr 200 pine across

MEONOE sete cs ae 1.6 [Firebrick 25°C rain) asco 710
sNickella si Aros Ter7) 10) 1K OOAC 45 Clo Papertic akc 1000
Steel (7% ©)s,... 2:1 Brick masonry*. 250 Asbestos* (wool) 1100
Constantan..... 4.4 Weather*. 35.05. 600 Corley ee Saas 2000
Mercury. ...... 12.0 Hydrogen. -.... 600 Cotton batting

ice at o°G] -h...... 45 Hard rubber.... 610 (loose)y. <5... 2500
Glass sheen. 133 elim) eee ee O90 Wool (loose)... .2500
@Concrete*; , 54" 140 PANTS en ee ete gns Cia 3 4100

Carbon dioxide. .6700

* Substances marked with the asterisk vary widely in thermal conductivity according to composition. For
limits of such variation, consult International Critical Tables, Vol. 2. The figure listed above for any such
material represents the author’s estimate of the ‘‘best guess’’ for use in those cases where the composition of
the material is not specified.

In preparing this table, the author has consulted Vol. 2, I.C.T. and has courteously been furnished advance
values for some other materials by the editors of I.C.T. For still other materials, grateful acknowledgment is
made to the staff of the Bureau of Standards, for advice in selecting most probable values in the light of present
information.

TABLE 265.—Anti-Freezing Solutions (for automobile radiators, etc.)

(From Bur. Standards Letter Circulars No. 29, 1925.)
Per cent by vol. in water with freezing points and specific gravities.

Per cent by vol

Denatured alcohol
(90% by vol.) *

Wood alcohol tf

Distilled glycerine§
(95% by vol.)
Ethylene glycol§

(oso Dy Vole ones et

* 90 % by vol. indicates quality of alcohol (180° proof); if 188 proof (that is containing only 6 % water) amount
required will be about 4% less.

+ The vapor from wood alcohol is harmful, §Glycerine and ethylene glycol are practically nonvolatile and
noncorrosive.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

280

TABLE 266

LINEAR EXPANSION OF THE ELEMENTS

C is the true expansion coefficient at given temperature; R indicates reference to notes
and authority, see page 282; M is the mean coefficient between given temperatures; where
one temperature is given the true coefficient at that temperature is indicated; a and B are
coefficients in formula /; = Jy) (1 + at + Bé); Jo is length at 0° centigrade (unless otherwise
indicated, when if x is standard temp.,/; = J, (1 + a(t — tz) + B(t — tr)?); Jr is length at £°C.

Element

“cc

Lead (99.9)....

Magnesium....
Manganese

Molybdenumf..

Nickele occ cc.

Palladium

Platinum

Potassium
Ruthenium....
Selenium
Silicone een. vee
Silver

Steel, 36.4 Ni...
Tantalumt
Tellurium......
ahallinmiee a.

Tungstent
TALKS BO Ge ED

* For references, see page 282.

t Molybdenum, t300° to 2500° /: = /s00[1 + 5.00 X 10-8 (t — 300)
Tantalum, 300° to 2800° lt = l30[1 + 6.60 X 10-6 (t — 300)

range | M X ro!
100°| .235

.080

R || Temp. range} @ X 104] B X 108 a

+ 10.5 X 10-9 (¢ — 300)?] Worthing, 1926
+ 5.2 X 10-10 (t — 300)2] Worthing, 1926

Tungsten, 300° to 2700° loge = ls00[1 + 4.44 X 10-6 (t — 300) + 4.5 X 10-10 (¢ — 300)2] Worthing, 1926

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 267

281

LINEAR EXPANSION OF MISCELLANEOUS SUBSTANCES

The coefficient of cubical expansion may be taken as three times the linear coefficient. ¢ is the tempera-

ture or range of temperature, C the coefficient of expansion, and A.

page 282.

Substance.

71.5 Cu+ 27.7 Zn +

0.3Sn+o0.5Pb...

71 Cu+ 29 Zn
Bronze:

40
o-100

16.6-100

6 66 ba ee oe

16.6-350

oc 4

353 Cu + 9.7. Sn at

16.6-957

40
o-80

ts
0.2P
Caoutchouc

Constantan 4-29
Fluor spar: CaFe....
German silver
Gold-platinum:

o-100

Gold-copper:
2Au+1Cu.

Glass:
Tube.........e+-e.

Jena ther- | roll
mometer | normal

nt eo sae

$s “ ....|— 191 to+16

Gutta percha....... 20
NCGS akc. ceecce ce | ‘—20tO—
Iceland spar:

Parallel to axis

Perpendicular to axis
Lead-tin (solder)

2Pb + 1'Sh.c. se...
Magnalium
Manganin
Marble.....

o-80

“

Platinum-iridium
TO Peal TLE. yercternisve

Duralumin, .94 Al,...... 20-100°,
Steel, .14 GC, 34.5 Ni. ..... 25-1007,
Monel metal, 25-100°,

°

°

°.

. 1930
.1783-. 193

.1859
°.

. 2116

.1782

.1713
.1708

.770
.1523
.842
.1950
. 1836

1552

.0833
.0828

.o891
.0897
0054
.0788

.o81

Substance.

Platinum -silver:
1 Pt+ 2Ag

Porcelain

Quartz:

1906 Parallel toraxis:)...
Perpend. to axis...

Quartz glass

1844

“c “

-1737

Speculum metal. ...
Topaz:
Parallel to lesser
horizontal axis.. .
Parallel to greater
horizontal axis...
Parallel to vertical

7-0. 686

Tourmaline:
Parallel to longi-
tudinal axis
Parallel to horizon-

. 1523

Type metal
Vulcanite
Wedgwood ware...
Wood:

Parallel to fiber:

.058
-424
-983
-51

. 2631
0544

. 2508
. 238
. 181
NIL
.0662
- 3030
7707

.0884

.000023
-0000037
-OOOOI4

25-600",
25-600,

Insulating materials, Souder-Hidnert, 1919:

Bakelite, bleached, .... 20-60°,
SelM OLs eter reretolaleters) voi 20-7 0,
amestone, ..ceeeeee se 25-LO0-,

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

-000022
-000100
-000009

Marble,
Porcelain,
Hard rubber, ..

the authority.

For reference see

OFOTO

1000-1400

o-80
—190 to + 16
o-80
—190 to + 16
16 to 500
16-1000

40
°°

0000000000

—160
o-100

900000000

Ab WO 0000000

Ca

Hidnert,

“

«000025
-0000136
.0o00016

10 — 16 x 1078
3— 11x 1078
.00008

°
25-100°,
20-200",
20-60°,

282 TABLE 268
CUBICAL EXPANSION OF SOLIDS

If v2 and wv: are the volumes at f2 and t; respectively, then v2 =v: (1 + CAt), C being the
coefficient of cubical expansion and At the temperature interal. Where only a single tem-
perature is stated C represents the true coefficient of cubical expansion at that temperature.
The coefficient of cubical expansion may be taken as three times the linear coefficient.

Substance.

Antimony
Beryl .
Bismuth .
Copper .
Diamond
Emerald .
Galena o cat
Glass, common tube.
OG hard. a
ne Jena, borosilicate
59 ILI
ss pure silica .
Gold . 3
Ice.
Iron
ead:
Paratfin .
Platinum :
Porcelain, Berlin .
Potassium chloride .
ss nitrate
& sulphate .
Quartz omer
Rock sait
Rubber
Silver .
Sodium .
Stearic acid.
Sulphur, native
Tin ahs
Zinc

Authority.

Matthiessen
Pfaff
Matthiessen

iT)

Fizeau

ee

Pfaff
Regnault

Scheel

Chappuis

Matthiessen

Brunner

Dulong and Petit

Matthiessen

Russner

Dulong and Petit

Chappuis and Harker

Playfair and Joule
“sé “é “ee

Tutton
Pfaff
Pulfrich
Russner
Matthiessen
E. Hazen

Kopp

Matthiessen
“cs

References to Table 266, page 280: (1) Uffelmann, 1930. (2) Mean. (3a) Bridgman,
1924-5, parallel to axis. (3b) ditto, perpendicular to axis. (4a) Griineisen, paral. axis,
hexag. (4b) ditto, perpendicular. (5) Fizeau. (6) Disch, 1921. (7) Tutton, 1809.
(8) Dittenberger, 1902. (9) Uffelmann, 1930. (10) Grtineisen, 1910. (11) Miller, 1916.
(12) Dewar, 1902. (13) Benoit, 1889. (14) Holborn, 1897. (15) Le Chatelier, 1899.
(16) Holborn, Day, 1900. (17) Hidnert, Sweeney, 1930. (18) ditto, 1928. (19) Scheel,
1921. (20) Hidnert, Shad, 1919. (21) Scheel, 1907. (22) Hagen, 1883. (23) Valentiner,
Wallot, 1915. (24) Dorsey, 1908. (25) Spring, 1881. (26) Matthiessen. (27) Worthing,
1917. (28) Hidnert, Sweeney, 1925. (29) Schulze, 1921. (30) Hidnert, 1931.

References to Table 267, page 281: (1) Smeaton. (2) Various. (3) Fizeau. (4)
Matthiessen. (5) Daniell. (6) Benoit. (7) Kohlrausch. (8) Pfaff. (9) Deluc. (10)
Lavoisier and Laplace. (11) Pulfrich. (12) Schott. (13) Henning. (14) Russner.
(15) Mean. (16) Stadthagen. (17) Frohlich. (18) Rodwell. (19) Braun. (20) Deville
and Troost. (21) Scheel. (22) Mayer. (23) Glatzel. (24) Villari. (25) Kopp. (25)
Randall. (27) Dorsey.

Note: Crucibles of thorium oxide may be used for t<3000° C; magnesium oxide,
<1800° C; beryllium oxide, <2000° C. Swanger, Caldwell, Bur. Standards, Journ. Res., 6,
1131, 1931, which see for further information about use of crucibles.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 269 283

CUBICAL EXPANSION OF LIQUIDS

If VY, is the volume at o° then at ¢° the expansion formula is Vy; = V, (1 + af + Be + 7).
The table gives values of a, 8 and y and of C, the true coefficient of cubical expansion, at 20°
for some liquids and solutions. A¢ is the temperature range of the observation and A. the
authority.

Liquid. y 108
|

|

| Acetic acid | 1.0630 2 1.0876
| Acetone 1.3240 8 —0.87983
_ Alcohol:

| Amyl 30 «| ~0.goo1 1.18458
Ethyl, 30% by vol. ye S— | 0.2928 —11.87

| 50% ai 0.7450 : 0.730

| 99.3% “ : 2 | sion -

| 500 atmo. press. : | 0.866 -

p~

3000 se Fs | o 524 ma i
Methyl Hae Pe De Be eerste 363 0.8741
MBenzenerrr., « oe fF - | 1.17626 2 0.80648
| Bromine. . Boh | 1.06218 . —0.30854
| Calcium chloride :
58% solution . . . 38-25 | 0.07878 4.2742 -
40.9% is Rey ee =24 | 0.42383 ' a
Marton disulphide . . .}| —34- 1.13980 ; 1.91225
500 atmos. Bicssnse : 0.940 = -
B000 ae“ : | 0.581 - =
Carbon tetrachloride : | 1.18384 1.35135
Shioroform: |) ws. . |. | 1.10715 : 3 —1.74328
MeL CheIdhogncs es ors | wo te - 1.51324 | 2.35918 4.00512
'Glycerine . . oHeee es - | 0.4853 .48 =
| _ Hydrochloric acid :
foo 277 Solution «= = )- 0.4460
| Mercury . Se tee Be | 0.18182 |
mOlveroiley © 5. | 0.6821
|Pentane. . sds 1.4646
Potassium chloride:
Peeve SOWCIN & 5 5 C 2 0.2695
ehenoOl@ aces cia ee 7 | 0.8340
Petroleum :
Density 0.8467. . . .| 24-12 0.8994
Sodium chloride :
20.6%, solution. . . . 2 0.3640 1.237
| Sodium sulphate :
247 solution: © =) i.) : - 0.3599 1.258
' Sulphuric acid :
TO:GY ;SOUPON = ss a5 0.2835 2.580 -
iCOyeWA ot id oe poo ae 0.5758 | —0.432 -
MRUKPEHtINE «<<. a> — 0.9003 1.9595 | —o.44998
MRNIALCYS iS Prey ies is —0.06427 8.5053

SOC SL IEE (ENEMIES Ww

|
|
|
|

AUTHORITIES.

Ama cat. Cai. 105, Pp. ll20);) 1Oo7- g. Marignac: Lieb. Ann., Supp. VIII, p. 335;
. Thorpe: Proc. Roy. Soc. 24, p. 283; 1876. 1872.
. Zander: Lieb. Ann. 225, p. 109; 1884. . Spring: Bull. Brux. (3) 3, p. 331; 1882.
. Pierre: a. Lieb. Ann. 56, p. 139; 1845. . Pinette: Lieb. Ann. 243, p. 32; 1888.

b. Lieb. Ann. 80, p. 125; 1851- . Frankenheim: Pogg. Ann. 72, p. 422;
. Kopp: a. Lieb. Ann. 94, p. 257; 1855. 1847.

b. Lieb. Ann. 93, p. 129; 1855. . Scheel: Wiss. Abh. Reichsanstalt, 4, p. 1;
. Recknagel: Sitzber. bayr. Ak. p. 327, 2 1903.

Abt.; 1866. 4. Thorpe and Jones: J. Chem. Soc. 63, |

. Drecker: Wied. Ann. 34, p. 952; 1888. P- 273; 1893.
. Emo: Ber. Chem. Ges. 16, 1857 ; 1883.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 270

THERMAL EXPANSION OF GASES

Pressures are given in centimeters of mercury.

Coefficient at Constant Volume.

Coefficient at Constant Pressure.

Pressure

Substance. ae

Reference.

Argon
Carbon dioxide

© 0°=20°
o0°—40°
0°-100°
o0°—20°
* 0°-100°
0°-100°
| Carbon monoxide .
| Helium .
| Hydrogen 16°-13 37°
Se ~132°
12°-185°

0°-100°

Nitrogen 13°-132°

“

Nitrous oxide
Sulph’r dioxide SO,

1 Meleander, Wied. Beibl. 14, 1890; Wied.
Ann. 47, 1892.

2 Chappuis, Trav. Mem.
Meas. 13, 1903.

3 Regnault, Ann. chim. phys. (3)5, 1842.

4 Keunen-Randall, Proc. R. Soc. 59, 1896.

Bur. Intern. Wts.

Carbon dioxide

|

| Nitrous oxide

| Water-

| 1 Atm. pressure.

Coeffi-
Pressure cient

Substance.
cm.

Reference.

100.

76.
257.
100.1
100.0
200 Atm,
AN)
Gooy
Soomme
76.
51.8
51.8

.3071
3693
-367 28
30600

222

-332
-295
.261
.242
3710
37128
37100
-37973
-37602
-37410
-37972
37703
1097
‘6574
.3069
“S79
-3903
3980
.4187
.4189
.4071
3938
-3799

Ww

“

of-100°
Hydrogen 0°-100°

“ “cc o0°—20°
o°=40°
0°100°
0°-20°
0°—100°
0°—20°
o0°—100°
0°-7.5°

64°-100°

Carbon monoxide .

Sulphur dioxide
“ce ad

0°-119°
o0°-141°
o0°-162°
0°-200°
0°-247°

vapor

_ the following for the calculation of the ex-

| constant pressure:

Thomson has given, Encyc. Brit. “ Heat,”

pansion, E, between o° and 100°C. Expansion
is to be taken as the change of volume under

.3062(1 — cea V /v),

Hydrogen, & = (
ee 3662(

(

(

Air,
Oxygen,
Nitrogen, £ = .3662
COs Le = .3662(1 — at
V’/z is the ratio of the actual density of the
gas at o° C to what it would have at o° C and

E = .3662

5 Chappuis, Arch. sc. phys. (3), 18, 1892.
6 Baly-Ramsay, Phil. Mag. (5), 38, 1894.
7 Andrews, Proc. Roy. Soc. 24, 1876.

8 Meleander, Acta Soc. Fenn. 19, 1891.
g Amagat, C. R. 111, 1890.

10 Hirn, Théorie méc. chaleur, 1862

, 1862.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES,

TABLE 271 285
SPECIFIC HEAT OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS

When one temperature is given the true specific heat is given, otherwise the mean specific
heat between the given limits. See page 289 for references.

Element : Element toc
Aluminum....... 3 Carbon, graph... —183
— 66

II
85
896
Oo

— et et

C, diamond
: 223
823

Cerium —253, —196
20, 100

Chlorine 0, 24
Chromium....... —150

OO

Antimony*

Arsenic

yd
HpRoNI

Cobalt

Barium
Beryllium

Bismuth *

2
2
3
4
I
I

7
I
5
6
*
4
4
4
7
8
9
Oo
I
I
I
I
*
*

xe Hee OV Xe *¥ ¥R A

Caesium
Calcium h Iodine
Ioo
300
600
Carbon, graph.. —191,—79
7 OO

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

286 TABLE 271 (continued)
SPECIFIC HEAT OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS

iC Sp.ht. é Element tC Sp.ht.
—256.2 0.00067 Molybdenum.... — 34.5 0.0561
—240.7 .00355 O -0589
—214.0 .0194 + 5.3 .0589
—172.6 .O512 +100 .0612
— 67.5 .0939 250 .0632
oO LOA saan Nickel —258 .0008
100 -II5 —247.9 .0024
500 -163 —201.2) 0303
760 -320 —150 .0660
1000 .162 — 100 .0817
100 27, — 50 .0940
700 -157 oO .1032
-162 100 -1146
-0448 500 .1270
-OOOOI 800 -1413
-00086 Osmiuni..-:..... _19,-08 40311
.0073 Palladium —180,+18 .0528
.0279 O .0538
-0283 100 .0564
.0289 500 -0653
-0297 900 .0717
.0320 1500 .0766
.0356 Phosphorus,yellow —136 .124
.0375 — 40 -165
.0370 =O) .189
3 (red)Re e136 -107
.600 -182
.96 -190
374 Platinum 6 .00123
.1767 af OO78)
.2025 I nc O2 ar
.2228 il O20
.2316 8 .0307
-257 .03162
-279 -0349
Sailer .0365
650,775 .284 .0381
Manganese....—188,—79 .0820 -0400
-I0QI .0319
S12 -0346
SSS 4.022
a2 Tele 8.045
.0979 STeAO
.1072 sh gil
-1143 ‘4.177
Mercury (s) .3 .00552 .200
.00620 .196
.00783 Rhenium .035
.O172 .058
.0255 Rubidium (s)....
.0298 (ise
.0324 Ruthenium
.0337 Selenium
.0338
-0335
.03
Molybdenum.... coe
.0034
-0300
-0399

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 271 (concluded) AND 272

TABLE 271 (concluded).—Specific Heat of the Chemical Elements

Element
Silicon 0.029
.087

.126

.168

-181

18.0, 900.6 .210
—238
—150
—100

Silver
.046
.050
-053

Sp.ht.

.0146

I

5
7

Oo -0557

100
300
goo

20-900

20-1200

—256.1

— 238.5

a LOO:)
100

.060

.026
.108
+245
na

-137
.220
.176
.18I

I1I5, 160
15, 96
0, 52
—201.7
+380
900
1100
1400
—188,+18
15, 100
15, 200

monochin
hantalun’ ssi -
-035
.036
-043
-044
-047

.288

.0564

I

.0685
.0650
.0880

.0205

.0483
.0487

Element
Thorium

Zc Sp.ht.
—253,—196 0.0197
0, 100 .0276
—203.5 .0385
—186.7 .0422
—150 .0450
—100 .0483
— 50 -O512
O .0536
+ 25 0548
100 -0577
1100

.0758
Titanium......—185,+20 .082
0,100 .1125
—247.I .0012
—218.4 .0098
—173.I .0205
pau Toee

.0288
+ 26.9 .0321
.0320
-0344
.0367
.0390
.0280
.1153
-095
.0071
-0573
.0740

Tungsten

TABLE 272.—Formulae for True Specific Heats

Element

Antimony
Bismuth
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron

0.0493
.0292
-1055
-1000
-O915
.1060
-0295
.2370
.1020

Lead
Magnesium
Nickel
Platinum
Silver

Tin

Zinc

a.
4
—
a
a.
a
a
ole
—

0.000012 t
-OOOOI2 ¢
-OOOIO f —
-000067 ¢
-000024 f
-000096 ¢
00002 f
-O00142 f —
-.ooorr8 t —
.00000617 # + 2.33 X 10%f
.000008 ¢
-000052 ¢
-000044 f

0.00000015 ??

.oooooo! 2
-00000006 ??

Pt from Jaeger & Rosenbaum, 1928. Others recalculated by Dr. W. P. White (1931), mainly from Schiibel.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

288 TABLE 273

HEAT CAPACITIES, TRUE AND MEAN SPECIFIC HEATS, AND LATENT HEATS
AT FUSION (SEE PP. 285-287)

The following data are taken from a research and discussion entitled “‘ Die Temperatur-
Warmeinhaltskurven der technisch wichtigen Metalle,” Wiist, Meuthen und Durrer, For-
schungsarbeiten herausgegeben vom Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, Springer, Heft 204, 1918.

(a) There follow the constants of the equation for the heat capacity: W=a-+ bt+ c?#’;
for the mean specific heat: s==at* + b + ct; and for the true specific heat: s’ =b + act:
also the latent heats at fusion. Much greater faith should be given to tables on pages 285
to 287.

Tempera- é Tempera-
Ele- ture - ture
ment range.
se

O-I500 é ‘ .05725| 5.48]26.0
O-1500 .06162 : g61-1300 : -00710]28.30} —
O-1500 .03325 ; o-1064 .O3171] 1.30/15.9
O-1500 .O3121 ‘ 1064-1300] 26.35/0.01420} 8.52] —
G-220 .00829 8. O-1084] — |9.10070] 3.05]41.0
232-1000 , .07020 d 1084-1300] 130. 74/—.04150]65.6 | —
0-270 0.03141 ; ; ©-1070] — _ |0.12037/25.41] 36.6
270-1000 ; .03107 : 1130-1210] —7.41/0.17700] — |24.14*
0-321 £05550 : 1230-1250| 3.83|0.19800} — a
32I-1000 5 .00952 f i 0-320 — jo. 10950/52.40! 56.1
0-327 .03591 : ; 330-1451] 0©.41]/0.12931| 0.11 1.33"
327-1000 .07|/0.02920 I45I-1520] 50.21j0.13380] —
o-419 .08777| 43. 48 23.0|| Co 0-950 — |o.o9119|40.77| 58.2
419-1000 : .13340|—16. 10} — IIOO-1478] 22.00/0.11043]14.57 14-7 70*
0-630 -O5179] 3.00/38.9 1478-1600] 57.72/0.14720| —
630-1000 : .05090| 2.96] — |] Fe 0-725 — |o0.10545|56.84/ 49.4
0-657 .22200| 38.57/94.0 785-919 | —1.63]0.1592 | — | 6. 56°
657—1000]102.39]0. 21870] 24.00! — QIg-1404] 18.31]0.14472] 0.05 6.67"
1405-1528|—77.18]0. 21416] — 1.94"
1528-1600] 70.03/0.15012| —

* Allotropic heat of transformation: Mn, 1070-1130°; Ni, 320-330°; Co, g50-1100°; Fe,
725-785°; 919° 13 1404.5° + 0.5.

(6) TRuE Sprectric HEATS

Cu

.0573]0. . 1008}o.
.0583 10. IOI4|O. 12
0504 . 1020
.0605 . 1026
. 0616 . 1032
|0.0627 . 1038
.0638 . 1045
.0049 . 1051
.0060 . 1057
.0671 . 1063
.0637 . 1069
.0094 . 1028
.0750 . 1159
.0807 . 1291

I055|0.0912} —
. T168]0.0993]0. 2372
1282/0. 1073/0. 2416
1396/0. 1154/0. 2460
T509|0.1235/0. 2504
1623]/0. 1316/0. 2548
1737|0. 1396/0. 2592
1850|0.1477|0. 2636
1592/0. 1558)0. 2680
1592/0. 1639/0. 2724
1448] — |o.2768
1448|0.1424/0. 2812
1448]0.1454/0. 2856
1449/0. 1483]0. 2900
1449|0. 1512/0. 2944
2142|0.1472]/0. 2988
_ 1500-1472

0000000000000

© 9000000000000

9909009000000000000

For more elaborate tables and for all the elements in upper table, see original reference.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 274 289

ATOMIC HEATS (50°K.), SPECIFIC HEATS (50°K.),
ATOMIC VOLUMES OF THE ELEMENTS

The atomic and specific heats are due to Dewar, Pr. Roy. Soc. 809A, 168, 1913

Specific | Atomic . Specific | Atomic é 7 Specific
Ele- Atomic || Ele- Atomic]| Ele-
e eat heat volume ea heat Weerenes heat

ment. —223°C. |—223°C. — 223°C.

—223°C.

Sn
Sb
I
Te
Cs
Ba
ea

0286
0240
03601
0288
0513
0350
0322
.0330
0095
0078
0099
O135
o160
0232
0235
0240
0218
O197
0138

O142
0229
0175
0208
0207
0245
0384
0258
.0361
0453
.O7II
.0550
.0262
.OI4I
.O10Q
0134
O190
0242
0308

1924
0137
0212
0137
0028
1519
0713
-O413
.0303
.0303

Oo.
°.
Oo.
Oo.
O°.
Oo.
°.
°

°

°

OOnHwW OOOOH
boise eon

2
bv

0774

0431
0546
0967
1280
o714
.0205

099900000090900000000
Coie ROOST etn HO
Gow Ginores, Sonne WOE Somat Sls
999999090900090009000
QRAARAG HH HHERAR AWE Dw
er eieeeuiaboaiy a exocceren evo aca nies

090000

* Graphite. { Diamond. t Fused. § Crystallized. {{ Impure.

References to Table 271: * Values derived from formulae recalculated by Dr. W. P.
White from Schiibel’s results. The Pt formula is from Jaeger and Rosenbaum. (1)
Schimpff values interpolated by White. (2) Eastman, William Young, 1924. (3) Magnus,
1910. (4) Anderson, 1930. (5) Ewald, 1914. (6) Linnavuori, 1922. (7) Nordmeyer,
Bernoulli, 1907-8. (8) Simon-Rubemann, 1927. (9) Humpidge, 1883. (10) Nilson,
Pettersson, 1880. (11) Magnus and Danz, 1926. (12) Kosef, 1911. (13) Moisson, Gautier,
1896. (14) Suhrmann, Liide, 1924. (15) Andrews, 1848. (16) Lange, Simon, 1928.
(17) Eckardt, Graefe, 1900. (18) Eastman, Rodebush. (19) Nernst, Lindemann, r1o11.
(20) Magnus, Hodler, 1926. (21) Dewar, 1913. (22) Hirsch, 1912. (23) Kneitsch.
(24) Schiibel, 1914. (25) Adler, 1903. (26) Eucken, Werth, 1930. (27) Richards, 1893.
(28) Griffiths, 1894. (29) Clusius, Harteck, 1928. (30) Jaeger, Diesselhorst, 1900.
(31) Bunsen, 1870. (32) Lange, 1924. (33) Estreicher, Straniewski, 1912. (34) Behn,
1900. (35) Kleinkhardt, 1927. (36) Hillebrand, 1876. (37) Keesom, 1927. (38) v. d.
Eude. (39) Bidwell, 1925. (40) Laemmel, 1905. (41) Zulinski, 1928. (42) Simon, 1922,
1923. (43) Carpenter, Stoodley, 1930. (44) Simon, Zeidler, 1926. (45) Cooper, Langstroth,
1929. (46) Regnault, 1849, 1861. (47) White, 1918. (48) Dixon, Rodebush, 1927. (49)
Noddeck, 1928. (50) Rengade, 1913. (51) Tammann. (52) Gronow. (53) Anderson, 1930.
(54) Magnus, 1923. (55) Umino, 1926. (56) Mondain, Monval, 1926. (57) Dewar, 1905
(58) Wilgard, 1906. (59) Pirani, 1912. (60) Tilden, 1904. (61) Schmitz, 1903. (62)
Wilson, 1883. (63) Rodebush, 1923. (64) Pionchon, 1886. (65) Zwikker, 1928. (66)
Jaeger, Rosenbaum, 1930. (67) Bliimcke, 1885. (68) Mache, 1897. (69) Clusius, Harteck,
1928,

References to Table 276: R, Regnault. L, Lorentz. T, Tomlinson. JD, Jaeger, Diessel-
horst. M, Mazotto. S, Schtiz. P, Person. W, Wachsmuth. Z. Zouloff. HM, H. Meyer.
B, Batelli. GT, Gee and Terry. RW, R. W. Weber.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

290 TABLES 275 AND 276
TABLE 275.—Specific Heat of Various Solids

Temperature Specific | Authority
sc heat See p. 289

Alloys:
Bell metal 15-98 0.0858
Brass, red oO -08991
‘* yellow oO .08831
80 Cu + 20 Sn 14-98 .0862
Constantan, 60 Cu, 4o Ni 18 .0977
“ ~ 100 -1018
German silver 0-100 .09464
Lipowitz alloy: 24.97 Pb + 10.13 Cd + 50.66 Bi
+ 14.24 Sn 5-50 -0345
Lipowitz alloy 100-150 .0426
Manganin: 84 Cu, 4 Ni, r2 Mn 18 .0973
“é “ec “e “eé I0O 4 1004
20-1300 27,
-0356
0552

Wood's alloy: 25.85 Pb + 6.99 Cd + 52.43 Bi
+ 14.73 Sn 3 .0352
Wood's alloy: (fluid) .0426
Miscellaneous alloys:
17.5 Sb + 29.9 Bi + 18.7 Zn + 33.9 Sn .05657
37.1 Sb + 62.9 Pb .03880
39.9 Pb + 60.1 Bi .03165
63.8 Bi + 36.2 Sn .04001
46.9 Bi + 53.1 Sn -04504
3145
Glass, normal thermometer 16!! -1988
‘French hard thermometer .1869
-I61

-117
-350
-434
-465
.487
481
10
.3768
5251
-6939
-622

a 7A
EB 27,

TABLE 276.—Specific Heat of Water and of Mercury

Specific Heat of Water. Specific Heat of Mercury.

Barnes- ||| Temper- Barnes- || Temper-| Specific Specific
Regnault.|| ature,°C. ')Regnault.| | ature,°C.| Heat. Heat.

‘Temper-
ature,°C. Barnes. | Rowland.

I.0155 - 60 0.9904 0.03346 0.03277
1.0001 1.0004 65 1.0004 -03340 -03260
1.0050 1.0053 70 I.0015 -03335 -03262
1.0020 1.0023 80 1.0042 -03330 -03255
1.0000 1.0003 90 1.0070 -03325 -03248
0.9987 0.9990 100 I.OI1OI .03320 -03241
.9978 -9908I 120 1.0162 -03316 -0324
0973 .0976 I40 1.0223 .03312 +0322
9971 -9974 160 1.0285 -03308 -0320
-9971 9974 180 1.0348 -03300 .0319
-9973 -9976 200 I.0410 -03204 -
-0977 -9980 220 1.0476 -03289 -
9982 9985 - - .03284 -

Barnes’s results: Phil. Trans. (A) 199, 19023 Phys. Rev. 15, 19023 16, 1903. (H thermometer.)
Bousfield, Phil. Trans. A 211, p. 199, 1911. Barnes-Kegnault’s as revised by Peabody ; Steam Tables.

The mercury data from o° C to 80, Barnes-Cooke(H thermometer); from go® to 140, mean of Winklemann, Naccari
and Milthaler (air thermometer); above 140°, mean of Naccari and Milthaler.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLES 277-279 291
TABLE 277.—Specific Heat of Various Liquids

Liquid. Temp.| Spec. | Au- Liquid. Temp.| Spec. | Au-

ec heat. |thority. C. | heat. |thority.

Alcohol, ethyl 2 - 5053 Ethyl ether R
se a eA Galan Glycerine
; i 648 KOH + 30H20
.590 + I00 “
.601 NaOH + 50H:0
.514 tei ebaces
.520 i NaCl + 10H.O
529 + 200 “*
.340 | E Naphthalene, CioHs... .|&
Sete tar cre -423 cs
. Gelee ee ok .482
CaCle, sp. gr. I. . 764
- ONO means eel Shas 775 Oils: castor
. 787 CltrONneee er tie
695 Olivetermac see sate
712 sesame
a7 2I5 funpeneine eee ae
.651 Retroleumbereneeeecee.
.663 Sea water, sp. gr. 1.0043.
.676 “ce ce oe “ce
CuSo, + 50 H20 .848 Cae ie eeeees
7 5 200.5 .Q51
+ 400 “ 975
Diphenylamine,

“Swi ™I ty

OOo onmnn

rs
dy uu AAO

“

ce

.464 | B ZnSO, + 50 H20...
482 | 200m

o0000000000000000000000000

References: (A) Abbot; (B) Batelli; (E) Emo; (G) Griffiths; (DMG) Dickinson,
Mueller, and George; (H—D) de Heen and Deruyts; (Ma) Marignac; (Pa) Pagliani;
(R) Regnault; (Th) Thomsen; (W) Wachsmuth; (Z) Zouloff; (HW) H. F. Weber.

TABLE 278.—Specific Heat of Liquid Ammonia under Saturation Conditions

Expressed in Caloriesx) per Gram per Degree C. Osborne and van Dusen,
Bul. Bureau of Standards, 1918.

Ri a ies Sa a aa
PER er rear Wel eee
as HRS ae a
Mee ee ety cane ctr
Ce ache ee EN
CURR ike Deen ceo aera
rege Ae ce ee ene

Bee Se ee Oe Oe OR Oe
SS Se Se ee ae RS ee

SS SO OOOO Ot

TABLE 279.—Heat Content of Saturated Liquid Ammonia

Heat content = H = € + pv, where € is the internal or intrinsic energy. Osborne and van
Dusen, Bul. Bureau of Standards, 1018.

Temperature. ..| —50° | —40° | —30°} —20° | —10°| 0° | +10° | +20° | +30° | +40° | +50°

—5§3-8|/-—43.3}-32.6]/—21.8 acl alperse +22.4|-33.9/-45-51—57-4

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

292

Substance.

Andalusite

Anhydrite, CaSOy
Apatite .

Asbestos

Augite .

Barite, BaSO,

Beryl

Borax, Na2B Or fused
Calcite, CaC :

“ “

Cassiterite SnOg
Chalcopyrite
Corundum .
Cryolite, AlpF¢. 6NaF
Fluorite, CaF
Galena, PbS.
Garnet . ; :
Hematite, Fe2O3 .
Hornblende .
Hypersthene
Labradorite .
Magnetite .
Malachite, CuyC O4Ha0
Mica (Mg) ;

it3 (K)
Oligoclase
Orthoclase .
Pyrolusite, MnO... :
Quartz, SiO ;

400-1200 |

TABLES 280 AND 281
TABLE 280.—Specific Heat of Minerals and Rocks

0-100
0-100
15-99
20-98
20-98
10-98
eee
16-98
0-50
0-100
0-300
16-98

pecific Refer-

Tempera- | Speci
ture °C, Heat. |

0.1684
1753

ence.

COM OI DAdNwwwn QuWwNwnN NUP HP HP Ree HPWOWNEH

| 4 Regnault.

Substance.

Rock-salt
Serpentine .
Siderite
Spinel .
Talc
Topaz . :
W ollastonite x“
Zinc blende, ZnS .
Zircon . :
Rocks:

Basalt, fine, black

“ “ “ce

13-45

7

0-100
19-51

0-100
21-51

12-100
20-470
470-7 50
750-880

880-1190

Dolomite

Gneiss
“

20-98
me

Granite
Kaolin
Lava, Aetna

6s “

12-100
20-98
23-100
31-776
25-100
15-100
0-100
20-98

Kilauea
Limestone .
Marble
Quartz sand
Sandstone .

“cc

1 Lindner.
2 Oeberg.
3 Ulrich.

6 Kopp.

7 Joly.
8 Pionchon.

5 Tilden. 10 R. Weber.

Tempera-
ture °C,

17-213 |

Compiled from Landolt-Bérnstein-Meyerhoffer’s Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen.

TABLE 281.—Specific Heat of Silicates

Silicate.

Albite
ReeeeOesSpan
Amphibole, Mg. silicate
glass
Andesine
| sf glass
Anorthite 6
x glass

Cristobalite

Microcline

“e

glass

| Pyroxene

Quartz

Silica glass
Wollastonite .

glass
pseudo .

“

Oo

100° | 500° |

Mean specific heats.

to

goo°

|. 1948
-1977
|. 2033
. 2040
.1925

. | -1934

. 1901

- [1883

. 1883
|. 1924
. 1939
.1871
'. 1919
. 2039

. | 1868

1845

.1852
|. 1844

. 2363
.2410
.2461
- 2474
|. 2330

. 2296
. 2305
|. 2426
.2314
|.2332
|.2262
. 2321
. 2484
- 2379
. 2302

. 2206

.2170 |.

.2561
. 2640

3

Specific |Refer-|

Heat.

0.219
-2586
1934
“194

-2092 |

True eiceiic heats.

500° | 1000°

204

*0°-1100°3
SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

t0°-1250°;

Taken from White, Am. J. Sc. 47, 1, 1919.

ence.

APN OV

WO OWUOUUONY D DAH AHW

11 Bartoli.
12 Morano.

9 Roberts-Austen, Riicker.

TABLE 282 293
SPECIFIC HEAT OF GASES AND VAPORS

Sp. ht. Range Mean |
Range of constant ‘Authorit of ratio. oF
temp. ° C pres- oe 19)

sure.

Substance. temp.
ne

.3468 | Wiedemann.
.2377 | Regnault. 20 : Moody.
A238 75 ra —79.3|1.405 | Koch, 1907.
.2366 | Holborn and | —79.3|2.333 ** 200 atm
2429 | Austin. ° : Su DES”
20-800 2430 5 500 |r. Fiirstenau.
108-220 4534 | Regnault. 53 i Jaeger.
ce = cael 10o |I. Stevens.
101-223 |o.4580 | Regnault. 100 He
23-100 5202 | Wiedemann. ° : Wiillner.
27-200 5350 i 100 i
20-90 1233 | Dittenberger.| o : Niemeyer.
34-115 2990 | Wiedemann. 20 : Pagliani.
35-180 3325 ? 60 e
eee ee le LO 2nS 3754 | Regnault. : Stevens.
Bromine 83-228 0555 HY : Strecker.
Carbon dioxide, CO2...| —28- +7 1843 s Lummer and
* f | MITs=T00 2025 - Pringsheim.
ye errno 2169 a Moody, 1912. |
monoxide, CO..| 23-99 2425 | Wiedemann. ; Willner. |
cs “a 26-1098 2426 .
‘disulphide, CS2.| 86-190 1596 | Regnault. ' Beyme.
Chlorine 16-343 1125 | Strecker. : Martini.
Chloroform, CHCl... . 27-118 .1441 | Wiedemann. ; Beyme.
sais} 28-189 1489 “ Stevens.
Ether, CsHioO 69-22 4797 | Regnault. ’ Miiller.
a Se 25-111 |o.4280 | Wiedemann. Low, 1894.
= aad — : Mean, Jeans.
13-100 1940 | Strecker. : Strecker. |
22-214 1867 | Regnault. ce 3
28-+9 |3.3996 . Lummer and
12-198 |3.4090 + Pringsheim.
21-100 .4100 | Wiedemann. : Hartmann.
20-206 .2451 | Regnault. : Capstick.
al od ; Ramsay, ’12. |
Mercury — — ; Kundt and
Warburg.
Methane, CH, Regnault. Miiller.
== Ramsay, 712
Regnault. : Cazin.
Holborn and ; Masson.

Austin.
“ce

26-110

—30—--LO
0-200
20-440
20-630

oo0o0o000 0

“cer

“ce ce

OLONONON ONO) ONONONORO) OVMOKOVO TORO TOO

OWwWwWw Od

°

ce

Nitric oxide, NO

1 ( Regnault.
Nitrogen tetroxide, NOs.
“ce “ “ee

Berthelot and : Natanson.
Olger.

“ce “ec “cc

Nitrous oxide, N.O....
“ “ a“

Regnault. : Wiillner.
Wiedemann. s

Leduc, ’98.
Regnault. i Lummer and
Holborn and Pringsheim.
Austin.

Regnault. 4A |I. Miiller.
Thiesen. : Beyme.

rs Jaeger.
ae Makower.
Xenon . Ramsay,’ 12.

Sulphur dioxide, SO...
Water vapor, H,O

“ “ce

DOOD TODO DODOHHOOON0D
.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 283
LATENT HEAT OF FUSION
The values indicated by * were chosen by Dr. W. P. White of the Carnegie Geophysical

294

Laboratory.

Temp.

Element 2¢

Al
Sb

Cal./g

657
630
—190
269
a
321
285
809
1600
1489
1083
1063
— 249
1528
327

93
39
6.64
12.8
16
12.8
3.8
78
70
64
49-3
15.9
14
49.3
6

* Via Dr. W. P. White.

Temp.
He

650
SOT
1450
—2I10
—219
58

39
217
960
98
II5
232
420

w
5,

—
* OV
wm

oro

% bE FCO ty *

wa

26.6

+ Mean of several. (1) Eucken-Hauck, 1928. (2) Regnault. (3) Rengade,

1913. (4) Zalesinski, Zulinski, 1928. (5) Umino, 1926. (6) Thun. (7) White, 1921. (8) Monval.

Compound

BaCl,
Cac
KCl

NaCl
SrCly

Cal./g

28

54
86
124
26

Ref.

Plato, 1906

Compound

Anorthite
Albite

Diopside
Quartz

Cristobalite

Cal./g

104
48.5

100
50

305

Ref.
Bowen, 1922

eé ae
White

Sosman
Kracek, 1930

Substance

Alloys: 30.5Pb + 69.5Sn
36.9Pb + 63.1Sn
63.7Pb + 36.3Sn
77.8Pb + 22.2Sn

Britannia metal, gSn + 1Pb

Rose's alloy,

24Pb + 27.3Sn + 48.7Bi
5 25.8Pb + 14.7Sn

Wood's alloy ie 52.4Bi + Ae

Ammonia

Benzole

oe

‘““ (from sea water)

Naphthalene

Potassium nitrate

Phenol

Paraffin

Sodium
“nitrate

‘* phosphate

Spermaceti

Wax (bees)

1 Total heat from o°C.

C

Composition

Cal./g

Authority

PbSn,
PbSn 3
PbSn

Pb.Sn

3
CeHe
HO

“cc

H20 + 3.53

of solids
CioHs
KNO;
CsH,O
Na
NaNO;
NasH PO,\
12H.O

2 —8.7

79.8
333-5
25-3

52.40

97
305.8
36.1

43-9
61.8

17,
15-5
11.6
9-54
28.0!

6.85
8.40
108

30.6
79-63

79-59
54.0

35-62
48.9
24.93
35.10
31.7
64.87
66.8

36.98
42.3

7
7

Spring

sa

Ledebur

Mazzotto

“c

Massol

Mean

Dickinson, Harper,
Osborne?

Smith?

Pettersson

Pickering

Person

Pettersson

Batelli
Joannis

ae

Batelli
Mean

2 Bureau of Standards, 1013, in terms of 15° calorie. :
$1903, based on electrical measurements, assuming mechanical equivalent = 4.187, and in terms of the
value of the international volt in use after 1911.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 284 AND 285

TABLE 284.—Latent Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Element tC
Sb 755
A I atm.
Ba, | 1537
Bi 920
Br 60+

Cd 778
(Ca 143.9
Ol — 63
Fl —188.2
He —271.3
He —253

Zn
o

+ DN HD BH HW ND

Element
I
Kr
Pb
Li
Mg
Hg
N
Or
Sr
xX
Zn

+ Mean; (1) Tait, 1914. (2) Eucken, 1916. (3) Hartmann, Schneider, 1929. (4) Egerton, 1917. (5) Cady
Hildebrand, 1930. (6) Dana, Onnes, 1925. (7) Favre, Silbermann (old). (8) Peters, Weil, 1930. (9) Alt, 1906.

(10) Peters, Weil, 1930.

TABLE 285.—Latent Heat of Vaporization of Liquids

Substance

Alcohol: Ethyl

ac

“é

Methyl

Aniline

Benzene

Carbon dioxide, solid
“ae ae liquid

“ee

disulphide

“e

Chloroform
Ether

Ethyl bromide
‘chloride
‘« iodide

Heptane

Hexane

Octane

Pentane

Sulphur dioxide

Toluol
Turpentine

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

Authority

Wirtz
Regnault

“ie

Wirtz
Ramsay and Young

Mean
Wirtz
Favre
Cailletet and Mathias

Mathias

Wirtz
Regnault

Wirtz
Regnault

Wirtz
Regnault
Mean
Young

ae

Cailletet and Mathias

Mean
Brix

296 TABLES 286-288
TABLE 286.—Latent and Total Heat of Vaporization, Formulae

7 = latent heat of vaporization at °C; H = total heat from fluid at o° to vapor at #?C. T° refers to Kelvin
scale. Same units as preceding table.

0.5 + 0.36644! — 0.000516 —3° to 147°
-23356f + 0.000553582 —3 147

’ Acetone, C3H6O 4
3

30. .27287t + 0.00015717 —3 147
° .24420f — 0.00013157 7 215
18. 485(31 — t) — 0.4707(31 — t)? 25 31
.o + 0.14601! — 0.0004123f —6 143
-5 + 0.16993t — o.ooror161f + 0.05342/3 —6 143
-5 — 0.06530 — 0.0010976f + 0.053423 —6 143
.o + 0.14625t — 0.0001722 163
°
°

Benzene CgHg....
Carbon dioxide
Carbon bisulphide, CS2... .

Carbon tetrachloride, CCl.
.9 + 0.17867 -0009590% + 0.0537338 163
9 — 0.01931 .ooto05o0s5 + 0.0537338 163
.O + 0.1375! 159
.o + 0.14716 0.0000937/2 1590
.0 — 0.08510 0.0001444f 159
.O + 0.45000! — 0.0005556/ I2I

94.0 — 0.07g900f 0.0008514f 121

177000 — 2.57 (cal/g-atom)

68.85 — 0.2736T

131.75(36.4 — tl) — 0.928(36.4 — #)?

69.67 — 0. 2080T

128000 — 2.57 (cal/g-atom)

91.87 — 0.3842t — 0.0003 40/7 °

217800 — 1.87 (cal/g-atom) —

oO

Chloroform, CHCl3........

Ether, CsHi00

Molybdenum

Nitrogen, Ne

Nitrous oxide, N20........
Oxygen, O2

Platinum

Sulphur dioxide...........
Tungsten

Water, H20

20

638.9 +.0.3745(t — 100) — 0.00099(t — 100)?
= 94.210(365 — #)31249 (See Table 290)

MUMS POP AWssWssnesnoOnssn

I0o

R, Regnault; W, Winkelmann; C, Cailletet and Mathias; A, Alt.; D, Davis; H, Henning; L, Langmuir.

TABLE 287.—Latent Heat of Vaporization of Ammonia

CALORIES PER GRAM

© COWWO

HO COOH CO Co Don

RAO aN

Osborne and van Dusen, Bul. Bureau Standards, 14, p. 439, 1918.

TABLE 288.—‘‘ Latent Heat of Pressure Variation’? of Liquid Ammonia

When a fluid undergoes a change of pressure, there occurs a transformation of energy into heat or vice versa, which
results in a change of temperature of the substance unless a like amount of heat is abstracted or added. This change
expressed as the heat so transformed per unit change of pressure is the “latent heat of pressure variation.”’ It is ex-
pressed below as Joules per gram per kg/cm?. Osborne and van Dusen, Joc. cil., p. 433, 1918.

Temperature° C]| —44.1 39. : : 5 +26.5 +35.4 + 40.3

Latent heat.... .055 .O5 : : : —.123 —.140 —.150

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 289
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF SATURATED WATER AND STEAM

2o7

(Osborne, Stimson, Fiock, Bur. Standards Journ. Res., 5, 411, 1930.)

Accuracy: It is estimated that there is only one chance in 100 that the values given for
H differ from the truth by as much as one part in 2000; it is equally unlikely that the values
for L and H' are as much as 1.5 joules/g from the truth in the range of the experiments,

100°-270°C.

Heat con-
tent of
Temperature, °C liquid, 1
Int.
joules/g

oO

42.02
83.83
. 125.59
167.34
209.11

.. 250.90
202.75
334-66

.. 376.65
. 418.75

460.97
. 503.36
545-93
588.71
631.75

675.06
718.66
a8 702572
ne OO7eL5
. 852.02

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

Latent
heat, L

Int.
joules/g

2494.02

2472.26
2450.17
2427.73
2404.90
2381.64

2357-91
2333-65
2308.32
2283.38
2257-24

2230.35
2202.65
2174.04
2144.44
2113.76

2081.89
2048.72
2014.10
1977-89
1939.93
1900.00
1857.89

1813.33
1766.02

1715-59
1661.60
1603.51

Heat con-
tent of
vapor, H'
Int.
joules/g

2494.02

2514.28
2534.00
2553-32
2572.24
2599.75

2608.81
2626.40
2643.48
2660.03
2675-99

2691.32
2706.01
2719.97
2733-15
2745-51

2756.95
2767.38
2776.82
2785.04
2791.95

2797-35
2801.13
2803.08
2802.99
2800.56

2795-47
2787.83

Entropy—
of liquid
d

Int.
joules/g°C

Oo

-I511
.2962
4363
-5719
-7032

.8305
9543
1.0746
1.1918
1.3064

1.4177
1.5268
1.6335
1.7381
1.8407

1.9416
2.0406
2.1384
2.2348
2.3299
2.4239
2.5169

2.6091
2.7007

2.7919
2.8828
2.9746

of vapor
gpl

Int.
joules/g°C
9.132

8.884
8.656
8.446
8.253
8.074

7-999
7-756
AOL 3)
7.480
7-356

7.240
7.130
7.027
6.929
6.837

6.749
6.664.

6.584
6.506
6.430
6.357
6.285
6.213
6.143
6.072
6.000
5-927

298 TABLE 290

PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM
Metric and Common Units 0° to 220° C

Reprinted by permission of the author and publishers from ‘‘ Tables of the Properties of Steam,’’ Cecil H. Peabody,
8th edition, rewritten in 1909. Calorie used is heat required to raise 1 Kg. water from 15° to 16°C. B. T. U. is heat
required to raise 1 pd. water from 62° to 63° F. Mechanical Equiv. of heat used, 778 ft. pds. or 427m. Kg. Specific
heats, see Barnes-Regnault-Peabody results, p. 227. Heat of Liquid, q. heat required to raise 1 Kg. (1 Ib.) to corre-
sponding temperature from 0° C. Heat of vaporization, r. heat required to vaporize 1 Kg. (1 lb.) at corresponding tem-
perature to dry saturated vapor against corresponding pressure; see Henning, Ann. der Phys., 21, p. 849, 1906. Total
Heat, H ena, see Davis, I'r. Am. Soc. Mech. Eng., 1908.

Heat of the Heat of Heat Rauivaieae
Vaporization. Titernal Wane

Pressure. Liquid.

Degrees
Centigrade.

Degrees
Fahrenheit.

Temperature |
‘Lemperature

Mm of Kg Pds. ~ . - 2 : 5 :
Mercury. per sq. cm | per sq. in. Calories. |B. T. U.|Calories.| B. T. U. |Calories.| B. T. U.
p- p. ; q- q- ie r. p- p.

4.579 | 0.00623 | 0.0886 0.0 | 595-4 | 1071.7 | 565.3 | 1017.5
6.541 | .00889 1265 592.8 | 1067.1 | 562.2 | Io1l.9
9.205 | .01252 1780 590.2 | 1062.3 | 559.0 | 1006.2
12.779 | .01737 -2471 587-6 | 1057.6 | 555-9 | 1000.5
17.51 .02381 -3386 36.1 | 584.9 | 1052.8 | 552.7 | 994.8

23.69 03221 4581 582.3 | 1048.1 | 549.5 | 989.1
31.71 04311 .6132 . 579.0 | 1043-3 | 546.3 | 983.4
42.02 05713 8126 ‘ 576.9 | .1038.5 | 543-1 977-6
55-13 07495 1.0061 | 40. © | §74.2 | 1033-5 | 539-9 | 971.7
71.66 .09743 1.3858 $70.3) |) oz8-4..1 636.5) | NeOs.7.

92.30 .12549 1.7849 568.4 | 1023.2 | 533-0 | 959.6
117.85 .16023 2.279 8 : 565.6 | 1018.2 | 529.7 | 953-5
149.19 .20284 2.885 562.8 | 1013.1 | 526.4 | 947-5
187.36 2547 3.623 .98 559-9 | 1007.8 | 523.0 | 941.3
233:53 “3175 4.516 556.9 | 1002-5 | 519.5 | 935-0

289.0 +3929 5-589 554-0 | 997-3 | 516.0 | 928.8
355-1 4828 6.867 551.1 | ‘991.9 | 512.6| . 922.6
433-5 5894 8.383 548.1 | 986.5 | 509.1 916.3
525-8 .7149 10.167 544-9 | 980.9 | 505-4 | 909.9

546.1 7425 | 10.560 544-3 | 979.8 | 504.7 | 908.5
567-1 -7710 10.966 Jal S43:7) | 97047 || 504-0) 007.2
588.7 .8004 11.384 : 543-1 977-6 | 503-3 | 906.0
611.0 .8307 Ir.815 542.5 | 976.5 | 502.6 | 904.7

634.0 .8620 12.260 541-9 | 975-4 | 501-9 | 903.4
657-7 8942 12.718 541-2 | 974.2 | 501.1 | 902.1
682.1 .9274 13.190 8:| 540.6 | 973.1 | 500.4 | 900.8
707-3 -9616 539-9 | 971-9 | 499.6 | 899.4
733-3 9970 539-3 | 9708 | 498.9 | 898.2

760.0 1.0333 : 538-7 | 969.7 | 498.2 | 896.9
787.5 1.0707 , 538.1 968.5 : 895.5
815.9 1.1093 , Baraat || Cisne 3 894.1
845.1 1.1490 : 530.8 | 966.2 5 892.9
875.1 1.1898 : 530-2 | 965.1 ; 891.6

906.1 1.2319 : 535-6 | 964.0 3 890.3
937-9 1.2752 . 534-9 | 962.8 s 889.0
970.6 1.3196 : 534-2 | 961.6 : 887.6
1004.3 1.3653 : : Bt 960.5 : 886.3
1038.8 1.4123 : Be: 959-3 d 885.0

958.1 i 883.6
956.9 : 882.3
955-7 : 880.9
954-5 7 | 879.5
953-3 878.2

1074.5 1.4608
Te Tey 1.5106
1148.7 1.5017
1187.4 1.6144
122790 1.6684

NO NSN
tN Ove COON
mo WOn+f ON

NNN Wk

ITO GNHHAO

1267.9 1.7238
1309.8 1.7808
1352.8 1.8393
1397.0 1.8993
| 119 | 1442.4 1.9611

952.1 876.8
950.8 ; 875.4
949-5 ‘5 | 873-9
948.4 : 872.6
947-2 871.3

td NHN N

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 290 (continued)

PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM

Metric and Common Units 0° to 220° C

299

If a is the reciprocal of the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat, p the pressure, s and o@ the specific volumes of the
quid and the saturated vapor, s —.o, the change of volume, then the heat equivalent of the external.work is Apu =

Ap(s —¢).

solute temperature T.

Heat equivalent of internal work, p = r —
Klebe, Mitt. tiber Forschungarbeiten, 21, p. 33, 1905.

Apu.

for temperatures above 205° C corrected from Regnault.

: For experimental sp. vols. see Knoblauch, Linde and
Entropy = S dQ/T, where dQ = amount of heat added at ab-
For pressures of saturated steam see Holborn and Henning, Ann. der Phys. 26, p. 833, 19083

Heat Equivalent
of External
Work.

Degrees
Centigrade.

Temperature

Calories.| B.T.U.

Apu.

Entropy
of the
Liquid.

Entropy
of Evapo-
ration.

Specific Volume.

Cubic Meters
per Kilo-
gram.

Cubic Feet
per
Pound.

Ss s

55.2
50.1
57.1

>

59.0

59-9
60.9
61.8
62.7

Ko Go Go Wa
HW

Coa 6

64.6
65-6
66.5
67.4

hopOD

W Gs Oo WO

69.3
70.2
71.0

71-5
71.6
71.8

t

YEQwrp ppny
nw wv O CO Dur =

“Im
BO 9
COM]

206.3
147.1
100.3
TE
57.8

3394:
2356.
1703.
1248.

926.

43-40
92:95
25.25
19:57
ae

12.02
9.56
7.66
6.19
5:04

4.130
3-404
2.824
2.358

2.275

2.197
2.122

2.050

1.980
1.913
1.849
1.787
1.728

1.671
1.617
1.564
1.514
1.465

1.419
1.374
1.331
1.289
1.248

172

. /-
-136
101
1.068

Density.

Kilograms
per Cubic
Meter:

i

s

0.0048 5

.00680
00941
01283
O17 30

02304
03035
03960
.OSII
.0656

.08 32
.1046
.1305
L615
-1984

.2421
.2938
3541
4241

4395
4552
471
487

°505
523

Pounds

per
Cubic Foot.

1
ial
0.000303
.000424
.000587
.OOCSOI
.0O1T080

001439
001894
00247 I
.003190
004092

00519
.00053
.00814
.01008

.01239

.O1510
01835
02211
.02648

02743
.02842
.02941
03043

03149
.03260
03375
03492
.03611

103734
.03861

.03990
.04124
.04261

.04400
04543
04692
04845
.0500

0516
-0$33
.0550
.0507
0585

.0603
.0622
0641
.0659

.0679

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.
To

Temperature
Degrees
Fahrenheit.

300 TABLE 290 (continued)

PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM
Metric and Common Units 0° to 220° C

= ===
eo. Heat of H f Heat Equival Eo ess a
5 gg Pressure the ieee Vac uneaiors ceaiwore A 3
BE Fae BES

| Qos Mm Kg Pds. : , SI
EQS of per sq. per sq. | Calories. |B T. U. | Calories. | B. T. U. | Calories | B. T. U. EQ's

| LY |Mercury cm in. Be
t. P- P. P- q q: r r. p p.

| 120 1489 2.024 28.79 12014 alee O.7 525-6 | 946.0 | 483.4 | 870.0 | 2

121 1537 2.089 29.72 121.4 218.5 524-9 944.5 482.6 | 868.6 | 2

122 1586 | 2.156 30.66 122.5 -220:4.a| 52422. | 04325) || 480-8) | MOOzaEa ima

| 123 | 1636 | 2.224 31.64 P2gt5 wiecao.e: + 52315 9) 042.3" 4OT-O hh GO5.01 nln i2

| 124 | 1688 | 2.294 Be2'O4u||| el2dshn lezen 522.8 | 941.0 | 480.2 | 864.3 | 2

| 125" |) 07400)|).2-366 33-66 | 125-5 | 225.9 | 522-1 | 939.9 | 479-4 | 863-0 | 257.0
126 | 1795 | 2.440 34.71 12625) 227-7 521.4 | 938.6 | 478.6 | 861.6 | 258.8

| 127 1850 | 2.516 36.78 || T2725.) 229.5) | 520-7) || 987-35 || 477-0 ||) G00-251|) 260-6
128 | 1907 | 2.593 36.88 | 128.6 | 231.4 | 520.0 | 936.1 | 477.0 | 858.8 | 262.4
129 | 1966 | 2.673 38.01 129.6 | 233.3 | 519-3 | 934.8 | 476.3 | 957-4 | 264-2
130 | 2026 | 2.754 39-17 | 130.6 | 235.1 | 518.6 | 933-6 | 475.5 | 856.0 | 266.0 |
131 2087 2.837 40.36 | 131.6 | 236.9 | 517-9 | 932-3 | 474-7 | 854-6 | 267.8 |
1320 2U5Ons 2.923 Ale G7) il 032-08| 280+7) al 5 loll OR Mal 474.0 | 853.2 | 269.6
133) ||) 2204 \\" Zoro 42.81 133-7 | 240.6 | 516.6 | 929.8 | 473.3 | 851.8 | 277.4)
134 | 2280 | 3,100 44.00. | 134.7 | 242.4 |) 515.9..| 928:5 ||| 472151) S§0:45)|| (2732

| 135 | 2348 | 3.192 45:30) [13570 | 244.2 |) 55-0 1927-24) 471.6) | a4e:oniizne om
136 2416 3.285 46.73 136.7 246.0 | 514.4 | 925.9 | 470.8 | 847.5 | 276.8 |
137 2487 3-382 48.10 137-7 247.9 513-7, | 924:6 | 470.0 | 846: | 278:69)
138 | 2560 3-480 49.50 | 138.8 | 249.7 513.0 | 923-3 | 469.3 | 844.6 | 280.4
139 | 2634 | 3.581 50.93 | 139.8 | 251.6 | 512.3 | 922.1 | 468.5 | 843.3 | 282.2

|, 1401 2710 3-684 52-39 140.8 253.4 511.5 | 920.7 | 467.6 | 841-8 | 284.0
141 | 2787 | 3-789 | 53.89 | 141.8 | 255.3 | 510.7 | 919.3 | 466.8 | 840.2 | 285.8 |

| 142 | 2866 | 3.897 BAB ue U42-0 m | eaiczar 510.1 | o18.1 | 466.1 | 838.9 | 2876 |

liens 2948 | 4.008 57.00 143-9 259.0 509.3 | 916.7 465.3 | 837-4 | 289.4

291.2

| 144 | 3030 | 4.121 58.60 144.9 | 260.8 508.6 | 915.4 464.4 | 835.9
| digs @SEES, i 42230 60.24 145.9 262.7 507-8 | 914.1 463.6 | 834-5
| 146 3202 4.354 61.92 146.9 264.5 507.1 912.8 462.8 | 835-1
| 147 3291 4.474 63.64 148.0 266.4 506.4 | o1t.5 | 462.0 | 831.6
| 148 | 3381 | 4.507 65.39 | 149.0 | 268.2 | 505.6 | 910.1 461.2. | 830.1
| 149 | 3474 | 4-723 67.18 150.0 270.1 504.9 | 908.8 | 460.4 | 828.7
150 | 3569 | 4.852 69.01 mgt) || Zito) || Hoyle | Coyatl |) AGG || wee
I51 | 3665 | 4.984 70.000 |e L521 273.8 | 503.4 | 906.1 | 458.7 | 825.7
152 | 3764 5.118 72.79 153-1 275-6 502.6 | 904.7 457.9 | 824.2
153 | 3865 | 5.255 | 74-74 | 154-1 | 277-4 | 501-9 | 903-3 | 457-1 | 822.7
154 | 3968 | 5.395 76.73 155-1 279.2 501.1 901.9 | 456.3 | 821.2
155 | 4073 | 5-538 Te |) TiO || eeritel 500.3 | 900.5 | 455.4 | 819.6
156 | 4181 5.684 | 80.84 Tig 7e2 283.0 | 499.6 | 809.2 454.6 | 818.2
157 | 4290 | 5.833 82.96 | 158.2 284.8 | 498.8 | 897.8 | 453.8 | 816.7
158 | 4402 | 5.985 85.12 TSQi3)4 |) 280.7 ||) AOS) So6:5) ||| 453-0) || Siis33
159 | 4517 | 6.141 87.33 | 160.3 | 288.5 | 497-3 | 895.1 | 452.1 | 813.7

160 | 4633 | 6.300 89.59 161.3 || 2090:4.' 496;5 || 893.7, || 451-2 ,| Siz.2
161 4752 6.462 91.89 162.3 292.2 495-7 $92.3 450.4 | 810.7
162 4874 6.628 94.25 163.4 294.1 494.9 | 890.9 449.5 | 809.2
163 | 4998 | 6.796 96.65 164.4 295.9 | 494.2 889.5 | 448.7 | 807.7
164 5124 | 6.967 99.09 165.4 297.7 493.4 | 888.1 447.9 | 806.2

165 5253 7.142 | 101.6 166.5 299.6 492.6 | 886.7 447.0 | 804.7
166 5384 | 7.320 | 104.1 167.5 301.5 | 491.9 | 885.4 | 446.3 | 803.3
LOZ |S SUS 725020 OO. 168.5 | 303-3 | 491.1 | 883.9 | 445.4 | 801.7
168 | 5655 | 7.688 | 109.4 169.5 | 305.1 | 490.3 | 882.5 | 444.6 | 800.1
NOON MG ZOA Ml 7RO7 TU ele. 170.6 | 307.0 | 489.5 | 881.0 | 443-7 | 798.5

mw WN th

Pu Oe

G2 Go God Gd GD

i
G2 Gd G2 G2 Gd

SMITHSONIAN TABLES,

TABLE 290 (continued) 301

PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM
Metric and Common Units 0° to 220° C

|

Heat Equivalent . :
of External Work. Specific Volume. Density.

Entropy Entropy
of the of Evapo- ; SF
Liquid. ration. Cubic Cubic Kilograms|} Pounds
Calories.| B. T. U. Meters per} Feet per | per Cubic! per Cubic
Kilogram. Pound. Meter. Foot.

Temperature
Degrces
Centigrade.
Temperature
Degrees
Fahrenheit.

Ss

14.28
13.86
13.46
I 3.07
12.69

HHH
NNN NL

12.33
11.95
11.64
11.32
11.00

10.70

10.40

10.12
9.839
9.569

9.309
9.060
8.820
8.587
8.360

8.140
7.926
7-719
7-519
7.326

7-139

6.957
6.780

Noh

& ROO

toh

2.885
259
3-032
3.108
3-185

3.265
3-345
3:425
S255
3-582

WWW OW
NWNNN
SMUwW = 0

3.664
3-75"
3.842
3-937
4.032

baw WO
AEROS
N+ OCO

| Ww WW Od

NNHNN
}inkWW N

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

302 TABLE 290 (continued)

PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM
Metric and Common Units 0° to 220° C

Heat of Heat of Heat Equivalent

Pressure. the Liquid. Vaporization. of Internal Work.

Mm Kg
of per sq. . | Calories. | B. T. U. | Calories. | B. T. U. | Calories.
Mercury. cm in.

p p- q- q- ie : p-

Temperature
Degrees
Centigrade.
Temperature
Degrees
Fahrenheit.

5937 : 171.6 | 308.9 | 488.7 ; 442.8
6081 ; : 172.6 | 310.7 | 487.9 | 878. 441.9
6229 : 2 173 7aalG le. 0. | 4oza0 376. 441.1
6379 A 3: L74s7e 304.5 |) 480:3 : 440.2
6533 : Zon 75 7ea ng LO-3) 4535 : 439-4

6689 : ; 176.8 | 318.2 | 484.7 3 438.5
6848 ; : 177.8 | 320.0 | 483.9 5 437-7
7010 : i 178.8 ON 483.1 5 | 436.8
7175 : : 179.9 g 482.3 436.0
7343 98 ; 180.9 : 481.4 ! 435.0

7514 : 181.9 : 480.6 : 434.2
7688 : 183.0 | 329. 4798
7866 os 184.0 : 479.0
8046 4 185.0 478.2
8230 ’ 186.1 : 477.4

8417 : 187.1 ; 476.6
8608 ; 188.1 ‘ 4757
8802 : 189.2 : 474.8
8999 «22 A. 190.2 s 474.0
g200 4 191.2 ; 473-2

9404 : 192.3 : 472.3
g612 193-3 ‘9 | 471-5
9823 : ; 194.4 ; 470.6

10038 4 4 195-4 ; 469.8
10256 3 ; 196.4 : 468.9

10480 ‘ 202. : , 468.1
10700 : : : ‘ 467.2
10930 3 ‘ : : 466.4
11170 : i ; : 465.6
II410 ; 20. : ; 464.7

463.8
462.9
462.1
461.2
460.3

11650
11890
12140
12400
12650

NN HH NN

DOW how dvd vd
On OLR Ee NOI cn

CR RHO C}O NN OON

12920
13180
13450
13730
14010

459.4
458.6
457-7
456.8
455-9

455.0
454.1
453-2

452.4

451-5

450.6
449.6
448.7
447.8
446.9

NNHN HN

“J

14290
14580
14870
15170
1$470

ybybnn
Oo COCon!I
by Dow

| ONE NOM al os SOC ICO

15780
16090
16410
16730
17060

NR NH WN

WN Se

WW WW WD
=
Con Go HH

tm Ne

nN
bo

17390 446.0

w
| Go
Go

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

Heat Equivalent

|

200 47.3 | 85.1
201 47.3 85.2
202 47-3 85.2
203 47-4 85.3
204 47-4 85.3
47-4 | 85.4
47-5 | 85.4
47-5 | 85.5
47-5 | 85.5
47-5 | 85.5
47-5 | 85.5
47.5 | 85.5
47-5 85.6
47-5 85.6
47-5 85.6
47-5 85.6
47-5 85.6
47-5 | 85.6
47-5 | 85.6
47-5 85.6
47-5 85.6

5 ug | of External Work.
eos
Bee
EA § |Calories.| B. T. U.
H YU
t. Apu. Apu
170 45:9 $2.6
171 46.0 82.7
172 46.0 82.8
173 461 82.9
174 40.1 $3.0
175 | 46.2 | 83.1
176 46.2 83.2
177 46.3 83.3
178 AGcl Osa:
179 | 46.4 | 83-5
180 46.4 83.6
181 40.5 83.7
182 46.5 | 83.8
183 46.6 83.8
184 46.6 83.9
185 46.7 84.0
186 46.7 | 84.1
187 46.8 84.2
188 46.8 84.3
189 46.9 | 84.3
190 46.9 | 84.4
IgI 47.0 84.5
192 47.0 84.6
193 47.0 84.6
194 47.0 84.7

Entropy
of the
Liquid.

TABLE 290 (concluded)

PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM
Metric and Common Units 0° to 220° C

Specific

Density.

323

Volume. 4
Entropy 2 32
BAF vaRys Cubic Cubic Kilograms Pounds 3 bo ©
. Meters per | Feet per | per Cubic | per Cubic E A=
Kilogram. | Pound. Meter. Foot. a
= s Ss 1 Ss it.
|p 8 8
1.1029 0.2423 3.883 4.127 0.2575 338.0
1.0987 .23608 3.794 4.223 .2630 339.8
1.0944 2314 3.709 4.322 2696 341.6
1.0901 2262 3.626 4.421 2758 343-4
1.0859 2212 3-545 4.521 2821 345.2
1.0817 2164 3.467 4.621 2884 347.0
1.0775 2117 | 3-391 4.724 -2949 | 348.8
1.0733 2072 3.318 4.826 3014 350.6
1.0691 2027 | 3.247 4.933 3080 | 352.4
1.0649 1983 | 3-177 5.04 3148 | 354.2
1.0608 1941 3.109 5-15 3217 356.0
1.0567 -1899 3.041 5-27 3288 357-9
1.0525 1857 | 2.974 5-3 3362 | 359.6
1.0484 1817 2.911 5-50 3435 361.4
1.0443 1778 2.849 5-62 3510 363.2
1.0403 1740 2787 5:75 3588 365.0
1.0362 1702 2.727 5.88 .3067 360.8
1.0321 .1666 2.669 6.00 .3746 368.6
1.0280 1632 2.614 6.13 3826 370.4
1.0240 1598 2.560 6.26 3906 372.2
1.0200 1565 2.507 6.39 3989 3740
1.0160 1533 2.456 6.52 4072 | 375-8
1.0120 1501 2.405 6.66 4158 377.6
1.0080 1470 22255 6.50 4246 379-4
1.0040 1440 2.300 6.94 4336 381.2
7.09 8
7:23 354.
7:38
7-53
7-69
.9804 1274 2.041 7.84 .4900 392.0
9765 1249 2.001 5.00 .4998 393-8
9727 122 1.962 8.16 510 395-6
.g688 1201 1.923 8.33 520 397-4
.9650 L167 1.885 8.50 531 399.2
O61 1153 1.847 8.67 541 401.0
.9572 1130 1.810 8.85 SIS 402.8
9534 1108 1.774 9.03 504 404.6
.9496 1086 1.739 9.21 G75 406.4
.9458 1065 1.705 9.39 597 408.2
-9420 1044 1.673 9.58 598 410.0
9382 102 1.640 9:77 -610 411.8
9344 1004 1.608 9.96 .622 413.6
.9307 0984 1.577 10.16 634 415.4
9269 0965 1.546 10.30 .647 417.2
9232 0947 1.516 10.56 .660 419.0
9195 .0928 1.486 10.78 .673 420.8
9157 Ogto 1.458 10.99 .686 422.6
9120 0893 1.430 11.20 699 424.4
gos 4 .0876 1.403 11.41 713 420.2
0860 1.376 11.62 428.0

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 291

PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM
Common Units, 400° to 700° F.

304

Abridged from Steam Tables and Mollier’s Diagram by Keenan. Printed by permission
of the publisher, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. For detailed discussion
see Mechanical Engineering, Feb., 1929. v, specific vol., ft.3/lb.; h, total heat, enthalpy,
B.t.u./Ib.; s, entropy, B.t.u./°F./lb. The strict definition of total heat (internal energy +
144/J) is adhered to; zeros of both # and s are arbitrarily placed on the sat. liq. line at 32°F.
No internal energy values are tabulated but may be easily found by subtracting 144 pu/J
from the total heat. The energy unit, the B.t.u., is 778.57 ft.-lb. (J) is 1/180 of the change in
total heat along the saturated liquid line between 32° and 212°F. (Osborne, Fiock, Stimson.)

ae

Temp. Abs. ? _ Specific Volume _ Total Heat _ Entropy
F. ~~" ** Sat. liq. Evap. Sat. vapor Sat. liq. Evap. Sat. vap. Sat. liq. Evap. Sat. vapor
t lb./in.? of Ufg 09 hy hto a Sf Sha
400 247.25 0. 1.8421 1.8608 375.0 826 1200 s 0.9602
405 26167." 7: 1.7428 1.7615 380.4 821 1201 : -9491
410 2764720) ae 1.6493 1.6681 385.9 816 1202 : .9381
415 20240 1.5615 1.5804 391.3 811 1202 ; -9271
420 208.82) |. 1.4792 1.4982 396.8 806 1203 : -QI61
425 225.010) ie 1.4022 I.4212 402.4 801 1203 : -9052
430 BA ae ae 1.3295 1.3486 407.9 796 1203 : .8942
435 262.27) 0: 1.2610 1.2802 413.5 790 1204 : .8833
440 381.59 1.1965 1.2158 419.1 785 1204 : .8724
ie 1.1550 424.7 779 1204 : .8616
450 422101) 9: 1.0782) 1.0977, ) 430) 97.74 1204 : .8507
455 444.35 « 1.0241 1.0436 436° 768 1204 : .8398
460 466.94. 9730 .9927 442 762 1204 :
465 490.40 . -9249 .9446 447 756 1204 : .8180
470 iZle7koy ic .8793 .8991 453 750 1204 : .8071
475 540.04 . .8361 .8560 459 744 1203 d -7962
480 566:26) 7: 7951 .8151 465 738 1203 é 4 .7852
485 503-47. - 503) L704) 47 731 i202 . 7742
490 620-67 Obes BOS (AT 7aee 2 Le O2 : -7632
495 650:87/ 5: 6847 .7050 483. 718 1201 2 eu
500 68iOO) 6516 .6721 489 7II 1200 : -7410 1.4314
505 712AO) We 6201 .6408 495 704 I199 : -7299 1.4266
510 TAA TAL Ve 35903) -OLLOis) 5020) 5007, sIOS : .7187 1.4218
515 Ggkseilo) -5018 .5826 508 690 II97 : -7075 1.4170
520 SI2572) We. 5347-35557 514 682 S196 : .6963 1.4121
525 848.43. .5090 :5301 52I 675 1195 ‘ -6851 1.4073
530 Ss5ean ae 4845 .5058 527 4667 I193 ‘ .6738 1.4024
535 923-39 .- -4614 .4828 533 659 1192 . -6625 1.3975
540 962-72) 7: 4394 .4610 540 £651 IIQI ; .6512 1.3926
545 1003.4 . -4184 .4401 547 643 1189 . -6399 1.3877
550 1045.4 : .3982 .4201 553 634 1188 : .6285 1.3828
555 1088.7 : -3789 .4010 560 626 1186 : .6170 1.3778
560 1133.4 d -3605 .3828 567 618 1184 : -6056 1.3728
565 1179.7 . 3429-3654 574 609 1182 . -5940 1.3677
570. | 5227.6 : -3261 .3488 580 600 1180 : -5825 1.3626
S75 L277, 007) : 3 LOL B30) 587.5 OL ents : -5709 1.3576
580.) 1327-2 : -29049 .3180 594 581 1176 : .5592 1.3524
585)" 1379:2 .0232 28040-30377) GO2N me5 72) il ‘ -5474 1.3472
590 1432.7 : .2664. .2900 609 £562 II7I ; -5356 1.3420
595 1487.8 : 2530) -2760)) (O16; p e552) 168 ‘ .5237 1.3368
600 1544.6 : 2AOT 22642591623) 542) 166 j -5118 1.3316
610 1663.2 : -2159 .2406 638 521 1160 ; .4875 1.3208
620 ~=1788.8 -025¢ .1933 .2186 653 499 I153 : -4623 1.3093
630 1921.9 2 L720 |) LOSZ mG 7OMmn4 7/5 auld: : .4358 1.2970
640 2062.8 : 522) el 7OL 687 448 1135 : -4073 1.2836
650 2211.4 , 33h | -LOLON ss O54, 22 ‘ -3764 1.2688
660 2368.6 : LIAS) | 4a 725 ees od) LOO : -3426 1.2523
670)8 253452 : 0966 .1269 748 344 1092 : -3049 1.2336
I
I
if
Mis

445 401.70 1356

680 2709.7 : O71 | .TTO2 Wie 299) 1072 : .2619 1.2119
690 2896.8 : -0589 .0936 1044 : -2098 1.1852
700 3096.4 2 -0353 .0747 1003 : 1354 1.1471

1102
1.0785

705) 3202.0 ‘ .0135 .0597 73) (962 : .0630
706.1 3226.0 : oO .0522 O 925 oO

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 292
PROPERTIES OF SUPERHEATED STEAM

Common Units, 212° to 3000°F.

305

(Abridged from Steam Tables and Mollier’s Diagram by Keenan, 1930. Printed by permission of
publisher, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.)

Abs. P.

at pSate ase 200°F. 300°F. 400°F. 500°F. 600°F. 700°F. 800°F. 900°F. 1000°F.
OL02N 26182 27-167 930552) ) 34:65) 9 38575) 942283)" 46.91% 50:97 55:03 59:09

14.696 LSOO MSO MeUT SA. eo? seeT2304. T2860n Iss4e 882; ) 4325" 14835) 0535:
ir200)) 0.3119 1-7564 1.762 1.815 1.873 1.925 1.972 2.016 2.057 2.096 2.133
0.017 8.514 v SH, One OO: OOM lil Ol D255 Cian alia 7/Ane iA OGi me STONn As ln7234.

50 250.0 1173.5 h TSA 224202) sei olen 4ST 048255 534.
(281.01) 0.4111 1.6580 S 1HO7 2 e734 e787.) IES sOle IeSSOn 81-922) | 1:96 12998
0.018 4.426 Uo) Waser: © 4.93 5.58 6.21 6.83 7.44 8.04 8.64

100 298.3 1186.6 ne [227 127, S68 SON Ie Oem TAZON SUAS Te | T533.
(327.83) 0.4742 1.6022 Sho | ans T-O5 a 9) 1: OO ume SA et Ol Il O4A aL OOAN O27
0.018 3.010 Orr ol eoits s.: aaa 3.68 4.11 4.53 4.94 5.34 5-75

150 330.4 1194. eh eee I2TOs 1272. eee eT ONe TAZ 7A UAT Ol 6 532.
(358.43) 0.5140 1.569 Sy) fatten T5000 | 1-050 lO le 7/50 81-7909 ose | 0.870
0.018 2.285 Ua uh iectensa: 2.258 23722 3.06 3.38 3.69 4.00 4.30

200 355- 1198. Dea Wesocer WANOS | WA IAG Bey IAS ante
(381.82) 0.543 1.545 Sei. alisietns 1559) 12022) | 1hO7ON 17235 81.766, 0-806) 1.6438
0.0189 1.541 DOM Westeeiare <P iaspreens 1.765 2.002 2.224 2.438 2.646 2.849

300 2947 1202: | Mame Bessie merece 125 77ee PI Qe ees OOm A224) 047506 520°
MEM HLO-5883.- 1.510 S| Ji nset)). seaes 1,569, 16260 “t675, 1.719. | "760, © 11708
0.0194 1.160 Ur iM Bis. |e rkeias T2202) Sed 7A OAZe a OL2.) 1eO70 2202'5

400 424. 1204. Wi rte cto ea So 12 Ane 3 OOM O2 mI O- mel A7 25 un sl 277e
(444.58) 0.622 1.484 Sie whe ae a aphiots E528: 1588 1.6040 1-685 1.727 1:766
0.0198 0.926 v = sp. vol. ©1901) 1.156) ie ZOlee e436) 9-566) 1.600

500 450. 1204. h = total heat 12305) “12075 13574) 144s 1469, 91525:
0.649 1.463 S = entropy 49. 15558 “GeOrme 91-659) 1.70n) 1.740

500°F. 550°F. 600°F. 650°F. 700°F. 750°F. 800°F. 850°F. 900°F. 950°F. r1000°F.

0.0202 0.768 0.792 0.873 0.943 1.008 1.069 ..... Melel®) AES. 2d ac 1.400

600 A 2202 merle 5s L255.) L259 sl 320m tS 5ilen. 6 WOO, = Ih NCD Saeoe 1523.
mS017) 0.673 1.445 1.458 1.499 1.532 1.561 1.587 ..... 1keeXo), Si _Wdeve), caace 1.720
0.0206 0.653 v 0.725 0.791 0.849 0.904 ..... KOO) Sadie WLOS ee 1.193

700 493. 1200. EP I2425 128051313. 13455. 200: LAOS eee AGS 1521.
(503.04) 0.694 1.429 Ss Te AY72 ee 5 OSE 530) le 5 O fume: IOI? “Sobor lt GOT Metso 1.702
0.0209 0.565 UY) ) (OL6T3 01675, 0:729) 07,79) a.-4- 0.872 0.916 0.958 0.998 1.037

800 Hl2s L197. LEI220 270 al OS a lS3 oanee ee 1400. 1430. 1460. 1489. I519.
(518.18) 0.714 1.414 Ss 1.446 1.486 1.519 1.548 ..... 1.599 1.623 1.645 1.666 1.686
0.0213 0.497 205523) O25 840010309 0 082ee gas ae 0.768 0.807 0.845 0.882 0.917

900 530. I193. LI ZTARMI2 O04 207413325 nee 1396. 1427. 1457. 1487. 1517.
(531.95) 0.731 1.401 Ss MAD. 460M t.5O0) D508 ere 1.583 1.607 1.630 1.652 1.672
, 0.0217 0.442 v 0.450 0.5I1I 0.560 0.604 0.645 0.684 0.720 0.755 0.788 0.820
1000 546. 1190. h 1197. 1249. 1289. 1325. 1358. 1391. 1423. 1454. 1484. I5I15.
(544.58) 0.747 1.388 S 1.395 1.446 1.483 1.514 1.538 1.569 1.593 1.617 1.639 1.660
0.0239 0.274 v 0.279 0.330 0.368 0.401 0.432 0.459 0.484 0.508 0.530 |

1500 618. 1168. LD 74S T2408 128740627, 1305. 1402, 1438. 14725 E505.
(596.08) 0.815 1.336 Ss 1.342 1.403 1.444 1.478 1.509 1.537 1.564 1.589 1.612
0.0265 0.188 Vv 0.204 0.247 0.278 0.305 0.327 0.349 0.367 0.384

2000 679. 1139. Le TiGO™ I2AtaeI2Ola 1337) 1380. 1427.14 505 0405.
(635.61) 0.870 1.290 Ss Tela aoOmleA 23m A OOM AOS 524m 5526 Sii7,
0.0301 0.130 v 0.168 0.202 0.227 0.248 0.267 0.282 0.298

2500 7A3=8 LOOO: h 1178. 1250. 1306. 1357. 1404. 1446. 1484.
(667.98) 0.925 1.238 Si PE SuOmEna 7h eA LO) i456) 1400 52m e548
0.0367 0.084 v .0983 .1476 .1742 .1947 0.212 0.227 0.240

3000 823. 1026. Lee LOOOUEINOO ela 7 1e 138s lecdn i4so 1473.
(695.25) 0.992 1.168 S) )3-203,01.376) 1-374 05420) 1-460) 1-494. 1-522

IITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 293 AND 294
TABLE 293.—Properties of Mercury Vapor

402° to 1000° F,

306

=

Weight
Ibs./cu. ft.

Entropy | Entropy

of liquid oO
above vapori-
Rouen zation

Total
heat
B.t.u.

Specific
volume
cu. ft./lb.

Tem-
perature

Pressure

ie Total

entropy

lbs. /in.? ahs

0.008733
.016745
-02064
-03017
-03948
:07540
-10993
-14361

-1606
-1635
-1616
-1581
-1556
-1497
-1462
+1439

-1420
-1387
-1364
-1346
aici
-1319
-1308
.1300

-1487
-1408
-1383
-1337
-1305
-1226
-II79
-II47

ato
.1075
-1042
.I016
-0995
-0977
-0962
-0949

141.96
142.60
142.81
143.23
143-54
144.34
144.86
145.24

.0209
-0227
0233
.0244
.0251
.0271
.0283
.0202

II4.50
59.72
48.45
33-14
25.32
13.26

9.096
6.9630

Oe EONS
CO0ONO mE

5.6610
3.8923
2.983
2.429
2.053
1.7815
1.5762
1.4147

1.284

1.086
-9436
-8349
+7497
-6811
-6242
-5707
+5360
-5012

-17664
-256001
+3352
-4117
-4871
-5013
-6344
-7009

-7788
-9204
-0597
-1977

145.56
146.16
146.61
146.908
147.29
147.57
147.81
148.04

.0299
.0312
-0322
.0330
-0330
.0342
.0346
-0351

-0936
-0O015
.0808
-0882
.0870
.0856
.0845
.0835
.0826
.0818

148.24
148.60
148.90
149.19
149.44
149.68
149.90
I50.10
150.29
150.47

-0355
-0361
-03607
.0372
-0377
.0381
.0385
.0389
-0392
-0395

.I1291
.1276
-1265
.1254
-1247
Bro,
-1230
-1224
-1218
-1213

-4706
+3990

.0809
.0788

150.63
I51.10

.0398
-0406

.1207
-II94

(Adapted from Emmet Mercury Vapor Process, Emmet and Sheldon, Amer. Soc. Mech. Eng., May, 1924.)

TABLE 294.—Properties of Liquid Ammonia
—100° to +250°F.

Saturation

Pressure V
(abs.)
Ibs. /in.?

olume

ft.3/lb.

0

Specific
heat
B.t.u./Ib.
oe

u c

Density
lbs. /ft.3
I

Heat Latent
content heat
B.t.u./lb.| B.t.u./Ib.
h L

-040)
.043)
-046)
.050)
-054
.058
.062
.066
.070
-075

aaa

HH RH HHH

.080
.085
oor
-0907
-104
Le

HHH HHH RRR

(628)

(622)

(616)
610.8
604.3
597.6
590.7
583.6
576.4

568.9
561.1
553-1
544.8
536.2
527.3
518.1
508.6
498.7
488.5

477.8
(449)
(416)
(377)
(332)
(192)

(633)

Latent
heat of
pressure
variation
B.t.u./Ib.

lb. /in.2
l

Variation
of h with p
t constant
B.t.u./Ib.

Ib./in.?

as)
Op/t

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

(Abridged from Bur. Standards, Circ. 142, 1923.)

Compressi-
bility

per
lb./in.2 X 106

SO RIIMAAH aunnpps
HR OW ORO SIRH OOH

TABLES 295 AND 296 307
TABLE 295.—Heats of Combustion of Some Carbon Compounds

Given in kg.cal.,;at constant pressure per gram-molecular weight in vacuo. When referred
to constant volume the values should be 0.58 kg.cal.4; smaller (at about 18°C) for each
condensed gaseous molecule. Combustion products are CO:, liquid H20, etc. Benzoic acid
was adopted at Lyons asa primary standard, its heat of combustion, 6324 g.cal.i5 per gram
in air, 6319 in vacuo. This is tacitly assumed as heat of isothermal combustion at 20°C.
In absolute joules, 26,466 and 26,445 respectively. The following ratios may be taken as
standard: Naphthalene/benzoic acid = 1.5201 (air); benzoic acid/sucrose = 1.6028 (air);
napthalene/sucrose = 2.4364 (air). The following values are from Kharasch, Bur. Stand-
ards, Journ. Res., 2, 359, 1929, which see for further values.

Mole- |Kg.cal.is Mole-
For-

cular

weight

Compound r cular per Compound
weight | g.mol. mula
Methane (g) 210.8 || Formaldehyde (g)....| CH2O 30.02
Ethane (g) 2 368.4 || Acetone (v) C3H¢O 58
Propane (g) 526.3) ||| Camphor(S)e sie eso) CiwoklicO® | T5253
Isobutane (g) : 683.4 || Sucrose, cane (s) CrHe2Ou| 342.18
990.6 oe milk (s),
n-Heptane : 1143.6
1304.2
1610.2
Hexadecane (s) 226.2 2559.1 Glycogen
Eicosane (s) C20H : 3183.1 Cellulose
Ethylene (g) 2H 331.6 || Formic acid 46.02
Propylene (g) Cc 490.2 || Acetic ‘ 2 2 60.03
Isobutylene (g) 647.2 || Propionic acid : 74.05
Amylene 803.4 || n-butyric ‘“ sO2 88.06
VOX WICNG Sy cuteciolescievs cis - 952.6 || n-valeric ‘‘ CsHi10O2 | 102.08
Acetylene (g) .02 312.0 || Palmitic ‘“ ...-| CisHs202] 256.26
Allylene (g) 460 Stearic ...-| CisH3eO2| 284.29
Trimethylene (g) 4 496.8 || Lactic : Meee |) Gakle@s 90.05
Benzene E 4 782.8 iline CeHiN 03.07
oe , 787.2 s CH4iN20 60.05
Toluene : 935.6 || Nicotine CiHuNe} 162.13
Napthalene (s). : 1231.4 || Cyanogen (g)........]| C2Ne 52.0
Methyl-chloride (gz). : 168.7 || Trinitrotoluene (s). ..| C7HsN306] 227.06
Methylene- ‘* (v).. 2Cle z 106.8 || n-propyl ‘ C3HsO 60.06
Chloroform (1) q : 89.2 || n-butyl ss C4Hi00 74.08
(v y 70.3 || n-heptyl ‘‘ C7HisO | 116.13
Carbon-tetrachloride- Octyl “s CsHisO 130.14
l 37.3 || Cetyl ss s)...| CisHuO | 242.27
Menthol (s) CiHw»O | 156.16
(v) 44.5) || Phenoll\(S)o...2 a 2 |) Coble! 904.05
Carbon ee ule (1).| CSe : 394.5 || Thymol CiHuO | 150.11
(v).. ss as 240.6 || Dimethyl ether (g)| C2HeO 46
Methyl alcohol i 170.9 || Methylethyl ‘‘ (v)/' CsHsO 60
hyl 328.5 || Diethyl « (v)} CaH100 74.08
442.4

“6

“se

TABLE 296.—Heats of Combustion of Miscellaneous Compounds

Small

calories
Substance. netle
substance.

Small
calories
per g
substance.

Substance.

Reference.

9530 Oils: petroleum:
9200
Carbon: amorphous 8080
charcoal 8100
7860
graphite 7900
Copper (to CuO) 590
Dynamite, 75% 1290
Egg, white of 5700
Egg, yolk of 8100
Fats, animal 9500
Hemoglobin 5900
Hydrogen
Tron (to Fe2Os)
Magnesium (to MgO) 6080
Oils: cotton-seed 9500
9300
9400

Paraffin (to CO2, H20 1)
Paraffin (to COz, H20 g)

Sulphur, rhombic
Sulphur, monoclinic

Woods: beech, 13% H20
birch, 12% H2O
oak, 13% HO
pine, 12% H20

PCeOWMMANUN |AAIAKHNHN

well ix» ivn | lRuUwWwnn 1H | Reference,

References: (1) Slossen, Colburn; (2) Mean; (3) Berthellot; (4) Roux,Sarran; (5) Thomsen; (6) Stoh-

mann; (7) Gibson; (8) Gottlieb.

=

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

308 TABLE 297
HEAT VALUES AND ANALYSES OF VARIOUS FUELS

Moisture.
Volatile
Calories

per gram

owe Low grade.
Lignite { High grade
Sub-bitu- { Low grade.
minous \ High grade
Bitu- Low grade.
minous | High grade
Semi-bitu- { Low grade
minous \ Highgrade
Semi-anthracite .....
Anthra- { Low grade.
cite | High grade
Oven Low grade.
coke { High grade

H

WWD NOWATWR OMNO CO

Lal
WSPnwttnnnany
OCOHHHHHHHOO

OnooH000H 0000

(b) Pears AND Woops (air dried)

Calories} B.T.U.’s

Sul- | Hydro- Nitro-
Ash. Carbon. Oxygen.| per per
phur. | gen. Ben. gram. | pound.

Vol. a
hydro- d

e
Sn carbon.

Peats:
Franklin Co., N. Y... ; ‘ ; 9: : 5726
Sawyer Co., Wis..... ¢ : . 3 ; 4867
Woods: .
Kener ceveo tees : : : 4620
Birchy dry sacs ee : ; ’ 4771
Pinenanyme tee : je : 5085

(c) Liguip FuELs

British thermal units.
per pound.

Specific gravity

Ataes C. Calories per gram.

Petroleumyethersnccitcten cree L .604 12210-12220 21978-21996
Gasoline sseie7s ete sree evens wre rone eer Oe ea HNO . - 730 ILL0O—I 1400 19980-20520
IKENOSEN Cs fay tevea sacs DUE phauste avs Sevcaesl veh manee 5 . 800 IIO000-I1I200 19800-20160
Fuel oils, heavy petroleum or refinery residue .960-.970 10200-10500 18360-18900
Alcohol, fuel or denatured with 7 to 9 per

cent water and denaturing material..... : . 8202 6440-6470 11592-11646

(d) GASES

Caley |Balaue

“Thumi-
per per

i ants.

Naturalgas: (Calo. -.c2.0.
INatural’gas Parco
Natural gas, France......
Coal gas, high grade .....
Coal gas, low grade ......
Water gas, low grade.....
Water gas, high grade...

*(CoHs. Data from the Geological Survey, Poole’s The Calorific Power of Fuels, and for natural gas from Snelling
(Van Nostrand’s Chemical Annual).

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FIVE

Explosive.

TaBLeE 298

CLASSES OF EXPLOSIVES

after elimination of surface in- |

fluence.

Specific gravity.
Number of large calories developed
by 1 kilogram of the explosive.

| Pressure developed in own volume

tive charge by ballistic

pendulum.

| Unit disrup

grams

Rate of detonation.
Cartridges 1} in. diam.
of explosive.
Length of flame from too grams.

Duration of flame from 100

Cartridge 1} in. transmitted explo-

sion at a distance of

309

DIFFERENT

grams; gaseous, solid, and liquid,
n occurred in 4% firedamp& |
coal dust mixture with

Products of combustion from 200 |
respectively.

Ignitio

|
|
|
|
|

Kg per
sq. cm.

Meters per
second

Inches.

(A) Forty-per-cent nitro-
glycerin dynamite

(B) FFF black blasting
powder

(C) Permissible explo-
sive; nitroglycerin
class

(D) Permissible explo-
sive; ammonium
nitrate class

(E) Permissible explo-
sive; hydrated class

(A) Moisture
Nitroglycerin .
Sodium nitrate .
Wood pulp
Calcium carbonate .

(B) Moisture
Sodium nitrate .
Charcoal
Sulphur

(C) Moisture
Nitroglycerin .
Sodium nitrate

1.22 |1221.4 |
1.25 789.4
1.10) 760.5

0.97) 992.8) 7

1.54 | 610.6

| 4688

469.4}

925.

Chemical Analyses.

OOK
. 39.68
. 42.46
2 13258
i S-57)
Os0O
- 79:57

Sze
. 10.89

Wood pulp and crude fibre from

grains
Starch :
Calcium carbonates
Magnesium ‘“

(D) Moisture
Ammonium nitrate
Sulphur
Starch
Wood pulp
Poisonous matter

Manganese peroxide .

Sand

Moisture
Nitroglycerin
Ammonium nitrate
Sand.

Goal

@lay..

Ammonium sulphate
Zinc sulphate (7HO) .

Potassium sulphate

* One pound of clay tamping used.

§ Cartridges 1} in. diam.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

+ Two pounds of clay tamping used.

|| For 300 grammes.
Compiled from U. S. Geological Survey Results, — ‘‘ Investigation of Explosives for use in Coal Mines, 1909.”

+ Rate of burning.

310 TABLES 299-302
TABLE 299.—Additional Data on Explosives

pCateuted
et. emperature
Comcicat O/C

Vol. gas Calories | Coefficient
per g in =O
cc = V

Explosive.
(Ref. Young, Nature, ro2, 216, 1918.)

C, sp. ht. gases
= 0.24

Gunpowder 2240° C
Nitroglycerine 6880
Nitrocellulose ra guNasastnlcccmeaee eer 3 = 3876
Cordite, Mk. I. (NG, 57; NC, 38; Vaseline, 5) : 5175
Cordite, MD (NG, 30; NC, 65; Vaseline, 5)... : 4225
Ballistite (NG, 50; NC, 50;:Stabilizer, 5).... . 5621
Picric acid (Lyddite) 8 2 3375

Shattering power of explosive = vol. gas per g X cals./g XX Va X density where Vd is the velocity of detonation.
Trinitrotoluene: Vd = 7000 m/sec. Shattering effect = .87 picric acid.

Amatol (Ammonium nitrate + trinitrotoluene, TNT): Vd = 4500 m/sec.

Ammonal (Ammonium nitrate, TNT, Al): 1578 cal/g; 682 cc gas; Vd = 4000 m/sec.

Sabulite (Ammonium nitrate, 78, TNT 8, Ca silicide 14): about same as ammonal.

TABLE 300.—Ignition Temperatures of Gaseous Mixtures

Ignition temperature taken as temperature necessary for hot body immersed in gas to cause ignition; slow com-
bination may take place at lower temperatures. McDavid, jeGhiesoc: Trans. III, 1003, 1917. (Gases were mixed
with air. Practically same temperatures as with Oz (Dixon, Conrad, Joc. cit. 95, 1909).

| Benzene and air % Ether and air
| Coal gas and air Ethylene and air
| CO and air Hydrogen and air

TABLE 301.—Time of Heating for Explosive Decomposition

Temperature ° C. , Ignition temperature.

sac

Black powder

Smokeless powder A

Smokeless powder B

Celluloid Pyroxylin

Collodion cotton

Celluloid *

Safety matches

Parler matches. eisw eis ecient
Cotton wool

n, failure to explode in twenty minutes. * The decomposition of nitrocellulose in celluloid commences at about
r00° C; above that the heat of decomposition may raise the mass to the ignition point if loss of heat is prevented.
Above 170°, decomposition occurs with explosive violence as with nitrocellulose. Rate of combustion is 5 to 10 times
that of poplar, pine, or paper of the same size and conditions.

+ Measured by contact with porcelain tube of given temperature. Average.

{ Measured by contact with molten lead. Average.

Taken from Technologic Paper of Bureau of Standards; No. 98, 1917.

TABLE 302.—Flame Temperatures

Measures made with optical pyrometer by Féry, J. de Phys. (4) 6, 1907.

Alcohol, with NaCl Hydrogen flame
Bunsen flame, no air Hydrogen-oxygen
Bunsen flame, } air Acetylene burner

Bunsen flame, full air Acetylene-oxygen
Illuminating gas-oxygen Cooper-Hewlit Hg

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 303 311
THERMOCHEMISTRY. CHEMICAL ENERGY DATA

The total heat generated in a chemical reaction is independent of the steps from initial to final
state. Heats of formation may therefore be calculated from steps chemically impracticable.
Chemical symbols now represent the chemical energy in a gram-molecule or mol(e); treat_re-
action equations like algebraic equations : CO + O=CO, + 68 Kg-cal; subtract C + 2 O=CO,
-+ 97 Kg-cal, then C+ O=CO-+ 29 Kg-cal. We may substitute the negative values of the
formation heats in an energy equation and solve MgCl, + 2 Na=2NaCl+ Mg+x Keg-cal;
—151=— 196+ x; x= 45 Kg-cal. Heats of formation of organic compounds can be found
from the feats of combustion since burned to H,O and CO,. When changes are at constant
volume, energy of external work is negligible; also generally for solid or liquid changes in vol-
ume. When a gas forms a solid or liquid at constant pressure, or vice versa, it must be allowed
for. For N mols of gas formed (disappearing) at T° the energy of the substance is decreased (in-
creased) by 0.002: N- Ty Kg-cal. H,+ O=—H,0 + 67.5 Kg-cal. at 18°C at constant volume ;
4(2 H,+0, —2 H,O = 135.0+ 0.002 X 3 X 291 = 136.7) = 68.4 Kg-cal.

The heat of solution is the heat, +- or —, liberated by the solution of 1 mol of substance in so
much water that the addition of more water will produce no additional heat effects. Aq. signifies
this amount of water; H,O, one mol. ; NH;-+ Aq=NH,OH - Aq.+8 Kg-cal.

Heats of Formation from Elements in Kilogram-Calories
At ordinary temperatures.

Heat of Heat of Heat of
Compound. | Forma-|} Compound. | Forma- Compound. Forma- Compound.
tion. tion. tion.

Al,O3 HgO 21.4 || KCl 105.7 || Li,SO,
| Ag,O 6. 5 || Na,O 100. LiCl 93-8 || (NH,).SO,4
BaO 126. Nd,O, 435. MgCl, 151.0 || Na,SO,
| BaO, 142. NiO 57-9 || MnCl, 112.3 || MgSO,
BLO; 138. P,O; sgs 370. NaCl 97.8 || PbSO,
| CO am 29.0 |} PbO 50.3 || NdCl, 250. || TleSO,
neCOrdt 26.1 || PbO, 62.4 || NH,Cl 76.3 || ZnSO,
| CO, am 97.0 || Pr,O; 412. NiCl, 74.5 || CaCOs
| (COM tie 94.8 || Rb,O 89.2 || PbCl, 83.4 || CuCO,
| CO, di 94.3 || SO. rh sgg | 70. PdCl, 40.5 || FeCOs
‘ CaO M52 SiO, 191.0 |} PtCl, 60.4 || K2COs

CeO, Bais SnO 66.9 |} SnCl, 80.8 || MgCO,
| Cl,O g : SnO, er 137-5 || SnCl, 128, Na,CO,
CoO am : SrO, 135. SrCl, 185. ZnCO3
| CoO cr 5 || ThO, 326. Thc), 300. || AgNO,
| Co,O4 : TiO, am 215.6 || TICl 48.6 || Ca(NO,)2
CrOs : TiO, cr 218.4 |} RbCl 105.9 || Cu(NOs3).6 H,O
Cs,O0 : TIO, 2.2 ||| ZnCl, HNOs ggg
KNO
LINO,
NH,NOs3
NaNO,
TINO;
CH, sgg
C,H sgg
C,H), sgg
HCN di gsgg

NH; ggg
Ca(OH),

Mw
tw

DAOwn OW ~

HNNN HWW NW
hI NY HH OK
BONO a ir

\O
Su
Go

Cu,0 2.3 || WO, aie HBr glg

i

CuO
FeO
Fe,0,
Fe30,
H,O ggl
H,0, ggl
| Hg,O
HgO

WO, 194. NH,br
ZnO 85.2 || HI gsg
AgCl 29.2 || HF ggg
Ag,Cl 29. Ag,s
AlCl, : CS, sgg
AuCly 5.81]| CaS
AuCl, y ‘ (N H,).S
BaCl, : Cu,S
K,0 BiCl, 90.6 || CuS
La,O3 CCl, am 21.0 || H.S gsg
LiO, ‘ Cac é KGS NH,OH
MgO ‘ CdCl, .2 || MgS NaOH
MnO : CoCl, 76.5 || NaS 80. a: H,O- Aq
MnO, : CuCl, 5leG bs
Mn30, ; CuCl 34.1 || CaSO,
MoO, ‘ FeCl, 82.1 || CuSO,
MoO ; ‘ FeCl, 96.0 || H,SO, sggg
N,O ggg 22) || G1Cl 155. -SO, - H,O*
NO ggg 21 HCl ggl 22% Hg,SO,
O, : HgCl HgSO,
Na,O, : HgCl, K,SO,

on
wlan
ODD

to

is
LON HK DAWNWO DY
SR aS OVGO Gus

fh CH On vd

= me ONO &
OW DP HAAG Ky
BRN QW WN DOW

_

am = amorphous; di=diamond; gr= graphite; cr crystal; g=gas; 1= liquid; s=solid; y = yellow (gold);
rh= rhombic (sulphur). * Heats of formation not from elements but as indicated.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

312 TABLES 304-306
TABLE 304.—Heats of Formation of Ions in Kilogram-Calories

+ and — signs indicate signs of ions and the number of these signs the valency. For the ioni-
sation of each gram-molecule of an element divide the numbers in the table by the valency, e. g.,
9.03 gr. Al = 9.03 gr. Alt + 40.3 Kg. cal. When a solution is of such dilution that further dilu-
tion does not increase its conductivity, then the heats of formation of substances in such solutions
may be found as follows: FeCl,Aq = -+ 22.2 + 2X 39.1 = 100.4 Kg. cal. CuSO,Aq=—15.8
+ 214.0 = 1098.2 Kg. cal.

]

AsO,—— — +215.0
Br— + 28.2
+ 11.2
+ 160.8
+ 39-1
+ 26.0
+ 23-4
— 38.7 |
HCO;— + 163.0
HEO}— 1 =-143.9
HPO,—— + 229.6
HPO,—— + 304.8
HS — + 1.2
+ 27.
+ 4
se

13.

f4+44+
Se NN e alesis
WM ANIWOMNAMN
PEO) 00/00/00 ONGa
0 MNDADHU ©}

a7
7°5
7:3
6.0
8.8
0.2
4.0
5:0
3-3
9.6
1.7
5.0

TABLE 305.—Heats of Neutralization in Kilogram-Calories

The heat generated by the neutralization of an acid by a base is equal, for each gram-molecule
of water formed, to 13.7 Kg. cal. plus the heat produced by the amount of un-ionized salt formed,
plus the sum of the heats produced in the completion of the ionizations of the acid and the base.

Base. HCl.aq | HNOs3.aq H,SOy,-aq HCN:aq CH;COOH«saq | H»-CO3-aq

KOH - aq
NaOH - aq
NH,OH - aq

3 Ca(OR), -

4 Zn(OH), + aq
4 Cu(OH), + aq

15.7
15.7
14.5
15.6
11.7

9.2

—
— ee

WOH POY
= NWOWO

Cot me NN

nAoohnn

| WOE Yow
| UWOOMN

TABLE 306.—Heats of Dilution of H.S0O,

In Kilogram-calories by the dilution of one gram-molecule of sulphuric acid by m gram.
molecules of water.

199 399 1599

99
16:56) | 7200N |) el 3r 17.86

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLES 307 AND 308 313
TABLE 307.—Radiation Constants and Formulae for Black Body

The radiation per cm? from a “‘black body”’ (exclusive of convection losses) at the tem-
perature T° K. (Centigrade degrees) to one at 7o°K. is J = o (T* — Ty‘), (Stefan. Boltzman)
where o = 27°k4/15 c? h® = (5.7139 + 0.006) X 10° erg-cm~-deg.~4 sec.-! (Birge) (indirect)

= (5.735 40.011) X10 erg-cm~-deg.~‘sec.-!(Birge) (experimental).

The distribution of this energy in the spectrum is represented by Planck’s formula:

c2
Jy = ar> (ed? — 1)71dr
where J, represents the intensity at wave length
*c, = (3.697 + 0.005) X 10° erg-cm*sec,!, unpolarized radiation over solid angle 27.
= (3.194 + 0.004) erg:cm? day"!
= (8.832 + 0.01) X 1078 g cal.15 cm? deg.
= (3.697 + 0.005) X 10°” watts:cm?
Co = (1.432 + 0.003) cm-deg.
Wimax — 35D x 10s 1°
A max T = ©/4.9651 = (0.28836 + 0.00011) cm-deg.
*c, = 2nhc? = 3.697 X 10° erg-cm*sec.-! when E)dd denotes the emission of unpolarized
radiation in range dd, per unit surface in all directions (27 solid angle).

€, = 8rhc = 4.932 X 10°% cm-deg., when £,dd denotes energy density of unpolarized
radiation.

(, = hc® = 0.5884 X 10° erg-cm*sec.“!, when Ed) denotes intensity of linearly polar-
ized radiation in range dX, perpendicularly to a surface, per unit surface, per unit solid angle.

TABLE 308.—Radiation in ergs (R x 10") and gram-calories (R* >< 10") per cm?
per sec. from a perfect radiator at ¢°C to absolutely cold space (— 273°C)

Computed from Stefan-Boltzman formula, ¢ = 5.73 X 10-5 erg. cm.- 2deg.-4

erg/cm?/ cal./cm?/ erg/cm?/ | cal./cm?/
sec. sec. :
R n | Ri n

5.29 —3] 1.27 —I10
1.61 3.86 —7
1.64 3:94 —5
2.73 655i 5
4.31 1.03 —4
9-37 2.25 —4
i geil 3.14 —4
1.82 4-37 —4
2.40 570) 4
3-15 7-56 —4
4-05 9-72 —4
5.15 1.24 —3
6.44 TS
7:97 LOT amo
9-74 2.34 —3
1.18 2.83 —3
1.42 3.41 —3
1.69 4.06 —3
2.00 4.80 —3
2-35 5:64 —3
2.74 6.58 —3
2.83 6.79 —3
2.92 7.01 —3
3.00 7.20 —3
3-09 7-42 —3
3.19 7.66 —3
3.28 West 1 3

AMNannanannnnnaPpPpPPPPAHPPRWWWW
ANnAAnAAAnannanrnnanannnnwni nn wn wi Ut Ut

Note: Above table correct probably to one per cent.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

314 TABLE 309
BLACK-BODY SPECTRUM INTENSITIES (J\), 50° TO 20000°K.

Values of J\ using for C1, 9.23 X 10%, C2, 14350., X in mw. If the figures given for J\ are plotted in cms as ordi-
nates to a scale of abscissae of 1 cm to 1 ws, then the area in cm? between the smooth curve through the resulting points
and the axis of abscissae is equivalent to the radiation in calories per sec. from 1 cm? of a black body at the correspond-
ing temperature, radiating to absolute zero. The intensities when radiating to a body at a lower temperature may be
obtained by subtracting the intensities corresponding to the lower temperature from those of the higher. The nature
of the black-body formula is such that when AT is small, a small change in C2 produces a great change in J); e.g.,
when C2/AT is 100 or 10, the change is 100 and ro fold respectively; as AT increases, the change becomes proportional;
e.g., when C2/ AT is less than 0.05, the change in J is proportional to the change in C2.

000000

+00220

. 00201
.OO157
-OOIT7
. 0387

. 03653
«05403

000000

.03258
- 03146
.04558
-04255
. 05580
. 05197

000000

°

a

1000° | 1500° | 2000° 3000° 4000
K. x 5 c K.

5000° | 6000° 8000
K. K K.

-0115 | 0.0624 | 0.0331] 0.038 T5i0 . | 7IO000.
.OOI2 0.46 15.4] 184. 3660. . | 820000.
-44 24.2 263. | 13r0. 9640. . | 382000.
rs TTKS 690. | 2280. |10300. . | 180000.
226. 952. | 2490. 8400. : 92300.
301. Iooo. | 2240. 6290. ; 51460.
328. 925. | 1860. 4590. ‘ 30700.
321. 800. 1490. 3350. , 19400.
205. O7 Tee | Lez 2470. : 12820.

.0548 Jo.
.0408 |o.
.00045]0.
.00183]0.

090000000%

© ON ANUARWN HF
me Hooo0000

262. 554. 928. 1842. i 8800.
T2268 210. 300. 527. : 1980.
Wie go. 125. 198. ‘ 668.
20. 43. 58. 90. 284.
16. 23). 30 46. : I40.7
13. 17. 26. ha

.00538|0.
.0848

- 221
-305
«320

. 296

ODROKM® BHR WO

nonounod
howuwon

.256
.178
-1IQ
.o81t
.0562
.0398

.59 ° 9
.81 81 .84
42 .40
348 .88
808 .20

513 +709

“165
.653
- 416

OHnNS COO

99000
OD0OOHND
OOHNSH

Oo ONAN WWHNHHH
oo00000

.0288 Jo.
.o160 |o.
.0096 |o.
.00606]o.
.00400]|0.
.00275]0.

342 -470
168 .230
0921 oe
0546 | 0.0742
0344 0406
0227 .0307

000000
090000
990000

0900900
990000

.QOI 22
. 03019

°. 00941] 0.0127
°.
. 03209 Jo.
O°.
O.
oO.

00455| 0.00616
.00146] 0.00197
.03603 .03808
.03120 .O3161
.04381 -04510

04888
.04184
-05598

000000
9909000
9009000
000000
9099000

See Forsythe, J. Opt. Soc., 4,331, 1920, relative values, 0.4 to 0.76 @ (steps 0.01 #4), 12 temperatures, 1000 to 5000° K,

SMITHSONIAN TABLES,

TABLE 310 Bus
BLACK-BODY SPECTRUM INTENSITIES
(Jr), 25° to 600°K.

Values computed by editor using for Ci, 3.703 X 10° erg:cm*sec.-!, Cz 1.433 cm:°K,
Jy = tabular Jy X I0”.

3-7 —234 | 1-3 —109
4-9 —152| 4.9 —69
3.9 —111 | 6.8 —49
9.9 —87|6.4 —37
1.6 —70|5.0 —29
Ope 9) 1-9 S23

2.1 —50|2.8 —19
1.9 —38/1.5 —13
1.6 —30|8.6 —I10
6.1 —25 =F
8.6 —2I —5
14) o— 07 —4

°

oe
“NI
Se OU

Ow
COI OMd a ME DON

ORHOOwB® WH

2.19

2
aril

2.87
3.81
4.15
4.06
3-73
3-31

AT tS
2.7 —II
It —8
9.8 —7
2.90 —5
4.14 —4

4.18 —2
7.68 —I

RAN OO OW

‘2.28
1.52
7:24
3-71
9:77
3-54

—I
I
2
Ss
3
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
5
5
5

NANO AGW WOO IM

wBOdOAansA
YN ADN WoO

G0 00 00 CO CO CO Co CO COOONTINI
wm ANINTN 0O 00 60 CO CO CO 00 GO CO CO CO CO CO CON DAunw Nd
wm ANININI 00 00 CO CO CO CO'\O 0000 C0 ONIN OL
NA ANINT NT 00 00 CO CO'O 0 © 10.00.00 0 \O © CONT QU
OQ ONIN 00 00 cm mMOOOO OOOO Ov”) won onu

NaAANNN
mn OANNN

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

316 TABLE 311

BLACK-BODY SPECTRUM INTENSITIES
(JX), 800° to 25000°K.
(Same origin and data as Table 310.)

ro0o°K. 1200°K. 1400°K. 1600°K. 1800°K. 2000°K. 2200°K.
IRNe J» Xe ee Nae Lt a
2.1—42 5. 1.3—24 4. I.O—I4 2.8—I1 1.9 —8

6.9 —4 4. O10) 8183.2 ayo. s ane
253 ; A570) (6:5 eet eo
2.8 : 8:2) 18) 16:00) 69) 3-08mr0

2.67 ; Aek7@ 19) 2-45 1.04 II
1.53 : TAA LOM 7p LON 2. OO)smr
6.1 : 2 CO MlOumILO2 man

1.86 : 8:2) LOPE sO Gr

4.61 : Te QL <2 Tale

9.9 6. 2a5 3) Lie 7-@ lane

1.90 1.84 Skioley thie Lg iit 10

Beil 3.14 1.55 5.39 II 1.46

KOS TO!) 7-21 2.99 9.03 II 2.19
: 2A TOM ESS 4.78 1.29 12 2.86
2.4610) BIE 70) Ti 85.30 1.25 2.43 12 4.15
8.96 10 2.96 I1 6.98 1.33 2420) 12) F353
Te 23a oe 2 ee OLA 1.08 E204) 2) 2°20 3.03
12 ON e229 OM IE 5:20 8.11 a5, L252 1.96
1 OAL ie Os atte 63:03 4.31 572) Tile 8.83
Fel 5 el OMe le © ee talann ler. © QE, 2:02 lease 7a 4.42
[-LOe LO) i Ole TO} 2:08 2.56 3.04 10 3.54 4.03

2.74
1.08
3.36
8.6

OO CONN DAULW
O00 MOON ANU FO

4000°K, 5000°K. 6000°K. 8000°K. 1o0000°K. 15000°K. 20000°K. 25000°K.
Jy n Jy n Jy n Jy n Jy n Jy n JN n Jy n
7.02) 5. 112328 1257 sO. G2) 212" 2:27 eA ® 2163167 2:06 t7amincoers
1.92.11) (6.9. 12. 47-5. 1130 1:49) 5) (8:95 5) 9384 16 73-3817 FOS sr,
9:9), 12. $1-08) 14 15:32 314) (379005) (1.30716) 16558 TO tt 5217 - OA?
4.66 13 2.80 14 9.25 14 4.16 TeOZwRON 3 O02 On 7-24 elOmeel aml,

7200) 13) 13-45 149y.9:98) 1493-82 S67 15) 52-73 0lO! 5-13 alone On LO
9.16 13 3.85 14 1.00 15 3.39 7 TSS 2:OOM On Sele Ome 5152 900
1.09) 14) 44-04) 14) 97.2004) 2°05 SS 7A Se lsd Zar hOn 92-74 OMA OO MO
1.22 14 4.05 14 9.06 14 2.53 A.80) LS) 1-22) 16) 2:07elO 2-98 er6
TeGOeTA 13.O3n TAS aleenA ee 2elO Z1960 D5) O53. 5 eo Ome 2-200110
1.32 dees 7A Ae 75 te Aa OF. 260015) 755ml Sn les Lome 73) Lo
1S 2E TANS. 4 981467 4e TAs s56 27 5a OOO Mise Oy7ON lS) eso) lo

130) TAs 3-230 14) 0-008 TANS A! 2.26 AOL 5) 72605 Ose
TQ) T4227 14) AL Std 1OLO3) UA 1-60 2232) 50 Sult5) U5 -O4uwrS
1206) TAN 2-235 TA 3570 4 7-4 t 1.16 2225 35405) 47m
AESS) 1Qe 6S: 4i/a 13 alee Ay eee 22 3.04 5.48 14 7.96 14 1.04 15
PA? 13 3-025 L350 3) 77-99 1.10 1.88 14 2.68 3.48 14
Holts), 103) Tig7Ao) 3) BB, 1B Bho 4.90) 13) Sol 5913) 1.4! 1.47 14
Gr63 12) 19.5329 tee 5) ors 1.86 2.48 ALO), 13 EOS WS) 9/241, 13
250M 12m 450 L2 need 22) Os4.0 8.40 ISAs ele O4) 132. 34s
TAZ 5S 2s OS ew2 5 e275 3257; O22 N77, 9.76 12
SG) WO) Mg ie “shee, sy anette} 2.40 3:66 Ti 4.98) 10 16:28) 10

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 312 AND 313 317

TABLE 312.—Black Body Spectrum Intensities
Auxilliary table for J, at any temperature (Menzel, Harvard Observatory)

Let Jo = intensity for TJ) = 10,000° K.; for another temperature T° K., we have the
relationship

Ff Jo = |X, (e® = 1) |/[sce2? — 1) |.

Let \ = AoZ0/T.Then Jo (T/T>)®. e. g., to find Jx for 0.54, 6000°K., we take 0.54 = Ao X
10,000/6,000 or do = 0.3u, Jo for 0.3u = 1.2977 X 10!8, whence J = 1.2977 X 10 X
(6000/10000)' or 1.01 X 10%,

In the following table J, is for 10,000° K.; Jx X 10" is intensity at wave length Xu. A is
given in » but in plotting it should be used in cm (one » = 10cm) that the area under
curve be in ergs.

hc/k = 1.43187; 27hc? = 3.69728 c.g.s. units. A change in c, may be allowed for by a con-
stant factor, in ce by taking a different value for T so that 1.4319 X 10,000 = @7J. One
erg-cm:~-sec.-! = 2.389 X 10° cal.15: cm~: sec.

Jy (ergs) 2 Jy (ergs) n Jn (ergs) 2 Jn, (ergs) n

2.4131 —37 A 2.9673 4 5.8731 5.3480
4.7932 —26 2 3.4824 : 4.8153 3.5080
9.3330 . 4.5367 . 3.9579 1.7645
5.0592 : 5.7244 : 3.2677 9.6897
2.8437 i 6.8702 : 2.7735 5.7562

1.2032 : 7.9607 3 2.2620 3.6208
I.0261 5 8.9902 ; I.Q165 2.4018
3.0403 A 9.9008 A 1.6018 Deu 27
4.3245 3 T.O711 ‘ 1.3596 6.3824
3.6280 : 1.1387 1.1601 3.7652

2.0556 : -1938 8.5810 2.3634
8.6361 ; -2365 6.4670 : 1.5569
2.8766 4 .2680 4.9587 6.4241
7.9649 ; -2883 3.8600 3.1121
I.9021 ; -2996 3.0472 1.6858

4.0261 : .3023 2.2038 9.9057
7.7120 ‘ +2077 1.9702 6.1974
1.3598 : -2700 1.6096 4.0718
2.2355 5 .2246 1.3276 2.7860
3.4037 ‘ -1673 1.1046 1.9697

5.1028 é I.1031 7.8206 1.3083
7.1944 . 1.0358 . 5.6907 1.0643
9.7255 f 9.9002 4.2361 6.2476
1.2839 ‘i 9.0036 3.2185 3.9036
1.6394 ; 8.3551 2.6973 2.5640

“I~I~I COOH MMMM OO

2.0414 : 7.7401 1.3927
2.4858 7.1589 8.3888

TABLE 313.—Values of J, for Various Temperatures Centigrade

Ekholm, Met. Z. 1902, used C; = 8346 and C, = 14349, and for the unit of time the day.
For 100°, the values for JA have been multiplied by 10, for the other temperatures by 100.

~

15°C} 0° C | —309 C | —80° C

0 ON’ Quipw wv F

23
24
25
26
28

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLES 314 AND 315
SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTION AND LUMINOSITY DATA

For use in computing light transmissions and relative brightnesses from spectrometric
data. Range of color temperatures 2000°K. to 3000°K. Considerably abridged from Skogland,
Bur. Standards, Misc. Publ., No. 86; see also No. 56, 1925, range, 1000° to 28000°K.
Planck’s formula used with C:, 14330” deg. The constant of Wien’s displacement law has

318

been determined as 2886.3 deg.

that at 0.59 is 1.6361.

TABLE 314.—Relative J), based on J at \ = 0.59, or 590 my
EXAMPLE: At color temperature 2296°K. and X, 0.65u, the energy radiated relative to

r

in » 2000°K.'2100°K. 2200°K. 2300°K. 2400°K. 2500°K. 2600°K. 2700°K. 2800°K. 2900°K. 3000°K

32

0.0007
21

50
-O1I0

218
402
690
SLL22
+1735

-2571
.3067
-5058
-6773

-8835
-00007
1.1256

1.4044
1.7195
2.0608
2.4534

2.8679
3.310
3-777
4.205

0.0012
31

73
.OI51

287
507
841
.1321
-1981

-2852
-3964
-5336
.6986

-8923
.00013
1.1148

1.3657
1.6435
1.90468
2.2727

2.61890
2.7986
3.360
3.748

0.0019
47
-O102
203

369
628
-1006
-1533
-2235

-3136
-4254
-5602
-7186

.9006
.0002
I.I051

1.3314
1.5773
1.8410

2.1199

2.4110
2.7120
3.020
3-332

0.0029
67
.0139
204

463
762
-1185
+1755
+2404

+3420
-4538
-5850
+7373

-9080
.0004
.0963

-3009
-5193
-7498
-9895

2.2361
2.4872
2.7403
2.9931

0.0042
92
-0184
336

571
910
-1376
1988
.2760

.3701
-4815
-6100
-7549

-9148
.0006
1.0885

1.2734
1.4680
1.6699
1.8770

2.0860
2.2072
2.5068
2.7126

0.0059
.0124
239
420

601
-1073
-1580
-2228
.3028

-3981
-5085
-6333
-7714

-9213
-0008
.0810

-2486
.4223
-5998
-7792

1.90584
2.1357
2.30905
2.4786

0.0080
.O164
303
517

826
-1248
-1794
-2477
-3208

-4257
-5347
-6550
-7871

9272
0012
0743

-2263
.3815
-5378
-6034

.8468
1.9065
2.1413
2.2801

0.0108
211
378
626

973
-1435
-2019
-2731
+3570

-4531
-5002
-6739
.8017

-9327
-0O17
1.0681

1.2060
1.3449
1.4824
1.6177

1.7493
1.8757
1.9966
2.1105

0.0141
267
463
747

-1134
-1634
p2252
20901
-3843

-4800
-5849
-6973
-8156

-9379
.0024
1.0624

1.1875
I.3114
1.4329
1.5505

1.6633
1.7704
1.8710
1.9647

0.0182
333
561
882

-1306
-1844
+2404
+3254
-4116

-5006
-6090
-7170
-8289

-9428
.0032

-O571

.1704
.2812
.3882
-4905

1.5872
1.6776
1.7614
1.8380

0.0230
409
6690

.1029

+1492
-2060
+2743
+3520
-4388

+5320
-6322
-7356
8413

-9473
-0043
.0523

1.1549
1.2537
1.3479
1.4366

1.5193
1.5955
1.6648
1.7272

TABLE 315.—Luminosity Relative to Maximum Value at Each Temperature
ExampLe: At color temperature 2680°K. and \ = 0.55u, the luminosity relative to that

at 0.5720p is 0.8874.

2000°K.

-0000
.0002
.002T
.0087
-0314

-1079
-3383
-6270
.8758
-9988

-9231
-6054
-3910
-1641
-0542

.0153
.0045
-OO12
.0003

10.464
-5818u

Sum
Max. at

2200°K.

.0000
.0003
.0029
-0123
.0397

-1292
-3853
-6816
-9120
-9994

.88097
-6473
-3524
-1433
20460

.0126
.0035
.0010
.0003

10.503
-5788

2400°K.

.0000
-0005
.0040
-O149
-0480

-1495
4274
7275
-9390
9950

-8585
-6066
.3212
-1273
+0399

-O107
0030
.0008
.0002

10.535
-5758

2600°K.

.0000
.0006
.0050
.O182
.O5601

-1683
-4645
-7655
-9584
-9873

.8209
-5722
-2960
-1148
.0352

.0093
.0026
.0007
.0002

10.550
-5730

2800°K.

.OOO1
.0008
0062
-0215
.0640

.1859
-4977
-7972
.9726
-9780

-8035
-5422
-2751
.1048
.0316

-0082
.0022
0006
-OOOL

10.572
-5705

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

3000°K.

.OOOI
.OOI1O
.0074
.0248
.0716

-2021
-5209
.8239
-9826
-9676

-7796
-5166
-2570
.0966
-0287

.0073
.0020
-0005
.OO01

10.581
-5682

Equal energy
= visibility

.0004
-004
-023
.060
-139

“23
-710
-954
-995
.870

-631
-381
175
-O6O1
-O17

.OOAI
.0010
.0002
.OOOI

10.686

-555

TABLES 316 AND 317 319
SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTION AND LUMINOSITY DATA (concluded)

Factors proportional to the values of Table 315 adjusted so that the area of each complete curve of
minosity factors between 0.40 and 0.76y is equal to unity. To obtain the light transmission of a screen,
ultiply the spectrum transmission at each \ by the corresponding tabulated or interpolated factor,
taining in each case an element of light transmission for the wave-length interval \ — .oIu tod + .OIn.
he integral light transmission is obtained as the sum of these elements. The same process is followed
r spectrum reflection.

TABLE 316.—Luminosity Factors

Ain pu 2000°K. 2100°K. 2200°K. 2300°K. 2400°K. 2500°K. 2600°K. 2700°K. 2800°K. 2900°K. 3000°K.
0.40 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
-42 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0OO0OI .O000I .OOOI .OOOI
-44 .0002 .0002 .0003 .0003. .0004 .0004 .0005 .0005 .0006 .0007 .0007
46 .0008 .0OOIO0 .OOII .0OI2 .00O14 .00I6 .0OI17 .O00I9 .0020 .002I .0023
.48 .0030 .0034 .0038 .0042 .0046 .0049 .0052 .0056 .0061 .0064 .0067
-50 (O103) | .OLIA 40023) |-0133) -0142) 01511) C160, 20168) 0176-0184 -O1O1
52 .0323 .0347 .0367 .0386 .0406 .0424 .0440 .0455 .0471 .0486 .0498
54 .0599 .0627 .0649 .0669 .0690 .0710 .0725 .0740 .0754 .0768 .0779
56 .0837 .0855 .0868 .0880 .0891 .0901 .0908 .0914 .0920 .0925 .0929
.58 0954 -0954 .0954 .0949 .0944 .0939 .0935 -.0930 .0925 -0919 .09I4
.60 .0882 .0863 .0847 .0832 .0815 .0799 .0786 .0773 .0760 .0747 .0737
.62 .0664 .0638 .0616 .0596 .0576 .0558 .0542 .0527 .0513 .0499 .0488
-64 0374. .0352 .0335 -.0320 .0305 .0292 .0280 .0270 .0260 .0251 .0243
.66 .0157. .0145 .0136 .0129 .OI12I .OI1I5 .O109 .0104 .0099 .0095_ .O009I
.68 .0052 .0047 .0044 .0041 .0038 .0035 .0033 .0032 .0030 .0028 .0027
.70 .0OI5 .0013 .OOI2 .OOIIT .OOIO .0009 .0009 .0008 .0008 .0007 .0007
ae .0004 .0004 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002
aT: .0OOOIL .0OOOI .000I .000I .00OI .OOOI .O0OOI .O000I .000I .0000 .0000

.76 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
Max. value .0956 .0953 .0952 .0950 .0949 .0948 .0947 .0947 .0946 .0945 .0945
Max. at uw = .5818 .5802 .5788 .5774 ESW5O eS TAS. 5740" a-57LO 05705. 5093 =5083
Cantroid » = .5830 .5814 .5800 .5786 .5770 .5757 -5742 -5730 -5717. -5705_— 5695

TABLE 317.—Percentage Change in J for Change of + 30 in Planck’s C, (14830)

EXxAmPLe: At color temperature 2300°K., the value below for 0.44u is 0.8%, due to a change of 30 in
». For a change of 20 in C, the change in Jo.4 is 24 of 0.8 = 0.5%; for a change of 15 in Cx, % of 0.8
70.4%, etc.

Algebraic sign of tabulated values:

Tabulated values
, Ist 6 col. Next 6 col.
Change in C,—Increase 7

avinin elisha) alyrallettedcatya |e) ,e)t@is! ate, eels) .a)(eive.tel/e)yeice (ey elisicaice) =) =

TD) CEKEASE hay secs Sroeperreee rae bests erent \oud thon a eioions + ad

In line “‘all \” are given values for adjustment of the percentage values above in Table 315 to obtain
he % change in the luminosity factors of Table 316. Each of these constants applies to all values given
bove it in the table; that is, one constant for each temperature. Combine the given constant by algebraic
ddition with the individual values at each wave length.

ExampLe: Color temp. 2600° K.; \ = 0.52u; C2 changed from 14330 to 14310. At 0.52u, 2600°K., 0.3%
s tabulated. Its sign is +, and C, is decreased. The corresponding constant in line ‘“‘all \’’ is —0.07, the
linus sign corresponding to a decrease in Cy. For a change of —30 in C, the % change for Table 317 is
.3-0.1%. For the assigned change of —20 in (2, the required adjustment to the value in Table 316 is %4
£0.2 = 0.1%. At \ = .71n, the adjustment would be 24 (—0.3 — 0.1) = — 0.2%, etc.

hin 2000°K. 2300°K. 2600°K. 2900°K. 3200°K. ding 2000°K. 2300°K. 2600°K. 2900°K. 3200°K.

0.32 BOG GEO%e) Tate 15064. 1-3%. 0:60

| a «1.8 1.6 Te 1.3 Ear i620 Pere ete. s4Or1 0.1 0.1
36 1.6 1.4 m3 Holt 1.0 -64 as 0.2 2 Be
me 38 1.4 1.2 Ti 9 9 .66 0.3 er r2
: .68 3 3 23 2 2
| -40 12 1.0 9 8 8
-42 1.0 9 8 A] oF, -70 4 3 “3 3 2
| 44 9 8 .7 6 6 72 4 4 4 3 3
| 46 7 6 5 5 5 -74 5 4 4 4 3
| 48 6 A 4 4 4 .76 6 5 4 4 4
-50 5 4 4 x4) 48 all > 04 .06 07 O07 O07
52 oa oa 3 2 S A
54 2 .2 a2 2 ee
-56 aD ail aD aT an
58 .0 .O .O .O .O

'MITHSONIAN TABLES

320 TABLES 318 AND 319
RADIATION EMISSIVITIES
TABLE 318.— Relative Emissive Powers for Total Radiation

Emissive power of black body = 1._ Receiving surface platinum black at 25°C; oxidized surfaces oxidized at
600 + °C. Randolph and Overholzer, Phys. Review, 2, p. 144, 1913.

Temperature, Deg. C

Platinum (1)

Oxidized zinc

Oxidized aluminum
Calorized copper, oxidized
Cast iron

Oxidized nickel

Oxidized monel

Calorized steel, oxidized
Oxidized copper
Q@xidizedbrassi,seee oe Ociieioe soe
Oxidized lead

Oxidized cast iron
Oxidized steel

Black body

HOO0000000000

Remark: For radiation properties of bodies at temperatures so low that the radiations of wave length
greater than 204 or thereabouts are important, doubt must exist because of the possible and perhaps
probable lack of blackness of the receiving body to radiations of those wave lengths or greater. For
instance, see Tables 455 and 460 for the transparency of soot.

TABLE 319.—Enmissivities of Metals and Oxides

Emissivities for radiation of wave-length 0.55 and 0.65 uw. Burgess and Waltenberg, Bul. Bureau of Standards,
II, 501, 1914.

In the solid state practically all the metals examined appear to have a negligible or very small temperature coeffi-
cient of emission for AX = 0.55 and 0.65 sz within the temperature range 20° C to melting point. Nickel oxide has a
well-defined negative coefficient, at least to the melting point. There is a discontinuity in emissivity, for X = 0.65 uw
at the melting point for some but not all the metals and oxides. This effect is most marked for gold, copper, and
silver, and is appreciable for platinum and palladium. Palladium, in addition, possesses for radiation a property
analogous to suffusion, in that the value of emissivity (A = 0.65 4) natural to the liquid state may persist for a time
after solidification of the metal. The Violle unit of light does not appear to define a constant standard. Article con-
tains bibliography.

Metals

€v, 0.55 psolid....
0.55 @ liquid..

0.65 mw solid...
liquid...

Metals

eA, 0.55 m solid... : ; : ; é 0.77
liquid... |

0.65 m solid... j : ‘ .61 : 2 ; ‘ ; 0.54
liquid... ©. 40 : ‘ 61 : °.39 0.34

Oxides: 0.65 uw NiO | Co304] FesOs |MnzO4} TiOz | ThOz | Y20O3 | BeO Cr203 | UsCs-

e), solid ‘ : . 6; — -52 ; : m2 : “ 0.60 | 0.30
— |-.0.3r

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 320 321
SOME INTRINSIC PROPERTIES OF TUNGSTEN

(Jones, Langmuir, Gen. Electr. Rev., July-August, 1927 )

Power . Vapor Thermal :

Resis- | radi- Bright- Ef- | Electron | Evapora- | pressure P abst expan- ule eee
° tivity | ated NESS) | 222 | emission tion SDSS sion
[°K. f 7 ciency p baryes | Sivity ‘ Y

pExXnLo! W int. cand./ ital black in cal./g- cal-10-2

ohm.cm| watts/ | 1” yan fia) Si LOB |X LOR |e ehORnes eae = 1|Per cent Jatom./°C] ‘atom

cm? | a lpe M | > | 2 y ly at 293°
amp./cm? | g/cm? sec. | dynes/cm?
300 5.65 |3 X 10% .O17 .003 6.0 I2
400 8.06 |2 X 10-3 | -024 -044 6.0 18
500 | 10.56 |I X 10% .032 .086 6.1 24
600 | 13.23 -030 -043 -130 6.1 30
700 | 16.09 .076 -057 -175 6.2 36
800 | 19.00 .169 | .072 .222 6.2 42
900 | 21.04 -322 .088 -270 6.3 48
1 n M n P n

1000 | 24.93 EOO2 |e tie LOM i703) || t-O'7n——L5a 05.320 —3 4) |. OS) — 20) .105 -320 6.4 54
II00 | 27.94 1.027) 1 >< 10-5 | 15.6 | 1.52 —13 | 2.17 —30 | 1.22 —25 -124 -371 6.4 60
1200 | 30.08 1.66 | 6 X 10-3 | 14.2 | 9.73 —I2 | 3.21 —27 | 1.87 —22 -141 -424 6.5 66
1300 | 34.08 2.57 3 X 10-2 | 13.1 | 3.2t —IO| 1.35 —24]| 8.18 —20 .158 -479 6.7 75
1400 | 37.19 3.83 | I X 107! | 12.0 | 6.62 —9] 2.51 —22 | 1.62 —17 -175 +535 6.8 82
1500 40.36 5.52 0.33 | II.I | 9.14 ——8| 2.37 —20]| 1.54 —15 .192 -593 7.0 89
1600 | 43.55 7.74 0.93 | 10.3 | 9.27 —7|1.25 —18 | 8.43 —14 .207 -652 FOE 96
1700 | 46.78 10.62 2.33 | 9.5 | 7.08 —6] 4.17 —17 | 2.82 —12 .222 -713 7.2 103
1800 | 50.05 14.19 5.12 | 8.8 | 4.47 —5 | 8.82 —16| 6.31 —II £237 Tens 7.4 IIo
1900 | 53.35 18.64 £0503) 8:2) | 2:28) — 4 AL —TAul fOr 6—0 .250 .839 7.6 118
2000 | 56.67 24.04 20.66 7.6 | 1.00 —3]| 1.76 —13] 1.33 —8 .263 -904 Her 125
2100 | 60.06 30.5 37-75 Tok I Bh 83 || AC) an | ey -274 -O71 7.8 133
2200 | 63.48 38.2 64.0 6.7 | 1.33 —2] 1.25 —11 | 9.88 —7 -285 1.039 8.0 I4I
2300 | 66.91 47.2 103.7 6.2 | 4.07 —2]| 8.00 —11 | 6.47 —6 -2905 I.109 8.2 149
2400 70.39 57-7 164.4 | 5.8 | 1.16 —I| 4.26 —I0O |] 3.52 —5 .304 1.180 8.3 157
2500 | 73.91 60.8 248 5.5 | 2.08 —1] 2.03 —9|]1.71 —4 —su2 1.253 8.4 166
2600 | 77.49 83.8 364 5.1 | 7.16 —1] 8.41 —9] 7.24 —4 .320 1.328 8.6 174
2700 | 81.04 99.6 532 4.8 | 1.63 0} 3.19 —8| 2.86 —3 R327 1.404 8.7 183
2800 | 84.70 | 117.6 732 4.5 | 3-54 0| 1.10 —7|9.84 —3 -334 1.479 8.9 192
2900 | 88.33 | 137.8 087 4.2) e723 One3t30)) —75|3:00i 5 —2 .340 1.561 9.0 201
3000 | 92.04 | 160.5 1326 4.0 | 1.42 +1] 9.95 —7| 9.20 —2 -346 1.642 9.2 210
3100 | 95.76 | 185.8 1745 3.7 | 2.64 +1 | 2.60 —6] 2.50 —1 -352 1.724 9.4 219
3200 | 90.54 | 214.0 2252 3.5 | 4.78 +1 | 6.38 —6]| 6.13 —I -357 1.808 9.5 228
3300 | 103.3 245.4 2803 3.3 | 8.44 +1 | 1.56 —5 | 1.51 oO .362 1.893 9.6 238
3400 | 107.2 280.0 3660 3.1 | r.42 —--2)\\ 3°47, —5 | 3.45 oO -366 1.980 9.8 248
3500 | III.1 318.0 4540 2.9 | 2.33 +2] 7.54 —5 | 7-52 ° -370 2.068 9.9 258
3600 | II5.0 360.0 5530 I 2:86 0373) 2) |p — Au rss I -374 2.158 10.1 268
3655 | 117.1 382.6 6163 I 2s Ae7Ole =1-2) (228.0 —A" |Pais3 Tals 70 2.200 10.2 273

ITHSONIAN TABLES

322 TABLES 321-323
TABLE 321.—Spectrum Emissivity of Tungsten (Percentage)

Weniger and Pfund (Phys. Rev., 14, 427, 1919) verified Drude’s formula for tungsten,
100 — Ry = e, = 3650 Vp/x, valid for \ > 2u, where R)\ = reflectivity, \, the wave length
in u, p, the specific resistance at the temperature considered. The following u.v. data is from
Hulburt (Astrophys. Journ. 45, 149, 1917, via Forsythe, Christison, Gen. Electr. Rev., p.
622, 1929), from which the data for 0.2 to 4.24, 2800° are taken.

TABLE 322.—Temperature Scale for Tungsten

Hyde, Cady, Forsythe, Journ. Franklin Inst. 181, 418, 1916. See also Phys. Rev. 10,395,
1917. The color temperature = temperature of black body at which its color matches
the given radiation.

Color Black-body True True _True=
temperature temperature temperature temperature brightness

1763°K. 1627°K. 1729°K. 1700° 100°
IQI7 1753 1875 1800 115
2025 1840 1976 1900 128
2109 1909 2056 2000 142
2179 1967 2125 2100 158
2237 2017 2184 2200 175
2290 2062 2238 2300 I9I
2338 2102 2286 2400 208
2383 ' 2140 2332 ae ae

2425 2174 2373

OO ON AUHW ND

~

TABLE 323.—Radiation Characteristics of Tungsten
(Forsythe, Worthing, Astrophys. Journ., 61, 146, 1925.)

Emissivity Temperature °K

Average Color Brightness

enone 0.665u Color Radiation

0.6654 0.467"

0.466 0.498 et eyhs ait are alas Ae
.456 .486 0.464 0.396 966 1006 581
-445 -476 -457 -383 1420 1517 991
-435 -469 -452 -370 1857 2033 1428
-425 -462 -446 -356 2274 2557 1859
415 -455 -440 343 2673 3094 2286

(.405) (.449) (.434) (.329) 3053 (3646) | (2704)

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 324-327 323
TABLE 324.—Radiation and Other Properties of Tantalum
(Worthing, Phys. Rev., 28, 190, 1926.)

Resis-
tivity Radi
peice, adia-
tion Tdn fol
att ATLIS=
Radiation eee Wert/ sivity

Emissivity Temperature

Bright-

3) mite Pe ce een ee ete
CO 00 00 CO COCO OO. ere
OLS ORONO! Ole eer =

TABLE 325.—Radiation and Other Properties of Molybdenum
(Worthing, Phys. Rev., 28, 190, 1926.)

Resis-

Emissivity Temperature fae

Brighness a Luminous
normally |. A efficiency
Bright- 5 : candles/ ane lumens/
ness : cm? erie

0.0001] 0.55
.089 3.18
-765 6.30
4.13 Tels
15.9 19.2
48.5 30.7
123) 47.0
270 69.5
540 98 18.4
730 116 DOL

TABLE 326.—Relation between Brightness Temperature and Color
Temperature for Various Substances

Corresponding color temperature for—

Brightness

temperature | Untreated Nernst

Platinum glower

Osmium Tantalum | Tungsten

TABLE 327.—Color Minus Brightness Temperature for Carbon
(Hyde, Cady, Forsythe, Phys. Rev. 10, 395, 1917.)

Brightness temp. °K..... 1600° | 1700° | 1800° | 1g00° | 2000° | 2100°

Color —brightness....... 7 I2 16 22 28

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

324 TABLES 328-330

TABLE 328.—Percentage Emissivities of Metals and Oxides
Emissivity of black body taken as 100

True temperature C,

60 FeO.40 Fe2O3
= Fe heated

Platinum:
True temp. C...... 750 | 1000 1600 | 1700
App.* temp. C..... — — _— 486 780 930 | 1005
Total emiss. Pt.....} 3. : : 6.05} 7.0) | Su01 ||| ton) ||r2.4 D5 5) | LOeo) | an7ze5:

Tungsten:
True temp. K (abs.)....... 200 | 600] I000 | 1400 | 1800 | 2200 | 2600 | 3000 | 3400 | 3800 4
51.8 | 50.8] 49.8 | 48.9 | 47.9 | 47.0 | 46.0 | 45.0 | 44.1 — 4
47.2| 46.3 | 45.3 | 44-3 | 43-3 | 42-4 | 41-4 |] 40.4 |] 390-5] 4

* As observed with total radiation pyrometer sighted on the platinum.
References: (1) Burgess and Foote, Bul. Bureau of Standards, 12, 83, 1915; (2) Burgess and Foote, Joc. cit.
II, 41, 1914; (3) Foote, loc. cit. 11, 607, 1914; (4) Worthing, Phys. Rev. 10, 377, 1917.

TABLE 329.—Emissivities, Metals (Black body — 1)
(Worthing, Phys. Rev., 28, 174, 1926.)

t°C 0.460u 0.535u 0.665u TKS 0.460u 0.535u 0.665u

eleUvonetoratetetelc 20 0.635 0.352 0.062 Bie ieee eich Neel ve OLO3 21 OLA A Om Oa ©
te 245 WARES 3758 S200 —LO SO ate seycere Bas

Chey Siena. 4 Om Ul SLAOOU vs bron toaiae setters 442
5 Avra fees eeeysl So ale(ianaie Sao Umeha REALS

Se elt, Mei ne SOO

“cc

‘antalutctates errs

Platinum |0.665 |1100°K. 0.292| 1300° 0.297 | 1500° 0.302 | 1700° 0.307 | 1900° 0.312

463 [500° .370'| T7007 .381 | £900" 9.302

Total radiation = C’T” watt/cm’, nichrome values poor. Suydam, Phys. Rev., 5, 497, I915.

Ag 610°— Pt 640°— Ni 463°- Fe 700°— Nichrome 325°—
980°K. 1150°K. 1280°K. 1300°K. 13 TO ge
(Cl 2.) X< iO Dis xox 2 TO 1074 BP xeon! 1S) oe LOs
MAST 5.0 4.65 5.55 4.1

Specific values are given in this paper for various temperatures of both radiator and
absorber. Also for electrical resistances.

TABLE 330.—Total Radiation from Bare and Soot-Covered Nickel (Watts/cm?)
(Barnes, Phys. Rev., 34, 1026, 1929.)

°K: 400 500 600 700 800 900 I000 1200 £1400

Soot-covered Ni..........0.096 0.28 0.59 1.87 3 B ABE Accs

Polished! Na initial heat. 5. <0092) 4032) 2079) 5-166) 1-30, 1-55 9-91 2°17, 4.49

sé 4c

after above.... .0066 .023 .058 .123 .24 .44 .76 2.04 4.49

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 331 AND 332 325
COGLING BY RADIATION AND CONVECTION

TABLE 331.—At Ordinary Pressures TABLE 332.— At Different Pressures
According to McFarlane* the rate of loss of heat by a sphere Experiments made by J. P. Nicol in Tait’s Labo-
placed in the centre of a spherical enclosure which has a ratory show the effect of pressure of the en-
blackened surface, and is kept at a constant temperature of closed air on the rate of loss of heat. In this
about 14° C, can be expressed by the equations case the air was dry and the enclosure kept at
about 8° C.

€ = .000238 + 3.06 X to—%t — 2.6 X 10-872,

whe the surface of the sphere is blackened, or
Polished surface. Blackened surface.

@ = .000168 -+ 1.98 X 10-64 — 1.7 X 10—8/2,

whe the surface is that of polished copper. In these equa- et et
tions: ¢ is the amount of heat lost in c. g.s. units, that is,
the cuantity of heat, small calories, radiated per second per
square centimeter of surface of the sphere, per degree differ-
ence of temperature #, and ¢ is the difference of temperature
between the sphere and the enclosure. The medium through ; .00987 61.2 .01746
which the heat passed was moist air. The following table FL .00862 50.2 .O1 360
gives the results. : .007 36 41.6 .01078
.00628 34.4 .00860
00562 : .00640
00438 : .00455
.00378 -
.00278 -
-O0O2TO ad

PRESSURE 76 CMs. OF MERCURY.

Differ- Value o: e.
ence of |
tempera- Ratio.
ture
t

Polished surface. | Blackened surface.

000178 0002 52
PRESSURE 10.2 RCURY.

.000186 .000266

O

FIO

67.8 01298
.O1158
.01048
.00898
.00791
.00490

00492
61.1 00433
55 00383

.000193 .000279

49.7 | .00340
|
|

.00020I .000289

44.9 .00302

.00020 .000298
7 7 40.8 00268

pA RUM
nOnnun

00021 2 .000306

-000217 | -000 313 PRESSURE 1 CM. OF MERCURY.

-00C22C -000319 |

OV
nN

.o1 182
.O1074
01003
.007 26
.00639
.00 569
.00446
00391

.00388
00355
00256
00219
00157
.OO1 24

.000223 .000323

.00022 000326

-000226 000328

NNWoOAUIN

SE U5EN
NM OMUN NUN

000220 000328

* * Proc. Roy. Soc.” 1872.
t “ Proc. Roy. Soc.’’? Edinb. 1869.
See also Compan, Annal. de chi. et phys. 26, p. 526.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES

326 TABLES 333 AND 334

COOLING BY RADIATION AND CONVECTION
TABLE 333.—Cooling of Platinum Wire in Copper Envelope

Bottomley gives for the radiation of a bright platinum wire to a copper envelope when the space between is at the
highest vacuum attainable the following numbers : —
t= 408° C, ef = 378.8 X 10~4, temperature of enclosure 16° C.
ss ss D7 IG.
It was found at this degree of exhaustion that considerable relative change of the vacuum produced very small
change of the radiating power. The curve of relation between degree of vacuum and radiation becomes asymp-
totic for high exhaustions. The following table illustrates the variation of radiation with pressure of air in

2 C050 Cr eh— 720 ten Ome

enclosure.

Temp. of enclosure 179 C, ¢= 505° C.

Temp. of enclosure 16° C, ¢= 408° C.

Pressure in mm et Pressure in mm et

740. 8137.0 X 10-4 0.094 1688.0 X 10~#

440.
I40.
42.
4.
0.444
.070

7971.0 “ 053

7875-0
7591.0

“

“ee

“

5O3 a
013
.0046
00052
.OOOTg

1255-08 oe

1126.0
920.4
831.4
767-4
740.4

“ee

034 7. Lowest reached
.O12 but not measured
.005 1
.00007

726.1

TABLE 334.—Effect of Pressure on Loss of Heat at Different Temperatures

The temperature of the enclosure was about 15° C. The numbers give the total radiation in therms per square cen-
timeter per second.

Pressure in mm

Temp. of
wire in C°

About
O.I 77

0.025

100° | 0.01 0.005
200 . : ‘ .02 0055
300 . : : -O4 -O105
400 : : : .07 .025
509 : : 613 .055
600 : : 23 ag,
700 .37 24
Soo .56 .40
goo : - 61

Nore. — An interesting example (because of its practical importance in electric light- |
ing) of the effect of difference of surface condition on the radiation of heat is given on the
authority of Mr. Evans and himself in Bottomley’s paper. The energy required to keep
up a certain degree of incandescence in a lamp when the filament is dull black and when
it is “flashed ” with coating of hard bright carbon, was found to be as follows : —

Dull black filament, 57.9 watts.
Bright “ ge 39-8 watts.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLES 335 AND 336 327
TABLE 335.—Conduction of Heat across Air Spaces (Ordinary Temperatures)

Loss of heat by air from surfaces takes place by radiation (dependent upon radiating power of surface; for small
temperature differences proportional to temperature difference; follows Stefan-Boltzmann formula, see p. 313),
conduction, and convection. The two latter are generally inextricably mixed. For horizontal air spaces, upper surface
warm, the loss is all radiation and conduction; with warm lower surface the loss is greater than for similar vertical
space.

Vertical spaces: The following table shows that for spaces of less than 1 cm width the loss is nearly proportional]
to the space width, when the radiation is allowed for; for greater widths the increase is less rapid, then reaches a maxi-
mum, and for yet greater widths is slightly less. The following table is from Dickinson and van Dusen, A. S. Refrigerat-
ing Engineers J. 3, 1916.

HEAT CONDUCTION AND THERMAL RESISTANCES, RADIATION ELIMINATED,
AIR SPACE 20 CM HIGH

Heat conduction. Thermal resistance.
Cal./hour/cm?2/° C, Same units.

Temperature difference. Temperature difference.

Variation with height of air space: Max. thermal resistance = 4.0 at 1.4 cm air space, 10 cm high; 6.0 at 1.6 cm,
20 cm high; 8.9 at 2.5 cm, 60 cm high.

TABLE 336.—Convection of Heat in Air at Ordinary Temperatures

In very narrow layers of air between vertical surfaces at different temperatures the convection currents, in the
main, flow up one side and down the other, with eddyless (stream-line) motion. It follows that these currents trans-
port heat to or from the surfaces only when they turn and flow horizontally, from which fact it follows, in turn, that
the convective heat transfer is independent of the height of the surface. It is, according to the laws of eddyless
flow, proportional to the square of the temperature difference, and to the cube of the distance between the surfaces.
As the flow becomes more rapid (e.g., for a 20° difference and a distance of 1.2 cm) turbulence enters, and the above
Bann begin to change. For the dimensions tested, convection in horizontal layers was a little over twice that in
vertical.

Taken from White, Physical Review, 10, 743, 1917.

Heat Transfer, in the Usual C.G.S. Unit, i.e., Calories per Second per Degree of Thermal Head per Square Cm of
Flat Surface, at 22.8° Mean Temperature.

Wh re two values are given, they show the range among determinations with different methods of getting the tem-
perature of the outer plate. It will be seen that the value of the convection is practically unaffected by this difference
of method.

8 mm gap. 12 mm gap. 24 mm gap.
Thermal
head.

Total. Convection. Convection Total. Convection.

.000 065

ao

° |
2 J

.000 OOT

HO

.000 090

.000 003

.000 106 000 O40
003 vy

.000 126 .000 060

Fwy

.000 007

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

328 TABLE 337
CONVECTION AND CONDUCTION OF HEAT BY GASES AT HIGH TEMPERATURES *

The loss of heat from wires at high temperatures occurs as if by conduction across a thin film of stationary gas
adhering to the wire (vertical and horizontal losses very similar). Thickness of film is apparently independent of
temperature of wire, but probably increases with the temperature of the gas and varies with the diameter of the wire
according to the formula b-log)/a = 2B, where B = constant for any gas, b = diameter of film, a, of wire. The rate
of convection (conduction) of heat is the product of two factors, one the shape factor, s, involving only a and B, the
other a function @ of the heat conductivity of the gas. If W = the energy loss in watts/cm, then W = s(¢2 — $1).
s may be found from the relation

=e Ss = 5) b=4.19 [7 kdt,

where & is the heat conductivity of the gas at temperature T in calories/em °C. dz is taken at the temperature T2
of the wire, di at that of the atmosphere. The following may be taken as the conductivities of the corresponding
gases at high temperatures:

For hydrogen Tape Pagshelsia ati k= 28X 1O°V TI (1 + .0002T)/(t + 77T7)}
Bh yee k=4.6X 10 *VT I(r + .0002T)/(1 + 124T-)}
mercury vapor........ k=2.4X TONED (x fe 960T-1)}.

To obtain the heat loss: B may be assumed proportional to the viscosity of the gas and inversely proportional to
the density. For air (see Table 338(6)) B may be taken as 0.43 cm; for He, 3.05 cm; for Hg vapor as 0.078. Obtain
s from section (a) below from a/B; then from section (5) obtain ¢2 and ¢1 for the proper temperatures; the loss will
be s(@2 — di) in watts/cm.

(a) s AS Function oF a/B

HHHHHHOOOOO

ononounounonod
e©o000O0OnN 0000
O00 WHIAIDAUUH
OnONdDNUN DON ONO
NIN OAUUNEPHWNHNH

UbBBRWWNHNHHHOO

H

(b) TABLE oF ¢@ IN WATTS PER Cm AS FUNCTION OF ABSOLUTE TEMP. (°K.)

* Langmuir Physical Review, 34, p. 401, 1912.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 338 329
HEAT LOSSES FROM INCANDESCENT FILAMENTS

(a) Wires oF PLATINUM SPONGE SERVED AS RapIATORS TO ROOM-TEMPERATURE SUR-
ROUNDINGS, HARTMAN, PHYSICAL REVIEW, 7, Pp. 431, I9Q16

(A) Observed heat losses in watts per cm.

Diameter Absolute temperatures.

1400° | 1500° | 1600° | 1700°

6.18 | 7.70 . 12315
4.29 | 5-33 . 8.25
3.23 | 3-91 : 5-72
2.54 | 3.04 : 4.32

radiation, watts per cm (A-C).

T.23 BSN |e ces Bere ce ssae |e .00
Tel) O30) |\exg2 BAS ali cree y70 |inee .08
I.05 22 ena SS 7A ake OMe .67
0.89 FOZ) |ieln5 2 Sul Scan pe -47

(C) Computed radiation, watts per cm, 0 = 5.61 X 10 12.*

B20 | c7o4) 2520) 4.47.1 | 407 | Onr6) Il 7078) LosLs
7S LOO etes3 |) 2k |) 204) Su-74ei| e4o4: 6.17
PAS On7ie etOLe iene son |r. OO) 2a450eseuny 4.05
N34) MONSON On7 Cul Oey) lke Gu |eLe7smiNeee4: 2

(D) Conduction loss by silver leads, watts per cm.

