Smithsonian Year 1/yQ ^r*THHffi» is i*pba Smithsonian Year . 1982 Smithsonian Year • 1982 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION FOR THE YEAR ENDED SEPTEMBER 2>0, 1982 Smithsonian Institution Press • City of Washington • 1983 frontispiece: With the completion of the Smithsonian's Quadrangle project serving our public and Associates alike, a new dimension in America's com- prehension of the non-Western world will be opened on the Mall. Exhibitions, performances, seminars, and discussions will enhance America's understand- ing of this panorama of nations harboring two-thirds of the planet's popula- tion. Shown are (left to right) a Korean musician, students in a seminar, a Kutiyattam performer from Kerala, India, young visitors being introduced to African life and art, and Smithsonian Associates visiting the Treasury Build- ing in Petra, Jordan. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 (paper cover) Stock Number: 047-000-00388-1 The Smithsonian Institution The Smithsonian Institution was created by act of Congress in 1846 in accordance with the terms of the will of James Smithson of England, who in 1826 bequeathed his property to the United States of America "to found at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men." After receiving the property and accepting the trust, Congress incorporated the Institution in an "establishment," whose statutory members are the President, the Vice President, the Chief Justice, and the heads of the executive departments, and vested responsibility for administering the trust in the Smithsonian Board of Regents. THE ESTABLISHMENT Ronald Reagan, President of the United States George H. W. Bush, Vice President of the United States Warren E. Burger, Chief Justice of the United States George P. Shultz, Secretary of State Donald Regan, Secretary of the Treasury Caspar W. Weinberger, Secretary of Defense William French Smith, Attorney General James G. Watt, Secretary of the Interior John R. Block, Secretary of Agriculture Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary of Commerce Raymond J. Donovan, Secretary of Labor Richard S. Schweiker, Secretary of Health and Human Services Terrell H. Bell, Secretary of Education Samuel R. Pierce, Jr., Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Andrew L. Lewis, Jr., Secretary of Transportation James B. Edwards, Secretary of Energy Board of Regents and Secretary • September 30, 1982 regents of the Warren E. Burger, Chief Justice of the United States, ex officio, Chancellor institution George H. W. Bush, Vice President of the United States, ex officio Henry M. Jackson, senator from Washington Barry Goldwater, senator from Arizona Edwin Jacob (Jake) Garn, senator from Utah Silvio O. Conte, representative from Massachusetts Norman Y. Mineta, representative from California Edward P. Boland, representative from Massachusetts David C. Acheson, citizen of the District of Columbia Anne L. Armstrong, citizen of Texas J. Paul Austin, citizen of Georgia William G. Bowen, citizen of New Jersey William A. M. Burden, citizen of New York Murray Gell-Mann, citizen of California Nancy Hanks, citizen of the District of Columbia A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr., citizen of Pennsylvania Carlisle H. Humelsine, citizen of Virginia executive Warren E. Burger, Chancellor committee David C. Acheson William A. M. Burden Carlisle H. Humelsine (Chairman) the secretary S. Dillon Ripley Phillip S. Hughes, Under Secretary Charles Blitzer, Assistant Secretary for History and Art David Challinor, Assistant Secretary for Science Joseph Coudon, Special Assistant to the Secretary Julian T. Euell, Assistant Secretary for Public Service James M. Hobbins, Executive Assistant to the Secretary Christian C. Hohenlohe, Treasurer John F. Jameson, Assistant Secretary for Administration Paul N. Perrot, Assistant Secretary for Museum Programs Peter G. Powers, General Counsel James McK. Symington, Director, Office of Membership and Development Lawrence E. Taylor, Coordinator of Public Information Smithsonian Year • 1982 CONTENTS page v THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION vi BOARD OF REGENTS AND SECRETARY 3 STATEMENT BY THE SECRETARY 33 FINANCIAL REPORT 69 SCIENCE 69 Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies 80 National Air and Space Museum 88 National Museum of Man, Center for the Study of Man 91 National Museum of Natural History 110 National Zoological Park 119 Office of Biological Conservation 121 Office of Fellowships and Grants 126 Radiation Biology Laboratory 136 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 150 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute 167 HISTORY AND ART 167 Archives of American Art 173 Cooper-Hewitt Museum 179 Freer Gallery of Art 182 Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden 187 Joseph Henry Papers 189 National Museum of African Art 194 National Museum of American Art 199 National Museum of American History 206 National Portrait Gallery 211 Office of American Studies 212 Office of Folklife Programs 219 MUSEUM PROGRAMS 219 Conservation Analytical Laboratory 228 National Museum Act Programs 229 Office of Exhibits Central 232 Office of Horticulture 240 Office of International Activities MUSEUM PROGRAMS, Continued 244 Office of Museum Programs 252 Office of the Registrar 253 Smithsonian Institution Archives 255 Smithsonian Institution Libraries 265 Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service 271 PUBLIC SERVICE 271 Anacostia Neighborhood Museum 272 Division of Performing Arts 274 International Exchange Service 276 Office of Elementary and Secondary Education 279 Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars 282 Office of Telecommunications 286 Smithsonian Institution Press 288 Smithsonian Magazine 289 Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center 294 ADMINISTRATION 295 Administrative and Support Activities 298 Financial Management Activities 300 Smithsonian Institution Women's Council Activities 301 MEMBERSHIP AND DEVELOPMENT 301 Office of Development 302 National Board of the Smithsonian Associates 303 Women's Committee of the Smithsonian Associates 305 Smithsonian National Associate Program 313 Smithsonian Resident Associate Pogram 326 PUBLIC INFORMATION 326 Office of Public Affairs 329 READING IS FUNDAMENTAL 334 WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS 337 JOHN F. KENNEDY CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS 356 NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART 361 CHRONOLOGY 379 APPENDICES Vlll Smithsonian Year . 1982 STATEMENT BY THE SECRETARY This cut-away drawing of the Quadrangle (Independence Avenue view), from the architectural firm of Shepley, Bulfinch, Richardson and Abbott, shows some of the space to be provided in three levels for exhibitions, theater pro- ductions, and study. £ * ;r;' ■%*;. ..« A 3!' m 1A «w ** * ** Know Thy Neighbor as Thyself S. DILLON RIPLEY This paraphrase of the Bible saying, "Love Thy Neighbor as Thy- self/' a true saying, and one to be emulated if in larger affairs it had not a mocking ring, is one that I often think of in connection with the Smithsonian. To know is to learn but also to give a little. If one knows anything it is a scrap of learning. Every scrap should be shared for all bear upon a central theme. The assemblage of knowledge is like a pyramid. Its creation is the very abnegation of self, and in the process we learn to know each other, more sanely, I believe, than love would ever let us do, clouded with the mists of sentiment or tears, as that may be. Speaking at the dedication of the American Museum of Natural History in New York in 1874, Professor Joseph Henry, first Secre- tary of the Smithsonian, stated that James Smithson's memorial, [f i- u x': ife^^A the Institution, should be a work place, a "college of discoverers," a haven for research, "discovering new facts, new phenomena and new principles," and making this information known to all. Knowl- edge should be spread abroad by museums based on this research. This is the finest memorial of all, for "what, in comparison to this, are local monuments, pyramids of flint, statues of brass or obelisks of marble!" These two generations past have been the generations of self, on which mountains of egocentrism have been erected, eroding over the years, as always, in the sands of anomie and the washings of self-pity. I went to Persepolis not long ago and walked over the desert into the blue silk and damask tents erected to celebrate two thousand five hundred years of a dynasty that never was. Created with cunning skill by French decorators for the nonevent, the tents still stood, the curtains giving way at one's entrance to the great banquet pavillion; within, a crescent-shaped dias with a crescent table, backed by a row of pale blue velvet tall chairs arranged on one side only, not for conversation but for the admiration of the courtiers and press. No sound broke the spell except for a faint soughing of the wind, which made the gilt candelabra sway slightly in a ghostly reverie. Oh, Ozymandias have you told us nothing? The accumulation of knowledge must not be a selfish thing, for knowledge and learning go hand in hand, and to learn is to teach. James Smithson in his charge to his heirs — his administrators for the future — said that his Institution should serve for "the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men" (i.e., mankind). One of my colleagues, Wilcomb Washburn, has recently discovered a letter of Smithson's in French, addressed to Baron Georges Cuvier, the most celebrated French savant of his day, written from Germany in 1806, twenty years before Smithson's death, in which he pres- aged the language of his famous will. A translation might be, "It seems to me, Sir, that the man of genius who through important discoveries expands the scope of the human mind is entitled to something beyond a mere and fruitless admiration [for this we might read "ego trip"]. That he is entitled to expect that all con- tribute as much as they can to facilitate research so that, if fame is achieved, they can share in the benefits. And it would indeed be unjust that national differences as well as resentment and war should have any bearing in this matter. The works of scientists 4 / Smithsonian Year 1982 being for all nations, they themselves should be looked upon as citizens of mankind." It seems to me that what Smithson is writing is that as scientists or scholars of history or art at the Smithsonian, we are obligated to increase and diffuse knowledge, and in the process sweep away the cobwebs of self-pity, deriving satisfaction not from self- promotion but rather from the rewarding tasks of increasing and diffusing knowledge. We must reach what we know and discover, as best we can, using research as a tool for illumination. The Smithsonian Institution is embarking on a course which, if successful, will lead to an expansion on an international scale of our motto. For perhaps the first time in our history, we are em- barking in a spirit of social responsibility on a creative effort to increase understanding and respect for our neighbors. One of our mandates, the diffusion of knowledge among men (among mankind) works both ways, within and without. We can, for example, tell Americans about their history, but how can we extend that to tell Americans about the history of the rest of the world, especially about those parts and nations of which we are still so woefully ignorant. Our entire awareness of others has been concentrated until recently on the so-called Western world: Europe — extending east to Russia, south to the Mediterranean — and parts of Latin American, our traditional neighbors. Until World War II, Asia was known to relatively few Americans. Few Americans pene- trated beyond Japan and China. The vast worlds of more southern Asia (except for the Philippines), tropical Asia, the southwest Pacific areas (except for Australia), and Africa and the Middle East were essentially little-known and beyond most people's means to visit or experience. Now this Institution has an opportunity to combine objects, col- lections such as those in the Freer Gallery of Art, the National Museum of African Art, collections in our kindred departments of Anthropology and History and Art, into our Quadrangle, a new Center for African, Near Eastern, and Asian Cultures, to be built south of the original Smithsonian Castle. This Center will delineate to Americans as well as to the world the necessity to 'know your neighbor/ to respect our fellow inhabitants in this shrinking world, and in the process generate an increased measure of self-respect in ourselves and in our neighbors as well. Traditions and cultures Statement by the Secretary I 5 alien to the massive onslaughts of mechanistic technology are frag- ile indeed. They are being eroded every day just as the forests of the tropics disappear. Cultures drift away like the dust that follows the draft of a lifting jet plane on a far-away runway. Cultures and traditions represent the only stability, the only defense against the mindlessness of self, and the only model for the cultivation of self- respect. In the world of this vast region, home to almost two-thirds of the human population, there are now ninety-two nations, where perhaps a dozen reigned before World War II. We in America, still unused to the totality of this change, remember only dimly some of the new names and find little occasion to think of the im- plications involved, except perhaps to be bothered by reading of the debates in the General Assembly of the United Nations, or to hear of some man-made or natural catastrophe on the other side of the globe. Our Center will help to correct this lack of understand- ing on our side as well as theirs. We will have a chance to fore- gather here to discourse, to exhibit their traditions and cultures in a meaningful way, and to demonstrate the long history of inven- tion, intellectual achievement, and civilization, of which those of us on both sides must remind ourselves before it is too late. So we fesa^i This elevation drawing by Shepley, Bulfinch, Richardson and Abbott, archi- tects, shows the Quadrangle's pavilions and landscaping, north side. 6 / Smithsonian Year 1982 have embarked upon the creation of this Center in an effort to "put out more flags," to shine the light of understanding between us. In this effort, approved by the Regents of the Institution, we are pledged to raise $75 million for construction, half by the Smith- sonian itself and its dedicated friends, and half by the federal gov- ernment. Over the past few years many others have shared this vision and have helped us bring it closer to fruition. To signify the government's commitment to the project, the United States Con- gress in its 1983 budget has approved legislation authorizing con- struction of the Quadrangle and has appropriated the federal share of the financing in the amount of $36.5 million to add to almost $1 million appropriated the year before. The Smithsonian's private financing has received a munificent boost in the generosity of Dr. Arthur M. Sackler, a psychiatrist and medical publisher who resides in New York City. He has pledged not only 1,000 works of Asian art, valued well in excess of $50 million, but also $4 million towards construction of the Far Eastern gallery within the Quadrangle, which will house his collec- tion as well as those of others and be named in his honor. In mak- ing these gifts, Dr. Sackler reflected the synthesis as well as the essence of the Quadrangle in saying that ". . . in the years to come, Statement by the Secretary I 7 Washington will continue to grow into a world cultural capital, augmenting its status as a world political center." Support for our Center for African, Near Eastern, and Asian Cultures continues to come in from abroad as well as from other friends of the Institution in many parts of the country. We will celebrate and commemorate their gifts in appropriate ways within the new structure and in the various programs that will flow from it; especially in outreach and public education. Throughout the past year the existing programs of the Institu- tion, as well as the supporting functions that are crucial to their success in reaching the broad audiences that we serve, have been marked by a continuing high level of public interest and achieve- ment. Steady progress has been made towards completing in 1983 the initial physical inventory of the National Collections entrusted to our care. Not only will we then be able to refine more intelli- gently our previous estimates of holding some 75 million items, but we will also have more substantial information about the location and condition of all these objects, thus enabling us to manage and conserve them for generations yet to come. Another significant element in the care and conservation of col- lections is the Museum Support Center, the facility in nearby Suit- land, Maryland, currently under construction. We expect to take possession of the building within budget and on schedule in this winter of 1983. To the partnership, Metcalf/KCF and to the chief architect of the project, Coke Florance, we offer our appreciation for so thoughtfully resolving the problems of space for collections storage and research, along with conservation training, in a massive edifice that, nonetheless, provides a comfortable working environ- ment in harmony with its natural surroundings. In the area of collections acquisition, gifts and purchases have enabled us to extend modestly the evidence of our cultural heritage and of the physical world inhabited by us and by those who have gone before us. The National Museum of African Art has acquired two early and important Benin bronzes, while the National Portrait Gallery, in association with the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foun- dation at Charlottesville, Virginia, has purchased Gilbert Stuart's "EdgehiH" portrait of Thomas Jefferson painted in 1805. Following the pattern established in the joint purchase of the Stuart portraits of George and Martha Washington, the portrait, named for the 8 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Smithsonian Associates search for wildlife at Corbett National Park, India. plantation of Jefferson's grandson where it hung for many years, will be exhibited for alternating three-year periods at the Portrait Gallery and at Monticello. The lives of two other presidents were the focus of major win- ter exhibitions and related activities. To commemorate the one- hundredth anniversary of the birth of Franklin Roosevelt on Janu- ary 30, 1882, a number of events took place in several Smithsonian museums. Early January saw the opening of the exhibition Roose- velt's America: New Deal Art from the National Museum of Amer- ican Art. Shortly thereafter a small exhibition, FDR: The Early Years, chronicling his early life and entrance into the political arena, opened at the National Portrait Gallery. Our friend, the dis- tinguished journalist Joseph Alsop, a cousin of the late president, presented a lecture, "FDR: The Great Change," in conjunction with the exhibition. At the end of January the National Museum of American History presented Franklin Delano Roosevelt: The Inti- mate Presidency, which included the White House desk and micro- phones from which he delivered his famous "fireside chats," his 1938 Ford with special hand controls, and a wide range of photo- graphs of FDR and of the nation during his presidency, giving an especial quality of verisimilitude to the event. On February 22 a gala birthday party at the National Museum of American History, followed by fireworks on the Mall, marked the two-hundredth-fiftieth anniversary of Washington's birth and the opening of a major exhibition, George Washington: A Figure Upon the Stage. The exhibit surveys the many ways in which Americans of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries have idolized and indeed utilized Washington and the aura of his name. Also, perhaps this exhibition helps to humanize "G.W.", showing sides of his character and his ambitions, usually clouded in the atmo- sphere of the almost imperial tradition. Smithsonian historian Margaret Klapthor, curator of the exhibition, points out that "the image and character of Washington have taken various forms," with each era favoring an appearance related to its own values. The National Portrait Gallery mounted a related exhibition of prints depicting George Washington and showing the variety of ways in which the Founding Father was perceived by his contemporaries. Irish songs and fancy footwork marked the March 17 opening of Celebration: A World of Art and Ritual, which examines the 10 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Gilbert Stuart's "Edgehill" portrait of Thomas Jefferson, painted in 1805, is now jointly owned by the National Portrait Gallery and the Thomas Jefferson Memo- rial Foundation, Incorporated, Charlottesville, Virginia. The painting will be exhibited for alternating three-year periods at the npg and at Monticello. ks*-^ Richard Fiske (left), nmnh director, participates in an Eskimo dance at a Contribut- ing Membership reception following a review of the major exhibition inua: spirit world of the bering sea eskimo. Below. Paul E. Garber, nasm historian emeritus, shows seventh and eighth graders how to build a kite from scratch as part of the "D.C. Day" festivities held at the museum. universal phenomenon of celebration and demostrates how differ- ent people mark the important events and cycles in their societies. The exhibition includes approximately 600 objects — 95 percent of which have never before been exhibited — from more than 60 cul- tures and the collections of 9 Smithsonian museums. A related exhibition was presented later in the year at the National Museum of African Art: Life . . . Afterlife: African Funerary Sculpture, which examines the cycle of birth, death, rebirth, and afterlife experienced by many African cultures. Other notable exhibitions included two companion shows at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden — Raphael Soyer: 65 Years of Printmaking and 5 oyer Since 1960 — honoring the very substantial output of this talented artist and contributor to the museum's collections. The Hirshhorn was also host to the De Stijl: 1917-1931, Visions of Utopia exhibition, illuminating the art, architecture, and design of the influential Dutch movement that was characterized by elemen- tary, geometric forms and pure, primary colors. The exhibition was one of several international events marking the two-hundredth anniversary of the establishment of formal diplomatic relations between the United States and The Netherlands, the longest peace- ful relationship the United States has had with any foreign power. Further reflecting significant international influences in art and design, the Cooper-Hewitt Museum opened in September a retro- spective view of the history of Scandinavian design during the last 100 years, which included furniture, glass, ceramics, metal work, and textiles as part of a national celebration of "Scandinavia Today." A selection from the Meserve Collection of the original glass plate negatives of Mathew Brady's portrait photographs were ex- hibited for the first time in May at the National Portrait Gallery in a specially designed room, evocative of the mid-nineteenth century. This unique collection of immense historical importance also in- cludes the only print ever made from the last photograph of Presi- dent Lincoln. Perhaps the most haunting likeness of Lincoln, it was taken on April 10, 1865, in a studio four blocks south of the Portrait Gallery building just four days before his assassination. During the past year our colleagues in the physical and natural sciences also have made lively and important contributions in exhibitions as well as in research. Of the former, perhaps the most Statement by the Secretary I 13 extraordinary was inua: spirit world of the bering sea eskimo, which opened in June in the Evans Gallery of the National Museum of Natural History. Featuring for the first time nearly 500 objects collected for the Smithsonian more than 100 years ago by the naturalist and surveyor Edward Nelson, the exhibition recreates the world of the Bering Sea Eskimo and traces the roots of Eskimo cultural and artistic traditions. Many objects in the exhibition were associated with elaborate myths and decorated with dual animal and human images, reflecting the belief of the Eskimos that every- thing had an inua, a human-like essence or spirit that was revealed to people in dreams, visions, or when encountering animals. Also at the National Museum of Natural History, the ever-popular Dino- saur Hall was reopened after a hiatus of several years during which it has been renovated and the paleontological exhibits enlarged and current theories of evolution presented. Dr. Terry Erwin, a curator in the museum's Department of Ento- mology, continued his studies of the tropical rain forest canopy and of the insect life abiding there. This research reveals that the num- ber of insect species worldwide may be substantially larger than previously suspected, and that tropical deforestation, therefore, will inevitably destroy far larger numbers of species than had been anticipated or supposed. The world's tropical rain forests are home to half of the earth's plant and animal species, and thus are areas of immense priority to numbers of Smithsonian scientists. During a symposium on the ecology and management of the tropical rain forest, which was held at the University of Leeds in England last spring, Dr. Ira Rubinoff, director of our Tropical Research Institute in Panama, proposed the establishment of a system of Tropical Moist Forest Reserves in the temperate zones, financed by the developed nations in order to save this crucial international resource. Dr. David Roubik, an entomologist at the Institute and an expert on the African honeybee let loose on an unsuspecting New World in Brazil in 1957, has been working closely with Panamanian au- thorities on ways of adapting to these notoriously aggressive bees, which arrived in the Republic from the south late last winter. He is sharing his information with Central American governments as well, for this is a matter of concern as the species spreads north- wards. 14 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Another study on the effects of forest habitat destruction was conducted by Dr. James Lynch of the Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies, whose work was an investigation of the size and stability of bird populations in Maryland. Dr. Lynch has begun work with other Smithsonian scientists on a similar study in the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, part of the winter migration route for a fifth of our North American bird species. At the National Zoological Park's Conservation and Research Center in Front Royal, Virginia, studies on the behavioral ecology and population dynamics of wildlife from around the world are underway. This work is being used as a means of training scientists from India and Europe in the use of sophisticated techniques for studying endangered animals in their own countries and elsewhere in the world. The reptile and amphibian house of the Zoo's Rock Creek loca- tion has been renovated and reopened to the public. The refur- bished structure proves to be much more effective than the former house for studying these exotic animals and encouraging breeding and survival rates in captivity. For the second consecutive year the Zoo received the highest award from the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums for captive propagation programs. The National Air and Space Museum commemorated twenty-five years of space exploration with an exhibition and a conference of that name, both of which seek to place accomplishments of the space age in a social, cultural, and political context. The Museum's Garber Facility, for the restoration and preservation of aircraft, celebrated its fifth anniversary with a week-long series of events for the general public. The observatory atop Mount Hopkins in Arizona was renamed for our colleague Fred Lawrence Whipple, and dedicated in his honor last May. Fred Whipple was the first director of the Smith- sonian Astrophysical Observatory when it moved to Cambridge, and was a primary developer of the concept of the MMT. The newly renovated gamma ray reflector — the largest in the world — has resumed operation at the Whipple Observatory and will enable astronomers to probe high energy events in the far reaches of the universe. In an effort to understand other aspects of universality and fundamental processes, the Smithsonian sponsored an international Statement by the Secretary I 15 symposium on "How Humans Adapt: A Biocultural Odyssey." A diverse group of scholars met to debate what may be one of the most critical questions of our time: has Homo sapiens, having come this far in his several million years, learned anything at all that can help him survive in the present global village and adapt to the future? The papers from the symposium — the keynote speaker of which was the late Rene Dubos — will be published by the Smith- sonian Institution Press in the winter of 1983. During the summer, the Festival of American Folklife returned to its original plot on the National Mall among the Smithsonian's museum buildings. The larger and more accessible site accents the strong, complementary relationships between museum collections and the presenters of living traditions. This sixteenth annual festi- val featured the rich and diverse folk traditions of Korea during the anniversary of a century of diplomatic relations between our two countries, as well as the Diamond Jubilee of the State of Okla- homa. It reflected the traditions that Oklahomans nourish and support, particularly those associated with two major activities — horses and oil — and brought a functioning rig and a quarter-mile race track to the Mall. The festival was also the setting for the awards ceremony for the first annual National Heritage Fellow- ships, honors given by the National Endowment for the Arts to traditional musicians and craftsmen who have made outstanding contributions to the cultural life of the nation. As in previous years, we should not let this report slip by with- out mentioning certain comings and goings of Smithsonian staff. We were terribly saddened this year by the death of John Estes, the experienced director of the International Exchange Service. By the end of the fiscal year we learned that another dear friend and companion, our Assistant Secretary for Public Service, Julian T. Euell, who had served in that capacity for nearly a decade, would be accepting the directorship of the Oakland Museum. Still other departures included Noel Hinners, the director of the National Air and Space Museum, who became director of the Goddard Space Center; Robert Angle, director of our National Associates program, who assumed membership responsibilities for the National Trust for Historic Preservation; and both David Estabrook, director of Elementary and Secondary Education, and Richard Griesel, our 16 / Smithsonian Year 1982 (1 1 1 1 I I V*' ft I ii ii ii Hi!' inrrr IMFV Quarter horses from Oklahoma race down the National Mall at the Sixteenth Annual Festival of American Folklife held in the summer 1982. business manager, who have left for the vineyards of private indus- try. We have been fortunate to be able to promote Jacqueline Austin to the helm of the National Associates, Ann Bay to the head of Elementary and Secondary Education, and Joe Chmelik to business manager. At the same time we should note two nearly simultaneous arrivals at the old Patent Office Building. Alan Fern, formerly of the Library of Congress, has been named director of the National Portrait Gallery, and Charles Eldredge, the former director of the Spencer Museum of Art in Lawrence, Kansas, has assumed the directorship of the National Museum of American Art. I am confi- dent these two innovative and sensitive scholars will lead their programs in imaginative ways and in the spirit of partnership. If the pursuit of knowledge is the aim of this Institution, then we can look forward to an enlarging era in the programs planned for the future of our new Center described in the opening of this statement. Americans long to be friends with all the world. We are frustrated by those who fail to understand that we hope that our civilization, our history of democracy and freedom is a real one, in spite of the ups and downs of our progress. If James Smithson had a vision — that somewhere across the ocean from the Europe of stratified hierarchies and iron-bound convention of the eighteenth century, this new world could achieve such an ideal — we could hardly deny that that vision was proleptic. It is in the fulfillment of that ambition of our precursor that we must proceed. There is a time in the world for the realization of these ambi- tions. The eagle on the Great Seal may have arrows or thunder- bolts clutched in one set of claws, but there is an olive branch in the other. Justice and equality demand that America be strong and competent in the role of peace-keeper, but peace itself demands understanding, friendship, and mutual self-respect, hand in hand with certainty. Respect above all for cultures and traditions across the face of that great arc of the world stretching from Atlantic to Pacific, from Africa to East Asia, should insure that we can "know our neighbors as ourselves," and in this knowing, learn to respect and live with new friends for the future. For indeed there is no other choice. 18 / Smithsonian Year 1982 The Board of Regents The Board of Regents held three formal meetings during the last year. Additional meetings of the Regents' Executive Committee, the Audit and Review Committee, the Personnel Committee, and the Investment Policy Committee were held throughout the year and reported at the Regents' meetings. The first meeting of the Board of Regents was held on Janu- ary 25, 1982, in the Regents' Room of the Smithsonian Castle and was called to order by the Chancellor. The Executive Committee reported that it met on January 5, 1982, to discuss the Regents' agenda and took special note of the Audit and Review Committee's close attention to Smithsonian business, the Secretary's and staff's strengthened measures regarding museum protection, and plans to cope with ever-tightening budget stringencies. The Audit and Re- view Committee reported on two of its meetings, one held jointly with the Personnel Committee on October 14, 1981, and the other held on December 2, 1981. The committee proposed a resolution to indemnify Smithsonian Regents, officers, and employees for liabili- ties and expenses incurred as a result of litigation arising from service for the Institution, and the resolution was incorporated by reference into a new Bylaw of the Board of Regents, Section 2.09, entitled indemnification. The Audit and Review Committee also reviewed possible insurance to cover the indemnification and, accordingly, the Regents directed the Treasurer to secure appro- priate "Directors and Officers" insurance. The Audit and Review Committee decided that the thorough auditing conducted annually on the Smithsonian's trust funds should be extended to an annual audit of the federally appropriated funds by the Institution's independent auditors, Coopers and Lybrand. In view of the fundamental importance of this matter the Regents expressly endorsed the committee's action. Other commit- tee reviews included: Coopers and Lybrand's audit of fiscal year 1981 trust funds; Smithsonian procedures for reporting financial interests; draft Statement by the Secretary I 19 standards of conduct; museum security; Smithsonian procedures for construction and repair services; and computer services. The Personnel Committee of the Regents reported that it had reviewed the financial-interests statements of the Secretary's top assistants and that it found no conflict of interest whatsoever. The Treasurer informed the Regents that a self-assessment review has recently been conducted at the Institution to identify lower priority programs that might be reduced or eliminated, and alternative modes of operation that might create savings of dollars or workyears. After extensive discussion, the Regents agreed that in view of the existing security and financial constraints the Insti- tution should eliminate summer evening hours on a trial basis, subject, if necessary, to further review by the Audit and Review Committee. It was noted that final congressional action resulted in fiscal year 1982 federal appropriations totaling $142,534,000, some 9 percent below the amount requested. That appropriation included $960,000 for Quadrangle planning — the first federal appropriation for this project. The Treasurer also reported that the Office of Management and Budget (omb) allowance for all appropriations for fiscal year 1983 was $192,610,000, reflecting increases for Museum Support Center equipment, critical security and maintenance, and inflation in pay, utilities, and rent. In addition, omb allowed the Institution's full request ($36.5 million) for Quadrangle construction, but did not allow the Institution's request for an additional 99 positions to open and operate the Museum Support Center and 48 other posi- tions to strengthen security. The Investment Policy Committee reported that they met on November 17, 1981, to review the performance of the Institution's three investment managers and to discuss strategies for the future. It was noted that the managers continue to out-perform market averages and that the annualized return from each of the managers for the last three and one-half years was about 16 percent per year. The Secretary outlined the Five-Year Prospectus, FY 1983-1987 and stressed his commitment to include projections beyond the five-year period where appropriate. Priorities of the Institution were the equipment for the Museum Support Center, the comple- tion of the Quadrangle, the enhancement of collections manage- ment activities, security, and automation. The Regents approved 20 / Smithsonian Year 1982 the Prospectus as submitted, in anticipation that annual revisions will similarly be presented for approval. The Secretary briefed the Regents on the status of the Quadran- gle project, introducing Mr. George Brakeley of Brakeley, John Price Jones, Inc., the fund-raising consultants. The total income from unrestricted trust funds, gifts, pledges, and interest amounted to $14,017,600 as of November 30, 1981. The Regents discussed the strategies for raising the balance of the $37,500,000 from domestic and foreign foundations, corporations, individuals, and foreign governments. During the fall the Quadrangle design was approved by both the National Capital Planning Commission and the Commission on Fine Arts. The Museum Support Center was reported to be 45 percent complete and about two months ahead of the January 1983 com- pletion date. In a report on the status of the collections inventory, it was noted that the target date for completion of the baseline inventories remains June 1983, after which the inventories will be a continuing process and priority. The Secretary presented a report on the equal opportunity pro- gram, noting only marginal improvement in increasing the repre- sentation of women and minorities, particularly in the higher grades. Recognizing that commendable efforts have already been made and without being critical, the Regents urged the administra- tion to redouble its efforts and explore all possible strategies. Subsequent to the meeting the Audit and Review Committee agreed to review the subject in the spring. In other actions, the Board of Regents effected an amendment to the bylaws of the National Portrait Gallery Commission, reap- pointed Mrs. Elizabeth Brooke Blake, Mr. David Lloyd Kreeger, and Mrs. Margaret McKee to the National Museum of American Art Commission, and paid tribute to the late Dr. Robert Elliot Silber- glied, an entomologist at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Insti- tute, who died in a plane crash on January 13, 1982. The Chancellor announced that Mr. Webb had resigned as chair- man of the Executive Committee. Accepting that resignation with great reluctance, the Chancellor assured the Regents that Mr. Webb would remain on the Executive Committee for the duration of his term. With the consent of the Regents, the Chancellor appointed Mr. Humelsine as chairman, effective January 25, 1982. Statement by the Secretary I 21 The traditional Regents' Dinner was held on Sunday evening, January 24, 1982, in the Thomas M. Evans Gallery of the National Museum of Natural History/Museum of Man, where the exhibi- tion Deep Ocean Photography provided a dramatic setting. The Secretary addressed the guests about his and Mrs. Ripley's faun- istic and floristic survey of the Namdapha Region in Arunachal Pradesh, India. The spring meeting of the Board of Regents was called to order by the Chancellor on May 3, 1982, in the Regents' Room. The Executive Committee reported that it met on April 14 to consider the proposed agenda for the Regents' meeting. The committee noted that the decision to restrict summer evening hours was wide- ly announced and received little criticism. At the suggestion of the committee, the Regents voted to confer on James E. Webb the title of Regent Emeritus upon the expiration of his term on June 21 and to elect David C. Acheson to membership on the committee effec- tive June 22, 1982. After considering a large number of suggested nominees, and the recommendation of the Executive Committee, the Regents voted to request that the Congressional Regents intro- duce and support legislation to appoint Nancy Hanks as a citizen Regent of the Smithsonian, for the statutory term of six years. It was noted that, in response to a poll conducted through the mails in April, the Regents voted to establish the James E. Webb Fellowships for the promotion of excellence in the management of cultural and scientific not-for-profit institutions. The Regents ob- served that this was a particularly appropriate honor for Mr. Webb and that this program in public administration will be of great benefit to the Institution. The Audit and Review Committee reported that they met on March 23, 1982. At that meeting the independent auditors, Coopers and Lybrand, highlighted their December 31, 1981, Report to Man- agement and introduced their consolidated audit plan for fiscal year 1982. Mr. Acheson reported that on March 13 the committee visited the Cooper-Hewitt Museum in New York City. Mr. Hughes had informed the Committee about a current, as yet incomplete, internal audit of the gem collection in the National Museum of Natural History/Museum of Man. The Audit and Review Committee noted that the indemnifica- tion resolution and bylaw adopted by the Regents on January 25, 22 / Smithsonian Year 1982 1982, had, through inadvertence, not included coverage for Regents Emeritus and members of Regents' committees and advisory bod- ies. To effect this coverage — and to clarify the intent of the resolu- tion that Smithsonian employees and officers will be indemnified for liabilitity arising out of service on boards of other organiza- tions when that service is part of official Smithsonian duties — the Regents voted to amend the resolution and bylaws, Section 2.09. The Treasurer informed the Regents that the Institution was allowed to submit to Congress a supplemental appropriation re- quest of $2.3 million to cover one-half of fiscal year 1982 pay-raise costs. This amount, together with cost-reduction actions taken as a result of the self-assessment review, will permit the Institution to continue operations with a minimum of disruption to essential ac- tivities. Revised projections for Unrestricted General Trust Funds still anticipated a break-even budget, with increased net gains ex- pected from the Smithsonian magazine being offset by lower re- turns in other auxiliary activities and increased administrative expenses. The performance of the Institution's investment managers was reviewed by the Investment Policy Committee at its meeting on April 28, 1982. Mr. Hohenlohe noted that total Smithsonian en- dowments continued to outperform the standard market indices. The Board of Regents approved the total return income payout for fiscal year 1983 as recommended. By invitation six members of the National Board of the Smith- sonian Associates joined the meeting of the Board of Regents for the discussion of the Quadrangle. The Secretary highlighted the report circulated in advance, noting progress through the tentative design phase. Accordingly, the architect's drawings, specifications, and construction estimate were submitted to the General Services Administration. A second estimate was also obtained by the Insti- tution. The estimates suggested that some cost savings will be re- quired to meet the $75 million budget, but these savings will not force any major alterations