0.61 | 0.75 | 0.88 | I.00 | 1.07
0.28 | 0.35 | 0.43 | 0.48 | 0.55 ||. 0.57
0.08 || ©.09) || O- £4 || (0.12) | (0.14 | 0.15

Convection loss by air, watts per cm.

0.45) || 0: ‘ 0.70 | 0.67 | 0.57 | 0.59 | 0.69
0.62 : ; 0.87 | 0.92 | 0.89 | 0.91 | 0.93 .07
0.64 | o. ; OnOA | SiOs ate aen eet | |er 25 . 29

* This value is lower than the presently (1919) accepted value of 5.72.

(b) Wires OF BriGHT PLATINUM 40-50 CM LONG SERVED AS RADIATORS TO SURROUNDINGS
AT 300° K. LAncmutr, PHYSICAL REVIEW, 34, Pp. 401, 1912

Observed energy losses in watts per cm.

Diameter
wire, Absolute temperatures.

cm.
°

.02508
.01262
. 00691
. 00404

NNKRWUN

Energy radiated in watts per cm.*

.049 0.137 -323
.024 0.067 -159
.O12 0.034 .080
- 007 0.019 -O44
. 004 0.oIl .026

“Convection” losses in watts per cm.

0.85
0.66
0.52
0.47
0.41

Thickness of theoretical conducting air film.

.0510
.02508
.01262
. 00691
. 00404
Means.

WNHwWLWwWbd
H~I HNO CO

* Computed with a = 5.32, black-body efficiency of platinum as follows (Lummer and Kurlbaum):
0.039; 654°, 0.060; 795°, 0.075; 1108°, 0.112; 1481°, 0.1543; 1761° K., 0.180. t Weighted mean.

‘

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

330 TABLES 339 AND 340
THE SENSITIVITY OF THE EYE

Definitions: A meter-candle is the intensity of illumination due to a standard candle at a meter distance. The
millilambert (0.oor lambert) measures the brightness of a perfectly diffusing (according to Lambert’s cosine law)
surface diffusing .oor lumen/cm2. A brightness of 10 meter-candles equals 1 millilambert. o.oor ml corresponds
roughly to night exteriors, 0.1, to night interiors, 10 ml to daylight interiors and tooo, to daylight exteriors. A bright-
ness of 100,000 meter-candles is about that of a horizontal plane for summer day with sun in zenith, 500, on a cloudy
day, 4, rst magnitude stars just visible, 0.2, full moon in zenith, .oor, by starlight; in winter the intensity at noon may
drop about 4.

TABLE 339.—Spectral Variation of Sensitiveness as a Function of Intensity

Radiation is easily visible to most eyes from 0.330 m (violet) to 0.770 uw (red). At low intensities near threshold
values (gray, rod vision) the maximum of spectral sensibility les near 9.503 m (green) for 90% of all persons. At higher
intensities, after the establishment of cone vision, the max. shifts as far as 0.560 uw. See Table 346 for more accurate
values of sensitiveness after this shift has been accomplished. The ratio of optical sensation to the intensity of energy
increases with increasing energy more rapidly for the red than for the shorter wave-lengths (Purkinje phenomenon);
i.e., a red light of equal intensity to the eye with a green one will appear darker as the intensities are equally lowered.
This phenomenon disappears above a certain intensity (above ro millilamberts). Table due to Nutting, Bulletin
Bureau of Standards.

The intensity is given for the spectrum at 0.535 (green).

Intensity -
(meter-candles) = feels 38 i 6) ; i : aaa 590-4

Ratio to preceding step = a ; 4 i

Wave-length, A.

o

-430 Me
.450
47°
490
5°05
520
535
-555
575
599
605
625
.650
.670
\, maximum sensitiveness

GEO} O FORGO O10) OROFOROS)
90990000099H09000
o000000000H 9000
©C000000000HDOO
©0900000000HGONOO

999009990009000

TABLE 340.—Threshold Sensibility as Related to Field Brightness

The eye perceives with ease and comfort a billion-fold range of intensities. The following data were obtained with
the eye fully adapted to the sensitizing field, B, the field flashed off, and immediately the intensity, T, of a test spot
(angular size at eye about 5°) adjusted to be just visible. This table gives a measure of the brightness, 7, necessary
to just pick up objects when the eye is adapted to a brightness, B. Intensities are indicated log intensities in milli-
lamberts. Blanchard, Physical Review, 11, p. 81, 1918.

+2.0 1+3.0
7|—4.17| —3.30] —2.59]—2.02 —o.75|+0. 28
Las oO. .13} .068 | .050 | .026 | .c096 .0018 | .corg
.|—6.70] —6.38]—5s. ‘ —4.23] —3.46| —2.70]—2.18 ’ —
Log T, green —6.42|—6.20]—5. .00| —4.23| —3.39] —2.60] —2.08

Log T, yellow 4.61] —4.03| —3.33|—2-.57]—1.

Log T, red A. .00| —3.47| —2.96| —2.43]—1.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES,

TABLES 341-344 331

THE SENSIBILITY OF THE EYE
TABLE 341.—Heterochromatic Threshold Sensibility
The following table shows the decrease in sensitiveness of the eye for comparing intensities of different colors. The

numbers in the body of the table correspond to the line marked 7/B of Table 340. The intensity of the field was
probably between 10 and 100 millilamberts (25 photons).

Comparison color. 0.693 M | 0.640 M | 0.575 M | 0.505 M | 0.475 uM | 0.430

Standard color: red
yellow

TABLE 342.—Contrast or Photometric Sensibility

For the following table the eye was adapted to a field of 0.1 millilambert and the sensitizing field flashed off. A
neutral gray test spot (angular size at eye, 5 X 2.5°) the two halves of which had the contrast indicated (3 transparent,
3 covered with neutral screen of transparency = contrast indicated) was then observed and the brightness of the
transparent part measured necessary to just perceive the contrast after the lapse of the various times. One eye only
used, natural pupil. Blanchard, Physical Review, 11, p. 88, 1918. Values are log brightness of brighter field in
millilamberts.

Time in seconds.

|
Hi wWW Ww

TABLE. 343.—Glare Sensibility

When an eye is adapted to a certain brightness and is then exposed suddenly to a much greater brightness, the
latter may be called glaring if uncomfortable and instinctively avoided. Observers naturally differ widely. The data
are the means of three observers, and are log brightnesses in millilamberts. The glare intensity may be taken as roughly
700 times the cube root of the field intensity in millilamberts. Angle of glare spot, 4°. Blanchard, Physical Review,
oc. cit.

Log. glare... |

TABLE 344.— Rate of Adaptation of Sensibility

This table furnishes a measure of the rate of increase of sensibility after going from light into darkness, and the
values were obtained immediately from the instant of turning off the sensitizing field. Both eyes were used, natural
pupil, angular size of test spot, 4.9°, viewed at 35 cm. Blanchard, Joc. cit. Retinal light persists only 10 to 20 m when
one has been recently in darkness, then in a dimly lighted room; it persists fully an hour when a subject has been in
bright sunlight for some time. A person who has worked much in the dark “gets his eyes” quicker than one who has
not, but his final sensitiveness may be no greater.

Logarithmic thresholds in millilamberts after

Sensitizing
field.

osec. | 1 sec. | 2 sec. | 5 sec. |10 sec. |20 sec. | 40 sec. }60 sec. | 5 min. |3omin.

White, o.

os
iS

|
ty CO
|

°
a
|

Ds * 5 : “ 5 : —4.82]—5.

Io. : : : 3. 3.! .94] —4.31| —4.

I0o. ; ; , ; ‘ . 88] —3. 20] —3.
Blue o. i ; : : : .53| —5. 68] —s.
Green o. ! F a ; Le ie .43/—5.
Yellow o. , 3 E : : ; .02]—5.
Redo. : ; : : . 65 .73|—3-

|
Anan

aan
HERA
An ALRUUH

|

On
oD
|

|

OW On INU D
NO OW An

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

13

332 TABLES 345-347

VARIOUS PROPERTIES OF THE EYE
TABLE 345.—Apparent Diameter of Pupil and Flux Density at Retina

Flashlight measures of the pupil (both eyes open) viewed through the eye lens and adapted to various
field intensities. For eye accommodated to 25 cm, ratio apparent to true pupil, 1.02, for the unaccom-
modated eye, 1.14. The pupil size varies considerably with the individual. It is greater with one eye
closed; e.g., it was found to be for 0.01 millilambert, 6.7 and 7.2 mm; for 0.6 ml, 5.3 and 6.5; for 6.3
ml, 4.1 and 5.7; for 12.6 ml, 4.1 and 5.7 mm for both and one eye open respectively for a certain indi-
vidual. At the extreme intensities the two values approach each other. The ratio of the extreme pupil
openings is about 1/16, whereas the light intensities investigated vary over 1,000,000-fold (Blanchard and
Reeves, partly unpublished data),

Field (1.14/1.02) Effective Flux at retina,

millilamberts Observed x Obs
0.00001 mm

area lumens per mm?

.96 mm 64 mm? Be Ox
Soil 57 JO Ome
.28 42 5) IOS
-48 16 ; mle OES
a 4.3 aoe LORS

DoOANOOO

TABLE 346.—Relative Visibility of Radiation (International Standard—Geneva, 1924)
(See Gibson, Tyndall, Bur. Standards Sci. Paper 475, 1923; Judd, Journ. Opt. Soc. Amer., 21, 267, 1931.)
This table gives the relation between luminous sensation (light) and radiant energy. Data determined
for intensities above Purkinje effect. See Table 339. Ratio of light unit (lumens) to energy unit
(watt) at .554, 0.00162 (Ives, Coblentz, Kingsbury).

+710 .0021
5 .0015
*720 .O0I105
5 .00074
-730 .00052
5 .00036
740 .00025
5 .00017
-750 .00012
5 .00008
-760 .00006
5 .00004
+770 .00003

TABLE 347.—Miscellaneous Eye Data

Light passing to the retina traverses in succession (a) front surface of the cornea (curvature, 7.9 mm); (b) cornea
(equivalent water path for energy absorption, .o6 cm); (c.) back surface cornea (curv., 7.9 mm); (d) aqueous humour
(equiv. H20, .34 cm, m = 1.337); (e) front surface lens (c, ro mm); (f) lens (equiv. H20, .42 cm, m = 1.445); (g) back
surface lens (c.,6 mm); (#) vitreous humour (equiv. H2O, 1.46 cm, m = 1.337). An equivalent simple lens has its
principal point 2.34 mm behind (a), nodal point 0.48 mm in front of (g), posterior principal focus 22.73 mm behind
(a), anterior principal focus 12.83 mm. in front of (a), curvature, 5.125 mm. At the rear surface of the retina (.15 mm
thick) are the rods (30 X 2) and cones (to (6 outside fovea) w long). Rods are more numerous, 2 to 3 between
2 cones, over 3,000,000 cones ineye. Macula lutea, yellow spot, on temporal side, 4 mm from center of retina, long axis
2mm. Central depression, fovea centralis, .3 mm diameter, 7000 cones alone present, 6 X 2 or 3m. In region of dis-
tinct vision (fovea centralis) smallest angle at which two objects are seen separate 1s 50” to 70” = 3.65 to 5.14u at
retina; 50 cones in roo here; 4 between centers, 344 to cone, ru to interval. Distance apart for separation greatet
as depart from fovea. No vision in blind spot, nasal side, 2.5 mm from center of eye, I5 mm in diam.

Persistence of vision as related to color (Allen, Phys. Rev. 11, 257, 1900) and intensity (Porter, Pr. Roy. Soc. 70,
313, 1912) is measured by increasing speed of rotating sector until flicker disappears: for color, .4M, .031 S€C.; .45u,
.020 SEC.; .5[l, O15 SEC.3 .5 7M, .OT2 Sec.; .68u, .o14 sec.; .76u4, .o18 sec.; for intensity, .o6 meter-candle, .028 sec.; 1 mc,
.020 Sec.; 6 MC, .O14 SeC.; IOO MC, .OIO SEC; 142 MC., .007 SEC. - ; ;

Sensibility to small differences in color has two pronounced maxima (in yellow and_ green) and two slight ones
(extreme blie, extreme red). The sensibility to small differences in intensity is nearly independent of the intensity
(Fechner’s law) as indicated by the following data due to KGnig:

I/Io I,000,000 | 100,000 | 10,000 | 1000

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 348 333
PHOTOMETRIC DEFINITIONS AND UNITS

Radiant flux = © = rate of flow of radiation as energy, measured as ergs per second or watts.

Luminous flux = F or ¥ = rate of flow of radiation measured according to power to produce
visual sensation. Although strictly thus defined, for photometric purposes it may be regarded as
an entity, since the rate of flow for such purposes is invariable. Unit is the /wmen, the flux emitted
in a unit solid angle (steradian) by a point source of unit candle power.

Visibility of radiation of wave-length \ = Ka = ratio of luminous to radiant flux for that
A, = Fa/®a.

Mechanical equivalent of light = ratio of /F for the \ of max. visibility expressed in ergs/sec
/lumen or watts/lumen; it is the reciprocal of max. visibility. See p. 335.

Luminosity at wave-length A = (Ka) (®a). Spectral luminosity curve expresses this as a func-
tion of d and is different for various sources.

Luminous efficiency = F/® expressed in lumens/ watt.

Luminous intensity of (approximate) point source = I = solid-angle (w) density of luminous
flux in direction considered = dF/dw, or F/w when the intensity is uniform. Unit, the candle.

Illumination on surface = E = flux density on surface = dF/dS (S is surface area) = F/S
when uniform. Units, meter-candle, foot-candle, phot, lux.

Lux = one lumen per m2; phot one lumen per cm?.

Brightness of a luminous surface may be expressed in two ways:

(1) br = dI/dS. cos @ where @ is the angle between normal to surface and the line of sight;
normal brightness when @ is zero.

(2) br = dF/dS’ assuming that the surface is a perfect diffuser, obeying cos. law of emission
or reflection. Unit, the lambert.

Specific luminous radiation, E’ = luminous flux density emitted by a surface, or the flux
emitted per unit of emissive area, expressed in lumens per cm?. For surfaces obeying Lambert’s
cosine law, E’ = mby.

The lambert, the cgs unit of brightness, is the brightness of a perfectly diffusing surface radiat-
ing or reflecting one lumen per cm?. Equivalent to a perfectly diffusing surface with illumination
of one phot. A perfectly diffusing surface emitting one lumen per ft? has a brightness of 1.076
millilamberts. Brightness in candles per cm? is reduced to lamberts by multiplying by 7.

A uniform point source of one candle emits 47 lumens.

One lumen is emitted by .07958 spherical candle power.

One lumen emitted per {t? = 1.076 millilamberts (perfect diffusion).
One spherical candle power emits 12.57 lumens.

One lux = 1 lumen incident per m? = .ooor phot = .1 milliphot.

One phot = x lumen incident per cm? = 10,000 lux = tooo milliphots.
One milliphot = .oot phot = .g29 foot-candle.

One foot-candle = 1 lumen incident per ft? = 1.076 milliphots = 10.76 lux.
One lambert = 1 lumen emitted per cm? of a perfectly diffusing surface.
One millilambert = .929 lumen emitted per ft? (perfect diffusion).

One lambert = .3183 candle per cm? = 2.054 candles per in?.

One candle per cm? = 3.1416 lamberts.

One candle per in? = .4868 lambert = 486.8 millilamberts.

Adapted from Reports of Committee on Nomenclature and Standards of Illuminating Engineer-
ing Society. 1916 to 1918.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLES 349-351

TABLE 349.—Photometric Standards

334

In Germany the Hefner lamp is most used; in England the Pentane lamp and sperm
candles; in France the Carcel lamp is preferred; in America the Pentane and Hefner
lamps are used to some extent, but candles are largely employed in gas photometry. For
the photometry of electri¢ lamps, and in accurate photometric work, electric lamps, stand-
ardized at a national standardizing institution, are employed.

The “International candle” designates the value of the candle as maintained by co-
operative effort between the national laboratories of England, France, and America; and
the value of various photometric units in terms of this is given in the following table
(Circular No. 15 of the Bureau of Standards).

1 International Candle =1 Pentane Candle.

1 International Candle =1 Bougie Decimale.

1 International Candle =1 American Candle.

1 International Candle = 1.11 Hefner Unit.

1 International Candle = 0.104 Carcel Unit.
1. Standard Pentane Lamp, burning pentane.......... ... 10.0 candles.
2. Standard Hefner Lamp, burning amyl acetate........ . 0.9 candles.
3. Standard Carcel Lamp, burning colza oil............ . 9.6 candles.
4. Standard English Sperm Candle, approximately........ 1.0 candles.

TABLE 350,—The Waidner-Burgess Standard of Light

The Waidner-Burgess standard light consists in immersing a hollow inclosure in a bath
of molten platinum and observing the light from the inclosure during the period of freez-
ing. The exceptionally pure Pt was in a thorium oxide crucible heated by an induction
furnace. At all times before and after test the Pt was 99.997% pure. Reproducible to

0.1% the brightness is
58.84 International Candles per cm*

(Wensel, Roeser, Barbrow, Caldwell, Bur. Standards Journ. Res., 6, 1103, 1931.)

TABLE 351.—Intrinsic Brightness of Various Light Sources

National Electric
Ives & Luckiesh. Lamp
Association.

C. P. per Sq. In.
of surface
of light.

Barrows.

C. P. per 5q. In.
of surface
of light.

C. P. per Sq. In.
of surtace
of light.

P. perS
Sin: of ea
face of light.

600,000 - =
200,000 84,000 130.
10,000-50,000 = ss
5,000 = =

600,000

200,000
10,000-50,000

5,000

Sun at Zenith .
Crater, carbon arc
Open carbon arc
Flaming arc
Magnetite arc . . . ; . =
Nernst Glower . : 800-1,000
Tungsten incandescent, 1.15 w. p.c: > 1,000
Tungsten incandescent, 1.25 Ww. p. c- 1,000 1,000 ‘ 875
Tantalum incandescent, 2.0 w. p. ¢. 75° 580 5 750
Graphitized carbon filament, 255

W.p. Cc. . : 625 750 : 625
Carbon incandescent, Zatsweiphic.) 9. 480 485 480
Carbon incandescent, 3.5 W.p.c. . 375 400 ; 375
Carbon incandescent, 4,0 .We)ps Cc. © 300 325 : -
Inclosed carbon arc (d. c.) 100-500 - 100-500

4,000 6.2 =
(115v.6 amp. d.c.) 3,010

(1.5 W.p.c.) 2,200

Acetylene flame (1 ft. burner) . dl 75-100
Acetylene flame (34 ft. burner) 2 -
Welsbach mantle . = : | 20-25
Welsbach (mesh) . : =
Cooper Hewitt mercury veper lamp 16.7
Kerosene flame , 4-8
Candle flame . 5 . . 3-4
Gas flame (fish tail) . ‘ . : 3-8
Frosted incandescent lamp.

Moore carbon-dioxide tube lamp

Inclosed carbon arc (a. c.) : ‘ =» -

53-0
33-0
31-9
56.0
14.9

g-0

a7

Taken from Data, 1911.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

75-200
75-100
20-50
17
3-8
3-4
3-8
2-5
0.3-1.75

TABLES 352-354 335

BRIGHTNESS OF BLACK BODY, CROVA WAVE-LENGTH. MECHANICAL EQUIVALENT
OF LIGHT. LUMINOUS INTENSITY AND EFFICIENCY OF BLACK BODY

The values of Z, the luminous intensity, are given in light watts/steroradian/cm? of radiating surface
co r . woth . ' a . .
= (1/7) nif V) Ey 4A, where } r 3s the visibility of radiation function.

Mechanical equivalent. The unit of power is the watt; of lumininous flux, the lumen. The ratio of these two quan-
tities for light of maximum visibility, \ = 0.556 mw, is the stimulus coetticient Vm; its reciprocal is the (least) mechanical
equivalent of light, i.e., least since applicable to radiation of maximum visibility. A better term is ‘luminous equiva-
lent of radiation ot maximum visibility.” One lumen =o.001406 watts (Hyde, Forsythe, Cady); or 1 watt of radia-
tion of maximum visibility (A = 0.556 u) = 668 limens

White light has sometimes bee : defined as that emitted by a black body at 6000° K.

The Crova wave-length for a black body is that wave-length, X, at which the luminous intensity varies by the
same fractional part that the total luminous intensity varies for the same change in temperature.

ee i ’ W: es 7 i
Treas: og Reeds Coan TABLE 353.—Luminous and Total Intensity and

Equivalent of Light * Radiant Luminous Efficiency of Black Body *

Bright- Crova Mech.

ness, wave- equiv.
candles length, watts
per cm? per /.

Radiant
Total intensity | luminous
oo T+ watt/cm? | efficiency.

Luminous
intensity
L watt/cm?

T, degrees
absolute.

.001478

.OOIT4QI

. 001408

.001498

. 001407

-34 X 10°
.45 X 10°23
.46 X I074
.88 X 102
.85 X Io 2
-34 X Io 4
7 32nG 10m
.26 X 10 4
.69 X 101
-79 X 101
Ti Lon
-29

.66

105) Oe LO

.36 X 102
.26 XK 102
.03 X 102
-59 X 102
.84 X 10%

NRA Rw

aie
6
3
+3
si
a
“3
.O
eek:
7
6

. 001406

.©0O1T 407

.001407

On Ou Ww
CORWWHOALHRNHNODIAOKHUNOWONHA

- 001502

.OOI5iI

90000000000000000000
HAOMMWBWO OHI NO DOH OD
SPNDHHLUOR™TONOOWUNUNO ND

HO DWHWE HAH OOMNW DN HNIW HOW ND

HIRD HR H

-OCT496

* Hyde, Forsythe, Cady, Phys. Rev. 13, p. 45, * Coblentz, Emerson, Bul. Bureau of Standards, 14, p. 255,
IQIgQ. IQI7.

Nore. — Minimum energy necessary to produce the sensation of light: Ives, 38 X 107%; Russell, 7.7 X 10719;
Reeves, 19.5 X 1029; Buisson, 12.6 X 101° erg. sec. (Buisson, J. de Phys. 7, 68, 1917.)

Color temperature (temp. black-body same color) 500 w. gas-filled lamp (22 1/w) 3082°k; 900 w. gas-filled movie
lamp, 22.7 1/w, 3086°k, crater 65v. 10 amp. arc, solid carbon, 3780°k; cored carbon 3420°k. Priest, 1922.

TABLE 354.—Color of Light Emitted by Various Sources *

Color, Color,
Source. per cent : Source. per cent
white. white.

Sunlight N-filled tungsten, 0.50 wpc
Average clear sky N-filled tungsten, 0.35 wpc

Standard candle Mercury vapor arc

Hefner lamp Helium tube

Pentane lamp Neon tube

Tungsten glow lamp, 1.25 wpc..... Crater of carbon arc, 1.8 amp......
Carbon ,low lamp, 3.8 wpc........ Crater of carbon arc, 3.2 amp
Nernst glower, 1.50 wpc Crater of carbon arc, 5.0 amp
N-filled tungsten, 1.00 wpc Acetylene flame (flat)

* Jones, L. A., Trans. Ill. Eng. Soc., Vol. 9 (1914).

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

336 TABLE 355

RELATIVE BLUE BRIGHTNESS, B, AND BRIGHTNESS IN CANDLES PER
CM.’ C, OF SOME INCANDESCENT OXIDES AT VARIOUS RED (0.665,z)
BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURES, Sp

Material

Black body
Tungsten
Urania, gas air and oxy-gas...
Ceria, pure: Oxy-gas

eee yellowes 5
, brown:
Oxides of Ce group: Oxy-gas.
Neodymia: Oxy-gas
Lanthana: ti
Erbia: <
Yttria, pure: Oxy-gas

© 37 059e, pure:

“ “ce

6“

Zirconia: Oxy-gas

Thoria : "

Alumina:

Beryllia:

Magnesia:

Thoria 1% ceria: Oxy-gas...

“cc “cc ‘

urania:

trace urania:
1% neodymia:
SS = eVinvoxides

ce “

6c oe

Note.—1 microcalorie through 1 cm* at I m= 0.034 sperm calorie = 0.0385 Hefner unit
(no diaphragm) = 0.043 Hefner unit (diaphragm 14 X50 mm). Coblentz, Bull. Bur. of
Stds., 11, 87, 1914.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 356

EFFICIENCY OF VARIOUS ELECTRIC LIGHTS

337

Bryant and Hake, Eng. Exp. Station,
Univ. of Ill.

Regenerative d.-c., series arc
Regenerative d.-c., multiple arc
Magnetite d.-c., series arc

Flame arc, d.-c., inclined electrodes
Mercury.are, d.-c., multiple

Flame arc, d.-c., inclined electrodes
Flame arc, d.-c., vertical electrodes
Luminous arc, d.-c., multiple

Open arc, d.-c., series

Magnetite arc, d.-c., series

Flame arc, a.-c., vertical electrodes
Flame arc, a.-c., inclined electrodes
Open arc, d.-c., series

Tungsten series

Flame arc, a.-c., inclined electrodes
Inclosed arc, d.-c., Series
Luminous arc, d.-c., multiple
Tungsten, multiple

Nernst, a.-c., 3-glower

Nernst, d.-c., 3-glower

Inclosed arc, a.-c., series

Inclosed arc, a.-c., series
Tantalum, d.-c., multiple
Tantalum, a.-c., multiple

Carbon, 3.1 w. p. c., multiple
Carbon, 3.5 w. p. c., series

Carbon, 3.5 w. p. c., multiple
Inclosed arc, d.-c., multiple
Inclosed arc, d.-c., multiple
Inclosed arc, a.-c., multiple
Inclosed arc, a.-c., multiple

-

Terminal

Watts. Lumens.

Amperes.

385
605
528
55°
395
440

OP OOH O Dur
AOOMNO Ain

HO
oO’

9 9 eM
o0o°o

Kw-hours
for 100,000

Lumen-
hours.

33
5.18
7.16
6.37
15.92
7.16
7.16
9.85
9-55
11.15
8.75
8.75
I1.15
12.0
9-55
14.32
15.32
6

_
nN

tN

we
AWD =m m0
NE ONO 4 BR WO td

WWNHNNN

I

Total cost
per 100,000
Lumen-hours

at 10 cts.
per Kw-hour.

0.339
0.527
0.729

Ives, Phys. Rev., V, p. 390, 1915
(see also VI, p. 332, 1915); computed
assuming 1! lumen = 0.00159 watt.

Open flame gas burner
Petroleum lamp

Acetylene

Incandescent gas (low pressure)
Incandescent gas (high pressure)
Nernst lamp

Moore nitrogen vacuum tube

Tungsten incandescent (vacuum)

Carbon arc, open arc

Mazda, type C

Mazda, type C

Magnetite arc, series

Glass mercury arc

Quartz mercury arc

Enclosed white flame carbon
‘

“c ““ “cc ‘

arc
“ce
Openiarces “* inclined
oe ve “ “
Enclosed yellow flame carbon arc
“e “ “

“i “

Open arc, “ g

“cc “oc “cc “cc

, inclined
“

Carbon incandescent (treated filament) | 4-watts per mean hor. C. P.

Commercial Rating.

Bray 6’ high pressure

1.0 liters per hour
.350 lumens per B., t. u. per hr.
.575 lumens per B. t. u. per hr.

| 220-v. 60-cycle, 113 ft.

1.25 watts per hor. C. P.
g.6 amp. clear globe
500-watt multiple .7 w. p. c.
600 C. P. -20 amp. .5§ w. p. c.
6.6 amp. direct current
40-70 volt; 3.5 amperes
174-197 volt; 4.2 amperes
Io ampere, A. C

6.5 ampere, D. C.

10 ampere, A. C,

10 ampere, D. C.

10 ampere, A. C.

6.5 ampere, D. C.

10 ampere, A. C.

10 ampere, D. C.

SMITHSONIAN Tarnirs

Lumens
per
Watt.

av
N

Cnunkne
_

AR Av CON

RIOR ASH HOM
umn

PPWWN HW KHAN N HR
Nab

AE

Luminous
Watts Flux
— Watts In-
put or True
Efficiency.

0.00035
.0004
.OOIT
0019
.0031
.0076
.008 3
0041
.013
O19
024
.031
034
.036
.067
042
057
.046
1044
.050
054
.066
.07 1

338 TABLES 357-359

TABLE 357.—Color Temperature, Brightness Temperature, and Brightness of Various
Illuminants

Brightness
Source S (A = .665) c/cm?2

Gas flame

Batswing

Candle shape about

10 cm high

Hefner as a whole
Candle

Sperm
Paraffin
Pentane
10-cp. std.
Kerosene
Flat wick 1.27

Round wick 1.51
4 w p. c. carbon 54.9
3.1 w p. c. treated carbon 70.6
2.5 wp. c. gem 78.1
2 w p. c. osmium 60.8
2 wp.c. tantalum 53.1
Acetylene as a whole

One spot 6.69

Mees burner 10.8
1.25 w p. c. tungsten 125
ao w p. c. Nernst 258

un

Outside atmosphere 224000
At earth’s surface 165000

TABLE 358.—Temperature, Efficiency, and Brightness of Vacuum Lamps

Maximum Maximum
temperature, brightness
K. candles/cm?

Lumens
per watt

50-watt carbon 2115°
50-watt gem ‘ 2180

50-watt tantalum 2160
10-watt tungsten : 2355
25-watt tungsten ; 2450
40-watt tungsten 2460
60-watt tungsten : 2465

TABLE 359.—Temperature, Efficiency, and Brightness of Gas-Filled Tungsten Lamps

Average Maximum
color brightness of
temperature, filament
K. candles/cm?2

Maximum

Lamp Lumens temperature,

per watt

Regular gas-filled lamps:
BRO RAN gee Tua spleen eu aye 2685° 2670° 469
Bratey Melee teeel chavs ke caso ayaa eyercoets 4 2735 2705 563
TOO=Warttc..;., sat be veredoutcuctetrstos fe hemes 2760 2740 605
ZOOS WALEED Kanth sestetoneeierohors ete ales : 2840 2810 781
ZOOsWACl rete crsrereieceeno ec one clbuossutae ‘ 2870 2840 862
BOO=Waltrnrercserotetcnenedsnenedccsrote conelia: sete 2930 2920 IOI5
TOOO=WaAtE.,< cussclatte ee tebelowenelieaniane ene atk 2990 2080 1225
ZOOO= Watts arcpnrsithaienetous ere verdefolene folcels A 3020 3000 1350
Special lamps:
1000-watt stereopticon............ 3185 3175 2065
QOO=watl MOVICbee rie se cer sie ee ere a 3290 3220 2660
es Biel Qaaaes orokareihenstetsiers 9 aaah 3350 3300 3050
SA SR cd TR ore amuse 3350 3300 3050
Daylight lamps: e
ZOO-“WAUE facta cee raciorsiersteas tetera cshoxtet 2860
HOO=WaALts hae tugs hel ole tints loaneeie sre 5 2960
Photographic:
TE O=WAtU aac setese dic-o ghey Senctegans eterereca: ae 3065
D5 O0-WeacGanteyretetetsretonelohcueheter cic stedeKehone Sale 3105

———

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 360-362 339

TABLE 360.—Energy Distribution for Some Tungsten Lamps
(Taken from Forsythe, Christison, Gen. Electr. Rev., p. 662, 1929.)

500 w, 1000 hr. 500 w, 100 hr. 900 w movie tungsten arc*

oF. milli- o milli- oF milli- of milli-

ne watts | Ao watts ae watts {0 watts

0.31—-0.29u O0.0II 0.00044} 0.015 0.006 0.030 0.0028 0.095 0.0108

below 0.325 032 .0013 042 .0017 .083. .0076 .26 .030
O35 ye .08 -003 -10 .004 .18 .O17 52 .059
OAOn ee SL .O12 .38 .O15 63 .058 153 a7,
0.40-0.76.... ; pe 16.7 .67 19.4 1.8 27.0 Bul
4.0 9.2 11.4

* Calculated for cm? of molten tungsten.

TABLE 361.—Brightness of Filaments and Bulbs of Some Tungsten Lamps and of Some
Other Sources for Comparison

Brightness Brightness
measured at— candles/cm?

Kerosene flame Flat wick Tye
4-watt per candle carbon lamp Filament 55.0
40-watt vacuum tungsten lamp Filament 206
40-watt vacuum tungsten lamp Buib-frosted
40-watt golden Mazda Bulb
50-watt white Mazda Filament
50-watt white Mazda Bulb
75-watt white Mazda sprayed Filament
75-watt white Mazda sprayed Bulb
2000-watt gas-filled Mazda Filament
2000-watt gas-filled Mazda Between coil
2000-watt gas-filled Mazda Bulb-frosted
Sun as observed at earth’s surface 165,000
Clear sky, average

TABLE 362.—Characteristics of Some Miniature Lamps
(Forsythe, Watson, Gen. Electr. Rev., 34, 734, 1931.)

Automobile Mazda lamps Flash-light lamps

Max. Watts
Service and is : . Volts eeu per sph.

Dower candle

Rear, instrument bd. : F : 282 1225) 0519) 4500
Step, aux. headlight... : : 2 225 40" 1-30
Dome, panel ; : : 223 eA Gaels
Signal : : : 2AO) MEAS 1235
Dome, panel : : PATA 5 Anet Ad
Headlight, depres. beam 6. 5 : ; BeAr 1.39
Head and See ee Senos i : at7 un we: Tou

6 SAO) the 1.06

Headlight...... 13
Motor coach

Side and headlight
Ford 2 fil. headlight. .

Spotlight 5. 5
Headlight, depres. beam 6

* Surgical (grain-o'-wheat) 2 mm diam., 8.7 mm long, 0.06 g. +RCA_photophone photo-tube exciter.
| R C A recorder. § Western Electric sound-picture photo-tube exciter. ** Radio 4o.

Feb., 1932. Gen. Electr. Rev., 50 K watt; 120 v; 3300°K.; 1,400,000 lumens; max. candle power 166,000
24 lumens/watt. 10 K watt; 120 v; 3300°K.; 280,000 lumens; max. candle power 33,000; 24 lumens/watt.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

340 TABLES 363-365

TABLE 363.—Characteristics of Sunlight Mazda Lamp (S1) 300 Watts a.c. Combined Incandescent
Tungsten, Mercury Arc, Special High Transmission Bulb

For more detailed data see Taylor, Journ. Opt. Soc. Amer., 21, 20, 1931; Forsythe,
Barnes, Easley, loc.cit. p. 30, Gen. Electr. Rev., 33, 358, 1930.

Characteristics of S1 lamp: distance between electrodes
5.4 mm. Current 31 + amp., voltage 11 volts; light output
ee speciat 5670 lumens. Efficiency, 17.6 lumens/watt; % light from
mercury arc, 20; light from filament 100 lumens ; max. temp.

suncsten. Clectrodes 3200° K, of filament 2330° K: Temp. of Hg
ELECTRODE

285° C, pressure of Hg vapor, 177 mm Hg.

TUNGSTE POOL OF
FILAMENT MERCURY
Transmission of I mm of glass used:

Nein wAnestromsmseeeecce 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3100 3300 3500 4000 5000
To transmissible se. cers 10 20 33 52me G7A5 88 89 90 g2 92

Energy Flux in Microvolts/cm?

Sunlamp Quartz
Unit * 7 Hg Arc * §
Below 2000 A : 2.6 37
2900-3000 : WA, I2
2800-3100 : 41. 39
2900-3200 ; 103. 70
* im from center of arc. + 3.75 amp. 72 vy in lamp, no reflector.
§ In center of beam. + Directly overhead.

Per cent Total Energy Flux in various Spectrum Regions

<3200A 3200—-4000A | 4000—7600A | 7600-17000A|} >17000A

Continuous spectrum... .
Line spectrum

* Includes Hg red lines.
TABLE 364.—Characteristics of Photoflash Lamp

(Forsythe, Earley, Journ. Opt. Soc. Amer., 21, 685, 1931.)
G. E. Photoflash lamp burns electrically ignited 65 mg Az foil, .oo004 cm thick in closed
glass bulb with excess of 02. ; ;
Light output, 47,000 lumens, sec. Max. intensity 4,500,000 lumens
Light equals that of 100-watt Mazda for 37 sec. | Over 3,000,000 for 0.005 sec.
Flashes start in 0.01 sec. with 110 v. Flash lasts 0.066 sec. Time to max. 0.014 sec.

TABLE 365.—Visibility of White Lights

Candle Power
Range

1 Paterson, Dudding. 2. Deutsche Seewarte.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 366 AND 367 341

TABLE 366.—Sensitometric Constants of Type Plates and Films, Definitions

Ordinates are density (D) ; abscissae, logs
of exposure (log £).
Density (D) is the absorbing power of the
silver deposit.
If Fo is the luminous flux incident upon —
the deposit,
F, the luminous flux transmitted,
T, the transmission, O, the opacity,
D, the density, then
Te — eyo Ola / age
D—No gO — logio 1/T = logio Fo/F1

Typical Characteristic Curves

Exposure (E): E=IJt (expressed in meter-candle seconds, mcs), J = illumination
(meter-candles, mc) incident on the photographic material during exposure, t = exposure
time in seconds.

Speeds given in the following table were obtained with a light approximately equivalent
to mean noon sunlight in spectral composition.

Gamma (7): Gamma is defined as the tangent of angle alpha (a).

Gamma infinity (7,): y,» is defined as a theoretical limiting value to which gamma
_ approaches as the development time is increased.”

aA ‘%
Yes Fea
a Aa
21°

Time of Development for Gamma of Unity (t=1.0): A convenient practical specifi-
cation of development rate.

Fog (F): Fog is the density produced when material is developed without exposure.
Values in the table are when development is carried to a gamma of unity.

Latitude (1): L=length of the projection (expressed in exposure units) of the
straight line portion on the logi E axis, assuming development to a gamma of unity.

Inertia (i): i=the value of exposure where the straight line portion of the char-
acteristic curve extended cuts the logis E axis. The inertia is in general a function of the
extent to which development is carried. Values of 7 given in the table were determined for
a gamma of unity.

Speed (S): Sa 10.

In the determination of the values given in Table 368 a developing solution made up
according to the following formula was used:

Velocity Constant of Development (K): K = = loge

TABLE 367.—Formula for Laboratory Pyrogallol Developer

Solution A Solution B

Pyrogallol ....
Water to 1 liter

Temperature 20° C. For use, mix equal volumes of A and B.

1 Sheppard and Mees, Investigations on the theory of the photographic process. London,
Longmans, 1907.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

342 TABLES 368 AND 369
TABLE 368.—Sensitometric Constants of Type Plates and Films

Material

Motion picture film:
Extra fast

Panchromatic

Positive
Portrait extra fast
Portrait normal
Amateur fi
“Focal plane’’ plate
Commercial ordinary
Commercial orthochromatic
Commercial panchromatic........
Process ordinary
Process panchromatic
Lantern slide plate

4

6
‘6
ui
4
8

8
8
2
2
2
.O
.O

2

HO HM DOM DO G0
CUMUNnNnnNnownnodow

I
Ee
I
2
I
I
Bee
I
2
2
2
3
3
3.

TABLE 369.—Resolving Power, Sharpness, and Astro Gamma, Definitions

Resolving Power. (R). The capacity of a photographic plate or film to render fine detail
is known as its resolving power. It is usually found by photographing a series of gratings of
alternate parallel transparent and opaque lines, each line of a width equal to the space
between the lines. The grating constant, (width of line plus width of space), is variable for
different line groups over a relatively wide range. Resolving power is specified by stating
the number of lines per mm resolvable by the material.'?

Resolving power depends upon exposure, development time, the developing solution, the
spectrum composition of the exposing radiation, and the contrasts in the test object. The
values of resolving power given are for the optimal exposure values and optimal time of
development in a particular developing solution (laboratory pyrogallol). The exposing radia-
tion used had a spectral composition close to that of average daylight and the contrast
between the elements of the test object was very high (greater than 10,000).

Sharpness. The sharpness characteristics of a photographic material is defined as the
differential of density (D) with respect to distance (s) in a direction perpendicular to the
edge of the image; sharpness (S) = dD/ds, where s is expressed in microns (0.001 mm).

Images used are obtained by making a contact print of a very carefully prepared knife
edge. The exposing radiation is carefully collimated and incident normal to the surface.

Sharpness of the developed image depends upon the extent to which development is
carried and this is specified by one value of gamma (y), dD/d log E. It is dependent upon the
quality of radiation. The values given in the table were obtained by exposure to light,
approximately equivalent to average daylight, and the exposure was so adjusted that
development to a gamma of unity in pyrogallol at 20°C gave an image density of unity.
These values of sharpness express the diffuse-density gradient (dD/ds) of the straight line
portion of the sharpness curve obtained by plotting diffuse density (D) as a function of the
distance (s) from the geometrical edge of the image.

Astro gamma. Astro gamma is defined as the coefficient (6) of logy E in the Scheiner
equation, which gives the relation between the diameter (D) of a stellar image and the
exposure (£).

=a+ bd logy FE
Since exposure (£) = intensity (/) - time (t) this equation offers a means of determining
the relative brightness of stars by measurement of the diameter of the stellar images ob-
tained under known conditions of exposure and development.

In the table are given values of astro gamma for a group of typical photographic ma-
terials. These values were determined by photographing with a highly corrected lens, using
a magnification of 0.05, a circular aperture (diameter of 0.56 mm). Exposing radiation was
of daylight quality, and intensity was so adjusted that an exposure of 1 second was just
above the threshold value. Keeping the intensity factor constant, the exposure time was
increased by consecutive powers of 2 from I to 512 seconds. The exposed plates were de-
veloped to a gamma of unity in standard pyrogallol at 20°C.

1 Mees, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), 83, 10, 1909. |
2 Ross, Physics of the developed photographic image, New York, Van Nostrand, 1924.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 370 AND 371 343
TABLE 370.—Resolving Power, Sharpness, and Astro Gamma

Material Resolving Sharpness Astro

Power gamma

Motion picture film extra fast 50 0.080 35
Motion picture film normal 55 .085 35
Motion picture film panchromatic............. 50 .080
Motion picture film positive 80 .120
Portrait extra fast 50 .065
Portrait normal 60 .070
Amateur film 65 .090
“Focal plane’”’ plate 55 .080
Commercial ordinary 65 | .092
Commercial orthochromatic 65 .097
Commercial panchromatic 60 .085
Process ordinary go .130
Process panchromatic 75 .IIO
Lantern slide plate -140

TABLE 371.—Spectrographs Showing Relative Spectrum Sensitivity of Various Plates
and Films

Ordinary, blue sensitive.

ola ton bagpfadustn

Orthochromatic, blue
and green sensitive.

Panchromatic.

Dicyanine sensitized.

Kryptocyanine sensitized.

Neocyanine sensitized.

Nrrladae da dasa) dua

40 50 cO TO 80 90

(See following page)

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

344 TABLES 372 AND 373
TABLE 372.—Spectrum Sensitivity of Photographic Materials

The spectrum distribution of sensitivity may be shown qualitatively by wedge spectro-
grams. These (see preceding page) are made with a spectrograph over whose slit is mounted
a wedge of neutral gray glass, the transmission of which increases logarithmically from the
thin to the thick end. The boundary of the exposed area outlines approximately a curve
which is the resultant of the spectral sensitivity function of the material and the spectral
distribution of energy in the radiation emitted by the source illuminating the slit of the
instrument. The source used is an acetylene flame operating at a color temperature of
2360°K. All plates had the same exposure. By the application of a correction based on the
spectral emission of a black body at 2360°K., an approximation to the actual spectral sen-
sitivity of these materials may be obtained, The neutral glass wedge, while fairly non-
selective in absorption for radiation of wave lengths longer than 450 mu, increases in
density for radiation of wave lengths shorter than 450 mu. The apparent falling off in sen-
sitivity at wave lengths less than 450 my is therefore due to excessive absorption of the
neutral wedge rather than to a decrease in the spectral sensitivity of the materials. (Mees,
Journ. Franklin Inst., 201, 525, 1926. Walters and Davis, Bur. Standards Bull., 17, 353,

1921.)

Note: Photo plates for spectroscopy and astronomy. Mees, Journ. Opt. Soc. Amer., 21,
753, 1931.

TABLE 373.—Relative Photographic Efficiency of Illuminants

C = luminous efficiency of source (lumen/watt). E, = relative pherosrapbic efficiency
of source evaluated on basis of equal visual intensities, sunlight = 100%. E, = relative
photographic efficiency of source evaluated on basis of equal energy consumption by the
source, sunlight = 100%. (Jones, Hodgson, and Huse. Trans. Illum. Eng. Soc., 10, 963,

1915.)

Photographic material

Ordinary Orthochromatic} Panchromatic

E, Ee Ey Ee

IO0O |IO0O

155
Acetylene : & 4 44
Acetylene (screened) * ; : 85 .040
Pentane y : 28
Mercury arc in quartz y 500 |132
Mercury arc in nultra glass ‘ 195 | 46
Mercury arc in crown glass : 275 | 68

Carbon arc, ordinary XG Te 9
Carbon arc, white flame { 5 234 | 45
Carbon arc, enclosed k II
Carbon arc, ‘‘Aristo”’ : 86
Magnetite arc

Carbon glow lamp

Carbon glow lamp

Tungsten (vacuum)

Tungsten (vacuum)

Tungsten (gas filled)

Tungsten (gas filled)

Tungsten (C3)

Tungsten (C3)

Mercury vapor

* Screened with Wratten No. 79 filter.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 374-376 345
TABLE 374,—Variation of Resolving Power with Plate and Developer

The resolving power is expressed as the number of lines per millimeter which is just resolvable, the
lines being opaque and separated by spaces of the same width. The developer used for the comparison
of plates was Pyro-soda; the plate for the comparison of developers, Seed Lantern. The numbers are
all in the same units. Huse, ip Opt. Soc. America, July, 1917.

Plate. Albumen. | Resolution. Process. Lantern. Medium High speed.

Resolving power 81 67 62

Resolving Resolving Resolving

Developer . Developer. Developer.

Pyro-caustic Pyrocatechin ,
Glycin Pyro-metol Process hydroquinone. .
Hydroquinone.... Eikon.-hydroquinone .. . Ortol

Ferrous oxalate.......

Caustic hydroquinone. . X-ray powders

Eikonogen

Kachin

TABLE 375,.—Relative Intensification of Various Intensifiers

Intensi-

Bleaching solution. Blackening solution. Reference Restion:

Mercuric Dromidceneeiteeerenaicne Amidol developer Eee pote (Monckhoven
sol. A).
Mercuric chlorides sce.cec elec cielelees Bleach according to Ben-
nett; blackener.*
Potassium bichromate + hydro-
GHIOTIGHACIG pegs «sp eis?s eictorrler ie eels Amidol developer Piper. *
Mercure nodides = ericic cetera Schlippe’s salt Debenham, B. J., f p. 186, ’17.
Weadiferricy amides -1ssy<(</cleyelelere ore stare Sodium sulphide B. J. Almanac.*
Uranium formulas. .s. see eee. —_ B. J. Almanac.*
Potassium permanganate + hydro-
Eb onigiacidp er eetrirtltee Sodium stannate
@upricichloridesi4 os cce css. Sodium stannate Desalme, B. J.,f p. 215, 712.
Potassium ferricyanide + potassium
PYOMIde =e eae easiness eee Sodium sulphide Ordinary sepia developer.
ase alist ofere) aye, ae tose skies Paraminophenol developer Hgle according to Bennett.

See Nietz and Huse, J. Franklin Inst. March 3, ro18.
* B. J. Almanac, see annual Almanac of British Journal of Photography.
{ B. J. refers to-British Journal of Photography.

TABLE 376.—Reflection and Transmission by Photographic Plates

Plates used, Eastman 40, emulsion, 2637; for red, green, and blue light, Wratten filters
customarily used for 3-color work, see Wratten light filters, Eastman Kodak Co.; for
“actinic” data, average transmission of plate for a band of wave length corresponding to
the sensitivity curve of the plate was obtained by photographing the transmission of light
upon , plate of the same type. (McRae, R. C. Tolman, Journ. Opt. Soc. Amer., 20, 565,
1930.

,

Green Blue ** Actinic’

Per cent reflected....... 57

ee “c

transmitted... 34
absorbed... .- 9

oe “ee

For “Instruments and Methods used for Measuring Spectral Light Intensities by
Photography,” see George R. Harrison, Journ. Opt. Soc. Amer., 19, 267, 1929. This
reference contains bibliography of subject matter.

_ The Eberhard effect is due to the fact that when a heavily exposed area of an emulsion
is being developed, a large quantity of soluble bromide is set free which acts as a restrainer
and slows the development of surrounding regions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

346

For convenience of reference the values of the wave lengths corresponding to the Fraun-
hofer lines usually designated by the letters in the column headed ‘‘index letters,” are here
tabulated separately. The values are in International Angstrom units. The table is for the

TA

BLE 377

WAVE LENGTHS OF FRAUNHOFER LINES

most part taken from St. John’s revision of Rowland’s table of standard wave lengths (1928).

[bs

[F] or

[f]

Index letter

[d]

[G'] or Hy

Wave length

Line due to— centimeters X

. 7621
O 7594
7164.449

6869.955
6562.816
6278.101
5895-944
5889.977
5875.618
5270.390
5270.270
5269.557
5183.621
5172.700
5169.052
5168.910
5167.510
5167.330

He 4861.344

4383.559

4340.477

4325-777

in
108

Wave length in

Line due to— | centimeters X 108

Index letter

Fe 4307.914
[G]

Ca 4307-749
[g] a) 4226.742

[h] or Hs H

Ca
Ca
Fe
Fe
Fe

Fe

4101.750

3968.494
3933-684

(L]
[M]

3820.438

3727-636

3581.210
[O]
[P]

3441.020

ales 3361.194

Fe

3286.773

Z1On277,

3179-343

3100.683

[Sil]
[Se]}

3100.326

3099.943
3047-623

3021.067

2994

[U] 2948

The solar intensities of the lines of the 4th column are: G, 6, 3; g, 20; h, 40; H, 700;
Ke nooo 2 se Mi AcsING 20s OF tS sake ae ONT a5 S63 WANS Olas

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 378 AND 379 347

STANDARD WAVE LENGTHS
TABLE 378.—Primary Wave-Length Standard. Definition of Angstrom

The wave length of the red cadmium line in dry air, 15° C (hydrogen

thermometer), 760 mm of Hg pressure, gravity at latitude 45° being 980.67,
shall be taken as

6438.4696 Angstroms

The cadmium light shall be produced by a high-voltage, internal electrode
vacuum tube, volume greater than 25 cm*, exciting current less than 0.05 amp.,
temperature not higher than 320° C. When connected to usual high voltage
the tube shall be nonluminous at room temperatures. (Trans. Int. Union Solar
Res., 2, 20, 1907, Trans. Int. Astron. Union, 2, 40, 1925.)

TABLE 379,—International Secondary Standards. Iron Arc Lines

The wave lengths are observed in air at 15° C, 760 mm pressure. The arc
should have its anode below, consisting of a bead of iron oxide supported in
the hollowed upper end of a rod of iron or copper at least 10 or 15 mm
diameter. The cathode is to be a rod of steel 6 or 7 mm in diameter having a
massive cylinder of brass or copper fitted close to the end, so that only 2 or
3 mm of the rod protrude. The arc is to be not less than 12 mm long, pre-
ferably 15 to 18 mm. The line voltage may be 110 or more and the current
strength 5 amperes or less. A horizontal central cone at right angles to the
axis of the arc not exceeding I.5 mm in vertical dimension is to be used. (See
Trans. Int. Astron. Union, 3, 11, 1929, for further details.)

The wave lengths are in International Angstroms. They have been newly
referred to the red cadmium line. The results indicate the need of a slight
revision of the standards formerly adopted upon which all wave lengths in the
International System hitherto made have been based. The corrections to be
applied to the previously adopted standards and measures based upon them
to reduce them to the new standards are:

d 3370. to A 4000. A. —o.oo1 A,
4005 to 5506 —0.002
6027 to 6085 —0.005
6127 to 6260 —0.006
6297 to 6430 —0.007
6475 to 6609 —0.008
6663 to 6750 —0.009

Significance of small letters in following table: (a) Low-temperature lines ;
always sharp and symmetrical ; energy level low ; pressure displacement small ;
limits of upper terms for Fe 19,700 to 32,500 cm™. (b) Symmetrical under
pressure, but showing a slight dissymmetry toward red, or an unsymmetrical
reversal under high pressure and in the high-current arc; energy level and
pressure displacement medium ; limits of upper terms for Fe 32,500 to 41,500
cm. (d) High-temperature lines; asymmetrical toward violet ; pole-effect
large and negative; energy level high; pressure displacement large; limits of
upper terms for Fe 53,500 to 55,000 cnr. (Carnegie Publ. 396, Mt. Wilson
Obs.) The letters r and R indicate narrow and wide reversals, respectively,
as observed by Burns.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

348

TABLE 379 (continued)

STANDARD WAVE LENGTHS (Continued)

TABLE 379 (continued ).—International Secondary Standards. Iron Arc Lines

Measured in air at 15°C, 760 mm

AFe
3370.787
3401.522
3465-863
3476.705
3497-844

3513.820
3.521.264
3558-518
3565-381
3576-760

3581.195
3584.663
3585-320
3586.114
3589.107

3608.861
3617.788
3618.769
3621.463
3631.464

3647-844
3649.508
3651.469
3.669.523
3676.314

3677.630
3679-915
3687.458
3695.054
3704.463

3705-567
3719-935
3722-564
3724-380
3727.621

3732-399
3733-319
3734-867
3737-133
3738.308

3748.264
3749-487
3758-235
3760.052

3763-790

3765-542
3767.194
3787-883
3790.095
3795-004

Int.
6

4
6R

5r
5r
5
5r
Si
6R
4
8R

5
6r

5

6R

Class

SCLC CeO Con Ons ton On Toor Pham

Toos

cpoer CoM ED

oploplemlerior leplemlenient=

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

AFe
3797-517
3798.513
3799-549
3805.345
3815.842

3824.444
3825.884
3827.825
3834.225
3839.259

3840.439
3841.051
3843.259
3846.803
3849.969

3850.820
3856.373
3859.913
3865.526
3867.219

3872.504
3873-763
3878.021
3878.575
3886.284

3887.051
3888.517
3895.658
3899.709
3902.948

3906.482
3997-937
3917-185
3920.260
3922.914

3927 .922
3930.299
3935-815
3940.882

3942.443

3948.779
3956.681
3966.066
3967-423
3969.261

4005.246
4014.534
4045.815
4066.979
4067.275

Int.

Is

DNaWUIW
mn

NO
by"

COC Oo oe OO Ogee OsoT oe OES

st

wp ob YNRNUPH WHA

Class

rporre® CTHoOOoOT
~w

wv

opeaomr Pe ortrT TORT TTOTT

pe oom

4107.492
4114.449
4118.549
4121.806
4127.612

4132.060
4134.681
4143-871
4147-673
4156.803

4170.906
4175-640
4184.895
4202.031
4203.987

4213.650
4216.186
4219.364
4250.790
4267.830

4271.764
4282.416
4285.445
4294.128
4298.040

4305-455
4307 .906
4315.087
4325-765
4337-049

4352-737
4358.505
4369.774
4375-932
4383-547

4390.954
4404.752
4408.419
4415-125
4.422.570

4427.312
4430.618
4442-343
4443.197
4447.722

4454-383
4459-121
4461.654
4466.554
4489.741

=

=

VAN AHO NoUAND WOYAARHD PAHNUIN HNAAN
Ft

‘ow coon
rt rt

OMWBWNnNF- WM
. x
SoooT cre oOoe

cof COW
Et

OUPUwW NHUfU

Tre Te ooeaer Tore eT TOoOoOo foplopteptorlen terteplerterter

preter coooe

4494.568
4517-530
4528.619
4531.152

4547-851

4592.655
4602.944
4647-437
4667.459
4678.852

4691.414
4707.281
4710.286
4733-596
4741.533

4745.806
4772.817
4786.810
4789.654
4859.748

4878.218
4903.317
4918.999
4924.776
4939.690

4966.096

4994.133
5001.871

5012.071,

5041-759

5049.825
5051.636
5083.342
5110.414

5123-723

5127.363
5150.843
5167.491
5168.901
5171.599

5198.714
5202.339
5216.278
5227.192
5242-495

5250.650
5270.360
5307-365
5328.534
5341.026

AP OW WON NHORW PARAM PARUNWE WO HUG WNWWOM HOwOwWU APAHPH OUMNH

. Class

aT7
~v

papamr ppAMPA AamAAA ATOTT CeCe Cee CxO es Toe

popAoe peegto pepe

AFe

5371-493
5397-131
5405.778
5429.699

5434-527

5446.920
5455-613
5497-519
5501.469

BRAND ADANDON

epeon pane

TABLES 379 (concluded) —381
STANDARD WAVE LENGTHS (concluded)
TABLE 379 (concluded).—International Secondary Standards. Iron Arc Lines

349

Fe

5506.782
5569.625
5572-849
5586.763
5615.652

5624.549
5658.826
5662.525
6027.057

NeOPUu DAanaunn+-

TAA AOA

AFe

6065.487
6136.620
6137.696
6191.562
6230.728

6252.561
6265.140
6318.022
6335-335

POR NUMNRHRA

ontepleplon forlsploplantar

(Values taken from Trans. Int. Astron. Union, 3, 86, 1929.)

Fe Int. Class

6393-605
6421.355
6430.851
6494-985
6546.245
6592.919
6663.446
6677-993

CS OsSeOonGsOns

TABLE 380.—Computed Wave Lengths of Iron Arc Lines

Based on Term Values derived from Table 379. Xs in air, 15°C, 760 mm.

Fe

2858.896
2874.172
2912.158
2929.007
2936.904
2941.342

2947.876
2953-940

2966.898
2983.571
3021.073
3037-389
3047-605

3057-448
3059.086
3067.245
3075-719

3083.742
3091.577
3100.303
3100.666
3116.632

3125.651
3129.333
3134.11I
3143-243

ios AO SoS Onos

AFe Int.

3161.370
3171.343
3180.756
3184.895
3199.501

3226.714
3229.121
3236.223

(For significance of designations see preliminary remarks to next preceding table. Values
taken from same source, 3, 92, 1929. The following actual measures of the lines of this table
may be compared with the above figures: Buisson and Fabry, 1908, 2874.176; 2941.347;
3075-725; 3125.661. Burns, 1915, 2941.348; 3075.726; 3083.747; 3091.582; 3116.638; 3125.-
665; 3129.340; 3134.115; 3184.900; 3199.527; 3236.227.)

TABLE 381.—Neon Wave Lengths

The lines starred in the following table were adopted in 1922 and 1925 as standards by
the International Astronomical Union.

Inten-
sity

5
6
6
6
5
4
5
6
4
4

Wave
length

3369-904

3417.906
3447-705
3454-197

3460.526 |
3.464.340 |

3.466.581
3472-578

3498.067
3501.218

ROTO OR POO UI

Wave
length

3515-192

3520.474
3593-526

3593-634
3600.170

3633-664
5339-779
5341.096
5400.562
5764.419

a
Be
>

<

Deon r RDWKHRONW

5820.155
5852.488
5881.895
5944-834
5975-534 |
6029.997
| 6074.338
6096.163
6143.062
6163.594

Wave
length

—
OUWROS DOR UA

Wave
length

6217.280

6266.495
6304.789
6334-428

6382.991

6402.245
6506.528
6532.883
6598.953
6678.276

Inten-
sity

AIHA WUW KWSCwon

International Units (Angstroms). Burns, Meggers, Merrill, Bull. Bur. Stds. 14, 765, ro18.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

6717.043

Wave
length

6929.468
7024.049
7032.413
7059.1II
7173-939
7245.167
7438.902
7488.885
7535-784

350 TABLE 382

STANDARD SOLAR WAVE LENGTHS. INTERNATIONAL ANGSTROMS
Adopted at the Leyden Meeting of the International Astronomical Union.
See Trans. Int. Astron. Union. 3, 93, 1929.

The solar wave lengths in the Rowland Revision by St. John (and others) are based upon
the former arc standards and require the folllwing corrections to reduce them to the scale
of the following adopted lines:

dX 3592 to \ 5625 A. —o.002 A. at \ 6350 A. —o0.007 A.
at 2850 — .003 6500 — .008
5950 — .004 6700 1-009
6050 — .005 6850 — .OLI
6200 — .006 7100 — Old.

In the following table the + sign following the designation of an element indicates the state
of ionization; an indication like Fe—, solar line too strong to be due to iron alone; Fe, Co,
coincidences of like order; Fe Co, coincidence closer for preceding element; Fe-Co, Fe line
to the red, Co, to the violet; an italicized element indicates predominence of that element.

Asolar Elements Int. Asolar Elements Int. Asolar Elements Int. |f

3.592.027 4079.843 Fe 4439.888 Fe
3635-469 4082.943 4451.588
3650.538 4091.557 4454.388
3672.712 4094.938 4459-755
3695.056 4107.492 4470.485

3710.292 4120.212 4481.616
3725.496 4136.527 4502.221
3741.065 4139-936 4508.289
3752-418 4154.814 > 4512.741
3760.537 4163.654 Ti1+Cr—Fe 4517-534

3769.994 4525.146
3781.190 4531.631
3793-876 4534-785
3804.015 4541.523
3821.187 4547-853

4548.770
4550-773
4563.766
4571.102
4571.982

4576.339
4578.559
4587-134
4589.953
4598.125

4602.008
4602.949
4607.654
4617.276
4625.052

NHWW

4168.620 Fe
4178.859 Fe+
4184.900 Fe, Cr
4191.683 Fe
4198.638 V—Fe

3836.090
3843-264
3897-458
3906.752
3916.737

3937-336
3949-959
3953-861
3960.284

3963.691

3977-747
3991.121
4003.769
4016.423
4029.642

4030.190
4037.121
4053.824
4.062.447
4073-767

4208.608
4220.347
4233.612
4241.123
4246.837

4257.661
4266.968
4267.680
4282.412
4291.472

4318.659
4331.651
4337-925
4348.947
4365.904

4389.253
4398.020
4416.828
4425-444
4430.622

NUNWN GUN AWW WWHWH HF AAH ULPWOLW
AunFPNN WNHHNUN WWHNH

NN NL

4630.128
4635-853
4637.510
4638.017
4643.470

BUOWNN UNWWAD WHWOUMWH UPN NHN HPONWOHL HOHPWOHO TWNHN

HAMNH NW DW WWNHWN

wR NAN

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 382 (continued) 351
STANDARD SOLAR WAVE LENGTHS. INTERNATIONAL ANGSTROMS

=
5
ss

Asolar Elements Int. Asolar Elements Elements I:

4647.442 Fe 5415.210
4656.474 Ti 5432.955
4664.794 —CrNa? 5445-053
4678.172 5462.970
4678.854 5473-910

4683.567 5487.755
4690.144 5501-477
4700.162 5512.989
4704.954 5525-552
4720.999 5534-848

4728.552 5546.514
4733-598 5590.126
4735-848 5601.286
4736.783 5624.558
4741-535 5641.448

4745-807 5655-500
4772-823 5667.524
4788.765 5679.032
4789.658 5690.433
4802.887 5701.557

4824.143 5731-772
4832.719 5741.856
4839-551 5752-042
4939.694 5760.841
4983.260 5805.226

4994.138
5002.798
5014.951
5028.133
5979-745

5090.782
5109.657
5150.852
5159.065
5198.718

5225-534
5242.500
5253-468
5273-389
5288.533

5300.751
5307-369
5322.049
5332.908
5348.326

5365-407
5379-581
5389.486
5398.287
54099.799

Ss
o

Asolar
6003.022 Fe
6008.566 Fe
6013.497 Mn
6016.647
6024.068

ay

6027.059
6042.104
6065.494

6078.499
6079.016

6082.718
6085.257
6086.288

6089.574
6090.216

6093-649
6096.671
6102.183
6102.727
6111.078

6116.198
6122.226
6127.912
6128.984
6136.624

NHR W DWwnwt
HNNHPUWwW WWFH HUN
NUNwPhP NADAS

NAPWW HD
Ot a A ae!

NwWOWwWFPHL WAWFH

NO DW Ww

6137.002
6137.702
6141.727
6145.020
6149.249

6151.623
6154.230
6157-733
6161.295
6162.180

5809.224
5816.380
5853.688
5857-459
5859-596

N NNN W DHW Of

5862.368
5866.461
5867.572
5892.883
5898.166

5995.680
5916.257

6165.363
6166.440
5919.054 6169.564
5919.644 6170.516
5927-797 6173-341

5930.191
5932.092
5934-665
5946.006
5952.726

5956.706
5975-353
5976.787
5983.688
5984.826

NNNNN WNHA NU HLNWNH WWWWW
NUH HFPNWOD USCUMMF HNN LHOWNN

6175-370
6176.816
6180.209
6186.717

6187.995

6191.571
6200.321
6213-437
6215.149
6216.358

HOM DANAO HPNUUH NONUMWH UAFPUNL

Powwow LPWWN
Dnfwk HOUND

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

352 TABLE 382 (concluded)
STANDARD SOLAR WAVE LENGTHS. INTERNATIONAL ANGSTROMS

Agolar Elements Int. Asolar Elements Int. Agolar Elements Int.

6301.508 Fe
6302.499 Fe
6302.764 Atm.O2
6305.810 Atm.Oz
6306.565 Atm.O2

6309.886 Atm.O2
6315.314 Fe
6315.814 Fe
6318.027 Fe
6322.694

6482.809
6493.788
6494-994
6498.945
6499.654

6516.083
6518.373
6569.224
6592.926
6609.118

6643.638
6677.997
6717.687
6810.267
6858.155

6219.287
6226.740
6229.232
6230.736
6232.648

Nn NUMA

6240.653
6244.476
6245.620
6246.327
6247.562

N COR NW W OHH D
Aunnvvds we OAH

6327.604
6330.852
6335-337
6336.830
6344-155

6355-035
6358.687

6378.256
6380.750
6393.612

6252.565
6254.253
6256.367
6258.110
6258.713

6870.946
6879.928
6918.122
6919.002
6923.302

6924.172
6928.728
6934.422
6959.452
6961.260

6978.862
6986.579
6988.986
7022.957
7923-504

7027.478
7034.910
7122.206

6265.141
6270.231
6279.101
6279.896
6280.393

6280.622
6281.178
6281.956
6283.796
6289.398

NNWwWWMN WN Aus

6400.009
6400.323
6408 .026
6411.658
6419.956

me NeW

6421.360
6430.856
6449.820
6455-605
6456.391

6290.221
6292.162
6292.958
6295.178
6295.960

6297-799
6299.228

Sn a POWNFO OOO DM NWUUM WwW

6471.668
6475.632

Nn WNAUN ANUWN CO NYARNHALP PUAN H PAKNN

wu RWwWWNN

PN
Za

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 383 359

PROVISIONAL ULTRA-VIOLET AND INFRA-RED SOLAR WAVE LENGTHS

Suggested at the 1928 meeting of the International Astronomical Union for further
measurements leading to the use of them as standards. Trans. Int. Astron. Union, 3, 101
and 102, 1929. Wave lengths in International Angstroms.

Asolar Elements ; Agolar Elements Int. Agolar Elements Int.
2990.421 Fe 3199.528 3389.749
2998.815 3210.226 3396.982
3005.061 3217.393 3401.531
3021.067 3.225.805 3.412.350
3935-745 3232.291 3419.705

3046.676 3243-415 3425-584
3061.825 3254.762 ? 3431.587
3070.266 3.262.289 3.445.126
3086.788 3273-053 3450-335
3094.898 3278.296 3455-246

3109.334 3293-150 3.462.359
3121.161 3295.825 3.466.505
3126.208 3301.226 3477.866
3140.758 3318.032 3485.903
3142.471 3323-753 3509.126

3152.263 3333-396
3161.775 3344-524
3162.571 3355-231
3170.345 3365-774
3187.714 3381-354

7905-903 7583-796
7O11.323 7676.563
7052.776 7677.618
7068.423 7682.756
7090.390 7696.868

7130.925 7714-309
7181.509 7727.616
7195-044 7742-722
7204.306 7780.567
7216.527 7797-587

7227-493 7807.915
7236.136 7832.207
7245-676 7849.984
7265.594 7887.117
7303-197 7901.780

7323-972 7918.383
7326.164 7937-149
7335-334 7945-857
7355-893 7984.343
7369.208 8012.940

7383.722
7389.391
7393-610
7495-790
7411.158

7422.286
7445-755
7491.652
7511.030
7525-115 8194.835

7555-608 8212.132
7568.906 I 8223.990

NWwWNHW+

3517-307

3540.127

3549-873
3564.127w Fe—Co
3583.340w Fe—

HNNHPOM UAWUMPWH PpAWWU YJOWDHD

NAPNNH WAKADAN UNWUNs

8233.905
8252.727
8272.041
8289.533
8300.406

NNR ND
CWE H

8327.060
8329.682
8342.289
8357-041
8367.333

8387.783
8426.518
8439.583
8468.420
8514.081

NW NWW

Nod NW
HNOCOW NH HWHD WHEHDU UPOMNW NUPWOH ANP H NU®WHN

NUN WwW
Ween

8515.121
8556.795
8582.271
8611.813
8621.619

— eS eS Oe
ms me NG e
ae ee O

8648.472
8674.756
8688.642
8699.459
8717.832

8736.043

752.024
8763-974
8793.346
8806.768

8034.293
8046.056
8085.175
8107.841
8125.444

8139.718
8158.019
8176.976
8186.371

m= me NN &
me NN ee
OomN eH

=m Ne De

_
Nm©ONDN
ny Ree ee

ty

8824.233

n>

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

354 TABLE 384
REDUCTION OF WAVE-LENGTH MEASURES TO STANDARD CONDITIONS

The international wave-length standards are measured in dry air at 15° C, 76 cm pressure. Density variations of
the air appreciably affect the absolute wave-lengths when obtained at other temperatures and pressures. The follow-
ing tables give the corrections for reducing measures to standard conditions, viz.: 6 = Ao(mo — mo’) (d — do)/do in
ten-thousandths of an Angstrom, when the temperature ¢° C, the pressure B in cm of Hg, and the wave-length A in
Angstroms are given; and d are the indices of refraction and densities, respectively; the subscript 0 refers to standard
conditions, none, to the observed; the prime ’ to the standard wave-length, none, to the new wave-length. The tables
were const.ucted for the correction of wave-length measures in terms of the fundamental standard 6438.4606 A of the
cadmium red radiation in dry air, 15° C, 76 cm pressure. The density factor is, therefore, zero for 15° C and
76 cm, and the correction always zero for \ = 6438 A. As an example, find the correction required for \ when meas-
ured as 3000.0000 A in air at 25° Cand 72 cm. Section (a) of table gives (¢ — do)/do = —.085 and for this value of
the density factor section (b) gives the correction to \ of —.0038 A. Again, if A, under the same atmospheric condi-
tions, is measured as 8000.9000 -A in terms of a standard \’ of wave-length 4000.000 A, say, the measurement will
require a correction of (0.0020 + 0.0008) = +.0028 A. Taken from Meggers and Peters, Bulletin Bureau of Stand-
ards, 14, p. 728, 1918.

(a). — 1000 x (d— do)/do

(6). — 6 = do(Mo—No’) (d— do) /do, in Ten-thousandth Angstroms

Wave-lengths in Angstroms.

1000 X
d —d0} 2000 | 2500] 3000] 3500 | 4000 | 4500 | 5000 | 5500 | 6000 |6509 | 7090 | 7500
do

Corrections in ten-thousandth Angstroms.

—61
Sod
—52
—47

—42
=28
Oo
—28
—24

—I19

—I4
=39
SS
°

+5
+9

—18
—17
—15
=

—13
ral
TO

—3

/

—6
=e
a3
at

—§
Sh

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

+1
jar
+1

mn th
ooOnt

++t++ ++++
one

+

TABLE 385 35

Wn

SPECTRA OF THE ELEMENTS

The following figure gives graphically the positions of some of the more prominent lines in the spectra of some of
ihe elements. Flame spectra are indicated by lines in the lower parts of the panels, arc spectra in the upper parts, and
spark spectra by dotted lines.

<— violet — blue greenXyellowX orangex——_red——_>

ae
oO

Line spectra of the elements. For bibliography see Gibbs, Rev. Mod. Phys., 4, 205, 1932.

The following wave lengths are in Angstroms

5889.065 4202
5895.932 4216
4044 5048

4047 5724

5802 6207

7668 6299

7702 5351

4132 4102

4602 4511

6104 4046.

6707 4078.

4555 4358.:
4593 4916.
5664 4959.

5945 5460. 742*
6011 5769. 508* Zn
6213 5790. 659*
6724 6152

6074 6232

For other elements, see Kayser’s Handbuch der
Spectroscopie.
* Fabry and Perot. + Merrill.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLES 386-387—INDEX OF REFRACTION OF GLASS
TABLE 386.—Relationship between nx — np and no’ — np

8 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 a

Abscissae are 2x —Mp, 4=2.4, 2.2, 2.0, 1.8, 1.6, 1.4, 1.2, 1.0, 0.8, .768, .656,
589, .535, 509, 486, 480, 468, .434, .361, .347, -327, 313, 1308, .208, .288, 284,
276. Ordinates 1g:— Mp for glasses measured by Rubens and Simons. Various
Schott glasses included: O10g2, light barium crown, (mp=1.51698) ; S204,
borate glass, (%p=1.51007) ; O1 143, dense barium crown, (mp=I. 57422);
O1151, high-dispersion crown, (mp=1.52002); O451, light flint, (np
=1.57524); O469, dense flint, (mp=1.64985); Os5o0, dense flint, (mp
= 10751 30) 5 S103) extra dense flint (mp=1 88995).

TABLE 387.—Effect of Composition on Index of Refraction

2.00

Lxteume | | fe |p
fs fommuofecnr | | | | tet | | | Tol clad
His
q
se el eh a ea ae
Se SS [Tea hs ei Ui

a eeeal eal ala | | | Pst, [et 719 |
Bees
eT Sts

fs
+++
na es ca
Ee sas

CRO i

lek OROSILICATE Leal al
esol FETT

HEE

PHOSPHATE| CROW

[ Hae

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 388 357
DERIVATION OF PARTIAL DISPERSIONS OF GLASS FROM n,-n,

(F. E. Wright, Journ. Amer. Ceramic Soc., 3, 783, 1920; Journ. Opt. Soc. Amer., 4, 148,
195, 1920; 5, 380, 1921.)

The optical constants of a glass are generally stated as the index of refrac-
tion mp, and the partial dispersions between the A (.768), C (.856),
D (.589), F (.486) and G’ (.434») lines and its v value, (mp —1)/(np—nc).
The reciprocal of y is called the average dispersive value. The following table
is computed from ny—nx=a(np—nc) —b. The mean indices of refraction of
two sets of glasses from which a and b were derived are:

Ma Nec Zp ie, ie’ Nc—Na Np—NcC NE—-Nyp Ne’ —NF

1.539909 1.543168 1.545958 1.552616 1.557004 @ =.288936 .272167 727833 ~—- 658443
1.588807 1.503505 1.507767 1.608201 1.616995 & = .000529 .000219 —.000219 —.000843

NE—Nc Nc—Na No—Ne NF—Nyp Nc’—NF NE—Nc No—NA NpD—Nc NE—Np NG’—NF
.0050 .00197 .00158 .00342 .00245 : .00486 .00430 .01070 .000903
55 212 172 378 278 492 436 1084 O17
.0060 226 185 415 311 498 441 1099 930
65 241 199 451 344 504 446 1114 943
.0070 255 212 488 BU; 500 452 1128 956
75 270 226 524 410 ; .00515 .00457 .OI1143 .009690
.0080 284 240 560 442 521 463 1157 082
85 208 253 507 475 527 468 1172 996

. 0090 313 267 633 508 533 474 1186 1009
-O100 .00342 .00204 .00706 .00574 538 479 1201 1022
348 300 720 587 ; .00544 .00485 .O1215 .01035

353 305 735 600 550 490 1230 1048

359 310 750 614 556 495 1245 10061

365 316 704 627 561 501 1259 1075

.0037I .0032I .00779 .00640 567 506 1274 1088

B77 327 703 653 . .00573 .00512 .01288 .orIOI

382 332 808 666 5: 587 525 1325 1134

388 338 822 679 2 602 539 1361 1167

304 343 837 693 616 GB) | BISO7/ ey 2.0)

.00400 .00349 .00851 .00706 : 631 566 1434 1233

405 354 866 719 645 580 1470 1266

411 359 881 W32" © 660 503 1507 1208

417 365 895 745 674 G07, 1543; 1331

423 370 910 759 ‘ 689 621 1579 1364

.00429 .00376 .00924 .00772 703 634 1616 1307

434 381 939 785 ; VAY | 648 1652 1430

387 953 708 732 661 1689 1463

392 968 811 ; 746 675 1725 1406

397 983 824 761 6860) | 1768, | Ts20

.00403 . .00838 3 a5 702 1708 1562

408 851 790 716 = 1834-1505

414 864 : 804 730 1870 1628

419 877 819 743. $1907 1661

425 890 3 .00833 .00757 .01943 .01693

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

358 TABLES 389 AND 390
TABLE 389.—Index of Refraction of Glasses (American)

Indices of refraction of optical glass made at the Bureau of Standards. Correct probably to o.ccoor. The com-
position given refers to the raw material which went into the melts and does not therefore refer to the composition of
the finished glass.

Ordinary Rercrill Barium barium t pa
crown. | i flint. int. Se

crown. crown. crown.

Medium

Wave-length. flint.

Hg : - 53189 53817 58351 59137 : 63675 65788
Hg : - 53147 1.53775 . 58701 - 59084 : 636190 65692
H 3 . 52818 . 53468 - 58327 - 58698 i 63189 64973

Hg : 52798 - 53450 - 58209 - 58674 F 63163 64931
- 52326 - 53008 - 57046 . 58121 : .62548 - 63041
Hg : . 52283 - 52907 -57587 . 58071 ‘ .62492 - 63854

. 51929 . 52633 . 57105 57657 . 62033 63143
asa . 52484 1.56894 - 57473 . 61829 - 62834
. 51760 - 52475 1.56881 . 57460 1.58112 . 61817 . 62815

. 51714 . 52430 1.56819 - 57400 I. 58038 .61756 .62725
- 51573 - 52207 1.56634 -57242 I.57818 . 61576 .62458
-51458 . 52188 1.56482 . 57107 1.57638 . 61427 .62241

. 51412 -52145 1.56423 - 57054 1.57567 . 61369 .62157
. 51160 . 51908 I. 56100 . 56762 I. 57183 . 61047 . 61701

(Percentage composition)

a

#uanododod

| [mo [oR eos
Co

ies)

|~

°

w

100%
Het al -lleeees:
000

ote
|| | moSpant
||| |xSes

>
HOL
o0o°o

1.51714 I. 52430 % 1.57406 1.58038
0.00868 0.00820 : o.o1ol4 0.01391 ; 0.01700 0.01904

59.6 63.9 : 56.6 Ate, : 36.9 34.4

0.00612 0.00578 0.00715 0.00991 00’ 0.01216 0.01363
0.00492 0.00460 0.00681 0.00577 0.00831 j 0.01032 0.01168
0.00256 0.00242 0.00337 0.00299 ©.00400 0.00320 0.00484 0.00541

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLES 391-393 359
TABLE 391,—Index of Refraction of Glasses Made by Schott and Gen, Jena

The following constants are for glasses made by Schott and Gen, Jena: 7a, 0, 2p, 7p, %a, are
the indices of refraction in air for A=0.76824, C=0.65634, D=0.5893, F=0.4861, G’=0.4341.
V=(zp—1)/(#r—nc). Ultra-violet indices: Simon, Wied. Ann. 53, 1894. Infra-red: Rubens,
Wied. Ann. 45, 1892. Table is revised from Landolt, Bornstein and Meyerhoffer, Kayser, Hand-
buch der Spectroscopie, and Schott and Gen’s list No, 751, 1909. See aiso Hovestadt's ‘‘ Jena
Glass.”

Catalogue Type = O 546 O 381 O 184 | O 102 O 165 S57
Higher Dis- | Light Silicate | Heavy Silicate | Heavy Silicate! Heaviest Sili-
persion Crown.) Flint. Flint. | Flint. cate Flint.

Melting Number= 1092 1151 451 469 500 | 163
v = 60.7 51.8 41.1 33-7 27.6

Designation Zinc-Crown.

Cd 0.2763 .56759 io = =

Cd -2837 56372 - - -

Cd_ .2980 -55723 ; 1.65397 - -
3403 -54369 4 1.63320 -71968 1.85487
3610 53897 ; -61388 70536 1.83263

»4340! -52788 . -59355 -67561 -78800 1.94493
-4861 -52299 : -58515 -66367 -77091 1.91890
-5893 -5 1698 . 57524 -64985 *75130 1.88995
-6563 -51446 : 57119 .64440 -74368 1.87893
+7682 +51143 . - 50669 -63820 *7353° 1.86702

800K -5103 : .5659 -6373 -7339 -8650
1.200 -5048 : 5585 | -6277 +7215 -8481
1.600 .5008 ; 5535 6217 7151 -8396
2.000 -4907 5487 -O171 +7104 -83 16
2.400 = -5440 -O131 = -8286

Kind of Light and Wave-length.

Percentage composition of the above glasses:
O 546, SiOz, 65.4; K20, 15.0; NagO, 5.0; BaO, 9.6; ZnO, 2.0; Mn2Os, 0.1; AseQOs, 0.4;
BoOs3, 2.5.
O 381, SiOz, ea) PbO, 13.3; NapO, 15.7; ZnO, 2.0; MnOg, 0.1; AseOs, 0.2.
O 184, SiOs, 53.7; PbO, 36.0; KO, 8.3; NagO, 1.0; Mn2O3, 0.06; AseOs, 0.3.
O 102, SiOz, 40.0; PbO, 52.6; K20, 6.5; Na2O, 0.5; Mn2Osz, 0.09; AseOs, 0.3.
O 165, SiOz, 29.26; PbO, 67.5; K20, 3.0; MnegQO3, 0.04; AseQOz, 0.2.
S157, siOx, 21.9; PbO; 78!0; AszOs, 0.1.

TABLE 392.—,,, Dispersion and Density of Jena Glasses

ae fi
No. and Type of Jena Glass. — = | —n, | ty— Cae Weight!

O 225 Light phosphate crown . . .007 37 :

O 802 Boro-silicate crown. . . . 3 0765 | : Say oges
UV 3199 Ultra-violet crown . . . 5035 0781 : 0432
O227 Barium-silicate crown . . . . 0909 | 3 o514
Orrg Soft-silicate crown. . . . 3G + og1o0 | : | 2 0521
O 608 High-dispersion crown . . : 0943 ear é 0543
UV 3248 Ultra-violet flint. . . . : 0964 | ne | ; 0553
O 381 High-dispersion crown. . 5 1026 : 0596
O6o2 Baryolizht flint, 2-2 27. 5 1072 | 53. 59 | 0618
SisSoBorateflint 25 5. . 1102 6 | | 0629
O 726 Extra light flint... . .- ; 1142 : 8 0669
O 154 Ordinary light flint. . . . ; 1327 | : 2 0791
O 184 ie Seine” Ming wabliciy 3 “5 1438 : 2 o861
Omasibarvitintes 0% re 14 a: .62 1599 | : | 0965
O 102 Heavy flint . . sae 648 1gtg |

O41 S Seikctrct cs * Sean Le. 2434

Ones) Ss Rex gene ae cen : 2743

S 386 Heavy flint. . . tl Gh ite 3 4289

Spy beleraneciniltits 5 “o sobs Gop .9626 | 4882

No. and Designation. Temp.

$57 Heavy silicate flint . . . 58.8° : ; 0.0166
O 154 Light silicate flint .. . 58.4 | a : 0.0078
O 327 Baryt flint light . . . . 58.3 .o8 2 0.0079
O 225 Light phosphate crown . Feb | ‘ | : 0.0049

Pulfrich, Wied. Ann. 45, p. 609, 1892.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

360 TABLES 394-396
TABLE 394.—Index of Refraction of Rock Salt in Air

| Obser-
ver. |

A(z).

i | a
1.89348 | M |i 0.88396 : | 32. | 1.516014
1.76964 (072290) Nel | 1.515553
1.61325 + .98220 1.513628
| 1.57932 1.036758 | 1.513467
| 1.55962 5 1.1786 | 1.511062
1.55339 i | 1.508318
1.553406 | 1.555137 2 | 1.506504
1.553399 P .7080 2 1.502035
1.544340 | L 27 1.494722
1.544313 1 26 1.481816
1.540672 iF 25¢ 1.471720
1.540702 | Ie, 2584 1.460547
1.538633 | P 24 1.454404
1.536712 | P 23 1.447494
1.53666 M 2164 1.441032
1.536138 iB 21 1.3735
1.534011 iP 18 1.340
pos MM, VGN AG Sma Gna el Me M;
a2 loans ae kre — hr or=6 aaa x2) age AP—at
where a?= 2.330165 Ao? =0.02547414 62= 5.680137
M,=0.01278685 & =0.000928 5837 M3=12059.95
A17=0.0148 500 i = 0.000000286086 A3?= 3600. (P)

Mz=0.005343924

TABLE 395.— Change of Index of Refraction for 1° C in Units of the 5th Decimal Place

Mi || C line | —3.

0.202 | 43-134 | Mi |} 0.441m | —3.425
7 “cc D iT een
6

oA
MO || Seite) |) 508 | —3.5
3.6

L Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory P Paschen, Wied. Ann. 26, 1908.

of the Smithsonian Institution, Vol. I, r900. Pl Pulfrich, Wied. Ann. 45, 1892.
M Martens, Ann. d. Phys. 6, rgor, 8, 1902. RN Rubens and Nichols, Wied. Ann. 60, 1897.
Mi Micheli, Ann. d. Phys. 7, 1902.

TABLE 396.— Index of Refraction of Svlvite (Potassium Chloride) in Air

NGa): aa | Obser- || ; ei | Obser- ||

eae re) eset) est Prd eet cl ati] seg

Ve
4

a

ver.

0.185409 1.82710 ‘ 1.478311 | ; | 1.462726
-200090 1.71870 1.47824 1.46276
-21946 1.64745 : 1.475890 | 8.8398 1.460858
257317 1.58125 § 1.47589 ill 1.46092
-251640 1.558306 | i 1.474751 | 1.45672
308227 1.54136 aC 1.473834 | : 1.45673
358702 1.52115 1.47394 : | 1.44919
-394415 | 1.51219 | 3-5 1.473049 | “| 1.44941
.467832 | 1.50044 ‘ 1.47 304 | 1.44346
508606 1.49620 714 1.471122 | | 1.44385
58933 1.49044 ‘ 1.47129 | | 1.43722
.67082 1.45669 A 1.47001 3 1 42617
.78576 1.483282 op | ayOon 3 We | 1.41403
.88 398 1.481422 8932 | 1.468804 | i} | 1.3882
.98220 1.480084 | s 1.40880

; MM, My : 2 MM, Mp Mz
eT NE A pa AO) 8 AN oer fi Aaljupsesseschee eS
ae tai 2 kr? — hr* or =1 T38—a2t ap Age ae

a® = 2.174967 Ag? =0.0255550 0? = 3.866619

M, =0.008344206 &=0.000513495 Ms= 5569.715
A1?=0.0119082 A=0.000000167 587 A3?= 3292.47 (P)

Mz =0.00698 382

W Weller, see Paschen’s article. Other references as under Table 395, above.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

1S, See Ee eee ee

TABLES 397-400 361

INDEX OF REFRACTION
TABLE 397,—Index of Refraction of Fluorite in Air

| Obser-
ver

Iw SHH OO

40855 P
-40559 me
40238
39898
-39529
39142
357 19
37819

1.50940 5 4733
1.496029 | “ jf} 1.5715
1ASA@2 || ess el .6206
eA 777 O2m8)|| a lls T7680
1.46476 | 9153
1.44957 . 9644
1.446097 : 2.0626
L.44214 | ; 2.1608
1.43713 2.2100 30805
1.43393 | 2-3573 | | | 1 35680
1.43257 | S | 2.5537 1.42088 8.2505 -34444
1.43200 | | 2 1.42016 | | 8.8308 | 1.33079
1.43157 Nene: 1.41071 | 9.4291 | 1.31612

1.43101 | 2.¢ 1.41826 51.2 Bry,

| 34

.63

RO.
On

Oo
COMOWN™N

pPARAKRARAARA A

WN ND LN WL WRN

iO COM =

=
Aine
bo
pa
\O

1.42982 i), 3 1.41707 | 61.1
1.42787 Be 1.41612 ee
ed 20907 Ne willl eSs5C5¢ 1.41379 | : a
1.42641 | | .5 306 I.41120 | | References under Table 33r.

ip 9 AT, 9 = 9 Ms M3
n* = q? + ——~— — ea? — fd or = 624 —=*—+ —
ny ZAP ; J aceon ESET 02
where a? = 2.03882 J = 0.000002916 M;3= 5114.65
My, = 0.0062183 6? = 6.09651 A, = 1260.56
Ay? = 0.007706 My = 0.0061 386 A, = 0.0940u
€ = 0.0031999 A,? = 0.00884 Ar = 35-54 (P)

TABLE 398.— Change of Index of Refraction for 1°C in Units of the 5th Decimal Place
C line, —1.220; D, —1.2060; F, —1.170; G, —1.142. (PI)

TABLE 399,—Index of Refraction of Iceland Spar (CaCO.) in Air

Obser-

C Carvailo, J. de Phys. (3), 9, 1900. Pl Pulfrich, Wied. Ann 45, 1892.
M Martens, Ann. der Phys. (4) 6, 1901, 8, 1902. RA Rubens-Aschkinass, Wied. Ann. 67, 1899.
P Paschen, Wied. Ann. 56, 1895. S Starke, Wied. Ann. 60, 1897.

TABLE 400.— Index of Refraction of Nitroso-dimethyl-aniline (Wood)

Nitroso-dimethyl-aniline has enormous dispersion in yellow and green, metallic absorption in violet. See Wood.
Phil. Mag 1903.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

362

TABLES 401 AND 402

INDEX OF REFRACTION
TABLE 401.—Index of Refraction of Quartz (SiO), 18°C

Wave
length

Index
Ordinary
Ray

Index
Extra-
ordinary
Ray

Wave-
length

Index
Ordinary
Ray

Index
Extra-
ordinary
Ray

Kb

0.185
-193
.198
.206
B2 IA!
.219

1.67582
-65997
.65090
.64038
.63041
62494
-61399
.59622
.58752
-56748
-55815
.55050
-54968
-54424

1.68999
67343

.66397
.65300

.64264
.63698
.62560
.60712
.59811
57738
.56771
.56600
-55896
1.55334

Le

0.656
.686
.760

1.160

1.54189
“54099
-53917
-5329
.5216
-5156
-9939
-4944
-4799
-4679
-4569
417
274

Wolt(oy7/

1.55091
54998
54811

Rubens

:

Except Rubens’ values,—means from various authorities

TABLE 402.—Index of Refraction for Various Alums*

Temp. C.°

Index of refraction for the Fraunhofer lines.

Aluminium Alums.

RAM(SO4)o+12 H,0.t

Na
NH3(CHg)
K

17-25

a
I4-15

7-21
15-25
15-20
10-23

LAS 492
-45013
45226
45232
45437
“45509
49226

1.43563 | 1.43653
45177
-45398
“45417
45018
-45093
49443

45062
Ogos
45325
Aon
“45599
295 "/,

1.43884
-45410
45045
-45060
45856
45939
-49748

1.44185
45091
45934
-45955
-40141
-46234
50128

Chrome Alums.

6-12

6-17

2.043
1.817
1.946 | 12-17
1.719| 7-18
2.386] 9-25

1.47627
-47642
.47660
47911
51692

1.47732

-47738
-47756
48014
51798

1.47836 | 1.48100
-47865
.47868
48125
51923

-48137
48151
48418
52280

RCr(SO4)o+12H.O.F

1.48434
-48459
-48456
-487 44
-52704

1.44412
“459041
46181

.46192

1.44231
“45749
-45996
45999
46203
.46288
50209

.46481
50463

1.48723
-487 53
-48775
-49040
53082

1.48491
48513
48522
-48794
52787

46386

1.45640

1.44804
40363
-46609
.46618
.46821
46923
51076

Tron Alums.

R¥e(SO,)>+12H.0.+

1.806
1.916
2.061

1.713

1.47706
47770
47921
.48029
51790

1.48169
-48234
.48378
.48482
52365

1.48580
48054
-48797
48921
-52859

1.47837
-47594
.48042
.48150
51943

1.47639
-47700
-47825
-47927
-51674

7-11
7-20
20-24
7-20

1.48670 | 1.48939
.48712| .49003
.48867 | .49136
.48993 | .49286
-52946| «53254

* According to the experiments of Soret (Arch. d. Sc. Phys. Nat. Genéve, 1884, 1888, and Comptes Rendus, 1885).
+ & stands for the different bases given in the first column. 5

For other alums see reference on Landolt-Boérnstein-Roth Tabellen.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 403 363
INDEX OF REFRACTION

Selected Monorefringent or Isotropic Minerals

The values are for the sodium D line unless otherwise stated and are arranged in the order of increasing indices
Selected by Dr. Edgar T. Wherry from a private compilation of Dr. E. S. Larsen of the U. S. Geological Survey.

Index of
Mineral. 5 refraction,

A = 0. 589M.

Villiaumite NaF
Cryolithionite 3NaF.3LiF.2AlFs
Opal oars nH20

Fluorite

Ko. *AlzOs. 4S03.24H20
Sodalite 3Na,0.3 Al,0;.6Si0,.2NaCl
Cristobalite SiO:
Analcite Na,O, Al,O3.4S105.2 HzO
oars Gi
Noselite 5Na,0.3A1,0;.6SiO,.2SO3
Hauynite Like preceding + CaO
Lazurite 4Na.0.3Al,03.6Si0O.. NayS¢6

i K,0.A1,03.4Si0,
Pollucite 2Cs50.2AloO3.9Si02.H»O
i NaCl

Bauxite Os. nH,O
Pharmacosiderite.... €203.2As.O5.3K,0.5H2O
Gpinclieah ee Jeon. M0 Aico,
Berzeliite feo Mg, Mn)O.As205

3Ca0. Al2O3.3SiO2
3(Mn, Fe)O.3Be0.3Si0O2.MnS

) 3Mg0.Als03.3Si02
Arsenolite As203
Hessonite 3CaO.(Al, Fe)203.3SiO2
Pleonaste (Mg, Fe)O.Al2O3
Almandite 3FeO.Al203.3Si02
Hercynite
Gahnite
Spessartite 3Mn0. Alz203.3Si02

i CaO
Uvarovite 3CaO.Cr203.3Si02
Andradite 3CaO.Fe203.3Si02
Microlite 6Ca0.3Ta20s5.CbOFs3
Nantokite CuCl |
Pyrochlore Contains CaO, Ce203, TiOz, etc.
Schorlomite.........| 3CaO.(Fe, Ti)203.3(Si, Ti)Oe2
Percylite PbO.CuCle.H20
Picotite (Mg, Fe)O.(Al, Cr)203
Eulytite 2Bi203.35iO2
Cerargyrite AgCl
Mosesite Contains Hg, NHs, Cl, etc.
Chromite

-328

- 339

. 406-1. 440
434

-450

483

. 486

.487

- 490

-495

. 490

. 500

509

525

544

.570

.676

723

727

-736

- 736

-739

-745

-755

- 763

-770

-778

. 800

800

.8ir

.830

. 838

857

-925

-930
.960-2.000
- 980

-050

.050

.050

. O61

.005

.070

.087

ATO)

. 160

.18 (Li light)
. 200

200

-253

. 330

S10
.360 (Li light)
.370-2.470
.380
PerOUe® |

. 490 (Li light)
. 690 (Li light)
.700 (Li light)
849

Senarmontite. . SbeOs
Embolite Ag(Br, Cl)
Manganosite........| MnO
Bunsenite
Lewisite 5CaO.2TiO2.3Sb205
Miersite
Bromyrite gBr
Dysanalite Contains CaO, FeO, TiOs, etc.
Marshite Cul
Franklinite (Zn, Fe, Mn)O.(Fe, Mn)20z
Sphalerite (Zn, Fe)S
Perovskite CaO.TiO2z

i Cc

Welestonites 52505575 HgO.2HgCl

Hauerite...........| MnSe
Aijiabandite.........| MnS

ne A NREL Cu0

SMITHSONIAN TABLES-

RDNHNHKHHHNHNHNHNNDKHNHNNNKHNKNHKNNDNRNH AHHH HRA RR RRR RH RH HR RRR RRR ROH RRR RRR RRR

14

364

Substance.

Anorthite glass
Asphalt

Bell metal
Boric Acid, melted

oe ae “e
Borax, melted
“cc “oe

“ “

Fuchsin
oe
ce

Gelatin, Nelson no. 1

Gum Arabic

Obsidian
Phosphorus
Pitch

Colophony
Copal

TABLE 404

INDEX OF REFRACTION

Miscellaneous Monorefringent or Isotropic Solids

Spectrum

line.

°
4

SuyomyanyaysoouY

23 pOmQnwW>

yous

Index of

refraction. Authority.

. 4890 Larsen, 1909
. 546 Miihlheim
6422 Grailich
-5755 Larsen, 1909
-635 E. L. Nichols
-621 See >
.0052 Beer
. 4623 Bedson and Williams
: 4637 “ “a “c
- 4694
-4624
. 4630
. 4702
- 532 Kohlrausch
- 5462 Miihlheim
530 Mean
.66 Ayrton, Perry
-03 Mean
.19 “
-33
-97
32
- 530 Jones, 1911

I. 516-1. 534 ? a

1.480 Jamin

1.514 Wollaston
. 482-1. 406 Various
.1442 Gladstone, Dale
Saar Wollaston
- 5593 Topsée, Christiansen
-6574 = 3
. 6666 SF i
Jamin
-528 Wollaston
- 548 Jamin
528 .
535 Wollaston
593 Baden Powell
61 Wood
-68 3
73 “
93

“

“cc

“

““

MH HN NN AO Oe Oe OOO OO OOO OO

Dussaud
Fock

HAHN NNN HH ERE

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 405 30 5
INDEX OF REFRACTION
Selected Uniaxial Minerals

The values are arranged in the ordex of increasing indices for the ordinary ray and are for the sodium D line unless
otherwise indicated. Selected by Dr. Edgar T. Wherry from a private compilation of Dr. Esper S. Larsen of the U. S.

Geological Survey.
Index of refraction.

Mineral. Formula. ; : |
Ordinary Extraordinary
ray. ray.

(a) Untaxtat Positive MINERALS.

Chrysocolla CuO.SiO2.2H20

Laubanite 2CaO. AloO3.5Si02.6H20
Chabazite (Ca, Naz)O.Al203.4Si02.6H20
Douglasite 2K Cl.FeCle.2H20
Hydronephelite 2Na20.3Al203.6Si02.7H20
Apophyllite K20.8Ca0.16Si02.16H20

SiOz
Coquimbite Fe20s. soe 9H20
i Mg0O.H
] K.0.3 Ais, 4S03.6H20
Penninite 5(Mg, Fe)O.Al203.35i102.4H20
Cacoxenite 2i°e203.P205.12H20
Eudialite 6Na20.6(Ca, Fe)O.20(Si, Zr)O2.NaCl
Dioptasite CuO.SiO2.H20
Phenacite 2BeO.SiO2
Parisite 2CeOF.Ca0.3CO2
Willemite 2Zn0.SiO2
Vesuvianite 2(Ca, Mn, Fe)O.(Al, Fe)(OH, F)O.2Si02
Xenotime Y203.P205
; i 20CuO.SOs3.2CuCls.20H20
BaO.TiO2.3SiO2
6PbO. Ne Mn)O.6SiO2.H20
CaO.W

rua
.718
.816
.746
. 804
945
-934
. 968
-978
.650
. 093
.029
.140
. 210

220
.420 (Li light)

378
. 510 (Li light)
- 520
- 903
697
.- 201

Cassiterite

O
Phosgenite PbO.PbCle.CO2
Penfieldite PbO.2PbCle
lodyrite AglI
Tapiolite FeO.(Ta, Cb)20s
n

Derbylite
Greenockite

Moissanite
Cinnabarite

NNHNHNNNKHNHNKNN ND HH WAR OW ORO eH Oe ROR OH OR ROR OW Oe OR OR OW OW OW OW OW OW OH ORO
WHNHHNHNKHNNNNKHNRNH HHH HHH HHH RRR RRR OR OOOO OO OOO

(b) UntaxtaL NEGATIVE MINERALS.

Chiolite 2NaF.AIF3

Hanksite 11Na20.9SO3.2CO2.K Cl

Thaumasite 3CaO.CO2.Si02.SO3.15H20
Hydrotalcite 6Mg0O.Al2O3.CO2.15H20

Cancrinite 4Na20.Ca0.4Al203.2CO2.9SiO2.3 H20
Milarite K20.4CaO.2Al203.24Si02.H20
Kaliophilite K20. AlsO3.2SiO2

Mellite Al2O3.C1209.18H20

Marialite “Ma” = 3Na20.3Al203.18Si02.2NaCl
Nephelite Na2O.Al203.2SiO2

HHH HR HHH
BHR ROR RHO

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

366 TABLES 405 (continued) AND 406
INDEX OF REFRACTION
TABLE 405 (Continued). — Selected Uniaxial Minerals

Index of refraction.

Mineral. Formula. 3 5;
Ordinary | Extraordinary
ray. ray.

(b) Untaxtat NEGATIVE MINERALS (continued).

Wernerite MeiMai +

Beryl 3 BeO.Al203.6Si02

Torbernite CuO.2U03. P205.8H20

Meionite “Me” = 4Ca0.3Al203.6Si02
Melilite Contains Na2O, CaO, AleOs, SiOz, etc.
Apatite 9CaO.3P20s.Ca(F, Cl)2

Calcite CaO.COz

Gehlenite 2CaO.Al203.SiO2

Tourmaline Contains Na2O, FeO, AlzO3, B2Os, SiOz, etc.
Dolomite CaO.Mg0O.2CO2

Magnesite

Pyrochroite

Corundum

FeO.CO2
Pyromorphite 9PbO.3P20s.PbCle
Barysilite 3PbO.2Si0O2
Mimetite oPbO.3As205.PbCle
PbO.PbClez
PbO.WOs
(Mg, Fe)O.TiO2
Vanadinite 9PbO.3V20s.PbCle
Wulfenite O,
Octahedrite
Massicotite
Proustite 3AgeS.AsoSs3
Pyrargyrite 3Ag2S.Sbe2S3
Hematite

9
(Li light)
(Li light)

WWHNHKHNNNNNHNNNKD HHA AR RRR RRR RHR RA
NPHNHNNKHNHNNHNNNHHHHHHHH HH RRR RRA

TABLE 406.— Miscellaneous Uniaxial Crystals

Index of refraction.

Crystal. Spectrum Authority.
a) line. Ordinary |Extraordinary 4

ray. ray.

. 5766 . 5217 T. and C.*
.6588 .6784 Mean

. 769 .760 Osann

. 308 313 Meyer

- 207 - 304 =

-539 541 Kohlrausch
.5762 - 5252 LyandiG:
5074 -5179 “ck “

- 5632 . 5146
-457 . 466 Mean
. 586 -336 te
447 -453
. 5173 - 4930 T. and C.
ios 1873 ccUMTCUMRM
-5078 .4844 f
.614 -599 Martin

Ammonium arseniate NHsHeAsOx
Benzil (CeHsCO)2

Corundum, Al2O3, sapphire, ruby
Ice at —8°C

“aL

~

Ivory .
Potassium arseniate KH,AsOy

“ “ec “ ce “ec

Sodium arseniate NasAsO4.12H2O
ct nitrate NaNOs
“phosphate NasPO4.12H2O

Nickel sulphate NiSOs.6H20

Strychnine sulphate

““c

“ce “cs

Does oepoeASHoeesys

* Topsde and Christiansen.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 407 367
INDEX OF REFRACTION

Selected Biaxial Minerals

The values are arranged in the order of increasing 6 index of refraction and are for the sodium D line except where
noted. Selected by Dr. Edgar T. Wherry from private compilation of Dr. Esper S. Larsen of the U. S. Geological

Survey.

Mineral.

Stercorite

Tridymite
Thenardite
Carnallite
Alunogenite
Melanterite
Natrolite
Arcanite
Struvite

Mascagnite
Aibite
Hydromagnesite
Wavellite
Kieserite
Copiapite
Whewellite
Variscite
Labradorite
Gibbsite
Wagnerite
Anhydrite
Colemanite
Fremontite
Vivianite
Pectolite
Calamine
Chondrodite
Turquois
Topaz
Celestite
Prehnite

Anthophyllite
Sillimanite
Forsterite
Enstatite
Euclasite

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

(a) BrAxtaL PositrvE MINERALS.

Index of refraction.

nq | 1B

Formula.

NazO.(NH4)20.P20s.9H20
AleOs.SO3.9H20
SiOz
Na20.SO3
KCl. MgCls.6H20
Al2O3.3S03.16H20
FeO.SO3.7H20
Naz0.Al203.3Si02.2H20
20.SO3
(NH4)20.2Mg0.P20;.12H2O
CaO.Al203.6Si02.3 H2O0
(Naz, Ca)O.A!203.2Si02.3H20
(Ke, Ba)O.Al203.5SiO2.5H20
LizO.Al203.8SiO2
2CaO.P205.H20
2MgQ.P205.7H20
CaO.SO3.2H20
(NH4)20.SOs
“Ab” = NaoO.Al203.6SiO2
4Mg0.3CO2.4H20
3Al203.2P20s.12(H20, 2HF)
Mg0O.SO3.H2O0
2Fe203.5SO03.18H20
CaO.C203.H20
Al2O3.P205.4H20
AbsAn3
Al203.3H20
3MgO.P205.MgF2
CaO.SOs
2CaO.3B203.5H20
Na2O.Al2O03.P205.(H20, 2HF)
3FeO.P205.8H20
Na2O.4Ca0.6Si02.H20
2ZnO0.Si0O2.H20
4Mg0O.2Si0O2.Mg(F, OH):
CuO.3Al203.2P205.9H20
2AlOF.SiO2
SrO.SO3
2CaO.Al203.3SiO2.H20
O.SQ3

nan
bHHO
bat

to

OwnuUn~InHtO

5
35
es)
“5
“5
-5

WNNNN

>
oO
H

UN
Dur
no

AHR He RHR RHR OR RR OR OR OR OR ROR RR ROR OR ROR OR OR ROR OR OR OR OR OR OR ROR OR OR OR OR ROR OR OR OR OR Oe OR OR Oe Oe
wn on
} oO mn
S c So H ¢
RAR A Oe OW OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR ORR ROR OR OR OR OR OR OR RW OR OR ROR OR ROR OR OR ORO OR ROR OR OR Oe

Mg0.SiO2
2BeO.Al203.2Si02.H20
3Mn0O.P20;.MnF2
LigO. Al2O3.4Si02
CaO.MgO.2Si0O2
2(Mg, Fe)O.SiO2
LizO.2(Fe, Mn)O.P205

HHHHH HHH RRR RRR ARR RRR ARR OA OR OW OR ORR OW ROH OH HHO RRO OOOOH OA OA OO

368 TABLE 407 (continued)
INDEX OF REFRACTION

Selected Biaxial Minerals

Index of refraction.

Mineral. Formula.
"a. | eB EI mn

(a) BraxtaL PosiTIVE MINERALS (continued).

-706
-745
-750
.746
-757
- 838
-797
. 863
- 804
-034
-o10
- 240
. 260
2320 Gee
- 530 (Li)
. 300
-310
. 430 (Li)
. 460 (Li)
.660 (Li)
.420 (Li)

AS Tae
.650 (Li)
741
.710

Zoisite 4Ca0O.3Al203.6Si02.H20

Strengite Fe203.P205.4H20

Diasporite AlsO3.H2

Staurolite 2FeO.5Al203.4Si02.H20

Chrysoberyl BeO.AlsO3
3CuO.2CO2.H20
Fe203.As20s.4H2O0
4CuO. As205.H20

Anglesite PbO.SOs3

Titanite CaO.TiO2.SiO2z

Mendipite

Tantalite (Fe, Mn)O.Ta20s

Wolframite (Fe, Mn)O.WOs

Crocoite PbO.CrOz
2Fe203.3TiO2
Sb203.Ta20s
HgO

NNNNKHNHNNHNNHNKNNNNN WN ND HH HRW RRR

I.
Ti
Te
rT.
I.
pn
I.
I.
I.
I.
qr.
I.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2).
2.
2.

(6) Braxtat NEGATIVE MINERALS.

Mirabilite Na2z0.SO3.10H20
Thomsenolite NaF .CaF2.AlF3.H2O
Na20.CO2.10H20
Ke20.Al203.4SO03.24H20
Epsomite MgO.SO3.7H20
Sassolite B203.H20
NazO.2B203.10H20
ZnO.SO3.7H20
Pickeringite MgO. Al203.4SO3.22H20
Bloedite Na2O.MgO.2SO3.4H20
3Na20.4CO2.5H20
Na2O.CO2.H20
(Ca, Naz)O.Al203.6Si02. 51120.
K20.N205
MgO.SO3.K Cl.3H20
Gaylussite Na2O.CaO.2COz.5H20
Scolecite CaO. Al2O3.3Si02.3H2O
CaO. Al203.4Si02.4H20
K20.Al203.6SiO2
Same as preceding
(Na, K)20.Al203.6Si02
NaszO.CaO.2SOs
4(Mg, Fe)O.4Al203.10SiO2.H20

RR HR RH HR RHR HH RH HR
ARH HR RRR RRA ROR ORO OOO oe

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 407 (Concluded) 369
INDEX OF REFRACTION

Selected Biaxial Minerals

Index of refraction.
Mineral. Formula.
na ng

(b) BraxtAL NEGATIVE CRYSTALS (continued).

Beryllonite Na20.2BeO.P205
Kaolinite AlO3.2Si02.2H20
Biotite K20.4(Mg, Fe)O. 2Al203.6Si02.H20
Autunite CaO.2UO3.P205.8H20
Anorthite “An” = CaO.AleO3.2SiO2
Lanthanite La203.3 CO2.9H20
Pyrophyllite Al2O3.4Si02.H20
3Mg0.4SiO2.H20

Hopeite 3ZnO0.P205.4H20
Muscovite K20.3Al203. eos 2H20
Amblygonite Al2O3.P205.2LiF
Lepidolite AlzO3.3SiO2.2(K, Li)F
Phlogopite K20.6MgO.Al203.6Si02.2H20
Tremolite CaO0.3Mg0.4SiO2
Actinolite Ca0.3(Mg, Fe)O.4Si02
Wollastonite CaO.SiO2
Lazulite.... a (Fe, Mg)O.Al203.P205.H20
Danburite CaO. B203.2SiO2
Glaucophanite NazO.2FeO.Al203.6Si0O2
Andalusite Al203.SiO2
Hornblende Contains Na2O, MgO, FeO, SiOs, etc.

i 2CaO.2SiO2. B2O3.H20
Erythrite 3CoO.As205.8H20
Monticellite CaO.MgO.SiO2

SrO.CO:

O.CO2
6(Ca, Mn)O.2A1203. aA 8Si02.H20
Dumortierite 8Al203. B203.6SiO2.H
Cyanite Al2O3.SiO2
Epidote 4Ca0.3(Al, ee
Atacamite 3Cu0.CuCle.3H:
Fayalite 2FeO.SiO2
Caledonite 2(Pb, Cu)O.SO3.H20
Malachite 2Cu0, COz.H20
Lanarkite 2PbO.SO3
Leadhillite 4PbO.SO3.2CO2.H20
Cerussite PbO.CO2
Laurionite 2
Matlockite PbO.PbCle
Baddeleyite rO:
Lepidocrocite
Limonite 2Fe203.3H20 in part
Goethite... . : tone
Valentinite Sb203
i 2Fe203.H20 in part

a
Terlinguaite
Hutchinsonite ae OS S-PbS.2AseSs
Stibnite fc

BON KHNNNHNHNNHNHNNNHHH HHH HHH HH HHH HHH RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR
5 ¢ aie ‘
BRWNNHNHNNHNNHDNKHNNKNNNNRHHHHHH HHH HH HH HHH RHR HRA RRR RRR

WOWONNHHNHKHNHNRNNHHHHHHHHH HH HHH HHH HHH RRR RR HARRAH RA
t ‘ “

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

370 TABLES 408 AND 409
INDEX OF REFRACTION
TABLE 408.—Miscellaneous Biaxial Crystals

Index of refraction.

Crystal. re — Authority.

- 4381 k : Brio
. 5188

Ammonium oxalate, (NH4)2C204.H20. ..

Ammonium acid tartrate,
(NH4)H(C4H40¢)

Ammonium tartrate, (NH4)2CsH4Oc.....

Antipyrin, CuHi2NO2

Citric acid, CsHsO7.H2O0

Codein, CisH21NO3.H20

Magnesium carbonate, MgCO3.3H20....

£ sulphate, MgSO4.7H20

T. and C*
Cloisaux
Liweh
Schrauf
Grailich
Genth
Means
Borel

Dufet

Te and GC}
Mallard
Schrauf
TandiC.

“ “ce “

5607
4032
- 5390
- 495

-432

- 4990
- 4307
7202

b
rs
an

:~

Potassium bichromate, K2Cr2O7
chromate, K2CrO«

HHH HAHA

guol sebbbi xy

6873
- 3346
-4976
4932
- 4911

4
oO
Q.

nitrate, KNOs
sulphate, K2SO4

HH WH He

Groth
Dufet
Brio
Calderon

“

Racemic acid, CsaHeOc.H20............

Resorcin, C6H6O2

Sodium bichromate, NazCr207.2H2O0
“acid tartrate, NaH (C4H40s). 2H20

Sugar (cane), Cr H20un

“ec

Tartaric acid, CaHeOc (right-)............
Zinc sulphate, ZnSOs.7H20

. 6610
. 5422
5397
- 5379
4953
. 4620
- 4568
4544

“cc

Means
T. and C.

cep yecin ce

HHH HHH HHH HRA

ODO rUss puboURd
=

* Topsée and Christiansen.

TABLE 409.—Miscellaneous Liquids (see also Table 410), Liquefied Gases, Oils,
Fats and Waxes

Temp. Index for D Refer- Temp.| Index for D Refer-
Substance. oC 0. 589. ee Substance. °C 0. 580}. ence,

Liquefied gases: Oils:
650 Lavendar. size SN . 464-1. 466
. 367 . 4820-1. 4852
-195 Maize. . ence , -4757-1.4768
-325 Mustard seed... : -4750-1.4762
. 180 Neat’s foot .4695-1.4708
- 384 Olive : -4703-1.4718
. 205 . 4510
325 4723-1 .4731
. 330 . 464-1. 468
194 : 4770
. 221 HORDOr es. aoe .4677
. 350 Rape (Colza). ne 8 : -4748-1. 4752
.252 Seal . ; tea -4741
325 4742
. 466 Soja bean ; .4760-1.4775

Sperm 5- . 4665-1. 4672

Sunflower....... Gi .4739
- 503
- 4649

coma ctegacooooe

HH HH HHH RRR RRR

5

-4728-1. 4753
- 4799-1 . 4803
-47-1.48

. 5301-1. 5360
4587

- 4790-1 . 4833
-4737-1.4757
-4757-1. 4768
- 460-1. 467
-4702-1.4720

COh*ADAOAADAAAe AAO Oo

Citronella
Clove.

Cocoanut... .
Codiliver.s.-
Cotton seed. .

Fats and Waxes:
Beef tallow -4552-1.4587
Beeswax. . ae 5 - 4398-1. 4451
Carnauba wax... -4520-1. 4541
Cocoa butter... .. .4560-1. 4518
Lard / . 4584-1. 4601

Eucalyptus . .
Mutton tallow... - 4510

arden

HH eee HR
AormMeanaegaonog

COoORDrrVrDAa

References: (a) Martens; (b) Bleekrode, Pr. Roy. Soc. 37, 330, 1884; (c) J iveing, Dewar, Phil. Mag.,
1892-3; (d) Tolman, Munson, Bul. 77, B. of C., Dept. Agriculture, ro05; (e) Seeker, Van Nostrand’s
Chemical Annual. For the oils of reference d, the average temperature coefficient is 0.000365 per ° C.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 410 371
INDEX OF REFRACTION
Indices of Refraction of Liquids Relative to Air

Indices of refraction.
Substance.

0. 589¢
D

Acetaldehyde, CHsCHO
Acetone, CH3COCHs3
Aniline, CeHs.NH2
Alcohol, methyl, CH3.OH
ethyl C2Hs.0OH

“e “oe dn/dt

s n-propyl CoH. OH.
Benzene, C,.H,-

Game ahi apa in
Bromnaphthalene, Spee Br...
Carbon disulphide, CS2

“tetrachloride, CCl... ..
Chinolin, CogH7N
Chloral, CCls.CHO
Chloroform, CHCb
Decane, CioH22
Ether, ethyl, CoHs.0.C2Hs
ean /aie
Ethyl nitrate, CoHs. O.NOs. .
Formic acid, H.COoH..
Glycerine, CsHsOs. . rete
Hexane, CHs(CHe)«CHs .
Hexylene, CH3(CH2)3CH.CH2. .
Methylene iodide CH,I,
dn/dt .
Naphthalene, CioHs
Nicotine, CioHisNe
Octane, CH (CH2)sCHs
Or almond rites eel lelale eraser
anise seed

- 3593
- 5863
. 3290
. 3695
.3618
. 0004,
3854
. 5012
.0006
.6582
-6433
.6276
. 4607
.6245
-4557
-4467
. 4108
3538
. 0006
- 3853
-3714
-4739
-3754
- 3945
- 7417
. 0007
- 5823
- 5239
. 4007
.4782
-5572
-5475

ees tte Ue eae ere tte eet) et et
eel peauspe ehasvcae eee eI Pe eT ea acon vA tiene 0s) SD SPL alee ete et

Se aie meat cts call eee eRe eine etd

. 6104
. 6026
.6188
4763
+4573
4744
-4721
- 3581
-5425

CUTpPENitiNe rere nasil se

Pentane, CH3(CH2)3CHs : 3645
Phenol, CsHsOH : ; - 5684

Styrene, CsHsCH.CHe ; : . 5816
Thymol, CioHisO : —-

Toluene, CH3.CeHs : .5170

Water, H20 -3435 - 3404

i 3444 - 3413

. 3411 - 3380

.3332 . 3302

HHH HHH HRA

H

5485

-4955
- 3330
3338
. 3307
- 3230

et nM SIMI RIG Ainieieie oIoieNeuriiiel sala eeeneeeit larieietepabatred! ai lPURpI er ehay eer

HH HHH HR RR RHR RRR RRR RRR

References: 1, Landolt and Bérnstein (a, Landolt; b, Korten; c, Briihl; d, Haagen; e, Landolt, Jahn;
{, Nasini, Bernheimer; g, Eisenlohr; h, Eykman; i, Auwers, Eisenlohr); 2, Korten; 3, Walter; 4, Ketteler;
5, Landolt; 6, Olds; 7, Baden Powell; 8, Willigen; 9, Fraunhofer; ro, Brihl.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

372 TABLE 411
INDEX OF REFRACTION

Indices of Refraction for Solutions of Salts and Acids Relative to Air

Indices of refraction for spectrum lines.

Substance. Density. | Temp. C.| Authority.

(a) SoLutrons In WaTER.

Ammonium chloride | 1.067 | 27°.05 | 1.37703) 1.37936| 1.38473] —- | 1.39336) Willigen.
ae fas 025 | 29-75 | 34850) .35050) .35515] - | .36243) “
Calcium chloride . 39 25-65 | -44000] .44279| .44938 ~ .46001 s
‘ « 2UG al 22.0 39411] .39652| .40206) — 41078 ff
ee « SEAR 25 .o 37152] .37309] .37876} — - 38666 He

Hydrochloric acid .| 1.166 | 20.75 |1.40817/1.41109]1.41774 — |1.42816 i
Nitric acid. . .| .359 | 18.75 | .39893] .40181| .40857 - 41961 Ue
Potash (caustic) . Seog On er TO ~40052 -40281| .40808 ~ 41637 | Fraunhofer.
Potassium chloride .|normal solution | .34087] .34278| .34719] 1.35049 — |Bender.

& a double normal | .34982| .35179) .35645] -35904 - ss

ie x triple normal | .35831| .36029| .36512| .360890| —
|

Soda (caustic) . .| 1.376 | 21.6 |1.41071|1.41334 1.41936 — |1.42872|Willigen.
Sodium chloride. .| .189 | 18.07 | .37562| .37789| .38322|/1.38746, -— |Schutt.
- ce -109 18.07 -3575!| -35959, 36442 36823 - ss
et - 035 18.07 | .34000] .34191| .34628] .34969 = S
Sodium nitrate 1.358 | 22.8 |1.38283]1.38535]1-39134 — |1.40121| Willigen.
Sulphuric AGL gal) aati i8.3 -43444| .43669| .44168 - .44883 sf
< .632 18.3 -42227| .42466| .42967 - 43094 ys
s ne e220 18.3 36793] .37009] .37468 - 38158 ‘¢
Kc se 028 | 18.3 .33063| .33862| .34285) —- 34938 s¢
Zinc chloride . . .| 1.359 26.6 |1.39977| 1.40222] 1.40797 - 1.41738 ss
‘6 - 5 3 “oll pasts) || alent -37292| .37515] .38026 ~ 38845 -
(b) SoLutions In EtHyt ALCOHOL.
Ethyl alcohol . . .| 0.789 | 25.5 |1.35791|1.35971| 1-36395| - |1.37094| Willigen.
of se 932) || 27:6 -35372| -35550| -35986| — .36662 rs
Fuchsin (nearly sat-
urated) ; : 3918 | .398 361 - -3759 Kundt.
Cyanin (saturated) :

.3831 = -3705 = 3821
seh

Nore. — Cyanin in chloroform also acts anomalously ; for example, Sieben gives for
a 4.5 per cent. solution w44—= 1.4593, Ms = 1.4695, wr(green) = 1.4514, we (blue) = 1.4554.
For a 9.9 per cent. solution he gives 41= 1.4902, ur (green) = 1.4497, we (blue) = 1.4597.

(c) SoLuTions oF PoTass1uM PERMANGANATE IN WATER.*

Wave Wave-
Spec- | Ind Ind Ind Ind Spec- | Inde) Ind Ind Ind
leet | ee | Mr’ | Ue’ | ioe’ | Mort iene] Siig | Tages | Use | Me™ | Mae
; : sol. | 2 % sol. | 3 % sol. | 4 % sol. ; . | 1 %sol.|2%sol.| 3 % sol. | 4 % sol.
6357s Pumas 2oneneA2 = 1.3382 | 51.6 — | 1.3368 | 1.3385 - -
65.8 C | -3335 | 3348 1.3305 e | 3374 -3383 | 1.3386 1.3404
1.7 a 3343 | -3395 | -33°1 -3377 = = -340
59-4} - | -3354 | -3373 | -3393 — | -3381 | -3395 | -3398 | -3413
58-9 | D 3353 | -3372 a = +3397 | 3402 | -3414 | -3423
50.8 - SG O2MINaGo7 ln -B4ne - -3407 | .3421 | .3426 | .3439
55-3| = | -3306 | -3395 | -3417 9 eC aN ee se) 3452
ea ae eee — | .3431 | -3442 | -3457 | -3468
52.2 - BRI || e : - - - -

* According to Christiansen.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 412
INDEX OF REFRACTION

Indices of Refraction of Gases and Vapors

373

A formula was given by Biot and Arago expressing the dependence of the index of refraction of a gas on pressure and
No

bao P_, where
, 1 + at 760
n, is the index of refraction for temperature 7, 7, for temperature zero, a the coefficient of expansion of the gas

temperature. More recent experiments confirm their conclusions. The formula is #,—1 =

with temperature, and / the pressure of the gas in millimeters of mercury. For air see lable 413.

(a) Indices of refraction.

te 3
yo8(n=2) (n=1 ) 103.

Air.

Spectrum
line.

Spectrum Wave-

103 (n=1)
line.

Air.

2905
2911
2914
2922
-2038
-2943
.2962
.2978
.2980
.2987

OFAAOO WS

CAR

2993
-3003
3015
3023
*3031
*3043
3053
3004
+3075

GHanoveZzs

length. el

we
-4861
5461
5790
6563
.43600
5462
.6709

6.709

8.678

.2951
.2936
.2930
2919
.2971
.2937
2918
.2881
2888

O.

-2734
S27
2710
2698
-2743
.2704
2683
2643
-2650

N. Hi:

.1406
gO
-1393
1387
1418
CUS
1385
-1361
.1361

.3012
.2998

.2982
CO,
4506
4471
.4804
-4579

| First 4, Cuthbertsons; the rest, Koch, Igoo.

Pp: 25-27).

Kind of

Substance. light.

Acetone’. « . D
Ammonia

sc AA D
JAVON 9 A161 Uc D
Benzene . : D

Bromine. . . D

Carbon dioxide | white
“ “ D

white

Carbon disul-
D

phide
white
white
white

Carbon mon- }
oxide .
Chlorine .
Chloroform
Cyanogen
Ethyl alcohol
Ethyl ether .

Helium

Hydrochloric
acid .

Indices of refraction
and authority.

I.001079-I.001 100
1.000381-1.00038 5
,000 37 3-1.000379

.000281 Rayleigh.

.001700-1.001823

.001132 Mascart.
.000449—1.0004 50
.000448-1.0004 54.
.001 500 Dulong.
001 478-1.001 485

.000340 Dulong.
.009335 Mascart.
.000772 Dulong.
.000773 Mascart.
.001436-1.001 464

.000834 Dulong.

-000784—1.000825
.00087 I-1.00088 5
OOI 521-1.001 544
.000036 Ramsay.

.000449 Mascart.
-000447 Zi

Substance.

Hydrogen

Hydrogen sul-
phide
Methane .

“

Methyl alcohol.
Methyl ether
Nitric oxide.

ee “ce

Nitrogen .
“ce

Nitrous oxide
“cc “cc

Oxygen

“ce

Pentane :
Sulphur dioxide

Water.

“ec

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

Kind of
light.

white
D
D
D

D
D
D
white
D

white
D

white
D

white

D
D

D

D

(b) The following are compiled mostly from a table published by Briihl (Zeits. fiir Phys. Chem. vol. 7,
The numbers are from the results of experiments by Biot and Arago, Dulong, Jamin, Ketteler,
Lorenz, Mascart, Chappius, Rayleigh, and Riviére and Prytz.
of one observer the name of that observer is given.

When the number given rests on the authority
The values are for 0° Centigrade and 760 mm pressure.

Indices of refraction
and authority.

1.0001 38-1.000143
1.000132 Burton.

.000644 Dulong.
1.000623 Mascart.
1.000443 Dulong.

.000444 Mascart.
.000549—1.000623
.000891 Mascart.
.000303 Dulong.
.000297 Mascart.

.00029 5-1.000300
.000296-1.000298
.000503-1.000507
.000516 Mascart.
.00027 2—1.000280

.00027 I—1.00027 2
.0o1711 Mascart.
.000665 Dulong.
.000686 Ketteler.
.000261 Jamin.

.000249-1.000259

TABLE 413
INDEX OF REFRACTION
TABLE 413.—Index of Refraction of Air (15°C, 76 cm)

Corrections for reducing wave lengths and frequencies in air (15° C, 76 cm) to vacuo.

374

The indices were computed from the Cauchy formula (m — 1)107 = 2726.43 + 12.288/(A2 X 10-8) + 0.3555/
(A4 X 10°16). For o° C and 76 cm the constants of the equation become 2875.66, 13.412 and 0.3777 respectively, and
for 30° C and 76 cm, 2589.72, 12.259 and 0.2576. Sellmeier’s formula for but one absorption band closely fits the
observations: 2 = 1 + 0.00057378A2/(A2 — 595260). Ifm — 1 were strictly proportional to the density, then (n—1)o/
(n — 1)t would equal 1 + at where a should be 0.00367. The following values of a were found to hold:

0.85 0.75 0.65 0.55é 0.45 -¢ 0.35M¢ 0.25 M

@ 0.003672 0.003674 0.003078 0.003685 0.003700 0.003738 0.003872
The indices are for dry air (0.05 + % COs). Corrections to reduce to dry air the indices for moist air
may be made for any wave-length by Lorenz’s formula, + 0.000041(m/760), where m is the vapor pres-
sure in mm. The corresponding frequencies in waves per cm and the corrections to reduce vwave-lengths
and frequencies in air at 15° C and 76 cm pressure to vacuo are given. E.g., a light wave of 5000
Angstroms in dry air at 15° C, 76 cm becomes 5001.39! A in vacuo; a frequency of 20,000 waves per cm
correspondingly becomes 19994.44. Meggers and Peters, Bul. Bureau of Standards, 14, p. 731, 1918.

Wave-
length,
A

Dry air
X 107
(Ce
76 cm

Ang-
stroms.

Vacuo

for \ in air
(nX — A).
Add.

009000

00000

oO.
oO.
°.
Oo.
°.

HHHA He HHH HA HHHHO

HHHHH

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

Fre-
quency

cm
I

IN

in air.

50,000
47,019
45,454
43,478
41,666

40,000
38,461
37,037
35,714
34,482

33,333
32,258
31,250
30,393
20,411

28,571
27,777
27,027
26,315
25,041

25,000
24,390
23,809
23,255
22,727

22,222
21,739
21,276
20,833
20,406

20,000
19,607
19,230
18,867
18,518

Vacuo
correction

(n — 1) |correction|Waves per} ¢). I ope

ee
nn 2X
Subtract.

16.
Te
TA
Tio7
I2.

I2.
Ir.
LOS
Io.
Io.

NUNN OH MWOOO

Anan ANnNAD Annan

Wave-
length,
Av

Ang-
stroms.

Dry air
X 107
Toe
76 cm

Vacuo

for A in air
(nX — A)
Add.

NN

NNNNNNNN

Fre-

quency
— ion | Wav r Tis). 82
(n I) |correction €s Per |fo- = in air

cm
I

A

in air.

18,181
17,857
17,543
17,241
16,049

16,666
16,393
16,129
15,873
15,625

15,384
15,151
14,925
14,705
14,492

14,285
14,084
13,888

13,608 .

13,513

13,333
13,157
12,987
12,820
12,658

12,500
12,345

12,121
11,764
11,428
II,1II
10,810
10,526
10,256
10,000

Vacuo
correction

A

Gaon):

Subtract.

CFS ph) hae a GR ee eo

WR WW WW

NHN NHWWWW Ww WWWWwW

TABLES 414-417 375

MEDIA FOR DETERMINATIONS OF REFRACTIVE INDICES WITH
THE MICROSCOPE

TABLE 414,—Liquids, np (0.5891) = 1.74 to 1.87

In 100 parts of methylene iodide at 20° C the number of parts of the various substances
indicated in the following table form saturated solutions having the refractive indices
specified. When ready for use the liquids can be mixed to give intermediate refractions.
Commercial iodoform (CHIs) powder is not suitable, but crystals from a solution of the
powder in ether may be used, or the crystalized product may be bought. A fragment of tin
in the liquids containing the SnI, will prevent discoloration.

TABLE 415.—Resinlike Substances, np (0.589) — 1.68 to 2.10

Piperine, an inexpensive alkaloid, comes in very pure straw-colored crystals. Melted it
dissolves the tri-iodides of Sb and As very freely. The solutions are fluid at slightly above
100° and when cold, resinlike. Three parts antimony iodide to one part of arsenic iodide
with varying proportions of piperine are easier to manipulate than one containing either
iodide alone. In preparing, the constituents, in powder of about 1 mm grain, should be
weighed out and then fused over, not in, a low flame. Three-inch test tubes are suitable.

Per cent Iodides.

Index of refraction 1.683 | 1.700 | 1.725 | 1.756 | 1.794 | 1.840 | 1.897 | 1.968 | 2.050

TABLE 416.—Permanent Standard Resinous Media, np (0.589) — 1.546 to 1.682

Any proportions of piperine and rosin form a homogeneous fusion which cools to a trans-
parent resinous mass. On account of the strong dispersion of piperine the refractive indices
of minerals apparently matched with those of mixtures rich in this constituent are 0.005
to 0.01 too low. To correct this error a screen made of a thin film of 7 per cent antimony
iodide and 93 per cent piperine should be used over the eye-piece. Any amber-colored rosin
in lumps is suitable.

Per cent Rosin.

Index of refraction 1.670 | 1.657 1.604 | 1.590 | 1.575] 1.560 | 1.544

All taken from Merwin, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci. 3, 35, 1913.
TABLE 417.—Substances, np — 1.39 to 1.75

n-Heptane p-Xylene ; o-Toluidine ‘ a-Chloronaphthalene
Octylene 4 Chlorobenzene 1. o-Bromophenol 1.5 a-Bromonaphthalene

Cyclohexane Eugenol 2 Bromoform ‘ a-Iodonaphthalene
d-Limonene Nitrobenzene : Quinaldine : Methylene iodide
Anethole P Todobenzene

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

376 TABLES 418-420.—THE REFLECTION OF LIGHT

According to Fresnel, the amount of light reflected by the surface of a transparent medium
Rk eel sin? (i — r) tan? (¢ — r)
= # AB) 2) eae tan? (i + 7)

dence; B is that polarized perpendicular to this; 7 and r are the angles of incidence and refraction.

TABLE oe reflected when i=O° or Incident Light is Normal to Surface (2 -1)2/(m-+1)2

; A is the amount polarized in the plane of inci-

‘B(A+B). | : (A+B). | es ae | 4 (A+B).

4.00 : : | : 50.00
66.67
96.08

|e : 2.78 || : : : 44.44
| 100.00
|
|

4(A+B).

1.000 ‘ | 1.000 é The values for A and B
1.015 : 1.000 ; are strictly (dn2/4) sect i
1.063 .039 1.001 : and (dn?/4) (1— tan? i);
1.149 .862 1.005 : In columns 2, 3, and 4 |
1.282 S752 1.017 y dn2/4 is omitted. |
1.482 612 1.047 |
1.778 -444 Teleae

2.221 .260 1.240 :

2.904 .088 1.496 : |

4.000 .000 2.000
5-857 176 3.016
9-230 1.081 5.160

16.000 4.000 10.000

31.346 12.952 22.140
73-279 42.884 57-981
222.85 167.16 195.00
1099.85 Q71.21 1035.53

17330.64 16808.08 17069.36
oe)

PEb hppa RES
NNO ON AADAA
DOnw Onan

w

omg
YNUM
who

Angle of total polarization = 57° 10/.3, A = 16.99.

* This column gives the degree of polarization + Columns 5 and 6 furnish a means cf
determining A and BS for other values of x. They represent the change in these quantities for a change of x of 0.01.

Taken from E. C. Pickering’s ‘‘ Applications of Fresnel’s Formula for the Reflection of Light.”
SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 421 eT
OPTICAL CONSTANTS OF METALS

Two constants are required to characterize a metal opticaily, the refractive index, 2, and the
absorption index, 4, the latter of which has the following significance: the amplitude of a wave
after travelling one wave-length, A! measured in the metal, is reduced in the ratio! 1 :e—27k or for

A 2mdk ees é ; 2mdnk
any distanced, 1:e—~y; ; for the same wave-length measured in air this ratio becomes 1:e ——),_,
nk is sometimes called the extinction coefficient. Plane polarized light reflected from a polished
metal surface is in general elliptically polarized because of the relative change in phase between
the two rectangular components vibrating in and perpendicular to the plane of incidence. Fora
certain angle, ¢ (principal incidence) the change is 90° and if the plane polarized incident beam
has a certain azimuth y (Principal azimuth) circularly polarized light results. Approximately,
(Drude, Annalen der Physik, 36, p. 546, 1889),
sin ¢ tan

(i +2) (1 + 4 cot? ¢).

For rougher approximations the factor in parentheses may be omitted. R—=computed per-
centage reflection.

k=tan 2y (1 — cot 24) and n=

(The points have been so selected that a smooth curve drawn through them very closely indicates the characteristics
of the metal.)

Computed.
k nk

Authority.

Cobalt : Minor.

“ec

HH
rn WO
Orn w

Ingersoll.

Onw
uno

Minor.
eé

vv
w

“c

w

Ingersoll.

Gold

Deurnoorbe On>

Iridium

Non aD
OWwWD Da

Tool.
Drude.
Ingersoll.

Nickel

nn
a

“

Platinum : c : ’ ‘ Forst.-Fréed.

ROE EOS Teer UT tre ee OG PS ON OOS)

Silver

Ingersoll.

‘

ee
Forst.-Fréed.
oc “ce
Minor.
ae
“
“ee

Ingersoll.

“

Drude, Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 39, p- 481, 1890; 42, p. 186, 1891; 64, Pp. 159, 1898. Minor, Annalen
der Physik, 10, p. 581, 1903. ‘Tool, Physical Review, 31, p. 1, 1910. Ingersoll, Astrophysical Journal, 32, p. 265,
1gt0; Férsterling and Fréedericksz, Annalen der Physik, 40, p. 201, 1913.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLES 422 AND 423
TABLE 422.—Optical Constants of Metals (Additional Data)

Ir*
Fe.§

Pb.*
Mg.*
Mn.*
Hg. (ligq.)

wn
oh

HHRAARHAAWHA AAW HE HPHAWEARRRWW HD HH

-400
-490
589
-760
589

125

yale
559
-579
589
-579
-579
oi,
441

668 |

2.94
Bale
2.93
2.60
4.18

| 3-67

3°53
-004
2.05
1.48
2.76
3-93
0.55

CO3E

1.93
2.62

4.67
2.31
1.49
0.45
0.06
0.09
0.08
0.08
2.61
2.31
5:25
27

3-51

0.61
3:19
4.66
5.08

w
2

FPP BPWW HW FH DDOAUUUwW

as film in vacuo.

A= wave-length, n refraction index.

k = absorption index, R = reflection.

(1) Drude, see Table 421 ; (2) Kundt, prism
used, Ann. der Physik und Chemie, 34, p. 477,
36, p. 824, 1889; (3) v. Wartenberg, Verh.
| deutsch. Physik. Ges. 12, p. 105, 1910; (4)
| Meier, Annales der Physik, 10, p. 581, 1903;
(5) Wood, Phil. Mag. (6), 3, 607, 1902; (6)
Ingersoll, see Table 421.

* solid, t electrolytic, { prism, § deposited

Wave-

length

Bb

~

NEO SE ieee as
000000 Bn

_

TABLE 423.—Reflecting Power of Metals (See page 379)

Coblentz, Bulletin Bureau of Standards, 2, p. 457, 1906, 7, p. 197, 191T.
samples were not perfectso that the corresponding values have less weight. The methods for polishing

the various metals are described in the original articles.

The surfaces of some of the

The following more recent values are given

by Coblentz and Emerson, Bul. Bur. Stds. 14, p. 207, 1917; Stellite, an exceedingly hard and untarnish-
able alloy of Co, Cr, Mo, Mn, and Fe (C, Si, 8S, P) was obtained from the Haynes Stellite Co, Kokomo,

Indiana.
Wave-length, “, «1 “20 | -30:, 250) .75)) 0.09) (2.00) §3500) )44/.008 5.007) 9-00
Tungsten, - _ =i eS Omer sa 576 .900 .943 .048 .953 _
Stellite, Smale 42 500 OSs O7, -689 .747 .792 .825 -848 .880

SMITHSONIAN TABLES,

TABLES 424 AND 425 379
TABLE 424.—Reflecting Power of Metals

Perpendicular Incidence and Reflection (See also Tables 426-428)

The numbers give the per cents of the incident radiation reflected.

ys
+ 5Fe.

Steel.
Untempered,
zercially Pure,
Gold.
Electrolytically Deposited.
Brass.
(Trowbridge),

Silver.
Chemically Deposited.

Wave-length, p.
Silver-backed Glass,
Mercury-backed Glass.
Mach's Magnalium.
69A/+ 31Me,

Ross’ Speculum Metal.
68.2Cu + 31.857,
Nickel,
Electrolytically Deposited.
Copper.
Platinum.
Electrolytically Deposited,

Copper.
Electrolytically Deposited.
Comm

Brandes-Schiinemann Allo
32Cw+ 3452+ 29Ni

fe ee Wet
Go Gs Go

ty & 00

nw

=

Paes em eset
FuUM ON KN

ff Ww
ele ols tey es
Goo
CONuW =

ow
ON
in OV

Mmnh PPL LP
=~ eOON
OUMMWW nnd
ON oO ty

Sok OOH

-. -N

OOOO OONNNI
gu GGS) A GOO INO
FMUM COO™NO W

Based upon the work of Hagen and Rubens, Ann. der Phys. (1) 352, 1900; (8) I, 1902; (11) 873, 190%.
Taken partly from Landolt-Bérnstein-Meyerhoffer’s Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen.

TABLE 425.—Percentage Diffuse Reflection from Miscellaneous Substances

Lamp-blacks.

Wave-
length

Acetylene
Camphor.
Pt. black
electrol
Green leaves.
Lead oxide.
Al. oxide.
Zinc oxide.
White Paper.
carbonate.
| Asphalt.
Black velvet.
Black felt.
Red brick.

Paint.

ow

Unga V1
Co

2

e

CO

ty 00 00
CNB RCS
Ro
N™N

PHOWHW
fh Onk NN

*Not monochromatic (max.) means from Coblentz, J. Franklin Inst. rgr2. Bulletin Bureau of Standards, g, p. 283,
1912, contains many other materials.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

380 TABLES 426-428
TABLE 426.—Percentage Refleotion from Metals, Violet End of Spectrum

(Coblentz, Stair, Bur. Standards Journ. Res., 2, 343, 1020.)

Wave length in w......... ‘
Ni electroplated

vac. fused

Ag (min. 7%, 334)

Stellite (Co, Cr, Mo)

“

Stainless steel, 13% Cr....

Cobalt

Speculum Rey fe Rae ae
Beryllium (08.7%) (Oy) | 5G)
Chromium on steel 71

TABLE 427.—Ultra-violet Reflecting Power of Some Metals

(Coblentz, Stair, Bur. Standards Journ. Res., 4, 189, 1930.)

0.250u .300

Aluminum, cast, polished. -45
of lled ; 28
Rhodium : 537
Tin, polished : .38
Duralumin .24 aol
“ tarnished to . 20

TABLE 428.—Infra-red Reflectivity of Tungsten (Temperature Variation)

Three tungsten mirrors were used, — a polished Coolidge X-ray target and two polished flattened wires mounted
in evacuated soft-glass bulbs with terminals for heating electrically. Weniger and Pfund, J. Franklin Inst.

Per cent increase in reflectivity in
Absolute reflec- going from room temperature to
tivity at room
temperature
in per cent. 7 = - 2056° K.

Bg
“0
-O
3
5
5

See also Weniger and Pfund, Phys. Rev. 15, p. 427, 1919.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLES 429-431 381
TABLE 429.—Percentage Reflecting Power of Dry Powdered Pigments

Taken from “The Physical Basis of Color Technology,” Luckiesh, J. Franklin Inst., rot7. The total reflecting
power depends on the distribution of energy in the illuminant and is given in the last three columns for noon sun, blue
sky, and for a 7.9 lumens/watt tungsten filament.

_
Spectrum color. 's 3 Green. Yellow. Orange.

Sky light.
Tungsten

Wave-length in uw jo. 44/0. 46]0. 48] 0. 50/0. 52/0. 54] 0. 56]0. 58] 0. 60/0. 62/0. 64]0. 66/0. 68/0. 70

American vermilion....
Venetian red

Tuscan red...

Indian red

NH
NNO PNY CUM

Chrome yellow ochre. . .
Yellow ochre
Chrome yellow medium.

iS}
op,

Chrome yellow light... .
Chrome green light....
Chrome green medium..
Cobalt blue

* Non-monochromatic means from Coblentz, Bul. Bureau Standards 9, p. 283, 1912.

For the REFLECTING (and transmissive) power of ROUGHENED SURFACES at various angles of incidence, see Gorton,
Physical Review, 7, p. 66, 1916. A surface of plate glass, ground uniformly with the finest emery and then silvered,
used at an angle of 75°, reflected 90 per cent at 4u, approached too for longer waves, only ro at ry, less than 5 in the
visible red and approached o for shorter waves. Similar results were obtained with a plate of rock salt for transmitted
eneiny when roughened merely by breathing on it. In both cases the finer the surface, the more suddenly it cuts off
the short waves.

TABLE 431.—Reflectivity of Snow, Sand, Etc.
(Hulburt, Journ. Opt. Soc. Amer., 17, 23, 1928.)
Sodium ¢ White

Maine Fla. Crushed Plaster White carbon- Sodium cotton
sand* sand quartz Snow of paris paper ate chloride cloth §

tONOAL ccc 15 40 35 40 8 14 38

tC. O:Sile tooo 25 40 50 40 53 30 28 49
COL 2Opb cee ee 33 50 53 60 30 35 54
COZ Uscdecse Gt 30 28 63 15 18 55

wcvcvccccses 4 ee ee ee ee ee ee

* Yellow white grains of many kinds. 7 Very white. + Anhydrous, § Handkerchief.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

382: TABLES 432 AND 433

TABLE 4382.—Reflecting Power of Powders (White Light)

Various pure chemicals, very finely powdered and surface formed by pressing down with glass plate. White (noon

sunlight) light. Reflection in per cent. Nutting, Jones, Elliott, Tr. Ill. Eng. Soc. 9, 593, 1914.

Aluminum oxide............ 83.6 Magnesium carbonate...... 86.6 Sodiumichlondes....2 ee 78.1
Barium sulphateriyee siti: 81.1 mG a (block) 97.5 Sodium sulphate............ 17-9
BOraK yao Sate 81.6 Magnesium oxide.......... 85.7 Starch 42) esters 80.3
Boriciacid sh tebe once cone 83.2 Rochelle‘’salt-" 5. vache 79.3 SUfal a ec oe ere one 87.8
Calcium carbonate.......... 83.8 Salicylictacideemaaenaieceee 81.1 artarictacid=nc-peeeeiceae 79.1
Gitrietacidys 5.3 ses ost cele 81.5 Sodium carbonate.......... 81.8

| Wave-length of max. energy of Nernst lamp used as source about 2.

TABLE 433.—Variation of Reflecting Power of Surfaces with Angle

Illumination at normal incidence, 1} watt tungsten lamp, reflection at angles indicated with normal. Ill. Eng. Soc.,
Glare Committee, Tr. Ill. Eng. Soc. 11, p. 92, 1916.

Angle of observation.

Magnesium carbonate block............... 0.88 — — 0.88 | 0.88 | 0.87 | 0.83 | 0.72 | 0.68
Mapnesiumroxides. aecnnn ipeitees anor nine 0.80 — — 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.77 | 0.75 | 0.66
Matt photographic paper................ .| 0.78 — — 0.78 | 0.78 | o 78 | 0.78 | 0.76 | 0.72
Wihiteiblotterc és. ates atin waneoeh ae 0.76 — — 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.73 | 0.70 | 0.67
Rotiopalseroundise sete mee neces 0.69 | 0.69 | 0.69 | 0.69 | 0.69 | 0.69 | 0.68 | 0.66 | 0.64
Blashed opal, notizround!s)s.).0).0, sace ese. Diese |trese ieL-s 0.31 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.20] 0.18
Glass fineyerounder. aA eee eee ee 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.27 | 0.20 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.12
Glass#coursesproundmasce eine oe eee 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.2r | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.12
Matt warnishronstoileas. se seen eeiee omen 0.83 — 0.78 | 0.72 | 0.62 | 0.49 | 0.28 | 0.21 | 0.16
IMnrroniwathigrounditacelans setae cere 4.9 — — 4.55 | 3.86 | 3.03 | 0.78 | 0.42 | 0.35

The following figures, taken from Fowle, Smithsonian Misc. Col. 58, No. 8, indicate the amount of energy
scattered on each side of the directly reflected beam from a silvered mirror; the energy at the center of the
reflected beam was taken as 100,000, and the angle of incidence was about 3°.

Anglerofsreflections 32 =e eerie sie 3’ 8’ 10’ TS, 20/ 30° ae 60’ 100!
ISN Vinoe feat te ee Te oes 100,000 600 244 146 107 66 33 22 Il

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 434 383
THE REFLECTING POWER OF BUILDING MATERIALS

Filter I (1.78u), Chance’s blue-green contrast filter No. 6, 3.3 mm thick, with their orange
contrast filter No. 4, 2.7 mm thick. Filter II (0.844), 2 cm water-cell, Chance’s orange
contrast filter No. 4, and cobalt-blue glass, 1.8 mm thick. Filter III (0.614), 1 cm Ky Crp O;
sol. (72 g/l) and 1 cm cell CuSO, sol. (57 g of hydrated salt/1). Filter IV (0.50u), 2 cm cell

CuSO, sol. sat. at 14.2° C. Gold film: radiation from

‘

‘pointalight ’’ through a thin gold

film can be used in place of sunlight (compare with computed values). (Beckett, Proc.

Phys. Soc., 43, 227, 1931.)

Description

Magnesium carbonate

CUAY TIEES
Dutch: light red
Machine-made: red

Ef lighter red
. dark purple
Hand-made: red
ro red-brown

CONCRETE TILES
Uncolored

Brown: very rough

SLATES
Dark gray: smooth
* fairly rough
rough
Greenish gray: rough

sc

Blue-gray
Silver-gray (Norwegian)

OTHER ROOFING MATERIALS
Asbestos cement: white

Enamelled steel:

Galvanized iron:
ne very dirty
whitewashed
Special roofing sheet: brown
i green

“cc

Bituminous felt
Aluminized felt
Weathered asphalt
Roofing lead: old

BRICKS

Gault: cream
Stock: light fawn
Fletton: light portion

a dark portion
Wire cut: red
Sand-lime: red
Mottled purple
Stafford: blue
Lime-clay (French)

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

I II III IV
(1.784) (0.84u) (0.61u) (0.50)

0.99 0.98

0.66 0.56
+34
-31
32
-19
-37
.28

384 TABLES 435 AND 436

For classification of various light and radiation filters with bibliography, plots, and dis-
cussions, see Gibson, Spectral Filters, Journ. Opt. Soc. Amer., 13, 267-280, 1026.

Filters for the reproduction of sunlight and daylight and the determination of color
temperatures, see Davis, Gibson, Bur. Standards Misc. Publ. 114, 1931.

TABLE 435.—Light Filters, Narrow Spectrum Regions

(Jones, Journ- Opt. Soc. Amer., 16, 259, 1928. Filters from the following components :
Distilled HzO; Ag. sol. CuSOs-5H20; NiSOs-7H20; Glasses, Corning G 986A, G 586
G 980A; dyed gelatin, Wratten filters 88A, 25, 61, 49.) ;

Concentration Wave lengths Transmissi
p : sion
Filter and Absorbent thickness imits Max.

.720— 1.400 ee
.720— 1.380 .800

.720— 1.020 :
.590— .690 .630
.490— .690 530
.380— .500 .460
.330- .430 380
.200— .360

de

HENNNNDNDD ,

5%,
AO, bi => 5%,
G 586, hear ee tevshere es .32 cm; 10%,
G 986, NiSO,-7H.0..... .32 cm; 50%,

TABLE 436.—Absorbing Power of Various Materials—Infra-red.

(Cartwright, Phys. Rev., 35, 415, 1930.)

The absorptive power is an integrated effect over the entire far infra-red. Litharge,
powdered glass, white lead, copper sulphide, celestite, and red phosphorus were the best
absorbers beyond sou. A very thin coat of the absorbing material in most cases was an
inefficient absorber of the extreme infra-red waves. A very poor absorbing material in
most cases such as copper or platinum will absorb if the surface is sufficiently rough.

For radiometers, the absorbing material is better when mixed with turpentine and
alcohol and painted on the vanes. For thermocouples, the absorbing material is better if it
is mixed with lacquer. 60-fold sensitiveness and better steadiness comes from evacuation.

The high absorption of glass in the near infra-red suggests its use as a source of radia-
tion. Two Pt wires separated by 4 mm and covered with glass were heated by an electric
current; the hot portion of the glass between the wires served as a source of extreme infra-
red radiation. A convenient method of filtering out the near infra-red is to grind the
windows with emery so that the pits are about 4u deep. The apparatus may be adjusted
with visible light by covering the rough surface with turpentine.

Radiation absorbed for
A<5M ADS5o0u
V LST

Radiation absorbed for
A<5u@ A>Ds50Lu
V TT V

Substance

Substance

Mithareee rn. 6 tee 10.8 4.3 .40 Silver sulphide ..... 12.8 4.4 .34
Ground glass ....... TG) Ay, eo Copper sulphate crys-
Powdered glass .... I1.7 5.0 .43 tals from solution. 15.0 4.1 .27
White lead 2 Pb Wellsbach mantle
COE b COR) see l4:Onr4-One-33 MILO Loonoonooc So) 3535
White lead in lacquer 14.3 4.4 .31 Platinum: black |... 2: 18.2 4.4 .24
Red phosphorus .... 18.3 5.0 .27 Tartaric acid and
Red phosphorus from SURAT ond tre eres 16.0 3.9 .24
al matches Doseseee 1707) eS 20 Mall CM ets eoxs oy ahetekous ators 121593. one 30
Celestite, powdered Wiatertclassir sin 12 Ta ae
SrS@Gtra scree « TA7, 46 31 Tellurium, powdered. 19.2 3.3. .17
Brucite, powdered Nracliaiertaleresteteletelereners 1G:8) 310) 20
Wike((Ols\a wacooos TA) PACA 37, Lacquer ...-.-.-+++- 8.6 3.0 .35
Angelsite, powdered Gastorsoilleaeraratcerel SiSeaisarae
PHSOR Gs: Aeeces 1422) 402) 30 Glycerine 2... Mca saeco
Copper sulphide .... 17.1 5.2 .30 Turpentine ......... 8:1, 02 o2
Copper oxide ...... 13:8 44) 32 Clean receiver ...... AO (OF 07/

Ss

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 437 385
TRANSMISSIBILITY OF RADIATION BY DYES

Percentage transmissions of aqueous solutions taken from The Physical Basis of Color-Technology, Luckiesh, J.
Franklin Inst. 184, 1917.

Spectrum color —> Violet. Blue.

Wave-length in u —

Carmentruby, Optecs,).. sn
Amido naphthol red
Coccinine

Erythrosine

Hematoxyline

Alizarinered

Acid rosolic (pure)

Rapid filter red

Aniline red fast extra A......
| Pinatype red fast

Tele ISPAVESSsas elie al

PS aecel sie

lel aleismens lies

Rose bengal
Cobalt nitrate

Ha
w
NOR
b
oo

tor | liens eal iat

mol liens IT)

Sell lleunal ||

w

Tartrazine

Chrysoidin

; Aurantia

Aniline yellow phosphine
Fluorescein

Aniline yellow fast S
Methyl orange indicator

nn
nN

Vee
w |

wl ls

KH
mn

Uranine naphthaline

Orange B naphthol

Safranine

Martius gelb

Naphthol yellow

Potassium bichromate, sat... .
Cobalt chromate

Teel fal es lecsualbal
Selec ele lle ienel sl]
Sloullaxwtlst lit.

Sal TIM Veleerale literal tele |

H
_

Naphthol green

Brilliant green

Filter blue green
Malachite green
Saurgriin

Methylengriin

Aniline green naphthol B
Neptune green

Cupric chloride

Turnbull’s blue
Victoria blau

Prussian blue (soluble)
Wasser bl

Resorcine blue
Toluidin blau

Patent blue

Dianil blue

Filter blue

Aniline blue, methyl

Pes Tete ees
& len | Wallies

coals
°

~ tb w
Sy |[lfsrsocsp lect
Nv
Ql enulo ls
x3 eles lea

H
oo

wn

no

8 |
L118le
lund la
laliistsyrretes
H
kan H

Ear
H

NO Oo CO

1c)

Rb Ann

On

E~ |
op,n~r H

Magenta
Gentiana violet
Rosazeine
Iodine (dense)

! Rhodamine B

| Acid violet
Cyonine in alcohol
Xylene red
Methyl violet B

-
nw
[4 1F8lass

lata

lH | BRL wo Ls
wr

l118alllel

L1 180118

|| |

For the infra-red transmission (to 124) and reflection powers of a number of aniline dyes, see Johnson: and Spence,
Phys. Rev. 5, p. 340, 101s.
Scientific Paper 440 of the Bureau of Standards, 1922, gives spectrum transmission curves (0.24 to 1.36 #) for the
following dyes. Napthol Yellow S, Orange I, Amaranth, Erythrosine, Indigo Disulpho Acid, Ponceau 3R, and Light
Green S F Yellowish.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

386 TABLES 438 AND 439

TABLE 438.—Transmissibility of Radiation by Jena Glasses

Coefficients, a, in the formula I; = Joa‘, where Jo is the Intensity before, and J; after,
transmission through the thickness ¢. Deduced from observations by Miiller, Vogel, and
Rubens as quoted in Hovestadt’s Jena Glass (English translation).

Coefficient of transmission, a.

375 B | 390 # +434 & | +436 K| -455¢@ |.

Unit ¢=1 dm,

O 340, Ord. light flint 388 | .456 569 | .680
O 102, H’vy silicate flint - | .025 .502 | .566
O 93, Ord. se ae - — | .714
©2035, a 583 .667 | .806
O 598, (Crown) = =

Unit t=1 cm.

S 204, Borate crown

S 179, Med. phosp. cr.

O 1143, Dense, bor. sil. cr.
O 1092, Crown

©) reaBrig

O 451, Light flint

O 469, Heavy “

O 500, “c “ce

S 163, “ “

TABLE 439.—Transmissibility of Radiation by Jena Colored Glasses

Taken from Catalog 4213, 1931, Schott and Gen, (41 glasses). R is reflection factor yellow
light for two surfaces. Values of transmission are for I mm thickness. Ordinary figures
refer to wave lengths in yp, .281 to .775, black-faced to infra-red.

-700

Glass Density] .281 .302 : -366 -436 .480 | .546 | .578 | .644
-850 -950 ae 1.30 1.60 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80

durability R

WiGar 217) he S50 -OOnm OO a OONP OOM = OO mmol

.00

222) Pell: 04 .03 .04 .06 11 15 86.19
LOA AON ae O77 SON eAAL 9-O40m OS tn- Olas iL
30 er-O Suee 258-40) 7 2500 59-694 ae

00) BOO. AW Meo 70) eS Ce Olen Olen a OOM O7]
2 atl Ges oh 2) 4 2145 59) 6345

{00} OO) 164) 7203) 405) 04) 288)" 275 o2
col 25) eS 47, On OOM DON DOMMES,

-00)) 00) 1: 100) 2020) 47a Ti/aeee 5 O) ane uaee OO
2055 5-09 ee: ents ams OD meer caer OD e/ ae OF)

:00), 4.00 64 :99 1.00) 1:00 1-00, {1.00 “oo
.00 1.00 00 1.00 .99 .99 .98 .94 .84

Or QO ¢ 201) 67a 92) 97) 90K O40. O6
0 o oo ae -99) 99) 7399) 299) 98) 9485

(oo) Holy) cl {OO Ole 2405-90) 90) 0009
Ooo Ole 99 Oe 97 De Oe
200) 00. =: 100) | 00) 00) 00) OONO2msmE.O5
BET Ay i IS eh aay PF Salil

LOON 00) © = £00) 00) OO) 00) 00 025-00
98 .98 . A) A A Pry)

2008 7-001) 20) 59003) -OOR r-OSsues7OMmna 7 O
{Ol hg Hie) 6783 ths) oh) 7h Do

U G 1 dark purple (u. v., extreme red). B G 1 blue (u. v., extreme red). B G 4 blue (i. r.). B G 10,
light blue green, i. r. absorption. V G 1 yellow-green. G G 2 colorless, u. v. absorption. G G 4 almost
colorless, strong u. v. absorption. G G 11 dark yellow for contrast filters. R G 2 pure red. RG 5 dark
red. N G 5 light neutral.

&
i]

aN

4
°

Nd mn - Nv
. Pe

on

%
G
3
BG
5
BuG
X%
V Gt
2
GG
3
GG
2
GG
2
RG
2
RG
2
NG
I

on

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 440 AND 441 387
TABLE 440.—Transmissibility of Radiation by Jena Ultra-violet Glasses

No. and Type of Glass. | Thickness. | 0.397 @ | 0.383 M | 0.361 M | 0.346 m@ | 0.325

UV 3199 Ultra-violet

0.99 : 0.90
se ! ; 0.89 E 0. 36
UV 3248 : s 1.00 g 0.98
cs fe 0.98 | 0.92 0.78
s6 ! : 0.79 s 0.08

TABLE 441.—Transmissibility of Radiation by American Glasses

The following data giving the percentage transmission are selected from Coblentz, Emerson and Long,
Bull. Bureau Standards, 14, 653, 1918.

Thick- Wave lengths in p

Glass or substance, manufacturer | ness,
mm.

Purple fluorite... .

Gold film on Crookes’ ‘glass
“crown glass. .

Molybdenite

Cre(SOx4)3:18 H2O

Chrome alum, 10g to 100g

CoCi:, 10 g to 100 g HO...
GLASSES:

Copper ruby, flashed

G24, Corning, red, No. 243

Schott’s red, No. 2745

G34, Corning, orange,
No. 349. .

Pyrex, Corning, No. 774...

Noviol, B, Corning, yellow.

Novieweld 3, Corning,
dark-yellow

Schott’s 43111, green

G17I0N, green, Corning..

G174J, Corning, heat
absorbing

G124JA, Corning

Cobalt blue

Schott’s F3086, blue

G4o13, Corning, blue

G584, Corning, blue, blue-
green, No. 428

G1711Z, Corning, pale-
blue-green

Amethyst, G172BWs,

Ny
sHouN oOon ww

iN)
NPRONDD wWOn BNH

_

_

~I

G172BWs5, Corning,
red-purple
Crookes’ A, A. O. Co
Crookes’ sage green 30,
iN. ©. Co
Lab. 58, A. O. Co
Fieurzal B, A. O. Co..
Akopos green, J. K. O. “Co.

ONNW nan

_

Manufacturers: Comming Glass Works, Corning, N. Y.; A. O. Co., American Optical Co., South-
bridge, Mass.; J. K. O. Co., Julius King Optical Co., New York City. For other glasses see original
reference. See also succeeding table, which contains data for many of the same glasses. For Corning
Filters: Journ. Opt. Soc. Amer. 17, 40, 1928; Coblentz, Stair, Bur. Standards, Tech. Pap. 369, 1928;
Sci. Pap., 113, 1929. Corning, Heat Transmitting, no. 254, 1 mm, transmits over 30%, 0.8 to 4);
Sextant red, 2 mm. over soe 0.8 to 4.24; Red Corex A, Gg86A, 3 mm., U. V. freely, visible to 0.4u,
it. with max. at 0.7 and 2.64.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

388 TABLES 442 AND 443

TABLE 442.—Transmission of the Radiations from a Gas-filled Tungsten Lamp, the Sun,
a Magnetite Arc, and from a Quartz Mercury Vapor Lamp (no Globe) through
Various Substances, especially Colored Glasses.

Transmission, per cent.

Trade name. Quartz Mag- Solar

mercury | netite Tadia-

Fieuzal, B
Fieuzal, 63
Fieuzal, 64
Euphos
Euphos, B
Akopos green
Hallauer, 65
Hallauer, 64

Smoky green G 124, IP

Yellow-green Noviweld, 30%

Ou <c Noviweld, shade 3

Noviweld, shade 4}
Noviweld, shade 6
Noviweld, shade 7

Saniweld, dark

G 34
Noviol, shade A
Noviol, shade B
Noviol, shade C
Sage green Ferrous No. 30
Yellow-green No. 61
Blue-green Lab. No. 59
“ “ce G 124 JA
Smoke, C
Smoke, D

anc
no
| [ao

rae
NS
8

pe Prato
nABnt
eee

422250

3:

I
ty

oS

an

oo
an
et eccraseaen parle sates
oO

aanana”

QQQQAQ|m!
w
n

w
mn

HHNNH
SIOO8
tN CONT

Std
rn

' § 8828 Se"S000n NN sonnsaeaes
aS
w
°

oo
N
OCAKLEKHKWHOUNTIIDKO

00
Lal
OHAWS ARH DHOIN

8%
v
nn
°

a

|S |SSao0ona~0

NHNHHHNDHNHDNHNWHOANHNNHNNNHNHOWHHN
OF NNO HOO OO H
NA DAWWONO CO nN
x
le
H
wWuk w
ONNH
oOOMmN

oO S}
° On
DAW O & G Aras

n
Freel
nO

Jobat gh gisesali stelle elelale leek

H
al |
ao
w

Coiorless
“ce

Amethyst

DOP EP PP PP PaO Pe PONNA
PNODOO 2 PODSSOOOO BH POOOMOAM

Blue, dark
Blue-green
Blue-green, pale....
Red-purple
Blue-purple

CONKIOVWAIRNHWOOWKOHO RUD ON

WOR O HO AK AO
wOnNN
lexeeecs

nmNNQQANOD
Gu SeeSvon i SiSTa NIN

DO WW hws.
nnnnnns

OOH HH
nAkwW an
hounhOoOR
OH-ON CO

++

H

* A. O. C., Amer. Optical Co., Southbridge, Mass.; C. G. W., Corning Glass Works, Corning, N. Y.; B. & L.,
Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, N. Y.; J. K., Julius King Optical Co., New York City; F. H. E., F. H. Edmonds, optician,
Washington, D. C.; B. S., Bureau of Standards; scrap material, source unknown.

+ Infra-red radiation absorbed by quartz cell containing 1 cm layer of water. Taken from Coblentz-Emerson &
Long, Bul. Bureau Standards, 14, 653, 1918.

t Transmission of 1 cm cell having glass windows.

TABLE 443.—Ultra-violet Transparency (302 mz)

Bur. Standards Res. Pap. no. 113, 3, 629, 1929, gives data for vitaglass, sunlit, helioglass uviol-Jena,
neuglas, Corning Corex-D, quartz, celoglass, cellophane, tracing cloth. For various fabrics, see Res.
Pap. no. 6. For depth of penetration of various wave lengths (u. v., i. r.) see Spectral Characteristics
of Light Sources and Window Materials, Trans. Illum. Eng. Soc., 23, 251, 1928. Average per cent
transmission of some glasses at 302 mu when new and after 10 hr. exposure, distance 15 m, to IIo Vv
tungsten u. v. quartz Hg lamp and sun 5 to 12 m. Qualities vary from sample to sample of glasses.

Quartz glass | Corex-D | Neuglass Uviol Helio Sunlit | Vitaglass

61 63 67 64 71

After lamp ¢ 59 50 48 45 41
After sun 60 57 53 53 51

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 444 anpD 445 389
TABLE 444(a).—Ultra-Violet Transparency Atmospheric Components

I = Ip 10-24, din cm O°C, 760 mm

Oxygen Oxygen Ozone Ozone

0.1900n @=0.0014 |0.1864 a@=0.0089/0.23784 100.5 |0.230n 50 0.290n 16.6
.1920 -0007 | .193 .OO15} .2482 I4I1 .240 95) =300
.1929 OO 2 2 TAOS .250 120 .310
-1947 -0007 Oz, air, Kreusler 2652)) 123 -260R ME IZON 5320
-1950 (OO2)11|eeeaenrrmEmnnenT | 2604. += 415-6 .270 QI .330
.1955 .00075| Air .2967 6.9 .280 AG) e340
.1962 .0020 |0-1864 @=0.0019| 3125 .96
.1970 [00074 |peaent Sema man | 341 .07 Fabry, Buisson, 1913
.2000 .00043| Water |
.2050 .0003 oO. 1875 a=0o0. 0055 Lauchil, 1929 Nitrogen
2100 0002 | -1900 .0026 0.186 = 0.000478
.1950 -OO12
.2000 .0007 Kreusler, 1901

Granath, Phys. Rev., 1929

Air at sea-level (Washington), 400 m practically no absorption X > .3u; < .28u about
that due to molecular scattering. Air transmission reduced by 1/100: 22 km at .28u; 5 at 25u;
0.57 at .22u; 20 km at .205u. (Dawson, Granath, Hulburt, Phys. Rev., 33, 1073, 1929.)

(6).—Atmospheric Transparency for Ultra-Violet

(Zenithsun, Fabry, Buisson, C. R. 175, 156, 1922; Astrophys. Journ., 54, 297, 1921; joined to Abbot’s, Annals
Astrophys. Obs. Smithsonian Inst., 2, 112, 1908, via Forsythe-Christison, Gen. Elec. Rev., 662, 1929.)

Wave length, u...... 2QN EBON eal 32) aoe a4 a5 ea Ona ed aS
% transmitted : CO, 20, Be seh 2h 7G Fi Gas Cop Ge

TABLE 445.—Penetration Ultra-Violet Light into Sea Water
(Hulburt, 1928.)
The transparency of sea water declines rapidly with decreasing wave length (A) in the

u. v., becoming quite small below 3000 A. \ 3400 to 3000 A, CaSO, gives % the absorption,
H:0 1%; 3000 to 2500 A, MgCle, CaSO., H2O each about %. I = Io1o-*, x in cm.

366 436 5406 578 612myu
distilled water i : f : i .OOI .00005 .00OI5 .00028 .oo1O

tap water : g : 3 ; : .OOI .
sea water : ; ; : i .0OI3 .OOOIO .00015 .0003 .OOIO

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

390 TABLE 446

TRANSPARENCY OF THE VARIOUS SUBSTANCES OF
TABLES 394 TO 402
Alum: Ordinary alum (crystal) absorbs the infra-red.
Metallic reflection at 9.05 and 30 to 40.

Rock-salt : Rubens and Trowbridge (Wied. Ann. 65, 1898) give the following transparencies for
ar cm. thick plate in %:

r 9 10 | 12 13 14 15 16 18 | 19 20.7 | 23.7

fo | 99-5 | 99-5 | 99.3 97-6 | 93.1 | 84.6 | 66.1 | 51.6 27.5 | 9.6 0.6 oO.

Pfliiger (Phys. Zt. 5. 1904) gives the following for the ultra-violet, same thickness: 280mm, 95.5% ;
231, 86%; 210, 77%; 186, 70%.
Metallic reflection at 0.110u, 0.156, 51.2, and 87y.

Sylvite: Transparency of a 1 cm. thick plate (Trowbridge, Wied. Ann. 60, 1897).

d 9 10 Ii 12 13 at | ie 16 17 | 18 | 19 | 20.7 23.76

99:0 | 99-5 | 99-5

Metallic reflection at 0.114p, 0.161, 61.1, 100.

Fluorite: Very transparent for the ultra-violet nearly to 0.1m.
Rubens and Trowbridge give the following for a 1 cm. plate (Wied. Ann. 60, 1897) :

| |
| r SHV Siem
|
| ho | 84.4 | 54.3 | I
Metallic reflection at 24m, 31.6, 40m.

Iceland Spar: Merritt (Wied. Ann. 55, 1895) gives the following values of & in the formula
— heme (Ginucms)s
For the ordinary ray :

97-5 | 95-4 | 93-6

98.8 15.

2) 86. | 76. | 58.

|
10 | ar T2u
| °

6.4 | 1.0

2.65 | 2.74m

1.74 | 2.36

| | | |
2.90 | 2.95 | 304 | 3: ndqe ||| (3:02 ait: : 4.35 | 4.52 | 4.83p
ss eee . |
| 0.70 | 1.80 | 4.71 | 22. : 1On | 6.6 | TACSi | PmOst

|

3:38 | 3-59 | 3-76 | 3.90 | 4.02 | 4.40 | 4.674
0.89 | TeL7) ||| 10:80) | 107

d | gor | 5.04 | 5.34 | 5-5om

21 Wek hn i tet

hk 1.25 | 2.13 | 4.41 | 12.8

Quartz: Very transparent to the ultra-violet; Pfliiger gets the following transmission values for
a plate 1 cm. thick: at 0.222u, 94.2%; 0.214, 92; 0.203, 83.6; 0.186, 67.2%.
Merritt (Wied. Ann. 55, 1895) gives the following values for £ (see formula under Iceland Spar) :
For the ordinary ray :

r 2.72 | 2.83 |m2:05 | 3.07 | Bel im|ines
| 0.20 | ©

R 0.20 | 0.47 | 0.57 | Ogi |||

ty
oO

For the extraordinary ray :

X_12"74. |). 2:89) 93:60) 53-08)|/ 13:26

3-64 | 3-74

Otomo oe

0.26 | O.01 | -0:5 04) 50-7014)

3-59
1.88 |

3-91 | 4.19 4-36
1.83 | 1.62 | 2.22 3-35 | 8.0

k 0.0 OMT) |||FO:33

For A>7 mw, becomes opaque, metallic reflection at 8.sou, 9.02, 20.75-24.4u, then trans-
parent again.
The above are taken from Kayser’s ‘‘ Handbuch der Spectroscopie,”’ vol. iii.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLES 447 AND 448 391
TABLE 447,—Color Screens

The following light-filters are quoted from Landolt’s “ Das optische Drehungsvermogen, etc.” 1898
Although only the potassium salt does not keep well it is perhaps safer to use freshly prepared
solutions.

|

Grammes of Optical cen- |
Water solutions of _Substance | tre of band, Transmission.
in 100 ¢.cm, B&B

\ begins about 0.718u.

Crystal-violet, 5BO | 0.005 0.6659 ) ends sharp at 0.639.

Potassium monochromate IO.
Nickel-sulphate, NisO4.7aq. 30. 0.5919 | 0.614-0.574m,
Potassium monochromate ie aos

Potassium permanganate 0.025
Copper chloride, CuCly.2aq. 60. 0.5330 | 0.540-0.505u

Potassium monochromate 10. i a anil
Double-green, SF 0.02 0.488 5 NersZ ea

Copper-sulphate, CuSO4.5aq. | 15. Wao o-a 52H
Crystal-violet, 5BO 0.4482 0.478-0.410¢
Copper sulphate, CuSO 4.5ay. | 15.

TABLE 448.—Color Screens

The following list is condensed from Wood’s Physical Optics :

Methyl violet, 4R: (Berlin Anilin Fabrik) very dilute, and nitroso-dimethyl-aniline transmits 0,365y.
Methyl violet + chinin-sulphate (separate solutions), the violet solution made strong enough to
blot out 0.4359, transmits 0.4047 and 0.4048, also faintly 0.3984.

Cobalt glass + aesculin solution transmits 0.4359u.

Guinea green B extra (Berlin) + chinin sulphate transmits 0.491 6m.

Neptune green (Bayer, Elberfeld) + chrysoidine. Dilute the latter enough to just transmit 0.579¢
and 0.5461; then add the Neptune green until the yellow lines disappear.

Chrysoidine + eosine transmits 0.57904. The former should be dilute and the eosine added until
the green line disappears.

Silver chemically deposited on a quartz plate is practically opaque except to the ultra-violet region
0.3160-0.3260 where 90% of the energy passes through. The film should be of such thickness
that a window backed by a brilliantly lighted sky is barely visible.

In the following those marked with a * are transparent to a more or less degree to the ultra-violet °

* Cobalt chloride: solution in water, — absorbs 0.50-.534; addition of CaClz widens the band to
0.47-.50. It is exceedingly transparent to the ultra-violet down to 0.20. If dissolved in methyl
alcohol + water, absorbs 0.50-.53 and everything below 0.35. In methyl alcohol alone 0.485-
0.555 and below o.4ou.

Copper chloride: in ethyl alcohol absorbs above 0.585 and below 0.535 ; in alcohol + 50% water,
above 0.595 and below 0.37.

Neodymium salts are useful combined with other media, sharpening the edges of the absorption
bands. In solution with bichromate of potash, transmits 0.535-.565 and above o.60u, the bands
very sharp (a useful screen for photographing with a visually corrected objective).

Praseodymium salts: three strong bands at 0.482, .468, .444. In strong solutions they fuse into a
sharp band at 0.435-.485u. Absorption below 0.34.

Picric acid absorbs 0.36-.424, depending on the concentration.

Potassium chromate absorbs 0.40-.35, 0.30-.24, transmits 0,23u.

* Potassium permanganate: absorbs 0.555-.50, transmits all the ultra-violet.

Chromium chloride: absorbs above 0.57, between 0.50 and .39, and below 0.334. These limits
vary with the concentration.

Aesculin: absorbs below 0.363u, very useful for removing the ultra-violet.

* Nitroso-dimethyl-aniline: very dilute aqueous solution absorbs 0.49-.37 and transmits all the
ultra-violet.

Very dense cobalt glass + dense ruby glass or a strong potassium bichromate solution cuts off
everything below 0.70 and transmits freely the red.

Iodine: saturated solution in CSg is opaque to the visible and transparent to the infra-red.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES,

392 TABLES 449-451
TABLE 449.—Transmission Percentages of Radiation Through Moist Air

The values of this table will be of use for finding the transmission of energy through air containing a
known amount of water vapor. An approximate value for the transmission may be had if the amount
of energy from the source between the wave lengths of the first column is multiplied by the correspond-
ing transmission coefficients of the subsequent columns. The values for the wave lengths greater than
184 are tentative and doubtful. Fowle, Water-vapor Transparency, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 68, No. 8,
1917; Fowle, The Transparency of Aqueous Vapor, Astrophys. Journ. 42, 394, 1915.

Range of

wave lengths. Precipitable water in centimeters.

mn

*

Te
I
ts
2.
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

ooocoll!IIlooll ||
cooooolllIllooll/|

* These places require multiplication by the following factors to allow for losses in COz gas. Under
average sea-level outdoor conditions the COz (partial pressure = 0.0003 atmos.) amounts to about 0.6 gram
per cu.m. Paschen gives 3 times as much for indoor conditions.

2p, to 3, for 2 grams in m? path (95); for 140 grams in m? path (93);

4 “cc ae “ ae “cc “ce “ae (93); “ “ce “ee se ce “ee (70); more CO2 no further effect;

13 “ 14, slight allowance to be made;

14 “ 15, 80 grams in m path reduces energy to ZeIO;

“ce 16, “oe ‘ “ee “ce ‘ ‘ ‘ “ce

+ These places require multiplication by 0.90 and 0.70 respectively for one air mass and 0.85 and 0.65

for two air masses to allow for ozone absorption when the radiation comes from a celestial body.

TABLE 450.—Transparency of Water Vapor (steam)

(Hettner, Ann, Phys., 55, 476, 1918, places of greater absorption. Original article gives plot of absorption
throughout range of wave lengths.)

Absorp-

Absorp- Wave ‘
tion

tion length

Absorp- Wave
tion length Steam

Steam Steam

32.4 cm 80% : 80%
104 15 : 22
104 30
104 55 50
32.4 55 80

TABLE 451.—Transparency of Water

Values of a in I = Ipe*4, d in cm Ip, I, intensity before and after transmission.

Wave length p, | .186

a .0688 |.

Wave length yp, | .430

a -00023 } .0002 | .OOOI

First 9; Kreusler, Drud. Ann. 6, t901; next Ewan, Proc. R. Soc. 57, 1894, Aschkinass, Wied Ann.
55, 1895; last 3, Nichols, Phys. Rev. 1, 1. y

See Rubens, Ladenburg, Verh. D. Phys. Ges., p. 19, 1909, for extinction coefs, reflective power and
index of refraction, 1 w to 18 4“.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 452-455 393
INFRA-RED TRANSMISSION AND ABSORPTION

TABLE 452.—Per Cent Transmission, Gases, 6.7 to 32.8y

(Strong, Phys. Rev., 37, 1565, 1931, restrahlung.)
Length of cell, 4 inches.

Material Pressure 6.7 20.75 22.0"

760mm 24 79 93
760 99 IOI
760 98 97
760 7 58

96 102 99
114 97 99
361 100 86
200 99 98
526 61 45

Material Description 8.74 20.75¢@ 22.0u 27.36 20.44 32.8u
Lacquer film +.55u thickness 93 98 99 99 +100
Mica 10u thickness 22 00 35 44
Soot on lacquer Opaque to visible 22 60 60
Quartz, fused 10u thickness 02 68
Glass 3h thickness 07 56

Cellophane 25u thickness 04 26
MgO Deposit from burning

Mg ribbon 8 86 87
ZnO Deposit from Zn arc 80 80

Description of reflector

Deposit of MgO from burning Mg ribbon
Reflection B-MgO

Pencil mark on paper

Soot coating.

MgO coating

ZnO coating

Optical black

Gold foil blackened with bismuth

KBr + 1.5u CaF: deposited by evaporation
KI + 1.5u CaF, deposited by evaporation

Silver covered with

TABLE 455.—Per Cent Transmission, Various Substances, 20 to 130z

(Barnes, Phys. Rev., 39, 562, 1932, which see for special technique used for analysis in this region.)

120 130u

Fused quartz.... Py ae
e nae : Q 5 22s
Cry staleeaeeel eee ‘ (Oe
Sulphur, rhombic| o. mee 58 38
Ne natee Ss cone : 76 70

ease eA 5 Sa! (55) (55)

Cellophane...... 30 42
Celluloidy....... 99 99
Black paper..... ay, 28 30
Camphor soot... : 89 90
Pfund Bi black. . : Siw 5 60 63
Lampblack,

water glass... . : : 5 OmaesO

* On celluloid 1” thick. + For Rubens, Hoffmann, lampblack-water-glass mixture see Berliner Ber. 424,
1922. For Pfund’s Bi Black see Rev. Sci. Instr., 1, 397, 1930. A considerable number of bands appear in some of
the curves from which the above values were read.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

394 TABLES 456-458
FAR INFRA-RED, 20 TO 150,
(John Strong, Phys. Rev., 38, 1818, 1931.)
TABLE 456.—Restrahlung bands

Filter
Number of Crystal (3 mm _paraffin Wave length Frequency
reflections mirrors in each case) in uw in ~/cm

Quartz Icm KCl 20.7 483
Fluorite 5 mm KCl 23 435
Metal

Fluorite 3 mm KBr Be 366
Calcite 20.4 340
Fluorite 0.4 mm quartz 32.8

Metal 1.2 mm KBr
Aragonite 0.4 mm quartz 41* Ff
Metal
NaCl 2 mm quartz 52
“ 63
83
94
117
152

BPPPRRRARHHOHOWERN HOLE

* The use of a paraffin window about 3 mm thick stops the short wave length restrahlung of quartz
at 8.7u and of calcite at 6.7.
+ Weak reflection at 41.

TABLE 457.—Reflecting Power

= 20h
~/cm = 500

Rough brass

“

Zincite

8 magnesia, fused
Stibnite

Sphalerite
Corundum

Cuprite

(1) Ground with No. 60 carborundum. (2) Ditto No. 220. (3) Ditto No. 400. (4) Surface
| to cleavage plane, highly polished. (5) Natural crystal. (6) Qualitative only.

TABLE 458.—Transmission

A = 204 25 663 100 150
~/cm = 500 400 150 100 66%
61
83

Amorphous SiO: ...... “3 27 62
CChk liquid 63 74
97 80

(7) No corrections for reflections. (8) Evaporated on lacquer film.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 459 AND 460 395

REFLECTION AND ABSORPTION OF LONG-WAVE. RADIATIONS
TABLE 459.—Long-wave Absorption by Gases

Unless otherwise noted, gases were contained in a 20 cm long tube. Rubens, Wartenberg, Verh. d. Phys. Ges.
13, P. 796, Iort.

Percentage absorption. Percentage absorption.

Long J,
Hg lamp.

Long X.
Hg lamp.

N
w
ics
n

nN
it

Pressure, cm
Pressure, cm

Fil-
tered,
314M

NH3... > | 83. 2 : Brg 66.
CHare a : 100
CoHe...} 7 ‘ md “13 , 100
CoH. .. : ; 100
can ae ale mt! 100
CoO . 5-4 Be 52.
C4H100. i 3 . a
CsHiies. ) 5 ao 84.
CHsCl.. ; 04.
H20 *.. 30. ; , , 49.

* Steam 100° C passed through tube 4o cm long, 150° C; 0.06 cm ppt. H2O.
t+ Pentane vapor, pressure 36 cm.

TABLE 460.—Properties with Wave-lengths 108 + yu

Rubens and Woods, Verh. d. Phys. Ges. 13, p. 88, tort.
With quartz, 1.7 cm thick: 60 to 80, absorption very great; 63M, 00%; 82M, 97.5; 97M, 83.

(a) PERCENTAGE REFLECTION.

Wave-length. Iceland Marble. Ror Sylvite a ; ass. ‘ater. | Alcohol.

A = 82y*..
A = 108" t.| 47.1 43.8

* Restrahlung from KBr. + Isolated with quartz lens.

(6) PERCENTAGE TRANSPARENCY.
Uncorrected for reflections.

Thickness
precipi-
table
liquid.

Thickness. |Transparency. Liquid. Thickness.

Benzene
Ethyl alcohol
Ethyl ether

a0 ao

Quartz || axis
Quartz, amorph
Rock salt
Fluorite

FHI NHOOWNO OW

ON OR WWOH

-025 mm thick.} 0.11 mm thick.] 0.4 mm thick.

Spectrometer

Fluorite ‘ ‘reststrahlen ”
Rock salt ‘‘ reststrahlen ”
Quartz lens isolation

|
i ed TRANSPARENCY OF BLACK ABSORBERS.
Black silk | Opaque black | Black card-_ | Candle lamp-
Method and wave-length. paper, paper, board, aC,

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

15

396 TABLES 461-462
ROTATION OF PLANE OF POLARIZED LIGHT
TABLE 461.—Tartaric Acid; Camphor; Santonin; Santonic Acid; Cane Sugar

A few examples are here given showing the effect of wave length on the rotation of the plane of polarization.
The rotations are for a thickness of one decimeter of the solution. The examples are quoted from Landolt &
Bornstein’s ‘‘Phys. Chem. Tab.” The following symbols are used:—

p = number gramis of the active substance in 100 grams of the solution.

c= ve a solvent s ee a “

q= ts cc active
Right-handed rotation is marked +, left-handed —.

“e “ce

cubic centimeter ‘*

Wavelength] Tartaric acid,* CsHs6Oc, Camphor,* CioHi6O, Santonin,f CisHisO3,
Line of | according to dissolved in water. dissolved in alcohol. dissolved in chloroform.
spectrum | Angstrom in q = 50to95, q = 50to 95, q =75to 96.5,
cm X 106 temp. = 24°C temp. = 22.9°C temp.) —/20-6

68.67 i —140°.1 + 0.2085 ¢
65.62 +2°.748 + 0.00446 q 38°.549 — 0.0852 q —149.3 + .1555q
58.92 +1.950 + .13030q 51.045 .0964 q —202.7 -3086 q
52.69 + .153 + .175149 74.331 1343 q —285.6 + .5820q¢
51.83 ae ea is ie —302.38 + .65574
51.72 — 1632 + 19147, ¢ 79.348 — .1451q ef: =

48.61 —3.598 + .239774 99.601 — .I912q —365.55 + .82844
43.83 —9.657 + _-314374 149.696 — .23464 —534.98 + 1.5240 q

Santonin, f CisHisO3 Seen Gane
‘ $$ acid,
Santonin,f CisH1sOs,* dissolved in | dissolvedin | C1sH 20x, pouzats
dissolved in alcohol. alcohol. | chloroform. | dissolved in | 4; 2 oe
pes ave c = 4.046 |c = 3.1-30.5| chloroform, [CSO Vee In
emp. = 20 : t : c = 27.192 |, Wa 5
temp. = 20°C TOOLS

ne

CHATTHOOW

1088 —105
1053 1148 —IiI2

me

1323 1444 TS,
2011 2201 —197

2381 2610 —230

* Arndtsen, Ann. Chim. Phys. (3) 54, 1858. + Narini, R. Acc. dei Lincei, (3) 13, 1882.
t Stefan, Sitzb. d. Wien. Akad. 52, 1865.

RAO*MToMAOIOW

Supplementary to Table 461

Values obtained at the Bureau of Standards for the rotation of sucrose are given below.

Light é Light Rot.
Source ine Source Rot. \ = 5461 5

a $$ |

1.644
1.786

eS | eee

Hg 4047 1.95

—————— ee ES

The above values are for a near normal solution, i.e. approximately 26 g of sucrose per 100 cc.

TABLE 462.—Sodium Chlorate; Quartz

Sodium chlorate (Guye, C. R. 108, 1889) || Quartz (Soret & Sarasin, Arch. de Gen. 1882, or C. R. 95, 1882)*

Spectrum}| Wave Temp. Rotation Spectrum| Wave Rotation |} Spectrum} Wave Rotation
line length line length line length per mm

7164A | 15°.0 : : Cdo 3609 63°.628
6870 17.4 3582 64.459

: N
6563 20.6 z Cdio 3465 69.454
5802 18.3 ‘ O 3441 70.587
5270 16.0
4861 Il.9 : : cee 3401 72.448

4340 10.1 2 3360 74.571
4308 14.5 . QO 3286 78.579
AIOI 13.3 : Cdi2 3247 80.459
3820 14.0
3728 10.7 t ; 3180 84.072
3581 12.9 : 2747 121.052
3361 TET " ; 2571 143.266
3287 II.9 : : 2312 190.426
3180 13.1
3021 12.8 : 2264 201.824
2747 12.2 : é 2103 220.731
2571 11.6 5 , 2143 235.972

* The paper is quoted from a paper by Ketteler in Wied. Ann. vol. 21, p. 444.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 463 397
ELECTRICAL EQUIVALENTS

Abbreviations: int., international; e.m.u., electromagnetic units; e.s.u., electrostatic
units ; C.g.s., centimeter-gram-second units. (Taken from Circular 60 of U. S. Bureau of
Standards, 1916, Electric Units and Standards, but made consistent with Birge’s values,
p. 77 et seq.)

RESISTANCE: CAPACITY :

I international ohm = I international farad =
1.00051 absolute ohms 0.99949 absolute farad
1.0001 int. ohms (France, before 1011 ) * a
1.00016 Board of Trade units (England, z apsolute iaiad “aa

1903) 1.00051 ates Ss
1.01358 B. A. units I practical e.m.u.

1.00283 “legal ohms” of 1884 10 Co Sg
1.06300 Siemens units S027 GUN Sere s ee

1 absolute ohm = INDUCTANCE:
0.99949 int. ohms
Tega pLacticall:\je:m-ss
10° C.g.s. €.m.u.

Tet 2029X6 The GOES aiesS. 11. absolute henry =
aan REE SGuSESRTEREEET ERE aa aus henry
: Te pLActicalsanestn: ts
Se 10” e.m.u.
Teh b202.<o 10m 1C.2eSa ers:

I international henry =
1.00051 absolute henries

I international ampere =
0.99995 absolute ampere
1.00084 int. amperes (U. S. before 1911) E 2 ee a ee
1.00130 int. amperes (England, before|NP8GY AND 1 OWER:
1906 ) (standard gravity = 980.665 cm/sec./sec. )
1.00106 int. amperes (England, 1906-|1 international joule =
08 ) 1.00041 absolute joules
I.0001c int. amperes (England, 1900-|; absolute joule =

10) ce
‘ 0. int. joule
1.00032 int. amperes (Germany, before EOreres :

TOIT) | 0.737500 standard foot-pound
1.0002 int. amperes (France, before 0.101972 standard kilogram-meter

mut) 0.277778 < 10° kilowatt-hour

absolute ampere =
1.00005 int. amperes RESISTIVITY :
lips? practical ” e.m.u. I ohm-cm
0.1 C.g.S. €.m.u.

2.99796 X 10° c.g.s. €.S.U.

|

0.393700 ohm-inch

10,000 ohm (meter, mm’)
12,732.4 ohm (meter, mm)
393,700 microhm-inch
1,000,000 microhm-cm
6,015,290 ohm. (mil, foot)

ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE:

I international volt =
1.00046 absolute volts :
1.00084 int. volts (U. S. before 1911) |! ohm (meter, gram) = 5710.0 ohm (mile,
1.00130 int. volts (England, before pound )

1906 )
1.00106 int. volts (England, 1906-08) |MAGNETIC QUANTITIES:
1.00010 int. volts (England, 1909-10) |r int. gilbert | = 0.99995 absolute gilbert
1.00032 int. volts (Germany, before}r absolute gilbert = 1.00005 int. gilberts
1911) I int. maxwell = 1.00046 absolute max-
1.00032 int. volts (France, before 1911) wells

1 absolute volt = 1 absolute maxwell = 0.99954 int. max-
0.99954 int. volt well
1 “ practical” e.m.u. 1 gilbert = 0.7958 ampere-turn
10° ¢.g.s. €.m.u. 1 gilbert per cm = 0.7958 ampere-turn
0.00333560 C.g.S. €.S.U. per cm

Maa = 2.021 ampere-turns

QUANTITY OF ELECTRICITY : per inch

(Same as current equivalents. ) I maxwell = Te line

I international coulomb = = 10° volt-second
1/3600 ampere-hour I maxwell per cm? = 6.452 maxwells per
1/06494 faraday Til

HM WW WTI

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

398

TABLE 464

COMPOSITION AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE OF VOLTAIC CELLS

The electromotive forces given in this table approximately represent what may be expected fron
cell in good working order, but, with the exception of the standard cells, all of them are subject to c

siderable variation.

Name
of cell

Negative
pole
Bunsen Amalg. Zn

ae 4é “é

ae “e

Chromate

ce “cc “c“

Daniell ‘ i
sé

Leclanche
Chaperon
Edison-Lelande o “h
AgCl Zn

Law a

Dry cell ss

Amalg. Zn

Poggendorff Amalg. Zn

“c

Zn

Regnault
Volta couple

(a) Double Fluid Cells

Pb accumulator Pb

Regnier (1) Cu

(2) Amalg. Zn
Main sf
Edison Fe

* Depolarizer: Manganese peroxide with powdered carbon.

** Depolarizer: CuO.

} F. Streintz gives the following value of the temperature variation — at different stages of charge:

dt
E. M. F. 1.9223 1.9828 2.0031 2.0084 2.0105
dE/dt X 108 I40 228 335 285 255

Dolezalek gives the following relation between E. M. F. and acid concentration:

Per cent H»SOx
Ba Meshes Ore

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

64.5
2.37

52.2
2.25

35.3
2.10

21.4
2.00

2.0779 2.2070
130 73

Bo

1.89

Solution Posts Solution ane
1,HeSOq; 12,H2O0 E Fuming HNO; 1.94
W HNOs;; dens. 1.38 1.86
12,K,Cr.O;; 25,H2SO4; i 1,H2SO,; 12,H2O 2.00
100,H,O
1,H2SO,4; 12,H2O - 12, KeCr2O7; 100,H20 | 2.03
1,H2SOxu; 4,H2O Cu Sat.sol. CuSO4;5,H2O | 1.06
1,H2SO,; 12,H20 Je 1.09
5% sol.ZnSO,4; 6H:O se = 1.08
tNaCl; 4 parts H,O es ee 1.05
1H2SO4; 12H2O Pt Fuming HNO; 1.93
Sol.ZnSO,4 My HNO,;; dens. 1.33 1.66
H2SO, sol.; dens. 1.136 uf Concent. HNO; 1.93
H2SOx4; dens. 1.136 ee HNOs; dens. 1.33 1.79
H.2SO, sol.; dens. 1.14 a HNOs; dens. 1.19 1.66
H.SO, sol.; dens. 1.06 - y a ss 1.61
NaCl sol. s ‘i He lea 1.88
Sol.MgSO, lib ese Sol. KeCreO; 2.06
(6) Single Fluid Cells
Sol.NH,Cl Carbon* 1.46
Sol. KOH Copper ** .9&
ae ae 7G
23% sol.NH,Cl Silver *** 1.02
15% ie * Carbon ey
Tipe ZnO inpt, NEUE a ig
3 pts. plaster of paris,
2 pts. ZnClo,, and water
to make a paste
Sol. K.Cr.07 vie 1.08
12K2Cr2,07; 25H2SO4; a 2.01
100, H,0
1H.SO,; 12H.0O; tCaSO, Cd -34
H,O Cu .98
(c) Secondary Cells
H2SO, sol. of density 1.1 PbO. 22
CuS0O,; H:SO, oe 1.68
to.85
ZnSO, sol. =
in H.SO; 2.36
H»2SO,; dens. about 1.1 nee ed 2.5¢
KOH 20% sol. A nickel I.I
oxide mea:

*** Depolarizer: Silver chloride.

TABLE 465
CONTACT DIFFERENCE OF POTENTIAL IN VOLTS

399

Solids with Liquids and Liquids with Liquids in Air *

Temperature of substances during experiment about 16° C

5 Amalg.
Zn Zn Brass water

to i -231

Alum. sat.sol. .
CuSOsy, sol.
sp.gr. 1.087..
CuSO, sat.sol.
Sea salt sol.
Troma rzor a
NH,Cl, sat.sol.
ZnSOx, sol. 1.125

sat.sol..
One part H2O +
3, sat. ZnSO,
Strong H»2SO, in
water:
1 to 20 by wt..
1 to 10 by vol. | about
—.035
Keaton Su Dy; kwitse
OI
5 to t by wt.. to
3.0
-55 : 1.3
GontmeHsesOn =a: to Teel Ree to aeste ate .848 a 1.298
.85 -25 1.6

Con. HNO: .. ie Siete ont .672

Mercurous sulphate paste, Hg, + .475. Sat.CuSQOysol., HeO, — .043; sat.ZnSOy,sol., + .095; 1 pt.
H20, 3 pt. ZnSO, + .102.

Concentrated HsSOy, HeO, + 1.298; sat.alum.sol., + 1.456; CnSO,sat. + 1.269; ZnSOysat.sol.,
+ 1.699.

* Everett, Units and physical constants: Table of Ayrton and Perry’s results, prepared by Ayrton.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

400 TABLE 466

DIFFERENCE OF POTENTIAL BETWEEN METALS IN SOLUTIONS OF
SALTS

The following numbers are given by G. Magnanini* for the difference of potential in hundredths of a volt between
zinc in a normal solution of sulphuric acid and the metals named at the head of the different columns when placed
in the solution named in the first column. The solutions were contained in a U-tube, and the sign of the differ.
ence of potential is such that the current will flow from the more positive to the less positive through the ex-
ternal circuit.

Strength of the solution in ‘
gram molecules per Zinc.t Cadmium.t Lead. in. Copper. Silver.
liter.

’

|

No. of

molecules. Difference of potential in centivolts.

H.SO4 : : GIR Teg 100.7
NaOH : 31.8 0.2 80.2
KOH : : 32.0 —I.2 77-0
NaeSO4 : 4 . 51-4 101.3
NagSeOg : : : 45-7 38.8

KNOg3 . : : 31.1 81.2
NaNOg : : 2 40.9 95-7
KeCrOg G : : 40.9 94-6
KoCreO7 . . . 68.1 123.6
KeSO4 : : . 40.9 95-7

(NH4)2SO4 . . . 57-6} | lors
K4FeCgNe . : ; 41.2 —t
KgFeo(CN)19 : ; j 130.9 110.7
KCNS . f 4 52.7 52-5
NaNO3 : : : 49.0 103.

Sr(NOg)2 ; : : 48.7 103.0
tees AE aaa | ee ee
KCIO, 57-7 105.3
KBrOs : 50.9 111.3

50.9 81.2
50.8 61.3
80.9
73-6

68.7

CyHyKNaOg

* “Rend. della R. Acc. di Roma,’ 1890.

+ Amalgamated.

+ Not constant.

§ After some time.

|| A quantity of bromine was used corresponding to NaOH =1.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 467 4OI
THERMOELECTRIC POWER

The thermoelectric power of a circuit of two metals is the electromotive force produced by one degree C difference
of temperature between the junctions. The thermoelectric power varies with the temperature, thus: thermoelectric
power = Q = dE/dt = A + Bt, where A is the thermoelectric power at 0° C, B is a constant, and ¢ is the mean tem-
perature of the junctions. The neutral point is the temperature at which dE/dt = 0, and its value is — A/B. When
a current is caused to flow in a circuit of two metals originally at a uniform temperature, heat is liberated at one of
the junctions and absorbed at the other. The rate of production or liberation of heat at each junction, or Peltier effect,
is given in calories per second, by multiplying the current by the coefficient of the Peltier effect. This coefficient in
calories per coulomb = QT/f, in which Q is in volts per degree C, T is the absolute temperature of the junction, and
¥F = 4.19. Heat is also liberated or absorbed in each of the metals as the current flows through portions of varying
temperature. The rate of production or liberation of heat in each metal, or the Thomson effect, is given in calories
per second by multiplying the current by the coefficient of the Thomson effect. This coefficient, in calories per coulomb
= BT6/F, in which B is in volts per degree C, T is the mean absolute temperature of the junctions, and 6 is the differ-
ence of temperature of the junctions. (BZ) is Sir W. Thomson’s “Specific Heat of Electricity.” The algebraic signs
are so chosen in the following table that when A is positive, the current flows in the metal considered from the hot
junction to the cold. When B is positive, Q increases (algebraically) with the temperature. The values of A, B, and
thermoelectric power in the following table are with respect to lead as the other metal of the thermoelectric circuit.
The thermoelectric power of a couple composed of two metals, 1 and 2, is given by subtracting the value for 2 from
that for 1; when this difference is positive, the current flows from the hot junction to the cold ini. In the following
table, A is given in microvolts per degree, B in microvolts per degree per degree, and the neutral point in degrees.

The table has been compiled from the results of Becquerel, Matthiessen and Tait; in reducing the results, the
electromotive force of the Grove and Daniell cells has been taken as 1.95 and 1.07 volts. The value for constantan was
reduced from results given in Landolt-Bérnstein’s tables. The thermoelectric powers of antimony and bismuth alloys
are given by Becquerel in the reference given below.

Thermoelectric power
_ at mean temp. of Neutral
A B junctions (microvolts). point
Substance. Microvolts. | Microvolts. A

| -3
EO

Aluminum : 3 +195
Antimony, comm’! pressed wire... ad
cs axial

Argentan

Bismuth, comm’! pressed wire... .
“ce pure ae oe
crystal, axial

“equatorial

WITT

|
a

N
Ady

|
sols

et
es | | |
an
ned

pianoforte wire
commercial
te

wean

eee

Magnesium
Molybdenum

+
N
w
a

(—18° to 175°)
(QEOr—Z00r) hy eeraisj cele cetecvece
(above 340°)

ih
B11
sw SoH |

| |

=

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLES 467 (continued) AND 468
TABLE 467 (continued).—Thermoelectric Power

402

Thermoelectric power
_ at mean temp. of
junctions (microvolts).

A (C 50°C

Neutral
- i point
Substance. . Microvolts.| A

—6.9 |
+29.9

Palladium ete
Phosphorus (red) .
Platingm.: (Ty 2h) Pe - +0.9
3 (hardened) ROO 7A ul eecia 242
(malleable) .O109 —.818
wire be 1 KE
another specimen
Platinum-iridium alloys:
85% Pt+15% Ir
90% Pt+ 10% Ir
95% Pt+ 5% Ir
Selenium 95 ©.
Silver : of os
(pure hard) . =
wire 2 hae re ere ion
Steel . .65
Tantalum
Tellurium B
7 Cone :
nevbliotn. ¢ 6 “0 4
Tin (commercial), . e33i|
le oh eR periag E Us 43
Tungsten. Bt A te
Zinc 2 aS
“pure pressed .

-0355 =f 0

se
—I1.15
+0.94
2

+8.
+5-23
+6.42

.86

i 43

+++

[bo | Qum

“ce

a

+0.005 : .16

+o. +2.
ied:

FA ee Ne Pel eg ee ee

ase

22

=
=

B- Ed. Becquerel, ‘“Ann. de Chim, et de Phys.”
Standards.

M Matthiesen, “ Pogg. Ann.” vol. 103, reduced by Fleming Jenkin.

T Tait, “Trans. R. S. E.” vol. 27, reduced by Mascart.

H_ Haken, Ann. der Phys. 32, p. 291, 1910. (Electrical conductivity of Te8=0.04,
Tea 1.7 ¢.m. units.) Swisher, 1917.

Bureau of

uP soil, Se

TABLE 468.—Thermoelectric Power of Alloys
The thermoelectric powers of a number of alloys are given in this table, the authority being Ed. Becquerel. They are
relative to lead, and for a mean temperature of 509 C. In reducing the results from copper as a reference metal,
the thermoelectric power of lead to copper was taken as — 1.9.

Substance. Substance.

c power in

crovolts
quantity.
Relative
quantity.

Relative

wate

Relative
quantity.
Thermoelec
Thermoelec-
tric power in
microvolts.
Thermoelec-
tric power in
microvolts.

Bismuth
| Antimony

Antimony
Cadmium

Antimony
Cadmium

ft
Ww
|
mn
7S
aS

Bismuth

N

Zinc

Antimony
Cadmium
Bismuth

Antimony
Zinc
Antimony
Zinc
Bismuth

Antimony
Cadmium
Lead
Zinc

Antimony
Cadmium
Zinc

Tin

SMITHSONIAN TABLES;

t
ma tee

| Antimony
| Cadmium

Zinc

Antimony
Tellurium

| Antimony

Bismuth

Antimony

| Iron

| Antimony
| Magnesium |}

Antimony

Lead
Bismuth

| Bismuth

Antimony

Antimony

Bismuth
Antimony

Bismuth
Antimony

Bismuth
Tin

| Bismuth
Selenium

Bismuth
Zinc

| Bismuth
Arsenic

Bismuth

Bismuth sulphide

—
HO

me N
a ce ae a

i)

mM ho

_ _ _
HR He FO

4 CO nh

ca
ao QO
ee

_ eH

TABLES 469 AND 470

403

TABLE 469.—Thermal Electromotive Force of Metals and Alloys versus Platinum

(millivolts)

One junction is supposed to be at 0° C; + indicates that the current flows from the 0° junction
into the platinum. The rhodium and iridium were rolled, the other metals drawn.*

go%Pt+
10%Pd.

9o%Pt+

10% Rh.

—185

—8o
+100
+200
+300
+400

+500
+600
+700
+800
+900
+1000
+1100
+(1300)
+ (1500)

LR SSNS SSO IC OR OR
Hw OOO Co

—o.II
—0.09
+0.26
+0.62
+1.

+4+++4++++
[Eee ate CORO it
Cw ObhOLON

* Holborn and Day.

ae

+t++4+4+4+4++4 444

== =

AI DnikWN

WQ@ Ow ¢ ‘ BG
Ouriw dw Se 4 NO

TT ET Eth ptt tp

A = 00

an

CONES CY LS) [EN {0) (Oy

Reeth eeeeteat

een WS ONO SS ON SIG Ste)

Sle liagt patgs eee ees Tie ates 1

ans

HONG AO LONYNAOOO
stuns N Qur QW N

AL ONO

TABLE 470.—Thermal Electromotive Force of Platinum-Rhodium Alloys
versus Platinum

Temperature versus Electromotive Force in Millivolts

Temp.°C 0.5
O 0.00
100)=—s + 0.10
200 -20
300
400

500
600

700
800
900
1000
1100
1200

Per Cent Rhodium

on
°

00

-54
16
.82

-49

17
.86
-55
.96
.68

42
16

++

CONIAMMNBWWNHHHOO

10.0
0.00
.64
+43
32
325
22
22
.20
33
43
57
-74
11.93

a

4
CO CON OMAR WH HO

20.0
00
.63
-44
. 40
47
63
.87

* Bur. Standards Journ. Res., 3, 1029, 1929.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

404 TABLES 471-474

TABLE 471.—Thermal Electromotive Force of Aluminum versus Platinum *
Temperature versus Electromotive Force

Intern. my 9 Intern. my Intern. mv

S

.000 1-374 3.703
.062 1.538 3.931
135 1.708 4.164
218 1.884 4.403
312 2.065 4.647

—
°

.416 2.252 4.8096
529 2.444 5-150
651 2.641 5.409
781 2.843 5.673
.919 3.050 5.942
064 3.262

.216 3.480

HHOOO00000

* Bur. Standards Circ. 346, 1927.

TABLE 472.—Thermal Electromotive Force of Zinc versus Platinum
Temperature versus Electromotive Force

Intern. mv Intern. my Intern. mv
0.000 1.276 3.417

+0.153 1.572 3.853
0.331 1.804 4.310
0.533 2.240 4.786
0.758 2.610 5.2090
1.005 3.002 5.604

TABLE 473.—Thermal Electromotive Force of Cadmium versus Platinum
Temperature versus Electromotive Force

Intern. mv : Intern. my Intern. mv
0.000 1.211 3.255

+0.171 1.559 3-740
0.378 1.940 4.238
0.620 2.351 4.539
0.898 2.790

TABLE 474.—Thermal Electromotive Force of Nickel versus Platinum *
Temperature versus Electromotive Force

Intern. mv ° Intern. mv Intern. mv
0.000 5.450 9.350
—0.350 5.580 9.675
.710 5.745 10.010
. 090 5.960 10.350
.485 6.165 10.695
.880 6.360 11.045
.285 6.585 II. 400
.695 t 6.800 .765
105 7.040 - 130
505 7.200 12.500
.890 7.550 12.875
255 7.825 13.250
.590 8.105 13.625
880 8.415
.110 8.720
. 290 9.030

0
I
I
I
2
2
BF
Bi:
3
4.
4
4.
5
5

* Bur. Standards Journ. Res., 5, 1291, 1930.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 475 AND 476 405
TABLE 475.—Thermoelectric Properties at Low Temperatures

(Borelius, Keesom, Johansson, Linde, Com. Phys. Lab. Leiden, no. 206, 1930.)

Thermoelectric Force in Microvolts per °K. against Silver Alloy

99900900000
SoZesarae

Ny
999000000000

DW HONMH

TABLE 476.—Thomson Effect in Microvolts per Degree

oh
Ww
Ae Tele

+
°

ele lestanel|
o55S898dd00mn

(aleal |
00 GONI Tale JL HN wo bo

DOHINRWNNONMHHW HOU DO AD
ORHORONYQoonwn:?

WBNHOONYUWNOOO: .

GYES INCOGH SO Hida @dNGio 5
= =

STO
eal
se
ns
NOV

—15.8 —II.4
—17.0 —I2.3
—18.2 —13.2

3
7
at
7
.O
8
9
6
9
50
.0
8
2
.0
9
aT
6
2
25
5
8
2
6
9

HH eH OOGCO00
HaHa eOoOoOOoO Ooo 6

+

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

406 TABLES 477-479
TABLE 477.—Peltier Effect

The coefficient of Peltier effect may be calculated from the constants A and B of Table 467, as
there shown. With Q (see Table 467) in microvolts per °C and 7J= absolute temperature (K),

the coefficient of Peltier effect= 27 cal. per coulomb=0.00086 QT cal. per ampere-hour=QT/1000

millivolts (=millijoules per coulomb). Experimental results, expressed in slightly different units,
are here given. The figures are for the heat production at a junction of copper and the metal
named, in calories per ampere-hour. The current flowing from copper to the metal named, a posi-
tive-sign indicates a warming of the junction. The temperature not being stated by either author,
and Le Roux not giving the algebraic signs, these results are not of great value.

Calories per ampere-hour.

mercial.
Bi. pure.

'
i=
5
eS

n

Le Rouxf .

|
- zs
Jabn* :

* “Wied. Ann.” vol. 34, p. 767.
+ “Ann. de Chim. et de Phys”? (4) vol. 10, p. 201.

¢ Becquerel’s antimony is S06 parts Sb + 406 parts Zn+ 121 parts Bi.
§ Becquerel’s bismuth is ro parts Bi-++1 part Sb.

TABLE 478.—Peltier Effect, Fe-Constantan, Ni-Cu, 0° — 560°C

‘emperature. 5c 320° 560°

| Fe-Constantan. . . ‘ i : : 8:26) |len2e5 ( cal SC rer

INGE Oth La ah ral ia .92 ; : : : 2.38 lee: eee

Metal
against
Copper.

Le Roux

Jahn .

Edlund .

Caswell .

Le Roux, 1867; Jahn, 1888; Edlund, 1870-71 ; Caswell, Phys. Rev. 33, p. 381, 1911.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLES 480 AND 481 407
TABLE 480.—Thermoelectric Power; Pressure Effects

The following values of the thermoelectric powers under various pressures are taken from Bridgman, Pr. Am. Acad.
Arts and Sc. 53, p. 269, 1918. A positive emf means that the current at the hot junction flows from the uncompressed
to the compressed metal. The cold junction is always at o° C. The last two columns give the constants in the
equation E = thermoelectric force against lead (0° to 100° C) = (At + BF) X 10°6 volts, at atmospheric pressure, a
positive emf meaning that the current flows from lead to the metal under consideration at the hot junction.

Thermo-electric force, volts X 109

Pressure, kg/cm? Formula

9655 coefficients.

Temperature, ° C

° °

100 50 100°

Sie ctnieratsel asic 3,000|85,000] 110,000]185 ,000] 255,000] 425 ,000|185,000]452,000]710,000] —74.42
Sfencherer a,c cerstets 6,200|]14,100] 13,000] 28,500] 26,100] 58,100] 14,400] 38,500] 87,400] +3.047
iancerorsteie eters 4,930]10,870] 9,380] 20,290] 17,170] 37,630} 8,780] 23,750] 52,460] +1.659
RReeusloso iesaverons 2,040] 7,120] 4,620] 14,380] 10,960] 28,740] 6,680] 19,180] 45,560]}-+-12.002
..-| 2,850] 5,950] 5,800] 11,810] 11,530] 23,790] 6,750] 17,200] 35,470]—34.76
yaks lacsheie: sxcle) 2,190] 4,380] 4,400] 8,800] 8,630] 17,690] 5,090] 12,970] 26,520] —5.406
MycWeloceriete sietels 1,810] 3,600] 3,600] 7,310] 7,370] 14,350] 3,880] I1,030] 21,570/— 3.092

00495
001341
- 1619
-03907
.01760
-O1334
.O1705

Rare arete cores I,I90| 2,530] 2,360] 4,990] 4,690] 10,120] 2,700] 7,050] 15,140] +1.594
.0178

Ne Cae 700] 1,680} 1,500] 3,400] 3,230] 7,190] 1,880] 5,140] 11,440]—17.61
ESS ep aoe 840] 1,870] 1,720] 3,720] 3,350] 7,190/+1,900] 4,950] 10,560] +2.556|+.00432
oooh sss fevaiisve 390} 1,670 590] 3,250] 5,300] 5,820] —g990 220| 7,680]/+16.18 . 0089 2
eeteteiexeleeiets 460] 1,050 920] 2,120] 1,860] 4,210} +880 281] 6,330 _- — \
Neer ee 456| 1,052 905] 2,051] 1,701] 3,074] -+o90] 2,627} 5,760] +2.899|-+.00467 3
etc opote hace. eveye +292 584] +580] 1,216} 1,124] 2,420] +596] 1,616) 3,546] +2.777|/+.00483
eee yeyerareverereNs —70 IOI —9gI 204 32 929 —68 312] 1,962] —o.416|}+.00008 4
site, stare tetare +93 140] +187 278 375 555| +146 562 833] +5.892|/+.02167 5
i Seatat ton st sioss +38) +87 +58] +165 +70} +292] —182 +10] +390] +0. 230] —.00067
..-| —123] —232| —242| —452| —489]- —894| —308] —719]/—1,314] +1.366/+.0004146
siberian —84| —167| —181] —362] —395| —701I1} —259] —648]/—1,296| —o0.095|+.00004
sercvornete eee —156| —348} —316| —692} —630/—1,360] —352| —937|—2,061|—17.32 .0390 |

IFI+IlI+i i+

++ 1++4++

* Identical wire of Table 485.- + Another wire of same sample. { Different sample.
§ Results too irregular for interpolation for values at other temperature and pressures; see original article.
(1) —.0556f3; (2) —.0486/3, annealed ingot iron; (3) —.0s166/3; (4) —.o41f; (5) —.0425/; (6) —.oar1203.

TABLE 481.—Peltier and Thomson Heats; Pressure Effects

The following data indicate the magnitude of the effect of pressure on the Peltier and Thomson heats. They refer
to the same samples as for the last table. The Peltier heat is considered positive if heat is absorbed by the positive
current from the surroundings on flowing from uncompressed to compressed metal. A positive d2E/df means a larger
Thomson heat in the compressed metal, and the Thomson heat is itself considered positive if heat is absorbed by the
positive current in flowing from cold to hot metal. Same reference and notes as for preceding table.

Peltier heat, Thomson heat,
10 X Joules/coulomb. 108 X Joules/coulomb/° C

Pressure kg/cm? Pressure kg/cm?

6000 | 12,000 6000 \| 12,000

Temperature ° C Temperature ° C

50° | 100° 100° | 0°

|
mn
ty

+1070/+1210] — ||/+2580/+2810/} — |+1150}/+650,
+98] +140]+190), +190] +278)+412 +48
6} +o5}-+-124)| +112] +171}+220 +28

+71}-+118)| +81] +148}-+221

57| +79] +90} +114]-+140

+43] -+52|| +68) +86/-+103

37S e450 ate ZOlN 05

+25] +32!| +36] +49] +65

ra ct 23i\| | 4-24) 1-37 fo

tT 231)" | 1-25) Galt aa

+18} +15/| —38} +38) +36

+1o} +16)| +14} +20] +30

+13} +18) +25

+8} +11] +16

Stele al

toa | eta

+2} +2

A

—42] —48

—67| —90

+
eee ee leas
DO wWnwo Ww

|
w
>

OONO NH ADONIS HO

+o4+o444

|
bo

* + t¢ § Same significance as in preceding table.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

408 TABLES 482 AND 483

TABLE 482
THE TRIBO-ELECTRIC SERIES

In the following table it is so arranged that any material in the list becomes positively electrified when
rubbed by one lower in the list. The phenomenon depends upon surface conditions and circum:
stances may alter the relative positions in the list.

Asbestos (sheet). 13 Silk. 24 Amber,
Rabbit’s fur, hair, (Hg). AS Nie Zn i eCdeiCr atelt: 25 Slate, chrome-alum.
Glass (combn. tubing). | hand, wash-leather, 26 Shellac, resin, sealing-wax.
Vitreous silica, opossum’s Filter paper. 27 Ebonite.
fur. Vulcanized fiber. 28 Co, Ni, Sn, Cu, As, Bi,
Glass (fusn.). Cotton. Sb Aga eds Gites bus
Mica. Magnalium. reka, straw, copper sul-
Wool. 19 K-alum, rock-salt, satin phate, brass.
Glass (pol.), quartz (pol.), spar. 29 Para rubber, iron alum.
glazed porcelain. Woods, Fe. 30 Guttapercha.
Glass (broken edge), Unglazed porcelain, sal- 31 Sulphur.
ivory. ammoniac. 32 Pt, Ag, Au.
Calcite. K-bichromate, paraffin, 33 Celluloid.
Cat’s fur. tinned-Fe. ; 34 Indiarubber.
Ca, Mg, Pb, fluor spar, Cork, ebony.
borax.

I
2
3
4
5
6
Zi
8

Shaw, Pr. Roy. Soc. 94, p. 16, 1917; the original article shows the alterations in the series sequence
due to varied conditions.

TABLE 483
AUXILIARY TABLE FOR COMPUTING WIRE RESISTANCES

For computing resistance in ohms per meter from resistivity, p, in michroms per cm. cube (see
Table 484, etc.). ¢..g. to compute for No. 23 copper wire when p= 1.724: I meter = 0.0387 +
.0271 + .0008 +- .0002 = 0.0668 ohms; for No. 11 lead wire when p= 20.4; I meter =0.0479 +
0010 = 0.0489 ohms. The following relation allows computation for wires of other gage num-
bers: resistance in ohms per meter of No. N = 2(2— 3) within 1 %: ¢. g. resistance of meter of
No. 18 =2 X No. 15.

p in micro-ohms per cm. cube.

Diam. .
in | Section : & 6) | 6. | 7.

2
mm*.
mm.

Resistance of wire 1 meter long in oh

03280 | .03373 | .03466 +0560 03653
-03445 | -03593 | 03742] .03890| «00104 |
+03707 | .03943 | .09118 -Oo14t +0165
+OgI12| «OoI50| .09187 109225 09262
109179 | +02239| 05298 #09358 +00417
+0284 | 09379] +02474| +02569| -02664
+0452} .02603] -00754 #09904 0106
+02719| .02959] .0120 0144 .0168
-OIT4 -O152 -OIQL +0229 -0267
-0182 +0242 +0303 +0364 10424
-0289 +0385 .0482 -0578 | .0674
+0460 0613 .0766 +0919 -1072
-0731 .0974 | .1218 +1462 | «1705
+1162 +1549 +1936 22324 -271f
-1847 | «2463 +3079 +3695 +4310
+2938 | .3918 4397 5377 -6856
+4671 .6228 | .7786 9343 1.090
©7428 +9904 | 1.238 1.486 1.733
1.181 1.575 1.968 2.362 2.750
1.879 | 2.505 | 3-132 3-757 4.383
2.985 | 3-980 | 4.975 5.970 6.965
4.748 | 6.331 7.914 9-497 11.08
5.988 | 7.984 | 9.980 | 11.98 13.97

SMITHSONIAN TABLES,

TABLE 484
RESISTIVITY OF METALS AND SOME ALLOYS

The resistivities are the values of p in the equation R = pi/s, where R is the resistance in
microhms of a length 7cm of uniform cross section s cm®. The temperature coefficient is a, in
the formula R; = R,{1 + a.(¢ — t,)]. The information of column 2 does not necessarily
apply to the temperature coefficient. See also next table for temperature coefficients 0° to
100°C, also page 413 for values on metals of high purity.

409

Temperature coefficient

Tempera-|,,-
Microhm-|Refer-
Substance Remarks ture cm ence

see constantan

+0.0039
+ .0034
+ .0040
+ .0050

+ .0036

wW

Arsenic
Beryllium.....

w
OO ONOO HH DAIDOWWWWWH

-0

-002

[Soe ha

drawn
‘6
“

liquid

solid \

liquid
Calcium.......] 99.57 pure

see constantan
Chromium..... =
Glimaxin eee es

99.8 pure

60% Cu, 40% Ni

+

ae Tes least

own

annealed
hard-drawn
electrolytic

eit lltalielken

pure
very pure, ann’ld
see constantan

H
Ow

20

German silver..} 18% Ni

Germanium.... al
99.9 pure

H
Ann

20

WwW
tN

20
roo ann'ld
500.“
1000 :

pure, drawn

99.9 pure
see constantan

+t++ + + 4444441144 4

folks el
“IOHN

N NH
cow

Ag 1.468 Mn 5. Pd 10.21 Ga 53

Cu 1.59 Mo (5.3) Pt 10.96 Os 56

Au 2.22 Zn 5.75 Rb 13 Hg 94.07
Al 2.6 Ir 6.10 Sn 13 Bi IIo

Cr 2.6 K 6.1 Ta 14.6 Graphite 8 X I0?
ay 3.2 Ni 6.93 Tl 17.6 Carbon 3 X 103
Na 4.3 Cd 7.04 Cs 19 Te 2 X 105
Ca 4.3 In 8.37 Pb 20.4 ig trol?
Mg 4.35 Li 8.55 Sry) (23.5) B 8 X 1012
Rh 4.69 Fe 8.8 As 35 Se trols

WwW 5 Co 9 Sb 39 Ss rol”

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

410 TABLE 484 (continued)
RESISTIVITY OF METALS AND SOME ALLOYS

Temperature coefficient

Tempera-|,,-
Substance Remarks ture MERE Refer-

Refer-
ence

99.98% pure
pure, soft

“6 “
“ac “
“ “ac

electrolytic

Bieber ee
Bib:
Siemens-Martin
manganese
35 % Ni, “‘invar.”’
piano wire
temp. glass, hard
“, yellow
blue
U5 foie

NN

aeaadlaunusael! | 11] 11] | | Suaneaaalaaaadal |) 11) 1 | lwal& led launal | laaaata

cold pressed

++ + ++ +444

ac “a

“ “

““ “

solid

ATG

liquid
Magnesium... . ae E 20
st ...| free from Zn E °
i cies 25
100
500

ra eee pure
Manganese... —
Manganin 84 Cu, 12 Mn, 4 Ni I2 -000006
os — 25 .000000
100 -000042
250
475
500
20
jf 0
6 Ra Rit +
e -o008ot +
.000001??)

“a

Molybdenum. .| very pure

“

Monel metal... —

Nichrome..... =
very pure
pure

“ce

oo

| Sooo mnnn | |
+4444 $4+4444+

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 484 (concluded) 4! I
RESISTIVITY OF METALS AND SOME ALLOYS

Temperature coefficient

Tempera- :
Substance Remarks ture, Microhm Refer-

°C cm ence Refer-
ence

20
20
—183
— 78
oO
08.5
oO

— 203.1
— 97-5
oO

100

400
ee
oO
55
—186
— 78.3
oO

100
—190
oO
35
40
20
99.98 pure 18
electrolytic —183
“ — 7B
oO
98.
192.
400
—180
Sand)
oO
55
116 I
20 2
20 15.5
19.6 200,000
—183 4.08
— 78 11.8
to} 17.60
98.5 24.7
20 47
20 TI-5;
—184 3.40
— 78 8.8
oO

eesel till

ooco°o
Pw
aa

Sve esl ela eieelbat
+ + abt
Se

oo

alate
ssllil
oO

NS

mH

ol.
20
1000°K 727
1500°K 1227
2000°K 1727
3000°K 2727
3500°K 3227
trace Fe —183 1.62
rae tere 3.34
oO 5-75
92.45 8
IQI.5 10.37
440 37.2

evel
(Steals)

H
o
-
wn

ttt
ooo
ooo
oun
on

Rous

WOO HUW COW
ORRWARKDK
[| |

Fla
[Oa ells Tocete ell esescrash [et1WOL al Ratenere 10 ele alvecxe leslie core Teele icexeasopscerny UplecUiIe Wcibeoralig ti tiedyewmalt He Ne Viren ah | exter |

H1 itty ll 183et 111

Pht tl

References to Table 484: (1) See page 421. (2) Jager, Diesselhorst, Wiss. Abh. D. Phys. Tech. Reich.
3, p. 269, 1900. (3) Nicolai, 1907. (4) Somerville, Phys. Rev. 31, p. 261, 1910; 33, p. 77, 1911. (5) Circular
74, Bureau of Standards, 1918. (6) Eucken, Gehlhoff. (7) Dela Rive. (8) Matthiessen. (9) Jager, Diessel-
horst. (10) Lees, 1908. (11) Mean. (12) Guntz, Broniewski. (13) Hackspill. (14) Swisher, 1017. (15)
Shukow. (16) Reichardt, 1901. (17) Dewar, Fleming, Dickson, 1898. (18) Wolff, Dellinger, 1910. (19)
Erhardt, 1881. (20) Broniewski, Hackspill, 1911. (21) Dewar, Fleming, 1893, 1896. (22) Circular 58,
Bureau of Standards, 1916. (23) Strouhal, Barus, 1883. (24) Vincentini, Omodei, 1890. (25) Bernini,
1905. (26) Glazebrook, Phil. Mag. 20, p. 343, 1885. (27) Grimaldi, 1888. (28) Fleming, 1900. (29) Lang-
muir, Gen. Elec. Rev. 19, 1916. (30) Eucken-Gehlhoff, 1912. (31) Wenner-Lindberg, I. C. T., 1929.
(32) Bidwell, 1922. (33) Mean. (34) Gumlich. (35) Worthing, I. C. T., 1929. (36) Blau, 1905.

* See note to Table 467.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES

412 TABLES 485 AND 486
TABLE 485.—Resistance of Metals under Pressure (Bridgman)

The average temperature coefficients are per ° C between o° and 100°C. The instantaneous pressure coefficients
are the values of the derivative (1/ r){dr/dp}, where 7 is the observed resistance at the pressure p and temperature ¢.
The average coefficient is the total change of resistance between o and 12,000 kg/cm? divided by 12,000 and the resist-
ance at atmospheric pressure and the temperature in question. Table taken from Proc. Nat. Acad. 3, p. 11,1917. For
coefficients at intermediate temperatures and pressures, see more detailed account in Proc. Amer. Acad. 52, p. 573,
1917. Sn, Cd, Zn, Kahlbaum’s “K” grade; TI, Bi, electrolytic, high purity; Pb, Ag, Au, Cu, Fe, Pt, of exceptional
purity. Al better than ordinary, others only of high grade commercial purity.

Pressure coefficients.
Average temperature

coefficient Instantaneous coefficient. 4
rr
0° to 100° C Average coefficient

/em?2
AtoeC Neen cela o to 12,000 kg/cm’

At

° °
12,000 kg Ato At 100

srayavellsdhyea rove isles 2 — .041226] — .oat016 .o4t510f| —.o41072{] —.o4ro2t|—.osr131 ft
Aare acts ree : . 00¢ -041044] .040936 .041062 -040973 .040920| .040951
seca wlshicl ene lanauatere , . .O41319] .O41180 -041456 -041 200 -O41I51I| .041226
We aaovaleisiohe lode: : : .041063] .040837 .041 106 -040887 .040894| .040927
sbeneyeitver eters ‘ : .041442| .041220 -041 483 041 237 .O41212| .041253

Lhaveustehs eterseee : : .040540] .040425 .0405 24 .040407 -040470| .040454
bebe ceo pahatens fuses j ; .040416] .040365 -040307 -040373 .040382| .040377
iain tarereatoe . 004 : -040358] .04032T -040355 -040331 - 010333] .040336
seat chars reteeenete ‘ : 4 .040312| .010286 -040304 -040292 .040287; .040292
eieiter tele chererers ‘ ; 040201] .040179 -040184 -O40175 .040183| .040177
i ae .O40158] .040142 .040163 -040156 -040147| .040158
Biostar ateyecosee : : .040094| .040081 .040076 .040070 .040087}] .040073
aereneys .040241| .040218 .040247 -040230 .040226} 040235
oe Dy Gench operators A : .040198] .010190 .040189 .040187 .O40190| .040186
de .040198| .osor8I -0401.90 -040182 .040187]} .040184
wisteteichs (eierereyele : ‘ .040133] .040126 -040130 -O401 25 .O40129} .040126
LET See pethsets ; ; .040149| .040139 -O401 53, -0401 47 040143] .O40149
Recep a eos veash ore : -003216| -040128] . 040127 -040130 -0401 23 .040123] .040126
Rie eteiey ren ameliad= : = -04055 = = ae -04055 aad
Raiclats tetas cigaraiee .00473 .00403 |+.041220] +.041064]| +.040768 | +.040723 | -+.041220]+ .040768
i ‘ eee +.00395 |+.04154 |+.040213]| +-04152 § | +.041895§] -+.042228]+ 041980 §
ras erditteiare — — .03129 _- — =

|

* ©° to 20°. + 0° to 24°: t Extrapolated from 50°. § Extrapolated from 75°.

Additional data from P. Nat. Acad. Sc., 6, 505, 1920. Data are 10,000 X mean pressure coefficient, o — 12,000 kg,
and 10,000 X instantaneous pressure Coefficient ato kg. 1= liquid; s =solid.

Li, s, 0° + .0772, + .068 (Caroe + .106 + .129 atts Ge + .oo1?

Li, 1, 240° -+.093 + .093 Sr, 0° + .680 + .502 Zr, 0° —.0040 — .004
Na, s, 0° | =-345 O03 Higa SHOS — .236b Bis e75c — .101C arena
Na, 1, 200° — .436 O22 Hg, 1, 25° i219 — .334 WwW, 02 — +0135 Old
K, s, 25° — .604 — 1.86 Ga, s, 0° — .0247 aero? — .0331 — .039
K, 1, 165° — .80ga —1.68 Gaylezoe — .0531 — .064 P, black, 09 —.81 — 2.00

a, 0 — 9,000 kg; b, 7,640 — 12,000 kg; c, o— 7,000 kg. The Ga, Na, K, Mg, Hg, Bi, W, P, of exceptional purity.

TABLE 486.—Resistance of Mercury and Manganin under Pressure

Mercury, pure and free from air and with proper precautions, makes a reliable secondary electric-resistance pres-
sure gauge. For construction and manipulation see ‘*’lhe Measurement of High Hydrostatic Pressure; a Secondary
Mercury Resistance Gayge,”’ Bridgman, Pr. Am. Acad. 44, p. 221, 1919.

500 I000 | 1500 | 2000 | 2500 | 3000 | 4000 | 5000 | 6000 | 6500

0. 9186/0. 9055]0. 8930/0. 8818]0. 8714]0. 8582]0. 8478]0. 8268]0. 8076/0. 7896}0. 7807
. |1.0000]0. 9836/0. 968210. 9535/0. 9304]0.9258/0. 9128]0. 8882]0. 8652}0. 8438]0. 8335
I .0000]0. 9854/0.9716/0.9588]0. 9462/0. 9342/0. 9228]0. goIO|O. 8806)0. 8616]0.8527
I.0970|1.0770/1.0580] I .0400|1.0230/1.0070/0.9Q908]0. 9614/0.9342]/0.9086|0. 8966

* This line gives the Specific Mass Resistance at 25°, the other lines the specific volume resistance.

The use of mercury as above has the advantage of being perfectly reproducible so that at any time a pressure can
be measured without recourse to a fundamental standard. However, at o° C mercury freezes at 7500 kg/cm2. Man-
ganin is suitable over a much wider range. Over a temperature range o to 50° C the pressure resistance relation is
linear within 1/1o per cent of the change of resistance up to 13,000 kg/cm?. The coefficient varies slightly with the
sample. Bridgman’s samples (German) had values of (AR/pRo) X 10% from 2295 to 2325. These are + instead of
—, as with most of the above metals. See “The Measurement of Hydrostatic Pressure up to 20,000 Kilograms per
Square Centimeter,’ Bridgman, Pr. Am. Acad. 47, p. 321, 1911.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 487 413

EFFECT OF TENSION ON THE RESISTANCE OF METALS
(Bridgman, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., 57, 41, 1922.)

Generally hydrostatic pressure decreases the electrical resistance of metals. A few are
abnormal (see Table 485)—Bi, Li, Ca, Sr, Sb. Unit stress, kg/cm’. The tension coefficient
of specific resistance is obtained by subtracting (1 + 20)/E from the coefficient of observed
resistance.

Sb i Mang. Therlo Co

Recip. Young’s
MOGs >< LOose= «| 20 4.75 7.5 1.25 4.2 0.72 0.69 0.5
Poisson ratio. ... .42 .30 36 30? 127 233) na .30

Tens. coef. spec.
resist. X 108...|/+11 + 8 |—21.2 |+3.0 |—3.65 |— .60 |— .73 |+ .19

Supplementary Values to Table 484

Resistance temperature coefficient for a number of metals and alloys of high purity
due to J. R. Caldwell (1931).

Metal — (Rioo-—Ro) /100Ro Alloy (R1o0—Ry) /100Ry
0.00667 95 Pt— 5 Rh 0.00215
. 00419 90 Pt—10 Rh 0.00169

.00423 80 Pt—20 Rh 0.00140
.003925 60 Pt—40 Rh 0.00144
. 00436 40 Pt—60 Rh 0.00194

20 Pt—8o Rh 0.00260

Note to Table 491, p. 417: Superconductivity. Apparent only below about 10° K. (— 263°C). The
following metals are known to show it below the indicated temperatures. A low current density is
necessary.

AMerenbhl Goooocc De75) IS. IpaXohibsed, gon ooaodoc 3°37 K. Mhallivimimeeseieiere ect 2°37) Ke
Gallistimigennyerclete- 1.05 Tin’ Qaveusve cate vero Bray. Wea gaaters cis syetsrererc 7.2
Niobium, ..1.< <2. 8.2 antaltirnia meryeye yer 4-4 Alera Shogo o0c D5
Molybdenum .... 1.? Mierctiteys telus ne 4.22 Some alloys

Zn, Cd, Ge, Al, Pt, Na, Li do not show it.
McLennan, Nature, 130, Dec. 10, 1932. Hill, Rev. Scientific Instr., 4, 3, 1933.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

4l4 TABLE 488

CONDUCTIVITY AND RESISTIVITY OF MISCELLANEOUS ALLOYS

TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS
I

nductivity in mhos or ———————— = = yo(I —at bt?) and resistivity i i -
Condu y Bis erica yt = yo + bt?) and resistivity in microhms —cm

= pt = poi + at — 5).

Metals and alloys Composition by weight

uthor-
ity

| A

Gold-copper-silver. .| 58.3 Au + 26.5 Cu + 15.2 Ag Brae
& us “..| 66.5 Au + 15.4 Cu + 18.1 Ag 6.83 520T
ss ..| 7-4Au + 78.3 Cu + 14.3Ag | 28.06 1830f
2000
Welding iron ¢ 6000
Woods metal 1.93 2900 52
12.2-15.6|1-2 X 10% 6.4-8.4
ca 8.2

hard drawn...

annealed

German silver Various

60.16 Cu + 25.37 Zn +
14.03 Ni + .30 Fe with trace 3.33
of cobalt and manganese

“eo

NWWN HOO SSS

>

Aluminum bronze
Phosphor bronze
Silicium bronze
Manganese-copper. .
Nickel-manganese-
3 Ni + 24 Mn + 73 Cu......
18.46 Ni + 61.63 Cu +
19.67 Zn + 0.24 Fe +
0.19 Co + 0.18 Mn
25.1 Ni+ 74.41 Cu +
0.42 Fe + 0.23 Zn +
0.13 Mn + trace of cobalt
53-28 Cu + 25.31 Ni +
Rheotan 16.89 Zn + 4.46 Fe +
0.37 Mn
Rheotan 53 Cu,25Ni,17Zn,5Fe
Copper-manganese-
i 91 Cu+7.1 Mn+1.9Fe....| 4.98
Copper-manganese-
i 70.6 Cu + 23.2 Mn + 6.2 Fe. 1.30
Copper-manganese-
i 69.7 Cu + 29.9 Ni + 0.3 Fe.. 2.60
85 Cu,13Mn,2Al E
Manganin 84 Cu + 12 Mn+ 4 Ni : 44
Constantan 60 Cu + 40 Ni A 49

1 Matthiessen. 4 Feussner and Lindeck. 7 Feussner. 107 Grae.

2 Various. 5 Van der Ven. 8 Jaeger-Diesselhorst. 11 Weber.

3 W. Siemens. 6 Blood. 9 LeChatelier. 22 Niccolai.
*, t, f, b X 109 = 924, 93, 7280.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 489 415
CONDUCTING POWER OF ALLOYS

This table shows the conducting power of alloys and the variation of the conducting power with temperature.* The
. . . . of . .
values of C, were obtained from the original results by assuming silver = Ee mhos. The conductivity is taken

as C,= C, (1—at+é2"), and the range of temperature was from 0° to 100° C.

The table is arranged in three groups to show (1) that certain metals when melted together produce a solution
which has a conductivity equal to the mean of the conductivities of the components, (2) the behavior of those
metals alloyed with others, and (3) the behavior of the other metals alloyed together.

It is pointed out thar, with a few exceptions, the percentage variation between o” and 100% can be calculated from the

Z : : °
formula P = P, 7? where Z is the observed and / the calculated conducting power of the mixture at 100° C

and /, is the calculated mean variation of the metals mixed.

Weight % | Volume % Variation per 100° C.

of first named. Observed. |Calculated.

Group 1.

DSUGEO Mi ny la : 7-57
Siig © Clem neini tne er. 9.18
SZ nies. ccalice™ 10.56
BbSie -.) kilee 6 iweuees 6.40
NG da FM he) the 16.16
SC Cane 13.67
GcdlR beware wh ee 5-78

Group 2.

Lead-silver (PbgoAg) . : 5.60
Lead-silver (PbAg) . : 8.03
Lead-silver (PbAgy) . 32: : 13.80

Tin-gold (Sny2Au). . : 5-20
Sonn (TNE cA) rene ' 3-03

phin-cOppels wisn -nee : 7.59
s § aoe ; 8.05
325%,
6.41
7-64
12.44
39-41

UMN 6 6 ooo : 7.81
Sam MN ee | to Bose oe : 8.65

t 13-75
ieee : 13-70
ile ee ose Ne : 3.44
T :
t

Zinc-copper
“ce

“oc

29.01
38.09

Nore. — Barus, in the ‘“‘ Am. Jour. of Sci.’’ vol. 36, has pointed out that the temperature variation of platinum

oie ° n :
alloys containing less than 10% of the other metal can be nearly expressed by an equation y = es where y is the

temperature coefficient and + the specific resistance, 7 and 7 being constants. If a be the temperature coefficient at
o° C and s the corresponding specific resistance, s (a + #2) =x.

For platinum alloys Barus’s experiments gave #2 = — .000194 and 2— .0378.
For steel #72 = —.000303 and 2 = .0620.
Matthiessen’s experiments reduced by Barus gave for
Gold alloys 7 = — .o00045, 7 = .00721.
Silver “* 9#=—.o000112, 2 = .00538.
Copper ‘* #2 = — .000386, 7 =.00055.

* From the experiments of Matthiessen and Vogt, ‘‘ Phil. Trans. R. S.” v. 154-
+ Hard-drawn.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

416 TABLES 489 (continued) AND 490
TABLE 489 (continued).—Conducting Power of Alloys

Group 3.
Weight % | Volume % Variation per 100° C.
Alloys. a aS ce a X 108 & X 109
of first named. Observed. |Calculated.
Gold-copper iti on O9:23 98.36 35-42 2650 _ 4650 21.87 23.22
sf Crea Pease sterol [OOS Gy 51.66 10.16 749 SI 7-41 788
Gold-silver Tf . 87-95 79.86 13 46 1090 793 10.09 9.65
se Soares aerial 2O)5 79.86 13-61 1140 1160 10.21 9.59
ss SOME Rabat os OAESO 52.08 9.48 673 246 6.49 6.58
s¢ Eee tote he neuer a OALOO. 52.08 9-51 721 495 6.71 6.42
«s t B38 19.86 13.69 885 531 8.23 8.62
ss eee 31.33 19.86 13.73 908 641 8.44 8.31
| Gold-coppert . . .| 34.83 19.17 12.94 864 570 8.07 8.18
s eo ilies 37 Sage 1.52 0.71 53-02 3320 7300 25-90 25.86
Platinum-silvert . .| 33.33 19.65 4.22 330 208 3-10 3.21
a Hoag ns oe 9.31 5:05 11.38 774 656 7.08 7.25
s Sdiert ite: 5-00 2.51 19.96 1240 1150 11.29 11.88
Palladium-silver | . . | 25.00 23.28 5-38 324 154 3-40 4.21
Copper-silvert . . .| 98.08 98.35 56.49 3450 7990 26.50 27-30
fe CO Tio) eye Oded O 95-17 51.93 3250 6940 21S) 25-41
ss CART NG 76.74 77.64 44.06 3030 6070 24.29 21.92
‘s Set aoe 42.75 46.67 47-29 2870 5280 22.75 24.00
ss co Belin 7.14 8.2 50.65 2750 4360 23-17 25-57
<< ST ee 1.31 1.53 50.30 4120 8740 26.51 29-77
Iron-gold f=. - . =|) 13:59 27.93 173 3490 7010 27.92
oS Se Canora vac 9.80 21.18 1.26 2970 1220 17.55
Ae aes Td ety cor Peo 4.76 10.96 1.46 487 103 3.84
Iron-copper tf). «- 0.40 0.46 24.51 1550 2090 13-44
Phosphorus-copper f . 2.50 ~ 4.62 476 145 ~
oot 0.95 - 14.91 1320 1640 -
Arsenic-coppert . . 5-40 - 3.97 516 989 -
ce Soa weal i cere: 2.80 - Sol | gO 446 -
“ ea eee ee CLACe - 38.52 | 2640 4530 -
* Annealed. }+ Hard-drawn.

TABLE 490.—Allowable Carrying Capacity of Rubber-covered Copper Wires

(For inside wiring — Nat. Board Fire Underwriters’ Rules.)

5 alese nea ° 00 ~=6| ~(©000
|

| |
Amperes : : 65 | 76 | 90 | 107) £27) || DEO | 210
| | |
500,000 circ. mills, 390 amp.; 1,000,000 c. m., 650 amp.; 2,000,000 c. m., 1,050 amp. For
insulated al. wire, capacity =84% of cu. Preece gives as formula for fusion of bare wires
[ =ad?, where d = diam. in inches, a for cu. is 10,244; al., 7585; pt., 5172; German silver,
5230; platinoid, 4750; Fe, 3148; Pb., 1379; alloy 2 pts. Pb., 1 of Sn., 1318.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 491 417
RESISTIVITIES AT HICH AND LOW TEMPERATURES#*

The electrical resistivity (p, ohms per cm. cube) of good conductors depends greatly on chemical purity. Slight con-
tamination even with metals of lower p may greatly increase p. Solid solutions of good conductors generally have higher
pthan components. Reverse is true of bad conductors. In solid state allotropic and crystalline forms greatly mod-
ify p. For liquid metals this last cause of variability disappears. The + temperature coefficients of pure metals is of
the same order as the coefficients of expansion of gases. For temperature resistance (t, p) plot at low temperatures the
graph is convex towards the axis of t and probably approaches tangency to it. However for extremely low temper-
atures Onnes finds very sudden and great drops in p. e.g. for Mercury, 3.6K <4x10-10 p, and for Sn., P3.9k <10-po.

The t, p graph for an alloy may be nearly parallel to the t axis, cf. constantan ; for poor conductors p may decrease with
increasing t. At the melting-points there are three types of behavior of good conductors: those about doubling p and
then possessing nearly linear t, p graphs (Al., Cu., Sn., Au., Ag., Pb.); those where p suddenly increases and then the
+ temp. coefficient is only approximately constant; (Hg., Na., K.); those about doubling p then having a -, slowly
changing to a + temp. coef. (Zn., Cd.); those where p suddenly decreases and thereafter steadily increases (Sb., Bi.).
The values from different authorities do not necessarily fit because of different samples of metals. The Shimank values
(t given to tenths of ©) are for material of theoretical purity and are determined by the a rule (see his paper, also Nernst,
Ann. d Phys. 36, p. 403, tg11 for temperature resistance thermometry). The Shimank and Pirrani values are originally
given as ratios to py. (Ann. d. Phys. 45, p. 706, ror4, 46, p. 176, 1915.) Resistivities are in micro-ohms per cm. cube

unless stated. Italicized figures indicate liquid state.

Silver.

Pt

0.014 0.009 ; -252.9
-016 5 -O14 —200.
-028 a -334 < -IgI.1
+163 7 +357 . —150.
-249 -638 : 100.
-567 -g16 q - 77.8
.9O4 1.040 : = 50.
1.240 1.212 2 o.
1.578 : 1.506 ; 100,
2.28 2.15 300.
2.96 j 2.80 415.
5.08 ; 3.46 427.
7-03 ‘ : 6.65 450-
9-42 2 : 8.4 ; 500.
10.20 : ; 16. 600.
21.30 ; 17.01 700.
22.30 : 19.30 r 800.
23.86 : : 21.72 : 850.
24.62 fi 23.0

Mercury. Potassium. Sodium.

Pe : Pt ys Pr

5-38 | : 1.720 246 ; 0.605 * : 0.011
10.30 : . 2.654 +379 . 1.455 - : 2.27
15-42 b 3-724 532 : 2.380 ; : -844
21.4 z 5 5.124 +732 3-365 5 5-92
QI-7 7.000 1,00 : : 4.40 ‘ 6.43
04.1 . 7-116 1-016 . 4.873 . 8.15
08.3 i 8.7G0 1.256 : 6.290 : 10.68
103.1 : I3.gO 1.014 9.220 : 16.61
114.0 ; 15.31 2.187 ' 9.724 : 24.50
127.0 ; 16,70 2.386 ; 10.34 : 43.29 4.052

Manganin. German Silver. Constantan. 90 % Pt. 10% Rh.

ce Prt

Au. below 0°, Niccolai, Lincei Rend. (5), 16, p- 757; 906, 1907; above, Northrup, Jour. Franklin Inst. 177, p. 85, 1914.
Cu. below, Niccolai, ]. c. above, Northrup, ditto, 177. p. 1, 1914. Ag. below, Niccolai, ].c. above Northrup, ditto, 178,
p. 85, 1914. Zn. below, Dewar, Fleming, Phil. Mag. 36. p. 271, 1893; above, Northrup, 175, P. 153, 1913. | Hg. below
Dewar, Fleming, Proc. Roy. Soc. 66, p. 76, 1900; above, Northrup, see Cd. K. below Guntz, Broniewski, C. R. 147,
P- 1474, 1908, 148, p. 204, 1909. Above, Northrup, Tr. Am. Electroch. Soc. p. 185, 1911. Na, below, means, above,
see K. Fe., Manganin, Constantan. Niccolai, l.c. German Silver, 90% Pt. go% Rh., Dewar and Fleming — Phil.

Mag. 36, p. 271, 1893. * See also page 413.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

418 TABLES 491 (continued) AND 492
TABLE 491 (continued).—Resistivities at High and Low Temperatures
(Ohms per cm cube unless stated otherwise.)

Platinum. Bismuth. Cadmium.

Pt

Carbon, Graphite.* Fused silica. Alundum cement.

p in ohms

oC in ohms, cm. cube. : = megohms cm.
, Pp & cm. cube.

Carbon Graphite ; >200,000,000. ; >9x 106

0.0035 0.00080 ' 20,000,000. : 30800.
.0027 .00083 b 200,000, 2 13600.
-0021 -00087 7 b 7 7600.
-OO15 -00090 3 3 6500.
-OOIT OOTOO . . . 2300.
.0009 .OOLT j about 20. : 190.

Pt. low, Nernst, l. c. high, Pirrani, Ber. Deutsch. Phys. Ges. 12, p. 305, Pb. low, Schimank, Nernst, 1. c. high.
Northrup, see Zn. Bi. low, means, high, Northrup, see Zn. Cd. low, Euchen, Gehlhoff, Verh. Deutsch. Phys. Ges. 14,
p. 169, 1912, high, Northrup, see Zn. Sn. low, Dewar, Fleming, high, Northrup, see Zn. Carbon, graphite, Metallurg.
Ch. Eng. 13, p. 23, 1915. Silica, Campbell, Nat. Phys. Lab. 11, p. 207, 1914. Alundum, Metallurg. Ch. Eng. 12, p.
125, 1914.

* Diamond 1030° C, p >107; 13809, 7.5 x 105, v. Wartenberg, 1912.

TABLE 492,—Volume and Surface Resistivity of Solid Dielectrics

The resistance between two conductors insulated by a solid dielectric depends both upon the surface resistance and
the volume resistance of the insulator. The volume resistivity, p, is the resistance between two opposite faces of a cen-
timeter cube. The surface resistivity, 7, is the resistance between two opposite edges of a centimeter square of the
surface. The surface resistivity usually varies through a wide range with the humidity. (Curtis, Bul. Bur. Standards,
If, 359, 1915, which see for discussion and data for many additional materials.)

a, megohms a; megohms ao; megohms

p
50% humidity. | 70% humidity. | go% humidity. Megohms-cms.

Material.

Aim be ramen o. Mewite
Beeswax, yellow .
Celluloid
Fiber, red
Glass, plate. .
‘So Kavalier a.
Hard rubber, new
IQWOGs Belo. lao
Khotinsky cement
Marble, Italian
Mica, colorless
Paraffin (parowax)
Porcelain, unglazed .
Quartz, fused
Rosin .
Sealing wax
Shellac
Slater eat Awe is
Sulphur eee
Wood, parafined mahogany .

109
10#
103
To!
109
1012
102
109
10?
1010
108
109
10)?
x 102
toll
To!

10°
108
108
102
10

108
To3
10

10?
10

103
109
Io

102
108
107
108
10

108
103

108
108
tot
foe
IO

103
108
10°
108
102
10?
109
10°
108
108
108
10°
10

10?
10°

108
108
104
1ot
rot
108
109
10°
108
103
10"
109
10°
10°
10°
109
107
10

109
10°

CHMNN WN

MntinwWw = Ne by NH
KK KKK KK XK OK OK OK KOK XK OK XK

WmP WW QW NNNS NW HH Bh QW DN ON
xx«K KKK KKK KKK KK KKK KK XK
NB BNON NUN DONUWW NHN N NU |
XxX KK KKK KK KK KK KKK KK KOK

6x
6 xX
OS
2X
5 x
4X
3X
5x
TX
3x
2X
9X
6 xX
3x
6X
2x
6x
9X
Few
4X

pH ee

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLES 493 AND 494 419

TABLE 493.—Variation of Electrical Resistance of Glass and Porcelain with Temperature

The following table gives the values of a, 6, and c in the equation
log R =a-+ &t-+ ct,
where & is the specific resistance expressed in ohms, that is, the resistance in ohms per centimeter of a rod one
square centimeter in cross section.*

Range of

Kind of glass. Density. temp.
Centigrade.

| Test-tube glass rane: ‘ 13.86 000065 | 0°250°
peace Sis ; : 5 5 ; | 14.24 : .OOOI | 37-131
| Bohemian glass 3 : : ; 3 | 16.21 .0000 394 60-174

Lime glass (Japanese manufacture) . ; 13.14 . —.000021 10-85

‘“ «“ “ «“« ; 14.002 | —. —.00006 | 35-95

Soda-lime glass (French flask) : 14.58 | —.049 .00007 5

Potash-soda lime glass. : ; 16.34 | —.0425 .0000364

Arsenic enamel flint glass ; : ‘ 18.17 | —.055 .000088

Flint glass (Thomson’s electrometer
jar) . : : : : ; : :8.02I | —.036 | —.c0o000g9I | 100-200

Porcelain (white evaporating dish) . 15.65 | —.042 .0000 5 68-290

a

CoMPOSITION OF SOME OF THE ABOVE SPFCIMENS OF GLASS.

Number of specimen =

Silicay | : : ; 61.3
Potash . ; 22.9
Sodan Lime, etc. | Lime, etc.
Lead oxide. : ; . | by diff. by diff.
Limes. : : : ; 15.8 16.7
Magnesia . 3 : : - -

Arsenic oxide

Alumina, iron oxide, etc.

* T. Gray, ‘* Phil. Mag.’’ 1880, and “‘ Proc. Roy. Soc.” 1882.

TABLE 494.—Temperature Resistance Coefficients of Glass, Porcelain and Quartz dr/dt

Temperature.

Glass
Porcelain.
Quartz.

Somerville, Physical Review, 31, p. 261, 1910.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

420 TABLE 495
TABULAR COMPARISON OF WIRE GAGES

; ; sea Birming-
; American| American : : Stubs’ | (British) :
Gage wire gage| wire gage Steel VIS Seer eee steel wire| standard ham. ate Gage
No. (B.&S.) | (B.& S.) eee ee gage |wire gage (Stubs’) No.
mils.t mm.t : 5 mils. mils. ioe i
7-0 | 490.0 12.4 500.
6-0 461.5 Tey 464.
5-0 430.5 10.9 432.
4-0 460. TY.7 393.8 10.0 400.
3-0 410. 10.4 362.5 9.2 Be
2-0 365. 9.3 331.0 8.4 348.
Oo 325. 8.3 306.5 7.8 324.
I 2809. wag 283.0 Wee 227. 300.
2 258 6.5 262.5 6.7 219. 276
3 229. 5.8 243.7 6.2 Oi. 252
4 204 5.2 225.3 5.7 207. 232
5 182. 4.6 207.0 5.3 204. 212
6 162. 4.1 192.0 4.9 201. 192
7 144. 3-7 177.0 4-5 199. 176
8 128 B33 162.0 4.1 197. 160
9 114. 2.91 148.3 ar 194. 144
10 102. 2.59 135.0 3-43 I9l. 128
II gl. 2.30 120.5 3-06 188. 116
12 81. 2.05 105.5 2.68 185. 104
13 HX 1.83 QI.5 2.32 182. 92
14 64. 1.63 80.0 2.03 180. 80
15 Bis 1.45 72.0 1.83 178. 72.
16 Sire 1.29 62.5 1.59 175. 64.
17 45- 1.15 54-0 1.37 172. 56.
18 40. 1.02 47.5 1.21 168, 48.
19 36. 0.91 41.0 1.04 164. 40.
20 32. OI 34.8 0.88 161. 36.
21 28.5 LB 31.7 81 Tie 32.
22 25.3 -62 28.6 Hie 155. 28.
23 22.6 °57 25.8 -66 15S 24.
24 20.1 -51 23.0 58 TiSiTe 22.
25 17.9 “45 20.4 ers 148. 20.
26 15-9 -40 18.1 -46 146. 18,
27 14.2 36 1763 +439 143. 16.4
28 12.6 Be 16.2 “411 139. 14.8
29 11.3 .29 15.0 +381 134. 13.6
30 10.0 25 14.0 +356 M27 12.4
31 8.9 227) 13.2 +335 120. 11.6
32 8.0 .202 12.8 +325 IIS. 10.8
33 met 180 11.8 +300 112, 10.0
34 6.3 -160 10.4 -264 110. 9.2
35 5.6 +143 9.5 -241 . 108. 8.4
36 5.0 127 9.0 .229 106. 7.6
37 4.5 113 8.5 .216 103. 6.8
38 4.0 IOI 8.0 +203 Iol. 6.0
39 365 090 7:5 +191 99. 5.2
40 3.1 080 7.0 .178 97. 4.8
6.6 .168 95. 4-4
6.2 057, 92. 4.0
6.0 -152 88. 3-6
5.8 +147 85. 3-2
55 -140 81. 2.8
5.2 .132 79. 2.4
5.0 .127 Pre 2.0
4.8 .122 Fl 1.6
4.6 SLL, Eds 1.2
4.4 -112 69. 1.0

* The Steel Wire Gage is the same gage which has been known by the various names: “ Washburn and Moen,” “ Roeb-
ling,” “American Steel and Wire Co.’s.” Its abbreviation should be written “Stl. W. G.,” to distinguish it from
“S.W. G.,” the usual abbreviation for the (British) Standard Wire Gage.

+ The American Wire Gage sizes have been rounded off to the usual limits of commercial accuracy. They are given
to four significant figures in Tables 499 to 502. They can be calculated with any desired accuracy, being based upon
a simple mathematical law. The diameter ot No. oooo is defined as 0.4600 inch and of No. 36 aso.oosoinch. The

, 39
ratio of any diameter to the diameter of the next greater number “Are = I, 1229322.

+005)
Taken from Circular No. 31. Copper Wire Tables, U.S. Bureau of Standards which contains more complete
tables.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 496 421

Introduction to Wire Tables; Mass and Volume Resistivity of Copper and Aluminum

The following wire tables are abridged from those prepared by the Bureau of Standards
at the request and with the codperation of the Standards Committee of the American
Institute of Electrical Engineers (Circular No. 31 of the Bureau of Standards). The
standard of copper resistance used is ‘“ The International Annealed Copper Standard” as
adopted Sept. 5, 1913, by the International Electrotechnical Commission and represents
the average commercial high-conductivity copper for the purpose of electric conductors.
This standard corresponds to a conductivity of 58 X 10° c.g.s. units, and a density of
8.89, at 20° C.

In the various units of mass resistivity and volume resistivity this may be stated as

0.15328 ohm (meter, gram) at 20° C.
875.20 ohms (mile, pound) at 20° C.
1.7241 microhm-cm at 20° C.
0.67879 microhm-inch at 20° C.
10.371 ohms (mil, foot) at 20° C.

The temperature coefficient for this particular resistivity is a2—= 0.00393, Or ao = 0.00427,
The temperature coefficient of copper is proportional to the conductivity, so that where the
conductivity is known the temperature coefficient may be calculated, and vice-versa. Thus
the next table shows the temperature coefficients of copper having various percentages of
the standard conductivity. A consequence of this relation is that the change of resistivity
per degree is constant, independent of the sample of copper and independent of the tem-
perature of reference. This resistivity-temperature constant, for volume resistivity and
Centigrade degrees, is 0.00681 microhm cm, and for mass resistivity is 0.000597 ohm (meter,
gram).

The density of 8.89 grams per cubic centimeter at 20° C, is equivalent to 0.32117 pounds
per cubic inch.

The values in the following tables are for annealed copper of standard resistivity. The
user of the tables must apply the proper correction for copper of other resistivity. Hard-
drawn copper may be taken as about 2.7 per cent higher resistivity than annealed copper.

The following is a fair average of the chemical content of commercial high conductivity
copper:

Copperas.) eee. 99.91% Sulphur esses cee 0.002%
Silvery cere cess oe 03 Tri aercde serene eres .002
Oxygen en cece 052 Nickel ea sansa Trace
AGSEMC ME icc. ke oes .002 Lead So dsdkot, soe: $
ATLIMONYs eee eee .002 Zine soa ere eee oe

The following values are consistent with the data above:
Conductivity at 0° C, in c.g.s. electromagnetic units.......... 62.969 X 107°
Resistivity at Ome Comin michonin=CimiSynaciec ceieteleiee cecil 1.5881
Densityaat Op Gur’. = cnet BE Mio So tlhe Randa ene eee 8.90
Coefficient of linear expansion per degree C................ 0.000017

“Constant mass” temperature coefficient of resistance at 0° C. 0.00427

The aluminum tables are based on a figure for the conductivity published by the U. S.
Bureau of Standards, which is the result of many thousands of determinations by the
Aluminum Company of America. A volume resistivity of 2.828 microhm-cm and a density
of 2.70 may be considered to be good average values for commercial hard-drawn aluminum.
These values give:

Conductivity at o° C in c.g.s. electromagnetic units............ 38.36 X 10°
Mass resistivity, in ohms (meter, gram) at 20° C............. 0.0764 “

of z; eS Gaavles Farereretal)) Ehe ZO" (So cconescoooee 436.
Mass per cent conductivity relative to copper................ 200.7 Yo
Volume resistivity, in microhm-cm at 20° C................. 2.828

a ool, S(SAOavoaerbalooy che AO (Co seaocaccccacee 1.113

Volume per cent conductivity relative to copper............. 61.0%
Density, in grams per cubic centimeter........-1.s+....-<+- 2.70
Density, in pounds per cubic inch.......... Merce reine « 0.0975

The average chemical content of commercial aluminum wire is

NU LITTLUMNITT y woven eRe slor «66 sre Be Spo RTO e io. eios ese eure os 99.577
Sil iC Ones rons Piso in ks ea weirs 0.29
ASOT aeate de opto ner MI ee Pan Toke aie soso ee ce okunin o> 0.14

SMITHSONIAN TABLES .

422 TABLES 497 AND 498

COPPER WIRE

TABLE 497,—Temperature Coefficients of Copper for Different Initial Temperatures (Centigrade)
and Different Conductivities

Ohms
(meter, gram)
at 20°C.

Per cent
conductivity. ars a30

0.161 34 05% 0.004 03 0.003 80 0.C03 73 0.003 60
.159 66 96% .004 08 -003 85 .003 77 -003 64

-158 02 07% -004 13 .003 89 .003 81 .003 67

-157 53 97-37% .004 14 -003 90 .003 82 .003 68

-156 40 98% .004 17 -003 93 .003 85 .0C3 71
154 82 99% .004 22 003 97 .003 89 .003 74

.153 28 100% .004 27 .004 OI .003 93 .003 78
-151 76 101% -004 31 -004 05 .00 397 .003 82

Nore. — The fundamental relation between resistance and temperature is the following:
Rr=Re(t ta, [t—t,]),

where a¢, is the “‘temperature coefficient,” and t, is the “initial temperature’’ or “temperature of reference.”

The values of a in the above table exhibit the fact that the temperature coefficient of copper is proportional to the
conductivity. The table was calculated by means of the following formula, which holds for any per cent conductivity, m,
within commerctal ranges, and for centigrade temperatures. ( is considered to be expressed decimally: e.g., ii per cent
conductivity = 99 per cent, m = 0.99.)

7 I
t; = 3
1 I

n(0.00393) “1 7°)

TABLE 498.—Reduction of Observations to Standard Temperature (Copper)

i Corrections to reduce Resistivity to 20° C. Factors to reduce Resistance to 20° C.

Temper- F 2
: os 2 . __ | For 96 per | For 98 per | For roo per
ature C. |Ohm (meter,| Microhm Ohm (mile, | Microhm Raieane Gant Gore eentieode

Sra OO pound). inch. ductivity. | ductivity. | ductivity.

Temper-
ature C.

68.20 +0.053 58 1.0816 1.0834 .c853
51.15 .040 18 1.0600 1.06013 .0626
34.10 .026 79 1.0392 1.0401 .0409

+0.011 94 +0.1361
.008 96 + .1621
.005 97 0681

.024 II 1.0352 1.0359 .0367
.02T 43 1.0311 1.0318 .0325
.018 75 1.0271 1.0277 .0283

30.69
27.28
23.87

-o612

-0544
.0476

-005 37
.004 78
.004 18

.016 C7 .0232 1.0237 1.0242
.O13 40 .O192 1.0196 1.0200
.010 72 .O153 1.0156 1.0160

20.46
17.05
13.64

.0408
.0340
.0272

.003 58
.002 99
.002 39

.008 04 .O1I4 I.C1I7 1.0119
.005 36 .0076 1.0078 1.0070
.002 68 .0038 1.0039 1.0039

10.23
6.82
3-41

.OOI 79
-OO1 19
.000 60

.0204
.0136
.0068

+++ 444+ 44+ ++
+++ +++ 44+ +

44+ $44 44+ +++
+++ 44+ +++ 4+

° ° ° 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
.000 60 .0068 Be .002 68 0.9962 c.9gQ62 0.9961
.OOI 19 .0136 5. .005 36 -99025 -9924 -9Q22

.OOT 79 .0204 2 .008 04 .9888 .9886 -9883
.002 39 .0272 ae .O10 72 .9851 -9848 -9845
.002 99 -0340 : .O13 40 -9815 -Q8I1 .9807

.003 58 .0408 é -016 07 -0779 -9774 -9770
.004 18 .0476 z .018 75 -9743 -9737 -9732
.004 78 .0544 £ -O21 43 -9707 -Q701 .96905

.005 37 |. .0612 7 .024 II -9672 .9665 .9058
.005 07 .0681 iS .026 79 -9636 .9629 .9622
.008 96 -102I % .c40 18 -9464 -0454 -90443

-OII 94 -1361 : -053 58 .9298 -9285 .9271
.O14 93 .1701 i .066 98 -9138 -9122 -QIOS
-O17 92 -2042 a .080 37 .8983 .8964 -8045

.020 90 -2382 35 .093 76 8833 .881r2 .8701
.023 89 .2722 36.4 .107 16 .8689 .8665 8642
.026 87 .3062 ‘ -120 56 -8549 8523 .8407

.029 86 -3403 4 -133 95 8413 -8385 .8358
.032 85 3743 : -147 34 .8281

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

ENGLISH TABLE 499 423

WIRE TABLE, STANDARD ANNEALED COPPER
American Wire Gage (B.&S.). English Units

, Cross-Section at 20° C. Ohms per rooo Feet.*
Diameter
in Mils.

at 20° C. | Circular Mils. | Square Inches. ae (ies

211 600. 0.1662 0.049 OI 0.054 79
167 800. .1318 .061 80

133 100. 1045 077 93

105 S00. .082 89 : .098 27
83 690. .065 73 : .1239
66 370. 052 13 ‘ 1563

52 640. : : .1970
41 740. .032 . 2485
33 100. : : SBS

26 250. .020 62 : .3951
°20 820. : : .4982
16 510. : : .6282

13 0go. : : 7921
10 380. 008 155 : 9989
8234. .006 467 1.260

6530. | .005 129 1.588
5178. .004 067 2.003
4107. .003 225 2.525

3257- .002 558 3-184
2583. .002 028 4.016
2048. .0O1 609 5.064

1624. .OOI 276 ; 6.385
1288. .OOI O12 8.051
1022. .000 $02 3 10.15

810.1 .000 636 3 12.80
642.4 .000 504 6 16.14
509-5 .000 400 2 20.36

404.0 .000 317 3 25.67
320.4 .000 251 7 22537
254.1 .000 199 6 40.81

201.5 .000 158 3 51.47
159.8 000 125 5 3 64.90
126.7 000 099 53 81.83

100.5 .000 078 94 103.2
79.70 | .000 062 60 130.1
63.21 .000 049 64 164.1

50.13 | .000 039 37 206.9
39.75 | -000 031 22 260.9
31.52 | .000024 76 329.0

25.00 | .000019 64 414.8

19.83 | .000 015 57 523-1
15.72 | .000 O12 35 659.6

12.47 | .000 009 793 831.8
9.888 | .000 007 766 1049.

* Resistance at the stated temperatures of a wire whose length is rooo feet at 20° C.

SmitHSONIAN TABLES.

424 TABLE 499 (continued) ENGLISH

WIRE TABLE, STANDARD ANNEALED COPPER
American Wire Gage (B. & S.). English Units

Feet per Ohm.*

Diameter Pounds é
in Mils. per p o° G 20°C 50° C Aso Cae
1000 Feet. i = ; (=68° F.) (=122°F.) | (—167° F.)

640.5 3 2 : 20 400. : 16 780,
507.9 .968 | 17 : 16 180, ; 13, 300.
402.8 2.482 ; 12 830. ; IO 550.

319.5 : 40. 10 180. ; $367.
253-3 é : 8070. 219. 6636.
200.9 : : 6400. : 5262.

NRO

159-3 : 5075. : 4173.
120.4 : é 4025. : 3309.
100.2 : s 3192. ‘ 2625.

79.46 ; j 2Eaie j 2081.
63.02 d ' 2007. : -S1OGn.
_ 49.98 20. ; 1592. : 1309.

ONO Uf

39.63 ; : 1262. ; 1038.
31.43 31.82 t 1001. $23.2
24.92 : : 794.0

19.77 “5 : 620.6
15.68 : ; 499-3
12.43 : 29. 396.0

9.858 td: oa i 314.0
- 7.818 : ; 249.0
6.200 : 214. 197-5

156.6
124.2

98.50

78.11

61.95
49-3

4.917
3-899
3.092

ONN
NWO
W DY

2.452
1.945
1.542

RN hd

SE ico was

Te22 38.96
0.9699 ; : 30.90
-7692 ie 26. 24.50

tb Ny ht

.6100 ; 3 19.43

.4837 : : 15.41
3836 , : 12.22

+3042 287. : 9.691
2413 : é 7.085
1913 : : 6.095

any : ; 4.833
.1203 ; : 3.833
095 42 | ; .2 3-040

<O7 SOO a 13 : : Se ezedirl
.060 OF | : 2: 1.912
047 59 : : 1.516

.037 74 1.202
029 93 ! 0.9534

* Length at 20° C of a wire whose resistance is 1 ohm at the stated temperatures.

SMITHSONIAN TABLEs.

ENGLISH TABLE 499 (concluded) 425
WIRE TABLE, STANDARD ANNEALED COPPER
American Wire Gage (B. & §.). English Units

Ohms per Pound. Pounds per Ohm.

Diameter

in Mils.
at 0° C 20° C 50° C

20° ©: (332238) (6890) (2227K)5) (= 68° F.)

0.000 070 5I 0.000 076 52 0.000 085 54| 13070.
.000 1121 .000 1217 .000 1360 5219.
.000 1783 000 1935 .000 2163 5169.

.000 2835 .000 307 .000 3439 Beg.
.000 4507 .000 4891 .000 5468 2044.
.000 7166 .000 7778 .000 8695 1286,

.OOI 140 : : 0OT 383 808.6
.0O1 812 5 .002 198 508.5
.002 881 : 003 495 319.5

.004 581 : 005 558 201.1
.007 284 : 008 838 126.5
.OIT 58 : O14 05 79.55

018 42 s 022 34 50.03
.029 28 : 035 53 31.47
.046 56 : 3 .056 49 19.79

074 O04 : .089 83 12.45
-1177 : 1428 7.927
.1872 -2032 2271 4.922

.2976 BQ2 3011 3.096
“4733 . 5742 1.947
7525 : 9130 1.224

1.197 1.452 0.7700
1.903 A 2.308 4843
3.02 5 E 3.670 3046

4.810 : 5-836 -IQIS
7.649 : 9.280 1205
12.16 : 14.76 .075 76

NNN

23.46 .047 65
37-31 -029 97
018 85

NNN

Ol 85

.007 454
.004 688

mb hy

.002 948
.OOI 854
.OOT 166

000 7 333
.000 4612

.000 2901

.000 1824
.000 I147
.000 072 15

.000 045 38
.000 028 54

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

426

|

| Gage
| No.
|

| 0000
| 000
| oo
|

NN K

Qn +> WNnR

NowN

hw bh
Oo oN

WIRE TABLE, STANDARD ANNEALED COPPER

Diameter
in mm
atezOcee.

11.68
10.40
9.266

8.252
7-348
6.544
5.827

American Wire Gage (B. & §.).

Cross Section
in mm
ate 20 .C,

| 107.2
85.03
67-43

53-48
42.41
33-63

26.67
2 Tens
16.77

13-30

Metric Units

Ohms per Kilometer. *

20°1G3

0.1608
-2028
-2557

222
“j--

.4066
5127

SOcICs

0.1798
.2267
2858

. 3604
“4545
-573!

aT
.Q113
1.149

1.449
1.827

*Resistance at the stated temperatures of a wire whose length is 1 kilometer at 20° C.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

METRIC

TABLE 500 (continued)

WIRE TABLE, STANDARD ANNEALED COPPER

Diameter Kilograms
1 er

.P
Kilometer.

in mm
at 209 C.

American Wire Gage (B. & §.).

Metric Units

Meters
per
Gram.

Meters per Ohm.*

20° C.

50° C.

11.68 953-2 0.001 049 | : 6219.
10.40 1.55:9 001 323 . 4932-
9.266 599-5 .0O1 668 : 3911.

8.252 475-4 .002 103 5 3102.
7.348 377.0 002 652 : | 2460.
6.544 299.0 | .003 345 : 1951.

5-827 237 al .004 217 : 1547.
188.0 .005 318 : 1227.
| 149.1 .006 706

118.2 ecOOORAIS 7
93-78 | .010 66
74-37 O13 45
58.98 .016 96

46.77 O28
37-09 | .026 96

.034 00
.042 87
.054 06

.068 16

085 95
.1084

.1367
1723 ; 37-86
30.02

23.81
18.88
14.97

bd wh

11 87

9-417
7.408

Onez WNH

wn

bv
\O ON

win

WwW
= Oo
oo @}
=v
COW \O
nbn
mont mms nN

nb: ANI
mt —

Sn WNN
Nb Oo

£

| 8.879
[OSONZie ue LL. 2O
070 83 | 14.12

|
056 17 | 17.80

044 54 | 22.45

* Length at 20° C of a wire whose resistance is 1 ohm at the stated temperatures.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

16

TABLE 500 (concluded)
WIRE TABLE, STANDARD ANNEALED COPPER
American Wire Gage (B. & §.).

428 METRIC

Metric Units

Diameter
in mm

Ohms per Kilogram.

Grams per Ohm.

at 209 C.

20° CG,

SOG:

11.68
10.40
9.266

8.252
7-348
6.544

5.827
5.189
4.621

4.115
3-665

3.264

RN

QW Ne

tN be
aun

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

0.000 155 4
000 247 2
.000 393 0

.000 624 9
.000 993 6
.OOI 580

.002 512

005995
.006 352

.010 10
.016 06

1025 53

.040 60
.064 56
.1026

.1632
22505
-4127

6562
1.043
1.656
2.638

4.194
6.670

10.60
16.86
2681

0.000 168 7
.000 268 2
000 426 5

000 678 2
.OO1 078
.OOT 715

.002 726

204 355
.006 893

.O10 96
O17 43
027 7

.044 06
-070 07
1114

0.000 188 6

.000 299 9
-000 476 8

000 758 2
.OOI 206
OO! QI7

003 048
.004 846
.007 706

O12 2

O19 48
.030 98

049 26
078 33
1245

1980

“3149
.5007

7961
1.266
2.013

3.201

5.089
8.092

12.87
20.46
32°53

73
baer

130.8

207.9
330-6
525:/

836.0

1329.
2114.

3361.
5344.
8497.

13510.
21480.

z
34160.

54310.
86360.

ENGLISH TaBLe 501 429
WIRE TABLE, ALUMINUM
Hard-Drawn Aluminum Wire at 20° C (68° F.)
American Wire Gage (B. & S.). English Units

Cross Section.

Gage | Diameter

; : e per per
No. in Mils. Creclar Sauer TCoaiB eer lirccoidieet: per Ohm. per Ohm.

Ohms Pounds Ponds Feet

0.166 0.0804 195. 12 400.
.132 Lor | 4. 9860.
.105 : y 7820.

.0829 3 7 , 6200.
0657 . : 4920.
0521 7 z ; 3900.

.0413 : : : 3090.
.0328 4 : : 2450.
.0260 : : : 1950.

.0206 : . ; 1540.
.O164 : | : : 1220.
.O130 : : ; 970.

to
°

0103
008 15
.006 47

770-
610.

5

454.

SIO +

Mun.
Nun

005 13
.004 07
.003 23

QED
wa

.002 56
.002 03
.0O1 OI

mp
Cw \O
CON \O

.0o1 28 10.5 : 143
.OOF OI
.000 802 ; | 0.93 0504

.000 636
.000 505
.000 400

0355
0222

0223
.O140

NNN
by tv
Nui OO
DWN
SEO
mo

.008 82
005 55
-003 49

to
°
al
-

.000 317
000 252
.000 200

Qn & Ww hv
STO
or

No tN

.000 158
.000 126
.000 099 §

.002 19
OO! 38
.000 868

— = CO
wo
PAR

SN
\o

.000 546
.000 343
.000 216

.000 078 9
.000 062 6
.000 049 6

to be
a=
SOIC

.000 039 4 : .000 136

.000 O31 2 : 000 O55 4
.000 024 8 : .000 053 7
|

Ow

.000 019 6 : 000 0338
.000 O15 6 Gees .000 O21 2
.000 O12 3 \ aes .000 O13 4

Ono

|
.000 009 79 : .000 008 40
.000 007 77 i .000 005 28

mn

Qe £EN WON

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 502 METRIC

430
WIRE TABLE, ALUMINUM
Hard-Drawn Aluminum Wire at 20° C (68° F.)
American Wire Gage (B. & S.). Metric Units
Gage Diameter | Cross Section Ohms per Kilograms per Grams per Meters per
No. in mm, in mm.? Kilometer. Kilometer. Ohm. Ohm.
0000 TE 107. 0.264 289. I 100 000. 3790.
000 10.4 $5.0 e888 230. 690 000. 3010.
00 9.3 67.4 .419 182. | 434 000. 2380.
° 8.3 53-5 -529 144. | 278 Oorer 1890.
I 7.3 42.4 -667 114. 172 000. 1500.
2 6.5 33-6 841 90.8 108 000, I1Qo.
3 5.8 26.7 1.06 72.0 67 goo. 943.
4 5-2 Zee 1.34 57-1 42 700. 749.
5 4.6 16.8 1.69 45.3 26 goo. 593. |
6 4.1 133 2513 35-9 16 900. 470.
7 Bu 10.5 2.68 28.5 10 600. 373-
8 B33 8.37 3.38 22.6 5680. 296.
9 2.91 6.63 4.26 17.9 4200. 235-
10 2.59 5.26 5-38 2 2040. 186.
II 2.30 4.17 6.78 Tite 1660. 148.
12 2.05 B31 8.55 8.93 1050. tye
ng 1.83 2.62 10.8 7.08 657. 2.8
14 1.63 2.08 13-6 5-62 413. 73.6
15 1.45 1.65 We 4.46 260. 58.4
16 1.29 1.31 21.6 3553 164. 46.3
17 1.15 1.04 27.53) 2.80 103. 36.7
18 1.02 0.823 34.4 2.22 64.7 29.1
19 0.91 653 43-3 1.76 40.7 23.1
20 SI 515 54-6 1.40 25.6 18.3
21 72 411 68.9 1.11 16.1 14.5
22 64 326 86.9 0.879 10.1 lito
23 oy) 258 IIo. .697 6.36 9.13
24 51 .205 138. 553 4.00 7.24
25 45 .162 174. -438 2.52 5:74
26 .40 .129 220. .348 1.58 ASS}
27 .36 .102 277% 276 0.995 3-61 |
28 32 0810 349. .219 .626 2.86
29 .29 .0642 440. 7B -394 2.27
30 25 FOSOO ||) 555: .136 .248 1.80
3) 222 .0404 | 700. 109 .156 1.43
32 .202 .0320 883. 0865 0979 Teale
33 .180 0254 IT 10. .0086 .0616 0.899
34 .160 .0201 1400. 0544 .0387 712
35 143 .0160 1770. 0431 .0244 565
36 S25) .O127 2230. 0342 0153 .448
37 or3 .0100 2820. {| ,027.1 .009 63 +355
38 .TO] 0080 | 3550 0215 .006 06 +262
|
39 .09O .0063 4480. O17 .003 81 223
40 .080 0050 5640. 0135 .002 40 ay

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 503
ELECTROCHEMICAL EQUIVALENTS

Every gram-ion involved in an electrolytic change requires the same number of coulombs
or ampere-hours of electricity per unit change of valency. This constant is 96.494 coulombs
or 26.804 ampere-hours per gram-hour (a faraday) corresponding to an electrochemical
equivalent for silver of 0.00111803 gram sec. amp.*!. It is to be noted that the change of
valence of the element from its state before to that after the electrolytic action should be
considered. The valence of a free, uncombined element is to be considered as 0. The same
current will clectrolyze ° ‘chemically equivalent” quantities per unit time. The valence is

431

then included in the ‘‘chemically equivalent”’ quantity.

Change of
valency

3
I
3
5
a
if
2
I
3
I
I
2
4
I
2

Mg
per
coulomb

0.09317

-36746
.12249
-07349
-05249
.6588
-3294
2.044
6813
.0104442
2.1475

1.07375
.53688

2.0790
1.0395

Coulombs
per
mg

10.731
2.7213
8.1649

13.606

19.049
1.5179
3.0358

-4893
1.468
95-747
.46565
-93130
1.8626
-48100
-96200

Grams
per amp.
hour

0.3354
1.3229
-4410
.2646
.18891
222717,
1.1858
7-357
2.452
-0375991
7-7310
3.8655
1.9328
7-4844
3-7422

Change of
valency

Mg
per
coulomb

Coulombs

Grams
per amp.
hour

NPN RR HOP NS NWN HY

0.6082
-3041
.20273
.082909
-041454

1.01165
.50582
-33722
.4052

1.11803
.23833
.61505
-30752
-33875

1.6442
3.2884
4-9326
12.0611
24.1222
.98848
1.97696
2.9654
2.467
-894430
4.1958
1.6259
3.2518
2.9520

2.1895
1.0948
-7298
.298500
.149250
3-6419
1.8210
1.2140
1.4587
4.02491
-85799
2.2142
1.1071
1.21950

The electrochemical equivalent for silver is 0.00111803 g sec.-! amp.-
For other elements the electrochemical equivalent =
1/96494 g/sec./amp. or g/coulomb.

Note.—The change of valency for O2 is usually 2, etc.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

(atomic ie divided by change of valency) times

432 TABLES 504 AnD 505
TABLE 504.—Conductivity of Electrolytic Solutions

This subject has occupied the attention of a considerable number of eminent workers in
molecular physics, and a few results are here tabulated. It has seemed better to confine the
examples to the work of one experimenter, and the tables are quoted from a paper by F. Kohl-
rausch,* who has been one of the most reliable and successful workers in this field.

The study of electrolytic conductivity, especially in the case of very dilute solutions, has fur-
nished material for generalizations, which may to some extent help in the formation of a sound
theory of the mechanism of such conduction. If the solutions are made such that per unit
volume of the solvent medium there are contained amounts of the salt proportional to its electro-
chemical equivalent, some simple relations become apparent. The solutions used by Kohlrausch
were therefore made by taking numbers of grams of the pure salts proportional to their elec-
trochemical equivalent, and using a liter of water as the standard of quantity of the solvent. Tak-
ing the electrochemical equivalent number as the chemical equivalent or atomic weight divided
by the valence, and using this number of grams to the liter of water, we get what is called
the normal or gram molecule per liter solution. In the table, # is used to represent the
number of gram molecules to the liter of water in the solution for which the conductivities
are tabulated. The conductivities were obtained by measuring the resistance of a cell filled with
the solution by means of a Wheatstone bridge alternating current and telephone arrangement.
The results are for 18° C, and relative to mercury at 0° C, the cell having been standardized by
filling with mercury and measuring the resistance. They are supposed to be accurate to within
one per cent of the true value.

The tabular numbers were obtained from the measurements in the following manner : —

Let A,,— conductivity of the solution at 18° C relative to mercury at 0° C.

«¥, = conductivity of the solvent water at 15° C relative to mercury at 0° C,

Then &A,, —A%, =4,, = conductivity of the electrolyte in the solution measured.

“1s — 4 — conductivity of the electrolyte in the solution per molecule, or the “specific
mM

molecular conductivity.”
Value of 7, for a few Electrolytes

This short table illustrates the apparent law that the conductivity in very dilute solutions is proportional to the
. amount of salt dissolved.

KC,H,0,

am
1
nN
~
Se
=

0.00001 0.939

boon

0.00002 1.856
0.00006 5-610
0.0001 9.34

NN RS

bum

WO nhWwnN
_

_~

TABLE 505.—Electro-Chemical Equivalents and Normal Solutions

The following table of the electro-chemical equivalent numbers and the densities of approximately normal solutions
of the salts quoted in Table 506 may be convenient. ‘They represent grams per cubic centimeter of the solution
at the temperature given.

Salt dissolved. Grams nS Density. | Salt dissolved. ee

4 Density.
per liter. y

KG en ea 74259
INSET Cle yea 53°55
NaCI aan o350
TiC lies epee 45
4BaCl, . .| 104.0
4ZnClp . .| 68.0
Keg 6. 6 || LORE
KEN Osh 28 oe | ROM,
NaNOg . .| 85.08
AgNO 3 . . | 169.9
4Ba(NOs)2 : 65.28
KClOs ey a Ol29

0457 | #K2SO4 .| 87.16 | 1. 9 | 1.0658
0152 | 4NagSOg . | 71.09 : 1.0602
0391 | $LigsO4 «| 55-09 1.0445
0227 | 4MgSO, .| 60.17 1.0573
.0888 | 4ZnSO, . | 80.58 | I. 1.0794
0592 | 4#CuSO4g . | 79.9 1.0776
1183 | }KgCOg . | 69.17 1.0576
.o601 | 3NagCOg . | 53-04 | I. 1.0517
542 | Oia sey. | 56:27 1.0477
- ENC] | 30255 1.0161

_
to

- JSUNKO oh oul) Rate) 1.0318
: .0367 | 4H2SO4 . | 49.06 1.0300
KC,H302 .| 98.18 : .0467

ORO RIB aarp abril ere
mMmnAooooododoan

* “Wied. Ann.” vol. 26, pp. 161-226, 1885.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

SPECIFIC MOLECULAR CONDUCTIVITY OF SOLUTIONS
MERCURY = 108

TABLE 506

433

Salt dissolved.

TGSOg).

Salt dissolved.

LK2SO, .
Keel
rai
NH,Cl
KNO3

1BaCle
KClOg_ .
4 BaN2O¢g
4CuS O4 .
AgNOg .

17nSO, .
IMgSOg .
ENagSO,
2ZnCle
NaCl

NaNOs3 .
KC2gH 302
4NagCOz
LH SO, .
C2H4O

HCl
HNO,
LHsPO, .
KOH oy
NHs

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

* Acids and alkaline salts show peculiar irregularities.

434 TABLES 5O7 AND 508

SPECIFIC MOLECULAR CONDUCTIVITY OF SOLUTIONS
TABLE 507.—Limiting Values of u

This table shows limiting values of 4» = z .108 for infinite dilution for neutral salts, calculated from Table 305.
i

Salt. Salt. Salt. Salt.

4KeSO4 . 4+BaCle . 1150 4MgsO4 . 4H2SO4
IMGiigt a 4KClO3. . 1150 4NagSOg . HCl
Re iy cece 4BaN20¢,¢ .| 1120 4ZnClo. . HNOs.

NECle nel) a2 AcCusO, || “arco NaCl os 1H5POq

KNO;s. . 2 AgNO3 .| togo NaNO3 . 980 KOH

4ZnSO4 .| 1080 KsCoH30o 940 tNaeCOz .

If the quantities in Table 507 be represented by curves, it appears that the values of the
specific molecular conductivities tend toward a limiting value as the solution is made
more and more dilute. Although these values are of the same order of magnitude, they
are not equal, but depend on the nature of both the ions forming the electrolyte.

When the numbers in Table 508 are multiplied by Hittorf’s constant, or 0.00011, quan-
tities ranging between 0.14 and o.1o are obtained which represent the velocities in milli-
metres per second of the ions when the electromotive force gradient is one volt per
millimetre.

Specific molecular conductivities in general become less as the concentration is in-
creased, which may be due to mutual interference. The decrease is not the same for
different salts, but becomes much more rapid in salts of high valence.

Salts having acid or alkaline reactions show marked differences. They have small
specific molecular conductivity in very dilute solutions, but as the concentration is in-
creased the conductivity rises, reaches a maximum and again falls off. Kohlrausch does
not believe that this can be explained by impurities. H3PO,4 in dilute solution seems to
approach a monobasic acid, while HzSOq4 shows two maxima, and like H3PO4 approaches
in very weak solution to a monobasic acid.

Kohlrausch concludes that the law of independent migration of the ions in media like
water is sustained.

ee pp ES,

TABLE 508.—Temperature Coefficients

The temperature coefficient in general diminishes with dilution, and for very dilute solutions appears to approach a
common value. The following table gives the temperature coefficient for solutions containing o.o1 gram mole-
cule of the salt.

Temp.
Coeff. Salt.

IK 6 : 1 Bees bee te 4K oS : : 4KoCO3
INGEIG @ lias x TINO goer ae : 2SC ; 4NaeCOz .

| NaCl oly te le NaNOgs .
KOH

1 Clearer : AgNOs. . : 5 3] © Cle
HNO; .
4+BaCle of a 4Ba(NO3)2 b S . 4H2SO4

| 7nCly aoe | cot CIOs.

+H2SO4 l
4MgCk .| o. I CASELOR A150) for m= .oo1 §

SmitHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 509 435

THE EQUIVALENT CONDUCTIVITY OF SALTS, ACIDS AND BASES IN
AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

In the following table the equivalent conductance is expressed in reciprocal ohms. The con-
centration is expressed in milli-equivalents of solute per liter of solution at the temperature to which
the conductance refers. (In the cases of potassium hydrogen sulphate and phosphoric acid the
concentration is expressed in milli-formula-weights of solute, KHSO4 or HgPOx, per liter of solu-
tion, and the values are correspondingly the modal, or “formal,” conductances.) Except in the
cases of the strong acids the conductance of the water was subtracted, and for sodium acetate,
ammonium acetate and ammonium chloride the values have been corrected for the hydrolysis of
the salts. The atomic weights used were those of the International Commission for 1905, referred
to oxygen as 16.00. Temperatures are on the hydrogen gas scale.

Concentration in sramieduivaleniy
1000 liter

reciprocal ohms per centimeter cube
grant equivalents per cubic centimeter

Equivalent conductance in

Equivalent conductance at the following ° C temperatures.

Substance.

18° | 25° 100° | 128° | 156° | 218° | 281°
| |
Potassium chloride . 130.1 |(152.1) ; -5)| 414 |(519)| 625 | 825 vee
‘ “ a 126.3 | 146.4 | | Se ese00 779), 930 |
122.4 | 141.5 | : : | | 560 | 741 | 874
MES:5¢[ sll 2| — | 498 | 638 | 723
| 112.0 | 129.0 | : 490 |
Sodium chloride. . | 109.0) - | 555 | 760
a re AS weal 105.6 | | WS saul 722 8qc: |
le 102.0 | 511 | 685 |
93 5 | | aOR SCOR
ae 92.0 | | 442 |
Silver nitrate . . . | 115.8) | 570 | 780 | 965
as ec St 112.2 | S3On| 27 | 877
; on eae 108.0 | | SO7mlmO78
105.1 | | 488 | 639 |
462 | 599 |
96.5, | 432 | 552 |
94-6
78.1 | | 450 | 660 |
| 421 | 578
| 396 | 542
349 | 452
690 | 1080
| 377 | 260
| 241 | 143 |
| 195 | 110
PLCSn oo
139 75
| 126
cl AB TE | | | | I0Q |
Ammonium chloride | 131.1 | 152.0 | | (628) | (841) |
oe essa 126.5 | 146.5 | 6o1 | 8or |
ep as 122.5 | 141.7 573 | 758

tration.

BO HR RU

&inta ONO 4 QNN
OnRON DHL HW HE

wMOWN

ce 118.1 - |

(99.8)
91.7 |
88.2 |

Ammonium acetate. |
“

“

“cc “cc

|
|
|

From the investigations of Noyes, Melcher, Cooper, Eastman and Kato; Journal of the American Chemical Society,
30, P+ 335, 1908.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

430

THE EQUIVALENT CONDUCTIVITY OF SALTS, ACIDS AND BASES IN

Substance.

Potassium hydrogen )
sulphate

Phosphoric acid
‘ ay

Acetic acid .

“cc 6c

Ammonium hydrox-
idey.. mars

SMITHSONIAN TABLES,

TABLE 509 (continued)

AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

Equivalent conductance at the following ° C temperatures.

116.9
109.7
101.0
88.7
81.6 |
79.1
132.8
124.5
115-7
104.2
97.2 |
95-0
379-9
373-6 |
368.1 | |
353:0 |
350.6; -
377-0 | 421.0 |
371.2 | 413-7 | 559
305.0 | 406.0, 548 |
353-7 | 393-3, 528
340.4 | 385.0| 516
383-0 | (429) | (591)
| 390.8 | 501
| 337-0, 406 |
27/301 323
251-2 | 300 |
506.0 | 661.0 |
318.3 | 374-4
283.1 | 329.1
| 376 | 510
311.9 | 401
222.0))|) 27-30
| 132.6 | 157.8 |
[ane2 27

57°

OR ee OOF

tod bv

389
liane ans eo
235 | 342

215.1 | 308
| 204.2 | 201
8) | (271)

256

—~r edn HN LY

(404) |

| 706 | 826

| (520
| 449
| 373 | 443 |

75° 128° | 156°
385 600
352 | 536
322 451 |
280 412 |
258 | 372
249 |
455 | 719
402 | | 605
365 537 |
| 320 | 455
204 415)
286
850

: 1085
$26 | 1048 |
807 | 1016 |
762 946 |
754 | 929 |
20 | 1047
$06 | TO12 |
786 | 978
649 | 750) 8 917
632 | 728 | 880
(746) 891 | 1176 |
561 | 571 530 |
435 | 446 481
356 | 384 | 448
336 | 369 435 |
754 | 784 754
403 | 422 477
354 | 375) 435
631 | 73¢ | 93°
464 | 498 489
300 308 2 274
16S Oe 142
129.9 | 128 | 12 108

= .|(773) | (980)
25.1 | 22.2
14.7 13.0 |
9.05 | | 8.00 |
| 8.10 (ie |
| 594 835 | 1
| §82 | S14
559 lira 2

690
676

= | $40! = Jeo738 |

0) | O45 (760) 847
ee 664 | 722 |

| 478 | 549 | 593
503 | 53!
(526) (647) (764) (908)

399

- |13.6| - | 13.0

(1230),

2.9 |
22.3

22.2) |e
6.70 a ply

* These values are at the concentration 80.0,

218° | 281°

840 | 1120
715| 828
615 | 658
507 | 593
449 | 430

1065 | 1460
806 | 893
672 | 687
545| 519
482) 448

1265 | 1380
T2107) | 1322
1168 | 1226
1044 | 1046
1006

1166

306°

1300
24
61

44

867

637
466

TABLE 510 437

THE EQUIVALENT CONDUCTIVITY OF SOME ADDITIONAL SALTS IN
AQUEOUS SOLUTION

Conditions similar to those of the preceding table except that the atomic weights for 1908 were used.

: | Equivalent conductance at the follawines C temperature.
Concen- a

Substance. ation: | = cs

7 Seen eLOOS 128° 156°

| | |

| 126.3 I} 219 | 299 | 384 | 485 580
122.5 . 212.7 | 289.9 | 370.3 | 460.7 Ct |

a7=2 f 202.9 | 276.4 | 351-5 | 435-4 | 520.4 |

| 109.7 : 189.5 | 257-4 | 320.1 8 476.1
104.5 ; 180.2 -L | 308.5
127.6 aCe 30 419
119.9 ; 215.9 399.3
111.1 29.2 | 199.1 354-1
101 5 | 178.6 Bl22
94.6 | : 107 288.9
88.4 | 102. 155 265.1

to
—_
+

=]
2

Qo
Ow’

ne™N
Ono = tN

ONE

NN HN WW

W237 .6 | 202 25 369
107.1 191.9 | 260. 346. 5
98.6 a5 170.2
88.6 | 102.6 | 157.2
82.6 | 5. 146.1
76.7 | 88.8 | 135-4
| 159.6 | 288 |

un OS

tn CODE
Aon QON™N

FOMmWOMN bv

Wo kU
Qo

Mm bn NWG
NOs
NH ¢

S
sy

SS
oO

| 137
113.4
93-7
34.9 |
77.8
72.1

to Qo

ae

t N-O
_

Barium ferrocyanide .

“ “
“ “ce

Calcium ferrocyanide

“cr

NNWWwfUN
C0

From the investigations of Noyes and Johnston, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 31, p. 287, 1909.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

438 TaBLEes 511 AND 512

TABLE 511.—The Equivalent Conductivity of the Separate Ions

From Johnson, Journ. Amer. Chem. Soc., 31, p- 1010, 1909.

TABLE 512.—Hydrolysis of Ammonium Acetate and Ionization of Water

Hydrogen-ion concen-
tration in pure water.
| Equivalents per liter.

Percentage Ionization constant

Temperature. hydrolysis. of water.

KywxX 1ol4 . CyX 107

0.089 0.30
0.46 0.68

0.91

6.9

14.9

Noyes, Kato, Kanolt, Sosman, No. 63 Publ. Carnegie Inst., Washington.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLES 513 AND 514 439

DIELECTRIC STRENGTH

TABLE 513.—Steady Potential Difference in Volts required to produce a Spark in Air with
Ball Electrodes

R=o0 =o. : os | tet R=0
Points. . j set : - P Plates.

Based on the results of Baille, Bichat-Blondot, Freyburg, Liebig, Macfarlane, Orgler, Paschen, Quincke, de la Rue,
Wolff. For spark lengths from 1 to 200 wave- lengths of sodium light, see Earhart, Phys. Rev. 15, p. 163; Hobbs,
Phil. Mag. 10, p. 607, 1905.

TABLE 514.—Alternating Current Potential required to produce a Spark in Air with various
Ball Electrodes

The potentials given are the maxima of the alternating waves used. Frequency, 33 cycles per
second.

Spark length. Ripe
cm.

3770
4400
5990
7510
9045

10480
11980
13300
14770
16140

18700
21350
23820
26190
28380

32400
35550
38750
40900
42950

Based upon the results of Kawalski, Phil. Mag. 18, p. 699, 1909.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

440 TABLES 515 AND 516

DIELECTRIC STRENGTH
TABLE 515.—Potential Necessary to produce a Spark in Air between more widely Separated Electrodes

Steady potentials. Steady potentials.

Alter-
Alter-

nating current.

Ball electrodes. Cup electrodes. Ball electrodes.

Spark length, cm.
nating current.

Projection,
R= acm} || R==2.5\Chy: sees |
| 4.5mm. 1.5mm. |

R=2.5cm.

Spark length, cm.

Dull points.
Dull points.

Ps = - 11280 3 61000 86830
17610 | 17620 - 17420 i = =

| 23050 - 22950 : 67000 90200
30240 | 31390 | 31400 | 31260 7 3000 91930
33800 | 36810 = 30700 82600 93300
8/980) © || 44310 44510 92000 94400
42320 | 56000 56500 | 56530 | - 94700
45000 65180 | - 68720 || 101000 101000
46710 71200 80400 | 81140 : 119000

- 75300 92400 z 140600
49100 75600 103800 : 165700

- 81540 114600 190900
50310 | 83800 126500

3 =o 135700

ANP EOWNDH A= O09
MmONnNdOMdOMdOMNbn ONWMwW

This table for longer spark lengths contains the results of Voege, Ann. der Phys. 14, 1904, using alternating current
and ‘‘dull point’? electrodes, and the results with steady potential found in the recent very careful work of C. Miik
ler, Ann. d. Phys. 28, p. 585, 1909.

TRUE PT The specially constructed elec-

mavens trodes for the columns headed

| “cup electrodes’? had the form of

AL : a projecting knob 3 cm in diame-
: _— "4

: : ter and having a height of 4.5 mm
i€— 2%om — >! andr.5 mm respectively, attached
: a : to the plane face of the electrodes.
: @cm > : These electrodes give a very satis-
| factory linear relation between the
spark lengths and the voltage
throughout the range studied.

TABLE 516.—Effect of the Pressure of the Gas on the Dielectric Strength
Voltages are given for different spark lengths /.

Pressure.
cm Hg

This table is based upon the results of Orgler, 1899. See this paper for work on other gases (or Landolt-Bornstein-

Meyerhoffer). : : ; ;
For long spark lengths in various gases see Voege, Electrotecha. Z. 28, 1907. For dielectric strength of air and CO,

in cylindrical air condensers, see Wien, Ann. d. Phys. 29, p. 679, 1909

SMITHSONIAN TABLES:

TABLES 517 AND 518 441
DIELECTRIC STRENGTH
TABLE 517.—Dielectric Strength of Materials

Potential necessary for puncture expressed in kilovolts per centimeter thickness of the dielectric.

Kilovolts |

| Kilovolts
per cm |

Substance. :
per cm.

Substance. Substance.

Kilovolts

Ebonite . . . .| 300-1100 || Oils: Thickness | Papers :
Empire cloth . .; 80-300 | Castor 0.2mm | 190 || Beeswaxed
i ePApeTE = ASOnn | es 1.0 “ | 130] Blotting .
EBibre yeeystats 3) 20 ~+||| ~=«Cottonseed . oP oll) Manilla’
Fuller board . .| 200-300 Lard 0.2 | 140 || Paraftined
Glass.) . <4 ..| 300-1500} . 1.0 | 40] Varnished
Granite (fused). go =o: t}_—=Sf Linseed, raw 0.2 | 185 || Paraffine:
Guttapercha. . .| 80-200 a a 1.0 | gol] Melted . . .|
Impregnated jute . 20 boiled 0.2 190 |] Melt point. |
Leatheroid . . .| 30-60 s<eet.O 80 Solid AS reais
Linen, varnished ,| 100-200 | Lubricating . eens 5O!) s 47°
Liquid air . . .| 40-90 || Neatsfoot 0.2 200 || « 52a
Mica : Thickness. 1.0 go || as 70°
Madras 0.1 mm 1600 i 0.2 170 || Presspaper .
“ 1.0 300 1.0 75 || Rubber .
Bengal o.1 2200 0.2 215 ||| Vaseline. :
se 1.0 || 1.0 160 Thickness.
Canada 0.1 | Sperm, mineral 0.2 180 || Xylene o.2 mm
“ 1.0 | “é “ 1.0 85 “ 1.0 “
South America . | natural 0.2 195

Micanite =e: ss 1.0 go
Turpentine 0.2 160
ss 1.0 110

Spark length.
mm.

oO

0 MOAnED WH

_

Determinations of the dielectric strength of the same substance by different observers do not agree well Fora dis-
cussion of the sources of error see Moscicki, Electrotechn. Z. 25, 1904.

For more detailed information on the dependence of the sparking distance in oils as a function of the nature of the
electrodes, see Edmondson, Phys. Review 6, p. 65, 1893.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

442 TABLES 519-521
TABLE 519.—Dielectric Constant (Specific Inductive Capacity) of Gases

Atmospheric Pressure
Wave lengths of the measuring current greater than 10000 cm

Dielectric constant Dielectric constant

Vacuum =1| Air =1 Vacuum =1| Air =r

1.000588 | 1.000000 1.00258 1.00199
1.00718 | 1.00659 ) || He 1.000264 | .999676
1.00290 | 1.00231 CH, 1.000948 | 1.000360
1.00239 1.00180 N2O 1.00108 1.00050
1.000966 | 1.000377 SO, 1.00993 | 1.00934
1.000692 | 1.000104 ) || H2O, 4atm.] 145 | 1.00705 1.00646
1.00138 1.00079

(1) Mean. (2) Badeker, 1901. (3) Klemenéié, 1885.

TABLE 520.—Variation of the Dielectric Constant with the Temperature

If «9 = the dielectric constant at the temperature @°C of the above table, e; at the tem-
perature °C, and @ and £ are quantities in the following table, then e, = e — a (¢ — 0) +

Bi a 8)7.

B = 2.59 X 107 Range, 15-110°C
Sulphur dioxide : ; 1.86 X 107 O-I10
Water vapor ee: 145

The dielectric constant of air at 76 cm and varying temperature may be calculated since
D — 1 is approximately proportional to the density.

TABLE 521.—Variation of the Dielectric Constant of Gases with the Pressure

Pressure Pressure
atm. atm.

.0108
.0218
.0330
-0439
-0548
OIOI
.O196
.0294
.0387
.0482

120
140
160
180
10
20
40
10
20

40

SO OO OO Oe
Pa nN eee Per Po ee ee fas
N NHK NN Be eee
I I EE,

wee
ead 1a reel a sietiely eh lemons

(1) Tangl, 1907. (2) Occhialini, to05. (3) Linde, 1895.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 522 AND 523 443

TABLE 522.—Dielectric Constant of Liquids («). Pressure Effect
(Danforth, Phys. Rev., 38, 1224, 1931.)

P ole | Se ae | o°C | 30°C
atm. j ;
: Penstty| Se ete Ca ORG ..5: I 27.8 0.806 23.2 0.781
MMi hae es SSS 1 | Ethyl 1000 29.4 .864 25.3 .844
ee Ho eUS2) OTS eee wes: alcohol 8000 35.3. 1.031 31.7 1.019
Pentane 1000. (| 1O6! 47Or 1.02... .. 12000 57.6 1.082 33.7 1.073
400 2.12 .796 2.11 .... || GaH.OH..... ie2tl 7-819) 317.30 S00
8000 2.24 .865 2.22 .... || i-butyl 1000 22.9 .877 18.7 .856
12000 (2.33 .907 2.31 -.... alcohol 8000 26.8 1.031 22.8 1.018
Bees kimk Te e2tGe MAM ecaeee, Me) 12000 28.2 1.080 23.9 1.069
Carbon 1000 6.2.82 1.332 2.69 1.29 || CsHsO3...... I 49.9 1.272 42.8 1.254
bisulphide 4000 3.11 1.487 3.02 1.46 || Glycerine 1000 51-9 1.305 44.8 1.287
8000 3.33 1.601 3.28 1.58 4000 56.4 1.367 49.1 1.349
12000 3.52 1.689 3.45 1.66 8000 61.1 1.429 53.8 1.410
(CsH5)2O. .::. Tom eA) 720) wee ; 5 —
Ethy! 1000 «4.88 =.801 4.08 74 Anomalous dispersion 247000 cycles
.O -QII I 8 —
a on ea B83 Bod ie Isobutyl-alcohol: 0°C
12000 7.68 1.047 6.94 1.00 Ee Sane I 2900 5810 9680 10830 12130
BsHGBr. =... FE 5.22) £465, 942877 1-40 Gan 21.1 24.4 25.9 27.4 27.2 26.4
Bromo- SOO! 15636" 1525 | 5.050 1.46 Giycerine . -P I 1940 4290 6330 8490
benzene TOOON, 5:47 91558 6:16 150: || © Cerne. € 49-9 53-4 55-6 52.2 40.1
4000 5.88 1.705 5.62 1.65 Eugenol. eel I 2960 5081 5680 6300
8000. 1. 5.95 1.76 || 30°C.......€ 9.42 10.79 £1.09 10.57 6.05
BelasC)... .... I 5. 41 1.004 4.90 .96
~hloro- 500 5.59 1.038 5.12 1.00
benzene 1000 5.75 1.065 5.28 1.03
ZOO} 16:33)50. 152) 5-65 sts
8000 TA Os29 ani 2O
°6Hi3;30H.... re 90 O12. 8.55 <7
texyl 1000 13.54 .861 9.32 .84
alcohol 4000 15.06 .937 10.42 .92
8000) Fisge wea:

TABLE 523.—Dielectric Constant of Liquids
A wave length greater than 10000 centimeters is denoted by ©.

Wave-

ve-
Substance. oresanl! Dislecune Substance. eth Dielectric

ener constant. = || z >| constant.

|
Alcohol: | Alcohol :
Amyl Wace’ fe frozen Methyl

——1OO
ity

“cc

Propyl

Oo

Acetone ,

“

Be CO NEN COONS an

“

RwNH&O eh to

NEON OW’ O

“cc

| Acetic acid

“ “

NNNN NWN
—

SIO CaS Oa Coca ta eet TON TOON OTE
DAO OF WW Qn

Amy] acetate
| | Amylene

I

References on page 444

N On OWNN COOQOOW Wb CONN bt
Oorwon mn
OO NN DON Qui hd HH eNO ee

Saas
Oo
N

mee RODIN DN HH Re eRe DD Be OO

un
go
°

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

Substance.

| Aniline :

Benzol (benzene) . |
“ “ |

Bromine .

Carbon bisulphide

Chloroform .
Decane
Decylene
Ethyl ether

Hexane :
Hydrogen perox-
ide 46 % in H2O

Drude, 1896.
Marx, 1898.
Lampa, 1896.
Abegg, 1897.
Thwing, 1894.
Drude, 1898.
Francke, 1893.
Lowe, 18908.

© ON AnfW DN

Abegg-Seitz, 1899.

Temp.
Poe

18
18
19
23
20
17
18
17
14
17

' (frozen)
15
16

TABLE 523 (continued)
DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OF LIQUIDS
A wave length greater than 10000 centimeters is designated by 00.

Wave-

lenge

=
too NG

to

PREP HEAP WE!
WAMDONWOO NH AD tv
°

=N ON ODO Re

DAfun

10 Landolt-Jahn,
11 Turner, 1900.
12 Schlundt.

13 Tang], 1903.

Substance.

Nitrobenzol .

a

Octane

|| Oils :

Almond
Castor .
Colza
Cottonseed
Lemon .
Linseed
Neatsfoot.
Olive
Peanut.
Petroleum

Petroleum ether |

Rape seed
Sesame
Sperm .
‘Turpentine
Vaseline .
Phenol
Toluene

se
“

Meta- xylene .

“ ay

a | Wave-
| oC length
cm.

' (frozen) |
-|/——-IO |!

ao

20
Own
13.4 |
20
20
| 48
sage
19
18
17

Za
|
eal

Nh he tN No N n -
WWW wmM Ah
NN SW = CONTI OO

Water
for temp. coeff.
see Table 524.

1892. 18

14 Coolidge, 1899.

15 v. Lang, 1896.
16 Nernst, 1894.
17 Calvert, 1900.

0
°
N

|

Hasenohrl, 1896.
Arons-Rubens, 1892.
Hopkinson, 1881.
Salvioni, 1888.
Tomaszewski, 1888.
Heinke, 1896.

Marx.

Fuchs.

| 900g
Ceo
aN

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 524 aND 525

445

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OF LIQUIDS
TABLE 524.—Temperature Coefficients of the Formula:

D6

Substance.

Amy] acetate.
Aniline .

Benzene. . :
Carbon bisulphide :

Chiesa
Ethyl] ether
Methyl alcohol
Oils: Almond
Castor .
Olive .
Parattine .
Toluene .

Meta -xylene

0.0024
0.00351
0.00106
0.000966
0.000922
0.00410
0.00459
0.0057
0.00163
0.01007
0.00364
0.0007 38
0.00092 I
0.000977
0.004474
0.004583
0.004 36
0.000817

= D,[1—a(¢— 6) + B(¢ — 6)?]

Hers al

| Tange,

©.0000087
0.00000060
0.00001 5

0.000026

0.000007 2

0.00000046

0.0000117

Authority.
|
}

TeeeRauel
| Ratz.
Tangl.

| Ratz.

| Drude.

| Hasenohrl.
Heinke, 1896.

Hasenohrl.
Ratz.

| Tangl.
Heerwagen.
Drude.
Coolidge.
Tangl.

(See Table 520 for the signification of the letters.)

TABLE 525.—Dielectric Constant of Liquefied Gases

A wave-length greater than 10000 centimeters is designated by oo.

Substance.

length cm.

Air
“oe

Ammonia .

“a

Carbon dioxide .
“ “

Cyanogen . :
Hydrocyanic acid
Hydrogen sulph.

Diel.

Cone ata Substance.

Authority. |

|| Nitrous oxide

mbhwn eR |

Critical .

Diel.

constant.

)

Wave-

length cm.
Authority.

1 v. Pirani, 1903.
2 Bahn-Kiebitz, 1904.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

3, Goodwin-Thompson, 1899.

4 Coolidge, 1899.
5 Linde, 1895.
6 Eversheim, 1904.

7 Schlundt. rgor.
8 Hasenohrl, 1900.
9 Fleming-Dewar, 1896.

446 TABLES 526 AND 527
DIELECTRIC CONSTANT

TABLE 526.—Standard Solutions for the Calibration of Apparatus for the Measuring
of Dielectric Constant

Drude. Nernst.

Diel. const. Acetone in benzene at 19°. A=75 cm. Ethyl alcohol in

Substance. 8°. water at 19.5°.

| A=,
Per cent D | Dielectric | Temp.
by weight. | constant. | coefficient.

Benzene... . ; Per cent |Dielectric| }
Meta-xylene | a ~ ||by weight.| constant.
Ethylicther . = - ‘ 0.885 2.26
Aniline. : 2 0.866 5.10 . roa BGS

0.847 8.43 : ‘
Ethyl chloride . . : 90 20.3
O-nitro toluene. : 0.830 12.1 : 86
Nitrobenzene . . 36. 0.813 16.2 5 70
Water (conduct. 10-6) A 0.797 20.5 . 6

ensity 16°.

Water in acetone at 19°.

0.797 20.5
0.856 31.5
0.903 43-5
0.940 57-0
0.973 70.6
0.999 80.9

. | Wave- ° seal 7 - | Wave-
Condi- length Dielectric Suetance: ondi- length, | Dielectric

tion. constant. | . constant.
| cm. cae | | cm.

Asphalt .. 20
Barium — sul- Iodine (cryst.) .
phate! =~ 75 Lead chloride .
Caoutchouc . 0 (powder)
Diamond . . eas “nitrate
= aver 75 “sulphate .
Ebonite . . 0 ““ molybde-
a f nate .
as Marble
Glass * Density. (Carrara)
Flint (extra | Mica .
heavy) .]| 4.5 sD mee te
Flint (very Madras, brown
ligihit) woes | 2:87 "| 3 green

Hard crown | 2.48 | : ss rub

IMGUTCOIE 5 |b - | | 6. .46 | | Bengal, yellow
ai } whites
aes | ruby
Lead (Pow- Canadian am-
ell). Si|/2!0=2) 4-8. bers. geaee
Jena | | South America
Boron) 5-8. || Ozokerite (raw)
Barium . i 8-8. Paper (tele-
Borosili- phone)
cate . ON OF “ (cable)
Gutta percha. | 3.3-4. Paraffine .

i
a
t Co

PRU DLO
wm NE oN

“c

“cc | | | “cc

b

Rs
ny 0
mn

AfONDA.,.

Melting |
point.

Tce. 5. avo. Ie Bios ee anes

eee eR ( -3rOun| ee esa 50
Sees cae | | 1.76-1. - + + | 74-76)

NN to N N

Heep

References on p. 447-

* For the effect of temperature, see Gray-Dobbie, Pr. Roy. Soc..63, 1898; 67, 1900.
“* wave-length, see K. F. Lowe, Wied. Ann. 66, 1898.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLES 527 (continued) AND 528
DIELECTRIC CONSTANT

447

TABLE 527 (continued).—Dielectric Constant of Solids

Condi-
Substance. han.

Paraffine
Phosphorus:
Yellow
Solid .
Liquid
Porcelain:
Hard
(Royal B’I’n)
SER hams
BI SUTe he oe
Selenium .

“

Shellac.
“ i

Amber .

Wave-
length,
cm.

Diel.

Substance.
| constant,

ity.

Condi-

tion.

Wave-
length,
cm.

Diel. |
constant. |

| Author-

Sulphur
Amorphous

NN
ar

Cast, fresh
oe “

bm bw ty

Liquid . \

| Strontium
sulphate
| Thallium
carbonate
nitrate
Wood
Red beech .