to the project. The Secretary added that the Smithsonian will not appeal to Congress for any amount greater than the $36.5 million requested for construction. He also noted progress in the congressional approval of the construction authorization. Mr. Ripley outlined the foreign gifts and pledges to date and Statement by the Secretary I 23 noted prospects for additional foreign donations. It was noted that all gifts and pledges ($13,910,800), added to Smithsonian unre- stricted fund transfer ($12,357,100), total $26,267,900 — more than two-thirds of the $37.5 million goal. The Secretary underscored the importance of the National Board of the Smithsonian Associates in the domestic fund-raising cam- paign, noting that the extraordinary generosity and dedication of several members has been critical to launching a sequential strategy for soliciting leadership-level gifts, to be followed by an expanded search for more moderate gifts. A series of special regional meet- ings will be arranged for the Secretary in this connection. A broader appeal to the entire membership of the National Associates may ensue. One of America's leading collectors of Near and Far Eastern art, Dr. Arthur M. Sackler, made a firm proposal for the donation of works of oriental art valued at $50 million and also $4 million in cash toward the construction costs of the Quadrangle, with the condition that the new gallery of Near and Far Eastern art will be named for him. After discussion, the Regents authorized the Secre- tary to negotiate terms of the agreement, subject to further review by the Board. Mr. Ripley informed the Regents that the Museum Support Cen- ter was 65 percent complete on April 22, 1982, and that procedures are being developed to facilitate a complex, multi-stage move to the center. The Secretary reported on the status of the Institution-wide collections inventory and the progress in formulating up-to-date collections management policies. It was noted that the Secretary received the rank of Commander in the Order of Orange-Nassau just prior to the visit of the Queen of The Netherlands, in recognition of the work culminating in the Queen's opening of the De Stijl exhibition at the Hirshhorn Mu- seum and Sculpture Garden, as well as, more generally, the Smith- sonian's work over the years. The Regents offered their approval and congratulations. The traditional Regents' Dinner was held in honor of Mr. Webb the evening of May 2, in the "Commons" of the Smithsonian Insti- tution Building. The guests gathered in the Victorian Garden, where a model of the Quadrangle was on view. The Chancellor presented a citation to Mr. Webb dedicating the Webb Fellow- 24 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Shown above is the Regents' meeting of January 25, 1982, in progress. Below. Her Majesty, Queen Beatrix of The Netherlands and Abram Lerner, director of the Hirsh- horn Museum and Sculpture Garden, attended the official opening of De Stijl: 1917- 1931, Visions of Utopia, April 19, 1982, at the Hirshhorn. ships in his honor: ". . . the Webb Fellowships will nurture man- agement abilities of Smithsonian employees and visiting scholars for years to come — and will therefore continue to symbolize our profound gratitude for this sensitive and dear colleague." The Sec- retary offered a toast to Dr. Fred L. Whipple, in whose name the astronomical observatory at Mt. Hopkins was to be dedicated on May 7, 1982. There followed a showing of the film In Open Air, procured through the generosity of the Allbritton Foundation in connection with the exhibition of the American Impressionists' paintings. The Chancellor called to order the autumn meeting of the Board of Regents on Monday, September 20, 1982, in the Regents' Room. The Executive Committee reported on their August 25 meeting, where the Committee discussed contingency plans, should a pay supplemental appropriation not be forthcoming, and called for a staff report on the projected deficit of the Division of Performing Arts to be distributed to the Audit and Review Committee. The Treasurer reported that the Institution's banking and cash-manage- ment systems are being simplified, streamlined, and modernized. The Committee then discussed in detail the status of the Quad- rangle project and agreed to recommend proceedings as proposed (see below). The Audit and Review Committee reported on its meeting of May 21, 1982, noting that Coopers and Lybrand had found no weaknesses in accounting and controls in their audit of fiscal year 1981 federal appropriations. Mr. Jameson presented a report on the status of equal opportunity and affirmative action, emphasizing the persisting problems of underrepresentation in professional and administrative positions. The Committee received a report on the organization of book publishing at the Smithsonian. The Treasurer informed the Regents that the Institution received a federal supplemental appropriation of $2.7 million, some $400,- 000 above the Institution's request of $2.3 million for fiscal year 1982; that Unrestricted General Trust Funds were projected to pro- vide a small surplus of $47,000, compared to an original breakeven budget; and that substantial gains by the magazine, the National Associates, and the Smithsonian Institution Press largely offset higher administrative and program expenses and a substantial deficit in the Division of Performing Arts. 26 / Smithsonian Year 1982 The Treasurer added that House and Senate mark-ups of the Institution's fiscal year 1983 appropriation request were not antici- pated until late in September, and it would appear the Institution would again be required to operate under a continuing resolution for a portion of the new fiscal year. Net income from Unrestricted General Trust Funds is expected to total $12,237,000 in fiscal year 1983, an increase of $720,000, due primarily to improved perfor- mance in certain of the auxiliary activities and holding program growth and administrative costs to a minimum. The Regents ap- proved this budget, reauthorizing the Collections Acquisition, Scholarly Studies, and Educational Outreach programs for a sec- ond five-year period at an annual level of $2.2 million, an increase of $200,000 above the previous funding level. This increase will allow some expansion for research and education outreach projects and will expand the Collections Acquisition Program to include the Cooper-Hewitt Museum. The Regents reviewed and approved for submission to the Office of Management and Budget a request for federal appropriations totaling $178,653,000 for fiscal year 1984. The Secretary added that, with the approval of the Chairman of the Executive Committee, the Institution signed a contract for the sale of the Belmont Conference Center and 82 surrounding acres to the American Chemical Society. The Regents' Investment Policy Committee reported that the market value of the Smithsonian Endowment Funds, paralleling substantial gains in the stock market, increased from $77.4 million at the end of June to just under $85 million as of the beginning of September. Over the last four years and two months, there has been an annual compounded rate of return of 13.3 percent, some two percentage points ahead of the major market indices and well ahead of the annual inflation rate of approximately 10 percent. The Secretary reported on the completion of the intermediate working plans for the Quadrangle, noting that final plans are ex- pected to be completed by November 15. A request for bids will be issued in early January. To save about three months and approxi- mately $1.5 million in escalation costs, separate design and bid packages are being prepared for solicitation — as soon as receipt of a construction appropriation is assured — for constructing a perim- eter fence, removing existing landscape materials, and relocating utility lines. On September 14 the Commission on Fine Arts gave Statement by the Secretary I 11 general approval to the building plans but asked for further study of landscaping details. The National Capital Planning Commission will review the project in October. The Secretary added that, in accordance with the Regents' earlier approval, he signed an agreement with Dr. Sackler providing for a pledge of $4 million toward construction of the Quadrangle; a donation of nearly 1,000 works of Oriental art valued at well over $50 million and selected by the director of the Freer Gallery; a provision that the director of the Freer be also the director of the western portion of the Quadrangle interconnecting with the Freer, such portion to be known as the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery; and that the director be assisted by an assistant director whose prin- cipal duty would be day-to-day management of the gallery; a mutual commitment to continue a program of scholarly publica- tion based on the collection, conducted at the donor's expense; and an understanding that the donor's commitments are contingent upon the Smithsonian obtaining $36.5 million in federal funds for construction costs by July 1983. Mr. Ripley stated that as of July 31, 1982, a total of $27.4 mil- lion had been raised or committed toward the fund-raising goal of $37.5 million. The sequential fund-raising technique recommended by Brakeley, John Price Jones, Inc., is being utilized, concentrating first on commitments from prospects with substantial gift potential and those with close associations with the Smithsonian. Members of the National Board of Smithsonian Associates have given or pledged $1.4 million, and that total is expected to reach $2 million. Members of that board have also assumed active roles in fund- raising among corporations, foundations, and other individuals, and have been helping to organize regional functions at which the Secretary will present the concepts and plans for the Quadrangle to local leadership. A broad general appeal will be directed to Smithsonian Associates through Smithsonian magazine in 1983. Solicitation of foreign gifts continues in the Middle East and South- east Asia and among businesses with interests in African nations. Mr. Brakeley stated that the campaign is going very well and he is confident that the required funds will be raised on schedule. The Quadrangle authorizing legislation, signed June 24, 1982, stipulated that no funds appropriated for construction shall be ob- ligated or expended until the Regents have available from non- 28 / Smithsonian Year 1982 a Fred Whipple (center), former director, sao, was honored May 7, 1982, with the naming of the Smithsonian research facility on Mt. Hopkins, Arizona, "The Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory." Assistant Secretary for Science David Challinor (right) and George B. Field, current director of sao, presided over the unveiling of a commemorative plaque. Below are shown the new alligator and crocodile exhibition areas of the National Zoo's recently renovated reptile and amphibian house. i 1 3 u - ■L" -■ — \ - , federal sources a sum which, when combined with the appropriated funds, is sufficient for the construction. Assuming approval of this appropriation (the House included it in the continuing resolution for fiscal year 1983), the Board of Regents needed to certify the availability of the nonfederal sources before any construction ap- priation could be obligated. Given the success of efforts to date, the strength of future prospects, and the existence of trust funds in the event insufficient funds are raised, the Regents voted to express gratitude to the Congress and the President for the authorization of the Quadrangle project and the anticipated implementing appro- priation; to affirm full confidence in the ability of the Institution to secure from nonfederal sources remaining funds to total $37.5 million towards the Quadrangle project; to pledge that unrestricted trust funds of the Institution will be directed to the project to the extent necessary to guarantee its commitment of $37.5 million of nonfederal funds; and to certify therefore that, with an appropria- tion as requested, total project funds of $75 million are available, and construction may commence. Subsequent to the meeting, the Regents' resolution was communicated to the chairmen of the Smithsonian's authorizing and appropriations committees in the Congress. The Secretary highlighted a report on the construction of the Museum Support Center, then more than 90 percent complete, ahead of schedule, and within budget. Favorable bids were received for supplying the storage equipment for '"wet" collections, while specifications continue to be developed for other kinds of storage equipment (to be bid in January 1983). In recognition of Mr. Warren Robbins's service to the Smith- sonian and to the nation in founding the National Museum of African Art and overseeing its development from a small private venture to its present status, the Regents voted to award him the Henry Medal. The Regents also voted to appoint to the Commis- sion of the National Museum of African Art, effective January 1, 1983, Frank Moss, Frances Humphrey Howard, Roy Sieber, David Driskell, and Robert Nooter for a term of three years; Walter Washington, Richard Long, John Loughran, Susan Samuels, and Robert Thompson for a term of two years; and Franklin Williams, Lee Bronson, John Duncan, Michael Sonnenreich, and Sylvia Boone for a term of one year. 30 / Smithsonian Year 1982 It was noted that in response to the Acting Secretary's letter of June 15, the Regents had unanimously voted to concur in the pro- posed agreement for the purchase of Gilbert Stuart's "Edgehill" portrait of Thomas Jefferson. The Secretary added that the acquisi- tion has proceeded as outlined, and this unique portrait is now shared by the National Portrait Gallery and Monticello at a cost of $500,000 to each. Display of the portrait will alternate between the two every three years. The Secretary also reported that Julian T. Euell, Assistant Secre- tary for Public Service since 1973, will be leaving to become direc- tor of the Oakland Museum, October 1, and the Secretary added he will be reorganizing some aspects of the Public Service func- tions at that time. The traditional dinner was held on Sunday evening, Septem- ber 19, at the National Zoo in the Reptile House, following cock- tails in the Ape House. After dinner the Secretary greeted the Regents and guests and introduced the new Regent, Miss Hanks. He also paid tribute to the departing Assistant Secretary for Public Service, Julian T. Euell. He went on to honor the generous sup- porters of the Quadrangle, particularly Dr. Arthur M. Sackler, and spoke briefly about his aspirations for this significant addition to the Smithsonian's museums. Statement by the Secretary I 31 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION OPERATING FUNDS Fiscal Years 1970, 197s, and 1980-1982 (In $l,000,000's) FUNDS PROVIDED ':■"■••' Auxiliary and Bureau Activities Expenses Net Unrestricted [_ Trust Restricted J Funds Nonappropriated — Trust Funds (Gross Revenues) Federal Grants and Contracts Federal Appropriations 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 To Plant and Endowment. 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 Smithsonian Institution • 1982 FINANCIAL REPORT CHRISTIAN C. HOHENLOHE, TREASURER Summary: In fiscal year 1982, the overall financial resources pro- vided to the Smithsonian permitted maintenance of its extensive programs in exhibits and research, in public education and out- reach. During this time of financial uncertainty, the continued strong support from Congress, from donors, from granting agen- cies, and from revenue-generating auxiliary activities made possible the progress and important accomplishments noted elsewhere in this report. The bar chart on the facing page summarizes the funds provided to the Smithsonian from a wide variety of sources, as well as the application of these moneys for an equally diverse range of programs. Evident from this chart is the growth of the operating budget in 1982 over prior years; as in the most recent years, how- ever, this growth related less to program expansion than to the ever higher costs of salaries, supplies, utilities, and collection pur- chases. While some enhancements were possible, notably for the new Museum Support Center and for the collection inventory pro- cess, the year was characterized by fiscal restraint, self-assessment, and cost-reduction efforts. Due to partial hiring freezes and budget constraints, the full-time staff of the Smithsonian was kept to a level below that of last year. While not unaffected by the government budget restrictions of this fiscal year, the Institution was nevertheless allowed a federal appropriation sufficient to sustain ongoing operations. After de- tailed and understanding review by the Congress, total federal ap- propriations of some $145 million were passed, including $131 mil- lion for operations; it is this appropriation which provides the In- stitution's base resources for research, education, and exhibition 33 programs, for study and care of the national collections, and for administrative and support services. Of signal importance to the Institution was a planning appropriation of $1 million in support of the Quadrangle, the center more fully described by the Secre- tary in his Statement; this commitment of federal funds to a proj- ect whose costs will be met from matched federal and nonfederal funds was most welcome. (Subsequently, on October 2, 1982, the remaining funds of $36.5 million were voted and signed by the President for fiscal year 1983.) Also important to the Institution in fulfilling its public duties was the annual appropriation for the nec- essary, but less inspiring, task of repairing and maintaining the large and diverse physical plant. Significant funding was also re- ceived from federal agencies in the form of grants and contracts, primarily for scientific research. In addition to the core support provided by the federal appro- priations, the Institution is also dependent on nonappropriated trust funds to enrich its programs and expand their reach. Strong public acceptance of the Institution's services continued during the year, with tangible financial return from the Smithsonian Asso- ciates programs and other auxiliary activities, as well as generous gifts and grants from individuals, foundations, and corporations. While net revenues from nonappropriated sources, after deduction of the operating expenses and sales costs of auxiliary activities, were lower than in fiscal year 1981, ongoing program commitments were met, and, as budgeted, transfers were made of $2 million to unrestricted endowment and $1 million toward Quadrangle con- struction reserve. Together with the transfers of prior years as well as favorable investment return, the unrestricted endowment of the Institution now totals some $37 million; continued addition to this fund remains a high priority of the Institution. Significant progress was made during the year in securing finan- cial support for the Quadrangle. As outlined more fully below, gifts and commitments to this project from outside sources as well as the Institution's own resources now total almost three-quarters of the nonfederal funds of $37.5 million needed for construction. Fund-raising efforts for this major project are actively underway. 34 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Table 1. Financial Summary (In $l,000's) FY 1980 FY 1981 FY 1982 INSTITUTIONAL OPERATING FUNDS FUNDS PROVIDED: Federal Appropriations — Salaries & Expenses $107,764 $122,478 $131,170 Federal Agency Grants & Contracts 12,947 14,172 13,217 Nonappropriated Trust Funds: For Restricted Purposes 5,339 6,378 6,821 For Unrestricted & Special Purposes: Auxiliary & Bureau Activities Revenues — Gross 75,150 88,381 97,350 Less Related Expenses (65,933) (75,924) (88,596) Auxiliary & Bureau Activities Net Revenue 9,217 12,457 8,754 Investment, Gift, and Other Income 3,825 4,887 4,808 Total Net Unrestricted & Special Purpose Revenue . . 13,042 17,344 13,562 Total Nonappropriated Trust Funds*— Gross 84,314 99,646 108,979 —Net 18,381 23,722 20,383 Total Operating Funds Provided — Gross 205,025 236,296 253,366 —Net $139,092 $160,372 $164,770 FUNDS APPLIED: Science $ 57,907 $ 62,703 $ 64,837 Less SAO Overhead Recovery (2,196) (2,470) (2,487) History & Art 26,224 25,614 26,762 Public Service 3,129 3,421 3,782 Museum Programs 8,974 8,084 8,539 Special Programs 3,204 7,284 9,533 Associates and Business Management 345 312 543 Administration— Federal** 8,048 8,782 9,719 —Nonappropriated Trust Funds 4,937 5,740 5,733 Less Smithsonian Overhead Recovery (4,379) (5,014) (5,338) Facilities Services 30,630 36,501 39,327 Total Operating Funds Applied 136,823 150,957 160,950 Transfers (Nonappropriated Trust Funds) Unrestricted Funds— To Plant 1,342 2,550 1,064 —To Endowments 2,031 2,550 2,259 Restricted Funds— To Endowments 757 108 318 Total Operating Funds Applied & Transferred Out $140,953 $156,165 $164,591*" CHANGES IN NONAPPROPRIATED TRUST FUND BALANCES: Restricted Purpose (Incl. Fed. Agency Gr. & Contracts) . . $ (225) $ 1,276 $ (45) Unrestricted — General Purpose 36 42 5 —Special Purpose (1,672) 2,704 404 Total $ (1,861) $ 4,022 $ 364 YEAR-END BALANCES— NONAPPROPRIATED TRUST FUNDS: Restricted Purpose $ 4,675 $ 5,951 $ 5,906 Unrestricted — General Purpose 5,001 5,043 5,048 —Special Purpose 9,895 12,599 13,003 Total $ 19,571 $ 23,593 $ 23,957 OTHER FEDERAL APPROPRIATIONS Special Foreign Currency Program $ 4,200 $ 3,650 $ 4,320 Construction 32,100 15,829 9,744 Total Federal Appropriations (Incl. S&E above) $144,064 $141,957 $145,234 *Figures do not include gifts and other income directly to Plant and Endowment Funds: FY 1980— $1,211,000; FY 1981-$2,696,000; FY 1982-$2,197,000. **Includes unobligated funds returned to Treasury: FY 1980— $267,000; FY 1981-$64,000; FY 1982- $124,000. **Includes $185,000 available for FDR Centennial carried forward from FY 1981. Operating Funds — Sources and Application Growth in the overall operating budget of the Institution contin- ued, but at a slightly slower pace than experienced in previous years. Total gross operating funds, as shown in Table 1, increased by over $17 million, or 7 percent, from $236,296,000 in fiscal year 1981 to $253,366,000 in fiscal year 1982. These funds were derived from three major sources: 52 percent from federal appropriations, 43 percent from nonappropriated sources, and 5 percent from fed- eral agency grants and contracts. After deducting expenses of the nonappropriated auxiliary and bureau activities, net operating income grew by only $4.4 million, approximately 3 percent, and was derived 80 percent from federal appropriations, 12 percent from nonappropriated sources, and 8 percent from federal agency grants and contracts. Application of these funds by all Smithsonian bureaux is outlined in Table 2, with further supporting detail in succeeding tables. FEDERAL APPROPRIATION The federal appropriation for the core operating programs of the Institution totaled $131,170,000 in fiscal year 1982. The increase of $8.7 million, or 7 percent, over fiscal year 1981 was approxi- mately equivalent to increased costs resulting from inflation in such areas as pay, utilities, rent, and other objects of expense. The appropriation included specific increases for these inflationary costs as well as for such high-priority programs as the inventory of col- lections and equipping of the Museum Support Center. These were, however, partially offset by an across-the-board reduction to all Smithsonian programs, part of a government-wide cutback aimed at reducing the nation's overall budget deficit. In order to prevent major disruption to ongoing programs and public activities, a series of financial actions were taken. Additional control on hiring, travel, and all nonessential purchases and contracts was instituted. Based on a comprehensive management review of all Smithsonian pro- grams, certain activities were curtailed or deferred, including elim- ination of spring and summer evening visiting hours in all mu- seums except the National Air and Space Museum and the Na- tional Zoological Park. Following regulations set forth by congres- sional committees, funds were reprogrammed among bureaux to 36 / Smithsonian Year 1982 meet priority needs. These actions enabled the Institution to com- plete the year with a minimum of disruption. FEDERAL AGENCY GRANTS AND CONTRACTS Grants and contracts from federal agencies totaled $13,217,000, approximately 7 percent less than received in the previous year. This support not only contributed substantially to research and educational projects being conducted by Smithsonian personnel, but also benefited the granting agencies by providing access to specific expertise and resources maintained at the Institution. As illustrated in Table 3, the majority of these funds, over $9 million, were provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administra- tion to continue work at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observa- tory in satellite tracking, maser design and construction, and stud- ies of the upper atmosphere and stellar magnetic fields. Support from the Defense Department, the National Science Foundation, and other government agencies provided an additional $4 million — primarily to science activities — for a broad spectrum of projects, including dating Antarctic ice sheets, enhancement of a volcano data file, a tumor registry program, coral-reef research, sorting and study of polar marine specimens, a medical entomology project, and the Smithsonian's annual Festival of American Folklife. NONAPPROPRIATED TRUST FUNDS In fiscal year 1982, nonappropriated trust fund revenues to the Institution from gifts and grants, endowment fund and current in- vestments, and revenue-producing activities totaled $108,979,000, an increase of $9,333,000, or 9 percent, over fiscal year 1981. After deduction of expenses incurred by the bureau and auxiliary activi- ties, however, net income declined by $3,339,000 to a total of $20,383,000. As displayed in Table 2, these revenues provided support for programs of virtually every bureau of the Institution. Restricted fund income to the Institution totaled $6,821,000 for the year, of which $3,154,000 was derived from gifts and grants; $2,886,000 from restricted purpose endowment investment income and interest paid on fund balances of restricted purpose funds; and $781,000 from other sources, including primarily fund-raising ac- tivities of the Archives of American Art and Cooper-Hewitt Mu- seum and the sales desk at the Freer Gallery of Art. Available only Financial Report I 37 Table 2. Source and Application of Operating Funds Year Ended September 30, 1982 (Excludes Special Foreign Currency Funds, Plant Funds and Endowments) (In $l,000's) Nonfederal Funds Unrestricted Funds Fed- eral funds Total non- federal funds Gen- eral Aux- iliary activ- ities Spe- cial pur- pose Restricted Grants and Gen- con- eral tracts FUND BALANCES 10/1/81 . . $ 185* $ 23,593 $ 5,043 $ — $12,599 $ 5,546 $ 405 FUNDS PROVIDED Federal Appropriations 131,170 — — — — — — Investment Income — 6,526 2,921 — 719 2,886 — Grants and Contracts — 13,217 — — — — 13,217 Gifts — 5,234 18 1,757 305 3,154 — Sales and Revenue — 95,593 — 92,668 2,925 — — Other — 1,626 83 — 762 781 — Total Provided 131,170 122,196 3,022 94,425 4,711 6,821 13,217 Total Available $131,355 $145,789 $ 8,065 $94,425 $17,310 $12,367 $13,622 FUNDS APPLIED Science: Assistant Secretary Natl. Mus. of Nat. History Astrophysical Observatory Less Overhead Recovery Tropical Research Inst. . . Radiation Biology Lab. . . Natl. Air & Space Museum Chesapeake Bay Center . . Natl. Zoological Park .... Center for Study of Man Total Science . . . History and Art: Assistant Secretary Natl. Mus. Am. History Natl. Mus. American Art . . . Natl. Portrait Gallery Hirshhorn Museum Freer Gallery of Art Archives of American Art . . Cooper-Hewitt Museum Natl. Mus. of African Art . . . Total History and Art 333 $ 412 $ 90 16,555 3,640 59 5,694 13,896 2,517 — (2,487) (2,487) 2,923 305 78 1,961 199 — 6,386 2,173 8 911 599 58 9,271 429 18 618 68 1 5 502 657 146 87 1,993 119 77 129 $ 188 1,810 1,269 171 10,551 81 27 64 72 37 67 85 108 350 297 44,652 19,234 342 3,586 2,458 12,848 533 115 96 — 20 — (1) 8,261 719 97 — 244 378 — 3,850 526 36 — 284 142 64 2,799 800 23 — 549 228 — 2,563 223 12 — 113 98 — 835 1,594 9 — 203 1,382 — 626 626 3 — 18 605 — 733 1,543 365 — 787 337 54 760 206 76 — 21 109 — 20,960 6,352 717 — 2,239 3,279 117 Table 2. Source and Application of Operating Funds — continued Year Ended September 30, 1982 (Excludes Special Foreign Currency Funds, Plant Funds and Endowments) (In $l,000's) N onfederal Funds Total Un restricted Restricted Aux- Spe- Grants Fed- non- iliary cial and eral federal Gen- activ- pur- Gen- con- Funds funds funds eral ities pose eral tracts Public Service: 218 1 1 — — — — 45 463 459 — 4 — — 62 654 278 — 157 219 — 671 44 24 — 17 3 — 215 449 8,359 — 8,265 75 19 — 886 6,640 16,161 — 6,640 — — — Total Public Service . . . 2,546 762 14,905 253 241 — Museum Programs: 748 121 17 — 62 23 19 132 Conserv. Analytical Lab 822 3,212 246 229 — 1 16 — 1,407 (1) (1) Traveling Exhib. Service 279 1,565 — 1,167 48 238 112 453 735 42 42 " — Total Museum Programs 7,738 1,973 288 1,167 110 277 131 Special Programs: Am. Studies & Folklife Pgm. . . 619 908 513 — 39 32 324 Intl. Environ. Science Pgm. . . . 526 Academic & Educational Pgm. 531 992 167 — 693 117 15 Collections Mgt. /Inventory . . . 733 Major Exhibition Program . . . 718 Museum Support Center 4,510 1 680 499 — 1 — — Total Special Programs. 7,637 1,901 48,668 733 149 339 — 49,226 24 35 — Business Management — 21,579 — 21,579 — — — Administration 9,595 5,828 5,513 94 91 130 — Less Overhead Recovery . . . (5,338) (5,338) — — Facilities Services 38,053 1,275 1,218 55 2 — Transfers Out/ (In): 124** Coll. Acq., Schol. St., Outreach — — 2,000 — (2,000) — — — — (7,632) 7,632 — — — Other Designated Purposes . . . — — 947 380 (1,086) (241) — Plant — 1,064 1,000 — 64 — — Endowment — 2,577 2,021 3,641 (1,664) 121,832 $ 3,017 ! — 238 318 — 124 8,012 ^94,425 (2,784) 77 — Total Funds Applied . . $131,355 $ $ 4,307 ! $ 6,648 $13,435 FUND BALANCES 9/30/82 . . $ — $ 23,957 $ 5,048 : * — $13,003 $ 5,719 $ 187 *Funds available for FDR Centennial through FY 1982. ^Unobligated funds returned to Treasury. Table 3. Grants and Contracts — Expenditures (In $l,000's) Federal Agencies FY 1980 FY 1981 FY 2982 Department of Commerce $ 89 $ 210 $ 174 Department of Defense 1,078 703 1,001 Department of Energy 340 407 448 Department of Health and Human Services . . . 280 283 325 Department of Interior 197 244 268 National Aeronautics and Space Administration* 9,832 10,663 9,303 National Science Foundation** 651 784 1,079 Other 415 574 837 Total $12,882 $13,868 $13,435 ♦Includes $554 (FY 1980), $813 (FY 1981) and $264 (FY 1982) in subcontracts from other organizations receiving prime contract funding from NASA. **Includes $112 (FY 1980), $208 (FY 1981) and $230 (FY 1982) in NSF subcontracts from the Chesapeake Research Consortium. for specified purposes, restricted funds provided substantial sup- port for a wide variety of research, exhibitions, publications, and educational activities, and served as the major funding source for the Freer Gallery of Art and the Smithsonian Marine Station at Link Port (formerly the Fort Pierce Bureau). A particularly signifi- cant contribution was received by the Office of Museum Programs in fiscal year 1982 in the form of a three-year grant of $1.1 million from the Kellogg Foundation. This grant will be used to fund a series of fellowships, colloquia, workshops, and videotapes de- signed to strengthen the education role of America's museums. Revenues to Unrestricted Special Purpose funds during the year totaled $4.7 million. Bureau activities, such as the National Air and Space Museum Theater and the membership programs of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, generated revenues of $2,925,000, while gifts, interest earned on the investment of bureau fund balances, zoo parking revenues, and other miscellaneous income accounted for an additional $1,786,000. Also included in this fund category are allocations for the Collections Acquisition, Scholarly Studies, and Educational Outreach programs, for pre- and postdoctoral fel- lowship awards, and for revenue-sharing to bureaux housing cen- 40 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Table 4. Restricted Operating Trust Funds* Fiscal Years 1980-1982 (In $l,000's) Item Invest- ment Gifts Misc. Net Fund Trans- in- bal- Total fers crease ance rev- Deduc- in (de- end of enue tions (out) crease) year FY 1980 — Total $2,349 $2,257 FY 1981— Total $2,591 $2,978 FY 1982: National Museum of Natural History $ 973 $ 337 Astrophysical Observatory 57 51 Tropical Research Institute 24 49 National Air and Space Museum 61 24 Chesapeake Bay Center . 3 — Other Science 230 197 National Museum of American History 77 330 National Museum of American Art 69 51 National Portrait Gallery. 30 124 Hirshhorn Museum 67 355 Freer Gallery of Art .... 972 50 Archives of American Art 28 314 Cooper-Hewitt Museum . 66 180 Traveling Exhibition Service 24 235 Office of Museum Programs 19 331 All Other 186 526 Total FY 1982 $2,886 $3,154 $ 733 $5,339 $4,856 $ (773) $ (290) $4,574 $ 809 $6,378 $5,295 $ (111) $ 972 $5,546 4 $1,314 $1,810 $ (9) $ (505) $ 876 10 118 171 8 (45) (25) — 73 81 — (8) 57 85 64 21 111 — 3 72 — (69) 13 — 427 260 (95) 72 610 — 407 378 — 29 — 259 238 — 21 487 7 127 142 (15) 326 1 155 228 - (73) 160 — 422 98 — 324 604 485 1,507 1,382 — 125 935 90 432 605 - (173) 98 128 374 337 — 37 350 175 56 350 768 12 — 338 693 19 94 346 596 $ 781 $6,821 $6,571 $ (77) $ 173 $5,719 fDoes not include Federal Agency Grants and Contracts. Financial Report I 41 Table 5. Unrestricted Special Purpose Funds Fiscal Years 1980-1982 (In $l,000's) Revenue Deductions Gifts Bu- Net Fund Bu- and Pro- reau in- bal- reau other Total Trans- gram activ- crease ance Invest- activ- rev- rev- fers in ex- ity ex- (de- end of Item ment ities enue enue (out) pense pense crease) year FY 1980 $430 $2,049 $ 771 $3,250 $4,252 $7,361 $1,813 $ (1,672) $ 9,895 FY 1981 $589 $3,333 $1,105 $5,027 $4,766 $4,844 $2,245 $ 2,704 $12,599 FY 1982: National Museum of Natural History $ 42 $ 4 $ 32 $ 78 $ 475 $ 501 $ 1 $ 51 $ 387 Astrophysical Observatory . 6 118 73 197 523 514 143 63 597 Tropical Research Institute — — 3 3 134 141 5 (9) 81 National Air and Space Museum 336 2,003 31 2,370 (179) 633 1,360 198 3,036 Chesapeake Bay Center 2 35 11 48 80 92 27 9 34 National Zoo- logical Park 186 — 206 392 8 77 — 323 1,618 Other Science 39 — 3 42 137 92 — 87 233 National Museum of American History 23 13 80 116 132 235 9 4 277 National Museum of American Art 14 6 97 117 140 279 5 (27) 170 National Portrait Gallery 7 9 30 46 511 547 2 8 70 Hirshhorn Museum 18 — 44 62 39 113 — (12) 137 Cooper-Hewitt Museum — 590 78 668 5 273 514 (114) (81) National Museum of African Art — 13 3 16 146 1 20 141 143 Liability Reserves — — — — — — — — 3,330 Unallocated Coll. Acq., Schol. Studies, and Outreach — — — — (197) — — (197) 73 Fellowships — — — — 822 668 — 154 627 Museum Support Center Equip.. _____ i _ (1) 749 All Other 46 134 376 556 8 741 97 (274) 1,522 Total FY 1982 $719 $2,925 $1,067 $4,711 $2,784 $4,908 $2,183 $ 404 $13,003 trally managed shop and concession activities. As specified by the Bylaws of the Regents, transfers were made to endowment of otherwise unrestricted bequests received during the year. Unrestricted General Purpose fund revenue is derived primarily from investment income and net revenues of the auxiliary activi- ties. After deduction of auxiliary activity expenses, net general unrestricted funds provided some $11 million for general Institu- tional purposes, a decrease of approximately $3.5 million, or 24 percent, from the previous year (see Table 6). Several factors have contributed to this reduction in income, including lower postal subsidies to nonprofit organizations, lower museum visitation, limiting of summer evening hours to the Na- tional Zoological Park and the National Air and Space Museum, and higher expenses, particularly as related to the recording pro- gram of the Division of Performing Arts. Unanticipated costs of promotion and record production combined with an unfortunately high rate of bad debts and inventory adjustments resulted in a net loss to this activity of more than $2.5 million. Of net revenues generated by the auxiliary activities, some $8.1 million was from the Associates programs. The Smithsonian magazine was respon- sible for the majority of this income, continuing its success of pre- vious years. Sizable surpluses totaling over $1.5 million were also generated by the Museum Shops, the Mail Order Division, and the Smithsonian Institution Press, which in fiscal year 1982 was re- organized to include the publishing activities of the Smithsonian Exposition Books. Income generated by concessions, parking, and food services provided an additional $1.5 million, which was some- what below last year's results, due primarily to lower visitation and the costs of converting two concessionaire-managed food fa- cilities (at the National Air and Space Museum and the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden) to Smithsonian-run operations. Notwithstanding the decline in unrestricted general purpose rev- enues, continued support was provided a wide range of administra- tive and programmatic activities, including major operating sup- port for the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, the Office of Telecommuni- cations, Office of Folklife Programs, and the Visitor Information and Reception Center. Special allotments were also made for fund- raising efforts related to the Quadrangle construction, for the coop- erative education and other programs initiated in fiscal year 1981 Financial Report I 43 Table 6. Unrestricted Trust Funds — General and Auxiliary Activities Fiscal Years 1980-1982 (In $l,000's) Item FY 1980 FY 1981 FY 1982 FUNDS PROVIDED General Income: Investments $ 2,470 $ 3,123 $ 2,921 Gifts 14 15 18 Miscellaneous 140 55 83 Total General Income 2,624 3,193 3,022 Auxiliary Activities Income (Net) : Associates 6,113 8,691 8,126 Business Management —Museum Shops 1,022 631 856 — Concessions, Parking and Food Services . . 1,938 1,978 1,513 —Other (191) (251) (322) Performing Arts (75) (186) (2,544) Smithsonian Press* 557 767 670 Traveling Exhibitions (268) (226) (298) Photo Services (115) (35) 11 Total Auxiliary Activities 8,981 11,369 8,012 Total Funds Provided (Net) 11,605 14,562 11,034 EXPENDITURES AND TRANSFERS Administrative and Program Expense 10,535 12,141 12,505 Less Administrative Recovery 6,575 7,484 7,825 Net Expense 3,960 4,657 4,680 Less Transfers: To Special Purpose for Program Purposes . . . 4,307 4,816 3,328 To Plant Funds 1,281 2,526 1,000 To Endowment Funds 2,021 2,521 2,021 NET ADDITION TO FUND BALANCE 36 42 5_ ENDING FUND BALANCE $ 5,001 $ 5,043 $ 5,048 *Includes Smithsonian Exposition Books which was combined with the Smithsonian Institution Press in FY 1982. to strengthen affirmative-action efforts, for equipment and publica- tion costs, as well as for events related to the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Centennial and the bicentennial celebration of the Battle of Yorktown. Transfers to special purpose funds, which totaled $3,328,000, provided support, as mentioned earlier, for a variety of acquisition, 44 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Table 7. Auxiliary Activities Fiscal Years 1980-1982 (In $l,000's) Sales and Less Net other cost Cross reve- rev- of rev- Ex- nue**** Activity enue Gifts sales enue penses (loss) FY 1980 $72,203 $ 898 $41,569 $31,532 $22,551 $ 8,981 FY 1981 $83,719 $1,329 $45,866 $39,182 $27,813 $11,369 FY 1982: Associates $55,037 $1,757 $38,293 $18,501 $10,375 $ 8,126 Business Management: —Museum Shops* 18,330 — 11,449 6,881 6,025 856 — Concessions/Parking/ Food Services 4,933 — 1,076 3,857 2,344 1,513 —Other** 363 — — 363 685 (322) Performing Arts 5,721 — 2,618 3,103 5,647 (2,544) Smithsonian Press*** . . . 7,310 — 2,321 4,989 4,319 670 Traveling Exhibitions . . . 869 — 398 471 769 (298) Photo Services (Administration) 105 — 11 94 83 11 Total FY 1982 . . . $92,668 $1,757 $56,166 $38,259 $30,247 $ 8,012 *Includes Museum Shops and Mail Order. **Includes Business Management Office and Belmont. ***Includes Smithsonian Exposition Books, which was combined with the Smithsonian Institution Press in FY 1982. ****Before revenue-sharing transfers to participating Smithsonian bureaux of $381,000 (FY 1980); $390,000 (FY 1981); and $380,000 (FY 1982). education, research, and outreach projects. These allocations al- lowed the purchase of significant works including a major collec- tion of West African textiles, a portrait of Thomas Jefferson painted by Gilbert Stuart, and two seventeenth-century Chinese scroll paintings by Tao-chi. The funds permitted extension of the Institution's outreach through special lectures and concerts, radio features on Smithsonian activities, and programs for the elderly and institutionalized, and also furthered research in such diverse areas as the ecological impact of the Africanized honeybees in Cen- tral America, the behavioral ecology of reef sharks, and the devel- opment of an oral history on the origins of modern astronomy and Financial Report I 45 astrophysics. An additional amount of $1 million was transferred to plant funds for Quadrangle development, and $2,021,000 to un- restricted endowment principal to ensure income for future needs. Special Foreign Currency Program Foreign currencies accumulated from sales of surplus agricultural commodities under Public Law 83-480, determined by the Treasury Department to be in excess of the normal needs of the United States, are made available to the Smithsonian through the Special Foreign Currency Program. An appropriation of excess foreign cur- rencies equivalent to $4,320,000 was received under this program in fiscal year 1982. Some $3.4 million was used to continue a pro- gram of grants to United States institutions for field research and advanced professional training in the countries of Burma, India, and Pakistan. Fields of study focused on areas of traditional Smithsonian competence, including archaeology and related disci- plines, systematic and environmental biology, astrophysics and earth sciences, and museum programs. The balance of funds ap- propriated— $960,000 — was provided for the international effort to preserve the monumental site of Moenjodaro in Pakistan. This ap- propriation represented the first increment of a total of $4 million equivalent in nonconvertible Pakistani currency expected to be Table 8. Special Foreign Currency Program Fiscal Year 1982 — Obligations (In $l,000's) Country Archae- ology System- atic and environ- mental biology Astro- physics and earth sciences Mm- seum pro- grams Grant admin- istra- tion Total Burma $ 15 2,772 968 $ 2 70 374 $ — 64 $ — 236 $ — 66 $ 17 3,208 1,342 Total $3,755 $ 446 $ 64 $ 236 $ 66 $4,567 46 / Smithsonian Year 1982 sought by the Institution as the United States' contribution toward the project. Obligations during the fiscal year by research discipline and country are provided in Table 8. Construction Funding provided for construction and renovation projects at the Institution totaled $12,962,000 in fiscal year 1982, as shown in Table 9. Of this amount, $9,744,000 was from federal appropria- tions, and $3,218,000 was from nonappropriated trust funds. An appropriation of $7,680,000 was provided for major repairs, renovation, and building improvements to Smithsonian facilities, with a further $1,104,000 designated specifically for buildings and exhibits of the National Zoological Park. Projects supported by these appropriations included maintenance of building exteriors, particularly of the Arts and Industries Building and the Renwick Gallery; renovations to protect the safety, security, and health of the public, staff, and collections; elimination of architectural bar- riers to assure accessibility for disabled persons; energy conserva- tion efforts; and programmatic modifications to outlying research and animal preservation facilities. An additional $960,000 was provided for Quadrangle develop- ment planning, marking the first federal appropriation for this project for which planning has been underway since 1978 with support from unrestricted trust funds. The Quadrangle represents a special partnership of federal and nonfederal funding; of the anticipated total construction cost of $75 million, one-half will be provided from federal appropriations and one-half from nonappro- priated sources. As of the end of the fiscal year, gifts for the Quadrangle, transfers from unrestricted trust funds, and earned interest totaled some $9,656,000; together with additional com- mitments from outside sources, anticipated revenues from the sale of real estate, and planned unrestricted trust fund transfers in the future, over $27.6 million of the $37.5 million has been raised. In recognition of the success of fund-raising efforts and of the Insti- tution's commitment to the project, a construction appropriation of $36.5 million was passed in October 1982, and construction will commence early in 1983. Financial Report I 47 Table 9. Construction and Plant Funds Fiscal Years 1980-1982 (In $l,000's) Sources FY 1980 FY 1981 FY 1982 FUNDS PROVIDED Federal Appropriations: National Zoological Park $ 6,250 $ 3,290 $ 1,104 Restoration & Renovation of Buildings 5,250 7,539 7,680 Museum Support Center 20,600* 5,000 — Quadrangle — — 960 Total Federal Appropriations 32,100 15,829 9,744 Nonappropriated Trust Funds: Income — Gift and Other Special Exhibits Gallery — 307 1 Cooper-Hewitt Museum 104 175 31 American Art & Portrait Gallery Bldg — — 183 Quadrangle 1,051 2,115 1,650 Smithsonian Institution Bldg. South Entrance — — 64 Bequest of Real Estate — — 225 Horticulture Greenhouse — 11 — Total Income 1,155 2,608 2,154 Transfers from Current Funds : Chesapeake Bay Center 39 300 — Tropical Research Institute — 26 — Museum Support Center — 750 — National Museum of African Art 22 24 24 Quadrangle 1,040 1,340 1,040 East Garden 241 110 — Total Transfers 1,342 2,550 1,064 Total Funds Provided $34,597 $20,987 $12,962 *Obligation authority of $19 million deferred until FY 1981 on instructions from Office of Management and Budget. Other nonappropriated fund receipts included a gift for renova- tion of the south entrance to the Smithsonian Institution Building, a settlement for damages to the American Art and Portrait Gallery building that were done during Metro subway construction, a bequest of real estate which was subsequently transferred to the endowment funds, and interest paid on unexpended fund balances. Funds also were transferred for mortgage payments on property occupied by the National Museum of African Art. 48 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Table 10. Endowment and Similar Funds September 30, 1982 Book value Market value ASSETS Pooled Consolidated Endowment Funds: Cash and Equivalents $ 8,919,165 $ 8,919,165 Bonds 13,341,192 14,451,431 Convertible Bonds 814,000 900,000 Stocks 59,806,844 64,587,546 Total Pooled Funds 82,881,201 88,858,142 Nonpooled Endowment Funds: Notes Receivable 100,020 100,020 Loan to U.S. Treasury in Perpetuity 1,000,000 1,000,000 Bonds 39,769 39,700 Common Stocks 1,999 8,100 Land 225,000 225,000 Total Nonpooled Funds 1,366,788 1,372,820 Total Endowment and Similar Fund Balances .... $84,247,989 $90,230,962 FUND BALANCES Unrestricted Purpose: True Endowment $ 3,023,414 $ 3,781,557 Quasi Endowment 32,742,990 33,378,487 Total Unrestricted Purpose 35,766,404 37,160,044 Restricted Purpose: True Endowment 36,319,845 40,129,316 Quasi Endowment 12,161,740 12,941,602 Total Restricted Purpose 48,481,585 53,070,918 Total Endowment and Similar Fund Balances .... $84,247,989 $90,230,962 Endowment and Similar Funds The market value of Smithsonian Endowment Funds was $90,231,000 on September 30, 1982, as compared to $79,025,000 on September 30, 1981. The majority of these funds — $88,858,000 — is invested in the Pooled Consolidated Endowment fund under outside investment management; $1 million is on permanent de- posit with the United States Treasury; and the remaining $373,000 is held in miscellaneous securities and donated real estate. Approxi- mately 59 percent of the endowments, as shown in Table 10, are Financial Report I 49 Table 11. Market Values of Pooled Consolidated Endowment Funds (In $l,000's) Fund 9/30/78 9/30/79 9/30/80 9/30/81 9/30/82 Unrestricted $18,114 $22,614 $28,384 $30,399 $35,974 Freer 16,807 18,303 20,771 20,472 22,596 Other Restricted 22,109 24,639 28,175 27,101 30,288 Total $57,030 $65,556 $77,330 $77,972 $88,858 restricted, with income available only for purposes specified by the donor. The remaining 41 percent — or $37,160,000 — are unre- stricted, with income available for general Institutional purposes; certain of these unrestricted funds, however, such as the Lindbergh Chair of Aerospace History, have been designated internally for specific purposes, as noted in Table 13, which lists all Smithsonian endowments. Investment management of the Pooled Consolidated Endowment fund is conducted by three professional advisory firms under the oversight of the Investment Policy Committee and the Treasurer, and subject to guidelines established by the Board of Regents. As of the end of fiscal year 1982, the firms (with their respective por- tions of the fund) were Fiduciary Trust Company of New York (50 percent), Batterymarch Financial Management Corp. (31 per- cent), and Torray Clark & Company (19 percent). The total rate of return for the fund during fiscal year 1982, as calculated by an outside investment measurement service, was +15.7 percent (in- cluding interest and dividend income as well as market value ap- preciation), as compared to +12.1 percent for the Dow Jones In- dustrial Average and +9.9 percent for the Standard & Poor's 500 average (both calculated on the same basis). Table 11 displays the market values of the major components of the fund for prior years, and the activity during the past year is shown on Table 12. The Smithsonian utilizes the Total Return Income policy, which defines total investment return as yield (interest and dividends) plus appreciation, including both realized and unrealized capital gains. A portion of this return is made available for expenditure each 50 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Table 12. Changes in Pooled Consolidated Endowment Funds for Fiscal Year 1982 (In $i,ooo's) Inter- Gifts est Market Market and and Income value Market value trans- divi- paid Sub- appre- value Fund 9/30/81 fers dends* out total elation 9/30/82 Unrestricted $30,399 $ 2,172 $ 2,083 $ 1,158 $33,496 $ 2,478 $35,974 Freer 20,472 — 1,394 907 20,959 1,637 22,596 Other Restricted . . 27,101 355 1,862 1,210 28,108 2,180 30,288 Total $77,972 $ 2,527 $ 5,339 $ 3,275 $82,563 $ 6,295 $88,858 "Income earned, less managers' fees of $367,138. year, and the remainder is retained as principal. This total return income payout is determined in advance each year by the Board of Regents based on studies of anticipated interest and dividend yields, the Institution's programmatic needs, inflationary factors, and the five-year running average of market values, adjusted for capital additions or withdrawals. The income payout rate for fiscal year 1982 to restricted purpose endowments in the Pooled Consoli- dated Endowment fund constituted an 8 percent increase over the prior year, while the payout to unrestricted endowments was re- duced from the earlier level, permitting a proportionately greater reinvestment for unrestricted endowments. After the income payout of $3,275,000 during the year, a total of $2,064,000 of excess inter- est and dividend yield was reinvested into endowment principal. A full listing of all endowment funds is shown on Table 13. De- tail of the securities held in the Pooled Consolidated Endowment fund as of September 30, 1982, may be obtained upon request from the Treasurer of the Institution. Financial Report I 51 Table 13. Endowment Funds September 30, 1982 Funds Principal Book value Market value Income Net income Unex- pended balance UNRESTRICTED PURPOSE— TRUE: Avery Fund* $ 97,414 Higbee, Harry, Memorial 27,592 Hodgkins Fund* 194,654 Morrow, Dwight W 163,348 Mussinan, Alfred 53,367 Olmsted, Helen A 1,736 Poore, Lucy T. and George W.* 371,458 Porter, Henry Kirke, Memorial 604,525 Sanford, George H.* 2,980 Smithson, James* 541,380 Walcott, Charles D. and Mary Vaux, Research (Designated)* 964,960 Subtotal 3,023,414 UNRESTRICTED PURPOSE— QUASI: Forrest, Robert Lee 2,685,284 General Endowment* 27,264,305 Goddard, Robert H 21,246 Habel, Dr. S.* 500 Hart, Gustavus E 1,274 Henry, Caroline 3,159 Henry, Joseph and Harriet A 127,408 Heys, Maude C 256,292 Hinton, Carrie Susan 66,298 Lambert, Paula C 118,616 Medinus, Grace L 2,533 Rhees, William Jones* 1,822 Safford, Clara Louise 116,070 Smithsonian Bequest Fund* 514,021 Taggart, Ganson 1,030 Abbott, William L. (Designated) 307,133 Barstow, Frederic D. (Designated) 2,573 Lindbergh Chair of Aerospace History (Designated) 1,234,468 Lindbergh, Charles A. (Designated) 8,249 Lyon, Marcus Ward, Jr. (Designated) 10,709 Subtotal 32,742,990 Total Unrestricted Purpose $35,766,404 RESTRICTED PURPOSE— TRUE: Arthur, James $ 83,720 Baird, Spencer Fullerton 76,335 Barney, Alice Pike, Memorial 60,030 Batchelor, Emma E 83,150 Beauregard, Catherine, Memorial 100,892 Brown, Roland W 67,465 Canfield, Frederick A 82,706 Casey, Thomas Lincoln 32,305 Chamberlain, Frances Lea 58,940 Cooper Fund for Paleobiology 34,482 Division of Mammals Curators Fund 4,520 Drake Foundation 416,067 Dykes, Charles, Bequest 110,937 Eickemeyer, Florence Brevoort 22,748 Freer, Charles L 20,408,648 Grimm, Sergei N 78,053 Guggenheim, Daniel and Florence 299,577 Hamilton, James* 3,357 Henderson, Edward P., Meteorite Fund 819 Hewitt, Eleanor G., Repair Fund 17,728 Hewitt, Sarah Cooper 104,884 Hillyer, Virgil 16,939 Hitchcock, Albert S 3,314 125,194 35,435 87,394 333,971 63,744 2,224 491,324 804,886 3,599 541,380 3,781,557 33,378,487 4,583 1,192 9,900 7,334 2,145 75 17,234 27,081 150 32,483 51,899 154,076 2,425,593 81,611 28,172,242 885,490 19,210 647 500 30 1,437 49 3,545 119 141,805 4,771 236,023 7,941 68,960 2,320 126,670 4,262 2,348 79 1,964 82 110,245 3,709 521,367 7,914 1,343 45 341,253 13,693 2,852 114 1,181,912 47,423 9,049 988 10,169 408 1,061,695 $ — 0— — 0— — 0— — 0— — 0— 79,394 79,394 3,760 55,574 5,727 1,323 66,384 $37,160,044 $ 1,215,771 $ 145,778 111,774 $ 4,485 ! i 3,793 99,914 4,009 13,626 80,098 3,214 21,620 82,853 3,324 42,573 111,930 4,491 25,312 76,818 3,082 14,868 123,150 4,941 — 0— 35,885 1,440 2,478 78,646 3,156 14,399 35,485 1,321 2,103 4,813 192 3,536 429,245 17,120 58,375 123,186 4,943 30,213 30,345 1,218 14,622 1,596,477 906,749 666,002 70,620 2,834 3,803 288,405 11,572 27,777 3,710 199 666 994 40 311 18,132 728 — 0— 107,029 4,294 — 0— 18,818 755 7,626 4,478 180 561 Table 13. Endowment Funds September 30, 1982 — continued Principal Income Funds Book value Unex- Market Net pended value income balance 100,000 6,000 21,371 139,154 5,583 12,674 53,520 2,147 21,986 9,398,209 377,095 97,103 57,964 2,326 6,813 7,316 294 1,991 11,545 804 5,311 54,834 2,200 14,763 533 21 — 0— 246,269 9,881 (175) 33,689 1,352 2,013 49,969 1,874 — 0— 62,097 2,492 — 0— 20,800 835 18,737 61,890 2,702 — 0— 335,443 13,459 (549) 570,868 22,634 25,224 1,605 64 158 34,914 197 288 3,413,619 135,344 (2,329) 50,056 2,008 29,502 359,038 14,361 22,365 13,676 549 952 357,074 14,127 24,023 155,794 6,251 14,024 4,003 80 597 2,632 106 3,477 Hodgkins Fund* 100,000 Hrdlicka, Ales and Marie 122,202 Hughes, Bruce 40,072 Johnson, Seward, Trust Fund for Oceanography 8,427,739 Kellogg, Remington, Memorial 62,125 Kramar, Nada 6,861 Lindsey, Jessie H.* 11,502 Maxwell, Mary E 41,062 Milliken, H. Oothout, Memorial 523 Mineral Endowment 237,330 Mitchell, William A 32,287 Natural History and Conservation 48,754 Nelson, Edward William 49,105 Petrocelli, Joseph, Memorial 15,531 Reid, Addison T.» 56,831 Roebling Fund 252,498 Rollins, Miriam and William 480,772 Shryock Endowment for Docents 1,637 Sims, George W.» 35,513 Sprague Fund 3,299,159 Springer, Frank 37,806 Stern, Harold P., Memorial 345,307 Stevenson, John A., Mycological Library 12,403 Walcott, Charles D. and Mary Vaux, Research.. 309,242 Walcott Research Fund, Botanical Publications.. 120,197 Williston, Samuel Wendell, Diptera Research . . 3,787 Zerbee, Frances Brinckle 1,984 Subtotal 36,319,845 RESTRICTED PURPOSE— QUASI: Armstrong, Edwin James 7,306 Au Panier Fleuri 51,126 Bacon, Virginia Purdy 229,001 Becker, George F 394,028 Desautels, Paul E 25,714 Gaver, Gordon 3,061 Hachenberg, George P. and Caroline 10,526 Hanson, Martin Gustav and Caroline R 22,908 Hunterdon Endowment 7,499,981 International Council for Bird Preservation 211,131 Johnson, E. R. Fenimore 19,938 Loeb, Morris 225,533 Long, Annette E. and Edith C 1,144 Myer, Catherine Walden 52,065 Noyes, Frank B 2,529 Noyes, Pauline Riggs 24,073 Pell, Cornelia Livingston 19,145 Ramsey, Admiral and Mrs. Dewitt Clinton* . . . 738,020 Rathbun, Richard, Memorial 27,456 Roebling Solar Research 62,652 Ruef, Bertha M 77,744 Schultz, Leonard P 19,979 Seidell, Atherton 1,564,818 Smithsonian Agency Account 513,685 Strong, Julia D 25,806 Witherspoon, Thomas A., Memorial 332,371 Subtotal 12,161,740 Total Restricted Purpose $48,481,585 TOTAL ENDOWMENT FUNDS $84,247,989 40,129,316 12,941,602 1,609,073 521,669 1,274,583 7,438 279 15 46,317 1,858 — 0— 232,468 9,328 28,791 402,359 16,144 (3,289) 28,717 1,125 — 0— 3,272 131 1,580 12,230 491 557 25,437 1,021 6,059 8,187,287 332,990 220,018 209,528 6,666 7,062 18,834 756 10,989 252,278 10,122 19,169 1,558 63 153 57,819 2,320 8,123 2,914 117 1,625 21,825 876 1,915 21,345 856 820 711,790 29,168 10,522 30,583 1,227 20,753 65,755 2,638 9,382 73,395 2,945 11,988 22,123 888 12,242 1,589,646 63,783 204,516 519,192 19,928 — 0— 28,739 1,153 3,089 368,753 14,796 — 0— 576,079 $53,070,918 $ 2,130,742 $ 1,850,662 $90,230,962 $ 3,346,513** $ 1,996,440 'Invested all or in part in U.S. Treasury or other nonpooled investments. **Total Return Income payout; does not include $238,436 of interest income for investment of unex- pended income balances. Related Organizations The Science Information Exchange, Inc., which has served as a national source for information on research in progress since its founding in 1949, ceased operation on October 31, 1981; a certifi- cate of dissolution was granted in June 1982. Under a contract with the Department of Commerce, the Institution has continued dur- ing the past year to provide the Exchange with administrative and fiscal services necessary to closing out the operation, transferring the assets to the Department of Commerce, and paying the out- standing net liabilities. All operations are expected to be closed out by June 1983. Reading is Fundamental, Inc., associated with the Institution since 1968, is an independent, separately incorporated entity dedi- cated to the improvement of reading abilities in children. Primary support is derived from private contributions and a federal con- tract with the Department of Education to operate the federal Inexpensive Book Distribution Program. The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, the National Gallery of Art, and the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts were established by Congress within the Institu- tion but are administered by separate boards of trustees. Inde- pendent financial reports are prepared by each of these organiza- tions. Office space and fiscal and other administrative and support activities are provided the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars on a reimbursement basis. The Friends of the National Zoo (fonz) is an independent, non- profit corporation working closely with the National Zoological Park. It operates, under contract, a number of beneficial conces- sions for the National Zoo; fonz provided concession and rental fees to the Zoo amounting to approximately $268,000 during cal- endar year 1981 (fonz's fiscal year). In addition, fonz contributed other important financial and volunteer support to Zoo programs. Financial affairs of this organization are described separately else- where in Smithsonian Year 1982. 54 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Accounting and Auditing The nonappropriated trust funds of the Institution are audited an- nually by an independent public accounting firm. In order to pro- vide a comprehensive audit of all Smithsonian funds, this inde- pendent verification has been extended in fiscal year 1982 to cover appropriated funds as well, and the report of Coopers & Lybrand is contained in the following pages. Additional reviews are con- ducted annually on a number of Smithsonian activities by the in- ternal audit staff. Additionally, the Defense Contract Audit Agency conducts an annual audit of grants and contracts received from federal agencies, as well as their allocated administrative costs. The Audit and Review Committee of the Regents met during the year pursuant to their responsibility, under the bylaws of the Insti- tution, for reviewing the Smithsonian's accounting systems and internal financial controls; for facilitating communication between the Board of Regents and auditors from the internal audit staff, the independent accounting firm, and the General Accounting Office; and for reviewing operations of the Institution for compli- ance with approved programs and policies. Financial Report I 55 COOPERS & LYBRAND CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS To the Board of Regents Smithsonian Institution We have examined the statement of financial condition of the Smithsonian Institution as of September 30, 1982 and the related statement of financial activity for the year then ended. Our exam- ination was made in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards and with generally accepted governmental auditing stan- dards and, accordingly, included such tests of the accounting rec- ords and such other auditing procedures as we considered neces- sary in the circumstances. We previously examined and separately reported upon the statements of the trust funds and the statements of the federal appropriations of the Smithsonian Institution for the year ended September 30, 1981, combined totals of which are in- cluded in the accompanying financial statements for comparative purposes only. In our opinion, the financial statements for the year ended Sep- tember 30, 1982, referred to above, present fairly the financial position of the Smithsonian Institution as of September 30, 1982, and the results of operations and changes in fund balances for the year then ended, in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles applied on a basis consistent with that of the preceding year. COOPERS & LYBRAND 1800 M Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036 December 14, 1982 56 / Smithsonian Year 1982 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Statement of Financial Condition September 30, 1982 with comparative totals for September 30, 1981 (thousands of dollars) Totals, Trust Federal all Totals, funds funds funds 1981 ASSETS: Cash on hand and in banks (Note 3) $ 2,632 $ 46 $ 2,678 $ 900 Fund balance with U.S. Treasury (Note 4) 407 38,080 38,487 32,473 Investments (Notes 5 and 6) 109,551 — 109,551 103,234 Receivables (Note 7) 21,751 51 21,802 20,321 Advance payments (Note 8) 631 6,441 7,072 22,460 Merchandise inventory (Note 1) 9,902 — 9,902 7,462 Materials and supplies inventory (Note 1) 1,518 1,135 2,653 2,224 Amount to be provided for accrued annual leave — 6,163 6,163 5,847 Prepaid and deferred expense (Note 1) . . 8,771 — 8,771 6,329 Property and equipment (Notes 1 and 9) . 18,430 179,617 198,047 177,633 $173,593 $231,533 $405,126 $378,883 LIABILITIES: Accounts payable and accrued expenses, including interfund payable of $9,427 (Note 7) $ 17,944 $ 7,795 $ 25,739 $ 21,137 Deposits held in custody for other organizations (Note 2) 2,265 35 2,300 1,993 Accrued annual leave (Note 1) 831 6,163 6,994 6,627 Deferred revenue (Note 1) 20,061 — 20,061 16,713 Total liabilities 41,101 13,993 55,094 46,470 UNDELIVERED ORDERS — 30,929 30,929 39,458 FUND BALANCES (Note 1) : Current: Unrestricted general purpose 5,048 — 5,048 5,043 Special purpose 13,003 — 13,003 12,599 Restricted 5,906 — 5,906 5,951 Endowment and similar funds (Note 6) . . 84,248 — 84,248 75,458 Plant funds (Note 9) 24,287 — 24,287 21,312 Total trust fund balances 132,492 — 132,492 120,363 Operating funds ~ — 202 202 379 Construction funds — 5,657 5,657 9,007 Capital funds — 180,752 180,752 163,206 Total federal fund balances — 186,611 186,611 172,592 Total all fund balances 132,492 186,611 319,103 292,955 Total liabilities, undelivered orders and fund balances $173,593 $231,533 $405,126 $378,883 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements. Financial Report I 57 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Statement of Financial Activity Year ended September 30, 1982 with comparative totals for the year ended September 30, 1981 (thousands of dollars) TRUST FUNDS Endow- ment and Current similar Plant funds funds funds Total trust funds — 1,049 3,880 — 44 927 — 1,871 — 178 4,866 3,924 4,025 — 1,865 Revenue and other additions: Appropriations $ — $ — Auxiliary activities revenue 95,593 95,593 Federal grants and contracts 13,217 13,217 Investment income (net of $367,000 for management and custodian fees) 9,635 8,586 Net gain on sale of securities 3,884 4 Gifts, bequests and foundation grants 6,205 5,234 Additions to plant (Note 9) 1,871 — Rentals, fees, commissions and other 2,372 2,194 Total revenue and other additions 132,777 124,828 Expenditures and other deductions: Research and educational expenditures 23,521 23,521 Administrative expenditures 8,810 8,810 Facilities services expenditures 1,275 1,275 Auxiliary activities expenditures 85,153 85,153 Expenditures for acquisition of plant (Note 9) 1,865 — Property use and retirements (Note 9) — — Retirement of indebtedness 6 — Interest on indebtedness 18 — Endowment reimbursement (Note 6) — — Total expenditures and other deductions . 120,648 118,759 Excess of revenue and other additions over (under) expenditures and other deductions (Note 11) 12,129 6,069 Transfers to government agencies — — Transfers among funds — additions (deductions) : Mandatory principal and interest on notes .... — (24) Nonmandatory for designated purposes, net (Note 12) (5,681) Total transfers among funds Net increase (decrease) for the year . . Returned to U.S. Treasury Fund balances at beginning of year Fund balances at end of year — 1,889 3,924 2,136 — (5,705) 364 4,866 8,790 839 12,129 2,975 120,363 23,593 75,458 21,312 $132,492 $ 23,957 $84,248 $24,287 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements. FEDERAL FUNDS Total Operat- Construc- federal ing tion Capital Totals, Totals, funds funds funds funds all funds 1981 $145,234 $135,490 $ 9,744 $ — $145,234 $141,957 — — — — 95,593 87,052 — — — — 13,217 14,172 31,025 122 122 — 31,025 9,635 3,884 6,205 32,896 2,494 309,158 8,156 8,053 6,477 24,921 2,649 176,381 135,612 9,744 31,025 293,437 87,940 9,661 38,063 87,940 9,661 38,063 — — 111,461 18,471 39,338 85,153 104,449 17,116 36,510 72,709 13,094 13,479 — 13,094 13,479 14,959 13,479 6 18 8,513 15,097 5 — — z — 18 976 162,237 135,664 13,094 13,479 282,885 255,394 14,144 (52) (3,350) 17,546 26,273 38,043 — — — — — (5,355) (52) (3,350) 17,546 26,273 32,688 (125) — — (125) (64) 379 9,007 163,206 292,955 260,331 $186,611 $ 202 $ 5,657 $180,752 $319,103 $292,955 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Notes to Financial Statements 1. Summary of significant accounting policies Basis of Presentation. These financial statements do not include the accounts of the National Gallery of Art, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Perform- ing Arts or the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, which were established by Congress within the Smithsonian Institution (Institution) but are administered under separate boards of trustees. (See Note 2.) The accounts of the federal funds have been prepared on the obligation basis of accounting, which basis is in accordance with accounting principles pre- scribed by the Comptroller General of the United States as set forth in the Policy and Procedures Manual for Guidance of Federal Agencies. The obliga- tion basis of accounting differs in some respects from generally accepted accounting principles. Under this basis of accounting, commitments, such as purchase orders and contracts, are recognized as expenditures, and the related obligations are reported on the balance sheet even though goods and services have not been received. Such commitments aggregate $30,929,000 at Sep- tember 30, 1982. The trust funds reflect the receipt and expenditure of funds obtained from private sources, from federal grants and contracts and from certain business activities related to the operations of the Institution. The federal funds reflect the receipt and expenditures of funds obtained from Congressional appro- priations. Fund accounting. To ensure observance of limitations and restrictions placed on the use of resources available to the Institution, the accounts of the Institution are maintained in accordance with the principles of fund account- ing. This is the procedure by which resources for various purposes are classi- fied for funds control, accounting and reporting purposes into funds estab- lished according to their appropriation, nature and purposes. Separate ac- counts are maintained for each fund; however, in the accompanying finan- cial statements, funds that have similar characteristics have been combined into fund groups. Accordingly, all financial transactions have been recorded and reported by fund group. The assets, liabilities and fund balances of the Institution are reported in self-balancing fund groups as follows: Trust current funds, which include unrestricted resources, represent the portion of expendable funds that is available for support of Institution operations. Amounts restricted by the donor for specific purposes are segregated from other current funds. 60 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Trust endowment and similar funds include funds that are subject to restrictions of gift instruments requiring in perpetuity that the princi- pal be invested and the income only be used. Also classified as endow- ment and similar funds are gifts which allow the expenditure of princi- pal but only under certain specified conditions and quasi-endowment funds. Quasi-endowment funds are funds established by the governing board for the same purposes as endowment funds; however, any portion of such funds may be expended. Restricted quasi-endowment funds rep- resent gifts for restricted purposes where there is no stipulation that the principal be maintained in perpetuity or for a period of time, but the governing board has elected to invest the principal and expend only the income for the purpose stipulated by the donor. Trust plant funds represent resources restricted for future plant acquisi- tions and funds expended for plant. Federal operating funds represent the portion of expendable funds that is available for support of Institution operations. Separate subfund groups are maintained for each appropriation — Salaries and Expenses appropria- tions, Special Foreign Currency appropriations, and Barro Colorado Island Trust Fund. The balance of this fund represents amounts available for support of specific Institution operations including the Special Foreign Currency Program, Franklin Delano Roosevelt Appropriations, and Barro Colorado Island Trust Fund. Federal construction funds represent the portion of expendable funds that is available for building and facility construction, restoration, reno- vation and repair. Separate subfund groups are maintained for each ap- propriation— Construction and Improvements, National Zoological Park, Restoration and Renovation of Buildings and Museum Support Center. Federal capital funds represent the amount of the investment of the United States Government in the net assets of the Institution acquired with federal funds and nonexpendable property transfers from Govern- ment agencies. Investments. All gains and losses arising from the sale, collection or other disposition of investments are accounted for in the fund in which the related assets are recorded. Income from investments is accounted for in a similar manner, except for income derived from investments of endowment and simi- lar funds, which is accounted for in the fund to which it is restricted or, if unrestricted, as revenue in unrestricted current funds. Merchandise inventory. Inventories are carried at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method, or retail cost method (for those inventories held for resale). Materials and supplies inventory. Inventories of materials and supplies are carried at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method. Deferred revenue and expense. Revenue from subscriptions to Smithsonian Magazine is recorded as income over the period of the related subscription, Financial Report I 61 which is one year. Costs related to obtaining subscriptions to Smithsonian Magazine are charged against income over the period of the subscription. The Institution recognizes revenue and charges expenses of other auxiliary activities during the period in which the activity is conducted. Works of art, living or other specimens. The Institution acquires its collec- tions, which include works of art, library books, photographic archives, ob- jects and specimens, through purchase or by donation of the items them- selves. In accordance with policies generally followed by museums, no value is assigned to the collections on the statement of financial condition. Pur- chases for the collections are expensed currently. Property and equipment. Capital improvements and equipment purchased with trust funds and utilized in income-producing activities are capitalized at cost and are depreciated on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives of three to ten years. All other capital improvements and equipment purchased with trust funds are expensed currently. Real estate (land and buildings) purchased with trust funds is recorded at cost, to the extent that restricted or unrestricted funds were expended there- for, or appraised value at date of gift, except for gifts of certain islands in the Chesapeake Bay and the Carnegie Mansion, which have been recorded at nominal values. Depreciation on buildings purchased with trust funds is not recorded. Buildings and other structures, additions to buildings and fixed equipment purchased with federal funds are recorded at cost and depreciated on a straight-line basis over a period of 30 years. Certain lands occupied by the Smithsonian Institution's buildings were ap- propriated and reserved by the Congress for that purpose and are not re- flected in the accompanying financial statements. Property and nonexpendable equipment acquired through transfer from Government agencies are capi- talized at the transfer price or at estimated amounts taking into consideration their usefulness, condition and market value. Nonexpendable equipment pur- chased with federal funds is recorded at cost depreciated on a straight-line basis over a period of 10 years. Government contracts. The Institution has a number of contracts with the U.S. Government, which primarily provide for cost reimbursement to the Institution. Contract revenue is recognized when billable or received in the trust funds. Contributed services. A substantial number of unpaid volunteers have made significant contributions of their time in the furtherance of the Institution's programs. The value of this contributed time is not reflected in these state- ments since it is not susceptible to objective measurement or valuation. Annual leave unfunded. The Institution's civil service employees earn annual leave in accordance with federal law and regulations. However, only the cost of leave taken as salaries is funded and recorded as an expense. The cost of unused annual leave at year-end is reflected in the accompanying financial statements as an asset and accrued liability in the federal funds. 62 / Smithsonian Year 1982 2. Related activities The Institution provides fiscal and administrative services to several sepa- rately incorporated organizations in which certain officials of the Institution serve on the governing boards. The amounts paid to the Institution by these organizations for the aforementioned services, together with rent for Institu- tion facilities occupied, etc. totaled approximately $323,000 for the year ended September 30, 1982. The following summarizes the approximate ex- penditures of these organizations for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1982 as reflected in their individual financial statements and which are not included in the accompanying financial statements of the Institution: ($000s) Smithsonian Science Information Exchange $1,900 Reading Is Fundamental, Inc $7,500 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars — trust funds . . . $3,000 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars — federal appropriations $1,897 The Smithsonian Science Information Exchange ceased operations as of October 31, 1981. The U.S. Department of Commerce provided a grant to close down operations and to perfect an orderly liquidation, which is con- tinuing with final close-out projected in fiscal year 1983. 3. Cash on hand — federal funds This represents deposits in transit and the amount of imprest fund cash advanced by the U.S. Treasury to imprest fund cashiers for small purchasing purposes. 4. Fund balance with U.S. Treasury The account represents fund balances on the books of the U.S. Treasury available for disbursement. 5. Investments Investments are recorded at cost, if purchased, or fair market value at date of acquisition, if acquired by gift. At September 30, 1982, investments are composed of the following: Carrying Market value value ($000s) ($000s) Current funds : Certificates of deposit $ 11,977 $ 11,977 Commercial paper 1,974 1,974 U.S. Government and quasi-Government obligations . . 12,330 12,515 Common stock 145 138 Preferred stock 56 48 26,482 26,652 Financial Report I 63 Endowment and similar funds : Money market account 8,066 8,066 Loan to U.S. Treasury 1,000 1,000 U.S. Government and quasi-Government obligations . . 10,711 11,641 Corporate bonds 3,484 3,750 Common stock 59,256 64,130 Preferred stock 552 465 83,069 89,052 $109,551 $115,704 Substantially all the investments of the endowment and similar funds are pooled on a market value basis (consolidated fund) with each individual fund subscribing to or disposing of units on the basis of the value per unit at market value at the beginning of the month within which the transaction takes place. Of the total units, each having a market value of $148.04, 290,802 units were owned by endowment, and 309,427 units were owned by quasi-endowment at September 30, 1982. The following tabulation summarizes changes in relationships between cost and market values of the pooled investments: Market ($000s) valUe Net per Market Cost change unit End of year $88,858 $82,881 $5,977 $148.04 Beginning of year $77,972 $74,411 3,561 134.12 Increase in unrealized net gain for the year 2,416 Realized net gain for the year 3,880 Total realized and unrealized net gain for the year $6,296 $ 13.92 6. Endowment and similar funds Endowment and similar funds at September 30, 1982 are summarized as follows: ($000s) Endowment funds, income available for: Restricted purposes $36,320 Unrestricted purposes 3,023 39,343 Quasi-endowment funds, principal and income available for: Restricted purposes 12,162 Unrestricted purposes 32,743 44,905 Total endowment and similar funds $84,248 64 / Smithsonian Year 1982 The Institution utilizes the "total return" approach to investment manage- ment of endowment funds and quasi-endowment funds. Under this approach, the total investment return is considered to include realized and unrealized gains and losses in addition to interest and dividends. An amount equal to the difference between interest and dividends earned during the year and the amount computed under the total return formula is transferred to or from the current funds. In applying this approach, it is the Institution's policy to provide, as being available for current expenditures, an amount taking into consideration such factors as, but not limited to: (1) 4V2°/o of the five-year average of the mar- ket value of each fund (adjusted for gifts and transfers during this period), (2) current dividends and interest yield, (3) support needs for bureaus and scientists and (4) inflationary factors as measured by the Consumer Price Index; however, where the market value of the assets of any endowment fund is less than 110% of the historic dollar value (value of gifts at date of donation), the amount provided is limited to only interest and dividends received. The total return factor for 1982 was $5.94 per unit to the Restricted and Designated Purpose Endowment Funds and $5.00 per unit to the Unre- stricted General Purpose Endowment Funds; new units were purchased for the Unrestricted Endowment Funds with the $.94, the difference in the total return factor. The total return applied for 1982 was $2,230,000 to the Re- stricted and Designated Purpose Endowment Funds and $1,046,000 to the Unrestricted General Purpose Endowment Funds. Endowment reimbursement represents payment of income, which had accu- mulated in principal of the endowment funds, in accordance with a settle- ment related to a lawsuit. 7. Receivables Receivables at September 30, 1982 included the following: Trust funds ($000s) Accounts receivable, auxiliary activities; net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $962,000 in 1982 $ 9,148 Interfund receivables due from current funds: Endowment and similar funds 812 Plant funds 8,615 Interest and dividends receivable 2,181 Unbilled costs and fees from grants and contracts 892 Other 103 21,751 Federal funds Service fees and charges 51 Total, all funds $21,802 8. Advance payments Advance payments represent advances made to Government agencies, educa- tional institutions, firms and individuals for services to be rendered or prop- erty or materials to be furnished. Financial Report I 65 As of September 30, 1982, the Institution has advances outstanding to the U.S. Government of approximately $4,084,000, principally for construction services to be received in the future. The Institution at that date also had advances outstanding to educational institutions amounting to approximately $2,150,000, principally under the Special Foreign Currency Program. 9. Property and equipment At September 30, 1982, property and equipment which has been capitalized (see Note 1) is comprised of the following: Current funds ($000s) Capital improvements $ 1,949 Equipment 2,146 Leasehold improvements 247 Less accumulated depreciation and amortization 2,026 2,316 Endowment and similar funds Land and buildings 225 Plant funds Land and buildings 15,889 Total, trust funds $ 18,430 Capital funds Property 236,621 Equipment 26,991 Less accumulated depreciation 83,995 179,617 $198,047 Depreciation and amortization expense reflected in expenditures of the cur- rent funds for 1982 was $495,000. Depreciation expense reflected in expendi- tures of the capital funds of 1982 was $9,619,000. The balance of the plant fund at September 30, 1982 includes $8,568,000 of unexpended plant funds. 10. Pension plan The Institution has separate retirement plans for trust and federal employees. Under the trust fund's plan, both the Institution and employees contribute stipulated percentages of salary which are used to purchase individual annui- ties, the rights to which are immediately vested with the employees. The cost of the plan for the year ended September 30, 1982 was $2,771,000. It is the policy of the Institution to fund plan costs accrued currently. There are no unfunded prior service costs under the plan. The federal employees of the Institution are covered by the Civil Service Retirement Program. Under this program, the Institution withholds from the gross pay of each federal employee and remits to the Civil Service Retire- ment and Disability Fund (Fund) the amounts specified by such program. 66 / Smithsonian Year 1982 The Institution contributes 7% of basic annual salary to the Fund. The cost of the plan for the year ended September 30, 1982 was approximately $5,200,000. 11. Excess of expenditures and other deductions The net excess of expenditures and other deductions over revenue and other additions disclosed for federal operating and construction funds in the State- ment of Activity for the year ended September 30, 1982 arise because certain multiyear appropriations, having been recorded as income in prior years and carried forward as fund balance, were expended during the year. 12. Nonmandatory transfers for designated purposes The following transfers among trust funds were made for the year ended September 30, 1982 in thousands of dollars: Endow- Current funds ment and Unre- Re- similar Plant stricted stricted funds funds Portion of investment yield appropriated (Note 5) $ (925) $ (1,139) $2,064 $ — Purchase of property and equipment for plant fund (83) — Future plant acquisitions (917) — Income added to endowment principal — (118) Appropriated as quasi-endowment . . . (2,259) (200) Other designated purposes (281) 241 Total $(4,465) $(1,216) — 83 — 917 118 — 2,684 (225) — 40 $4,866 $ 815 13. Income taxes The Institution is exempt from income taxation under the provisions of Sec- tion 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Organizations described in that section are taxable only on their unrelated business income. The Internal Revenue Service has issued a Technical Advice Memorandum to the Institu- tion indicating that income derived from sales of certain items in the Museum Shops may constitute unrelated business taxable income. The application of this memorandum is under discussion with the Internal Revenue Service. It is the opinion of the Institution that it is also exempt from taxation as an instrumentality of the United States as defined in Section 501(c)(1) of the Code. Organizations described in that section are exempt from all income taxation. The Institution has not as yet formally sought such dual status but intends to do so in the near future. Management believes that any income taxes required as a result of settlement of these matters would not have a material effect upon the financial position of the Institution. Financial Report I 67 From the nmnh's exhibition inua: spirit world of the bering sea eskimo is this cere- monial dance mask "Horned Puffin Eating Walrus," collected by Edward W. Nelson. Smithsonian Year • 1982 SCIENCE DAVID CHALLINOR, ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR SCIENCE Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies Effective management of renewable resources is dependent on knowledge of the factors that influence the abundance and distri- bution of biological populations. A major question to be answered for management purposes is the extent to which variations in these populations result from the activities of man or from fluctuations in natural phenemona (e.g. seasonal and longer-term weather con- ditions). Long-term environmental research at the Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies (cbces) is focused on these ques- tions in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Educational research at the center is focused on a better under- standing of the extent and effectiveness of educational processes that occur outside the formal school setting. Of particular interest are learning in museum-like settings and the role the family may play in increasing public understanding of science. AIRSHED AND WATERSHED STUDIES On-going cbces watershed research focused on the effects of in- creased acidity on ecosystem processes and the role of buffer-zone forests in modifying runoff from agricultural fields. The former study, conducted by David Correll and Deborah Ford, has docu- mented a long-term increase in rainfall acidity, with an accom- panying increase in hydrogen ion inputs. The data indicate that 69 hydrogen ions may be displacing significant amounts of essential plant nutrients (magnesium, calcium, potassium) from the soil. The second project, conducted by Correll and William Peterjohn, showed that riparian forest vegetation is important in removing nutrients and sediments from surface and subsurface water. Sur- face runoff from a 10 ha experimental cornfield was reduced by approximately 4.1 tonnes of particulate matter, 11 kg of particulate organic nitrogen, .83 kg of ammonia nitrogen, 2.7 kg of nitrate nitrogen, and 3 kg of total particulate phosphorus per ha of ri- parian forest. In addition, 45 kg per ha per year of nitrate was removed from subsurface water that flowed from the cornfield through the riparian forest. This study demonstrated how nutrient and sediment removal by the solar-powered natural riparian forests can be coupled with intensely managed agro-ecosystems to control diffuse source pollution. ESTUARINE RESEARCH As part of the watershed/estuarine research program, a study was conducted by Thomas Jordan, David Correll, and Dennis Whigham to determine the roles of high and low elevation estuarine marshes in nutrient-exchange processes within the estuary. The study showed that both types of marshes imported particulate carbon and nitrogen and exported dissolved nitrogen and carbon. Particu- late phosphorus was imported, and dissolved phosphorus was exported only by the low elevation Typha (cattail marsh). Data from the tidal exchange studies were then combined with data from the cbces watershed study to determine the relative role of the marshes- — compared to tidal mudflats — in over-all nutrient flux within the estuarine basin. The marshes were shown to have only a minor effect on total mass balance of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus when compared to the mudflats. The primary role of marshes seems to be transformation of particulate nutrients into dissolved nutrients. In companion studies, Park Rublee, Susan Merkel, and Maria Faust studied the role of microorganisms in tidal nutrient transport from the Rhode River marshes. Fluxes of bacteria, phytoplankton, and several dissolved organic compounds were traced in the high and low elevation marshes. Flux calculations suggested a small, net import of both bacterial and algal biomass into the marshes. 