“se

Nd bo
CoO Mt fw N

=~

near |
melting: |

point

I fibres

lo eo)
Oo

0 On

Mmumh Oo
=) ~
NY OOW COM N &

Vo REY

=
=

I vy. Pirani, 1903.

2 Schmidt, 1903.

3, Gordon, 1879.

4 Winklemann, 1889.
5 Elsas, 1891.

6 Ferry, 1897.

7 Hopkinson, 1891.

8 Arons-Rubens, 189.
g Gray-Dobbie, 1598.

10 Lowe, 1898.

11 (submarine-data),
12 Thwing, 1894.

13 Abegg, 1897.

14 Behn-Kiebitz, 1904.
15 Starke, 1897.

16 E. Wilson.

17 Campbell, 1906.

Fallinger, 1902.
Boltzmann, 1875.
Zietkowski, 1900.
Hormell, 1902.
Schlundt, 1904.

Willner, 1887.
Donle.

nN nS eS
MPO Ne OW OC

N HNN NK WN
Y

Vonwiller-Mason, 1907.

TABLE 528.—Dielectric Constant of Crystals
Da, DB, Dy are the dielectric constants along the brachy, macro and vertical axes respectively.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

3 Curie, 1889. 6 Ferry, 1897.

Wave-| Diel. const. | 5 || Wave- | Diel. const. % :
Substance. length, | => Substance. length, sb
cm. | Axis. || Axis. 2°77 roe eo Dg Dy a
UNIAXIAL: | RHOMBIC: | |
Apatite 75 | 9-50 | 7-40) 1 || Aragonite . co, | On4 | — | 7.03) 4
Beryl . CON 7-5 elh7 44a) p24 ‘ 75 | 9.80] 7.68) 6.55] 1
SO A on eel ois se 7.10 | 6.05] 3 ||| Barite oo 6.97 |10.09 | 7.00] 4
ries BAe bn 8 heyy GrO 55-520 ot : WSmi 7-05, | 2.205727.
Calcite 5 all es 8.49 | 7.56] 4 || C elestite 7 7e7O) |) LOssal Oss I
ss : s 8.78 | 8.2 5 || Cerussite Sea Sail 2 54a 232 ytO.2, 1
Dolomite 75 | 780 |680| 1 || MgSOut+7H2O .| oc | 5.26] 6.05 | 8.28 | 7
Iceland spar 75 | 3.50 | 8.00} 1 os Osiris “| 6.09 | 5.08 | 4.48 | 7
Quartz 0 4.69 | 5.06] 4 | | Rochelle salt* < 6.70 | 6.92 | 8.89} 7 |
Sonmen Oss tom ey ¢ 4-38 | 4.46) 6 || Sulphur : 3-80 3:97 14:77. 18
eh eres OOS 144.27 )1.4.34 |. fe “ | 3.65 | 3-85 | 4.66| 7
Rubye( Siam), hw jel— eleiaea, Wearesy| 4 it | ie 13:62) 3.85 | 4.601) (2
Rutile (TiOg) . 75 89 | 1.73] 1 || Topaz soo oll ZR || G95|| O77 || OO] 2
Tourmaline. © Foi oy || (hiyital RPA “< colorless . - 6.25 | 6.54 | 6.44] 4
z 75 | 6.75 | 5.65) 1
Zircon 75 12.8 | 12.6 I * See page 448.
1 Schmidt, 1903. 4 Fallinger, 1902, 1919. 7 Borel, 1893.
2 Starke, 1897. Cave Pirani, 1903. § Bolztmann, 1875.

448 TABLES 529 AND 530
ELECTROSTRICTION. PIEZO-ELECTRICITY
|

Electrostriction is a phenomenon observed when an isotropic dielectric is placed in an |
electrostatic field (F), the form and volume of the dielectric altering. Similar effects |
occur in anisotropic materials but are obscured by piezo-electric effects. Piezo-electricity |
occurs when a crystal dielectric is mechanically strained becoming electrically polarized.
The magnitude and direction of the polarization (P) depends on the crystal used, the
amount of strain and its direction relative to the axes of the crystal. Pyro-electricity is of
the nature of a temperature-coefficient dp/dt. For fuller discussion and more extensive
data see I.C.T., 6, 207, 1918 (Cody),

Glass Paraffin Ebonite Rubber (vulcanized)
AI/1E? .4 xX 10” 90 X 10°” 600 X 10°” 6000 X 10°” cm?/c.g.s.e"

These values divided by 1.11 X 10° for values in cm’/volt’.

TABLE 530.—Piezo-electricity

Rochelle salt, KNaC:H:O.-4H2O di:= 17 X 10°°(es/cm’)/(dyne/cm’) — 70° C
e . 8100 + 20
f 1100 + 30
: 400 + 40
Benzil, CisH10O2 du = 24 oD OC
LiNas(MoOs)2 -6H20 dss
Rb. tartrate, Rb:CsH:O6c di
Tartaric acid, CsHeOc dis
“ “ dis
dos
dat
d32
das
de
Tourmaline dss
6 dis

14

“cc

‘

Patchouli camphor, CisH2sO
Diamond, C
Quartz, SiO.
Sodium chlorate, NaClO;
Fenchoneoxene, CioHusNO

Ll ll

Addenda to Table 528, p. 447, Dielectric Constant of Rochelle Salt:

The polarization of the Rochelle salt dielectric in an electric field is somewhat analagous
to the behavior of the magnetization of iron in a magnetic field, showing both saturation
and hysteresis. The dielectric constant D depends on the initial and final fields and the

hysteresis.
Initial field, 765 v/cm; Final field, 690 v/em; Average D (23° C), 40
765 153 205
765 = 705 157
0 880 86

The last value may be fair value for ordinary purposes. The electrodes were tinfoil at-
tached with shellac. The field was applied perpendicular to the a axis. Like piezo-electric
properties, the dielectric constant varies with different crystals. It depends on the tempera-
ture as follows: (field 0 to 880 v/cm)

— 70° C, D=12; — 40°, 14; — 20°, 48; 0°, 174; + 20°, 88; + 30°, 52.
(Data from Valesek, University of Minnesota, 1921.)

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 529.—Electrostriction (Means)

TABLE 531 449

THE CALCULATION OF THE HIGH-FREQUENCY RESISTANCE
OF CONDUCTORS

(By Dr. F. W. Grover, Consulting Physicist, Bur, Standards, 1931.)

The resistance of a conductor to high frequency alternating currents is not the same as
it offers to direct or low frequency currents. The linkages of flux with the inner portions
of the conductor are more numerous than with the outer portions. That is, the reactances
of the inner filaments are greater than those of the outer filaments. Consequently, the
current density decreases from the outside toward the center of the conductor.

This tendency of the current to crowd toward the outer portions of the cross section
becomes more pronounced the higher the frequency, and at very high frequencies the
current density is sensibly zero everywhere except in the surface layer of the conductor.
This phenomenon is called the “skin effect.” It causes an increase in the effective resis-
tance of the conductor over its resistance to a direct current.

Whai is of interest in the calculation of the high frequency resistance is the resistance
ratio, the quotient of the resistance at the given frequency by the direct current resistance.
The resistance ratio depends upon the distribution of current density in the cross section,
and this is a function of the frequency and the shape of the cross section. In general,

J , in which f is the fre-
Ro

quency, and R is the direct current resistance per unit length. In what follows Ro will be
taken as the direct current resistance per 1000 ft. of conductor.

The distribution of current in the cross section is affected by a neighboring conductor
carrying high frequency currents. This proximity effect finds an explanation in that the
value of the mutual inductance of any filament A of one conductor on a filament B of the
other conductor depends upon the positions of A and B in their respective cross sections.
The proximity effect may be very appreciable for conductors nearly in contact; falling off
rapidly as their distance is increased, it is negligible for moderate ratios of distance apart
to cross sectional dimensions. In such cases the resistance is sensibly the same as for an
isolated conductor.

Beside the spacing factor of the conductors, the proximity effect depends upon the
frequency, and in lesser degree upon the shape of the cross sections. Quantitatively, the
proximity effect may be expressed by the proximity factor, which is the quotient of actual
resistance of the conductor by the resistance which it would have if removed to a great
distance from the disturbing conductor, both values of resistance being referred to the
same frequency.

hat is, i

however, the resistance ratio is a function of the parameter

Ro = the direct current resistance
1 = the resistance of the conductor when isolated, frequency f
R:= the resistance in the presence of the disturbing conductor
at frequency f

ees 3 R ; ons Laven
then the proximity factor is P =p and the resistance ratio RB,’ in the presence of the
1 0
disturbing conductor, is obtained from the resistance ratio —- when isolated by the rela-

Ro

j R R j i : : : ; ‘
tion R =P RP . Resistance ratio may be obtained in any case if the resistance ratio
0 0

when isolated is known, together with the value of the proximity factor.

Formulas for the high-frequency resistance ratio have been developed in only a few
simple (but important) cases, and even then very complicated formulas result. For prac-
tical work tables are necessary for simplifying the calculations. The following tables cover
the most important cases,

Formulas have been derived for the high-frequency resistance ratio of single-layer coils
wound with round wire. Generally, these differ from one another and from measured
values, because, simplifying assumptions are made which are not sufficiently realized in
practice. No tables of values for coils such as are met in practical radio work are available.
As a rough guide, the high-frequency resistance ratio for a single-layer coil is often from
two to five times as great as the resistance ratio of the same wire stretched out straight
and carrying current of the given frequency. The experimental work available indicates
that this factor due to the coiling of the wire, that is, the total proximity effect of the
turns of the coil, is largely dependent upon the frequency and the ratio of wire diameter
to pitch of winding, and in lesser degree to the ratio of length to diameter.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

450 TABLES 532-534
(Calculated by Dr. F. W. Grover, Consulting Physicist, Bur. Standards, 1931.)

TABLE 532.—Resistance Ratio ‘“‘F’’ for Isolated Round Wires

_Resistance ratio F of isolated round wire, asa function of the square root of the frequency
divided by the direct current resistance per 1000 ft. of conductor.

Vf/Ro 0 Io 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

F 1.000 I.000 1.0005 1.0025 1.008 1.019 1.038 1.069 I.1I4 1.173 1.247

q
Vf/Ro 100 120 140 160 180 200 250 300 350 400 500 |
F 1.247 1.427 1.631 1.836 2.036 2.231 2.715 3.201 3.688 4.176 5.152

TABLE 533.—Values of Resistance Ratio for Isolated Tubular Conductors
t, thickness of wall of tube; d, outer diameter of tube.

TABLE 534.—Coefficients in Formula for Proximity Factor of Equal Parallel
Round Wires

The proximity factor of two equal parallel conductors may be calculated by the formula
P=1+4+([G.@/s)/[Fa — Hd?/s*)]

in which the coefficient F is to be obtained from Table 532 for the given value of f/Ro and
the coefficients G and H are to be taken from the table below for the given value of f/Ro.
In the table below the values of H apply to currents in the same direction; in the case of
currents in opposite directions H' is to be used. In the above formula d is the diameter of
the wires and s their axial spacing. The proximity factor for two equal parallel tubular con-
ductors does not differ much from the value for two solid wires with the same axial spacing
and a value of f/Ro one-half the value for two solid wires of the same diameter, except for
conductors very close together.

+0.0417
-0395
-O109

.0659

-1379
-1685
.1776
.1839

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 535 AND 536 451

TABLE 535.— Ratio of Alternating to Direct Current Resistances for Copper Wires

This table gives the ratio of the resistance of straight copper wires with alternating currents of different frequencies
to the value of the resistance with direct currents.

Frequency f =

Diameter of
wire in
millimeters.

OunHO
an
as eh
oof
°

*
I

NIOPWNHOOOO
n ° Q C
BR HHH HH ee

NN QU 8 He AA
HaUhO}

COARhWNHHHHEA

OonO0-
oH He
wi CON

WMnNWNND BHR RH

OHH

Values between 1.000 and t.oor1 are indicated by *r.oor.
The values are for wires having an assumed conductivity of 1.60 microhm-cms;_ for copper wires at room tempera-

tures the values are slightly less than as given in table.

The change of resistance of wire other than copper (iron wires excepted) may be calculated from the above table
by taking it as proportional to dvV/f/p where d = diameter, f the frequency and p the resistivity.

If a given wire be wound into a solenoid, its resistance, at a given frequency, will be greater than the values in the
table, which apply to straight wires only. The resistance in this case is a complicated function of the pitch and radius
of the winding, the frequency, and the diameter of the wire, and is found by experiment to be sometimes as much as
twice the value for a straight wire.

TABLE 536.—Maximum Diameter of Wires for High-frequency Resistance Ratio of 1.01

Frequency + 10°... .

Wave-length, meters

Material. Diameter in centimeters.

OIrI2
. O10Q
. 0133
0354
0836
0564
0508
o614

.O125
.O122
o149
0396
0936
0631
0664
0692
271

-O145
.O14I
.O172
-0457
. 1080
.0729
.0772
0792
- 312

Manganin
Constantan
German silver

Carbon

Tron .00263]0. .OO131|0. .00094/0.00083]0. . 00059
.00373/0.002 .00187/0. 00132/0. 0OO118]0. OOTOS/o. 00084
K 73

Le .00838]0. 00590]0. 00418]0. 00340/0.00295|0. 00264)0.00241/0.00215/0.00186] 0. 00152

CO99050000
OO0DTT0000
COTOOD0000
0909990000

oO.
O°.
Oo.
oO.
°.
°.
Oo.
oO.
Oo.
ie

0000000000
O000000000
‘ ‘

Bureau of Standards Circular 74, Radio Instruments and Measurements, 1918.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLES 537 AND 538
WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY

TABLE 537.—Radiation Resistances for Various Wave-Lengths and Antenna Heights

452

The radiation theory of Hertz shows that the radiated energy of an oscillator may be repre-
sented by K constant (h?/a?) I?, where h is the length of the oscillator, A, the wave-length and
I the current at its center. For a flat-top antenna E = 1600 (h?/ A?) I? watts; 1600 h?/A? is called
the radiation resistance.

(h =height to center of capacity of conducting system.)

160 Ft. | 200 Ft.

40 Ft. | 60 Ft. | 80 I't. | 100 Ft. 300 Ft. 600 Ft. | 1200 Ft.

Wave-
Length A

ohm ohm ohm

13.4
6.0
3-4
1.5
0.54
0.54
0.37
0.24 |
0.13 |

Austin, Jour. Wash. Acad. of Sci. 1, p. 190, 1911.

TABLE 538.—The Dielectric Properties of Nonconductors —
Phillips Thomas, J. Franklin Inst. 176, 283, 1913.

Results of tests at unit area and unit thickness of dielectric.

At 1000 cycles. Mica. Paper. Celluloid.

Max. breakdown volts per cm. 1.06X 108 | 0.71 X 108) 1.05 X 108

Specific induc; capacity-q. sap sis hy
Max. absorbable energy, watts-sec/cm*
go°-angle of lead SU be ath ak
Equiv. resistance ohms/cm* X 10”
Conductivity per cm, cubeXI071"
Percent change in cap. per cycleX 10'
Percent change in resistance per cycle

At 15 cycles.

Specific inductive capacity . . . .-
Max. absorbable energy, watt-sec/cm®.
Percent change in capacity per cycle

4.00
0.198

°

Om Sy.,
4 (3291
5 oEo

2.18

. (0.258

4.90
0.108
2a
9.84
1.02

14.31
0.146

13.26
0.640
3° 40’
48.3

0.207
30.7

0.106

5-77
0.126
0.306

On direct current.

Conductivity per cm*

2.4210"

2.27 X10"*

71-5 10714

163. 10-11

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 539 453
POWER FACTOR AND DIELECTRIC CONSTANT
(See also Table 540 on page 454.)
From the range of the values given, an approximate figure can be taken for a particular
material and its relative position with respect to other materials seen. Data of this kind are
much effected by the condition and past treatment of the samples, and by the conditions

of the tests.

The power factor and dielectric constant of dry air may be taken as zero and 1.00. Fused
quartz has the lowest power factor among the solid insulating materials, and is used for
supporting the insulated plates of standard air condensers.

TABLE 539.—Values for Power Factor in Per Cent for Several Electrical
Insulating Materials at Radio-Frequencies

e Frequency Measurements reported by—
Material ee r 3

187.5 0.459
300 .476
600 -495
1000 513
30 es
600 0.040—-0.653*
Cobalt glass 500 shige 0.70
Flint glass 500 See 42
890 sa Te -40
Plate glass 14 ayes ae
100 eae mene
500 ere -70
635
1000
Pyrex glass 14 bet Bete Seis
30 ee Seer: .... 0.56and 0.26
100 : Br
420
500
759
Photographic 100
235

0.35-2.98°

Hard rubber
"(88

1.05 ak
oxen oes ee 0.35 —4.72
.O17 Mee Mrs ee .007— .93!
3.85-7.35 Ae: eras 2.62— 8.0
4.20-6.65 Sage ae ore 3.85- 5.6

Laminated
phenolic
insulation

oo sat Spas sity Aisa le Soy 1.64-10.9
phenolic 6— 8
insulation eral el le oe) .e 8: O85 6 “eee T.5 4

Wood (oak) ane 3.68 y4ns bh tats 13.8, 2.94°

oe 3.85 See sets 10.1, 3.24°
4.20 tag Seta aan:

3-33 sdetege 8 3.63

6.48 eats atikaks See

2 3.76

(baywood).... 870 dies oye
Paraffin 14 aren Saal .042 ‘ eNsiRe
100 scabs eee .031 staid .O17

500 Soe <r .026 A ew

1070 oad a Se eee ete .034

(1) Schott, Erich, Hochfrequenzverluste von Glasern und einigen anderen Dielektricis. Jahrb. Draht-
losen Tele. u. Tele., 18, 82-122, August, 1921. (2) Hoch, E. T. Power losses in insulating materials.
Bell System Tech. Journ., 1, No. 2, Nov., 1922. (3) MacLeod, H. J. Power losses in dielectrics. Phys.
Rey., 21, 53-73, 1923. (4) Decker, William C., Power losses in commercial glasses, Electr. World, 89,
601-603, March 19, 1927. (5) Data from the Bureau of Standards.

a Range of 27 samples. » Range of 9 samples. * Range of 10 samples. 4d Range of severalsamples. © After
drying 48 hours at 80°C. ! Range of a number of samples from different localities.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 540 AND 541

TABLE 540.—Values of Dielectric Constant for Several Electrical Insulating
Materials at Radio-Frequencies

454

Material Hee Measurements reported by—

SIs ae ree se Bs 57.08
Der Cee 230 : bie Sa
800
a eee eee ere 500
890
iRlaterclasssems hen oe 500
Cobaltitglacsy eee 500
Pyrex glassine ae 30
500
Photographic glass...... 100
1700
Hardirubberesaeree ae er 135
210
1126
Mar blero nec aiterocicser 44 ie Ste ae
80-650 ae oe a Cpa nie
1400 seh sale
HP erie i bye oes 100-1000 sae eee ae 5-8-8.7
Laminated
“Renohe eee ne sis 4-5. mae Senta
eg ee Sh Ts nae 4.7-7-0
Moulded
phenolic Seale MMi ncians 310.0 siete pod eee
insulation eee “* eee 4.9 7-0
Wioodi(Oalk) tars eer ae : ae Sein sy

6.5, 3.0?
Berane ee eer otis. : oe 4.4
anne al at eee ai ' bee se

(1) Bairsto, G. E., Conductivity and dielectric constant of dielectrics for high-frequency oscillations.
Proc. Roy. Soc. London, A, 96, 363-382, jan., 1920. (2) Hoch, E. T., Power losses in insulating ma-
terials. Bell System Tech. Journ., 1, No. 2, Nov., 1922. (3) Decker, William C., Power losses in com-
I mercial glasses. Electr. World, 89, 601-603, March 19, 1927. (4) Data from the Bureau of Standards.

® Range of 9 samples of various chemical compositions reported. » After drying sample for 48 hours at
80°C. © Range of 10 samples of various kinds of marble.

TABLE 541.—Absorption Factors for Radio Propagation

For frequencies up to 1000 kc and transmission over sea water the semiempirical trans-
mission formulas of Austin-Cohen, Austin, Fuller, and Espenschied, Anderson and Bailey

take the form
—ad

F (u volts/meter) = (377/d)(hZ/d) V@/sin @-e *
where the coefficient 377///\d represents the simple Hertzian radiation field over a per-
fectly conducting plane surface, the factor V@/sin @ corrects the formula for the curvature
of the earth, and the factor e—@¢/d* is the absorption factor, a the damping factor, and x
is determined experimentally. d, the distance from the transmitter, and \, the wave length,
both are measured in kilometers. The following tabulation completes the information con-
cerning these formulas. (See next page.)

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 541 (continued) TO 545 455
TABLE 541 (continued).—Absorption Factors for Radio Propagation

Damping P Nature of Distance Frequency
x Ee Remarks

Name of formula factor 2 path km

Austin-Cohen 0.0015 0.5 Sea water Up to 2000 80-1000

Austin revised .0014. .6 Sea water Upto 12000 12-1000
.0045 1.4 Sea water 3900 25.4-100 (a)
1.25 Sea water 5000 17-60 (b)

(a) Honolulu to San Francisco. (+) Omitted factor Vo/sin 6, E, A, and B, Espenschied, Anderson and Bailey.

Bown and Gillet substituting their measured values of F, at 640 ke taken within 150 km
of Washington, D. C., in the Austin-Cohen formula get

a = 0.028 for dry sandy soil; 0.009 for moist soil; 0.0025 for % salt water (Chesapeake
Bay in

ANGE concludes that for frequencies greater than 60 kc over land, absorption is con-
siderably greater than over sea water. From 60 ke to 20 ke overland absorption decreases
and approaches that over sea water. In these results the total field received in the day time
is considered. In the following results the ground wave only is considered.

Over land especially at the higher frequencies there are so many variables that no simple
complete formula is available for F. We may write Fxd = a constant from the Hertzian
formula and modify it by a factor a for absorption and quote some results, i.e.

= (377h1/XD)A

Smith, Rose, and Barfield evens from Sommerfeld’s theory and approximately checked
at some broadcast frequencies the following results.

TABLE 542.—Transmission Path Over Sea Water Whose Conductivity
Was Assumed = 1.1 X 107! e.m.u.

Frequency, ke 50 km

Absorption factors I
I

TABLE 543.—Transmission Path Over Land Whose Conductivity
Was Assumed = 1.1 X 10°!3 e.m.u.

Frequency, Absorption factor at a distance of—
5 km tokm «iuskm 25km s50km 75km t100km iI50km

OOS en OLO 3p nO! 62
-29 0.20 14 .08

Rolf calculates from Sommerfeld’s theory the following:

TABLE 544.—Transmission Path Over Land Whose Inductivity « = 15 e.s.u.
and Whose Conductivity 6 = 10-3 e.m.u. (Good Conducting Ground)

Frequency, Absorption factor at a distance of—
k 5 km ro km 40 km

0.80
.30
.02

TABLE 545.—Transmission Path Over Ground With Inductivity « = 15 e.s.u.
and Conductivity « = 10-15 e.m.u. (Bad Conducting Ground)

Frequency, Absorption factor at a distance of—
k 20 km 50 km

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

456 TABLE 546
WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY
KILOCYCLE-METER CONVERSION TABLE

Velocity of propagation, 299820 km/sec.

The number of kilocycles (kc) is the number of thousands of times the rapidly alternating
current in the antenna repeats its direction of flow per sec. The smaller the wave length, the
larger the frequency. To obtain approximate kc divide 300000 by the number of m (see
next table). For accurate conversion the constant is 299820. The wave length is equal to
the velocity divided by the frequency. The velocity of radio waves in space, according to
the best available data, is 299820 km/sec. This table and the next are entirely reversible,
i.e., 50 kc is 5996 m, and also 50 m is 5996 kc. The range of the table is easily extended by
shifting the decimal point in opposite directions for each pair of values—e.g., 2230 kc or m
is equivalent to 134.4 m or kc; whence 223 ke or m is equivalent to 1344 m or kc. (Taken
from Bur. Standards, Misc. Publ., 67, 1925.)

m or ke || kc or m | mor ke || kc orm | mor kc || kc orm | m or kc || kc orm
296.9 1,410 | 212.6 1,810 | 165.6 25210) |) 0315.7 2,610
293.9 1,420) 2000 1,820 | 164.7 25220) |r 5.0 2,620
2gI1.1 1430) || <20057, 1,830 | 163.8 22308 | 1344 2,630
288.3 1,440 | 208.2 1,840 | 162.9 2,240 | 133.8 2,640
285.5 1,450 | 206.8 1,850 | 162.1 2,250 | 133.3 2,650
282.8 1,460 | 205.4 1,860 | 161.2 2,260 | 132.7 || 2,660
280.2 1,470 | 204.0 1,870 | 160.3 227 OM |B 2a0 2,670
277.6 1,480 | 202.6 1,880 | 159.5 2 250ml mus las 2,680
275.1 1,490 | 201.2 1,890 | 158.6 2,290 | 130.9 2,690
272.6 1,500 | 199.9 1,900 | 157.8 2,300 | 130.4 2,700

270.1 1,510 | 198.6 1,910 | 157.0 2,310 | 129.8 2,710
267.7 1,520 | 197.2 1,920 | 156.2 2,320m|) 120-2 2,720
265.3 1,530 | 196.0 1,930 | 155.3 2,330 | 128.7 2,730
263.0 1,540 | 194.7 1,940 | 154.5 2,340 | 128.1 2,740
260.7 1,550) || 193%4 1,950 | 153.8 25350) | 127-6 2,750
258.5 1,560 | 192.2 1,960 | 153.0 2,360 | 127.0 2,760
256.3 1,570 | I9I.0 1,970 | 152.2 2°37, ON et2O55 2,770
254.1 1,580 | 189.8 1,980 | 151.4 2,380 | 126.0 2,780
252.0 1,590 | 188.6 1,990 | 150.7 2,390 | 125.4 2,790
249.9 1,600 | 187.4 2,000 | 149.9 2,400 | 124.9 2,800

247.8 1,610 | 186.2 2,010 | 149.2 2,410 | 124.4 2,810
245.8 1,620 | 185.1 2,020 | 148.4 2,420 | 123.9 2,820
243.8 1,630 | 183.9 2,030 | 147.7 254205 123-4. 2,830
241.8 1,640 | 182.8 2,040 | 147.0 2,440 | 122.9 2,840
239.9 1,650 | 181.7 2,050 | 146.3 2,450 | 122.4 2,850
238.0 1,660 | 180.6 2,060 | 145.5 2,460 | I21.9 2,860
236.1 1,670 | 179.5 2,070 | 144.8 2,470 | 121.4 2,870
234.2 1,680 | 178.5 2,080 | 144.1 2,480 | 120.9 2,880
232.4 1,690. | 177.4 || 2,090 | 143.5 2,490 | 120.4 2,890
230.6 1,700 | 176.4 2,100 | 142.8 2,500 | 119.9 2,900

228.9 1,710 | 175.3 25DROM | 042-0 2,510 | 119.5 2,910
227.1 Uy 720) |e lf Aed all) 2r20u) LAE 4) ||| 25520)4|) L1TO:0))|/ 27920
225.4 L773 On ies 2,130: | 140.8 2,530 | 118.5 2,930
223.7 177A Ol dies 2,140 | 140.1 2,540 | 118.0 || 2,940
222.1 1750 elles 2,150 | 139.5 2,550 | 117.6 2,950
220.4 1,760 | 170.4 2,160 | 138.8 25560) Tel 7k 2,960
218.8 1,770 | 169.4 2 070m) LZ SL 2,570 | 116.7 2,970 |
PATS 1,780 | 168.4 2 TSOP Las 2,580 | 116.2 2,980
215-7 F7.9O® |elO7a5 2,190 | 136.9 2,590 | 115.8 2,990
214.2 1,800 | 166.6 2,200 | 136.3 2,600 | 115.3 3,000
|

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 546 (continued)
WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY
KILOCYCLE-METER CONVERSION TABLE

Velocity of propagation, 299820 km/sec.

457

m or ke || ke or m

99.61
99.28
98.95
98.62
98.30
97-98
97.66
97-34
97-03
96.72

96.41
96.10
95-79
95-48
95.18
94.88
94.58
94.28
93-99
93-69

93-40
93.11
92.82
92.54
92.25
91.97
91.69
QI.4I1
QI.13
90.86

90.58
90.31
90.04
89.77
89.50
89.23
88.97
88.70
88.44
88.18

87.92
87.67
87.41
'87.16
86.90
86.65
86.40
86.16
85.91
85.66

3,510
3,520
3,530
3,540
35550
3,560
3,570
3,580
3,590
3,600

3,610
3,620
3,630
3,640
3,650
3,660
3,670
3,680
3,690
3,700

3,710
3,720
3,730
3,740
3,750
3,760
3,770
3,780
3,790
3,800

3,810
3,820
3,830
3,840
3,850
3,860
3,870
3,880
3,890
3,900

3,910
3,920
3,930
3,940
3,950
3,960
3,970
3,980
3,990
4,000

m or ke

85.42
85.18
84.94
84.70
84.46
84.22
83.98
83.75
83.52
83.28

83.05
82.82
82.60
32537,
82.14
81.92
81.70
81.47
81.25
81.03

80.81
80.60
80.38
80.17
79-95
79-74
79-53
79-32
79.11
78.90

78.69
78.49
78.28
78.08
77.88
77-67
77-47
77-27
77-97
76.88

76.68
76.48
76.29
76.10
75-90
75-71
75-52
75:33
75-14
74-96

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

m or kc

74-77
74.58
74.40
74.21
74.03
73-85
73-67
73-49
73-31
73-13

72-95
72-77
72.60
72.42
72.25
72.07
71.90
71.73
71.56
71.39

722
71.05
70.88
70.71
79.55
70.38
70.22
70.05
69.89
69.73

69.56
69.40
69.24
69.08
68.92
68.77
68.61
68.45
68.30
68.14

67.99
67.83
67.68
67.53
67.38
67.22
67.07
66.92
66.78
66.63

ke or m

4,510
4,520
4,530
4,540
4,550
4,560
4,570
4,580
4,599
4,600

4,610
4,620
4,630
4,640
4,650
4,660
4,670
4,680
4,690
4,700

4,710
4,720
4,730
4,740
4,750
4,760
4,770
4,780
4,790
4,800

4,810
4,820
4,830
4,840
4,850
4,860
4,870
4,880
4,890
4,900

4,910
4,920
4,930
4,940
4,950
4,960
4,970
4,980
4,990
5,000

m or ke

66.48
66.33
66.19
66.04
65.89
65-75
65.61
65.46
65.32
65.18

65.04
64.90
64.76
64.62
64.48
64.34
64.20
64.06
63.93
63-79

63.66
63.52
63.39
63.25
63.12
62.99
62.86
62.72
62.59
62.46

62.33
62.20

62.07
61.95
61.82
61.69
61.56
61.44
61.31
61.19

61.06
60.94
60.82
60.69
60.57
60.45

60.33
60.20

60.08
59.96

ke or m

5,010
5,020
5,030
5,040
5,050
5,060
5,070
5,080
5,090
5,100

5,110
5,120
5,130
5,140
5,150
5,160
5,170
5,180
5,190
5,200

5,210
5,220
51230
5,240
51250
5,260
51270
5,280
5,290
5,300

5,310
5,320
5,330
5,340
5,350
5,360
5,370
5,380
5,390
5,400

5,410
5,420
5,430
5,440
5,450
5,460
5,470
5,480
5,490
5,500

m or ke
59.84
59-73
59.61
59-49
59-37
59-25
59.13
59.02
58.90
58.79

58.67
58.56
58.44
58.33
58.22
58.10
57:99
57.88
57-77
57.66

57°55
57-44
57-33
57.22
57.11
57.00
56.89
56.78
56.68
56.57

56.46
56.36
56.25
56.15
56.04
55:94
55-83
55-73
55-63
55-52

55-42
55:32
55-22
55-11
55.01
54-91
54.81
54-71
54.61
54-51

458

TABLE 546 (continued)
WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY
KILOCYCLE-METER CONVERSION TABLE

Velocity of propagation, 299820 km/sec.

5,520
51530
51540
51550
5,560
55579
5,580
51590
5,600

5,620
5,630
5,640
5,650
5,660
5,670
5,680
5,690
5,700

5,720
5;730
5,740
5,750
5,760
5779
5,780
5,790
5,800

5,820
5,830
5,840
5,850
5,860
5.870
5,880
5,890

5,920
5,930
51940
5,950
5,960
5:9790
5,980
5,990
6,000

54.32
54.22
54.12
54.02
53-92
53.83
53-73
53-64
53-54

53°35
93-25
53.16
53-07
52-97
52.88
52-79
52.69
52.60

52.42
52.32
52.23
52-14
52.05
51.96
51.87
51.78
51.69

51.52
51-43
51-34
51.25
51.16
51.08
59-99
50.90
50.82

50.65
50.56
59-47
59-39
50.31
50.22
50.14
50.05

ke or m

6,010
6,020
6,030
6,040
6,050
6,060
6,070
6,080
6,090
6,100

6,110
6,120
6,130
6,140
6,150
6,160
6,170
6,180
6,190
6,200

6,210
6,220
6,230
6,240
6,250
6,260
6,270
6,280
6,290
6,300

6,310
6,320
6,330
6,340
6,350
6,360
6,370
6,380
6,390
6,400

6,410
6,420
6,430
6,440
6,450
6,460
6,470
6,480
6,490
6,500

m or ke

49.89
49.80
49.72
49.64
49.56
49.48
49.39
49.31
49.23
49.15

49.07
48.99
48.91
48.83
48.75
48.67
48.59
48.51
48.44
48.36

48.28
48.20
48.13
48.05
47-97
47.89
47.82
47-74
47.67
47-59

47-52
47-44
47-36
47.29
47.22
47.14
47-07
46.99
46.92
46.85

46.77
46.70
46.63
46.56
46.48
46.41
46.34
46.27
46.20
46.13

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

6,510
6,520
6,530
6,540
6,550
6,560
6,570
6,580
6,590
6,600

6,610
6,620
6,630
6,640
6,650
6,660
6,670
6,680
6,690
6,700

6,720
6,730
6,740
6,750
6,760
6,770
6,780
6,790
6,800

6,810
6,820
6,830
6,840
6,850
6,860
6,870
6,880
6,890

6,910
6,920
6,930
6,940
6,950
6,960
6,970
6,980
6,990

ke orm

m or kc

46.06
45-98
45.91
45-84
45-77
45.70
45-63
45-57
45.50
45-43

45-36
45-29
45.22
45-15
45-09
45.02
44-95
44.88
44.82
44-75

44.68
44.62
44-55
44.48
44-42
44-35
44.29
44.22
44.16
44.09

44.03
43-96
43.90
43-83
43-77
43-71
43-64
43-58
43.52
43-45

43-39
43-33
43.26
43.20
43-14
43.08
43.02
42.95
42.89
42.83

ke or m

7,010
7,020
7,030
7,040
7,050
7,060
7,070
7,080
7,090
7,100

7,110
7,120
7130
7,140
7,150
7,160
7,170
7,180
7,190
7,200

7,210
7,220
71230
7,240
71250
7,260
7:270
7,280
71290
71300

7,310
7,320
7,330
7,340
71350
7,360
7,370
7,380
7,390
7,400

7,410
7,420
7,430
7,440
7,450
7,460
7,470
7,480
7,490
7,500

m or ke

42-77
42.71
42.65
42.59
42.53
42.47
42.41
42.35
42.29
42.23

42.17
42.11
42.05
41.99
41.93
41.87
41.82
41.76
41.70
41.64

41.58
41.53
41.47
41.41
41.35
41.30
41.24
41.18
Anas
41.07

41.02
40.96
40.90
40.85
40.79
40.74
40.68
40.63
40.57
40.52

40.46
40.41
40.35
40.30
40.24
40.19
40.14
40.08
40.03
39.98

ke or m

7:510
7,520
71530
75540
71559
7,560
71579
7,580
71590
7,600

7,610
7,620
7,630
7,640
7,650
7,660
7,670
7,680
7,690
7,700

7:710
75720
75730
7740
75759
7,760
75770
7,780
7:790
7,800

7,810
7,820
7,830
7,840
7,850
7,860
7,870
7,880
7.890
7,900

7-910
7:920
7:930
7:940
7,950
7,960
7:970
7,980
7:9990
8,000

m or ke

39.92
39.87
39.82
39.76
39-71
39.66
39.61
39-55
39-50
39-45

39-40
39-35
39-29
39.24
39-19
39-14
39-09
39-04
38.99
38.94

38.89
38.84
38.79
38.74
38.69
38.64
38.59
38.54
38.49
38.44

38.39
38.34
38,29
38.24
38.19
38.14
38.10
38.05
38.00

37-90
37.86
37.81
37-76
37-71
37-67
37.62
37-57
37-52

TABLE 546 (concluded) 459
WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY
KILOCYCLE-METER CONVERSION TABLE
Velocity of propagation, 299820 km/sec.

m or kc }| kc or m | m or ke m or ke || kc or m

37-43 || 8,410 | 35.65 34.03 || 9,210
37-38 || 8,420 | 35.61 33-99 || 9,220
37-34 || 8,430 | 35-57 33-95 || 9,230
37-29 || 8,440 | 35.52 33-92 || 9,240
37-24 || 8,450 | 35.48 33.88 || 9,250
37-20 || 8,460 | 35.44 33-84 || 9,260
37-15 || 8,470 | 35.40 33.80 || 9,270
27d 8,480 | 35.36 33.76 9,280
37.06 || 8,490 | 35-31 33-73 || 9,290
37-01 || 8,500 | 35.27 33-69 || 9,300

36.97 || 8,510 | 35.23 33-65 || 9,310
36.92 8,520 | 35.19 33.61 9,320
36.88 || 8,530 | 35-15 33-57 || 9,330
36.83 || 8,540 | 35.11 33-54 || 9,340
36.79 || 8,550 | 35-07 33-50 || 9,350
36.74 || 8,560 | 35.03 33-46 || 9,360
36.70 || 8,570 | 34.98 33-42 || 9,370
36.65 || 8,580 | 34.94 33-39 || 9,380
36.61 || 8,590 | 34.90 33-35 || 9,390
36.56 8,600 | 34.86 33.31 9,400

36.52 8,610 | 34.82 33.28 9,410
36.47 || 8,620 | 34.78 33-24 || 9,420
36.43 || 8,630 | 34.74 33-20 || 9,430
36.39 || 8,640 | 34.70 33-17 || 9,440
36.34 || 8,650 | 34.66 33-13 || 9,450
36.30 8,660 | 34.62 33.09 9,460
36.25 || 8,670 | 34.58 33:06 || 9,470
36.21 8,680 | 34.54 33.02 9,480
36.17 || 8,690 | 34.50 32.98 || 9,490
36.12 8,700 | 34.46 32.95 9,500

36.08 8,710 | 34.42 32.91 9,510
36.04 8,720 | 34.38 32.88 9,520
35-99 || 8,730 | 34.34 32.84 || 9,530
35-95 || 8,740 | 34.30 32.80 || 9,540
35:91 || 8,750 | 34.27 32-77 || 9,550
35-86 || 8,760 | 34.23 32-73 || 9,560
35-82 || 8,770 | 34.19 32.70 || 9,570
35-78 8,780 | 34.15 32.66 9,580
35-74 || 8,790 | 34.11 32.62 || 9,590
35-69 8,800 | 34.07 32.59 9,600

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

17

460 TABLE 547

WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY

Wave-Length in Meters, Frequency in periods per second, and Oscillation Constant LC in
Microhenries and Microfarads

The relation between the free wave-length in meters, the frequency in cycles per second, and
the capacity-inductance product in microfarads and microhenries are given for circuits between
1000 and 10,000 meters. For values between 100 and 1000 meters, multiply the columns for n
by 10 and move the decimal point of the corresponding LLC column two places to the left (divid-
ing by 100); for values between 10,000 and 100,coo, divide the n column by ro and multiply the
LC column by too. The relation between wave-length and capacity-inductance may be relied
upon throughout the table to within one part in 200.

Example 1: What is the natural wave-length of a circuit containing a capacity of 0.cot micro-
farad, and an inductance of 454 microhenries? The product of tle inductance and capacity is
454 X 0.001 =0.454. Find 0.454 under LC; opposite under meters is 1270 meters, the natural
wave-length of the circuit.

Example 2: What capacity must be associated with an inductance of 880 microhenries in order
to tune the circuit to 3500 meters? Find opposite 3500 meters the LC value 3.45; divide this by
880, and the quotient, 0.00397, is the desired capacity in microfarads.

Example 3: A condenser has the capacity of 0.004 microfarad. What inductance must be placed
in series with this condenser in order that the circuit shall have a wave-length of 600 meters?
From the table, the LC value corresponding to 600 meters is 0.101. Divide this by 0.004, the
capacity of the condenser, and the desired inductance is 25.2 microhenries.

Meters. Meters. Meters. LC

300,000 1300
297,000 | 1310
294,100 1320
291,300 1330
288,400 1340
285,700 | 1350
283,600 1360
280,400 | 1370
27,000) |) 70:3 1380
275,200 | 1390

1600 187,500 | 0.721
1610 186, 300 0.730
1620 185,200 0.739
1630 184,100 0.748
1640 182,900 0.757
1650 181,800 0.766
1660 180,700 0.776
1670 179,600 0.785
1680 178,600 0.794
1690 177,500 0.804

NHN NNNNHN WN

272,700 1400 | 214,300 1700 176,500 0.813
gies ve seaes 1710 175,400 oere

; 52 2 211,300 : 1720 174,400 0.833
265,500 | 1430 209,800 : 1730 173,400 0.842
263,100 1440 208, 300 1740 172,400 0.852
260,900 : 1450 206,900 1750 171,400 0.862
258,600 | 1400 205,500 1760 170, 500 0.872
256,400 1470 204,100 1770 169,400 0.882
254,200 | | 1480 202,700 1780 168,500 0.892
252,100 | | 1490 201,300 1790 167,600 | 0.902

250,000 1500 | 200,000 1800 166,700 | 0.912
247,900 1510 198,700 1810 165,700 | 0.923
245,900 1520 197,400 1820 164,800 0.933
243,900 1530 196,100 1830 163,900 0.943
241,900 | 1540 194,800 1840 163,000 0.953
240,000 1550 193,600 1850 162,200 | 0.963
238,100 | 1560 192,300 1860 161,300 0.974
236,200 1570 191,100 1870 160,400 0.985
234,400 1580 | 189,900 1880 159,600 | 0.995

232,600 1590 188,700 1890 158,700 1.006

Adapted from table prepared by Greenleaf W. Picard; copyright by Wireless Specialty Apparatus Company, New
York. Computed on basis of 300,000 kilometers per second for the velocity of propagation of electromagnetic waves.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 547 (continued) 461
WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY
Wave-Length, Frequency and Oscillation Constant
Meters. | n Meters. n LC Meters. n LC |
1900 157,900 2800 107,100 2.21 7000 42,860 13.8 |
1910 157,100 2820 106,400 2.24 7100 Az250) || 14:25 ||
1920 156,300 2840 105,600 Dea 7200 41,670 |" "14.6
1930 155,400 2860 104,900 2.30 7300 Ul,100 ©) -Ts:0
1940 154,600 2880 104,200 2.33 7.400 40,540 | 15.4
1950 153,500 2900 103,400 2.37 7500 40,000 | 15.8
1960 153,100 2920 102,700 2.40 7600 39,470 16.3
1970 152,300 2940 102,000 2.43 7700 38,960 16.7
1980 151,500 2960 101,300 2.47 7800 38,460 Leu) ||
1990 150,500 2980 100,700 2.50 7900 37,980 7. ON
2000 150,000 3000 100,000 2NGB 8000 37,500 18.0 |
2020 148,500 3100 96,770 2.70 8100 37,040 18.5
2040 147,100 3200 9357 50 2.88 8200 36, 590 18.9
2060 145,600 3300 90,910 3.07 8300 36,140 19.4
2080 144,200 3400 88,240 3.26 8400 35,710 19.9
2100 142,900 3500 85.910 . 3.45 8500 35,290 20.3
2120 | 141,500 3600 83,330 3.65 8600 34,880 20.8
2140 | 140,200 3700 81,080 3.85 8700 34,480 213
2160 138,900 3800 78,950 4.06 8800 34,090 21.8
2180 137,600 3900 76,920 4.28 8900 33,7 10 223
2200 136,400 4000 7 5,000 4.50 gooo 33,330 22.8
2220 135,100 4100 73,170 4.73 g100 32,970 23.3
2240 133,900 4200 71,430 4.96 9200 32,610 | 23.8
2260 132,700 4300 69,770 5.20 9300 32,260 | 24.3
2280 131,600 4400 68.180 5-45 9400 31,910 24.9
2300 130,400 4500 66,670 5-70 9500 31,590 25.4
2320 129,300 4600 65.220 5-96 9600 31,250 25.9
2340 128,200 4700 63,830 6.22 9700 30,930 26.5
2360 127,100 4800 62,500 6.49 9800 30,610 27.0
2380 126,000 4900 61,220 6.76 gg0o 30,310 | 27.6
2400 125,000 5000 60,000 7.04 10000 30,000 28.1
2420 124,000 5100 58,820 Fee
2440 129,000 5200 57,690 7-61
2460 121,900 5300 56,600 7.91
2480 121,000 5400 55,560 8.21
2500 120,000 5500 54,550 8.51
2520 119,000 5600 53,570 8.83
2540 118,100 5700 2,630 9.15
2560 117,200 5600 51,720 9.47
2580 116,300 5900 50,850 9.81 |
2600 115,400 6000 50,000 10.1
2620 | 114,500 6100 49,180 10.5
2640 II 3,600 6200 48,550 10.8
2660 112,800 6300 47,620 Tater
2680 III,Q00 6400 46,870 Teas
| 2700 III,100 6500 46,150 1.9
2720 110,300 6600 45.450 12.3
2740 109,500 6700 44,780 12.6
2760 108,700 6800 44,120 13.0
2780 107,900 6900 43,480 13.4
2800 107,100 | 7000 42,860 13.8

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

462 TABLE 548
SKIP-DISTANCE AND RANGE TABLE

For frequencies between 1500 and 30000 kc
(This table was prepared by the Naval Research Laboratory.)

Skip-distance Maximum reliable range
Range

ae Summer Winter Summer Winter

wave | Day | Night | Day | Night | Day | Night | Day

Frequency

in
kilocycles

1500— I715 geo Ales SNE Ss Bn eat
I7I15— 2000 Sek OT ie ete keene cael lpra saben 175

2000— 2250 Pe a ee ios bal otc 9|| eo ee 250

2250- 2750 zi Files All cece anh | i gel IF ear 150 | 350

2750-— 2850 acme as erred Hh hea tees, | hectare 170 | 500

2850-— 3500 eae orl omnes Sl ucts yma | eer 900

3500— 4000 eee Ta hc eye mre [eek | amen S 1500

4000— 5500 stad || oa teem | PEM ieee 300 | 4000

5500— 5700 Mest | Vetseeptal | kanal aie 400 | 4000

5700— 6000 450 | 5000

6000— 6150 500 | 5500

6150— 6675 550 | 6500

6675-— 7000 650 | 7000

7000— 7300 700 | 7500

7300— 8200 750 | 8000

8200— 8550 800 | 8000

8550— 8900 900 | 8000

8900— 9500 950 | 8000

9500— 9600 1000 | 8000
9600-1 1000 I100 | 8000

I 1000-11400 1200 | 8000
11400-11700 1300 | 8000
11700-11900 1500 | 8000

I 1900-12300 1550 | 8000
12300-12825 1600 | 8000
12825-13350 1700 | 8000
13350-14000 ! 1800 3660
14000-14400 1950 4060
14400-15100 2200 4360
15100-15350 2300 4640
15350-16400 2500 5060
16400-17100 3000 5600
17100-17750 3500 6200
17750-17800 4000 6450
17800-21450 5000 7000
21450-21550 6000 7000
21550-22300 7000 7000
22300-23000 7000 7000
23000-28000 un- un-
known known
28000-30000 un- un-
known known

oq

=
Qu.

OL@r@n np iGaG.

a=
ae

5

QO

QO

Not useful
oO

Not reflected
Not useful

Q

ESOS DGD aca On Aul@ CLOG GDN Oa Di QuOnoiG fuQ@ucDl@lOucnorOnomcoe on OnGr

Not reflected

A.

Skip-distance—Shortest distance beyond the ground wave at which communication is
possible, or the point where the sky wave first comes to earth. On certain frequences and at
certain seasons communication is possible within the skip-distance due to echoes and around
the world signals. Skip-distance variations are not so very large in the day time but they
may be quite variable at night. It should be noted that the ground wave variations ranges
are based upon overland data; the ranges over sea are considerably greater. Useful working
ranges are, however, based entirely upon the sky wave.

The above table was obtained from the general average of a large number of observations.
For the night ranges given it is assumed that the greater part of the path between the trans-
mitting and receiving stations is in darkness.

As the distances given in this table are general averages many discrepancies may be
found in practice due to seasonal changes, sun spot activities, geographical location, local
weather conditions, etc.

(a) For approximate wave lengths use Table 547. (b) Mobile, ships and coastal stations, aircraft, railroad
stock, etc. (c) Fixed, permanent stations handling point to point traffic. (d) Amateur. (e) Broadcast. (f) Not
reserved. (g) 1601 experimental, 1600—1652—1664—-1680-1704-1712, portable. (h) U. S. entirely amateur.
(i) U. S. 2002-2300 experimental visual broadcasting. (j) 2398 experimental. (k) 2750-2950 experimental visual
broadcasting. (1) 3088 experimental. (m) 4795 experimental.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 549 463
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL DISCUSSION

Unit pole is a quantity of magnetism repelling another unit pole with a force of one dyne;
47 lines of force radiate from it. M, pole strength; 47M lines of force radiate from pole of
strength M.

H, field strength, = no. of lines of force crossing unit area in normal direction; unit = gauss =
one line per unit area.

M, magnetic moment, = M/, where / is length between poles of magnet.

I, intensity of magnetization or pole strength per unit area, = M/V = M/A where A is cross
section of uniformly magnetized pole face, and V is the volume of the magnet. 47M/A = 47I =
no. lines of force leaving unit area of pole.

J, specific intensity of magnetism, = J/p where p = density, g/cm‘.

¢, magnetic flux, = 47M + HA for magnet placed in field of strength H (axis parallel to field).
Unit, the maxwell.

B, flux density (magnetic) induction, = ¢/A = 477 + H; unit the gauss, maxwell per cm.

M, magnetic permeability, = B/H. Strength of field in air-filled solenoid = H = (47/10) ni
in gausses, 7 in amperes, 7, number of turns per cm length. If iron filled, induction increased,
i.e., no. of lines of force per unit area, B, passing through coil is greater than H; w = B/H.

kK, susceptibility; permeability relates to effect of iron core on magnetic field strength of coil;
if effect be considered on iron core, which becomes a magnet of pole strength M and intensity
of magnetism J, then the ratio [/H = (u — 1)/4 wis the magnetic susceptibility per unit volume
and is a measure of the magnetizing effect of a magnetic field on the material placed in the field.
b= 47K +1.

X, specific susceptibility (per unit mass) = k/p = J/H.

Xa, atomic susceptibility, = x x (atomic weight); xX, = molecular susceptibility.

J x, Jy, similarly atomic and molecular intensity of magnetization.

Hysteresis is work done in taking a cm’ of the magnetic material through a magnetic cycle
= fHdlI = (1/47) fH dB. Steinmetz’s empirical formula gives a close approximation to the
hysteresis loss; it is aB!* where B is the max. induction and ais a constant (see Table 575). The
retentivity (B,) is the value of B when the magnetizing force is reduced to zero. The reversed
field necessary to reduce the magnetism to zero is called the coercive force (H,).

Ferromagnetic substances, very large, k very large: Fe, Ni, Co, Heusler’s alloy (Cu 62.5,
Mn 23.5, Al 14. See Stephenson, Phys. Rev. 1910), magnetite and a few alloys of Mn. wy for
Heusler’s alloy, 90 to 100 for B = 2200; for Si sheet steel 350 to 5300.

Paramagnetic substances, “>1, very small but positive, kK = 10 * to 10%: oxygen, especially
at low temperatures, salts of Fe, Ni, Mn, many metallic elements. (See Table 580.)

Diamagnetic substances, w<1, K negative. Most diamagnetic substance known is Bi, —14
x 10, Volume susceptibility (see Table 580).

Paramagnetic substances show no retentivity or hysteresis effect. Susceptibility independent
of field strength. The specific susceptibility for both para- and diamagnetic substances is in-
dependent of field strength.

Tor Hall effect (galvanomagnetic difference of potential), Ettinghausen effect (galvanomagnetic
difference of temperature), Nernst effect (thermomagnetic difference of potential) and the Leduc
effect (thermomagnetic difference of temperature), see Tables 593 and 504.

Magneto-strictive phenomena:

Joule effect: Mechanical change in length when specimen is subjected to a magnetic field.
With increasing field strength, iron and some iron alloys show first a small increment Al// =
(7 to 35) X 10”, then a decrement, and for H = 1600, A//l may amount to —(6 to 8) x 107%.
Cast cobalt with increasing field first decreases, A//] = —8 x10-*, H = 150, then increases in
length, A//l = + 5 x 10 *, H = 2000; annealed cobalt steadily ccntracts, A//l = —25 x 10 *, H
= 2000. Ni rapidly then slowly contracts, Al/l = —30 x 10 *, IJ = 100; —35 X 10°*, H = 300;
—36 x 10 *, H = 2000 (Williams, Phys. Rev. 34, 44, 1912). A transverse field generally gives
a reciprocal effect.

Wiedemann effect: The lower end of a vertical wire, magnetized longitudinally, when a current
is passed through it, if free, twists in a certain direction, depending upon circumstances (see
Williams, Phys. Rev. 32, 281, to11). A reciprocal effect is observed in that when a rod of soft
iron, exposed to longitudinal magnetizing force, is twisted, its magnetism is reduced.

Villari effect; really a reciprocal Joule effect. The susceptibility of an iron wire is increased
by stretching when the magnetism is below a certain value, but diminished when above that
value.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

464 TaBLes 550-552
TABLE 550.—Magnetic Properties of Various Types of Iron and Steel

From tests made at the Bureau of Standards. B and H are measured in cgs units.

Values of B 2000 | 4000 | 6000 | 8000 | 10,000] 12,000} 14,000] 16,000] 18,000] 20,000

Annealed Norway iron} H .81| 1.15) 1.60) 2.18) 3.06) 4.45) 7.25) 23.5) 116.) —
BK | 2470] 3480] 3750] 3670] 3270] 2700] 1930] 680] 150 | —

Cast semi-steel...... H | 2.00} 2.90) 4.30) 6.46) 9.82/15 .1 |24.9 | 50.5) 135.) 325.
HL | 1000] 1380] 1400] 1240] 1020] 795] 563] 317 | 133 | 62.

Machinery steel...... H | 5.0 | 8.8 |13.1 |18.6 |25.8 |35.8 |50.5 | 76.0
oo 455| 460] 430] 390] 340] 280] 210

TABLE 551.— Magnetic Properties of a Specimen of Very Pure Iron (.017% C)

From tests at the Bureau of Standards. B and H are measured in cgs units.

Values of B 2000 | 4000 | 6000 | 8000 | 10,000] 12,060] 14,000] 16,000] 18,000] 20,000

H | 3.30] 4.48] 6.35] 9.10/13 .0 |18.9 |28.8 | 47.0/103. | 240.
| B | 606) 893} 945) 880) 770} 635) 486) 340) 175 | 83
H
be

Very pure iron
as received

46) «6 .80| 1.02) 1.38) 2.00) 3.20) 11.3) 72.0) 194.
4350| 6670] 7500] 7840] 7250] 6000] 4380] 1420] 250 | 103

So

Annealed in vacuo
from goo°® C

As received: Hmax 150 After annealing: Hmax 150
Bmax 18,900 Bmax 19,500
B, 7,050 _—
Elie 2.8 Ei ONS 3

TABLE 552.— Magnetic Properties of Electrical Sheets

From tests at the Bureau of Standards. B and H are measured in cgs units.

Values of B 6000 } 8000 | 10,000} 12,000} 14,000] 16,000] 18,000} 20,000

Dynamo steel 3.10) 4.95) 9.20

3220] 2420] 1520

Ordinary trans- \ Z 2.28] 3.85/10 .9

former steel 4380] 3120] 1280

High silicon trans- 5 . 1.99) 3.60) 9.80
former steel 5020] 3340] 1430

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TaB_Les 553-556 465
TABLE 553.—Magnetic Properties of Two Types of American Magnet Steel

From tests at the Bureau of Standards. B and H are measured in cgs units.

Values of B 2000 | 4000 | 6000 10,000 | 12,000 | 14,000 | 16,000 | 18,000

Tungsten steel. BSLOMIESS EG OSeSu ll 72eo| O34.
57 75 95 120

Chrome steel. . . SAE AORON 103.5) ||) Oona. 143
58 82 95 gl 7°

Percentage composition: Tungsten steel, C 0.67 W 5.1 Mn 038 S1 0.26
Chrome steel, C 0.81 W 0.96 Cr 2.09 Si 0.25

Tungsten steel: Hmax 200 Bmax 14,000 Chrome steel: Hmax 200 Bmax 11,050

H, 62.5 B, 10,400 H, 45-7 B; 7,030

TABLE 554.— Magnetic Properties of a Ferro-Cobalt Alloy, FezCo (35% Cobalt)

From tests at the Bureau of Standards. Band H are measured in cgs units.

Values of B 12,000 | 14,000

As received.....

Annealed at \

TOOO ss Cm s!

Quenched \
from 1000° C {

As received 15,000 22.0 7750 | 3-79
Annealed at 1000° C Bmax;415,000 Hmax, 18.3 B, 4 7460 He} 3-95
Quenched from 1000° C 15,000 130 8240 (14.3

TABLE 555.— Magnetic Properties of a Ring Sample of Transformer Steel
in Very Weak Fields

From tests made at the Bureau of Standards. B and H are measured in cgs units.

Values of H : ©.002 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.008 | 0.010 | 0.012 | 0.014 | 0.018
Values of B : 0.91 1.85 2.87 |} 3-94 5.05 6.30 7S Tal LOLS
| Waluestofie ascent set. 5 455 462 478 492 505 525 536 566

TABLE 556.—Magnetic Properties of Iron in Very Weak Fields

The effect of very small magnetizing forces has been studied by C. Baur and by Lord Rayleigh. The following
short table is taken from Baur’s paper, and is taken by him to indicate that the susceptibility is finite for zero valucs
of H and for a finite range increases in simple proportion to H. He gives the formula k = 15 + 100H, or J = 15H
-+ 100H? The experiments were made on an annealed ring of round bar 1.013 cms radius, the ring having a radius of
9.432 cms. Lord Rayleigh’s results for an iron wire not annealed give k = 6.4 + 5.1H, orl = 6.4H + 5.1H2. The
forces were reduced as low as 0.00004 cgs, the relation of k to H remaining constant.

First experiment. Second experiment.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

466

TABLE 557

COMPOSITION AND MACNETIC

This table and Table 558 below are taken from a paper by Dr. Hopkinson * on the magnetic properties of iron and steel

which is stated in the paper to have been 240.
“ Coercive force’ is the magnetizing force required to reduce the magnetization to zero.

revious magnetization in the opposite direction to the ‘f maximum induction ”’ stated in the table.
P g pp

by 47.

which, however, was only found to agree roughly with the results of experiment.

The maximum magnetization is not tabulated; but as stated in the
The “ demag-

The “‘ energy

Oo ON AnfWN eH

Description of
specimen.

Chemical analysis.

Total

Carbon. |

| Manga-
nese.

Sulphur. | Silicon Phos-

‘| phorus.

Other
substances.

Wrought iron
Malleable cast iron
Gray cast iron .
Bessemer steel . ‘
Whitworth mild steel

“ “

Hadfield’s manganese |
steel
Manganese steel

“cc

Silicon steel

“ “cc

“ “

Chrome steel
“ “

“ “a

(French) .
“ “

Gray cast ijon

Mottled cast iron

Wihite sso ae
Spiegeleisen

Annealed

a

Annealed
{ Oil-hard-
tl ened
Annealed
§ Oil-hard-
1 ened

As forged

Annealed
Oil-hard-

ened

As forged

Annealed
Oil-hard-

} ened

As forged

Annealed
Oil-hard-

} ened

As forged

Annealed

{ Oil-hard-

ened

As forged

Annealed
Oil-hard-

ened

As forged

Annealed
Hardened

in cold
water

( Hardened
in tepid

) water

{ Oil-hard-

) ened

Very hard

* Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. vol. 176.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

None

“cc

0.042

t Graphitic carbon.

TABLE 557 (continued)

PROPERTIES OF IRON AND STEEL

467

The numbers in the columns headed “‘ magnetic properties” give the results for the highest magnetizing force used,
paper, it may be obtained by subtracting the magnetizing force (240) from the maximum induction and then dividing
netizing force” is the magnetizing force which had to be applied in order to leave no residual magnetization after
dissipated’? was calculated from the formula: — Energy dissipated = coercive force X maximum induction +

Description of
specimen.

Temper.

Specific
electri-

cal resis-
tance.

Maxi-

mum in-
duction.

Residual
induc-
tion.

Coer-
cive
force.

Magnetic properties.

Demag-

netizive

| Energy dis-
| Sipated per
cycle.

force.

Wrought iron . z

Malleable cast iron .

Gray cast iron .

Bessemer steel .

Whitworth mild steel
‘

“ee

Hadfield’s manganese |
steel :
Manganese steel

Silicon steel

a“ “ec

“ce “

Chrome steel

“

(French) .

Gray cast iron :
Mottled cast iron.
\ivlente,
Spiegeleisen

Annealed

6b

Annealed
§ Oil-hard-
| ened
Annealed
Oil-hard-
ened

As forged
Annealed
{ Oil-hard-
{ened
As forged
Annealed
{ Oil-hard-
1 ened
As forged
Annealed
Oil-hard-
ened
As forged
Annealed
§ Oil-hard-
) ened
As forged
Annealed
Oil-hard-
ened
As forged
Annealed
Hardened
in cold
water
Hardened
in tepid
water
§ Oil hard-
) ened
Very hard

.01378
.03254
.10560
.O1050
-O1080
.01446

.01 390
01559
01695

06554
.05368
03928
05556

.06993
.06316

.07066

.06163
06185

06195

.02016
01942
.02708

.O17Q1
01849

.0303 5
.02249
02250

.02274

18251
12408
10783
18196
19840
18736

18796
16120

16120

310

4623
10578

4769
747
1985
733
15148
14701
14696
15778
14848
13960
14680
193233
12868
15718
16498

15610

14480

12133
9148
10546
9342
385

7248
7479
3928
7860
7080
9840
11040
10740

8736

2202
5848
2158

540

11073
8149
8084
9318
7579

8595

7568
6489

7891

IOI 44
11008

Oot
ao

Nm Wh
SN Wo

CN
Be

34-70

64.46

70.69
17.03

20.40

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

13356
34742
13037
17137
10289
40120
65786
42306
99401

34567
113963

41941

15474

45740
36485

sg619

61439
42425

169455

85044
64842

167050
78568
80315

149500

216864

197660
39789
41072
36383

468 TABLES 558-560
TABLE 558.—Permeability of Some of the Specimens in Table 557

This table gives the induction and the permeability for different values of the magnetizing force of some of the spect
mens in Table 557- The specimen numbers refer to the same table. The numbers in this table have been taken
from the curves given by Dr. Hopkinson, and may therefore be slightly in error; they are the mean values for
rising and falling magnetizations.

; : . Specimen 8 Specimen g (same as Specimen 3
Magner Specimen r (iron). (annealed steel). 8 tempered). (cast iron).
ing force. =~ : rate

w ; 4 B

265
709
1625
3000
5000
6000
6500
7100
7359
AID
8500
9509
IOIgO

Tables 559-563 give the results of some experiments by Du Bois,* on the magnetic properties of iron, nickel, and
cobalt under strong magnetizing forces. ‘The experiments were made on ovoids of the metals 18 centimeters long
and 0.6 centimeters diameter. The specimens were as follows: (1) Soft Swedish iron carefully annealed and
having a density 7 $2. (2) Hard English cast steel yellow tempered at 230° C; density 7.78. (3) Hard drawn
best nickel containing 99 Yo Ni with some SiO, and traces of Fe and Cu; density 8.82. (4) Cast cobalt giving
the following composition on analysis: Co= 93.1, Ni= 5.8, Fe=0.8, Cu=o.2, Si==o0.1, and C=o.3. The speci-
men was very brittle and broke in the lathe, and hence contained a surfaced joint held together by clamps during
the experiment. Referring to the columns, 7, B, and m have the same meaning as in the other tables, S is the
magnetic moment per gram, and / the magnetic moment per cubic centimeter. A and S are taken from the
curves published by Du Bois; the others have been calculated using the densities given.

TABLE 559.—Magnetic Properties of Soft Iron at 0° and 100° C

Soft iron at 0° C. Soft iron at roo° C.

I B

s ~
33

eee, B

1408
1521
1627
16085
1705
1709 |

m= NOON
Quay AX
Of NRO
me NUON
COO Ma ous
Ao ONO Nd

Steel at c° C.

| 7;

1283
1408
1500
1552
1583
1595
1650

_

Hero OO
AS O 9 OOXO
Mm™OO Hu

* “ Phil. Mag.’’ 5 series, vol. xxix.

+ The results in this and the other tables for forces above 1200 were not obtained from the ovoids above referred
to, but from a small piece of the metal provided with a polished mirror surface and placed, with its polished face nor-
mal to the lines of force, between the poles of a powerful electromagnet. The induction was then inferred from
the rotation of the plane of a polarized ray of red light reflected normally from the surface. (See Kerr’s “ Constants,.’*

p. 480.)
SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLES 561-567 46g

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF METALS
TABLE 561,—Cobalt at 0° and 100° C TABLE 562.—Nickel at 0° and 100° C

——
fe 6 Ss

200 | 106 848 | 10850 ’ | 3980
300 | 116 928 | 11960 : 4966
500 127 1016 | 13260 | 26.5 . 5399
700 | 131 | 1048 | 13870 8 | : 6043
1000 | 134 | 1076 | 14520 Si 6409
1500 | 138 | 1104 | 45380 ; | 687 5
2500 | 143 | 1144 | 16870 ; Re. 7707
4000 | 145 | 1164 18630 : 3. 8973
6000 147 1176 | 20780 : : 10540
gooo ! 149 | 1192 23980 : 12501
At o° C this specimen gave the fol- : 15595
lowing results : : 526 | 18606
7900 | 154 | 1232 | 23380 | 3.0 C this specimen gave the
lowing results :

| 67.5 | 595 | 19782 |

Hm DDO,
wm es OO

~
Oo

TABLE 563.—Magnetite

The following results are given by Du Bois * for a specimen of magnetite.

Professor Ewing has investigated the effects of very intense fields on the induction in iron and other metals.t The
results show that the intensity of magnetization does not increase much in iron after the field has reached an in-
tensity of 1000 c. g. s. units, the increase of induction above this being almost the same as if the iron were not
there, that is to say, @B/d@H is practically unity. For hard steels, and particularly manganese steels, much higher
forces are required to produce saturation. Hadfield’s manganese steel seems to have nearly constant susceptibility
up to a magnetizing force of 10,000. The following tables, taken from Ewing’s papers, illustrate the effects of
strong fields on iron and steel. The results for nickel and cobalt do not differ greatly from those given above.

TABLE 564.—Lowmoor TABLE 565.—Vicker’s TABLE 566.—Hadfield’s:
Wrought Iron Tool Steel Manganese Steel

To oB. Bia ares Figen Zieh ves

=:

0
WOOOW

1680 | 24130
1740 | 28300
1730 | 32250
1720 | 35200
1630 | 36810
1680 | 39900
1730 | 49730

6210 | 1530 | 25480 | 4.10 1930 | 55| 2620
9970 | 1570 | 29650 | 2.97 2350| 84] 3430
12120 | 1§50| 31620 | 2.60 3350, 84) 4400
14660 | 1580 | 34550} 2-36 5920/11} 7310
15530 | 1610 35820 | 2.31 6620 | 187} 8970
ee 7890 | 191 | 10290

8390 | 263 | 11690
9810 300 | 14790

WU Od.

Wn nN NWN
os .
ww

~
wn

TABLE 567.—Saturation Values for Steels

Bessemer steel containing about 0.4 per cent carbon .
Siemens-Marten stee] containing about 0.5 per cent carbon | 18000
Crucible steel for making chisels, containing about 0.6 per

cent carbon) = a0). :

Wn

RP S002. 5) os ie acy a . | 19470 |
Finer quality of 3 containing about 0.8 per cent carbon. . 1833
Crucible steel containing 1 per cent carbon . . . . . ~ | 19620
Whitworth’s fluid-compressed steel. . . . . «. . « «| 18700 |

Ow

* “ Phil. Mag.’’ 5 series, vol. xxix, 1890. 7 + “ Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc.”’ 1885 and 189.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES,

470

TABLES 568 AND 569

DEMAGNETIZING FACTORS FOR RODS
TABLE 568

7/7 = true intensity 0. ee field, H’ = intensity of applied field, 7=in-
tensity of magnetization, 4H = #’/—/V/.

Shuddemagen says: The demagnetizing factor is not a constant, falling for
highest values of / to about 1/7 the value when unsaturated; for values of B
(=A+477) less than 10000, V is approximately constant; using a solenoid
wound on an insulating tube, or a tube of split brass, the reversal method gives
values for V which are considerably lower than those given by the step-by-step
method; if the solenoid is wound on a thick brass tube, the two methods prac-
tically agree.

Values of VX 104.

Cylinder,

ae Step Method.

a eee c Magneto- Dubois: Shaddemacent ee Range of
Dianeer Elhipsoid. Mosca | metric yess Practical Constancy,

‘ zation, | Method :

(Mann). Diameter,

0.3175 cm, | 1.111 cm,| 1.905 cm,

1960
1075
671
343
209
149
106

63

41
21
II

99m NaNO
Cw CO 0O

WIN
‘oO ON!

C. R. Mann, Physical Review, 3, p. 3593; 1896.
H. DuBois, Wied. Ann. 7, p. 9423 1902.
Cale B: Shuddemagen, Proc. Am Acad. Arts and Sci. 43, p. 185, 1907 (Bibliography).

TABLE 569

Shuddemagen also gives the following, where 7 is determined by the step method
and A—//’— KB.

See hee Values of KX ro4,
Ratio of

Diameter Diameter
0.3175 cm. | 1.1 to 2.0cm,

15
20
25
30
40
50
60
80

OAwm NN
A wm ONS

BCA CANOE NE COON

150

G

SMITHSONIAN TABLES,

TaB_Les 570-572 471
TABLE 570.—Magnetic Properties of Iron and Steel

en a TY
| Electro- Good Poor Electrical Sheets.
lytic Cast Cast Steel. Cast
Tron: Steel. Steel. Iron. Ordinary panel Silicon
—_ - = | |—
{C 0.024 0.044 | 0.56 0.99 3.11 0.036 | 0.036
: Si 0.004 0.004 | ‘0.18 0.10 B27, 0.330 3-90
Chemical compost: } y4, | .oc8 0.40 0.29 0.40 0.56 0.260 | 0.090
Song Pee cut i 0.008 0.044 0.076 0.04 | 1.05 0.040 | 0.009
Ss 0.001 0.027 0.035 0.07 0.06 0.068 0.006
a? 2.83 1.51 7.1 16.7 lige: |
eorreie force aaa: 4 {o.36] | [0-37] | (44-3) | (52-4) | [46] | [1-30] |_[o.77]
; | 11400 | 10600 | 10500 | 13000 |. 5100 | |
Residual B+ + + §| [10800] | [11000] | (10500) | (7500) | [5350] | [9400] _| [9850]
oe 1850 | 3550 | 700 | 375 240 | |
ceo perce tl hibiadeot | Teeoa) (170) | (110) | [600] | [3270] | [6130]
fs 19200 | 18800 | 17400 | 16700 | 10400 | |
Sn c } [18g00] | [19100] | | (15400) | (11700) [11000] | [18200] | [17550]
; ; 21620 | 21420 | 20600 | 19800 | 16400 —
4nI for saturation [21630] | [21420] | (20200) | (18000) | [16800] | [20500] | [19260]

E. Gumlich, Zs fiir Electrochemie, 15, p. 599; 1909-
Brackets indicate annealing at 800° C in vacuum, Parentheses indicate hardening by quenching from cherry-red.

TABLE 571.—Cast Iron in Intense Fields

Soft Cast Iron. Hard Cast Iron,

B I B I

782 7860 614
846 2 9700 752
1070 2. | 10850 836

1200 21. | 13050 983
1280 | E | 14050 1044
1300 | 579 | 15900 1138
1465 2s 202 16800 1176
1475 : 26540 1245
1488 ; 28600 1226
1472 : 30200 1226

No oN Ny OO

B. O. Peirce, Proc. Am. Acad. 44, 1909.

TABLE 572,—Corrections for Ring Specimens
In the case of ring specimens, the average magnetizing force is not the value at the mean radius,
the ratio of the two being given in the table. ‘The flux density consequently is not uniform, and
the measured hysteresis is less than it would be for a uniform distribution. This ratio is also given
for the case of constant permeability, the values being applicable for magnetizations in the neigh- .
borhood of the maximum permeability. For higher magnetizations the flux density is more uni-
form, for lower it is less, and the correction greater.

Ratio of Ratio of Average H to | Ratio of Hysteresis for Uniform
Radial H at Mean Radius. | Distribution to Actual Hysteresis.

Width to = SS

Diameter Rectangular | _ Circular | Rectangular Circular

of Ring. Cross-section. a3 Cross-section. ; Cross-section. CS section.

1.0986 MO7TO) || Reishee I 084
0397 1.0294 1.045 1.033

.0137 1.0102 I.015 1.011
0094 1.0070 1.010 1.008
0069 1.0052 1.008 1.006
1.0052 1.0040 1.006 1.004
T0033.) |. ,1.0025 1.003 1.002
1.0009 | 1.0007 1.001 1.001

lig
Me
1.0216 1.0162 1.024 1.018
I
Ie
te

M. G., Lloyd, Bull. Bur, Standards, 5, p. 4353; 1908.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

472 TABLES 573 AND 574

TABLE 573.—Energy Losses in Transformer Steels

Determined by the wattmeter method.

Loss per cycle per cc—= 4A4*+6nB, where 4 = flux density in gausses and = frequency in
cycles per second. x shows the variation of hysteresis with B between 5000 and 10000 gausses,

and y the same for eddy currents.

Ergs per Gramme per Cycle.

Thick-
ness.
cm.

10000 Gausses. |} 5000 Gausses.

Designation.

Hyste-

Hyste-
resis.

resis.

Eddy Cur-
rents at
60~

Eddy Cur-

rents at
60~

Unannealed
A 0.0399
B 0326
C .0422
D .0381

562
384
356
353

1.51
1.59
1.51
1.52

2.02 |0.00490
1.89 | .00358
1.79 | .00319
1.94 | .00312

Annealed

246
220
193
138.5
GINS
130
125
116
127
105

.0476
.0280
0304
.0307
.0318
0282
0346
0338
0335
.0340

1.58
1.60
1.54
ee
1.62
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.55
1.62
1.64

.00227
.00206
.0O174
.0O1 27
.OO105
.00122
.OO1T8
.OOLIO
.OOTTS

.00099
00103

Silicon steels
1.63
1.64
1.63
1.68
1.66
Bh 108
12.4} 1.67
16.6| 1.65

.00094
.00089
.00086
.00077
.00084
.00078
.00061
.00062

MadqHnxzo
* a

* German.

+ English.

Eddy Current

Watts per Pound at 60 Cy-
cles and 10000 Gausses.

+
+

Hyste-

resis. |- Total.

Loss for Gage

No. 29.

¢ In order to make a fair comparison, the eddy current loss has been computed for a thickness of 0.0357 cm (Gage

No. 29), assuming the loss proportional to the thickness.

Lloyd and Fisher, Bull. Bur. Standards, 5, p. 4533; 1909-

Note. —For formulm and tables for the calculation of mutual and self inductance see Bulletin Bureau

of Standards, vol. 8, p. 1-237, 1912.

TABLE 574.—Magnetic Properties of Permalloy

(Yensen, Nickel-Iron Alloys, Journ. Franklin Inst., 199, 340, 1925; Arnold, Elmen, Permalloy,

loc. cit., 195, 621, 1923.)

Permeability Hys-

Satura- | teresis
tion Ba
4l 10000

(gausses)| Erg/C3

/cycle

Reten-
tivity
Initial gausses

a
H=0O

Fe, 3 mm thick

4G Si, 35pm thick 4
50% Ni, .35 mm thick*.
78% Ni, .35 mm thick. .

* Permalloy.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 575 473

DISSIPATION OF ENERCY IN THE CYCLIC MACNETIZATION OF VARIOUS
SUBSTANCES

C. P. Steinmetz concludes from his experiments * that the dissipation of energy due to
hysteresis in magnetic metals can be expressed by the formula e = a4, where ¢ is the energy
dissipated and a a constant. He also concludes that the dissipation is the same for the same
range of induction, no matter what the absolute value of the terminal inductions may be. His
experiments show this to be nearly true when the induction does not exceed ++ 15000 c. g.s.
units per sq. cm. It is possible that, if metallic induction only be taken, this may be true up to
saturation ; but it is not likely to be found to hold for total inductions much above the satura-
tion value of the metal. The law of variation of dissipation with induction range in the cycle,
stated in the above formula, is also subiect to verification.

Values of Constant a

The following table gives the values of the constant @ as found by Steinmetz for a number of different specimens.
The data are taken from his second paper.

Number of Kind of material. Description of specimen. Value of
specimen. a.

iron. . Norway iron. :
Son's ; Wrought bar ;

Commercial ferrotype plate

Annealed ss

Thin tin plate

Medium thickness tin plate

Soft galvanized wire

Annealed cast steel .

Soft annealed cast steel .

Very soft annealed cast steel . F

Same as § tempered in cold water

Tool steel glass hard tempered in water
«tempered in oil . .

annealed .

s Same as 12, 13, and 14, after havi ing “been subjected /
to an alternating m. m. f. of from 4000 to 6000 ¢ |

: : ) ampere turns for demagnetization j

Cast iron . Gray cast iron .

se ane “ <)-s containing 4 % aluminium
“ “ F “ec “e “ec 4 b “ce

OO ON Quftwh =

—
~

“cc “cc

cA square rod 6 sq. cms. section and 6.5 cms. ‘long, (
Magnetite .

from the Tilly Foster mines, Brewsters, Putnam
County, New York, stated to be a very pure soe J
Nickel . Soft wire .
A § Annealed wire! calculated by Steinmets ‘from
| Ewing’s experiments
Hardened, also from Ewi ing ’s experiments
Cc § Rod containing about 2 % of iron, also calculated |
obalt \f
rom Ewing’s experiments by Steinmetz
Fe of thin needle-like chips obtained by
(3d

“

milling grooves about 8 mm. wide across a pile of
thin sheets clamped together. About 30 % by vol-
ume of the specimen was iron.
Ist experiment, continuous cyclic variation of m.m. |
f. 180 cycles per second . : : : ‘ Si
2d experiment, 114 cycles per second

ss 79-91 cycles per second .

Tron filings

* * Trans Am. Inst. Elect. Eng.’’ January and September, 1892.
+t See T. Gray, ‘* Proc. Roy. Soc.’’ vol. lvi.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES. <

474 TaB_Les 576-579

TABLE 576.—Magnetism and Temperature, Critical Temperature

The magnetic moment of a magnet diminishes with increasing temperature. Different specimens vary widely.
In the formula Mt/Mo = (1 — at) the value of a may range from .0003 to .oor (see Tables 559-560). The effect on the
permeability with weak fields may at first be an increase. There is a critical temperature (Curie point) above which
the permeability is very small (paramagnetic?). Diamagnetic susceptibility does not change with the temperature.
Paramagnetic susceptibility decreases with increase in temperature. This and the succeeding two tables are taken
from Dushman, ‘‘ Theories of Magnetism,” General Electric Review, 1916.

Critical Critical
Refer- Substance: tenieere Refer-
Curie point.

Substance. temperature,

: : ence.
Curie point.

ence.

tron nou LONI ersten eee
DS foMlans Anaeyamooco0
AV OLD crore sence ois eeee
Magnetite (FesO4)........

WWNHHAHHH
AnubHL HH

&

References: (1) P. Curie; (2) see Williams, Electron Theory of Magnetism, quoted from Weiss; (3) du Bois,
Tr. Far. Soc. 8, 211, 1912; (4) Hilpert, Tr. Far. Soc. 8, 207, 1912; (5) Gumaer; (6) Stifler, Phys: Rev. 33, 268, ro1r.

TABLE 577.—Temperature Variation for Paramagnetic Substances
The relation deduced by Curie that x = C/T, where C is a constant and T the absolute temperature, holds for some

paramagnetic substances over the ranges given in the following table. Many paramagnetic substances do not obey the
law (Honda and Owen, Ann. d. Phys. 32, 1027, 1910; 37, 657, 1912). See the following table.

Substance. Cex<sr08 Range ° C Ree Substance. C X 108} Range °C Refer-

ence. ence.

Oxygenlecee on 33,700 20° to 450° C Gadolinium sulphate.| 21,000

PANT NS Betts Sere corte 7,830 - —- — Ferrous sulphate... .| 11,000 I7
Palladium....... 1,520 20 to 1370 Ferric sulphate. ....| 17,000 17
Magnetite....... 28,000 | 850 ‘“‘ 1360 Manganese chloride.| 30,000 17
Gastiront.c.-- || 395500) | S50 1267

“a

References: (1) P. Curie, London Electrician, 66, 500, 1912; see also Du Bois, Rap. du Cong. 2, 460, 1900; (2) Per-
rier, Onnes, Tables annuelles, 3, 288, 1914; (3) Oosterhuis, Onnes, /.c. 2, 389, 1913.

TABLE 578.—Temperature Effect on Susceptibility of Diamagnetic Elements
No effect:

B Cryst. 400 to 1200° P white Se — Sb —170 to 50°

C Diamond, +170 to 200° S_ Cryst.; ppt. Br —170 to 18? Cs and Au

C “Sugar” carbon Zn —170 to 300° Zr Cryst. —170 to 500° Hg —39 to +350°

Si Cryst. As _— Cd —170 to 300° Pb 327 to 600°
Increase with rise in Temperature:

Be — C Diamond, 200 to 1200° I —170 to 114°

B Cryst. +170 to 400° Ag — Hg —170 to —30°
Decrease with rise in Temperature:

C Amorphous | Gd —179 to 30° In —170 to 150° Tl --

C Ceylon graphite Ge —170 to goo® Sb +50 to +631° Pb —170 to 327°

Cu = Zr 500 to 1200° Te _ Bi —170 to 268°

Zn +300 to 700° Cd 300 to 700° I +114 to +200°

TABLE 579.—Temperature Effect on Susceptibility of Paramagnetic Elements
No effect:

Li 7 K —170 to 150° Cr —r170 to 500° W —

Na —170 to 97° Ca —170 to 18° Mn —170 to 250° Os —

Al 657 to 1100° V —170 to 500° Rb —
Increase with rise in Temperature:

Ti —40 to 1100° Cr 500 to 1100° Ru +550 to 1200° Ba —170 to 18°

V_ 500 to 1100° Mo —170 to 1200° Rh — Ir and Th
Decrease with rise in Temperature: :

(O) — Ti —180 to —40° Ni 350 to 800° Pd and Ta

As —170 to 657° Mn 250 to 1015° Co above 1150° Pt and U

Mg -- (Fe) _ Cb —170 to 400° Rare earth metals

Tables 578 and 579 are due to Honda and Owen; for reference, see preceding table.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 580

MACNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY

475

It Gis the intensity of magnetization produced in a substance by a field strength #, then the
magnetic susceptibility H = 9]/ #3. This is generally referred to the unit mass; italicized figures
refer to the unit volume. The susceptibility depends greatly upon the purity of the substance, es-

pecially its freedom from iron.

The mass suscepubility of a solution containing P per cent by weight

of a water-free substance is, if Ho is the susceptibility of water, (p/100) Hi + (1 —p/r1oo) Ho.

Substance.

i
|
|

J | Remarks |

Substance.

ZN

Ae Cle
Air,1 Atm.
Al

A,1 Atm .

Chane: carbon!
C, diamond
GH 1 Atm..
COow Atm).
CSiaeae oe S
CaO}

CaCle

AloKo(SOx)a 24120

| MnSQgq.

No, 1 Atm.

| NiuCOs 10 1,0

Nb
NiCl,
NiSO, .
Os, 1 Atm.
Os
P, white

CaCOs, marble .
Cie Sik te ea
CeBrg

Clo, 1 Atm.
CoCle

CoBre °

Cols © .

CoSO4 Ate
Co(NOs)o .

Cye cS foams

SOs, 1 Atm. .
Sheree

Se
Sener
| SiOe, Quartz .
. || —Glass.

Ho, 40 Atm. .
EG OR aS
Hel.
H2SOx .

CoHsOC2 are ;
CHCl, :
| CgHe
Ebonite
Glycerine .
Sugar
|| Paraffin
| Petroleum.
‘Toluene

| Wood... .
een pce

Values are mostly means taken of values given in Landolt-Bérnstein’s Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen. See espe-
cially Honda, Annalen der Physik (4), 32, 1910.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 581
MAGNETO-OPTIC ROTATION
GENERAL DISCUSSION

Faraday discovered that, when a piece of heavy glass is placed in magnetic field and a beam
of plane polarized light passed through it in a direction parallel to the lines of magnetic force,
the plane of polarization of the beam is rotated. ‘This was subsequently tound to be the case
with a large number of substances, but the amount of the rotation was found to depend on the
kind of matter and its physical condition, and on the strength of the magnetic field and the
wave-length of the polarized light. Verdet’s experiments agree fairly well with the formula —

- 2;
9d (r—a a \S
aN] 2

476

where ¢ is a constant depending on the substance used, / the length of the path through the
substance, // the intensity of the component of the magnetic field in the direction of the path
of the beam, 7 the index of refraction, and A the wave-length of the light in air. If / be dif-
ferent, at different parts of the path, 7H is. to be taken as the integral of the variation of mag-
netic potential between the two ends of the medium. Calling this difference of potential v, we
may write @— Av, where A is constant for the same substance, kept under the same physical
conditions, when the one kind of light is used. The constant 4 has been called “ Verdet’s con-
stant,” * and a number of values of it are given in Tables 582-586. For variation with tempera
ture the following formula is given by Bichat : —

R= Ro (1 — 0.00104 ¢ — 0.000014 ¢*),

which has been used to reduce some of the results given in the table to the temperature corre-
sponding to a given measured density. For change of wave-length the following approximate
formula, given by Verdet and Becquerel, may be used : —

2 2——T)a 2

b £342 — 1)A? ’

where up is index of refraction and A wave-length of light.

A large number of measurements of what has been called molecular rotation have been made,
particularly for organic substances. These numbers are not given in the table, but numbers
proportional to molecular rotation may be derived from Verdet’s constant by multiplying in the
ratio of the molecular weight to the density. The densities and chemical formule are given in
the table. In the case of solutions, it has been usual to assume that the total rotation is simply
the algebraic sum of the rotations which would be given by the solvent and dissolved substance,
or substances, separately; and hence that determinations of the rotary power of the solvent
medium and of the solution enable the rotary power of the dissolved substance to be calculated.
Experiments by Quincke and others do not support this view, as very different results are
obtained from different degrees of saturation and from different solvent media. No results thus
calculated have been given in the table, but the qualitative result, as to the sign of the rotation
produced by a salt, may be inferred from the table. For example, if a solution of a salt in water
gives Verdet’s constant less than 0.0130 at 20° C, Verdet’s constant for the salt is negative.

The table has been for the most part compiled from the experiments of Verdet,t H. Becque-
rel,t Quincke, § Koepsel,|| Arons,| Kundt,** Jahn,ft Schonrock,{} Gordon, §§ Rayleigh and
Sidgewick, |||] Perkin,‘ Bichat.***

As a basis for calculation, Verdet’s constant for carbon disulphide and the sodium line D has
been taken as 0.0420 and for water as 0.0130 at 20° C.

* The constancy of this quantity has been verified through a wide range of variation of magnetic field by
H. E. J. G. Du Bois (Wied. Ann, vol. 35), p. 137, 1888.

+ ™ Ann. de Chim. et de Phys.’’ [3] vol. 52, p. 129, 1858.

+ ‘Ann. de Chim. et de Phys.” [5] vol. 12; ‘°C. R.’* vols go, p. 1407, 1880, and 100, p. 1374, 1885.

§ “ Wied. Ann.” vol. 24, p. 606, 1885.

|| ** Wied. Ann.” vol. 26, p. 456, 1885.

q ‘* Wied. Ann.’’ vol. 24, p. 161, 1885.

** “Wied. Ann.” vols. 23, p. 228, 1884, and 27, p. 191, 1886.

tt ‘Wied. Ann.” vol. 43, p. 280, 1891.

tt “‘Zeits. fiir Phys. Chem.” vol. 11, p. 753, 1893.

§§ ‘Proc. Roy. Soc.’’ 36, p. 4, 1883.

|| ‘Phil. Trans. R. S.” 176, p. 343, 1885.
1 ‘‘ Jour. Chem. Soc.”
*** “ Tour. de Phys.” vols. 8, p. 204, 1879, and 9, p. 204 and p. 275, 1880.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 582

MAGNETO-OPTIC ROTATION

Solids, Verdet’s Constant

Light flint,

Zeiss, Ultraviolet
“ec

Quartz, along axis, i.e.,
plate cut 1 to axis

Rock salt

Sugar, cane: along
axis IIA

axis IIA!

Sylvite

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

Heavy flint

Substance. Formula.
| Amber

Blende ZnS
Diamond Cc
Lead borate PbB2O4
Selenium : e
Sodium borate . NapB4O,
Ziqueline (Cuprite) . Cu,0
Fluorite CaFly

Glass, Jena: Medium phosphate crn.
Heavy crown, O1143

O451
O500
S163.

PGiO;ony

NaCl

Cy2H 2011

KCl

Wave-
length.

be
0.589

9

oO’

Oo
N

Q°9
Dn
oo co
SO

Own,
°
oO

2.00

Verdet’s
Constant.
Minutes.

0.009 5
0.2234
0.0127
0.0600
0.4625
0.0170
0.5908

0.05989
02526
O17 07
01329
.00897
.00 300
.00049
00030

0.0161

0.0220

0.0317

0.0608

0.0888

0.0674
0369
0311

0.1587
-1079
.O4617
02574
.01664
.01 3608

0.2708
1561
0775
0483
0245
.O1050
.00262
.00069
.O122
.0076
.0066

0.01 29°
-0084
.007 5

CO5S4
.0316
02012
OIOSI
.00608
.00207
.00054

477

Authority

Quincke.
Becquerel.

Cc;
“ee

of

Meyer, Ann. der
Physik, 30, 1909.

DuBois, Wied. Ann.
51, 1894. |

Landau,

9, 1908.

Phys ZS: |

Borel, Arch. sc. phys. |
16, 1903.

Meyer, as above.

Voigt, Phys. ZS. 9,
1908.

Meyer, as above.

478 TABLES 583 AND 584
MAGNETO-OPTIC ROTATION
TABLE 583.—Liquids, Verdet’s Constant for \ = 0.589n

Density
in
grams
per
cm?

Acetone 0.7947 0.0113 Jahn
Acids: Formic 1222/73) OlOS Perkin
1.0561 .O105 me
Hydrochloric HCl 1.2072) 0224]
Hydrobromic 1377859034
Hydroiodic 1.9473 .0515
1.5190 .0070
Alcohols: Methyl -7920 .0093 Jahn
Eth -7900 + .OII2 4
Benzene E .8786 .0297
Bromides: Methyl : 17331 0205 Perkin
Ethyl 1.4486 .0183 -
Carbon bisulphide ES 1.26 .0420 Rayleigh
Chlorides: Carbon 1.60 .0321 Becquerel
Chloroform 1.4823 .O164 Jahn
9169 ~=—-.0138 Perkin
2.2832 .0336
y 1.9417 .0296
Nitrates: Methyl ; 1.2157 .0078
Ethyl , I.II49 .O09I “
Paraffins: Pentane 6332) ) 0118 i
6743 .0125
.8581 .0269 Schénrock
Ke 1042 .. See Meyer,
O77, ONE Ann. der
£02030 Physik, 30,
Ole got 1909
00410... A
.00264

Verdet’s
constant Temp.

in ic
minutes

Chemical

Substance formula

Authority

“c

4é

ae

ae

.0263 27 Schénrock

Density | Verdet’s Density | Verdet’s
Chemical grams | constant Chemical grams |constant | Temp.
formula per in Cc formula per in Cc
cm3 minutes cm3 minutes

. 1.3775 0.0244
.0204 5 : -I140
.0168 : -OOT5
-0499 : .0081
.0205 - : -O122
.O105 : .0137
.0153 i 4 .0270
.0226 : -O196
.0215 iy ; -0163
.O192 : .O144
.0189 : -O162
.0163 . .0266
-O151 : .0196
-O165 , -0396
.O152 ‘ .0235
-O140 ; .0338
-O140 : .0182
.0178 : -0130
.0168 3 -O13I
-0185 eee Ds -0053
-0160 _ bn, AES -O115
-O165 Waters is hg Ls .0134
.O152 : .0133
.0025 : .0135
.o118

* P, Perkin; J, Jahn; V, Verdet; B, Becquerel; S, Schénrock; see p. 476 for references.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES

Substance.

Atmospheric air
Carbon dioxide

Carbon disulphide
Ethylene :
Nitrogen
Nitrous oxide ,
Oxygen . :
Sulphur dioxide

“cb 6

TABLES 585 anpD 586

MAGNETO-OPTIC ROTATION
TABLE 585.—Gases, Verdet’s Constant

475

Pressure.

Atmospheric
“

74 cms.

Atmospheric
“

“
“
oc

246 cms.

Verdet’s

Temp.

constant in

minutes.

6.83
13.00
23-49
34-48

6.92
16.90

6.28
G1-39
38.40

Ordinary
“

702 e
Ordinary

<eTO—o
“ce

Authority.

Becquerel.
oe

| Bichat.
Becquerel.

oc

See also Siertsema, Ziting. Kon. Akad. Watt., Amsterdam, 7, 1899; 8, 1900.

Du Bois shows that in the case of substances like iron, nickel, and cobalt which have a variable
magnetic susceptibility the expression in Verdet’s equation, which is constant for substances of con-
stant susceptibility, requires to be divided by the susceptibility to obtain a constant.
These experiments of Kundt and Du
Bois show that it is not the difference of magnetic potential between the two ends of the medium,
but the product of the length of the medium and the induction per unit area, which controls the
amount of rotation of the beam.

expression he proposes the name ‘“‘ Kundt’s constant.”

TABLE 586.—Verdet’s and Kundt’s Constants

The following short table is quoted from Du Bois’ paper.

For this

The quantities are stated inc. g. s. measure, circular

measure (radians) being used in the expression of ‘‘ Verdet’s constant ’’ and ‘* Kundt’s constant.”

Name of substance.

Cobalt . . .
Nickel . . :
Iron 6 :
Oxygen: I atmo.
Sulphur dioxide
Wiater a: : :
Nitric acid . :
Alcohol . ° :
Ether.) : ci
Arsenic chloride .
Carbon disulphide .
Faraday’s glass.

Magnetic
susceptibili

+ 0.0126 X
— 0.0751
— 0.0694
— 0.0633
— 0.0566
— 0.0541
— 0.0876
— 0.0716

— 0.0982

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

ty.

1075
“ce

Verdei’s constant. |
ope owe Wave-length | anata
of light er : 2
Number. Autboriiy. Saar a ae
- - 6.44 X Io 3.99
ir = ch peers stS
- - 6.56" * | 2.63
0.000179 X 10-5| Becquerel. | 5.389 “ | o.o1r4
0.302 y e os —4.00
0.377 3. Arons e —5-4
0.356 s Becquerel. io —5-6
0.330 s De la Rive. | = —5.5
0.315 “ce “ce o —>5.8
1522 e Becquerel. ce —14.9
1.22 « Rayleigh. it —17.1
1.73 Becquerel. +: Teli

480 TABLES 587-589

TABLE 587.—Values of Kerr’s Constant *

Du Bois has shown that the rotation of the major axis of vibration of radiations normally reflected from a magnet is
algebraically equal to the normal component of magnetization multiplied into a constant AK. He calls this con-
stant AX, Kerr’s constant for the magnetized substance forming the magnet.

Kerr’s constant in minutes per c. g. s. unit of magnetization.
Spectrum Z go ee ee ee
line.

Color of light.
Cobalt. | Nickel. Iron. Magnetite.

Red . sagt i | ; 0.0208 | —0.0173 —0.01 54 +0.0096

TNC Camera remote : —0.0198 —0.0160 —o.0138 -+0.0120
WENN 5 fo 54 2 : —0.0193 —0.01 54 — 0.0130 +0.0133
(magn 5 co 6 of 6 : —0.0179 —0.0159 —O.OIII -++0.007 2

Bluey crs aol ; —o.0180 —0.0163 —0.OIO1 +0.0026

Wiolete sas 4 vc : —o.0182 | —0.0175 —0.0089 -

*H. E. J. G. Du Bois, ‘‘ Phil. Mag.’ vol. 29.

TABLE 588.—Dispersion of Kerr Effect

Wave-length.

Steel
Cobalt .
Nickel

Field Intensity= 10,000 C.G.S. units. (Intensity of Magnetization =about 800 in steel, 700 to 800 in cobalt,
about 400 in nickel). Ingersoll, Phil. Mag. 11, p. 41, 1906.

TABLE 589,.— Dispersion of Kerr Effect

Mirror.

Iron
Cobalt .
Nickel .
Steel

Invar .

Magnetite

Foote, Phys. Rev. 34, p- 96, 1912.

See also Ingersoll, Phys. Rev. 35, p- 312, 1912, for ‘‘The Kerr Rotation for Transverse Magnetic Fields,” and
Snow, 1. c. 2, p. 29, 1913, ‘‘ Magneto-optical Parameters of Iron and Nickel.’’

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLES 590-592 481

RESISTANCE OF METALS. MAGNETIC EFFECTS
TABLE 590.—Temperature Variation of Resistance of Bismuth, Transverse Magnetic Field

Proportional Values of Resistance.

+18°

NR eee Oe ee oe
See ee ee Oe
OO Dm mmm
BPNOIUKANKOO

WNHNN DN HH HHH HR Oe
LaONKOORANKLWHHO
WAN OAWONIB WH NHH OO

TABLE 591.—Increase of Resistance of Nickel due to a Transverse Magnetic
Field, expressed as % of Resistance at 0° and H—0O

F. C. Blake, Ann. der Physik, 28, p. 449; 1909.

TABLE 592.—Ohange of Resistance of Various Metals in a Transverse Magnetic Field.
Room Temperature

Field Strength Per cent .
Metal. in Gausses. Increase. Authority.

Nickel 10000 —1.2 Williams, Phil. Mag. 9, 1905.

c ~ —1.4 Barlow, Pr. Roy. Soc. 71, 1903.
—1.0 Dagostino, Atti Ac. Linc. 17, 1908.
3 —1.4 Grummach, Ann. der Phys. 22, 1906.
Cobalt —0.53 Ss

Cadmium +0.03

Zinc +0.01

Copper +0.004

Silver +0.004

+0.003

+0.002

Palladium +0.001

Platinum +0.0005

Lead +0.0004

Tantalum +0.0003

Magnesium +0.01 Dagostino, l. c.

Manganin +0.01 a

Tellurium +0.02 to 0.34 Goldhammer, Wied Ann. 31, 1887.
Antimony i +0.02 to 0.16 ss

Different specimens show very Grummach, l. c.

diverse results, usually an in- Barlow, l. ¢.

crease in weak fields, a decrease Williams, l. c.

in strong.

Nickel steel Alloys behave similarly to iron. Williams, I. c.

Iron

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLES 593 AND 594
TABLE 593,—Transverse Galvanomagnetic and Thermomagnetic Effects

482

Effects are considered positive when, the magnetic field being directed away from the observer,
and the primary current uf heat or electricity directed from left to right, the upper edge of the
specimen has the higher potential or higher temperature.

£ = difference of potential produced; 7=difference of’ temperature produced ; 7= primary

at
current; 7 > = primary temperature gradient; 4—= breadth, and D= thickness, of specimen
#7 = intensity of field. C. G. S. units.
: ; if
Hall effect (Galvanomagnetic difference of Potential), # = Re
: HI
Ettingshausen eftect ( “ ss “ Temperature), 7= ] ar
: 2 at
Nernst effect ((hermomagnetic “ “ Potential), “ = OF, Fi
at
Leduc effect ( % op ‘“ Temperature), 7 = SHB.

Substance,

| Tellurium
Antimony
Steelers 5
Heusler alloy
Iron

Cobalt

Zinc
Cadmium
Iridium
Lead

alsin.
Platinum
Copper

Gold ;
Constantine.
Manganese .
Palladium
Silver .
Sodium
Magnesium .
Aluminum
Nickel
Carbon
Bismuth .

German silver ,

Values of R.

+400 to S00
+ 0.9 “ 0.22
--.012 “0.033
+.o10 “ 0.026
+-.007 “ 0.011
+.0016 “ 0.0046

+.00055
-++.00040
+.00009
—.00003
—.0002
—.00052
—.00054
—.00057 to .00071
—.0009
—.00093
— 0007 to .0o12
—.0008 ‘ .0O15
—.0023
—.00094 to .0035
=—OOOR 0 0037)
——,OOA5 a: O24:
—.017
up to 16.

| -++ 360000 |

| +9000 to 18000

| 700 “ 1700

| +1600 “ 7000

—1000 “ 1500

+1800 “ 2240
—54 “ 240

|
|

up to —5s.o
—5.0 (?)
—4.0 (?)

—g0 to 270

+50 to 130
—46 “ 430

+0.04 to 0.19 | +2000 “ gooo

+5. | -++ 100
+3to4o | + up to 132000

TABLE 594,—Variation of Hall Constant with the Temperature

—go°?

Bismuth.

—23

°

28.0

2

“

5.0

Antimony ?

—196° | —79° +21.5°

+58°

0.263
0.252
0.245

0.249
0.243
02.35

0.211

|
0.217 |
0.209 |

0.203

Bismuth.

189°

2122

269°

1.42 I

259° |

24 0.97 | 0.83

1 Barlow, Ann. der Phys. 12, 1903. 2 Everdingen, Comm. Phys. Lab. Leiden, 58.
3 Traubenberg, Ann. der Phys. 17, 1905. * Melting-point.
Both tables taken from Jahn, Jahrbuch der Radioactivitat und Electronik. 5,

p- 166; 1908, who has collected data of
all observers and gives extensive bibliography. :

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

ATOMIC DATA 483
TABLE 595
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC WEIGHTS, ATOMIC NUMBERS AND VALENCIES

Quoted from the Ist Report of the Committee on Atomic Weights of the International
Union of Chemistry (Journ. Amer. Chem. Soc., 3, 1637, 1931).

pauee Boe Symbol eeu
Ais weight Valencies Element Ree weight |Valencies

oxygen OxVECM
number =e number aa

Element

Aluminum....| Al 26.97 Molybdenum. . 96.0
Antimony....| Sb 121.76 Neodymium. .| | 144.27
Argon A 39-944 20.183
Arsenic As 3: 74.93 vi 58.69
Ba 137-30 Nitrogen ‘ 14.008

Beryllium....| Be . 9.02 ° Osmium 190.8
Bismuth.....] Bi 83 | 209.00 16,0000
IBYOVRONN. ga coc) 18 10.82 Palladium.... 106.7
Bromine Br 35 79.916 Phosphorus. . . 31.02
Cadmium,....| Cd 112.41 Platinum 195.23

Calerumbeer a: 40.08 Potassium. ... 39.10
12.000 Praseodymium 140.92
140.13 225.97
132.81 I 222
35-457 | I 186.31

Chromium.... 52.01

. 58.94
Columbium.. . 93.3

; 63-57
Dysprosium. . 162.46

102.91
Rubidium. ... 85.44
Ruthenium... IOI.7

Samarium.... 150.43
Scandiumls.44|pS¢ 45.10

167.64
Europium.... 152.0
Rlworine = ee 19.00
Gadolinium.. . 157-3
Gallium 69.72

Selenium 79.2
Silicon i 28.06
Silver 107.880

22.997
Strontium.... 87.63

Germanium. . 72.60 32.06
197.2 Tantalum.... 181.4
178.6 eh Tellurium.... 127.5
4.002 Terbium 159.2

Holmium 163.5 Thallium 204.39

> WW WW Wren hN

WwW Oo

Hydrogen.... 1.0078

Indium 114.8
126.932

Iridium 193.1

55-84

Krypton 4 82.9
Lanthanum.. . 138.90
207.22
erehruiT. 4. led 6.940
Lutecium.... 175.0

Thorium 2B2rT2
Thulium 169.4
i 118.70
Titanium) -<se, 01 47.90
Tungsten 4 | 184.0

NB ewWe
wW

Uranium 238.14
Vanadium.... 50.95
130.2
Ytterbium.... 173.5
Yttrium 88.92

WHNW O
aS

Magnesium... 24.32
Manganese... 54-93
Mercury 200.61

65.38
Zirconium.... gI.22

me NN
NW
“J

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

484 TABLE 596

ISOTOPES. PACKING FRACTIONS
(See Table 851)

This table contains several sets of values. Those followed directly by figures in parentheses,
e.g., Sn, 118.72 (—7.13 + 2), taken from Aston, Proc. Roy. Soc., 115A, 487, 1927, give
first the atomic mass referred to oxygen (Os + O17) determined by the mass spectroscope
and often of greater probable accuracy than the corresponding atomic weight determination
(see Birge, p. 81 ff.). The figures following in parentheses are ‘‘packing fractions’. The
protons and electrons are so closely packed that their electromagnetic fields interfere anda
certain fraction of the combined mass is destroyed. The mass destroyed corresponds to
energy released. The greater this is the more tightly are the charges cemented and the more
stable the nucleus. The ‘‘fraction’’ measures the divergence from the ‘‘whole number” rule
divided by the mass number, expressed in parts per 10,000. The numbers in braces are
ordinary atomic weights from page 483. Numbers in brackets are % abundance. The other
numbers are the nearest whole numbers to the mass of the corresponding isotope. Aston,
Philos. Mag., 49, 1199, 1925. See page 486 for the radioactive isotopes.

1.00778(77.8 + 1.5) Abundance of 2, 1/800

4.00216(5.4 + I)

6.012(20.0 + 3), 7.012(17.0 + 3)

{9.02} (Aston)

10.0135(13.5 + 1.5), IIl.0110(10.0 + 1.5)

I2.0036(3.0 + 1), 13 (Birge, 1929) [Relative abundance, 400-1]
14.008(5.7 + 2), 15 (Naudé, 1929) [Relative abundance, 700-1]
16.0000, 17, 18, (Giauque, Johnston, 1929)[Abundance O1s/O17 = 8600, O1s/O1s = 1100]
19.000(0.0 + I)

20.0004(0.2 + I), 22.0048(2.2?)

{22.997} (Aston)

24, 25, 26 (Dempster)

{26.97} (Aston)

28, 20, 30 (Aston)

30.9825(— 5.6 + 1.5)

32, 97% of whole; 34, 33 (Aston)

34.983(—4.8 + 1.5), 36.980(—5.0 + 1.5)

39.971(—7.2 +1), 35.976(—6.6 + 5), 1% of whole

39, 41 (Aston)

i 44? (Dempster)

O CNIANUBRWNH

45.10} (Aston)
47.90} (Aston)
50.96} (Aston)
52.011} 52(— r10)[82], 53[10], sols], 54[3], Aston, 1930
54.93} (Aston)
56, 54? (Aston)
58, 60 (Aston)
{65.380} (— 9.9), 64[48], 66[26], 68[17], 65[2], 67[5], 60[1], 70[0.4]
74.034(— 8.8 + 1.5)
80, 78, 76, 82, 77, 74 (Aston)
78.920(— 9.0 + 1.5), 80.926(— 8.6 + 1.5)
83.928(— 8.5 + 2)[57], 85.920(— 8.2 + 1.5)[17], 81.927(— 8.8 + 1.5)[12]
82.927(— 8.17 + 1.5)[12], 79,926(— 9.4 + 2)[2], 77.926(— 9.4 + 2)[.4]
85, 87 (Aston)
88, 86 (Aston)
{88.92} (Aston)
{91.22} (Aston)
95-97(— 5.5), 98(— 5.5)[23], 96[18], 95[15], 92[14], 94[10], t00( — 5.5)[10], o7[10]
eat ro1(22], 104[17], roo[14], 99[12], 96[5], 98?, (Aston, 1931)
{114.8} (Aston)
118.72(— 7.3 + 2), 120[27.0], 118[21], 116[14.1], 124[6.2], rro[r1.0], 117[9.8], 122[5.0],
121[3.0], r12[1.1], 114[.7], 115[0.4] (Probably all the same packing fraction.)
I2I, 123 (Aston)
128, 130, 126 (Aston)
126.932(— 5.13 + 2)
131.27(— 5.3), 120[27.1], 132[26.4], 131[20.7], 134[10.3], 136[8.8], 130[4.2], 128]2.3]
126[.1], 124[.1] (Probably all the same packing fraction.)
ae (Aston)
140.92} (Aston)
142, 144, 146, (145) (Aston)
190.31( — 1.0 + 2.0), 192[42.6], 190[25.1], 189[17.3], 188[13.5], 186[1.0], 187[0.6] (Aston, 1931)
200.62(+ .08), 202(29.27], 200[23.77], 199[16.4], 198[10], 201[13.7], 204[6.8], 196[.1] (All
same packing fraction.)
207, 205, 211, 203, 201, 200, 213, 215, Goslin, Allison
238, 230, 240, 234, 237, 235, 233, 236, Goslin, Allison

AN QHPNNHRHHHNNNNWHWHWHNHNHNNHNHN

Land
HHAINTW HN D

OHWN

81

CC NOAWHH

Corrections (Nature 192, 477, Mar. 26, 1932.

Kr 83.7, Xe 131.3.

Calculation of atomic weights from mass spectra leads to the following: (O =16): Ratio isotopes O16:
O18:017::630:1:0.2.
A Li 6.923, Cs 132.91, B 10.806, Ge 72.65, Se 78.96, Te 128.03, W 183.06, Br 79.916, Re 186.22, Ru 101.1,

Ss 190.31.

For isotopes of Pb (201 to 216), Bi (205 to 217, 219), Ra (226, 228, 230, 232), Th (229 to 236); Bishop,
Lawrenz, Dollins, Allison, Goslin, Phys. Rev. 43, 1933.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 597 AND 598
TABLE 597.—Periodic System of the Elements

VII

R207 RO; —©® Oxides.

RH — 9 Hydrides.

Hydrogen
Helium
Lithium
Beryllium +
Boron
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
Neon
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminum
Silicon
Phosphorus
Sulphur
Chlorine
Argon
Potassium

O ON QAuPWHH

He ee
WOON AMNLWNHHO

* Bohemium

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38

F

TABLE 598.—Atomic Numbers

Calcium
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Iron
Cobalt
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Gallium
Germanium
Arsenic
Selenium
Bromine
Krypton
Rubidium
Strontium

Yttrium
Zirconium
Niobium ¢
Molybdenum
Masurium
Ruthenium
Rhodium
Palladium
Silver
Cadmium
Indium

Tin
Antimony
Tellurium
Todine
Xenon
Cesium
Barium
Lanthanum

+ Glucinium.

Cerium
Praseodymium
Neodymium
Tllinium
Samarium
Europium
Gadolinium
Terbium
Dysprosium
Holmium
Erbium
Thulium
Ytterbium
Lutecium
Hafnium
Tantalum
Tungsten
Rhenium *

Osmium
Iridium
Platinum
Gold
Mercury
Thalium
Lead
Bismuth
Polonium
Alabamine
Radon
Virginium
Radium
Actinium
Thorium
Protactinium
Uranium

~ Columbium.

486 TABLE 599
PERIODIC SYSTEM AND THE RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES*

6A 7A Oo 1A 2A 3A

Non-metals. Inert-gases. Light-metals.
85 86 87 88 89
— Nt _— Ra Ac
5 54 55 56 57
I Xe Cs Ba La
35 36° 37 38 39
Br Kr Rb Sr YC
17 18 19 20 21
Gl Ar K Ca Sc
10 II 12 13
Ne Na Mg Al
2 3 4 5
He Li Be B

3

Heavy metals.
26 27 28 20
Fe Co Ni Cu

44 45 46 47
Ru Rh Pd Ag

64.8765 166-7167.) 68
Gd) Ib) Dy. Ho Er

A Thpcie 79
Os) ir PE Au

1B 2B 3B

Radioactive isotopes.

(Tl) (Pb) (Bi) Co) er Wo Cp Ga) SCs) (Th) (By) (U)
81 82 83 8 85 86 87 88 89 90 oi ae

«<— Indicates the loss of an alpha particle (producing He); the element becomes more electro-positive and the atomic
weight decreases by 4, position changing 2 columns to the left.

"A Indicates beta radiation (loss of electron); the element becomes more electro-negative, atomic weight remains
the same, position changes one column to the right and up.

Isotopes of an element have the same valency and the same chemical properties (solubility, reactivity, etc.), al-
though their atomic weights may differ. The isotopes of Bi are, e.g., RaE, ThC, AcC, RaC.

In the upper half of the table are the elements possessing high electro- potential, simple spectra, colorless ions. The
properties are analogous in the vertical direction (groups). In the Jower half are the elements with low electro-poten-
tial, complex spectra, colored ions and tending to form complex double salts, the general properties of the elements
being more pronounced in the horizontal direction (periods) .

On the /eft side of the table are the electro-negative elements, those of the upper half, torming strong acids, those
of the lower half weak oxyacids.

On the right side of the table are the electro-positive elements, forming bases, oxysalts, sulfides, etc.

The center of the lower half is occupied by the amphoteric elements forming weak acids and bases, many complex
compounds and double salts, many insoluble and mostly colored compounds.

A very striking point, however, is, as already mentioned, that the similarity among the elements in the upper half is
in the vertical direction, and in the lower half in the horizontal direction. This justifies the use of the expressions
group-relation and period-relation.

* Table adapted from Hackh, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 40, 1023, 1918, Phys. Rev. 13, 169, 1910.
Note: See Radioactive Families with isotopes, Edna Bishop. The Physical Review, 43, 38, 1933.

SMITHSONIAN TABIES.

TABLE 600 487
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
(Harkins, Science, 70, 433, 463, 1920.)

If weight of proton (p) + electron (¢) =1, atomic wt.=no. of protons + electrons in
atom. (pe) w—=composition of complete atom, atomic weight (w). P, no. of protons in
atom, —W. N=total number electrons in nucleus; P—N=Z=atomic number.
2N — P = isotopic number; electronic number = no, electrons.

The structure of the loosely bound nonnuclear electrons decides various chemical and
physical properties. The tightly bound nuclear atoms should produce periodic properties.
Abundance of atomic species reveals nuclear stability (possibility of other factors). High
stability shown by abundance of even electronic numbers. Species of odd electronic number
are so rare that only four have been discovered. There is high stability for isotopic num-
bers divisible by 4, a secondary stability when by 2. When N and P even, Z odd, earth’s
crust 87.4% ; meteorites, 95.4; when N even, P, Z odd, 10.8, 2.1; Z even, P, N odd, 1.8, 2.5;
P even, N, Z odd, 0.0007, 0.0. Lower left-hand rectangle of lower figure constitutes 99.9%
of all known material.

Periodic System of

the Atomic Species

soe we NN

P Constant CT] PA NERASSVSA
N Constant —— BREN CENSNENRRANANAND
Np Constant -

19%
P|
ie
ae

4
1]

BS

eye
(|
PAA WAZ I

WA

ie) F

LA 47) iV |

aoe
| |

= 96 :
{oo ms pee ||
PT TN aN

| 47]

1 ee)
Av

HA VAT
A ot 1g

a4 TA Ts
A [2
LA eh]

AT
It

a
||

bel AAI |
LL VLA a

IN
IM
EE

iS

Isotopic Number
A
4

PTL i

LAH VR) ey

et

Series of Isotopes

A
|
LS ort |

{>

9

8

6 ee
2 BA RRRAABECRBRRSAS ERs
3

2

1

9

|

a

Most Abundant Isotope

{>

A AAAI ZA

CUP"
od

Eee
Cer

RUAN ek SAS SG Sa Toe

RN ESAS SRN yy ag

ica Gua wedaraea tat Ee
PA

Recently Discovered Isotope
of Coa Abundance ©

Ly

een

as Bee ae = =3CG9HVoOLR co oyvddervd

25 8n0z0n SES aH nT cK SGE> SELCCSONGSLHSESHENGLSZEPIOEGGL-LGSISES

OFAIINOH HOS=NNIOGE PAVeVITLESLASHABHVSSSSISS VIOUS I IBIAS HVS AAZ
Atomic Number Feb., 1930

tium/

4QtTon

Pure species even atomic number
” ” odd ”
Mean value even

”

” ”

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

488 TABLE 601
ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS IN NORMAL ATOM

Individual electrons in an atom may be designated by two quantum numbers, “‘azi-
muthal”’ and “‘total’’. The first is expressed by s, p, d, etc.; the last numerically in specific
cases, by n in general.

Designation of quantum numbers:
Azimuth quantum: literal,s; number, 0; Bohr, k, 1; The total quantum number is equal to

p I 2 or greater than 1 +1, i.e, 1, 2, 3,
d 2 3. .— tor s electrons, 2) 3,\4,— for p
f 3 4 electrons, etc.

g 5

h etc. 6

An electron is called, e.g., a 6p electron, 6 for the total quantum number, p implying an |
value of 1. Note that 4p, 5s, 3d, etc., electrons are equivalent to Bohr’s 4, 51, 33 electrons.
The number of electrons for a given type in an atom may be expressed by an exponent,
e.g., 3d°. For more detailed connection between configurations and spectroscopic terms see
Hund’s book. The lower-case letters n, 1, s, j, m should be used for the quantum numbers
of an electron, and the capitals L, S, J, M for the quantum numbers of a term (or level) of
an atom, ionized or neutral. A specification of atomic structure would include all the inner
electrons, e.g., for Fe in its normal state 1s?2s?2p°3s?3p°3d®4s%. For short only those electrons
“outside” an inert gas shell need be considered. A complete np® group, and all the groups
which are normally completed earlier in the periodic table, can be neglected. Thus the
notation for the normal state of Fe becomes 3d‘4s?.

Examples of the notation for a level and the configuration from which it arises is 3d® 4s?
5D,, the normal state of the iron atom; 2s? 2p 45°; 1,2, the low level of O II. The total quantum
numbers may be omitted when they are the lowest which the particular sort of electron
can have if not belonging to already completed shells. For example, 4s, 4p, 3d, 4f in spectra
from K I to Zn [ and Ca II to Ga II, etc., are the s, p, d, andf electrons of lowest quantum
numbers not belonging to completed groups. The 3p® group is completed and the 3s? and all
the groups of smaller n have been previously completed, leaving 4s, 4p, 3d, 4f still to be
added. These last can therefore be represented by s, p, d and f.

The normal state of Fe I would thus be designated as d®s? °D,, that of O IT as s*p? 48%, 1,2.
For Ge I, in which the electron groups 3d!° and 4s? may be regarded as completed, the elec-
trons to be represented by the letters alone would be the 5s, 4p, 4d, and 4f electrons; and so on.

Odd terms arise when the sum of the | values for all electrons is odd, even terms from con-
figurations for which the | sum is even. Since the | sum for completed groups is always even,
only outer uncompleted groups need be considered. Even (odd) terms are those in which the
number of p and f electrons together is even (odd). In the parts of the periodic table where
sand d groups are being completed the lowest terms of all the atoms are even. Where p
groups are being completed (and also in the rare earth f-group) the lowest terms are alter-
nately odd and even. Except in the rare earth group the only spectra for which the normal
state corresponds to an odd term are BI, NI, F land Cll, OI], Ne II etc. and the homo-
logous spectra in later periods.

Permitted transitions are those in which the | of one electron changes by one unit, (and
the 1 of another electron by o or 2 units, if two electrons change) so that all such transitions
are between even and odd terms. ;

Electron Configurations!

K M N
a
(07 3)Ie al aa On A renames

NNNNNNNN N#

Same as for neon
ae

I
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

1 Based by permission upon table by Ruark and Urey. Atoms, molecules, and quanta, 1930.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 601 (continued) 489
ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS IN NORMAL ATOM

Ay 2 A535 30) sk 552 6,0

4f 5s

Atomic No.

BH NNNNHNNNDND &

COON HAMMwWNH: -

NNNNNNN

: —
om ee NN ON

in
2
4
5
(6
7
8
Oo

-_

NNNNNNN AS

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

490 TABLE 601 (concluded)
ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS IN NORMAL ATOM

N O

4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 DOpsrlmisaze 573 6,0

Element
Atomic No.

4s 4p 4d af | Bes) sd 56 6s

Xenon configuration. .. Shell
Shells tsto4dcon- .. 5s
tain 46 electrons. .. to

“ec 5p
con-
tain

8
elec-
trons

“ce

“e

a“

© OND W NH

Io
TT
2
13
14

O OVW A Quis oo Ne a eee eS ese oe See ee .

I
2
2
2
2
2
2:
2
2
2
2
Zz
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
I
2
I
ze
I
I
I
2)
2
2
2
2
2
2

oe

=
=
oO

Radon configuration. Shells 1s to 5d
contain 78 electrons ee shells
= 6s to 6p
contain
8
electrons

NNNNNNNNe:

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

v vu
Atomic Radius neutral pa Radius positively Atomic Radius neutral ey Radius positively
no.; atom BS charged ion no.; atom iS charged ion
element Angstroms oO Angstroms element Angstroms oO Angstroms
IH 42 Mo | 1.36 6 | 0.62
2 He | (0.93) Mo 4 | 0.66( —0.83)
Bg) Li (1.50 —)I.56 I | 0.60—0.78( —o0.82) 44 Ru 1.27-1.34 4 | 0.63-0.65
4 Be I.05(—1.15) 2 | 0.31-0.34 45 Rh 1.34-1.35 3 | 0.60
5 B 3 | 0.20 46 Pd 137
onc: (0.45 —)0.77 4 | 0.15 47 Ag | (1.17—)1.44 I | (0.79 —)1.13-1.26
aN (0.65 —)0.71 5 | 0.11 48 Cd | (1.47 —)1.490(—1.60) | 2 | (0.78 —)0.97-1.03
8 O 0.60( —0.65) 6 | 0.09 49 In I.45—-1.62 3 | 0.81-0.92
oF 0.67 7 | 0.07 50 Sn (1.27 —)1.40 4 | (0.64 —)0.71( —o.8r)
ro Ne | (1.12) 51 Sb (1.22 —)1.34(—1.44) | 5 | 0.62
11 Na 1.77 —)1.86 1 | 0.95-0.98( —1.00) Sb 3 | 0.90
12 Mg 1.42 —)1.62 2 | 0.65-0.78( —0.85) 52 Te I.33-1.43 6 | 0.56
13 Al I.16 —)1.43 3 | 0.50-0.57( —0.66) Te 4 | 0.81-0.89
14 Si (1.12 —)1.18 4 | (0.22 —)o.39-0.41 53) 1 1.36-1.40 7 | 0.50
T5 P 0.93 5 | 0.34 I 5 | 0.94
16 I.02-1.04 6 | 0.29-0.34 54 Xe (1.90)
r7 Cl I.05-1.07 7 | 0.26 55 Cs (2.37 —)2.55 I | 1.65-1.69( —1.75)
18 A (1.54) 56 Ba 2.10 2 | 1.35-1.43(—1.49)
I9 K (2.07 —) 2.23 I | 1.33(—1.84) Be] ALE 3 | 1.15-1.22
20 Ca (1.70 —) 1.97 2 | 0.99-1.06( —1.50) 58 Ce 1.82-1.83 4 | 1.01-1.02
2r Sc I.51 3 | 0.81-0.83 Ce 3 | 1.18
22 Tl (1.40 —)1.490(—1.53) | 4 | (0.58 —)0.64-0.68 59 Pr 4 | 0.92-1.00
23 V I.32(—1.43) 5 | 0.59 Pr Bh et. wo!
V 4 | 0.59-0.61 60 Nd Bie larars
24 Cr (1.17 —)1.25(—1.54) | 6 | 0.52-0.65 62 Sm Bh |erers
25 Mn | (1.17—)1.20(—1.59) | 7 | 0.46 63 Eu 3) eels:
Mn 4 | 0.50-0.52 64 Gd eee
Mn 2 | 0.80-0.91 65 Tb 3 | 1.09
26 Fe (1.21 —)1.26(—1.45) | 3 | (0.49 —)0.67 66 Dy SulL.O7
Fe 2 | 0.75-0.83 67 Ho 37 | 1.05
27 Co 1.26(—1.39) 3 | 0.29-0.47 68 Er 20) 1.04!
Co 2 | 0.72-0.82 69 Tm 3) ||) 1:04)
28 Ni 1.24( —1.39) sy lorss 70 Yb 3 -00
Ni 2 | 0.69-0.78 72 1.66
29 Cu | (1.22—)1.27(—1.37) | 2 | 0.70 73 Ta | 1.42-1.44
Cu I | (0.58 —)0.96 74 W Te37 6 | 0.88
30 Zn I.3I-1.34 2 | 0.74-0.83 Ww 4 | 0.66-0.68
31 Ga | (1.28—)1.33(—1.45) | 3 | 0.62 76 Os I.30-1.34 4 | 0.65-0.67
32 Ge | 1.22 4 | 0.44-0.53 7 ly T35 4 | 0.64-0.66
33 As (1.04 —)1.16(—1.26) | 5 b 78 Et 1.38( —1.43)
- As 3 }) 0.69 79 Au I.40-1.44 Delle oe,
34 Se I.I3-I.17 6 | 0.42 80 Hg | 1.46-1.49 2 | 1.10—-1.12
35 Br 1.19 7 | 0.39 (he anil (1.71-)1.99( —2.25) 3 | 0.95-1.05
36 Kr | (1.69) al 1 | I.44-I.51
37 Rb | (2.25 —)2.36 t | 1.48-1.49( —1.88) 82 Pb 1.74( —1I.90) 4 .84
38 Sr 1.95 2 | 1.13-1.27(—1.45) Pb 2 | (0.98 —)1.21-1.32
39 Y 3 | 0.93-1.06 83 Bi (1.34 —)1.46(—1.55) | 5 | 0.74
40 Zr 1.60-1.62 4 | (0.68 —)0.80-0.89 90 Th | 1.80-1.82 4 | 1.02-1.10
41 Cb 1.43(—1.50) 5 | 0.69-0.70 92 U 4 | 0.97-1.05
Cb 4 | 0.67-0.69 —NH4 1 | 1.42-1.59
o vo ovo vo
Bo Radius po Radius eo Radius 2 Radius
| 2 negative & negative g negative aS negative
| O ion Oo ion O ion oO ion
ee eee eet eee ————————
EuIED —I | (1.27); 2.08 || 14 Si —A) |! (@.98)); 2-71 || 32° Ge i) —4 |) 2.72 50 Sn | —4 | (2.15); 2.94
15 P —3 | 2.12 33 As —3 | 2.22 51 Sb —3 | 2.45
6C —4 | 2.60 16S —2 | 1.74-1.84 34 Se —2 | 1.91-1.98 52 Te | —2 | 2.03-2.21
7N =3 || 1.71 TCs — Ta test 35 Br | —1 | 1.95-1.96 53 I —tr | 2.16-2.20
8 O —2 | 1.32-1.40 |
9 F —I | 1.33-1.36 82 Pb —4 | 2.15

TABLE 602
EFFECTIVE ATOMIC RADII

Goldschmidt, on the basis of reasonable though empirical assumptions, has calculated effective radii
f atoms in various charged conditions; Pauling, on the basis of wave-mechanics, has presented theoretical
alues for most of the elements, the two series agreeing well in many cases. The latter values are printed
1 bold-faced type; the values considered nontypical are in parentheses; e.g., for silicon we have: Sit:
9.22 —) 0.39-0.41. Si? (1.12—) 1.18. Si-* (1.98); 2.71, signifying silicon, carrying 4 + charges, has
pparent radius between 0.22 and 0.41; but the lower values relate to compounds where the atoms
ppear to be deformed; so Goldschmidt gives 0.39 as most significant. Wave-mechanics yields 0.41.
leutral, the radius ranges from 1.12, in abnormal compounds, to 1.18 in those typical; when carrying
— charges, the value is 1.98, according to calculations deemed faulty, 2.71 according to theory.

In applying the data to replacements, halides and oxides are usually ionized, and the values in the
uter columns apply. Thus in fluorite the value for Cat? should be added to that for F-!, giving between
32 and 2.42, or 2.37 as a mean; and the observed Ca-F distance in the crystal is 2.36 Angstrom units.
n the remaining types of compounds the atoms appear to be largely neutral and the first column should
e used. The units are Angstroms. Wherry, Amer. Mineralog., 14, 54, 1929.

491

IMITHSONIAN TABLES

18

492 TABLE 603 (A)
ELECTRONS, PROTONS, ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Free negative electron (corpuscle, J. J. Thomson).—Mass, spectroscopic (bound)
9.035 X 10°” g; free, 8.9004 K 10 g; atomic weight, 5.479 and 5.454 X 10% respectively,
probably all electrical, due to inertia of self-induction. Theory shows that when speed of
electron = 1/to velocity of light, its mass should be appreciably dependent upon that speed.
If 10 be the mass for small velocity, m, the transverse mass for v, and v/ (velocity of light,
c) =8 then m= mo (1 — B’)? (Lorentz, Einstein).

B, 0.01 0.10 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
m/mo, 1.00005 1.005 1.02 1.048 1.001 1.155 1.250 1.400 1.667 2.204

Radium ejects electrons with 3/1to to 98/100 of c. m, due to charge = 2E?/3a, where
E = charge, a, radius, whence radius of electron is 2 10° cm = 1/50,000 atomic radius.
Cf. (radius earth/radius Neptune’s orbit) = 1/360,000. Collisions with a particles show
diameter of electron must be less than 4 X 10° cm (Chadwick, Bieler, Philos. Mag., 1921).

Positive electron or proton.—Heavy, extraordinarily small, never found associated with
mass less than that of the H atom; mass, 1.6609 X 10 g. Specific charge, 9579.7 abs-em-
units-g™. Ratio mass proton to mass electron, 1838 (spectroscopic), 1847 (deflection).
If mass is all electrical, radius must be 1/2000 that of electron. No experimental evidence
as with the latter since high enough speeds not available. Penetrability of atom by
B particle (may penetrate 10,000 atomic systems before it happens to detach an electron)
and a particle (8000 times more massive than negative electron, passes through 500,000
atoms without apparent deflection by nucleus more than 2 or 3 times) shows extreme
minuteness. Upper limit of nucleus not larger than 10°’ cm for Au (heavy atom) and
10 cm for H (light atom) (Rutherford). Cf. (radius sun)/(radius Neptune’s orbit)
= 1/3000 but sun larger than planets. Hg atoms by billions may pass through thin-walled,
highly-evacuated glass tube without impairing vacuum, therefore massive parts of atoms
must be extremely small compared to volume of atom.

Rutherford atom.—Atoms of all elements are somewhat similarly built. At the center
a charged nucleus of minute dimensions, responsible for most of the mass of the atom; this
is surrounded by a distribution held in equilibrium by the force from the nucleus. Resultant
nuclear charge = atomic or ordinal no., varies from 1 for H to 92 for U. These atomic
nos. represent the number of planetary electrons which surround the nucleus. By the
action of light, the electric charge, bombardment by a particles, one or more of the
planetary electrons may be driven away from the nucleus; by X rays or the swift 8 rays
some of the more strongly bound may be removed. New electrons are generally soon
captured to replace these. The nucleus is much more stable and when disrupted (radio-
active changes, bombardment with a particles) shows no tendency to revert to original
state. :

Moseley (Philos. Mag., 26, 1912: 27, 1914) photographed and analyzed X-ray spectra,
showing their exact similarity in structure from element to element, differing only in
frequencies, the square roots of the frequencies forming an arithmetical progression from
element to element. Moseley’s series of increasing X-ray frequencies is with one or two

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 603 (A) (continued) 493
ELECTRONS, PROTONS, ATOMIC STRUCTURE

exceptions that of increasing atomic weights, and these exceptions are less anomalous

for the X-ray series than for the atomic-weight series. It seems plausible that there are

92 elements (from H to U) built up by the addition of some electrical element. Moseley

assigned successive integers to this series (see Table 598) known now as atomic numbers.
Moseley’s discovery may be expressed in the form

m/N2 = E/E, or do/ Ad = E?/E2?

where E is the nuclear charge and \ the wave length. Substituting for the highest fre-
quency line of W, »=—0.167 X 1o°em (Hull), 22=74=Nw, and £:=1, then =
highest possible frequency by element which has one + electron; 1 = 91.4myu. Now the H
ultra-violet series highest frequency line = 91.2muz (Lyman); i. e., this ultra-violet line of
H is nothing but its K X-ray line. Similarly, it seems equally certain that the ordinary
Balmer series of H (head at 365mp) is its L X-ray series and Paschen’s infra-red series
its M X-ray series.

The application of Newton’s law to Moseley’s law leads to E:1/E:= a2/a:, where the a’s
are the radii of the inmost — electronic orbits, i. e., the radii of these orbits are inversely
proportional to the central charges or atomic numbers.

There are other negative electrons on the nucleus with corresponding + charges to make
the atom neutral electrically. The negative nuclear charges may serve to hold the positive
ones together. He, atomic no.= 2, has two free + charges, on nucleus; the nucleus has
4+ protons held together by 2— electrons with 2— electrons outside nucleus. H_ has
one + proton and one — electron.

If the — electron is designated as e (charge — I, mass negligible) and the + proton as p
(charge + 1, mass 1 except in H) then the formula for the nucleus of any element from
He to U may be written as (pf2e)w(pe)n where N is the atomic number and » has values
from 0 to 54. If n be taken as — 1, then H may be included. (Masson, Philos. Mag., 41,
1921.) If brackets are used to designate the nucleus then the complete element becomes
[ (pe) v(pe)njewv. In the formation of ions only the part exterior to the brackets is affected.
For the a-transformation (emission of + charged He nucleus) 2(p:e) = (fre)2/, the
subchemical equation may be written [(p.e)w(pe)nlew = [ (pre) x — 2(pe)nlev + (pre) 27
(He nucleus); the new elements upon discharge of its — charge becomes [ (f2e)y —
2(pe)nlex — 2 showing the characteristic a-ray change with the atomic weight lowered
by 2 and the mass by 4. The 8-ray 2(pe) = (poe) +7 gives the equation

[ (poe) w (pe) nler = [ (poe) + I(pe)n-2 + e7

mass unchanged and forms the singly — charged ion of an isobar.

From the emission of nuclear a particles, 2(p2e) = pse2, it seems probable that the nuclei
are compounds of He and I nuclei. By the bombardment of the nuclei of atoms up to
atomic number 40 with a particles Rutherford has obtained H but only where H and He
nuclei should both occur in the nucleus (Bo, N, Fl, Na, Al, P, see Table 638), Harkins has

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

494 TABLES 603 (A) (concluded) AND 603 (B)

TABLE 603(A) (concluded).—Electrons, Protons, Atomic Structure

developed this idea (Journ. Franklin Inst., 194, 213 et seq., 1922) and shown the much
greater frequency in nature of the even-atomic numbered elements (97.6 per cent in stony
meteorites, 99.2 Fe meteorites, 85.6 lithosphere, 5 unknown elements all odd, even radioactive
most stable). Elements below atomic number 30 make up 99.99 per cent of all meteorites,
99.85 igneous rocks, 99.95 shale, 99.95 sandstones, 99.85 lithosphere. The stability of the He
nucleus may be judged by the energy set free in the formation of He from H. According
to “relativity” 1 g-mass = 9 & 10” ergs (E = mc”). The change of mass involved in the
formation of 1 g-atom of He (4,000 g) from 4 g-atoms of H2(4 X 1.0078 g) = 2.81 X 10”
ergs = 6.71 X 10" calories. 1 Ib. H. changed to He equals heat from 10,000 tons coal. The
nuclei of light even numbered atoms (most abundant isotope) up to Fe (26) almost wholly
of He nuclei. To a Ist approximation the a particle behaves in collision like an elastic
oblate spheroid, semi-axes, 8X 10? and 4 * 10 cm (Chadwick, Bieler, Philos. Mag.
1921).
TABLE 603(B).—Atomic Structure, Bohr Atom

Bohr atom.—Bohr postulated electrons rotating in circular nonradiating orbits about a
central body according to the laws of celestial mechanics and its consequent energy rela-
tions. He added the idea that these electrons could jump between different orbits emitting
light of a frequency v which depended upon the relationship E,2— E:= hy where the E’s
denote the energies (according to classical conceptions) in the two orbits and h, Planck’s
“quantum of action” of the nature of a moment of momentum. In going from one
possible orbit to another the moment of momentum of the electron must progress by steps,
each a multiple of h/27. Balmer’s formula is consistent with such a process: »= N(1/ns"
— 1/n*) where y is the frequency, N, a constant, and mm: for the visible series (Balmer’s)
has the value 2, 1, the successive integral values, 3, 4, 5, ...3 33 lines in the Balmer series
have been observed in stars where orbits of greater radius are possible (small gas density)
than in the laboratory (12 lines). With m=1, n, 2, 3, 4, ..., Lyman’s ultra-violet series
results; 11= 3, ”, 4, 5, 6, ..., Paschen’s infra-red series; m= 4, n, 5, 6, 7, ..., Brackett’s
series of even greater wave lengths.

No mechanism was described to show how the energy of rotation was transferred into
energy of radiation nor why only certain orbits could be occupied. He evidently used non-
radiating orbits at variance with Maxwell’s equations.

Two independent predictions from these assumptions were verified: the predicted and
observed values of Rydberg’s constant within 4% and the differences in v for the H and
the He + lines due to the 4-fold mass of the He + nucleus.

Relativistic considerations——Sommerfeld (1916) applied Einstein’s relativity con-
siderations together with the variation of mass with the speed of the revolving electrons
and brought further support to the idea of orbits through prediction and the verification
of the “ fine structure of spectrum lines.” Bohr considered only circular orbits in which
the speed of rotation is constant, but elliptical orbits are possible with the same h/27 as
the circular and in them the speeds of revolution of the electrons change in different por-
tions of the orbit as with classical mechanics but these speeds are such that a relativity

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 603 (B) (continued) 495

TABLE 608(B) (continucd).—Atomic Structure, Bohr Atom

correction to the mass is necessary. Their quantization brought another quantum number ;
the so-called total quantum number, 1, now becomes the sum of two since both the radii
(r) and azimuth (¢) of the electron vary. The orbit is usually designated by two quantum
numbers, the total, n, and the azimuthal (¢) viz: 1.1, 2.3 (p orbit, circular), 2.1 (s orbit,
elliptical)... 353t-gi2, (3.15). ST, The following figure illustrates the first four sets of orbits

of the hydrogen atom. The table indicates the modes of the quantum numbers (az radius
inner orbit, a, b, varying),

total azim. radial
nk n k Nr a/do b/ai
I.1 I I Oo T I
25 2 I I 4 2
22 2 2 Oo 4 4
3.1 3 I 2 9 3
BP 3 2 I 9 6
3.3 3 3 0 9 9

The resonance potentials for the circular orbits are (hydrogen atom) :

Te OLpit tO) > ee 3.3 4.4 5.5 6.6 Ge; Bone 00
Volts observed FOS 1205," 0270) BOO) Tskh7 = 1327 aes. 5a

» Lyman series, u 1216 .1026 .0972 .0950 a ae eet. OOI2u
“ Balmer 2.2 orbit Wee sil h-0503, 0" PASO 1) -4a400 UieAnO2s ae3O70) ke) i36d0u
“ Paschen 3.3 orbit Hea «see l6750) 2821s OGgO Ny OOS2) 4... 2031
“ Brackett 4.4 orbit at eee as heer, -46O5 2.63 2.16 Sooo iertoyn

The remarkable prediction and consequent observation of the “ fine-structure of spec-
trum lines resulted from this postulate.” Thus all the lines of the Balmer series, con-
sisting of jumps into the state of total quantum 2, possessing 2 orbits, a circle and an
ellipse, should show a fine structure due to energy differences of these circular and
elliptical orbits. Approximately they should be all doublet lines of wave length predictable
from laws of orbital mechanics. The separations should be .365 cm™; actually .36 cm
(Houston) was found. The separation should vary as the 4th power atomic no. Paschen
(1916) actually found for He +, 16 X .365 cm”. Further remarkable results came from
Epstein’s (Ann. Phys., 50, 480, 1916) work on the Stark effect and ,the prediction of the
separation of the so-called L doublets of X-ray spectra. If actually a relativity doublet,
one must multiply the H separation by 71 millions (92*) ; also checked with experiment.

Inner quantum numbers.—It became necessary (1920, Sommerfeld, Ann. Phys., 63,
221, 1920) to account for further fine structure. e. g.: In X rays the L orbits or levels
correspond to n= 2, permitting only two different orbits, 2.2 (circle) and 2.1 (ellipse) ;
but lines of 3 close wave lengths were observed—two being the regular expected doubtlet
whose frequency varies with 2* as expected. These two levels are indicated by the two
diverging lines, Lz, Ls in the following figure.

* Millikan, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 66, 211, 1927, from which much of the accompany-
ing description is condensed.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

496 TABLES 603 (B) AND (C)
TABLE 603(B) (continucd).—Bohr Atom
The third level L: is seen to follow an entirely different law: it runs parallel to Le.

two orbits of the same shape but different orienta-
1, tions, something different in the central field giv-
ing these orbits slightly different energies. A
so-called inner quantum number, J, was intro-
36 duced. The difference in the frequencies of the

familiar doublets in Li was supposed due to jumps

to a common orbit (s orbit) from 2 orbits differ-
30 ing only in the “inner” quantum number, i. e,
orbits of different orientations but same shapes,

in this case circles, or 2.2 orbits, known as the
Pip2 orbits. The s orbit into which the 2 electrons

Vr Bohr and Sommerfeld introduced the idea of
g
40

= jumped to form the Li doublet was the third pos-
sible of total quantum 2, the 2.1 orbit. The two
circular (p orbits) differed slightly in frequency,
20

but the changes from either p to the s orbit was
6577 760 74 78 83 9092 2 too large for the relativity effect. Bohr (Ann.

Phys., 71, 228, 1923) suggested that the anomaly
was due to the penetration of orbits of outer electrons within the field of action of inner
orbits.

TABLE 603(C).—The Spinning Electron and Summary

The spinning electron.—A disconcerting element existed in that the difference of energy
between two circular psp. orbits varied with the atomic number precisely as demanded
by the relativity consideration, though it could not be due to relativity since the pips orbits
had no difference in shape but only of orientation. A new conception by Uhlenbeck and
Goudsmit (Nature, 117, 264, 1926) came to the rescue assuming that every electron
rotates upon its axis. Two possible directions of spin are assumed 180° apart, but the
moment of momentum is assumed always the same, exactly 4 unit or 4 h/2m. This intro-
duces exactly the right amount of energy difference between the prp2 circular orbits. It is
superposed upon the relativity effect, making the fine structure (even in H and He+
without inner electronic orbits) somewhat more complex.

In the case of each individual electron there are four moments of momentum—four
elements to describe an electron’s orbital motion:

(1) The size of its orbit—the total moment of momentum characterized by its total
quantum number » (Bohr) fixing the major axis of orbit.

(2) The azimuthal quantum number, k, which with a given » or major axis, fixes the
shape (minor axis). It has been found expedient to reduce by unity all values of k
heretofore assigned. Since we are not ready to discard entirely the old interpretation,
this reduced value of k is for convenience denoted by a new letter, /, so that =k —1I.
Thus for ans orbit /=0; p orbit, 1; d orbit, 2; etc.

(3) The projection of the moment of momentum 7 upon any fixed direction, which, in
considering the Zeeman effect is the direction of the external magnetic field, is quantized
(m1). The projection fixes the orientation in space. The significance that this projection
is quantized is that only certain definite orientations are possible (Stern, Gerlach ex-
periments ).

(4) The projection of the moment of momentum of spin upon this fixed direction is
designated by the symbol mr. In each atom only two possible directions of spin 180° apart
are taken so that mr determines in what direction the electron is spinning. mi and mr
are usually called magnetic quantum numbers because of their use in connection with
magnetic fields.

(Most of the above is abbreviated from Millikan, Proc. Amer, Philos. Soc,, 66, 211, 1927.)

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 604 497
ENERGY OF BINDING OF AN ELECTRON—NEUTRAL ATOMS
(Adapted from paper by Henry Norris Russell, Astrophys. Journ., 70, 1920.)

The electrons in an atom, neutral or ionized, are bound in different states (a preferable
term to ‘‘orbits’’). The more firmly bound inner ones which form parts of the completed
shells concern the spectroscopy of X rays but not of ordinary light. The two following tables
give a study of the energy of binding of an electron, in different atoms, in the same state,
the state characterized by the same total and azimuthal quantum numbers, denoted in
Bohr’s notation by 11, 21, 31,—} 22) 32) 42,—3 33, 43;—; 41, —, OF More commonly at present,
IS, 2S, 38,—3 2p, 3p, 4p,—3 3d, 4d,—; 4f,—. The energy in volts is given required to remove
an electron in the given state from the atom or liberated when it returns. Among the energy
levels resulting from different space quantizations of the same electronic configuration, that
with the greatest binding energy is given regardless of the multiplicity. Most values are
derived from spectrum series and are fully reliable; those in ( ), two decimals, are extra-
polations from series formulae and should be substantially correct; those in ( ), one deci-
mal and in [ ] are interpolated and should be accurate to 0, to 0.2 v.

El. Is 2s 3d 4s 4p

JBL Tigyby Shasks) gaate' : 1-50) 0:81) (OLS
He 24.48 4.75 3.61 : ‘ 1.51 .99 .87
IL. 5-36 3.40 ‘ I.5I 1.05 .87
9.29 6.57 : MO 2be eG 2. uate
Les (O29 : ; 1525 dG)
11.22 E Te 7h eno
14.50 ‘ : i 5) OO eae 2 :
cee Da 50 : ; 1-52) 0-77.) 01-32 s 95
eee a 723) : Tee eA ae aie MANS | Ri ee:
21.47 : ' 52) 2-86) W-4a : 1.00
dieses : 50 94) tS ‘ 1.02
TeCOMe eyo lie7O : 1.21
1295) 2:83) 1-89 : 1.31
Sen TA BROS) iene , Tez
ite teedl (GG) ak test prem eee tcc ee? scr hes See tere
(@zg8))) 3582)" 2:48 ae (1.59) 1.19
ee se a(3LO)" [20] eo eee eee eeee
(293) 4:19)" )2: : 1.69 1.29
TOS Ass : : n/a ei7,
3.57 6.09 : 2 OW els 5 7,
5.13 6.57 : 2A Om aistore
5.95 6.80 : : 222
6.68 7.04 : Sea 2535
8.24 7.28 i : 2.43
5-76 7.40 : 2.54
6.98 7.83 od 2.55
7282 68.25 f 2.62
8.63 8.65 2.55
10.41 2.69
2.72
2.92
3.26
(3.4)
(3.4)
(3.6)
(3-9)
4.13
5-65
6.40

1.19

TORN Aa Ocaitab

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 605

ENERGY OF BINDING OF AN ELECTRON—SINGLY IONIZED ATOMS
(Adapted from Henry Norris Russell, Astrophys. Journ., 70, 1929.)

498

This table companions the preceding one. A number of entries have been derived in
various ways and may be in error by .5 volt; Li +, 3-4 v. The lines of a diagram made
from the data of these two tables, with atomic numbers as abscissae and energy of binding
as ordinates, a separate line for each state, are strikingly similar. The familiar “‘displace-
ment law’’ applies not only to the multiplicities present in the spectrum, but also to the
energy relations—the spark spectrum for any element resembling in both respects that of
the arc of the preceding element.

The energy of binding, for a given state, increases with the atomic number. For the s
states the increase is steady; for the p and d states it is interrupted by fluctuations remark-
ably similar.

The increase of energy is most rapid (1) when electrons of a given type are building up a
complete shell; (2) when s electrons are being added. The fluctuations are most conspicuous
when a shell is half full (half of the 6p electrons in N, P, As, Ot, St, and of the rod electrons
in €r, Mn*).

Energy of Binding of an Electron—Singly Ionized Atoms

El. Is 2s 2p 3s 3d 4s Ap 4d

Het 54.16 13.54 13-54 6.02 2388 3.38
16.58 14.70 6.83 : 6:02) 13:72) 3-48
NOs LAL OMe) GL0200 3.88) 3:47
23 20.41 9.00 Ora 52a ees
24-25) OOO 6:35 294.87, 4-22
29.50 II1.10 6:45 5222)

-. 34:94 12.09 9. 6.37 5-44
- a4co] (3st) aay es see
40.89 13.74 6.33 5.98

47.02 14.31 3 CWO) GRINS sou

14.97 Oni 16:33) 5.01

18.74 S850Q) 17.4810 5-73

ayaa 6.46 8.24 6.25

6:95) O30 17-08

9.70 9.80 7.51

10.25 10.56 7.98

II.23 I1.00 8.42

II.50 I1.62 9.07

NOWMAY Tale S2 a O-72

12.19 12.80 9.58

ee nh3e4 5) 3-600 9:98

se Gh4uy) A(4nAy) (10:3)

<n (16.6) (1540) (10.7)

ae 13:93) 15-70) 1O:9%

a (Grae (6-5)e (riz)

2 (i722) ClG<8) (rre7)

GeO hele pales mel Ter i5

20:34 17.62 12.13

11.79

14.00

15.98

-ODHOHONHHOM! 2 i ue
0 O Ont OA GU Mob. ces

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 606 499
FIRST IONIZATION POTENTIALS OF THE ELEMENTS

(Russell, Astrophys. Journ., 70, 1929; Mt. Wilson Contr. 383.)

In discussing the relative strength of the arc and enhanced lines a knowledge of ionization
potentials is necessary. These are implicitly contained in Tables 604 and 605. Generally
the energy difference between the normal states of the neutral atom and ion is required;
complications arise in the Fe group. Table 604 gives the energy difference between the 4s
state of the ion (d®-’s) and the various states of the neutral atom, of which we must evidently
choose the lowest, whether it be 4s(d"-’s?) or 3d(d®-!s). Sometimes the 3d(d®-!) state of the
ion is the lowest, and the values of Table 604 must be corrected. For the 2nd ionizations no
such complication arises. Both tables include heavier elements for which data are at hand.
Each is divided into two sections, corresponding to the “‘building on’”’ of shells of s and d,
or of p electrons. He, Be, Mg are put on line with Zn, Cd, Hg, because their spectra resemble
those of the latter much more closely than those for Ca, Sr, Ba. The line below La marks
the position of the rare earths, where 14 4f electrons are added which are listed separately.

While each shell of outer electrons is being completed, the ionization potential increases
(minor irregularities occur for space quantization or interchange of s and d configurations.
Maximum occurs when a shell is filled). The drop after the filling of ans shell in Be and Mg
is between 1 and 2 volts; after completion of the combined s and d shells in Zn, Cd, Hg,
it is 3 or 4 volts, while that following the completion of a p shell in the inert gases is much
greater—8 to 16 volts. For the 2nd ionization, these discontinuities are greater in absolute
value, but are a smaller fraction of the potentials themselves. (Continued on next page.)

First Ionization Potentials of the Elements

FA ense5 on len | ei) || IN|) Genin

He | 24.48 | Be

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

500 TABLE 607
SECOND IONIZATION POTENTIALS OF THE ELEMENTS

(Russell, Astrophys. Journ., 70, 1929, Mt. Wilson Contr. 383.)
(Continued from previous page)

The general character of the spectra of most of the heavier elements can be deduced
from Tables 604 and 605. For the 2nd long period (Rb-Xe) the ionization potentials are
nearly the same as for homologous elements in the first, but average a little lower. The same
is true, in general, regarding the other energy levels, so that the arc and spark spectra of
these elements show high- and low-excitation lines in the same regions for those of the first
long period, but on the whole, a little farther to the red.

At the start of the next period, we find the lowest-known ionization potentials (Cs and
Ba + for the second stage), which remain lower than in other periods until the rare-earth
group begins. In these elements the outer electrons are two 6s, one 5d, and from one to 14
4f electrons, the ionization potential slowly rising as the 4f group is built up. For the earlier
members, the lines of the ionized atom are the main features of the arc spectrum; those of
the neutral atom are best brought out in the furnace; first ionization potentials are very low.
The strong lines of the first spark spectrum shift towards the violet with i increasing atomic
numbers, practically proving that the second ionization potential also increases. The number
of atomic-energy states should be much greater among the rare earths than for other ele-
ments. Their spectra are very intricate.

The shell of 4f electrons completed, the ionization potential ceases to have any important
effect on the properties of the elements; note their chemical behavior and what is known of
their spectra (Hf+,W). A considerable fall in the ionization potential should occur between
the last rare earth, Lu, and Hf, and a gradual rise to Au and Hg. For Au and Hg ionization
is more difficult than for the homologous elements in the preceding periods.

Second Ionization Potentials

Het) 54.16 | Bet | 18.13 | Mg*| 14.97 | Cat ; ‘ 9.96 | Rat |10.2
Scr Se PACHA ee

Tht
aes
Ut

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 608-610 sol
TABLE 608.—Radiation Units

Radio, Radiation, Colorimetry, Spectroscopy, X rays, 7 rays,
meter micron millimicron Angstrom milliangstrom microangstrom

Powers-of-10 equivalent of units listed in column 1

Millimicron

Milliangstrom
Microangstrom

TABLE 609.—Spectrum Ranges of Various Radiations

%#—— ELECTRIC OR RADIO RAYS VISIBLE RXULTRA- 4

10 10° 104 103 10% 10' 4 10% 102 103 104! 109! i 10° 10’ 108 10:9 101° 10" 10%cim
kK HEAT RAYS— e—x- Rays—— © COSMICRays 4

TABLE 610.—The Mechanical Effects of Radiation

(Jeans, Nature, 118, 1926, taken from Bull. 80, Nat. Res. Council, 1931.)

Wave Nature of Effect on Temperature Where
lengths, cm radiation atom (degrees absolute) found

3880
to
7700
Disturb inner : meee Stellar

rons. interiors.
electro 29,000,000 terio

Stellar

3750X103 electrons. atmospheres.

amen visible ane Disturbs outermost
250X 10°78)
j X rays
ro#

5xX10° Strincvoff all or 1 58,000,000 Central
Soft y rays eal Mate ae y to regions of

10° 2 290,000,000 dense stars.

X10 + rays of RaB Disturb nuclear 20,000,000 ?
4 y 7
arrangement.

X10" Hardest y rays 58 X 108
5

4.5X10-? ? Building of He atom 64 X 109
out of H.

2X10" Highly penetrating Disintegrates nuclei. 15X10

TespaOne ? Annihilation or creation 22 <To!
of proton and accom-
panying electron.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

502 TABLE 611
NORMAL SERIES RELATIONS IN ATOMIC SPECTRA

(From manuscript by Henry Norris Russell, 1932.)

Every spectral line is believed to be emitted (or absorbed) in connection with the
transition of an atom between two definite (quantized) states, of different energy-content—
the frequency of the emitted or absorbed radiation being exactly proportional to the change
of energy. The wave number (or frequency) of the line may therefore be expressed as the
difference of two spectroscopic terms which measure, in suitable units, the energies of the
initial and final states. It is customary to use in place of true frequency (sec.*) the wave
number (cm™), i. e., the number of waves in one centimeter in a vacuum. All quantities
of the nature of frequency or energy are most conveniently expressed in cm™ units. The
multiplication of such values by c (= 2.99706 X 10” cm. sec.*) gives the true frequency
in sec. and by he ( = 1.9658 X 10°“ erg cm) gives the true energy in ergs. Combinations
between these terms occur according to definite laws, which enable us to classify them
into systems, each containing a number of series of terms, which are usually multiple. The
energy is often measured in “electron volts,” one of which = 8106 cm™.

Terms, and the corresponding energies, may be measured either upward from the lowest
energy state of the atom (in a given degree of ionization), or downward from a series
limit (see below).

Series of terms are found in many spectra which satisfy the relation

y= 2R/(n+-24)?

Here y is the term-value, measured downward from the appropriate limit; ¢—= 1, 2, 3....
for neutral, singly, doubly, ionized atoms; R is the Rydberg constant, and n a “ sere. i
integer, which changes by 1 from one member of the series to the next. The “ residual ”

is often nearly constant (Rydberg’s formula). Ritz’s formula x = -+ ay (p, a, pa
is usually a good approximation though not rigorous.

In the simplest spectra (e. g., Na, Ca*) all the series have the same limit (corresponding
to an isolated lowest energy state of the atom in its next higher degree of ionization) and
long series of terms are known. But in most spectra there are many limits, corresponding
to different states of the more highly ionized atom: few members of any given series are
observed, and these perturb one another so that the Ritz formula no longer holds good.*
The interpretation of these spectra depends upon the combination relations, formulated
mainly by Sommerfeld and Landé, and the relations between electron configurations and
term structure which have been put into definitive form by Hund.” These relations may be
summarized as follows:

(a) The terms (or energy levels) of any given atom fall into two main groups of
different parity (odd and even). Transitions producing spectral lines normally occur only
between an odd and an even term. Those between terms of the same parity are “for-
bidden” but may occur under exceptional circumstances (as in gaseous nebulae).

(b) Terms of the same parity fall into systems—singlets, doublets, triplets, etc., char-
acterized by the multiplicity R—the maximum number of components which a term may

possess.
(c) In each system are found terms of various types denoted by the letters S, P, D, F,
G, H, I. .... The number of components increases along the series I, 3, 5, but stops

short at the maximum R (whether odd or even) characteristic of the system. The suc-
cessive terms of a given series are always of the same multiplicity, type, and parity: but
other terms of the same sort may be interpolated among them.