70 / Smithsonian Year 1982 In agreement with the nutrient flux studies, this project showed that the primary role of microorganisms in marshes appears to be nutrient recycling rather than transport. Rublee, Merkel, and Faust also found that bacterial biomass did not account for a large portion of the total organic-matter transport from the marshes. Their study demonstrated that marsh sediments were not an important source of bacterial biomass in ebbing tidal waters. By measuring numbers of bacterial cells in sediments, in- terstitial water, and overlying water, the researchers were able to show that while cells are most numerous in sediments (109 cells per cc), 99 percent of the bacteria were tightly bound to the sediments. Additional studies of microbial populations in the estuary were conducted by Rublee, Merkel, Faust, and Joe Miklas. They found that phytoplankton accounted for 80 percent of the total microbial biomass, and that bacterial production — estimated to be between 1.2 and 50.2 X 109 cells per day per liter — requires a significant carbon input, most likely from phytoplankton. These findings are consistent with the results of earlier work at cbces, which detailed the importance of phytoplankton-bacteria interactions in the estuary. Research on litter dynamics of Rhode River forested and her- baceous marshes was conducted by Dennis Whigham and Jay O'Neill. The rates of litter generation varied from about 50 to 500 g of carbon per m2 per year. Rates for two forested wetlands were 200 gC m-2 yr_1 and for two upland forests were 242 9 gC m-2 yr_1. The amounts of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus were much higher, however, in the litter zone of the intertidal marshes, thus demonstrating that the turnover of nutrients from litter is slower (approximately 4 years) in those habitats. These data pro- vide additional vertification of other studies suggesting that inter- tidal marshes of the Rhode River are primarily sites for nutrient transformation. Although salinity regulates the biological zonation within estu- aries, it is difficult to predict community responses to altered salinities resulting from floods, droughts, or water use by humans. In a "before-during-after" sequence of experiments, Anson Hines and Kathryn Comtois have measured the response of bottom- dwelling invertebrate communities of the Rhode River estuary to Science I 71 a drought in 1981, which caused a major increase in salinities and shifted the salinity regime of Chesapeake Bay "upstream" by 60-80 miles. The community response to the elevated salinity was a major increase in abundance of most species and no significant change in several others. Only one species of amphipod crustacean declined sharply. Surprisingly, no infaunal species from the lower portions of the Chesapeake Bay invaded the Rhode River communi- ties, even though elevated salinities persisted for more than a year. Continued studies by Hines and Comtois on predation by blue crabs and bottom-feeding fish (spot and hog chokers) indi- cated that predatory impacts are greatest in the top 5 cm of sedi- ment in late summer, when estimated turnover rates of bottom invertebrate populations are high. Experiments with predator ex- clusion cages placed on the bottom during summer showed signifi- cantly higher densities of sedentary infaunal species and higher survivorship of clams within caged, compared to uncaged, areas. In other experiments, they found that high densities of adult clams can reduce larval recruitment of bottom invertebrates. Investigation of population dynamics of fish in the Muddy Creek/Rhode River estuarine system were continued by Hines and Miklas. The over-all goal of this project has been to analyze and interpret the causes of annual variations in reproductive success and year-class strength of fish that use the system as a spawning or nursery area. Extensive shoreline seining surveys, otter trawl collections and trapping have provided the initial description of spatial, seasonal, and annual variations in the population, size and age, structure, growth rates, and distributon of the more than twenty common speces of fish in the Rhode River. A temporary weir was operated for the past several years on Muddy Creek to trap and tag semi- anadromous species (white and yellow perch, shad, carp, pumpkin- seed, and pickerel, among others) in order to provide accurate censuses of the spring spawning runs. Yellow perch and pickerel were essentially absent from the system in 1982, and spot, an- chovies, and pumpkinseed sunfish also declined. Young striped bass and bluefish showed major increases, while populations of several species of minnows appeared to remain relatively constant. White perch remained at relatively low, but stable, levels. Con- struction of a much larger and permanent fish weir was completed 72 / Smithsonian Year 1982 in 1982. The weir will be used to continue the longer-term studies on annual variations in fish populations. The next phase of the project will be to conduct correlation analysis between fish popu- lations and parameters of weather and water quality. UPLAND ECOLOGY A wide variety of plant and animal research projects were con- tinued by James Lynch and Dennis Whigham. Lynch continued his research on the community ecology of ants and expanded it to include additional study sites in Florida and Mexico. At cbces, he and Edward Balinsky focused on the influence of ants on plant survivorship during secondary plant succession and studied the role of ants as dispersers of plant propagules. Most of the common forest herbs that flower and fruit in the spring produce specialized seeds that are dispersed by several species of ants. The ants carry these seeds to their nest sites where they feed on fleshy outgrowths on the seeds. Future work will consider whether ant nests are the best sites for seed germination and seedling survival. Working with Patricia Mehlhop, a Smithsonian Post-Doctoral Fellow, Lynch has expanded his earlier work on ant community structure and behavioral ecology to include studies of specialized aggressive and foraging behavior by different worker subcastes of several ant species. Lynch continued his long-term studies of the ecology and evolutionary biology of plethodontid salamanders in temperate and tropical areas of the New World. This research, which has been conducted in collaboration with colleagues at the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Chicago, is currently focusing on the degree of ecological and genetic differentiation associated with speciation events in Middle America salamanders of the genera Bolitoglossa, Chiropterotriton, and Pseudoeurycea. Recent results of this research indicate an unexpectedly ancient origin for many living salamander species, despite the fact that these amphibians tend to show only slight morphological differ- ences. For example, electrophoretic data suggest that a newly described Guatemalan species (Bolitoglossa meliana) diverged from the other members of its species group some 10-15 million years ago. Science I 73 Lynch and Whigham's work on the effects of forest fragmen- tation on Maryland bird communities was expanded to include studies of habitat relationships of neotropical migrants on their wintering ground in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. Along with Eugene Morton of the National Zoo, they studied habitat relation- ships of the hooded warbler (Wilsonia citrina), Kentucky warbler (Oporonis formosus), and approximately twenty other migratory warblers, vireos, and flycatchers. Results to date indicate that each migrant species responds to a unique combination of habitat factors on its wintering grounds. For example, the density of hooded warblers is primarily a function of the amount of tree-canopy cover and the density of shrubs in the forest understory. The researchers were also able to demonstrate statistically significant differences in bird frequency between humid and dry forests. This was particularly obvious for the hooded warbler, which was encountered in over 90 percent of the survey points in the humid evergreen forest, with an average density of 1.2 birds per survey point. In drier forests, the density of hooded warblers was only about .4 birds per survey point. The white-eyed vireo was the only migrant that was present at substantially higher densities in areas of dry forest. James Lynch and Edward Balinsky continued to monitor small mammals at cbces and began intensive monitoring of mammal populations at three additional sites that are being used to study the impacts of mammals on propagules of important tree species. These studies now are being conducted in a recently cleared field, a 35-year-old successional forest, and in two old-aged hardwood forests. At each site, a 50 m X 20 m deer exclosure has been constructed, and small mammal populations are monitored both inside and outside the exclosures. Peromyscus leucopus (white- footed mouse) is the dominant small mammal at all sites. Whigham, Lynch, and Balinsky, by using exclosures that also exclude mice, have been able to demonstrate that Peromyscus is the primary predator of seeds of common oaks and hickories. Rodent predation is less important on small-seeded trees (e.g., black cherry, Prunus serotina; dogwood, Cornus florida) and is especially low on the wind-dispersed seeds of tulip popular (Lirio- dendron tulipifera) and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) . Long- term studies of seedling survivorship in the same tree species are 74 / Smithsonian Year 1982 being conducted at all sites both inside and outside the mammal exclosures. Seed density manipulation studies showed that seeds of nut- bearing trees are removed most rapidly at high densities, but that almost all seeds are ultimately eaten by rodents and deer. Forest trees produced numerous seeds in 1981, the first mast year in the last seven, and Whigham and Lynch were able to test the hypoth- esis that more seeds escape predation in years of heavy fruit pro- duction. Compared to years with lower seed production, seeds were removed more slowly in the fall of 1981, but almost all seeds had nevertheless been removed by the spring. Seedlings of most tree species surveyed were only found in areas from which predators were excluded. Beech (Fagus grandifolia) was an exception, and numerous seedlings of this species were present throughout the forest in the spring of 1981. Cohorts of beech seedlings have been marked in permanent plots and their growth and mortality is being monitored. Dennis Whigham has continued his long-term studies of forest herb populations, and has completed a study of nutrient and biomass allocation patterns in the cranefly orchid (Tipularia discolor). He demonstrated that for 13 micro- and macro-nutrients, Tipularia assimilates more nutrients from the soil than were trans- located from storage structures during periods of rapid growth of leaves and reproduction structures. These results constitute addi- tional evidence that woodland herbs may play an important role in nutrient cycling in forests. Results also suggest that large nutrient storage structures, which are common to most forest herbs, may be important mainly as adaptations to enable the plants to survive heavy predation. EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Over the past few years, the education staff has been investigating the effects of school field trips on learning among elementary- school children. In a recent collaborative effort with the National Zoological Park, specific types of pre-trip teaching materials were developed, and the learning resulting from a single-visit field trip to the Zoo was assessed. Although there was significant variation among the experimental conditions, all classes who visited the Zoo showed a great deal of learning from a very structured tour of the Science I 75 aquatic mammal area. For educators, a natural question arose: For learning, how important was it that the students actually went to the Zoo? Might they not have performed better if they had received the same information in the classroom, free from the distractions of a field trip? A study conducted by John Falk and John Balling, with the assistance of Ellen Goldstein, attempted to answer these questions. Essentially, the same "tour" of the aquatic mammal area of the Zoo was given to classrooms of fourth-grade children, similar to those in the original study, using a slide/lecture presentation format. Pre- and post-tests were used to assess learning. The results showed that the students who received the "tour" in the classroom learned significantly less than the children who visited the Zoo. These findings are further confirmation of the pedagogical efficacy of field trips. In another museum-related study, John Falk spent two months in India investigating field-trip learning at the National Museum of Natural History in New Delhi. In a series of previous studies, Falk and his colleagues at the center have shown that the learner's perception of the museum setting dramatically affects learning. In particular, the relative novelty of the setting can impinge upon learning so much as to totally deflect the best efforts of both exhibit designers and museum instructors. In his India study, Falk tried to investigate three issues: 1. determine whether novel field-trip phenomena are a general human experience or primarily an American/Western experience; 2. test the relative importance of "exhibit quality" versus "novelty effects" on learner behavior; and 3. determine whether "novelty effects" can be ameliorated in the relatively short time available for the field trip. The experiment involved 320 Delhi fourth- and fifth-form school children participating in a school field trip to the museum. Upon arrival at the museum, classes were divided in half and taken on museum tours that began at different locations. Therefore, the students in each group stopped in front of the target exhibitions and received a prearranged lecture/discussion at different times relative to the beginning of the tour. If exhibition quality was the most salient factor affecting behavior and learning, no differences should exist between the behavior of children in front of an 76 I Smithsonian Year 1982 exhibition, regardless of when during the tour they encounter it. If factors such as novelty and fatigue played an important role, behaviors should significantly differ as a function of time. The dependent measure was an "on-task," "off-task/' nonverbal behavior, observational instrument developed by Falk in work at the center and the British Museum (Natural History) in London. Preliminary data analysis showed that behaviors, which were highly correlated with cognitive learning, were significantly differ- ent in front of the same exhibition, depending upon whether it was viewed early or late in the tour. Consistent with previous research, children spent more time attending to the exhibit and the lecturing docent at the end of the tour, after having time to acclimate to their setting. Early into their visit, more than half the time, chil- dren were attending to everything but the intended lesson. A major new initiative undertaken by the Education Program in 1982, is a National Science Foundation-funded research project to investigate the role of the family in the promotion and main- tenance of scientific literacy in America. In collaboration with educators at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, John Balling and Deborah Hilke are conducting a series of studies designed to examine parent-child interactions with regard to science-related topics. As part of the first investigation, an attempt is being made to determine what aspects of family interactions children and adults view as important to the success of their exchanges. A relatively novel application of a well-known psychological measure- ment technique termed the "Q-sort," which has been used extensively in personality assessment, is being employed to gather data on attitudes toward family interactions. Preliminary analyses of the data on children have shown that dimensions such as the amount of personal freedom and imagina- tion permitted, the amount of responsibility required, and the degree to which the adults and children work cooperatively or independently underlie their judgments. It is hoped that after both more adult and child data are acquired, points of intergenerational conflict and agreement regarding family interactions can be identi- fied. Such information should help developers of materials design more successful family activities. In a postdoctoral research study, Judy Diamond and Alan Bond investigated family learning from an ethological perspective. In Science I 77 particular, they investigated mechanisms of cultural transmission, which were described in terms of the behavioral interactions between fathers and their children as they fished from a pier on Maryland's Eastern Shore. Verbal and nonverbal behaviors were analyzed, and the patterns of association in the behavioral reper- toire were described in detail. A wide variety of transmission techniques were revealed, ranging from behavioral clusters sug- gestive of modeling or simple showing, to complex combinations of behaviors involved in teaching. Based upon their study, Diamond and Bond suggest that the behaviors used to transmit information vary systematically with both the specific content of the trans- mitted information and the social role of the actor or person doing the transmitting. Diamond and Bond conclude that, while certain information transmission behaviors — such as showing or naming — have similar functions in adults and children, others — such as giving praise and telling — have different functional associations, depending on age. These contrasting sequences of development may reflect a fundamental distinction in the ontogeny of complex behavior patterns. Another longstanding research interest at the cbces has been environmental influences on human behavior and the ways in which human preferences for various landscapes are formed. John Balling and John Falk have been exploring the effects that man's evolutionary history may have on these preferences. Underlying much of their work is the hypothesis that human evolution, in large part, took place along or near river courses in the East African savanna. Preferences for natural settings with scattered trees, short grass, and some type of water body may, therefore, reflect an innate preference for the environment in which much of our biological (and psychological) apparatus evolved. Previous research by Balling and Falk have shown strong prefer- ences by Americans for savannalike settings. In order to validate these findings in light of evolutionary, rather than cultural, influ- ences, cross-cultural data were required. Last year, Falk collected data from two populations of Nigerians living in the rain forest of West Africa. This year, he collected comparable data from urban and rural Indians. These subjects possess very different cultural and environmental experiences than the North American populations previously sampled. Preliminary analysis of the data 78 / Smithsonian Year 1982 showed an overwhelming preference by Indians for savanna over all other biomes sampled. Earlier analysis revealed the same pattern for Nigerians. These cross-cultural findings lend strong support to Falk and Balling's evolutionary basis for landscape preference theory. EDUCATION MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT Two major educational materials development projects were carried out during the year, one for families and one for early adolescents. The Smithsonian Family Learning Project (sflp) is a series of family-activity packets for hands-on exploration of home science topics such as: home energy, houseplant and lawn ecology, food science, and pets. The sflp staff of John Falk, Laurie Greenberg, Jamie Harms, and Vicki Dedrickson was involved with intensive testing and revision for eventual publication and widespread dissemination of the materials. Both workshops and monthly mailings to over 1,200 families in 43 states provided evaluative information for revision of both text and graphics. Press coverage through the Smithsonian News Service, the Christian Science Monitor, the NBC "Today Show," and a variety of syndicated radio shows has given the sflp exposure to families and profes- sionals across the U.S. The project staff is currently working with Smithsonian Exposition Books to publish the activity packets. Growing out of increasing national concern for the declining scientific competence and literacy of American youth, the National Science Foundation awarded the center a grant to develop science materials for early adolescents in out-of-school contexts. The project, entitled Science Activities for Informal Learning (sail), is directed by John Falk and co-coordinated by Barbara Steinberg and Gary Heath. Cathy Brady is a materials developer on the project, and John Balling serves as a consultant. In sail's first year as a pilot project, its staff has developed several dozen science- related activities to be done in a potential cross-age teaching situation, namely that of babysitting, in which the adolescent can assume some aspects of an adult role. Interest in the project and its materials has been expressed by a wide variety of informal and formal educators and groups such as the Girl Scouts, Red Cross, school and community service programs such as Head Start, and Science I 79 museums and science centers within the Smithsonian and elsewhere around the country. The National Air and Space Museum The National Air and Space Museum (nasm) has continued to fulfill the expectations of its public by expanding its integrated series of programs in research, exhibitions, collections manage- ment, education, and public service. Building upon a base that has satisfied more than 55,000,000 visitors, the museum opened a series of new exhibits, produced a number of significant publica- tions, and laid the foundation for a research effort of even greater potential than its current one. It is characteristic of nasm that plans for research, exhibits and collections management are closely tied together so that efforts in one area can benefit another. This emphasis in cutting across boundaries is especially important in the fields of education and public service; the museum feels that the diffusion of knowledge is equally important to the increase of knowledge. As a result of this coordinated effort, the components of the museum work together like a finely tuned watch in a imaginative, innovative cost effective operation. Three major research efforts began in fiscal year 1982. The Aeronautics Department began work in earnest on a four-volume history of aviation, intended to be the definitive work in the field. In a parallel endeavor, the Department of Space Science and Ex- ploration established the framework for the compilation of a history of the Space Telescope. As part of a nationwide system for the storing and research of planetary mission data, agreements have been made with the National Aeronautics and Space Admin- istration (nasa) to establish nasm's Center for Earth and Planetary Studies as one of eight Regional Planetary Image Facilities located in the United States. The center, cosponsored by nasa and the Smithsonian Institution, will provide access to planetary images and other data for investigators from nearby colleges and universi- ties, as well as continue its archival role for data acquired by lunar and planetary missions. 80 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Rockets reach for the stars in this unusual view of the National Air and Space Museum. Both the Aeronautics and Space Science and Exploration depart- ments continued their research in a number of other major areas, but with particular concentration on the study, care, and docu- mentation of the artifacts in the collection. An important oral history project is under way to record and transcribe interviews with prominent participants in the last thirty years of space as- tronomy. Visiting scholars will continue to be invited to deliver seminars on the history of space science and exploration; T. Keith Glennan (nasa's first administrator) and John Naugle (former chief scientist for nasa) were among those involved in the program this year. An investigation by the Center for Earth and Planetary Studies (ceps) of the distribution and orientation of Martian structures indicates that the formation of the structures was primarily due to the weight of the Tharsis volcanic province on the crust of the planet; additional sources of compression are needed to account for the planet-wide occurrence of such landforms. Comparisons of martian and Egyptian desert features were completed during the year and are being published by nasa. Analysis of lunar orbital geochemical data has proven useful for mapping the extent of volcanic units on the surface and subsurface, where impact craters have exposed older geologic units. Some areas of the Moon that were thought to be ancient anorthositic crust now appear to represent the earliest volcanic deposits, some of which may be present in the Apollo 16 suite of lunar samples. In November 1981, soil and sand samples taken in the Western Desert of Egypt along the flight track of the Space Shuttle Columbia were used to calibrate the Shuttle Multispectral Infrared Radiometer results. Over twenty-five published works resulted from research by the ceps staff this fiscal year. Joint research in the Sinai with the Suez Canal University was initiated with studies of enhanced Landsat images of the northern Sinai peninsula. The center is now operating under the direction of Dr. Ted Maxwell. In July, ceps's research director, Dr. Farouk El-Baz, left the center to join private industry. Nasm research was also reflected in the expanded series of pub- lications which have been well received by the public and well reviewed by the critics. Museum personnel have created an exten- sive publishing program, which includes everything from popular 82 / Smithsonian Year 1982 books to scholarly works. These publications are listed in Ap- pendix 6. The three NASM-produced publications entered in the 1982 Blue Pencil Awards (sponsored by the National Association of Govern- ment Communicators) each won awards: first place in the category of books for the Aircraft of the National Air and Space Museum catalogue; second place in popular publications exceeding sixteen pages went to the exhibition booklet, Jet Aviation: Threshold to a New Era; and third place in the category of brochures for the nasm Langley Theater brochure. The creation of exhibitions requires a similar degree of research that a book does, and often an exhibition will result in the cor- rollary publication of a book. The major exhibition for the year, 25 Years of Space Exploration, opened on July 1, 1982. Using film, photographs, space artifacts, and memorabilia, the exhibition recalls those tumultuous years that saw not only tremendous achievements in space, but remarkable and sometimes shattering social and cultural changes. The theme of twenty-five years of space exploration will be reinforced with lectures planned for the anniversary of the Sputnik launch in October and the U.S. launch of Explorer 1 the following January. A joint symposium on the subject will be held in October 1982, in association with the National Academy of Sciences, which also opened a space art exhibit, using pieces from nasm's collection. In addition to 25 Years of Space Exploration eight other major exhibitions were opened. Black Wings: The American Black in Aviation opened in Sep- tember 1982, depicting the previously untold story of American black aviators from Eugene Bullard's service in France in World War I, to the black astronauts assigned to the space program. A model of the World War II P-51 Mustang and the fighter used by the Tuskegee airmen are also exhibited. The exhibition highlights much new information and many photographs not previously displayed. Other exhibitions during the year included: a show of twenty- eight works of art documenting various aspects of the Space Shuttle program; Aerial Aircraft Carriers, the history of aerial carriers (mother-ships) and the vehicles they carry; Jacqueline Cochrane — World Record Holder, focused on the outstanding Science I 83 forty-year career of this aviation pioneer; The Flying Roosevelts, a photo exhibition documenting the many uses of the airplane by Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, in keeping with the Smithsonian Institution's commemoration of the one hundredth anniversary of the birth of Franklin Delano Roosevelt; Solar Challenger, the air- craft that made aviation history by flying across the English Channel, powered only by energy generated from sunlight; USS Enterprise, an eleven-foot model of the aircraft carrier, including its eighty-three model airwing, built by and donated to the museum by Stephen Henninger; and a display of fifty aircraft models all in one case. Nasm's third imax film, Flyers, opened in the Langley Theater on August 6. The film, sponsored by Conoco, Inc., is a new departure in the genre, being an action drama featuring the exploits of a fictional World War II Navy pilot, who continues his love of flying by restoring aircraft and doing stunt work for films. Flying sequences show many different types of aircraft ranging from soar- ing sailplanes to modern jets. The other two imax films, To Fly and Living Planet, continue to draw large audiences, and the theater operates at near capacity at all times. The ten-millionth visitor to the Langley Theater was welcomed on July 20, 1982. A new presentation opened in the Albert Einstein Spacearium in September. Entitled Probe, the planetarium show is an odyssey that transports visitors to the surface of Venus, through Jupiter's system of satellites, and past the ringed world of Saturn, explain- ing how the spacecrafts' journeys were made, and detailing some of the lessons learned by these spectacular voyages. The previous attraction New Eyes on the Universe drew almost one million visitors during its two-year run. Besides the intensive work that results in major exhibitions and publications, the museum has a constant goal of making it easy and interesting for the public to use its facilities for other than a standard museum visit. Nasm's public service efforts during the year included a wide variety of offerings. Among the best received of these were: The fifth anniversary of the Paul E. Garber Facility was celebrated in April with a festive five-day open house for the public. Staff from all offices of nasm and docents were on hand to welcome, assist, and answer questions of the more than 8,500 84 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Area visitors tour the nasm's Paul E. Garber Facility, which celebrated its fifth anni- versary in April with a 5-day open house. enthusiastic visitors who toured the facility. The opportunity to climb into airplane cockpits for photograph sessions, to watch and question the restoration staff while they worked, and to freely tour three buildings on their own were some of the visitor high- lights of the celebration. "D.C. Day," was held in February; five hundred junior-high- school students from the District of Columbia spent a day at nasm. Activities included an opening talk by Space Shuttle astronaut Frederick Gregory, demonstrations by nasm staff members on building kites, model rockets and airplanes, photo-taking opportu- nities in the galleries, and a display of Space Shuttle art, with paintings done by the students themselves. The sixth annual Frisbee Festival was held in September. This popular event drew 15,000 people to the Mall to watch demonstra- tions by Frisbee champions — both human and canine — and to attend workshops offered at several levels of proficiency. A new, free daytime international concert series, held in coopera- tion with area embassies, was inaugurated during the spring and summer, with performing groups from around the globe, and evening concerts were also presented by the Navy's Commodores. The ever-popular free aviation and space-fiction films presented on fall and winter evenings were shown in the Langley Theater. Nine aviation lectures were also held in the theater, and 81 live lectures were presented in the Albert Einstein Spacearium. The museum's Briefing Room was used for live lecture demon- strations for school groups and also for three mini-lecture series, presented during the year by nasm curators, on topics of aero- nautics, astronomy, and current events in space science. The museum continued to support the National and Resident Associate programs through staff lectures and use of the building for over 126 activities this past year. Increased use of nasm facili- ties for special events and events by outside organizations num- bered 58, with sponsorship of lectures and special events by outside organizations increasing. In April, three dozen science writers from the Washington, D.C, area spent a day behind the scenes at the Garber Facility and at the museum's Center for Earth and Planetary Studies. The program was sponsored by the local chapter of the National Association of Science Writers, and was coordinated by nasm's Office of Public 86 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Affairs and Museum Services and the Smithsonian Institution's Office of Public Affairs. The writers also toured the National Museum of Natural History. Nasm served over 100,000 visitors through 4,100 tours and theater and spacearium reservations. In addition to the regularly featured tours, three new tours have been added: a group "tour of the month," emphasizing a particular theme or anniversary, a highlight tour designed for the mentally retarded and learning disabled, and a summer family tour for parents and children. The nasm educational staff presented classroom lectures to Washington, D.C.'s, Dunbar High School students on topics such as early flight, aerospace heroes, rocketry, and the Space Shuttle; these lectures were then followed by visits to related exhibition galleries in the museum. On a larger scale, through the training of regional resource persons, 800 sessions were presented nationwide to 24,000 people in 28 states. Presentations on the principles of flight were made to students, local teachers, senior citizen groups, and the general public at local libraries, schools, nursing homes, and banks. This year's intern program for graduate and undergraduate students included opportunities for twenty-two students — the museum's most successful intern program to date. The collections management program of the museum was en- hanced with the establishment of a new documentation storage center at the Garber Facility, which will be maintained under strict controls for humidity and temperature. The center will support the museum's archival and reference services by providing addi- tional storage for the museum's extensive document and photo- graph collections. Over one-half-million photographs from the Wright Field collection were sorted and boxed and will be moved into the new storage center along with archival material stored at the North Capitol Street building and in other areas at the Garber Facility. Nasm's videodisc image storage and retrieval project, initiated by the Atherton Seidell program, has proven to be an outstanding success and is the subject of great interest by not only museums and universities but also by commercial firms. A keyword indexing system is also being developed to support this disc. Computerization of the registrar's manual records and report- Science I 87 ing systems — including computer-generated accession memoranda, donor listings, and gallery listings — was completed. Information will continue to be added as it is received. The nasm inventory project is nearing completion. All space artifacts have been inventoried, and the remainder of the aero- nautical inventory is being reconciled. The total nasm inventory project will be completed by January 1983. The Space Science and Exploration Department implemented its five-year collections plan by acquiring new, scientific artifacts of the space program both in the area of space astronomy and manned space flight. An archival and preservation task force was estab- lished to carry out and monitor the acquisition of documents re- lated to the artifact collection and their preservation. A major goal of rationalizing loans of space artifacts to other museums was reached with the establishment of a departmental loan committee to review computer-inventoried loans. Three aircraft restorations were completed in fiscal year 1982: Ecker Flying Boat, Benoist Type XII, and deHavilland DH-4. Work continues on several other important aircraft. An intensive preser- vation program at the Garber Facility has been initiated to method- ically clean and preserve the entire collection of aircraft. Twenty aircraft were preserved this year. The aeronautics collection was augmented by the addition of a Lockheed U-2, Martin B-57, Monocoupe, and Farman Sport. The B-57 is the first of nasm's aircraft to be stored at Dulles Interna- tional Airport. Noel W. Hinners resigned his position as director on June 8, 1982, to become the director of the Goddard Space Flight Center. Walter Boyne was appointed acting director, and a search com- mittee to fill the position of director was established by Dr. David Challinor. National Museum of Man, Center for the Study of Man NATIONAL HUMAN STUDIES FILM CENTER Dr. E. Richard Sorenson, director of the National Human Studies Film Center, and Tibetan research assistant Ragpa Dorjee filmed in 88 / Smithsonian Year 1982 1982 at Gyudmed Tantric Monastery of the Gohe Samaje — one of the most advanced and disciplined centers of learning in the Tibetan system — recording ceremonial events that only highly initiated and educated monks have hitherto been allowed to see. At Dzonkar Choede, one of the most ancient monasteries of Tibet, now transplanted to South India, Sorenson and Dorjee also re- ceived permission to film the annual Mahayasksha Cham cere- mony. With the work in those two South India monasteries, the researchers obtained for the first time in history, research film footage of the training and development of traditional Tibetan monks. Such monks played crucial roles in Tibetan history. The Research Report Film "Jyapu: Industrious Productivity as Life Style," prepared under the direction of Dr. Sorenson with the participation of the scholars of the Royal Nepal Academy to com- memorate the Academy's Silver Anniversary, was shown at the Smithsonian Institution in May and at the celebrations in Nepal in June. The film was praised by the Chancellor of the Royal Nepal Academy. Since then, it has been shown to numerous groups, in- cluding academics and students in several countries as well as the United States. Significant fiscal and logistical support was provided by the Royal Government of Bhutan so that Dr. Sorenson could survey Bhutan for sites where traditional Bhutanese culture could be filmed. Several promising sites were identified. In Micronesia, Dr. Sorenson's research project, "The Artistic Lifestyle of the Western Caroline Islands," continued on the most traditional atoll left in the Pacific. A detailed photographic and community census, prepared by Project Coordinator Mathias Maradol, is being used as part of the preliminary annotation of the research film record. HUMAN STUDIES FILM ARCHIVES On October 1, 1981, the National Human Studies Film Center was restructured to emphasize film preservation in a new component: the Human Studies Film Archives. The purpose of the archives is to locate, acquire, preserve, and document film and video mate- rials of non-Western and Western cultures for research. Pamela Wintle, formerly of the Film Center, is responsible for the day-to-day management of the archives. Assisting her in Science I 89 7 >%>0 From the files of the new Human Studies Film Archives comes this photograph of Berber Nomad girls, Sahara Desert, Algeria, 1930. (Photographer, George L. Waite) developing archival policy is Dr. Herman Viola, Director of the National Anthropological Archives, and an advisory group of professionals reflecting various dsciplines. The first six months of fiscal year 1982 were used to effect the restructure, to conduct an inventory of the holdings, to move the archives and the cold-storage film vault into the National Museum of Natural History, and to establish office systems. Subsequently, priority has been given to designing archival procedures and establishing the technology for acquistion, preservation, control, and research use of the current collection and future acquisitions. A new, enlarged, cold-storage film vault was designed, and con- struction will begin in January 1983. National Museum of Natural History EXHIBITIONS At the National Museum of Natural History (nmnh), the paleo- biology halls in December 1981 returned to the public eye one of the Smithsonian's most popular attractions — the dinosaurs. Rearranged for better viewing, interpreted by new textual in- formation, and integrated with displays of other reptiles, plants, and animals that lived in the same age, the huge beasts are once more delighting and awing visitors. The nmnh has added to the company of its dozen older mounted dinosaurs some spectacular new attractions, one of which is antrodemus, a fierce flesh-eater with powerful gaping jaws, posed in full stride in pursuit of another dinosaur. Soaring overhead is a life-sized model of the reptile Quetzalcoatlus northropi. Its forty-foot wingspan makes it the largest flying animal on record — twice as large as any bird that ever lived. The old dinosaur exhibition was shut down for an extended period during the early stages of the reorganization of the muse- ums's paleobiology halls into the large, all-encompassing exhibi- tion Fossils: The History of Life. Eight highlights in the complex are now open, with seven others in various stages of planning and construction. All of the evolutionary events in the fossil complex are indexed Science I 91 This life-size model of a pterosaur soars over the nmnh's refurbished dinosaur exhibi- tion. Below. Vacuuming the backbone of the diplodocus was part of the preparation for opening the new Dinosaur Hall. *"*"' "yft » » ta ys L« WEh* w s and illustrated on a spectacular new twenty-seven-foot-high "Time Column" at the entrance of the Dinosaur Hall. The public can view the dinosaurs and the Time Column from a new west balcony that is connected to the hall's existing east balcony by a cantilevered ramp. On the west balcony — which can be entered from the second-floor rotunda balcony — are five huge monolithic slabs of fossil resources, illustrating how over eons of geological time plant and animal remains have been concentrated into valuable mineral wealth. The outstanding event of the museum's 1982 special exhibition season was the opening on June 18 of inua: spirit world of the bering sea eskimo in the Thomas M. Evans Gallery. This large exhibition drew upon one of the museum's hidden treasures — the unparalleled collection of Eskimo ethnological material acquired 100 years ago by Edward W. Nelson. On explorations along the Bering Sea Coast by dog sled, kayak, and on foot, Nelson collected some 10,000 ethnological artifacts, ranging from wooden cere- monial masks to clothing, household implements, and carved ivory hunting equipment. Rich in technology, art, and religious sym- bolism, the comprehensiveness of the collection and its careful documentation make it the finest Eskimo collection in the world. The idea of mounting a big exhibition of Nelson material was suggested in 1979 by Ann Stevens, the late wife of Senator Ted Stevens (Republican — Alaska) after she was shown the collection in the museum's attic, where it had been carefully preserved for more than 100 years. Struck by the collection's beauty and impor- tance, and the fact that very little of it had ever been placed on exhibit, the Stevenses urged museum anthropologist, William Fitz- hugh to organize a traveling exhibition so that the works could be shared by other Americans. Fitzhugh and anthropologist Susan Kaplan took the collection down from the attic and gave it the first comprehensive study of this century, writing a 300-page scholarly catalog to accompany the exhibition (with nmnh Archae- ologist Emeritus Henry B. Collins contributing an essay on Nelson). After the exhibition closes at the museum on January 3, 1983, a smaller version will be circulated to locations in Alaska and else- where in the United States and Canada by the Smithsonian Insti- tution Traveling Exhibition Service (sites). It is the first traveling Science / 93 exhibition ever assembled from nmnh's ethnological collections. The Evans Gallery hosted five other superb exhibitions during fiscal year 1982: China's Inner Frontier, photographs of the 1923 Wulsin Expedition to Northwest China (October 8-November 5, 1981); Hopi Kachina: Spirit of Life, a tribute to the unique culture of Arizona's Hopi Indians (November 13, 1981-January 3, 1982); Deep Ocean Photographs, featuring mural-sized U.S. Navy photo- graphs of a two-mile-high volcanic seamount beneath the Atlantic Ocean (January 22-April 18, 1982); A New Look at the Work of Edward Curtis, a sites exhibition, organized by Christopher Lyman, which raised critical questions about the Curtis photo- graphs of American Indians (March 4- April 15, 1982); and Brazilian Feather Art (May 11-May 31, 1982). The museum's Rotunda Balcony Gallery featured Revelations of Nature, nature photographs by Frank Greenwell (October 6-De- cember 6, 1981); Botanical Prints, by Henry Evans (December 9, 1981-February 7, 1982); Artist and Botanist: A Collaboration, orchid watercolors by Dr. Regina O. Hughes (February 13- April 11, 1982); The Tarahumara, sculptures and drawings of the Tarahumara people of Mexico by George Carlson (April 17- June 13, 1982) and Sigrid James Bruch: Recent Work, oil paintings of birds and other zoological subjects (June 19-August 15, 1982). An exhibition of Contemporary North American Indian Art, sixty-five paintings and sculptures by more than forty leading North American Indian artists, was shown in the second-floor special exhibit gallery (March 13-September 12, 1982); Grass Work of Labrador, a collection of basketry and other craft works, was on view in the Learning Center Gallery (August 30- October 30, 1982); and Deep Sea Dives to Biological Frontiers, a permanent exhibition about communities of unique, deep-sea organisms living a mile and a half beneath the Pacific Ocean, opened in the museum's first-floor Sea Life Hall (February 18, 1982). ANTHROPOLOGY Paleopathology, the study of disease and trauma in the people of the ancient and historical past has enjoyed an increased interest in recent years — as attested to by many recent articles in the anthropologic and medical literature. The nmnh's large skeleton 94 / Smithsonian Year 1982 collections, which have literally hundreds of examples of skeletal disease and abnormalities, make it one of the world centers of paleopathology research. In December 1981, museum physical anthropologist Donald J. Ortner, in collaboration with Walter G. J. Putschar, a leading authority on skeletal pathology, published a monumental 479-page reference work on skeletal paleopathology titled "Identification of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains" (Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology No. 28). This book grew out of a paleopathology lecture series presented annually at the museum by the authors between 1971 and 1974. The authors have recorded many examples of paleopathology from the museum's reference collections and have traveled to museums of anatomy and pathology throughout the world to examine, cata- logue, and photograph modern specimens of bone disease and archaeological remnants. The book has received an enthusiastic response from the anthropological and medical communities. North American ethnologist William L. Merrill in 1981 and 1982 continued his research on the Raramuri (Tarahumara) world view and religion. Little known to most Americans, the 50,000 Raramuris live in many small hamlets scattered over the rugged sierra and canyon country in southwestern Chihuahau, Mexico, 200 miles southwest of the U.S. border. During 1982 Dr. Merrill examined museum collections of Raramuri materials at the South- west Museum, the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural His- tory, the Museum of Cultural History at the University of Cali- fornia, Los Angeles, the Laboratory of Anthropology at the Mu- seum of New Mexico, and the Maxwell Museum. These materials provided insights into regional variations and changes through time in Raramuri material culture. The computer is being used to file and manipulate this data and other detailed and complexly interconnected information on the kinship and social organization among the Raramuri — aspects that have intrigued Dr. Merrill since his original fieldwork in the Raramuri country in the 1970s. Dr. Merrill was also active in the last year in encouraging American Indian involvement in museums. He coordinated the loan of Zuni ceramics from the Smithsonian collections for a traveling exhibition currently being organized by the Zunis. He also visited the new Acoma museum in New Mexico and selected Science / 95 appropriate Acoma pieces from the Smithsonian collections to lend to it. The Smithsonian, under John Wesley Powell in the late nine- teenth century, pioneered in studies of North American native languages. Today it continues its work in this area. The research has an urgent aspect to it because many of the 200 languages spoken by North American Indians, Aleuts, and Eskimos are dying out. The museum's linguist, Dr. Ives Goddard, in addition to his linguistic editing of the Handbook of North American Indians, has been conducting linguistic field work on the Munsee language on the Moraviantown Indian Reserve, Ontario. This eastern Algonquian language is believed to be the one spoken by the native residents of Manhattan Island at the time the Dutch arrived. Today Munsee is only spoken in two small, surviving Delaware Indian communities in Oklahoma and Ontario. Since Dr. Goddard began documenting the vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammatical structure of the language in Ontario in the 1960s, the number of speakers has dwindled from forty-two to twenty. Dr. Goddard also spent a considerable amount of time in fiscal year 1982 working on the editing and translation of a complete corpus of native Massachusett writings. Massachusett, the native language of East Massachusetts, was one of the first native lan- guages committed to writing in the New World — a project accom- plished by John Eliot, a missionary. This system, based on English letters, was used for the first bible printed in America (the first edition of which was published on a press at the Indian College in Harvard Yard in 1663) and was subsequently used by Indians to write many documents. Goddard plans to publish these Massa- chusett writings in collaboration with Dr. Kathleen J. Bragdon. BOTANY On coral reefs, dense populations of herbivorous fish and other browsing animals feed constantly on seaweeds. To protect them- selves from this voracious grazing, the algae have evolved a variety of survival techniques, including the manufacture of potent and toxic chemical defenses — nature's equivalent of chemical warfare. Marine biologists over the past decade have become increas- ingly interested in these algal chemical compounds and are study- 96 I Smithsonian Year 1982 ing them for their potential as new drugs, pharmaceuticals, pesti- cides, and other useful industrial products. In a collaborative study of "Chemical Defense in Tropical Marine Algae," at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, published in 1982, museum marine botanist James N. Norris and William Fenical, a chemist at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, reported on the potency of a variety of unique or unusual natural compounds they isolated from the green, brown, and red algae on the Caribbean reef. When the extracted compounds — which included halogenated and nonhalogenated terpenoids — were tested in controlled labora- tory conditions on reef damsel fishes, in most cases they were either lethal or caused physiological stress. Not surprisingly, field observations indicate that algae producing these compounds are not eaten by herbivorous fish and invertebrate reef animals. The same compounds were tested in the laboratory to see if they had antibiotic properties. Here again, they often proved effec- tive. Norris and Fenical report that sometimes a compound did not harm fish but was toxic to bacteria, suggesting that its role might be as a defense against free-floating microbial pathogens in the reef environment. The nmnh's botanists sometimes are unable to name a plant in the field because it lacks the structures (usually flowers or fruits) that are used for classification. One way to overcome this difficulty is to collect the living plant (if it is not too large) for cultivation in the museum's east courtyard greenhouse, where it can be observed on a long-term, daily basis. In addition to learning the plant's name — and some new species are discovered in this man- ner— the botanist can learn much about the plant's reproductive biology, which can lead to a fuller understanding of its relation- ships and evolution. Dr. Robert Faden, a specialist on the family Commelinaceae (dayflowers, spiderworts, and wandering Jews), is finding the greenhouse invaluable for his research. In recent months, several Commelinaceae, which are cultivated in the greenhouse, have flowered for the first time. These include the Bromeliad-like Cochliostema odoratissimum (originally from Ecuador), whose large, fragrant, orchid-like flowers suggest a complex pollination system that is still unknown. Dr. Faden is currently studying the Science / 97 reproductive biology of several Commelinaceae, including Palisota hirsuta and Commelina erecta. The former, grown from seeds and cuttings collected by Dr. Faden in Ghana, has been found to have an elaborate breeding system — with both hermaphroditic and male flowers, each with two kinds of pollen — that operates to maximize cross-pollination. Commelina erecta was first studied by Dr. Faden in the Big Thicket country of eastern Texas in 1981. Analysis of the field data and further experiments on the reproductive biology of plants from Texas are now continuing at the museum. Other botanical research highlights in the past year included publication of museum botanist Stanwyn G. Shetler's book Varia- tion and Evolution of the Nearctic Harebells. Culminating many years of work on the perplexing biological variation among the plants allied to the common harebell or bluebell-of-Scotland, Shetler's treatise not only reports his own findings for the New World but also presented a synthesis of the many other studies of Eurasian harebells. ENTOMOLOGY In an article in the Coleoptera Bulletin, museum entomologist Terry L. Erwin in 1982 proposed a new and startling answer to a question that scientists have been guessing at for more than a century: How many insect species are there in the forests of the tropics? Based on his research on the tropical forest canopy of Panama, and subsequent work at Manaus, Brazil, and at the Tambopata Nature Reserve in southeastern Peru, Erwin concludes that the current estimates of arthropod species numbers are far too low. His findings show that there could be as many as 30 million species extant globally, not 1.5 million as is usually estimated. Dr. Erwin points out that it is important to know, when setting aside tracts of tropical forest for conservation, that small biotopes are unique to thousands of insect species — many of which could be beneficial to mankind. Conversely, it is important to know that with the rapid destruction of tropical forests, many more insect species are becoming extinct than previously thought. Erwin's pioneering field work on the natural history and diver- sity of the insect fauna of the tropical forest canopy — a virtually unstudied and unknown habitat 30-55 meters above the forest 98 / Smithsonian Year 1982 floor — is now focusing on Peru, where more than half the arthro- pod species he is collecting are new to science. Many may have potential usefulness in forestry, agriculture, and medicine. Other entomological research highlights during 1981 and 1982 included Dr. Don Davis's three-month expedition to the southern deserts and forests of Chile to collect Lepidoptera. Approximately 20,000 moths were collected along with more than 20,000 other insects. A preliminary survey of the microlepidoptera indicate that between eighty and ninety percent of the species collected are new. Dr. Oliver S. Flint, Jr., published "Studies of Neotropical Caddis- flies XXXIII: New Species from Austral South America (Trichop- tera)" (Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 377), in which 110 new species and one new genus of caddisflies are described and illustrated — the largest single group of new caddisfly species ever described in a single paper. INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY The Atlantic Barrier Reef Ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, a 600-page volume published in June 1982, was the first in a series of major publications for an on-going museum project that is the most exhaustive and comprehensive long-term study of a Carib- bean coral reef and its surroundings ever taken. Museum invertebrate zoologist Klaus Ruetzler, coordinator of the multi-year, interdisciplinary study, was co-author of the book with museum geologist Ian Maclntyre. The publication contains thirty-four scholarly accounts of the scientific findings to date. The book begins with a summary of past work on the Belizean reefs and cays — an area that had never received any concentrated scientific attention until two decades ago, even though Charles Darwin had included the Belizean reefs in his classic 1842 work on the classification of principal reef types. Heavily illustrated with color and black-and-white photographs and illustrations, the book includes in-depth descriptions of the barrier reef complex and its climate and environment. There are discussions of distinctive communities, including an unusual sub- marine cave, and several sections on the flora and fauna inhabiting the cays, reefs, and surrounding waters. The latest phase of the study project began in 1982 as Ruetzler and museum colleagues Gordon Hendler, James Norris, Brian Science / 99 Kensley, and Kristian Fauchald launched the Smithsonian Western Atlantic Mangrove Program (swamp), a study of the ecosystem of shallow-water mangrove islands a few miles away from the cay. These mud islands, submerged at high tide, are covered with man- grove trees, the roots of which accumulate and anchor soil, serve as a nursery for many forms of marine life, and act as a buffer to protect the reef's cays from erosion. Among the many other significant invertebrate-zoology research achievements during the year were: the discovery of a new pro- priceptor (position-sensing) organ in the nervous system of nema- tode worms by Duane Hope and S. L. Gardiner; the publication of a 549-page volume on the natural history of "The Crayfishes of Georgia," by Horton H. Hobbs, Jr., a comprehensive study based upon some forty-three years of personal field work in a state that has the richest recorded crayfish fauna of any in the Americas; the discovery of a new order of crustaceans by Thomas Bowman; a study of the population genetics of sea urchins by David Pawson; and the publication of the Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Seashells, written by Harald A. Rehder. Museum invertebrate zoologist Robert P. Higgins, in the fall of 1981, conducted two weeks of field work as a guest of the Insti- tute of Oceanology at Quingdao, a Chinese city on the northern coast of the Yellow Sea. He is the world's only authority on the tiny kinorhynch, a creature belonging to a little-known, but eco- logically important, marine phylum that lives in ocean sediments throughout the world. Making day trips in a research vessel pro- vided by the institute, Higgins was able to collect four or five pre- viously unknown species. He also lectured on his research in meiobenthology, the study of very small marine organisms, a field the Chinese want to develop. MINERAL SCIENCES Researchers were intensely occupied throughout the year with the collection and study of Antarctic meteorites. A large body of new material was discovered with the help of geophysicist Robert F. Fudali, who took part in the National Science Foundation Antarctic Search for Meteorites (ansmet) expedition in November, Decem- ber, and January of 1981-1982. Fudali, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory colleague Ursula 100 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Marvin, and five scientists from the University of Pittsburgh and other institutions, spent six weeks encamped in the Allan Hills region, northwest of McMurdo Sound. There they used snow- mobiles to carry out a systematic "clean-up" search of two ice- field areas that had yielded a considerable amount of meteorite material in previous years. About 375 meteorites and meteorite fragments were recovered — a record for an Allan Hills expedition. Fudali located a forty-two-pound iron meteorite, the largest find. The material included another iron, six achondrites, four carbona- ceous chondrites, and several enigmatics. Most of the remainder are ordinary chondrites. As part of a joint nsf-nasa-si program, all Antarctic meteorites are being shipped to the nmnh for characterization and descrip- tion. A major effort, headed by Roy S. Clarke, Jr., is going into the study of Antarctic metal-rich meteorites. Brian Mason is han- dling the basic classification and description of all meteorites col- lected by nsf expeditions as well as those collected by expeditions organized by the National Institute of Polar Research of Japan, in Tokyo, where he spent May and June 1982 as an invited scientist. Dr. Kurt Fredriksson attended the Seventh Symposium on Antarctic Meteorites in Tokyo and delivered a paper on chondrule analysis. During the year, he completed and published his work on the ultrafine matrix in chondrites (the most primitive and abundant class of stony meteorites). This matrix may represent the earliest condensate from the solar nebula. As an extension of this work Dr. Fredriksson worked at the ion-microprobe analyzing facility of the Max Planck Institute in Mainz, Federal Republic of Germany, looking for magnesium isotope anomalies in certain unusual aggregates that possibly also represent the earliest con- densates of the solar system. During this study, the preparation of samples, using highly sophisticated techniques, was accom- plished through the volunteer work of two geology graduates from Carleton College and Purdue, working closely with Dr. Fredriksson. PALEOBIOLOGY Museum paleontologist Richard Grant, in 1981 undertook the first major collecting field trip to be made by a Smithsonian scientist Science I 101 on the Chinese mainland during the modern era. His five-week rock and fossil collecting trip, covering a broad swath of the huge country, was arranged under an agreement between the Smith- sonian and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Dr. Grant and Professor Jin Yu-gan of the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology are cooperating on a study of the 240-million-year- old brachiopods of the Permian Age that are found in South China. Grant traveled in China with three Chinese geologists and a Chinese technician, collecting at sites on the Yuangtze River, Guiyang in Guizhou Province, Laibin and Heshan in Quangzi Province, and Nanning near the Vietnamese border. More than 700 pounds of silicified Permian material was col- lected and shipped to the museum where it is now undergoing acid processing. Professor Jin Yu-gan made a reciprocal visit to the nmnh from January to September 1982 and, while here, traveled to Permian brachiopod sites in the Glass Mountains of Texas and the Great Basin. Museum paleobiologist Richard H. Benson continued to work on two long-range projects during the year. The first of these — the study of sudden events in deep-sea history — depends upon the processing of deep-sea-drilling project cores for ostracodes. Empha- sis is focused on tracing the evolution of the South Atlantic Ocean, especially with respect to its Cenozoic history. Since Creta- ceous events provide the geologic setting for the Cenozoic, Benson is attempting to demonstrate the Cretaceous depths of the Rio Grande Rise and the Walvis Ridge. Dr. Jeon Peypouquet, Univer- sity of Bordeaux, France, collaborates with Dr. Benson in this research. The second project, begun four years ago, is a study of ostra- code skeletal allometry with special attention to both ontogenetic and phylogenetic change. Benson is currently studying the ostra- code genus Poseidonamicus; a companion study is a comparison among primate skulls. Curator Thomas R. Waller's systematic revision of the living scallops of the world's oceans is a program of broad scope that will continue for many years. The project involves use of the scanning electron microscope to observe the microstructure of scallop shells of many growth stages and from many environ- 102 / Smithsonian Year 1982 merits, including specimens from bathyal and abyssal depths dredged by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and Texas A&M University. The evolutionary origins of groups of scallops are being traced by study of fossils dating back 230 million years to the dawn of the Mesozoic Era. Molluscan research in related areas is concentrating on some nonscallops, with two other projects begun this year; one is an investigation of periostracal mineralization in the Lithophaginae, a subfamily of the Mytilidae, or mussels. Some preliminary results of this work were given in July at a symposium on shell micro- structure during the annual meeting of the American Malacologi- cal Union in New Orleans. Waller's talk was entitled "Mineraliza- tion in the Periostracum of Lithophaga nigra (Mollusca: Bivalvia) and its Taxonomic Implications." VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY It has long been generally believed that Hawaii was an unspoiled paradise when the English explore Captain James Cook and other Europeans first saw it in the late eighteenth century, and that only after their arrival on the scene did the alarmingly rapid disappear- ance of the islands' unique animals and plants begin. But a study by museum paleobiologists Storrs L. Olson and Helen F. James now establishes solid evidence that by the time of European arrival the Hawaiian Archipelago had already been drastically altered and despoiled by prehistoric Polynesians. Olson and James reported in the August 13, 1982, Science mag- agazine that an analysis of tens of thousands of bird fossils, found in recent years on five of the main Hawaiian Islands, shows that at least thirty-nine species of native birds vanished in the rela- tively short period between A.D. 400-600 (when the Polynesians colonized the islands) and Cook's arrival in 1778. Gone forever was about half of the islands' incredibly diversi- fied and rich assemblage of unique native land birds: seven species of geese (many of them flightless), two species of flightless ibises, a sea eagle, a small hawk, seven flightless rails, three species of owls, two large crows, one honeyeater, and at least fifteen finches. The distribution of many of the surviving species also was altered. In many cases, populations that were once found through- Science / 103 out the islands remained only on individual islands. Some species were extremely rare by the time the Europeans arrived and shortly thereafter became extinct. The Polynesian residents in Hawaii hunted birds for food and decorative feathers. However, it would have been impossible for them, with the limited technology available, to have hunted to extinction many of the populations of small forest birds. Ulti- mately, in the opinion of Olson and James, the cause of most of the prehistoric extinctions of Hawaiian birds was the burning of lowland forest habitats. Taro, sweet potatoes, and a variety of other food plants imported by the Polynesians were planted and raised in lowland areas that were cleared for cultivation by fire. Museum scientists Victor Springer and George Zug headed an expedition to the Fiji Islands in mid-April to early June 1982. Traveling by ship and plane more than 2,000 miles in and around Fiji's 180 islands, they assembled an extensive collection of the region's fishes, amphibians and reptiles, including many new genera and species. The expedition was organized as a result of Springer's interest in the unusual distributions and relationships of Indo-Pacific near-shore fishes, which he attributes to the region's geotectonic history. In 1982 Springer published "Pacific Plate Biogeography, with Special Reference to Shorefishes," (Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 367). This major study is concerned primarily with central and western portions of the Pacific Ocean (The Pacific Plate, which underlies most of the Pacific Ocean, occurs as far east as the northern Pacific Coast of the Western Hemisphere). Springer says that in his study he has attempted to mesh the relatively little that is known about the distributions and relation- ships of the shorefish fauna of the Pacific Plate with the little that is known about the geotectonics of the plate. Up to now, scientists have not made such a connection. In Springer's view, the tectonic influences on dispersal, invoked to explain the distributions of localized terrestrial and freshwater organisms, are equally impor- tant in explaining the distributions of localized, shallow-dwelling marine organisms. The volume discusses what is known about the distributions of 179 shorefish family groups, as well as selected terrestrial and marine taxa of other organisms. It reviews the com- plex geotectonic history of the plate and adjacent plate margins 104 / Smithsonian Year 1982 and advances scenarios to explain why the Pacific marine biota — shorefishes in particular — behave distributionally as they do. SMITHSONIAN MARINE STATION AT LINK PORT Under the administrative auspices of the nmnh since March 1981, the Smithsonian's marine facility at Fort Pierce, Florida, has ac- quired a new name during the 1981-82 year. What was formerly known as the Fort Pierce Bureau, is now officially designated the Smithsonian Marine Station at Link Port. Along with the new name, a new and expanded program of research has been initiated, consisting of a multi-bureau cooperative research effort. Contribut- ing to this research are Smithsonian scientists from the Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies (cbces), the Radiation Biol- ogy Laboratory (rbl), and the nmnh, as well as resident scientists, postdoctoral fellows, and a number of national and international visiting investigators. For the museum curator or land-bound in- vestigator, the marine station provides the opportunity to test hypothesis in the field, where long-term study sites can be estab- lished and marine organisms kept in culture. Studies cover a broad range of topics ranging from an investi- gation of the spectral quality of light in the Indian River Lagoon to investigations of the ecology, systematics, and life histories of macroalgae, foraminifera, and a wide variety of invertebrates. Among this work is Dr. Richard Houbrick's investigation of the developmental aspects of a cerithiid snail that inhabits the high intertidal mangrove flats of the Indian River, and Dr. Joseph Rose- water's studies of the histories of littorinid gastropods and the functional morphology of an unusual sand-burrowing bivalve. Cinematographic work by Smithsonian biological films producer Kjell Sandved is helping Rosewater understand how the bivalve ejects sand as it burrows; Drs. Raymond Manning and C. W. Hart are studying unknown species of sand-dwelling crustaceans, which will form the basis for a future quantitative sampling pro- gram to determine breeding cycles and seasonal variations in abundances of these species. A comparative study of the underwater light field in the Indian River with that of Rhode River, Maryland, was initiated by a collaborative team headed by Dr. Jack Pierce, nmnh, Dr. David Correll, cbces, and Dr. William Klein, rbl. With the help of scien- Science I 105 On an exploratory trip to the Smithsonian Marine Station at Link Port, Florida, Dr. Raymond Manning of the nmnh uses a sampler to collect stomatopods and cal- lianassids in the Indian River. tists at the Harbor Branch Foundation, the Smithsonian team has measured the intensity and spectral quality of underwater light and the water-quality parameters that may affect the transmittance of light through the water column, including levels of chlorophyll, dissolved organics, and particulate loads. Results to date indicate higher intensities of light in the Indian River than Rhode River and a change in the spectral quality, with a shift to greater pene- tration of the blue-green wave lengths and a higher attenuation of the orange bands. The study will be continued at different sea- sons and at times of differing concentrations of tannic and humic acids in the water. OFFICE OF EDUCATION One of the popular services the office provides to museum visitors are weekly presentations of films related to natural history and anthropology and lectures and slide shows by the museum's cura- torial staff and invited guests. In December 1981, a Dinosaur Film Festival celebrated the reopening of the Dinosaur Hall. Extra show- ings were scheduled to accommodate the large number of visitors who wanted to see the films. In conjunction with the exhibition inua: spirit world of the bering sea eskimo, special Friday lectures and films were presented to enrich visitors' understanding of the Bering Sea Eskimo environment and culture. Films about Eskimo life were shown on a daily basis in the Gallery Theater. The Eskimo lectures and films were supported with funds from the Women's Committee of the Smithsonian Associates. The highly successful Gifted Students in Science Program was continued for a second year, with support from outreach funds. Twenty-three students were selected from ninety-one Washington area applicants to work on research projects with curators or other museum personnel. The Collaborative (with the National Zoo and the National Museum of African Art) Outreach Program to the elderly, disabled, and institutionalized served 7,355 persons be- tween October 1981 and May 1982. Efforts to find private funding to continue this program, as well as funds for a national program with the National Council on the Aging, are underway. The Office of Education provided school and adult tours of exhibitions from October through May 15, with the assistance of about 200 docents, who were also trained to provide tours of the Science I 107 inua exhibition in the Evans Gallery. About one hundred docents also contributed to the successful operation of the museum's Dis- covery Room and Naturalist Center. Families and school groups visited the Discovery Room at the rate of almost 10,000 each month — full capacity. The Naturalist Center increased its usage by almost forty percent during the spring months, with a remark- able 150 persons attending a Sunday "Draw-In" on August 1. Laura McKie, education specialist in Anthropology, was selected by the African Studies Program of Indiana University to partici- pate in a six weeks' travel and study seminar in Niger, Nigeria, and Senegal. Her experience will be used to enrich the training of the docents for the Hall of African Cultures. HANDBOOK OF NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS Subarctic, a basic reference work on about thirty-five Indian tribes of Canada and Alaska, was published in 1982. It is the fourth volume to appear in the twenty-volume Handbook series on the prehistory, history, ethnology, and linguistics of the Native North Americans. Editing and typesetting have been completed on the second part of Southwest (volume 10), scheduled for publication in 1983, which covers all non-Puebloan peoples. The first part of Southwest (volume 9), on the Pueblos, was published in 1980. Research and editing on Arctic are underway. California and Northeast, issued in 1978, are both in their third printing. The Handbook is under the general editorship of nmnh's Dr. William C. Sturtevant. SMITHSONIAN OCEANOCRAPHIC SORTING CENTER During the 1981-82 year, 2,253,634 specimens of algae, fishes, and invertebrates were sorted at the Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center (sosc), and 374,093 specimens were shipped to 102 taxonomists throughout the world. Recent acquisitions include fishes from Halmahera, collected by Dr. Paul Taylor, and marine algae from the northern Philippines, collected by Dr. Ernani G. Menez. Dr. Gordon Hendler participated on a National Science Foundation expedition along the Antarctic Peninsula and returned with a valuable general collection of benthic invertebrates. Samples of this collection are being prepared with specialized techniques 108 / Smithsonian Year 1982 such as the freeze-drying of bryozoans for the extraction of poten- tial anti-cancer compounds. Ms. Betty Landrum developed a com- puterized data system at sosc that is compatible with the system used for the nmnh fish collection, thus eliminating considerably duplication of effort. Dr. Frank Ferrari completed a study concern- ing the introduction of oithonid copepods from coastal waters of China into the San Francisco Bay and delta system. OFFICE OF THE REGISTRAR The museum's Office of the Registrar has been actively engaged in the establishment of new registration systems in the departments of Botany and Vertebrate Zoology. The new systems are designed with a view towards an automated registration system. The office continues to monitor the registration system for the department of Anthropology, Mineral Sciences, Paleobiology, Invertebrate Zool- ogy, and Entomology. Registration was very active during the year. The office recorded approximately 1,490 accession transactions, 1,071 incoming collections, 3,453 outgoing shipments, and 1,200 numbers assigned in blocks to Botany and Vertebrate Zoology to be used for incoming and outgoing shipments. The office participated in the Museum Registration Methods Workshop and the Northeast Museum Conference Registrars Com- mittee Deaccessioning Workshop — the latter chaired by Margaret Santiago, with approximately seventy-five registrars and other museum professionals participating. The registrar continues to review registration systems in other science museums. The most recent visits were to the British Museum (Natural History), the Sedgewick Museum, the Victoria and Albert Museum, and the Museum Documentation Centre in England. INVENTORY The museum's comprehensive collection inventory was nearly seventy-eight percent complete at the end of fiscal year 1982. Item-by-item inventories are being compiled for valuable speci- mens, types, and many specimens going to the new Museum Support Center; the remainder of the museum's collection of over 60 million specimens is being inventoried in batches. Inventories finished or near completion include the anthropology collections, Science I 109 type specimens of plants, invertebrate and vertebrate animals and fossil organisms, valuable mollusks, gems, minerals and rocks, certain important groups of insects, invertebrates, mammals and birds, large stratigraphic suites of fossils, the egg and nest collec- tion, fish, reptiles and other vertebrates stored in large tanks, and the collection of the Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center. BUILDING IMPROVEMENTS Design work based on last year's ventilating and air-conditioning systems of the nmnh was begun. These designs, when implemented in future years, will bring significant improvement to the environ- ment so vital to the conservation of our collections and to the comfort of our visitors and staff. Continued progress was made in improving the building's fire- protection systems. The installation of complete fire detection and suppression systems was begun in the nonpublic areas of the main museum building. National Zoological Park In fiscal year 1982 the National Zoological Park (nzp) continued its commitment to education, science, recreation, and conservation through animal exhibitions, symposia, research with the collec- tions, publications, and continuing research and breeding of en- dangered species. These programs were accomplished through the combined efforts of the Office of Animal Programs, the Office of Support Services, and the Office of the Director. CONSTRUCTION In December 1981 the renovated Reptile and Amphibian House and Small Mammal House were completed, and preparations for opening began. The construction contract for Monkey Island was awarded, and excavation started in December 1981, with the project to be completed in October 1982. The Aquatic Vertebrate Facility design was completed in February 1982 and is now on 110 / Smithsonian Year 1982 hold until construction funds can be programmed. Plans for im- provements along Olmsted Walk began with the award of an exhibit design contract in the latter part of 1982, and a design contract was awarded in August 1982 for renovation of the Monkey and Elephant houses. Construction should start at the end of 1982. At the Conservation and Research Center (crc), the small- mammal-facility construction contract was awarded in November 1981, and work was completed in September 1982. Work on the hoofed-stock facility was finished in December 1981, and after completion of yardwork and the outside fencing, the facility opened on July 1, 1982. This building has been named the Rivinus Barn in honor of Mr. Edward F. Rivinus, former director of the Smith- sonian Institution Press, who alerted the nzp staff to the availability of the property. The Master Development Plan for the Conservation and Re- search Center was completed March 1982, and copies were dis- tributed. The schematic design for the veterinary hospital was completed, and a design contract will be awarded later in 1982. The Office of Support Services continued the routine annual maintenance and repair of the animal quarters and related areas. In some instances, some of the animals had to be off exhibit for a few days due to the repairs. January 13-17, 1982, the Zoo was closed to the public due to a very heavy snow storm. The first priority was to clean the walks to get food to the animals, and then the public access areas were cleared. ANIMAL COLLECTION AND EXHIBITS During fiscal year 1982 the following endangered mammal species were born: golden lion tamarins, maned wolves, Eld's deer, Persian onagers, and clouded leopards. Other major births were grey seals, a spectacled bear, a sloth bear, California sea lions, a bongo, a ruffed lemur, Bengal tigers, and a red-bellied tamarin. Animals received during fiscal year 1982, which are new to the present collection, were: burrowing rats from Brazil, four pairs of Aleutian Canada geese, a guanaco from the Bronx Zoo, red- crested cardinals, red and white crakes, an Eastern flying squirrel, a Jarrow's spiny lizard, a giant toad, a Tokay gecko, a tree shrew, a Senegal bushbaby, a giant coot, and a Johnstone's crocodile. A Science I 111 Among major Zoo births this past year were a California sea lion, upper left, and a spectacled bear cub, upper right. Below right, Keeper Leader Michael Davenport introduces one of the new gharials to its pool. Below left, is Tomoka, the male gorilla — the fourth Zoo-born gorilla — who reached the grand age of 21 years on Sep- tember 9, 1982. major acquisition to the herpetology collection was the gift of six gharials from the King of Nepal to the United States. The gharials arrived on June 30, 1982; unfortunately, two were dead on arrival. April 16, 1982, marked the tenth anniversary of the arrival in Washington of giant pandas, Ling-Ling and Hsing-Hsing. Ten years of friendship with the People's Republic of China was recog- nized at the nzp with the unveiling of a plaque expressing friend- ship and goodwill. On March 17, 1982, Ling-Ling, the giant panda, had come into estrus and, since the ensuing breeding encounters were not successful, she was artificially inseminated over a three- day period, beginning March 19. The Panda House was closed to the public on July 13 to give Ling-Ling seclusion in the event she was pregnant, but on August 26 it was determined that she was not. The behavior watch continued anyway until August 30, and the Panda House was reopened on September 8. Other notable occasions during the year include: the May 20 receipt of white-naped cranes and Derbyan parakeets as gifts from the Peking Zoo; the twenty-first birthday, September 9, of Tomoka, the Zoo's male gorilla (and also the fourth zoo-born gorilla); the annual December trip of the nine reindeer to the Ellipse for the Pageant of Peace. This year the trip was longer, since the reindeer are now located at the Conservation and Research Center, Front Royal, Virginia; the computerization record, begun April 1982, for all bird eggs laid at Rock Creek; and two major openings: the Reptile and Amphibian House, on December 18, 1981, and the Herplab, located in that facility, on September 21, 1982. RESEARCH The very active research staff and associates continued their varied projects. Katherine Ralls continued her cooperative research with the Fish and Wildlife Service on the threatened California sea otter prior to undertaking translocation of this species. Kenneth Green, principal investigator of the Image Analysis and Graphic Facility for Ecological Studies (images) who is funded by nih for a three-year period, kept on with a study that will enable primate field workers to utilize remote-sensing data from landsat satellites. W. P. J. Dittus and Anne Baker-Dittus continued their long-term research on primates of Sri Lanka with National Science Founda- tion support. Eugene Morton continued his studies of Kentucky Science I 113 warblers at the Conservation and Research Center and also his research on neotropical bird migration and the habitat of hooded warblers in Yucatan, Mexico. John Frazier, under contract with the Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service, proceeded with studies to establish reliable age techniques in sea turtles. His work also includes studies on sea turtles in Peru, Ecuador, Panama, Mexico, and Cayman. During the summer of 1982 Dr. Frazier conducted a survey of sea turtles and their habi- tats and birds in the Egyptian Red Sea. He is also collaborating with Egyptian colleagues to begin sea turtle field studies there, and Dr. Frazier has also initiated a study of the breeding of loggerhead turtles in Greece. The research begun in 1980, under the coordination of John Seidensticker, on the behavioral ecology of the native wildlife at the Conservation and Research Center and adjoining Shenandoah National Park near Front Royal, Virginia, continues very actively. An analysis of the vegetation of the area is also underway. This program serves to train overseas and local biologists in ecology, conservation, and management field techniques. Dale L. Marcellini completed a study on lizard population ecology; data were collected on two species of Puerto Rican Anolis. In August 1982, Daryl Boness and Olav Oftedal began a long-term study of California sea lions on San Nicolas Island, California. This is a multidiscipline project participated in by nzp, Marineland, British Columbia Provincial Museum, and University of California, Berkeley. Mel Sunquist began a study of small carnivores and om- nivores at Hato Masagural in Venezuela, and John Eisenberg, R. Rudran, and Richard Thorington continued their long-term investigations of red-howler monkeys in llanos of Venezuela. R. Rudran kept on with his study of the effects of deforestation on the vertebrates of the Sinharajah in Sri Lanka. In March 1982, Devra Kleiman spent seven weeks in the People's Republic of China — at the Ying Xiong Gou captive- panda facility in the Wolong Nature Reserve — observing giant pandas during the breeding season. She also spent some time at the Chengdu Zoo training Chinese counterparts in the collection and analysis of behavior data, and she held discussions on the Smithsonian giant-panda field study with Chinese scientists and officials in Peking. Later in the summer, Dr. Kleiman went to 114 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Above. April 16, 1982, marked the 10th anniversary of the arrival of giant pandas Hsing-Hsing and Ling-Ling at the nzp. Below. Ten years of friendship with the Peoples Republic of China was recognized with the unveiling of a plaque. Participants in the ceremony were (from left) Ambassador Chai Zemin, an interpreter, Ambassador John Holdridge, and Dr. T. H. Reed, director of the nzp. ■ \ 0 *» Brazil to discuss with officials the protocol and possibility of a program for reintroduction of the golden lion tamarin into the Poco d'Anta Biological Reserve. The inbreeding studies continue with a program in modern genetic principles being offered to nzp collection managers, and a 24-hour hand-rearing facility at Rock Creek has been established with trained volunteers participating. A symposium on "The Biology and Management of the Cer- vidae" — which included participants from all over the world — convened at the Conservation and Research Center in August 1982. The papers will be published in the nzp symposia series to be edited by Christen M. Wemmer, curator-in-charge of the Con- servation Center. The nzp was well represented at the Third International Therio- logical Congress held in Helsinki, August 12-20, 1982. John Eisenberg, Olav Oftedal, Edwin Gould, and James Dietz were in attendance, presenting papers and participating on panels in specific sessions. The departments of Animal Health and Pathology continued their aggressive program of preventive, medical, and surgical care of the collection. The research of these departments includes the study of pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in zoological species. The antibiotic studies have been expanded to evaluate the results of aerosol therapy (nebulization) on blood and tissue levels in birds and mammals. An in-depth study on the best parvovirus vaccine is also being conducted, concurrent with a study to evaluate the best vaccination procedure for developing immunity to canine dis- temper. The present killed-distemper vaccine is not providing ade- quate protection, and the use of a modified live vaccine could cause a vaccination-induced disease in exotic carnivores. Studies on the repair of avian fractures proceeded apace, including the use of bone grafts, tissue glue, and plastic inserts to return the bone to its normal function. The Department of Pathology continues its on-going research and vigilance against infectious diseases that may threaten the collection. This is accomplished through a complete autopsy, a systematic dissection of the carcass, with tissues being taken for culture, and a complete microscopic examination of all organs. Reproductive physiological research continues in semen collection 116 / Smithsonian Year 1982 and preservation, with artificial insemination being performed on various species, such as elephants, rhino, giraffe, clouded leopard, giant panda, and Dorcas gazelle, among others. The concern is the general lack of success in zoo animals to become pregnant when artificially inseminated. Dr. Bush and associates made a second trip to South Africa for further studies and to collect tissues and semen in cooperation with South African colleagues. The medical records of nzp are now computerized, and nzp is the first zoo to do so. On the computer are a multitude of records : medical and surgical, anesthesia, X-ray, preventive medical, para- site, and pathology. PUBLIC INFORMATION AND EDUCATION The Office of Public Information and Education has continued its programs of contact with the public. The office, with the Friends of the National Zoo (fonz), has established a wildlife studies certificate, which is awarded when an individual has completed six courses in the approved curriculum (conservation, animal behavior, veterinary studies, and certain electives). This fiscal year, the first annual nzp public symposium "Animal Extinctions: What Everyone Should Know" was held. Internationally known speakers were on the program, and the symposium was well received by the public. In order to promote better coordination among the nzp and fonz offices with presentations to the public, the Information Services Panel was established this year. The panel has been very success- ful in assuring consistency in the quality of programs offered to the public. The office continued its programs with the D.C. Program: A Closer Look, the Highschool Teacher's Workshop, and Zoo Observation Training; and is proceeding with its successful work with the Zoolab, Birdlab, and now Herplab educational units, which are very popular with the public. ADMINISTRATION The Smithsonian Institution Office of Audits, from December 1981 to March 1982, conducted a review of the nzp's management and administration. The audit resulted in the realignment of the Science I 117 supply and warehousing function and has brought directly into the management and administrative operations the functions of the Office of Management Services to better serve the nzp depart- ments and offices. The Supply and Warehousing Unit was trans- ferred from Support Services to the Office of Management Services and was retitled Receiving/Warehousing Unit. On August 21, 1982, Dr. John F. Eisenberg resigned as assistant director for Animal Programs to become Ordway Professor of Ecosystem Conservation at the University of Florida, Gainesville. Effective June 16, 1982, Dr. Dale L. Marcellini was appointed acting assistant director for Animal Programs until a permanent assistant director is appointed. Dr. Donald L. Janssen, associate director, Department of Animal Health, resigned to take a position at the San Diego Zoo. FRIENDS OF THE NATIONAL ZOO The Friends of the National Zoo (fonz) continued their assistance to the National Zoological Park in education, science, recreation, and services to the public. This year the Smithsonian Institution renewed the contract with fonz for operation of the parking lots at the Zoo. A principal part of fonz's contributions to the nzp is the core of well-trained, educated guides, who provide their time on a vol- unteer basis during the week and on weekends. Many of these volunteers spend many hours at the Zoo working in all areas. The bus program, which is so popular with D.C. elementary school classes, is still being provided, and fonz has contributed funding to programs in science, financing research projects, field trips, and intern and postdoctoral programs. Financial information for calendar year 1981 is provided in detail below. In addition, a percentage of the restaurant and park- ing concessions is available directly to the Smithsonian for the benefit of the National Zoo and is reported as income in the Financial Report of the Smithsonian Institution. 