* Compare Shenstone and Russell, Phys. Rev., 39, 415, 1932.
* Linienspektren der Elemente, 1927.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 611 (continued) AND 612 503
NORMAL SERIES RELATIONS IN ATOMIC SPECTRA (continued)

(d) The components of a term are characterized by inner quantum numbers J, and the
terms themselves by quantum numbers L, according to the following scheme.

TABLE 612.—Inner Quantum Numbers

Values of J for

Singlets} Doublets | Triplets Quartets Quintets Septets

Line-producing combinations occur only between components for which the difference
AJ iso or +1. The combination of two multiple terms thus gives rise to a group of lines
called a multiplet.

(e) In such a group the lines for which AJ = AL are the strongest (often called the
diagonal lines) and the line for which the J’s are largest is the strongest of these. These
intensity relations (which have been calculated in detail) are of great practical importance.
The successive separations of the components of a multiple term are normally proportional
to the larger value of J involved; (Landé’s interval rule). The factor of proportionality
is different for different terms. It increases rapidly with the atomic number Z, and is
roughly proportional to Z’ for similar elements, such as Ca, Sr, Ba. The character of the
Zeeman effect for any line is completely defined by the numbers R, L, J, for the two levels
involved. It is usually possible to work backward from a completely resolved Zeeman
pattern and find the nature of the terms involved—a great aid in the analysis of complex
spectra.

(f) In the simplest spectra, all the terms for which L is even or odd are themselves
even or odd, so that AL = * 1 for all lines. But in complex spectra all values of L appear
among both odd and even terms, and transitions for which AL=o also give strong
multiplets. Transitions for which AL = + 2, and a few for which it is = 3, are known,
but usually give faint lines. Lines for AJ = +2 are however extremely rare (except in
strong magnetic fields).

(g) In arc spectra—that is, the spectra of neutral atoms—the multiplicities of the
various systems are always even if the atomic number is odd, and vice versa, so that odd
and even multiplicities alternate. The spectrum of a singly ionized atom is similar in
general structure to that of the element of next preceding atomic number; of a doubly
ionized atom to the element preceding this, and so on (the displacement law). In con-
sequence the alternation of odd and even multiplicities is found for successive ionizations
of the same element.

(h) The maximum multiplicity in arc spectra is 2 for elements in which there is but
one electron outside “completed shells” (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs; also B, Al, Ga, In, T1).
From these elements it increases by steps of a unit till the “shell” is half completed and
then diminishes in the same way—the maximum values being 5 for O, S, Se (Te) and 8
for Mn, (Ma) Re. (Parentheses denote predictions for incompletely analyzed spectra.)
In the rare earths it probably rises to 11. When the maximum multiplicity increases with

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

504 TABLES 611 (continued) AND 613
NORMAL SERIES RELATIONS IN ATOMIC SPECTRA (continued)

increasing atomic number the spectroscopic terms have the components with small
J-values the lowest. Beyond the maximum they are “inverted” with the large J’s low.
The higher the maximum multiplicity the greater, generally speaking, is the complexity
of the spectrum. The terms of lowest energy are even in all arc spectra except those S
B, N, F, and their homologues, and of some of the rare earths.

(i) Inter-system combinations between terms of different multiplicities are common
when AR = 2, and a few are known for which AR=4. They are faint for elements of
small atomic number, but often strong when this is large. Deviations from the interval
and intensity rules, and the usual rules for the Zeeman effect, also become great in this
case. In extreme instances classification by term-types is hardly practicable, though parity
and inner-quantum number remain definite.

(j) Arc lines originating in the lowest energy-level in the atom are strong at low
temperatures, and usually easily reversed, and are strengthened in the sun-spot spectrum ;
while those arising from high levels do not reverse, are produced only at higher tempera-
tures, and are little affected, or even weakened, in the spots. The gradation of these
properties follows the energy-levels so closely that the temperature classification of the
lines ranks with the frequency-differences and the Zeeman effect as a fundamental guide
in the interpretation of many-lined spectra.

The raies ultimes, which are the last to disappear when the quantity of the element is
diminished, are strong lines arising from the lowest level (or occasionally the next).

Resonance lines are those corresponding to the transition from the lowest level to the
next lowest with which it can combine. Intersystem combinations, which are usually faint
in the arc and spark, very rarely appear as raies ultimes, although they are often very
strong in the furnace, and important resonance lines.

In spark spectra, lines arising from the lowest levels are strong in the arc, sometimes
appear in the furnace, and tend to reverse in the spark, while those from high levels are
faint in the arc (if present) and are usually diffuse in the spark.

TABLE 613.—Spectroscopic Notation

Until recently great diversity has prevailed, but an informal committee of American
spectroscopists, after extensive correspondence with a large number of workers here and
abroad, have suggested a notation * which has been generally adopted.

The successive spectra of an element are denoted by Roman numberals, e. g., Ti I, Ti I,

Ti III for the spectra of neutral, singly, and doubly ionized titanium. (Lines of Rb IX
have been identified. )

The type of term is denoted by letters, corresponding to the quantum numbers L of
Hund’s theory as follows:

Letter Si EP! SDE eeG ae elem ely Ky PERS av
Ib 0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

(Values of L greater than 6 have not yet been met with, but are anticipated among the
rare earths.)

The multiplicity is denoted by a superscript at the left 1,2... . for singlet, doublet terms.
The inner quantum number is used as a subscript at the right, and the parity indicated by
superscript ° at the right for odd terms ....e.g., *Ps:° read “quartet P odd 23”.

* Phys. Rev., 33, 900, 1920.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 611 (continued) AND 614 505
NORMAL SERIES RELATIONS IN ATOMIC SPECTRA (continued)

Terms of the same sort are distinguished by prefixing a lower case letter—a*D, b°D, etc.
Lines are represented as the difference of two terms—the lower one coming first, e.g.,
a"D. — y*F2°.

It is recommended that the lowest terms in the spectrum, and others of the same type,
multiplicity, and parity be lettered a, b, c—beginning with the lowest. Terms of the
opposite parity should be lettered z, y, x—beginning with the lowest. In this way all
resonance lines will be designated as a( )—z(_ )°.

In most spectra there is a group of low metastable terms of the same parity as the
lowest term, separated by a considerable interval from higher terms of the same parity.
The letters a, b, c, d should be reserved for the low terms and the high terms should
begin uniformly with e.

In a good many spectra, energy levels have been detected whose reality is proved by their
combinations, but which can not (at present) be fitted definitely into the scheme of
multiple terms. Such levels are to be denoted by Arabic numbers (beginning at the lowest
level). It can always be told whether such a level is odd or even, and the inner quantum
number can usually, and the multiplicity sometimes be assigned. The corresponding indices
are then added to the number, e.g., *23).

This notation suffices for the formal description of even the most complex spectra. A
further analysis giving the electron configurations responsible for each term should be
made so far as possible. Following Hund the individual electrons in an atom may be
defined by two quantum numbers, “azimuthal” 1 and “total” n. The latter is denoted by
a numerical prefix, the former by the letters s, p, d, ... as follows:

TABLE 614.—Comparison Azimuthal and Bohr’s Quantum Numbers

Letter
Azimuthal quantum number

Bohr’s quantum number

A 6d electron (for example) has n=6,1=2. This is exactly equivalent to Bohr’s nota-
tion 6s;—the subscript by the value of k. Similarly 4p = 42, 5s = 5:1. (Note that n=1-+ 1.)

The spin of the electron s, being always }, need not be specified.

The number of electrons of a given type in an atom is represented by an exponent,
e.g., 30°.

The quantities s and | are vectors, of the dimensions of angular momentum. By space
quantization they combine to give the vectors S, L, and J which define the spectroscopic
properties of the energy levels. The multiplicity R=S+1. The details are discussed in
Hund’s book. The total quantum numbers n are not vectors and do not give a resultant.

A complete specification of an electron configuration would include all the inner elec-
trons—the normal state of iron, for example is 1s’2s*2p°3s*3p°3d°4s*. For ordinary spectro-
scopic purposes the complete shells may be omitted, reducing the foregoing to 3d°4s*. For
brevity the total quantum numbers may be omitted when their values are the lowest which
the electron can have without belonging to already complete shells. For example, for
spectra from KI to ZnI, and Ca II to Ga II, these electrons are 4s, 4p, 3d, 4f. The normal
state of Fe I is then represented by d’s?*D, and that of O II by s’p**S:?%

Odd and even terms are those in which the sum of the |’s for all electrons is odd or even;
1.e., in which the number of p or f electrons together is odd or even. Completed shells always
give an even sum and may be disregarded.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

506 TABLES 611 (continued) AND 615
NORMAL SERIES RELATIONS IN ATOMIC SPECTRA (concluded)

Series of terms arise from configurations in which one electron, keeping the same
value of 1, has successively higher values of n, the total quantum number. A configuration
such as 3d4s4p theoretically belongs therefore to three different series in which either
the d, the s, or the p electron takes higher total quantum numbers. In practice this com-
plication is rare as there is almost always one electron which is more easily detached
than the others, and is therefore the one to take the higher quantum numbers and give the
series. An electron whose total quantum number is higher than those of the electrons
discussed in the last section may always be regarded as the most easily detached, as may
also one belonging to a group which is not represented in the configurations giving the
low terms of the spectrum.

The limiting configuration (i.e., the one obtained by the removal of the electron which
takes successively higher values of n to give the series) usually gives multiple terms.
Each separate level of these terms is the limit of certain sets of the individual levels of the
multiple terms converging to the limit. The configuration of the limit is to be represented
as above, followed in parentheses by the notation for the particular type of term which
is the limit for the series under consideration, than by the “running” electron, then by
the notation for the term (or particular level) given by the whole configuration. For
instance the s*p* configuration of O II gives *S°, 7D° and *P° terms. If we add to this one
np electron to get terms of O I the *S° term gives °P and *P, the *D° gives *P, *D, °F, *P,
1D, 1F and the *P° gives *S, *P, *D, 7S, *P,*D terms. Thus, theoretically, the s*p*np con-
figuration gives three *P terms, two °D terms, two ’P terms and two *D terms. For dis-
tinguishing between them it is most convenient to use the notation suggested above. The
three P terms would be written s’p*(*S°)np*P, s*p*(*D°) np *P, and s*p°(?P°) np °P.

The notation here described may be considerably simplified for many of the simpler
spectra. The abbreviations employed should in all cases be clearly explained by the
author.

TABLE 615.—Comparison of Notations

Among the earlier systems of notation which are frequently met with are the following:

Ven terms: aaa oro eier ioe S PZ D 1a G
@dd! terms) 2.3 eee S! 12 IDY! F G’

Adopted notation Paschen-Gotze
+Sp
Ps
AD
1B,

As regards the total quantum numbers Fowler usually designates the lowest members
of the series by 1s, 1p, 2d, 3f and Paschen-Gotze by Is, 2p, 3d, etc.

The current notation uses Bohr’s values which differ from element to element: thus the
lowest term in Li is 2°S, in Na 3°S, in K 4’S, in Rb 5°S, and in Cs 6°S.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 616 507

ULTIMATE SPECTRUM LINES AND RAIES ULTIMES*

(See p. 508 for explanation.)
(Selected by permission from I. C. T., 5, 322, Meggers.)

Al 6965.43 Ss-P2 Cri 5204.54) PSs FP 4 a Il) 4123123 Dr F 3
7067.22 Ss—Ps 5206.04 "So Pe Div 3232.07 '7Si—Piy2
7503.87 S2-P1 5208.43 "SoPs 6707.86 ?S:P1,2

AgI 3280.67 2S,P2 Ceomgsss su) tsi bs Lul 4518.54

3382.89 *Si?Pi A5Qg2))) Sr ba ea 3397.02
ALI 3082.16 ?P:~D2 Cul 3247.55 °S;~Pe 3472.49
3092.72 ?P2*Ds 3273-96 *Si?Pi 3554-43
3092.85 ®P2?*D2 Dy I 4000.50 MgI 3829.36 *Po*Di
3944.03 ?P1 Si 4046.00 3832.30 0 his
3961.54 ?P. Si 4077-98 3838.29 *P2*Ds;
Balle 9 3452:33 — 4167.99 MnI 4030.76 °S;P,
Ba’ I. 1’ 5424.63): *P:"D: 4211.74 4033.07 °SsPs3
BSrQat © Ei De ErI 3499.12 4034.49 °Ss-®Pe
5535.53 3So1Pi 3692.65 MoI 3798.26 °S2—Ps
Bae oe 3906.34. 3864.12 "SePs
Ba II 4554.04 7S: Pe Eul 4129.72 3902.96 *Se Pi
4934.09 *Si?Pi 4205.03 NI 4099.96 ?P:D2
BeI 3321.01 ?Po—S: F I 6856.01 4Ps-*D, 4109.94 °?P. Ds;
3321.09 #P1-Si 6902.46 4Ps*D; INGllge 566G;GM bis
3321.35 *P2Si Fel 1371994. 5D. Bs 5675: 0ne bo
Be II 3130.42 *Si7Pe 3737.14 5D3;*F4 5679.5 °P2 Ds
3131.06 *SiPi 3745.50 D2 Fs NolIL 4097334) 5 7P 17S:
Bi I 3067.73 4Ss-*Pi 3748.26 ®Di%F2 Aros \ 2Pa St
Br II (?)4704.83 — 3745.90 ®Do Fi Nagle 3402°345 Sih:
4785.48 — Garl 9) 4083 0me7 bi Si 3302.94. 7S: Pi
4816.72 — 4172.05 ®P2 Si 5889.97 °SiP2
CW 4267.02) 2D: Fs GdI = 3646.19 5895:0300 Sis at
4267.27 *DsF« 3768.40 NdI 3951.15
Cal 4226.73 ‘So Pi Gel 3039.08 'De Pi 4177.34
4454-78 *Po D1 3269.49 'De*Pi 4303.61
4455-88 3P,D» 4226.61 1S) 1P, Ne I 5400.56 S4-P1
456.62 *P»*Ds; HI 6562.79 R(}2-42) 5832.49 Se-P1
Ca II 3933.67 °S: Ps 4861.33 R(22-42) 6402.25 Ss-Ps
3968.48 *Si?Pi Hel 3888.64 °S,-*Ps Nil) aarqiz7e Ds.
CbI 4058.97 °D;*Fs 5875-63 °P2*D; 3492.97 *Ds*Pi
4079.73 ©Ds*Fs He Il 4685.81 4R(32-22 3515.06 *Do*Fs
4100.97 ®D3-*F4 HfI 3072.88 3524.54 *DsPe
4123.85 ®DoFs 4093.17 OsI 3262.30
4197-13048 Di- Ee Fife 3134-72 3267.94
CbhII 3094.19 ®F;—Ge HgI 3650.15 *P:*Ds 3301.56
3130.78 "Fs*Gs 3654.83 *P:*De 3752.54
3163.37. *FsGa 3662.88 %Po-*Di 3782.20
3194.95 Fo Gs Hol 3748.19 PbI 3639.58 °Pi°P!,
3225.47 °F:°Ge 3891.02 3683.47 *Pr°P!o
Gal 3403.65, *PoD: or 5161.2 4057.83.00 kab
3466.20 ®P:*De 5464.6 PdI 3404.59 3?Ds*F,
3610.51 °P2 “Ds Imi 4101-76 7Pi-751 3421.23 *D.—D!,
Ce II 4012.40 4511.31 2P:S; 3516.95 *De*Pi
4040.76 ae 3220.79 3609.55 *Do Fs
4165.61 3437.05 3634.68 %Ds%*Pe
4186.60 3513-67 Pri 4062.83
ChE 4794-5 KI 4044.16 *Si?P2 4179-43
4810.0 4047.22, *Si— Ei 4189.52
4819.4 KrI 5570.29 PtI 3064.71 *D;*P2
Col 3453.51 ‘4FsGe 5870.92 Ral 4825.94 'So1Pi
3465.79 4Fs-*Ge Lal 5455.11 *Ds@D'; Ra Il 3814.44 °S,?Pe
3529.81 ‘F.-*Gs 5930.59 *D;-F4 4682.20 *S:?P
CrI 4254.34 %S;-P, 6249.92 *Fs—*Ge 4201.81 7S: Pe
4274.80 7S,—"P3 Lait 3949.10 3D. F 4 Rb I 4215.58 2S,P

4289.73 "Ss-7P2 4077-35 *Di*Fe

* Printed in bold-face type.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

508 TABLE 616 (continued)
ULTIMATE SPECTRUM LINES AND RAIES ULTIMES*
(Selected by permission from I. C. T., 5, 322, Meggers.)

Raies Ultimes.—The strongest lines of any element (the last to disappear when the
quantity present is diminished) usually arise from transitions from the lowest level to middle
levels of the same multiplicity and belonging to the same family. Among the various lines
in a multiplet, that involving the highest inner quantum number is the most persistent;
among transitions to terms of the same family, the term of the greatest azimuthal quantum
number has the advantage; and the larger multiplicities are preferred to the smaller. In a
few cases, the combination of these influences causes a line originating from a level a little
above the lowest to be the most persistent of all.

3323.10 3311.14 3102.30
3396.82 3318.85 3110.71
3434.90 4F 3406.65 3118.38
3657-99 3509.18 3125.29
3692.35 3561.75 : 4008.76
3436-74 3848.76 4294.62
3498.95 ° 3874.19 4302.12
3596.17 rm 3538-75 3613-79
4694.2 3601.05 4500.98
4695-5 kno 4019.14 4624.28
4696.3 a I 3290.59 A 4671.23
4390.87 3635-47 2 4643.69
4424.35 3642.68 4674.84
4434.34 3653.49 = i 3710.30
3232.52 4981.73 5 3774-33
3267.48 4991.07 a 3788.69
3907.49 4999.51 = 3289.37
3911.81 2 5007.21 zi 3694.20
3613.83 : 5014.25 2 3988.01
3630.75 i 3349.03 3282.32
3642.81 2 3361.22 3302.6

4730.9 oP. 3372.80 3344.5

4739-1 oes 3383-77 3519.61
4742.3 2 3775-73 3547-69
3905.52 5350.47 ?P» 3601.19

3009.14 3462.21 4687.80
3034.12 3761.34 4710.08
3175-95 3761.91 4739-48
3262.33 3552.20 4772.31
4524-74 3672.59 4815.62
4607.34 : 4241.68 3391.98
4832.07 4 3183.42 = 3438.23
4872.48 2 3183.96 aa 3496.21
4962.25 3184.00 3572-47
4077.71 “Po 3185.41

4215.52

* Printed in bold-face type.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

9

sa1sv_L NVINOSHLING

“UMOUAUN UOTZCOYISSe]D DIdOdsO1z9ad¢g §
*S}JOA 907‘O ‘[eIWUI}0d UOTZEPOXA “Wqe—lC{q f

“(gzor ‘LgI ‘I ‘yoivasoy ‘uInof sprepuryzs “ing ‘sissdayy) UMOUYUN uorzeoyISsE]D DIdOdsOIqIads }

*pesoddns Jouueul oy} ul ysys10d

0} peArasqo Useq eAeY ATTENIOe YOIYM ‘semijn saivs se (QzOI ‘LIP ‘ZI ‘IaUIY ‘90g “3dQ ‘UINOf) ssary pue siassayl 10 (Oz6I ‘Sor ‘ILI ‘"Y ‘D) quourery acl Aq papsz0ds2y »

69°L90¢,,
€g°LSob,,
Lo-¢¢gz

gb-oS es,

zS-9tSz,
LS-6bgI

96 Letz,,

69'F90f,,

§6L-ozzt,,

N | toe-€Sos

ed aciats

YL | 4Z1°f60t,,

ae oe oy

ec-cecc..
gb ¢b6g

6 rgII
9°8ghi
z0961
ozo
6S-bSLz
£9'60Lz
go'zZLib,

ggSLoe
19° gt Iz,
CS -Lbz¢,,
Sb,
og Sore,,
oz 1gS¢
gLofor,,
be-vSzr,,
bz 6L¢er,,
6b CSoe,,
Ig 116¢
tL-9zzv,,
10°6692

£-gbo1
aLyel
v-Logi
G-LgL1
zS'gzSz,
zi-bzSz
bS-196¢,,

o1iZSh
I1‘zSgz,,

M | £6S6gS, | en | Sg-ZoZo,. ay

‘y ‘[ Ul sy}sue7T sae AM

‘adA} Aavay ul are Ady} 919 a[qe ul Sulivadde usy A “ja]O1A-e1}N

24} Ul sol] UT] JUaZsIsI9d jsOUr dy} U9IJQ “UdAIS are UNIQZAdS aTISIA UT asOY} A[UO 91g VIqQe} UT ‘sour, oJeUITZIN BY} JO sau] JUD}SISIOd ysou JY],

((6z61 ‘11 ‘oL ‘uinof ‘sAydorjzsy ‘][assny Woy UdyeL)

VHLOAdS DYV ‘SANI1 LNALSISH4d

ZLQ 3198VL

510

sa1av.L NVINOSHLINS

‘Soles JO uol}ejOde1zxXe Aq pazeullse !paarasqo yaA WON t

“LIQ BIGeL Ul fy 10J JOU Vas }
*pesoddns Jauueul 34} ul ysIsiod

0} Padrasqo useq eAvy ATTeNzOw YOIyM ‘samyjn says se (QzZOI ‘Liv ‘zi “rauly “90S *3dQ “uINof) ssamy pue SiodsaWI 10 (OZOI ‘SOIT ‘IAI YD) JUOouVID acy Aq papsoOsady y

QIcli
£-zv61
go" Zgoz

ULE Clic,

or bbe,
to-tSSb,

Co'0061

oe 288

Lz-6tg1

+4
+1
+1
49S
+8V
49D)

19‘'Z19
69616
Co 1 Lol
£C-6SzI
6z°zbS i
Co-eecr

b99SI
to'$9zz,,
1g Levz,,
£S-g6zz

OrOuta

OT'O18e,,
oz‘ b608,,
96° 16£¢,,
of-o1 Ze,
1ZLLob,

bvivi
96° 1902
00° Lbzz
Lb-91zz
zg'gltz,
bvo'zgtz,,
z1-gLSz,
bg S¢gz,,
o1'¢60k,,
gL Egle,
bef19f,,
99°C 6e,,

+25)
4UZ
+n)
+IN
O08)
+9
4UTN,
HO
+
+hL
49S
+2)

g6-0Z9I

z$S6Zz,

VuLoads

*y ‘] Ul sy}sue7T oar

(‘6z61 ‘11 ‘oL “unos ‘sAydorzsy ‘]Jessny WoIj UdyeL)

MuvdS ‘S3NI1 LN3LSISH3d

8L9 318VL

TABLES 619-621 SII

TABLE 619.—Resonance Lines
(LaPorte, Meggers, Journ. Opt. Soc. Amer., 11, 462, 1925.)

An electron jump which involves the lowest term and gives rise to the line of greatest
wave length, i. e., the first transition which is connected with emission and requires the
least energy for excitation, in spectra where there is no metastable level lying close to the
lowest term gives a resonance line.

Spark

Element
Terms r

K 7664.04
i 2D
Rb 7800.29
Ca 6572.78 3933.66
1S) —3P; 2 BS
Sr 6892.62 4077.71
>6413 3613.86
D3 —4F4)

y pees 3710.30

1 295.30 3349.41

3B, —5Gs5 4h; —1G6 foot

Zr ? 3391.96

V 5632.47 3003.10
45 —*Du, 6Ge? 5F5 —5Ge

Cb ? 3004.20

Cr : 4254.34 2835.64
7S, —7P, &D5 —®F¢

3798.26 2816.16

5394.68 2576.12
6S3—8P4 7S3—7P4

er 5166.20; 4375.93 2382.04
DD 5 bs : 6D5 —8F5
. ?

== 2388.03
4F5—5R¢, 6Ge (®F5 —5Ge)

?
2416 16

?

(Fs —5Fs, 5Gs) (4Fs —4Ge)

TABLE 620.—Electron Impacts in Gases

(Langmuir, Jones, Rev. Mod. Phys., 2, 233, 1930.)
Probabilities that an electron, while going through gas at 1 mm pressure, 20°C, will collide
inelastically, Px, elastically, P., so as to produce Ist excited state, P,, or so as to ionize P;’

Gas Volts Px
Hg 30 48.0
50 49.1
roo 50.3
250 32.0
100 :
250 ee
75 20.2
100 16.2

“

v'd

HHN'D
UO OWHA 0”

iP
Oo.
Te
I
2
4
9
1
I

HAHN Db
NPOR, Hanh
COM CHO HUH
NHHUHH

I
I

RRA WOAO

TABLE 621.—Average Life for Various Quantum States of Excited Atoms

Theoretical values of ionized helium (Maxwell, Sugiura, Stack.)

Average Life Mean av. life
Levels T(n, 1,) (sec.) T(n), (sec.)

20, 21 ———— 1.02 X 10-10 T-30) eq nO-0
30, 31, 32 OL X 10-8, 3.38 X 10-19, o. 6.4 ”3
4o, 41, 42, 43 -46 ahs 7209 sz é : : 213 Ge LOR
50, 51, 52, 53, Sarr 2. ; - 1.45 X 108 5.4 X 10-9
60, 61, 62, 63, —, 65 3. Bos . : 5 f Pi LarS ecu Os8
70; 71, 72) 7335 76 5- , - “

The values for H are 16 X those for He (Sugiura, 1927, 1929). It is to be noted that the
average life is longer for progressively higher quantum states.

Maxwell 1931 obtains 1.1 + 0.2 X 10% sec. for av. life 6th quantum state (cf. 1.18 X 10°8)
given above. Maxwell’s qualitative observation on first four lines of 4686 He + series,
4>3, 5>3, 6>3, 7>3, show definitely the longer life for higher quantum states.
| Poole ae Rev., 33, 22, 1929) metastable Hg atom (Z’Po), max. time 4.2 X 104 sec.

6.8 mm). :

See Ann. Phys., 83, 294, 1927, for early summary, including following:

O spark, 467, 459uu, 1.53 X 10% sec. Ca spark 3933A, 3968A, 0.65 X 10° sec.

Oarc, 6158, 4368A, 14.9 i Catare» 42264, 3.4 a

Koenig, Ellett. (Phys. Rev., 39, 576, 1932) give for 23P1 state Cd, 2.5 & 10-6 sec.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

512 TABLE 622
MOLECULAR CONSTANTS OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES
(From manuscript by E. D. McAlister, 1932.)

Energy levels for molecules can be evaluated from their spectra, just as for atoms.
Widely spaced levels in molecules correspond roughly to those known for atoms, are
similarly designated (see “ Notation for Spectra of Diatomic Molecules,’ R. S. Mulliken,
Phys. Rev., 36, 611, 1930). and are said to be related to the electronic configuration. A
system of bands arise from transitions from one (often multiple) electronic configuration
to another.

Diatomic molecules have two other sets of levels in addition to the electronic. One is
due to the energy of mutual vibration of the two nuclei and the other to the energy of
rotation of the molecule as a whole. A distinct set of vibrational levels is associated with
each electronic state. The energy difference corresponding to each level of such a set from
that of the associated electronic state is obtained (approximately) by giving successive
positive integral values to n in the expression n(wo — w X n+...) 3; 4 a positive constant.
The frequency of vibration (w) is obtained by differentiating this with respect to n;
w= (I —2n-+...). At the lowest level where the amplitude and energy of vibration
are vanishingly small, »=o0 and ww». A transition from one vibrational level to
another gives rise to a single band.

A distinct set of rotational levels is associated with each vibrational level. The presence
of large numbers of these closely spaced rotational levels gives rise to the many individual
lines of the band. The rotational energy, relative to the associated vibrational level is

; ; : 2B ;
given (approximately) by Bm?(1 — m’u*+ ...); where w= and m is a parameter

0
which is zero for zero rotation. Usually BI =h/8m°c = 27.70 x 10° g. cm, where
= moment of inertia of the molecule about an axis through its center of mass and per-
pendicular to the line joining its nuclei. For multiple levels this relation is not accurately
true. J varies with the vibrational energy, and becomes J) when it is zero; the correspond-
MoM M2
(m+ me) ~
unit atomic weight = 1.650 X 10™ g. mu, m2 are the atomic weights of the two atoms
composing the molecule.

ing nuclear separation is Yo= V/Jo/u where » = mo = mass of an atom of

. . . No .
The heat of dissociation is pe=| wdn, where mo is the value of » for wo. If the
0

bands can be experimentally followed to w =o, D” can be determined from spectroscopic
data. Usually this cannot be done but Birge and Sponer (Phys. Rev., 28, 259, 1926) have
found that, for the normal state of certain types of molecules, fairly trustworthy values
of D” can be obtained by assuming w= wo(I — 2X) throughout the range »=0 to
%=; then D=w'/4w.x. In the accompanying table D is D” plus the electronic
energy for the particular state in question. Each horizontal line in the table is for one
electronic state. The second column labelled energy (volts) is the electronic energy above
the normal level which is assumed to have zero electronic energy. The heat of dissociation
is tabulated in the same units which is the number of volts potential change an electron
must undergo in order to acquire the corresponding energy. One electron volt per mole-
cule = 2.306 & 10° g — cals per g-mole = 8100 cm™ per molecule. The data in the table
are taken from compilations by Birge, Nat. Res. Council Bull. 57, “ Molecular Spectra
in Gases” and Mulliken, Phys. Rev., 32, 206, 1928, and ibid., 33, 738, 1929, and are calcu-
lated with the “ old mechanics ” formulae,

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 623 513
MOLECULAR CONSTANTS OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES

Io

Energy (g cm? X State

vo wo wo X Dv D
Molecule (volts) (em X 108) 1040) (cm-1) (cm-!) (volts) (volts)

Ag H oO 1.630 4.38 (1690)
3-69 1.665 4-57 (1490)

Al H oO 1.658 4.41 (1625)
2.90 1.690 4.58 (1082)
5.51 1.65 (1326)
o 1.54 3-93 2249.4 34.0

2037, 1.69 : 1630 79
4.72 evar (1548)

oO 1253 10.2
4.10 1156 8.

oO 1.35 2026
1.34 2053

0.33 1465
1.36 1354

Te 15.68 1874
1.36 20.03 1249
Tea 18.53 1270

Tid 17/03) 1630
e277 15.84 1773
1.776 5.201

1.674 4.65, 4.59

Tals 1.95 (2806)
Leder 1.90 (2851)
1.20 Dei (< 2806)

Mely7i 14.65 2056 13.8
1.23 1729 13.5
1.15 14.14 2144 23

15 14.9 2155 127,
1725 14.5
1173 9
24 17S 1499 Lyfe
(2214)
12 14.26 2132 50
(2133)
(2134)
1914 19.8

2197 15.2
1550 14.1
1698 24.3

J

rm

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

$14 TABLE 623 (continued)
MOLECULAR CONSTANTS OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES

Energy yo (g 2 wo woX Dv D
Molecule (volts) (cm X 108) (cm-}) (cm-}) (volts) (volts)
Cu H oO 1.471 : 190357 3 7G0 3.02 3.02
2.88 1.582 Al 1655.7 44.63 1.89 BOTT.
5-51 1.50

He oO .76 ; 4262 113.5 4.42 4.42
1.55 : 1325 15.9
‘97 . 2390 73

052 (1731.8)

-047 (1790.1)

.O71 3.784

.763 5-143 1308 104
4.22 _ (1938.7)

593 (4:23 }2025.7 43.8

102 (1940)

‘74 4.86 1462.2 31.25
-70 4.62 1568.7 34.75
-79 (1622)

2345 14.4
1446 13.9
1679 13.8
1718 14.4
2019 26.0

2187 16.3
2392 22.8

Rh apo fon
com Om NI

NAO DANO WO

NN

1565
1415
708

on
oO’

1926

855
1026
1180

(3568.4)
3084.7 97.8

(1552)

NOS Se
bO SRR DAO
& onsINIU

Ne)
G0
“I

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 624

VARIOUS ATOMIC AND SPECTRUM FUNCTIONS

Hi calories
=

Conte
VN, /4./86 +10

rt

HH FA
7 = Jemperature in F of an electron
HH having K.E.=hv from hv = 2 AT-
= = aries $

Puy
Fao

‘de Broglie wave length

of electron having energy

hv. L=hVi-B2/mov-

ea (4)

First fonization potentials
4 1 t]

Speed v =Rc
i cm sec’ of an

electron having]
K.E.

Speed of an electron @
expressed as a fraction
of c; calculated from

28

Solar Radiation af
the earths surface

fF
Coat
AATEC oi Cy
z /0

1. In black body unpolarized radiation the energy transmitted
per sec per sg.cm per unit solid angle per unit frequency band /s,
by Planck's radiation formula, My, =(hv7c)/(e AV/KT_}) 5 per
unit wave-length band it is E,=(heYAfleP/A'T-/). The
values hv/kT= 2.82/44 = 2 and hc/AkT = 4.96511 = b make
My and Ey, take their maximum values, whence the femperature
of the radiation that has its maximum My or E, af 2 particular
frequency or wave length can easily be computed.

2. Electron speed ~ 1846 = speed of a proton having
the same energy, with negligible error_at low energies.
This holds to within 0.1% up to V=3%/0", but becomes
1.8% low at V=3%10'% 12% low at V=3%10"2 and
should not be used at a// for higher frequencies. For ,
convenience, .6968 + 18462 =.0/622; 20.89 + 18462
=.9863; 66.07 + 1846” = /.538; .2203 + 1846/2 =

005/29

Compiled by W. Edwards Deming
Drawn by Mrs. C. Sherry
Revised, August 1929

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

Shortest possible WL, from an

oscillating electron (classical rreory)

cy Cos/ition of electron and
| |. proton, A.0000/F/5 A

Y Ti Bil
fo” yo!” jo® 0? 10” 0% j07

3. Frequency is used as the fundamental quantity with
Birge’s values (Physical Review Supplement 1, 1, July 1929)
of the physical constants, and the final calculation rounded

off fo four figures. i

Speed of light c= 2.99796 *10'°cm sec”
Electronie charge, @ = 4.770 « 10°abs esu
Electronic mass (by deflection), My = 8.994 «108g
Planck's constant, h = 6.547 */0°°7erg sec
Molecular gas constant k= 1.3708 x/0""° erg deg”!
299.796 abs volts =/abs esu of potential

1 15° calorie, Jig = 4.1852 abs joules .
Avogadro's number, N,= 6.064 «/0**?mole~!

Atomic weight of helium = 4.0022

Atomic weight of hydrogen = 1.00777

4. Corresponding to First ionization potentials, Cs 3.88 V,
He 24.48 V.

U. S. Department of Agricu/ture
Bureau of Chemistry & Soils
Washington, D.C.

TABLE 625
RADIOACTIVITY
INTRODUCTION. THE URANIUM FAMILY

516

(References: Kovarik, McKeehan, Nat. Res. Council, Bull. 51 (reprint 1929); Andrade, Structure of the atom,
3rd ed., 1926; Rutherford, Radiations from radioactive substances, 1930; Kohlrausch, Radioactivitat, 1929;
Radioactive constants of 1930, Report International Radium-Standards Commission, Rev. Mod. Phys., 3
427, 1931.)

Certain elements (about 40) of high atomic weight (also slightly K and Rb) are unstable
in that they spontaneously change to elements of lower atomic weight with the production
of heat and the emission of a, 8, or y rays. Radioactivity is an additive property of the atom,
dependent only on the particular element and not on the chemical compound into which
this element enters nor on the physical conditions controlling ordinary reactions—tem-
perature, whether solid, gaseous or liquid, etc. The lives of these elements vary from 10”
yrs. to, 10" sec: (See Table 625.)

TABLE 625.—The Uranium Family, T, i, r

At. Wt. = atomic weight; P. No. = proton number; At. No. = atomic number; yr =
years; d = days; h = hours; m = minutes; s = seconds: T = half-period; + = average
life; \ = decay constant.

Rays and

r 2: end product

Uranium I

Uranium X,

At. Wt.
At. No.
P. No.

At. No.
P; No:

1.6-10-yr-4
y
5.0-:1078s-1

2.83:10-°d-!
2128 TOMS
2.90:10-*d"!
3.37:10-%st

6.3:10°%yr
2.0:10"%s

35-4d
3.05:10°s
34.4d*

2.97-10%s*

a, UX,

UZ .0035

0.61m-4 6, UII

I.01-:10~%s-t

Uranium X,
(Brevium)
ca 99.65%

At. Wt.
At. No. 91
P. No. 234

At. No. 91
Pe Nowe 234)

At. No. 92
Ps Nos 234
a

At. No. 90
P. No. 231 or 230

0.103h"! B, UII

2.87-10%s7}

Uranium Z
ca 0.35%

a,lo .970
UY .030

2°3-1Oe yh
7.4° 1o-i4s-1

Uranium II
9.4:10s

24.6h 2.82-107h"!
1.03d 0.675d"!
8.88-1o4s |7.81-10-st

B, Ac.

Uranium Y
cara,

1.48d
1.28-10°s

* Earlier values still in use.

Notes on Decay Constants: For U; the calculation is based on Z = no. of @ particles from
1 g Ra per sec. = 3.70 X 10"; Ra/U = 3.40 X 107; ; Avogadro’s No. = 6.064 X 10%; no
account is taken of the branching Ac series. The values given are for T and 7, upper, for A
lower limits.

For UX, the lowest value T = 23.8 is mentioned as well as the one preferred by the
Commission.

UII. The adoption of 3 X 10° yr. is recommended.

ThC’. Mme. Curie has recently calculated \ = about 10%sec"!. (Geiger-Nuttal Law).
In view of the uncertainty of the values, T< 10° sec. has been proposed.

AcC”. 150 curves give T = 4.71 min., 9, T = 4.76 min. Both values are given.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 626

RADIOACTIVITY
IONIUM—RADIUM FAMILY T, X, 7

517

(Taken from 1930 Report International Radium Standards Commission, Rev. Mod. Phys., 3, 427, 1931.)

Ionium
Radium

Radon

Radium A
Radium B
Radium C

Radium C’
99.96%
(99.97 %)

Radium C’”

Radium D

Radium E

Radium F

Polonium

Radium G
(Uranium
lead)

T

PN

Rays and

5 end product

RaF (Po)

At. No. 84

P. No. 210
RaG

At. Wt. 206.016
At. No. 82

P. No. 206

* Earlier values still in use.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

8.3-104yr
2.6:102s

1590 yr
5.02-10%s

3.825d

3,305:10°s

3.823d

3.303-10°s

3.05m
183s

26.8m
1.61-10%s

19.7m
1.18-10%s

calo-§s

1.32m
79.28

22yr
6.94:108s

4.9d
4.26:10°s
5.0d
4.32:10°s
140d
1.2T-10’s

8.3:10-6yr-}
2.6-107183-1

4.36:10-4yr-!
1.38-10-Us-t

0.1812d°!
2.097-10-6s"}
0.1813d7!
2.098 -10®s}
0.227m71
267 O° 1On Se

2.59:10°n"!
4.31-10-4s"}

3.51-:10°m!
5.86-10-4s"!

To®s-t

0.525m-!
8.7-10-%s"}

0.0315yr7}
T.00:10-%s"!

o0.141d7!
1.63:10-6s7}
0.139d7!
1.61-10-6s"}
4.95:10-%d"1
5.73:10-8s"!

I.2-10°yr a, Ra

3.8:10"s

2295 yr
7.24:10!s

5.518d*
4.768-10°s*
5.515d*
4.765-10°s*
4.40m

264s

38.7m
2.32-10%s

28.5m
I.17°10°%s

B, @,
.9996 RaC’
.0004 RaC”

10-65 a, RaD

1.9m B, RaD

II5s

31.7yr B, RaE

1.00-109%s

B, RaF

7.07d*
6.13-10°s*
od
6.22-10°s*
202d
1.75:°10's

a, RaG

518 TABLE 627
RADIOACTIVITY
ACTINIUM FAMILY

(Taken from 1930 Report International Radium Standards Commission, Rev. Mod. Phys., 3, 427, 1931.)

Actinium
Uranium
Uranium Y
(see Uranium
Family)
Protactinium

Actinium

Radio-

actinium

Actinium X

Actinon

Actinium A

Actinium B

Actinium C

Actinium C’

0.327%
Actinium C’”

99.68%

Actinium D
Actinium
Lead
Pb207

At. Wt. 207.016
?

At. No. 82
P. No. 207

2.07, O yi
6.86-10-#8s"t

5.15:10°yr-!
1.63:10-%s-1
3.4:107yr-1
Tate Ones =
3.66-102d"!
4.24-107%s1

6.17-10-2d-1
7.14:10-%s71
6.08-107d7}
7.06:107%s1
0.177871

37481

1.93:10°m"!
2:2 1-TOmse

0.32Im-t
5-35:1073s-t

ca14os1

0.145m-7!
2rAZ Ons =
0.146m-7!
2.44:10-8s-1

* EFarlier values still in use.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

Rays and

end product

a, Ac

B, RaAc

a, AcX

a, An

a, AcA

a, AcB

B, AcC

a, B,

.9984 AcC”
.0016 AcC’
a, AcD

B, AcD

TABLE 628 519

THORIUM FAMILY: POTASSIUM, RUBIDIUM

Rays and
Tr » t end product

Thorium

Mesothor-
ium I

Mesothor-

ium 2

Radiothorium

Thorium X

Thoron

Thorium A

Thorium B

Thorium C

Thorium C’
65%
65.7%

Thorium C”
35%

34.3%
Thorium D

Thorium lead
Pb208

Th 1.8-10yr] 4.0-1oMyr! | 2.5-10yr| a, MsTh,
At. Wt. 232.12 5 OOS) || 1. 2-TOss52 8.0-10"s

At. No. 90

P. No. 232

MsTh, 6.7yr 0.103yr7! 9.7yr B, MsTh»
At. No. 88 2.1-:108s | 3.26-10-%s-} 3.05-108s

P. No. 228

MsThe 6.13h 0.113h 8.84h B, RdTh
At. No. 89 2.21-104s| 3.14-10-°s"! 3.18-104s

P. No. 228

RdTh I.goyr 0.365yr7} 2.74yr a, ThX
At. No. 90 6.0-:10’s | 1.16-10-8s~! 8.65-107s

P. No. 228

Thx 3.64d 0.190d"! 5.25d a, Tn
At. No. 88 3.14:10°s| 2.20-10-6s*} 4.54:10°s

P. No. 224
Tn

At. No. 86
P. No. 220
ThA 0.14s 4.9587 3 a, ThB
At. No. 84
P. No. 216
ThB 10.6h 6.54:107h*! ‘ Bathe
At. No. 82 3.82-104s| 1.82-10-*s"!
P. No. 212
ThC 60.5m I.15:10°m ‘ B, a, .65ThC’
At. No. 83 3.63-10%s| 1I.91-10-4s"! 24: 25iDhe%
P. No. 212
ThC’ 10-9s(?) 10°s-!(?) 10%s(?) | a, ThD
At. No. 84 <10s SOs ¢
P. No. 212
sbhe7 3.1m 2.24:10'm! ; B, ThD
At. No. 81 186s 3.73:10°3s"!
P. No. 208
ThD
At. Wt. 208.016
?)

At. No. 82
P. No. 208

54.58 1.27-:10°s! | 78.78 a, ThA

Potassium (Krg) and rubidium (Rb37) emit 6 rays; the 6-ray activity of rubidium
is 1/15 that of uranium; T is about 10" years. Cesium (55Ce) has been found to have
an activity less than 1/90 of potassium. Hoffman considers neither sodium nor
cesium radioactive. Be, av. period ro" years, (Langer, Raitt, 1933).

Note—The following data is from Holmes, Lawson, Nature, 117, 620, 1926:

N, atoms per g..

Ur Th kK Rb

a5 ee O-a ne 72 OO Oz

T, half-value period, years. . aoe ae iG Sh rO2 | 10"
A, disintegration constant,

years

4.6 X 1078 69 <o1os

No. atoms disintegrating

per years, 7d

lO: AD elas

Kinetic energy, E ergs per

7eQOK 105 ||) 2:04 On!

Energy per g, per year,
nE/(4.19 X 107) cal......|(7900 X 10-*)/(2300 X 10*)| 1.24 X 104} 2.38 X 10+

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

520 TABLE 629
RADIOACTIVITY UNITS

(Taken from 1930 Report International Radium Standards Commission, Rev. Mod. Phys.,
3, 427, 1931.)

Radium content is expressed in g or mg of radium, regardless of its chemical combina-
tion. It is always desirable to know the total weight and nature of the compound.

Radon (radium emanation).—A curie: Quantity of Rn in equilibrium with 1 g Ra.
One curie Rn has a vol. 0.66 mm* at 0° C 760 mm. One curie (Rn without decay products)
can with complete utilization of the a-particles keep by its ionization of air a saturation
current of 2.75 X 10° e.s.u. (0.92 milliampere).

Sub-units: Millicurie, microcurie, milli-microcurie (107°).

Eman. == 10” curie perl Gio
the atmosphere.

Mache Unit (M. E.): Concentration unit referred to the Rn content of 1 1, = quantity
Rn/| which without decay products and with complete utilization of the a particles can
maintain by its ionization of air a saturation current of 10% e.s.u. One M. E. corresponds
to 3.64 X 10° curie/liter = 3.64 eman.

It is recommended that the curie be extended to include the equilibrium of any decay
product of radium, specifying the element as 1 curie Rn. The unit quantity of any radio-
active element may be expressed in terms of the mass equivalent to 1 g Ra with respect to
the effect of the rays as to the number of atoms decaying per sec., e.g., 1 mg Ra equivalent
is that amount of an element whose number of atoms decaying per sec. equals that of
1 mg Ra (3.7 X 10’ atoms/sec.).

Polonium.— 1 curie Po” =amount equiv. to 1 g Ra emitting 3.7 X 10° a particles
per sec. = quantity in radioactive equilibrium with 1 g Ra = 2.24 X 10% g Po.

That quantity of Po whose a radiation directed to one side only is fully utilized to
ionize air and which can support a current of I e.s.u. corresponds to 1.68 X 10°° g Po or

curie/cm*)—concentration unit used for Rn content of

0.75 X 10° curie Po. 1 curie Po would, in the utilization of its rays in all directions, sup-
port a saturation current in air of 2.66 X 10° e.s.u., I microcurie (one-sided radiation)
= 1.33 e.S.U.

Mesothorium.— 1 mg MsTh” usually signifies that y-ray equivalent of 1 mg Ra-RaC,
compared after absorption by 5 mm of lead. (This definition is inexact and open to
criticism. )

All determinations of content of Ra, Ru, Ms, Th, Po, etc., must be dated. (Condensed
from Report of the International Radium Standards Commission, Rev. Mod. Phys., 1931.)

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 630-632 521
TABLE 630.—Miscellaneous Radioactivity Constants

(Recommended by International Radium Standards Commission, 1930,
Rev. Mod. Phys., 1931.)

Moc? = 5.9303 X 10°, a particles. mo, a particle = 6.598 & 10 g
moc? /2e = 6.2162 X TO", a particles.
nwc’ = 8.1207 X 107", B particles. mo, electron = 9.040 X 10 g.

for e/mo = 5.2763 X 10" e.s.u./g. for B particle.
moc?/e = 1.7034 X 10°, for ditto.

Kinetic energy = E = moC*(n — 1) = 5.9303 X 10° (n — 1) erg. for a particles

8 = velocity particle/velocity light; » = (1 — 8’)73, m= mon.
E = 8.1252 X 10 ‘(mn —1) erg, 6 particles.
E = 5.9303 X 10°°( — I) erg, a particles.

Velocity in equivalent volts, p = 299.80E/2e = 3.1426 X 10"E, a particles.
= 299.80E/e = 6.2851 x 10"E, 8 particles.

Product of magnetic field strength radius of curvature of the path:

log R= eee ee cae =—2T02)< 10 nB, a particles.
= (moc*/e )nB = 1.7034 X I0°nB, B particles.
A= he/E = 1.9628 X 10°/E for h= 6.547 < 107" erg.sec:
1.0637 X 10°/E for*h= 6:55 < 10; ergisec:
Z =no. a particles emitted per sec. from one g Radium = 3.7 X 10°.

(The chief source of error lies in the Ra equivalent of the preparation (e.g., RaC). This
arises trom the decay-curve of RaB-RaC. Moreover in washing with alcohol to remove
residual radon, RaB is dissolved in excess of RaC. The error causes a minimal value of Z.)

Ratio Ra/U in old unaltered minerals = 3.4 X 10°; U/Ra= 2.94 X 10°.

Basic values for calculation of number of ion pairs produced by one a particle:

k = ko. R% and velocity from v’ = aoRo (all data 0° C, 760 mm).

As basis for ko = Zk = 8.18 X 10” (Meyer-Schweidler, 1927)
and Aiea aliOre

For RaC’ Ro= 6.58 cm

R— S18 10°/3.7 5410 "= ko 0:54, ho = 0.200 <0.

Recommended value: ko= 6.3 X 10%.

For ao, different values are obtained according to the choice of RaC’, ThC’ or Po as
reference. This may mean that v'=aR is not exact and that the definition of the range
as the intercept of the descending line of the Bragg curve with the abscissa has no
theoretical basis.

eu? Ryo =6.58 Uv = 1.022 X 10° do = 1.0790 X 10” dos = 1.026 X 10°
inc 8.168 2054 1 OOOO Nm 1.020 i
Po 3.67 1.593 E I.I0I5 of MOS? ts
In use 6.60 1-022 1.07500) 1 102400 es
Recommended 1.08 o 1.026 s

TABLE 631.—Relative Phosphorescence Excited by Radium
(Becquerel, C. R. 129, 912, 1899.)

Without screen, Hexagonal zinc blende . - ; 5 : With screen .
Pt. cyanide of barium . : ¢ ‘S

sf a Diamond es

sé of Double sulphate UrandK . : 3 ; oe
xe «* Calcium fluoride . ens : : ss

The screen of black paper absorbed most of the a rays to which the phosphorescence was greatly due. For the last
column the intensity without screen was taken as unity. The y rays have very little effect.

TABLE 632.—Vapor Pressure of the Radium Emanation in cm of Mercury
(Rutherford and Ramsay, Philos. Mag. 17, 723, 1909, Gray and Ramsay, Trans.
Chem. Soc. 95, 1073, 1909.)

Temperature C° —127° —101° —65° —56° —10° +17° +49° +73° +100° + 104° (crit.)
Vapor Pressure 0.9 5 76 100 500 I000 2000 3000 4500 4745

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

522 TABLE 633

RADIOACTIVITY
a Particles: Range, Velocity, Ionization
RaC’ (84 Rall) taken as standard: Vsta= 1.922 X 10° cm/sec.

(Table taken from Report International Radium Standards Commission, 1930,
Rev. Mod. Phys., 1931.)

As an a particle passes through matter, energy is dissipated, principally in ionization;
its velocity diminishes. Ultimately the a particle can not be detected. Rutherford was
able to detect by their scintillations, a particles of velociy 0.15 Vs and Blackett in his
study of cloud-tracks of RaC’ a rays found tracks corresponding to a velocity greater
than 0.04/s. When the kinetic energy becomes equal to that of an electron fallen a p.d.
of 13.5 volts, then an a particle should not produce even a single pair of ions.

When a particles encounter successive thin layers nearly the same number emerge as
enter up to a certain thickness. Beyond, the number transmitted decreases rapidly with
small increments in the thickness. If the ionization in a thin layer of gas at increasing
distance is plotted against distance, the decrease from max. ionization is rapid, the ioniza-
tion descending nearly to zero along a steeply sloping line, becoming asymptotic to the
distance axis. Marsden-Perkins have defined the range as the abscissa of the point where
the straight line portion of the curve, produced, intersects the distance axis.

For the discussion of ranges see especially Rosenblum, C. R., 190, 1124, 1930, and
Rutherford, Chadwick, Ellis, “ Radiations from Radioactive Substances,” 1930, pages 82
et seq. and 86. For two decimal places the relation v—=aR gives sufficient accuracy for
normal ranges. The basic value for ion production of a particles is that for RaC’;
K = 2.2 10°. For the velocity of a particles from ThC, Rutherford, Chadwick, Ellis
chose 1.701, while Mmes. Curie and Joliet-Curie propose 1.698 X 10° cm/sec.

Ranges,Velocities and Ion Productions

In the Table for R, v, k (range, velocity, ion production) the directly observed values
are denoted by +. The calculation of the other values for v and k was made by using
the basic values denoted ++.

RANGES AT 0° C AND 760 MM Hain Arr (Ro); AT 15° C (Ris). VELocity (v) AND Ion
PRODUCTION (hk)

Ton |
production

.16-10°

Ranges at 0° Ranges at 15°
2553 2.67
2.59 -73
2.96 3}
aati 28
3.03 .19
Baal 39
3.91 12
4.48 .72
3.9 I

6.600°* .96

(6.58) 94)

3.67 .87

Velocity
.40-10°

41 .18)
e203
-33)
air
30°
-55
.70
-55

[ale le le ll ee oe

593° (1.58)

(3.72)
3.48
4.43

and 4.77
.14
- 49
.24
.22
and 4.82

(A) &

Bc

3.81
4.13
4.80
5-39
4-53
4.47
8.17

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

AERA NL AUH DAUPH HL HW [Ww W NAPBRHRWWHWWN

—

ROO OO OO OOOO OO

.92)
.67
.68
34
37
-79
.58
soi
.09
aoa

-—

-02

a

-59)
55
.68
.64
.65
.8I
.89
.78
73
50) 5
-39
.60
.64

NH HH eee

TABLES 634-637 §23

RADIOACTIVITY. a PARTICLES
TABLE 634.—Relative Ranges of a Particles of RaF in Gases

All values are at n. t. p.; the accepted value for the @ particle in air is 3.721 cm and the
following values are merely relative. (After van der Merwe.)

H, H.O GH Ne CO O, N.O3; CO, SO, CH;Br
Range, cm SLOWS NyaersyS-90) 4502s 43-51) 13-824NG-20. « 2:36), 1.97 1.76

Molec. stopping
Ole OO ml O2Ee OS) aletr) L252) 8ie82 2.04 |

TABLE 635.—Relative Ranges of a Particles of RaC’ in Solid Elements
(After Rausch von Traubenberg.)

Biementss |) li Mg vA Cae Ber VNi Cu Zn “Ag "Cd So” PeAu “Tl “Pb
SMynetOe F2:0) 5.5 sAalous Olu 0.o 1-6 12:3) 1.9) 2.4) (2:9) 9.3, 1.4) 2-3 2.4

TABLE 635 (a).—Long-Range a Particles. Relative Numbers

Scintillations at abnormally great distances from thorium active deposit were first ob-
served by Rutherford-Wood. The range in air of the particles producing these was 11.3 cm
and it was shown by Rutherford that their mass was that of helium atoms, i. e., that they
were a particles. It now appears certain that some of the particles of long range must have
been H_ nuclei from Hydrogen or its compounds or protons from artificial disintegration.

RaC’ (84 Rall) Range 7.0 cm, I 000 000 9.3 cm, 20 wits Gon, 70)
ThC’ (84 ThII) 8.6 cm, I 000 000 9.5 cm, 70 II.5 cm, 200

TABLE 636.—Atomic Stopping Powers, S, for a Particles of RaC’, Z, Atomic Number
(After Rausch von Traubenberg.)

The ability of atoms and molecules to stop a particles or, more briefly, their stopping
power, was first investigated by Bragg, and, more recently, by others. The atomic stopping
power for elements may be given by the formula S = RopoA/RpAo, where Ro, po, Ao are the
range, density and atomic weight for the standard and R, p, A, the corresponding quantities
for the element considered. The stopping power therefore varies inversely as the range and
the density but directly as the atomic weight.

SZ-2/3 SZ-2/3 S SZ-2/3

0.20 i 0.21 0.21
24 : 1277 : 21
25 ‘ .26 or
.30 : 23 25
.28 ; : ; .20
.26 i : 2 : .20
525 : ; : .20
24 i E : 21
-28

TABLE 637.—Atomic Stopping Powers of Molecules for the a Particles of
RaC’ (84RalI) Relative to that of the Oxygen Atom

(After Rausch von Traubenberg, Philipp.)

CO | CO, |CH;Br|CH;I| Cle | HCl | NH; |} H:2O (liquid)

278))\) 3:93) e4:O7mlese >i t92) | 1-46 153

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
19

524 TABLE 638

RADIOACTIVITY
H PARTICLES

Marsden first observed the long-range particles due to the impact of a particles on matter,
now known to be H particles, i.e., hydrogen nuclei or protons set in motion by a rays.
Rutherford made a thorough study of this phenomenon, measured the ranges in H: of
H particles due to a particles of various speeds, counted the relative number of a and
H particles by the scintillation method; measured the magnetic and electrostatic deflection
of the H particles and proved them to be hydrogen nuclei (protons) in motion. He was
able to produce them by bombardment of substances rich in Hz. When the a particles

have a 7 cm air range, the H particles have a maximum air range of 29 cm.

H Particles from Atomic Nuclei Bombarded by a Particles from RaC’

(Taken from Kovarik, McKeehan, Nat. Res. Council Bull. 51, 1925.)

RANGES IN CM IN AIR AT 15° C 1n Directions INCLINED TO THE a Rays

Nucleus

Ze
ns

Symbol J 5 °° 90°
Li 10
Be 18
B 58
C

40
65

oN An fh W

16

58

13 (18-30)

12 (18-30)
31
32 18-30
35; 37, 39 18-30
36, 40 18-30
39, 41 18-30

* Kirsch-Pettersson, 1924. * Rutherford-Chadwick, 1924. * Rutherford-Chadwick, 1922.

* Rutherford-Chadwick, 1921.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

———_ — I nclination—— ———,
180°

Ref., Remarks
I, (2, doubtful )
I, (2, doubtful )

>

3

I, (2, none)

3

3

2, very few

3

I, (2, very few)
4

I, (2, very few)
3

2, very few

2, very few

2, very few

2, very few

TABLES 639-641 525
RADIOACTIVITY
TABLE 639.—Relative Total Ionization by q Rays in Various Gases
(After Bragg, Taylor, Laby, Hess-Hornyak.)

Mean relative Mean relative Mean relatiue
total ionization Gas total ionization Gas total ionization

100 CH. 122 CH, 117.3
99.5 C.He 130 CH.O 122
96.3 Cs His 134.8 C.H2 126.5

112 C.H.O 123 CH:I 133

101.5 CsHivO 132.3 C.H:I 128
107 CoHe 129 CHCl: 129
go CH.O 105 C.H;Cl 120.5
102 HBr 129 CCl 132
137.5 HI 129 CH:Br 132,
103 HCl 129

TABLE 640.—Delta Rays

Delta rays are electronic rays (8 rays) produced by bombarding a substance with
a particles, an ionization of a comparatively infrequent type. 6 rays are of various
velocities, some corresponding to a few volts; others have a velocity, 3 10° cm/sec.
(2400 volts) ; the number of 6 rays produced by bombarding metals is of the order of
8 to 10 per a particle.

The existence of swift 6 rays in hydrogen gas has been proved by Bumstead (cloud-
track method). From the wide column of droplets (a-ray track) there are short, narrow
tracks nearly at right angles. Wilson obtained similar 6-ray tracks in air near the begin-
ning of the a-ray tracks. These experiments show that some 6 rays are capable of ionizing
air along a path of considerable length. Bianu (ionization method) was able to show that
5 rays ionize the gas and determined the velocity of the swiftest 5 rays as 2.9 X 10° cm/sec.
This velocity corresponds to 2400 volts. C. T. R. Wilson suggests that the 6 rays may be
due to expulsion of electrons from inner orbits of the bombarded atoms, which would agree
with Kapitza’s observation that the average energy lost by an a particle in producing a pair
of ions is greater at high velocities than at low. Bianu shows that the number of low-speed
5 rays produced is 40 times as great as the number of high-speed 6 rays and that each a ray
from RaF produces, on the average, 10 of the more numerous class. His work also shows
the 5-ray emission to be independent of the nature of the metal bombarded, an observation
in agreement with earlier investigations. The usual explanation offered for the production
of 6 rays is that an a particle entering a substance loses energy in ionization and that some
of the electrons liberated possess speeds which enable them to escape.

TABLE 641.—Heating Effect of Radium and Its Emanation
(Rutherford and Robinson, Philosophical Magazine, 25, p. 312, 1913.)

Heating effect in gram-calories per hour per gram radium.

@ rays. B rays. y rays.

Radium . ; - - 25.1
Emanation . ; : 28.6
RadiumA_, 5 ° 30.5
Radium B+C . 39-4

Totals . ; e 5 123.6

Other determinations: Hess, Wien. Ber. 121, p. 1, 1912, Radium (alone) 25.2 cal. per hour per gram. Meyer and
Hess, Wien. Ber. 121, p. 603, 1912, Radium in equilibrium, 132.3 gram. cal. per,hour per gram. See also, Callendar,
Phys. Soc. Proceed. 23, p. 1, 1910; Schweidler and Hess, Ion. 1, p. 161, 1909; Angstrém, Phys. ZS. 6, 685, 1905, etc.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

526 TABLE 642
RADIOACTIVITY
BETA RAYS

@ rays are negatively charged particles (electrons) of the same nature as other electrons.
It seems settled that the 8 particle is emitted first; the y ray is emitted from the atom re-
sulting after the disintegration of the nucleus caused by the emission of the @ particle. In
emitting B rays (random in direction) the original element is shifted one place to a next
higher atomic number. Therefore one emitted electron is nuclear. Recent work proves some
to be extra-nuclear. The velocity of the 8 particles is such that it is necessary in dealing with
them to consider the Lorentz-Einstein equation, m = mo (1 — 6?)-/?; mo being the mass
of a very slowly moving electron, 8, the ratio of the velocity of the particle to that of light, Vo.

The @ and y rays are best designated by their spectra. A complete compilation of these
would be beyond the scope of these tables. See Kovarik and McKeehan, Nat. Res. Council,
Bull. 51, 1929; or Rutherford, Chadwick, Ellis, radiations from radioactive substances.

The absorption coefficients (u) are not precisely defined by the relation J = Jo e-#*, but
they are of great value in practical work and for the rapid diagnosis of a radioactive sub-
stance. It appears desirable to include them and to give also the limits of velocity of the
B-ray spectra.

Magnetic
spectrum
Type of B D velocity Accompanying
decay limits in y Tays
ro0l0
cm/sec.

Substance

1.44-1.74 No nuclear
3:40=2-88 B Weak nuclear

1.56-2.04 I nuclear line
1.08-2.47 9 nuclear lines

D

I.14-2.96 II nuclear lines

.96-1.20 I nuclear line
2.05—2.84 Weak nuclear

?
126 : EATo2:35 3 nuclear lines
175 d -66-2.3 10 lines
? ? .88—-2.22 5 lines
ca 1000 ‘ 1.49 ?

FRRRBRB/WB +

3 nuclear lines

?

I.09—2.90 8 lines

I.19-1.53 2 lines
1.88—2.99 2 nuclear lines
-QI—2.87 Ir nuclear lines

Weak

* B = band, L = line. Bands originate in the primary (nuclear) rays; lines in the photo-electrons of the
gamma rays.

u/p is the mass absorption coefficient (p = density); D is the thickness in which the radiation is reduced to
half value and = 0.69315u. All data refer to aluminum as the absorbing material.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 643 527
RADIOACTIVITY
WORK OF EXTRACTION OF BETA PARTICLES

(After Bohr-Coster. Taken from Kovarik, McKeehan, Nat. Res. Council Bull. 51, 1929.)

Works of extraction Vi in volts xX 10°; Vi=E(T/R); they have been interpolated
assuming linear-variation of (T/R)2 with z in values given. In computing Vi, logo
E = 6.13129 — 10; values not depending on interpolation italicized. M values, average
of Mr and My; to get M: add, My, subtract correction term. Similarly with N, mean of
Nix and Nyir; O, mean of O; and Oy.

Atomic Levels
No. . Lin M N O
92
QI
90
89
88
87
86

mel e1en
. 1666
1624
.1582
.1540
. 1499
.1458
.1418
1378
. 1339
. 1330

.0453 = 100
0438+ 96
0424+ 93
0410 = go
03906 + 86
0382+ 83
0368+ 80
0354 77
0342 74
0330 + 70
0316 = 68
0305+ 66
.02903 = 63
0282 =

.0270 =

.0090 = 54 0.0022 14
0086 + 52

0082 = 50

0078 + 48

0074 = 47

0071 + 45

0067 = 44

0064 + 42

0060 + 41

0057 + 39

0052 = 37 0.0008 £6

85
84
83
82

. 1263
. 1226

.0049 = 36 0.0008 +6
.0046 = 35

0043 = 34 0.0006+ 5
0039 = 32 0.0006 5

. 1189
.IT53

GO somS) 6 OnG! 6) oO Co ONS 6) So
SS (Gn O) GS) ONOn oo Om 6m o 7S, 6G
Sf OO Cn C1 1OmOr OmiG! Ome Ou Sac) >
GiO! Om SE On CmO gO 20) "6! (OO G50 6
SOS. Oo Cm On Ol or COMO CycmG BC

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

528 TABLES 644 anpD 645

RADIOACTIVITY
TABLE 644.—Effective Range of Beta Particles from RaE in a Few Elements

(After Gray-Douglas. Taken from Kovarik, McKeehan, Nat. Res. Council Bull. 51, 1920.)

Element

Effective range, g/cm”

TABLE 645.—Absorption of Characteristic Beta Particles in Air and co,

(After Kovarik.)

Air Cos

Source (u/p)cm2/g (u/p)em?/g
UX, 100 é 126.
UX: 5.43 6.26
UX,

UX, (Friman)

RaD

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 646 529
RADIOACTIVITY
GAMMA RAYS

rays are extremely penetrating, nondeviable by electric and magnetic fields, produce
ionization of gases, act on the photographic plate, excite phosphorescence. Like X rays,
they are similar to light. yy rays are merely X rays produced in the radioactive atoms.
The reflection of X rays and y rays from crystals leaves no doubt that the wave theory of
light is applicable. There are to be solved the same problems, as indicated by Bragg for
the corpuscular theory of X rays. The same difficulties exist as in the case of visible
radiation. Theoretical investigations on y rays, based on the electromagnetic theory, lead
to conclusions not very different from those of a corpuscular theory.

Emission of gamma rays.—The number of y rays per sec. from RaB and RaC in
equilibrium with 1 g of Ra, is 1.43 X 10” and 1.49 x 10" (Hess-Lawson). The mean
value obtained by Kovarik for the number of y rays per sec. from Ra(B + C) in equilibrium
with 1 g of Ra was 7.28 X 10”, which is nearly (within 2%) one y ray per atom dis-
integrating. The random emission in time of penetrating y rays from radium has been
proved.

Energy and wave length of gamma rays.—The energies and wave lengths of y rays
have been obtained variously; much further research is required. The direct experimental
determination of y-ray wave lengths by reflection from a crystal (NaCl) was first
made by Rutherford-Andrade for the y rays of RaB and RaC. Both surface planes and
internal planes were utilized. They showed that certain strong lines of the RaB y-ray
spectrum are identical with characteristic X rays (L series) of nonradioactive lead. The
shortest wave length measured was that of a y ray of RaC reflected at a grazing angle
of 44’ having a wave length of about 70 X.U. (1 X.U.=10"%cm=107A.U.). The
counting method was applied by Kovarik to high frequency y rays of RaC reflected from
calcite. The shortest measured wave length was about 28 X.U.

The determination of y-ray wave lengths from mass absorption is made on the supposi-
tion that the relation between mass absorption and wave length found for X rays may
be applied to y rays. For X rays, outside regions of selective absorption, u/p = kX” where
\ is the wave length and m has a value 2.5 to 3. Rutherford found that as the mass absorp-
tion coefficient, «4/p, of y rays approaches the order of magnitude of the mass scattering
coefficient 7/p, it varies more slowly with \, probably as the first power; from his X-ray
data he concluded that the very penetrating ~ rays have most probably a wave length
between 20 and 7 X.U. Minna Lang applied her work on the absorption of hard X rays
to the y rays of all known radio-elements and found that many are probably characteristic
X rays (K, L, and M series).

The energies of y rays have been obtained also by measuring the energy of 8 rays
“excited” by them in various elements. The velocity of the f particles emitted by the
7 rays from the atom of any element depends upon the frequency of the 7 rays and upon
the work necessary to separate the emitted electron from the rest of the atom. The
photoelectric equation E =h»y—W, is applicable. (E is the energy of the “excited”
8 ray measured outside the atom, » is the frequency of the exciting y rays and W is the
work of separation.) The energy E is the value of Hr in magnetic deflection experi-
ments, the work W, the energy corresponding to the appropriate absorption edge in the
X-ray spectrum of the atom in the electronic structure of which the 8 ray arises. The work
of separation WV will have different values for different energy levels in the same atom
and different values for the same energy level in different atoms. The soft y rays of RaB
are the L-series X rays of Pb. Some of the y rays of radio-elements belong to the K,
L, M, or other series of X rays of the atoms concerned in the f-ray disintegration con-
sidered. Evidently, some of the y rays are of extra-nuclear source. The most penetrating
y rays can not be so accounted for and must therefore be of nuclear origin.

Connection between gamma rays and beta rays (or alpha rays).—The more recent
work has established: (1) some of the @ rays are of photoelectric origin (extranuclear)
“excited” by the y rays; (2) some of the y rays originate in rearrangements of electrons
in the same part of the atom (ordinary X-ray types); (3) the change in nuclear charge
requires some f rays in disintegration to be of nuclear origin; (4) some of the y rays,
all of the very penetrating rays, are of nuclear origin. The principal point in dispute is
whether emission of nuclear 8 rays precedes or follows the emission of nuclear y rays.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

530 TABLE 647
RADIOACTIVITY
GAMMA RAYS

Nuclear analysis—Analysis of nuclear y rays show evidence for energy levels in
the nucleus analogous to those in the extra-nuclear structure as found by X-ray analysis.
When instability arises in the nucleus an electron occupying a level of higher energy falls
to a level of less energy, the excess energy being emitted as a y ray; since several changes
of this kind are possible, y rays of several different but definite frequencies may be emitted
from this nucleus; further, different groups of frequencies may be emitted from different
individual nuclei. Some of the y rays cause (photo-electric) emission of electrons from
various extra-nuclear levels, thus producing the S-ray lines in the B-ray spectrum, and
rearrangement of the extra-nuclear electrons produces the 7 rays which correspond in
frequency to characteristic X rays. The nuclear electron finally arrives in a stationary
state in which it is not permanently stable and it flies out from the nucleus. The nuclear
electrons, one per atom disintegrating, thus leave the atom with different energies and
form the continuous 8-ray spectrum.

The absorption of 7 rays by gases has not been studied at all exhaustively. Chadwick
investigated the absorption of the y rays from radium, ie., from RaC, in air and in CO2
by varying the gas pressure, and in air by varying the distance from the source. Hess made
measurements in air by varying the distance. Chadwick’s value for uw in air, reduced to
atmospheric pressure and 15° C, is 6.0 X 10°/cm and Hess’ value is 4.47 X 10” cm.

Ahmad and Ahmad-Stoner find that the absorption coefficient per atom can be ex-
pressed as the sum of two terms, aZ + bZ*, which corresponds to a similar expression for
the absorption of X rays, aZ + 8d*°Z*, the first term representing scattering and the second
term true absorption.

Ionization by gamma rays.—With the development of the theory of atomic structure
by study of X rays and vy rays, of ionizing potentials, and by applications of the quantum
theory, views on ionization by y rays have become more definite. When an X ray or a
+ ray traverses matter its energy hy may be absorbed (hy = E + W), an electron requir-
ing energy W to remove it from the atom being ejected with residual kinetic energy E.
Such an electron has generally been called a secondary 8 ray. It in turn may react with
another atom, losing energy equivalent at least to the ionizing potential of a particular
energy level in the atom ionized, repeating the process until its energy is dissipated, and
leaving electrons and positive ions in its trail. Each of the ejected tertiary electrons if
possessing sufficient energy, loses energy in the same manner.

Moseley-Robinson’s values for the total number of pairs of ions produced per sec. in air
at n.p.t. by y rays from quantities of RaB and RaC in equilibrium with 1 g of Ra are
0.84 X 10% and 11.34 X 10”, respectively. From Chadwick’s value for the coefficient of
absorption in air the mean “range” is 1/u=1.6 X 10‘ cm. This gives as a mean value
7.5 < 10” pairs of ions/sec./cm of path in air for all the penetrating y rays from 1 g of
radium in equilibrium, and, taking one y ray per atom of RaB and RaC disintegrating
(Kovarik), this means about one pair of ions per cm of path in air for each penetrating
y ray.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 648 531
RADIOACTIVITY
GAMMA RAYS

It is evident from the quantum relation, hy = E+ W, that y rays of given frequency
will cause the emission of 8 particles of definite velocities, one for each energy level that
can be ionized, from an atom of a given element (including all its isotopes). This has been
proved experimentally and has been used in determining the energy of the exciting + rays.
A discussion of the subject of photoelectron emission by X rays has been given by A. H.
Compton.

When vy rays pass through thin layers the 8 radiation leaving the layer on the side
where the X ray beam emerges is more intense than that on the side where the X ray
beam is incident. The asymmetry of this 8 radiation was more marked for light atoms
than for heavy atoms; also for hard than for soft y rays.

Scattering of gamma rays.—When y rays are incident on matter 7 rays may be
detected on all sides of the piece as if emitted by it. y rays so re-radiated were called
“secondary ” y rays. These secondary y rays appear to be really a mixture of two types:
(1) scattered primary y rays; (2) fluorescent or characteristic X rays produced in the
atoms of the secondary radiator by high velocity electrons liberated photoelectrically by
the primary y rays.

Ishino’s values of the mass scattering coefficient for Al, Fe, and Pb are respectively,
0.045, 0.042, and 0.034 (cm’/gm). The softening of the “secondary” y rays is undoubt-
edly due to (1) the production of fluorescent radiation which may be in part (Compton)
similar to the general “ white” radiation emitted by an X-ray tube, and (2) a modification
of the true primary scattered radiation. The scattering of y rays by thin sheets indicates
that the scattering per atom is nearly proportional to the atomic number, and that each
electron appears therefore to act as an independent center for scattering whether it is one
of a small number of electrons (Al) or one of a larger number (Pb). The scattered
radiation on the emergent side is greater in amount than that on the incident side.

Comparison of ganima-ray sources.—The relative ionizing powers of different types
of y radiation need to be known if the quantity of any y-ray emitter is to be determined
by comparison with a radium standard. The amount of MsThz in equilibrium with 1 g of
Th, e.g., one month after separation of MsThn, gives a y-ray ionization equivalent to that
from 0.524*X 10° g Ra in equilibrium with its y-ray products. The amount of ThC” in
equilibrium with 1 g Th gives a y-ray ionization equivalent to that from 0.956 X 10% g Ra
in equilibrium with its y-ray products. Since MsTh: and Ra are isotopes, chemical
separation is impossible, and since the y rays compared are of nearly the same quality the
detection and estimation of mesothorium impurities in radium by y-ray measurements
(usually used for standardization) is somewhat difficult. Hahn and Bothe have shown
how to distinguish between these materials by absorption experiments. Mme. Curie has
shown that the ratio of the total heating effect to the y-ray activity is also characteristic
of the proportion of mesothorium in a mixture of the two.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

532

TABLE 649

RADIOACTIVITY

ABSORPTION OF CHARACTERISTIC GAMMA RAYS

Source
and
type of

decay assumed

UX, B
UX2 B

loa
Raa

RaB B

RaC + C”
a, B

RaD Bg
Rak B

RaF g
RdAC a
AcB B

AcG7B
MsTh, B

RdTh
ThB Bp

The” 6

Level

Riehl at

*
*

L
K

Po enine ecm *

Cee ents

—
YN

*

In Aluminum

Half
value Absorption
thickness coefficient

K
em-t

24
.70
.140
1088
227,
41
354
16.3
“27
230
40
57
230
40
.230

.0043 160
.022 2

1.9 36
oP .090

Mass

absorption
coefficient

/

L/p
cm?/gm

8.9
.26
.052

400

8.35
Sith

130

I
85
15
21
85
15
-085
047
16.7
37
16.7
37
-092

215

9.3
.070
44
11.5
.167
-073
9.6

.043

59

11.9
33
.036

Potassium, B rays, Myer 0-19; Mp), 0-14; 44), 0.065,* 0.14%.

* Nucleus.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

In Lead

A Mass
Absorption absorption
coefficient coefficient

n u/p
em-! cm?/gm

2.3 0.20
WZ .064

TABLES 650 AND 651 533

RADIOACTIVITY

TABLE 650.—Characteristic Gamma-Ray Wave Lengths and Energies Estimated from
Absorption and Scattering

(Taken from Kovarik, McKeehan, Nat. Res. Council Bull., 51, 1929.)

Energy

r ee
Source cm X 1o-l volts X 105 ergs X 10-7 Reference
90 UI 903 0.137 Ozanne, 27
220 .562 .894 Ds
g1 U 115 1.069 1.701
go Ra 4140 .030 .047
880 -140 .223
176 -699 A
88 Ra 2640 .047 .074
Hii -160 -260
150 .822 308
82 Ral 2230 .055 .088
IIIO ST 577
202 -610 -970
83 Ral 141 .877 395
rer noun .769
27.5 4.483 135 Compton, ’21
20 6.165 .810 Owen-Fleming, Fage, ’24
17 7.252 54 Ahmad, ’24
82 Rall 1160 .106 .169 Lang, ’21
1063 .116 SS Oe 24)
252 .489 778 Lang, ’21
290 -425 .677 Meitner, ’22
RaF 84 Ralll 3230 .038 061 Pang, 21
RdAc go Ac 918 .134 .214
130 -946 .506
AcB 82 AcI 1720 .072 .114
1000 .123 .192
184 .670 .066
ACeYy 81 Ac 132 .93I .481
MsTh,2 89 Th 932 132 .210
107 .153 .834
ThB 82 Thl 1930 .064 .102
IOIO .122 194
168 733 1.166
The” 83 Th 99 1.243 1.978

TABLE 651.—Nuclear Energy Deduced from Gamma-Ray Spectra
(Kovarik, McKeehan, Nat. Res. Council Bull., 51, 1925.)

No. of y rays No. of y rays
Been ere ee leg ee cote || varie ieee eee actrees
twice) twice)
RaB O 4 ine? oO 7/
-537 6 41 5
.625 (0.628) 4 .56 2
2.571 (2.572) 4 2.28 2
2.942 3 2.48 4
4.048 3 2.54 3
5.31 4 2.74 3
RaC oO 2 Sen 5
“59 4 9.02 3
-70 I
3-07 2
3-30 2
4-45 I

Ellis, Skinner, 1924; values in 3rd column of TnC” supplied by Kovarik, McKeehan.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES

534 TABLE 652
RADIOACTIVITY

GAMMA-RAY WAVE LENGTHS AND ENERGIES MEASURED BY
CRYSTAL REFLECTION

(Taken from Kovarik, McKeehan, Nat. Res. Council Bull., 51, 1929.)

PART 1
Reflection from (100) Planes of Rock Salt (d = 2.814 X 10-8cm)

nN Energy Energy
Source 6 cm X 10-7 volts X 105 ergs X 10-7

=)
3
ie

RaB 82 Ral 14°—o2’ 1365 0.0903 0.1437
1332" 1349 .0914 -1455
FB 3d 1315 0937 -1492
13°—14' 1288 .0957 1523
13°—00’ 1266 -0974 .1550
r2°—31' 1220 .IOII .1609
12°—16' 1196 .1031 -1641
12°—03’ 1175 .1049 .1670
rI°—42! II4I .1080 -I719
11°—17' IIOI .1120 .1782
11°—oo’ 1074 .1148 .1827
10°—48' 1055 .I169 .1860
10°—32’ 1029 .1198 .1907
10°—18' 1006 .1225 .1950
10°—03’ 982 1255 .1998

9°—45" 953 -1294 .206
Oo resy 918 -1344 214
5°43, 853 -1446 -230
8°—34 838 1471 234
8°—16' 809 .1524 .242
8°—06" 793 -1555 .247
4°—22' 428 .288 458
4°—o0’ 393 314 .500
3°—18! 324 381 .606
3°—00’ 294 419 .666
2°—4o’ 262 471 -749

HH SRSB RRS eR%5e44255

2°—28’ 242 .509 .810

2°—z20’ 229 538 .856
2°—oo’ 196.4 .628 -999
1°—q3’ 168.6 73 1.164
1°—37’ 158.8 -776 1.236
1°—24’ Raye5 .897 1.427

RaC 83 Ral 1°—10’ 114.6 1.076 tpt
1°—o0’ 98.2 1.255 1.998
0°43" 70.4 1.752 2.79

PART 2
Reflection from (111) Planes of Calcite (d = 3.028 X 10-8cm)

RaC 83 Ral o°—q1’ 72.2 1.707 2.716
66.1 1.866 22712

2.121 Bra 75

2.545 4.050

3-333 5-304

4.374 6.961

-

°

°

°

~

NNNNNNNNNNNNNDN
WBWWWWWWWWW WWW W

NotEe.—Possibly second order.

References: 1 Rutherford-Andrade (s. strong, m. medium, w. weak), '14.
2 Rutherford-Andrade, '14.

3 Rutherford, '14.

4 Kovarik, '22.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 653

RADIOACTIVITY
QUANTITIES IN RADIOACTIVE EQUILIBRIUM

(Taken from 1930 Report International Radium Standards Commission, Rev. Mod. Phys., 3, 427, 1931.)

535

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

i

M (mass units)

for Rayo

for UI =1

1.39-10!"s
2.12-108
(2.06) 108
68.4
2.4:104
9.4:10”
8.88-104

2.6:10s
5.02-101°
3.303-10°

183
1.61-10%
1.18-10
Capos’

79-2
6.94-108
4.26-10° (4.9d)
4.32:10° (5.0d)
1.21-10"

1.01 -10!s
4.23108
(6.3-108 = 20 yr)
1.6310
9.7105
3.92
2-103
2.16-107%
130
Ga 105°
286
(283)

5.6-:10"%s

2.1-108

2.21-104

6.0-107

3.14:105
54-5

4
3.82-10!
3.63103
Caos?
or 10-6

186

2.94-108
4.4:10°5
(4.3) 10°
1.4°10°%
1.7-10°8
2.0:10?

5.6-:108

52-7
1.00
6.47-10-6
Be52enOre
3.04:108
2523.1Os
ca 2:10-1
6-107
1.28-10?
7.9:10°6
8.0-10°%
2.24-10-4

1.00
1.5:10-

51016
6-10-16
6.7:10°
1.9:1074

for Ra = 1 and 3% branching

fraction

.62
2.5:10°4
(3-7-1074)
9.8-107
5.8-:107
2.27 21Ops
1.14:10°%
120 - TO!
7 2NOee
ca 2-1078
1.57-10-1
1.55:10°%

Lote er

1.00
3.68-10-1
3.88-10-14
TOS One
5-41-10°8
9.23107!
2.32:10-19
6.23-10-14
5.92:10715
Cayo,"
To-14
1.04-10-16

for MsTh, =I

2.7-109
1.00
1.05:10-4
.286

1.47:10°%%
2.50:107
6.31 -10-10
1.69-10-4
1.61-10°%
ca 3-1078
2-10;25
2.83-107

536 TABLE 654
CATHODE RAYS
Prepared by W. W. Nicholas, Bur. Standards

Cathode rays are swiftly moving electrons, and thus are of the same nature as B rays
(see tables on radioactivity, pages 526 to 528). They are produced in gas discharge tubes.
At comparatively low pressures the cathode rays thus produced have a nearly uniform
velocity. Free electrons are emitted from hot bodies (Table 667), especially if the heated
substance is coated with barium, calcium, or strontium oxide (Wehnelt cathode). These
electrons can be given any desired speed if the heated substance (usually in the form of a
wire) be enclosed in an evacuated tube and the difference of potential (17) applied between
the wire (cathode) and another electrode (anode, anticathode, or target). The speed (v)
of the cathode rays, expressed as a fractional part (8) of the speed of light (B= v/c,
where c is the speed of light), when they have fallen through the entire potential differ-
ence, is given by the formula (corrected for the relativity change of mass)

V = 508.141 (1— p?)?— 1}
where V is in absolute kilovolts. The equivalent power series,
V = 254.01 B+ (4)6*+ ($)6°+ (82)8.... F,
is useful for calculations at low and intermediate speeds (error is about 1% for 8 = 0.60,
using terms given here). A tabulation of the corresponding values of ” (absolute kilo-
volts) and 8 follows. An electron speed of 0.2 cm/sec. is spoken of, e.g., as a 10.5 kilovolt
electron, or as having an equivalent voltage of 10.5 kv.

V

0.1017
-4070
-9170

1.634

2.560
3.699
5.054
6.631
8.436
10.48

Cathode rays whose direction of motion is perpendicular to the direction of a uniform
magnetic field (H7) describe a circular path of radius (r) according to the formula (cor-
rected for relativity change of mass of electron)

Hr = 1695 { B(1 — B’)* +
where H is expressed in gauss and x in cm.

When they impinge on matter, cathode rays are deflected from their original direc-
tion of motion. These deflections grade all the way from 180° “reflections” to the
“diffusion” corresponding to deflections through very small angles. The large-angle
deflections are ordinarily comparatively infrequent. However, when the substance struck
by the cathode rays is crystalline, certain directions may be preferred by the deflections.
Here the beam of cathode rays behaves as though it consisted of a train of waves of
wave length \e = 0.02428/8, where Xe is in Angstroms. The preferred directions for the
“reflected” cathode ray beams may be calculated from the Bragg formula (see Siegbahn’s
“X-ray Spectroscopy”’). The simple Bragg formula is quite limited in application here,
however, since refraction in the crystal is very appreciable for the cathode ray beams.
In general, the cathode rays which have been deflected by matter will have lost speed, but
the rays which have undergone these “preferred” deflections remain of the same speed
as the primary cathode beam.

Cathode rays lose speed on penetrating matter. The losses of speed by individual
cathode particles grade from complete stoppage to no loss of speed. The majority of
the cathode particles, however, lose speed according to the relation (Thomas-Whiddington-
Bohr law) Bo! eet _— ax

where > is the initial speed, and 8 the speed after traversing a path length x in the
material (+ to be measured in cm along the actual curved path), and a is a constant
roughly equal to 6.59 where p is the density of the material in g/cm®. A convenient form
for the expression is the following. Note that the two forms are not equivalent except at
very low speeds (experiment has not yet decided between the two) :
Vo -V= bx

where Vo and V are the initial and final “equivalent voltages” (see above) of the
cathode rays, in ky, and b is a constant roughly equal to 40 X 10‘p. A tabulation of experi-
mental values of a and b for various materials follows:

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 655 AND 656 537
RONTGEN RAYS (X RAYS)
TABLE 655.—Constants for Cathode-Ray Speeds in Matter

Material

Beryllium
Aluminum

TABLE 656.—X-Ray Emission

X Rays are generated whenever and wherever swiftly moving electrons (cathode rays)
strike matter. This process occurs in gas discharge tubes at moderately low pressures
(about 0.001 to 0.01 mm Hg); the gas-filled X-ray tube is based on this principle. The
Coolidge tube, in which the gas pressure is so low (less than 10° mm Hg) as not to play
a part, is superior for most purposes: the electrons, supplied by a hot filament incorporated
in the cathode, are given a high velocity by the application of a high potential (as high as
300,000 v, in certain types) ; these cathode rays are directed against an area (“focal spot”)
on the anode (“ target,” “anticathode”) where the X rays are generated.

These X rays are of two types: continuous spectrum rays (“ heterogeneous,
or “white” radiation) and characteristic rays (line spectra).

Continuous spectrum X rays are a direct result of the acceleration of the cathode rays
due to their close contacts with the atoms of the anticathode. The spectrum energy dis-
tribution of this radiation, from a tube whose electrodes are maintained at a constant
potential difference (I”), is described very roughly by the formula (for a more accurate
type of formula, see the I.C.T. vol. 6)

9 66

general,”

J dv = C(m — v)e~¢/¥ dv v= (1)
for an energy-frequency graph, or by
Jydd = (K/X*) 4 1/\0 — 1/d b edd A= No (2)

for an energy-wave length graph. In these two formulae, Jy or J, is the energy between
frequencies, vy and »+ dy, or wave lengths \ and + dX, respectively, ec, the base of
natural logarithms, and » and \» the highest frequency and shortest wave length, respec-
tively of the spectrum (“high frequency limit,’ “short wave-length limit,’ ‘“ spectrum
limit’’). For X rays generated inside the anticathode c and k are zero; this simplifies the
formulae, the exponential term becoming unity. For the X ray obtained outside the tube,
c and k have values, estimates of which are tabulated in Table 660. The factor, c or k,
determines the energy of the X rays; the convenient way to evaluate this energy is, instead
of assigning numerical values to c or k, to evaluate E: and Ji (Table 660). 0 and Xo
depend only on the voltage (I”), the relations being :

No = 12.336/V (3)
Yo 243-0 1One (4)

(A and Xo are expressed throughout this section in Angstrom units, 10° cm, and wv and vo
are in sec.”, and I’ is in kilovolts absolute.)

The energy of the continuous spectrum X rays, fi, produced in the anticathode
ordinarily comprises a major fraction of the total X-ray energy generated; the energy
of the characteristic rays, E2, comprises the minor fraction. (£:1-+ E:) is only an exceed-
ingly small fraction of the electrical energy, Es, supplied to the tube. E:/Es is called the
efficiency of production of continuous spectrum X rays, and is closely represented by the

formula
E/E; = LV < 13 >< 107.

where Z is the atomic number of the material of the anticathode, and V is expressed in
kilovolts. On account of losses by absorption in the anticathode and in the walls of the
tube only a small part of this energy generated inside the anticathode gets outside the
tube. Table 660 supplies some numerical values of this “usable” energy, for tubes similar
to the standard commercial types.

Characteristic X rays result from the ionization of atoms, either (1) by direct cathode
ray impact, or (2) by absorption of X rays. In the anticathode ‘of an X-ray tube both
these processes occur. With a silver anticathode, for example, at any voltage between 35
and 80 kv, process (1) accounts for about 65% of the energy of the characteristic rays.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

5 38 TABLE 657

RONTGEN RAYS (X RAYS)
EMISSION LINES AND CRITICAL ABSORPTION LIMITS

(in Angstroms)

The characteristic rays group themselves naturally into several groups, K, L, M, etc.;
for any given element the lines in one group differ from each other in wave length by amounts
which are small compared with the differences between separate groups. The wave lengths
of the characteristic rays vary only with the material of the anticathode; these wave lengths,
for some of the more prominent lines are given in the table below.

Xa is the wave length of the critical absorption limit associated with the emission lines
listed in the same subgroup. Taken by permission from Compton, ‘‘X-rays and Electrons.”

Atomic
number,
Element

O ON DuFWN He

5.36090
4.71821
3-73368
3-35169
3.02503
2.74317
2.49835
2.28484
2.09732
1.93230

18.37

11.8836
9.86775
8.31940
7.10917
6.14171

5-36375
4.72136
3:73706
3-35495
3.02840
2.74681
2.50213
2.28895

1.93651

Group

Sub-group

© ON AMUHWN

* The values in italics are observed values. Other critical absorption limits are computed or interpolated.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 657 (continued) 539
RONTGEN RAYS (X RAYS)
EMISSION LINES AND CRITICAL ABSORPTION LIMITS

(in Angstroms)

Group
Atomic

number,

ah : Sub-group
emen

2.08045
1.90591
1.75272
1.61713
1.49703
1.38933
1.29260
-20591
.12671
.05518
-99027
93085
.82703
-78151
-73932
-70048
-66449
.63124
-57143
-54470
.51972
-49630
-47428
-45373
-43439
-41624
-39924
-38341
352
343
329
.314
301
-292

-21973
-21345
.20131
-19550
- 19004
-18483

17466
-17004
-16525

.13095

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

540 TABLE 657 (continued)
RONTGEN RAYS (X RAYS)
EMISSION LINES AND CRITICAL ABSORPTION LIMITS (IN ANGSTROMS)

L (continued) Group

Atomic

number, Sub-group
Element

2A 5
19.17
1727,

11.951

9.3940
8.7172
8.1076
7.0604

5.8228 : ee yehe : 5-5734
5.4796 : 5:7113 : 9:2253
5.1658 . 5.3943 4.9092
4.61100 Wee 4.83567] 4.84367 | 4.3619
4.1221 ‘ 4.58778] 4.59556 | 4.1221
4.13730 4.35850] 4.36660 | 3.9007
3-92664 4.14564] 4.15382 | 3.69383
3-73008 3-94782] 3.95636 | 3.5064
3-54783 || ---- | 3-76367| 3.77242 | 3.3312
3.37792 3.59218] 3.60108 | 3.1679
3.21836 3.43177] 3.44075 | 3.0166
3.06997 3.28199] 3.29100 | 2.8761
2.93093 3.14166] 3.15087 | 2.74608
2.67784 2.88610] 2.89560 | 2.5064
2.56224 2.76964] 2.77904 | 2.3993
2.45330 2.65968| 2.66893 | 2.2980
2.35100 2.55600] 2.56511 | 2.2041
2.25390 2.45770| 2.46763 | 2.1148
2.16221 2.36531] 2.37563 | 2.0314
1.99357 2.19501| 2.20568 | 1.8781
1.91631 2.11633] 2.12733 | 1.8082
1.84246 : 2.04193] 2.05262 | 1.7419
1.77268 i 1.97149] 1.98231 | 1.6790
1.70658 1.90460] 1.91564 | 1.6198
1.64350 1.84098] 1.85206 | 1.5637
1.58344 1.78040] 1.79140 | 1.5106
1.5268 ; 72200) te 7339 1.4602
1.4725 1.66779] 1.6789 1.4128
1.4207 1.61551] 1.62636 | 1.3672
eS y7Alie 1.56607| 1.57704 | 1.3235
1.32354 1.51825] 1.5294 1.2810
-27917 1.47348] 1.48452 | 1.24191
-19459 1.38816] 1.3982 1.16838
-15495 1.34834] 1.35939 | 1.13287
L722 1.31008] 1.32121 | 1.09950
.08093 1.27355| 1.28489 | 1.06775
.0458 1.2385 | 1.2497 er

.01266 1.20471| 1.21603 | 1.00786
-97990 , 1.17202] 1.18352 -97990
-94930 .9210 { T.14115| 1.1533 -95293
.76259 : -95342| .96524 -79108
-71807 : .90833| .92014 -75268

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 657 (concluded) AND 658
RONTGEN RAYS (X RAYS)

54

TABLE 657 (Concluded).—Emission Lines and Critical Absorption Limits

(in Angstroms)

Aa is the wave length of the critical absorption limit associated with the emission lines
listed in the same subgroup. The italicized values are observed; other critical absorption

limits are computed or interpolated.

Atomic
number,
Element

Al ||1100
79
24.2
122
6.042
5-797
5.567
5.151
4-963
4-746
4-557
4-392

3-746
3.605
3-329
22213
3.081
2.388

92 U 2.228

2300
190
29.9
14.16
6.699
6.403
6.190
5.621
5-427
5.216
5.038
4.827

4.083
3-895
3-597

Group

Sub-group

3-477
3-333
Beet,
2.385

TABLE 658.—Probabilities of Ionization in K and L Shells
An atom ionized, in the K shell, say, by one of the two processes described, can either
(a) radiate a quantum of K characteristic radiation, or it can (b) convert an equivalent
amount of energy into an ionization (with photoelectric emission) of its own outer shells
L, M, etc. (compound photoelectric effect). The probability (w) of occurrence of process
(a) subsequent to the ionization of an atom depends on the atom, and on the particular
shell ionized. Some numerical values for the probability wu are given in the table below.

Values in parentheses are comparatively uncertain.
Ionization in the K shell
Element, Ay /Cr Heys io Ni. Cu Zn, Se \ Bogwiikn Sr i Mo Ag I
u 107) 1: 2345-25)(630) 1.30 2.38, -Al ..54u1-SOml Gaby £02 -08).1(-86)1 175) BS
Ionization in the L shell
Element Kr Xe
u (13) (.25)

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

542 TABLES 659 AND 660
RONTGEN RAYS (X RAYS)
TABLE 659.—Energy and Efficiency of Production of Characteritsic X Rays

The energy, E:, of the characteristic rays, as produced inside the anticathode for a
given tube and a given type of characteristic ray, varies with the material of the anticathode
and the voltage applied to the tube. The rays in a particular subgroup (see Table 657) do
not appear at all until a certain critical voltage, Vo, is reached, then all the rays of the sub-
group appear at once. Vo is given by the formula: Vo = 12.336/Aa, where Vo is in absolute
kilovolts and \q in Angstroms. In Table 657 values of \. associated with the various sub-
groups of emission lines are tabulated to the left of the particular lines with which they are
associated.

The efficiency of production of the characteristic rays, which may be taken as
E,/E;, is given roughly by the formula:

E,/E; = G[(V — Vo)?/V] V>Vo

where G is a constant whose dependence on the anticathode material and type of charac-
teristic ray has not yet been broadly investigated. For a silver anticathode and a tube
voltage of 50 kv, E,/E3 for the K rays is about 0.48 X 10-3. Due to losses by absorption in
the anticathode and walls of the tube only a part of the energy generated in the anticathode
reaches the outside of the tube. The following table supplies some estimates of this ‘“‘usable”’
energy for tubes similar to the standard commercial types. J2, which is a measure of the
useful characteristic ray energy, varies with voltage in a different manner than F&, on
account of the variation with voltage of the absorption in the anticathode. For Vo< V<2Vo,
I, is roughly proportional to (V — Vo)", where m is usually between 3/2 and 2; but at
higher voltages some measurements indicate that J, increases more slowly with voltage,
approaching a limiting value in the neighborhood of V = 6V.

The relative intensities of the lines in a particular subgroup are independent of
voltage for a given element; the variation from element to element is often negligible over
long ranges of atomic number. In the K series, and at least for atomic numbers greater than
30, about 5/6 of the energy is contained in the two a lines; of these two, a; is the more intense
in the ratio 2:1. In the L series of tungsten, at 22.75 kv, the ratio of the intensities a:a2 is
10:1; B1:82:83:84 have relative intensities 100:55:15:1; and yi:7y27v3:74 have 100:14:18:6.

TABLE 660.—Energy and Quality of Emission X Rays

I Iz
Ey (£2)k

at one m
ergs/sec. erg/sec. cm?

1.23) Oo RO sigs!

“é

3.66 a al
7.20 .20

1728 25
Silver See eae

Norte: V is the constant direct current potential difference maintained across the ter-
minals of the tube. For varying voltages (as with a tube supplied directly from a trans-
former, or with a mechanical rectifier), where V is the peak voltage and 2 is the average
current as read by a milliameter, all the values tabulated are decreased by an extent de-
pendent on the voltage and current wave forms for the particular outfit used, and therefore
difficult to specify here. 7 is the milliamperage tube current for tubes of the Coolidge type,
but not for gas-filled tubes, where there are complicating factors. E; is the energy converted
per sec., inside the anticathode, into continuous spectrum X rays. (E2)x is a similar quantity
for the K characteristic rays.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 660 (continued) -663 543
TABLE 660(continued).—Energy and Quality of Emission X Rays

I, is the intensity in the continuous X rays obtained outside the tube at a distance of
I meter from the focal spot, supposing no filtration other than the unavoidable filtration
due to the walls of the tube (assumed equivalent to 1.23 mm of Al), anticathode, etc. For
practical purposes, until more thorough data is at hand, J: may be assumed proportional
to the atomic number of the material of the anticathode. It is expressed in ergs per sec.
falling on a 1 cm’ surface perpendicular to the X-ray beam. The orientation of the tube
is supposed to be the usual one, with X rays taken off perpendicular to the cathode stream,
and target face inclined at 45°. J: is a similar quantity for the K characteristic rays.

c and k are quantities contained in p. 537, which describe the spectrum distribution of
the intensity J1.

E, and £2 are probably within 5% and 10%, respectively, of their correct values.
I, and J, depend on the tube walls, the roughness of the target surface, etc., and on such
accounts an estimate of accuracy is difficult to make; for a smooth target surface, inclined
at 45°, and tube walls of 0.7 mm soda glass, the above values of J; and J: are probably
correct to within 20%.

TABLE 661.—X-Ray Spectroscopy

When an X-ray beam is incident on a crystal in such a manner as to make a glancing
angle @ with certain sets of parallel planes within the crystal (adjacent planes, containing
large numbers of atoms, for best efficiency), these planes having an interplane spacing d,
components of the beam of wave lengths A, 4/2, A/3,.... A/n will be diffracted (or
“reflected.””) according to the relation (Bragg law): A=2dsin6. The angle between
the directions of the original beam and the deviated beam is 26. Refraction in the crystal
would introduce an additional factor in the above formula, but the effect is negligible for
all ordinary work.

Values for d, the “lattice constant,” for some of the commonly used crystals are tabu-
‘lated below.

TABLE 662.—Lattice Constants of Crystals

d in Angstroms
Crystal Surface at 18° C

Carborundum (111) 2.49

Rock salt Cleavage face 2.814
Calcite Cleavage face 3.029
Quartz Prism face 4.247

Gypsum .... Cleavage face 7.577
KsFeCN, (100) 8.408
Cleavage face 9.993

10.57

11.23

For an extensive tabulation of X-ray data on crystals see the I. C. T., vol. 1.

TABLE 663.—Absorption and Scattering of X Rays; Fluorescence

A beam of X rays loses energy as it traverses matter. For monochromatic rays, this loss
of energy is given by the formula: ///J,=c-#* where J. and J represent respectively
incident and emergent intensities of a parallel beam normal to a plate of absorbing
material of thickness x, e is the base of natural logarithms, and uw is a constant depending
only on the wave length of the x rays and the material of the plate.

For the most used range (wave lengths 0.1 to 1.4 Angstroms, and atomic numbers
greater than 5; outside this range there are systematic deviations from the formulae) u
is approximated to about 5% or better by the formulae: (See next page.)

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

544 TABLES 663 (continued) AND 664
RONTGEN RAYS (X RAYS)
TABLE 663 (continued).—Absorption and Scattering of X Rays; Fluorescence

p/p =(1/A) (0.01362*X* + 0.322) N<
p/p =(1/A) (0.00202'X* + 0.322) MAX Ady

p is the density, Z, the atomic no., A, the atomic weight of the material of the plate, 4,
the wave length of the X rays, Angstrom units; x is in cm. Values for \x and Az, wave
lengths at which materials have “ critical absorption discontinuities,” are listed in Table 657
under “ X-ray Emission” as Aa. Numerical values for «/p, the “mass absorption coefh-
cient,’ (A. H. Compton “ X-rays and Electrons”) are given in Table 665.

The first term in the brackets represents energy losses from “ fluorescent,’ or “ true,”
absorption; this first appears as energy of ionization of atoms and of photoelectrons. The
ionized atoms then either emit characteristic X rays or use their energy for the photo-
electric process; the quantitative relations between these are described in Table 660 under
“X-ray Emission.”

The second term is the energy lost by the X-ray beam by scattering. Except for the
(usually small) amount of energy which goes into the production of “recoil electrons,”
it remains as X-ray energy which is simply redistributed as to direction of propagation,
being radiated in all directions from the plate. The scattered radiation is of two parts, an
“unmodified” (or “unshifted”) part, and a “modified” (or “shifted”) part. The
former has the wave length of the original beam. The wave length of the modified part
is longer (‘‘ Compton shift”) than that of the original beam by an amount 6A which varies
with ¢, the angle between the direction of the primary beam (of wave length A), and the
direction of that portion of the modified rays of wave length \+ 6A, The relation between
6\ and @ is 6\ (Angstrom units) = 0.02428(I — cos ¢).

TABLE 664.—X-Ray Absorption and Chemical Combination

The wave lengths of the critical absorption limits of an element depend, to a very small
extent, on the chemical combination of the “absorbing” element. The K absorption limit
for phosphorus follows for various chemical combinations: R stands for any one of several
metals.

Wave lengths, \, in Angstroms

(RN)sPO

(RC) 3PS
RO(RC)(H)PO
(RO)sP

(RO) 2(RC)PO
(RO)(RC)2PO
O

) (RO)sP,CuCl
(RN) (RO) (Cl) PO . : P (violet)
(RN) (RO) 2PO . d P (black)
(RN) 2(RO)PO : c P (white)

There result some conclusions probably of general application: (AA) in its value for
some particular compound, depends only on what atoms are directly attached to the
absorbing atom (e.g., the phosphorus limit (RO):P does not depend on what metal is
used for R). Ad depends on the kind of atom directly attached (compare (RO);sP with
(RC):P) and on the number of these atoms (compare (RO):P with (RO)sPO). If any
addition (any kind of atom) is made to a given set of atoms directly attached to the
absorbing one, the limit is shifted toward a shorter A (cf., (RC)sP with (RC)sPO).
Further, the wave length for the element when uncombined is usually greater than when at-
tached chemically to other atoms (true for all of 11 elements investigated except sulphur).
A variation of wave length is also usually shown for allotropic modifications of an element.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 665 545
MASS ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS (u/p)

Atomic Wave lengths in Angstroms

number,

Element | 0.017 0.057 0.080 0.100 0.125 0.150 0.

175 0.200 0.250

OMny wit wee. O18 50.4, O-4e 10.4 0.39

.060 ee 0.140 0.146 1152 .160

Mise wists McK Kole eter LOG
LOSON noe a 4 One OS
O57 bt aoe se ts 9 O21 .075
.058 0. SAS LOAwe lt .op-2On
OH soo cli allel 620
058 . 1232) 205, 92399
FO5O erence cOla 3206475
SOV neo elR Be Uo
O5 Miri GOSmE So OO

Pee Ue 1G Rea 5
WH) soo of8 orl} io"/

(O56) =o) 70) £10), 2.00

= 5 AS SLO Griz
FOGS) 27) 2:40) 3-60) 15.70

Pet ve, 2239) 3-04) 5:37-4
.068 .50 2.47 3.78
LO7 OME 44578 ;

LOSE ate ae LOOM

Wes
K limit

162.170 .184

177 ~—--193
sli
=222
.269
.42

1.07

Tey,

0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800

0.45 0.44 O.51 0.57 0.63
245 .306 .403

Eo OMe 54 Onnry72 1.00 I.
AQSme 4 Om taLOMt- 55) 2-12) | 2:

1.56
5-9 9-5

30 45.0 tens 118
[S:9)) 31-0) 40:2 seh 133
Bye

116 we
133 |
Vv

L limit

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

iOS EB 5.c0 7-501 10-3 13.

ee 23530 30:3) 57 09-6) (95
I

Xo Api
ST meee
6
8 20.0
126
159
181

540 TABLE 666
PHOTOGRAPHIC EFFECTS OF X RAYS

X rays affect a photographic plate (or film) in much the same way as does light, except
that that part, Dx, of the photographic density which is due to the radiation depends on
radiation intensity, J, and the time of exposure, t, in a simpler way. The relation for mono-
chromatic X rays is

De=D—D=kUi—et), CO D4 (1)

where ¢ is the base of natural logarithms, and k and a are constant for a given plate and
given X-ray wave length. D and Do are the photographic densities of the exposed and
unexposed parts of the plate. These densities are measurable with a photometer, photo-
graphic density being defined as the common logarithm of the reciprocal of the transmission
T, i.e., density =logio(1/T), where T is the ratio (transmitted light) / (incident light) for
a beam of light normal to the developed plate.

The limits of applicability of formula (1) probably depend on the characteristics of the
plate used and on the development, as well as on the wave length of the X rays. Experi-
mental tests indicate that the relation holds within a few per cent up to a density of at
least 4, for X-ray plates, if the plate is fully developed and if the wave length of the
X rays is between 0.4 and 1.1 Angstroms. Effects due to intermittency, and to the failure
of the reciprocity law are negligible in the X-ray region.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 667-669 547

Note: The phenomena of electron emission, photoelectric effect and contact (Volta) potential treated in the
following tables are extremely sensitive to surface condition of the metal. The most consistent observations
have been made in high vacua with freshly cut metal surfaces. (See Dushman, Rev. Mod. Phys., 2, 381, 1930.)

TABLE 667.— Electron Emission from Hot Solid Elementary Substances

(Most of the following is taken from Dushman, loc. cit., 1930.)

Among the free electrons within a metal some may have velocities great enough to escape
the surface attraction. The number reaching the surface with velocities above this critical
velocity = N = (RT/21M)'” e-v’"t where N = no. of electrons/cm? of metal, R the gas
constant (83.14 X 10° erg-dyne), 7, the absolute temperature, M, the atomic weight of an
electron (.000545, O = 16), w the work done when a gram-molecule of electrons (6.06 X 1023
electrons or 96,500 coulombs) escape. It seems probable that this work is done against the
attraction of the electron’s own induced image in the surface of the conductor. When a
sufficiently high + field is applied to escaping electrons so that none return to the conductor,
then the saturation current has been found to follow the equation

i=aNVT-e’’” (Richardson's equation)
assuming NV and W constant with T. This is equivalent to the equation for just given.

The equation

I = AT°e-'/T (Laue’s equation)
is just as valid theoretically and Dushman (Phys. Rev., 21, 623, 1923) considers A should
be a universal constant (60.2 amp./cm?/deg.?/and by dependent upon the emitter. The data
is not accurate enough to distinguish between the two formulas. 0 or bo isa measure of the
latent heat of evaporation of the electrons, i. e., the energy needed to get the electrons
through the surface. While used in °K. in the above equation, it is customary to express it
in volts by the relation bok = ¢oe where k = Boltzmann's constant, e, the electronic charge,
and @» is known as the work function, whence

) = Biew >< 10do (volts)

The experimental values of A do not seem to be independent of the substance.

Element | ) X 10-4

Dushman, 1925
DuBridge, 1928

Dushman, 1925
Zwikker, 1926
Average
Zwikker, 1929

(Above table of best authenticated values is from Dushman, loc. cit., p. 394, 1930. His table contains values
for G, Ca; Gs) Hf, Ni. See'also 1-/C:T.)

TABLE 668.—Electron Emission from Thorium-Coated Filaments (Monomolecular), f (6)

Values given for Dushman with W filaments coated with monomolecular films of thorium.
6 = (bo — bw) /(btn — by) where bo, brn and b,, represent values of bo in the emission equation
for partly covered, completely covered, and pure tungsten surface.
I) and ¢o refer to 1900°.

TABLE 669.—Emission Current, J, Emission Efficiency I/W, Diffusion, D, J, for Zero Field,
Completely Activated Surface, Th on W

I (amp./cm?) aaa D (cm?2/sec.) E (atoms/

8.0
5.3
5-4
3-5
1.8
7.9
2.9
9.5
2.8

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

548 TABLES 670-672
TABLE 670.—Electron Emission from Other Than Th-Coated Filaments

Monatomic films of other rare earths (and alkaline earth metals absorbed on tungsten
and molybdenum). D cm’*/sec.* for T= 2000. Qp, heat of diffusion (g cal./g-atom), E,
the rate of evaporation in atoms/cm’sec. at 2000° K. A, bo refer to formulas on page 547.

Emitter bo

31,500.
31,500. ett:
33,000. , 100,000

31,300. : 78,000
36,500. ; 62,000
30,500. ‘ 94,000
30,000. ; 2,000

TABLE 671.—Photoelectric Effect

A negatively charged body loses its charge under the influence of ultra-violet light
because of the escape of negative electrons freed by the absorption of the energy of the
light. The light must have a wave length shorter than some limiting value Xo characteristic
of the metal. The emission of these electrons, unlike that from hot bodies, is independent
of the temperature. The relation between the maximum velocity v of the expelled electron
and the frequency » of the light is (4)mv*—=hvy— P (Einstein’s equation) where h is
Planck’s constant (6.58 X I0- erg. sec.) ; hy sometimes taken as the energy of a “ quanta,”
P, the work which must be done by the electron in overcoming surface forces. (4)mv
is the maximum kinetic energy the electron may have after escape. Richardson identifies
the P of Einstein’s formula with the w of electron emission of the preceding table. The
minimum frequency » (corresponding to maximum wave length \») at which the photo-
electric effect can be observed is determined by hy =P. P applies to a single electron,
whereas w applies to one coulomb (6.062 X 10” electrons) ; therefore w= NP = .00399%
ergs. @= (12.4 X 10°) volts. See Millikan, Proc. Nat. Acad. 2, 78, 1916; Phys. Rev.
7, 355, 1916; 4, 73, 1914; Hennings, Phys. Rev. 4, 228, 1914.

TABLE 672.—Contact (volta) Potentials

Pt Fe Cu Au Ag Al Mg Zn Pb Sn

SiO; ... +2.22 -+1.99 -++1.60 -+1.60 -++1.42 +-.93 -+.93 -+-.45 -+.16 — .30
Glass ..+1.15 +1.15 +058 -+0.58 +058 +.14 +.14 —.29 —.60 —I.14

Cu Cr lta Mo Ni

+.08 +.11 —.38 —.2I —.17
Polednik, Z. Phys 66, 610, ee
Kosters, “ e 66, 807, 1930.

(This Table Supplements Table 677.)

2:35*
4.50
3.90
3-55
3.20
2.80
2.80
2.65
2.80

ne

3
4
6
7
8
9
0
I

_

* Outer electron shell. + Cr, “electronegative,” 2.35; Mn., ditto, 2.35.

Broughall (Phil. Mag. 41, p. 872, 1921) computes in the same units from Van der Waal’s
constant ““b” the diameters of He, N, A, Kr, and X as 2.3, 2.6, 2.9, 3.1, and 3.4. These
inert elements correspond to Langmuir’s completely filled successive electron shells. The
corresponding atomic numbers are 2, 10, 18, 36 and 54. For Langmuir’s theory see J. Am.
Ch. Soc., p. 868, 1919, Science 54, p. 59, 1921,

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 672 (continued) AND 673 549
TABLE 672.—Contact (Volta) Potentials

There has been considerable controversy over the reality and nature of the contact differences of potential between
two metals. At present, due to the studies of Langmuir, there is a decided tendency to believe that this Volta differ-
ence of potential is an intrinsic property of metals closely allied to the phenomena just given in Tables 667 to671 and
that the discrepancies among different observers have been caused by the same disturbing surface conditions. The
following values of the contact potentials with silver and the relative photo-sensitiveness of a few of the metals are
from Henning, Phys. Rey. 4, 228, 1914. The values are for freshly cut surfaces in vacuo. Freshly cut surfaces are
more electro-positive and grow more electro-negative with age. That the observed initial velocities of emission of
electrons from freshly cut surfaces are nearly the same for all metals suggests that the more electro-positive a metal is
the greater the actual velocity of emission of electrons from its surface.

Fe | Brass} Sn Zn

Contact potential with Ag : .19 12 .27 -590
Relative photo-sensitiveness 5 65 45 70 80

From the equation w = RT log(N 4/N pg), where w is the work necessary per gram-molecule when electrons pass
through a surface barrier separating concentrations V 4 and Nz of electrons, it can be shown (Langmuir, Tr. Am.
Eletroch. Soc. 29, 142, 1916, ef seq.) that the Volta potential difference between two metals should be

— w

1 — v= 5 {wa — wi + RT log(V 4/N p)} = — =¢d2— Gi

(see Table 671 for significance of symbols), since the number of free electrons in different metals per unit volume is so
nearly the same that RT log (N_4/N p) may be neglected. The contact potentials may thus be calculated from photo-
electric phenomena (see Table 671 for references). They are independent of the temperature. The following table
gives a summary of values of ¢ in volts obtained from the various phenomena where an electron is torn from the attrac-

tion of some surface. In the case of ionization potentials the work necessary to take an electron from an atom of metal
vapor is only approximately equal to that needed to separate it from a solid metal surface.

TABLE 673.—(a) The Electron Affinity of the Elements, in Volts

te me

electric Photo- : ingle- .

and electric. piiseel: line scjusted
contact. |(Richardson) * | spectra. :

(Millikan.)

Contact. |Thermionic.
(Henning.)| (Langmuir.)

uN

=.
Roop linea
un

=a

Since
IF lievoulltss cose
QA Marc

Magnesium
Titanium

HHH KHWWWWWkWAHRH HLH LHL

COWL TOR HI C71 OH HWWEN

nn

(b) It should not be assumed that all the emf of an electrolytic cell is contact emf. Its emf varies with the elec-
trolyte, whereas the contact emf is an intrinsic property of a metal. There must be an emf between the two electrodes
of such a cell dependent upon the concentration of the electrolyte used. The following table gives in its first line the
electrode potential e; of the corresponding metals (in solutions of their salts containing normal ion concentration) on
assumption of no contact emf at the junction of the metals. The second line, @ — Fy volts, gives an idea of the

electrode potentials (arbitrary zero) exclusive of contact emf.

Metal

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

550 TABLES 674 AND 675
TABLE 674.—Molecular Velocities

The probability of a molecular velocity x is (4/ Vr) xe, the most probable velocity being taken as unity. The
uwumber of molecules at any instant of speed greater than c is 2N(hm/1)2 Senne dc + ce~hmc2 \ (see table),
where WN is the total number of molecules. The mean velocity G (sq. rt. of mean sq.) is proportional to the mean

kinetic energy and the pressure which the molecules exert on the walls of the vessel and is equal to 15,800 /T/m cm/sec,
where T is the absolute temperature and m the molecular weight. The most probable velocity is denoted by W, the
average arithmetical velocity by Q.

G=W V3/2 = 1.225W; Q =W V4/m = 1.128W; G =2 V37r/8 = 1.0862.

The number of molecules striking unit area of inclosing wall is (1/4)NQ (Meyer’s equation), where N is the number
of molecules per unit volume; the mass of gas striking is (1/4)pQ where p is the density of the gas. For air at normal
pressure and room temperature (20° C) this is about 14 g/cm?/sec. See Langmuir, Phys. Rev. 2, 1913 (vapor pres-
sure of W) and J, Amer. Ch. Soc. 37, 1915 (Chemical Reactions at Low Pressures), for fertile applications of these latter
equations. The following table is based on Kinetic Theory of Gases, Dushman, Gen. Elec. Rev. 18, 1915, and Jeans,
Dynamical Theory of Gases, 1916.

Sq. rt. mean sq. Arithmetical average velocity,
Molec- | G X 107 cm/sec. Q X 107? cm/sec.
ular
eight.
weight 273° | 203° | 373° | 223° ° | r000° | 1500° | 2000° | 6000°

.96 | 485] 502 | 567] 404] 447 | 463] 522 | 855 | 1047 | 1209 | 2094
633 | 655 | 740] 527 | 583 | 604] 681 | I115 | 1367 | 1577 | 2734

413 | 428 | 483} 344] 381 | 305] 445 | 720 | 892 | 1030 | 1784

493 | str | 576] 410] 454 | 471 | 531 | 870 | 1065 | 1230 | 2130

303 | 408 | 459] 327] 362 | 376] 434 | 604 | 850] 981 | 1700

1311 | 1358 | 1533 | 1092 | 1208 | 1252 | 1412 | 2300 | 2840 | 3270 | 5680

Hydrogen........ : 1838 | 1904 | 2149 | 1534 | 1696 | 1755 | 1980 | 3241 | 3070 | 4583 | 7040
Keryptoneenciecciee ; 286 296 335 238 263 272 308 502 618 712 | 1236
Mercury : 184 Igl 215 154 170 176 199 325 308 4590 796
Molybdenum...... : _— — = _— — _— — 469 575 664 | I150
: 584 605 683 486 538 557 629 | 1030 | 1260 | 1460 | 2520
Nitrogen : 403 511 577 410 454 471 531 869 | 1064 | 1229 | 2128

46t | 478 | 539] 384] 425 | 440] 407 | 813 | 906 | 1150 | 1992
Mungstens erates : — a == cl od = 339 416 480 832
Water vapor ; 615 637 720 512 566 587 662 | 1084 | 1317 | 1533 | 2634

228 236 207 190 210 218 246 400 493 570 986

Free electron, molecular weight = 1/1835 when H = 1; G= 1.114 X 107 at o° C and Q = 1.026 X 107
at o° C.

TABLE 675.—Molecular Free Paths, Collision Frequencies, and Diameters

The following table gives the average free path L derived from Boltzmann’s formula p (. 3502p), u being the vis-
cosity, p the density, and from Meyer’s formula u(.3097pQ). Experimental values (Verh. d. Phys. Ges. 14, 596, 1912:
15, 373, 1913) agree better with Meyer’s values, although many prefer Boltzmann’s formula. As the pressure decreases,
the free path increases, at one bar (ordinary incandescent lamp) becoming 5 to 1o cm. The diameters may be deter-
mined from L by Sutherland’s equation {1.402/-V 20 NL (1 + C/T)}3, N being the number of molecules per unit
vol. and C Sutherland’s constant; from van der Waal’s }. {3b/2NVar 35 from the heat conductivity k, the specific
heat at constant volume cv, {.146pGcv/Nk 3 (Laby and Kaye); a superior limit from the maximum density in solid
and liquid states (Jeans, Sutherland, 1916 and an inferior limit from the dielectric constant D, {(D — 1)2/mN}3s

or the index of refraction 7, {(n2 — 1)2/7N 3. The table is derived principally from Dushman, l.c.

L X 108 (cm) 103 X Molecular diameters (cm):
Average free path.* Collision

frequency. Limiting
From L| From From ae

(vis- | van der
cosity) | Waal’s Sees es /
20° C ie bis Ma ane

Boltzmann. Meyer.

Min.
Dorn

.08
04
12
328
65
34
. 69)
.OL
ars
.Q2
.02

6.60 5.83 .Q7
9.88 : 88
Q. 23 .16 .19
6.15 44 34
27.45 S -99
17.44 I5.40 -40

.87
oi
-35
.98
.40
qo)

bd
a

soles beeresede|

; Argon :
| Carbon monoxide.
s6" *dioxide=.>

Hh
Oo anM COON

Hydrogen
Krypton —_
Mercury (14.70) (13.0) _-
Nitrogen 9.29 8.21 as
Oxygen 9.93 8.78 2.98
XENON Me ncilar ee — =

WnRnHW
-rnoaoond

w
w

Sy

SPNwOWKNHNHWWNHW

moO oo
w

* Pressure = 108 bars = 108 dynes + cm? = 75 cm Hg.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLES 676 AND 677 5s
TABLE 676.—Cross-Sections and Lengths of Some Organic Molecules

According to Langmuir (J. Am. Ch. Soc. 38, 2221, 1916) in solids and liquids every atom is chemically combined
to adjacent atoms. In most inorganic substances the identity of the molecule is generally lost, but in organic com-
pounds a more permanent existence of the molecule probably occurs. When oil spreads over water evidence points
to a layer a molecule thick and that the molecules are not spheres. Were they spheres and an attraction existed be-
tween them and the water, they would be dissolved instead of spreading over the surface. The presence of the -COOH,
—CO or —OH groups generally renders an organic substance soluble in water, whereas the hydrocarbon chain decreases
the solubility. When an oil is placed on water the —COOH groups are attracted to the water and the hydrocarbon
chains penelied but attracted to each other. The process leads the oil over the surface antil all the —COOH groups
are in contact if possible. Pure hydrocarbon oils will not spread over water. Benzene will not mix with water. When
a limited amount of oil is present the spreading ceases when all the water-attracted groups are in contact with water.
If weight w of oil spreads over water surface A, the area covered by each molecule is AM/wN where M is the molec-
ular weight of the oil (O = 16), N, Avogadro’s constant. The vertical length of a molecule / = M/apN = W/pA
where p is the oil density and a the horizontal area of the molecule.

Cross Cross
section | / in cm section | / in cm

Substance. in (length) Substance. in (length)
cm? X 108 cm? X 108
X rolé X rol6 |

Palmitic acid CisHs1COOH......... 24 19.6 Cetyl alcohol CisH330H.......... 21 21.9
Stearic acid Ci7HssCOOH........... 24 21.8 Myricy] alcohol CsoHsi1OH........ 29 35-2
Cerotic acid C2sHsi1\COOH.......... 25 29.0 Cetyl palmitate CisHs1COOCisHas . 21 44.0
Oleiciacid’Gr;7HssGOOH pa. c-ce-: 48 10.8 Tristearin (CisH3sO2)3CsHs........ 69 23-7
Linoleic acid Ci7H3i1COOH.......... Aza |e LO Trielaidin (CisH3302)3C3Hs........ 137 II.9
Linolenic acid Ci7H22COOH.........| 66 7.0 Triolein (CisH3302)3C3Hs.........-| 145 II.2
Ricinoleic acid Ci7H32(0H)COOH....| 90 5.8 Castor oil (C17H32(0H)COO)3C3Hs.| 280 5.7

°

Linseed oil (Ci7Hsi1COO)sCsHs.. . . 7 143 II.

TABLE 677.—Size of Diffracting Units in Crystals ]

__The use of crystals for the analysis of X-rays leads to estimates of the relative sizes of molecular magnitudes. The
diffraction phenomenon is here not a surface one, as with gratings, but one of interference of radiations reflected from
the regularly spaced atomic units in the crystals, the units fitting into the lattice framework of the crystal. In cubical
crystals {zoo} this framework is built of three mutually perpendicular equidistant planes whose distance apart in
crystallographic parlance is dioo. This method of analysis from the nature of the diffraction pattern leads also to a
moowledee of the structure of the various atoms of the crystal. See Bragg and Bragg, X-rays and Crystal Structure,
1918.

Molecules or

Elementary : . .

Crystal. diffracting clement. Side of cube. atomsyin unit

cm

RGU fears crete serchetercvs Face-centered cube * 6.28 X108 4 molecules
INaCl Rea sccnont é ce & 5.628 X 10°8 oe
LS Sete sare atereretee ee ss fe ST 5-43 X 108 ie
Cabatrotarscer ig oe Sect 5.46 X108 ss
ReSg sree ee racetnve “ ee a 5.38 X108 sf

Bee terciionc sete: Body-centered cube 2.86 X 10°8 2 atoms

LAU crete rte eee lets Face-centered cube 4.05 X 10 8 Ata ss
IN Gia Se teccraste ccvaiors Body-centered cube 4.30 X 10 8 Dee
Nive ren cr oe SS ee 257 Ob eLOne Biers
= Face-centered cube Bus are Lome Ane

* Each atom is so nearly equal in diffracting power (atomic weight) in KCI that the apparent unit diffracting element
is a cube (simple) of } this size.. Elementary body-centered cube, — atom at each corner, one in center; e.g., Fe, Ni (in
art), Na, Li? Blemientary face-centered cube, — atom at each corner, one in center of each face; e.g., Cu, Ag, Au,
b, Al, Ni (in part), etc. Simple cubic lattice, — atom in each corner. Double face-centered cubic or diamond lattice
—C (diamond); Si, Sb, Bi, As?, Te?.
t+ Diamond lattice. t Cubic-holohedral. § Cubic-pyritohedral.
Metals taken from Hull, Phys. Rev. 10, p. 661, 1917
¥ See page 543 for best values of calcite and rock-salt grating spaces.

Note : — (Hull, Science 52, 227, 1920). Ca, face-centered cube, side 5.56 A, each atom 12 neighbors 3.93 A distant.
Ti, centered cube, cf. Fe, side 3.14 A, 8 neighbors 2.72 A. Zn, 6 nearest neighbors in own plane. 2.67 A, 3 above, 3
below, 2.92 A. Cd, cf. Zn, 2.98 A, 3.30 A. In, face-centered tetragonal, 4 nearest 3.24 A, 4 above, 4 below, 3.33 A.
Ru, cf. Zn, 2.69 A, 2.64 A. Pd, face-centered cube, side 3.92 A, 12 neighbors. 2.77 A. Ta, centered cube, side
3.27 A, 8 neighbors 2.83 A. Ir, face-centered cube, side 3.80 A, 12 neighbors, 2.69 A (A =1078 cm).

Note : — (Bragg, Phil. Mag. 40, 169, 1920). Crystals empirically considered as tangent spheres of diameter in table,
atom at center of sphere. When lattice known allows estimation of dimensions of crystal unit. Table foot of page 548
(atomic numbers, elements, diameter in Angstroms, 10 8 cm).

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

552 . TABLES 678 AND 679
IONIC MOBILITIES AND DIFFUSIONS

The process of ionization is the removal of an electron from a neutral molecule, the molecule thus acquiring a result-
ant + charge and becoming a + ion. The negative carriers in all gases at high pressures, except inert gases, consist
for the most part of carriers with approximately the same mobilities as the + ions. The negative electrons must,
therefore, change initially to ions by union with neutral molecules.

The mobility, U, of an ion is its velocity in cm/sec. for an electrical field of one volt percm. The rates of diffusion,
D, are given in cm3/sec. U = DP/Ne, where P is the pressure, V, the number of molecules per unit volume of a gas
and e the electronic charge.

Nature of the gas and the mobilities: (1) The mobilities are approximately proportional to the inverse sq. rts. of
the molecular weights of the permanent gases; better yet when the proportionality is divided by the 4th root of the
dielectric constant minus unity; (2) The ratio U +/U — seems to be greater than unity in all the more electro-
negative gases.

Mobilities of Gaseous Mixtures: Three types: (1) Inert gases have high mobilities; small traces of electro
negative gases make values normal. (2) Mixed gases: lowering of mobilities is greater than would be expected from
simple law of mixture. (3) Abnormal changes produced by addition of small quantities of electro-negative gases:

e.g.: normal mobility U + =1.37. U —1.80 Wellisch, Pr.
6 mm CoH;Br gave 1.37 1.80 Roy. Soc. 82A,
6 mm CoHsl a 237, 1.80 p. 500, Igog.
Iomm C2H;OH ‘* 0.91 I.10
ommC3HO “ Ts 237

Temperature Coefficient of Mobility: There is no decided change with the temperature.

Pressure Coefficient of Mobility: Mobility varies inversely with the pressure in air from 100 to 1/10 atmosphere
for — ion, to 4/1000, for + ion; below 1/to atmosphere all observers agree that the negative ion in air increases
abnormally rapidly.

Free Electrons: In pure He, Ar, and N, the negative carriers have a high mobility and are, in part at any rate,
free electrons; electrons become appreciable in air at 10 cm pressure.

TABLE 678.—Ionic Mobilities

Mobilities. Mobilities.
Sean Observer. ' ——— Observer.

.000273 Nitrous oxide : ! .OO107
. 000074 Ethyl alcohol : : . 00940

. 000I00 CCla .30 3 . 00426
. 000590 Ethyl chloride Bae ; -O1550
.000540 Ethyl ether E \ .00742
.000960 | Wellisch Methyl bromide... .]| o. E .01460
.00770 Ethyl formate. .....] 0.3 : .00870
.000590 | Mean Ethyl iodide : ; —

~y cous te Oo om
HOAWAT0 O

Franck, Jahr. d. Rad. u. Elek. 9, p. 2, 1912; Wellisch, Pr. Roy. Soc. 82A, p 500, 1909. The following values are
from Yen, Pr. Nat. Acad. 4, 19 8.

SOz CsHie 2He CoH4.O | CeH;Cl CHal CoHsI

-385
-451
tr. 27

TABLE 679.—Diffusion Coefficients

__The following table gives the observed and computed (D = 300UP/Ne = very nearly 0.0236U) values of the
diffusion coefficients. The diffusion coefficients are given for some neutral molecules as actually determined for some

poe into gases of nearly equal molecular weight. Table taken from Loeb, “The Nature of the Gaseous Ion,” J. Franklin
nst. 184, p. 775, 1917.

D + for ions.

Gas diffused

Gas, diffusing. into molecules.

Beyossraete botepene eevee voVs He
DSL ayia pers aie a eke No
ID an Seed oop eG Oo
Ne

ath epee eer ot N2O

D natty en OnIA CO

SS enccofhatades shone CO2

ANT ee A eee ererae Ethyl acetate

NNN

L}IT1I888sl
*

Or

SWwBwW MOOnNWODO
LUNNORHNAITUHNO

|

* CO2 into CO. + Ethyl formate. } Estimated. ¢
SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 680-682 553

COLLOIDS
TABLE 680.—General Properties of Colloids

For methods of preparing colloids, see The Physical Properties of Colloidal Solutions, Burton, 1916;
for general properties, see Outlines of Colloidal Chemistry, Journ. Franklin Inst. 185, p. 1, 1918 (con-
tains bibliography).

The colloidal phase is conditioned by sufficiently fine division (1x10-* to 10-7 cm). Colloids are
suspensions (in gas, liquid, solid) of masses of small size capable of indefinite suspension; suspensions
in water, alcohol, benzole, glycerine, are called hydrosols, alcosols, benzosols, glycerosols, respectively.
The suspended mass is called the disperse phase, the medium the dispersion medium.

Colloids fall into 3 quite definite classes: 1st, those consisting of extremely finely divided particles
(Cu, Au, Ag, etc.) capable of more or less indefinite suspension against gravity, in equilibrium of
somewhat the same aspect as the gases of the atmosphere, depending as in the Brownian movement upon
the bombardment of the molecules of the medium; 2nd, those resisting precipitation (hemoglobin, etc.)
probably because of charged nuclei and which may be coagulated and precipitated by the neutralization
of the charges; 3rd, colloidal as distinguished from the crystalloidal condition, the colloid being very
slowly diffusible and incapable (unlike crystalloids) of penetrating membranes (gelatine, silicic acid,
caramel, glue, white of egg, gum, etc.).

Lyophile, marked affinity between two phases. c.f., hydrophile.

Lyophobe, “ S absent. c.f., hydrophobe.
Smallest particle of Au observed by Zsigmody (ultramicroscope) 1.7% 10-7 cm.
S i visible in ordinary microscope about 2.5X10-° cm.
s & «« ~~ **ultramicroscope, with electric arc 15 X Lo-" cm.
= cs ssany lcs fe with direct sunlight IX 10-7 cm.
Viscosity of Lyophile Sols

Gelatine 20° C., concentration I, viscosity 0.021

Silicieacid =; 1.00, ss 0.016

“e “ce “ec ; “e 2.00, “ec 0.035

TABLE 681.—Molecular Weights of Colloids

Determined from freezing
Determined from diffusion point Particle wt. Svedberg

Gumiarabics soso eres) 1L750N | Glycogen | @162)*) . 00) 8to2s5 Egg albumen ........ 34500
Mannie acid (322)*... 2730 Tungstic acid (250)*. 1750 Hemoglobin
Egg albumen 7420 Gum 1800 Phycoerthin
Garamelendenrieieiericteetg 200m vAlbumose 2400
(Due to Graham) Ferric hydrate (107)*. 6000
Egg albumen 14000
Starch(G62) sic. seine 5 000

* Formula weight.

TABLE 682.—Brownian Movement

The Brownian movement is a microscopically observed agitation of colloidal particles. It is caused by the bom-
bardment of them by the molecules of the medium and may be used to determine the value of Avogadro’s number.
Perrin, Chaudesaignes, Ehrenhaft and De Broglie found, respectively, 70, 64, 63 and 64 X 10% as the value of this
constant. The following table indicates the size and the dependence of this movement on the magnitude of the particles.

Velocity =4

Material. Diameter | Medium. Yat xX 105 Observer. i.
cm/sec.

Zsigmody
“ce

“ce

Svedberg, 1906-9

Henri, 1908
Perrin, Dabrowski, r909.
Chaudesaignes, 1908.

The movement varies inversely as the size of the particles; in water, particles of diameter greater than 44 show no

perceptible movement; when smaller than .1, lively movement begins, while at 10 mp the trajectories amount up to
20m.

MITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLES 683-685
554
COLLOIDS
TABLE 683.—Adsorption of Gas by Finely Divided Particles

Fine division means great surface per unit weight. All substances tend to adsorb gas at surface, the more the higher
the pressure and the lower the temperature. Since different gases vary in this adsorption, fractional separation is
possible. Pt black can absorb roo vols. H2, 800 vols. %2, Pd 3000 vols. Hz. In gas analysis Pd, heated to 100°, is used
to remove He (higher temperature used for faster adsorption, will take more at lower temperature). Pt can dissolve
several vols. of Hz, Pd. nearly roo at ordinary temperatures; but it seems probable that the bulk of the roo vols. of
He taken by Pt and the 3000 by Pd must be adsorbed. In 1848 Rose found the density 21 to 22 for Pt foil, but 26 for
precipitated Pt.

The film of adsorbed air entirely changes the behavior of very small particles. They flow like a liquid (cf. fog).
With substances like carbon black as little as 5 per cent of the bulk is C; a liter of C black may contain 2.5 liters of
air. Mitscherlich calculated that when CO2 at atmospheric pressure, 12° C, is adsorbed by boxwood charcoal, it occu-
pies 1/56 original vol. Apparent densities of gases adsorbed at low temperatures by cocoanut charcoal are of the same
order (sometimes greater) as liquids.

Cm? of Gas Adsorbed by a Cm! of Synthetic Charcoal (corrected to 0° C, 76 cm?) (Hemperl and Vater).

See Langmuir, J. Am. Ch. Soc. 40, 1361, 1918; Richardson, 39, 1829, 1916.
TABLE 684.— Heats of Adsorption

Adsorber.

Carbon
disulphide.

Fuller’s earth * 27.3
Bone charcoal * Loe 5 | exons
Kaolin * 8.

Fuller’s earth ft

DO of
HOD

* Small calories liberated when 1 g of the adsorbent is added to a relatively large quantity of the liquid.
+ Volume adsorbed from saturated vapor by 1 g of fuller’s earth.
Gurvich, J. Russ. Phys. Ch. Soc. 47, 805, rors.

TABLE 685.—Molecular Heats of Adsorption and Liquefaction (Favre)

Adsorber.

Platinum
Palladium
(Gharcoallecnace

“ce

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

Molecular heats of

adsorption. lique-

46200 a
18000 —_—
5900-8500 (5000)
6800-7800 6250
7100-10900 4400

faction.

Adsorber.

Molecular heats of

lique-

adsorption. faction:

10000-10900 5600

9200-10200 (3600)
15200-15800 (4000)
21000-23000 (4400)

TABLES 686 AND 687 555
TABLE 686.—Transmission of Solar Radiation by Earth’s Atmosphere
(Kimball, Monthly Weath. Rev., 56, 393, 1928; 58, 43, 1930.)

Upper curves give transmission (sea-level) by the general scattering by dust-free moist
air summed over all wave lengths (w= precipitable water in beam); lower curves, the
added fractional depletion in the selectively absorbing water-vapor bands. No allowance
is indicated for dust. (See also Table 767.)

Air Mass. m. (Pressure-760 cm)

Sk =EETS
cy rere rs
ys ss

Atmospheric
Transmission

Water Vapor Absorption

TABLE 687.—Ultra-Violet Solar Radiation at Earth’s Surface

Average ultra-violet solar radiation of wave lengths <313 mp on the clearest days in
Washington during 1930-31. Data in g-cal./cm*/min. X 10° (Coblentz, Stair, Bur. Stand-
ards Journ. Research, 6, 971, 1931).

1930: 1931:
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb.
Qua tn= 5 10 3 12 22 35 41 42 41 33 16 2 oO ° I
TOU se Il 24 37 49 58 63 63 59 50 35 21 II II 29
UTeace 23 37 49 60 70 76 76 71 61 48 32 19 22 42

12 noon 30 43 57 67 76 82 81 76 66 53 38 22 30 51

0.0008 cal./cm’/min. = 56 microwatts. Data are also given for greater elevations. At
high elevations the spectrum quality of the u.-v. region is richer in the shorter wave lengths
than at sea-level; but owing to sky-scattering, the total amount of u.-v. light less than
313 my at sea-level, on the clearest days, is almost as large as at high elevations.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

556 TABLES 688 AND 689
RELATIVE INTENSITY OF SOLAR RADIATION
TABLE 688,— Mean intensity J for 24 hours of solar radiation on a horizontal surface at the top of tho

atmosphere and the solar radiation 4, in terms of the solar radiation, 4.,
at earth’s mean distance from the sun.

ReEvaTive MEAN VERTICAL INTENSITY (

Motion of
the sun .
in LATITUDE NORTH.
longi-
tude.

10° | 20° | 30° | 40° | 50° 70°

0.265 0.169 |0.117 |0.066
s202)h|e .200 | .150 | .100
SQOsiilns | .245 | .204 | .158
SLO ee -295 | .269 | .235
eSTOmin 329 | .320 | .302
SO a: 34 5m MeO meO ao
eo2allee YG) || e852 | 35H
SOM le: $334.1 2330) || 318

; 305 | .285 | .256

261 | .225 | .183

POT |e KOA eae

175i al2Avn O72

0.268 |0.241

Average annual solar energy received per square dekameter of horizontal surface in kilowatt hours.
U. S.: Lincoln, 160,906; Mt. Weather, 148,824; Washington, 145,403; New York, 106,460; Chicago,
97,856. Other countries: Toronto, 139,523; Johannesburg, 175,696; Davos Platz, 174,043; So. Ken-
sington, 78,569; Stockholm, 79,267. (Kimball, Monthly Wea.her Rev., Apr. 1927.)

TABLE 689.—Mean Monthly and Yearly Temperatures

Mean temperatures of a few selected American stations, also of a station of very high, two of very low temperature,
and one of very great and one of very small range of temperature.

Jan. | Feb. | Mar.| Apr. | May. | une.| July. | Aug. | Sept.| Oct. | Nov.| Dec. | Year
|
es he ol
°
1 Hebron-Rama (Labr.)]—20.7|—20.9|—15.6|— 6.9|-+ 0.2\+ 4.5 i 7-6|+ 8.0|-+ 4.5|— 0.8|— 6.2 —16.2|— 5.2
2 Winnipeg (Canada) .|—21.6|—18.8|—11.0|++ 1.9|-+10.9+17-1|--18.9|-+17.6|+11-6|-+ 4.1/— 7-6|—15.7|-+ 0.6
3 Montreal . : .|—10.9/— 9.1/— 4.3|+ 4.8 +12.6/--18.3 +20.5|+19.3 pz 7.8|— 0.2|— 7.1/5.5
4 Boston : 6 .|— 2.8/— 2.2|-+ 1.2/-+ 7.3 13-6 + 19.1 +21.8|-+20.6 16.9|-F11.1|-- 4-8|— 0.5|+ 9.2
| 5 Chicago . , .|— 4.8/— 2.9|-+ 1.2|-+ 7.9|+-13.4|+19.7|-+22.2|+21.6 17-9) Itt + 3.6\— 1.5\+ 9.1
6 Denver : ' -|— 2.1|-+ 0.1/4 3.8/4 8.3|-+13.6|+19.1 +22.1/+21.2 +16.6)-+30.3/+- 3.3 0.0 -+ 9.7
7 Washington . «| 0.7/-+ 2.1\+ 5 2|+11.7|-+17.7/-4-22.9|+24.9|+23.7|+19-9|+13.4/+ 6.9|-+ 2.3|4+12.6
8 Pikes Peak. 5 .|—16.4|—15.6|—13.4|—10.4|— §.3|-+ 0.4/+ 4.5/4 3.6|— 0.3|— 5.8)—-11.8|—-14.4|—— 7-1
g St. Louis. c .|— 0.8) 1.7/-+ 6.2|-13.4|+18.8)+-24.0 +26.0|-+-24.9/--20.8 14.2 6.4|+ 2.0-+13.1
1o San Francisco. : +-10.1|-F10.9 +12.0|/+12.6|+13.7/+14.7 114.6/714.8 +15.8/--15.2|--13.5|--10.8 13.2
rr Yuma . ; : -|tr2.3)-+14.9/-+18.1|+21.0)-+25.1/+-29.4 +33-1|-32.6 129-1) 7-22.8)+-16.6|+-13.3 +22.3
12 New Orleans. . | 412.1|+14.5|+16.7|4+20.6|-+-23.7/+26.8 +27.9|+-27-5|+25-7|+21.0 +15.9|\-+13.1\-+20.4
|13 Massaua . : .| +25.6|+-26.0|-+-27.1|-+-29.0/-+31.1 +33-5|+34.8|-+34.7|+33-3|--31-7|1-29-0 +27.0-+30.3
14 Ft. Conger (Greenl’d) |—39.0|—40. 1|—33.5| —25.3|—10.0 + 0.4|+- 2.8/4 1.0|— 9.0|—22.7|—30.9|—33.4|——20.0
15 Werchojansk «| —51.0|—45.3|—32.5|—13-7|- 2.0|--12.3 +15.5|--10.1|-+ 2.5|—15.0|—37.8|—47.0|— 16.7
16 Batavia : ; .|+25.3) +25 4/+25.8|+26.3|+26.4/+26.0 Gh25-7|128-9)71- 26-3) 20-4) -1-20:2 125.6-125.9
|

Lat., Long., Alt. respectively: (1) + 58°.5, 639.0 W, —; (2) +.49.9, 97.1 W, 233m. ; (3) +45.5, 73-6 W, 57m.;
) + 42.3, 71.1 W, 38m.; (5) + 41.9, 87-6 W, 251m.; (6) +39.7, 105.0 W, 1613m.; (7) +38.9, 77.0 W, 34m.; (8)

8.8, 105.0 W, 4308m.; (9) + 38.6, go.2 Ww, 173m.; (10) +37.8, 122.5 W, 47m.; (11) +32.75 114.6 W, 43m. ;
+ 30.0, go.1 W, 16m.; (13) + 15.6, 37-5 E, 9m.; (14) +81-7, 64.7 W.,—} (15) +67.6, 133.8 E, 140m.; (16) —6.2,
8 E, 7m.

Taken from Hann’s Lehrbuch der Meteorologie, 2’nd edition, which see for further data.
Note: Highest recorded temperature in world = 57° C in Death Valley, California, July 10, 1913.
Lowest recorded temperature in world = —68° C at Verkhoyansk, Feb. 1892.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLES 690 AND 691 557

TABLE 690.—Temperature Variation over Earth’s Surface (Hann)

Temperatures ° C

Latitude. |

July. Oct.

North pole
+80°
70
60
50
40
30
20
+10
Equator
—I0
20
30
40
50
60
70

OOHHOO

HwWOUNKHORO
° ° . . . . . Sy
COMO OINO FH ONIOCWWHO

PUWOOANNHHHD WOUO
ODADOKROP ONW OW HOON Hy
3 Od 63:61 0 OOM to Oo HINO) Goma wa <a

O08 0 mn DONO 2
eS

OwWnnpp Noe &

80
| South pole
[earn

TABLE 691.—Temperature Variation with Depth (Land and Ocean)

Table illustrates temperature changes underground at moderate depths due to surface warming (read from plot
for Tiflis, Lehrbuch der Meteorologie, Hann and Siiring, 1915). Below 20-30 m (nearer the surface in tropics) there
is no annual variation. Increase downwards at greater depths, 0.03 = ° C per m (1° per 35 m) l.c. At Pittsburgh,
1524 m, 49.4°, .0294 perm; Oberschlesien, 2003 m, 70°, .0294 per m; or W. Virginia, 2200 m, 70°, .034° per m (Van
Orstrand). Mean value outflow heat from earth’s center, 0.00000172 g-cal/cm?/sec. or 54 g-cal/cm?/year (39 Laby).
Open ocean temperatures: Greatest mean annual range (Schott) 40° N, 4.2°C; 30°S, 5.1°; but 10° N, only 2.2°;
50° S, 2.9°. Mean surface temp. whole ocean (Kriimmel) 17.4°; all depths, 3.9°. Below 1 km nearly isothermal with
depth. In tropics, surface 28°; at 183 m, 11°, 80% all water less than 4.4°. Deep-sea (bottom) temps. range —o.5° to
+2.6°. Soundings in S. Atlantic: okm, 18.9°; .25 km, 15°; .5 km, 8.3°; 1 km, 3.3°; 3 km, 1.7°; 4.5 km, 0.6°.

Temperature, centigrade.

Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. July. Aug.

14 32
13 28
12 26
II 23
II 21
Ir 4 17
12 16
13 14
14 14

AnfwWNHHO
oo000omon

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

558 TABLES 692-694
THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE

TABLE 692.—Miscellaneous Data. Variation with Latitude

Optical ev, tence of atmosphere’s extent: twilight 63 km, luminous clouds 83, meteors 200, aurora 44-360. Jeans
computes a density at 170 km of 2 X 10!3 molecules per cm, nearly all H (5% He); at 810 km, 3 X 1019 molecules
per cm3 almost all H. When in equilibrium, each gas forms an atmosphere whose density decrease with altitude is
independent of the other components (Dalton’s law, H2O vapor does not). The lighter the gas, the smaller the decrease
rate. A homogeneous atmosphere, 76 cm pressure at sea-level, of sea-level density, would be 7991 m high. Average
sea-level barometer is 74 cm; corresponding hoinogeneous atmosphere (truncated cone) 7790 m, weighs (base, m2?)
10,120 kg; this times earth’s area is 52 10!4 metric tons or 10°® of earth’s mass. The percentage by vol. and the
partial pressures of the dry-air components at sea-level are: No, 78.03, 593.02 mm; Os, 20.99, 159.52; A, 0.04, 7-1443
COs, 0.03, 0.228; He, 0.01, 0.076; Ne, 0.0012, 0.009; He, 0.0004, 0.003 (Hann). The following table gives the varia-
tion of the mean composition of moist air with the latitude (Hann).

H20 2.63 CO2 0.02 |

0.92 0.02
0.22 0.03

TABLE 693.—Variation of Percentage Composition with Altitude (Humphreys)

Computed on assumptions: sea-level temperature 11° C; temperature uniformly decreasing 6° per km up to
11 km, from there constant with elevation at —55°.. J. Franklin Inst. 184, p. 388, 1917.

Carbon
dioxide.

Total
pressure, mm

Water

eEh vapor. Oxygen. Hydrogen. | Helium.

Argon. Nitrogen.

.84 . 0040
o7 . 0052
31 . 0067
.I0 .0123
-23 -0035
.O7
.02
.Or

OOOOH HHO

000909000
H00900900000

TABLE 694.—Variation of Temperature, Pressure and Density with Altitude

Average data from sounding balloon flights (65 for summer, 52 for winter data) made at Trappes (near Paris),
Uccle (near Brussels), Strassburg and Munich. Compiled by Humphreys, 16 to 20 m chiefly extrapolated.

E Summer. Winter.
Elevation,

Density,
Temp. °C Pressure, : °C Pressure,

mm of Hg. ey mm of Hg.

Density,
dry air,
g/cm

0.000085
. OOOI0O
- OOOTI7
. 000137
. 000160
. 000187
. 000220
. 000257
- 000301
- 000353
.000408
.000466
- 0005 26
. 000590
.000659
- 000735
. 000821
.O00QI5
- 000967
. 001023
. 001083
- OO1146
.OO1215
. 001 290

©.000092
- 000108
. 000126
. 000146
.OOOI7I
. 000199
. 000232
. 000270
.000316
. 000366
. 000419
. 000470
.000524
.000583
.000649
. 000722
.000803
.000892
. 000942
. 000990
. 001043
. OO1IOO
.OO1157
. 001223

39.

46.

54-

63.

74.

87.
102.
IIQ.
140.
164.
192.
224.
260.
301.
347.
398.
455.
519.
554.
590.

NOW ONTHONHROUNUND000000000

CO’ MOR OND AAVKVOW CHNKRAHWIOONH
COANAWNONNAADHOOONHHOURKWN

-O
ee)
.o
.O
0
.0
.O
0
.O
-O
-0
-0
°
°
°
°
°
°
5
°
5
°
5
°

OOKR RF HHWOAUN DAN CO
IADONORODHHIMNUNO00000000

760 mm = 29.921 in. = 1013.3 millibars. 1 mm = 1.33322387 millibars. 1 bar = 1,000,000 dynes; this value,
sanctioned by International Meteorological Conferences, is 1,000,000 times that sometimes used by physicists.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 695 559

THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE
Standard Atmosphere

A standard atmosphere is defined by an altitude-temperature-pressure relation. It is an
aeronautic necessity in evaluating the performance of airplanes and for the calibration of
instruments. The following standard has been officially adopted by the Army Air Corps,
Bureau of Standards, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, and the Weather
Bureau. However, in the evaluation of flights made to break international records, the
Fédération Aéronautique Internationale Standard Atmosphere is used. The altitude-tem-
perature assumption is a slight modification of that proposed by Toussaint and closely
approximates the average observed values of air temperature at all altitudes at latitude 40°
in the United States. Adapted from M 78 (Brombacher) published by the Bur. Standards.
The formulae defining this standard atmosphere follow:

Z = standard altitude. 755 = altitude lower limit isothermal layer.

T = absolute temperature of air at altitude Z.

T) = standard sea-level temperature, 288° absolute, 15° C.

Tm = mean absolute temperature of air column below altitude Z.

Tmss = ditto for Z55, 251.378° absolute.

p = air pressure at altitude Z. fo, standard sea-level pressure, 760 mm.
p = density air at altitude Z. po, ditto sea-level, 1.2255 kg/m‘.

Z = (KTm/To) log.o(po/p). K is 19,413.3 for Z in meters, or 63,691.8 in feet.
p = pol(p/po) (T/T).
(1) Up to the eoeienal I layer eae 10,769 Tae
Tee az. re = = aZ/log.[To/(Ts — aZ)].
a@ = 0.0065000 for Z in meters; 0.0019812 in feet.
(2) At the lower limit of the isothermal layer (10,769 m):
T = 218° absolute or — 55°C. Zs5 = 35,322 feet or 10,769 meters.
(3) In the isothermal layer (above 10,769 meters):
Tm = Z/(Z55/Tmss + (Z — Z55)/218].
(See Nat. Adv. Comm. Aeronautics Techn. Rep., Nos. 147, 218, and 246 of the committee
for further data and complete tables.)

Mean
tempera-
ture

Altitude Pressure Density Temper-

ature
ic

Meters Feet mm Hg in Hg kg/m lb./ft.3 [Ge

oO oO 760.0 29.921 1.2255 | 0.07650 15.0
3281 674.1 26.54 1.1120 .06942 8.5
6562 596.2 2BeA7, 1.0068 .06286 -- 2.0
9842 525.8 20.70 -9094 .05678 — 4.5
13123 462.3 18.20 .8193 -O5115 —II.0
16404 405.1 15.95 -7363 04597 7-5

19685 353.8 13.93 .6598 -O4119 —24.0
22966 307.9 12.12 -5896 .03681 —I3On5
26247 266.9 10.51 -5252 .03279 — 37.0
29528 230.4 9.07 -4664 -02912 —43-5
32808 198.2 7.80 -4127 .02577 — 50.0

36089 169.7 6.68 -3614 .02256 —55.0
39370 145.0 5-71 .3090 -01929 —55.0
42651 124.0 4.88 .2642 .01649 —55.0
45932 106.0 ASG -2259 -O1410 —55.0
49212 90.6 3.57 -1931 -01206 —55-0

oO 760.0 29.921 .2255 .07651 15.0
5000 632.3 24.89 -0559 .06592 + 5.1
10000 522.6 20.58 -9048 -05649 Ane
15000 428.8 16.88 Siri -04814 Ae
20000 349.1 13.75 -6527 -04075 — 24.6
25000 281.9 11.10 -5489 .03427 An

30000 225.6 8.88 .4583 .02861 —44.4
35000 178.7 7-04 -3795 -02369 — 54-3
40000 140.7 5-54 -2998 .01872 =o
45000 110.8 4.36 -2361 -01474 —55.0
50000 87.3 3.44 .1860 -OIT61 —55.0

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

560 TABLES 696 AND 697.—THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE

The following condensed tables (Maris, Terr. Mag. and Atmosph. Elec., 33, 233, 1928)
of the upper atmosphere of the earth result from attempts at including further factors than
usually considered. They should be taken as tentative because of approximate theory and
ignorance of much necessary data for the discussion. Meteors, reflection of sound and radio
waves, the aurora, ozone, ionization, and optical phenomena continually give us further
probes into the upper air. The gases are uniformly mixed below a height of roughly 100 km;
above 150 km each gas is in equilibrium with its own partial pressure; between these heights
there is for each gas a transition from uniform mixture with the air to equilibrium with its
own partial pressure at a height which depends on the temperature and previous wind cur-
rents of the atmosphere, but which averages about 110 km. Apparently above 300 km the
atmosphere can not be assumed in equilibrium; the percentage of very high-energy molecules
is far higher than indicated by a Maxwellian curve for thermal equilibrium.

TABLE 696.—Pressure in Dynes/cm?, Summer and Winter, Day and Night (Maris)

Pressure = ~ X 102 dynes/cm?2
Totals

No He with He
p n p n p n p
Summer day
30 I | 98 —2
(3) 3h || BY) 2)
PYM Hh || YO” =
3879853) ak
—15 | 89 —26

COz Kr He

Summer night

I | 98 -—2
ae 29 —4
5 | Oe
—14 | 34 —25
—23 | 27 —42

Winter day

I | 98 —2
—2]28 —4

aD
—1I3
—2I

Winter night

I
ces
0
—15
—24

86 —8
26 —23
Stoo

98 —2
—4
—8

Number of molecules per cm3

COz

Kr

p n

p

I2

Oo
9
4
I

Io 610
10 8
15 7
Io —I
16 —I2

Summer day

43
41
63
35
TEAL

Summer night

I2

9
8

it

Winter night

or 9
27 i
15 6
II —10
86 —20

Winter day

84 9
36 7
26 6
15 oO
Tee

63
16
81 5
Si. amke
13 —30

38
14
63
18
28

34

He

a

PuaI oo

Totals

No H2 with
n

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 698-700 561

TABLE 698.—Geopotential, Dynamic Heights

The “geopotential” or ‘‘gravity potential’ of a point is its potential energy relative to sea-
level of a unit-mass situated at the point.

In comparisons of vertical positions in dynamical meteorology, advantages result by giving
the heights above sea-level in terms of the potential energy possessed by a unit-mass at
these positions. The use of geopotential for heights is better realized in that surfaces of
equal geopotential are identical with horizontal or level surfaces, and, due to the geographi-
cal variation of gravity, are not surfaces equally distant from sea-level.

Heights measured thus are called ‘‘dynamic heights.’’ Defined more precisely, geopoten-

tial is h or
p= —fed (1)

where I. = geopotential in absolute units, g = acceleration of gravity in meters, h =
geometric height above sea-level in meters.