118 / Smithsonian Year 1982 FRIENDS OF THE NATIONAL ZOO Financial Report for the Period January 1-December 31, 1981 [In $l,000's] Net increase/ Net (d< icrease) to revenue Expense fund balance $ 926 $ 391 $ 324 67 89 115 (26) 95 434 (339) 2,837 2,384 3 $3,257 453 $3,412 $ 155 $1,081 l FUND BALANCE @ 1/1/81 . . . SERVICES Membership Publications Education1 Zoo Services a Totals - FUND BALANCE @ 12/31/81 1 Excludes services worth an estimated $141,215 contributed by volunteers to fonz. 2 Includes gift shops, parking services, and food services. 3 Includes $268,368 paid during this period to the Smithsonian Institution under contractual arrangement. * Net worth, including fixed assets, to be used for the benefit of educational and scien- tific work at the National Zoological Park. The Office of Biological Conservation The Office of Biological Conservation (obc) is responsible for for- mulating many of the Institution's responses to requests for infor- mation concerning the conservation of the world's environment. Working with government and nongovernment organizations in the United States and abroad, the obc has continued to assemble data regarding the status of endangered species and ecosystems throughout the world, and has been engaged in activities designed to improve public awareness and understanding of conservation issues. The Si-Threatened Plants Committee (iucn) Latin America Project has completed the compilation of candidate lists of endemic and possibly threatened species for Middle America (Mexico and Central America). The 6,000 scientific plant names with assigned status categories have been entered into the Wang computer at the committee's headquarters at Kew, the Royal Botanic Gardens, Science / 119 Giant tortoises now survive only in the Galapagos and on Aldabra. This one, Ceochelone elephantopus, is among species benefiting from obc support. (Photographer Craig McFarland.) England. The final publication, which will include the lists and an introduction concerning the needs for conservation efforts in Middle America, is expected to be published in 1983. Similar work on the flora of South America has continued. Con- tributors from each country have been requested to submit lists that will then be evaluated to determine if the candidate species are threatened on a world scale. Threatened species of economic importance or that are crop relatives or represent monotypic genera — as well as those that are of aesthetic interest or horticultural value — will be featured as Red Data Sheets in the next volume of the IUCN Red Data Book, expected to be published in 1983. The director served as cochairman of the "Ecosystem Mainte- nance Panel" at the U.S. Strategy Conference on Biological Di- versity held November 16-18, 1981, in Washington, D.C. The panel addressed the need for careful management of natural, pro- tected ana1 man-modified ecosystems. Proceedings of the conference were published by the State Department in April 1982. The coordinator attended a Regional Workshop on Conserva- tion of Tropical Plant Resources in Southeast Asia, held in New Delhi, India, March 8-12, 1982. Serving as a member of the work- shop Scientific Program Committee, he delivered, on behalf of the 120 / Smithsonian Year 1982 director, two papers: "Smithsonian Institution Endangered Flora Information-Processing: Experiences and Goals" and "The World's Diminishing Plant Resources/' which will be published in the forthcoming conference proceedings. Work has continued on the contract to provide illustrations of ten plant species (three carnivorous Sarracenias, seven Mexican cacti) frequently found in international trade. The illustrations will be included in the United States Identification Manual, which will be used by customs inspectors enforcing the Convention on Inter- national Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (cites) The director and coordinator have completed three chapters for a book about worldwide conservation problems: "Wetlands," "Plants for Man," and "Savannas, Prairies, Arid and Semi-Arid Zones." Working with the government of Jamaica, West Indies, the obc is in the process of developing a comprehensive "Situation Report" on the island's environmental issues, including the potential for managing renewable resources, conservation problems, and recom- mendations for future programs. The report will be used to develop a national conservation program. The director submitted a paper to the international conference on Current Topics in Plant Taxonomy, held at the University of Reading, United Kingdom, July 7-9, 1982. "Taxonomic Problems Relating to Endangered Plant Species" will appear in the published proceedings of the conference. A color-illustrated book, Endangered Plants of the United States, is in the editorial stage, and illustrations are being selected. It is hoped that this text will stimulate concern among students and the general public. The obc continued its role in supporting the Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Isles, and the Seychelles Islands Foundation. Office of Fellowships and Grants The Office of Fellowships and Grants (ofg) continues to serve as an Institutional link with scholarly organizations throughout the Science I 121 world. It brings scientists and scholars to all parts of the Smith- sonian to utilize the unique resources available, as well as to inter- act with professional staff. The office also encourages research by universities, museums, and research organizations in the fields of art, history, and science. At present, two major activities are managed and developed by the office: Academic Programs and the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program. Academic Programs at the Smithsonian support and assist visit- ing students and scholars, providing opportunities for research to be conducted at Smithsonian facilities, in conjunction with staff members. Residential appointments are offered at the undergradu- ate, graduate, and professional levels. The Smithsonian also enhances the quality of its research and extends the reach of its scholarly efforts through the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program (sfcp). The sfcp offers grants to the Smithsonian and other U.S. scholarly institutions for research in a limited number of foreign countries where "excess currencies" are available. It is particularly effective in strengthening the "increase and diffusion of knowledge" on an international scale. ACADEMIC PROGRAMS Academic programs at the Smithsonian are an important comple- ment to those offered at universities. The national collections and the curators who study them are unparalleled resources that are not available anywhere else and are essential to scholarly research. In general, university education is based primarily on the study of books or artifact reproductions. At the Smithsonian, historical and anthropological objects, original works of art, natural history specimens, living plants, animals, and entire ecosystems are avail- able for study. The educational experience, which combines uni- versity training with field research, is one that is significantly enhanced, and the breadth of field opportunities at the Smithsonian is unmatched. The ofg administered a variety of academic appointments in fiscal year 1982. The program of Research Training Fellowships was begun in 1965. This year fifty-five pre- and postdoctoral fellowships were awarded. These appointees pursue independent research projects under the guidance of staff advisors for periods of six months to one year in residence at one of the Institution's 122 / Smithsonian Year 1982 bureaus or field sites. Topics of study for Smithsonian fellows in- cluded: the role of plant litter in nutrient cycling; ancient Chinese ritual jades and weapons; quantum physics and the composition of the stars; functions of juvenile/adult color dimorphism in coral reef fishes; intercultural interaction on the Southern Plains; and classical medicine and social development in early America. In addition to the general program funded through the Office of Fellowships and Grants, competitions for pre- and postdoctoral fellowships may also be held for specific awards. At the suggestion of First Lady Nancy Reagan, the First Ladies Fellowship was estab- lished for the study of costume in America at the National Museum of American History. The International Environmental Sciences Program supported a fellowship for the study of the social behavior of iguanas in the llanos of Venezuela. In addition, twenty graduate student fellowships were offered for ten-week periods during 1982. The participants are usually junior graduate students beginning to explore avenues that develop into dissertation research. This year some of these fellows studied: learning among a group of captive orangutans; the indigenous roots of New York Dada; design elements of Near Eastern textiles and clothing; Caribbean sponges; and tool marks on the hull of the Philadelphia. A number of senior fellowships continued to be offered at the Institution. The distinguished botantist G. Ledyard Stebbins, emeri- tus professor at the University of California at Davis, came to the National Museum of Natural History as a Regents Fellow this winter. In addition to continuing his research on the population biology and systematics of the genus Antennaria, Dr. Stebbins gave a number of talks and seminars to both lay and professional audiences. Sir David Bates from the Queens University of Belfast began a stay of six months at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (sao) as a Regents Fellow, working with members of the divisions of atomic and molecular physics, optical and infrared astronomy, and radio and geoastronomy. Also appointed a Regents Fellow was Dr. Gerald Wasserberg, California Institute of Tech- nology, who came to the National Air and Space Museum in Sep- tember. He is working on popular publications on the significance of the space program and its scientific and political evolution since the early 1960s and on a chronology of the origin of the solar system. Science I 123 The nasm reappointed R. E. G. Davies to the Lindbergh Chair to continue his studies on the history of air transport. In addition, John M. Logsdon was appointed to the first Chair in Space History. Dr. Logsdon is director of the graduate program in Science, Tech- nology and Public Policy at The George Washington University and while at nasm will complete a study of U.S. space policy from 1969 to 1972. To honor Regent Emeritus James E. Webb, the Institution an- nounced the establishment of a number of fellowships in his name, designed to promote excellence in the management of cultural and scientific not-for-profit organizations. The first awards were offered in late fall of 1982 to persons from outside the Institution to come to the Smithsonian, and for Smithsonian staff to spend training periods away from the Institution. During fiscal year 1982 bureaus continued to offer support for visiting scientists and scholars in cooperation with the ofg. These awards make possible visits to the Smithsonian by persons who do not fall within the framework of the research training program, principally scholars at mid-career. The office also continued ad- ministration and partial support of the short-term visitor program. Forty-four persons spent from one week to a month at the Institu- tion conducting research, studying collections, and collaborating and conferring with professional staff. The expanded role of internships in the academic community is paralleled by increased support for interns within the Institution. The nasm supported sixteen interns through the ofg this year, almost double the number in 1981. The Cooper-Hewitt Museum again appointed three students under the Sidney and Celia Siegal Fellowship fund. Internships in environmental studies at the Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies and in primate conservation training at the National Zoological Park also con- tinued. The Smith College-Smithsonian Program in American Studies is now in its third year; six students will participate in a seminar course and conduct research projects under the direction of staff members. Progress on the organization of internship activities at the Institution continued. Institution policies regarding internships were published, and an internship council — consisting of intern- ship coordinators representing all bureaus and offices — was formed. Placement of interns will be through these coordinators, but the 124 / Smithsonian Year 1982 ofg will continue to administer all stipend awards for internships. For the second year the ofg, in cooperation with the Office of Equal Opportunity, has offered academic opportunities aimed at improving minority participation in Smithsonian programs. Start- ing with internships in 1981, the program expanded to include fellowships for faculty of historically black colleges and minority faculty members of other colleges. Awards were made to twenty interns who were placed at a variety of bureaus and offices on the Mall and also at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, the Radiation Biology Laboratory, and the sao. Some of the appoint- ments have already developed into more permanent relationships. Ofg also awarded seven fellowships to faculty persons to conduct research on subjects ranging from plant taxonomy to Eastern Cherokee sacred formulas and a social history of black New Yorkers during slavery and freedom. Also as a part of the minority education effort, two Smithsonian archivists went to Albany State College, Georgia, to offer a two-day workshop on developing an archival system. SMITHSONIAN FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM The Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program (sfcp) awards grants to support the research interests of American institutions, includ- ing the Smithsonian, in those countries in which the United States holds blocked currencies derived largely from past sales of surplus agricultural commodities under Public Law 480. The program is active in countries in which the U.S. Treasury Department declares United States holdings of these currencies to be in excess of normal federal requirements, including, in 1982, Burma, Guinea, India, and Pakistan. Research projects are moving toward conclu- sion under program support in the former excess-currency coun- tries of Egypt, Poland, Sri Lanka, Tunisia, and Yugoslavia. The Smithsonian received a fiscal year 1982 appropriation of $4,320 million in "excess" currencies to support projects in anthro- pology and archaeology, systematic and environmental biology, astrophysics and earth sciences, and museum professional fields. From its inception in fiscal year 1966, through fiscal year 1982, the sfcp has awarded about $49 million in foreign-currency grants to 225 institutions in 40 states and the District of Columbia. This year, projects ranged through many disciplines, including archaeological investigation of Oriyo mound in Gujarat, India; Science / 125 geological investigations of the Egyptian desert; paleoanthropo- logical studies of Later Miocene hominids in Pakistan; archaeo- logical mapping of the Theban Necropolis; examination of ceramic production and distribution in Rajasthan, India; linguistic study of the nomenclature of ancient economic plants in South India; oral histories of Tibetan refugees; micropaleontologic studies of Ceno- zoic marine sedimentary sequences; and ecological studies of parasitic drosophilids. The Smithsonian conveyed to the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (unesco) in 1982 the first of four projected contributions to the international effort to restore and preserve the Indus civilization city of Moenjodaro in Pakistan. The 4,500-year-old city, which flourished from about 3000 B.C. to 1500 b.c, with its sophisticated planning, sanitation, and social organization, anticipated developments that were to blossom sev- eral thousand years later. Floods of the Indus River and highly saline ground waters have caused serious destruction of the exca- vated remains. The preservation project, long in the planning stage, has begun with a scheme for ground-water control. Through the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program and other relationships, the Institution has a long-term interest in American research centers abroad. In spring 1981, Dr. Alice Ilchman was retained by the Smithsonian to study the Institution's role in secur- ing the future of such centers and developing their activities further. As part of the response to Dr. Ilchman's recommendations, the ofg has been assisting these centers to form a cooperative organization for advancement of the interests shared by all. During fiscal year 1982, the new organization, The Council of American Overseas Research Centers, was established, its membership con- solidated, and bylaws adopted. An effort was begun to investigate possible sources of continuous funding for the centers. Radiation Biology Laboratory One of the aims of science is to describe in molecular detail the way in which processes occur. In biology, a reductionist approach is to take the cellular systems apart and then to characterize the components that are present. From such information about the 126 / Smithsonian Year 1982 sub-units, it is assumed that an understanding can be constructed of the way the parts interact. Another approach is to study biological systems as a whole by describing their behavior, either as individuals or as populations, in response to environmental stimuli. From these data, it can be deduced what sort of components or sub-units must be present. The research of the Radiation Biology Laboratory (rbl) utilizes both approaches to understand how plant growth and development are influenced by the environment. The disciplines of biochemistry, plant physiology, physics, biophysics, genetics, and engineering are used in an interdisciplinary manner. In addition, it is necessary to measure accurately and precisely environmental variables. The rbl has continued such measurements and emphasizes measure- ments of sunlight and its utilization for photosynthesis and photo- morphogenesis. Specifically, the research of the laboratory concen- trates on four areas: measurement of environmental processes and energy flow in biological systems, such as photosynthesis, water relations, and carbon metabolism; regulatory processes of plants, such as membrane synthesis and pigment synthesis; measurement of the amount, duration, and color quality of sunlight present in the environment; and age determination of biological artifacts based upon their radiocarbon content. Administratively, the re- search is grouped into three units encompassing individual proj- ects: Regulatory Biology, Environmental Biology, and Carbon Dating. REGULATORY BIOLOGY All plants that are capable of becoming green when grown under natural conditions have, in addition to green chlorophyll, a pigment that is sensitive to the light environment. This pigment (phyto- chrome) is the photoreceptor for many important light responses in plants. It is a large, photochromic protein that can be inter- converted by light between biologically active and inactive forms. Although these forms can be detected optically both in plant cells and in extracted solutions, the molecular differences between the two forms remain unknown, as does the mechanism of action of the molecule. Recently, in the rbl new methods have been developed for puri- fying and characterizing the biologically active and inactive forms. Science I 127 This development has required major effort in refining plant protein purification procedures and the use of some innovative techniques. Large quantities of phytochrome can now be purified, free of con- tamination by other proteins. One immediate result has been the recognition that partial breakdown of phytochrome must have occurred in the phytochrome described in all previously published work. Precautions can now be taken to eliminate this problem routinely, and sensitive procedures have been developed for moni- toring extracts for the presence of contaminating, degraded forms. Among the findings with undegraded materials is the fact that the process of reversion of the active phytochrome in the dark to inactive phytochrome is profoundly affected by limited breakdown. This fact probably explains past observations that phytochrome extracted from monocotyledonous plants showed dark reversion, while no dark reversion could be detected in intact living plants. When care is taken to eliminate breakdown in phytochrome ex- tracts from monocotyledonous tissue, reversion is essentially absent. When a solution of undegraded phytochrome obtained from rye seedlings is placed under red light, eighty-four percent of the molecules are converted to the biologically active form. The absorp- tion characteristics of the partially degraded molecule are changed by the presence of salts in the solution. As the concentration of salts is increased, solutions of the biologically active form absorb more strongly. Other colored pigments (yellow, orange, and red carotenoids) are also present in plants, and their synthesis is regulated by blue light. The precursor of these pigments, phytoene, is a forty-carbon colorless compound, which is synthesized from a five-carbon com- pound, isopentenyl pyrophosphate (ipp), by a series of enzymatic reactions. In cell-free enzyme extracts from the fungus Neurospora crassa, the conversion of ipp to phytoene has been found to require both soluble and membrane-bound enzymes. The enzyme that con- verts the twenty-carbon intermediate geranylgeranyl pyrophos- phate (ggpp) to phytoene is membrane-bound and regulated by blue light. The conversion of ipp to ggpp requires two soluble en- zymes, an isomerase and a prenyltransferase. Partial purification of one of these enzymes (prenyltransferase) has been achieved, and the enzyme activity that can be extracted is increased by blue 128 / Smithsonian Year 1982 light applied to intact cells prior to extraction. Thus, it is concluded that blue light exerts at least one of its effects in the living cell at this locus in the biosynthetic pathway for carotenogenesis. In the fungus Phycomyces, the levels of the carotenoid beta- carotene are regulated by blue light. Previous data from the rbl indicated that the photoreceptor regulating the synthesis of beta- carotene is beta-carotene itself. Low levels of beta-carotene are synthesized in the dark, and blue light increases the rate of syn- thesis. It is postulated that this mechanism protects the cells from damage caused by exposure to high-intensity light, since caro- tenoids are good quenchers of singlet oxygen, which is produced by the intense light. Preliminary data were obtained on the growth rates of fungal cells for three strains of Phycomyces, wild type (wt), an albino strain incapable of synthesizing beta-carotene (C-5), and a strain which produces abnormally large amounts of beta-carotene (B-401). When these three strains were grown at 15° C under intense blue light (50 W m-2), the albino cells ceased growth quickly. How- ever, the growth of the B-401 strain also was inhibited by blue light, as compared to dark-green controls, while the wild-type grew at the same rate as in darkness. Apparently the wild-type strain has something in addition to carotenoids that protects it from the intense blue light, and this characteristic is diminished in the B-401 strain. It is postulated that, even though the additional beta-carotene can quench damaging singlet oxygen if present, ex- cessive amounts may produce blue-light-induced photodynamic damage directly. When algae are grown under light-limiting conditions, they utilize accessory pigments contained in specialized structures called phycobilisomes that absorb light and transfer the absorbed energy to reaction centers for photosynthesis. These phycobilisomes play a major role in absorbing light in tlue-green algae. Phycobilisomes, isolated from the blue-green alga Nostoc by the method developed in the rbl, were found to consist of colored phycobiliproteins (eighty-five percent) and uncolored polypeptides (fifteen percent). These phycobilisomes can be dissociated to their component parts, and these parts purified and identified. In addition, for the first time, conditions have been determined whereby functional phycobilisomes could be reassociated from these components in Science / 129 the test tube. Using these conditions, it was possible to show that the absence of one, small, colorless polypeptide prevented such in-vitro reassociation. From this fact, as well as corroborating evi- dence from other studies, it is suggested that this colorless poly- peptide has a crucial role in the specific attachment of two phyco- biliproteins — namely, phycocyanin with allophycocyanin. These two previously identified phycobiliproteins constitute the core of native phycobilisomes. Green plants contain chloroplasts in which are located the pigments for photosynthesis. A large portion of the chloroplast is composed of membranous sacs (thylakoids), in which the electron transport reactions of photosynthesis take place. Some of the poly- peptides of these thylakoids are made in the chloroplast on chloro- plast ribosomes, and some are made in the cytoplasm on cytoplasm ribosomes. Thylakoids of the alga Chlamydomonas, and thyla- koids of other plants have ribosomes bound to them. Previous work suggested that the thylakoid-bound chloroplast ribosomes might be specifically involved in synthesizing polypeptides that are added to the thylakoids. Thylakoids can be isolated from Chlamydomonas, but intact chloroplasts cannot. Thus, it is not possible to determine the rela- tive amounts of messenger rna (m-RNA) in thylakoids and stroma. Therefore, highly purified intact chloroplasts were obtained from immature first-true leaves of spinach. The chloroplasts contained thirty percent of their ribosomes bound to thylakoids. The thy- lakoid-bound ribosomes had properties similar to the thylakoid- bound ribosomes of Chlamydomonas and pea. Polyribosomes were released from the membranes by controlled digestion with trypsin. Ribosomal sub-units were released with high salt and puromycin, and release was totally dependent on the presence of both together. A chloroplast synthesized polypep- tide, the large sub-unit of ribulose-bis-phosphate carboxylase, was isolated, and an antibody was prepared against it. The carboxylase is a protein localized in the stroma. Messenger rna for it should not be present on thylakoids if thylakoid-bound ribosomes syn- thesize thylakoid proteins exclusively. Total rna was prepared from chloroplasts, washed thylakoids, and stroma. The rna was translated in the wheat-germ-protein synthesis system, and the presence of radioactive polypeptides was 130 / Smithsonian Year 1982 tested with specific antibody, using the indirect immunoprecipita- tion technique. Significant quantities of labelled, large sub-unit of ribulose-bis-phosphate carboxylase were formed using thylakoid rna as message, as well as stroma rna. These results indicate the presence of iti-rna for large sub-unit of ribulose-bis-phosphate carboxylase on thylakoids as well as in the stroma. Thus, thylakoid- bound polyribosomes may not be exclusively involved in the synthesis of thylakoid polypeptides as originally hypothesized. The light stimulus for inducing flowering in plants is received in leaves, and something in the leaves is altered. This alteration results in a change in materials moving from the leaves through the phloem sap to the terminal bud where flowering occurs. Despite many years of concentrated effort, isolation of the postulated hormonal materials that control flowering has not been successful. One plant that is very sensitive to light stimuli, Perilla, a member of the mint family, was tested. Phloem sap from vegetative and flowering material was extracted and fractionated into neutral ethyl acetate, acidic ethyl acetate, neutral butanol, and acidic butanol fractions. These fractions were examined by high pressure liquid chromatography (hplc), and a number of significant differ- ences between vegetative and flowering extracts were identified. Most of the differences are quantitative, but a few may be qualita- tive. The reproducibility and chemical nature of these differences are being determined. Similarly, samples of duckweed — vegetative and flowering — have been examined collaboratively with Professors Takimoto and Takahashi of Japan. Sensitive assays for benzoic acid and abscisic acid found no differences. In addition, bioassay failed to detect significant levels of gibberellins. Cytokinins were found. No corre- lation of the levels of these plant hormones with flowering has yet been detected. The reproductive behavior of many plants is also affected by the duration and spectral quality of sunlight. This response, known as photoperiodism, is based on the ability of the plant to measure the relative length of the day. In order to do so, the plant, utilizing a suitable photoreceptor molecule, must be able to detect the dif- ference between light and darkness. Laboratory studies in the rbl have shown previously that flower- ing in barley, which is promoted by increasing daylengths, can be Science I 131 enhanced by the addition of long wavelength, far-red light to the daily photoperiod. It is also known that this far-red light causes structural changes in the chloroplast that result in increased efficiency for photosynthesis. Extensive experiments were contin- ued to test the hypothesis that enhanced flowering was caused by more efficient photosynthesis. Plants were grown in the presence of an herbicide that produces plants that are completely devoid of chlorophyll and, thus, lack any photosynthesis. The promotion of flowering by far-red light was, however, found to be unaffected. Therefore, chlorophyll is not the photoreceptor molecule that regulates the photoperiodic enhancement of flowering. It was found, further, that flowering was not only enhanced by far-red light in the absence of chlorophyll, but was in fact better than that in the green controls. Preliminary indications are that the far-red light stimulates the uptake or utilization of glucose, the sugar that must be supplied externally in the growth medium to the plant to replace photosynthesis. Thus, some photoreceptor other than chlorophyll seems to be involved with carbohydrate metabolism that may be in the causal chain of events leading to the promotion of plant reproduction. ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY The photosynthetic activity of a plant depends on several vari- ables, such as the irradiance and spectral quality of the incident radiation, the temperature of the plant, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the surrounding air, the availability of water to the roots, and the level of nutrients in the root medium. In green- houses, light from electric lamps is often added as a supplement. However, the relative effectiveness of these lamps in producing photosynthetically active radiation is temperature-dependent. Their efficiency for emitting light decreases as the temperature is reduced toward the minimum temperatures — about 10° C (50° F) — below which horticultural crops cannot be sustained. Similarily, the photosynthetic efficiency of the plant decreases, principally because of the decreasing rate of chemical reactions at these reduced temperatures. For a cool-temperature crop, such as lettuce, it was found that the plant mass could be heated directly with in- frared radiation to achieve higher photosynthetic efficiencies with- out expending the large amounts of oil or electrical energy that 132 / Smithsonian Year 1982 would be necessary to heat the ambient air in the greenhouse or growth chamber. However, the use of a far-red radiation source enhances the photochemical processes of photosynthetic activity above that obtained with only "white" lamps. The combination of plant irradiation with infra-red energy and the use of far-red lamps to enhance photosynthesis provides an alternative to the high cost of heating the ambient air. This far-red enhancement effect also works with plants that require higher temperature for growth. However, these plants must be maintained at a higher ambient temperature since the far-red lamps do not emit sufficient radiation to increase the plant to a high enough temperature to enhance photosynthesis. The most common environmental perturbation leading to reduc- tions in primary production in higher plants is water stress. Many of the factors that control plant growth, such as turgor pressure, are directly affected by changes in plant water balance. Photo- synthesis is particularly sensitive. As the plant dessicates, turgor pressure declines, and the stomatal openings in the leaves close, reducing the supply of carbon dioxide from the ambient air to the chlorophyll-containing tissues within the leaf lamina. Further des- sication leads to inhibition of not only light harvesting, but also the production of reducing power and carbon reduction. The physical measurement of water stress by plant physiologists is a determination of the chemical activity of water in the plant relative to the chemical activity of pure water. This measurement is called "water potential" and reflects the fact that reduction of the chemical activity of water in the plant reduces its capacity to react in chemical reactions and to diffuse. Under favorable growth conditions for crop plants, water potential is normally high, but when dessication occurs, water potential declines by a readily measurable amount. The level of water potential required to pro- duce an effect upon photosynthesis varies considerably between species. Plants adapted to the very dry saline habitats are able to accomplish photosynthesis at much lower water potentials than are less hardy species. Wild species are well adapted to water stress and differ from more sensitive crop species. An understanding of these wild plants may someday help to improve drought resistance in important crop plants. Such a plant that has adapted to a very broad range Science / 133 of water potentials is Spartina alterniflora, or common cordgrass, an abundant and highly productive species found along the Atlantic coastline. Although this plant is tolerant of very low water potentials, it grows best in mild, unstressed environments. It manifests many of the effects of water stress typical of those plants that are not tolerant of water stress. For example, it has a reduction of leaf area with increased water stress. Clues to the mechanism by which this adaptation is accom- plished are found in the analysis of pressure-volume data. As relative water content is reduced below about seventy percent, the dependence of the inverse of plant water potential upon rela- tive water content, becomes linear. Extrapolation of this linear relationship to 100 percent relative water content permitted esti- mation of osmotic potential and turgor pressure in the normal, physiological range of relative water content, which is typically seventy-five to ninety percent. Data obtained in this region could also be used to calculate the modulus of elasticity; i.e., the change in turgor pressure per unit of change in relative water content. At high relative water contents, the osmotic potentials of plants adapted to severe stress were always lower than osmotic poten- tials in plants adapted to moderate stress. Plants adapted to severe stress were also more rigid — the modulus of elasticity was greater — than plants adapted to moderate stress. These results show that the ability to maintain turgor pressure includes adaptation of the physical, as well as the biochemical, properties of plant tissues. The physiological meaning of the increased modulus of elasticity is that larger changes in turgor pressure are produced by the same change in relative water con- tent. The ecological benefit is that plants having a high modulus of elasticity are better able to exploit habitats in which water is limited. The capacity for reduction of osmotic potential as stress increases is evidence of osmotic regulation in this species. Measurements of the light penetrating the water in the Rhode River estuary of the Chesapeake Bay showed a marked increase in the transmissivity of the water when ice had formed. This increase is a complex phenomenon that is not readily explained. It could be due to various factors, such as a decrease in plankton, less run off from the land — which can carry a great deal of silt and other matter into the estuary — or the failure of other mechan- 134 / Smithsonian Year 1982 isms that normally prevent light from easily penetrating to any extent. These failures could be due in part to frozen conditions on the land and upper reaches of the river. Seed germination and morphological responses in plants have been attributed to the relative amounts of energy in red (660 nm) and far-red (720 nm, 730 nm) light absorbed by the phytochrome pigment. New data, taken in Rockville, Maryland, using an inter- ference-filter scanning radiometer developed by the rbl shows very little change in the 660 nm/730 nm ratio of irradiances, but large changes in the 660 nm/720 nm ratio do occur. These data are representative of both global (horizontal surface) and direct beam (normal incidence) irradiances. Occasionally the 660 nm/ 730 nm ratio will show a large change at very low irradiances (0.01 Wm-2 nm-1), but these changes seem to be the exception rather than the rule. Since the wavelength band widths are only 5 nm, these changes are generally predictable. The 720 nm filter measures energy at the peak of the water absorption band, which extends from approximately 715 nm to 730 nm. The 730 nm filter measures at a point little affected by the change in atmospheric water. Since these ratios seem to depend on atmospheric water, it would be expected that the 660 nm/720 nm ratio would show even larger changes in the normal incidence measurements near or on the horizon. CARBON DATING The laboratory provides analytical service for the research interests of the Institution's staff by providing radiocarbon chronologies for samples of geological and archaeological interest. During the past year more than 300 such service samples were dated. Addi- tionally, a major portion of laboratory research continues to focus upon paleoclimates, the early occupations of the Americas, and investigation of the relationships between changing environment and changing cultures. Collagen extracted from a portion of rib bone of a mammoth skeleton found just east of Washington, D.C., dated to 21,000 or 20,000 years ago, while plant matter from the underlying deposit dated to about 26,000 years, a period spanning the onset of the last major continental ice advance. Analyses of fossil pollen grains from the deposit are being undertaken to provide some clue to the Science / 135 presence of this grazing mammal in an area presumed to be scrub boreal forest. Collagen from bones in a cave deposit in West Virginia have spanned a range of 23,000 to 20,000 years ago for remains of a tropical bat now found only south of Georgia. The apparent tem- perate character of the area is of considerable interest for inter- pretation of data from Meadowcroft Rockshelter not far to the north, where earliest human occupations have been successfully dated to 21,000 years ago, and it is especially interesting since that site lies only seventy kilometers south of the continental ice border. Floral and faunal remains from the rockshelter indicate boreal forest at that time and prompt major reconsideration not only of man's adaptability to cold ice-front regimes, but also of assumptions regarding geographic-transgressive vegetation regimes as one moves away from the front of a continental ice mass. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory The past year might be called "Year of the Director" at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (sao). The former director had an observatory named in his honor; the current director chaired a committee that produced a landmark scientific report; and the next director of the observatory was selected and appointed. On the occasion of his seventy-fifth birthday, Fred L. Whipple, former director of sao, was honored by the Smithsonian Board of Regents' decision to rename sao's field site at Mt. Hopkins, Ari- zona, the "Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory." Since 1968, this facility, located some thirty-five miles south of Tucson, has served as sao's major observatory for ground-based astronomy, including studies of planetary, stellar, and extragalactic objects. Mt. Hopkins is also the site of the Multiple Mirror Telescope, operated jointly with the University of Arizona. The formal change in name was marked with ceremonies on the summit of Mt. Hopkins, May 7, 1982. As Assistant Secretary David Challinor noted, it was appropriate to name the facility "after the man who conceived it, planned it, and, during its fledg- 136 / Smithsonian Year 1982 ling days, nurtured it so the site might become the multi-faceted research center it is today." While former director Whipple was being feted by his colleagues and friends, the current director, George B. Field, was receiving national praise for his efforts on behalf of the astronomical com- munity as chairman of the Astronomy Survey Committee. Com- missioned by the National Academy of Sciences and funded by the National Science Foundation and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the committee undertook the formidable task of reaching a consensus within the large and diverse commu- nity of scholars and researchers on national priorities for the next decade. The report of that committee, Astronomy and Astrophysics for the 1980' s, published in the spring of 1982, established a set of research goals and ranked recommendations for major new instrumentation and facilities to fulfill them. Among the projects urged by the committee were: an Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (axaf) to provide a permanent national X-ray observatory in space; a Very-Long-Baseline (vlb) array of radio telescopes de- signed to produce images with an angular resolution of 0.3 milliarc- seconds; a New Technology Telescope (ntt) of the 15-m class, to provide a tenfold increase in light-gathering capacity at optical wavelengths and a hundredfold increase at infrared wavelengths; and a Large Deployable Reflector in space for spectroscopic and imaging observations in the far-infrared and submillimeter wave- lengths, complementing and extending the capabilities of the largest ground-based telescope. The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, in partnership with the Harvard College Observatory (hco) as members of the Center for Astrophysics (cfa), is uniquely placed to respond to the recom- mendations of the committee, having specialists and research groups active in all areas of modern astrophysics. The person who will be responsible for exploiting sao's potential for leadership will be Irwin I. Shapiro. A professor of physics and geophysics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Shapiro was named senior scientist at sao on July 1, 1982, with his appointment as director to be effective January 1, 1983. (At that time, Shapiro will also become director of hco and the cfa. George Field will return to research and teaching duties as senior scientist at sao and professor of astronomy at Harvard.) Science / 137 As director of the cfa, Shapiro will be responsible for leading a research staff of more than 140 scientists engaged in a broad pro- gram of astronomy and astrophysics. Data-gathering facilities in- clude, besides the Whipple Observatory, an international network of field stations to observe artificial satellites, an optical astronomy facility in Massachusetts, a radio astronomy facility in Texas, and satellite-borne and rocket-borne telescopes for X-ray and infrared observations. Research results are published in established journals as well as in the Center Preprint Series, the Smithsonian Special Report series, and other technical and nontechnical publications distributed to scientific and educational institutions around the world. Smithsonian scientists are encouraged to teach in the Harvard University Department of Astronomy and other departments, as well as at other universities and colleges. Both a Visiting Scientist Program and a Postdoctoral Fellowship Program are sponsored by sao at the cfa. An extensive public education and information program is coordinated by the sao Public Affairs Office. The Center's research programs are funded by various combina- tions of sources. Sao's programs are supported by federal appro- priations and trust funds from the Smithsonian Institution and by contracts and grants from both the private sector and government agencies such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administra- tion, the Office of Naval Research, the Department of Energy, the National Science Foundation, and the Air Force Geophysics Lab- oratory. The Langley-Abbot Program, funded by the Institution, provides fundamental support in the area of solar physics and related research. Harvard members are supported by university funds and by outside contracts and grants. The Center's research activities are organized in seven divisions under the leadership of associate directors, who are charged with coordinating the investigations and planning the resources required to carry out programs. The research accomplishments in each of these divisions during the past year follow. ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS Burgeoning developments in astronomy continued to create new and exciting demands for precise and comprehensive atomic and molecular data and for extensive understanding of physical and 138 / Smithsonian Year 1982 chemical processes. The goals of Atomic and Molecular Physics Division members are to provide these data and the basic under- standing of the processes. Research was carried out in theoretical and experimental physics and chemistry relating directly to the interpretation of astronomical observations and entering into theories of astronomical phenomena. These research topics are interwoven by the vital interaction between theorists and experi- mentalists, which continues to be a strength of the division. Recent measurements of the cross-section for charge transfer in the collision of C3+ ions with atomic hydrogen seemed to suggest a possible discrepancy between the low energy (<250 eV) and the high energy data (>2 keV). Accurate theoretical calculations were performed for the charge transfer process, and the results for the cross-section showed that two channels contribute with very dif- ferent energy dependence in such a way that the total cross-section is in harmony with both sets of experimental data. Most plasma diagnostic techniques require accurate electron- impact excitation cross-sections for multiply charged ions and many need transition probabilities for transitions involving meta- stable levels. Measurements of these atomic parameters were em- phasized in the laboratory. The Ion-Beam Facility was used to make the first measurement of the electron-impact excitation of the ground term of C + , 2s 2p 2P°, to the 2s2p2 2D term. The Al335 A spectral line produced by this excitation is observed in the sun and other astronomical sources and is an important, electron tem- perature and density diagnostic when used with other lines of C+. A facility was developed for measurement of radiative transition probabilities for intersystem transitions in light ions of astrophys- ical interest. The ions are created and excited by the electron bom- bardment of gases, stored in an ion trap, and the photons from radiative decay are detected. The magnitudes of the A-values for typical spin-forbidden transitions are between 102 and 104 sec-1. Because of its use in solar transition-zone diagnostics and as a test of theoretical atomic calculations, the Si III (1892 A) line was measured first, and an A-value of 1.63 X 104 was determined. The opacity of the earth's atmosphere in the wavelength region 1750-2050 A is controlled by the absorption cross-sections of the rotationally discrete Schumann-Runge bands of O2. The cross- section of the Schumann-Runge bands (12, 0) through (1, 0) were Science I 139 measured with a 6.65-m photoelectric scanning spectrometer of high enough resolution (0.0013 A) for the cross-sections to be independent of the instrumentation — a result never previously achieved. Definitive band oscillator strengths have been determined directly from the measured cross-sections and were used to obtain predissociation line widths of the bands by fitting computed cross- sections to those measured. HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS High Energy Astrophysics Division members devoted considerable time during the past year to the reduction and analysis of scientific data from the two High Energy Astronomy Observatory satellites (heao 1 and 2). Research programs covered a wide range of astro- nomical topics, including stellar coronae, supernova remnants, globular clusters, binary X-ray systems, normal galaxies, narrow emission-line galaxies, radio galaxies, BL Lac objects, Seyfert gal- axies, quasars, clusters of galaxies, and surveys and identifications of galactic and extragalactic X-ray sources. Substantial observing time with a number of ground-based optical and radio telescopes was obtained and utilized as a part of these scientific programs. Analysis of data from the Scanning Modulation Collimator ex- periment on board heao-1 continued, with the objective of identi- fying bright X-ray sources with optical objects. A major milestone was the completion of the data-reduction phase by creating merged directories of all mission data for each of 1,200 possible X-ray sources. So far, about 240 sources are indicated; of these 50 may be contaminated by stronger sources. Other X-ray sources were also identified, including a new transient-like source, H0323+02 — with what (sometimes) appears to be a normal G-star with a large infrared excess — and three probable Be-star X-ray systems. At least two of the latter, 4U0728-25 and 3A2206+543, are interesting in that a low-luminosity, quasi-steady, X-ray component may be observed. Study of 2A1704— 241, the first normal M-giant emitting system, was completed. Basic data processing, support of the Guest Observer Program, and varied scientific programs are the focus of the division's heao-2 (Einstein Observatory) research. Completion of a first-pass analysis of all Einstein data led to revision of the aspect solution and the High Resolution Imaging (hri) processing software, and resulted 140 / Smithsonian Year 1982 in an improvement in source-position accuracy to about 3.3 sec at 90 percent confidence, as compared with the earlier estimated error of 10 sec. In support of the Einstein Guest Observer Program, division data aides and scientists provided both data and programming assistance to visiting researchers, who, last year, numbered more than 90. Among the results of the Einstein investigations were the fol- lowing: discovery of a new class of X-ray-emitting galaxies — "dull" galaxies, otherwise optically undistinguished; development of a classification scheme for galaxies based on X-ray emission, optical morphology, and radio properties; statistical studies of complete samples of quasi-stellar objects (qsos); evidence for evolution of qso X-ray luminosity; correlation of X-ray and optical properties of qsos; determination of cluster X-ray luminosity func- tion; extension of cluster classification schemes; the discovery of an X-ray pulsar in the supernova remnant msh 15-5(2); and mass estimates of supernova progenitor stars. Studies of solar and stellar coronal plasmas continued to focus on understanding the physics of coronal formation. Substantial progress was achieved in two areas : the first involved observational tests of coronal heating, using Skylab and related solar data, and the second, Einstein data analysis and interpretation of stellar X-ray emission, with particular attention to magnetic-field-related processes. Significant advances were also made in studies of plasma and magnetohydrodynamic processes. OPTICAL AND INFRARED ASTRONOMY Research in optical and infrared astronomy concentrated on extra- galactic and galactic astronomy, with special emphasis on studies of clusters of galaxies, active galactic nuclei, redshift surveys, star clusters, and the formation and evolution of stars. In support of research throughout the Center, the division operated the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory on Mt. Hopkins, Arizona, the site of the Multiple Mirror Telescope (mmt), a joint project with the University of Arizona. This year, major improvements were made in the performance of the mmt, which now meets or exceeds all the original design specifications. Automatic alignment and tracking are now accom- plished at the final combined focal plane. The mount works excep- Science / 141 tionally well, with absolute pointing better than one arc second and very smooth tracking. The median image size was measured to be better than one arc second fwhm, which confirmed the earlier reports of excellent seeing. The telescopes at the Whipple Observa- tory also reached new heights of productivity in support of dozens of research programs, and division efforts to develop and refine the instruments, detectors, and software systems continued. Of particular note was the establishment of a new Image Processing Facility in Cambridge. In extragalactic astronomy, noteworthy work on several clusters of galaxies studied in detail showed that, in general, the structure and kinematics are more complicated than previous dynamical studies have admitted. However, select cases of binary clusters were shown to yield significant information about their dynamical evolution. The mmt played an essential role in this research. Various aspects of active galaxies were investigated. International Ultraviolet Explorer observations were used to study galaxies that have undergone recent bursts of star formation. The mmt Infrared Photometer and Circular Variable Filter were utilized to observe qsos where optical lines of interest have been redshifted into the infrared. Examples of interacting galaxies and their relationship to qsos were examined, and, by use of the mmt, a survey of faint qsos was carried out. The first stage of the cfa Redshift Survey was completed, and work began on two major extensions. In collaboration with the Observatorio Nacional, a copy of the Z-machine was built and put into operation in Brazil, which will allow the extension of the Redshift Survey to the Southern Hemisphere. The kinematics of the globular clusters in M31 were surveyed with the mmt; and a slight rotation in the cluster system as a whole was found. Several aspects of open clusters were also studied: faint photometry of the lower main sequence in the Hyades and Pleiades showed that the cluster ages derived from the turn-on-point dis- agree with those from the turn-off-point by a large factor. Newly developed techniques for measuring accurate radial velocities of faint stars were used for a variety of projects, including a new convergent point solution for the Hyades and direct measurements of the kinematics of open clusters. Binaries were found to be a frequent phenomenon. 142 / Smithsonian Year 1982 During 1982, major improvements were made in the performance of sao's Multiple Mirror Telescope at the Whipple Observatory, Mt. Hopkins, Arizona. This image of an edge-on spiral galaxy shows several independent struc- tures: a bright nucleus, the thin inner disk of stars, and a larger envel- oping halo of material. Current theory suggests that spiral galaxies may be stabilized by such massive haloes of dark material "invisible" to normal instrumentation. t Infrared observations from the ground, the nasa Kuiper Air- borne Observatory, and from high-altitude balloons were used for imaging and spectroscopy of astronomical objects, such as regions of star formation and the galactic center, and high-resolution spectroscopy of the earth's atmosphere. Division scientists also operated a balloon-borne telescope that produced a high-resolution, far-infrared map of a large area (1° X 4°) of the galactic center. Finally, work on a major project, the Helium-Cooled Infrared Telescope on Spacelab 2 continued; the experiment is scheduled to fly aboard the Space Shuttle in 1984. PLANETARY SCIENCES Members of the Planetary Sciences Division carry out all three of the traditional forms of scientific activity: they study the planets by observational, theoretical, and laboratory techniques. This past year, the observational program centered on the Oak Ridge Observatory (formerly Agassiz Station) in Harvard, Massa- chusetts. With its 61-inch reflector, this facility is ideally suited to provide the astrometric observations needed to calculate the orbital elements of small bodies — comets and asteroids, for example — in the solar system, which require the determination of positions on a number of different nights. The Oak Ridge program of regular observation of newly discovered, unusual, and faint minor planets and comets is operated closely with the International Astronomical Union's Minor Planet Center and Central Telegram Bureau (di- rected by a division member). These resources seek to verify obser- vations, compute orbital elements, and disseminate, on a timely basis, information to astronomers worldwide. Observational studies were also carried out by division scientists who participated as members of the imaging team on the Voyager mission. The group found the ring system of Saturn to be vastly more complex than had been imagined. Theoretical studies of planetary bodies and comets included an investigation of the effect of decay on the motions and cohesive- ness of comet nuclei and the examination of the dynamics of postulated double comets. Recent improvements in the accuracy of models of the primitive solar nebula have contributed to under- standing of the origin of refractory inclusions and chondrules in meteorites. Efforts to relate the long-term dynamical behavior of 144 / Smithsonian Year 1982 orbiting objects (such as the material in Saturn's rings) to mass distributions continued. The laboratory approach to solar system science is employed by application of the techniques of mineralogy and petrology to studies of the detailed properties of meteorites and lunar samples. Meteorites contain a cryptic record of events and processes asso- ciated with the origin of the solar system, and even presolar system history. Lunar samples contain an equally cryptic record of the earliest internal evolution of a small planet. Research centered on the origin of refractory inclusions in carbonaceous chondrites: the major question being explored is whether these materials represent high-temperature condensates from nebular gas or residues of distilled interstellar dust. Particular attention was also given to the history of the lunar highlands crust. A division member leads a consortium in studying the properties of constituents of highlands breccia 67015; early findings suggested an unexpectedly complex geology at the Apollo 16 site. Measurements of 37Ar produced in potassium as a function of depth at the Homestake Mine were carried out. These measure- ments will provide a value for the cosmic-ray background of the chlorine solar neutrino detector, and a decay-mode independent half-life for proton decay. Findings should contribute to an under- standing of the highly complex interior of the sun. RADIO AND GEOASTRONOMY The Radio and Geoastronomy Division conducted studies in radio astronomy, aeronomy, and geophysics, as well as research and development programs in maser technology. Division members operated a satellite laser tracking network and a radio astronomy facility near Fort Davis, Texas, where a Very Long Baseline Inter- ferometry (vlbi) station is also located. During the year, the Fort Davis installation was renamed the George R. Agassiz Station. Vlbi research focused on several areas. Using long-period map- ping of proper motions of interstellar maser sources, statistical parallaxes were measured for a number of sources. The accuracy of the techniques has been advanced to about 10 microarcseconds. The first millimeter-wavelength vlbi observations of extragalactic sources were performed. Data on ngc 1275 at 3.3-millimeter wave- Science I 145 length revealed a very compact component, 0.1 milliarcsecond in size, which probably produces the observed X-ray emission by inverse Compton scattering. In other programs, the Very Large Array (vla) or vlbi method was used to study M87, compact H II regions, OH maser sources, BL Lac objects, and hydrogen in planetary nebulae. The group also operated a fringe verification procedure during vlbi observa- tional programs. Division members also carried out a project to measure ozone in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere by using a ground-based millimeter-wave technique. Studies of the earth's thermosphere based on data from satellite- borne mass spectrometers continued. Data from the esro 4 and S3-1 satellites were augmented by those from the Atmosphere Explorer-C satellite, which provided needed information for greater heights. The major emphasis was on the geomagnetic variation and its relation to the heat sources and the dynamics of the disturbed thermosphere. An important result was the identification of the effects of winds and waves generated by the heat input and the successful modeling of the time lag and the persistence of disturbance. Work on problems of orbital dynamics included a study of the effects of atmospheric drag in relation to strategies for the con- struction of a large space platform and related investigation of the secular effects associated with the critical inclination and harmonic resonance. Sao's hydrogen maser group continued their maser research and experiments using ultra-stable clocks. Three vlg-11 series masers were built; one was delivered to the Tokyo Astronomical Observatory and two others were constructed for the nasa Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Two additional masers are under construc- tion for the U.S. Naval Observatory. Experimental work is under way with cryogenically cooled masers to investigate hydrogen collision effects on wall surfaces coated with freezing gases of various types and to demonstrate stability data at the 10~16 level for time intervals between one minute and one hour. The simulation of Doppler detection of pulsed low-frequency gravitational waves using clocks and a multi-link Doppler sys- tem in a deep-space probe was completed. With today's precise 146 / Smithsonian Year 1982 timing and space-tracking technology, it is possible to detect pulses at the 10 ~14 level in the Doppler signatures. These gravita- tional pulses are thought to originate in the collapse of super- massive black holes of about 107 solar masses, which are believed to exist at the core of some galaxies. This is the first feasible system developed that could detect such waves. The division continued operation of a satellite laser-tracking network, which provided routine laser-tracking coverage for geo- physical research conducted at sao and other research organi- zations in the U.S. and abroad. In addition to tracking, five-day mean pole positions were provided to the scientific community on a routine basis. During the year, the laser-tracking stations were closed in Natal, Brazil, Orroral Valley, Australia, and Mt. Hop- kins, Arizona. Arrangements were made to relocate the laser from Natal to Matera, Italy, under a joint program with the Consiglio Nazionale delle Richerche. The network also completed the upgrad- ing of the Arequipa, Peru, laser to improve range accuracy from 10 cm to 3-5 cm. SOLAR AND STELLAR PHYSICS Research programs in solar and stellar physics focused on various problems concerned with stellar activity and mass loss and the behavior of hot plasmas in the universe. The pursuit of the "solar- stellar connection" in both observational and theoretical areas provided an important theme. Division scientists recognize that phenomena long known to occur on the sun are present, often in extreme form, in stars as well; and study of the physics of the sun provides an on-going framework to test against other objects in the universe. Experimental programs in the division included development of speckle imaging techniques, which can be applied both to the solar fine structure and to extended stellar atmospheres. The rocket coronagraph program, to measure the solar atmosphere in the acceleration region of the solar wind, provided a unique spectro- scopic tool for use in probing the plasma characteristics and energy requirements of the solar wind. A version of this instru- ment is now planned for development on a Shuttle mission in 1985. Complementary theoretical studies under the Langley-Abbot Program of the Smithsonian Institution assessed the physical Science I 147 implications of such observations for both solar and stellar winds and mass loss. Research in stellar activity was carried out by using a variety of observational and theoretical techniques. The collaborative program between Smithsonian and Mt. Wilson observatories to monitor the long-term variability of the flux in the Ca II emission lines yielded rich insight into the presence and character of stellar activity cycles. Complementary measures of line profiles, spectro- scopic rotation rates, and magnetic fields in stellar atmospheres — all fundamental parameters of activity — are also under way at the Whipple Observatory. Measurements of high-temperature plasmas in stars were obtained by using the heao-2 (Einstein Observatory) and the International Ultraviolet Explorer satellites. On-going theoretical calculations of radiative processes in optically thick chromospheric emission lines and other features in static and expanding solar and stellar atmospheres enabled the requirements to be defined for the energy balance in cool atmospheres. The wealth of new quantitative spectroscopic measures has demanded, and will continue to require, thorough understanding of atomic, ionic, and molecular behavior. Studies of plasma pro- cesses at high temperature and, in particular, the spectroscopic response of hot gases to conditions of nonequilibrium contributed valuable insights to all spectroscopic — optical, ultraviolet, or X-ray — measurements. In addition, models of nonradiative shocks and their observable consequences can be predicted to infer characteristics of the shock itself. Application of such studies can be found not only in solar or stellar atmospheres, but also in the observation of gaseous interstellar remnants left from super- nova explosions or Herbig-Haro objects. Achievement of a basic understanding of such processes and their diagnostics directs and enhances the pursuit of nonequilibrium phenomena in many other objects. These interdisciplinary studies generated considerable interest among astrophysicists, as evidenced by the highly successful Second Cambridge Workshop on "Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Sun." This was held in October 1981 at the Center for Astro- physics, and was supported in part by the Langley- Abbot Program of the Smithsonian Institution, Smithsonian Astrophysical Obser- vatory, and Harvard College Observatory. The proceedings were 148 / Smithsonian Year 1982 published in SAO Special Report No. 392, which documents both invited and contributed papers. Studies in the history of astronomy, carried out by a division member, provided a broad perspective on the development of ideas, thoughts, and style during the early centuries of astronom- ical research. THEORETICAL ASTROPHYSICS Valuable progress was made this year in the understanding of magnetic fields, interstellar clouds, accretion flows and mass outflows, spiral structure, galaxy formation, radiation processes, X-ray sources, the clustering of galaxies, convection theory, and extragalactic radio jets. Research was carried out on a diverse range of astrophysical phenomena, with theoretical studies often applied to the support and interpretation of observational data. The basic studies in stellar and galactic dynamics, stellar and galactic structures, gravitational theory, radiative transfer, kinetic theory, hydrodynamics, scattering theory, and cosmology also continued. Members of the division contributed significantly to the educa- tional programs of the observatories and collaborated frequently with scientists in other institutions as well as with members of other divisions. Specific research programs addressed the follow- ing: physics of gamma-ray bursts; supersymmetry theories of the elementary particles and their applications; various problems in relativistic cosmology; thermal effects in quasar accretion flows due to irradiation by the quasar continuum; theoretical study of magnetic helicity conservation; and investigations of radiative processes and radiative transfer theory, including the Comptoniza- tion of X-rays and the escape-probability method for spectral lines. In a study of the dynamics of globular clusters, statistical corre- lations were found between internal dynamical properties of clusters and their distances from the galactic center. Attempts to reconcile the observed properties with theoretical models of dy- namical evolution are under way. A numerical simulation demonstrated that the accretion of lunar-sized planetesimals is a plausible mechanism for the forma- tion of the earth. It was shown that "secondary infall" was not a Science I 149 viable mechanism for forming the shallow-density-profile galactic halos. A systematic study of a number of clusters of galaxies has begun. So far, the focus has been on clumpy systems, which are, in a sense, dynamically young. N-body models indicated that these systems, if bound, will eventually have a smooth, centrally condensed galaxy distribution. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute The tropics have always interested biologists, largely because diversity of tropical life is so immense, and the different kinds of tropical organisms make their living in such varied and occasionally bizarre ways, and because the plants and animals that have sur- vived in this diverse world are so precisely adapted to their ways of life. Here the ecologist can study the mechanisms maintaining the balance of nature in the most complex of natural communities, while the morphologist and behaviorist find ample opportunity for the comparisons that are as essential now to understanding biology as they were in Darwin's time, or Aristotle's. Understanding tropical biology, however, has taken on a new urgency: why are natural communities in the tropics so lush, while small farms here can be devoured by pests after only a few harvests, and large-scale farming often leads to land with the color, texture, and fertility of a brick? How can the diversity of life recover from the growing human onslaught? These questions cannot be answered fully by research explicitly directed to the purpose. Unforeseeable discov- eries— by curious naturalists interested in plants and animals for their own sake — will offer essential leads to practical problems of crucial importance. To this end, the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (stri) maintains a full-time resident staff of trained scientists, many of whom are engaged in long-term studies of tropical organisms. Stri is equipped with modern facilities, an excellent up-to-date library (for which a new building is in progress), and a full supporting staff. Among its facilities is a field station in the 4,200-hectare 150 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Seen from the air, Barro Colorado Island, Panama, may seem to be a sleepy little place, but it actually teems with activity. A full-time residential staff of scientists are engaged in long-term studies of tropical organisms. (Photograph is copyrighted by N. Smythe.) Below. The Caribbean reef squid Sepioteuthis sepioidea is the subject of a new book by stri scientists M. H. Moynihan and Arcadio Rodaniche. (Photographer, A. Rodaniche) Barro Colorado Nature Monument. This is an easily accessible reserve of tropical forest, where a "growing house" for plant experiments — complete with a plant physiology laboratory — was completed in November 1981. There are also marine stations, where one can study the contrasting communities on the two sides of an isthmus which split the oceans only three million years ago. Stri offers short-term and 12-month fellowships to citizens of all countries and maintains a vigorous program of training for young scientists from tropical countries, capitalizing on their life- time residence in, and first-hand knowledge of tropical regions. In the current fiscal year, EXXON grants supported thirty such stu- dents from Panama, Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, and Peru. Moreover, student assistants from tropical countries have collab- orated in a great variety of staff projects, ranging from the pollina- tion biology of tropical flowers, to the breeding of pelicans. For many of these students, stri represents an introduction to an active research community and an acquaintance with fellow research scientists — both provide crucial career impetus. In addition, a student on Barro Colorado can build on sixty years of previous research; the marine stations have also amassed an impressive amount of background information. For centuries scientific knowledge of tropical nature was largely based on fragmentary studies conducted by travelers and expatri- ates, many of them amateurs. Even today, the majority of scien- tists ranked as experts in tropical biology can spend only a few weeks of the year actually working in the tropics. Piecemeal, sporadic study inevitably fails to comprehend the long cycles and rare events that are so often the essence of tropical adaptations. Stri provides opportunities for long-term research, which few institutions can match. Stephen Hubbell, who has just joined the stri staff on an inter- mittent appointment, and Robin Foster, a stri research associate, have just finished mapping half a square kilometer of forest on the "plateau" of Barro Colorado Island (bci). This project has required fifteen man-years of work so far, involving students from the U.S., Panama, and Mexico. Since each kind of tree has its own pests and diseases, it has long been thought that trees of a single kind, which are crowded too closely together (or more especially, their seeds and seedlings), 152 / Smithsonian Year 1982 are particularly liable to become extinct. Since disease is supposedly most rampant in the tropics, and insect pests most voracious there, the diversity of tropical trees has been attributed largely to such "penalties of abundance." Hubbell and Foster hope to infer what factors maintain tropical tree diversity from the patterns of dis- tribution of individual species (the extent to which a species occurs in "clumps," and the degree to which it is confined to particular topography or soil) and the manners in which trees of different species are commingled. The plot will be resurveyed at intervals to assess growth, mortality, and recruitment of the different species. Over the years many students on bci have studied features of reproduction in trees, especially how seed dispersal affects repro- duction success. Is there a penalty for overabundance? What form does it take? Mapped plots make such studies much easier. David Hamill, a graduate student from the University of Iowa, has mapped the distribution of Ocotea skutchii seedlings and sap- lings around various mature trees of this species on Hubbell's mapped plot and is monitoring their survival and growth. A fungus, unique to the species, causes lesions on all the saplings, girdling the stems of many and killing those which cannot sprout from below the wound. Seedlings far away from the parent plant have twice as good a chance of living three years as those living closer to it; this differential survival is not enough to even out the distribution of these trees. Victoria Sork, of Washington University, finds that Gustavia superba, a subcanopy tree, is much rarer in the old forest of Hub- bell's mapped plot and has many fewer young per adult than in Gerald Lang's plot of young forest on bci — or in even younger forests on the nearby mainland. Sork is monitoring seed production, prospects of germination, and seedling survival in these three plots to see if these factors explain the differences. She is also comparing the demography of these plants on bci, which abounds in fruit- and seed-eating mammals, and on the mainland, where such an- imals are much rarer, to see what difference the animals make. Carol Augspurger, of the University of Illinois, is mapping seed and seedling "shadows" for wind-dispersed trees of several differ- ent species. Fungi, perhaps related to the Irish potato blight, attack seedlings of many of these species — especially seedlings that are densely crowded in the shade. In some species, only seedlings in Science I 153 "light gaps," opened by large fallen trees, can survive. Augspurger is trying to learn more about how these diseases are communicated and to determine the length of time that infectious spores last in the soil. Henry Howe, of the University of Iowa, for the fourth year, is continuing his study of reproduction in Virola (wild nutmeg), monitoring the fruit and flower production of selected trees, the species eating and dispersing the fruit, and the proportion of fruit dispersed. He and his student, Eugene Schupp, are setting out fruit at different distances from parent trees and find that the pros- pects of fruit placed far from the parent are much more promising. Eugene Schupp is also beginning a study of flowering, fruiting, the consumption of flowers or green fruit by natural enemies, fruit dispersal, and seedling germination and survival in an understory shrub, Faramea occidentals, which flowers much more heavily every second year. His study will last three years. These studies are backed by a long-term monitoring program sponsored by the Environmental Sciences Program (esp) of the Smithsonian Institution, which — along with the accumulated re- sults of individual research — provides a large and profound fund of background information. This increases the value of shorter- term studies manyfold and provides data on climatic and biotic patterns, which are of fundamental value in themselves. Dr. Donald Windsor, staff coordinator of environmental moni- toring on bci, has become an expert in data-processing and the assessment of the dynamics of the forest community. He reports that environmental monitoring in stri study areas (e.g., Gamboa and Gatun) dates from the French era of Panama Canal construc- tion, with the earliest records in 1859. At the present time, con- tinuous records of rainfall, soil moisture, and sediment and runoff volume in the Lutz ravine of bci enable scientists to estimate rates of erosion and water retention in a known area of forest, for com- parison with that of nearby cleared plots in the Panama Canal Area. Measurements of windspeed, temperature, and of light intensity and spectral quality at different levels in the forest are obtained from instruments mounted on "The Tower," a 138-foot structure, which pierces the canopy near the Lutz ravine. The instruments provide data for estimating the input of solar energy to the forest, 154 / Smithsonian Year 1982 the quality of light available for different photosynthetic pathways, and the rate of water loss by evaporation from the forest as a whole. Knowledge of the "hydrologic budget" is supplemented by information on dissolved nutrients passing out of the watershed through the Lutz-ravine weir. Douglas Rocha, whose meticulous attention to the reading and maintenance of monitoring equipment assures the accuracy of this information, also collaborates with the Smithsonian's Radiation Biology Laboratory and the Skin and Cancer Hospital of Phila- delphia in providing specialized data on tropical light conditions that affect human health. Bonifacio de Leon is in his eighth year of following the phenolo- gies of bci trees — their annual patterns of leaf, flower, and fruit production — which are basic to understanding the movements and reproductive cycles of numerous forest animals. Seed dispersers need to eat. The factors governing the timing and amount of fruit produced by different kinds of trees is decisive to the livelihood of a whole host of forest animals. Dipteryx trees normally fruit at the end of the late rainy-season fruit famine, but, like many other trees that flower in response to the onset of the rainy season, they often fruit poorly, if at all, after a wet dry season. William Glanz, of the University of Maine, finds that squirrels start mating much later in the year and pro- duce far fewer young when Dipteryx fruit is in short supply. He has also been censusing mammals, and finds that the numbers of squirrels and agoutis have fallen sharply the last two years, perhaps because of the fruit shortages caused by the wet dry season of 1980 and 1981. Pacas are fruit-eaters of the forest floor, comparable to the mouse deer of the Old World tropics, and perhaps the favorite neotropical game animal. Mickey Marcus, a stri short-term fellow from the University of Maine, has begun a radio-tracking study of pacas to see how their behavior and feeding habits change during the onset of the autumnal fruit shortage. He has also begun a live-trapping survey, comparable to that completed by the esp three years ago, to estimate the density of pacas and other fru- givorous mammals in the Lutz catchment. Priyadarshini Davidar completed a study of the dispersal of mistletoe fruit by birds, asking why some kinds of mistletoe were Science I 155 The largest tree in this drawing from bci is Dipteryx panamensis, the fruit of which plays a crucial role in the life cycles of red-tailed squirrels. (Drawing copyrighted by Marshall Hasbrouck) dispersed by one or two "specialists," while others had far more general appeal. Allen Herre collaborated in a study on the factors affecting pol- lination success in fig trees: are more isolated trees, or those trees fruiting at certain times of year, likely to have fewer seeds ferti- lized? Charles Handley is continuing his studies of fig-eating bat populations and their responses to changes in fig production. He is also mapping the fig trees on various parts of bci to assess the amount of food available. Figs are important to bats because, un- like most fruits, they are available all year long. This may be related to their pollination system. Other animals respond to seasonal changes in the supply of different kinds of food. Young iguanas, for instance, hatch from their eggs at the onset of the rainy season when flowers and new leaves are most abundant. Stanley Rand and his collaborators have been marking the adult females which congregate each February at various nesting sites around bci to lay their eggs, radio-tracking a few to learn how far they travel after nesting. Brian Bock is monitoring how many young emerge and where they go. Iguanas are a favored game animal in Panama, and Rand now understands enough of their demography to advise the joint STRI/Government of Panama project concerned with increasing the number of iguanas available for cropping. Kathy Troyer continued her work on when and how young iguanas acquire the "gut flora" they need to digest mature leaves and has also compared the ways young and adult iguanas try to control their body temperatures. Henk Wolda now has eight years of data on fluctuations of leaf- hoppers and some other insects caught at light traps on Barro Colorado Island. Such insects tend to be most abundant at the beginning of the rainy season, when new leaves are most preva- lent, but the populations of the different insect species change