T has the dimensional formula[Z? 7], and is expressed in absolute units, the “‘geodecimeter”’
when g is expressed in m/sec.?, and in meters. The derived unit adopted by the Commission
Internationale de la Haute Atmosphére is the “dynamic meter’? Haz, 10 m?/sec.”, after
Prof. V. Bjerknes!. Then Hag = dynamic height (geopotential in dynamic meters) is

Ha =~ (1/10) fo dh (2)

Helmert’s equation (3) is substituted in (2),

g = — (g¢ — 0.000003086 h), where, (3)
go = g at latitude ¢ sea-level, below given point (in m/sec.?), g = acceleration of gravity
at point in m/sec.?, h = geometric height of point above sea-level in meters. (2) may then
be integrated, giving

Ha = ([g¢/tolh — 1.543 X 107h?. (4)
The following table results from (4) using gg computed from the U. S. Coast and Geodetic
Survey formula:

£6 = 9.78039 (I + 0.005294 sin? ¢ — 0.000007 sin? 2 ¢)

Neglecting the fh? term, Ha = 0.98 h, approximately, whence, h = 1.02 Hz, approximately;
substituting this in (4) for the h? term we have h = (10/g¢)Ha + (10/g¢)1.543(1.02)21077H2).
For simplification, 9.8062, the mean value of g at lat. 45° and sea-level is substituted for g¢
in the second term and then approximately,

h = (10/g)Ha + 1.637 X 107 Hq (5)
Table 699 is computed from (5) and values of g obtained as before.

References: Dynamical Meteorology and Hydrography, V. Bjerkness and collaborators,
Carnegie Institution, 1910; Avant-propos of the C. R. des Jours internationaux 1923, Com-
mission internationale de la haute atmosphere, 1927, Secretary of the commission, c/o Royal
Meteorological Society, London.

TABLE 699.— Equivalents, in Geodynamic Kilometers, of Geometric Heights in Kilometers
for Various Latitudes

Latitude (degrees)
Geometric Geodynamic heights
hts. in km

50° 60°

TABLE 700.—Equivalents, in Geometric Kilometers, of Dynamic Heights in Geodynamic
Kilometers for Various Latitudes

, j Latitude (degrees)
pemanue Geometric heights

Geodynamic
km °

50° 60°

30
25
20
15
10

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

562 TABLES 701-703

THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE

TABLE 701.—Temperature Variation of Lower 25 Km with Latitude and Altitude,
Northern Hemisphere (Ramanathan) :

From figure adapted from Nature (Ramanathan, 123, 834, 1929) by Samuels (Monthly
Weath. Rev., 57, 382, 1929). gkm, at right of figure indicates geodynamic kilometers (see
Tables 698-700 for geodynamic kilometers). The tropopause is the boundary between the
lower stratosphere and the upper troposphere. There have been incorporated by Samuels
as indicated at the bottom of the plot certain values observed at aerological stations in the
United States. The agreement is good. The differences are probably due to greater ex-
tremes found in continental America. The broken lines are based on few observations
and are mainly conjectural. It is to be noted that:

(1), The stratosphere is not isothermal over any particular place; above a certain level
there is a tendency for the temperature to increase with height. (2) The coldest air over
the earth, about 185° K.,* lies at the height of some 17 gkm over the equator, a flat ring
surrounded by rings of warmer air. (3) The tropopause surface has a relatively steep
slope toward the pole between latitudes 30° and 50° in summer, 25° and 45° in winter.
(4) The ring of lowest temperature is displaced towards the summer hemisphere.
(5) There is a ridge of high temperature in the tropopause between latitudes 20° and
40° N. in summer corresponding to the ridge of high pressure at 8 km over these latitudes.

LATITUDE EQUATOR LATITUDE ¥ - ‘ H
90° 80° 76° 60° $0° 40° 30° 20° /0° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 60° G0

£8
160
>
Noo
~ = .
a <a /4
x
+ x
x
x
\
~ /2
2.
N
XN
NG 70
——— X
\ x

\

Poya/ Center 1 oe
May (926

Pi Saicce 1

F0%7 1

“7, ' ‘ u

TROPOPRUSE
eFeecegocserse|
lo

6

: sae 2 Se =

=ren
ef 9 27I°A
— Sop oot <8 CPCB °C
I~
——

-<-.
-_
-~

/ oF 4 > 2,
2s 2, i © =F TC -9°CN OC ie
4 278%, SCP tem | 28005 ao as .
3 O74 C78 > Ke 2
wa oie =< ne \
- 2E9°A. 290 29 LECT aPC. “
= 2859 07 0-*—o—0o SCONL _ LoSL N
“4 ae COT. 289 “4 ow oN.
eri ie 2939 2915 “9 | s-+ Joo”? = » | ae 2a/0°C\ ye
¢ ¢ 0 0 29999 29997 T= Lem 4) IC ° '
oO (aes ¢ i o” we = e—9_1iN ft Oo

XN

ELLENORLE GROESBECK GROESBECK ELLENDALE
OREXEL BROKEN ARROW BROKEN ARROW DREXEL
SUMMER WINTER

TABLE 702.—Seasonal Variation of Tropopause at Agra and Batavia
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Batavia °K. 184 185 186 187 188 1092 193 194 193 I90 187 184
Agra 203 203 203 203 200 195 193 193 193 194 200 204
TABLE 703.—Seasonal Variation Height of Tropopause over Batavia (km)

(Bemmelen, Proc. Roy. Acad. Amsterdam, 20., 1313.)
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
17.8 4A7.6 2 173 997.0. “16:5 “16S; MoO 16:5 - T7207. TA 1716) “a7
*In the Figure, °A is used equivalent to °K.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 704 AND 705 563
THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE
TABLE 704.—Atmospheric Ozone

This table shows the variation of atmospheric ozone (layer about 40 to 50 km above the
earth’s surface), with latitude and time of the year, from measures in long-wave portions
of Hartley ultra-violet band 0.230 to 0.310 », by Doctor Dobson and his associates (Proc.
Roy. Soc. 110A, 660, 1926 and 122A, 456, 1929); prepared partly from unpublished data.
Measures are in cm of ozone at n. t. p. As only one year’s observations are available for
most stations these figures must be regarded as approximate.

Latitude Jan. May July Sept. Nov.

60°N. 0.305 0.350 0.285 0.250 0.255
40 N. .260 .280 270 .250 225 .220
20 N. .205 .220 .225 .220 .205 -200

oO .I90 195 -200 -205 205 .200
20K: 210 -205 -210 215 -220 220
40 S. .240 -230 .250 .290 310 .280

Values are very steady from day to day in equatorial regions; in temperate latitudes
large variations occur (up to 0.1 cm) which are apparently associated with meteoro-
logical conditions (Dobson).

TABLE 705.—Mean Free Path, Air Molecules
(Mavis, Terr. Mag., 1928-20.)

Values of mean free path, X, of air molecules, at different heights, for the density condi-
tions of Table 697, col. 9.

Winter

Night

6.04 X 10°
1.09) X 104
2.48 X 1073
5.02 X 107%

9.41 X 107%
1.95

3.81 X 10?
Te1OL XX LOS
Teo hOe
2225 Xl Oe
2.65 X 107

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

564 TABLE 706
ACCELERATION OF GRAVITY

For Sea-Level and Different Altitudes

Calculated from U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey formula, p. 134 of Special Publication No. 40 of that Bureau,
g = 9.78039 (1 + 0.005294 sin? @ — 0.000007 sin? 2) m
& = 32 08783 (1 +: 0.005294 sin? @ — 0.000007 sin? 2) ft.

g Latitude g g
ft./sec? p cm/sec? log g ft. /sec2

Latitude
?

978. -9903562 32.0878 981. -9Q17004 .1873
9903735 . 0891 : - 9917394 . 1902
9904254 -0929 : -9917784 1931
-9904552 .OQ51 ; - 9918177 1960
-9904898 0977 ‘ -9918558 .1988

-9905004 .OQQI ; . 9918934 . 2016
-9905298 . 1007 ‘ - 9919310 2044
-9905520 . 1023 2 - 99196077 . 2071
-9905759 . 1040 3 . 9920040 2008
-9905985 -1057 : - 9920403 .2125

. 9906234 .1076 F -9Q920752 . 2151
- 9906500 . 1095 é - 9921073 . 2176
-9906775 . 1116 : .9921424 . 2201
-9907050 .1136 3 - 9921756 .2225
-9907348 .1158 4 : - 9922079 . 2249

-9907649 - 1180 : - 9922388 32.2272
. 9907960 . 1203 : - 9922689 . 2205
- 9908275 .1227 z -9922981 . 2316
- 9908603 .1251 é -9923268 . 2338
.9908940 .1276 ; -9923542 - 2358

.9909286 . 1302 : - 9923803 - 2377
- 9909632 1327 . 9924055 - 2306
9900087 -1353 . -9924208 - 2414
- 9910350 .1380 : - 9924528 - 2431
.9910718 . 1407 $ - 9924749 - 2448

- 991095 -1435 : 9924052 . 2463
.QOII472 .1463 . -9925147 -2477
-9911853 - 1491 _ - 9925332 . 2491
-9912238 .1520 Z -9925500 - 2503
-9912628 -1540 : -99256055 .2515

.9913018 .1578 : -9925706 .2525
9913417 . 1607 : -9925029 2535
.9O13812 - 1636 3 -9926043 - 2544
- 9914210 . 1666 : -9926149 -2552
- 9914613 . 1696 : -9926242 -2558

-QQIS5OIL .1725 j - 9926321 . 2564
9915410 -1755 : - 9926379 2569
-QQIs814 .1785 : - 9926432 .2572
-9Q16212 1814 e - 9926467 “2575
. 9916606 .1844 j -9926404 -2577

To reduce log g (cm. per sec. per sec.) to log g (ft. per sec. per sec.) add log 0.03280833 = 8.5159842 — Io.
The standard value of gravity, used in barometer reductions, etc., is 980.665. It was adopted by the International
Committee on Weights and Measures in 1901. It corresponds nearly to latitude 45° and sea-level.

FREE-AIR CORRECTION FOR ALTITUDE

—0. 0003086 cm/sec?/m when altitude is in meters.
—o.000003086 {t/sec?/ft when altitude is in feet.

| . ;
Altitude. Correction. Altitude. Correction.

—o.0617 cm/sec? 200 ft. —o.000617 ft./sec?
.0926 300 . 000926

.1234 400 . 001234
.1543 500 - 001543
.1852 600 001852
. 2100 700 .002160
. 2469 800 .002469
2777 goo 002777

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 707 565
ACCELERATION OF GRAVITY, VARIOUS WORLD STATIONS

The following more recent gravity determinations (Potsdam System) serve to show the accuracy which may be
assumed for the values in Table 706, except for the three stations in the Arctic Ocean. The error in the observed gravity
is probably not greater than o.o10 cm/sec?, as the observations were made with the half-second invariable pendulum,
using modern methods.

In recent years the Coast and Geodetic Survey has corrected the computed value of gravity for the effect of ma-
terial above sea-level, the deficiency of matter in the oceans, the deficiency of density in the material below sea-level
under the continents and the excess of density in the earth’s crust under the ocean, in addition to the reduction for
elevation. Such corrections make the computed values agree more closely with those observed. See special publica-
tion No. 40 of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey entitled, “Investigations of Gravity and Isostasy,”’ by William
Bowie, 1917; also Special Publication No. 1o of same bureau entitled, ‘‘ Effect of Topography and Isostatic Compen-
sation upon the Intensity of Gravity,” by J. F. Hayford and William Bowie, 1912.

Gravity, cm/sec?

Elevation,

Latitude. ae

A Reduced to
Observed. cealevell

7.645 978.366
; -735 -427
Madras, India 3 6 .279 . 281
Jamestown, St. Helena 5 712 -715
Cuttack, India .659 978.668
Amraoti, India f 8.609 714
Jubbulpur, India -719 .856
Gaya, India 884 .g18
Siliguri, India 2 . 887 -923
Kuhrja, India .082 .143
Galveston, Texas 272 -273
Rajpur, India .002 Pains
Alexandria, La 24200 -436
St. Georges, Bermuda . 806 .807
McCormick, S. C .624 .674
Shamrock, Texas e ST 705
Cloudland, Tenn 383 966
Mount Hamilton, Cal . 660 .056
Kala-i-Chumb, Turkestan 462 .877
Denver, Col . 609 .1T4
Hachinohe, Japan -359 -365
Chicago, Ill .278 334
Albany, N. Y -344 363
Florence, Italy - 491 -548
Minneapolis, Minn 597 676
Simplon Hospice, Switzerland............. . 202 .819
Fort Kent, Me 5 . 765 .814
Sandpoint, Idaho 680 877
Medicine Hat, Canada . 865 .070
Field, Canada -745 .127
Magleby , Denmark . 502 81.506
Copenhagen, Denmark ‘ -559 563
St. Paul Island, Alaska .726 729
Fredericksvarn, Norway : .874 877
Christiania, Norway -927 936
Ashe Inlet, Hudson Strait 105 .110
St. Michael, Alaska -192 .192
Hatnarfjordr, Iceland . 266 . 267
Niantilik, Cumberland Sound 273 275
Glaesibaer, Iceland ; .342 345
Sorvagen, N. .622 628
Umanak, Greenland d - 590 -593
Danes Island, Spitzbergen .078 .079
Arctic Sea . 109 -109
Arctic Sea -174 174
Arctic Sea aT5s -155

HH HHWNHWOHNWD HAHN HHNNNHNNHNNNNHNDNDNHNHNNHNNNNNNHDNHNNNNDNDDN HE

References: (1) Report 16th General Conference International Geodetic Association, London and Cambridge,
1909, 3d Vol. by Dr. E. Borrass, 1911; (2) U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Special Publ. No. 40; * (3) U.S. Coast
and Geodetic Survey, Report for 1897, Appendix 6.*

* For references (2) and (3), values were derived from comparative experiments with invariable pendulums, the
value for Washington being taken as 980.112. For the latter, Appendix 5 of the Coast and Geodetic Survey Report
for 1901, and pages 25 and 244 of the 3d vol. by Dr. E. Borrdss in 1or11 of the Report of the 16th General Conference
of the Intern. Geodetic Association, London and Cambridge, 1909. As a result of the adjustment of the net of gravity
base stations throughout the world by the Central Bureau of the Intern. Geodetic Association, the value of the Wash-
ington base station was changed to 980.112.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

566 TABLE 708

ACCELERATION OF GRAVITY (g) IN THE UNITED STATES

The following table is abridged from one for 219 stations given on pp. 50 to 52, Special Publication No. 40, U. S.
Coast and Geodetic Survey. The observed values depend on relative determinations and on adopted value of 980.112
for Washington (Coast and Geodetic Survey Office, see footnote, Table 707). There are also given terms necessary
in reducing the theoretical value (Table 565) to the proper elevation (free-air) and to allow for topography and isostatic
compensation by the Hayford method (see introductory note to Table 707). : ;

To a certain extent, the greater the bulk of material below any station, the less its average density. This phenomenon
is known as isostatic compensation. The depth below sea-level to which this compensation extends is about 96 km.
Below this depth any mass element is subject to equal (fluid) pressure from all directions.

Correction.

Eleva- | Observed
Station. Latitude. Longitude. tion, g Topography
meters. | cm/sec? | Elevation, | and com-
cm/sec? pensation,

Key West, Fla

New Orleans, La

Austin, Tex. university

BP aso hexseeericn cetera
Yuma, Ariz

@harlestonsiS: Cijencee anit
Birmingham, Ala

Arkansas City, Ark

Atlanta, Ga. capitol
Beaufort, N. C

Little Rock, Ark

Memphis, Tenn

Charlotte, N. C

asi Vegas Ne Mex.) near
Knoxville, Tenn

Grand Canyon, Ariz
Cloudland, Tenn

Mount Hamilton, Cal., Obs’y.
Richmond, Va

Sane rancisco, ales sn aetee
St. Louis, Mo., university... .
Pike’s Peak, Col

Colorado Springs, Col........
Washington, D. C., Bur. St’ds.
Wallace, Kans

Green River, Utah
Cincinnati, Ohio, obs’y......
Baltimore, Md., university. . .
Terre Hautewindss ss ssn
Denver, Col., university obs’y.
Philadelphia, Pa., university. .
Wheeling, W. Va

Princeton, N. J

Pittsburg, Pa

Salt Lake City, Utah

New York, N. Y., university.
Winnemucca, Nev

Cleveland, Ohio

Chicago, Ill., university......
Worcester, Mass

Cambridge, Mass. observatory
Ithaca, N. Y., university....
Fort Dodge, Iowa

Grand Rapids, Mich
Madison, Wis., university... .
Boise, Idaho

Mitchell, S. Dak. university. .
Wancaster Ne Hunger
Grand Canyon, Wyo.........
Minneapolis, Minn

Calais, Me

Miles City, Mont

Seattle, Wash. university. ...
Pembina, N. Dak

H
oo
‘o

H OW f OW COOOKHKE

Bla latet tal eect ctatstatat st lst atest tyb stated tal be)

BO BO) 0 OOP 0 COU HH DOW CAN IO KHWHWOROOONRIH DRO
I+

o.
eas

SUAS Vettel latcar ah atiet ae

Ow

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 709 567
SOME PLACES OF ANOMALOUS GRAVITY

With their longitudes, latitudes, and heights above sea-level

(See Borrass, Verh. 16 allgem. Konferenz der Intern. Erdmessung, Berlin, 1911, 1914.
The departures are from the values of gravity normally expected from Table 706.)

Altitude Departure
: above Gravity from
Latitude sea-level cm/sec.2 value
m of table

Longitude
east of
Greenwich

/

14 59-9 2943 979.350 +287 Etna
43.8 10 978.682 +260 St. Helena
51.8 4 978.960 +243 Honolulu
8 2877 979-779 +233 Pic du Midi
14.4 II 979.431 +223 Santa Cruz
52 4807 979.401 +188 Mont Blanc
27.9 3 2346 977-645 +164 Kodaikanal
4.5 978.520 +155 Fort de France

4
20.6 : 19 980.118 +152 Ponta Delgada
37 2 1140 981.015 +136
4.7 43 980.065 +-127 Catania
56.6 35 980.348 Ischia
44.6 1604 980.761 Schneekoppe
4 978.756 Santiago de Cuba
2825 977.281 Quito

50.8

104 980.270 Fukuoka
1282 979.648 Lick Observatory

33 980.109
5 980.111 Messina

27. 982.114
1050 980.323
49 980.802
176 980.562 Milan-Brera
478 980.082 Tashkent
56 981.697 Tobolsk
683 979.065 Dehra-Dun
576 980.570 Innsbruck
—26 980.280 Derbent
58 979.378 Perth
26 980.441 Forli
979.131 Roorkee
980.726 Seattle
51 980.450 Bologna
82 978.924

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

568 TABLES 710 AND 711

TABLE 710.—Length of Seconds Pendulum at Sea-Level and for Different Latitudes

Length
in
inches.

Length
Log. in Log.
inches.

Length
in cm

99.0961 | 1.996056 | 39.0141 . 591222 1.997401 | 39.1351 - 592566
. 1000 .996074 .O157 - 5912390 : -997594 -1525 - 592760
.IIIQ .996126 .0204 - 591292 - -997770 - 1689 - 592041
.1310 -996210 .0©279 + 591375 5 -997939 . 1836 - 593104
570 - 996324 .0382 «591490 : - 998081 . 1964 - 593246
. 1894 -996465 .0509 - 591031 S - 998196 . 2068 «593301
. 2268 .996629 .0056 - 591794 A - 998280 . 2144 - 593446
. 2081 .996810 .o819 - 591976 5 , - 998332 . 2191 - 593498
. 3121 -997002 .0992 - 592168 : - 998350 . 2207 - 593515
-3577 997201 -I171 - 592367 ==

Calculated from Table 706 by the formula / = g/m?. For each 100 ft. of elevation subtract 0.000953 cm
Of 0.000375 in. or 0.0000313 ft. This table could also have been computed by either of the following formu-
lae derived from the gravity formula at the top of Table 706.
©.990961(1 + 0 005294 sin? — 0.000007 sin?2@) meters
0.990961 + 0.005246 sin? — 0.000007 sin?2@ meters
39.014135(1 + 0.005294 sin? — 0.000007 sin?2@) inches
39.014135 + 0.206535 sin? — 0.000276 sin?2q@ inches

TABLE 711.—Miscellaneous Geodetic Data
(Replaced by Table 716)

SMITHSONIAN TABLES-

TABLES 712-715 569

TABLE 712.—Miscellaneous Geographical Data (see page 650)

(The data on this page were compiled by R. W. Goranson, Geophysical Laboratory,
Carnegie Institution, 1930.)
Land area, 148,847,000 km?; Ocean area, 361,254,000 km?.
Mean elevation land above sea-level, 825 m.
Mean depth oceans, 3,680 m.
Highest known mountain, Mt. Everest, India, 87° E., 28° N., 8840 meters.
Greatest known sea-depths: Mindanao deep 10,430 meters, <10° N., 127° E.; Puerto Rico
deep 8,525 meters, 19°35’ N., 67°43’ W.
hermal gradient: Not well-known; from Van Orstrand’s data average is 30°C per km
depth but may be very different; variations observed are from 9 (Johannesburg, S. Africa)
to 54 (Queensland) degrees C per km depth. Max. depth measured, 2,286 m.

TABLE 713.—Densities and Pressures of Earth’s Interior

Density Pressure Rock type

2.7 g/cm? Granitic
2.7 0.0027 X 108kg/cm?
.0067 Basaltic
.OI7I Peridotitic
.0381
131
.30

“47
.68
.84
1.135
Tes Transition layer
17
2.8 Ni-Fe core
2.0

(Below 800 km, due to Adams, Williamson.)

TABLE 714.—Velocities of Earthquake Waves

V, is the velocity in km/sec. of the primary or condensational wave, V., of the secondary
or distortional wave. Turner speaks of them as the push and shake waves.

Layer: Vy, km/sec. V., km/sec.

o to 20 + 10 km depth, depending on | 5.4 to 5.6, depending on locality.
locality May reach 6.1
20 + 10 to 45 + 10 km depth, 6.25 to 6.75*, depending on
depending on locality locality
Between 45 + 10 and 2900 km depth:
45 +10 8.0 + 0.1
1300 12.5 +
2400 13.5 +
<2900 3315p
Core, 2700 to 6370 km (center):
> 2900 Sime
6000 10.9 +

* B. Gutenberg, H. Jeffreys, K. Suda, A. and S. Mohorovicic, V. Conrad.
TABLE 715.—Elastic Constants of Earth’s Interior

Bulk modulus Rigidity Bulk modulus Rigidity
< 10-12 > 4 Io-12 >< 10-12 x Io-1l2
dynes/cm2 dynes/cm2 dynes /cm2 dynes/cm2?2

2.2 + 0.3

Defeat

4.0 + I.0
Smaller than at
surface, perhaps
zero.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

570 TABLE 716
MISCELLANEOUS GEOPHYSICAL DATA

Equatorial radius of earth, a, 6,378,388 m + 18.
Ellipticity, flattening, (a-b)/a, 1/297 or 0.003,367,003,4.

(Adopted at International Geodetic and Geophysical Union, 1924.)

Polar radius, b, 6,356,911.946 m.

Square of the eccentricity, e*, or (a°-b*)/a’, 0.006,722,670,0.

Quadrant of equator, 10,010,148.4 m; ditto of meridian, 10,002,288.3 m.
Area of ellipsoid, 510,100,934 km*; volume of ditto, 1,083,319,780,000 km*.
Radius of sphere having same area, 6,371,227.7 m.

Radius of sphere having same volume, 6,371,221.3 m.

Difference between geographical latitude, @, and geocentric latitude: ®’.
& — & = 6056635 sin 26 — 171731 sin4g® + 070026 sin 6®
= 6956635 sin 28’ + 171731 sin 4#/ + 00026 sin 6%"

Newtonian constant of gravitation, G, (6.664 + 0.002) X 10° dyne cm*g” (Heyl).

Mean density of the earth, 5.522 (Lambert).

Continental surface density of the earth, 2.67. }

Mean density outer 10 miles of crust, 2.40. (Harkness. )

Rigidity, u, 8.6 X 10” c.g.s. units. Michelson, Astrophys. Journ.,
Viscosity, 10.9 X 10” c.g.s. units (comparable to steel). 39, 105, 1914.

Moments of inertia of the earth, the principal moments being taken as 4, B, and C, and C
the greatest (De Sitter, 1924) :

A = B=0'33235 < Ea: C= 0.33344 X Ea’ C — A =0.0010921 X Ea’.

(C — A)/C = 0.0032774, from precession.

Mass of the earth = E = 5.983 X 10% kg; a= equatorial semidiameter.

Formulae for theoretical gravity at the surface of the ellipsoid (which is assumed to be an
equipotential surface) :

Y = ve (1 + 0.005288 sin® — 0.000006 sin* 2&) cm/sec’.
= ;(1 + 0.002637 cos’ + 0.000006 cos*2®) cm/sec”.
‘Ye = sea-level gravity at equator yss = sea-level gravity at lat. 45°

= 978.038 cm/sec”. Bowie * == 980.621 cm/sec’. Bowie
.052 Helmert .629 Helmert
.052 Heiskanen .630 Heiskanen

There is a systematic difference between gravity determinations over land or over sea,
the latter being greater; this leads Bowie to favor a value of 978.52 = .oo8 for the value
above.

This systematic difference has led to the formula:

g = 978.0524 1 + 0.005288 sin’ ¢ — 0.000006 sin* 2 + 0.000023 cos’ cos 2(X + 5°) f,
where \ = east longitude. This longitude term has appeared to be indicated by the results
of several observers.—Clarke, 1878, Helmert, 1915, and Heiskanen, 1928. It could be taken
as indicating that the earth had three unequal axes,

Mean linear velocity of the earth in its orbit, 29.77 km/sec.
Mean linear velocity of rotation of earth at equator, 0.465 km/sec.
Rotational energy lost by tidal friction, 1.1 < 10” erg/sec. (Jeffreys).
Angular velocity of rotation, 72.921 X 10° radians/mean-solar-second.
Rotational energy, 2.160 X Io” ergs/sec.
(See Lambert, Science, 63, 242, Mar, 5, 1926; Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci., 18, 571, 1928.)

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 717 AND 718 571
TABLE 717.—Age of Earth, Moon, and Strata
(See The Earth, by Jeffreys, 1920.)
The age of the earth is probably from (1.3 to 3) X 10° years (radioactive data). Its

liquefaction was probably complete within 5000 years, solidification within 15,000 years
from start. The age of the earth’s crust may be taken as roughly 2000 million years.

AGES OF GEOLOGIC STRATA

Late Oligocene 37,000,000 yrs. Late pre-Cambrian(?) . 587,000,000 yrs.
Cretaceous (?)... 59,000,000 “ Upper pre-Cambrian .. 640,000,000

“e “ce

Permian-Carboniferous . 204,000,000 “ Middle pre-Cambrian .. 987,000,000 to
Permian to Devonian... 239,000,000 to 1,087,000,000 yrs.
374,000,000 yrs. Lower pre-Cambrian ..1,257,000,000 “

Note (Science 73 (Suppl.), 10, Mar. 13, 1931): An age of the earth of at least
2,000,000,000 years was adopted by a committee (Kovarik, Holmes, Knopf, Brown, Lane)
appointed by the National Research Council; the age of the oldest rock, a uranite from
Sinyaya Palo, Carelia, Russia, 1,852,000,000,_-

TABLE 718(a).—Geologic Age Determinations Based on the Lead Method
(Knopf, Nat. Res. Council Bull. 80, 1931.)

Age
(Millions of years)
Based on Based on
Tu =4.56X 10? Tu=4.56 109
Geologic age. Mineral. Locality. Tth =1.28xX10!° = Tpn=1.65 Xx 102°
Paleozoic; Devonian or Thorite Norway 310
Carboniferous.

Latest Cambrian

Pre-Cambrian Bréggerite ..Norway 910
Pre-Cambrian Cleveite Norway 96 964
Pre-Cambrian Cleveite Norway 065
Pre-Cambrian Uraninite) .. 29: Dakota =o. 1,462
Pre-Cambrian Uraninite ... Russia 1,852

TABLE 718(b).—The Age of the Earth
(Taken from Nat. Res. Council Bull. 80, 1931.)

Radioactive disintegration presents the only reliable measure. No trace of a beginning
can yet be found. ‘“ The oldest rocks have everywhere been made from preexisting and
therefore still older materials of which no other relics now survive. .... The earth is
older than the oldest granitic intrusion. It is impossible with the data available to know
whether the highest reliable lead ratio so far obtained (Keystone uraninite, Black Hills,
S. Dak.) represents the oldest granitic rocks. Accepting a ratio of 0.216 as an index of its
age this is 1460 million years old. Before the oldest granites were intruded into the crust
at least one cycle of denudation and sedimentation occurred indicated by the rocks into
which the granites were injected. To the 1460 we should add perhaps 140, giving as the
age some 1600 million years, as indicated by above mean. An upper limit assuming all
rock lead of radioactive origin is 1600 million. The estimate of the total life of the earth
(Russell, Holmes, loc. cit. p. 8) is some 3000 million years.

Strata accumulated: Max. since beginning of Cambrian from America data—260,000 ft. ;
111,000 of this deposited during Paleozoic time, 86 are Mesozoic, 61,000 during Cenozoic.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

ne TABLE 719
GEOCHEMICAL DATA

Eighty-three chemical elements (86 including Po, Ac and UrX,) are found on the earth. Besides the eight occur-
ring uncombined as gases, 23 may be found native, Sb, As, Bi, C, Cu, Au, Ir, Fe, Pb?, Hg, Ni, Os, Pd, Pt, Kh, Ru,
Sz, Ag, S, Ta?, Te, Sn?, Zn?. Combined the elements form about 1ooo known mineral species. Rocks are in general
aggregates of these species. Some few (e. g., quartzite, limestone, etc.) consist of one specie. We have some knowl-
edge of the earth to a depth of to miles. This portion may be divided into three parts: the innermost of crystalline or
plutonic rocks, the middle, of sedimentary or fragmentary rocks, the outer of clays, gravels, etc. 93% of it is solid mat-
ter, 7% liquid, and the atmosphere amounts by weight to 0.03% of it. Besides the g major constituents of igneous rock
(see 7th col. of table) 3 are notable by their almost universal occurrence, TiO,, P2O;, and MnO. Bo, Gl, and Sc are also
widely distributed.

The density of the earth as a whole is 5.52 (Burgess); continental surface, 2.67 and outer ro miles of crust, 2.40
(Harkness). Computed from average chemical composition: outer ten miles as a whole, 2.77; northern continents
2.73; southern, 2.76; Atlantic basin, 2.83; Pacific basin, 2.88. ;

Data of Geochemistry, Clarke, Bul. 616, U. S. Geological Survey, 1916; Washington, J. Franklin. Inst. 190,

P- 757) 1920.

AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF KNOWN TERRESTRIAL MATTER.

Average composition. Average composition of lithosphere.

Atomic A
Average | ]
number Litho- | Hydro- | includ- Sa Igneous Sh
4

and
sphere, | sphere, ing Compound. | rocks,
element. 7% ape

Sand- | Lime-
stone, | stone,
70 | 0.75% | 0.257%

Weighted

ale,
q average.

he
8.
ve
4.
Be
2.
Pe
2h
°.

(pet esl sh leet

AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF MeETEorRITES: The following figures give in succession the element, atomic number
(bracketed), and the percentage amount in stony meteorites (Merrill, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sc. 14, p. 28, 1916). The
“iron” meteorites contain a much larger percentage of iron and nickel, but there is a tendency to believe that with
such meteorites the composition is altered by the volatilization or burning up of the other material in passing through
the air. Note the greater abundance of elements of even atomic number (97.2 per cent).

O (8)
S (16)
Na (11)

CHr(6)
(a)
Ru (44)

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLE 720 573
THE EARTH’S ROTATION: ITS VARIATION

(Jeffreys, The Earth, Macmillan, 1929. Innes, Changes in the Length of the Day, Scientia,
42, 60, 1927; Brown, Nature, 119, 200, 1927; Journ. Roy. Astron. Soc.
Canada, 24, 177, 1930.)

From eclipses, occultations, Fotheringham (M. N., 81, 104, 1920) deduces as the best
value of the apparent solar acceleration 3.0"/ (century )?; lunar 21.6’ ‘/ (century )*. Lunar
theory predicts 12.2”/(century)* leaving part attributable to tidal friction 9”/(century )’.

Estimates of tidal friction losses (Jeffreys, Philos. Trans. A 221, 239, 1920) :

Trish Sea 0.6X to% erg /sec. So. China Sea —x 1035 erg/sec, Hudson Str. 0.2101 erg/sec.
Eng. Channel 1.1 Okhotsk ee MO Ae ee ay Se ee
North Sea 178 Bering SSE RC. Oe s¢ Fox Strait eben “s
Yellow Sea Tree eee Mallacca Str. Te Tes os Bay Fundy Obs ES (Ee

Other contributions are small. Total for spring tides 22 & 10” erg/sec. 1.1 X 10°’ erg/sec.
average, corresponding to about 7” secular acceleration per century per century. If Q is
earth’s angular velocity of rotation, dQ/dt=—2.5 X 10”/sec. Q=7.3 X 10°/sec.
Q changes by 10” of its amount in 3 X 10” sec. or 10° years. The day should have lengthened
by I sec. in 120,000 years.

The fluctuations in the earth’s rate of rotation indicated by astronomical evidence are
of a quite greater order of magnitude. Moreover the changes vary in sign whereas fric-
tional effects should not. The observations come from deviations of the sun and moon
from their gravitational orbits, the transits of Mercury, and eclipses of Jupiter’s satellites.
Changes in the speed of rotation of the earth rotation seem the only explanation. This
may be due to shifts of matter within or on the earth. The following figure by Brown
indicates that in 1928 the earth was about 25 sec. ahead of its average rotational motion
during the last three centuries. The greatest apparent change is the loss or gain of one
sec. in a whole year, (I part in 30,000,000. )

TRREGULARITIES IN THE EARTH’S RoraTION DERIVED FROM THE
Moon’s Motion.

Tidal friction should make the earth rotate more slowly and the moon recede from the
earth. The rate of dissipation of energy by friction is about 1.4 * 10” * erg/sec. The earth’s
rotation from this cause should have slowed by 4 hours during geologic time. The moon
should continue to recede until its period of revolution and that of the earth’s rotation are
equal to 47 of our present days. The moon should then gradually approach the earth,
ultimately coming within Roche’s limit (about twice the earth’s radius) breaking up
possibly into a ring like Saturn’s.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

574 TABLES 721 AND 722
TABLE 721.—Tides, Sea-Level, Level Net
(Nat. Res. Council Bull. 78, 1931.)

Spring tides: When moon (new or full) is in line with sun (large).

Neap tide: When moon is in quadrature with sun (small).

Generally two high and two low each day. Variation in heights of two high and two
low = “ diurnal inequality.”

River type tide, steep short period graph for flood, more inclined and longer for ebb.
Extreme case = “bore,” tide rises so rapidly it assumes form of wall several feet high.
Most famous bores, Tsientang Kiang, China; Turnagain Arm, Alaska; Severn and the
Wye, England; Seine in France; Hoogly, India; Petitcodiac, Canada.

Mean sea-level (geodetic): The equipotential surface which the oceans would assume
if undisturbed by the tides and effects of wind and weather. Starting with mean sea-level
at any given initial point the geodesist can determine by precise spirit leveling, the
equipotential surface.

Mean sea-level (geographic): Determined by averaging actual tidal heights over a
sufficient period. It is a local or geographic value. It is much disturbed by prevalent
winds and local contours. Note difference between average of hourly readings (mean
sea-level) and half-tide point (because of the shape of thé tide height as related to time).
On Atlantic coast 4 tide level lies below mean by about I/10 ft.; on Pacific above by
1/20 ft. Mean tide near rivers varies with rainfall. Nineteen years’ observation used for
full tide cycle. A fundamental level net has been connected with mean sea-level at Portland,
Me., via Boston, Mass., Ft. Hamilton, N. Y., Sandy Hook and Atlantic City, N. J., Old
Point Comfort and Norfolk, Wak: Brunswick, Ga., Fernandina, St. Augustine, and Cedar
Keys, Fla., Biloxi, Miss., Galveston, Tex., San Diego, San Pedro, San Francisco, Calif.,
Ft. Stevens, Oreg., and Seattle, Wash. The accuracy of high precision leveling is
measured by the correction necessary to close circuits, about 0.00063 foot/mile. Mean
sea-level differences:

Portland 16.94 cm higher than Ft. Hamilton.
Vancouver 10.28 cm higher than Seattle.
Galveston 24 cm higher than St. Augustine.
San Diego 40 cm higher than Galveston.

Fort Stevens 79 cm higher than San Diego.

Isthmus Panama, Pacific coast 20 cm higher than Atlantic.
Peat Valley is 276 ft. (84.1 m) below sea-level, Mount Whitney 14,406 ft. (4418.4 m)
above

TABLE 722.—Magnetic and Electric Data for Sun and Earth
(Chapman, Cosmical magnetic phenomena, Nature, 124, 19, 1929.)

Sun’s magnetic field too small to be measured by direct effects on earth; measured by
Zeeman effect on spectrum lines.

Earth’s magnetic axis inclined 12° to rotation axis.

Sun’s magnetic axis inclined 4° to rotation axis.

Polarity of both same relation to direction of rotation.

Earth’s field rotates at same speed as nearly rigid earth.

Sun’s field and magnetic axis rotate more slowly than solar surface (31, 26 days,
respectively ).

Earth: Polar intensity of field 3 gauss.

Sun: Estimated 50 gauss in reversing layer. Intense local fields frequent, 3000 gauss.
The magnetic field of spots reverses each cycle (Proc. Astron. Soc. Pacific, 41, 136, 1920).
The polarity of leading spot in a bipolar group in N. hemisphere is opposite that in the
S. hemisphere—relationship reverses each new sun-spot cycle -’. complete magnetic cycle
is double sun-spot cycle.

Specific resistances: Earth Sun (Chapman loc. cit.)
Heaviside layer, 10° Reversing layer, 3 X 10”
Dry earth, 10° to 10° + Photosphere, 10°, 7, 10000° K.
Sea water, 2 xaOws Center, 3X 10> fA x TOs

200-600 m deep, 3 X 10”

Drift currents in sun, + ions easterly.

Further characteristics of spots: (Milne, M. N. 90, 487, 1930; Russell.) Umbra (dark
center), 800 (very small) to 80,000 km across: penumbra may reach 240,000 km. Gen-
erally short-lived. A few last several (3) rotations, very rarely 6; one in 1840, 18 months.
Most occur in 2 belts 5° to 4o° N. and S. latitudes, often occur in pairs (see above).
Umbra temperature 4ooo° K. Evershed gives velocity of outburst from spot 2 km/sec.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 723-738 575

TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM
TABLE 723.—Magnetic Constants of the Earth

(Prepared by J. A. Fleming, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution
of Washington. )

If V be the magnetic potential of the earth, then
V/R=Zcm"Pm" sin ¢ cos (mdr + am”)
where = earth’s mean radius (6.37 X 10°cm), ¢ = latitude, X= east longitude, » varies
from I to », and m from 0 to n. The field-components of total intensity F designated,
X positive towards geographic north, Y positive towards geographic east, and Z positive
towards nadir, are
V

X= —(1/R) () = — em" (OPm"/O¢) cos (md + am”)

Y=-— (1/R cos ¢) (OV/OX)=(1/cos ¢) Zmem"Pm” sin (md + am”)

Z=—=(n+1)cem"Pm”" cos (mdr + am”)

Tuy AY Bauer (Terr. Mag., 28, 1-28, 1923) made an analysis based on the latest values of
the magnetic elements, epoch 1922, between the parallels 60° N. and 60° S. He found the
following for the uniform portion of the earth’s X, Y, and Z magnetic systems:

Epoch saa c.g.s. units.

Quantity x
M/R* -- 31626 + . 30699
Mp/R +. 30992 + .30084
Me/R® + .06303 : + .06113

where M is the earth’s moment, and Mp and Me are its axial and equatorial components.

For the same date Bauer deduced the following values in magnetic units:

M = 8.04 X 10” c.g.s. Mp = 7.88 X 10” c.g:5. Me = 1.60 X 10” c.g.s.

The magnetic field of the earth approximates that of a uniformly magnetized sphere,
its magnetic axis inclined to that of geographical rotation. The equivalent axis intercepts
the northern hemisphere in latitude 78° 32’ N. and longitude 69° 08’ W.

The intensity of the earth’s magnetic field above the surface may be expressed as a first
approximation (according to Schmidt) by F(1 — 3h/R) where h is the elevation and R
the earth’s radius ; that is, for each 2 km the field diminishes by approximately 0.1 per cent
while the direction is practically unchanged.

If the earth’s magnetism were distributed uniformly throughout its volume, the average
intensity of magnetization would be 0.074 c.g.s. The equivalent intensity of magnetization
has been steadily diminishing during the past 80 years at the average annual rate of
about I/1,500 part.

A. Nippoldt (Veroff. Preus. Meteor. Inst., Berlin, no. 372, 137-143, 1930) gives the
following positions based on observations:

TABLE 724.—North Magnetic Pole

Latitude. Longitude. Source.
/ oO /

oO
FO) Oa IN 96. 53.5 W. Ross

70 30 N. 95 30 W. Amundsen

TABLE 725.—South Magnetic Pole

Latitude. Longitude. Source.
o /

oO /
7s) Os Sb TSA OS nels Ross

We AT ABS 150 25) VRE Ist British Antarctic expedition
V2 aye TSA OOmeita 2d British Antarctic expedition

The magnetic poles are not diametrically opposite, each being approximately 2300
kilometers (Gutenberg, Lehrb. Geophys., 400, 1929) from the antipodes of the other. These
poles are defined as the points at which magnetic lines of force are normal to the earth’s
surface, and are to be distinguished from the extremities of the magnetic axis derived
from analysis.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 726 AND 727 (charts)
TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM

576

| 120° 150 180° 150" 120° 20"

ANNesiea
aT.
NOS

i

Vo
VE,

eB
es
aN

\\/
NAL
Wy

OL =
Ue
et

DX

RE \

\
A

Vee
UE
=

“SNA ase

“A Zee
wo, |W a

i SX Me

HAN

Go

SENNA

150 80 50

TABLE 726.—World Isogonic Lines, Epoch 1930 (Lines of Equal Declination (D))

27
ERY,
UAH
ee < PR LAL
SAL eer
eS
\\ ROFL Eee RS
F USS SSE
See ae A

(APSE
30 ou 90 0

DAES IN Cs:

7
ata
0
cil

TABLE 727.—World Isoclinie Lines, Epoch 1930 (Lines of Equal Inclination (/)).
Solid Lines Indicate North End Dipping; Broken, South End Dipping

120

rf al aca ee

Bt oc ea ee |
LETT PN ell Liar] NG [Sade
Ee lfacl eee at ASRS Ty AL 2 os — Ae
Bio Need year) ital
cE ERE CORI fel RIE
jae SNS, Pit
TA ANN VA oar |
Cae SNe Ae rat tt,
Pe eee
See ees Sa eee
aS eee ae aay a,
(Seto >s— eer a
eee eee
ESSE ha eC
faethe esl ls
2 s|

POST gai adc de TR
180 L »

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 728 AND 729 (charts) 577

TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM

TABLE 728.—World Isodynamic Lines, Epoch 1930 (Lines of Equal Horizontal
fs ac (H))

Pies
ee eae

150

-ES ia ats Boe ae BH an
aN Auld Bier
an eG oy) rp pets <2 oi

SY P|
iy

a

RA

et
ie
Mi

\
(Ri

(i
Gest
Ji

Lh LV
YZ |

ve
Wy
7 AP
oes
SAS
a
ep]
Lt
hs
4
Bed
Te

ee Tf
P|
|

BN,

i
3
:
TLL

/
i |
(
A

i

I

aA
ANUMELCT

WAY Tf ZA
\\ Le
tt
P te
‘
1X

TA
ge
WUE:
AN
Nica
ONS
ISN
NS
Wahss! |
eH
rs
nh

E
!
|

AN

\\
‘i
\
NN
(aN
Hf
i
x
ys

"
Ke
zat
i
\A\
a

\

i

|

PLA ARB
feeAait

eer IC.

at

The annual changes in position of isomagnetic lines shown in Tables 726-728 are most
conveniently represented by the isoporic charts, Tables 729-731. To these are added also
similar charts showing lines of equal annual change in vertical force (Z) and total force
(F), Tables 735 and 736. The difficulty of securing data suitably distributed over the
entire surface of the earth is such that only approximate positions of isopors are known,
although there is sufficient evidence to show that these positions change with relative
rapidity especially near the foci of change. The rates of change of the magnetic elements
and the accelerations in those rates can be derived for regions where there are magnetic
observatories by reference to Table 737, “ Mean annual values of magnetic elements at
observatories.”

TABLE 729.—World Isoporic Lines for D (Lines of Equal Annual Change)
Approximate Epoch 1920-1925

SHU oe S
\ AXES ACNE Sp SSS
ERATE AAS RS
Ze Ae

awe) |} ian

a Sony
Coote Se BN Wy ae i
Pari LLyun Hey WN Nip 2 Se anue 4
SEPT Nt WN

CH EY

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

578 TABLES 730 AND 731 (charts)

TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM

TABLE 730.—World Isoporic Lines for J (Lines of Equal Annual Change)
Approximate Epoch 1920-1925

ZZ SS
Pe

& ee Ly Ss.
SEE ERASE
RES PRR
ETE DEIN DH EZ SS SSS.
ie (TIS INA TIGL AAS SoS
CECE ERENCES aE Re iA

CIO AS Ap Ser NREL eer
(oe GST TAG erst 8
ERE RONIAREET VGN AOR?

RENN

TABLE 731.—World Isoporic Lines for H (Lines of Equal Annual Change)
Approximate Epoch 1920-1925

SS

FEL FES res Se

CRAFT Age Sos
FONE: Sac Nr ABE SESS
RRR LXX¥B Nee SOA
LATE, Me SEES [i ESS es SE eS
kf -AS ATKIN, ABTS INAS SARA
SGORSMEGS ye V [ott ae AG ean NY) We \ DVN DV OA
NENSReeSSS 22572 or pe) AAR LAY MA |S
0 ge ee See |_|

PSST p es eect x
Ce ETRE Sore eee 3 = ZEST
een tae

Soe Wiese! aay ery
Ti ee ete ede a
peor iiss \EXLEZ EY,

QZ

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 732-734 579

TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM

APPROXIMATE VALUES FOR ANNUAL RATES OF SECULAR CHANGE IN THE MAGNETIC
ELEMENTS DECLINATION (D), INCLINATION (7), AND HORIZONTAL INTENSITY (#)
FOR THE EPOCH 1925!

(Because of the different intervals covered by available data and the known large accelerations in some
yarts, the values given for the annual secular-changes at intersections of parallels and meridians indicated
re approximate except for those localities near magnetic observatories; in some cases there is great un-
ertainty and the values for these are enclosed in parentheses. The signs of the values given are in the
Igebraic sense for extrapolation considering east declination, north inclination, and horizontal intensity
s positive and west declination and south inclination as negative.

TABLE 732.—Annual Change in Magnetic Declination (D)

Longitude east of Greenwich

-f
-
+
+
Se
+f

NOWNNHO

~
~
~

+1
—I
—I +2] +1
ai Aa eat
—2 +4) +2

WW sae

QwoyhHHN
[1 t++++

ee
HHOOAW ON

ap

mM VU Of ai NX af UU / oY vy cy, Y a oY ny, Y i cy
60 N.| —10} —30] —45]} —60] —50 | —40]}] —25 o |}+10]-+10 0|/—I10]}— 5 o|+10}+20]+20/+ 5
40 N.| + 5] —10}] —25 |] —35 | —35] —20] —I0 oO 0 | —10}—I5 | —20|—25 | —30| —40}]—25|+ 5|+25
20 N.| +10] +15 o} + 5] +35] +30] +15] +10 0 | —20 | —30 | —35 | —45 | —60 | —90 | —60 0}+20
°O —25 | -—15| —I10 o} +25] +25] +10 o |—10] —I10 | —1I5 ] —25 | —30| —35]—25|— 5 o|—I5
20 S.| —55 | —70|] —50 | —40} —30]| —20 | —25] —25 |—25]|—20]—15]—15|—15 | —20| —20] —25 | —30 | —4o

BOWS | —O5n|--LEOW OS mie— 70) 50 —450\) — 35) 30)|(—3 0) 250 2On|—2 58251-3015 O lS 5ill—70)) —70
60 S. |(—70)}( —80)|( —80)|( —70)|( —60)}( —35)}( —30)|}( —30)} —30 | —15 | —20 | —20 | —20 | —30 | —45 | —50 | —60 | —65

1 Prepared by H. W. Fisk, of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington.

MITHSONIAN TABLES

580

TABLES 735 AND 736 (charts)

TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM

WORTH_M.

TABLE 735.—World Isoporic Lines for Vertical Intensity (Lines of Equal Annual

Change) Approximate Epoch 1920-1925

ae

oo eS ee —=.
ZEEE \ EES
ARES DES HER ROR IS
Lgl FCS PEN eae SPOOR
LPR Noe SS IG PPS
AEN “S : AY SAAS Ra A
aS Fey Pe ainsi ENG Ae AL
FTE a SE (ie As
UE NS OMAR 27 Bh aN b
PVA Tey CK Cis Eee Be Gas
COR 77 FERS Sea
A Aelih DANY Hoe SZ
apy = Gp Ss
W/Z Qe WT

sani aE RO

TABLE 736.—World Isoporic Lines for Total Intensity (Lines of Equal Annual
Change) Approximate Epoch 1920-1925

LSS.

A ces ae PERRET
BE AN NS ENO) SEAN
STL PERC CSE We ATTA

LTT FL INGEN

SSS
Ae ta ee ere WSO SS ARS
S BS hak SEAS
me ATE ES mess Fae aS
Ae REN

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 737 581
MEAN ANNUAL VALUES OF MAGNETIC ELEMENTS AT OBSERVATORIES

In order to show the change of the annual rates of secular variation with geographical
position and with time and the accelerations in those rates without unduly extending the
tables, the values of the elements have been given for each fifth year beginning with 1900,
and for consecutive years from 1925 or 1930. When the observatory was established sub-
sequent to 1900, values obtained during the first year of the operation are given.

The lack of uniformity in the distribution of magnetic observatories should be taken into
account. The satisfactory computation of the so-called magnetic constants of the earth, the
investigation of the laws of secular variation and daily variation, the study of the manner
of propagation of magnetic storms and their relation to other world-wide phenomena, require
additional observatories in the southern hemisphere, specifically in Africa, and on favorably
located islands in the southern Pacific and Atlantic oceans.

Intensity
Declination Inclination

(D) (1) Hor. (#) | Ver. (Z)

/ /

37-5
D7ae
04.1
53.2
35-5
45.0
28.4
44.5
ST
02.8
Te2
59.6
37.6
59.8
30.0
06.8
42.7
25.3
42.6
50.2
57-4
18.6
08.3
pret
59.1
16.4
23.2,
28.2
27.0

Observatory Latitude | Longitude

° /

Matotchkin Shar ; 56 24 E.
Sodankyla , 26 30 E.

i Gress Cupas:
05.4 N. 09401 -54326
22°51 3 -12853 -49232
35-8 N. -12638 -492I11
48.4 N. -12440 -49186
02.4 N. -12228 -49216
05.0 N. -12188 -49220
34.7 N. -08259 -55788
33.6 N. -14655 -46650
-14621 -46712
-14618 -46609
-14527 -46624
-I4517 -46623
-16548 -47050
-16540 -46975
-16420 -46882
-16210 -46850
-15978 -46807
-15770 -47000
-15675 -47068
-15630 -47106
-15586 -47145
-15617 eae
-15584 -46344
-15441 -50822
-15404 -56719
-15577 -56312
-15593 -56008
-15574 -55662
-15528 -55491
-15485 -55357
(.15465) | (.55307)
(.15448) | (.55255)
(.15454) | (.55190)
-17789 -50718
-17692 -50819
-17476 -50786
-17142 -50707
-16812 -50843
-16513 -50974
-16389 -51053
(.16285) | (.51145)
-17423 -447605
-17375 -44648
-17257 -44591
-17124 -44506
-17025 -44631
-17803 -44747
-17879 -44747
-178290 47635
-17530° | .47650¢
.17260 -47951
-16082 -48238
-16053 -48279
-17905 -46442
-17875 -46545
-16830 -45307
-16836 -45343
-16786 -45173
.16706 -45062
-16665 -44943
-16585 -44881
-16583 -44808

no

NNHHOO °

Godhavn : W.
Lerwick : W.

Pavlovsk
(Sloutzk)

SPP PPM MMMNSSSesesenany

=

NON HHH HR
OCOWWWWWWNNHOOWRUUN

Qe ww ww
000000

15.6
3.0
Katharinenburg 5 : 04.0

(Swerdlovsk) 27.2
48.7

a5

Rude Skov

A
a
—

aa

Kasan
(Saimistsche)

Koutchino

Eskdalemuir

HH HHH
PRM AMBDMHAHOO DMHMOUN AAI MOO

® See also tables for previous and intermediate years in Terr. Mag., 4, 135; 5, 128; 8, 7; 12, 175; 16, 200;
20, 131; 22, 160; 23, I91; 25, 179; 26, 147; 27, 157; 29, 149; 31, 27; 32, 27; 33, 95; and 35, 165. Unless otherwise
Indicated values are from continuous magnetograph records. Preliminary values, pending final reductions, are
Indicated by parentheses. Observatories marked by an asterisk (*) are in regions of local disturbance. » Values
from absolute observations only. ¢ No observations in February and March. 4 Absolute observations during
June and July only.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

582 TABLE 737 (continued)
MEAN ANNUAL VALUES OF MAGNETIC ELEMENTS AT OBSERVATORIES

Intensity
Declination Inclination

(D) (1) Hor. (H) | Ver. (Z)

Observatory Latitude | Longitude Year

‘amy, , i Cc g--8; Cy 28s
Meanook 54 37 N. 46.7 E. 55-2 -12944> | .60481>
38.6 E. 53-6 .129235 | .60246>
10.7 E. 53.8 -12852>b | .59934b
04.2 E. 53.8 .12832> | .59844>
48.5 E. 54.6 -12790 -59719b
39.2 E. 56. -12755 -59675>
Stonyhurst y 10.9 W. 50.3 -17312 | .44720
53.5 5 46.5 -17368 -44718
20.0 W. 42.2 -17407 -44605
38.0 W. 41.4 -17342 -44457
52.9 W. 43.5 17303 -44433
53-4 , 42.2 -17263 -44282
39.7 : 44.6 -17240 -44316
260.5 : 43.5 -17231 -44251
14.5 4 46.5 .17200 -44310
46.2 -17201 -44275
47.8 -I71908 | .44311>
‘ 47.3 -171818 | .44271b
Wilhelmshaven : ‘ 4 : : 44.0 -18095 -44103
40.2 -18169 -44235
30.5 -18124 -43773
30.7 -I8I1I0 -43747
02.5 -19306 -50463
06.6 -19277 -56337
15.6 -19070 -50212
16.8 -19025 -560141
17.8 - 19061 -56303
19.2 -19038 -56310
24.2 -18844 -43138
19.3 -18879 -43050
19.7 -18828 -42048
-18726 -42899
-18606 -42012
-18532 -429051
-18503 -42082
-18480 -43012
.18467 -43010
-18442) | (.43049)
-18890 -42074
-18866 -42033
-18765 -42885
-18645 -42809
-18570 -42038
-18539 -42968
-18526 -42087
-18505 -42005
-18480 -43034
-18456 -43072
-18450) | (.43108)
-20129 -56053
.2001T +50250
-19824 -56203
-1962I -56228
-19458 -56081
-18712 -43185
-18620 -43339
-18584 -43369
18563 -43390
-18536 | .43464
-18507 -43517
-18463 -43608
-18508 -4349
.18560 -4332
-18541 -43208
-18481 -43117
18397 -43056
-18359 -43026
-18337 -43040
-18330 -43041
-18313 +43953
-18300 -43063
.18282 -43084
-18278 -43089

rrervrocrcrorrrorererrooreoese

co

Irkutsk*
(Zouy)

Potsdam

Y

~~

Irkutske
(Old site)

Swider®

I
I
0
0
oO
oO
9
9
9
8
7
6
6
6
5
5
9
9
8
7
6
6
6
3
5
5
5
2
I
I
I
I
3
2
2
2
2
2
I

De Bilt

AAAAAAAAALAAALALALAAAAAAAZAAALZLALAAALLZLAZALZALZALZALLZAZALZALZAZZLZAZLZALZZLZZZZAZLZLZZZZ24

HHH HH ARR
WODODDDCOOHNNWW

© Last 4 months only. {No values in September. £ 1915, New site at Zouy; values for 1915, 1920 deter-
mined from Zouy by applying corrections, D, +0’.5(E); J, —14’.7; H, +181y. » Built in 1914; World War
prevented operation until ro21.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 737 (continued) 583
MEAN ANNUAL VALUES OF MAGNETIC ELEMENTS AT OBSERVATORIES

Intensity i

Declination Inclination

(D) (1) Hor. (H) | Ver. (Z)

Valenciab 5 10 15 W. 30.0 29.6

(Cahirciveen) 10.4 19.2
44.6 13.0
03.8 07.9
17.9
22.4
27.6
16.8
47.2
27.2
56.4
08.9
19.9
25.9
35-2
23.8
52.7
32.9
03.2
18.4
31.0
45.1
20.0
09.9
4I.2
56.5
08.6
09.9
227,
10.4
58.4
47.0
35.8
24.6
13.7
13.6

Observatory Latitude | Longitude

Cx 208; c. g. Ss.
-17765 -45082
117848 -44803
-17892 -44771
-17869 -44519:
-17840 -44353

LLZZZLZZZ

Bochum

Greenwich*

Abinger

sdddddedasaececececceacessaceecassessece

50.6
52.7
54.6
13.6
55.0
23.9

=

4ageaacaaasee

Hermsdorf

Beuthen

Beuthen-Mikilow

Falmouthe

Prague

Cracow

HR HH RH HHH RH RRR RHR RRR RRR HHH HR RR RRND
AUUUU DAI 00 © WIT DON NWWWWAKDRRUATWTIBOO OHNWWENNNNHNWWWRAUADWARUAAAWWO ON HN NAINWOOO

itz months, no observations in May. i Mean values from magnetograms at 85 and 145 daily; other values
given are means of all hourly scalings. * Because of electric railway, superseded in 1926 by observatory at
Abinger. ! Means, 10 months, February to November, ™ Mean, 10 months, January to October. ® Mag-
netograph for D only. ° Discontinued in 1912.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

584 TABLE 737 (continued)
MEAN ANNUAL VALUES OF MAGNETIC ELEMENTS AT OBSERVATORIES

Intensity
Declination Inclination

(D) Hor. (H) | Ver. (Z)

,

Observatory Latitude | Longitude

Geiss Cog .8-
-19680 -42167
-19728 -42008
-19738 -41789
-19715 -41607
-19666 -41591
-19659 -41485
-19631 -41529
-19636 -41584
-20314 -40817
-20279 -409063
.20288 -41022

Val Joyeux

Maisach

Munich

0-Gyalla
(Pesth)

0-Gyalla .
(Stara Dala)

Nantesp

Otomari>

Odessa

Pola

Agincourt

Karsani 41 50 N. 44 42 E.
(New site)

Tiflis 41 43 N. 44 48 E.
(Karsani,
old site)

8
8
7
6
7
7
6
5
5
4
4
3
3
3
13
13
12
12
12
12
II
8
8
8
8
8
8
4
3
I
9
9
8
Us
7
6
6
5
5
6
6
6
df
7
7
7
7
ti
7
4
4
4
4
2
2
2
3

P Electrical disturbances, especially in Z. 9a No observations during 1920 to August, 1921; values for 1921
are for four months, September to December.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 737 (continued) 585
MEAN ANNUAL VALUES OF MAGNETIC ELEMENTS AT OBSERVATORIES

Intensity
Declination Inclination

(D) (1) Hor. (H) | Ver. (Z)

Capodimonte 4 : 32) Wie | 50235
(Naples) .3 W. | 5615.
Wi 50 Da.
.7 W.)|(57 02.
Ebro i ‘ .o W. | 58 07.
(Tortosa) d a De,
esa 47

Observatory Latitude | Longitude

CLUS: Caras.
-24133 -36318
-24164 -30164
.24160 -36088
-23705) |(.36563)
-23230 | .37359
.23251 -37145
-23277 | .36041
-23291 -30781
-23367 | .36642
-23386 -36633
-23401 -360621
-23415 -30616
.22708 -38506
.22900 -38273
-22986 -38006
+23053 -37734
-23087 | .37496
-23143 | .37368
-23179 | .37001
-23106 -30031
- 21931 -55890
-21821 .50016
-21644 | .55908
-20195 -50586
-20064 -50418
-19806 | .56200
-I9417 | .55604
-I9118 -55285
-18874 | .54824
-18501 -54402
18539) |(.54317)
-18485) |(.54247)
-26063 -33514
-260140 -33598
-20107 -336013
-23059> | .41283>
-23059> | .41282b
-23123> | .40759>
-23256>

-23310b

-23351>

~~

AUN
Nn
NNW
Anwonna

Coimbra

Annnnnn
monmonorn~r~l
NWUOAONNN

Baldwinr

Cheltenham

NIA
HHOOO00 OM)
COMNBWNHHAUAWH

—_~—a
PAMTIAADADAWNUUN CO 00

LY

Athens

nan
NN
oo

San Miguel*
(Ponta
Delgada)

DP HOSGHONAOHSNGAUUM OWEN AWN S OREN
CONNANIANWONAORAUNHONNHO DIHARWHWA ORE HD ADOO& ~

ALAAZLLLAZZZZLLLLLZLZAZLLLLZZZLLLLZZZZLLZZ

Na
oo
pp
Coo ooo

n
°
N
a

Zinsenb
+20071

-290005

-20923

-20831

-29866

-24631

-24762

-24879

24978) ||.
.25021 -33969(?)
-25032 | .34035
-25072 -33881>
-25106 | .33885>
-20749 | .34851
-29783 -34868
-29752 | .34863
-20743 | .348590
-29708 | .34774
-20716 | .34740
-290694 | .34721
-29707 | .34721
-20713 | .34746
-30842 | .30644
.30817 -39010
-30831 -39603
-30868 -39673
-30880 | .30646

San Fernando

©

Kakioka"

UbpBDL
NOOOO
ONNNN

Tsingtao

na
nN
o
AQAIIIIIIWOR HOON

HOD OHO ON MHI DODO ONHHDN:

nn

N

°

an

AALZAZAZAAAAALZZAZALZAZLZAZZLZZZAZZ2:

HH HH HH OOO
PARHAAUMNUNUNNANANMNNANNWRRUNMNADAAUUUAMBOONO

r Superseded by Tucson, October, 1909. *% Means, 10 months, January to October. * Means, 6 months
July to December. " Destroyed by earthquake, September 1, 1923; all records, January, 1917 to August, 1923.
lost by fire.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

586 TABLE 737 (continued)
MEAN ANNUAL VALUES OF MAGNETIC ELEMENTS AT OBSERVATORIES

h tieg' sidit: Intensity
Observatory Latitude | Longitude Declination Inclination

Hor. (#) | Ver. (Z)

Tokyov
Tucson

-) | (6.26432) | (.45081)
-) | (6.26398) | (.45038)
-33187 -33879
-33201 -33883
-33190 -33839
-33155 -33773
5 -33160 -33709
-)b} (.33264)»| (.33753)>
-)>} (.33313)>] (.33751)>
: -32859 -33741
-33009 -33729
-330560 -33768
-33430 -31420
-33383 -31572
-33257 »32019

Nana

Lukiapang

Zikawei¥

Dehra-Dun

-33083* | .32522*
-32951 +32949
-32048 +33353
-32963 -33631

) | (33001) | (.33698)
-30209 «25819
-30159 -25852
-30029 -25806
-30012 .26009
-29950 -26236
-290086 -26463
(.30078)>| (.26827)>
(.30126)>} (.26898)>

=

SCODDDDDDDDDDODDOOOHHNNHNNNHHPOTOHNNWWHHHHN

~~

N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N
N
N
N.
N.
N.
'N.
N
N
N
N
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.

Taihoku>

Barrackporey

Au Taub,z

Hong Kongbb

AAAAS APO Seesaw wNNsseseeeseeeeesenonys eb esassaeesecnnneasas

v, ¥ Because of electric car disturbances, superseded in January, 1913, by Kakioka and in 1908 by Lukiapang,
respectively. * New constants determined in 1914, used thereafter, gave for that year smaller values in H
by 31yand in Z by 317 than those based on the constants previously used. y¥ Observations discontinued Apr. 26,
to15, New site of Hong Kong observatory. Corrections to reduce Au Tau values to the Hong Kong series
from 1884 are +0/.8 in D (i.e., west D is numerically less), —2’.5 in 7, —15soy in H, —191yinZ. 93 Means,
10 months, March to December. > Original observing hut replaced in 1921; values from 1925 reduced to basis
of original hut; superseded by Au Tau in 1927,

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 737 (continued) 587
MEAN ANNUAL VALUES OF MAGNETIC ELEMENTS AT OBSERVATORIES

Intensity
Declination Inclination

(D) (1) Hor. (H) | Ver. (Z)
° ’ / ° /

Honoluluce . | 158 04 W. 19.1 40 14.5
40 05.8
39 47.2
39 29.1
39
39
(39
(39

Observatory Latitude | Longitude

G88; Cgese
+20255 -24758
-201907 -24583
-29132 -24259
29005 -23807
-28847 23711
.28714 .23606
-28542) |(.23516)
-28551) | (.23458)
-28545) | (.23405)

~~

ZALZAAAAAA

Teoloyucan

o

(33375)
-16394
-16498

VY
o

~
o

Toungoo4d

CN a ah a ta do tah

CODD ODOOMO

-39005% | .16653¢e
-39114 -16707
-39132 -16704
-39156 BLOW Ty,
-39207 -16725
-37438 -14652
-37377 15083
-36882 -15588
-36872 -15671

Colabase
(Bombay)
Alibag

HHOOCOCOO0C9

-36845 .16143bh
.36870 -16688
-36922 -17147

o
o

370051 | .17527%1
-37253 -17777
(.37323) | (.17806)
-27743 -35737
(.27644) | (.35824)
(.27551) | (.35795)
(.27403) | (.35813)
(.27451) | (.35780)
20336 -33946
-29221 -33952
-28834 -34202
.28270 -34630
-27827 -34832
-27632 -34900
+27571 -34907
-38072 -III40
-38095 -II057
.38100 -11065
' .382I1 -10925
-)b | (.38244)> | (.10812)>
-)

San Juanii

Vieques!!

Antipolo

b | (.38270)> | (.10832)>
-38029 -I11005
-38215 -10960
-37307 .02013
-37403 -O2142
-37485 +02459

-3761422 | .o281700
-37787 -03042
-37832 -03071
-37878 -03003
-37950 .O3Z112

Manila™™

Kodaikanald4

SSO OOOOOD OO OSSWWNHH

N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N

N

N

N

N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.

NHHHEH
HHAHHR WWW

ce 1913, change of earth inductors; the values with the inductor used previously appear to be 3/.0 too high.
dd Discontinued 1923. e¢ New constants determined in 1014, used thereafter, gave for that year smaller values
in H by 18y and in Z by 77 than those based on the constants previously used. ‘f Means, 9 months, January
to September. 8 Superseded by Alibag in 1906. 4» In 1909 an earth inductor replaced the Kew dip-circle;
observations of 1909-11 appear to show that the old values of J are about 2’ and of Z about 307 too low. ‘iNew
1923 constants make a change of —21y and —10y, respectively, necessary for values of H and Z given from
1904-22. ii Superseding Vieques Observatory. ** Five months means, January to May. !! Discontinued
October 31, 1924; values for 1903, means for 9 months, April to December and those for 1924, 10 months,
January to October. ™™ Superseded by Antipolo because of electric car disturbances, ™= I1914,newconstants,
thereafter used, gave for that year larger values in H by 33y and in Z by 37.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

21

588 TABLE 737 (continued)
MEAN ANNUAL VALUES OF MAGNETIC ELEMENTS AT OBSERVATORIES

Intensity
Declination Inclination

(D) Hor. (H)| Ver. (Z)

/

Observatory Latitude | Longitude

°

° ,

Palaub 2 NY. | 134 29 E.

00.5
00.2
59.9
59.8
02.4
55.0
48.7
46.1
47.0
53-2
51.6
52.5
53.0
59.1
55-5
50.7

Batavia- 5 106 49 E.
Buitenzorg

Huancayo 3 75 20 W.

Apia 3 171 46 W.
(Samoa)

OOONNINNINNIOOOCOOOOOHHHNN

ov

Tananarive*>

Mauritius

2
2

—.3083394
—.30278
—.20867
—.29849
+2970I'T(?)

DNDN NNNHHNHHOHHNON

—.20934
—.29803
3 —.29750
(.22673) |(—.29696)
-26621 —.05979
-26435 | —.05848
-26266 -05774
-26256 -05763
-24700 -06406
-24404 .06728
-2433389 -07007
-242903 | —.07205
.24276 | —.07265
.24221tt | —.07308
-2504 —.0592

La Quiacab 65 35 W.

HMnnsees dedce decdddsceae SPP

Vassouras 43 39 W.

Rio de 43 Ir W.
Janeirovr

°0 Means, 6 months, July to December. »P Means, 8 months, May to December. 494 The D values from 1912
to be decreased by 5’.1 for comparison with values in previous years; in 1914 an earth inductor replaced the dip
circle on another pier and values are referred to dip-circle pier. 1 Trouble experienced with galvanometer;
earth inductor replaced by dip circle in 1928; the values of J and Z for 1927 are indicated as only approximate.
*s No data in June, and only 4 days in May and 7 daysin July. **Nodatain January. Superseded about
1913 by Vassouras.

SMITHSONIAN T438LES

TABLES 737 (concluded) AND 738 589
MEAN ANNUAL VALUES OF MAGNETIC ELEMENTS AT OBSERVATORIES

} , Intensity
Observatory Latitude | Longitude Year Declination Inclination

Ver. (Z)

Watheroo

Santiago>

Melbourne?,vv

Toolangi

(—.56232)
-55252
-552406

=.55277
—.55348
—.55485
—.55465
—.55486
—-55525
—.55522
—-55570
—.32808
—.32536
—.32114
—.31619

Amberley
Christchurch¥w

New Year's
Island

Orcadas

°
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
9
9
8
8
7
7
6
6
14
14
13
8
8
8
8
8
(8
17
17
16
16
16
16
16
CT,
17
17
15
15
15
15
15
5
4

SPUD UNN NS SSSA SSM RPMN MMMM NMMMBNNN cee

a
DNDN

vy Superseded in1920by Toolangi. ¥¥ January I, 1923, the variation observatory was transferred to Amberly
but all results subsequently are referred to basis of the old station at Christchurch. ** Means, 10 months,
March to December in 1902 for all elements, and 9 months, January to September in 1910 for Z. yy Mean,
II months, February to December. 2% Mean, 10 months, March to December.

TABLE 738.—Bibliography

Gauss, K. F. 1839. Theorie der Erdmagnetismus. Resultate des Magnetischen Vereins. Gesammelte Werke,
vol. 5, Gottingen, 1867.

Lamont, J. 1849. Handbuch des Erdmagnetismus.

Giinther, S. 1897. Handbuch der Geophysik, vol. 1, pt. 1, Stuttgart.

Schmidt, A. 1898. Der magnetische Zustand der Erde. Archiv der Deutschen Seewarte, Hamburg.

Mascart, E. 1900. Traité de magnétisme terrestre. Paris.

Chree, G) I91l. Terrestrial magnetism. Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th ed. 1912. Studies in terrestrial mag-
netism. London.

Schmidt, A. 1917. Erdmagnetismus. Encyklopddie der mathematischen Wissenschaften, vol. 6, Leipzig.

Auerbach, F. 1920. Magnetismus. Graetz, Handbuch der Elektrizitat und Magnetismus, vol. 4.

Nippoldt, A. 1921. Erdmagnetismus, Erdstrom, Polarlicht. Sammlung Géschen, no. 175, Berlin.

Chapman, S. 1922. Theories of terrestrial magnetism. Dictionary of Applied Physics, London.

Angenheister, G. 1927. Erdmagnetismus. Geiger und Scheel, Handbuch der Physik, vol. 15, Berlin.

Nippoldt, A. 1928. Der Erdmagnetismus. Miiller-Pouillets Lehrbuch der Physik, vol. 5, Braunschweig.

Angenheister, G., and Bartels, J. 1928. Das Magnetfeld der Erde. Wein und Harms, Handbuch der Experi-
mentalphysik, vol. 25, pt. I.

Bartels, J. 1929. Erdmagnetismus, Erdstrom und Polarlicht. Gutenberg, Lehrbuch der Geophysik.

Hazard, D. L. 1929. The earth’s magnetism. U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.

Nippoldt, A. 1929. Erdmagnetismus und Polarlicht. Einfiihrung in die Geophysik II.

Hazard, D. L. 1930. Directions for magnetic measurements. U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.

Journal of Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity, Baltimore, from 1806, vol. 38 in progress.

Zeitschrift fiir Geophysik, Braunschweig (from 1924).

Caractére magnétique de chaque jour, De Bilt (from 1906); Caractére magnétique numérique des jours, De
Bilt (from 1930).

Atlas des Erdmagnetismus, Neumayer, Gotha, 1801.

Reports and publications of Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, and
of individual observatories (see table of mean annual values).

Isomagnetic charts, Deutsche Seewarte, 1920; British Admiralty, 1927; U. S. Hydrographic Office, 1930.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

590 TABLE 739
SECULAR CHANGE OF MAGNETIC DECLINATION

Changes in the magnetic declination between 1820, or the date of the earliest observations, and
1930, based on tables in ‘‘Magnetic Declination in the United States in 1925” publishéd by the
U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (Special Publication No. 126) in 1926.

Lat./Long.} 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930

° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° °

12.2W 13.0W 13.8W 14.6W 15.4W 15.8W 16.2W 16.5W 16.8W 17.5W 18.3W 19.1W
14.8W 15.6W 16.4W 17.3W 18.0W 18.5W 18.9W 19.0W 19.3W 20.0W 20.7W 21.3W
17.6W 18.5W 19.4W 20.2W 21.0W 21.5W 21.8W 21.9W 22.1W 22.7W 23.2W 23.8W
5.0W 5.5W 6.2W 6.90W 7.6W 8.2W 8.7W 9.2W 9.7W 10.6W 11.3W 12.2W
6.5W 7.0W 7.7W 8.4W 9.1W 9.7W 10.3W 10.8W 11.3W 12.1W 12.9W 13.7W
8.3W 8.9W 9.6W 10.4W 11.1W 11.7W 12.3W 12.7W 13.2W 14.0W 14.8W
10.9W 11.5W 12.2W 13.0W 13.7W 14.3W 15.0W 15.3W 15.8W 16.6W 17.3W
1.2E o0.0E 0.4E 0.2W 0.8W 1.4W 2.0W 2.6W 3.1W 3.7W 4.2W
0.2E 0.2W 0.6W 1.2W 1.8W 2.5W 3.1W 3.6W 4.2W 4.8W 5.4W
0.4W o.8W 1.3W 1.90W 2.5W 3.2W 3.8W 4.4W 5.0W 5.6W 6.3W
1.6W 2.0W 2.5W 3.1W 3.7W 4.4W 5.0W 5.6W 6.2W 7.0W 7.6W
3.4W 3.8W 4.3W 4.0W 5.5 6.2W 7.0W 7.5W 8.1W 8.9W 9.6W
4.7W 5.1W 5.7W 6.3W 7.0W 7.6W 8.5W 9.0W 9.6W 10.4W 11.2W
5A Sate Ase Aton Se ee eset 2.08, SOK ries ers 3 Eee Al
ioe VAG ~43E) 3:8 93:3 2-7 2k ase 2.02 ose ove
A00E Ase 93:0 a5 20 923k 1.72) te oOl6E 03k 70.28
400K 28H. s4b sok) (2-4) 1-8) 51.2) "0:6 0:0 0.3W 0.5W
37. 342 SrE> 26E 20k r4Ee o:8E. 0:2 of4W..0:sW) rr
208 2:46 208" Tsk 21.0E “o:3E (0:4W) 1.0W. 1-5We 2:0W.. 2.4Wi
2.00E 1.8E 1.4E 0.0E 0.3E 0.3W 1.0W 1.6W 2.2W 2.7W 3.2W
0.90E o0.7E 0.3E 0.2W 0o.8W 1.4W 2.1W 2.8W 3.4W 4.0W 4.5W
0.6E 0.4E 0.0 0o.5W 1.1W 1.8W 2.5W 3,2W 3.8W 4.4W 5.1W
0o.8W 1.1W 1.5W 2.0W 2.6W 3.3W 4.1W 4.8W 5.4W 6.1W 6.8W
62h) (Ore sob e sik 95.0 45 93:0) s-26) 2:Sh 2 7b sor:
yd) Oe AAO, RYN CES <pOlD) SERIO, Pol Fad, ojo, POD:
53h s5-2h oon 45) .40b 3.46) 28h e2rb r:6h ear 4B rsh
40, 310K, 3.623 3228 (27 9 22 1-42) (0:8 0:2) 010 0.2W
ATE AOE. Ase sok) 34E) 2:8 Vek 14 oo ook, ost
43E 42 38H) 334k 20E 2:46, 1.7 rok, (0:4E) 40.0 0.4W
3k sok 26E) 22k 7B 1.21) (0:4E* o:4Wi r0Ws (r4W. 8
28h 268 2383 Toe 14E ‘0:8i) 7010 o.8W 1.4W 1.8W 2.4W
I.5E 1.4E 1.0E 0.6E o.t1E 0o.5W 1.3W 2.1W 2.7W 3.2W 3.8W
736, 73 7.228 7-02 6.6E 6:1E 95:6E E 4.5E 4.6E 4.90E
“alo Glia od CHa Cyd, Ios Cele 4 4.2E 4.2E
TAB 722) 7-08) 0:0B; 6.08 5.5 i 4.3E 4.3E
wort 7a) Osh. a Oldie 5:OR, 4.1E 4.0E
aor 7200.7 LOLs 58k 3.0E 3.8E
6.0E : 6.4E 6.0E 5.5E 3.6E 3.4E
6.5E : 6.0E 5.6E 5.1E 3:1E 2.9E
6.3E 3 5.8E 5.4E 4.0E 2.8E 2.5E
6.0E ; BSB SOK ALS PEND, — PID;
5.7E 3 5.26 4.8E 4.2E 2:0 eee 7S
8.5E é 8.4E 8.1E 6.3E 6.6E
8.7E 2 8.5E 8.3E 6.4E 6.6E
8.90E ic 8.8E 8.5E 6.6E 6.7E
8.0E EC See Saks 6.4E 6.5E
O20; 9.0E 8.6E 6.5E 6.6E
9.4E & 9.1E 8.8E 6.6E 6.6E
9.7E : O5E o.2 6.0E 6.8E
9o.3E) 0: 9.1E 8.8E 6.4E 6.4E
9.2E 5 9.0E 8.7E 6.3E 6.3E
8.9E : 8.7E 8.4E 5.90E 5.9E
8.8E 5 8.0E 8.8E 7.6E 8.0E
9.2E 5 O38) ore 7.9E 8.3E
9.4E ; 9.6E 9.4E 8.0E 8.3E
9.8E ; 9.90E 9.8E 8.2E 8&.5E
10.4E , 10.5E 10.4E 8.8E 9.0E
T1.3E . eA eye ney 9.5E 9.8E
I1.4E ; TS lok : A 9.5E 9.7E
II.7E : 11.8E 11.6E : " 9.7E 9.8E
II.9E ; 12.0E 11.8E - : : 9.8E 9.9E
12.7E , Tf) SUV ISN y : 10.5E 10.6E
12.7E ; io ND SID, 5 E 10.4E 10.5E

wn
iy
&

x
es
a

RHAWHOIABRHERIUKP WH)
POOP Re eee eee

BOP Oe nee

DAowfrrbP dv OHO

Ge ge 90 90 Ge G9 G0 Ge Goma
IIT SIIIIIIGHH HEA

AK ONAHKNKOMONWBAOCHWNONNSI
BOP Ree ee eee
0010
Aro
Bae
OD PW GI AAIAAIATATAANNWWehs
OCHAKH ON WDORHO WO BDIDOAY c
POORER eee eee
NODO) ONONOTO S| 081000060 -Fs) 1:61) ON On ONC) OS 3 1 ON OUD IN: CORES Pe CF C00) © OL OURUNIN Cer CEN ITO I OFO ETO} Coes aoe

WOAKRNW AH COO ONHROHRNO HN NAH O NITY OO
BOPP P POPP Pee eee eee

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 739 (continued) S91
SECULAR CHANGE OF MAGNETIC DECLINATION

Lat.|Long.| 1820 1830 1840 1850 £1860 I9IO 1920

° ° ° ° ° °

28 i 9.8E 9.90E 9.9E 3 K 5 f 9.5E 10.0E
30 : I0.IE 10.2E 10.2E ‘ kK 5 . 9.7E 10.2E
10.8E 10.8E 10.8E i Fs ‘ 10.2E 10.6E
Die2by etl 2 2B é : 5 10.5E 10.8E
II1.9E 12.0E 11.9E 3 : 4 Il.IE 11.4E
12.4E 12.4E 12.4E : : ; : I1.4E 11.6E
13.0EK 13.0E 13.0E 5 J Fi 5 II.Q9E 12.0E
P.3H) 3:3 13:25 F : : : I2.0E 12.1E
14.4E 14.4E 14.3E e : : : 13.0E 13.0E
[5.26 15:32) 15.2) ‘i : : 13.8E 13.7E
15.8E 15.8E 15.8E : 3 ; ; 14.3E 14.1E
Lr.08 Trece, : Q : ‘ Ir.0E 11.5E
11.7E 11.8E 4 ‘ . : II.6E 12.0E
12.5E 3 a ; 3 12.2E 12.6E

13.2E 5 y ‘ 5 £2,906) 131255

13.8E ; fs i 13.4E 13.6E

14.5E 5 : i I14.0E 14.2E

15.7E : ; ; iil, ai eye,

16.4E : : : ‘ 15.8E 15.8E

17.3E 3 y : : 16.6E 16.5E

18.6E - ‘ : 5 17.7E 17.5E

I1.7E 2 ; : : D2eBy 22.52

12.5E j 3 ; x 12.8E 13.2E

13.2E : , ; 3 13.4E 13.8E

13.0E : : : x I4.tIE 14.4E

14.7E u : R . 14.8E 15.0E

15.7E ; : Z I5.7E 15.9E

16.6E : : 5 ; 16.6E 16.7E

17.8E ‘ 4 : 3 Toye 7 Lee

18.0E 3 3 : : 18.8E 18.8E

20.4E y r : 4 20.2E 20.1E

12.9E S ; R j 13.8E 14.2E

13.6E 5 - : 14.4E 14.7E

14.4E .6E ; : I5.1E 15.4E

15.4E A : 16.1E 16.3E

16.6E A : 17.2E 17.4E

17.7E 8E : 18.2E 18.4E

18.8E : : : : 19.3E 19.4E

19.8E : : : iH 20.2E 20.2E

21.3E : : 5 : 21.7E 21.7E

13.0E E Tr" ‘ A 14.4E 14.8E

13.90E : ; ; ; I5.2E 15.6E

14.8E 5 : 16.0E 16.3E

15.8E : ; I7.0E 17.2E

16.6E y C c 17.8E 18.0E

17.9E : : : -4E 19.0E 19.2E

I9.0E 3E : E 3 20.1E 20.2E

20.7E me) { x : 21.8E 21.9F

21.0E 3 ‘ : 3 23.0 23.1E

14.0E .4E J 5 : 15.8E 16.1E

15.0E A ‘ Q 16.8E 17.1E

15.8E : : : 5 17.5E 17.8E

17.0E ; 6E : 18.6E 18.8E

18.3E : : E 19.9E 20.1E

19.8E : ‘ f 21.5E 21.7E

20.8E i 3E ; : 22.4— 22.6E

2T.9E ¥ ‘ e : 23.65" 23.7

16.0E 5 A i 5 18.0E 18.3E

750 H i 3 : I9.1E 19.4E

18.4E ‘ k ; H 20.4E 20.7E

19.5E ¥ 5 : : 21.6E 21.9E

20.6E : Z : QE 22.8E 23.0E

21.8E ; : 24.0E 24.2E

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

592 TABLES 740 AND 741
TABLE 740.—Dip or Inclination, United States

This table gives for the epoch January 1, 1925, the values of the magnetic dip, J, cor-
responding to the longitudes west of Greenwich in the heading and the north latitudes in
the first column.

TABLE 741.—Secular Change of Dip, United States

Values of the magnetic dip for places designated by the north latitudes and longitudes
west of Greenwich in the first two columns for January 1, of the years in the heading. The
degrees are given in the third column and the minutes in the succeeding columns.

1865 1875 1885 18905 1900 1905 I910 I915 1920 1925

/, / , , ’ , / ,

12 HO 25) A277, ee AAT
40" W34 dds 73 130, 157) 177
40) Ole We 7e 126 140 I51
22 aloe 23 IOI 120
58 60 68

222830
28 463 645
31 420) B21
33. 27" “132
55, Wypo.

54 60
6r 69
67.45

(OD
26

4I
42
29
of
31

36
Do
44
19

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 742 AND 743 593
TABLE 742.—Horizontal Magnetic Intensity, United States

This table gives for the epoch January 1, 1925, the horizontal intensity, H, expressed in
c.g.s. units, corresponding to the longitudes i in the heading and the latitudes in the first
column.

TABLE 743.—Secular Change of Horizontal Intensity, United States

Values of horizontal intensity in c.g.s. units for the places designated by the latitude and
longitude in the first two columns for Jerome ay 1 of the years in the heading.

Long. 1855 1865 1875 1885 1805 1900 1905 1910 IOI5 1920 1925

80 | .3064 . 4 .3034 .3003 .2968 .2946 .2916 .2870 .2805 .2749 .2704
90 AW. .3107 .3087 .3051 .3026 .3000 .2962 .2910 .2863 .2825
100 ae LOOMS 74-3125) LOSmesOS0n 3055) GOL 7s -2980Ne2950
80 | .2652 . -2644 .2624 .2606 .2591 .2567 .2526 .2465 .2419 .2382
Qo) |"-28177 = .2752 .2750 .2728 .2710 .2687 .2653 .2603 .2561 .2527

IOO | .2922 . .2852 .2838 .2816 .2802 .2784 .2755 .2720 .2688 .2662
TLOy |e 2902 hr -2903 .2876 .2855 .2847 .2832 .2809 .2784 .2760 .2738
80 | .2184 . .2197 .2189 .2182 .2177 .2159 .2130 .2086 .2049 .2022
Qos 2332.5 - -2292 .2302 .2292 .2284 .2266 .2239 .2198 .2167 .2142

Ps -2407 .2403 .2391 .2383 .2368 .2345 .2317 .2292 .2272

-2519 .2502 .2488 .2481I .2471 .2453 .2433 .2414 .2396
-2592 .2573 .2557 -2553 -2547 .2536 .2522 .2506 .2492
.1654 .1667 .1682 .1689 .1692 .1680 .1662 .1644 .1632
-1692 .1710 .1718 .1718 .1710 .1693 .1667 .1647 .1632

317/92 eelt O98) sh O4uel 7 Ole 103ml OOnL 74) 723 lO

-1958 .1956 .1952 .1949 .1940 .1924 .1905 .1888 .1873
-2110 .2100 .2092 .2087 .2082 .2070 .2057 .2043 .2029
P2242122228)).22 7. 22U Sun 22 se 22 00". 2 OO) e2no3 2172
-1381 .1402 .1424 .1434 .1444 .1443 .1432 .1422 .1415
.1367 .1387 .1397 .1402 .1404 .1394 .1380 .1369 .1362

.1280 .1286 .I1291 .1294 .1295 .1287 .1276 .1268 .1262
-1458 .1457 -1458 .1458 .1450 .1440 .1431 .1422
.1635 .1631 .1632 .1632 .1626 .1618 .1609 .1600
.1838 .1831 .1832 .1834 .1831 .1825 .1816 .1808

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

594 TABLES 744 AND 745
TABLE 744.—Total Magnetic Intensity, United States

This table gives for the epoch January 1, 1925, the values of total intensity, F, expressed
in c.g.s. units, corresponding to the longitudes in the heading and the latitudes in the first
column.

TABLE 745.—Secular Change of Total Intensity, United States

Values of total intensity in c.g.s. units for places designated by the latitudes and longitudes
in the first two columns for January 1 of the years in the heading.

Long. 1855 1865 1875 1885 18905 1900 1905 IOIS5 1929

.5407 .5: -5339 -5262 .5209 .5190 .5175 . -5136 .5102 .
er .5232 .5210 .5137 -5115 .5131 .- -5107 .5070 .
Ries .5159 .5107 .5078 .5069 .5064 . .5025 .4990 .
5792 . 5749 -5657 -5606 .5589 .5575 - 5496 .5456 .
.5786 . .5697 .5666 .5627 .5613 .5604 . 25557 5516 .

-5676 . -5608 .5570 .5543 -5537 -5535 - 5479 -5439 -
9453 - -5388 .5348 .5333 -5330 -5317 - 5261 .5225 .
.6094 . .6080 .5977 .5910 .5901 .5878 . -5790 .5739 .
6111 -. .6040 .6028 .5977 .5977 -5963 . .5889 .5848 .
cease .5922 .5889 .5863 .5863 .5860 . -5795 -5752 -

.5722 .5687 .5676 .5670 .5657 . 25593 -5560 .

+5539 - 5512 .5484 .5474 -5459 -5437 - -5381 -5353 -
.6208 . .6189 .6091 .60I1I .5994 .6005 . .5898 .5828 .
.6345 .6287 .6201 .6183 .6166 . .6079 .6024 .
.6341 .6306 .6231 .6227 .6217 . .6142 .6097 .

.6269 .6224 .6190 .6191 .6184 . -6110 .6072 .
.6091 .6053 .6039 .6030 .6020 . .5948 .5017 .
.5842 .5818 .5806 .5784 .5767 . .5706 .5673 .
.6298 .6209 .6115 .6106 .6126 . .6025. .5947 .
.6486 .6417 .6298 .6288 .6289 . .6189 .6132 .

.6506 .6421 .6408 .6404 . .6310 .6270 .
6441 .6389 .6385 .6377 . .6283 .6243 .
.6209 .6188 .6178 .6172 . .6087 .6053 .
.6051 .6028 .6009 .5994 . -5916 .5882 .

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 746 AND 747 595
TABLE 746.—Agonic Line, United States

The line of no declination (agonic line) is moving westward in the northern part of the
country, but south of latitude 30° it is nearly stationary.

Longitudes of the agonic line for the years—

1875 1890 1905 1915S
°o ° ° °

75:5 76.1 77-4
78.6 79.7 80.0

79-9 81.7 82.7
80.5 82.8 84.4
82.2 83.5 84.0
82.6 83.6 84.1
82.2 83.6 83.9

pS

-
WO ONDA HWNHO

82.7 84.0 84.3
82.8 84.6 85.1
S37 84.8 85.3
84.3 85.0 85.4
84.9 85.5 85.8

85.2 86.0 86.2
84.8 86.4 86.3
85.4 86.4 86.6
85.9 86.5 87.2
86.3 87.2 88.0

TABLE 747.—Mean Magnetic Character of Each Month in the Years 1906 to 1930*

Means derived from daily magnetic characters based upon the following scale; 0, no
disturbance; I, moderate disturbance, and 2, large disturbance.

Year Jan. : . | Apr. | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. an

1906 : 0.90 | 0.68 | 0.63 | 0.58 | Oo. 0.69 | oO. 0.79 | O. 0.55
T9071) ©: Oto eSor ll 672: 1 1 1674) <n. Goal s- 61
1908 | . Le OTe OS |) 62 | PAQuinae SSON |e .60
1909 | . : EF te4 9) 59) |). 52 53 lees 70) || .49
1910] . : Pole OG 72) |) - SS lime BSOn|h “77h
IQII : : Gs |) e7Oe|| AON {spto|| SO) ee 49
iyi ||| 3 Lu AGA) ef ey PAL PAT eee 45
1913 : ; S5Salee oda 45) <2 AZ 5) |e .42
1914] . ; 2628 e5ONl S70 |) a Oral 53 i) 2 .60
IQI5 j ; POSH ecole 581). 477 \aee -59| « .82
HOLOM Nee , : As} |} 87/5) |) 1625 |e. AS alt .83
IQI7 : : ‘ £63) 266) ||: <GTale Aes |} 53
1918 é ‘ : One Os) |) 69] . Soil re .87
TOLO) || 2 : § ON O2uh “54:| = LOSh lene .52
O20) |e ; : BOSH 57. |e ape! EO Tate 58
1921 ; : y EO7alieos| = 540 iee XO) || ¢ .62
1922 x : : STM A 06) FOOR IEE 47
19236 |) 7 : : SAAN EA7, |" 12) || | 520 ee 42
1924 62 : i Asi 254 | - “55 \o EOF) 54
1925 | .4¢ : 5 e521, -47. |. 551 E7ilull es .48
1926 : é : 75a) 260!) 2493". Br ules .46
1927 : : : 2603) :65)|". {Oe Tee 35
O28) |)" < : ; 52] .75 : 72a ST Slee -65
1929 : : : : : . 66} .55 75

1930 | . wd s ‘ : : s22: |) ar a2

1931 ; : i ‘ A j S55) es .82

* Compiled from annual reviews of the ‘“‘Caractére magnétique de chaque jour,’’ prepared by the Royal
Meteorological Institute of the Netherlands for the International Commission for Terrestrial Magnetism.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

596 TABLES 748 AND 749

TABLE 748.—Elements and Constants of Atmospheric Electricity
(Prepared by O. H. Gish, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1930.)

The elements of atmospheric electricity show variations, both regular and irregular. Over
land the irregular variations are very pronounced and the regular variations differ notably
from place to place, in marked contrast to the corresponding characteristics over the ocean.
Therefore, and because of the wider and more uniform geographical distribution of ocean
observations, it seems best to give the greater weight to the ocean data when attempting
to arrive at values characterizing world-wide conditions. Because of the wide variation
from place to place in the means from land stations, due to local factors, a general mean of
these is of questionable significance. Hence it seems better to indicate the extremes of station
means in the case of elements for which the data are sufficiently abundant.

Certain disparities which will be found between these and other published tables [see
references (2) and (21)] arise largely from the inclusion of more recent data. The references
to authorities have been selected with a view to being helpful in following up the literature
rather than to assigning due credit for the original investigations.

Of the atmospheric-electric elements the potential gradient has been the most extensively
observed. The sign of the average gradient is everywhere such as to drive positive ions
toward the earth. The periodic variations in this element are of great interest because of
their apparent relation with cosmic phenomena. Thus the potential gradient apparently
increases with increase in the Wolfer sun-spot numbers, varies throughout the year, the
maxima in monthly means occur everywhere, with few exceptions, at the time of northern
winter, and the corresponding minima occur at the time of northern summer. The diurnal
variation observed over the oceans is everywhere in phase when considered on a common-
time basis, except for a minor phase-shift that depends upon the season. This diurnal
variation derived from observations made on the Carnegie during 1915 to 1921 is given by
the Fourier expression! AP/P = 0.15 sin (6 + 186°) + 0.03 sin (20 + 237°) where @ is
reckoned at 15° per hour beginning at o Greenwich mean civil time.

No general expression that will approximately characterize the diurnal variation over land
can b given. There variations determined by local factors are apparently superimposed
upon a variatif a of the same world-wide character as that found to prevail over the oceans
[see reference (5)].

1 From revised calculations in unpublished manuscript of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism.

TABLE 749.—Atmospheric-Electric Data

Element Means Units Variations

Potential Range Per cent of mean
gradient Land: 67 to 317 volts/m Annual 22 to 145
Diurnal 35 to 120
Sea: 128 Annual 13
Diurnal 35
Free air Percentage of surface values
at various altitudes
okm _ 100 6 km 8

Sat 7) 9 4
Air-conductivity
totale ee all Nee ee lean! Variations determined
chiefly by local factors
Sea: d Variations small and
chiefly irregular
Free air Ratio of value at various
altitudes to that at
surface
okm 1 6km 20
3 “ec 8 9 “ 38
Ratio of positive
to negative
conductivity. . A4/dA- Land:
Sea:
Air-earth current
density i = AP/30000] Land: : c.g.s.e. X 10-7
Sea:
Density of small
ions: Positive N+ Land: ions/cm’
‘ Sea: <
Negative n= Land:
Sea:
(nz + n_)/2| Free air Values at various altitudes
2km _ 1300
A 1900
SS 2300

Ratio of positive
to negative
ionic density. .

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 749 (continued) AND 750
TABLE 749 (continued).—Atmospheric-Electric Data

Element Means Units

597,

Authority

Space-charge, over At surface:*

land p — 2000 to + 1900 } 10-!9 c.g.s.e./cm?

= (4" 1.28) X 10-10 | Free air:
(For h = height in km) oto 3 km
3 to 6
6to9
Mobility of small ky = 4/300 ens
ions:

Positive ky Land:
Sea:
Land:
Sea:

cm/sec./volt/cm

“a

Negative kh

“a

Over land:

Ra and Th
products in air
@ rays 4.6
B rays oO.
y Tays oO.

Radioactive
matter in the
Earth’s crust

B rays 0.1

y rays 3.0
Penetrating

radiation 1.5

Rate of formation
of ion-pairs

lons/cm3/sec.
is

2
I

5

Total 0.55
At sea:
Penetrating
radiation 1.5
(?) 0.7

Total 2.2

* The sign and magnitude of surface values are exceedingly variable from place to place.

TABLE 750.—Ionic equilibrium in the atmosphere

Equilibrium for atmospheric ionization occurs when g = an? + Non + mNn, where n
and WN are the number of pairs of small and large ions, and No the number of uncharged
nuclei; a, 71, 2, are coefficients of recombination of small ions with small ions, with uncharged
nuclei, and with large ions. If for both small and large ions the positive and negative are
equally abundant, then No/N = 2/n, = 1.28 [reference (12)]. When n/N € 2m2/a, the
equilibrium-condition is expressed by g = 6n; B is designated the diminution-constant;
1/8 = Ois the “‘average life’’ of a small ion in air which contains an abundance of large ions;

© varies inversely as JN.
a: 1.55 X 10° cm/sec. [see reference (11)]

< -6 ““
ie ? . ae 4g }[see references (8), (12), (13)]
@: Over land,

Average, 30 sec.
Extremes, 10 to 60 sec.
Over sea, 230 sec.
N: Over land, 500 to 50,000 ions/cm# [see references (13), (14)]
Aitken nuclei, number per cm’:
Over open country, up to 10° [see reference (16)]
Over mid-ocean, about 800 [see reference (15)]
In free air,
Altitude 1 km 6,000 5km _ 50
3 km 200 8.5 km about 5

[see reference (8)]|

hse reference (17)

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

598 TABLES 751 AND 752

TABLE 751.—Thunderstorm Electricity

Quantity discharged by a lightning flash: 10 to 50 coulombs ;
average 20 coulombs.

Energy of a lightning flash: 10” ergs.

Potential difference between discharge points: 10° volts.

° . ’ . 4
Potential gradient at earth’s surface beneath a thundercloud: 10 [see reference (18) ].

volts/meter.
(The charge producing this field more frequently negative than
positive ).
Number of lightning discharges over entire earth each second: At
least 100.

Duration of lightning flash: More than 0.001 sec [see reference (19) ].

TABLE 752.—Charge on Rain and Snow

Specific net charge on precipitation:

Average, 0.5 ¢.g.s.e./gm.

Maximum observed, 20 ee alee peteeoecse)l-

Specific charge on individual raindrops or snowflakes :

Rain, + 2.7to — 3.2¢.g.s.e./gm.
Snow, + 11.6to — 8&1 een lees reference (20)].

References

(1) Res. Dep. Terr. Mag., 5, 361-424, 1926. (2) Res. Dep. Terr. Mag., 6, 425-460, 1927.
(3) Miller-Pouillet, Lehrb. Phys., 5, Halfte 1, 11. Aufl. 1927. (4) H. Norinder, Vet.-
Ak. Handl., 58, No. 4, 1918. (5) Mauchley, S. J., Terr. Mag., 28, 61-81, 1923. (6) Hess,
V.F., The electrical conductivity of the atmosphere and its causes. Translation by L. W.
Codd, 1928. (7) Wigand, A., Ann. Phys., 66, 81-109, 1921. (8) Hess, V. F., Beitr.-
Geophys., 22, 256-314, 1929. (9) Geiger-Scheel, Handb. Phys., 14, 1927. (10) Wigand, A.,
Phys. Zs., 22, 36-46, 1921. (11) Schuster, A., Manchester, Mem. Lit. Philos. Soc., 48,
no. 12, 1904. (12) Nolan, J. J., Boylan, R. K., and de Sachy, G. P., Proc. Roy. Irish
Acad., 37, A; 1-12, 1925. (13) Nolan, BP: J. and ©’ Brolchain, @;) Proc. Roy. irish; Acad.
38, A, 40-48, 1929. (14) Gockel, A., Neue Denkschr. Schweiz. Naturf. Ges., 54, Abh. 1,
1917. (15) Wait, G. R., Carnegie Inst. Washington, Year Book, No. 28, 274-275, 1920.
(16) Aitken, J., Collected Scientific Papers, Cambridge, 1923. (17) Wigand, A., Ann.
Phys., 59, 689-742, 1919. (18) Wilson, C. T. R., Journ. Franklin Inst., 208, 1-12, 1920.
(19) Appleton, E. V., Watson Watt, R. A., and Herd, J. F., Proc. Roy. Soc. (A), 111,
615-677, 1926. (20) Schwend, P. G., Jahrb. Radioak., 17, 62-79, 1921; Beilage, Jahresber.
d. Kantonalen Lehranstalt, Sarnen, 1921-1922, 1922. (21) International Critical Tables,
6, 442-445, 1920.

For current literature consult Journal of Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric

Electricity, Baltimore (vol. 38 in progress 1933), and Zeitschrift fiir Geophysik, Braun-
schweig.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 753 AND 754 599
TABLE 753.—Ionization in the Upper Atmosphere of the Earth
(Hulburt, Phys. Rev., 34, 1167, 1929; 35, 24, 1930; 37, I, 1931.)

Each cm’ of the upper atmosphere is assumed approximately electrically neutral. Above
60 km the ionization is assumed to be caused by solar ultra-violet light; below, by cosmic
radiation. At any height zs km above sea-level, let the numbers per cm* of singly-charged
positive ions, negative ions and electrons be y., y- and ye. Then y+ = y- + ye, and since ye
is in general small compared to y-, the values of y+ and y- are nearly equal. Above 60 km
the positive ion densities y. are given in Table 754. The electron density ye increases with
z to a max. value ye at a height zm; ye max. and zm are given in Table 754a. Above and
below the max. ye can not yet be estimated with certainty. The values for y, and ye max.
may be correct within a factor of 2; a zero value means a small value. The tables are for
average equinoctial conditions and solar quiescence, halfway between the periods of max.
and min. solar activity. The values should be increased and reduced by roughly 25% to
refer to epochs of max. and min. solar activity. During magnetic storms the ionization
increases, being perhaps double the tabular values for a severe storm. In polar regions it 1s
probably not greatly different from that for latitude 60°. The seasonal changes are small
at the equator. In temperate latitudes for winter and summer use the values for latitudes
about 20° higher and lower. Below 60 km the ionization due to cosmic radiation is inde-
pendent of the latitude, hour of the day, solar activity, etc., and y. is 8X 10, 1.6 < 10%
1.9 X 10%, 2.2 X 10°, 2.9 X 10°, and 3.5 X 10° at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 km.

TABLE 754.—Ion Density y, in the Upper Atmosphere

Geographic latitude.
40°

°
°

oN

°
°

°

He
Ono:
oo

Oo 6 oO

NICU AIO KOUN NS ae
me COR QHW ONNNNN
XK KKK KKK KK KK
ee el
oO; 9, Sk o, OF °,, °,, 93 oO °3 o 9;
BNWT HABWHWWOOO

Se OOO

©. 0:60'0) 0. ©

a | -_

MENT ROW BRR RRR
xxxXxXXKXKKXK XX

He
9,9

3 p. m. or 9 a. m.

Yn DS 0 0 0 0

a

oO
O

Dox
Doe
2.8 x
2:8 X
ZS
4.0 X
THODX
3.4 X
173 ><
4.5 X
ron

HO Hw ANNHDYDNOOO
OH HN HW WWW
XXX KK KK KKK

10
10
10
Io
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

a

6 p. m. or 6a. m.

O53

enna 86 8 8 8
anrtodsoe8d 8 8

an
on

COWHYUYYYN
xxXxKXXKK KKK
Oe tt
Our OlO1 O10, ONO
Cota FUR a Sir OTS
ROOYWNUNNY
xX KK KK KK
SOOO tt
GOL) O10) 6,010

COON HUH HHH HO

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

600 TABLES 754 (continued) AND T54A

TABLE 754 (continued).—Ion Density y, in the Upper Atmosphere

2
170 km
160
150
140
130
120
IIS
110
100

90

80

STINT
XxX

~

=
a

a
oa

a
a

on

WHUNHNOOOHHO
a

CwWwokhN
PHOWDOHHOOO

KOXOOCK
aS eae He eS
GROKOROnO
HO Wy w
SS Se
O1ONCNO

XXX X

Midnight 170 km
160
150
145
135
125
II5
IIO
100

90
80

NO
xX
se

OOS

a
HW Ue
XxX XX
a)
CIO SN o5

a
WRANOONHOOS

fb MOWHWOOONNO

DAN ADS
KOKO

170 km
160
150
145
135
12
II5
110
100
90
80

o

x 10
x< 10

°

5
5

Se Oo

aan
NORHOOODOSOCO

0
Tp
T:
0

Oo

0

2.
1
3.
5.
ite

NERC EE OTS
WMHwWum
XXX X
HH ee
000080

on

0° i 60°
Lie Ve Max. Le ) xe Line Ye max.
Noon 195 km : i 195 km M 175 km 46 aro?
3 p.m. 195 4 é 195 2 ; 175 BIOs
6 p.m. 144 : . 140 i i 140 0.6 X 10°
9 p. m. 165 £1 DG 108 145 : 145
Midnight 165 : ; 145 145
3 a.m. 165 : r 145 145
6 a.m. 144 ‘ 140 f Y 140
9 a.m. 195 A 195 : 175

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

ASTRONOMY 601
TABLE 755
MISCELLANEOUS ASTRONOMICAL DATA

Tropical (ordinary) year { 365.24219879 — 0.0000000614 (t — 1900) fae
Sidereal year + 365.25030042 + 0.0000000011 (tf — 1900) +¢ days.
Anomalistic year 365.25964134 + 0.0000000304 (t — 1900) a
Eclipse year 346.620000 -+ 0.00000036 (t¢— 1900) +} days.

Synodical (ordinary ) month 29.530588102 — 0.00000000294 (t — 1900) } days.
Sidereal month 27.321660890 — 0.00000000252 (ft — 1900) + days.

Sidereal day (ordinary, two successive tran-
sits of vernal equinox, might be called equi-
noctial day ) = 86164.09054 mean solar seconds.
= 23 h. 56 m. 4.09054 mean solar time.

Two successive transits of same fixed star 86164.09966 mean solar seconds.

1930, Julian Period = 6643.
January 1, 1033, Julian-day number = 2427074. See p. 603.

Solar parallax = 8.7958” = 0.002” (Weinberg).
8.807 += 0.0027 (Hincks, Eros).
8.799 (Sampson, Jupiter satellites; Harvard observations).
8.80 Paris conference; 8.8032” + 0.0013.*
Lunar parallax = = 3422, 636572 030 (Newcomb).
Ta Sue = 0.009 (De Sitter) .*
Mean distance earth to sun = 149500000 kilometers = 92900000 miles.
Mean distance earth to moon = 60.2678 terrestrial radii.
= 384411 kilometers = 238862 miles.
Light traverses mean radius of earth’s orbit in 408.7 sec.
Velocity of light (mean value) in vacuo, 299796 + 4 km/sec. (Michelson).
Constant of aberration = 20.4874” + 0.005”.
20.47 Paris conference (work of Doolittle and others
indicates value not less than 20.51).
Light year = 9.5 X 10” kilometers = 5.9 X I0” miles.
Parsec, distance star whose parallax is 1 sec. = 31 X 10” km = 19.2 X 10” miles.
General precession = 50.2564” + 0.000222 (ft — 1900)” (Newcomb).
General precession 50.2486” + 0.0010 (De Sitter, 1927).
Planetary precession =—\ — 0.12287 ==,00012) (De Sitter, 1927).
Lunar-solar precession =D) 150.3714. == 010016) (Del SitterO27))e
Of this o.o191”, Einstein, orbital motion earth.*
True lunar-solar precession = p= 50.3523, sun, moon, earth’s attraction.*
Obliquity of ecliptic = 23° 27’ 8.26” — 0.4684 (t — 1900)” (Newcomb).
Constant of nutation = 9.21” (Paris conference) ; 9.208” + 0.003.*
Constant in long. = Ag = ( — 17.234” — .017” T) sin \ Jackson,
Constant in obliquity = Ae= ( + 9.218 + .0009T ) cos 2 Pin N., 1930.
Latter has relativity correction; T centuries from 1900.
Gravitation constant = (6.670 + 0.002) X 10° dyne cm’ g” (Heyl, 1930).
Eccentricity earth's orbit =e —=0.01675104 — 0.0000004180 (t — 1900) —
0.0000000000126 (¢t — 1900)”.
Eccentricity moon’s orbit = e,=0.05490056 (Brown).
Inclination moon’s orbit = = 5° 8) 43:5. @brown):
Delaunay’s y = sin 4/ = 0.04488716 (Brown).
Lunar inequality of earth =2=6.454”"; 6.459 = 0.005.*
Parallactic inequality moon = Q = 124.785” (Brown).
ets ee eee = — 19° 21’ 19.3838” + 0.001294 (ft — 1900)”.
Pole of Milky Way =R. A., 12h. 48 m.; Dec., + 27°. See p. 604.
d (lunar perigee) i Os SOne
d (lunar node) = — 5.077.

* De Sitter, Bull. Astron. Inst., Netherlands, 4, 57, 1927.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

602 TABLE 756
MISCELLANEOUS ASTRONOMICAL DATA AND FORMULAE

If 6=declination, t, hour angle measured west from meridian, h, altitude, ¢, latitude
and A, azimuth measured from S. point through W. Then

sinh = sin ¢ sind + cos ¢ cos 5 cos ¢
cos h cos A = — cos ¢ sind + sin ¢ cos 5 cos t rgiven 6, t, p
cosh sin A = cos 6 sint

sind = sing sinh — cos ¢coshcos A
cosdcost=cos¢sinh+sing@coshcos A pgivenh, A,¢
cos 6sint = cos h sin A

Refraction.— y in (”) = [983 X (barometer in in.)/(460 + ¢° F.)] tanZ, where Z =
zenith distance. Error <1”, Z << 75°, ordinary ¢ and pressure.

Twilight.—Considered to end when Ist mag. star is visible in zenith. Lasts until sun
is about 18° below horizon; lat. 40°, equivalent to about 14 to 2 hr.; latitude > 50°, lasts
until midnight.

Dip of horizon.—In minutes of arc = Velevation in ft.

Horizon.—Distance at sea is approximately, miles = V (3)h in feet; no account taken of
refraction, actual distance greater.

Date line.—180° from meridian of Greenwich. Ships crossing it from the east, skip a
day; going east, count same day twice.

Velocity, equatorial point on earth.—Because of rotation: 1000 mi./hr. = 1500 ft./sec.
= 1600 km/m= 450 m/sec. In orbit: 18.5 mi./sec. = 30 km/sec.

Latitude variation.—Direction of axis of the earth in space is invariable but a variation
in latitude is caused by a shift of the earth’s body about this axis. There are two com-
ponents, one, annual (narrow ellipse, varying in form and position, about 10 m long on
the earth’s surface) probably meteorological in origin; the other, circular, about 8 m in
diameter, period 433 days, due to noncoincidence of axis of figure and of rotation.

Magnitudes.—(Apparent, m). The light of an average Ist magnitude star was found
to be physically 100 times as intense as that of a 6th. Y/ 100 or 2.512 has been adopted as
the light ratio between two stars differing in magnitude by unity (logs 0.400 = 2.512).
If Im = approximate brightness of star of magnitude m, In of n, then, In/lm = (2.512)™™
whence

m—n=2.5 (log In — log Im); if l—=brightness 0 mag. star log (logm/logo) = — 0.4 m.

Magnitudes.—(‘“ Absolute,” J7.) The “absolute” magnitude of a star is its magni-
tude reduced to a standard distance, 10 parsecs (Int. Astron. Union, 1922). M—m=2.5
(log amt. light rec’d)/(log amt. if at unit distance) = 5 log p— 5 log po where fp, po
are observed parallax and that for standard distance; po =0.1--M=m+5-+5 log p.
8 Orionis, M = — 5.5 is brightest star.

Color index.—We have visual, photographic, and bolometric (radiometric) magnitudes.
The zero of the photographic scale is taken so that both the photographic and visual scale
coincide, on the average, for stars of spectrum class AO and m=5.5 to 6.5. Difference
of magnitudes on the two scales is the color index, photovisual is + for red, — for blue stars
and may amount to + 2.0 mag.

Heat index.—Radiometric (heat or bolometric), zero taken to agree with Class AO,
(radiometric — visual magnitude) = head index, + for red stars.

Purkinje effect—Two colored lights appearing equally bright at a certain brightness,
when brightness decreased equally physically, the bluer appears brighter.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 757 AND 758 603
CALENDARS

TABLE 757.—Julian Day Calendar

Proposed by Scaliger, 1582. Days are numbered consecutively from Greenwich mean
noon on January I, 4713 B. C. Advantage: difference between two dates becomes merely
difference between two Julian day numbers. As our civil and astronomical days begin at
midnight, the numbers from the table must be increased by one after noon of date.

Julian Day No. = 2420000 + no. in table. Jan. 0, etc., at head of col. means Jan. o until
noon, then Jan. 1, etc.

Feb. 0| Mar. 0} Apr. 0} May o} June o} July o| Aug. o/Sept. 0] Oct. 0 |Nov. 0

2810 2902
3175 3267
3540 3632
3906 3998
4271 4363
4636 4828
5001 5903
5367 5459
5732 | 5 5824
6007 6180
6462 2 6554
6828 6920
7193 7285
7558 C 7650
7923 8015
8280 8381
8654 8746
9019 QIIl
0384 | « 0476
9750 9842

TABLE 758.—Perpetual Calendar

To find the calendar for any year, e.g., 1924, divide century part of year (19) by 4 and
with the remainder (3) enter Dominical Letters table. Use line (3) of lower sections of table
corresponding to value of remainder, taking the Dominical Letter corresponding to the
column in upper parts of table containing the last two figures of the year in question (24).
This being a leap year we find two letters (F) to be used with Jan. and Feb., (E) with the
rest of the year. In the second part of the table this Dominical Letter indicates which
schedule of week days is to be used with the month in question. E.g., Jan. 1, 1924, comes
on Tuesday; July 4 on Friday.

24
52
80

BA
DC
KE

GF

Month Dominical letter

Jan., Oct.

Feb., Mar., Nov.
Apr., July

M

WOMWOOS

Sat. i. Wed.
Sun. ; Thurs.
Mon. Sun. Fri.
Tues. Sat.
Wed. Ss. Sun.
Thurs. re Mon.
Fri. Thurs. Tues.

NoteE—For general discussion of calendars, see British Nautical Almanac, p. 734 et seq., 1931.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES

604 TABLE 759
RIGHT ASCENSION, DECLINATION INTO GALACTIC COORDINATES

Condensed from Tavole calcolate dal Emanuelli (1929), Secretario della Specola Vaticano.
Galactic pole, R. A., 191.1°, dec. +26.6° (Newcomb, 1904). The zero point of the tables
takes the longitude of the solar apex as 0° (R. A., 270°, dec., +30°, 1900). To reduce the
galactic longitude as reckoned from the intersection of the galactic plane with equator,
add 23.6° to ‘‘Long.’’; as reckoned from a Cygni (proposed by Int. Astron. Union, 1925),
add +27.9, 1900, (+23.7, 1930).

ob
Long. Lat. Long.

66.4 +26.8 66.4
64.4 +17.0 67.1
62.6) 97.1 167.7
60.9 — 2.7 68.4
59.2 —12.6' 69.0
57-2 —22.4 69.7
55.0 —32.2 70.4
52.3 —42.0 71.4
48:6 51.6 9472-8
42.9 — 61-1 75.0
32-4 —70.2 79-5
7-3 —77:8 94.9

Suan mod

278.5 —73-9

263.6 —65.3

256.3 —55-9

251.9 —46:3

248.8 —36.6

246.4 —26.8

N. B.—The reductions for plus and minus 90° are independent of the right ascension and
declination and respectively: 66°.4, +26°.8 and 246°.4, —26°.9. The Galactic pole has been
variously taken: Newcomb 12244™, +26°.6; Gould, 12542™, +32°; Searle, 12440™, +28°,
for tables of conversion see Harvard Annals, 56, 1912; Kapteyn, 12'41™, +27°.3; Van
Rhijn, 12"56™, +25°, for tables, see Gréningen Publications, 43, 1929.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 759 (continued)
RIGHT ASCENSION, DECLINATION INTO GALACTIC COORDINATES

+80
+70
+60
+50
+40
+30
+20

oO
740)

rob

Long. Lat.

° °

74-3 134-1
83.7 +40.8
95:0 + 46.6
108.6 +51.1
124.5 +53-6
141.4 +53-9
157-7 151.8
171.9 +47.8
183.7 +42.3
193-5 135-7
201.7, a-28-5
208.9 +20.9
Pires ate 0)
221-3) sie) 5-0
227.2 a
233-2) le?
23055) 1950

15h

° °

59.6 +34.9
"51.4 +42.6
40.9 +49.5
27-4 155-3
10.3 +59.0
350.6 +60.1
B3L-Se aig 5Oe2
315-2 +53-9
302.6 +47.8
292.8 +40.6
285.0 +32.8
278.5 +24.6
27.2. Om Nour
207 Ome a5
262-00 —— al.
257-0 — 6:8
252.3 —18.4

12h
Long. Lat.

68.8 +36.6
71.9 +46.3
76.3. +55-9
83.6 +65.3
98.5 +73-9
135-7 79.7
187.8 +77.8
212 Aw 70s
222.9 +61.1
228.6 +51.6
232.3 +42.0
2A 5 (OM aoe
23722 122-4
239.2 +12.6
ZAO:ON 27,
242.60" 720
244.4. —17.0
17h

54-8 +31.2
44-7 133-9
32-7 135-9
2053) -|- 3647;

7-9 +36.2
355-8 +34-4
344-4 131.5
333-8 +27-7
B24°On-2aen

Long.

65.6
64.5
62.
60.1
53-6
20.3
274-9
259-5
255-0
252.8
251-4
250.4
249.7
249.0
248.4
247-7
247.1

18h

° °

55-3 +28.3
43-9 +28.9
32.5 +28.5
2a 27d
10.4. +24.9
OL08 =-22:0
350.5 --18-4

277-4 —17-7
207.5 lee
ZEA

2ah
° °o

56.1 23.2
46.4 +19.0
27-2
28:4, .-|- 9:2
19.8 + 3-9
Ile ==" Tiel
2.9 — 6.8
354.2 —I1.9
345.2 —16.8
335-7 —21.3
325.7. —25.2
315.1 —28.4
303-9 —30.7
292.3, —32)1
280.5 —32.3
268.7 —31.5
257-3 —29.6

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

ses

VA SIGUA
WNaO OO NS

|
BOW DH

AN NwohRUN
pao ral oa NS ae
NIUINTOW®W NN

|

351-9 —47.8
337-7 —51.8
321.4 —53-9
304.5 —53.6
288:6 —51-1
275-0 —46.6
263.7 —40.8
254-3 —34-1

| ++

eNwHHfPHeuwn ad

SO COCR OIC SO Oo eS

WOhWOUNNN OO
al

— 60.2
346.7 —65.1
322-3)) 0019
298.4 —64.7
280.1 —59.4
2607-51525
258.6 —44.3
251.8 —35.7

606 TABLES 760-762
TABLE 760.—Planetary Data

Mean distance Sidereal
from the sun. period.
Mean days

Mean Gravity
density. at
surface

Reciprocals Inclination

of masses

of orbit RON

6000000 87.97 5.61

408000 244.70 3-393 5.16

329390 149 365.26 Sem 5-52

3093500 228 686.98 1.850 3.95

778 4332.59 1.308 1.34

2 1426 10759.20 2.492 .69

Uranus 2869 30685.93 7B 1.36
Neptune 4495 60187.64 1.778 1.30
Heclee 5900 908.85 yall abter’

Moon 781.45 38 X 10% DTERD 5.145 3.36

* Earth and moon. ft Relative to earth. Inclination of axes: Sun 7°.25; Earth 23°.45; Mars 24°.6; Jupiter
3°.1; Saturn 26°.8; Neptune 27°.2. Others doubtful. Approximate rates of rotation: Sun 2544; Moon 274,
Mercury 884; Venus 225%; Mars 245 37™; Jupiter 9 55™; Saturn 105 14™. Asteroids (planetoids) : Sept. 28, 1931,
1183 had been numbered, inclination Pallas orbit 34° 43’, Hidalgo 43°; e, Albert, 0.54; Hidalgo 0.65. Heaviest
meteorite (So. Africa) 50 tons.

TABLE 761.—Satellites of the Solar System

Mean distance Sidereal period Diameter
384,400 km 274 7 43™ 11.58
9,380 7 39 13.85
: 23,460 6 17, 54:9
Jovian: 5th 181,200 Ty e572 oO
Ds MOeae op bs Shaler aes eeene 421,300 27 aaa
2, Europa 670,500 13 42.05
3, Ganymede.......- 1,069,300 42 33.35
4, Callisto 1,881,000 Gay Thien
11,450,000
11,730,000
23,500,000
9 24,100,000
Saturnian: 7, Mimas 185,700
6, Enceladus 237,900
294,500
377,200
526,700
1, Titan 1,220,000
8, Hyperion 1,480,000
3, Iapetus 3,558,000
9, Phoebe 12,930,000
Uranian: 1, Ariel 191,700
2, Umbriel 267,000
av IMEVEN, ooo oo ac 438,000
4, Oberon 586,000
Neptune’s: I 354,000

PT ETN ORS LPR) OR

A a Oa ome) ere) eA eO Le

* Motion retrograde. Notes: Jovian; 1st 4 called Galilean; eccentricity 6, 7, 8, 9; 0.15, 0.21, 0.38, 0.25; masses
I, 2, 3, 4; 1.00, 0.65, 2.10, 0.58 of moon. 6, 7 orbits angle 29° and 28° to Jupiter's; 8, 32° or more properly, 148°.
9, inclination of orbit 156° to planets. Saturnian; Hyperion, mass., 1.86 X moon; Phoebe, eccentricity 0.17;
inclination 5°3’ or 174°7’. Uranus; orbits inclined 82°.2 to ecliptic, in that plane revolve backward = 97°.8 to
ecliptic and direct motion. Neptune; inclination, 40°. All other satellites are small eccentricity, mass and
inclinations. The mass of Saturn’s ring < 1/1000000 Saturn’s mass.

TABLE 762.—Diameters of the Planets

From critical review by Rabe, Astron. Nach., 234, 154, 1928. Solar parallax taken as
8” 800, earth’s radius 6738 km. Order of p.e. + 0.04 for planets.

Diameter At Diameter
km earth Object sass =
=I parent

Mercury f 5140 0.403 Saturn: Equat... 9.539 17.44 120600

Object km earth

12620 -989 Polanac ve 15.77. 109000

12756 1.000 Outer ring 40.29 278500

Mars: Equat... 6860 -538 Crepe ring 20.83 144000

Polars2- 6820 -535 Uranus 19.19 3.84 53400

Jupiter: Equat. 5.203 143600 11.26 Neptune. ...... 30.06 2.28 49700
Polar. . 134800 10.57

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 763-765 607

TABLE 763.—Planetary and Satellite Distances as Connected by Bode’s Law;
Later Developments

It is notable that the planetary and satellite distances from their primaries approximately follow
Bode’s law or some modification thereof. Bode’s law: Write a series of fours; to the 2nd add 3; to the
3rd, 3 X 2 or 6; to the 4th, 6 X 2, or 12; etc., doubling the added number each time. Jeans states: ‘It is
nore than likely that Bode’s law isa mere coincidence” (1929). Penniston (Science, 71, 513, 1930) suggests
ridding to the square of the integer the integer itself, thus assuming that the terms differ from the square
of the integers by a progressively changing amount. See also Caswell, Science, 60, 384, 1929; Armellini,
Scientia, 12, I, 1918; 1, 1922.*

Cas-
well’s System Satellite
law

Cas-
well’s
law

Relative] New | Bode’s
distance| law law

Relative] New | Bode’s
distance] law law

System Satellite

Mercury 3.87 4 3.82 || Saturn Mimas 10.0 10 10.6
Venus 7.23 77 6.80 y Enceladus 12.8 ee Sane ee
Earth 10.0 10 10.6 be Tethys 15.8 15 15.3
Mars 15.2 16 15.3 es Dione 20.3 21 3 20.8
Ceres 27.7 28 27ea re Rhea 28.0 28 Tee
Jupiter 52.0 52 51.4 : Titan 66.0 66 61.2
Saturn 95-3 95.6 Themis 78.1 78 83.1
Uranus I9I.0 187.0 Hyperion 79.0 78 83.1
Neptune 300.0 310.0 Iapetus 190.0 190 196 187.0
“Pluto” ehte 408.0 Phoebe 698.0 703 772 712.0
oieus 435.0 Uranus Ariel 10.0 10 10 10.6
Mars Phobos 1.00 1.70? s Umbriel 14.1 15 16 15.3
oe Deimos 3.22 3.82 ce Titania 22.8 21 sae 20.8
Jupiter V 2.71 3.82 ‘ Oberon 30.4 28 28 27.2
ES I 6.27 6.80
II 10.0 10.6
III T1523 * See also Narlicker, Philos. Mag. 12, 67, 1931, with
27.2 note by Larmor. Sir G. Darwin was inclined to regard
VI 170.0 Bode’'s Law a subject for serious discussion. See Turner,
VII 170.0 Blagg, M. N. R. A. S. 73, 414, 1913. See Pruett, Pop.
VIII 357.0 Astron. 39, 360, 1931.
Ix 382.0

TABLE 764.—Albedos

The albedo, according to Bond, is defined as follows: ‘‘Let a sphere S be exposed to parallel light. Then
ts albedo is the ratio of the whole amount reflected from S to the whole amount of light incident on it.”
n the following table, m = the stellar magnitude at mean opposition; g = magnitude it would have at
ull phase and unit distance from earth and sun; o = assumed mean semi-diameter at unit distance;
) = ratio of observed brightness at full phase to that of a flat disk of same size and same position, illumi-
ated and viewed normally and reflecting all the incident light according to Lambert’s law; g depends
n law of variation of light with phase; albedo = pq. Russell, Astrophys. Journ., 43, 173, 1916.

Albedo of the earth: A reduction of Very’s observations by Russell gives 0.45 in close agreement with
he recent value of Aldrich of 0.43 (see Aldrich, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 69, no.10, 1919).

os Photo-

: Visual Color :

Object m g o p q s : graphic

albedo index Albedo
ROO ere yehe ss .crteys col cae ae ch auexepecee —12.55 +0.40 2.40"" 0.105 0.694 0.073 +1.18 0.051
MM ERCULY An lycris ee eee —2.94 — .88 3.45 -164 -42 -069 Pars BBS
BLM Actas 8 kts apts s ene fauey aide —2.12 — .06 3-45 .077 .72 -055 eeaite Behe.
BRPRINS sce a ete ciatens te emcee —4.77 —4.06 8.55 +492 1.20 +59 + .78 -60
NVPCATS Byere shen ner orotic ate citie eos —1.85 —1.36 4.07 -139 Toor 154 +1.38 .090
BPEL STs oh vetoes 0d, = craters ecco —2.20 —8.99 05.23 -375 D5 -50: + .50 2735
Set eee ote yet Se men Sere + .89 —8.67 77.95 .420 Tease 203: +1.12 AT
RO GATH US fapev ssc cic 2 fe, 5. hae canes +5.74 —6.98 36.0 -42 1.5: 203): ae Shes

Sette Oe ee, aL: A g 34.5 -49 Ti58 We

TABLE 765.—Equation of Time
The equation of time when + is to be added to the apparent solar time to give mean time. When the
lace is not on a standard meridian (75th, etc.) its difference in longitude in time from that meridian
just be subtracted when east, added when west to get standard time (75th meridian time, etc.). The
quation varies from year to year cyclically, and the figure following the + sign gives a rough idea of

his variation.

IMITHSONIAN TABLES

608 TABLES 766-769
SOLAR RADIATION
TABLE '766.—The Solar Constant

Solar constant (amount of energy falling at normal incidence on one square centimeter per
minute on body at earth’s mean distance) = 1.932 calories = mean 696 determinations 1902—12.
Apparently subject to variations, usually within the range of 7 per cent, and occurring irregularly
in periods of a week or ten days.

Computed effective temperature of the sun: from form of black-body curves, 6000° to 7000°
Absolute ; from Amax. = 2930 and max. = 0.470, 6230° ; from total radiation, J = 76.8x10-¥ x T4,
5830°.

TABLE 767,—Solar spectrum energy (arbitrary units) and its transmission by the earth’s atmosphere.

Values computed from em == €oa™, where em is the intensity of solar energy after transmission
through a mass of air m; m is unity when the sun is in the zenith, and approximately = sec.
zenith distance for other positions (see table778) ; ¢9 =the energy which would have been ob-
served had there been no absorbing atmosphere; a is the fractional amount observed when the
sun is in the zenith.

Transmission coef- Intensity Solar Energy aubicary

ficients, a

One mile

Mount Wilson Washington
(altitude 1675 m) | (sea-level)

Wave length
ML

Whitney
nearest
earth

‘lransmission coefficients are for period when there was apparently no volcanic dust in the air.
* Possibly too high because of increased humidity towards noon. 7 Altitude 4420 m.

TABLE 768.—The amount of Solar Radiation in different sections of the spectrum, ultra-violet,
visual infra-red. Calories

Wave length. Mount Whitney. Mount Wilson. Washington.

Bb

TABLE 769,—Distribution of intensity (Radiation) over the Solar Disk
(These observations extend over only a small portion of a sun-spot cycle.)

Wave BM | B be Mm | B BR | Me Mw Me M
length. D 323 | 0.386 | 0 433 |0.456 | 0.481] 0.501 0.534 | 0.604 | 0.670 | 0.699 | 0.866

0.55 | 120 | 289 | 395 | 455 | 456 | 437 | 417 | 365 | 308 | 284 | 163
0.65 112 267 368 428 430 | 414 396 | 348 295 273 159
0.75 240 333 390 | 394 380 | 366 | 326 281 258 152

- (0.00 | 144 | 338 | 456 | 515 | str | 489 | 463 | 399 | 333 | 307 | 174
|
99

Be 86 | 214 | 206 | 351 | 358 337 | 304 | 262 | 243 | 145

|
0.40 128 | 312 423 486 | 483 463 440 382 320 295 169

0.875 76 188 266 317 | 324 312 284 | 247 229 138
0.92 64 163 233) 19277 al 290 281 | 259 | 227 | 212 130
L0.95 49 141 205 | 242 | 255 254 | 237 | 210 | 195 122

un
ae
s
cS
%
<
°
5
o
«
-
ce

Taken from vols. II and III and unpublished data of the Astrophysical Observatory of the
Smithsonian Institution. Schwartzchild and Villiger: Astrophysical Journal, 23, 1906.

SmiTHSONIAN TABLES.

TABLES 770 AND 771 609g
TABLE 770.—The Solar Constant,* Decade Means (See Tables 771 and 772)

Decade 1918 1919 1920 19021 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929

1.968 I. 1.924 1.946 1.937 1.945 1.944 1.939 I.941 1.925
1-967, 0. 1.946 1.939 1.943 1.938 1.931 1.941
1.959 1.952 1.933 1.931 1.942 1.939

1.958 I.QII 1.934 1.938 1.938 I. 1.947 1.937
1.954 I. 1.947 1.951 1.943 I. 1.939 I. 1.941 1.925
1.956 I. 1.948 1.923 1.938 I. 1.929 1.934 1.925
1.959 I. 1.949 1.929 1.947 I. 1.941 1.950 1.932
1.948 I. 1.939 1.936 1.944 I. 1.948 I. 1.945 1.931
1.932 1-92201-030 1.042)e 1.932 i. 1.945 1.932

1.948 I. 1.930 1.934 1.942 I. 1.927 1.946 1.932
1.956 1.941 1.937 1.928 1.948 I. 1.937 1.940 1.942
1.952) 0. 1-925) D-O34 IL O47ke 1.939 1.945 1-940 1.938

1.950 I. 1.924 1.934 1.944 I. 1.937 1-947 1.943 1.936
1.961 I. 1.935 1.948 1.950 1.938 1.944 1.951 1.941
1.950 I. 1.937 1.950 I. 1.942 1.944 1.949 1.937

1943) 1. : 1.918 1.957 I. 1.939 1.950 1.947 1.938
1.9340. 3 1.934 1.956 I. 1.946 1.943 1.948 1.932
1.938 I. : 1.933 1.953 I. 1.945 1.945 1.951 1.932

1.945 I. .904 1.934 1.946 1.952 1.942 1.949 1.943 1.935
1.940 I. i 1.928) 1.951 1: 1.949 1.942 1.942 1.931
1.950 I.95I I. : 1.944 1.942 I. 1.944 1.946 1.940 1.935

1.961 1.930 I. q 1.942 1.950 I. 1.945 1.942 1.943 1-931
1.942 1.927 ; 1.940 1.940 I. 1.942 I.94I 1.937 1.932
1.955 1.932 ; 1.941 1.933 I. 1.942 1.941 1.930

1.938 1.951 1.948 1.941 I. 1.942 1.940 1.926
1.942 1.944 : 1.947 1.950 I. 1.940 1.942 I. 1.928
1.937 1.944 I. : 1.945 1.946 I. 1.943 1.950 I. 1.929

1.947 1.942 I. : 1.942 1.953 I. 1.938 1.945 I. 1.928
1.949 1.950 I. : 1.944 1.949 I. 1.937 1.944 I. 1.934
1.960 1.943 I. 1.940 1.948 I. 1.929 1.943 I. 1.926

1.958 I.951 I. : 1.935 1.948 I. 1.93I 1.945 1.924 1.932
1.951 1.946 I. F 1.945 1.951 I. 1.926 1.943 1.932 1.936
1.948 1.945 I. : 1.945 1.945 I. 1.930 1.944 I. 1.939
1.944 1.957 I. 3 1.942 1.942 I. 1.935 1.949 I. 1.941
1.949 1.957 I. : 1.942 1.947 I. 1.931 1.935 I. 1.939
1.958 : 1.921 1.939 I. 1.935 1.939 I. 1.940

I91I9 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929

1.964 1.955 1.948 1.946 1.942 1.943 1.941 1.938 1.940 1.938
1.956 1.956 1.943 1.930 1.939 1.943 1.938 1.943 1.943 1.929
1.945 1.949 1.938 1.932 1.945 1.939 1.939 1.942 1.946 1.931
1.952 1.944 1.931 1.932 1.946 1.947 1.934 1.944 1.942 1.937
I.953 1-943 1.925 1.936 1.948 1.950 1.939 1.945 1.947 1.938
1.939 1.939 1.914 1.928 1.956 1.945 1-944 1.946 1.948 1.934
1.945 1.956 1.912 1.936 1.946 1.951 1.944 1.945 1.942 1.933
1.954 1.953 1.930 1.944 1.919 1.941 1.940 1.945 1.944 1.941 1.937 1.931
1.944. 1.939 1.947 1.969 1.923 1.947 1.946 1.950 1.942 1.944 1.927 1.928
1.939 1.953 1.944 1.962 1.927 I.942 1.949 1.946 1.934 1.944 1.930 1.929
1.941 1.953 1.948 1.951 1.929 1.942 1.948 1.946 1.929 1.944 1.929 1.936
1.962 1.950 1.957 1.953 1-915 1.933 1-942 1.945 1.932 1.942 1.926 1.940

1.948 1.952 1.927 1.937 1.946 1.946 1.938 1.943 1.938 1.934

* In calories/cm2/min. at earth’s mean distance from sun (Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory).

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 772-774
TABLE 772.—The Solar Constant, 1930, 1931

610

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

1.938 1.933 1-940 1.941 1.945 1.949 1.945 1.946 1.942 1.939 1.943 1.945
1.937 1-939 1.937 1.938 1.948 1.944 1.949 1.947 1.929 1.941 1.943 1.948

Year

1.942
1.942
1.941

1930 I
Decades 2

3 _|_ 1-929 1.942 1.940 1.941 1.942 1.941 1.947 1-943 1.939 1.939 1.949 1.945

Means

1931 I
Decades 2

Means

1.936 1.938 1-939 1.940 1.944 1.943 1.947

1.945 1.937 1.940 1.944 1.947

1.944 1.942 1.932 1.948 1.936 1.943 1.954
1.944 1.945 1.945 1.948 1.948 1.948 1.949
1.941 1.948 1.936 1.947 1.946 1.943

1-944 1.943 1-944 1.945 1.944 1.946 1.949

1.948 1.946 1.939 1.943 1-945
1.948 1.948 1.941 1.943 1.948
1.943 1-945 1-939 1.949 1.945

1.946 1.946 1.940 1.944 1.947

1.942
1.943
1.946
1.944
1.945

TABLE 773.— Wolf’s Observed Sun-Spot Numbers. Annual Means

Sun-spot number = k(10 X number of groups and single spots observed + total number of spots ir
groups and single spots). k depends on condition of observation and telescope, equaling unity for Wol
with 3-in. telescope and power of 64. Wolf’s numbers are closely proportional to spotted area on sun
100 corresponds to about 1/500 of visible disk covered (umbras and penumbras). Periodicity: mean
11.13, extremes, 7.3 and 17.1 years. Terr. Magn. 30, 83, 1925, monthly means 1749-1924. See A. Wolfe:
in Astronomische Mitteilungen and Zeitschrift fiir Meteorologie, daily and monthly values. See als
Bull. for Character Figures of Solar Phenomena, Int. Astron. Union, Eidgen, Zurich, for spots and othe
solar phenomena. Also, Terr. Magn. and Atm. Elec., 33, 223, 1928, for central spots, 1917 to 1927.

NotE—The sun’s apparent magnitude is —26.5, sending the earth 90,000,000,000 times as much light
as the star Aldebaran. Its absolute magnitude is + 4.8.
Ratio of total radiation of sun to that of moon about 100,000 to oe 1
ae ac “é light ae ae ae “ec “ec ae ae 400,000 to I ang. ey.

TABLE 774.—Duration of Sunshine

: +10° Sus Seo |) ares 27)

Approx. Mar. 21 Apr. 16 May 1 May 20

date: Sept. 23 Aug. 28 | Aug.13 | Jan. 24
Latitude hy em h m h hem

0° 12) 07a 2 O72 | 2 I2 07

10° 21 29 43

Bri 52 20

55 19 05

Declination] —23° 27’
of sun:

Dec. 22 June 21

LF, 53 OI

48 40 23
09 13 23
36 57 52
15 OI 03
15 50 aa

05 oe

For more extensive table, see Smithsonian Meteorological Tables
SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 775-778 611

ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPARENCY AND SOLAR DATA
TABLE 775.—Transmission of Radiation Through Moist and Dry Air

This table gives the wave-length, A; a the transmission of radiation by dry air above Mount
Wilson (altitude = 1730 m. barometer, 620 mm.) for a body in the zenith ; finally a correction fac-
tor, ay, due to such a quantity of aqueous vapor in the air that if condensed it would form a layer
Icm. thick. Except in the bands of selective absorption due to the air, a agrees very closely with
what would be expected from purely molecular scattering. ay is very much smaller than would be
correspondingly expected, due possibly to the formation of ions by the ultra-violet light from the
sun. The transmission varies from day to day. However, values for clear days computed as fol-
lows agree within a per cent or two of those observed when the altitude of the place is such that
the effect due to dust may be neglected, e. g. for altitudes greater than 1000 meters. If B=

B
the barometric pressure in mm., w, the amount of precipitable water in cm., then ap —=a™ ay. w is
best determined spectroscopically (Astrophysical Jeumealy 35, P- 149, 1912, 37, P- 359, 1913) other-
1

wise by formula derived from Hann, w= 2.3ewio 70, ey being the vapor pressure in cm. at the
station, h, the altitude in meters. See Table 449 for long-wave transmission.

Fowle, Astrophysical Journal, 38, 1913.

TABLE 776,—Brightness of (radiation from) Sky at Mt. Wilson (1730 m.) and Flint Island (sea-tevel)

108 X mean ratio sky/sun “Mt. Wilson 1500*| 400 | 520] 610 660 Joo 720

Flint Island . : 115 122 128 150 185 210 460

Ditto X area of zone Mt Wilson . # | Sync)! 5828))|| oxes, || 87220) to4sg) |) 11726) tests
«6 a gs Flint Island . : 329) t7-on | 22sei|ened 29.2 35-3 | 80.0 |

Zenith dist. of zone . : : | 0-15°| 15-35°|35-50°|50-60° 60-70°| 70-809) 80-g0°|

Sun's brightness, cal. perc cm.? 2 per min. - =533))|) GOO) r-233n|er-355) || naps
Ditto on horizontal surface \\) = .046 | .233 524 -780 | 1.041 |
Mean brightness on normal surface sky x 108/sun - 423 403 385 365 346
| Total sky radiation on horizontal cal. per cm.? .

per m. : , : - ; - - .056 | .110 162 189 .205
| Total sun + sky, ditto < ; ; : ; - 102 | .343 686 .969 .246

Altitude of sun . ‘ . : | | co Merce 25° B50 Ane

* Includes allowance for bright region near sun. For the dates upon which the observation of the upper portion of
table were taken, the mean ratios of total radiation sky/sun, for equal angular areas, at normal incidence, at the island
and on the mountain, respectively, were 636 X 1o—8 and 210 X 10— 5, on a horizontal surface, 305 X 1o—8 and 77 X 10-8;
for the whole sky, at normal incidence, 0.57 and 0.20; on a horizontal surface o. 27 and o.07. Annals of the Astro:
physical Observatory of the Smithsonian Institution, vols. [I and III, and unpublished researches (Abbot).

TABLE 777.,—Relative Distribution in Normal Spectrum of Svnlight and Sky-light at Mount Wilson
Zenith distance about 50°.

Place in Spectrum
Intensity Sunlight
Intensity Sky-light

Ratio at Mt. Wilson

Ratio computed by Rayleigh
Ratio observed by Rayleigh

TABLE 778.— Air Masses

See Table 767 for definition. Besides values derived from the pure secant formula, the table
contains those derived from various other more complex formula, taking into account the curva-
ture of the earth, refraction, etc. [he most recent is that of Bemporad.

Zenith Dist.

Secant

Forbes
Bouguer
Laplace
Bemporad

—

NNN NN

The Laplace and Bemporad values, Lindholm, Nova Acta R. Soc. Upsal. 3, 1913: the others, Radau’s Actino-
metric, 1877.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

612

TABLE 779

SOLAR DATA
58 Elements Known in the Sun’s Atmosphere
Taken, with additions and corrections, from St. John’s Revision of Rowland. Papers of

Mount Wilson Observatory, vol. 3 (Carnegie Inst. Publ. 396, 1928).

Atomic state
At. no., Reversing layer.
element
No. Max.
lines int

No.
lines

Max.
int.

mw nh cournu Ho

OuOr SRE On EOE miOo

*) 5875.618 He often present (absorption) over disturbed regions of disk.
§ Possibly TiO: in red.

chromosphere. {Only in chromosphere or spots.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

Chromosphere or spots.{

Molecular state
Band lines

No.
lines

Max.

ae Source

OH; NH VCH | -DyS>||
30 100 Chr { MgH; CaH Spots
30 40 Chr

I 4 Spots
BO
CN GHEa(E—)
NH; CN
OH; TiO §

MgH

+ 4685.81 He+1N, present in
|| Present in disk and spots.

TABLE 780 613
SOLAR DATA

Quantitative Estimates of Composition of Solar Atmosphere
(Taken from Russell, Astrophys. Journ., 70, I1, 1920.)

In the chromosphere a deep layer of gases is held up by radiation pressure. The (gas) pressure, », and
density, d, increase slowly downwards as gravity gradually balances the radiation pressure. At the base p
may be about 107 atmosphere. At lower levels is the reversing layer in which gravity is dominant, p
increases rapidly, and temperature remains nearly constant at 5000° K., as long as the gases are trans-
parent. When p < 0.01 atm. general absorption by electron collisions make gas hazy. Opacity gains
greatly with p, passes rapidly to the photosphere. When opacity important, temperature rises (radiative
equilibrium, Schwarzschild, Eddington). Observed photospheric temperature = mean value of the
radiating layers (Russell, Stewart, Astrophys. Journ. 59, 197, 1924).

The presence and absence of lines of different elements depends on the excitation potential. Almost
all the elements for which this is less than 5 volts appear. There are very few other lines except the strong
ones of H. The level of ionization in solar atmosphere is such that those of 8.3 volts are 50% ionized.

Na, Mg, Si, K, Ca, and Fe are 95% of the whole mass. Number of metallic atoms above cm? of surface
= 8 X 10°. 80% are ionized. Mean atomic weight = 32, total mass 42 mg/cm. Even atomic weights
10 times as abundant as odd. Heavy metals (Ba onwards) little less abundant than those beyond Sr.
Hypothesis that heavy metals sink below photosphere thus not confirmed. Metals Na-Zn far most
common. Most elements not appearing in the table would hardly be expected to show spectral lines under
solar conditions.

Nonmetal abundance difficult to estimate. O is as abundant by weight as all metals together. Atmosphere
= 60 H by vol., 2 He, 2 O, 1 of metallic vapors, 0.8, free electrons. Temperature of reversing layer =
5600° K.; pressure at its base 0.005 atm.

In the following table, S, = whole no. neutral atom/cm?2; Sj, no. ionized; T, total no. both stages of
ionization; Q, total mass/em? = T X at. wt. :, ::, indicate less accuracy; ?, origin doubtful.

El. logSo logSi log T log@Q El. log So log Si log T El. logSo log Si log T
Tl 5: e553 Cul) 4.3 | 4:9). 55:0 2nd
: Zn 4.9 3.8 — 4.9 0.6: 0.6:
Ga Oe AWS | AOE 210) | 2:0
Ge 2ES 2 Sesto Testy es5
As 0.6 —0.7? 0.6? req 14's
Rb e255) Wize Peli eli:
Sr O10 4373nes HAdR — FI(Se
Vt O18), 926) 82:6 me Opis
Zr O19 255) 255 Place | Oyu saynl
Cb —0.2: 1.0: 1.0: —0.I —O.I 0.2
MOL O:5 4. 11-44 ed —0.5? —0.5? —0.2?
Ru 1-ON) MeO) Ie Te5)) leO) 1-6
Rh —osy 40:5 | 0:5 —0.8? 1.4?
Pd OL OG) ih Ou ale2
1H OO) : 1.0
CdR 2s aieG seo
In —2.0: 0.0: 0.0:
Sn OrialeoP eho
Sb Or: 10172) O13:
Ba —o0.2 ‘ 353
a! : ; 1.8

2
co
is
oN

t
co

a
NI

Wee
© Wee

_

TNO NN D DY G0 cont CONI.O KO CDN
DAW CO DY bv

hONHL ANO oo
YNNNWWWWE

3.2
E:3
3.0
2.1
3.0
1.4

CAREY EOO NE HORA DAY
"Wee

AAMANAAAMAN IW NAW ANN + ox
NP ONION ON OD OBRN NW
DAAIAAAAO NAMM ANNWON Tt
ONDNON ON AN ONWRONORD
Oh ODRUOHOL bb DOK DHNUG
OROWBHHKHOHAY

4.0
7.0
4.6
7.0
5-7:
2.8):
4.6
1.9
3.6
1.9
4-4
5.1
6.7
5.1
5-7

CWO HUD

Comparison of above values with values of Payne by a very different process show good agreement
except for H (Payne 12.9, Russell, 11.5, the latter uncertain) and K, (Payne 5.3, Russell 6.8; the former
probably too low).

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

614 TABLES 781 AND 782
SOLAR DATA
TABLE 781.—Abundance of Elements in Sun, Earth, and Meteorites

(Taken from Russell, Astrophys. Journ., 70, 66, 1929.)

Sun Earth D i ee el. Sun Earth E—S

8.6 : : i Ni , : — 1.0
2 — 0.5
— 08

— 3.2
— 1:
= Te Oirtrcncys
— 0.5:

©)ZA@)jae

Quis

+ 0.1

SHO TN NAN © 9 DON110
bo

RODRNOWH i Coo}
CUO SE ENGO. S91 00 COO NOR

Com HOH

Ee 5 indicates less accuracy.
23
2 ? indicates doubtful origin.

TABLE 782.—Abbot-Priest Solar Energy Curve (Sea-Level)

380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720

eo ELECT aa ETT tele ee
HLT TT Tei te ger rat eye Pee tat Tt tt tT
oot tlt Ti xaet | att ae eet te TTT
a
Zoot tt tte tela loli Tt | Ty eee ae
2 COAT ree
wg ET TT ia i a a
I I eT SE SVS TST ATA aS
eee Ae ee ae R eR aaa es
NOT Te) SER CTT) SO A a
weg Spee
SG

is igo ase ileal Smnitsoien Gere High Atmos. Trans., Summer Sol.

Washington Summer Sol.
(Abbot et al: Ann.Astrop. 4) Av. Atmos. Trans. ore Sol.

30 Petes (a (a eepencr Fol wt te

o

o

e
Bureau of Standards) [Low Atmos. Trans.,Winter Sol. » 2»
0.S.A. Colorim. Com. “Mean” of x

20 Smithsonian Data (J.0.S.A.6, p. 563)
ep a STANDARD PROPOSED BY PRIEST } 6-6-6)

(Artificial Sunlight for Colorimetric Use

Oo
380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720
WAVE LENGTH my

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

|
TABLES 783 AND 784 615

STELLAR DATA |

TABLE 783.—Constellation Abbreviations (Astron. Union, 1922)
|

|

Andromeda Gircinus#ee

/aNaud bea 2 6 BeegkOeeer Ant
Coma Beren. .

Aquarius....... Corona Aust. . Reticulum. ...
Corona Bor... ibrar Lei Sagittane ane es 5
Cornvusyoa ee ; Sagittarius....S
Gratera 4-2 © te
Crue yt:
Cyonusras! aun

@aelumi arr Delphinus.... Microscopium. Mic

Camelopardalis. Doradon. 55 Monoceros . . . Mon

Gancenye eee ce Draco ee Wiisedeeea ess

Canes Venatici.. Telescopium. .

Canis Major.... ct. «6 Triangulum...

eee Vin Ota See Ophiuchus.... ae AUStiE ly

Capricornus.... ee uCanans. lec

Garinaer een Pavowmener Ursa Major...

Cassiopeia Hercules... . Pegasus

Centaurus Horologium...

Cenheus. «i. 7 ce Elvdtaie eens” Phoenix...... Phe
Ebydiusmaere. oiivie bicton eee enIc

Chamaeleon... . Indus Pisces Vulpecula....

TABLE 784.—Occurrence and Abundance of Elements in the Stars

(Shapley, 1931. Payne, Stellar atmosphere, 1925. I, II, III, IV denote the occurrence of
the neutral, once, twice, and thrice ionized atom. For the sun see Tables 780 and 781.)

10.2

1.9

[ II III 6.4
II II

Iai id 8.0

© ON AUF WN

Pe ed

Elements of higher atomic number than 68 have not been noted.
* Abundance 3.5. +t Abundance, 3.0.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

616 TABLE 785
STELLAR SYSTEMS
(See Shapley, Harvard Reprint 68, 1931, Harvard Explorations, Science, 74, 207, 1931.)

The solar neighborhood distance of 50 light-years, explored chiefly through the motions
of nearby stars. A large majority are of less than solar luminosity, most below naked eye
visibility. Only 40% of the stars known to be nearer than 16 light-years are brighter than
the 6th magnitude. Exploring the solar neighborhood therefore involves a search for

- telescopic dwarf stars. Any body 1/100 of sun’s mass within 1,000 astronomical units
(.o15 light year) would be detected by its disturbance on Neptune and Uranus even if
invisible (Russell). Nearest known star is 4 light-years distant (Proxima centauri,
TY Vian est ye

Region of brighter stars extending 500 light-years. The great majority of naked-eye
stars lie in this region, though some of unusually high intrinsic luminosity are farther
away. It includes probably 500,000 telescopic stars. Studied by proper motions, trigono-
metric and spectroscopic parallaxes, and photometry.

The local system.—Its diameter is several thousand light-years. There is good but not
incontrovertible evidence of a localized star cloud in our part of the galaxy. Its popula-
tion is in the tens or hundreds of millions of stars. Shapley considers it may be comparable
in dimensions and composition with Magellanic clouds or a typical spiral nebula. In-
vestigated principally statistically by spectra, magnitudes, and positions, and explored by
spectroscopic parallaxes, star counts, and structure of variable stars and galactic clusters.

The Milky Way with a radius much greater than 5000 light-years. The stars within
5000 light-years of the sun are a trifling part of the galactic system outlined by the
globular clusters and Milky Way clouds. The stars are so remote that proper motions
and spectroscopic analyses hopelessly fail. Statistical counts are of some help in the
nearer parts. But most of our knowledge comes from eclipsing binaries, long-period
variables, and Cepheids. The period-luminosity relation for Cepheid variables is the key
to practically all distances > a few 1000 light-years.

The Clouds of Magellan, nearly 100,000 light-years distant, nearest of all external
galaxies and the most easily studied. Great advantage; all of its varied manifestations
are seen at practically the same distance. These phenomena include gaseous nebulae, star
clusters, giant and supergiant stars, some 1500 known Cepheids in the Larger Cloud. In
this cloud 750 stars brighter than — 5.0 abs. mag. and over 200,000 brighter than the 0.0
have been estimated. The following gives an indication of the classes of stars measured in
and in front of the Larger Cloud and adjacent field.

G Kk M
771 768 385

206 172 77
565 506 308

The Super-Galaxies, 7,000,000 to 100,000,000 light-years distant. Composed of clusters
of extra-galactic nebulae. The relative diameters and brightnesses have been determined
for some of the super-galaxies. The most conspicuous is the Coma-Virgo cloud A, a
stream of several hundred bright spiral, spheroidal, and irregular galaxies, about 10° light-
years distant; its greatest length about 4 this. One of the richest and most distinct super-
galaxies is in Centaurus.

The Meta-Galaxy.—Great irregularity is found in the distribution of the objects
exterior to our galaxy—perhaps partly due to obscuring clouds in our system but much
attributable to aggregation of galaxies into super-systems and large indefinite streams.
We find no evidence that we have approached the limits of a populated universe—no
falling off in the number per cubic million light-years. The red-shift in the spectra of
distant galaxies may be taken as an observational, relativistic indication of an expanding
finite universe, “ but so far as the present census of the meta-galaxy goes, the total number
of galaxies and the radius of space may both be infinite” (Shapley),

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 786 AND 787 617
TABLE 786.—Stellar Spectra and Related Characteristics

The spectra of almost all the stars can be arranged in a continuous sequence, the various
types connected in a series of imperceptible gradations. With one unimportant exception,
the sequence is linear. According to the now generally adopted Harvard system of classifica-
tion, certain principal types of spectrum are designated by letters—O, B, A, F, G, K, M, R,
S, N, P, and Q—and the intermediate types by suffixed numbers. A spectrum halfway
between classes B and A is denoted B5, while those differing slightly from Class A in the
direction of Class B are called B8 or Bg. In Classes M and O the notation Ma, Mb, Mc,
etc., is employed. Classes R and N apparently form a side chain branching from the main
series near Class K.

The colors of the stars, the degree to which they are concentrated into the region of the
sky, including the Milky Way, and the average magnitudes of their peculiar velocities in
space, referred to the center of gravity of the naked-eye stars as a whole, all show important
correlations with the spectral type. In the case of colors, the correlation is so close as to
indicate that both spectrum and color depend almost entirely on the surface temperature
of the stars. The correlation in the other two cases, though statistically important, is by
no means as close.

Examples of all classes from O to M are found among the bright stars. The brightest
star of Class N is of magnitude 5.3; the brightest of Class R, 7.0. About 1% show bright

lines.
TABLE 787.—The Harvard Spectrum Classification

Principal spectral lines Number | Per cent . Effective Mean
Class (dark unless otherwise Example brighter In Color surface peculiar
stated) than 6.25,] galactic index tempera- | velocity,

mag. region ture, K. km/sec.

O Bright H lines, bright
spark lines of He,
ING@)<C vy Velorum
H, He, spark lines of
Nand O,a few spark
lines of metals e Orionis
H series very strong,
spark lines of metals.] Sirius
H lines fainter. Spark
andarclinesof metals} Canopus
Arc lines of metals,
spark lines very

Arc lines of metals,
spectrum faint in
Arcturus
Bands of TiOs, flame
andarclinesof metals} Antares
Bands of carbon, flame
and arc lines of BD:
—10° 5057

Bands ZrOs, metal

flame and arc lines;

in Se, bright H and

metallic lines of high

excitation. Latter

are always long

period variables. ...} 71 Gruis
Bands of carbon,

bright lines, very

little violet light... .| 19 Piscium
Isolated bright lines,

gaseous nebulae....
Novae (see Russell,

Dugan and Stewart,

Astronomy, p. 780).

Compiled mainly from the Harvard Annals. Temperatures based on the work of Wilsing and Scheiner
(see also pp. 632-3). Radial velocities from Campbell. Data for classes R and N from Curtis and Rufus. The
peculiar velocities are in the radial direction (towards or from the sun). The average velocities in space should
be twice as great. The ‘‘galact ic region” here means the zone between galactic latitudes -- 30°, and including
half the area of the heavens. 06 % of the stars of known spectra belong to classes A, F, G, K, 90.7 % including B
and M (Innes, 1919). Henry Draper Catalogue, 9 vols., 1918-24, with later volumes give positions, magnitudes
and spectra of more than 225,000 stars. See also Catalogue of Bright Stars. Schlesinger, Yale Univ, Obs., 1930.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

618 TABLES 788 AND 789

TABLE 788.—Values of Log (no. stars)/(sq. degree) Brighter Then Photographic
Magnitude, m, at Stated Galactic Latitudes

Ratio nos. Ratio
a successive nos. at
+90° +40° +-20° +10° magnitudes 0° to + 90°

0° —90° +90° =O0e

8.24 8.37 8.49 8. .65 8.50 8.25 8.07
8.72 8.85 8.95 9. d .94 8.71 8.62 13 2a)
9.18 9.31 9.41 5 5 235.0. LONO-OGn | 227, 2220
9:62) -9:77,19:57,, 10: ‘ -79 9.60 9.50 | 2.6 2.8
OlO5, (0.210233 0: : .23 0.04 9.92 | 2.6 2.9
O:4'7,50:05 10-7 7a: : 507, OF4s7MOL32 al 25.0)
3 0.87 1.08 1.21 : é AOS Q9eOn72)|ae2Au 3-0
1.26 1.50 1.64 I. - : D290 502) | 27455 250
T0390) 205 0 2. siecle WACKer LsAKey || ae) Zee:
DELO. 2-25 02h A 5 2s : -34 2.03 1.78 steer]
2-20),2-. 0025050 3: : N20 23B4y 2.02 (Om2.5
2.61 3:02) 3.25 32 : (07) 2-048 2:205|) L-Ou2- 4
2:90)/3.360))3.044 3. : -40 2.92 2.48 io) 2883
B55 3-07) 3.977 94: ‘ 16S" Selone-7On | mele ome
1.6 2.0
(Sears)... {5 1.9
ef tO

AL HOM

8.1
8.5
9.0
9.4
9.8

FOTO

oan

wo
NYHOOmMHOH

CON ie ge ee
HM WMD OWOD DAO

REESE NNNNNNNNW
Ne 4
ee eNO OL

SUN ODAAA ADDON

w&
BS

Taken from Publ. Groningen, van Rhijn, 1929, w hich see for far more detailed values
for both latitude and longitude. An excess of stars, especially S. of o° latitude, between
longitudes 240° and 60°, and a deficit elsewhere (Sears, Mt. Wilson Contributions, 301,
346, 347, also Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific, 40, 303, 1928).

TABLE 789.—Numbers and Equivalent Light of the Stars

The total of starlight is a sensible but very small amount. This table by Chapman, shows
that up to the 20th magnitude the total light emitted is equivalent to 687 Ist-magnitude
stars, equal to about the hundredth part of full moonlight. If all the remaining stars are
included, following the formula, the equivalent addition would be only three more Ist-
magnitude stars. The summation leaves off at a point where each additional magnitude is
adding more stars than the last. But, according to the formula, between the 23d and 24th
magnitudes there is a turning point, after which each new magnitude adds less than before.
The actual counts have been carried so near this turning point that there is no reasonable
doubt of its existence. Given its existence, the number of stars is probably finite, a conclusion
open to very little doubt. Van Rhijn estimates the total number of stars at 30,000,000,000.
Equivalent to 1440 stars of Ist visual magnitude in zenith, 1674 outside earth’s atmosphere.
zoo of radiation = 0.8 X 10% erg/cm?, Millikan’s cosmic radiation density = 4 X Io-*
erg/cm?

Totals
Equiva- to
Magnitude, Number lent magni- Magnitude, Number lent
m Ist mag. ° Ist mag.

TO 1M ROLGIUS a ! : 174,000
—0.9....| a Carinae te LO!O—1 1.0% 2 5 426,000
0.0..../a Centauri A WU CO=UAOS 5 oo 6 961,000
0:0-1.0%. .- 8 MPO Os 6 cng 0 2,020,000
UO 0 is 27 130-04 Onepeiee 3,960,000
2O—3- One 73 EALO—U5tOneerar: 7,820,000
BO MOs adc 189 15.0—10:0ne.- 14,040,000
AeOm 5 On sae 650 LO:O0—17, One 25,400,000
ORO Od sol 2p2OO 17 O-LOvOneraci 38,400,000
OHOFH/Osasc|| Octo isMO—NO)(Oo 6 oc 54,600,000
FOOL One| 22,550 0O:0—20:07 ee 76,000,000
8.0-9.0....| 65,000 Allstars fainter
than 20.0.

Pecnenity all the stars visible to the naked eye lie within rooo parsecs of the sun, and
most of them are more than 100 parsecs distant. In the vicinity of the sun, the majority of
the stars lie within two or three hundred parsecs of the galactic plane; but along this plane
the star-filled region extends far beyond rooo parsecs in all directions, and may reach
30,000 parsecs in the great southern star clouds (Shapley).

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

Achernar
Aldebaranf....
Capella tt
Rigel*t ae
Betelgeusef§.. .|0.6-1.

Procyon*
Pollux§

Regulust
a Crucis*

B

8 Centaurif...

Arcturus

a Centauri*...

Fomalhaut....

HH ODOHOOOHHHHHO
WWOHNWNHONMNHWHYN

TABLES 790-791

Dec.
1900

Sl Cy
8

+16
+45
— 8

ated
—52
—16
Sia
+28
+12
—62
ay)
—I10
OD)
+19
—60
—26

TABLE 790.—The First-Magnitude Stars

619

Annual

proper

motion,

Tv

Parallax

+Ht+++tt | +4+tt++4+4+4+44+

Pht itt+its t+++++

Radial
velocity

NNNWU*

H

N
WWHWTHWTOWWNOH NOUN’

SCMHADORAOCOHONA BW OAKH

* Visual binary. + Spectroscopic binary.

within these limits. (Van Maanen, Mt. Wilson, 1930.)

a Centauri
Ps ry)

“

Wolf 359
Lalande 21185
a Canis Majoris
peat ce
Innes’ star

Kriiger 60

Lacaille 9352

Van Maanen’s star

Lacaille 8760
Gou 32416
WB 10h 234
Lalande 25372

Oe Arg 17415-6....

Wolf 562
Groombr. 1618
BD +43°4305
40 Eridani

a Aquilae
Our sun

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

22

Right
Ascension
1900

he m2

32.8
32.8
32.8
52.9
51.6
57-9
40.7
40.7
12.0
24.8
34.1
34.1

wo
©
-

7-7

2.4

2.4
28.2
41.8
41.8
55-7
12.5
12.5
24.5
24.5
59.4
43.9
11.4
59-5

Bw RH
nae
wnonn

He
o°
a4

Declination
1900

,

—60 25
—60 25
—60 25
+ 4 28

37
38
34
34

2
24
29
29
28
59
15
15
48
29
29
I2
27
27
12
12
26
55
15
51
22
26
26
21
58
48
49
49
36

|
tv

App.
mag.

0.33
1.70

(10.5)

9.67

13.5

7.60

— 1.58

8.44

(12)

9.5
0.48

(12.5)

3.65
8.3

5-57
6.28
3.81
9.33

10.01

SIONS SOLON ONONOSOAOICNN
oo

sIronau oT Cn Ec

NO

¢ Pair with common proper motion.

Mass relative to sun of (7) is 3.1; of (8), 1.5; of (16), 2.0. For description of types, see Table 787 or Annals of
Harvard College Observatory, 28, p. 146, or more concisely 56, p. 66, and o1, p. 5. The light ratio between suc-

cessive stellar magnitudes is ~/ 100 or the number whose logarithm is 0.4000, viz., 2.512. The absolute magnitude
of a star is its magnitude reduced to a distance corresponding to 0.1’” parallax = 5+5 log x.

TABLE 791.—Stars Known to be Within Five Parsecs of the Sun

-The number of stars (doubles counted as singles) per cubic parsec in the neighborhood
of the sun has been estimated as 0.0451 (Kapteyn, Van Rhijn, Astron. Journ., 52, 32, 1920).
This gives as expectance of 24 within 5 parsecs and 12 nearer than 4. The numbers actually
known are 28 and 1g. It seems improbable that we should already know practically all
See note bottom page 620.

See Luyten, Ann. Harvard Obs., 85, 1923, for stars within 10 parsecs.

Parallax

a”

-763
-763
-763
-538
-407
-380
-358
-358
+345
=3 27,
-318
-318
-318
.310
-305
-305
«301
+293
+203
-280
+277
+277
-258
-258
.250
-250
-232
-220
27
223.
2090
2090
-208
-208
-200
-200
-198

§ Wide pair probably optical

Abs.
mag.

4-74
6.11
14.9
13.32
16.5
10.5
1.19
TI 20
14.69
12.1
2.99
15.0
6.16
10.8
7.99
8.70
6.21
ery
12.4
7.08
10.19
13.26

Spectrum Proper
motion

7

3.66

3.66
(3.66)
10.30

4.84
4-77
1.32
1.32
2.69
1.24
I.24
1.24
1.92
8.70
5.21
5.21

-97
2.28
2.28
4.67
2.85
2.85

-94

+94
7.02

620 TABLES 792-795
SPECTROSCOPIC DATA

(Mostly derived by permission from Russell, Dugan, and Stewart, Astronomy,
Ginn & Co., 1917.)

TABLE 792.—Percentage of Stars of Various Spectrum Classes
(Henry Draper Catalogue)

Visual B A Fr G . M
magnitude (Boto Bs) (B8toA3) (Asto F2) (FstoGo) (Gsto K2) (Ksto M8)

Brighter than 2.24... 28 28 10 15 12
22o tO. 2 19 12 22 12
3.25 to 22 12 35

8
4.25 to 27 12 30 10
525 to 38 10 28 6
O25" tony 30 14 33 7
7.25, to 26 16 37 8
8.25 to 27 21 34 7
Below 9.25 33 20 4
All together 20 33 6

Among 6000 brighter than 6.25 m only 20 are recorded at Harvard as Class O, 8 of N.
The brightest stars of Class O are y Velorum (2.22 m) and ¢ Puppis (2.27 m) ; of Class N,
19 Piscium (5.30 m); only about 70 of Class R and 20 of S known. Brightest R,

— 10°5057, (7.04 m); S, 2 Gruis (6.65 m).

TABLE 793.—Galactic Concentration of Various Spectrum Classes
(Henry Draper Catalogue)

Star density per 100 sq. degrees. O stars entirely confined to Milky Way. N stars also

strong galactic concentration.

TABLE 794.—Distribution of Binaries as to Spectrum Class

Brighter 8.75 mag. No. Bo—A3 As—F2 Fs—G2 Gs5—K2 Ks—M
All stars 24 II 19 35 8
Visual pairs _ 32 14 28 21 I
Eclipsing pairs 2 58 12 8 3 I
Visual orbits 16 15 47 17 . fl

Class As to F3 F3 to G5
No. of stars od 12 12
Inferior limit M,sin‘l... : : ; 1.4 1.2
: Messin‘... : : t 1.1 Tar

79 89

Note.—16 Urs. Maj., spec. binary, F8 dwarf, RA9’6™, dec. + 61° 51’, annual p. m.

0.032”, M + 4, 7 0.06, rad. veloc. — 15.0 km/sec. in about 10° yrs will pass within 2 parsecs
of sun. Barnard’s star and a Centauri are only two stars known closer than 2 parsecs.
They will pass the sun distant 1.1 and 0.93 parsecs. Kapteyn’s star was distant 1.6 parsecs
10,000 years ago; 279 Sagittarii, 1.4 parsecs, 35,000 years hence. (Pop. Astron. 32,

324, 1924.)
SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 796 621
RUSSELL DIAGRAM

Absolute magnitudes (ordinates) of 3,915 stars of different spectrum types (abscissae)
determined by the spectroscopic method by Dr. W. S. Adams and his associates. (Courtesy
of Mt. Wilson Obser-
VAtOLVaLGG2.) a eude
diagram shows the di-
vision of types G, and
later, into giants (high
luminosity stars) and
dwarfs (low luminos-
ity) with few or no
intermediate stars. It
resembles an inverted
7, and with the addi-
tion of much new ma-
terial confirms fully
that first drawn by
Russell in 1913.

The stars may be
divided into dwarfs,
giants and super-
giants. In each class
the absolute magni-
tude progresses nearly
linearly with spectral
type except for the
coolest stars; the di-
rection of change is
opposite for the dwarfs
from that for the
giants and super-
5 giants. The luminosity
of the dwarfs decreases
regularly with advanc-
ing type (reduced sur-
face temperature) ; it
drops abruptly for the
coolest. Among the
giants and probably
the supergiants the
luminosity increases
with decreasing tem-
perature at least as far
as the early subdivi-
sions of type M.

The sequence of
normal giants, con-

spicuous in types G, K,
M, is almost missing
for Fs and Go, the
luminous stars of these

latter types being
supergiants. If this
sequence is present in
type A stars, they are
intermingled with the
dwarf sequence; the
two sequences appear
to cross in near type
Fo. If so, the more
‘ luminous stars of types
earlier than A should be those of the main dwarf series sequence. The tendency of both
giants and dwarfs, especially giants, to group around definite values of absolute magni-
tude is remarkable. About 90 per cent of the Ko stars fall within limits of less than
one magnitude. The hottest stars extend dwarf sequence up and to the left (Table 797).
The white dwarfs belong to the lower left corner (Table 828), F to A, M 15>.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

7
Er oe :

na
&

wv

ma

n

oho as

LA

a a
a
<
mm

=

+6

622 TABLE 797.—Spectrum Types and Absolute Magnitudes

(Strémberg, Mt. Wilson, Astrophys, Journ., 72, III, 1930; 73, 40, 1931; 74, 110 and 342, 1931. See also Wilson,
¢ : Astron. Journ., 41, 169, 1932.)

Statistical discussion of distribution of absolute magnitudes among the various spectrum
groups. Figures marked** relate to supergiants,* normal giants, + dwarfs,*} normal giants
and dwarfs, and refer to the groups of which the numbers thus marked are maxima. The
subscripts are the percentages in the various groups. The first line of the table shows the
number of stars used in the discussion for the column, but the figures in the columns are
reduced so that the distribution is for 1000 stars in each group.

1058 375

A2to | Foto Go to Ko to | K3 to
K2 K

x
»
a

te
*
*

Como NHN H

*
*

43 32

53:5** 50.7**
53 50
16 26
O 2
16 4
VAX). |fniCoys?

228 23233*
22950* |219 10
125 ce LST 23
64 86 99
19 37 34 88 23

2 1 132 23849*. |2697*
1 6 189 9 133 III
I 19255*t|120.5* | 30 24
ie 160 109 10 7;
98 46 32 14
28 38 48 15

8 100 5303,9* Tt 18,}*
13967} 5 14

III

52

19

5

oO

O

14
20

RE Cait ot a toad JALAN Oe tieeT i OOOO OONG)
BON DOR DON DAO ON ACH OW

25
264**
23

6

WUWHODODOOOW DMM IW:

HOANIDWNOOOCOCOOWN

Pei Ooo) UCC acres
ODN ON OO
COHR BWHOOOF

Summary (mean abs. magnitude)
No. Super- Bright Normal Faint

Spectrum stars giants giants giants giants Dwarts
Mo to Mg 247 —4.5(9) eae —0.2(91) coin trader
Kom Kg 378 —4.5(7) Sat —0.1(91) gt eget +6.7(2)
Komen: ike 1058 ee —2.5(14) +0.3(78) +2.7(7) +6.1(1)
Go “ Gg 601 —3.0(19) -0:4(49)\ 2,6 (28) 5 tea)
Fo! “Vo 622 —3.0(9) +1.2(25) +3.2(46)

NT ames Ny 478 —3.2(15) +1.2(85)

The small percentage of dwarf stars is due to the fact that their apparent magnitudes in
most cases are fainter than the set limit of 6.0.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 798-800 623
TABLE 798.—Brightness of the Stars

Stellar magnitudes give the apparent brightness of the stars on a logarithmic scale,—a numerical
increase of one magnitude corresponding to a decrease of the common logarithm of the light by 0.400,
and a change of five magnitudes to a factor of 100. The brightest objects have negative stellar magni-
tudes. The visual magnitude of the Sun is — 26.7; of the mean full Moon, — 12.5; of Venus at her
brightest, — 4.3; of Jupiter, at opposition, — 2.3; of Sirius, — 1.6; of Vega, + 0.2; of Polaris, + 2.1.
(The stellar magnitude of a standard candle 1 m distant is — 14.18.) The faintest stars visible with
the naked eye on a clear dark night are of about the sixth magnitude (though a single luminous point as
faint as the eighth magnitude can be seen on a perfectly black background). The faintest stars visible
with a telescope of aperture 4 in. are approximately of magnitude 9 + 5 logio A. The faintest photo-
graphed with the 10o0-inch reflector at Mt. Wilson are of about the 22nd magnitude. A standard candle,
of the same color as the stars, would appear of magnitude + 0.8 at a distance of one kilometer.

The actual luminosity (absolute magnitude) is the stellar magnitude which the star would have if
placed at a distance of ten parsecs. The faintest star at present known (Innes), a distant companion to
a Centauri, has the (visual) absolute magnitude + 15.4, and a luminosity 0.00006 that of the sun. The
brightest so far definitely measured, 8 Orionis, has (Kapteyn) the abs. mag. —5.5 and a luminosity
13,000 times the sun’s. Canopus, and some other stars, may be still brighter. Note 1931: S. Doradus
abs. mag. probably > — 8.

The absolute magnitudes of 6 planetary nebulae average 9.1; average diameter, 4000 astronomical
units (Solar system to Neptune = 60 astr, units), van Maanen, Proc, Nat. Acad. Sci. 4, P. 394, 1918,

TABLE 799.—Giant and Dwarf Stars

The stars of Class B are all bright, and nearly all above the absolute magnitude zero. Stars of com-
parable brightness occur in all the other spectral classes, but the inferior limit of brightness diminishes
steadily for the “later’’ or redder types. The distribution of absolute magnitudes conforms to the
superposition of two series, in each of which the individual stars of each spectral class range through
one or two magnitudes on each side of the mean absolute magnitude. Absolute magnitude supergiants
— 2 to — 8; giants roughly o to + 1; dwarfs A, 1 to 2; F, 2 to 4; G, 4 to 6; K, 6 to 9; M, 9 to 11.
The two series overlap in Classes A and F, are fairly well separated in Class K, and sharply so in
Class M. Two very faint stars of Classes A and F fall into neither series.

The majority of the stars visible to the naked eye are giants, since these, being brighter, can be seen
at much greater distances. The greatest percentage of dwarf stars among those visible to the eye is
found in Classes F and G. The dwarf stars of Classes K and M are actually much more numerous per
peice volume, but are so faint that few of the former, and none of the latter, are visible to the
naked eye.

TABLE 800.—Masses and Densities

Stars differ less in mass than in any other characteristic. The most massive star known is the brighter
component of the spectroscopic binary B.D. 6°1309, 86 times the sun’s mass, 113 times its luminosity,
and spectrum Oe. The smallest known mass is that of the faint component of the visual binary Krueger
60, whose mass is 0.15, and luminosity 0.0004 of the sun’s, and spectrum M. Note: Plaskett notes
giant double star 184 sun’s mass. : ;

The giant stars are in general more massive than the dwarfs. According to Russell (Publ. Astron.
Soc. America, 3, 327, 1917) the mean values of Binary systems are:

Spectrum B2 Ao F5 giant Ks giant F2 dwarf G2 dwarf K8 dwarf
Ratio of mass to Sun 12 6.5 8 10 3.0 I.2 0.9

The densities can be determined only for eclipsing variables. Stars of Classes B and A have densities
averaging about one tenth that of the sun and a relatively small range; Classes F to K show a wide
range in density, from 1.8 times that of the sun (W Urs. Maj.) to 0.000002 (W Crucis).

The surface brightness probably diminishes by at least one magnitude for each step along the Harvard
scale from B to M. It follows that the dwarf stars are, in general, closely comparable with the sun in
diameter, while the stars of Classes B and A, though larger, rarely exceed ten times the sun’s diameter.
The redder giant stars must be much larger, and a few, such as Antares, may have diameters exceeding
that of the earth’s orbit. The densities of these stars must be exceedingly low. ’ ‘

Arranged in order of increasing density, the stars form a single sequence starting with the giant stars
of Class M, proceeding up that series to Class B, and then down the dwarf series to Class M.

Star : iam. Density Brightness Diameter (km) |

-OO0001O0 1600. 440,000,000
-OO00001 2 1450. 378,000,000
-0000020 710. 330,000,000
-OOO17 30. 53,000,000
.0007 78. 37,000,000
.OO12 13500. 40,000,000
.006 78. 13,000,000
-21 86. »200,000
-62 26. 2,300,000
-60 5. 2,300,000
Tr Er 1,391,000
4.0 580,000
4.0 333,000
4.0 249,000

Antares
Betelgeuse
a Hercules
Aldebaran
Arcturus
Rigel
Capella
Vega
Sirius
Procyon
Our Sun
Krueger 60
Prox. Cent.
Barnard’s

|

H

SEO TON OREO LO LORON ECs Ort
NTOKAADAHHOKAAODLH

Computed by Plaskett, Publ. Ast. Soc. Pac. 1922; Interferometer measurements, Antares, 0.024”,
30,600,000 km; Betelgeuse, 0.047”, 386,000,000 km. (1921).

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

624 TABLES 801-803
TABLE 801.—Parallax and Mean Apparent Magnitude

(Reprinted by permission from Russell, Dugan, and Stewart, Astronomy, Ginn & Co., 1927.)

Magnitude Mean parallax

I 0.083
.056

.038
.026
.018

TABLE 802.—Spectrum Type and Mean Absolute Magnitude
(Trumpler, Bull. Lick Obs., No. 420, 1930.)

Mean absolute magnitude Mean absolute magnitude
Dwarf branch Dwarf branch Giants.
Vis. Phtgr. Vis. Phtegr. Vis. Phtgr.
250) apa
+2.3 +2.5
= 2EQ 3:2 +0.5 +0.9
+3.2 +3:5
3.6 +4.0 5 --1.0
+4.2 +47
+4.5 ae 5 tie
+5.0 Seri 5 +1.4
Ko +6.2 -+-7.0 5 +1.6
A2 ;
Based on Adams, Joy, Mt. Wilson Contr. 199, 244, 262; Lundmark, Publ. Astron.
Soc. Pacific, 34, 1922; Malmquist, Meddel. Lund. II, 32, 1924; Hess, Seeliger
Festschrift, p. 265, 1924.

TABLE 803.—Reduction of Visual to Bolometric Magnitude

Eddington (M. N. 177, 605) gives the corrections from visual to bolometric magnitudes
for the cooler stars. For the hotter stars the data are not so certain. The values are to be
added algebraically to the absolute visual magnitudes.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 804-806 625

TABLE 804.—Summary, Elements of Solar Motion (Campbell, 1928)
(Publ. Lick Obs., vol. 16, 1928.)

Charlier a, 269.3° 50, +30.8° vo, 19.0 km/sec. 1986 r. v.; 4182 p. m.; 6467
Strémberg 27 Dat +29.5 20.6 Space veloc. 1026, A6-M.
Wilson 270.8 +27.1 19.0 2748, 2305, Fr. v. and p. m.
Campbell, Moore 270.58 +29.24 19.65 2149 r. v. B-M stars

Mean 270.70 +29.16 19.55

Dwarf stars decidedly higher space velocity than giants (Strémberg).

Class : (O05-B5) vo=22.7 km/sec. K=+4.9 K (G5-K4) vo=18.0 km/sec. K = be :
A (B8-A3) 18.6 +1.7. M (Ks5-Mb) 22.1

F (A5-F4) 19.7 a 3 B-M 19.7 ca 26

G (F5-G4) 18.6 — 2 |

Dwarfs appear only in classes F, G; remove 3 from G, vo = 16.6 km/sec.

TABLE 805.—Elements of Solar Motion (Charlier, 1926)
(Charlier, The motion and the distribution of the stars, Mem. Univ., California, vol. 7, 1926 )

Radial velocities lead to conclusion stars are receding.
Galactic coordinates of apex.

Galac. No. Galac. Galac
lat. Mag. stars long. lat.
atoilified 5 0-5-9 renee 454 20 -+-22
+22.8 6.0=6.9 5355 doe 1003 +16
+20.4 . 7.07 One 1239 +17

+28.6 3:0—5. Oe err: 811 +24
: +17.8 S65 eee ae 276 --23
x see 5 +20.6 TUSU 3, 2 Sree RRLOS +24
1986 fat v.), 646 (parallax oe sun’s velocity = 19.0 km/sec.
(4 astr. units/yr. ). 1986 (rad. v.), 646 (par. stars), 4182 (p. m. stars) give as apex. Galac.
long., 24°.3, latitude, 4+-22°.44: a = 269.3, 6 = +30°.85

TABLE 806.—Stars of Large Proper Motion

Mag. p.m. spect.

=
>

Barnardhse see ose, 3 9.7 10.2 Ms | O, Eridani (triple)....... 450 4-1 (G5
IeNpEGy NSE. eine Sears ac O20N8:8) Mor MWolfe4souseaee ae ene 13 3toP a:
Gir SO ur ats eons 6:5707:0). (Gye | !PromiCentaurie.a ene 10.5 3.8 M?
acaillergsseermrr cen ae 7A 16.9) MO) |e. Gassiopelaeeer aaa 5a) 3 caeGs
Cordoba 32416 86 a 6 as 8.3. 6.1 M3 | @ Centauri (double). 22uae7 GO |
61 Cygni (double)....... 6.3 5.2 K8 | Washington 5584 ( (double) 8:90 357, GO
WViolita5Ofery. aeereaabecr 13 4.8) 22 | Cordobas2onolee eee 6.6 3.5 Mo
alandemrsSan eee FdO figs) INIA GIB E NN 4 oooogosdsose Anat 33 2G Sina

In case of multiple stars the magnitudes and spectra of the brightest star are indicated.
See Lick Obs. Bull. 344; Harvard Circular 283; also Luyten, Astronom. Journ. 42, 69,
1932. List of stars, p.m. > 0”.5 annually. The following stars, Van Maanen’s, 3”.01,
Ross 619, R. A. 8806™, Dec. + 92, annual p. m. 5”.40, may be added to the above el

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

|
|

626. TABLES 807 AND 808
TABLE 807.—Spectrum Class and Proper Motions

(Reprinted by permission from Russell, Dugan, and Stewart, Astronomy,
Ginn & Co., 1927.)

Limits of p. m.

0”.00 to

.02 to

.04 to

.10 to

.20 to

.45 to

80 to 2.
Over 2”.00 £
Meant pais iysteicis tim re One
Percentage of stars with

TABLE 808.—Equipartition of Energy in Stellar Motions

(Jeans, Nature, 122, 689, 1928.)

; Corresponding
Mean mass. Mean velocity. Mean energy. temperature.

19.8 X 10” 14.8 X 10° cm/sec. (O55@10;
12:0) ee i) is

~ 24.5

272

20.9

35-9

47-9

64.6

77.6

79.4

74.1

77.6

COIS CoO Oo1) Cone
MBN MmOMN UN OD
OMONNNa Bp Oty Ww

“ This equality of energy can be attributable only to the gravitational interaction of the
stars. For if it were produced by any physical agency, such as pressure of radiation,
bombardment by molecules, atoms, or high-speed electrons, this agency, as the last column
shows, would have to be in thermodynamical equilibrium with matter at a temperature of
the order of 2X 10" °K. Since no such temperatures are known the observed equality
must be due to gravitational interactions over millions of years. Such evidence suggests
a general age of the stars of 5 to 10 million-million years.”

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 809 AND 810 627
TABLE 809.—Stars of Large Space Velocity, Greater Than 300 km/sec.

Apex of / Apex of
motion Wes Right / motion

Right
ascension ee Paral- mreeennen| 1aciey, ascension Sa
and : lax Right cay and ~ Right
declination ascension Bed declination ascension
and ax 1900 and
declination declination

° ° ° ° ° °

+ 2.6 +23 223.6 —21.6 145 —45
+61.0 —46 | 369 || 226.2 —16.0 189 —69
a alt7) 3) |, 302)!" 22672) #159 187 —69
2 2an — 4 | 448 || 227.1 +109.7 1242
+34.1 —II | 465 || 234.4 —10.6 123 — 8
+30.9 —64 | 333 || 245.4 +19.1 205 —69
—31.2 +27 | 786 || 246.9 +48.2 220 —42
-— 6:1 —59 | 799 zeae i a r43 37
263.5 +18. 167 —5I
+23-4 sawn vs 264.1 +37.3 302 —35
+34.8 + 6 | 501 ||) 304.4 —21.7 92) AT
Sie —50 | 787 || 308.6 +42.5 90 +44
+20.4 239 —27 | 420 || 314-8 -F (2.6 228 —5I
+38.4 243 —49 | 346 || 341.6 +13.4 78 +28
— 1.0 92 + 7 | 617 || 355.0 +29.0 80 + 6
+10.6 256 —58 | 408
—18.0 27 Oye eA
+19.2 55 +66 | 444

DOOHHNHDHNAORHHHON

(pS
eee

OC eT ON OS C2 OS ESSE ON Oo COL OO SOIT!
OCWBORDKH HD HS ORL OOhL Ob

00 20 DOM G9 HO HMI SMIMIOO

This and the following table are taken from Katalog von 1937 absoluten Sterngeschwindig-
keiten, Klumak, Hecht, Astron. Nachr. no. 5696-7, 238, 116, 1930. See also Wilson, Ray-
mond, Astron. Journ. 40, 121, 1930, 4233 stars.

TABLE 810.—Stars of Small Space Velocity, 5 km/sec. or less

Same reference and designations as for preceding table.

Apex of Apex of
Right motion ra Right motion
ascension Sana lecity, ascension . ;
and . Right iein/ and Right
declination 7 ascension ae declination ascension
1900 and Sec 1900 and
declination declination

° ° ° ° ° ° ° °

8.7 +56.0 345 +34 185.2 +39.6 180 + 9
16.0 +35.1 OSs ZO 7a ath ood: L207,
18.1 —69.4 Br 5a 10 224.6 —24.9 193
41.0 +26.9 299 —57 241.4 +45.2 41
66.6 +42.8 306 —6I 255-8 +54.6 157
+22.8 Te iA 268.9 +16.8 125
+60.3 284 + 9 27 Aa 3 OLO 146
+46.4 243 —26 277-9 152-3 197
+25.2 230 +26 207-3 ao -5 16
cot O 17 Ae © 207-4 ci OLe oO
+56.0 228 — 6 299.3 27-5 121
+-33-7 274 +41 305.0 +31.9 353
+81.0 2714 —44 325-45 — 10.6 245
+28.7 355 — 70 349.0 +37.6 330

AERA
CO ANTON W OWLAN
AWPU UU unin &

DANA ABH ABUNN
MCANORNMNNW CONORWM

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

628 TABLES 811 AND 812

TABLE 811.—Motions of the Stars

The individual stars are moving in all directions, but, for the average of considerable
groups, there is evidence of a drift away from the point in the heavens towards which the
sun is moving (solar apex). The best determinations of the solar motion, relative to the
stars as a whole, are given in Table 804. In round numbers this motion of the sun may be
taken as 20 km/sec. towards the point R. A. 18 h. o. m., Dec. + 30.0°.

After allowance is made for the solar motion, the motions of the stars in space, relative
to the general mean, present marked peculiarities. If from an arbitrary origin a series of
vectors are drawn, representing the velocities of the various stars, the ends of these vectors
do not form a spherical cluster (as would occur if the motions of the stars were at random),
but a decidedly elongated cluster, whose form can be approximately represented either by
the superposition of two intermingling spherical clusters with different centers (Kapteyn’s
two-stream hypothesis) or by a single ellipsoidal cluster (Schwarzschild), the actual form,
however, being more complicated than is indicated by either of these hypotheses. The
direction of the longest axis of the cluster is known as that of preferential motion. The two
opposite points in the heavens at the extremities of this axis are called the vertices. The
components of velocity of the stars parallel to this axis average considerably larger than
those parallel to any axis perpendicular to it.

The preferential motion varies greatly with spectral type, being practically absent in
Class B, very strong in Class A, and somewhat less conspicuous in Classes F to M, on
account of the greater mean velocities of these stars in all directions. The positions of the
vertices are nearly the same for all.

Numerous investigators, from the more distant naked-eye stars, find substantially the
same position for the vertex, the mean being R. A. 6 h. 6 m., Dec. + 9°. The nearer stars,
of large proper motion, give a mean of 6h. 12 m., + 25°. (See Strémberg’s discussion, cited
above.)

In addition to these general phenomena, there are numerous clusters of stars whose
members possess almost exactly equal and parallel motions,—for example, the Pleiades,
the Hyades, and certain large groups in Ursa Major, Scorpius, and Orion. The vertices,
and the directions toward which these clusters are moving, are all in the plane of the galaxy.

The greatest known p. m. star is Barnard’s 9th m. in Ophiuchus, 10.3” per year, position
angle 356°, parallax 0.52”, radial velocity about —117 km/sec.

The average radial velocity of the globular clusters is 100 km/sec. The globular clusters
as a class are approaching the sun. The spiral nebulae are receding.

A general card catalogue of radial velocities is kept at the Lick Observatory. See Camp-
bell, Radial velocities of 2600 stars, Lick Obs. Publ., vol. 16, 1928; of 741 stars, Adams, Joy,
Stromberg, Sanford—Astroph. Journ. 70, 1929.

TABLE 812.—Known Stars of Radial Velocities Greater Than 100 km/sec.

Spectrum| R.A. 3 Proper | Velocity
h . ¢

Star class motion | km/sec.

(1) RZ Lyrae

(2) Washington 5583 g iis
(3) Washington 5584 Ou InG: ise Pe 3.68
(4) S Carinae faa Ses
(5) Kapteyn’s star : ore aes 8.76
(6) Van Maanen No. 2 4 3.01
(7) MCordie5 243" aoc cmeh eon Sue 3 8 ae
(8) R Pictoris eae
(g) A G Wash. 3498 Wd .56
(10) 41312 Boss 1511 5 ae
(11) w Pavonis a ee
(12) Luyten 680 : 73
(13) BD +34° 2476 54
(14) V Urs. Min ae
(15) BD +35° 3659 56
(16) BD +6° 2932 93
(17) AGC 27600
(18) Barnard star
(19) « Columbae
(20) BD —3° 3746
(21) B GC 10404 br
(22) Cin. 2750

(23) 172 G Puppis
(24) y 31 Aquilae
(25) Boss 4188

(26) 6 Leporis

"69

"146

PANAMA © WOMOWNO © HO
OFPNA MAN NHNWUNUNW

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 813-815

629

(Tables abridged by permission from Russell, Dugan, and Stewart, Astronomy, Ginn & Co., 1927.)

TABLE 813.—Visual Binary Stars

Burnham's General Catalogue, 1906, 3,665 pairs. Card catalogue kept by Aitken at Lick Observatory.
Of stars brighter than 6.5 mag., one in 9 visual double. See also Aitken, The binary stars, McMurtrie,
1918, and New General Catalogue, Carnegie Institution, 1932; Innis, Southern double star catalogue,
1927.

e is eccentricity, a major axis in seconds of arc, A in astronomical units of orbit.

Magnitude Spectra Period e a A Pies mi, m2 Abs. mag.
QUAI 255 0:9.) ote | Go; Fs 0¥.285| 0.01 | 0.054] 0.85] 7.5 253-3) ||——0.2. Our
oh al Meise or eee 57a | Ei 5.70 39 0.27 4.5 | 2.8 ANE Anis AaG
a CMi Os5ip 1.33 F5 39.0 23 ACOS) eae One| aes Osten; 24 BrO eT Sas
a CMa —1.6, 8.4 | Ao, Fo 50.0 .60 Hesve |) Zot ||) xv 2.44, .96 Tate
—& UMa efily Zio) || Iie), (EA 59.8 AI 25 allele gd ours, a Sn SET)
ao. Cene... :,.. O33, we7 || (GO, ISS 78.8 51. |[Pl7cO5 0 '23- Su le2 OA ietOW a O4ul eae 7 ecoan
& Boo. ....-. ASO GO) || 152.8 51 4.83 | 29 1.0 Bauer 5-9, 7.8
Oa EaTl aces: 0:7, 1-40) Ao; MG: || 248 .40 6.89 | 34 0.64 Sf Ay 1 2On Ml Ae eO)
a Gem DOWN On| AOs AO! |) 306 56 6.06 | 80 55 pes fil « Ble
masta... Be EEA al ios NOM |) 346 2220 TON 55 1.4 By 6) 5-0, 8.7

TABLE 814.—Spectroscopic Binary Stars

Stars so close not yet visually double. Discovered and studied through shift of spectrum lines (Doppler
effect). 7 is inclination of orbit to “plane of sky,’’ m, masses of components. The percentage with periods
<10 d:71 for O and B stars; 64, A; 52, F-G; 16, K-M; periods >100 d, percentages are 12, 6, 18, 61.

See Lick Obs. Bull. No. 355.

App. (Glass Period Eccen- Orbital Asin i my sindi
mag. ; days tricity velocity 10® km m2 sin*i

m sinsi Abs.
(m1 + m2)? mag.

ei eacpane rs aa B3 1.45 0.05 480 9.
shot eo NEE PAK 2.87 -004 44 red
Sita tear: gi BR 688 a3 10 93
erties 2.8 203 OL 32 1.28
Seu vais 2.0 O22" 50 13.6 1.49
Te 4.01 =1O) 5026) 208) 16:0) 4e4 9:
6.4 14-41 .04 41,49 7
euererore 2.4 20.54 .54 16.4
Meee geist 0.2 104 OI Bite ite
ateuskeie 4.4 665 -41
eager cee 3.2 1375 44

5 16.5
7 wee

6, 5.8
6, 63
1.66
2,

0.9

The —2°2, —1-8
0.025 Ou
-070
-0097
-OO15 ae
—2.6, —2.2
13.2 ye
41 1.4
.18 one
018

1-13

TABLE 815.—Spectroscopic Eclipsing Binaries

Some 200 known. Last column, distance between center of two stars = radius of relative orbit. See

Shapley Contr. 3, Princeton Univ. Obs.

| ef
Name Mea | ane mee BA) Ways pee I siete
SWilact) 38-6 Gap 0:22) 0:78 72340 10425040" sO, lee
WU Ma.. 7.9 Go Ae 76 ON ETS Zul elas
SpantinOrs Fo OS 75 62 Teles aires S
aGemC. 9.0 M BS oko 86 2500 58 25 ALS
VELA eee Ae Bip 1.45 .88 74 SEA Tiey, .04, .06
@blensea- 426 B3 2:05) -.93 74 AO ey .09, .02
WEiGepe nee -0:9 Ao 22AQm 96 86 20,0 27 sie) OR
GiBesiy. 42462.3 B8 2187 1-99 82 Pilg ay 3 Os
exe Casi 29:3 B3 2.93 .93 88 Se Onl .006, .02
BeAr eae: 1 Aop 3:96 .99 77 2842'S Ving ole
RS MVull 6:9 B8 4.48 .98 79 43355 5.0 FOO ON
S Cine. o “Ce Ao 9.48 1.0 85 STOW Om “1OW OL
WiGrues. 9.857 Gop 198 OI 76 (Oleg de mn (TeelOn ese
ZO phi 9:7, cGo 262 ae 87 Eady Oy, of lis

* Radii in terms of the relative orbit as unit. + Radius of relative orbit.

MITHSONIAN TABLES

| Masses | ro&km
0.69, 0.49 1-53
Ty c4e 2.30
52 ee 2.58
19 19 8.83
Hei. Ae) 10.3
2.4, 24) sie
ALOy eed. 14.5
1X 10%) ee
{O0N,7.00G03) es.

630 TABLE 816
PERIODS OF KNOWN BINARY STARS WITHIN 10 PARSECS OF THE SUN

There is no reliable evidence (1930) for favored orientation of planes of double-star orbits. Kepler
ard law gives (p, period in yrs.)? = (a, major axis, astr. units)*/(M, in solar masses). There is an apparer
statistical relation between eccentricity and period, viz.:

IDA 4 554cagsucee BON ess 5 ae ALO 4 eS ONES eS EGO

Reriod) (logs) eae eee 162) 60) 97 OMe COM OS EES
Using the mass-luminosity law (see p. 631) Luyten obtains: Log period in yrs. = 1.460 log d — 0.4§
log (M, in solar air-masses) + 0.168 + 0.35 where d is observed distance between stars at right angl
to line of sight in astronomical units.

From the data of the following groups the median-mean log of the periods (median-geometrical mea
of actual periods) is probably about 2.5 (a little more than 300 yrs.). Half of the binaries in space ma
be expected to have periods between the limits of 20 and 4000 yrs.

Paral- | Mass . Paral- | Mas :
Star d tax sun car aa sates Star d lax sun ae d co
FiQOte he oP @:72 |0.100 | 1.0 | 11.43 ||| 26.7 || w@'Cen AB? || 7-02" |0:757 || 2:04) || T90)|) s8oun
¢ Her (2 2084)...| 1.2 SLU2 2: Teal e543 4e5cl|70)| Ophn ee |os500|peno4el mike 1.94 | 87.7
QC Mis to sc: |, 3 || 2307 | r:O4| 1.604) 40201) rsh’ pa 5) sooule m46 As} || Asiciy |e ieeyou

NU bYACAIS eer 1-204 |Pe04 Ou |eien |eteo2nA2-2ull en bOORm aes 2-Ol eels tenn | a2 aon sn

Wal leruls Coe eeee 7a |elO7, 290 | 1-63) |543-008|| AUS) (piri). 92225) e165) 02)32) |p 2senialeoTo

KeriliGorn bee 1360255 .45| 1.65 | 44.3 || o2 Eri Be...] 4.52 | .200 04, |/)2:298 19248

on MasA Bierce. 10:6), '||.366" | 3.47)" 1-70 | 50.071) Cases 3. |S. 14) hOOn|s Foam ae mesons

-UMarAB-CD Mi i6r W214 5, ered) 17809509
Spectroscopic |} 6 Tri log p: —1.57 | p: 0.0272 || 7 Boo log p: +0.13 | p: 1.36
binaries &€ UMa CD —1.56 .027-+ || £ UMa AB 0.26 1.82
x Drac —O.II -769
Paral- es : Mass Log Period
Star d lex nomial Abs. magnitudes oun period years
units
IDRC ARS (CID Vs Sy Sacco ey if oie Toles eS SoCs Olne koko ence Reed: TAOS MESS 38
Brsrsn (B34 iy.) peewee ae 1-57) -100 Tee BOO Oleg es chun epee 1,00))|) TO 82
She2zASvABe nee ia oe Ano eal 7a: 24.8 O25), O25is snasth wove one 1.36 | 2.14 138
ING SS 77s Be Beant ls 2 Oval selene 20 TOM wel een susie eee eS ASHE || Dag 204
Kemi ce Asn (haa23))innee. eile | eelolie AG S| 52 ay cA Bae cnc es a5 OM eS il 324
eS 178 eos. WER Ce: 9 243 27 FEDS 2. timers cer lickseee ee OMI 2251 324
LU PTal'2 Siok eae eae 5.0 | .104 48 5 Oy EAC eo chs cnscciy eee .99 | 2.62 417
OES A 72 Na erent te 4.8 | .100 48 OES AO Ace ee S77) \\ doe 480
2B O Siar asc iensin erie 16 .294 SA | AT 7c meeps 2 1s 55 | 2.83 680
ALA SOL ists hea eee 5 27a| OO: 52 Sa7 EON py cos). elevaskewss SSO mez 0 500
GiiGyciC27/58) pee alee .300 70 Stor BS 7 Eettaeraoe aoe “205 2:97% 740
Shelgomsrae nee tee D424) s8a 78.8 TcsDy pel Oe rswrapic eonchswewirsn sy hee .94 | 2.95 890
OR Sx) INGs opooose oo oe 7.8 | .095 87 FR MO emake pease tee 295) | 3-01 1020
OWRD Lee, Srousy teste eesti: 19.4 | .163 119 Quik HO SRtaate ec iteus bor .84 | 3.24 1740
BOS 7a se ee eee 39 281 139 TOV4 UG Om oid lense: ra eee Sle scAe 2700
MilbYAUAIB “Gaerne 31 Ada ees Tied = Massy Tel pee 1A On| east 3200
pebler A= Caps eee 32 .105 305 2.7) = Wass) O:Q.. s 2. 2.20 | 3.64 4400
OysE ri ACS Gano eee 83 OO aus 6.0, + mass 0.64...... eS CmieaeO2 8300
aygIE epi (EV 5 0) eee 95 .149 639 I METRO M dite tnt Sacco 1.59) |e a7: 15000
Chrie1USe ae a ee 63572095 670 Bro LO check cin cuter -76 | 4.35 22000
IepZ WoC eae ee 150 .I42 | 1060 OrO8 12720. ee ee -QI | 4.60 40000
Ke Tuc-Lae 353°AB-CD? |) 3ne4y|) -1r? 2875 =|! Wiser gene 78 28 8 ee 2.53 | 5.02 | 105000
URE HUTA NEE See ener ot 310 lee 3 NOON 52a S aS ie vae cease 1.8 5.13 | 135000
OD SA7eAB- Ce are 330 .I00 | 3300 9125, 19-45 TO:2h ee a Det 165-285 el OOO0G
36 Oph-30 Sco AB-C. . .| 730 .174 | 4200 6553) (Os 7. 8 eee 1.89 | 5.32 | 210000
WEOtEIS Sine ae 512 .160 | 3210 [O21 2Aw 9. eee .56 | 5.41 | 260000
a Cen AIBS Gee Shen iise 6740 .760 | 8860 15.5, + mass 2.04...... 2.20 | 5.77 | 590000
Luyten, W. J. (Harvard College Obs., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 10, 252, 257; 1930.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 817 AND 818 631
TABLE 817.—Masses and Absolute Magnitudes of Binary Stars

(Pitman, Astron. Journ. 39, 57, 1929.)
This paper contains a discussion of the orbits of 104 binary stars and of the relationship between
stellar masses and luminosities (Eddington, M. N., March, 1924). In the following table of averages the

magnitudes are visual. Values in blacker type are averages of greater weight. Six planetary nebulae give
in average mass of 16.7, absolute magnitude 8.1.

Visual binaries Eclipsing binaries Spectroscopic binaries

Trig. Spec. Trig. Spec. Trig. Spec.

Mass | Mag. | Mass Mag. Mass Mag. Mass Mag. M. 5 Mag.

70.1 |—4.26 eZ : ‘ —4.36
35-0 |—2.68 , : 3 5
15.24 | —1.54 a ; : —1.73
7.62 |— .81 : : : — .84
700: |— OL. 3 ‘ — .80
3.59 1.04 5 3 25
4.61 51 5 ‘ -56
2.36 1.52 : : ; 1.92
4.29 1.30 ; : : 1.42
2.15 : ‘ F : 2.43
ol 7, 53 : 5 : 1.26
58 1.30 ; : ‘ 2.00
2.76 BiDT WW: : 2.23
1.59 2.83 : : 3.02
1.26 5.13 : ‘ 2.27
1.08 5 ; : ‘ aeilicy
Ses Soe 4.50
5-41

ous
aap see
Ors
iS
x

Se WRU mI OD:
Ame BOO Ron:
me Re QR:
Aa wONPPNHEB VRIES: -
NUE wo Se ob:
NSPUN OIA RO

Reece eae Ce Tt re

wn
ema ee ae ee ee ees

Sese ie ar ie ies ad Gee me

TABLE 818.—Mass-Luminosity Curve
(Prepared by Doctor Shapley, 1931.)
Masses are stated as logarithms of masses in terms of the sun’s mass; the magnitudes absolute bolo-
netric.

Log mass Abs. mag. Log mass Abs. mag. Log mass Abs. mag.
1.6 —5-5: 1.0 —2.92 0.0 + 4.41
1.4 —4.6: 8 Te 7 —0.2 + 6:22
1.2 me a 6 ee Ord) + 8.19
Bras 4 -+- .72 —0:6 +10.20

2 +2.57 —0.8 +12.29

Notes added in press.—(Aitken, M. N., 92, 596, 1932.) At least one star in every 18 to 9th mag. isa
lose visual double; I in 4 or 3, a spectroscopic binary; 1495 of latter known, surely physical doubles.
Irbits known for 120 pairs.

spectrum B A F G K M B A F G K M ssun
Riaistmpution 1.7 20.4. 15's) 33. 15.6 154 masses 10.6 5.2: 2:6) 2:4..2.2 “Om see
Spectroscopic Visual

Periods, 2°7d 7.64 14-150 30¢0% 102.5 -3:2y |:16:8y 37.1 73: 138 2000 5000

e 5O5 aul Omee2 35 30m a0 EASE AO) B53 : : .61 .76

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 819-821
TABLE 819.—Stellar Radiation Measurements (Pettit, Nicholson, 1928)

Radiometric magnitude = apparent magnitude of an Ao star which will give same radio-
metric deflection. Heat index = visual — radiometric magnitudes. Heat index — color
index = zero for Ao star. Water-cell-absorption is fraction of radiation eliminated by water-
cell expressed in magnitudes.

Giants, F5-Mo, have greater heat indicesthan dwarfs of same classes. Red stars deviate from
black-body conditions. The radiation received at earth’s surface at Mount Wilson from star
in zenith of zero radiometric magnitude, 17.1 X 10°? cal./cm?/min. Radiometric magnitude
Hefner lamp at I meter is —20.00; International candle is 1.11 Hefner unit = —20.11; its
heat index is 5.82 mag. (1900°K.).

(All measures reduced to zenith at Mount Wilson, 2 reflections from fresh silver in tele-
scope; rock-salt window over thermocouple.)

TABLE 820.—Spectrum Classes and Temperatures

632

Observed Temperature

Spectral

Heat index
type

Water-cell
absorption

Water-cell
absorption

Color
index*

X0.555H | X0.520p

Mag.
0.20

23

23000°

15000

11200
8600
7400
6500
5500
4700
4100
3300
3050

7500"
6200

5450
4700
4140

3750
3130
2980
2810
2550
2390
2250
2350
1830
5350
4920
4460

3550
3260

2780

* Russell, Dugan, and Stewart, Astronomy, 2, 734, 1927. + Payne, Stellar atmospheres, 1925.
Note—Hottest known stars 20,000 to 30,000 °K, O type, abs. mag. —4, masses 10-80 suns, (Plaskett).

TABLE 821.—Visual and Radiometric Magnitudes and Total Radiations

Brightest stars—
Total radiation
reaching the
solar system

Brightest stars—
Visual magnitude

Brightest stars—
Radiometric magnitude

Cal.
cm-2
min-!
1022

Vis.
mag.

Rad.
mag.

Rad.
mag.

Vis.

Type mag.

Type

M2
Mr

A2s |—1.58]—1.27

Sinise ee
Betelgeuse.
Antares...
@ Centauri.
Canopus...
y Crucis...

Betelgeuse. .

—1.67|-+-0.92
Antares....

ieee
ie? 7 5o
—1.09/— .86
S110) |[Sru ton
.98|-+ .24

F3 |— .86/—1.09
G6 |+ .33/— .08
K4 |+1.70}+ .70
Ats|+ .14|-+ .10
Go .21|— .38

Canopus... .
vy Crucis... .
Arcturus...

a Centauri. {

Vera ence
Capella....

Arcturus...
Procyon...
Achernar. .
8B Centauri.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

.24| —
-34| +
48] ++
-60} -+
.86}-+

.98
.23
2D
.60
.8I

Aldebaran. .
Capella....
o Ceti max..

a Centauri. .

-60|-+1.06
38/4 .21
alate oe

.08}+ .33
-70| + 1.70

Arcturus...
Achernar. .

Spicawgun

TABLES 822 AND 823 633
STELLAR RADIATION MEASUREMENTS
TABLE 822.—Energy Spectra of the Stars (Abbot, 1929)

Measures made with radiometer at the Coudé focus of the Mt. Wilson 1oo-inch reflecting
telescope (arbitrary units). Astrophys. Journ., 69, 293, 1929.

Stellar energy spectrum distribution; normal scale, outside the atmosphere.

Place in wave lengths, microns

Object

0.520 | 0.589 | 0.700 | 0.905 1.316
POrionis*sha4. ¢7- 584"('233) 1) Son)! *21 fw
334 | 644 | 287 | 91 Wh
4 367) \WSiz7 || 2074 2005 17
any Onis cmie oe 434 | 455 | 277 | 121 86
ae 267 | 266 | 297 | 206 172
267 | 355 | 247 | 121 17
a Canis Min...... Bp 167 | 277 | 436 | 149 17
a, 234 | 189 | 267 | 231 159
; a: 184 | 244 | 228 | 177 We
SAY SME rere et aye Boe 434 | 244 | 208 | 149 125
a Aurigae ae: 284 | 388 | 455 | 369 202
eet Fee lest elesOOw le ss7ale25o 206
134 | 178 | 238 | 241 95
ee eS Slee O7a|eeOs' ae
166 | 198 | 298 116
33 | 109 | 199 168
200 | 228 | 37 404
Bae Srey ean 255m ce saleA4or 456
a Orionis sgh ey ee el een ed SS IO1O
6 Andromedae... . ee eS Seri t Seri |eeT SO 189
Aue SrtA LOS 202
ete oid MS 89 d 17
6 Sagittae ane Ss lass ab | eed 9 120
; ve yaa eee
auaerculisneerernc a Ses lPaacioe ees
166 387
166 331
67 396
144 185

* Additional observations for 8 Orionis: 0.4234, 505; 0.454u, 738; 0.404u, 827.
+ The dates refer to August 25, 26, and September 13, 10928, respectively.

TABLE 823.—Stellar Temperatures, Radiation, and Diameters

Sun’s diameter = 1t

fort: N* Parallax
°K ee ae Radiometer inbererer: Russell

eat eds eee 6,000° ee Seat rae: 8 ie aye
BLOrionis! 2 ne. 16,000 3.20 0””.007 20 ete 28
aulbyrae. eae 4,000 6.10 .130 2D 3
@ (Carne Wleyis5 5 5 4|| ran etoro: 6.60 -370 12 2 te
mGan* Mink. s.., :. 8,000 1.24 125 II 1.6
a Aurigae....... 5,800 2.20 .O71 13 aoe
Gauri ee 3,000 2.54 .053 70 39
Gekerasiquenri: 2,850 1.10 .026 94 82
BiOxioniss sea 2,600 7.90 .O17 510 280
cublerculisee a.) 2,500 3.60 { ee A 230

* Ratio of stellar to solar radiation outside earth’s atmosphere. | E ; i
+ To express in kilometers, multiply by 1.42 X 105; to express in miles, multiply by 0.865 X 10°.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

634 VARIABLE STARS
TABLE 824
VARIABLE STARS—GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

(See Russell, Dugan, and Stewart, Astronomy, 1927; Ludendorff, Stratton, Das Stern-
system, Handb. Astrophys., 6, Berlin, 1928; Payne, Stars of high luminosity, Chap. 14,
1930. )

Perhaps 5% of all stars are variable; number known, over 5000. Astronomische Gesell-
schaft acts as central bureau; when a variable star is confirmed it there receives a definite
designation, e.g., R. T. Persei. Most recent list Astron. Nachr., 244, 82, 1931, contains
873 additional thus named variables. The Harvard College Observatory (Doctor Shapley,
Cambridge, Mass.) keeps a record of variable-star data. A yearly list of stars with known

periods is published by the Berlin-Babelsberg Observatory. Note added in press: 5826 in
1933 volume.

CLASSIFICATION
I. Periodic Variables.

(1) Eclipsing variables: Generally B and A stars. Not true variables. See
Table 815.

(2) Short period: 100 to 10,000 sun’s luminosity, large mass. Types B to M.
Preferably F and G.

(a) Period range about 4 day; about 10% of variables of regular period.
Generally called cluster variables; quick rise in light, slow decline,
visual range generally less than 1.5 mag.; photographic range averages
50% greater; 4} day generally of class A; peculiar velocities average
70 km/sec.; variable radial velocity range small, proportional to range
in mag. Max. of approach invariably near max. mag., max. of reces-
sion near min. mag. Galactic concentration small. Shortest period
known (10932), 0.69746 days, 15 mag., range 1 mag. (8" 19™ 38° R. A.,
18° 45’ S. dec. van Gent). ;

(b) Periods 1 to 32+ days; 15% of regular variables. Cepheids. Much
like (2a) but periods 4 d, class F5; 8d, Go; 20d, G5. Peculiar veloci-
ties average about 12 km/sec. Galactic concentration strong. About 120
known. Long-period Cepheids are among the brightest stars known,
20,000 times brightness of sun. The following table 825 is due to
Shapley, 10931.

(3) Long-period variables: Nearly all red stars 87% class M, 6% class N,
5% class S, a few G and K. o Ceti typical. Abs. mag. — 2.0 (Oort, 1927) ;
periods 100 to 150d, M=— 2.3; 250 to 340, M=—1.1; > 340, +03
(Gerasimovi¢, 1928). Periods often irregular, proper motions small
(0.03”), radial velocities large (mean 35 km/sec.). For S Librae, 385
km/sec. Heat radiation diminishes by 1 or 2 mag. while light by 5 or so.

Il. Irregular variables.

(1) R V Tauri: Resembles Cepheids somewhat irregularly. 12 known (Gerasi-
movic, 1929). 19 given by Ludendorff (1928).

(2) R Coronae Borealis: About 11 known. Typical R. Cor. Bor. remains often
for years of 6th mag.; then may rapidly drop 6 mag. for indefinite period
then returns to original mag. Ludendorff gives 11.

(3) U Geminorum (type): Normally faint but brighten up at irregular intervals
to drop back to original magnitude. Some analogy to Novae. Ludendorff
gives 20.

(4) T Pyxidis: Resemble Novae. Ludendorff gives 5.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 825-827 635
TABLE 825.—The Cepheid Period-Luminosity Curve

Absolute Absolute
Logarithm Mean photographic bolometric
of period. spectrum.* magnitude.** magnitude.
0.0 F 2.5 — 0.31 — 0.82
0.2 F 5.5 — 0.61 — 1.25
7 — 0.93 — 1.67
— 1.22 — 2.16
— 1.53 — 2.65
— 1.89 — 3.15
— 2.26 — 3.71
— 2.68 — 4.34
= oy) = OsL3
— 3.81 — 6.11
— 4.60 — 8.2:

on

x
|

ON OMALNO
oan

SARAAMAO|

* Shapley, Harvard Bull., 861, 1928. ** Shapley, Harvard Monogr., 2, 1930.

TABLE 826.—Novae

Novae (temporary stars): Between 10 to 20 brighter than the oth app. mag. occur ina
year (Bailey). Numerous in spiral nebulae. More than 80 in Andromeda nebula
(Hubble) ; 30 per year estimated. Mean parallax of five, 0.01”; abs. mag. + 8.5 to — 3.1
(Russell). Nova Aquilae, 1918, class A before outbreak; then appears as rapidly expand-
ing gas 1700 to 2300 km/sec.; fades to Wolf-Rayet, class O (T Coronae Bor. changed
finally to gM); gaseous envelope visible 1918 to 1926, reached diameter 16”; abs. mag.
+ 3 to — 8.8; distant 1200 light years. Nova Persei: Diffuse cloud faint light expanding
6’ to 7’ in 7 months. Six weeks later moved 35” to 65”—apparently due to illumination of
dark nebulous matter near star by outgoing light (Russell). See Milne, Nature, 128, 715,
fg31. If after outburst it has dwindled to previous magnitude but spectrum shows a
higher temperature, then radius must have decreased, say 10-fold, and the density would
be much greater (compare white dwarfs, Table 828),

TABLE 827.—Observed Maxima of Spectrum Lines in the Giant Sequence
( Shapley.)

Ionization Excitation No. of effective
potential potential Maxi- atoms at max.
volts. volts. mum, per cm? surface Source.
13.54 10.15 Ao A210" Contour of line
Fs * 1.9 >< 10= Contour of line
24.41 20.81 : Estimate
14.97 8.83 Estimate
11.82 0.0 2 ' Contour of line
Contour of line

13.6 1.16 : : Line depth
16.5 2.82 : Line depth
10.98 0.0 : Line depth
9.96 0.0 fo: Estimate

* Data for the supergiant sequence.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

636 TABLES 828-830
TABLE 828.—High-Density Stars. White Dwarfs

Visual
abs. mag. Density

Sirius B 11.3 0.5 X 10° g/cm*

o, Eridani B
Procyon B
Van Maanen’s* .....

* Smallest star known, about the size of the earth.

TABLE 829.—Low-Density Stars. Giants

Visual 4
abs. mag. Density

a Scorpii A — 4.0 32 Om
a Orionis — 2.9 Operon
—14 2 Ton
— 0.1 2x 10°

(Taken by permission from Russell, Dugan, and Stewart, Astronomy, Ginn & Co., 1927.)

TABLE 830.—High-Temperature Stars. High-Luminosity Stars

(Plaskett, M. N. 90, 616, 1930. Payne, Stars of high luminosity, 1930. Pearce, Pub.
Dom. Astron. Obs., 3, 302, 1926.)

Draper Catalogue, 0.1% O; 0.3% Bo to B2; 1% B3-Bs5. Stars of highest temperature,
greatest mass, highest luminosity, greatest distance from sun. Masses 5, O type,
43. sun's; 10, Bo to B2, 15 <'sun's; 12,83, B5, © x sun's,

Surface
Temp. brightness. M,—M, Density.

35,000° K. — 415M 3.61 M
33,000 — 4.10 3.41
31,000 — 4.03 3.20

29,000 — 3.96 2.98

27,000 — 3.88 2.76
25,000 — 3.78 2.52
22,000 — 3.61
19,000 — 3.38
16,000 — 3.08
14,000 — 2.80

Nore.—See Russell, The Constitution of the Stars, Science, 77, 65, 1933.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 831 AND 832 637
TABLE 831.—Properties and Classification of Star Clusters

Star clusters fall into two distinctly different types:

Globular: Typical, Messier 13; open, Messier 4; elongated, Messier 19. Have strong
central condensations, rich in faint stars. Scattered widely in latitude, restricted in
longitude. Many variables—nearly 900 in 45 clusters. Radial velocities > 100 km/sec.
All distant > 10,000, 4 > 100,000 light-years. Very few new ones found—about 103
known. Very definitely part of galaxy. Although concentrated towards its plane,
only 2 within 4° of it (cloud obstruction probably). Diameters about 35 parsecs.
Many stars, tens and hundreds of thousands. Many giants and supergiants. Max.
luminosity about — 2.5.

Galactic: Very varied: rich, M 11; irregular, M 35; nebulous, Pleiades, M 16; accidental,
M 103. Almost exclusively in Milky Way, all longitudes; apparently no variables.
Radial velocities rarely > 40 km/sec., generally less. Almost all < 4000 light-years
distant. Almost exclusively in galactic region devoid of globulars. Tens and hundreds,
rarely thousands of stars. Hyades type, yellow stars as dominant as A type. Pleiades
type, almost all B’s and A’s, on Russell’s main branch.

TABLE 832.—Distribution of Open Star Clusters

(Trumpler, Bull. Lick Obs., no. 420, 1930. Contains classification in diameters, distances,
and distribution of 334 open clusters.)
The plane of symmetry of open clusters is inclined 2°3 to the adopted galactic plane.
Its pole lies at R. A. 12"50™. Dec. 27°7 (1900). Forms much flattened disklike system
1000 parsecs thick, diameter 10,000 parsecs.

In plane Lto plane of
concentration.
In galactic latitude. No. per layer
Long. Long. Mean distance 100 parsecs
90°-270°. 270°-90°. parsecs. thick.
— 850 2
tO) oO
— 650
— 550
— 450
— 350
— 250
— 150
sie 50
+ 150
+ 250
=iaoo0
+ 450
+ 550
+ 650
+ 750
+ 750
Total 33

8
6
4
2
0
12
sia
= 6
ae
+ 10
a5
+ 20
1-30
+ 90

I
I
2
3
9

No HRU DO

_
oo

In galactic plane.

In galactic longitude. Ring limits No. of Density per

Long. No. Long. 5 parsecs. clusters. 10° parsecs?.
0°-40° 12 160°-200° 0-1000 88 28
40 -80 34 200 -240 1000-2000 108 12
80 -120 40 240 -280 2000-3000 77 5
120 -160 28 280 -320 3000-4000 38 (48) 2
320 -360 4000-5000 16 (36) I

> 5000 7

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

638 TABLES 833 AND 834
TABLE 833.—Globular Star Clusters

Table contains those distant greater than 40,000 and less than 10,000 parsecs. For com-
plete list see Shapley, Star clusters, p. 224, McGraw-Hill, 1930.
1 kiloparsec = 31 X 10% km = 3 X 103 light-years. Proper motions:
M13, R.A. -++0.0005”, dec. +0.0008; M56, —0.0013, +0.0066; M2, +0.0082, +0.0026;
Van Maanen, 1927

Galactic

Angular
diam- No.
eter
,

. Distance
vari- kilo-

Long. Lat. ables parsecs

6397 (A366) 304.5 —I2.5 19.0

TOs) (47 7Duc;)). 3. : 272 —45 23

5139 (w Gen.).... 277 23
6656 (M22) 337 9 17-3
6121 (M4) . 319 14.0
6752 (A295) : 303 “Die 23:5
6809 (M55) 336 10.0
6541 (A473) 8 317 6.3
3201 (A445) 244 Wa
269 12.0

27

333
328.5
327-5

347

334

335

on

DO) 00/00/00 1 1ON NON
WO Ob Lk DODD

=
°
°

HR ONU <

Ny

BAU NON DUN
ee

347
32

[tittit!

Nd
=

TABLE 834.—Galactic Star Clusters _

Selected as having ture best determined distances from list of 248 clusters in Shapley, Star
clusters, p. 228, McGraw-Hill, 1930.

1 kiloparsec = 31 X 10 km = 3 X 103 light-years

Galactic Diameter Dis-

No. tance
stars kilo-

Long. Lat. Ang. Linear parsecs

kps.

98 ; II 2 0.79
: 3265) 820: aie Eieete

103 : 36 6.

2
Pleiades.... : e 10:
Hyades.... 147 f a 10:
LOGOMaet tere = 143 : 12 4
AQ) sino be F : 145 : 8.4

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 835, 836A AND 836B 639

TABLE 835.—Classification of Nebulae
(Hubble, Astrophys. Journ., 64, 321, 1926; Contr. Mt. Wilson Obs., no. 324.)

Symbol e. g.
I Galactic nebulae— A Planetaries N.G.C. 7662

) Predominantly luminous DL N.G.C. 6618
(2) wv obscure DO Barnard 92
(3) Conspicuously mixed... DLO N.G.C. 7023
II Extra-galactic nebulae—A Regular

N.G.C. 3379 Eo
(1) Elliptical 4 - 221 E2
1 to 7 shows ellipticity 4611 E5
: 2177,
(2) Spirals
(a) Normal spirals
(1) Early.... 5 .G.C. 4594
(2) Intermediate... . 2841
(3) Late. . Sc 5457
(b) Barred spirals
(1) Early N.G.C. 2859
(2) Intermediate.... ak 3351
me 1419
B Irregular N.G.C. 4449
Extra-galactic nebulae too faint to be classified, ‘‘Q”’

TABLE 836a.—Galactic Nebulae
(Russell, Dugan, and Stewart, Astronomy, 1927; Russell, Atkinson, Nature, 127, 661, 1931.)

Dark nebulae: Detected by obscuration of stars.
Diffuse “Irregular of outline and shape—probably owing their detection to
reflected light from nearby stars.
Roundish, sharply defined, almost always with a central star; less
than 150 known. Gerasimovié (1929) gives mean distance about 790
parsecs. The largest parallax is for N.G.C. 7283 in Aquarius, 12’ in
diameter. Russell gives mean parallax 0.008”, mean diameter 54”.
Nuclear star absolute mag. + 7 to + 8 (Russell, Menzel), + 5
(Gerasimovié). Classes O, Oe (ordinary isolated O type stars abs.
mag. —4). Proper motion, mean of 9, 0.022’’; av. radial veloc. +37
km/sec.; 6 > 100 km/sec.
Zanstra gives temperatures 30,000 to 100,000° K. for 20 of these
objects; radius perhaps 1/43 our sun’s; density 100,000 g/cm?, pos-
sibly, 10° or 107 g/cm?. Apparently upper end of a white dwarf
sequence probably parallel to main dwarf sequence, viz.:
Planetary nuclei... 4 Sirius B A5
o Ceti B Van Maanen’s
o2 Eridani B Wolf 489 13
Observed velocity of rotation 1.4 to 18, av. value 5.3 km/sec. at an apparent distance
of 5.7” from center. Period of rotation must be large, 4,000 to 15,000 years.

“cc

Planetary

TABLE 836b.—Data on Six Planetary Nebulae
(Van Maanen, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 4, 394, 1918.)

Diameter

Magnitude
Abs. M

N.G.C. Parallax App. m Angular Astr. units Light-years

2392 -+-0.022 -+10.0 + 6.7 46” 2100 0.03
6720 + .008 +14.7 + 9.2 80 10000 16
6804. O22 +13.4 +10.1 32 1450 -02
6905 + .015 +14.5 +10.4 47 3100 .05
7008 + .o16 +12.8 + 8.8 95 5900 .09
7662 + .023 -+12.9 + 9.7 31 1350 .02

Mean abs. mag. +9.1. Mean radial velocity 29 km/sec. (Campbell, Moore, Proc.
Nat. Acad. Sci., 1, 496, 1915.) (Diameter Neptune = 60 astr. units.)

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 837-839
TABLE 837.—Diffuse Galactic Nebulae, Dimensions

(Trumpler, Proc. Astron. Soc. Pacific 43, 255, 1931.)

640

N.G.C.
2237

I

Orion 661
(Mes. 16)

er Pleiades

6523
(Mes. 8)

6514

Distance parsecs. ee as.
Diameter (’)
i parsecs

1090 2050
35 * 55’ 20’
Tle ouiy7, 12

540

,

150
360/

1340
60’

TABLE 838.—Nongalactic Nebulae
(Hubble, Astrophys. Journ., 64, 1926.)

Some 400 considered. Distribution of magnitudes appears uniform throughout sequence.
For each stage in the sequence the total magnitude (M7) is related to the max. diameter
(d) by the formula: M/p = C-5 log d. When minor diameter is used, C approx. constant
throughout sequence (C = 10.1). Mean absolute visual magnitude —15.2. The statistical
expression for distance in parsecs is log D = 4.04 + 0.2 Mr. Masses appear to be of the
order of 2.6 X 108 X our sun’s. Apparently nebulae as far as measured are distributed
uniformly in space, one to 10” parsecs? or 1.5 X 10“ in C.G.S. units.

Corresponding radius of curvature of the finite universe of general relativity is of order
of 2.7 X 10" parsecs, about 600 times the distance at which normal nebulae can be detected
with the Mt. Wilson 100-inch reflector.

TABLE 839.—The Magellanic Clouds and N.G.C. 6822, Dimensions

(Hubble, Astrophys. Journ., 62, 400, 1925.)

Total
Core
Total
Core
Core

Angular size:
App. luminosity:

Surface brightness:
Distance

Linear dimensions: | Total
Core
Total
Core
Total
Core
Total

Core

Volume:
Absolute luminosity:

Mean density:

Large cloud

Small cloud

Towa
BUS Digs
1.2
1.9
21.0
34,500*
4,300§
2150 X715
4.2 X10
9.2 X 108
—16.5§
—15.8
—10.0
6.6

BIGOT 320s
They” SOLO)”
2.0f
D7]

21.0

31,600T
2,000
II00 X 500
4.2 X 10°
2.3108

—15.5

—14.8

8.5

6.1

* Harvard Coll. Obs. Circ. no. 268.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

+ loc. cit. 255.

tloc. cit. 260.

N.G.C. 6822

20’ X 10’
Soar
9.0
9.7
221
214,000
1250 X625
500 X 190
3.8 X 108
1-7 <0"
—12.7
—12.0
8.8
6.1

phtg. mags.

mag. /(’’)?
parsecs
4“
6c

(parsecs)®
ae

phtg. mag.

abs. mag./parsecs?
ae “é

§ Harvard Coll. Obs. Bull. no. 816.

TABLE 840 641

MAGNITUDES, RADIAL VELOCITIES, AND DISTANCES OF EXTERNAL
GALAXIES

The following table is due to Shapley (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 15, 565, 1929). The velocities
(mainly Slipher data) are from Hubble (loc. cit., 15, 169, 1929); the velocities are also given
corrected for the sun’s motion towards the apex A, 277°, D, +36°, and a velocity of 280
km/sec. (Hubble, loc. cit.), i.e., corrected for ‘galactic rotation”. Color indices are not very
reliable but the mean values for various groups serve to indicate negligible absorption of
light in space. Mean difference phtg.-vis. mag., +-0.23; Hubble’s 7619, the faintest, fastest,
probably most remote, shows the largest color index, +-2.8.

Apparent
photo-
, graphic Visual Distance
Radial magnitude mag. in mega-
velocity Vo mean Holetschek parsecs
Class N.G.C. h km/sec. km/sec. (Harvard) corrected (Hubble)

Peculiar. . 205 — 300 ; 10.0
221 — 135 : : 0.275
224 : 220 4 ‘ 5275
278 + 650
404 eS
584 7 +1800
598 Tao
936 +1300

300
1068 920
1700 800
2681 700
2683 400
2841
3031
3034
3115

+AHEFEAFHEHEFHFE HE | FH+H+44

9.7
9:5
9.1
g.2
10.3
10.4
9.4
9.8
8.8
9.3

See fetes es recteteaieate st
HOS WAND FO WO V
op, NOROR OF OR

a)
= ©

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

642 TABLES 841 AND 842
TABLE 841.—Extra-Galactic Nebulae, High Velocities
(Hubble, Humason, Astrophys. Journ., 74, 43, 1931.)

Velocity (km/sec.)=(Distance in parsecs) /1790

Object. Distance. Mean velocity. Notes.
Virgo cluster .... 1.8 million parsecs 890 km/sec. Several nebulae, 12° & 11°
Pegasus “ 7.25 3800 100 + nebulae

Pisces ¥eroup) eerie 7 4630 25
Cancer cluster ... 9. 4800 150

Perseus sew tLLs 5200
Coma en stG 7360
Urs. Maj. “ se 11800

sr ae 2) 19600

“

Extra-galactic nebulae.—(Analysis of 900 plates with 60- and 100-in. Mt. Wilson
reflectors, Hubble, Science, 75, 24, 1931.) (1) None found in low galactic latitudes;
avoidance zone irregular, 10° to 40° width—apparently due to known obscuring clouds
in Taurus, Cassiopeia, Ophiuchus, etc. Inclined belt of bright B stars and diffuse nebulosity
reaches highest latitude in Taurus and Ophiuchus. (2) Avoidance zone bordered by partial
obscuration to — 40° in general direction of center of galactic system (long. 330° to 340°) ;
very limited in opposite direction (except in Taurus) long. 140°, lat. — 35° to — 40°.
(3) Lat. > 40° (and in lower lat. towards anti-center) nebulae approx. uniform distribu-
tion log number per sq., degree = 2.375. Variation with exposure time indicates uniform
distribution also in depth. (4) Appreciable absorption of light in extra-galactic space
appears inadmissible. (5) Mean abs. phtg. mag. — 13.8. Density one neb./6 X 10
parsec®. Mean mass 5 X 10° sun’s. Mean density in observable space 5 X 10 g/cm®. (6)
It may be hazarded that clustered nebulae (in 1 hr. plates) may be expected one per square
degree,

TABLE 842.—Rotation of Stars

Values derived for the components, in the line of sight, of the equatorial velocities of
rotation for single stars, 0 to 250 km/sec. Assuming that the axes of the stars having the
largest rotational velocities are at right angles to the line of sight, it appears that these
stars are still stable. ‘Our analysis of the spectra of giants and dwarfs shows that all
single stars belonging to the later spectrum classes show little rotation. On the other
hand, a number of spectroscopic binaries of late type, such as W Urs. Maj. have a very
rapid rotation. In fact, Adams and Joy have in a number of cases successfully predicted
that stars of spectrum classes F or G showing diffuse lines are close spectroscopic
binaries. It is probable that we have here a real difference in behavior: in the early
spectrum types rapid axial rotation is observed in single stars about as frequently as in
spectroscopic binaries; while in the later types rapid rotation occurs only in close binaries.
This may have a bearing on the problem of the origin of double stars. (Struve-Elrey,
M. N. 26, 91, 663, 1931.)

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 843-845
TABLE 843.—The Galaxy, its Center and Rotation

The center of the galaxy lies apparently among the dense clouds in Sagittarius 40,000
light-years (13,000 parsecs). About this center the sun revolves with a period of about
250,000,000 years, an orbital speed of 200-300 km/sec. Amount of matter within sun’s
orbit must have mass about 200 billion times our sun’s. In following table based partly on
Redman, M.N. 92, 113, 1931, y = mean distance in parsecs from center of objects. A =
about .017 km/sec. /parsec. /) longitude galactic center. The sun is about +33 parsecs from
galactic plane (Gerasimovi¢, Luyten, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 1927).

643

Approx. No: : .
objects - Source

dis-
tance

290° | Plaskett, Pearce
300 ae ac
346 ae ae
345 | Oort, B.A.N., 1927
237 ‘f ae oe
334 | Lindblad, M.N., 1930
346 % ae ae
319 “c é “ac

17 | Redman, loc. cit., 1931
321 | Pearce, 1931
325 | Gerasimovié, Struve
330 | Astrophys. Journ., 1929 J |

250
135
330
180
210
160
190
160
230

Ny

COON NANI
CON N = CO
NO CO

me nN

No

un

o
+

n
©
S

OSB Reed a ae
Interstellar Ca.
Same stars....

OWWO O 4

~sJ
_
aS
ro
NUP AWW N ONWHN

* These values seem consistent on the supposition that the Ca is more or less evenly distributed between the
stars and us, so that r for Ca should be % that for the stars.

Lindblad (Scientia, 61, 325, 1932) gives a more recent summary of various workers. With Plaskett’s A =
+o.0155 km/sec./parsec, time of revolution = 200,000,000 years; Jo = 327°. With a linear speed of 275 km/sec.
our distance to center is 9,400 parsecs (about 30,000 light-years). Total mass of stellar system = 16 X 101
solar masses.

TABLE 844.—Transmission of Light Across Space; Theoretical
(Russell, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 8, 115, 1922; Nature, 110, 81, 1922.)

Let radius of particle = 7’, density, p, (random distribution); quantity of matter per unit
vol. = d. The extinction of a beam of light will be e stellar magnitudes per unit distance
where e = 0.814 gd/pr. gis a numerical factor independent of physical units, taking account
of complications when 27 becomes near the wave length, A, of the light; when 27 = 2 or 3A,
q = sensibly unity. q increases for small particles to a max. 2.56, when circumference =
1.12 X A; then rapidly decreases, = nearly (14/3) X 2zr/M for particles less than 1/2 this
diameter. g/r is max. 2.42, when circumference = .

Clouds, same mean density, d, opacity reaches sharp max. when particles of this size, at
the same time becomes selective (1/A*). Visual max. when 7 = 0.086p. A cloud of this size
dust, (density 2.7), absorbs 1 magnitude if 1/86 mg./cm? regardless of cross section. If 1/2
this or smaller, selective absorption almost as complete as for a gas. Best size particles for
opaqueness also best for light pressure.

Rayleigh’s formula for gas is J = Jp e*

32° (nm — 1) : : : ee
oS = a Mk where v is the index of refraction, N, Loschmidt’s number.

TABLE 845.—Transmission of Light Across Space; Observed Estimates

Kapteyn, 1904...0.0016 mag./parsec Van Rhijn, 1928....0.000035* mag./parsec
Seeliger, IQII.... .0003 e Shalen, 1929 .0005 E

ae

Halm, 1917 < Lundmark, 1925... .00000007
Shapley, 1929...... .000000007

* Equivalent to 4.7 X 10-14 g/cm2. Bull. Astron. Soc. of Netherlands, 4, 123, 1928. Eddington computed
0.00007 per 100 parsecs as scattering coefficient. For Ca Gerasimovié, 1929, obtained 1.1 X 10-% as the scat-
tering coefficient. ‘

Absorption and space reddening in the Galaxy as shown by the colors of globular clusters. Steb-
bins, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 19, 222, 1933.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

644 TABLES 846-848
TABLE 846.—Amount of Matter in Interstellar Space

(Eddington, Proc. Roy. Soc., A3, 424, 1926. Note also Table 848.)

Whether or not matter exists in space is important in estimating absolute magnitudes
(Cepheids), and, as a resisting medium, for its dynamical effects.

Density at average point, 10 g/cm* (Eddington, dynamical reasons, star velocities).

(Gerasimovié, Struve, Gaseous substratum of galaxy, Astrophys. Journ., 69, 7, 1929.)

Interstellar density of Ca probably about pca = 3.6 X 10 g/cm®

For all gases TO%ss 3

Assuming matter of about atomic weight 20, doubly ionized so that there will be about °

one free electron per cm, then
Free path for ions, roughly 10° km, duration 1 year.
Free path for electrons, roughly 5.2 & 10° km, duration 10 days.
An ion encounters and deflects an electron once in 5 days.

Central density of typical diffuse nebula, estimated, 10°” g/cm*. Hubble (Astrophys.
Journ., 1926) estimates if all matter within 100 light-years uniformly distributed, density of
order 10 g/cm*. Eddington (Nature, 128, 702, 1931), 10” electrons and protons in
universe.

TABLE 847,—Radii of Curvature of Space

Radius of curvature of the finite universe of general relativity is of the order of
2.7 < 10° parsecs (Hubble, Astrophys. Journ., 64, 1926).
Radius of Curvature of de Sitterian space time:
460 stars 3.63 X Io” astr. units = 5.74 X 10° light-years = 1.8 X 10° parsecs
29 Cepheids 3.0 ni “
35; Oxstars 3:2

“cc “c “cc

(Silberstein, Nature, 9, 50, 1930.)
TABLE 848.—Interstellar Gases (Calcium, Sodium)

Since excited atoms are exceedingly rare, the only strong absorption lines will be the
principal lines. Na, Ca, and Ca-+ have principal lines in the observable spectrum. If we
take a 12000° K. temperature for the interstellar medium, ionization potential may be
taken as 20 volts =y. For electrons of ionization potential Y the fraction ionized is

x/(1— x) = eY—¥O/KT For Na, Y= 5.1 v. and 30.35 v., T= 12000, Ri =30.35v-

whence x/(1 — x) =2 > 10° for Ist ionization; 107° for 2nd ionization.

Thus the Na+ (which is undetectable) is but one part in 2,000,000 of Na. For Ca with
ionization potential 6.1 and 11.8 v. we have nearly all Ca as Ca++ +, but one part in 3000
of Ca-+, one in 2 X 10° of Ca.

Certain brighter stars show these lines of Ca (fewer those of Na), which when cor-
rected for solar motion indicate a stationary (relative to sun) absorber, whereas other
lines indicate a definite radial velocity for the star (Plaskett). Struve gives the following
table indicating definitely the increase of this absorption with the distance:

0-100 parsecs 22 stars K intensity 2.1] 400-600 parsecs 30 stars K intensity 4.2
100-200 101 2.2 | 600-800 26 4.6

200-300 62 3.1 | 800 33 3.1
300-400 47 3-3

Note.—Max. intensity K corresponds closely to outside boundary of local cluster (He B
stars). The interstellar Ca apparently shares in the rotation of the galaxy (see Table 843).
Note added 1933.—Plaskett, Pearce consider best value of interstellar density of matter

as 10°’ g/cm’.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 849 aNnD 850 645

TABLE 849.—Temperature of Interstellar Space
(Eddington, Proc. Roy. Soc., A3, 424, 1926.)

Total light from stars equivalent to 1000 Ist (visual) mag. or heat from about 2000
(bolometric) Ist mag. stars. Star abs. mag. 1 radiates 36 X sun = 1.37 & 10” erg/sec.
At std. distance 10 parsecs (3.08 X 10" cm) gives flow of 1.15 X 10° erg/cm*/sec. Energy
density due to star app. bolometric mag. 1.0, is 3.8 < 10°” erg/cm® or energy of starlight
=7.7 X 10 erg/cm’. The effective temperature of space from Stefan’s law is 3°.2 K.

Ina region away from prepondering influence of a star a black body will take up a tem-
perature 3°.2 K.; then its radiation will balance that which it absorbs. But if the receiving
matter be a strongly selectively absorbing gas, higher temperatures may result. See Fabry.,
Astrophys. Journ., 45, 264. Then the temperature will be governed by 4 considerations:
(1) Line absorption (excitation of atoms) ; energy held about 10° sec. and then lost by
reradiation. An atom meets an electron only once in 5 days. So negligible chance (107°)
of thermal agitation by an encounter. (2) Scattering of free electrons ; retards an electron
I mm/sec./yr.—not cumulative and negligible. (3) Continuous absorption during en-
counters of electrons with atoms (orbit switches). (4) Photoelectric effect (ionization of
atoms). Velocity depends on quality and not intensity of radiation. Forms an electron
gas with temperature determined by the mean energy of expulsion. The temperature
defined by the mean molecular speed is of the order 10,000° K.*

The temperature of the electron gas will be the same in space as close to the star. The
rate of production of electrons but not their speed will be diminished. The heat of the
electrons will be continually renewed and the atoms will gradually be brought to the
same temperature. This high temperature is a typical quantum effect.

* 15,000° K. is considered a better value from more recent data. Plaskett, Pearce, The problems of
the diffuse matter in the galaxy, Publ. Dominion Astrophys. Obs., 5, 167, 1923.

TABLE 850.—Matter and Energy

(Donnan, Nature, 128, 290, 1931. Dushman, Gen. Elec. Rev., 33, 327, 1930;
Eddington, Nature, May 1, 1926.)

Jeans proposed the annihilation and transformation of an electron and a proton into
radiation to account for the immense output of radiation from the stars. Einstein’s special
relativity theory gives as the energy corresponding to a mass of m grams of matter mc*
ergs (c=velocity of light). If H=energy in ergs, then this transformed to matter
=E/c* grams. The mass of a proton + electron= 6.06 X 10” g. Applying Einstein’s
development of Planck’s quantum theory, then the coalescence of a proton and electron
produces one quantum of monochromatic radiation (photon); and since mc*= hy»,
y= 2.2 X 10° or N= 1.3 X 10 cm. Formerly such short waves were not known but the
discovery of cosmic rays shows their possibility.

Now the reaction P + E = radiation can occur only under unusual conditions. Imagine
a proton-electron gas, only photons of v2.2 X 10% could change into a matter pair.
Donnan shows that the black-body temperature of a hohlraum radiation necessary would
be 2.2 X 10°%°K. By another method (equation for variation with the temperature of the

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

646 TABLE 850 (continued)
MATTER AND ENERGY

equilibrium constant of an ideal gas reaction, d-log K/dT = Q/RT”) he derives a T of
10” °K. Milne yields another solution. If n= no, of protons (electrons) present per cm*
at statistical equilibrium, then 1 = 0.96 X 10% T?X 107 (2:35*10")/T.

pm(g/cm*) pr(g/cm*)
[658000 ~ 0.85 x 10°

MOG ><:1Om 0.85 X 10°
1.34 X 10° 0.85 < 10°

We have the following picture: As 7 rises, molecules will be ionized and finally all
dissociated to atoms; then the atoms become ionized with finally a proton-electron gas.
At some very high temperature P + E — radiation sets in. Milne’s equation shows that
at T = 10" this reaction is practically complete. As T rises yet higher the birth of matter
will commence and we see that JT = 10”, the equilibrium density of matter becomes equal
to 1.34 X 10” g/cm*®. T= 10” corresponds to enormous densities for both matter and
radiation. Enormous voltages (9 X 10° volts) may give the attainment of such reactions.

Compton effect.—X rays are supposed to consist of streams of energy quanta. While
each quantum carries the energy equivalent to hy, one may also specify each of these
photons (light units) by the momentum which, according to the theory of quanta, is equal
to hv/c. When this photon collides with a free or loosely bound electron there is an inter-
change of both energy and momentum in accordance with the laws of conservation of
energy and of momentum. Consequently the photon suffers a recoil in one direction with
loss of momentum, while the electron moves off in another direction with added momentum.
The decrease in momentum of the scattered X-ray photon corresponds to an increase in
wave length. (Dushman, Gen. Elec. Rev., 33, 334, 1930.)

De Broglie phase waves.—De Broglie was led to the conception that associated with a
particle of mass mo (rest mass, zero velocity) and velocity v, there is a wave motion of

12

wave length given by
A=AVI—V/ Cc /mov = h/mov

for small values of v; c is the velocity of light. The theory of relativity gives as the total

energy, E, of a particle of mass mo

E = me?/V 1 —v"/c? = mc”

with m the mass for velocity v. According to the quantum theory, the frequency associated
with E is given by E/h. Hence the phase velocity or velocity of the individual waves con-
stituting the group is given by

u = vA= mc?/mv = c’/Vv.

The value of h is 6.55 X 107 erg/sec. For a mass of I g moving at 1 cm/sec. the asso-
ciated wave length is 6.55 X 10°” cm—too small to be measured at present. Wave lengths
10’ to 1077 cm are measurable with crystal lattices. With de Broglie’s assumption we
would expect corpuscular motion to exhibit phenomena like those associated with light
waves under conditions where the momenta of the particles are of the order of magnitude

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 850 (concluded) 647
MATTER AND ENERGY

mv =h/10™ to h/to; ie., for mv ranging from 6.55 X 10” to 6.55 & 10°. According
to kinetic theory a Hz molecule (m= 3.7 X 10) has a v of about 2 & 10° cm/sec. at room
temperature. mv is then 6.6 X 10”, within the above-mentioned range. An electron fall-
ing through 100 volts acquires a v of 5.9 X 10° cm/sec. and mv= 5.3 * 107” and A= 1.24
X 10° cm. For cathode rays of 25,000-volt velocity, \ comes out 0.75 < 10° cm, approxi-
mately. Several observers have found for diffracted electrons values of X in accordance
with De Broglie’s relation, (Dushman, Gen. Elec. Rev., 33, 335, 1930.)

Neutrons.—Bothe and Becker (1930) bombarded various elements with Po a particles
(range 3.9 cm in air, 76 cm, O° C, initial kinetic energy 5.25 X 10° electron volts). Mg, Al,
give trace of a resulting radiation, Li, Bo, Fe, notable effects, Be tremendous results—a
very penetrating radiation. Joliot and Curie-Joliot (10931) detected it through 30 cm Pb.
First considered photons but finally neutrons. Speed of neutrons from Be, 7 to 35 < 10°
cm/sec. Curie and Joliot found two groups 29 and 38 & 10° cm/sec. Becker and Bothe
found Be to eject 19 photons to 1 neutron. Mass of neutron = B”™ + Het — N*“ = 1.0051
0.005 (O=16). (Darrow, Rev. Sci. Instr., 4, 58, 1933, contains bibliography.) May
be considered element of atomic number 0; close combination of electron and proton.
Effective collision radius 1.31 X 10 cm. (Rabi, Phys. Rev., 43, 828, 1033.)

Positron.—Positive electron (Anderson, 1932) + charge < 2e, probably exactly equal
to e and a mass comparable to a free negative electron. Probably results from the dis-
integration of atomic nuclei (in Anderson’s case by cosmic rays). Out of total of 25,000
exposures, I,450 cosmic ray photographs were obtained: particles of + and — charge
occur in about equal numbers. Energies range > 10° volts down to few million. Mass
probably less than of proton. Anderson < 20 times mass of electron (Anderson, Science,
77, 494, 1933; Darrow, Rev. Sci. Instr., 4, 263, 1933, bibliography ).

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

648 ; TABLE 851
PACKING FRACTIONS (ASTON)
(See Table 506.)

A reason for the failure of the additive law within the nucleus in atom building is

because the protons and electrons become so closely packed that their electromagnetic fields
interfere and a certain fraction of the mass is destroyed and appears as an electromagnetic
radiation. The greater this loss, the more stable is the resulting nucleus. A convenient and
informative expression for this loss is the “ packing fraction,’ the mean gain or loss of
mass per proton when the nuclear packing is changed from that of oxygen to the atom
under consideration. These are given in Table 596 as parts per 10,000, and their run is
indicated in the following plot (ordinates). It is a measure of the forces binding together
the protons and electrons of the nucleus. The abscissae are mass numbers. It is to be noted
' that the more stable (even atomic numbers) lie on the lower of the two lines drawn. (See
Millikan, Phys. Rev., 32, 535, 1928, for the following use of this curve.)

oo
°

° oO ae

Aston’s curve indicates that only very heavy elements can evolve energy by disintegration
and there are no abundant elements above at. wt. 80 (less than 1% of all matter).

The condition necessary that even a heavy atom may liberate energy through the emission
of an a particle may be seen at once from Aston’s curve. Such liberation can happen only
where the curve is rising so rapidly with increasing atomic weight that

nAy > 4 X (0.00054 — yn).

n is the at. wt. of the active atom, Ay, the difference in ordinate between (n — 4) and n, yn,
the ordinate for the at. wt. m, and 0.00054 the value of y for He., i.e., it is the mass of the
H nucleus within the a particle.

Therefore, not only very heavy atoms alone can disintegrate with the ejection of a rays
and the evolution of energy, but we can compute the max. hardness, or penetrating power,
of any radiations producible by radioactive disintegration.

When thorium, e.g., throws off an a particle (7 = 232, yn = 0.00031), the increase in
the mass of the a particle per gram-atom, because it has escaped from the nucleus, is
4(0.00054-0.00031 ) = 0.00092. The loss in mass of the residue of the Th atom nAy
— 0,000034 X 228 = 0.007752. Therefore the total loss in mass through the emission of
the a ray is 0.00775 — 0.00092 = 0.00683 grams per gram-atom. By Einstein’s equation
the energy available for emission from this loss of mass is 0.00683c” ergs/g-atom. The
total energy from each ejection of an a particle is this divided by the Avogadro number or
1.004 X 10° ergs. The highest speed a ray known to be given off from Ra has an energy
of 8.800,000 volts (1.2 X 10° ergs). ThC’ ejects in one instance an a ray with 14% more
energy than this. Similarly the “upper limit” for the speed of a 6 ray ejected by any
of the disintegration products of Th or Ra is 7,540,000 volts or again 1.2 X 10° ergs.
Einstein’s equation predicts quite within the limits of reliabilty of Aston’s measurements
of mass, the maximum energy available in the radioactive process.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 852 649
TABLE 852.—Cosmic Rays
(Millikan, Cameron, Phys. Rev., 31, 921, 1928; 32, 533, 1928. )

The measurements on the absorption coefficients for the cosmic rays indicate a complex
set of entering rays which may be analyzed into separate rays with mean absorption
coefficients (u) per meter of water of 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, and 0.30.

Formation of He nucleus from hydrogen: From Einstein’s equation and Aston’s curve
(Table 851) the loss of mass in the formation in a single act of the nucleus of He from
four + electrons and two — electrons is 4 < 1.00778 — 4 X 1.00054 = 0.029 g/g-atom, and
the radiant energy released each time this act occurs is

(0.029 X 9 X 10”) / (6.062 X 10%) = 4.3 X 10” ergs.

v= (4.3 X 10°) /(6.547 X 10°") = 6.57 X 107, A= 0.00046 A. From Dirac’s relativity-
quantum-mechanics formula ~ = 0.30 per meter H.O.

Oxygen from hydrogen: 16 X 0.00778 = 0.1245 g/g-atom #4 = 0.074 per m H.O.

Nitrogen “ ar 0.108 g/g-atom =0.086.
Mean of these two corresponds to 0.08.
Silicon gives w= 0.041. Tron = v= o0l0re:

So that the observed mu of the cosmic ray may correspond to the creation from hydrogen
of He (u= 30), O (.08), Si (.04) and Fe (.02).

Cosmic rays (A. H. Compton, Phys. Rev., 43, 387, 1933).—Intensity vs. altitude curves
indicate not only a rapid increase in ionization intensity with altitude but also that at each
alt. the intensity is greater for high lat. than near the Equator. At sea-level the intens.
at high lat. is 14% greater than at Equator; at 2000 m alt., 22%, at 4360 m, 33% greater.
With arbitrary constants corresponding to 1.605 ions due to rays unaffected by the earth’s
magnetic field (neutral rays or electrons of energies > 4X 10” electron-volts), and a
band of electrons approaching the earth with energies between 0.5 X 10” and 1.3 X 10”
electron-volts reaching the earth at lat. > 50° and producing 0.235 ion, but failing to
reach the earth at the Equator, Compton’s observations will bear out the theory of
Lemaitre and Vallarta (Phys. Rev., 42, 914, 1932). The extra component appearing at
high lat. is more rapidly absorbed than the main body of rays. This would be anticipated
if rays unaffected by earth’s magnetic field were of electrons of greater energy; or a
uniform background due to neutral rays such as photons, neutrons, or high speed, neutral
atoms. Average intensity lat. 0° to 22°, sea-level, 1.620 0.006 ions per cm per seC.;
lat. > 48°, 1.839 + 0.006 ions.

Cosmic rays (Millikan, Etat actuel de nos connaissances sur le lieu et la mode de pro-
duction des Rayons Cosmiques, Congrés international d’Electricité, 1932; Phys. Rev., 43,
661, 1933; 43, 695, 1933; Science, 77, 494, 1933; 77, May 5, 1933)—Most distinctive
results: (A) Ionization-altitude curve (to 18 km or 92% through the atmosphere)
does not rise exponentially clear to top with apparent absorption coefficient about 0.6 per
m H:O (all observers get this, say 5 to 9 km) but shows a marked decrease 9 km to top
(about 12 km), actually becoming concave downward. This is inconsistent with (1)
incoming rays primarily of charged particles, (2) photons in complete equilibrium with
their secondaries, (3) rays of the penetrating power of y rays or rays between these and
the least energetic cosmic rays. They show non-ionizing primary entering rays not yet
in equilibrium with secondaries.

The rays show a rapid softening with altitude (essentially the same in temperate and
equatorial latitudes) ; best interpreted by cosmic photon bands of widely differing pene-
trating powers as from the production of He, O, Si, Fe, etc. More than } of the cosmic
rays at 7.6 km have energy < 350,000,000 volts. Millikan considers that the “cosmic rays”
found at low altitudes are secondaries formed in the earth’s atmosphere by collisions of
photons with air atoms. Anderson has caught the cosmic rays, which cannot themselves
be photographed, in the act of smashing atoms, setting loose + and — charged particles.
So all but a small fraction of the cosmic rays at sea-level are secondaries produced in the
earth’s atmosphere.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

650 TABLES 853-856
OCEANOGRAPHY
(See Nat. Res. Council Bull. 85, 1932.)
TABLE 853.—Area of Ocean Depths (Littlehales)

Area of total water surface is about 365,500,000 km*, (Land surface about 153,500,000
km’. )

Meters: (hte cca sections 0-200 200-1000 1000-2000 2000-3000 3000-4000 4000-5000 5000-6000 > 6000
Nextt OS eh ayeeers eet = 30.60 16.40 18.05 36.45 79.01 112.72 66.88 5.38
Gow at dcnsreccane ee ae ie 8.4 4.4 4.9 9-9 21.7 30.8 18.4 Tas

The continental shelf dips gradually (depth contour about 200 m) ; then a steeper con-
tinental slope (talus), the seat of many deposit slips, seismic disturbances. Insular shelves
and taluses, then troughs, trenches, basin deeps.

TABLE 854.—Oceanic Gradients
Ocean bottom gradients, Atlantic Ocean between Equator and 47° N. latitude.

Zane N eo slatacrm gs rer O-10° 10-20° 20-25° 25-30° 30-35° 35-40° 40-47°
Gradient ch: asian meer 20'.7 28'.7 28'.7 23'.9 24’.1 36'.2 37'.1

Island gradients often great; St. Helena, up to 40°; St. Paul (Atlantic Ocean), 62°.
Gradients for volcanic and coral islands also great, generally in upper 300 m. Great
Caldera of Santorin > 50°. S. of Cuba, 76° W., to depth 2625 m, 35° 30’. Compare
Fujiyama, Japan, fine volcanic peak, 35°; 12° at base. Steep gradients (Alpine conditions)
westward of British, French, Iberian coasts (av. angle 13° to 14°) and W. of continental
slope of California (San Diego to Point Conception) 14° between 2000 and 4000 m isobaths.

TABLE 855.—Atlantic Ocean Basin. Areas and Depths (Littlehales)

Depths! Mmm ween cette 0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 Over8 Total area
INTCRIL OY Ia? Sopa eoooese ZOvO) 19.50 50.60 7.38 0.039 107.014900
To OLEWHOlene haan eee ene 27.6 18.2 47.3 6.9 0.4 100

Remarkable feature: Mid-Atlantic Rise, of median course and continental extent, from
Iceland to S. polar border; throughout its more than 13 km, the general rise of its crest
is some 3 km above the basin bottom on each side. W. Atlantic trough 6 km deep over
large area of N. portion; other troughs and basins of similar depth. European isolated
depth of 6 km. Near Equator lessened depth, 1.9 km, and extension along Equator 34° to
15° W. long., cut by narrow gap 18° W., 4 to 5 km deep. Passage through gap leads
to Brazilian basin, 7.4 km deep. Ridge <1 km deep leads from Greenland (Iceland is a
volcanic rise) to British Isles.

Greatest depths: 54° 30’ S., 28° 30’ W., 8.050 km; 19° 36’ N., 66° 26’ W., 8.351 km;
19° 35’ N., 67° 43’ W., 8.525 km; 19° 38’ N., 68° 17’ W., 8.198 km. See also page 651.
Greatest depth in Mediterranean, 4.400 km at 35° 45’ N., 21° 46’ E.; Black Sea, entire
central basin below 2 km; North Sea < 200 m throughout.

TABLE 856.—Indian Ocean Basin. Areas and Depths (Littlehales)

Depths skimmer cerita ok 0-2 2-4 4-6 Over 6 Total area
Aceas, UiOrskinie aise autores gens oe 8.192 18.569 44.560 4.656 75.986000
Toot Wwholes ace cereale ke 10.8 24.4 58.7 6.1 100

Compared with Atlantic the bottom relief of the Indian Ocean is much simpler. 7 km
deep 250 km S. of Java 10° 1’ S., 108° 65’ E. Persian Gulf, order of 0.09 km deep. Red Sea,
about 2 km.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 857-858 651
OCEANOGRAPHY
(See Nat. Res. Council Bull., 85, 1932.)
TABLE 857.—Pacific Ocean Basin. Areas and Depths (Littlehales)

WMepthswkerm) <csiery seis 0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 Over8 Totalarea
Aveds 10° Kin: yee 18.580 31.632 115.503 11.426 0.521 177.752
Comol wholes eeeas 10.5 17.8 65.0 6.4 0.3 100

With much more steeply sloping shores on the E. and W., this ocean, with its Polynesian
characteristics, presents a very irregular depth map. Along W. coasts of both N. and S.
America steep slopes are remarkable, descending from great heights of Rocky Mts, and
the Andes to depths of 4 km or more within short distances; off S. A., between 10° and
35° S., depths to 8 km near coast. All soundings > 8 km near land, off S. A., Aleutian Is.,
Kurtle Is., Japan, etc. There are numerous isolated volcanic formations, e. g., Hawaiian
chain. The largest and deepest depressions are in the gigantic Pacific basin. Tuscarora
deep, 8.513 km; 3 elongated tracts 45°, 38°, 31° lat. > 8 km for 38 km®. Manchu deep,
31° N., 142° E., 9.435 km for 4 km’; Fleming deep, 23° 48’ N., 144° 6’ E., 8.650 km deep;
Tonga deep, 23° 39’ N., 175° 4’ E., 9.184 km; Aleutian deep > 6 or 7 km near S.A.,

25° 42' S., 71° 31’ W., 7.635 km. These deeps are as a rule not associated with the pits
of great basins but are nearer land.

Note: The Arctic basin is about 4 of Atlantic Ocean in extent; greatest depths about
4km. The Antarctic Ocean basin falls steeply from its continent to 2 km.

TABLE 858.—Physical Properties of Sea Water (Thompson)

Temperatures.—Tropical, surface up to 28°C, <o°C at bottom. Northern Pacific,
extreme variation < 6° throughout. Generally decreases with depth.

Pressure.—Atmospheric surface pressure generally neglected, called zero. Pressure is
{(wt.) =f(temperature, chlorinity, compressibility, latitude). Gravity =f (latitude).
Bjerknes (1909) proposed a “bar” as unit of pressure that due to column of water
10 m high.

Concentration.—Dilute solution of several strong electrolytes. An ionizing medium
better than distilled water; dielectric constant is greater. Composition much the same,
varying mainly in dilution.

Salinity (s) is defined as the total amount of solid material in one kg of sea water when
all the carbonates have been converted into oxides, the Br and I replaced by Cl and all
organic matter completely oxidized. Chlorinity (Cl) = total amount chlorine in one kg
when all the Br and I have been replaced by Cl. S=0.03 +1.805 Cl. Thus chlorinity
may be reduced to salinity (Knudsen, Hydrographical Tables, Copenhagen, 1901). The
principal ions, chlorinity 10.374% are (Ditmar, 1884):

ations see sete Na+ Mgt+ Cat+ Kt Anionsi ci.) niCesm SOs El COs~ CO ;- 5 Br
PITA O) cictverse ioe 10.722 1.207 0.417 0.382 Kilo ciclo 19.337. 2.705 0.097 0.007 0.066
MOLES /h vaycloicieieve -4662 .0533 .0104 .0098 moles/l ... +5453 .0281 .0016 .0001 .0008
Totals: 12.818 g/kilo Totals: 22.212 g/kilo
0.5397 moles/1 0.5759 moles/1

For fresh water Ca*, HCO:, and CO:° predominate.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

23

a ~-segrene pagans > an

652 TABLES 858 (continued) AND 859
OCEANOGRAPHY
(See Nat. Res. Council Bull., 85, 1932.)
TABLE 858 (continued).—Physical Properties of Sea Water (Thompson)

Adiabatic cooling for sea water, chlorinity 19.29%, 2° C, when brought from various
depths to the surface (Ekman, Schott, Amer. Hydrogr. 321, 1914) :

Depth, meters ....... 1000 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Cooling Gace 0.06 .14 . 36 63 .96 Pays

Color and transparency.—(See Atkins, Journ. Conseil, 1, 99, 1926.) Optically pure
water becomes bluer with depth. Green tints due to suspended matter. A rough measure
may be taken as the depth where a white immersed disk becomes just invisible; coastal
water, 5 to 25 m, often 45 to 60 m. Max. record 66 m (Sargasso Sea).

Density taken as So, sp. gr. at o° referred to distilled water at 4°. Density expressed as
go = (So—1)1000. o = — 0.069 + 1.4708 Cl — 0.00157 Cl? + 0.0000398 Cl’.

Chlonittitys, jscrceo. cee: 5% 10% 15% 20%
Density reeeuton: One 5.45 10.90 20.35 25.81
iid bikisncidretstboe Gee 20m€ 5.00 10.40 15.75 25.15
IMaxcaidensitya iocee ct AG Zar +0.1 —1.9 —3.8
Breezes! “aca. cement Ie 0.5 —1.0 —1.5 —2.0
Conductivity’ 4... o71€ .0085 .0160 .0235 .0305 Reciprocal ohms
agile Seg Aor (E .O140 .0205 .0385 .0500

°

Refractive index ..0° C 1.3358 1.3376 1.3394 1.3412
ss f AAO? (C 1.3347 1.3364 1.3381 1.3397

Spiheat.s:,. scisee <- 17 251C .9971 9954 .9942 .9930 Atm. pressure
Conductivity ....17°5 C 1370. 1356. 1348. 1341. Thermal, all < 10°
Surface tension......0° €# —77:3 77.5 BEG, 77.85 Dynes/cm

‘i REE 208: A737 73-9 74.1 74.3 oy es
Sp» ViSCOsity, 4... 3. one 1.015 1.030 1.045 1.060 ) Referred to dis-
: sl pt Paataed 3 10° C 74 755 705 78 tilled H.O, 1.00
‘S od ne Maat ae 201 57 58 59 .605 atiOme
Velocity of sound: Chlorinity, 19.37%; salinity, 35.00%
Depth) smetersieace acca O 0 2000 4000 6000 8000
Velocity, mi/SeC.rvi.casiemens [1630]20° C [1560 1590 1625 1660 1695]o° C

TABLE 859.—Chemical Composition of Sea Water (Thompson, Robinson)

Concentration as millimols or milligram atoms per kilogram

Cl 535.0 CO: 212500 B 0.037 | Cu 0.002 Zn 0.00003
Na 454.0 Br {Sie ies .o15 | Ba .0o15 | Hion .oooo1
Sulphate 82.88 Sr 15 | Nitrate <coras iil .00035 | Au —- .00000025
Mg 52.29 Al .07? | Fe .0036 | Ag .0002

Gz 10.19 F .043 | Mn .003? | Nitrite .ooo1

K OO SI 047 ae 002 | As .00004

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 860 653
OCEANOGRAPHY
(See Nat. Res. Council Bull. 85, 1932)
TABLE 860.—Waves of the Sea (Patton, Marmer)

Wave forms.—Progression of wave form across a stretch of water; actual cyclic move-
ment (circular in deep water ; elliptical, long axis horizontal, in shallow) of particle; there
also may be a forward propagation of particles. Form of ocean wave, trochoid or prolate
cycloid. If a=height of crest, b= depth of trough, both from undisturbed water level,
h and J, the height and length of wave, then a= (h/l) + 0.7854(h*/1); b= (h/2)
— 0.7854(h’/I) (Gaillard, 1904).

Wind waves in deep water are surface waves. Particle motions decrease rapidly with
depth; halved for each 1/9 ? of depth. If height of wave = vertical distance between crest
and trough, J, distance between consecutive same phases, v, velocity, p, period, v=1/p;
v= (g/2r)sl; g =gravity; p= (20/g) tl = (20/g)v; |= (g/20) p= (20/9) Vv.

Principal factors: Strength and duration of wind, fetch exposed to wind. Highest
(hurricane) waves in open sea, about 15 m; may be higher through interference, etc., over
30 m. No fixed relation between / and h. Some observed ratios (Gaillard): h, 0.6 to
1.5 m, 30; 3 to 6 m5/205 > Q m, 14. 150 m long not uncommon; some up to 300 m.

Swell.—As waves pass from disturbed area they degenerate to a gentle swell; not im-
portant in mid-ocean but may be dangerous to exposed coasts and harbors. Periods
(Morocco coasts) 7 to 20 sec., height 0.45 to 4.5 m.

Waves in shallow water are considerably different. If depth of water greater than length
of wave, water deep; less, shallow. Wave of translation (Russell, Rep. British Assoc.,
8, 417, 1838; 14, 311, 1845).—All the water is above the undisturbed level; there is actual
translation of the water particles; due to sudden addition of water, as with breaking of a
wave.

Wave pressure may be as great as 3.3 X 10° dyne/cm’.

Seismic waves: Lisbon tidal wave, 1755, 18.3 m; Krakatoa, 1883, 21 m at Telok Betong.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

654 ; APPENDIX
TABLES 861-863
TABLE 861.—Properties of Carboloy

(Hoyt, Hard metal carbides and cemented tungsten carbides, Trans. Amer. Inst. Metals,
Inst. of Metals Division, p. 9, 1930.)

Carboloy is a cemented tungsten carbide; WC + 13% Co. At. vol. of the C atoms indi-
cates that they assume the structure of the diamond. Especially adapted to high-speed cut-
ting tools—long life, great hardness and strength.

Per cent cobalt 9 13 20
Density, g/cm® F : 14.56 14.10 12.54
Rockwell A hardness, C scale, 60 kg. 87

Vicker Brinell number * 1365a 1255b 755b

Elec. resistance, michroms/cm‘*, 20° C. 3 ; 22.3 19.6 20.2
Ditto stemp)coei=120-30e Greenacre 3 : .0043 .0044 +0038
* (a) 10 kg load. (b) 30 kg load.

Carboloy :
Modulus of rupture, cross bending, 20° C, about 225000; 800° C, 183000; 850°, 170000;
900°, 141000 1b./in’.
Expansion coefficient per °C, 20 to 400° C, .000006
Thermal conductivity, watts/cm/°C, .65.
Specific heat, cal./g, .052.
Wiedermann-Franz constant (watts/ohm/°C) x 10°, 20° C, 12.2.
Hardness at high temp. Brinell, r100° C, 36; 1300° C, 2.7.

Magnetizing force, gilberts/cm...... 100 200 300 500 700 900 1000
Induction, kilozauss” Sirs..saesinsieene O50, . tO", L50) 217 207, este 3.29

TABLE 862.—Properties of Dekhotinsky Cement

Dekhotinsky cement for air-tight joints. Sp. resistance 2 10° ohm-+cm and inductive
capacity higher than of mica; adhesion great. For cementing glass and metals. Nitric,
sulphuric, hydrochloric acids, bisulphide of carbon, benzene, gasoline, turpentine do not
attack it. Very little affected by ether, chloroform, caustic alkalies, etc.

TABLE 863.—Properties of Fused Quartz (Vitreous Silica)

Fused quartz (vitreous silica). Can be used to a working temperature of 1000° C. Softens
about 1400°, melts about 1756° C. Can be used intermittently to 1700° but above 1000°
devitrification commences.

Thermal expansion low, .0000005 per ° C up to 1000°.

Invar, .0000009.
Chemical pyrex, .0000032.
Jena glass 50, .0000057.

Expands on continued cooling to 80° C.

Specific gravity: clear fused, 2.21, translucent, 2.1.

Hardness, Moh’s scale, fused, 4.9, crystal, 6.3.

Modulus of elasticity, 9,400,000 Ibs./in.?

Tensile strength, 7,000 lbs./in.”

Compression strength, 190,000 lbs./in.”

Impermeability. Not porous to common gases at high T and ordinary pressures.

Helium diffuses through even at low T. Non- hygroscopic.

Transparent to radiation about . 1850 to Iu.

Thermal conductivity at 20° C .0024 for clear fused quartz, increases rapidly with rise in
temperature.

Resistivity electrical, 5 < 10° ohm - cm e5uG.
Dielectric constant, 100000 cycles, 25° C, 60% humidity = 4.4.

Most acids, neutral salts, refractory oxides, either no chemical action or less than with
glass, Pt, or porcelain. Hot solutions and fusions of the caustic alkalies readily attack.
(Vitreous silica, Sosman, 1927; Fused quartz, Gen. Elec. Co., 1928.)

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLES 864-865
TABLE 864.—Properties of Phenol-Resinoid Products

655

Molded Laminated
Pure
Quality poteae Wood fl Fabri Jeo haan eae
a ae ete pac eee oP Banca a eet
Molding qualities............ none excellent good fair sheets, tubes,
: rods, etc.
BStter MOlGINg. sree f-t-i6.o|h il ee o permanently infusible permanently
ey ‘ infusible
EE CANIEIIT) eld auniesocchsiaicnacauelsinyecs good fair | fair fair fair fair
RB Ol eflO Wiig cy cel ese assis oncteveces Gs none none none none none none
ransSpAaLrency: cei kee eile - transparent opaque opaque
translucent
Petractivelindext sri). .<2)-)<%: - I.56-1.70 opaque opaque
BPECIIO PEAVIEY : « . sacle sie Mais T2038 1.31.4. |, F-3-1-4) | 7-8-2:0))| 1-3-1 4.5) 1aa—tea
Tensile strength Ib./in.?....... 5,000 to 6,000 to | 6,000 to | 3,500 to | 8,000 to | 8,000 to
Fig. 8 test piece 11,000 12,900 12,000 5,000 20,000 12,000
Monpaomene. ke rte negligible negligible negligible
Modulus of elasticity..... LO 2 SN ties lle cept el Gee cn |
transverse lbs. /in.? Oe eae as. | Rene ean nee el Oe ee Pe ae eee
Modulus of rupture.......... 12,000 to | 10,000 to} 8,000 to | 8,000 to flat or edge-wise
transverse lbs. /in.? 20,000 20,000 15,000 20,000 75,000
to 30,000 | to 25,000
Hlectrical resist. w:cm3........ 10 to 10” |10" to 10/10" to ro"! 108 to 109 }10"" to 10" 109 to 101
Breakdown volts,* V/mil..... 250-700 300-500 | 20-500 | 150-4001] 500-1300] 200-500
Power factor 1o® cycles....... 4.5 to 7 4.5to8 | 4.5to7 | 5to20 | 4.5to6 | 4.5to7
Thermal conductivity.........] 3-4 4-6 4-6 12-20 5-8 5-8
cal./sec. cm° C X 10-4 x< tO X 10-4 x 10-4 X 1074 X 10-4
SMNED Erde aye tala ota ns cs RA 3-230" 9. he, 5: 30-40 ces .30-.40
MUNI oR taexs capa sate ee x5 extremely low nonflamable extremely low

Instantaneous at 60 cycles. 7 Mica filler.

nimal, vegetable, mineral oils, hydrocarbons, esters, ketones, no effect; alcohols, practically none;
k alkalies, slowly softened, strong, disintegrates; decomposed by strong nitric and sulphuric acids
by hydrochloric and hydrofluoric which attack fillers. Withstands 250° F. (Data from Mory and
lor, Bakelite Corporation, 1920.)

TABLE 865.—High Vacuum Technique

eferences: Dunoyer, Vacuum practice, London, Bell and Sons, 1926; Newman, The production
measurement of low pressures, New York, Van Nostrand, 1925; Kaye, High vacuum, Longmans,
en & Co., 1927; Dushman, High vacuum, Gen. Elec. Rev., 1922; Goetz, Physik und Technik der
hvakuums, Vierveg und Sohn, Akt. Ges., Braunschweig, 1926; Langmuir, Phys. Rev., 2, 450, 1930;
s. Zeitschr., 15, 516, 1914.

he following is taken from Dushman, Rev. Mod. Phys., 2, 381, 1930, whence the above references.
stop-cocks, greased joints, etc., should be avoided in connection with the exhaust and preparation
ibes containing cathodes for which electron emissivity are to be determined. While the evaporation
V with the bulb immersed in liquid air was used by Langmuir, other “getters” have come into use.
Ca, Ba, and alloys of rare-earth metals have been used. Ba cleans up practically all residual gases
rdinary temperatures, while Mg is ineffective for H, and Ca does not take up N to any great extent.
‘emely low pressures may be obtained with a side tube containing charcoal (which has been well
usted) immersed in liquid air. Care should be taken that the liquid air is maintained at constant
| during the series of measurements.

THSONIAN TABLES

656 TABLES 866-869

TABLE 866.—Relative Viscosity of Water; High Pressure Variation
(Bridgman, 1925.)

I 500 1000 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
1.000 0.938 0.921 0.957 I.I1II 1.347

755) 3743) Nee: POA2E OOM mies 2
.500 .514 .550 (O55) ye 7CON L923 NeLO5S
2222300258 -3O20 4 O/mee 445

TABLE 867.—Viscosity of Mercury; High Pressure Variation
(Bridgman, 1927.)

Pressure kg/cm? I 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 +=12000
Abs. visc. 30° 0.01516 0.01588 0.01663 0.01742 0.01825 0.01913 0.02008
is 3 01341 .01399 .01463 .01528 .01599 .01675 .01757
oO 5.1 9.9 15.2 20.0 26.3 33.5
4.6 9.6 14.4 18.8 24.7 a1 ar

TABLE 868.—Viscosity of Some Glasses at High Temperatures
(Washburn, Shelton, Libmann, Bull. Univ. Illinois, 140, 1924.)

Composition Surface tension Viscosities
dynes/cm2
SiOz NazO CaO 1206° 1454° 1000° 1200°
AOVG,, On oc sei BP eee: 1.62 0.93
GOO 4OlOn We 156 149 : ; 3.04 2.05
7kOK0) Z{0KO) Go c 164 154 , 3.64 2.62
82:60) al 7-4o6 oie sey 154 seers 5-4 3.69
54.25 38.0 7.75 Se 4: ee 3.42 1.64
60.0 30.0 10.0 Se sie srt 3.02
60.0 20.0 19.5 160 128 j
630s) Wis Oin 2354 164 159
19.3. 15-75 159) 539
15-5 17.0 159 145
21.9 10.0 50} 146
20.0 154 140
10.0 156
15.1 152
16.5 159
12.0 ah:

S
Ne)
n

2.63
2.58

2.78
3-84
3-03
3.26

fea CC Cre
> BOW. ONW Or
— DADs WAN OD

TABLE 869.—Some Possible Accuracies, 1928

(Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci., 18, 503, 1928.)
Pienkowsky :
30 national prototype kgm (and probably the international kilogram) are remaining
constant within 0.02 mg or less.
10° kg measurable to 1 part in 10’.

6c ‘ S

I a 10.
WOuse S ae: sah alneaLOK
With one type of microbalance 100 mg to I mg, I part in 10° to 10°.
Curtis:
I ohm, 1 to 2 parts in 10°; 1 millimicrohm with 10%, also megamegohm.
I volt, 1 in 10’; 1 microvolt, 1%; 1 megavolt, 10%.
I ampere, I in 10°; micromicroampere 10%; kiloampere I in 10°.
1 millihenry, I in 10°; millimicrohenry, 10%; kilohenry 1%.
I microfarad, I in 10°; micromicrofarad, 1%; millifarad 1%.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 870 657
PROPERTIES OF MALLEABLE CAST IRON

(From Proc. Amer. Soc. for Testing Materials, 31, pt. 2, 1931; Malleable Iron
Research Institute. )

Malleable iron is the product produced by the annealing or graphitization of “ white iron”
castings in which all carbon should be present in the combined form, such that the final
structure of the malleable casting consists of ferrite and free carbon (temper carbon)
with practically no combined carbon as free cementite or pearlite. Where strength,
ductility, machineability, and resistance to shock are important, malleable iron castings are
of wide application.

Chemical composition: C 1.00 to 2.00; Si 0.60 to 1.10; Mn < .30; P<.2; S .06 to .15%.

Density: 7.15 to 7.45. Thermal expansion: 20°-400° C, about 0.000012 per °C.

Sp. Ht.: Mean 20°-100° C, 0.122 per g per °C; 20°-200°, 0.125; 20°-500°, 0.139;
20°-700°, 0.150.

Thermal conductivity: Kt, 50° C, 0.145 g. cal./sec./°C/em; 100° C, 0.137; 200° C, 0.115.

Tensile strength: 54,000 lbs./in.*; range 45,000 to 63,000; yield point 36,000 Ib./in.*

Elongation in 2 in. 18%. Modulus of elasticity in tension 25,000,000 !b./in.*

Compressive strength: Material flows indefinitely.

“ Special” tensile 57,690; yield point 38,000; elongation 25% in 2 in.

Ultimate shearing strength 48,000 1b./in?; yield point 23,000 Ib./in.?; elasticity mod.
12,500,000 lb./in.”

Modulus rupture in torsion 58,000 Ib./in.?; yield point in torsion 24,000 1b./in.”

Brinell hardness 115, range 100 to 140. Charpy impact value 7.75 ft. Ib.

Note: If malleable iron is heated above its lower critical point (about 760° C), carbon
redissolves and the character of the iron changes.

Resistivity: 28 to 37 microhms-cm* Rioo/Ro = 1.1 Rs00/ Ro = 2.3.
Magnetizing force, H, gilberts/cm...... 2c er 10 15 20 30
Induction) B,-causses (mean)).-.5.-6.- 5800 7600 9200 10000 II000 I1400 11900

Comparative machineability. Relative power required (means of planing, drilling, and
milling) :

Dow metal, type E.... 19 Gunemetal meee 55 Copper annealed ..... 131
Bearing bronze ....... 36 Gast inone oeceeeree ee 60 Tool steel 1.03% C... 145
Aluminum alloy no. 31. 37 Manganese bronze ... 61 Stainless Cr, iron, ann, 158
Redebrassaee pesos 38 Malleable cast iron.. 70 Monelimetalieeeiee 165
Sheetaubrasse ecm acc. 4I Unleaded! brass ~.... 85 INiekel “CAMO. Seas 193

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

658 TABLE 871
DEFINITIONS OF UNITS

ACTIVITY. Power or rate of doing work; unit, the watt. *

AMPERE. Unit of electrical current. The international ampere, “ which is one-tenth of
the unit of current of the c.g.s. system of electromagnetic units, and which is repre-
sented sufficiently well for practical use by the unvarying current which, when passed
through a solution of nitrate of silver in water, and in accordance with accompanying
specifications, deposits silver at the rate of 0.00111800 of a gram per second.”

The ampere =1 coulomb per second=1 volt through 1 ohm = 107 e.m.u. = 3 X 10°
€.S.U.

Amperes = volts/ohms = watts/volts = (watts/ohms)+.

Amperes X volts = amperes” X ohms = watts.

ANGSTROM. Unit of wave length = 107° meter.

ASTRONOMICAL UNIT. Mean distance earth to sun, 149,500,000 km.

ATMOSPHERE. Unit of pressure.

English normal = 14.7 pounds per sq. in. = 29.929 in. = 760.18 mm Hg. 32° F.
French *.= 760, mm of Hg.07C —'20.922 in, = 14-70 Ibs. per sq. ins

AVOGADRO NUMBER. Number of molecules per mole 6.064 * 10” mole”.

BAR. International unit of pressure 10° dyne/cm’, g = 980.616 cm/sec’.

BARYE. c.g.s. pressure unit, one dyne/cm’.

BRITISH THERMAL UNIT. Heat required to raise one pound of water at its tem-
perature of maximum density, 1° F.= 252 gram-calories. )

CALORIE. Small calorie = gram-calorie = therm = quantity of heat required to raise
one gram of water at its maximum density, one degree Centigrade.

Large calorie = kilogram-calorie = 1000 small calories = one kilogram of water raised
one degree Centigrade at the temperature of maximum density.
For conversion factors see page 251.

CANDLE, INTERNATIONAL. The international unit of candlepower maintained
jointly by national laboratories of England, France and United States of America.

CARAT. The diamond carat standard in U. S.= 200 milligrams. Old standard = 205.3
milligrams = 3.168 grains.

The gold carat: pure gold is 24 carats; a carat is 1/24 part.

CIRCULAR AREA. The square of the diameter = 1.2733 X true area.

True area = 0.785308 & circular area.

CIRCULAR INCH. Area of circle one inch in diameter.

COULOMB. Unit of quantity. The international coulomb is the quantity of electricity
transferred by a current of one international ampere in one second = 10” e.m.u.
a TO mes Ue

Coulombs = (volts-seconds) /ohms = amperes X seconds.

CUBIT = 18 inches.

DALTON. Unit of mass, 1/16 mass of oxygen atom. 1.65 & Io™* g.

DAY. Mean solar day = 1440 minutes = 86400 seconds = 1.0027379 sidereal day.

Sidereal day = 86164.10 mean solar seconds.

DIGIT. # inch; 1/12 the apparent diameter of the sun or moon.

DIOPTER. Unit of “power” of a lens. The number of diopters =the reciprocal of the
focal length in meters.

DYNE. c.g.s. unit of force = that force which acting for one second on one gram produces
a velocity of one cm per sec. = Ig ~ gravity acceleration in cm/sec./sec.

Dynes = wt. in g X acceleration of gravity in cm/sec./sec.

ELECTROCHEMICAL EQUIVALENT is the ratio of the mass in grams deposited in

an electrolytic cell by an electrical current to the quantity of electricity.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

TABLE 871 (continued) 659
DEFINITIONS OF UNITS

FOOT-POUND. The work which will raise one pound one foot high.
For conversion factors see page 251.
FOOT-POUNDALS. The English unit of work = foot-pounds/g.
For conversion factors see page 251.
EQUATION OF TIME. Excess of mean time over true time.
ERG. c.g.s. unit of work and energy = one dyne acting through one centimeter.
For conversion factors see page 251.
FLUIDITY. Reciprocal of viscosity.
g. The acceleration produced by gravity.
GAUSS. A unit of intensity of magnetic field = 1 e.m.u.= 4 10° e.s.u
GRAM. See page 6.
GRAM-CENTIMETER. The gravitation unit of work=g. ergs.
GRAM-MOLECULE = » grams where + = molecular weight of substance.

GRAVITATION CONSTANT = G in formula G a = 666.4 X 10° dyne-cm? - g~,

HEAT OF THE ELECTRIC CURRENT generated in a metallic circuit without self-
induction is proportional to the quantity of electricity which has passed in coulombs
multiplied by the fall of potential in volts, or is equal to (coulombs X volts) /4.181 in
small calories.

The heat in small or gram-calories per second = (amperes* & ohms) /4.181 = volts?/
(ohms X 4.181) = (volts X amperes ) /4.181 = watts/4.181.

HEAT. Absolute zero of heat = — 273°18 C.

HEFNER UNIT. Photometric standard; see page 334.

HENRY. Unit of induction. It is “the induction in a circuit when the electromotive force
induced in this circuit is one international volt, while the inducing current varies at the
rate of one ampere per second” = 10” e.m.u. = 1/9 X I0™ e.s.u.

HORSEPOWER. The English and American horsepower is defined by some authorities
as 550 foot-pounds per second and by others as 746 watts. The continental horsepower
is defined by some authorities as 75 kilogrammeters per second and by others as 736
watts. See page 251.

JOULE. Unit of work = 10' ergs. For electrical Joule see page xlv.

Joules = (volts? & seconds) /ohms = watts & seconds = amperes” X ohms sec.
For conversion factors see page 251.

JOULE’S EQUIVALENT. The mechanical equivalent of heat. See page 86.

KILODYNE. to00 dynes. About 1 gram.

KINETIC ENERGY in ergs= grams X (cm/sec.)?/2.

LITER. See page 6.

LOSCHMIDT NUMBER. Number of molecules per unit vol. ideal gas at 0° C and
normal pressure, 2.705 & 10” cm™.

LUMEN. Unit of flux of light-candles divided by solid angles.

MEGABAR. Unit of pressure = 1,000,000 bars = 0.987 atmospheres.

MEGADYNE. One million dynes. About one kilogram.

METER. See page 6. H

METER CANDLE. The intensity of lumination due to standard candle distant one meter.

MHO. The unit of electrical conductivity. It is the reciprocal of the ohm.

MICRO. A prefix indicating the millionth part. : :

MICROFARAD. One-millionth of a farad, the ordinary measure of electrostatic capacity.

MICRON. (u) = one-millionth of a meter.

MIL. One-thousandth of an inch.

MILE. See pages 5, 6.

MILE, NAUTICAL or GEOGRAPHICAL = 6080.204 feet.

MILLI-. A prefix denoting the thousandth part.

MOLE. Mass equal to molecular weight of substance,

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

660 TABLE 871 (concluded)
DEFINITIONS OF UNITS

MONTH. The anomalistic month = time of revolution of the moon from one perigee to
another = 27.55460 days.

The nodical month = draconitic month= time of revolution from a node to the same
node again = 27.21222 days.

The sidereal month = the time of revolution referred to the stars = 27.32166 days (mean
value), but varies by about three hours on account of the eccentricity of the orbit and
“ perturbations.”

The synodic month=the revolution from one new moon to another = 29.5306 days
(mean value) = the ordinary month. It varies by about 13 hours.

OHM. Unit of electrical resistance. The international ohm is based upon the ohm equal
to 10° units of resistance of the c.g.s. system of electromagnetic units, and “ is repre-
sented by the resistance offered to an unvarying electric current by a column of mer-
cury, at the temperature of melting ice, 14.4521 grams in mass, of a constant cross
section and of the length of 106.3 centimeters ” = 10” e.m.u. = 1/9 X 10 e.s.u.

International ohm = 1.01367 B. A. ohms = 1.06292 Siemens’ ohms.
B. A. ohm = 0.98651 international ohms.
Siemens’ ohm = 0.94080 international ohms.

PARSEC. Distance of star whose parallax is 1”.

PENTANE CANDLE. Photometric standard. See page 334.

PI =z=ratio of the circumference of a circle to the diameter = 3.14159265350.

POUNDAL. The British unit of force. The force which will in one second impart a
velocity of one foot per second to a mass of one pound.

RADIAN —180°/ 7 = 5720578) = S7aail7 345, = 2002057.

REAMUR. Thermometric scale. 0° C=o0° R. 100° C= 80° R.

SECOHM. A unit of self-induction = 1 second & 1 ohm.

SLUG. Unit of mass. Mass acquiring acceleration 1 ft./sec.” when continuously acted
upon by 1 lb. wt.

SLUG. (Metric) ditto accel. 1 m/sec.’, 1 kg weight.

TENTH-METER. 10-° meter =1 Angstrom.

THERM = small calorie = (obsolete).

THERMAL UNIT, BRITISH = the quantity of heat required to warm one pound of
water at its temperature of maximum density one degree Fahrenheit = 252 gram-
calories.

VOLT. The unit of electromotive force (e.m.f.). The international volt is “the electro-
motive force that, steadily applied to a conductor whose resistance is one international
ohm, will produce a current of one international ampere. The value of the e.m.f. of
the Weston Normal cell is taken as 1.0183 international volts at 20° C= 10° e.m.u.
= 1/300 e.s.u. See page 80.

VOLT-AMPERE. Equivalent to Watt/Power factor.

WATT. The unit of electrical power = 10’ units of power in the c.g.s. system. It is
represented sufficiently well for practical use by the work done at the rate of one Joule
per second.

Watts = volts X amperes = amperes” X ohms = volts’?/ohms (direct current or alter-
nating current with no phase difference).

For conversion factors see page 251.

Watts & seconds = Joules.

WEBER. A name formerly given to the coulomb.

WORK in ergs = dynes & cm. Kinetic energy in ergs = grams & (cm/sec. )?/2.

YEAR. See page 601.

Anomalistic year = 365 days, 6 hours, 13 minutes, 48 seconds.

Sidereal Se 305) aah Om ae 9 SECO TA
Ordinary “ = 365 “ 5 “ 48 ‘“ 46 + “
Tropical “same as the ordinary year,

SMITHSONIAN TABLES

INDEX

(References in parentheses marked I.C.T., followed by volume and page number, are
to the first edition of the International Critical Tables.)

PAGE
a particles: atomic stopping powers.......... aioe 23
TVA ON” oosoeoonouDdboDbeOUEOOS 522
in various gases.......... 525
masses, 6.60X10-%g each ........ 105
miscellaneous data ..............+. 521
molecular stopping power............ 523
TANZE; CASES) Wie ialerele ae hteclayerare¥ st «1 sus 522-523
MONS=NANE Ol MPsrcere chasse swisie. chess 523
SOMOS eietenercketeteteraleetensnet «12 <1. 523
stopping powers, atomic, molecular.... 523
velocities ..... ehckelnte/eVeleicieisieleres cele 522
Abbot-Priest sea-level solar energy, (CA) eteyerei © onsy eve 614
Abbreviations ..... miateietclelcletetetelevelelelcveretelicic: ciciers 2
PATER LOM Ie CONSE AN Gite relcheleletata: alefeleloiole\eehelelee!=1 eels 601
Absolute international units ...............-- 77-81
magnitudes (M) to apparent (m), to re-
LUCE eratenererer erectile teinielelelclersrelersiele vores 602
OL rerctatavelatetetctetcratovefatereicieveiciniciebeletsisj cfs xlvii
TWh. osacoon PMT ehetete tere osstsitekal Mares li
zero, —273°.18 Cc. Beier ater teiclsts erate 85-86
Absorption: air, moist and dry, for radiation..... 611
AMD IY 6 GospempmdoacHace 522-523
atmospheric for radiation .......... 608
, ultra-violet, for radiation. 389
beta particlesmeeysetc i eerste wile <ierel 528
crystals, for radiation.............. 390
dyes) forenadiablOMiers <tr cinis cle) <ieic o's 385
filters, for radiation
PASSES DY MOLLUS peeterstetererereielel.cl ciel) «e/a
glasses, American, for radiation...... 387
colored, a eeme tees aS 386
Jena, fe Sealy assis 386
Schott, ae Fie OR Ter aster 386
ultra-violet, Jena, for radia-
WON Sooonpcooonon ood’ 387
good absorbers of radiation......... 391
WHASS PNGHAVS mitevereleleleietelsheleteverel= « 544-545
ultra-violet for radiation, various ma-
DENIALS Meepepoeteteetobaterotelerstelerel-) <1 393-395
Acceleration of gravity: anomalous ..........-. 567
f(latitude, altitude) .... 564
UM Sie stations. ees os 566
world stations ......... 565
ACCULACIES MPOSSIDIET erateretetoleteicictstavels dics eis t's 553.0 656
PCOUSUICS mM (RCCMSOUNO)ietererererereretetelsierstsrercise sts 190-195
PACU O Ite tetetetekeleteretetteteTeteeretetlstertaiiel=iet=!-)>) = 518
AMM, Ginn ogesdon douoogbdeoupoaboBoe 658
Ndaptabilityeor eye, Fate Olean ees - 6cc e's 0 210 331
Adsorption: gases by particles................- 554
HEALS reer trensteeraleheiskerersintaternieieiere 554
MOAT THAIS 6 addaanapooéapoooe 554
Aerodynamics: (general) (I. C. T., 1, 402)...195-203
air forces on cylinders ...... fs 200
Hateiplatess ee,-.2< 198-199
miscellaneous . 201-202
SAS) Gosodoapddas 201
resistance on flat plates....198—199
SHUR ICULON gaereteraeVelersfetedere ls. cs0) + eps 203
velocity pressure vs. air speed..... 195
Aeronautics, standard atmosphere for...........- 559
AGG MERLUNIN a ateaterisieelacisisiee Sfefeteleietaisteleleisiersiercie 578
NTO MHD. co decaccomo see Siotctelatsteleteroierstafal=l= 595
Air: (see also atmosphere)
conditioning with moisture (I. C. T., 2, 321). 179
convection, conduction, thermal............ 327
MASSES spat (AIDIUMGE)) s coretel stats ere iejeteleie|<leje's!s =10\« 611
moist, maintenance of (I. C. T., 2, "321) Rreisiene 179
refractive NIGEX: ote etelsrel'atelels!s/sickelainye ercintaicvere 374
resistance (see under aerodynamics)
thermal conductivity .........eeeeeeeeeees 327

Aitken nucled gevrerereveervcverecevecsessees 999

PAGE
ALD EGOS* © ec rerctercterctetcherelstalorctekehcconcnerererera re ckateiete a6 OOF
Alcohol, density, ethyl, AQUEOUS is Ryetele cre wAly2, 17/4
MCCY] sities thictelelolals/sieteralotetsto!a 174
VISCOSIbY; AQUEOUS) itela eumyale.-istels ereieete . 205
Alloys: conductivity, electrical ............ 414, 415
UCN Fei ctetetatetsteieherstetetetes pie
CeNSiLY Mr syere) creel telelokeiateial-teketeloinieleielefsieinte 163

Hall effect (I. C. T., 6, 417)

Kern so (i. Cl 20, 4355)

magnetic susceptibility (I. C. T., 6, 365)

mechanical properties: aluminum ....... Oy

brasses (Cu, Zn)... 120

bronzes (Cu, Sn).. 120
copper, nomenclature 119
ANON Sieieysi cle eisteleietelc'« III
miscellaneous ..121-125
SUCOLUD store sioraisteinistee 113
Nernst effect (I. C. T., 6, 420)

Alpha particles (see a particles)
Altitude-azimuth to right ascension, formulae..... 602
Altitude: by, barometers cs cis1-se1e)o1- hevalelal Seco
Aluminum: alloys, mechanical properties....... Se EELy:
mechanical properties ..........---- merely,
Solder Waa sevencinns wicley osecotatorstate byevalthevelem XA.
wire tables, English units ....... never th ZO
metric Se ee cieieyseietetaers 430
American) Candles cjeveicieiciere ejeieicieielel+ =p Sacunoon aes o4.
JAM IMONIA Ass bn ov eve iejeialolel cle ale! tetelotaieinial=/atels Ben AS
thermal properties (liquid).......... . 306
INT aC MING) Honnesouoabooopoadspoodc5 a O56
Ampere-turn units .......... 0 scccceee nares emily:
Nii UMMA Cosoce adobe soos 0am ost ere OS
Angular velocity Garth). crereneslatotcretetsiolenelet= laterals - 570
FATIOMALISHICH CRI cle eier-lolo clstoe/<leteielole lel -kelalsteienoiats 601
Antenna eights! eo ecscsialele-siole! folat=iotede oper odatate de ge)
Antifreeze mixtures .........-.20-ssesecees eae
Antilogarithmss eepeyepeteveleelsloialelepeleyaleleletekeleisloleretele 28-31
Apparent magnitudes, m, to absolute, M........ ye) 0Gz

(general) Saincoconvichy 37:
ethyl alcohol ....172, 173
methyl “
sugar
sulphuric acid ....... 174
in atmosphere, wet and dry...234, 235

Aqueous solution densities:

vapor :

relative humidity ..........236, 238

Waldiln BHCHo SOD OU OOO OOS OU - 234

Are-spectrum lines ..........-. mieferslorensy cas atetotats 509
Areas, oCean .........ce0ss- niefererecaicncetenerete ~650—-651
IASUGOIGS, cre ciclelcvers cre olet slot etot ete taleie/-tnintetsieteta| stele .- 606
Astrogamma (photography) ..........+-- Gieis rare aS
Astronomical tables (see under stars, sun)..601 et seq
Unity CEfNIGION, cicie cree cieleitslelels aictele 658

Atlantic Ocean basins, areas and depths......... . 650
Atmosphere: altitude, variation with............. 558
density, Y CO EN as Seo eo

heights, dynamic ....... Ne be eee SOK

BEOMELIC ...esccsvscence 5 eh:

latitude variation ........ Satatetarents neo

(Mavis) Pierce «. 561

molecular density as f(alt.)........ - 560

path, f Cag) ee - 563

normal (Birge) ...... amet : Sa 85

OZONE Hotere interoinisiehelclexeletepeloteievete 7 503

pressure variation as ‘f(alt. rover cata ct so

temperature variations as f(alt.) .... 563

lower 25 km... 562

Unit definitionweece ce veers seein O5D
Atmospheres, gage pressures t0....-..-+.+.0- 147
Atmospheric electricity: (general) .......... | 596-600
Aitken nuclei .......... 597

charge on rain or snow.. 598

SPACO wesceeeeeee 597

662 INDEX
PAGE PAGE
Atmospheric electricity: conductivity .....++++++ 596 | Bohr atom: Hund notation ...ceesereesceseees 504
constants, elements ...... 596 magneton .......- aleleleleia esis) <)e LOO, | LOF
ionic equilibrium ........ 597 orbits for hydrogen. . sisistolavaletiavorstsieists 106
ionization upper atmos- relativistic considerations eyoreterieteie tats 494
DHENG Mar eiersioteeletekere 599, 600 Boiling points: elements ....... siaioletcusstsravernievece 252
potential gradient ....... 596 inorganic compounds ............ 254
rain, charge ON. eee eee eee 598 organic compounds eceisiaetetsue ities 256
SHOW;) Gk) as eleverclvlehatelors 59 SOLVENUS O verareretetancreter steele 220
space charge ......e.ee- 597 rise of, by salt solutions........ 269
thunder storms ......+++ 598 : water, f(barometric pressure)..... 188
transparency to solar ee moist Bolometric magnitudes of stars, corrections....... 624
andimdrye finer rcleretelsiietets .608, 611 | Boltzmann constant, k, 1.3708 10-*® erg/deg.... 104
Atom, mass hydrogen, 1.66X 10-* g...eeeeeeees ros | Bougie decimale ........ settee eee eee ste eens 334
Atomicnheatsneeeen een RO Bee BSA EREDAR 289 Brasses: mechanical properics Serer ees ye 120
TIDES We cveherelohereconeterecersvene) eleree= Welsieiosiots 48 naval, mechanical properties.........+.. 121
packing fractions ....+..secseeeees 484, Bes yellow, red, mechanical properties....121, 122
TAIL eevee eleanor aiereroitere iterate 4o1 | Break-down voltages, dielectrics............- 439-441
specific heat constant.........sseeeeees 106 | Bricks, mechanical properties...........--...+: 129
spectra, series relations...........-++-- 502 Brightness: black body ....-.+++sese+eeseeeees 335
spectrum functions ...........++++- a 515 Pee incandescent oxides.......++.- aa
VOLUMES O ainie celal leteteelelete elenelleveryctetets 289, 491 St a ieh oeteni | kUCAO.O OO COO 3
weights (Birge) .......- geceteteeeees 81-85 candles/em?, enpss ee teen e eee 339
Hectrony 15.5 6.LOste) cic craleielsicisie! 10 ee zi Si eee ar 33
Atoms: atomic eae Sacer eles 483 Age electric lights, vacuum and gas-filled... 338
: weights AW OW te ee “81-85, 483 intrinsic, various sources............ 334
ROWE ec elrolet tel a cetralel evanctoleialaieketohenstetsts 494 photometric ..... Se re Oe aac ae 332
electron configurations .........-...++- ae a candles/em* ...+.++.++++seeees 3
ISOLOPES We Vay eave leis levelslelefslolelsiatniele leis leloreiere 484 PND a ee Da can recog ie) ia ea
Wradioachiver| * a sumtime Nelsc netatt: 486 temperature: mse anes SSIS ET Res See
periodic system (Mendeleeff)..........-- 485 saeealanee Sy ah aN a5
quantum numbers ........e-eeeeeeeeeess 488 preter SNe aD erg hae oae
MACUL aete eter tite otee cieloleverseleieneysVe\eleisl-b-kers 491 Brinell hardness S Gas. ee ee re ‘et se
ae gs DOROV RIOR ON RSOR IOS raya ||| sll eM Boandodancoooseoscencse q.
rudoaciiye atoms, isotopes.......+.+.+- ane Britannia metal, mechanical properties.......---- 124
Pailin conley” eLMOhee EE ee 553 British thermal, nit i yencsas siete tate 658
selerenclyicy Seu bGteG weights and measures (metric equivalents) .8—-11
muaisbity, ectda efoto atoreisteredc forsale Tico ers 487, 645, 10d Brix figure for cane sUgar.........s.seereeee ents
Automobile: ante rccrs solutions ...... slelieteletete «+ 279 Brana, SON Nae, phosphor, miner lanes te Sra
ights, characteristics of............ 339 + : Fe eer ae ee, a al an
Ayogadro’s number, 6.064x1078/mol........ 104, 658 Building materials, reflecting power..,.... ae sos
aa, reemure. L Ae c, 2.99796 107° cm/sec., velocity of light....... 74
B particles: Se nen COZ. ese ee reves aan e', aoa 10° em/sec., electromagnetic value.. 74
seieree sty ehene lone ek etehe abel FONSWOL iafers; <,cierecy cveveeherereite terres chtetletenetel stare 103
Wiis Oe Oarei@lyoooboudovca0do0 527 @,
Babbit metal, mechanical data................. 125 sn badiavicn eonsiay Te ST Sica coctone hebae “pelle 4
Bakelite, physical and mechanical data........... 655 G3/Cv gileay <abuctseese aekearninecsynenee aan 293
Ballistics (I. C. T., 7, 496) Cadmium red line, wave length, international primary
Balmer series formula. ie ses in so0000 a RNS 494 standard 2 104
Band spectra constants Fi 408 Sunes tal TOG | Standard s.eeeeeee eiererctextete Rfelorovereleteiets 5
Bat Gein blonpecyctewletcreercteielel-terstel= eiSietetsrctatcietete 658 Ce Lone "space | leaeepe deena ENN lon nee
Barnett effect (I. C. T., 6, 347) Calcium, interstellar Se OmGae
Barometer: altitude determinations ............ 189 Galendar, \Juliam: (days tame cate eee: 603
boiling point determinations of elttades 188 Fe pepnabusl cutee ceel meee ted
Capillarity ......2s+-se0e. ertelcere melo) Caloriane-ee woe
gravity, standard, reduction to; Galoriese + definition... :....00 24: saeceeoee Ooee
altitude term ........+.-. 182 )| “Candles (general) . - sestacenemsecec sae
latitude term, English..185, 186 energy from ea
metric ..183, 184 fO0t=0. aweRioine sakes siecle Meanie ae eone
meniscus values ......+.+2-2+-sseee 187 Meterat.“apoteiarckets aysteveries nines Oommen
temperature, reduction to standard... 181 Spherical’ tocviewe.o see Oe suede
Barye, definition ........... Mcieisinielelolelsisleletaterei O50 standards. American) <1 clecrisisieeisrereiniene 334
Batteries, composition, voltages............+---- 398 Bougie ‘decimale) {sce seciece 334
Baumé ecue EO gravities, densities. ststetelorete 158 dene lish Gai Gopocososacsns 334
s UES) se ceeecececncrenerees 175 MEERNALLONAL ererekevarstelcterene tolerate 334
Belem rr er eter ietereleretorststotskevels ron oreusederoteneraielereieys 193 pentane: ccts en eueeee mee
Bell_ metal, mechanical properties...........-.- 120 stellar magnitude of ......... es
Belting leather, mechanical properties............ 130 Capacity, carrying, covered copper wire........-. 416
Bessel equation .........eeeeeseeeeeee eres 70 electrical, equivalents ...........-.-- 397
function, 1st and 2nd orders, roots ...68, 69 specific inductive: crystals ........... 447
Beta particles (see B particles)......0.+.+++527-528 PERK JN occoooc 442
Biaxial crystals: + refractive indices ....... 367-368 liquefied gases ...... 445
— “s cae meet nec mints 368-369 Tiquids) Weisetemieierere =
miscellaneous ~ 3... s2eee sees 370 solids Bieleieieretolsiers ome aae
Binary stars: (see also wnder stars)........ 629-631 standard solutions 446
masses vs. spectrum classes........ 6201) |i GardtepmettiCa criwcccncoreron citar eee 58
be spectrum classes seneeeeeeee ore 620 Carboloy, mechanical and physical properties...... 654
Binding energy of electrons: jonied atoms ...... 498 | Carbon dioxide, compressibility ................ 145
MICUDN A) Miao eretersrots 497 steels’ heat treatments... ce ae scree 112
Birge’s physical constants..........eseee- 73 et seq. mechanical properties ............ 112
Black absorbers, transparency......+....sseseee 395 @arcell units. 3: ssc sciereisrocsueis lerspatesese wre lsaectemicus cleiers 334
Black body: brightness ..........ssee-eeseeee 335 Carrying capacity, covered copper wire........+++ 416
radiation fon his dsnboBDUDCoOO UCDO 313 cast iron, properties of malleable...........-. + OST,
eacueialotepetetevauexeie 314-317 astor oil, density, viscosity......e+esesesssee- 200
temperature, auxiliary for. eo Sfotevehe rele S17, Cathadepraysin.:.: ers cieteisreleletets's Sietolelaletstetertots 536, 537
Blind spobrote eye icere:elctateloiae iste ete ‘ ererelchcterevare 332 Colls*ivoltaye-e-net. wcieccseisieleislaicloleia eleletoleicrereis eee, 30
IBOGETSMIAW) sieve elecelelsiele sisi vivleleleielelnivieisleleisielvrvinele/< 007) Weston’ Wiviv eels cee vcicwlelcisieieieeeis rie eileen x

INDEX 663
‘ ate PAGE PAGE
ement, Dekhotinsky, physical, mechanical data... 6 Conductivi i
mechanicale properties. Ge secce<. cess ss ne ee he electrochemic: i ie
Gentinaisesmmesercecsi nett cterciai owtioteinre cls ac80 205 lents ) 1 “coluti
Cepheldssevanlablerstarsiis ci. selects e veces ens 634 electrolytic cael One oe ae
@haraClersS pic Near avs nrereriaiels sjelerevele)sie\svereiecie.« «16 542 eativarenee Se ds eae
Characteristics of lights: eubomopile hiatan sheet pates 6,5 339 acids, aqueous solu-
ASTER eelelele(atelais\ols ac s/s 339 tions eis «ane 435
pone Bttteierceiertctcls 339 sere aqueous solu-
BF aVateecotens jee ars 33 AONE N erat teeta
SMR PICalMeta cristae sie ae ions, separate s/divieless 438
Charcoal, adsorption by (I. C. T., 3, 250; 5, 139). 554 Saltaig Cac vsrereaters 435-437
Charge, electronic (elementary)..........88, 92, 103 hydrolysis of ammonium
Chemical composition of earth ................ 572 acetate .......+.-- - 438
ISLE ONGIMaterettere iolerecelerey sts 614 Apateation of water..... 438
Gin. Gacoasoccodour 612-614 1B st seeeeceseeseeess 432
electrinal eUWivalentSmeciistehieicisisienic on os 431 a specific,

r Minieletclavere c icleicisiele, see's svansie ova II (t) .ccevcvees
G@ircnlarmarea ve delinitionisrers cial osleles) 610.010 «16,2415 ° és8 a ie ha eae aa
Clay products, mechanical properties. Siereie weeks 128, 129 thermal ...... sree eeeeeree e272 ef Sed.
(londamoteMarellanirccavcicieiiciccieie.ciclsiecsias.ciee.c « 616 alloys ....- teeeecececers 272
(@lustermvantablesme ecco etereelsieccsicies cineioe 634 conversion factors .....+-+- 279
(listers) palachic a: serene see \wiessissiee + 6 « 0 < 637, 638 PAE ee seececceceess 277

Glonulanipeyn eee eacise seus asia « 637, 638 insulators .....+++++.+274-276
open, distribution of ................ 637 liquids, organic ......... ~ 277
Star @propeLiiessOlm sastoeraicccs cs ho esc. .s 637 SES anata
Coals, heats of combustion, analyses............. 308 ation .... 278
Cobalt, mechanical properties...............--- 12 Metals vss seeeeeeeeeeeee 272
Collision frequencies of molecules............... 550 Drea Utea IULOS fee ee 27,
Colloids: (miscellaneous data) (I. C. T., 1, 54 2. oe suc Sha a ke she aie eer 276
4 3574 3; acu AN 430595) 5705.6, 106) ee UNC he DICH ereterepaterer= 273
SORDULOMW HEALS erereiehete vers (aic}nis's eisai , : Shah s isha sucleheisiere epee rotate
adsorption Nee Rene -++ 554 | Cones, number and distance apart in eye.......... 332
sieschershei=yoisieres 554 | Conifer woods, mechanical properties.........133, 135
_ OF BaSCS 0. reer erence eee 554 | Constants: mathematical aes
Brownian movement ...........-+.--- 553 ’ physical, Birge ..... Belg. kien Sion me oe
cena proper ee tee eee eee eens 553 Constellations, abbreviations .....+..s++e. c ie 615
Molecular VOLUMES .eeeeee eee reese eees 553 Contact (volta) potentials..... 548, 549
ah serena stellar ......+..........---602, 617 | Contrast sensitivity of the eye.......ssseceecees 331
eens: 20 i 4OMs we cerereereeesereee 393 | Convection, cooling by...... Reet che atente ts 325-327
aan oe T5Of-cceccccrcceeceeeee 394 Conversation, phonetic powers........... Meterevcrers 195
BinliGeranny: SOOO 338 Conversions Lactors) ej arle tee) <telelnie eter eketenetete Bend, 25E
ele ai u(m/s-e/eialefeislie:<lexe)0/, 3 5 7 z
black absorbers 222 220000200002. 384 BOLL Ate enema es tae
dyes ......eeeeeeeeeee+s--+-- 385 | Cooling by radiation and convection.......... 325-327
glass .......+4++++++++~+-386-388 | Copper: alloys: brasses, mechanical properties 120
good absorbers ..........-+; easy i ‘bronzes, “ y eat 120
tiene ae regions clavfe)elee\e.e e 384 TorienclitorCMes eae ane 120
VIOLetlaeisicisisisrs soi Sir etelaciete ta) mechanical prope
sensitivity of eye to small cunees Reta areas Se pert TS : " z ae nica : ae I-123
temperature: mise neous Ses 6318, 319; ae two components) “mechanical prop-
) settee creer tee GLbieSiwicrereeties eyelet tatieieicreei 11g
tantalum «+++... e eee eee ee 323 mechanical properties ........ eae eT 18=123
tungsten .....eeeeee eee ees 323 plates, mechanical properties. Merete II
various sources ......-..... 335 roiled.) 28 site), 6 eee ee Il
Combination, heats of.. eiatefefeteleleloteleroteiciete 250; 53i2 wire, carrying capacity ny Se eee 416
Combustion, caaiee RG oe, S307, 308 mechanical properties es SES = TES
Compressibility: carbon LONI CC al etc cieveroin clerics) tele mela S ACE Wubi Sosoognnoocuso0cK 423
ChY Stal SMameteteleleteleleleleis cle isle) LAO, m5 7, MEIC) 2. eee cee aietetetts 426
elements, linear, cubic. mihstche-stetee 140 Cosines: circular, logarithmic (°’) ............32-36
GIMENO. Soccaqopocoopncodbess wes (radians) Wate. 37-40
CASCNMmeieteiatetohalelelsisietaleivve’e!s/a)-feletm LA Natural (SN cirsiesie ciciviviene ss 32530
Om Oe OM CIN, craccls.ereisioier van aa: (radians) aideltlelece37—40
100 tO 1,000 atmM......-- 145 hyperbolic, logarithmic, natural........41—46
HIGH PNESSUNES| os sicie'c cleleiolele | LA7, COSMIC LAYS! vereroreletetersteicielstoleieleleieleletetele Soup qucec ues)
une temperatures ......... 144 Cotangents: circular, logarithmic (°’) a hcheletee essa Ul
MENU EMM eters aieie cra O (radians) ..... —40
liquids ..... etotetaleretclalereiereratelereren eta ei natural (°’) ia oe es
EGLO) ELMO Sirere; feleeharcleleleleisiele!= 155 (radians) Selec slaleteG Vara O
solids (see also mechanical prop- hyperbolic, logarithmic, natural..... 41-46

? CLUES) Meereietetarcletarsieye cleiaerlerie 6 156 Gamlombyidefinitionsee aceasta s deat es eee ae
Compton shift ........ weccccccccccscess +107, 646 | Couples, thermal ......+sseeeeeeeereeeees + 244-247
Concrete, mechanical properties...........-126, 127 Critical constants Of ZaS€S..cccccccccccccceeees 271
Conduction, heat across air ............. AES, Crova wave See aac mee ne ea 335

a at high temperatures across air.. 328 | Crucibles .............-5 Wieveieie ele/eisievelolcl efeniere 282
Conductivity, electric: (see resistivity) Cryostats, nonflammable liquids.........++.-++-- 251
GNOVSi i ecrere cre Bie ACOs Aaa: Crystals, diffraction of umit.........eeeeeeeees 551

temperature coe Clasticity” Sicee «asic l'sl0 ate 138, 139, 140

Cients °5.0.4-475, 426 Of MECRTIO FS. cc, e wae oisisia ole 140

atmosphere ......-.++-596-600 indices of refraction, biaxial 366-368, 370

GICIECIEICS cieeieeiciceisienie ce 45S uniaxial ...... 336-366

gases * inversions, enantistropie .........-- 261-265
high-frequency ......-.+++ 449 heats Of .......eeeeeeeeeee 261

pressure effects .....-.-.. 412 metal, cubie compressibility ........-- 140

elastic constants ..... Stofoial vlaterei 140

tension effects .....-++-+-+ 414
super, of metals.......+-+ 433

* Phenomenon too complex for insertion in book. See J. J. and G. P. Tho

linear compressibility .......... 140

mson, Conductivity of electricity through

gases, 1928; K. T. Compton and Langmuir, Electrical discharge in gases, Rev. Mod. Phys., 2, 123, 1930.

664 INDEX

PAGE PAGE
Cubes of numbers....... crofeletofeteneislelstats S28 DI USTOMsy CASES ae ererelelole ohetelelatekerseisieye Bycet eter clave 217
Cubical expansion coefficients : "gases EE aati ee ee ehstaisis 284 integral) shine cess rere distets ire nyotelehe.s 60
MLCQUAGS erererereieele cello 283 IONIC! Wee. rehonsterererareuvererers eines ols heleyels eS 5S
SOLAS ueeseeeotete stele 282 metals into metals........... ey sieishs 5 ARG
Gubit;, definition sy. ceeyreteretetele isi tclete oral televeteroner ole 658 molecules: oSs\0cd ssa seats ss ee eis 547, 552
Curie points smaenetlen ere citerereereyel siete etetod ele ceor~ 107 VWADOMS) suciereteters aieietavare ais oetercrensterete a O27
PACIUM GStANdanG 9 -yeseveteleisie ela cue eter lever slielellef 520 Diffusivities, thermal ........ afelever sialeleletoisielerel ste 7e7)
Current: electric equivalents .............--+05 397 Digit; ‘definition, scicmieseiereris!> Dis alelensieisl cieeiniine< JOSS
Curvature sol eSPACE Maier oe cicteteiciersleketereloheoneteloloisis 644 Dilution; heats of; HoSOcya-c.ctocicece cece ste
Cylindrical harmonics ..........0...esseeees 68-70 Dimensional formulae: (general) ..........Xxxi, 3, 4
> ROOK! oa obdo comodo aieletvicmn7.O) GLECUNIC UNITS ree yelselele late Xk RRND
electromagnetic units .....XXxxix
6 TAYS eoccccccccccsessssssceserncesseseces 525 electrostatic units .... _XXXVii
PUSIUOMM pce crete tele oinjataloleie afalelesalle 'e) eye! s}el ele win cel eLolelisiieials 658 geometrical units . Soe ele ees XxxiV
HES: LINO aca ielelelelareiererers\nicie¥enale(e)efereretalaieoleuelelelels 602 heat sunitst (Ac tots ees
Day #101 ese wielelejeie/eielsie/o\e) eins») eie\s wie oleicieie/s)eie\0.e:8 658 magnetic units eS ENY TT
7 sidereal Rialote whalelchel ae cisioKe el syetereler=teleieisie <vetsie 611 mechanical units .........XXXiV
De Broglie ere ofa eter evel eelevohakedcherensy sia ersieteteaelieleleliene 514 reasoning ...seeeeee ee ee XXXIV
Decibel ......es-seeeeerseceeree teapersrerereirns 193 Diopter se Gelinitiony cy. l-jelelotels cicielelieislofoleielelsisracle OSS
Declination, magnetic: annual change ..........- 579 Sie Dip; horizoneieeneee Bitlelelelelerstereioiolelersieletetekettt-mOO2
equal ...... esses eeeees 576 magnetic: annual change .......... .. 579
isogonic lines | eyetsver cere rerolere 576 at observatories 581— 589
isoporic we cteec cess 577 declination .......-.e.0+++-576-592
secular change, U. S......- 590 isogonic lines (world)........... 576
(see also magnetic ele- ASOPONIC; eee ee te oe .. 577
ments) ...+-..+++- 581-589 latitude and longitude variations... 592
‘ R. A., to alt.-azimuth.............. 602 secular variation .....seeeeeee.e 592
Dekhotinsky cement, properties of.........+++-++ 654 | Disk, distribution brightness over sun’s.......... 608
Delta metal, mechanical properties ............. 127 | Dispersion glasses ....... meee ec 356-359
FAVS eee cece eee e cece reenter ee eeee 525 < an tial” Fes See el eR 356, 357
Demagnetizing factors for rods..............+++ 470 Jena (glasses"e tic rere Ae ee eee 359
Density: air, moist .........eesee sees sees 177, 178 | Displacement constant, Wien’s .............++- 107
air to vacuo, reduction of............-. 109 laws, spectrum series............. 503
aleohol, ethyl, aqueous ........... 1729073)" \\ Distance earth to, moon) Sees cece casein. -» 601
methyl, “wee ee eee eee ees 174 SUL si wciteis erect ce iae 601
alloys ..... anes e eee e eee e teens 163 nebulaem ose ee ik ah et cea 639-641
aqueous! SOlUtIONS: </<\ejele1s <\<\01o1e/eel elo 170-70 star clusters: galactic ........-...-.. 638
Baumé equivalents ..........+-.+---> 158 globular’ Ginats caer 638
Cane! SULA AQUEOUS sivielsicietelsisicneyais cle 174, 175 OP ah eS SN RE 637
castor Oil, f(t). ..seeeeeeeeseeeeereee 206 stars!" aeons ince as eke dave ciepeene eis 619
critical, of gasesS..........2. eee eee ees 271 sun from center of galaxy.............- 643
earth, 5.522 (Birge) ..-.-+-+-++++--: Z5 | Dominical letter ..........-.- ERG steele cle 603
TEODOR AN sets tnjoyavanelesele\ieresaceietelaloivie 569 | Doublet H constant.......... boi g aie seaveleetears 107
elements, chemical ..............-..- 159 Drying agents (I. C. T., 3, 385).
aS Ce etetcbekkel nator RDN eR aces ner ees 176 | Dyes, transmission of light............eeee000s 385
glycerol, aqueous solution.............. 206 Dyne, definition 658
inorganic compounds ..............-.. 254 SiN eae ota eRe ale LET OND CREO
NIGUi dS ieteet a cetera enereloie< ieteketcucieasy cueteteinvens 165 e, base of natural logarithms, 2.71828.......... 14
mercury —1o0° to 360° Ce orien 169 e, elementary charge, 4.770 x 1077° abs. es
Minerals) ecierteroelei ee SSS en ce ries 164 UNLESIe e\eStereiereve 016 ahaa setays alelouateve-aeletedecerereiete 88, 92
miscellaneous sSOLIGS| ic jerereteraictote ciel syectelsyel« 162 Es. DOWEES: (Of (ADOVE iis iciazetoneverocistaheioicss ie oo oiaiee eevee 103
MOISHMAI te rere Bycloveteictateistensnshoiciciare 177, 178 e/m, bound, 1. 761X107 ‘abs. em/g. ays areysietase-3 93, 94
ONZANICTCOMPOUNGS i apeteheterel ole loys rcieletenel 256-258 Pree le 7OOE< EO Ur ADSANE IU /Giieer leds eleraiets 02,04:
HEE Skecadoc afeieietsteleveistetarerelskers sees OOO C265" and theirs logssaa;— oncom Olpeleielelertaitel 48-53
ponds, VaALOUS Meerctereltatsterehehsiaieterchetatencvoter> 162 : ; @, fractionalyc).-j-ticietelere 56
SOLULIONS, pm WALEI) raleleieielshoievelelelelalereleas 170-175 627. C= Mors. F=Ovm tO ibsOmoere eevee on arene
Stars .....cceceeee stent eee eens «2+ 623 wx/4 aaa 1 ve aa
sucrose, aqueous solution........... T7745 175 e Ee » logs, o=1 tO 20........-..--- 55
sulphuric acid, aqueous solution..... LFA LS om ia/4 emit /4 logs, w=1 to 20. ee MSS
water, 0° to 41° Gries saree atehere ate musta 08 Batis a eat ea
—— Oe HOM 25 On Cui ctaicieysiorelepeveiarets 16 SS ‘ s
woods ..... Bie eioetots leane sialateres oye reise 161-163 aia 2 OES ee an
Developersmnyrocalloln-yaterateisvetetskers)sieterskevelevetoretaverers 341 Panel ASAI a eiavelal slareteleieleiovelelels/«lelolatonaiereleiololalsletsiseeai7al
Developments phHotozraphics vsjcjcyeleieiel= icicle cic! clcielel sieve 341 ANE ULAR WOLOCIEVA ctelcvo:cletovetelaieloicrsheisivcterets BS 70
Diamagnetism ...... Mrataselehelslelerovelstatctetets\crels 463, 474 Rinse | Songdooadoseoos0cad 2. + -558-568
Diameter melemencswurercrctctel cle elelelavalere sieteleterehelsiaile 548 atmospheric electricity ..... Fisboreqshekeere 596-600
molecules) picsrs crete Ricloieleterelelsierelctshy 5 O sal sink COMPOSILION sere areyereroiator ahowsgatevevereietersts Ses S72
Dielectric constants: (general) ........----.e-- XXxxii conductivity, thermal .............. gaco sy
Cry stialsiaerevareireleieccieieeisueicrorsic 447 CONSUANESsIVADIOUS i evorejetclaeveksterereictere Pieisieletee 570
TASESs Ll ((D5p ab) eekarneiemeeeetevers 442 GONNA oR Gaddadooaada aicleteleere S}OOMSIZO)
Viquefied) /Serereccye efer-ie 445 depths, ocean ..... sais taishersietevcisialersrsieisi ae OOO)
liquids, pressure effect ..... 443 GOES So5éonoccccnc0beoccobsonoDS 570
temperature effect .. 445 distance to sun, to moon........... Ot OOr
radio-frequencies .......... 454 elastic constants ......... Bectevereneloieterenerele 569
Rochellemsaltiarercyereleterersieiatcisrs 444 electricity, atmospheric ............. 596-600
SOMOSaerree te etetenorcvsiiiorcie svavete 446 elements, % composition ...... Serare ye 572, 614
standard solutions ......... 446 ELEVATIONS eM OUNGAIN tee oreletel-totcieteloioheleterls 569
strength (see also sparking Ener ys, KOLALIONAL s)c:5)<teie)«) oto ereielelelelolelclenel= 570
potentials) imo ec 439-441 eochemiCalsdavawersreseiicisleterele <(leleeen ielehsT S72,
properties, nonconductors, radio-frequen- BONA OEE, saqatodaanocooddo0cd 564-568
CLES) D tomy sserer each tenatorereieicteneteteteran revels 452 LAV LUVEeecleletelolelsletekeystelete a eieeicvelsyetekeree 564-568
Dielectrics, surface and volume resistance of solid.. 418 interior: density, pressure. wich aielevexexciovolatehecs 569
Differentialsformulae peer iereistaleveleteveleleleteleietelcve/ erste 12 landvaneale ics cteiererarcternis el daleiotelsnarveiatere 569
Diffraction units, erystals ....... AVfoe ercieteane islets 551 linear rotational velocity. . ateterereletevsteraietenene 570
Diffuse) reflecting powerSny.:-tei-ieeriaisterereteieceieie el erele 379 magnetic constants ....... Lieterececeletererererets 575
Diffusion: aqueous solution into water .......... 215 OG Séuucoscconsconconnoo6e 575
coefficients, gaseous ions ............-- 552 magnetism (see also magnetism, ter-

Molecules Mitesh 47a oS RESLLIAL) Ps jevelciererersteistateletersielerais siete 74-5 9.5

INDEX 665
PAGE PAGE
Marthsmountain elevation) scr oss nec sss ee 569 JEG EEE Ch@esi fee an nop pdauiGaanno Coon 105
ocean areas Pee e eee eee ee ee eee eee + 569 volt energy, nee Be ODN. roc ict cteks ota he 107
Gepths 2... sce cece eee eee eee ++ 569 WOlts ito acetals Ss SERRE acta Toole ish 502
orbital velocity ...... Reershetete te The «earners 570 WHYGMILENE DNS tars araterereveters) ovelarsroratersiaiclelale 107
pressures, interior ..............-...44. 569 | Electrostriction ........ Bei dieioernis eee eeier 448
rotation, variation of............-...... 573 | Elements: atomic numbers ...........--------- 483
rotational) energy Wetec sss ces ces ses ne 570 CIR hoe okies cc eiion aoe 483
SUAN GANG LIME retareterelefetalete stele lel elcle alse eis 6 573 bollings points meee ok eee 252
thermal gradient (wells)............... - 569 COMpPLessibilityen secs seem eeee yat40
tidal frictions .................06. 570, 573 OLnGIGS Geobenaponacdboradscoc 159, 161
velocity at equator (rotational).......... 602 Gianehers en aR ie. -. 548
in Orbit wsseeeeeeee sees ee eee ee 570 earth, abundance in..............+.. 614
Earthquakes, wave velocity.................0+. 567 electron affinities ee ace ees ed ee . 549
Eberhard effect (photography)................- 345 configurations .........-. SASS
FICCENEHICIUY MOL SUAL WOLDIUS aloft alercl* ole1e1~ +10) *!e\\00 6° 62 emiSSionS ..cceececcce 547 et seq.
ACUI SINES DINANIES Meteeyeletaleleyeielstetetelale)oiuiels «== «\el's 629 expansion, thermal ..........2..0+%: 280
Efficiency, luminous, of lamps.............- 337, 338 ardnesa eye eiies soi anes cise 137
of black bodies..........+..+.+.+- ++ 335 heats, latent, of fusion ............ . 288
Elastic constants of earth............-...-- eee 569 vaporization ......+ . 205
limits (mechanical data).......... I1o et seq. anecificees sarah eee eee ne Seay
MOGUIE © soc ec cc eric c erence eccces oe 136 ionizing potentials ............--+00: 499
PLASTICIDY SCH SUALS mutevateleleteeleleloieraleisiete)skelojo/si's 138, 139 melting points ....... seo he 252
metallic elements .....--...+---+--- 140 meteorites, abundance in..........-++- 614
Electric arcs (I. C. T., 6, oat Spectra eee ee Sie cer ect 355
conductivity: (see also resistivity) ..408 et seq stars, abundance in..........- SAG
alloys (temp. sun’s atmosphere, abundance
coef.) ......-400, 414, 415 any eee Seater 612, 613, 614
auxiliary computing table... 408 thermal expansion .......-...+-+-++- 280
dielectrics ....+..++++++.+ 4x8 || ‘Miliptie integral sc eee nent sun suet cabeceae 71
high-frequency ........... 449) || Emanation so.) .ecn Siete want Bice otun fae de ores 520
pressure effects ........... TZ 7 heat¥dueltosancsssc teaaseeuateces 525
super, of metals......... 2+ 433 Vapoly pressuromee see cece meen eter 521
: .__ tension effects .......+++- 414 | emf. (see under electromotive forces)
light efficiencies ..........-..... 337 et sed. | fmission, electron (see electron emission)
equivalent of heat...............-- 86, 87 Emissivities: (general) ....... areca tenereteneyey= 320 et seq
equivalents wee tee tects e cere ee eeee 397 Te CeTLAT EC cae ee nea 324
, quantity .2.+eseeseesee sees 397 nickel, soot-covered ........--.+--- 324
BENIES; CLIDO=) a(clelelelelcieicicieiae cele a.eces seis 408 Cantal gimme ee eee 323
standards, international ............... xlvi funbsted se on ea ee 321, 322
eit, peat Sethe ay Energy: black-body radiation ..........--.+-- 313-317
Electricity, PieZO ......eeeseeereeeeee ee eeees 448 SEH Mecca tic ia Tame ae eee 570
Electrochemical equivalents ............+..+-+ 431 equipartition i ethene ee 626
: 3 » definition ........... 658 minimum for light sensation............ 335
Electrolytic conductivity: (general)........ 431 et sed. STAC Cer ee ee ee ee 645
electrochemical _equiva- English abbreviations: cccss cicero aceon 2
Jents, normal solu- SPEC «Cane ie levee cielstelte atelelel retry rite 334
ULONSwaeyaceteteleyeveseietenatelte ZEISS Sy un Te al 607
iv. : Equation of time..... alajelefels clolerevatal site
CHUNSIeNE ice. 7 ts) NN ian aaeadentsraiechanteale ot ease cee ae ac
acids, aqueous solu- Equivalent, mechanical, of heat : s.S9 Sail ae aoe
oe peer cae ee Erg, definition ....2.sccessccececsscesseosees 659
electrochemical .... 431 Erickson value .......-.e++% Se telat avotelche shea eal 110
i t * 43g | Error, probable, least squares......+-.+++++++- iso
salt eerie: 435. a Ethylene, compressibility .....5.-.++++-++-ee05 145
hydrolysis, ammonium Ettinghausen Raltanomdeceuie effect’.)</..cenr oe a ae
ACCEL CMe ee 438 Eulerian 2nd integral.........----- sack ta BORO
jonization of water..... 438 Eutectics, lime-alumina-silica compoun ee A
molecular, specific... 433 ual aee
BR ohare else lerek® 433 ae en er) ee ee . 22
RADI 00es rj ABAD IS olde ao po unaetenlg 4 Pree ene 233
ELemetatetciskaieteretoholciasa\chatoieys 434 - oa pase Spee Pe aon
Electromagnetic dimensional formulae......xxxvii, xxxix Expansion, thermal: slemupae oR eoiee ees aie
Electromotive force: pressure effects ............ 407 high temperature Segee aoe ose
BS perc cccene = ie Greece Bed. Hiquids weer else terres eiteteielels 283
Sire rao miscellaneous ......-- ee 281
. Be ee ees 40% oi), petroleum ........+.--- I55
voliaie cells) ------»----398, 400 Solidswe once ee OORT’ 282
Electron: (general) ........ Miafeleteiotoloteteravororarniate 492 Fete eh kee ee <3 Se gogizo
ctomie weights ge 10-8eLo0cLclc0s2 0g. | Exponentia Yanétions: general) “27225 365
atomic weight, 5.5xX107*.........-.-.- 105 xponentia: : hase of natural logarithms,
binding energies, ionized ............- 498 pie Re CME aed re
HIEMUL AL Maleielefereielateletels 497 e+t, e-2 and their logs,
charge, 4.77X1077° e@.s.u. .....88, 92, 103 pe GatnG Nc o. easoes
specific, e/m ....+e+e++++24+- 103 © Heactiolab hic oon
collisions in gases, elastic ........... 511 . ;
MMELASLICH loieisiaieeyeis\2 = 511 ex", e-=, logs,
jonizations ........ 511 Oil c0 5.0 veisiajelsielel 0154
configurations ..................488, 504 eM2/4, TZ/4 Jogs,
GHW sooqendonne aistelefelafelsiaicite 547 ni én ORE 55
emission: coated filaments ptotetaraierercnerstats 548 1 j
elements, hot solid....... see 547, eM 22/4, o- 7272/4 jogs,
Laue’s equation ......... eos 547 eT tonne SS
photoelectric effect ..... 547, 548 sree) hems ee ,
Richardson’s equation ....... 547 3 See and their
Th on W, monomolecular films. 547 2 i
CUTIBSLENgeNeysteiciecis eic'e «sieiers 321 eee nee ae a3
WOFKRUNCHONwit vice cscs es) 547, integrals Pe eee eis >

666 INDEX
PAGE PAGB
Eye and radiation: (general) ...........+330 et seq. Functions: <2amma 1. 5-s7a)seravatecc (arto here Ieee eee 64
adaptation rate ............ 331 hyperholie sie tsrete arvaliclels uctciee reer: 41
blind spot, vision in.’..... aistees ae probability ...... evetielseveveloysp st eile 56-61
CONES Wapetersteretemicteacre eyeeiieete ISS trigonometric, circular” (has se reese 32
contrast sensitivity .........- 331 (radians) ..... 37
dimensions of points......... 332 ZONAL NATMONICS) wei efsiaiaiers sie = <tevoiate evo ete 66
flux density at retina......... 332 HMundamentalstandands: we sree ctrarpebe eos xli
glare sensitivity ........ serene gar UNDIES aorerecelotalera\sveielpestelere Yel cist ater: XXXi, xxxix
heterochromatic sensibility ... 331 MUSION) \CULTENtiy LOM wayeve storie si onclercieletere/aonstonetoterere 416
persistence of vision.......... 332 latent heats of, Elements cjic ccc ciies se 288
photometric sensibility ....... 331 VANLOUS putsinrereieysisleveniariene - 294
pupil diameters .. 0... 5.56. 332 volume change on (I. C. T., 2, 4593 2s 9)
sensitiveness as function of ra-
Gi Msesaos 330 yy Vays (see gamma rays and radioactivity)
to color differences. 332 Gage pressures to true pressures.............-.. 147
visibility of radiation, f(A)..-.. 332 Gages; WAR) Ui08% crssre le eteeraetnvetel ste or sahetovemt Peete 420
Galactie concentration, "stars vs. spectra and m. 620
Hactorials; ‘function m=z 10) 2... .-).-.0.-0+ 0+ 64 Coordinates) tom srAcsmOCCl-rtey-teperererare 604-605
LOZS) 7 ——iT SLOW ZO etoiee ercistercies ietereletalerel®) 40 WOR Sse oudc slekelshalletet=tenetatonetel 601, 604, 605
THAT LOZ Oley etehekeklenainrcreretersrsveie) eters 47 Galaxies, external: mag., rad. v., distances....... 641

MACUONS5: (CONVCLSIOM Nt ticiaictssoucnctoisiereisie stekerseaiatatetels ae 4 TOLAGLONM ate allele ciel olelereyelotelctetel sicierererre = 1643

DERETENE BAGondG steels isuehefeteneleTokeyoletareieveterereersiel sie 87-89 Galaxy, and! Super-;) Meta=" e:cieisvcle o clale/clelelehoystoiete NOLO

Fechner’s law ..... Rielelelstteiciaisteieiitreeneteiretet 332 Galvanometric efect) yjeterterslereietste slereiveieiciete Welehe nAOe

ELNOMIAGNECISIM raysrecketereheneveretaisisiclene) ste] loje] ofsisiist<liei= 463 Gamma* function; ny Dt! e2icr- cis etches leieieie ci isie OA OS

Field, magnetic: earth’s, components ........ 574-595 photographic cc c.pcvecacesrerecltavel ctctetabenerecace 341

metals, behavior in ......... 463-475 rays: (see also radioactivity) . canes “6516 et seq.

MANGE Ty Se diogacdoc 481 ADSONDELON I reterstere ctoleleisiaialetetatelsstelalene Sse
rotation of polarization plane. .476—480 EMISSIONMON uaretcteteielcte clerelelereioletaterciete eo
thermogalvanomagnetic effects ... 482 ENENE Vaunetaleteistelsiataislelsteloraicieiets <)> SOMME.

Filaments, heat losses from..... Mrateistereletereterisyat-ls 329 TOnIZA tO alvaiatoketeleleisloleveleistelstctel em SO

Films, oil, thickness of....... Beenrciolccciee cereteree ea i nuclearvanalysishe nye .ctomtetrsice rerio 530

DPHOLGELADNIC Mes eredeuctareicteclereietetarereretoletetotoree- 342 energy from spectra....... «534
thin, properties of (1. C. T., Rf “475) SCAULEDIN EEL lerehairietaleleteleiaistelarcnetoleyet an sisi

Filters: (see also color-screens, absorption) sources, comparison of............ 531

Ligh Genter tetsmnenevercrioteteierci= Sielccicienie saOd ebised. spectra Srelclaioiaie Siatevaiaistereiotats 5 2Osmes Ss 3)
narrow spectrum regions.............-- 384 Wave! lengths’ (ieee « «\cleielialaleleleieii5295) 5 S4.

Hanshi maenituden Starsiyevercreiate erelctere ctotelalevoyelensrats 619 Gas constant) emcee ene Binveioieiecercleiarerelrcisrniene 75, 141

lame? temperatures) "s..ctecvectsis cere. sicvere) ela elcsel’sie a) 310 thermometer corrections to thermodynamic

Flammable, non-, liquids (for CLYOSEALS)eeretereledetotors 251 SCAIl@. oa afevavsie ashore SOOGHOOGOS siobstateactorate 249

Flash-lights, characteristics .....ssseccceceeee 1330 Gases: absorption by liquids ............ ssaierstete, SEL

Flash points (I. C. T., 2, 1 50, 161, 211) coefficients, long-wave ..... 393, 395

MUidiby,s celnitiormerereerr)eleietcleteieierete Ri steleretteO 5s O50 RETA Sinepelelersinieraatcio AS

gasolines, kerosene prevateteictster tare eierehetshearis 207 accommodation coefficients (I. C. T., 5, 53)

Fluorescence (I. C. T., 5, 390, 391) adsorption (I. C. T., 3, 249)

Milux,; Juminous! “So cceees wieusvelerarsiaiesaee everett ees eS collisions, elastic, electronic ............ 511
MACTIEHIC CENNILIOM Morerereve re) clererteretehelereleretate 463 INCLASTICIS Morel al ai cfoleroverctelstokchenegetcketn StL
TACUAN LE wr eravevchcictareveveiexelore (vel levohener siete tale) oneners 333 COMpressibiLities eerie aeieteketeeretarsiretenete 143

HOE H PHOLOFAPHICy ayo cicicveveie/eielarolavaloncveretete lorchelerstele 341 One76 cH ea eomeen 144

Foils, metal ..... avateletotolalolesckotevervetonclen a cictorerene 108 VP TUNG Gogoosncsc 147

Foot-candle ..... ste aievelotenetevel eVeialeystspeneie [ale sexchoiorese 333 TOO=LOOO) ALM. rele tlateisteve wets

Foot-poundal ....... cichelein aie inbalovorares oiwcdMekavenaere le 659 low temperatures ........ 144

MGOL-POUNASs eCehNitON were evel olor avele +) orcietatemetehelels hehe . 659 conductivity, Coermali versteteisrsietersitetyetate 277

Kee MELERS nares tecnielesenctior sires ansible te petosrers 251 CHLUICAU CONSE ANGSIars statetorsiereierepedetetetetsisissere = ae
LOMNOLSEDOWER, cuoscrereteretetetainienetavere iene 251 densities ..... eioleleiotete ietslare evelcioietelehstatstele 176
Forbidden lines (spectrum series)............+-- 502 dielecinics conStantSivsrtersverevereleleleretetersiciers me hada
Horcesss winds Cylincensinisjersteisi \sletersrielerstalere eee ELECTION IND ACLS cretajererelelereteleteterereieterercie fe Sen
HAT MD LACS terete lalekaeialeta sictelote + +198-199 entropy (ICME Ss o4s7s2c4)
miscellaneous” ..0\.2<s0-s0200 sioeis) 202 expansion, thermal Mais oie iene eeise eee
SpHEnesi pevorey ore rsa inerciyneeuts 201 flow (I C505. TOs) 5,2)

Formulae, conversion, dimensional ..... Ron reXST heel freemencreya (IenCle L551 O71 zs 4)
derivatives and integrals............. eke UEAVOTRY (1G (Oh, CA Bema p oGoooceds - 146
NG ASte SQUMATES ic: cvaherePatevaiel avereteloreiy= arcade 56-59 ignition temper atures of mixtures. . sieleienecten GLO
SCHICS Mey ctelerereceicrerelevelnteleleiovaistate Bratiessisie ema Inperstellanwen cmiaieisieieianitatereitersteratsreeremm aA

MOUTON bt) c citer eestexcyarere aaratehayere. eierareta Merle aie e279 ionization by impact................-.- 512

Fraunhofer lines, wave lengths.............-. 7.340 Joule-Thomson effect (I. C.T., 5, 144)

Free energy (I. C. 17, 53 O73 7s 224) magnetic susceptibility co.cc eee e475

paths, molecules EP aielalovols chavs lareteieusieveis ene jorcre 550 magneto-optic rotation ....ccescencscse - 479

MIFEEZESVANLI=-nINUNtINES a feleielelatelolaieveseveisielererssels eyes 270) p, v, T relations, peur

Breezing Mixtures. .Picrissteeeisisis oe ois iee cis iveuesoloe 270 (I. €.T.; 3, 3)..141-142

WOINUS eerie Mar eisteratetolevertavedcietey «2252-261 802, NH3 a eatonehetsceroire 148
» lowering of in salt solutions..267, 268 ReLrachivernandices) cie\elelelete ciwiercreuelatetaicarate a
water, pressure effect........... 253 resistance, aerodynamical ............196—203

Frequencies, corresponding to wave lengths........ 374 solubility in water... ..ccccccsccrsceses 219

in air, reduction to vacuo........... 374 sound, WELOCILYs Olsu dlletesereisrclevel late roraterercieter Igt

Frequency, molecular collisions ..............-- 550 viscosity Frucci cleretolsetelorcie elatele volotsie cis piece

NESishancespunieniavareteysrstetelololer velo lole)isier= 449 volume changes, various pressures......... 142

unit potential, associated with, 6/ Bacio LOS volumes, correction to 760 mm o° C...... 143

Fresnel formula: reflection of light.............. 376 CU) tele cleleisieleleicieiricletetataietante th 49052
Friction: (general) .......eeeeesseeeeeeereee 204 LOS eoeeeseeee-ee+-153 eb Sed.
Internal Mapiereletereicinicleyerateievetetsleleselelelajorere 137 Gasolines, fluidities ..cccccccccccccrcesesesss 207

Skin, in air. ....ceeescececeesceeeees 203 | Gauss .......cscccccccccccccccecsere---++ 559

Frictional electricity series.......cseseeseeeeee 408 Gaussian UNItS .ecceccescccsccerereeseeeeee xlili

Fugacities (gases) ..... seeeecceeeccese++ 146 | Geochemical data ..ccccecesseeseseeeeseeeeee 572

Functions: Bessel, general formulae goa tesa 70 Geodetic datalee. ccs cei ceeisei sacle 04-505

(NOOESI77O) cioielelereretoreteleleicleieiOS—710 Geographical data, land areas, mountain elevation. 569
cylindricalim cme satersistereresiste ereiete ie 7,0 OCESN Me ALERS mien rarerectelelerereneiciers . 569
@llinticu integral sim cyatatereteorckeisrlerciolelet 71 SCAMOCTLNS wettcateleieiete sletstolotetots 569

exponential eine tollenineeessecieedeasO

thepn PradientsS. ciccele aes 1500

INDEX 667
PAGE PAGE
GeophysicalMicdatawnvercicisisistelnsis/elsisicrale(se/aletelate 69— Heat: fusion,
Geopotential ..... sinlolajatol afejelelere sleyaiarelelsyelslale ee oar apt ete io on oer noe S 294
German silver, mechanical properties............ 121 ally and metals (I. c ‘R,
Giant stars ........ cesses eeeeeee miateielelererace 623-624 458)
Giilbenitiniyeysroieratslel= =lelelefeleisis|se cae e¥elels siclslelsrelev v6 397 siete (I. C. T., 1, 103) 288
GIATGMSENSILID VA ON CY Gi ne\scfelelcteletels siclsleleicielcielss © 331 Index (BUAYS) ay arcloscietsee ccs caiieetleea meine 602
Glass: absorption of gases (I. C. T., 3, 251) latent; rot fusionia wc aa wana clecrteicen cams 294
Pats X rays (I. C. T., 6, 20) elementals senicies arcane 288
isperSion 6... sss eee eee seer eeeeee 356-358 vaporization: ammonia ......... 306
Fresnel reflection formula................ 376 elements ......... 204
ANGICES MOL MNEMKACHION eictceeieleicielsieleivie « ° 356-359 formulae =s7oast a 296
Jena, temperature variation.............. 359 steam...297, 298 et seq.
permeability to gases (I. C. T., 5, 76) various liquids .... 295
reflection of light by.......-........-.+ 376 mechanical equivalent of.............++.- 86
refraction indices ......... tet ee 356-359 neutralization; HeSOg .ccccs aces ecccscese 312
resistance, electric; temp. variation........ 419 specific: (general) ice acelin
ELANSMISSION: Ole tetetet ciel alele 1c obs w ici vere 386-388 ALLOYS Ss es tae Sah ee
VESSELS mVOLUM GMO RC Tee ints sleiee sie sie acs oc'e 108 AMMONIA, beer aN es oe on Re
viscosity at high temperatures............ 656 atomic constant
Glycero)-watenbyvisCOslUleSmistesretclole(e| esse sele ss oie 206 Clectricity at sakes Sees
Gold, mechanical properties..............-+-+05 124 clementsheseecc e eee 285, 289
Gradient, earth’s thermal..............000+00- 569 gases, also Clp/Co.....s0scsceees : 293
Gram-centimeter (g- ergs) unit of work.......... 659 MIQUuidS) a/oicjayajaistere s ciovsleies cetern creole 291
EMOLECUIE Ne eels le cle cee melee sie scsee as 659 MIELCULV A a etetaeteltelaiecsrerelereteyaiennl tatals 290
Grating space calcite..............sseeeees 91, 96 minerals rocks iter cisia/efevererstevalerte 292
Gravitation, acceleration of: anomalous ......... 567 Silicatesin tee Sem, ce ee 292
Fi(latepalts)/% «is siy0.s16 564 SOLIDS HRs Joie sects oeie hac ea sio ee 290
United States stations. 566 VADOLS Ww aiteyevehatal states oiciehate ctarare stars 293
world stations ...... 565 WALLER ateryohelateetateleratcteiniesereteiaveniate 290
constant, 666.4 10-1° dyne - em*- ¢-?, Lreatmentuonesteels ner cjveriemeremteaeeeninne 112
Cefinitionpersetecicreercteterierats 75, 659 Hefner’ (unitiy-, ss. c)s.cteveicranrier- stole hie ene 334, 659
Gravity, specific (see also density).......... 158-179 Heights, barometric determination of............ 188
, Gudermanians .......... islataretslefavels) sic oveystoretere 41-46 boiling point of water, determination of... 189
Gyration;, (radity Of; ci. cesesie octee crere avetavenele Rie 2 dynamic!>; wargecccts ce eee ocr 561
Fi REOMEGMICH ctyeie vere eieitate Boodoanscabess 561
h, 6. SNOT 2 TM ETE Iay SEC PSR ayes a eR ELLY, be <jsic)o | spaaie eielelsieleislols) oforels)chslaretele si ereietele © 6
nduers Ofeeee oe eT Rs 5 FR oeoe Hertzian wave Nengthsircs.as crete istenetarsc wretaravaetae sae
NVC DOWETSTOCR ec ch ocean 103 Heterochromatic Sensitivity: Of eye. + sencrcterees 331
H atom mass, 1.66X10-% g.......... cee e eee 105 Horizon, dip of. cece eeees ais siale)sislee s\sleeisieisie o's 602
AUG We GHotincsoaanboddepooseoobonbeue 106 | Horizontal intensity, terrestrial magnetism:
Hallanarneticeltecharscmtiss seinen cacictans 482 annual change, H..........-.... 579
definitions ssa wtelraca sie 463 f(lat., long.) U. S., 1925.-....-. 593
Hardness: (see also mechanical properties) ..110 et seq. isodynamie world chart........... 577
Eine lle eens es oa RMS AN rs 110 secular change, U. S., 1885-1925.. 593
Glen ChtSa ee ee a, he Se 137 Horsepower to foot-pounds..............+.- 2515 659
RCLORDREQ NG rem caveat ayes cycle} <ioit etal <Pe%s 110 | Humidity: (general) ............ siekelerelefelere 234-235
VARIOUS) Actus ioe neicits 110 et seq. 137 constant, maintenance of air at (I. C. T.,
Harmonies: cylindrical (Bessel) .............. —70 I, 673 32 385) «ccccesscsccccesees 179
TOD GS eR leis Ante ie 70 relative ........ feet e cece scene 236-238
Sint}. hogapeoe 6c U0 CORE EORTC Ronee 193 ». berm density of moist air........-. 177-179
zonalbaphericalies) eis «scenes: 66, 67 Hund’s Bohr spectra notation................6- 504
Harvard spectrum classification (stellar).......... 617 quantum numbers .....+eeeeeeeeeeeeeee 504
Heat: adsorption, molecular (colloidal).......... 554 Hydrogen atom) “Bohr orbit) vc-ielejnieeiseetetaieels lair 106
atomic olmelementsmemieer sieieeiiecit oes «4. 289 doublet constant ........+....- 107
LUN EStET A Se cvs. << 321 electron! speedwcts<1-ratcseternicioiorertate 106
Capacities yee mr! i 28m 288 MASS, 1.66 107% B.sseeeseeaes 105
Combinations pyeryveeremieriietelis ioe rcveveisis 311-312 SETIES wee ee eee eee e ese er ees 495
combustion: carbon compounds ........... 307 _ thermometer ......++eseeseereeeeees 249
Chile ht | 308 Hydrolysis, ammonium acetate............-...++- 438
explosives .............:. 309-310 Hydrostatic pressures, Hg and H20 columns....... 180
ASCARI os es can 308 Hyperbolic functions, natural and logarithmic..... 41-46
liquid Tuclcweeee ee en ae 308 Hy steresivmtsen arrccterstotecisicieveisterersreleistorteterare 463, 473
TAOIST eek 308 transformer steels ..ccwuecccevevsece 472
conduction: air spaces, across............ 327
BRILOVSM ere ne bate reveals ie 272 Ice: allotropic modifications ..... MOGOOA OOO ADOOD 253
AM MCONAUCTONS watayetelcvelsveraseteatere 276 freezing point, pressure effects.............. 253
CLIMUSIVITIESiecreyepaisterer-tetetatel-le) sie 277 point on thermodynamic scale........85—-86, 103
MOLI Clameeletetsteteteisteyers ele sa)eiciel=/e1< 279 Ignition temperatures, gas Hu LIEOS occ ccccceces 310
GASES uecterraristerer fevspecelesoiavey sxerevele 277 Incandescent filaments, heat losses.........+..-.. 32
high temperatures ........ 273, 328 OXICES pW DRE ONES! iaieists alnleletereistalersieis 336
ANISUIALOUS meters terete a =)- 6 274-275 Inclination, magnetic: f(lat., long.), U. ce \ "1925. 592
liquids, f(pressure) ....... 277-278 I (or dip): annual change.. 579
MEL Al Siete) Ais) aisvero leven sisele, 272 isoclinie lines, world chart.. 576
miscellaneous ........ afateere 273 isoporic ‘‘ aawsre
resistance to, Fourier......... 279 secular change, U. S...... 592
salt solutions ...... eleieieiaienis 276 Index, color (stars) sysicjets\aiafelsiaiatels eieieisiays sinewie GOS
temperature, high ........273, 328 HERG arian sy <telenareeereteiclslersiaielelate Deisieein en OO
content of tungsten, f(t)........ ce aaron 321 of refraction: air, 76 cm, 15° C.......-. 374
convection losses of, in air............ 327, 329 AlUIM Ber celereistets aifelsiale sinitine sar gOm
iffusivitiosimrer treet os velcls o tee' cere.a. cisiee 277, crystals: (see also
dilutionvofseHeSOz rors cccce.s csi ee cleaiers ove 312 minerals) ....367-370
dimensional formulae’ ........ 22. .6c cease XxxVi biaxial: miscel-
dissociation of, for molecules.............. 512 laneous . 370
electrical equivalent of................ 86, 87 negative .. 368
TOVMIALIONY Oluieiersteleinte cle eietereis/ate steieleis}> 311-312 ositive ... 367
LOLS Matetslersisiale'e )acoieiclcic/sieis\= - 312 monorefringent
Ra and emanations.......+++ 525 (isotropic) ..... 363

668 INDEX
PAGE PAGE
x, of refraction: crystals: uniaxial: miscel- Ionization potentials, first ..........226-.+490, 614
cade laneous. 366 H, Hert A/oisislevaicrarnctne Brae OG
negative .. 365 Rl Goo daacouasennocos Sow
positive .. 365 ie AWN spo scssopoOosDp DCO UGCar 644
doubly refractive min- Ions: alpha particles, production iy lMadoooas 522, 525
erals cc es aes - 366 et seq. almosphericy Uppenine 1-1) ety ers ++ +++599-600
fat sieeceeeersterene terror rate Saas (370 equilibrium, atmospheric electricity........ 597
TLOMARLE bn cece eee 61 gamma TayS .:....0.... afeiersiovere era oerorere 530
Pa Uae Sot a a heat wots tormationnrecereisieyseierieieiieeiree eioeiee 312
eace TS eas PNT A he 356, 358 YOM Sopooadooseaue eieretelekelereietete sere 552
Schott-Jena, f(t) 359 Iron: alloys, mechanical PLOPELbIES relorererel-te sere eee
z ‘ al are Lines’ <i cstethee nyc atterasinreehg47—340
Hcetand spares CaCO ss = got east, properties of malleable.....-++-.+----- 657
isotropic solids ........... 364 MSODaR ois aceite citetatseree serene Brora alisyotatsretatrstciers 493
liquefied gases ............ 370 | Tsodynamic (H) world lines.............-..--- 577
liquids ........ +++++-370» 371 | Tsogonie world lines, equal declination (D)......- 576
metals ........ -+++++377-378 | Isoporie world chart: D, declination ............ 577
minerals: biaxial ......367-370 H, horizontal force........ 578
isotropic .....--. 363 [eminclinationsene eee 578
monorefringent ... 363 total maintensityacntsye eters 580
uniaxial ...... 365-366 vertical intensity ......... 580
nitroso-dimethyl aniline) =j\--0 300g || mlsostasyvayc-i-cieytocieeeiene eae setae cs as OF
OLS), raralassgetspan thetere oveceretoaiete 370 Isotopes: packing fractions )Meytteiets o ciate tet -.. 2484, 648
potassium permanganate .... 372 radioactive ....... steideorevelcrens Heese 486
quartz, amorphous, crystaline. 362 ;
LOCK, sSalts fidb)evareeerstesie ee 360 Jena glasses: dispersion, f(t) ............ Pree 59
solutions, acids, salts....... 372 ar erey BL oeictsters eels tre RiNare oe
TEs A reneycereaeie Wt ra=viOlete verses ieis levee siete cisvererorers
Sue bie f i ” oh) Joule; efinitiony tae clvelee cles sersiewetste esters 659
WAKES: hades a cis teem cleo eras 370 equivalents Ric crclototercvetelcie shovererverstercietors 86, 659
Indian Ocean basin, areas, depths..............-- 650 . eee effect ieee msiepere tetera cece acs
induction:sequivalentsses eee eee 397 | Julian day hee CNdar oes eee eee eee eee eee es eae
magneticdetinitioner-ryyereielreiereisnelelerar= 463 eae Steet eee eee ee eee eens mages
mutual, self. 2-2... esse ee eee 472 Ber Sol eielw wie) e eee wie) oia' oo aie) efeeininiee aie eT
Inductive capacity, specific: crystals ............ 447 Ks | Holtarnann constants +igo78serex!terty den meer
Fauenen wicks eae tae Ke pXeray gS pechMum|s;oj-terelelerelelehel=\sielalafolaiessl-teter= 538-540
Si eteta arte ary ment oe Dae = Keerr’s! Constant: , Vs.cicis: crete) ssoravsretel otveieverendcnie hates 479
liquids, f(t, p)..-443, 445 dispersion w.2=ekt eee eee 480
SOME) spanersct ceo ehe0 jl ike tneten ito te lieeii sega ype Ve tlle 251
: BLED CAE OME RULONSS > 2 anet Kilocycle-meter conversion table (radio)...... 456-460
Be AOE BOL ae ae ett aera + U7 || MalOd yn 5 oa ebacctncehtieaeen wat oe Nees 659
_ Photographic ........ Stel che) Sti || Kinetic senergyetiiciestn. seule ae aon eae ee 659
Inorganic compounds: boiling points .......-..-- eh) |! IinGHS COMING oob0oddocannoccoeocuc Rear
densities weet eee ee eee 254
melting points ........--- Zot as eal exe rayglserlesmetaereeieceee veers ressseeets 838-539
solubilities .......++.+++- 218° || gambert; definition ..650..00cuc0meccenee ae -= 333
Insulators: break-down potentials ........... 439-441 Lamps: brightness in candles/em?2 afevarinuse 338, 339
dielectric properties ...439-441, 442-447 energy, distribution, of tungsten......... 339
resistance, electrical ..... eet 5, 409 miniature, characteristics: automobile ae3aO
thermal ....273, 274, ee 279 movie aoe "330
Integral?\diffusion 25. cose eee 0, I SUrZICalweueretersrers 339
elliptic gene Aas toce see iis eos 71 photoflash, characteristics ....... Rol eteare - 340
Exponentially rere ore yc sis oie Crteietere wists 623) 163 photographic efficiency of some.......... 344
FOrMUlae ties Sercieteee mg cts rete secie onsnercaseeteneLS 12 sunlight mazda, characteristics........... 340
SAM MaAeHUNCLLON! sarrererekerecoierenersieiet rote reers 64 Bandwanea Ol, (Carthi-:-perereiete eterotaleleteveVelotetere ayatetetors 569
PLOWADII yee crreccrste ererelol heuer ete 5O—57, Landé’s interval rule (Spectra); .t.:toters eerie ee 503
Intensification of photographic plates............ 345 Latent heat of fusion: elements ........ 288, pia
Intensity, horizontal magnetic: f(lat., long), U. S., Fee eatin peat Se vsleseteen oe ane
EO 2 15 ierevelsy ee terare 593 > AMMONIA oe oe ee
ie annual change. 579 elements ee cee ec eee gap
isodynamic lines, Heutda tte eee eee Be
WODLGN terereretereieiete 577 tote te ee eeee
isoporie lines, ‘ eee Bpaooencc Sree
WOTLy . crenerensuaiste 7 x i eee eee :
secular change, 3 Latitude, photographie ereheisccts saobaécggasounsos 34 s
USS eeeletenier ate! 593 ‘ i aie olelalaielalcicts eietnye aie =f\=/-/e(-'iele
total magnetic: f(lat., long.), U. S., rane ee Sees aera EMISSION ert retererere rere of
G25 priclexKehokohepatsisvercte 594 | Least squares: formulae ............+eseeeeeee
isoporie lines, world.... 580 probaliiltty integral, arg. ha ..... 56
secular change, U. S... 594 Z/T sss a
vertical magnetic: annual change ...... 580 inverse .....- 9°
isoporic lines, world.. 580 0:6745V T/T) eee aces Laker 15m
International electrical units .................. au 0.6745V1/n(n—=1) KO awe
BLandards seine xlvi ce eee eee at he eo
to absolute units Tae eS a wiggevensusiadous atete a
Ol teeters teisiaetoe etter xlix 0.8453[1/nVn—I1] ...... eieletejaket=
Lemperauremscalewerr yc ieincieteusietere 239 Probable xerrorseepstvarcneve letdeonetetelk 57-59
Interstellaracalciumie eer ieee ccinciteionion 644 Leather belting, mechanical properties......... Caer sO
MATEO ereheterne seater orayaie ose vevoxonevrekes ete 644 Leduc thermomagnetic effect................--- 482
SACO Mrcttoneyssererer spare vote coseresare he scicnore rears 644 Legal electrical UNLGS syefols is) ofeieresejeleselerst aint teetTeie ts xlvi
BEMPehaLUnen cspapcreycueveeckotere le evcrarionerote 645 engthy standards: << slejarerosteiars sjels sye\e/asstaveseys XXxiv, 5
Intrinsic brightness, various light sources........ 334 Light: flux weet cece cece re nnecetearcnsacics 333
Inversions, enantistropic, of crystals ........ 261-265 intensity on various days........... --556, 608
heats of..261-265 AM DERE eeretaterete ce tejeteletclettelolerrtarets esas

Tonium=radium family iy cicissiewisiecieieieieeieecisse ce) SG,

TIMI) rc eyesovelerciototere’sieietelentVercieleleteiereretentelen SSG

INDEX 669
PAGE PAGE
Light: luminosity ......eeeeeeee seers e reece 333 Logarithms, anti, four-place .....-.- piete steeco= oe
Aseeniereuels Bejoiee ts Ree total et ctaleralet efeleleyelsiisi's) s:'9 333 four-place, 100-999 «seereeeereee 26-27
mechanical equivalent .....-eeeeeeeeeees 333 1000-2000) cceeecerees 24-25
photometric standards ..++++++eeeeee ees 334 Longitudes of selected stations..... 565-567, 581-589
UNITS ..cceeecreceeererrers 333 Long-wave transmissions of energy.....-+++-++ - 393
polarized, reflection of ...+-++-2.-+s-00- 376 Loschmidt’s number, 2.705 X 107” em-*....... 107, 659
rotation of plane by substances.. 396 | Loudness level, musical instruments .....--++-++ 194
(magnetic) 476-480 MOLRES eens cele verketere 193
reflecting power, metals ..+.++++++++> 377-380 | Lowering of freezing points by salts........-- 267, 268
pigments ....-++-+--++-- 381 Lubricants (I. C. T., 2, 164)..---+eeeseeeerees 204
powders .....+-+++-- 381-382 | Lumen .......-- Spe on ee penctcieisistahereNeceretasze 333

scattered light ......... 379 Luminescence (I. C. T., 5, 386)
temperature variation W.. 380 | Luminosity ......----eeseere reer rset 333
reflection of, f(index of refraction)....... 376 HACKEDOAY usin costs chersileiere/seelalelele 335
et formulae, Fresnel ......---- 376 molybdenum ....----+eeeeeereeeeee 323
sensitivity of eye to ......-- Drevosecetes 330-332 tungsten, .6654, .467M..-seerrerees 322
minimum energy ..--- 335 vs. color temperature.......+-+++ 318-319
standards: Bougie decimale ..........--- 334 Lunar parallax .....20eeeeeseeseeer eerste? 601
candle, American ...-++--++-+: 334 rotation (history) ....--+ssseeeesseeree 373
Hefner ...-++e+++-ee 334 INK. BtoooOC Ry SPU eR Pe ee tale reise aetaoaS

international! .....2...- 334

pentane ..-..+++++see- 334 | M X-ray spectrum ....eeecerceeesscrsereerers 541
sperm, English ....--- . 334 | Mache radioactivity unit .....--+-seeseere rere 520
Carcel unit ....----++--+---- 334 Machinability of various materials......++++++++ 657
Waidner-Burgess So 334 Maclauren’s theorem .....--+++eerrereerrere 13
transparency to: air, moist ......--+++-- 392 Magellan, clouds of.....-.--+-- Rasta hin ocvaterevers 616
atmosphere. 389, 392, 555, 608 | Magnalium: mechanical properties...-.++++++++++ 117
crystals ..+.+eseee reese 390 | Magnetic constants of SUN......++seeeeerreeees 574
dyeS os. ese esse eee eres 385 permeability ....--+++seeeeeereesees XxXii
gases, infra-red .......--. 393 poles of earth....-..++++++5 Asin ierecs 575
glasses ....--+++-.-- 384-388 properties: (general) ..-.+++eeereeres 403
colored ....- 386, 388 atomic, definition .......--- 463
; ultra-violet ....-- 387 cobalt, 0°, 100° C....---+- 469
solids, infra-red ........- 393 ALLOYS) ayeteiereleisielaielel= 465
steam ....+-ee eee ee eeee 392 corrections for ring specimens. 464
water ....cee eee eeeeeee 392 critical temperatures .....-- 474
SCA wee ree eee eee 652 Curie point ....-.-+++eees 474
2 ultra-violet 389 demagnetizing factors, rods.. 470
velocity of (2.99796 101° em/sec.).....- 74 diamagnetic elements ...---- 474
wave lengths: cadmium standard .......-- 347 diamagnetism, definition .... 463
CLOM EME Sieetenelele evererereest sie) =) ie 355 temp. variation. 474
Fraunhofer lines .......--- 346 elements 2cciccesnmseineeer 474
neon lines ....- proteleereioleneter= 349 Ettinghausen effect ....-- S482

solar standards ......-.3507
standard, iron

Lights: (see also under lamps)
brightness in candles/em? of various. .338,
efficiency of various electric........-.---
photographie efficiency of some.......----
temperature, brightness ......-.+--+++5
COLOLMT A ekere siete er eho volie sole rel= ei
visibility of white..... P
Light-year .......-+eeees
Limits, spectrum series. .

Miateieteleieiexs| 34 /an O49)
SULIPMN eterno 35 Ons 4

353

339
337

Lines, resonance (spectroscopy) ....-+++++++++ 504
ultimate DREN SSL sonieveie'e Eee 504
Liquids: absorption of gases.........++++++ee+- 221
capillarity of ....-.-..----+eeeees 222-223
combustion heats .......-.--++++:: 307-308
compressibilities ........-+-+++++-+0- 154
conductivity, thermal ...........-- 276-277

Gensityi ee ieieterr- Beer Peisiessyeteke 159, 165, 166

Baumé scale .........---+0--- 158

mercury, f(t) .........--+---+> 169

water, De EO SSO OCOD 166, 168

dielectric constants ..........-+-+: 443, 445
SUNENEEAS eetetenetsnareiclere veleloie * cere « 441

diffusion, aqueous solutions.........-+-- 215
expansion coefficients ........+++++++-> 283
magnetic optic rotation .......-++-++> 478
susceptibility, .......+----++- 475

potential differences with substances. . 399-400
refractive indices .....--+++++++++> 370-372

sound velocity .........+--++++e+: 190, 191

sea water ........----9> 652

specific heats ........-----++++++-290-291

surface tensiong ......----++e+ers 222, 223

thermal conductivity .......---++-+> 276-277

cubical expansion ......--++-> 283

vapor pressures ....--+++eeeeee ees 225-230
viscosities, absolute ......-+--+-+++-++- 205-209

specific ....+.esseeeees 210-212

Liter, equals 1.000027 dm’.......-.-+eeeeeree 75
Logarithmic factorials .....+++++++e> mraioiey stele Se 40

ferromagnetism, definition ... 463
flux, flux density, definition... 463

galvanometric ...---+++++++> 482
Hall effect, f(t).....-- 463, 482
hysteresis ..... .»-463, 479-473
induction .......+- --463 et sed.
jron and steel ...----+++++> 464
EDULE! seiclsvexehaisieiere Sea 404
soft, o°, too” C.....- 468
very weak fields......- 465
wrought (Lowmoor) ... 469
ST OULE MIE oe elotele eleloreratekarisvelel™ 463
Leduc effect ....-++-e+eees 482
magnet steel ......-+--+++> 405
magnetic resistance ...-++-- 481
magnetite ...----e-ee eee ee 469
magneto-optie rotation, defini-
iN. soaccocoood 476
strietion, definition.. 463
maxwell, definition ....---- 403
molecular ....--e+ee+eeeee? 463
Nernst effect ......---+++> 482
nickel, 0°, 100° C......--- 469
paramagnetism : definition ... 463
elements, f(t) 474
permalloy’ ....----+s++seee: 472
permeability... .xxxii, 463 et sed.
definition ...... 463
ring specimens, corrections.. 471
sheets, electrical ....-.-+--- 464
steel: 0°, 100° C....+--.-- 468
magnet .....-2-seee% 465
manganese, Hadfield’s.. 469
saturation values ...-- 469

tool, Vicker’s ......- 469
transformer, weak fields. 465
Steinmetz constant ......-- 473
striction, magneto-, definition. 463
susceptibility ........- 474, 475
definition .... 463

temperature changes. 468, 469, 475
OAD peioac 475
thermomagnetic effects ....- 482

670 INDEX

PAGE PAGB
Magnetic properties: Villari effect .........++-+ 463 Magnitudes: absolute, cepheids .............+2> 635
Wiedemann effect .........- 463 CWADh Stans irrtsleersle/eltereterate 636
LITIES) Soslarerateraeeietenelotetaveloicliohelelerelerefelote lii, liv first magnitude stars....... 619
equivalents ...--+sseeseeeeecs + 397 giant stars ............-- 636
Magnetism, terrestrial: agonic line, U. S8., high-density stars ........ 636
DSOO=0.92 5) eislalatelsteisvore 595 high-temperature stars ..... 636
charts: isoclinic, I, world.. 576 Car AEE So sdigoddwobes 619
isodynamic, H, planetary nebulae ........ 623
WONLCS Wessferereislere 77 Russell diagram .......... 621
isogonic, D, world.. 576 De. Arallaxe Meera nt 624
isoporic: spectrum class.621, 622, 624
Py elicieictercieieiele 577 apparent: binaries ............ 629, 630
EL Fe sioistaleumierereters 577 bolometric, visual to....... 24
Te ceihaiccteees 5738 Gefinitioneys sa-inreotaree 602, 623
total intensity .. 580 first magnitude stars....... 619
vertical intensity. 580 Magellanic clouds ........ 640
constants of earth....574, 575 MOON seo sie.n or ereraretetee oreiercve 623
declination: nebulae, planetary ........ 639
annual change, world.. 579 radial velocity stars....... 628
isogonic lines, ames “are TAQIOMELYICH oyeyeteletelereleeretare 632
isoporie “‘ - 577 space al velocity stars. 627
secular change, U. S.. 590 (small) ey 627
dip: annual change, world. . 579 Stars; Meare sun we sryeeiee iors 619
f(lat., long.), U. S... 592 per magnitude ..... 620
isoclinie lines, world. - 576 SUN RSS ieletorreisefita accor 623
isoporic “ ons 7S Venus: Sennen iccionermine 623
secular change, U.8.. 592 aes parallax, ) Ween e morte 624
horizontal intensity: spectrum class ....... 620

annual change, orld a As) visual to bolometric, correc-
f(lat., long.), U. 593 PIONS Pe wrevoncioxcrerererercreter atte 624
isodynamie lines, ‘vorld 577 astronomical, definition ......... 602, 623
isoporic s 578 Malleable cast iron, physical properties.......... 657
secular change, U. 8S... 593 Masss alpha particles cyrercjetatsveleteraleiereleteievetetereteteters 105
inclination (see dip) electroniey oo sero sen iereciietetereeeneere 105
isoclinie lines, I, world DUGatomipereracrcrerstencte cetetstsin cle shancreiettereronet 105
CHALtIM tee ekeleisleneiesaitetet= 576 PROTON Myer tereredetatelatetereicverele ekctaheltereveloncister 105
isodynamie lines, H, world relativity correction ........ Lin rekesvekeletohetore 492
Chart . cc nccesecccces 577 Masses: spectroscopic, binaries ........---eeess 620
- jsogonie lines, D, world SUCLIAI aes core ole arevecs siete 619, 623, 629-631
Chantemer eee tote 576% | Mathematicaluconstantsi sacs eee ees 14
isoporie lines: tables: antilogarithms, 4-place ....28—30
D, world chart...... Bird Bessel’s functions ......... 70
Pe Secretly vere 578 circular Se acevettate 32-40
I, Gh SC OP Ney etete vere 78 CONSHANUS Mrcteyeveratoleterereterreneyere 14
intensity, total, world.. 580 Clibes! <Wlith,. chews secre 5
vertical, world 580 cylindrical harmonics ...... 68-70
mean annual observatory ele- Cerivatives gs crrsderercietesieters 12
MENUS eseverctd cierto 581 differentialsves seeeon ee eee 12
mean annual observatory ele- diffusion integral .......... 60
ments, bibliography .... 589 elliptic integrals .......... 71
mean monthly magnetic exponential functions ..... 48-64
characters, 1906-1930.. 595 integraliieselynes 62
observatories, mean annual factorials, 1 to 20......... 47
GUAGE sdooagounsove 581 gamma function .........-- 64
observatories, mean annual hyperbolic functions ....... 41
elements, bibliography .. 580 integrals! /Visielelacteetelerieeiciers 12
poles, magnetic ......--- 575 Least; iSQUaMES) (cts, civteleletetetel ers 56-59
secular change, logarithms, 4-place ....... 24-27
declination, U, S., probability integral ..... SOs
1820-1930 ..eeeee 590 inverse.60, 61
dip, U. S., 1855-1925. 592 NECIPIOCAIS ie sletors\elelelorelercrelete 15
horizontal intensity, SEFieS: «<j=;-\01 efefatoiarsietelaicieats 15
U. S., 1855-1925.- 593 SQUAY.S SNOOLS arctereletencieceloteials 15
inclination, U. S., RGPERG Ge ooddooctettonced 15
1855-1925 .ecceee 592 zonal spherical harmonies... 66
total intensity: Matter, interstellar ............ cleieteteieteteterstetets 644
f(lat., long.), U. S&., MRMCHENEY: « hepcisicrelerseiene Seaiciserstieieieis “83

IQ25 serve eveeeee 594 Wiel” Sab oeaoucessoacocdnue +397, 403, 4
isoporie lines, world Mean free path, air molecules ..... STENTS Manna 63
Chant wmertcreteretatccctorers 580 MOLECULES Weraersvelereteretieteltetaicterens Bee
secular change, U. &., Measurements, theory of........ccscccccccceces Xxxli
1855-1925 seree+s 594 Measures: English, metric, United States......... 5-I1
_ Vertical intensity: Mechanical effects of radiation................- 501
isoporie lines, world... 580 equivalent of heat ........ erect 86, 87
Magneton, Bohr (I. C. T., 6, 346)..... wleiewslersicl LOO ; TCI EMD. tctevonetoelctere siskenerece 335
Magneto-optic rotation: gases .......-. coonddno Ye) properties: (general) .......... 110 et seq.
Kerr constant ........-- 480 alloys, miscellaneous ...... 124
Kundt ‘“‘ Sefelelerielsielom 70) cilabiiny Gossoqcocagoodc 116
IqUiUS ureietorsle\sicicloierevele eleven 4a7e alloysinerein eters 117
SOLAS Wrarereterelel cleievelelsreleleielont47/71 Mob! Sacooooed 124
SONIEIONSe ejeteteietectersioreioke 478 Babbit metal . pet Severerace 125
Verdet’s constant . 476 et seq. ellae © lees tevercrstes oye. 120
Magnetozoptics, ac ciorisieverelaretvaeersierclersiele. se cersiere 575 belting, leather .........- 130
Magnitudes: absolute (M) to apparent (m) aysisyers 602 PLASSGSiecletelclaleleteleteiate 120 et seq.
, binary stars ....629, 631 MIAVSL rererereteie slerelsiei= 121
bolometric to visual. . 624 MEG i eleieterstetetate - 121-122
candle, of standard........ 623 yellow .....-seee . 121

INDEX 671
PAGE PAGE
Mechanical properties: bricks ...... Meleretetsteceteiels).° 129 Melting» points; (minerals; 5 v.yerelscletuicieleie cain eters 266
Brittania) metallic. .0. 0. 0. 12 miscellaneousier. Vicu-tasawisn svete afore ere 258
BrOnZesi \ejncveltetetelc’s sive 120-123 organic compounds ............. 256
DUOSDHONeM iets aisleleie 122 paraifin sseriesas cui. s0 ccs e eaters 256
ODN eeraeyeteratels/atel's 121 refractory substances ........... 260
WVACTORM rial eicieh ste 2cke 6 122 Mendeleeff periodic system...............+eee- 485
carbon steels, heat treat- Meniscus; volume: Ofp Men Cury:: crsieretetee.oiclslae le iale viste 187
MITCHES Merete levelsieiel =) <1s)o/ Men itae Mercury: density and volume, —10° to +360° C.. 169
castings steel ......... ere electric resistance, standard........... xlvi
CEMen Hera ces 126 MENISCUS AVOLUIMNE), OL S65 nie \auniey vlelelee eee 187
clay products ........ 128, 129 pressure’ of colUmMN. «602-557 60s acces 180
CODALE ears. ae 124 specific: Neate. fpaesrsisrstevetcse o otere cizve mie eters 290
CONCTOLO Me . Bacco yoiesaeia 126, 127 ENERMOMELEpaeicteie aveluisvoresocle’s cretoteiome ane 249
COPDEL), Giles, e2eteievcve exes Laribety 2 | 19 vapor pressure .... Seen ee ee eee eee 229
alloys ....119, 121-123 patnermaly properties «err rraeieee 306
nomenclature. . 120 viscosity at high pressure..........-.++. 656
definitions: Metallic reflection ....... siatateieltels) eel ainteh et ers 377-381
Brinnell hardness ..... IIo Metals: conductivity; thermal .c).)- =e oe a rlcoee 272
Gea Uiite Sao hooe5 LHe) Ciffuslony citees ven eicine care cei ee eenotere 217
Erickson value ....... 110 electrical conductivity (see resistance)
NATONESS wieyeelericicie|« re) LO emissivities ..... ie sisfelatere fete o. e1eteheite 320-324
rupture modulus ..... 110 Optical (constantel itary stele shite tote eine 377, 378
seleroscope hardness .. 110 reflection (of light: bys ey.itareisiereres ive 377-380
SULCUS UN wyeles cleieis cles 110 metals, ultra-violet... 380
ultimate strengths .... 110 tungsten, infra-red... 380
VACLONDOINE weyeteracie oie eve 110 refractive Indices) +).1cici ote oeicnermeiee 377, 378
Young’s modulus ..... 110 resistance: |<... sis (syerue sees ere eee 409
Glia MGA yelevets.crere e/eisie.« 121 y Dressuremetrectnesreciisieeraeieeiee 413
GUNA eelereiele/eleiefensieeten Lil 7, temperature coefficient ....409, 414
GERBIG Init boop goaded] 136 Volta) ie:mif-y fe cjcoeeeiteeccdtstes eislele 400, 549
GeLrmAnesiverdrecjeciesicre 1) I2T Meteorites, radioactive (I. C. T., 1, 380)
Del emrteterierrereintsisia verter 124 | Meteorology:
heat treatments, carbon atmosphere, gases, f(height), Humphreys ... 558
Steelsmricnrewicisiectee sone) 2 WEVIR) | sspaodoe 560

IFON LOM ALLOYS eteletersie\. slere Xd

leather belting ........... 130
IMAC TIALUMemaveteveleteieteleleielorete, Lz,
metals, miscellaneous ..... 124
MOGUL MCLASUICH loteyeterels)</e1- 136

modulus, rupture ....110 et seq.

Young’s ...110 et seq.
Muntz) metal: Shictccc--..- 120
TIAVALNDEASS vereleiceicicrcleis'eiesie) LE

MICK EL] Mwere rote! shel ofsvetstaveie’ sleeve 124
phosphor bronze .......... 122
PIATINUM revere siclc eiciciersrevelel = 124
MODCs wana cjeteletevelevereveiere 131
PUD EW yeyonevecietotaie lore elevess ers 130
rupture modulus .....110 et seq.
SILVER Mele tects sys BL aeiersatetotoe 124
Steelpmalloysy warercrcseie (cls cteuels 113
CanbON Bere eicie sa.eclete II2
CASUINES) oh siajnteiav fears II2
heat treatments .... 112
sab. Gosoononeace 114
Tahe cgdoboncouoddac 114

SLCUILG reterevoreye.orersre <:sysielereh 24.
SUCHROMMOLH ere yejeyelateloieeieiels LOK
stones, building .......... 128
WENEAMCOLCAMsforetelel/ere eisicieisie 20
MOHINUDLONZElicisieiersiees sce Le

UB ESCM emretaicle ctetercieleccre sie
woods, hard, common units. 134
metric Sey DSe

soft, conifer, common

MIIES) Roeeteceyere sues I

soft, conifer metric
UNIS Gitaroo 133
Young’s modulus ....11o et seq.
PAN) 556. cog RODIOE oe 124, 125
Megahary 0:987 cameos cehywicc ses ccs. eres wie LOGO

Megabarye, 1.020 kg/em?...

Sieiielelelulle,e:sie\s, e)0)e,0 ole « IS4
Megadyne .....

Pisiefelelelelsletenata/wieieKchsviele 659

Melting points: acetylene series .............+-- 256
RICOHOMCMEDHEES mene yesjeiee se c/o eie 257
alcohols, monatomic .......... « 257
alloys, low melting ............ 259

Pb, Sn, Bileraterstetese ieiereserarsis) (20,0)
elements: chemical ...........- 252
pressure effect ........ 253

GEHETSs AICONOLCH eiejcteiis secs © 257
DLV EN tercietcievsaisis/e.eiels © 257
EthyleneWsenies! Qesasccccicc cee 250
inorganic compounds ........--- 254
MELAL SMIXtURES wiicletel sist 9 cee os siels 259

miscellaneous data, f(lat.). 558
molecular densities, Mavis. 560
pressure in dynes........ 560
geodynamic vs. geometric heights. 561
geopotential, dynamic heights.... 561
Mean Kees DALDS rctalees el tererersieee 563
solar radiation, f(lat., month) .. 556
transmission of .. 555

ultra-violet at
Garth errata eS
standard, for aeronautics........ 559
temperature var., f(lat., alt.).... 562
transmission of solar radiation... 555

ozone, atmospheric ...... e wiasefale, clestoxesstereonre 563
temperature: depth variation .............. 557
f(lat., alt.), lower 25 km...... 562

monthly; yearly... cinclsie clei - 556

Overs earths. surfaces. sie <ierie. =i - 557

tropopause, seasonal change, Agra, Batavia... 562
Meteors, chemical composition...............-.. 614
Meter-candle\! 5. svecsts aware cpahetsl eed cit hata eire 333, 659
Metrics abbreviations) 17 --c)ereie cieleieias einieicteieieieie noe 2
measures to English measures .........+. 8-11

Was: meee. Uneveternpioratel tts 5-7

IMHO} Atl efinibiom Mt eyeis(elatetsleleleteiaierelsteleretetsteteteretet=t> . 659
Macro; s Gefin ition’ vere <, fare ateiee)oler-rsietoveleteheleiet=telet -» 659
Microny ss eH atti OMireysiejeieateletatstcteletetey tele tslelets! 659
MULLS definibioninarcteye sto eletele rst ais ielcteisherercialer fete tetere -- 659
Mile, geographical, nautical.................+. - 659
Milky way Ae haan e ce ee eee . 616
DOLE) ays etetatcters aects, szevaternatercteretetatater eters 601
Minerals*sdensities\@ a cmcmecew cetieiateine cece tas 164
refractive indices, biaxial ........- 367-368

TGOULODICNe eine totes 363

Uniaxial “Joe -ei0 365

specificsheats, cctaceuaiieerideseitriacisiere 292
transformation, melting temperatures. 261-266
Miniature electric light characteristics........... 339
Minimum energy light sensation......... eivisini rete eGo
Mobilitiesst1onity 2) .)-tsicleleleis)s ereislevatoiainloleisis Olefa rs ee
Moistyair, (Gensity cof erecteesietetetestate Sik hayatetere 177-178
, humidity term ....-...-- “fhe

maintenance of .......-.. aieretalnte ters (ols = £79

transparency to radiation,
<360t0) We Were coe GOs Sse kos.) Umd

to 204 sleheletuleiuteistelapmieleral~iate « 392
SUCAIN <cicistaiviv\elele wieinm cisiuimibieiele’ es 392
Mole, normal conditions....... Bocimecok 75, 77, 659
Molecular collision frequencies .....+..++-+++++ 550

conductivities, equivalent .........435-438
specific ..0..2+«++-433—-434

GUBMIEL ELS? \aie.c cinicleieicveienssis\eteateie ms 550, 551

672 INDEX
PAGE PAGE
Molecularminee paths e-veetetcttteehertictsnneyerereraierane 550 OceanELICES rleyelonentrets che enc ie eae ee eae 573-574
, air molecules............. 563 waves, pressure, dimensions........... +-- 653
heats jof, adsorption’ “Scere « clslercicle si 554 Wind waves ....... atakelt sere syocre Si@evetexs ve 653
liquefaction Wareverctetecisteierstelety = 554 Oersted pane eerere ates slenirivohe ere eee 5 lbiy
IEPINGE: coooocoodpooDdDSoboaoRS 551 Ohm, absolute ..................xlvii, 77, 397, 660
number, Avogadro’s, 6.064 x 107% mole-}. 104 electricvequivyalents) =e eee eae ee 77, 397
in cm? Any o> Cl 2570561025) 107 Oils: compressibility, petroleum ............... 155
Loschmidt’s, 2.70510! em-*. 107 films, s.thickness; cyemeenc nn tee 551
organie cross-sections ....... mrerefereneiers 551 thermal expansion, petroleum.............. 155
spectra: diatomic molecules, viscosity,-,castoniy yer ee cae eeieeree ion 206
GUCEINIS, So donanou6bde 512-513 fasolinenskeroseney cease ee eee 207
energy levels ............ 512-513 Optical constants of metals................. 377-378
heats of dissociation....... 512-513 PYLOMELT Ys -o cara See ee cio oes ee 248
rotational levels ......... 512-513 rotary power (I.@.7T., 2, 153, 334; 7,
VElOCILIES Mei etre scree cetera a eiee rade erolene 550 3169) ia a eR RR ere ns ee Tn ee 396
LOHAN Oy GulliGkiooososdoccodsuc0s 553 rovationse magnetics sec eme cere eee 476-480
Momentswof sinerbia > earthieacterstert ctor ele elsstere 570 ThHErMOMELTy: = eee see ee 248
O. formulae ...............-- 724\ Orbital velocitysoimeattheaeeiace cece erates 570
Month, definition Feet eee eee ee eee eee eens 660 Organ pipes, DICE reread eeietene ee ran ee See 194
SLGEnealy SyNOCICAl meteretetevetatete etree telat 601 | Organic compounds: boiling points .......... 256-258
Moonzvalbedoy seacvern scree Aotcvovetarototaietelenercyero sis} = 607 densities ee ees 256-258
distance from earth.......-..........-- 601 melting points ......... 256-258
history ((tidaly e6C:)/-ycirciaveye +s cle ines « =1+1 0101 573 molecules, cross-sections ............... 551
magnitude, —12.5 seeeeeeeeseeeeeeeees 623 salts SSOLUDIIIGICS Meryarerereqeeustetstekenertetoieiece 219
tides ..... espe rolelelsielaisl oekeses iid eacdcicks 573-574 | Oscillation constants, wireless telegraphy......... 460
Mountain, highest .......-.ccsessscceres-eee 569 times of wires, temperature variation... 137
Movieslights;scharacteristics) (iss elerietartetalerere) ote 339 0
AIGIEIAU Rites enecte © . vertones@ (Sound) '™ iy-rye cle cpeiectseetcrero ereiereieiels 193
ultiplicity, spectrum series.......+.+-.+-. 502, 503 , musical instrumentaneety: See 194
Musical instruments: loudness .............+++: 194 Speeches a J SORNRR IO ots as ieee te 195
a Sus esehhe eke iege Fake oi8 wen Oxides: brightness, incandescent ............... 336
peak ower aes ones 194 emissivities (radiation) ............ 320, 324
SCATES I eretora scchevoleie dus evita s cletnineretatelers 192 I; RT ATEOBO RAR ONS TIAL Men occ 14, 660
Nebulaczaclassificaplonuereilaeie iit ieee asians 639 | P limit, mechanical property.............. 110 et seq.
GAL Wee nt peril) oe, Cla ep ees 639 Packing sirachionsmey-yeretcle/aleratetotere) oleversl=aclolsletel= 484, 648
GIMUSES een een ee ee ec aes 639 Parallax, first magnitude Starsah, <b ccs 619
Gimensions etary cca cists eines ates 640 large velocity stars................... 627
Gishaniceta eyes paae eee ee ye Msc ae 641 lunar, .-\.. =. sovopnosenoddedcopaccodr 601
extemallegalaxiesue ce eee coe cee 641 nearer stars .......-....--++-+++-eeee 619
extra calachicue fee eee ene 642 small velocity stars.................. 627
PalACtICR eee Ae ths tee ee eee ee 639 BUI Booonbe she iekefotetata) -Letatscrcuetefaletslolat 601
hightivelotitiesmmcce nacre ceeciie 641, 642 vs. mean magnitude.................. 624
Magellanic! clouds) eins. 2-1 eee nei 640 | Paramagnetism ...........-s..e seer eeeee 463, 474
IETS etesic comin coe Chace boa qoinc 641 IFENSHO: aooootoucoDoGudS Reet reiekcersieaereterntoneys 601, 660
NEGO 6822" (dimensionstcrtereyetetoraierers 640 Partials, musical instruments etebroriere het aetrtetareiats 194
MONG AA CHIC hs cx. ctencwor econavesete ie oteeiereiets 640 Particles ‘smallest, visiblesjoccetic cetacciocieiieiee cre 553
planetary. ccisis crocs cheater eusietslcie tebe crete 639 Pauli-Sommerfeld theory (I. C. T., 6, 353)
radials velocities) cy-jyeisiexsteetetel ey seiaiterorerens 641 Peltier sMHenomMenOny rere cieiotelatetetarieleiee eletetelore ie 406-407
velocities, nigh) jc. -tiemeniecseierie 641, 642 pressure: effect:ars sververciacvesteicleverers eastcveners 407
AC al erp yereter titer ieeicrayiare 641 Pendulum, length of seconds................... 568
Neon, standard wave lengths................... 349 Pentane: Candler sscctecsnetetearshe meee eee 334, 660
Nernst, thermomagnetic potential difference....... 482 Periods JULaN cx eee a eaiee os ee ethers Sa (in
Neutralization) sheats ofan: .-ce ee tie sence 312 Periodic system: Hackhi ss eeeeene eee nine 486
Newtonian gravitation constant, Mendeleeff’ (si o2veu.co Seeaiecres 485
GrOO4D< To; Gyneicin2 = ies" wy eriaeie eleioeieieice 75 Permalloyan trcteisteis isle Te wor eih GOTO ES I eT STaTe KORTE he 472
Nickel: Kerr’s constants .........+-+.eesseees 383 | Permeability, magnetic ...........-2.00005 xxxii, 559
SBE ROUEN LES OOOO SUPT rt i: 469" |" persistence vof vision. « osaepnen n= eee 332
mechanical properties ......-.+--+++++- 124” | Persistent. spectrum! Hines *!.2)..0- fs... sees eens . 507
resistance in magnetic field.............. 384 STOMER Oa eee nee ESCO
Nitrogen COMpKessibilitvas pysorrrerenceere oieeeereetrete le 146 SDT Me eae En EILO
Sas Wthermometensepeyeesreetettvede eile tere 249 hc *hili
Nitroso-dimethyl-aniline, refractive index......... 361 Petroleum oils: eerie aie ees wea ie
INoisestadoudnessiievelsiryn. sere eee eerie 193 pane pipette Sn eee ae
IND VRC O eo Dn Cad Bee a 617, 635 Phenol-resinoid products: phy sical properties...... 655
Nuclear) charge, atomic... <2) 492 et seq, | Phonetic power of aon Tes ee ad oat 195
Nuclei Aitken atmospheniceieiiccircreiecteiie kee 597 an SO CS a toiere hare aoe
INUMberis AtOMIC, <pariepedsicre leave lereressiessisiete nichols 483, 485 Phosphorescence, radium ........-.....-..--00% 321
JU Lian ey aee een a a water ee saa ae (Go |PLAN5 Ss osacadccade Sie ivtoraicto tease oes 333
magnetic character, month and year...... 595 | Photoelectricity (1. GET 5G, Gy)loseees «+++-547, 548
SCANS snore ale eel ohne 618 | Photography: astrogamma .........-.--.-- aie 343
HUSH MAenIbude wyercicresteiciereie cies 619 GBITINONS Gooacsobcopnqgsocaasa6a 343
known within 5 parsecs........... 619 developer, pyrogallol ............. 342
SUN=SPOts Veal Vane eisisstoteior eons cleerontecne 610 development velocity constant....... 341
INU atlON + ciaycioerorsyc vaieroxcnerenee shore a ereiche is eke syoyeusiers 601 Miberhard (effect eysrre tetas r= iais crsalenone 345
efficiency various illuminants........ 344
Observatories, magnetic: bibliography ........... 589 LOSS Actes creivenactonectrerietekotererete 341
positions and magnetic ele- PAMM A cre rtesrereekeer nel vekeettetels 341
MEMUSr prayer tele oie eictsiere illuminants, efficiency of...... Sistem 344)
OceanBareasiicy.,.e-mieet eee eee 569, peouee ; IMENUIAN Gree tetete syepeie olelel el eeelereteTororeoks 341
basins 8245. scia= sendeteteeterca « tices esas intensification mre tetersiaclierisici 341, 345
chemicalspropertiesii, nase eee cece MatibUder mrscrtecieciaceheuerheiotctetet= 341
GEDUS Ih scsi revese facts cre ek eee are 569, noe HMOUI Goccopoosooca soo CEs oN 345
PrAdients: Verca.s reve a trees oe ee ae 50 DlAveS Guat terstetere etetcrereketcteforererecs 342
Oceanography ceca 569, 650 et seq. spectrum sensitiveness
physical properties? js scrreiecremieee ole 651-652 (GHGS) ooocaadacdes 343, 344
SCISMICHWAYES! Sercttioere che sier wlecels iene 653 pyrogallol development ........... 342
SWellieraversrarcteere stereteteKcherelereretererere eS reflection of light by plates........ 34a

INDEX 67 3
PAGE PAGE
Photography: resolving powers ........-..% +342, 345 ELOLOUS tires (ele talovekelererstevstecs rails Baietsihes ah svate seis 492
' f f(developer) ...... 345 MASS NEL. COM OT =" gine ays jeer santos 105
SeNsitomMetnic Constants! e<)...116 cle 3 341 SPECINCRCHANZEY el. arauteierescvamin ie tions 105
SIADDMCSSBmrevevaretanverel sisi (elleiese/siace:ysie « 342 Pupilidiamet erp cr ac sscveneoumercmotavens crie aia nietetels 332
spectrum sensitivity .......... 343, 344 Purkinje effect (stellar magnitudes)............. 602
transparency of plates............. 342 PYLOMELY,, -.ODULC HI Mns spore ciersralels.ccetare/@: sreeale rarer ei ele 248
VELOCIDYMCOLISTAN) sreyein ayetelatelosVohohereie'e 341 P
Photometric measures: electric lamps ........ 338-340 Quantum: azimuthal MUMD EM Sierras siete wraveuaiaresteceve 495
photographic plates ...... 345 Hund sanum bers: |. svtevematceterereleiareevelaiereks 504
standards: Bougie decimale ......... 334 inner numbers ............ 495, 503, 504
candle, IAMERICAN! siocle wa ele 334 L, M, HUMPELS Areas th citea net tbe oc urine 504
International ..... 334 life, average, various stateS..........+. 511
Dentane were sr 334 mechanics (I. C. T., 1, 47; 5, 393)
sperm (English) .. 334 UM DENS) atevereracnisisichaterckertenerarel teks ater ets 488
Garcelmiite sc ooeecceele 334 SUMMALY” = tere cisretetes neta nak eisielerete te 496
ET ArViGr Wasa een coe e's 334 WOM MTS OGooncmasocabsacugsoc 494
Waidner-Burgess ........ 334 | Quartz: physical properties ................... 654
units: brightness ..........0.+.00- 333 refraction indices ...... sect eeeeecnceee 362
RTT MIR che re a 333 rotation of plane of polarized light....... 396
AUSIR (INTER Meee, a arracien oe: 333 transmission of radiation by............. 390
Toecraetmibre coe S831! 9. Botesonte ities si'esa.z.onc ss obey ae ee . 137
TINE Te he ce cos 333 Rn, gas constant, 22.4135 l/mol............... 77
amnion tye eee eerie cicanidc 333 Radial) velocity \of Starsitecciieeatsrlcleltle ae as 619, 628
luminous flux ......-.sccceee 333 RACINE yale clopereheycievevetrciet tereieiee rere ietetee inns 40, 656
TUT ie ta ee area functions in terms of........... Sinae
oon een ph peu : ao3 Radiation constant, cy Planck’s Merereivieteneaie 107, 313
. eRe tthe CE rime at Oe ORIN eu fe) Sra oe aterelere ielaiatore 104, 313
Pent es ¢, Stefan-Boltzmann’s |. 1104, 313
Physical constants, Birge...................-. . 73 black-body data, total T) seers eens 31 ee
Ee ee ae cooling bs, gers ain see 2200001 3)
Bienen reflectivity ...... eee ee ateieser ihe s 381 high ten 7 erates Eee 328
Planck’s black-body radiation ...... ANA itis 314-317 a ha D 5 Tg owe 32
POs 547 XH Oma CNS geuSC Cele lelore cfolereic le 94-99 density of Soe Ee AS eae es
radiation formula, constants............ 313 emissivities: partial; metals, oxides. . 320-324
Mbtcy Cul TKATMNWS das ocodonccognaaGeade 198-199 total, oe ee eee 320
Planetary vdata) (. sytsiatelelsts) cvavsvavekeietel sts. stels, svalc.c ssi 606 tungsten telecon cece « 321
PALANe US MOLAMELCHSiuateleletelerctslepeterenelarerchstelslolsielcis ols 606 Ga, soiGlubitny UW) coaapencnococseone 330
Plates, photographic, sensitivity, f(\)........ 343-344 visibilityamnelativen enismeeeem seer 332
Platinum, mechanical properties................ 124 limits of various types, wave lengths.... 501
Poises Mialcichaieleteloioieionstskoretstteh icin srevstevstarccrsse ts 205 mechanical effects of...........-..--- 501
IPGISSONGS | NALOMesrcyelekeiceoreayeteleietate ro eve Sereieueteatts 5, Ey SUV) var hone cterer oleate oreecre roe fopaticne fe taralc 611
Polarization, rotation of plane ER ose e nie veytaancevars 396 solar: at earth’s surface............0. 555
MAC EUIC Mee recn: 476-479 atmospheric transmission of...... 555
Polejofgalaxy | (milky -way))i- crestots silstercts « e)eic 2 ee 601 at top of atmosphere, f(month,
Bolesmmarneticsy Ofmearihia sternite side. 6 cars eeicioiosre 575 lat.) seen cece cece esc rene 556
Potassium, radioactive constants................ 519 ultra-violet ...... sect e ee eeee 555
Potential differences, voltaic cells........... 398-400 transmissibility by air, moist ....-..-- 392
Arsh eAONIZa ti ON erry eres a) cle cio 499 AlUM we. e sree ee ees 390
gradient, atmospheric electricity........ 596 atmosphere ...-+..++ 555
iMairzL, Thy WOES Cocoon deabeneeeae 106 EEN 389
SECONGMIONIZANLON Meener-eteletetel sts) © e,c.c1ee Beoie 500 culue ee FOr a gages 39!
VOL AMCONUACIMataratetNerereereisterees ete) s\<1 < 548, 549 pte ON) eee aoe
OUT Miparavey evel afetetstederedtenetelerekersseve1atetave cholo es hers 660 dyes) RCA). paes 385
Power, electrical equivalent ................... 397 iiersss mt (A) FERLODE- 390
resolving, of photographic plates.......... 343 gases aN Ste LOO
Power factor, insulating ne radio frequencies. 453 glass, f(\) ... "386-388
ISTHE Gaoacoonanoga0de eee cttw ec eeeeee 601 Iceland spar ....+-- 390
PRESSURE MCILICAl wm OfmeeASESleierclele\alele\s\leicre!« (cei) 1 «1 271 lamp black ........ 395
Cunt Hemp Nue rn allmaetielstslorel'sls'sleysicislailelorle = 569 long-wave, f(A) .393-395
Vaporsralconolymetnyle verctereictecicie)oro'e <ile = 22 moist air ......2++ 392
— MGHD YL Were ereucte alelescresofersu6 227 quartz, f(A) 5 4 aig00
DG Mtetaralel cteis BUahelolanccetehafereketetelle 22 rock Sait, f0A}iaasen °
DrOMODENZEDED weretevers cyerelclel eters a1 - 22 sea water . c \) PF ao S38
bromonaphthalene .........-..- 229 SOldS ae eee 393
earbonbisulphide .............- 228 Lipa. Ato E eeg0S
Chilonabenzeneiiercarerererereve cre! afers.s 228 ROVUEIONS cierercrestevele 396
elements ...... aac etekatete tere tarsioss 224 Steaml mirayasactereeters 392
EVAPONATION ERATE mele elorece ayose ersielexe. 223 various mate-
low temperature ..........- e226 rials trailor 384, 394
MOE CUEVIMe ele sts re Eeevelatetotoreloveterctors 229 various materials,
OLZ ANIC MUIGUIGS! sessieere «10/6 ° «225-226 20K tO 1304.... 393
salt, aqueous solutions.......230—231 water, (f(X)ite tcc. 392
UD E SHENG Le veteyapctene ererotar=ieeis « o12%~ 321 HPC Ne naiseouapibcnde tuo ooo octane 321
water vapor, saturated.......232-233 units, conversion table............... 501
Primaryestandand-wrequGdulinese as ciacrec «sae. 347 Visibility, of; bya yen ceistciehtaisieiereh 330, 332
Probable CER OMe persislexetclats lata {oVslinicifslelielela\e] ele ielels'a)> > 57-59 wave-length limits of various types...... 501
Probability integral ........ Par eN cicero raleis scones) 56-57 Radiations, wave lengths of various.............. 501
; ATIVENSE!: fs loveria/s\eieeverere’s wise vere 60 Madore eyration’s As, <vctere/s lara oxeptrepvecoueteterehtie eiete ere 72
Proper motion: first magnitude stars............ 619 Radio data (see wireless telegraphy)......... 452-462
FI(SHECEOUMECLASS) IP tvevereta cove estereie 626 Radioactive atomic changes ................00. 493
HCALCIMESUOLNM Me Veteia level elsiavelelelele'sisi ee 619 EQuilibritim’: icye arctsectorete a wlatemtaels wieles 535
BUALSMOIMLALEOmenereinteleleieisieieieleierere en O25 ASOCOPES! ss: cieieicieiobieisieleleiereistelsieiy/ -1<'s) OO

674 INDEX

PAGE PAGB
Radioactivity: a (alpha) particles: Refraction: astronomical ...... ofa brerovetaledevereleheresmOOr
atomic stopping powers for.... 523 INAeXsAalten Tiss Cy ONC rere ciayer= elalaiel~ Sa.
constants, miscellaneous ...... 521 clk AIO Goopaompuodane KF
one) SoS boca souduooteg 522 erystals: biaxial, miscellaneous. . 370
total in various negative ..... 368
PASCHMM cfelsroislenetets 525 _ positive ..... 367

LONP sna eC MMe ecpeletereieteietalstereints 523 isotropic, (monore-
molecular stopping powers.... 523 fringent) state lerelereterei a3 OS
Tange < scieree Rtavelelcteretetsl iniaiess 522 uniaxial, miscellaneous. 366
VELOCILY2 wepeiaterol he lolevetstetelaysfel vere 522 negative .... 365
actinium family: average lives eushepeits 516 positive .... 365

decay constant ... 516
period, 4 values... 516
average liveS ...ccevcescccsces 516-519
(Bin (beta) me raysen ster

absorption, ‘coefficients
(air iCOs)) Saisces 528

range, effective in a
few elements .... 528
work of extraction... 527
constants, various
Curie
decay values
emanation
7 (gamma) rays
absorption, Al,

characteristic,

and energy.533, 534
crystal reflection... 534
emission of ...... 529
energy Of ...-529, 533
ionization ....... 530
nuclear analysis by. 530
energy ..- 534
SCAvbENING Meicriaers) eS Sir
secondaries ...... 531
wave lengths ..... 529
Hy particles) (isc ec ciere ete Bt Mate eee 524
heat sefiectsh Was Mm\ei.i wie ieloel ol were 525
ionium family: average lives
decay constants .... 517
periods, 4 values.... 517

ivesswaverage)) .jviclaiels cite lorstere ..516—-519
miscellaneous constants ...... » 2520-521
Periods; 4 Gvalues'ysjivsyeversvas teers 516-519
phosphorescence ..............-- 321
DOCASSIUMP > %, tecsts aletevale eva,evvsicaversia « 519
radioactive equilibrium — Bsistsverseseraicre 534
radium and products (see ionium
PaAIily,)On waa eiotetereveretolors clctouercieterctts 517
TACONM Mater aihelelchetetote tetera oieteterciclels 520
LUD UGIUIN ie yeteteleieteelelntstelelaolclete/ehelars 519
thermal activity “(Ra-+Em) ajerctohe cts 525
thorium: average life ............ 519
GecayalConsbantisieerrse revere 519
periods, 4 values......... 519

units, miscellaneous, constants. .520—521
uranium family: average life ...... 516
decay constants ... 516
periods, } values... 516

vapor pressure, Ra emanation...... 521

Radium: average life, decay constants, } period.... 517
emanation, vapor pressure.............. 521

heat generated (plus emanation)........ 525
DHOSDHOLESCENCO Mar tecrsiierelororarachelereiotsnsione 521
Radiusnoficunvaturevotespacels.cscv.tersrcrte) -lelsretererers 644
IRAGOLs dntetoterslavererovalotatereretevel oe bpelsseicrescisisieterafonclatate 520
(RAL ESMULEIM ES? Ys ievcvele cie eto rslevensvererel elevel ove 504, 507-508
Rain electricalsichargewons ciiieisiereiereretercrere areicierle 598
Range mtablews (wireless) mieretoeisssreveievedeyerererene starsvorers 462
REAM UPD cevehotevoteratoretcreret tein) eVallsy stelctetael sro ckctotehetokete 660
IRECIDLOCAISH way sceteyencucne tere t tevchons efevel hevave evolehclenerel sit 15-23
Reflection: angle, variation with................ 382
building materials) <yyevrsrrctecrsresstveitere 383

difftusen miscellaneous. s.retercyerneietetere 379

fi (gest) pa tearerecnnyetoreter vere eretereretiaistersies 376

Formulae} Wresnel! se1< seleieeieierteaicctsi<'= 376

PlASS ss SULTACES)-+.isrctelexctsrNovetoremee te ociece 376

MEG ALS) (15 Jorctilctine cheers wie te erenaborarets 377-380
photographic plates ears Siatetotera rte lelasete 345

Pigmentsitiver cic cteloretteerrelettetc eter eiovore 381
polarizationiiby ws swlecteciete roemioceniot 376
POWGELSiyeyaicsolevoictevelstereleterelveiccerteretcteteye 382
TOUSMUSULLACES Mretererelelnietcneirercterstelerciete « 381

SAG SHOWA le lejoreiefolaleleieveleteletereteloteters gor

SLEMILOM clerctereiicieieretoleielecicistctstercieieletsreme ss

LUNEALEN creistclokeloleleleleleleletelsieteterelelciaters msc

TAGS a letcroleleteleislele’sle/sia\elsielelerciaar sii)
HUONIEC LL) i tereile sieisletetelsiersrtenrs OL
BASES Mierslateveleisteteleteloieletersinielerst sansa
glasses: American, dispersions .. 358
effect of composition... 356

Jena, dispersion ..... 359

Fi(G)\ Petetarstcteverece - 359

Nx—-Np, Ng’'—Np .... 356
Mp—Ng seceessessees 357
UCelANAESP Al vale lcjeleleleleleveteyeletelareieg OL
Miquefled "Gasestearstejejeicicieie sleietena 70)

liquids, miscellaneous ....... 7 370
relative to air........ 371
media for microscopic determina-
CONS. oieisie areas oie eres «+ 375
minerals (see under crystals
above)
nitroso-dimethyl ............. 361
OlISeeterstetelercieraierencisteyvereutexstexeas 370
potassium permanganate, aqueous. 372
quartz: amorphous ........... 362
erystallt Peisvecoreretsterey sce. 362

rock salt, temperature variation. 360
saltissolutions (2). See ee cee sees ores
SCAM WALELIN, eitcrererelersinisinterdoieiem OSS
SUica IS eee ccetee mnie take
SOWUAS> cha haie-s tee te craters - 364
standard, media «scccccere cee 375
sylvites KCL cca cnenorees een 400

VADOTS? er slatererercy ccrerrere ater tae s 373
Wabensues@aliion <ieteveveralere aie cereeta Oe
WAX ESpw yatwies cusroncvoloysioratan erekoreley= 70
Relative humidity: vapor pressure, dry reading..... 236
wet and dry reading.......... 238
visibility of radiation............. Was ae
Relativity correction, Bohr atom ............. - 494
MASS» merayeve atciarel sianeretoeneee a Oe
Resinoid, physical properties...............+-: nO 55)
IRESIStancesmallins. eres crete siete aheletarotetevenercnonetcrl 195-203
of eylinders sisveretaraneoterolieterene 200, 202
flat) platessa a ctecrebers .. 198-199
miscellaneous bodies ......... 201
spheres! s0. afar cial ctefote/eteiataverey E2ONL
SKINMILICHON ae cletielertere ere clerencOs

electrical: (see also wnder conduc-

tivity)

alloys, pressure coefficient .. 412
temperature coefii-
Clients 5)... <16409;) 4 Ta!
tension effect ...... 413
alternating current values,
‘Cabwirescion- oe e+ 0440-451
aluminum, mass and volume. 421
wire tables:
English units. 429
metric ‘“‘ . 430
antennae (wireless) ....... 452
auxiliary computation table. 408
copper, correction to standard
LEMPENALUINE MM arreielelelstalalsten 422
copper wire tables,
English units ......0«2 423
metric Ei liicieicleieleraiel a 2G
dielectrics, solid, surface... 418
electrical equivalents ...... 397
ElassH LE) eras sioteisisleiesierclone xO
high-frequency values ..... 449
alt. to direct, ratio. 451
isolated tubes .... 450
wires ..-- 450
proximity factor .. 450
low-temperature values..417, 433
magnetic field effect........ 3
Manganin;, ((P)P sii AU

INDEX 675
PAGE PAGE
Resistance, electrical: mercury, f(p) .........+. 412 o, (Stefan- -Boltzmann), 5.735 X 10-° erg: cm-2-
resistance stand- eg Ce iset elie en varnts, «ae ence. Be ee tee 104
ards .....xlvi et seq. SHE eLrO nem COUSTANGN rterces epee a een ane 107
Be “ae siclelelaisisiecsieie! (409 Salt solution: lowering freezing point........ 267-268
porcelain, cielstaisisvereia'e | 4.10 rise of boiling p a teseiexsyaisieh ites
pressure effect, .....ccccee Giz thermal aRanaaintes era. hel anes 269
EMEA patti) eievereleleieieic.sie e+ 419 vapor Pressure .......2+e+ce-ssse 230
standards, mercury....xlvi et seq. Viscosity vax sel aoe ieoeee en ; 222
surface, of dielectrics...... 418 Sand: reflectivity’ = cero ciemtoctnin oe re eee ne 81
thermometer, platinum resis- Satellites: cise cscseprctettiinte cickotoicto eioerickae oreo ane 06
WALCEMesicilelvisisiaisisvase cles 2A2 , diameters” shaieyotacaceycpote) oford bel onrate w atellel ese) 606
volume, of dielectrics...... 418 Scale, inter national temperature ..........2 39 et seq.
wire, auxiliary table for com- MUSICA ey. 5 altel teveie He peepee ihe MEA 192
DUNE iaielsicisivieicice (400 Schott-Jena glasses, dispersion, SND) ove csteashatate tre are 359
tables: — Schroedingersconstanhe seem tay ae eee - 106
aluminum, common Scleroscope! hardness testiamremeniee vice ese emia alo
UNIS) wc cccsece 429 Screens, colors...ci.cieeioeredel teen Ae 384 et seq.
aluminum, metric Sea: area (see also ocean)............ 569, 650-651
UNLISH Sciciciscclee 430 chemical properties tts WS as Ba 652
copper, common depths ..... OOD TSO OOS rori 5 ac 569, 650-651
a areas ecoe 423 level, NEG! or e/5.5, dels sae ee ee 574
, 1 yhysi F eI—6c
al Ge ae ay properties epoiekejoual oRexcevet ential s eterete 65 1052
thermal ...... Preiieesnae..04655 279 ated coe sane eta aimee emze
Resolving ve arcaneiee hie plates, definition :. 327 | Secohm, definition .........sscccecsesereens -- 660
esolving p , photograp! a Het sept ++ 343 Recends pendulum, length=f (lat.), formula...... : oes
ee: alates: Zs a. Sensitivity of the eye: adaptation rate ........ a Wee
RESONANCE MSHECUrUM LINES ejclcisicicleteieiviciecaele e504, SLE ei: Giffarcices nc eee =) 332
Rerina-afux ensity, bei wiecic acicidieldesiecielecisce 332 conte repo isc nye o
DPNYSIOLOP ICAL CALA mrerafeleleislelslicicieiele vivicie cele. SS2 fiakece a> kane aoeties aioom
f sensitivity to light and colors........330-332 glare. eee serge ects pieee ao
Right ascension, declination to at ean ee 602 mann energy for “li ght
nates ......604—605 Sensation) Wiarets siectetetee oe BOS
Rigidity modull Rlsialaleleveleleleleleteisiete)ofels/elele sie) 00) EL SEC. Pe Reese Se
GiMRCHN LM mrateleletelelatolelelalefetelets sleieicisleretelnie 6 5OQ) || 1 Mier h eee alin setter sere ao eer aed
Rise of boiling point by salts in solution.......... 269 See Tebsa + +++343-344
Robinson cup anemometer, corrections.........-- 197 | Series: mathematical (i p I Ae eet cn coco ee ooe
Rock salt, refractive index, f(t).......eseeeeseee 300 : at are ) ere eiocls pho ceree Samet
HELE T iMRI es. aoa spectrum: atomic relat ODS <a ctaey wanes - 502
ups yinprenina nh ByeL so Meliases seise cicwie sic). ow S32 Heaee es notation .......502, Bey
Roéntgen (X) rays: absorption Posner ees pe 544 forbidden combinations Baeele te FOZ
PDs os cas , 545 pyceoeen BCLICS ielelelcsteiwicioeieeet 405
ies a S] ie cleielele elelereje/ereterereverererte - 502
units, ; critical. 538 248 MoleculanN cece cranes n=— silks
eathade rays Reto onias (5 96—837 Dee Slo (eles lafotstciotolelateters see
characteristic ehicienes of “358. 538 persistent lines, are .........- 509
duction ..... 542 ae Bpankinwelercistersre 510
chemical combination effect... 544 Fananba tine feuleh@ BCL pate le a
continuous spectrum ........ 537 terms Nan ana ory oer
critical absorption limits...538—-541 Uitinate inesiee ee aan ete Bs
crystals, lattice constant...... 543 Sharpness, photorraphic ...........2...... erase
Emciemioridiction icf char- & rpness, Pp ograp ie aia didiaie ates varaterateretelotave se a4s
Sern TCM Eisai 35 Bala idereal day, month, YEA loelnralalaletciqve ote =: stele Miele; LOOT
emission nL. Mee ant eae Silica, properties of vitreous Sato GO DOOOOGOUtC sieves (O54:
energy in continuous spectrum. 537 Silver: electrochemical equivalent eters eratelevetate 87, 431
relations .......2.+++ 543 meant DIOPEKGICS) (store ae aitetorereisionece ere 124
fluorescence ............... 543 voltameter “iivicemosee coee series bietevanafere SLUEe
RGerone seek vic cca... <538—840 Silvite; refractive index. ...5 <0. ccec ees peices OO
L group ..... yates 538-540 Sines, natural and logarithmic, CINCUIAT rerieye sielete 32-37
lattice constants of crystals... 543 : : hyperbolic ...... aiaed
MBCROUp Mr iach yc ccoe here 541 Size of organic molecules...............++0+: aoe Gise
ae absorption coefficient z/p. 545 Skin friction (aerodynamics)........ injelere seis «+ 203
ORR er pape ame rege Ain Skip distance (wireless) .......2..secss+--s+se- 462
Fhitoeeakie effects? Seccscces S46 Sky brightness, Candles cma Falc\s lelchefaisieiciersl se = «+ 339
Cainer Nomen ore ciclaie ceases) B44 TACTALIONY © ciere relerays(aje alnialafulcie}ats!eleleiein ie} 6} ote ee, OLE
spectroscopy of ...... Saisicreien 543 SIUB TS soacecrcveeelele Sict alate sla etoieielnreisl ereteinyercrarcte sielet (GOOG)
Roots of Bessel functions, 1st, 2nd orders....... . 70 Snow, charge on ..... a aye) alefereiefalelermirinjiataisiaveieiotent a es
#) ISUALC fete) eseiiata: sci delle\(sleijaje_ele © Breyaicieis 15-23 Feflecting) Power cic <1c cejecciee wecfersjeicioinnwel SOS
Rope, manila, mechanical. proper TIES roe ray sia) avovere:<.0:8 131 Solar (see under sun)
steel wire, Bact siete fisuers 115 Solar'system/:. albedos.= <.cccicerrelsigels lore ste cisiel ors eee OOF
Rotation! of earthy changes inl ..n .ccas ccc rcces oe 573 BOdess laws cicts tiecrerorece oidiere Rorcatereree OG
WOLARIZCAR HENGE force cvalonerere.e.c!erereisies isis 396 planets, miscellaneous data pe sea +. 606
a sinaenetie Bratereteatencseieus 476 satellites, Sea Wk) Ml nd Sevetaterere ere - 606
SLANSi ela ave Rereetesetetet cia clesseyslsuexese 642 Solder, aluminum Sicibtalal sie wis laleelwie-Wiatelesaieforelhiaien faa
Rotational energy of earth................+.0+: 570 }| Solids: compressibility ...<..sceoccscscce yee; 156
Rowland solar wave lengths (St. John) . avelepeus.ste 350-352 conductivity (see resistivity)
Rubber, mechanical properties............+0+++5 130 CENSTREST 2c Sete veto rereicree ter ecehoaee 159, 161-164
Rupture, MOGUIUS! Ofte ef. 1c) «1 cjels) cisvicieieereve se « 1L0).eb Sed, dielectric constants ......... wis io aie iphelorcie MAG
Russell diagram (stellar) Syeiaielelernicteieteisieieye cl sre.«.ei= 621 expansion coefficients, cubical ........... 282
BEHenE Pca onl meestetaletecicls aieiecaialeiis)s\a/<</e's 675,56 492 linear .........280—281
Rydhereaconstantye etn sis)s psisisisisiele enie si-1eO5» 494: FRANGSS ec jcistareitie cpaversrete eistsioters 137, 110 et seq.
FONINUIS seyetcleiatetsiersiclelele sielniaieisielelere clersielel OO Magneto-optic rotation ......eeeeeeeeees 477

676 INDEX

PAGE PAGH
Solids: refraction indices .........+e++.+-356 et sed. Spectrum: black-body, 50° TOM20000F PK aha.
resistivity ..... nisicialoleieleisicietsictsielsieien 4 OO 410) 25° to 600° K..... tates 315
velocity lof “soundlyerietcteetereoe ieee ve cieine 190 800° LO) 25 000s Keer) SLO
WerdetiSaconstan tine ticretstcretetietseieree eles 477 Bohr-Hund notation ........... +502, 504
Solubilipyian(p)eeeteretniet hnodadooceacooDaoUas 220 classes, stars: distribution by magni-
gases in liquids atetolenciaroteretetoleisicheievehete 221 PUdeS® Pe srseses rere 620
water, f(t) ..... misietetanee 219 distribution of binaries.. 620
inorganic salts in water, f(t). pheveheisietare 218 galactic concentration .. 620
organic * efofenetoretene 219 Hanvard’ stoi cleloieisior 617
Solutions: boiling point risé by salts in.......... 269 proper motions ........ 626
conductivity, electrolytic ............. 632 temperatures ...... 632, 633
densitiessofeaqueoust oie eee. dees ee 170 elements re epee eee ee einialtenien eso
dielectric constants, calibration standards. 446 persistent lines, are ........ 509
diffusion Mof aqueous eieicten ieee 215 SDALK a ewsleietane 510
freezing point lowering by salts in...... 267 TESONANCEMLINES mrelayereveral cietenchelte 5Ir
magneto-optic rotation .............. 478 ultimate lines! Miccice-cntereicmee 507
refractiverindices wp.cesmi cence ne 372 Emissivity stunesteners saeryerieter ase 322
specific, heats soa. cnccee ele moe 291 energysofustanrse mie ci nice eve sienevelecevoneneree 633
sucrose, viscosity and density.......... 206 SUN! everers epevetcrone toh eteters Seen OOS
SUELaceRtENsiONS was cle sisi ele creer 222 GammMay Trays) MISSION! ajay sfeleyeiedeelere= 529
thermal ¥conductivity ec eee 276 CNENEYie Vaiojeleicievererier i 52 ON SOS
NADOTog DUCSSURCS mttaer ecaveretarsrerieteters stetenets 291 AON ZA ON emetetenenenerectotetenes 530
Werdet;suconstant.jeeremteenreprenciererceier 478 SCHINCNIN CM meveratateielsicietalelere 531
VISCOSICIES retererehsrere sictercterctsiciaieisls ee LOn 2 mr BOUNCESIAM ante roneletsiercietenatetaie 531
SDECIEC? seperascxcucreneiousie etereeienere 212 wave lengths .. +5295, 532, 534
SUCTOSC\ (harctactetere snstoucleretavers: > 206 molecular \-ice sm sciele sis alolelelclstetate ye gules
Solvents, organic, boiling points................ 220 diatomic constants ......512-513
Sound: ;audibilitys eee eee eee eee 194 energy levels ...... sie Le Sus
Delle cisyerasitvacicteretane atten iether tone 193 sensitivity, photographie plates and
decibel ehalatelatelaloteioteleieicteicherteraicversioleicieieis 193 films? Shes he ees, se eterese sees e343, 344
arm ONICS? e003; ss eee ene eres 193 series; atomic:/‘arc) ines!) ; 010 c/elecleleielen (504
loudness levels, musical instruments ...... 194 atomic relations ....... 502
NOISES yyaaiets eres isiestliaeieyers 193 Bohr-Hund notation ... 502
muiscellaneousidata ener eerie ere 193, 194 combinations, interseries. 504
musicalsinstrumentsmereee eee eee 194 configuration, electron .. 505
SCALES) | MEAP lacinohis « ecammmenn oe 192 displacement law ..... - 503
NOIS€S! 2y.)-. 61. erakesosclolelatateters lous ckevelensieeicievene 193 electron configurations .. 505
OverConesi Meriter itis ei Pre sos 193 volts ........ 502
SDECCHI: rs. ciaysreeinere eis LEER one 195 forbidden combinations... 355
SUPEFSONICS: © j.crere ca cee eee eee 191 Hund quantum numbers.. 504
thresholds: v.j5.0. canoer ene Meee 193 hydrogen series ....... 495
Velocity. crete cee oR sare 190, IQI inner quantum num-
WENGE “GUITay WSs dodbooontooucdnod sets O3 7 DENS Mateneeyer-nekercyars 503, 504
Space: amount of matter, interstellar............ 644 Landé’s interval rule.... 503
CayNay ini interstellar) miteyrereieien eee ce en 644 life, average, of some
charge, atmospheric electricity............ 597 TENMS | sicteveicicisceisieiereren SHEL
temperature; dnterstellans cersrie- ire ceicee 645 limits ..... seeeeees 502
transparency, Real 2) Carts Maks APR a aie 643 lines, average lifes yc 511
Sparking potentials: alternating, in air........... 439 metastable terms ...... 505
ball electrodes .......... 439-440 multiplicity ..502, 503, 504
ex Oseneiiuirsuscciescra eae 441 normal relations ...... 502
large spark gaps, f(pressure).. 440 Notation .....cecesceee 504
Steadyainiyaireeenel ene ane 439 , Bohr-Hund ... 502
various materials ........... 441 parity notation ....... 504
Specificiicharze ampanniclewsse: see eee eae 105 persistent lines, are,
MON GeoogongogcooandobeL 105 SDA, Seteveress selec 509, 510
gravity (see also densities)........ . 158-179 quanta and term type
TOA Pol Sal Oi cet seen ce 158 (nd) ierereererre err 504
Baume) air tere reve foe ome 158 quanta, inner .....503, 504
Heabseammoniayesataelig see eee 291 rales) UlbIMEeS! Sarre -)eiels) 504:
Me, CONSENS Saoaonoesaocaune 108 resonance lines .... 504, 511
clementisparysnincra astra 285-287 Rydberg ...........-. 502
formula for true LGU Gaeicogpoodoodan GOR
gases: also Cp/Cy ultimate lines ........ 507
liquids volts; electron’ Jcjccteces) 502
MEGAN siete etcreleteleie WAVE) NUMDENS! eres <lele 502
mercury Zeeman effect ........- 503
minerals and rocks molecular:
Silicates diatomic constants ...511, 512
solids, miscellaneous energysilevelsimerrersicielelertersram ait-c
LRUCHe tare cheshire ees Reels 287, 288 solar-energy curve, Abbot-Priest, sea-
VADONSM Rar ctarer sieeve sie ote cee 293 LEV G eeweiersteiratetecvottereiete terrier rats 614
WALLER Mivacrnevercletrkmeee chiens 290 solar: provisional, ultra-violet and infra-
inductive capacities: crystals ........... 447 REdmwayemleneihsprnetersetetcete stelerstyerete 353
rR Tilis J)))- shoous 442 solar: standard wave lengths..... « - 350-352
liquefied ..... 445 standard wave lengths: primary ...... - 347
Hiquids, f(t; p)) 5 ==. +: 443 secondary,
EOC coocooadomoe 446 computed arc. 349
standard solutions .. 446 Fe are ..347-349
. molecular conductivity .......:5..... 432-434 vs. absolute magnitudes of stars....621, 622
resistance (see resistivity) X-ray; characteristic) Wsisste s weleis sc eae
WES? She doteeeas eiaveteleheticlerererete 210, 212 critical absorption limits...... Sao
Spectroscopicabinaryastarsasacee eee eee 629 emission lines! ...:........ sse2 530
Spectrum: atomie (see series) SPECUROSCODY smeiyetaie/-lancieleteetetetore 543
bandsconstantswers ieee cere 106, 511-512 Speech imarcvayereieretercye BlevelstcreneKalaley ofenokelevateretetetetenene 195
black-body, constants, formulae ...313, 317 CH ACIRELAOINT Saggdoudcod reieiersi eters Sisters ez OS

in ergs and calories, total, 1303 VOWEL SRESOMANCE! Haercieia toteivers) oiarelaene Beier 1O)5

Square. roots
DOUBLES ent OM LON OO Olteretetetelelels)srele)icleicle\e sce e.0 lee 15-23

INDEX
PAGE
Speed, photographic plates............ Restarts na ee Stars:
ELM CANG Mey rcistonsrevetstel elelelalelsicieaiois efe oleic. 6is,4)* 334
Spherical candlemeitayavarteveisisierieieisieisie clei is + sas 333
NANMIOMIGS eZ Ona Letersraietclaratarereints cleie = 66, 67
SDintiNe ee ECOLOGUE cretetalelelstavaveletereie cXac-|aishalsiehele s\0 496

Standards LUNG ANIeM ia meietieteric)sislale sis.clc\s «|. «0's xli
Internat lOnaleeleChnie. cytes se els xlvi
of light: Bougie decimale ........... 34

candles, American, English
SMENME diisieans eye ssa 334
Hefner, international,
MENUANC® ‘spe )atereleieie¢ 3
PETC CMUMLU ME tepeteletciercle elele.c1 cla aa
Waidner-Burgess ........... 334
PEGI. coo4ccueoonone erereietelefeveterere 520
refractive media for microscope....... 375
NESISUANCE OM Cl CULYMisicjale! eleioeieieie ec =\~ «1» xlvi

WAVER NIENSUNSeicicicle siciclslcicisicieie + 513. 350—354

Stars: (see also sun for solar data).......601 et seq.

absolute magnitude: binaries ............ 631
GeHHIGIOME prereisteratvcie, ol 602
density, high, white

dwarfs - 636

low, giants 636

dwarfs, white ....... 636
first magnitude stars.. 619

giants, low

density ..621, 622, 636
high temperature 636
MGALCTA SURES! oclelel<istn\« 619
GROUP See Sea aaecane 621
spectrum type (vs.).. 62
SiLOmMpeNrve bs cicicrelsic cc 622
temperature, high .... 636
white dwarfs ........ 636
BINALIGSteeeertpre reese aistscitre «Stic ss cy 629 et seq.
eccentricities vs. periods ........ 631
CCLPSING ave erateyckerese ere eyahegereoxetsiseee 629
magnitudes, absolute ............ 631
MERE gosccsiéaddadadn 626, 629-631
SDECUTOSCODICH syejopetsnsiclcueleleve 620
nearer, <10 par'seCs ........... 630
DEDIOUS eseierenct-urusieecclcuexcus seis 630, 631
vs. eccentricity ......... 631
SPECUNOSCODI Caterer rolcistelo ©. sei ce: oie 629
spectrum distribution ....... 620, 631
VISUAL eerey ects Sreree de rerehstairoyaierai/=) sakes 629
CENHeIASeMGlaSSINGAtLONeamrsyereleiniers! eve 1s: 2's (0.6 634
period-luminosity relation ...... 635
CLUSHELS sR ClASSINCALIONM@ acres alee cic ce ccsie 637
PALACHICIevelepsteheracevs* citi «lee: 637-638
LOMULAR MMR sfope Welle cete cps) cis/eyers 637, 638
OPEN MCISELIDNUION kaise «1 2 e.e lel s)ele 637
PLODEGUILCS Mattie ytevevere cy-at-beisl ofe\s/ ie 637
WANG IES MMevetsicteje\ensy cic sy sysisle eistre ers 634
COLOMMEINCICESMeevatetet Netetelevetierer-isiels asi sisicle sie 617
GENSILY BIEN mea rrereretosictc « eleisie.c-e:00e (eo ausieue le 636
OWMEeteieteretotckays oie lcievsss.<.ss016 «.sescee 636
HEMEIGH “Goodcos Betopst teh si stovie susres save ce 623, 633
GIRS — son 46 00 So 550 poneocoueeOneddC 619
distribution vs. magnitudes.............. 618
double (see stars; binaries)........... 629-631
GMAW? Sadigge plctefetarareteretote sels cle) sles eicle/*/e = (023
SCOMICHCOMmiateteleleVersisioie.c © ol.c sic ste! s, aye eye 622
WHILG Maepateteietstereiete cyerers a:= cya ev eve 621, 636
eclipsing ..... Setetetelhetetensr el cncispersici seis (ejets 629
elements mGhemicals nlerjeieyn/-o)- «cielo ciec 6 615
NICE 2 Vee SHECHUAM Match elelajerstiol feteia: ove en0.c.0loisiisi acolo 633
equipartition of energy in................ 62
equivalent 1st magnitude............. 618, 645
firstsmagnitude ceje-'s.< «<1 - ial ctateyavstesevevee 619
galactic concentration spectrum classes.... 620
ALAR Vem COULE KO Laneratenetelaievele eiaaiele le cles /=/- 643
MASS) peratesecio Cre OeReteyes ctor evatovie a coh oy ats 643
Ole ON Mer catoreioicte cis (eteierecs 6s 'set.c i 643
PIA PSCOMENCEM craveteleieie el eiereie ees 621, 622, 623
spectrum line, emax. ini......0.\. +... «> 634
SUPE Ka ct icuepouekerete <2 /terei= ici, sve. 0(s:e e018 622
Harvard spectrum classes.............2++- 617
cin GICHS COLO beter yeusnereieieieie cVelsie.o\s)ers.04 wo. 617
ACE UL DMV AAD Le meme Neta rates teveborsesve «les ecco rahe 634
IPH COL alan era ratte cminicvec cls exe. + 6 0) eTe.ei0 645
Juminosity., definition <ca62.s.0s..050- 023
WNT eeeaetete betel oreinistevel sis eie'e 1 stele! 636
mass relationship .........+++. 631

677

PAGE

Magellan, clouds of........+se++++++616, 640
magnitude: absolute, apparent, defini-

tion eee O02uG22

bolometric 624

brightest, wicpee oie ce scree oie

distribution by galactic lat. and

ONG vona see 618

magnitudes, 618, 620

spectrum class.. 620

619

tei 020

5) G24

se eeee seer

first
galactic concentrations ...
mean apparent vs. parallax....
moon
number per square degree.....-
radiometric
spectrum class vs. mean mag...
sun
visible vs.

oie 0 Wisiel ee e/eiereie wise sete

632
617
623
624

bolometric.......--

WSSSs «oo teasins aperoymiouelons oi roles 623, 629, 630, 631
SIMA eter ee tarelc et iene ererevenens ae Oe
AGS VIUMINOSOY nie evele ore nets oletel> eae (O32
meta-galaxy .....-2ssccrccecsccssceee® 616
MILKY; | WAY 6 teen wietelo ete ehelsiels’ o(alelstelaiasirretel= 616
nearer than 5 parseCS.......---seeereees 619
nearest approaches to suUN......-.+-+-+-+++5 620
TOVAG IN vole she veretatmolel ate Bicksorerarst avaketerepetece 634, 635
NNUDIDEM, | srcleforeretahe wietelo ele etoreneke'alavelslmiate minis 61
per square degree.......-+++++e% 618
parallax vs. mean apparent magnitude...... 624
period vs. luminosity, cepheids.......---+-- 635
periodic variables ....-..--+-+-eeeeeee8% 634
proper motion .......-+seeeseeeeereees 628
Dare ec ey cioisve sayeioionerl visio 625
vs. spectrum class......-+-- 626
Purkinje effect .......---eeeereeerrreee 602
radial velocity, great......------+-++++-+% 628
TAMLALIONN, cisicie tieelete oheieienlclclekanaevolond= 632, 633
radiometric magnitudes ......----+++++++s 632
TOAGIONL Of, clcetetersicistetelete aieie\olerelsuniat-rsinls 642
GALAXY eievsle nisi wiovetminlelalexrdoietnints - 643
SIZG teat ics erates cs wer dtate valle velo ielielernte eloiekelnieveiegn Be O2g)
space, temperature Of....--+-+-+-++e++00 645
spectra: binaries ....--++++++eeeeeseeee 629
ENOL) Off s-jatove ole aja ola! laine inrekeienee 633
first magnitude stars.......--+++- 619
Harvard notation ........-+--++- 617
magnitudes as related to.....----+- 620
TCALED. sete dc eechevelouck=taker= snlsiateln as Bey (LG
proper motion as related to....--- 626
temperature as related to.....---- 632
stellar systems ....-------++eeeesseres 616
sun (see also under SUN)...-+++-+++- 608-614
super-galaxies ....----++2+-+eeseres 616, 642
temperatures ...--.+-+-+++-- ..2-617, 632, 633
HUeh Peete set cie ete sveyete sfotenete raza 636
stellar space ....-----+-+-+5 645
temporary, MOVA€ ....-. eee eee eee 634, 635
variable: cepheids .....---+++++-> eeeee 634
period vs. luminosity... . 635
Classification .....----- eee eee == 634
cluster ...-- RE yrcrceuapeh keke eletetere 634
eclipsing ...-eeeeee cess erties 629
irregular ......-es+eeeeereecees 634
TOVEO ee etcterakeletalelekolenonensysiminte 635
periodic ....-.++eeeeee ees 629, 634
temporary ..-e-ee ee eee reece ees 634
wolocities ....secsceer aces erretees 617, 628
proper motions, large .....--+-+ 625
vs. spectrum class. 626
radial, >1oo km/sec. ...---++-- 628
space, > 300 km/sec. ..----++-- 62
<5 km/sec. ....----++- 627
SUM, corclete evevctetere 'atecavetwiaholelal esis 625
visual vs. radiometric magnitudes......---- 632
Steam tables: 0°-222° C, saturated......... 298-303
400°-700° F., saturated........-- 304
212°-3000° F., superheated....... 305
tramsparency ...--.seeee cere eeeeeceeee 392
Steel: alloys, mechanical properties.......-.----+ 113
carbon, . sf heat treatments. 112
castings, “ o Neate ta otekacevelela weeks 112
magnetic properties ....... Miers tataicte -463-473
semi, mechanical properties........-+-+-+++ 114
wire, = AEE™ PL SE cata ndiere<tekene 114
wire rope, mechanical properties.......--- II5
Stefan-Boltzmann constant ......+..++++e+e- 104, 313
tables, ergs and cal........... 313

678

PAGE
Steinmetz constant, magnetism........-++++++++ 473
Stellar temperature of space (see also stars)...... 645
Stellite, mechanical properties ....-++++++++++s 124
optical “ POW lete cleieiaieiclerevels 378
Stem correction to thermometers....+.+-++++++++ 249
Sterro-metal, mechanical properties......+.--.+. 121
Stones, building, mechanical properties.......--- 128
Stopping powers: atomic, for a particles.......-- 523
molecular, for a particles...... 523

Strength of materials (see mechanical prop-

@Nties)) emteuyelel state By te Arann oreleierse LO eURSed.
Striction, magneto .....-- PN aroray Nelo lefersveleleleleielere 413
Sucrose, viscosities of aQUeOUS......+eeeeeeeeees 206
Sugar, aqueous, densities.....- Baicineielelelsiaincketo mea:
Sulphur dioxide, p. vy. t. relations.....-.+---+-+- 148
Sulphuric acid, densities ....-. Belarc loicteverererik ALS

heats of dilution. ......-eee+eees 312
Sun: apex of solar motion...... Adataversietersvee eee Oe 5
brightness, candles per cm?.......-++. beets, 330
constants, decades, monthly and yearly
IMCANSE ! eiaiepetoreleleiels Maiclaleteletela/eielelevevels 09-610
disk, energy distribution.........-+++++-+% 608
distance to earth.......eceeeeereereeres 601
elements in atmosphere of.......+--+--612, 613
energy spectrum .......-- Walalcisrctetel Meveitel sie 608
Abbot-Priest, at sea-level... 614
at Mt. Wilson .......... . 608
Washington ......-...- 608
in u.-v., visible, ii-r. ...... 608
outside earth ......... 608
DALALLAN? Ofollelers aloress taleiateteysteds sie loneteverelenavetalele . 601
radiation (see also energy just above)
Ata earths) sSULLACE | «cele el enelnialalale lors 555
atmosphere, at top of, f(month, lat.). 556
atmospheric transmission of....... 555
compared to moon........-+++-6- 62
Ultra-VIOlEte sarercrel olenelevcievere son00dc 555
-spot numbers, Wolf’s, annual means........ 610
stellar magnitude ....%........-«ccesesee 623
VELOCIEY ie late. cle tais avsiesateletedsteto (enalle evs) eifolle'slie,eleyie 625
wave length, i.-r. and u.-y., provisional..... 353
solar, standard ........«-350—-352
Sunshine, duration of. ........ 052.6 we Rieistateiele) OLO
Superconductivity, low temperature..........++++ 655
SUPERSONICS! eapeiele lelsieloleleleteietototererelelars sleieciniveleisise Ot
Surface resistivities, solid dielectrics............ 418

ataisteleleieieieisisialeia222yn2es
Weieielelelon SOO

tensions, liquids ...
Surgical lamps, characteristics..........

Susceptibility, magnetic, atomic, definition meee OS:
Elementisimmcrerenetoterate stone oc isk

molecular, definition .. 463

Synodical month ........... Beh ator enstcieetersiels OOL
Tables, mathematical: antilogarithms, 4-place ...28-30
Bessel’s functions ........ 70

circular Sods MeLaveNel efol choke 32-40

constants. °....-.. afelete 14

(UGH Apootaccooaaomq0ds 15

cylindrical harmonics ....68-70

GENIVAPIVES) vrelsteielel-\elaiarlelere I2

differentials Ce tetra talsl ee I2

diffusion integral ......... 60

elliptic integrals ....... s 71

exponential function 48-64

integral ...... 62

fachorsals;) ae LOW 2 Ojeielans)e\eieie 47

gamma function ......... Od

hyperbolic functions ...... 41

ANKE Lal Siwepeyesereretenesieleyalateeleis 12

IGA ROTERES Gooo0o0o0GC 56-59

IAM Geooobaoobnad 24-27

probability integral ..... 56, 57

inverse.60, 61

reciprocals Ryser eietenenoneiorss 15

SErlesp rcmaerersicircleorereieuers 15

SQUALEMROOUS Se ereretersvelelelolenersts 15

SQUARES Heer a nctrcseierelensiensters 15

zonal spherical harmonics... 66

steam: 0°-220° C, saturated ........ 298-303
400°-700° F., saturated ......... 304

212°-3000° F., superheated ...... 305

Manpents; ccinculars nates slO2S.. oli (rm) mere menapetetetevets 32
fi(Kadians) he yerefeieieteles eS 7,

hyperbolic, nat., logs....... eielckete eter sleet
Tantalum: radiation properties .........se.se+- 323
Tesisultvimeemmioiae sgeheaialeielaleletstsveleievelsn es 273

total) radiations f(t) la sciareciteteleleistelelsteien S23

INDEX

Taylor’s series ...

Temperature: black-body scale for tungsten. .
brightness, black body, f(7)

scale for carbon
tungsten

critical: gases

eee eww eee

PAGE

eee ween
eee

eigans

13
322
335
323
322

various lights ..... 338
color scale for electric lights ...... 338
gas-filled tungsten

lamps

molybdenum

tantalum
tungsten

various lights

magnetism

earth’s gradient with
surface: mean monthly tem-

peratures over ...
mean yearly tem-

electric lights
flames .....

peratures over

depths

eect ecoes

eeeeee

variation over sea and

land

eee wee w eee een ee

ead

ignition, gaseous mixtures..........
low, superconductivity of metals....
melting: (see also melting

points)

pounds
scale: calibration .
points
International

thermoelement calibration
chromel-alumel

338
323
323
322
338
271
475
557

556
556

557
338
310
310
433

Peepers cae 200
lime-alumina-silica com-
Dieretebietoteeiaisisieren 200)

(secondary).

thermocouple, standards .....

eeeeee

Cu-constantan, >o° C.

Pt-PtRh

stellar .
Tension, surface, liquids...
Tenth-meter-angstrom

series (spectroscopy)
spectra

see ee
oe

Terms: metastable .........

<0 Ce

ee ener eee

ee ee ed

Terra cotta, mechanical propertieS.....sseceeees

Terrestrial magnetism: agonic line, U. S.,

1925
charts:
isoclinic, I, world.....

isodynamic, H, <
‘

1800-

eee e were eeeenece

isogonic, D,
isoporic:

annual change,

,

1G

“

DY MOREE Gaooddsos
H “ae

eeeercerere

eens

total intensity, world.

vertical intensity,
world
constants of earth....574,
declination, D,
annual, world .....ee.
isogonic lines, world...
isoporic ‘“‘ oe
secular change, U. 8...
dip, I, annual change, world.
f(lat., long.), U. S.,
1925
isoclinic lines, world.
isoporic ©
secular change, U. S.
horizontal intensity, H,

see eeeeeee

eee eceeees

“ ‘

world. .

fi(lats, Ong.) eUceNieteters
isodynamic lines, world.
isoporic é
secular change, U. S.e.

inclination, I (see dip)

. isoclinie lines, I, world
chart . aie
isodynamie lines, H, world

chart

“e ‘

eee e eer eee

isogonie lines, D, world

chart

eee

isoporic lines,
D, world Chartitercistelalste
“e

I,

,

“

“ee

eeoeeeeee

241
243
339
243
244
247
245
246
245

a Oy,
wae222—223
. 660

505
506
502
129

595

576
577
576

ae
77
578
580

580
575

579
576
577
590
579

592
576
578
592

579
593
577
578
593

576
577
576
577

578
578

INDEX

PAGE
isoporic lines,
intensity, total, world.. 580
vertical, world. 580
mean annual observatory ele-

Terrestrial magnetism:

IGILUS He rarareeeterevevere etal sje 581
mean annual observatory ele-
ments, bibliography 589
mean monthly magnetic char-
acteristic ....... 595
mean yearly magnetic * char-
acteristic ....... 595
observatories, mean annual
elements Mavetataieieteiaia os SOL
observatories, mean annual

elements, bibliography ... 5890

poles, magnetic .......--- 575
secular changes,
declination, U. S., 1820-
UC)\SiO) “Gao ono doo 590
dip, U. S., 1855-1925. 592

horizontal intensity,

U. S., 1855-1925... 593
ae U. S., 1855-
Ci marciistatearetleiaen SOS
total Gaecneiee)
f(lat., long.), U. S.,
MOREE tereisleterstatarate! oat 04"
isoporie lines, world
Chantmerrae tier. 1500
secular change, U. §S.,
TB55-1925 .cceceve 594
MPI GN Tete Tatevee fe perersyio =) eet eel is se si clsiciezex\e 0) eevee . 660
Thermal conductivity : AIT ret ene Veet Nclevclc occleverecels 327
SDACES ACTOSS) wc /cieles e <le 327
high temperature. 328
incandescent
WINES Eaeteisteleie(=) 320
BLLOYSeretetanete ictekareyoicheycievere. « 272
Fourier, conversion factors.. 279
resistances ....... 279
Ute Seo0decaddas 279
GASES a ceenseve.<tecalsvaiecs reat aerne 277
high temperatures ......... 273
INSU ALOLS mcyereteseiecaielelelers 274-276
oT eG) SAaomondooE 78
ONGACmeenereterelel res 277
MELA See cretehetel slat aier-rehehelel <i e272)
miscellaneous ........-.-- 273
organic liquids ........... 277
Chife salinntiky aepodogode an 27Ka
REAMWALELamtotoietercteroyeyevele acye 652
WAC Tummtotetetetoyejciavoi sal sieles (0) <)> 276
Get me eve te tetersyforaioral cleric we OS2
couples: e.m.f. calibration ......... 244-247
chromel-alumel ......... 247
copper-constantan, >o° C. 245
<o° GC. 246
PU-PtRh .\...-++020+00- 245
effect: Ra+Em ........... RMcleieriaieerece, 325
expansion, cubical, liquids ............ 283
BANGS mer efee Toney sFate¥s ele! <\erasie1 1c 284
high temperature ........... 282
linear, elements ........... . 280
lint: “5 eo pebobo dg eeoomeee 283
THISCCLIBNEOUSHe wicieichs olcisicieiee + « 281
DUPE SLM eeetele o: cietsislolo\ sieves «1s (010 321
gradient, earth’s interior.............. 569
properties: ammonia (liquid) .......... 306
MELCURVMVADOMIN = ctatstotelcrcts sis 306
saturated steam (Peabody). 298-303
400°-700° 304
superheated steam,
P22 ai O Olan Hi tereyayes vie leifecene.si’e 305
UNG Se BLibishy a teietete te -ctenevsvetels.cistercie les eres 660
Thermochemistry: heat of combustion: carbon com-
pounds .. 307
PEeCOdIG uerelel-tere) BOS
cokes ..... 308
PASES emilee GOO
liquid fuels. 308

miscellaneous 307

peats ..... 308

dilution, 1.80, Basics ake

formation ....... «311-312

Neutralization aries +2. 3L2

Thermodynamic temperature scale...........+239, 249
Thermoelectric scale comparisons.........++e++++ 250

679

PAGE

Thermoelectricity: e.m.f.
against Pb: alloys,

6 0/06 0000 6 0106 00 « of01—406

metals 401-402

PU smAleiucisencctste 404
Odlviiere siese - 404
metals - 403
Liesd cup wee + 404
PtRh eee 404
MMliasharere erase - 404
low temperatures, e.m.f. ...... 405
Neutral pointy vers <jeletsiejsinia ins cies 400
Peltier melectpecraietrerrsrerts 406, 407
DIESSUTE) GMECUy velarsccleinoiccer tain 407
THOMSON a tee tale evenetevctareters 404, 407
Thermomagnetics CMectsiieiectelelels/elatelotele/e/olels ine a\nte - 482
Thermometry :
Internationally scale wey + teleteretiee cle aeele 239 et seq.
calibration procedure .... 241
secondary points .. 243
correction for emerged Hg
thread) tyncratecteine ates AO
optical pyrometry ....... 248
standard platinum resis-
tance secre 243
thermocouple 243, 244
Cu-constan-
tan .245, 246
Pt-PtRh ... 245
stem correction ....... 249
thermodynamic scale reduc-
tion) for! |gasscp. ssi 0 ee 249
thermoelectric scales, com-
parisonsiaars.cisstrcre 250, 251
Thomson ettect, thermoelectric sama see eee 405
(D) cide elae velo eee °
Thorium radlonetire family teen selene 510
average) life) Oujem sculls 519
decay value ......... 519
periodsed Pca teeters 519
Threshold sensitivity of eye, f(field brightness) 330
heterochromatic ..... 331
Thunderstorm) “electriciivagm sa. <efeare eieie eines 598
Tidalitrictionsmearbhy Werrsie cr) hier eee ae 7O
MOON ctoversyevaratels caveveitaternvele nei ess
THCOSip, Ne savexsycieye,alotepaterererevtre! «cue euarereretereiar tere retens are 57a
Time: earth’s rotation as measure of............ 573
CQUAtION! \Ofis ccq Steveccterevetcte cto eteetereistelerete 607, 659
Tobin bronze, mechanical properties. . Nereturarsrae 121
Transformation temperature: lime- alumina- ‘silica com-
POUNGS)pavevcraccrete te toneratleheretekereranatererote re cavelotoeetenatols 266
TEANSPALENCY a Ail NOM eral erekereleieteteieis)/ stetelatatete ~ 392
atmosphereim arcs ereltie tte ou euchetareretere 608
black #absorbersisseversreeters ste olversaie 395
COLON SCrEENS) srceimtensietes is siereialerotarere 391
CLYSPALS He eeictersioters cht rate Cn) oto ecto rerahe 390
AY.OS 9.1. arales ever etenes eeteretete ouster etahe se 385
earth’s atmosphere .............. 608
Glasses; wAMeriCanw ccicies ale interet-leals 387
yarious sources 388
Jena; COLOLEM! i <- a\clsieiei- ier 386
UccVswabehcieietereis cin iniere 387
narrow regions .........- - 384
long waves: 20 to 130m, various
SCKEeNS) des crslejeteis iets 203
ZOLLO WLS OMG werslerelele nea Od
LOS=te[Lelsreieteleioreleheleiale 395
photographic plates .............- 345
SEAN USPACO e -ravelererelelelels]ctelstniotatelsiaiele 643
SUGAMIER a etcyovatar statetererty cletetatntel crete, efela 302
ultra-violet atmosphere .........- . 389
Tena, Classen SOT
sea water ..... ete ereaiy 389
various materials ...... 388
WALED Oraeyercletatclarets ists eiater eters aneletetas 392
VADOM sis icitic els Biarcrcaacietettes - 392
Tribo-elactric) Series acess cra saletoleicleke etoteisivicisiein 408
Trigonometric functions: degrees, nat., logs.,
radians ..... iets brs - 32-36
hyperbolic, nat., logs.... 41
radians, nat., logs.,
degrees .....-. Serena 37-40
Tropicals year, «icin <isie‘ein aiateterel ate Mteinie ree euvese neve. «oOo
Tropopause, seasonal. variation site bios eters eealeereietons 562
Tungsten: brightness ..........ee00- ate 321
gas-filled lamps ..........-- 338
lamps wei Sacacte valiant ointiatel 1380
temperature wesceceseeeses 322

680

INDEX

PAGE PAGE

Tungsten: color temperature ....sseessescessses 322 Vessels, vol. of glass, via Hg or He (TACT 6;
electron’ (enlissionierrs cchelcicie slalexelnrstee get AZO)! Vera eet clepseter sce Histo meen \ 108
emissivity, luminous, color............ 322 Villart magnetic effect, definition.......... arenes 63
expansion coefficient ...... ioteheVeheie cher ete 321 Viscosity sain ee ee eae loterns tricie eiorete te 213
heat, Vatomiciwere von .sectenctescetaclereone 321 alcohol (aqueous), f(t, dilution) RieireZ OS
content cm nek. ey avatishexst cre yetorehetatere 321 castor Olle eee eee aoeletereretere atereietets 206
mechanical properties ............... 125 Cenhipoise; Cenmition) verrreleteistelsrele create 205
powersradiatied: avait trctercsiosvelersietrerers 321 Cau ne ererartotererterekcletieveretotere tener tenete trons 569
HACIAUIONY | cioreve: o.cec-cvone caelev eter oveinnel aieraone 323 Bases; f(t hp) loterspes es = sayerevas susremecs 213, 214
KESISIVILY! ererterer Bi chouanelenstotehoeveteiatesneae 321 glasses, high temperature.......... st O56
SPECULUM EMISSIVILY) weyelerepereiorere tate rereheters 322 glycerol, dilution variation............ 206
VAPOT; PLESSUNC re sreterote apse) oaversleveretel oncich eke 321 Liquids! seers ehaltetaiio oveteiauetere arene -207, 209
Twilight «c.52ysrscre chen Bee cadto once snlnsis ano 602 Di) rar teters chatevelsveranctererstetors 208-209
HAAR so cagebogcooaDes eerste eretns 656
Ultimate lines of elements (spectrum)...504, 507-508 SCAMWALET) Sehsie wicrets selec csukereieiers eine 652
strength of materials....... siecle On et) Seq. SOLUGLONS ereros crane totes clei taretshemice 210-212
Ultimes, raies, of elements (spectrum) ...504, 507-508 specific, of solutions Prolevalcveho bettie cuore pe aee
Units: (general) O20. Nove rere overs lesen clever eeXXXi set seq: sucrose (aqueous), f(t, dilution)...... 206
AMPEKE MUNN MarateyoretaPatolelclolelovereraicteielerstetetalcie liv VERE sad dodgcocedoocaaacoondeednco 213
Cenived en Tei. storie ein arssccolorei eterna osioees Xxxxii water, (high) pressure)! ciccteicremeterarcieters 656
electrical decison eres tet: xlvi et seq., 397 f(t) Bir clecctokel vercce east tereteioteke 205
fundamental ..... Babateyerersinicroveceretenele XXxi, XXXix Visibility of radiation ...... ayecanalvcusnsierereteiae 332
Gaussiann cycle ete ete Aetskalatsievebotsicieierenetsictays . xiii WHILE MII GME Life ates vale staves starstolaseretene 340
Internationals; ;.jsieciacte seine seo o oe xliy WiAsSION; MGIStINCt eis detente cei teectetcraene : 332
standards . Bdaveteyavovetetouciet xlvi et seq. persistence Of?) cy. scverstsyelaasjais s)c'ais/oic reise 332
MACTICUICRY. lore crsrskeinie ciere a ere an sell; | Liv Voice; mpitehelimitstrr acmetetay nccerenveteeeciierenete 194-195
photiometnriciertsrcisjeler lela cietersiseierikae eres + 333 Volt, absolutes :citctiiche sc cs wie ele or csisie seaeieree . li
TACLOACHIVILY) Fer aici cteisicreec rete eioesee 520-521 Cefinitiony peyote rcsctelne ein cl stereorereretete 660
Uranium radioactive family: (general) .......... 516 internationals, ese ctesse sce etarcseve eck corset xlix
AVEN ae) ILE cpeyeieieretele 516 Volt-amperes definition’ =-15/4- 1-10 eis relia 660
decay value! 2.5.5.0 516 @leCtrOn ? .orscave te te Sisk iatoetaeein eters f 502
Heli peniod arercterterets 516 ENGNG Y ese ey clot ratclotarheretersterereteiarerate 106
SPCOU Sy...2 Sa acrsietoecsthenvereteteete terre 106
Vij Tablovesmius TONC.S!Weetetee eee eeete tee cee eee 74 Wave lengthy fis’. feuiscentereroire cosets 107
Vacuo, reduction of densities LUN rence tcre ce 109 Volta: potentials: saree eee te een eee 548, 549
: WEIS NINE SLO Mrencrereaterperctalstetate 109 VoltavessMcontactmcrreiercicrrer-taiciritere 399, 548, 549
Wacuum> techniqueofahicheer--) occ onesies 655 electrical equivalents ..............0. 397
Malencieswof sthemelementsS tec <ictrcicie: ccsecets cvetectee 483 Peltions’ = Ses eee isnt Nal hecatene 406
Vapor pressure alconolsmebhylun sictepecteiorerercrieieanene 227 primary=cells! ya caraemicistereticee tore caters 398
Eee INCL ereretete ort cet 227 salt’ solutions) and metals........-..-«-. 400
NING Mer etyertekeeetelelstet-ielsteksets 228 SECONGATY. \CEllS cin ccwie sneieito ones ere 398
aqueous solutions .......... 230-231 Solidswandoliquidss-...sss0 necen cece 399
Of salts ey. -etatare 230 Standard cells ™ see reece toes xlix-li
vapor in atmosphere, thermoelectric: (general) ....... 401 et seq.
fi(altitude)! Kic05102345235 ACA Ee ED eereterecte Rrereievennd On
bromobenzeneias.ererceiiaciaeteeine 228 Ptigendencecrteretcterts 403
Carbonmdisulphid eyev-reyetespereentettone te 228 alloysyert BeBe ares 402, 403
chlorobenzene! peminccemeieieninee 228 IEP Ee Fo Nae saa tees 404
elementsinrs. cnet janseyerevcre sieetaneretere 224 Cd PE a oissetke yet eee 404
lows temperaburei. cscs eee 226 metals s.) attests mesersnsuere 402
MEN CUEVE ere rsseietene Sidhe, stays diageceneuntane 229 low temperatures.. 404
ONLANICMiquids#rereyerreeterererclets 225-226 Neutral points rc-\1e) ete ee OW
Saltsi sine waters sarcicters cicceelercrone 230 INTER bi cysictcnetustepetercne tore 404
GUNeSbeni 1 hicveecrener een tersere arereveks 321 pressure effect ......... 407
water in atmosphere........ 234, 235 RE=RERM ea ereicreeiiereietere 403
siwaters weight) pen m=) andittc> jeretele cicrereielebete 234 Zn=Pt sjtciests ner eoeee 404
Vaporization, latent heat of ............. 295 et seq. tnibo-electric seniesmrcrcrerieitelst-rrenteletonele 408
AMMONIA rayeiatersyelelerele 206 WOLERIC COLIS er reveycrereies oetioter clo teteretcnere 398, 400
elements, theoretical.. 295 Weston cells ..... J ghasan eae xlix-li
HOLMULAGT Fyn ciel eveheferele 296 | Voltameter, silver ....... Jeeloee ee Xlvilioney 7) ebnsed:
Mercury ....2-..-6- 306 Volts, electrical equivalents. eae sai Yanaieceuens’e sveceus ++ 397
steam tables . 297-306 international yea)clsleie!<)-)-flel> piedstenstenetoke xliv, 397
ALC Olmraprierkereietereiey helertereNetelerciciere 223 Volume, atomic .... mote erckerietebetsrerets a 289
Waporsidensitiesismsccccera svctelerers ate -176, 298-306 critical, for gases. Rrencneloieealaiehehoiekeienet=netets 271
Gifusiongofemernsesete eee ete ee 2065 207, gases, f(t) with logs........ «149-152, 155
heats of vaporization ...... 295-296, 298-306 glass vessels, determination of........ aeeOS
SPECI ichiactaceie cutee oni see 203 mercury, —10° to +360° C.......... -. 169
pressures (see vapor pressures)..... 223 et seq. Perfect, GaSeesie-.t. ntayaic aio tevs terete eters stele nens 103
Retrachivepindicesiacmietsi-aatercletsieletsiene eierae 373 resistance of dielectrics........ Sereno 418
Specifics heatsparrecsi aes erence 293 Waters nl (tA) He caetetere crete on chelenere olererekereie 167
viscosities) Mspiratte cic cneaaeinence 213 ——=i(0 WO, GRO Cooncconescocec 168
water, transparency to radiation......... 392 Vowels, resonance of spoken.............. Goooo MO)S

Variable stars (see under stars)............ 634-635

Velocities: earth: linear, rotation ............ ++ 570 Waidner-Burgess standard light............. ease.
Onbitale ey somite leitsiucicre sets errors 570 Water: boiling point, f (pressure) Bieicieyeteta totes 188, 253
light, 2+» 997961019 cm/sec. ....... 74 density: f(t) o° to, AT CaO) tre sense ences . 166
molecules sneer: RR AEEIL SLU NOD 550 _—to0° to +250° C........ 168
SOUNG) eee ee aie deetanntenetotele 190-191 maximum, 0.999973 g/cem* .....- 75
IN| PSeaAMWALEIN sen cence etets cere ar 652 sea water .......2-e+eeeeeeees 652
stellar: greater proper motions........ 628 solutions: alcohol, ethyl ....172, 173
MEAnjieey ett aris aici 617 methyl ....... 174
radial>1oo km/sec. ........ 628 glycerol ...0...----00 206
space v., large and small...... 627 sucrose ....++++++174, 175
SUM cw yait\nreicasoteave es veo eaten Tee Balen 625 sulphuric acid ....... » 174
Merdetsierconstant ame eeee tie eerie 478-479 freezing point, f(pressure).............- 253
Vertical intensity, earth’s magnetic field (world ONAN Bona conadeoncoouDGoDedadSaD 438
chart) ener eae Se atere SOO 580 melting point, f(pressure),severerereeees 253

INDEX 681
i PAGE PAGE
Water: pressure, hydrostatic, of columns of....... 180 : wi 2
SEAS ACIADAVICH COOMNE Maser ieinisisicieeiciercle\¢ 652 Rete oe oe We STC ST ae poe, eee
chemical composition .............. 652 numbers ee sos Soe eee O2
eilavinity MeaMe oe ee Bier ees weet ees eee cece ereeeeceeeeness 502
Coltrane oe Eee CUELEN h le aca Crate erat rales a diete ters 105
lee etek man nha nko axe 52 VElOCILY jm CANCHONEKES te c¥atercieielatelersyele cle lelelsrets 569
concentration ....--....-.+-+s+e0e 651 Waves: SCismici inte veteroce teva nelerdtetelciereraem enters 653
conduction, electrical, thermal....... 651 FMAM. GuGhiay (in gadoucedene du cen ntroL 194
CS 652 Swell cee yhe ee ae Oe Oe, ene Oe ee
freezing es VOM Ur fertlelete telco s1~ <= 652 translationi o-ceyscteyaiee crore ieiimels te eat 653
ANdexX OfremrActiONijec cicrlelcls «<< « © 652 Withd 7 ret ON se Ae Ee, rae a 653
PIESSUTE oe eee ee eee eee ee eee eee 651i) | FWeber’. gasncon cs Aa eR ERG ea oe ae
EUR Senge ast 652 Weighings, reduction to vacuo............-..++- 109
SAMMY ow acinia seve ee eee ee ee tee 651 | Weights and measures: customary to metric....... 5
SQUNOMVCLOCIUY) retereisterstee sicveisl~ <1+ie 190, 652 imperi: tri
Sees Z nperial to metric....... 10-I1
eneciie Hen pada sae ie, erin sus: £¢ee oe metric to customary ..... 6
LEMDEL AUN G memtertetetekereieteleferolster<lalei > 62 I capes :
URENMOy oooadosonacouaoan 89, 652 ; P sao
VELOCIE VA Of SOUNG clear leleiansisicless.c16 = i 626 MSN, eae
VISCOSLOV es aiainerieilccrelclelsisicnsce.cicieiecce.« 652 BROT GS te ee OS Cera: a
solubility of gases (I. C.T., 3, 255)..... 221 Here: Se ieee ee
ieeiaibe Ccricirtinentrates e 5 ce columns water ot mercury....++.+++++++ 180
GUMS WN soscencooodagconogd 215 Weisstmarneton (i CT ae EA ae aa 7
electrolytic conduction ........ AS2 mil loreeton 7 CoariSrgay) xlix
athe points at ete p ee eAe ieee Sees 367 White lights, visibility of........... sleleie ie 340
Sh Ree amc rieis alae rat t ces 651 Wiedermann magnetic effect (1. C. T., 6, 6
viscosities ...........206, 210-212 : : SEES Cree £ 439) +42. 463
sound svelocity, ofan vac nacwoecece oes 190 Wien displacement constant........+eeeeeees set O7,
SeARWAter” Glcucwe ce 652 Wind pressures ......+-.+++e+ee- paleteisleiteikOo—202
thermal conductivity .................-% 276 Wire gages, comparison Of.....+.+++eeeeeeeeees 420
transparency to radiation .............. 392 mechanical properties of copper ......- 118-119
Sea tar ees! 389 ual Grcigsecacndc 114
Steanitee aeise as 392 : re rope and cable. 115
VADOLRE eR oe ea resistance, auxiliary table for computing..... 408
vapor: atmospheric, relative humidity i es tables: aluminum (see also introduction to
wet and dry bulb ther- wire tables) ........- 421
mometers ....- 234, 235 English measures .....- os 429
determination, sea level, via wet and metric measures .....-- ++ 430
dry bulb thermom- copper (see also introduction to wire
CLES Sects 234-235 tables) e) ake: ntejiese .eleessla\wlaiers 421
various altitudes, via English measures ..... sfeleitere 423
wet and dry bulb metric Soe Mee cnetsveriars be 420
thermometers 234 temperature coefficients ..... 422
in atmosphere, f(altitude)..... 558, 560 reduction to stand-
DIessunemee a ee ie hie 232-233 ‘ . ard .....--- » 422
relative humidity via dry and yapor Wireless telegraphy: absorption factors in propaga-
pressure 236 tion _teeeeeee *: + «+454, 455
wet and dry.. 238 absorption factors in propaga-
transparency, ordinary temperature... 392 tion over land.........-.- 455
SUOAM)Mierctater ele sciera sieves 392 absorption factors in propaga-
Welehtnarriertere ne ceericche; ciclo ecavassic.s 234 tion over S@2...++.+++++++ 455
saturated, per m® and ft.*... 234 antenna heights vs. wave
viscosity, f(temperature) ............... 205 Length cijclele erslee et 452
high-pressure) saccc cess 6:2 «0s 656 resistances .......++ 452
volume, f(t, p), 0° to go°C............. 167 wave lengths ......- 452
—— TO MUO at 2.5.02) [Cieyere) oxeleiers cos 910i 168 dielectric constant ....... nasa
weight sonacolumnsp Olin seiiecicers cero < 180 properties, noncon-
Wap Ovaretsreretersiovatcieneseloley <tevev eters ice 234 OUCIINE! mega aco ce 452
Wilt timer rrt ere ciate ya cleioe cisicmisincals sn aoesn' ees 660 frequency vs. wave length and
Wave filters, sound (I. C. T., 6, 458) oscillation constant ...... 460
forms = deepnwaters severecits jello oerere oe «<6 653 ground, transmission over.... 455
shallow water ..... EERE eee 653 insulating materials, dielectric
lengths: angstrom, definition ............. 347 constants ....-...++- «e+ 454
cadmium red line............104, 347 kKilocycle-m conversions,
(ONE. GeocousbedonoddadoNeanHoS 335 =299820 ...+++0+- -» 456
Clementisw asec sores crelerorciaitele ls « 355 V=300000 ....--.- ++++ 460
Fraunhofer solar lines............ 346 land, transmission over...... 455
infra-red provisory standard solar... 353 nonconductors, dielectric prop-
iron are, secondary standards... .347-349 erties ........eee. seeee 452
limits, wireless, X rays, etc....... 501 oscillation constant ....... 460
neon standards ....... Beerieiee ie 40 power factor, insulating mate-
INGA SG oasadaneGoo veces 6 0537-546 Vials ....-...0e-0ee oe- 454
solar Fraunhofer lines ........... 346 radiation resistance, f(A,
standards, Rowland- ANCCHND) ae eletetsreielatatere Siete
RitemdOHM aeretetererevalerererei 350-352 range table w=: scclertasccwieeer Oe
standard conditions, reduction to skip distance ........c0ns- 462
ben OrmeiOuCMerel cetera lat elsie Rieteise stomrS 4. transmission over ground .... 455
standards: primary Cd line....104, 347 sea water .. 455
secondary Fe are ...347-349 wave length, frequency, oscilla-
nmeOn .....2++ 349 tion constant ........ 456-461
solar standards, Wires: alternating current resistance of.......... 451
INEER-NEO meteor orelcrele S'S carrying capacity of......... eisic uieiee sen LO
Rowland-St. John. 350-352 heat losses from inecandescent...........- 329
ultra-violet .....-+- 353 high frequency current resistance
WACHOsNEGUCEION ULO\s cies isierelelsic’s «wie 374 Ofister etel-t cherernisteforerciereraier ae leictere 449-450, 451
WOLE-GIECLION tise) injelersieitciedisiviniee 207) Wolf sun-spot numbers, annual means..... ev evatete rs 6To

682 INDEX
PAGE PAGE
Woods, densities ......+++eeeees 132-135, 161, 163 X (Réntgen) rays: fluorescence .......+..++--- 543
mechanical properties, conifers, t Ke ETOUDI eles ceieveenince 538-540
common units .. 135 A GETOUDreirtarcleieretererciereiotele 538-540
metric Sr Se 133 lattice constants, erystals..... 543
hardwoods, Miagroup! pieymvcsateretiene eebercte 541
common units .. 134 mass absorption coefficient,
metric eee Se * HEL Dig eieiecerors sein eee esetem 545
Work, conversion factors .......+..+. odtinninoan au! E/ Pie sores orava tre erence er 545
GOLNITION Gy eic:ereretolclevelelelecetane SR San ci heteiatee OOO photographie effects ......... 546
function, electron emission........+..+. 547 scattering ..... omnia 544
Spectroscopy. Ol arya eeeisaeierere 543
X (Réntgen) rays: absorption ............ 543, 544 aes
coefficients (mass).. 545 Year:/fanomalistie! styersesteseeiseectes mike rience 601
limits, critical.538—541 Lights" 2'S.es)eveale (os oresnua ote erential hace Ore tore 601
INGy adéeoocacnac 538 Bidereal’ %. Misra 2% oie raeono ee eteneretete eter aster 601
cathode rays ........... 536-537 tropical ><) civescicioteeryetolestye nerterateee acretre 601
characteristic ........... 537-538 Yearly means: magnetic character ...........-.. 595
efficiency of pro- solar (constants) . daccmiateenient 609-610
duction ..... 542 SUN “SPOUS! 7. Areperepere cues faeuatetereveretereae 610
chemical combination, effect of. 544 LEM PCNabUne’ a tercyerercyencheuectery matelorarers 556
continuous spectrum ........ 537 Yield point, mechanical property.......... 110 et seq.
critical absorption limits. .538—541 Young’s modulus, mechanical property...... 110 et seq.
crystals, lattice constants..... 543
efficiency in production of char- Zeeman ‘displacement —.\.:sje.0 cueiacisincrevoriolesteyeiee 106
MCHETIStICH Neteverereets atoletelelstere 542 effect) (EGS essp Amo ucrtertercteretelensiels 503
EMISSION wetetoteiciercletatetsyoteretet=tats 537 Zero; sapsOlutes ——2. 7.32 Lede cere eile teil etersiere 85-86
energy in continuous spectrum. 537 Zine, mechanical properties................ 124, 125

relations ...sesessee 543

Zonal spherical harmonics..........+..+eeeee 66, 67

——
==
—

—$—=

es

SS

CS

——————

.

——

—————

>

—_—

3 —_=

—————

bE ——=

6 SSS==

._—_——

=———

¢< Sa
2a

(0 _—

0 —=

sd

_

> —

I ————

beeen