irregularly from year to year, fluctuating quite as much over the long-term in the tropics as in the temperate zone. Wolda is also studying an endomychid beetle, Stenotarsus rotundus. During the last four years, 30,000 or more of these beetles have aggregated to diapause for ten months of the year on a single palm tree, dis- persing to feed for the first two months of the rainy season. As these beetles eat fungi — which are presumably most abundant late Science I 157 in the rainy season — their seasonal rhythm is an extraordinary mystery. Seasonal rhythms in leaf-eating insects cause seasonal rhythms in the breeding of the birds that eat them. Judy Gradwohl and Russell Greenberg of the National Zoo are continuing their studies of how year-to-year variations in survival and reproduction of understory antwrens is affected by change in the supply of insects the antwrens eat. At the beginning of the rainy season, the animals that break down the leaf litter awake to feed and reproduce, as do the insects that eat them, and as do the small lizards that eat the predatory arthropods. Robin Andrews, of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, and Stanley Rand are continuing to census the small lizard Anolis limifrons on selected plots for the tenth con- secutive year. Long-term research also plays a major role in stri's marine program. On the reef flat at Galeta, stri's Caribbean marine lab- oratory, John Cubit, Michael Vassar, Judith Connor, and others are continuing a monitoring program for the esp. They are follow- ing rainfall, solar radiation, wind speed and direction, tidal level and salinity, sea-urchin populations, and the proportions of the various zones of the reef covered by each principal kind of alga. Caribbean tides are slight and erratic. About twice a year — some- times more often — calm weather, low tides, and lack of cloud-cover exposes the reef flat to a merciless sun, devastating the reef-flat community. Fifty square meters of the reef have been continuously irrigated by seawater for the past sixteen months to compare its community with those of neighboring sectors subject to exposures. As part of John Cubit and James Norris's studies of algal com- munities at Galeta, Judith Connor has followed the seasonal rhythms of algal reproduction on the reef flat. The rhythm of two species at the top of the reef flat and two subtidal species peak during the dry season; other species at the seaward edge of the flat reproduce all year long. As part of John Cubit and Walter Adey's study of algal produc- tion, Peter Griffith estimates photosynthesis and respiration by monitoring the depth and speed of water moving across the reef flat, and the amount of oxygen it acquires (if by day) or loses (if by night) during its crossing. This is the first time reef production 158 / Smithsonian Year 1982 has been monitored on a twenty-four-hour basis. Griffith finds that respiration rate varies through the night; this contradicts the assumption under which marine productivity is usually calculated. Stephen Garrity, a stri predoctoral fellow, is comparing the effects on rocky shore snails of the strong tidal cycle on the Pacific side — where even the lowest tides rarely cause mass mortality — with those of the unpredictable lows on the Caribbean side — which can be as devastating on rocky shores as on reef flats. More gen- erally, he is following how snails respond to the risks of life on tropical shores. In 1976, a great earthquake in the Darien threw whole hillsides into the sea, creating half a mile and more of new rocky shore in places, and vast expanses of bare earth. Nancy Garwood has been monitoring the revegetation of the land, while John Cubit, Sally Levings, and Stephen Garrity have been monitoring the recovery on the coast. Ten months after the quake, the rocks were green with leafy algae; in another year, littorinids, thin-shelled limpets, and herds of isopods had devoured those algae. Later, patches of crustose algae and — nearer high tide — velvety patches of algal turf began to spread, and heavier-shelled herbivorous snails waxed more prevalent. Only in 1982 did populations of predatory snails really attain substantial levels, but they are still low. Olga Linares has continued her studies of the Diola people of Senegal, who live in an area that used to average over 1,500 mm of rain a year. The famous Sahelian drought has had great effects further south: last year, the Diola lands received 700 mm, and annual rainfall has never exceeded 1,500 mm during the past ten years. The northern Diola are now growing millet and sorghum instead of rice, and are also raising peanuts as a cash crop. The drought has caused a shift to a male-dominated agriculture, which requires plows and fertilizer because larger areas have to be culti- vated, leaving land fallow for far shorter periods. Ross Robertson has begun a study of what happens to reef fish populations around the Great Barrier Reef when crown-of-thorns starfish devastate the corals on their reef. This study will entail yearly visits to Australia. And Robertson has found that it is possible to study the daily feeding rhythms of sharks by watching them from a helium balloon. This study will complement his research on the daily rhythms of feeding and reproduction in reef Science I 159 fish of the San Bias Islands, where he wishes to know why differ- ent kinds of fish time their activities as they do. On the San Bias, he has also been examining the lunar periodicity of damselfish spawning and recruitment, and seasonal and year-to-year variation in settlement at various reefs of other kinds of fish. Most of the pelicans of tropical America breed within thirty miles of the Pacific mouth of the Panama Canal. Gene Montgom- ery has found that their breeding is intimately tied to dry-season upwelling in the Bay of Panama, which brings the schools of fish they eat near the water surface. This year the upwelling failed, and the pelicans produced very few young. Long-term research sometimes provides the opportunity for spectacular natural experiments. David Roubik, who had been studying the ecology of bees on Barro Colorado Island and at many mainland sites for the past three years, was prepared for the day when Africanized bees invaded from South America. In July 1982, the killer bees finally reached Barro Colorado Island, and Roubik initiated a whole array of studies to assess the impact of these invaders on local bee communities, and on the fruit set of bee- pollinated plants, such as the tree Luehea seemanii. Roubik and Leslie Johnson, of the University of Iowa, have been studying how stingless bees compete for food. The bees are rather like ants: if two species encounter each other over food, the more aggressive wins, but less aggressive species find much food over- looked by their competitors. James Ackerman, a former stri pre- doctoral fellow, and Roubik monitored seasonal and year-to-year changes in the abundance of orchid bees (euglossine) at various sites by attracting them with scents. Robert Schmalzel, Wilson Devia, and Enrique Moreno have been preparing a "pollen flora" of Barro Colorado Island, so that one may identify the flowers a bee has visited from the pollen it is carrying. Allison Snow, Lucinda McDade, and others have studied the relation between pollinator visits and the amount of fruit set. Studies of the variety and precision of adaptation also play a vital role in stri research. Martin Moynihan has completed a de- tailed study, which has just appeared as a book of communication in the Caribbean reef squid Sepioteuthis. Most animals have be- tween ten and forty behavioral "displays." This squid has many more, mostly color changes, which are used in intricate combina- 160 / Smithsonian Year 1982 tions. Moynihan analyzed the function and the "linguistics" of these displays and, since then, he has done briefer comparative studies of squid at Palau and elsewhere in the tropics to test the generality of his conclusions. Leonard Freed, a Smithsonian postdoctoral fellow, is comparing southern housewrens with their northern counterparts, whose ecology he studied earlier. The housewrens of Panama are bigger and have a long breeding season. Few of the wrens in Panama breed in a given year, but those that do seem not to be limited by the availability of food. They nest in holes, as do wasps, which may take up enough of the suitable nest-holes to limit the wren population. Dr. Bao-Lai Zheng, from Kunming, China, has just begun a two-year study of nesting habits and parental care in trogons and motmots, which nest in burrows in the ground or in great termite nests. Mark Denny has been studying how a coral's shape, the prop- erties of the calcium carbonate in its skeleton, and its position relative to other corals, enable it to resist destruction by the surf. Urchins and parrotfish can also "erode" corals, as can animals that bore into them. Harilaos Lessios is asking how these enemies con- trol coral distribution, and what defenses corals have against them, by way of shape, regenerative capacity of coral tissue (an effective shield against many borers), and capacity to grow faster than their enemies erode them. Peter Glynn has found that shrimps and crabs that live inside the branching coral Pocillopora defend it against crown-of-thorns starfish, which would otherwise devour it com- pletely. Even in the absence of such enemies, the crustacean sym- bionts seem essential to the health of their corals. Glynn and Gerard Wellington have finished a book on the reefs of the Galapagos. Hermit crabs need snail shells as armor against predators, and their numbers are sometimes limited by the availability of such shells. This has led Thomas Spight, a Smithsonian postdoctoral fellow, to study the factors governing the availability of snail shells to hermit crabs, which has led him to study the variation in the abundance, diversity, and species composition of intertidal snails from place to place on the cobbly shores near the Pacific mouth of the Panama Canal. Neal Smith has just obtained the first evidence that migrating Science I 161 hawks deliberately fly inside clouds. Hawks at the base of a cloud receive a constant lift, like sailplanes, which can travel forty miles along such a "cloud street" without changing altitude. This habit can save essential energy during migration, which is a strenuous business. George Bartholomew, of the University of California at Los Angeles, and M. C. Barnhardt, his student, returned to Barro Colorado to study insect physiology. On earlier trips, Bartholomew studied large insects that had to warm up quite substantially before flying. This time, he studied a large cicada that can fly away immediately when disturbed, although it warms up substantially while flying. He also showed that, when the cicada is flying, its abdomen has to be actively ventilated to supply enough oxygen for its metabolism; simple diffusion does not supply enough. William Eberhard has continued his research on measuring the prey available to orb-weaving spiders. Catherine Craig, a Smith- sonian predoctoral fellow, has been comparing the types of webs best suited to catching insects that fly in very irregular, jagged paths, with those suited to catching insects that fly more directly from one place to another. The newly emerging leaves of many understory plants in the mature forest of Barro Colorado are pink or white, while canopy leaves are green from the beginning. Phyllis Coley and Thomas Kursar, Smithsonian postdoctoral fellows, suspect that where there is little light, it is undesirable to install much "machinery" in a leaf until it is tough enough to deter herbivores. They are com- paring changes in toughness, energy content, respiration rate, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic capacity, and chance of being eaten, in young leaves that have been green from the beginning with those which start out pink or white. How rapidly does a leaf increase photosynthesis in response to a passing sunfleck? If light level changes more permanently, how do old leaves adjust? How does the structure of new leaves reflect the changed conditions? What are the characteristics of the plants that invade? To find out, Alan Smith and his associates are using the Hubbell plot, where both plants and openings in the canopy are mapped, to learn whether different understory herbs are asso- ciated with different light levels. They are also chopping down trees on a mainland site to see how herbs adjust — in both the 162 / Smithsonian Year 1982 short and the long term — to the increased light load, and they are simulating understory and "gap" light regimes in the growing house to see how different species respond. Most plants acquire carbon dioxide by opening the stomates in their leaves during the daytime; water evaporates (transpires) from the stomates, pulling up more nutrients-containing water from the base of the tree, and carbon dioxide enters the leaves through the open stomates. Desert plants, and epiphytic plants, which lack a reliable source of water, open their stomates at night when they can take in carbon dioxide without losing so much water. They store the carbon dioxide as acid for daytime photosynthesis. Plants with such "crassulacean acid metabolism" photosynthesize much more slowly in full sunlight than most plants. Since it has been thought that the process was more wasteful of light in general, it was a stunning surprise when William Pfitsch, a short-term fellow from the University of Washington, and Alan Smith discovered that the "ground pineapple" Aechmea magdalenae, which grows in deep shade, photosynthesizes by crassulacean acid metabolism even when plenty of water is available, just as does its epiphytic congener in the forest canopy. Moreover, ground pineapples seem to fix as much or more carbon per unit dry weight of leaf as ordinary understory plants. If their leaves do not transpire water, trees presumably must expand energy to bring nutrients up to their leaves. Egbert Leigh is trying to learn, from the forms of its trees, the extent to which "elfin forest" on fogbound, windy mountaintops — where the weather can prevent transpiration for weeks at a time — are stunted by shortage of mineral nutrients. In October 1981, Leigh visited the Nilgiri Hills in south India to compare the shapes, branching patterns, and leaf arrangements of trees in a forest that is usually below the cloudbelt with trees of fogbound forests in Malaysia and Costa Rica. A surprising amount of stri research has focused on sexual selection and related topics. Sexual selection is interesting because the manners in which males compete for mates can harm the species. In her study of reproduction and demography of electric fish in the streams near Gamboa, Mary Hagedorn finds that the males signal the females electrically, and these signals also seem to attract the catfish which eat them. Michael Ryan has investi- Science I 163 gated what characteristics of a male frog's call most attracts females, and he and Merlin Tuttle have found that these attractive characteristics also attract predatory bats. In March 1981, Ryan and Tuttle assisted the British Broadcasting Corporation in making a movie of the depredations of bats on frogs. Robert Warner, of the University of California at Santa Barbara, and his students have continued their studies of sexual selection in the blue-headed wrasse, a coral reef fish. Most of these fish are born female but become male, assuming bright colors, when they are big enough to compete effectively for mates. The males hold mating territories side-by-side at one end of the reef, and females go there to choose their mates. Warner is trying to learn how the females decide which male to choose. Before his death in January 1982, Robert Silberglied had shown that the bright colors and displays of male butterflies — like the striking signs of male songbirds — serve primarily as warning signals to rival males, rather than to charm females into mating. Leslie Johnson has been studying sexual selection in brentid weevils, where mature males of the species show a fivefold varia- tion in length. Is absolute size, or size relative to immediate neigh- bors, more important to a male beetle's behavior and sexual success? Michael Robinson is studying courtship and mating patterns in preying mantises and in predatory fish, both freshwater and marine. He wants to learn how each species mates without one partner being stimulated to eat the other. This is a sequel to his study of courtship among spiders. Mary Jane West-Eberhard has revived Darwin's ideas on the important role of sexual selection in the origin of species and finds that those groups whose social system or mating pattern enhances the effect of sexual selection speciate more rapidly. At the moment, conservationists are rightly worried about maintaining the existing diversity of plants and animals, but it will also become essential to know how new diversity might most easily be generated. It is strange to consider that characters normally considered harmful to the species may play an essential role in generating diversity. When the Isthmus of Panama sundered the oceans three million years ago, it provided a superb opportunity for studying the origin of species. The isthmus divided several urchin populations in two; 164 / Smithsonian Year 1982 judging from electrophoresis, Harilaos Lessios believes that the resulting halves of some populations diverged only very slightly. He is now checking to see whether the two halves of an ancestral species now spawn at different times. If so, they have evolved barriers to interbreeding and have become separate species "quite by accident." Some Caribbean urchins, of species whose larvae must feed in the ocean, have larger eggs than their Pacific counter- parts. Lessios is seeking to learn whether the lower productivity of Caribbean waters means larvae need a better head start there. On November 21, 1981, stri signed an agreement with the Insti- tuto de Investigacion Agropecuaria de Panama (idiap), the Minis- terio de Desarrollo Agropecuario (mida), the Direccion Nacional de Recursos Naturales Renovables (renare), and the Centro Agrono- mico Tropical de Investigacion y Ensenanza, Costa Rica (catie) to promote research in the watershed of the Panama Canal. Stri scientists will attempt to apply their knowledge obtained from years of fundamental research to the development of a pilot project of alternative agricultural techniques, compatible with the mainte- nance of forest cover. In a meeting held June 14, 1982, which was attended by Adela Gomez and David Roubik, stri closed its Cali field station after more than ten years. Under the terms of a new agreement with the Instituto Vallecauno de Investigaciones Cientificas (inciva), stri will have reserved laboratory and dormitory facilities in the re- cently renovated Museum of Natural Sciences. STRi-sponsored investigators and students wishing to conduct studies in the Cauca Valley of Colombia will be able to continue to do so under this new agreement. In June, renovation of a building in the Naos Island Marine laboratory complex was completed for use by the University of Panama. The official inauguration of the joint STRI/University of Panama (Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia) Marine Laboratory at Naos Island took place on June 24. In attendance were high officials of the Panama government, the University of Panama, and stri. Opening remarks were given by Dr. Ceferino Sanchez, Rector of the University of Panama. Science / 165 i >r'V *7S *&2 '4% % Jfc f i. **■ «. ", t ■ i* ;t ••a W if. •s £ &. •^* £* S- i? f '("J*1 This Chinese landscape painting by Tao-chi (1641-1707), a prince of the Ming imperial family, was acquired by the Freer Gallery of Art through the Smithsonian's Collections Acquisition Program. Smithsonian Year • 1982 HISTORY AND ART CHARLES BLITZER, ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR HISTORY AND ART Archives of American Art Of the many forms of historical records, a well-written diary is among the most sought-after by researchers. Unfortunately, diaries of superior quality are all too rare, and when one with significant subject matter and enlightening observations on per- sons and events does turn up, it is an occasion for celebration. This year the Archives of American Art (aaa) acquired four, all of substantial merit, and one a truly distinguished example of the genre. The most extensive diary was kept by the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century painter and printmaker James D. Smillie. It consists of forty-five small, leather-bound volumes whose entries describe Smillie's daily life in an unbroken sequence from 1865 to 1909. Since each page represents a single day, the substantive material is necessarily spare, but the accumulation of detail, the sheer span of time covered, and the innumerable references to New York's artists, art activities, and art organizations make this journal an invaluable source of information. It is especially useful for determining or confirming dates and the makeup of the various circles and factions in which Smillie moved. There are also some unflattering comments on contemporary notable figures: "Decem- ber 1, 1882 — Went to Wallach's and saw Mrs. Langtry in Honey- moon by Tobin — a tolerably well written play with intolerably stupid plot. Mrs. L. is not a particularly good looking woman — had 167 Of the four diaries acquired by the aaa during the past year, the most extensive was kept by James D. Smillie, a painter and printmaker in the 19th and early 20th cen- turies. This is a self-portrait dated 1900. (Photographer, Joseph Klima, Jr.) not a good form, is not graceful, does not dress well, and is a very commonplace actress." We usually think of diaries, at least those available for research, as documents of the more-or-less distant past, but the latest addi- tion to Charles Seliger's continuing record of our time brings his account up to 1981. A New York painter since the early postwar years, Seliger gives full treatment to his own work and methods, as well as informative notes on the artists, dealers, and collectors with whom he is associated. He is a more introspective and more expansive diarist than Smillie and, writing with the conscious knowledge that his journal will be consulted by scholars, he offers occasional recollections of the past and has developed a talent for setting a scene and filling in the details of conversations and impressions. As an uninhibited record of the trials, defeats, and triumphs of an artist in our time, Seliger's diary is an important contribution to our awareness of the New York art world over the past quarter century. Mrs. Walter Gropius's diary is rather farther afield. It covers the mid-1920s when the Bauhaus was already well established as an international influence in architecture and design under Gropius's leadership. The writer is intelligent and cultivated and has a sharp eye for character. She also has a stong consciousness of the Bauhaus's significance, and her descriptions of its difficulties and achievements are filled with useful insights on its administration and on some of the major artists associated with it, especially Feininger, Klee, Kandinsky, Moholy-Nagy, and Albers. The ver- sion received by the aaa is a typescript translation with accom- panying notes made many years later. The diary kept by A. Hyatt Mayor during a three-year sojourn in England and on the Continent also covers the mid-1920s. Later a distinguished art historian and authority on prints, Mayor was then a young, impressionable Rhodes Scholar, whose high spirits, intellectual curiosity, good connections, and talent for vivid writing make his diary — more technically a long series of letters written in journal form to his grandmother — a model of its kind. The Oxford setting and the personalities encountered there bear a remarkable resemblance to those of Brideshead Revisited, and some of his subsequently famous acquaintances — Harold Acton, W. H. Auden, Kenneth Clark, and Peter Quennell — are dissected History and Art I 169 with merciless accuracy. He calls on the legendary Lady Ottoline Morrell and in two brilliantly written passages analyzes the for- midable charm she exerted on so many personages of the time. His descriptions of two lengthy visits to I Tatti offer a fully rounded portrait of Bernard Berenson as a fascinating, overwhelm- ing, and ultimately wearisome presence. "He is more than learned, he is wise," Mayor writes in 1925. But a year later he offers a more seasoned judgment: "B. B. is really and truly a wonderful old man but only when he disremem- bers just what a wonderful old man he is. Mrs. B. B. forever holds an enlarging mirror before him, as do all the stupid rich people he has too easily bamboozled to get money." One of the chief virtues of the diary as a historical source is its direct immediacy, a quality shared by personal, professional, and business letters. Correspondence usually forms a major part of any collection of records, and although some of it is routine or perfunctory, much of it is of great value to the scholar. Especially noteworthy series of letters acquired this year are Clement Green- berg's to the Washington painter Gene Davis, Marcel Duchamp's to his brother-in-law Jean Crotti, Rockwell Kent's to Harry Gott- lieb, and those of Charles Burchfield, Stuart Davis, and Charles Sheeler to the art collector Edward Wales Root. The working notes and manuscripts of critics and art historians are another welcome addition to the aaa. Rich background mate- rial on American art during the entire postwar period was acquired this year with the papers of the writers Dore Ashton, John Gruen, Lucy Lippard, and Irving Sandler. These collections also include a substantial number of taped interviews with contemporary artists. Fairfield Porter, best known as a painter, was a perceptive critic as well, and the final installment of his records reflect that aspect of his career. The records of art organizations and institutions are necessary for institutional histories, and they often throw light on other subjects as well. Several important groups of such records were microfilmed by the aaa this year, including the official correspon- dence of the office of the director of the Cincinnati Art Museum from 1882 to 1929; seventy-seven scrapbooks covering the activi- ties of the Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford, Connecticut, from 170 / Smithsonian Year 1982 the 1890s through the 1960s; the correspondence files of the Hay- stack Mountain School of Crafts; a portion of the archives of the San Francisco Art Association; papers relating to the history of the McNay Art Institute in San Antonio; and a compilation of material on the Cranbrook Academy of Art in Michigan. An unusually contemporary collection of correspondence, statements, questionnaires, and papers represents the records of the Wright State University Visiting Artists Program at Dayton, Ohio, from 1978 to 1982. In the field of oral history, the Archives of American Art con- tinued several projects that had been funded in the previous year. In New York, under a Mark Rothko Foundation grant to pursue a taping project on Mark Rothko and his times, a number of indi- viduals who knew Rothko well were interviewed at length, among them Katherine Kuh, Mrs. Milton Avery, and James Brooks. Several important grants provided support for a broad inter- viewing program on contemporary artists in California, including Billy Al Bengston, Joyce Treiman, Marguerite Wildenhain, and Helen Lundenburg. The subjects were selected with the help of the Northern and Southern California Archives Advisory Com- mittees. Through the efforts of the Detroit office, a grant of thirty- six thousand dollars was awarded to the aaa by the Warner Com- munications Corporation to undertake a national video and oral history program. This fund will be administered over a period of two years and will focus on individuals critical to contemporary American art. The Boston office concentrated this year on notable crafts. Faith Andrews on Shaker furniture, Tage Frid, a furniture designer, and the influential silversmith Arthur J. Pulos gave extended interviews on their respective fields. Leslie Cheek, retired director of the Virginia Museum, and Marcella Comes, an important figure in the Washington art community, were taped by the Washington Center. Only through the use of, and demand for, its holdings can the aaa determine its success in providing support for scholarly research. In fiscal year 1982, the bureau's five regional research facilities were used 2,900 times by visiting scholars, who consulted 8,600 rolls of microfilm, examined thousands of original manu- scripts, and read 400 oral-history transcripts. The Archives' inter- History and Art / 171 library loan service handled 450 requests for 1,250 rolls of micro- film. Copies of 480 photographs from the Archives' collections were provided to researchers for lectures and publications. Having received strong encouragement from previous involve- ment in the organization of symposia, the aaa collaborated this year with the National Academy of Design and the American Wing of the Metropolitan Museum of Art on a two-day confer- ence on "Still Life Painting in America." In addition to papers given by several authorities in the field, a panel of noted con- temporary still life painters held a lively discussion on the subject. In Washington, D.C., the aaa conducted a symposium entitled "Hidden Virtues Revealed: Some Enquiries into Patterns of Recog- nition," which addressed itself to such recently active fields of inquiry as folk art, nineteenth-century painting in the South, and documentary photography. The Archives lent a variety of documents from its holdings to museum exhibitions: the Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies in New York borrowed a group of sketches from the col- lection of Raymond Matheson Hood; Smith College exhibited an Edwin Ramanzo Elmer sketchbook; the Morris Museum of Arts and Sciences in Morristown, New Jersey, borrowed sketches and a manuscript autobiography of Worthington Whittredge; and the Essex Institute in Salem, Massachusetts used several William Morris Hunt letters. The Washington Center mounted small exhi- bitions at its own quarters of art-exhibition-award medals and selected documents on Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney and on John Reed and Louise Bryant. The aaa continued the quarterly publication of its Journal, this year featuring articles on Adelheid Lange Roosevelt, Alfred H. Barr, Jr., Albert Bierstadt, and Ilya Bolotowsky, and reporting on the collecting activities of the regional centers. A substantial quantity of books, articles, and exhibition cata- logues published in 1982 were based on research at the Archives of American Art. A few of the more notable ones were on the Hudson River School painter Worthington Whittredge, Ellen Day Hale, Childe Hassam, William Morris Hunt, J. Francis Murphy, Konrad Cramer, Alfred Jacob Miller, Winslow Homer, Mary Cassatt, Alma Thomas, and the silversmith Arthur J. Stone. 172 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Cooper-Hewitt Museum Celebrating its fifth year as the National Museum of Design, Cooper-Hewitt (oh) continued to offer an ever-growing public a diversified range of design-related exhibitions. The major fall exhibition, Writing and Reading, addressed aspects of the design evolution of the written word, surveying printing, writing, and the book arts, and included an enormous variety of objects: papyrus documents, stone inscriptions, stamps, cylinders, pens, quills, writing sticks, felt-tip markers, typewriters, a word-processor, wax tablets, skins, desks, examples of callig- raphy, illuminated manuscripts, bindings, and end papers. The New York Times art critic, Hilton Kramer, commented, "... I know of few exhibitions that leave the visitor with such a vivid and revivifying sense of the esthetic component in the life of civilization. . . ." Documenting a remarkable achievement in urban design, The Suburb examined the evolution of this familiar phenomenon from its sixteenth-century prototypes to the twentieth-century concept of a "city village." The exhibition allowed visitors to view the work and ideas of major architects, H. H. Richardson, Frank Lloyd Wright, and M. H. Baillie Scott, as well as relatively unknown architects such as Grosvenor Atterbury, Ernest Flagg, and Electus Litchfield. Focused on what is one of the most public of all forms of graphic art, Magazine Covers: Art for the People surveyed the graphic, artistic, and social sensibilities of the past century by presenting a variety of original covers that documented works by artists, illustrators, and photographers from the mid-nineteenth century to the present. Filling the museum with 230 puppets and marionettes, which spanned 800 years and included everything from pre-Columbian antiquities to the Muppets, Puppet: Art and Entertainment, a traveling exhibition sponsored by Exxon Corporation, delighted over 60,000 visitors during the holiday season. Complementing the traveling show was a special, smaller exhibition, In Small Stages: Puppets from the Cooper-Hewitt Collection, which included both History and Art / 173 Filling the c-h with 230 puppets and marionettes, which spanned 800 years, Puppets: Art and Entertainment was an exhibition that delighted over 60,000 visitors during the holiday season. antique and contemporary puppets and marionettes, some of which were on display for the first time. As part of a continuing program to document and exhibit the vast Cooper-Hewitt collections, the following exhibitions were presented: English Majolica; Button-Button; The American Land- scape; The Column: Structure and Ornament; Fashion Prints: 125 Years of Style; and Lace. Never before has the museum's superb lace collection been viewed so comprehensively; Lace provided the public with a survey of more than five centuries of Western Euro- pean lace history. Americans in Glass, organized by the Leigh Yawkey Woodson Art Museum, presented contemporary work by seventy-five artists, suggesting some of the new directions in art glass in the coming decade. Hawai'i: The Royal Isles, organized by the Bishop Museum of Honolulu, opened at the museum in March. This popular show examined the traditions native to Hawaiian culture as it evolved over five hundred years without outside influences, and followed the development that took place after the introduction of Western culture. Among the ceremonial objects included were feather capes worn by Hawaiian kings, hand-carved bowls, images, calabashes, tapa cloths, and shell and ivory ornaments. Two architectural shows, Architectural Fantasy and Reality: Drawings from the Architectural Competitions of the Academia di San Luca in Rome and City Dwellings and Country Houses: Robert Adam and His Style, were held concurrently during the winter months. The former was composed of seventy ideal and exuberant drawings for projects for Rome and included such artists as Filippo Juvarra, Bernardo Antonio Vittone, Carlo Fon- tana, and Carlo Marchionni. Robert Adam and His Style was the first major American exhibition of the work of architect- designer Adam and his circle. Selected from public and private collections in Scotland, England, and the United States, this impor- tant exhibition surveyed Adam's extraordinary accomplishment through a selection of more than one hundred drawings, furniture, silver, ceramics, and decorative objects. Two summer exhibitions of fiber arts included The Jacquard Loom: Recent Experiments and Basketry: Tradition in New Form. The Jacquard Loom, organized by the Rhode Island School of History and Art I 175 Design, provided an enlightening review of divergent trends in contemporary weaving as well as insight into textile structure, design, and production. Basketry included forty examples of work by ten American artists offering an array of highly individual pieces, the latest work being done in this medium. A series of video-taped interviews by Barbaralee Diamonstein, "Interior Design: The New Freedom," were shown at the c-h during the installation of Scandinavian Modern: 1880-1980. Twelve designers and architects — including Massimo Vignelli, Angelo Donghia, and Ward Bennett — discussed their approaches to the problems of contemporary interior design. Scandinavian Modern: 1880-1980 provided a landmark retro- spective of design from Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. Over 330 examples of ceramics, glass, metalwork, furni- ture, and textiles were selected from private and public collections in Scandinavia and the United States, documenting the continuity and changes that distinguish the Scandinavian tradition in design and the decorative arts. In 1982, the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Ser- vice (sites) continued to circulate nationwide both Urban Open Spaces and The Shopping Bag: Portable Graphic Art, and this year included an exhibition of Matchsafes from the Cooper-Hewitt Collection. Subways was circulated by the Cooper-Hewitt. PUBLICATIONS The on-going Cooper-Hewitt collection handbook series was en- larged by six volumes: Nineteenth Century American Landscape Drawings; Buttons; Columns; Fashion Prints; Lace; and Archi- tectural Drawings. Three more volumes have been commissioned for the Smithsonian Illustrated Library of Antiques prepared by the Cooper-Hewitt Museum. Rizzoli published Cities in tabloid format, and Harry N. Abrams, Inc., published Scandinavian Mod- ern 1880-1980 in conjunction with the exhibition. The English publication Architectural Design printed a special magazine edition on "Suburbs" to coinside with the Cooper- Hewitt exhibition, and four articles which originally appeared in The Connoisseur were reprinted as a catalogue to accompany City Dwellings and Country Houses: Robert Adam and His Style. An Alphabet Book in the museum's collection was reprinted for 176 / Smithsonian year 1982 the occasion of Writing and Reading, and for the museum's Con- servation Consultancy Program, a series of bulletins were issued dealing with specific conservation issues and practices. COLLECTIONS MANAGEMENT The museum accessioned 2,074 works of art from 61 donors. The collections were enlarged by 26 purchases from restricted acquisi- tion funds. Of particular importance were: an eighteenth-century etching by Piranesi; an "Argenta" bowl by Wilhelm Kage; a 4- piece silver tea service by Jean Puiforcat; and 2 vitrines by the early twentieth-century, Italian designer, Carlo Bugatti. The c-h borrowed 2,821 objects from 321 public and private collections and lent 140 objects to 42 museums, galleries, and institutions. Since 1979, 175,000 articles have been inventoried and put on computer. Several construction projects were undertaken to provide more efficient storage for the decorative arts collection. Extra alarm systems were installed in the first-floor exhibition areas to insure greater security, and a new boiler was installed. A new reception area was constructed, and renovations were made in the Registrar's Office. The Design Gallery was renovated as were both classrooms. The New York Horticultural Society has offered its expertise for the maintenance of the Conservatory. This has insured the museum of a seasonal variety of flowers and plants. PROGRAMS/MEMBERSHIP During four semesters beginning in the fall of 1981, almost 6,000 students and adults participated in the museum's extensive educa- tional programs. Nearly 4,000 others participated in tours and special events. Total programs attendance was equal to that of the previous year. The department offered a selection of special events and courses relating to the design field, architecture, and the decorative arts. Three credit classes dealing with European and American Decora- tive Arts were offered for undergraduates of the Parsons School of Design. The children and adult workshops and special programs were extremely well attended by over 9,000 individuals. More than ninety volunteers and forty interns offered their History and Art I 177 valuable services in all departments. The Sidney and Celia Siegel Fellowship Program this year provided stipends for four excep- tionally qualified summer interns. Membership support in the form of renewals remained constant. A membership drive at the end of the summer boosted the number of new applicants. As one of ten member institutions of Museum Mile, initiated by the Cooper-Hewitt four years ago, the museum again partici- pated in the annual street festival. Along with nine other cultural institutions in New York City, the c-h involved itself in a unique museum education project entitled the "Cultural Voucher Program." This program was con- ceived by Museums Collaborative, Inc., for the purpose of promot- ing broader public understanding and use of cultural institutions. The Cooper-Hewitt was chosen to participate because of its ability to present educational opportunities that relate to design and the decorative arts. The Cultural Voucher Program provides a strong incentive to develop new educational programs, and the c-h re- sponded vwith a wide variety of model projects involving nearly 3,000 students — more than any other cultural institution involved in the program. In September, the museum welcomed the first class of twenty- five students accepted into a new graduate program in the history of European decorative arts. The two-year program, leading to a Master of Arts degree, is a collaboration between the Cooper- Hewitt and the Parsons School of Design/The New School and is the first of its kind in the country to deal exclusively with Euro- pean decorative arts and art history. This year, with a grant from the New York State Council on the Arts, the museum has established the Conservation Consul- tancy for New York State. This consultancy will offer specialized conservation advice to the many museums and historical societies in New York State that may otherwise have little access to profes- sional conservators. Several special fund-raising events were held at the museum over the spring and summer. For the second year, "Crafts in the Carnegie Mansion" was held over two weekends in May, with 89 craftsmen participating and 6,000 museum-goers attending. Again, the museum hosted its annual Summer Ball, a gala evening event 178 / Smithsonian Year 1982 held in the Mansion and Garden. Over 500 people attended, 75 percent of which were under the age of 35. In honor of the museum's fifth birthday, in October, the Junior Committee spon- sored a birthday party to celebrate the event. PERSONNEL The Cooper-Hewitt noted with sadness the death of Alice Baldwin Beer, curator emeritus, at the age of 94. In her honor, a memorial purchase fund has been established. After 29 years of service to the museum, Assistant Director Christian Rohlfing retired in September 1982. AWARDS One exhibition and two publications were honored during the past year. Now 1 Lay Me Down to Eat, curated by Bernard Rudofsky, was given top award by Designers' Choice Magazine in the cate- gory of "environments." Both the Nezvsletter and the Frederick E. Church poster were awarded citations of merit for excellence in printing and design. Freer Gallery of Art Renovation was a primary theme in the Freer Gallery of Art (fga) throughout the year. In addition to the continued renovation of the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning system — which partially closed some of the galleries to the public — the effort to improve the lighting throughout the newly painted corridors on the exhibi- tion-gallery level, as well as in the main lobby, was completed. The enhanced appearance of these corridors makes them more effective for the exhibition of works of art. The Freer auditorium — the scene of the annual Freer oriental art lecture series, classroom for the Resident Associate programs, and forum for this year's Centennial Celebration symposium on U.S. and Korean diplomatic relations — also underwent a transfor- mation with lighter-painted walls and ceiling. New lighting facili- ties are also scheduled. The Freer's twenty-ninth annual lecture series included: "The History and Art I 179 Self-Portrait by Sesson: A Winter Night's Journey of 1200 Years/' by Barbara Brennan Ford, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which was jointly sponsored with the Embassy of Japan; the Rutherford J. Gettens Memorial Lecture, "The Contribution of Technical Studies to the Understanding of Chinese Culture," delivered by Ursula M. Franklin, University of Toronto; and "Mamluk Jewelry: Influences and Echoes," by Marilyn Jenkins, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. A program that was initiated last year to renovate the frames of the American paintings in the collection was greatly expanded this year. Work was finished on all of the frames to appear in the 1984 James McNeill Whistler exhibition, and many of the frames for works of other American artists represented in the collection have been repaired. The work has included rebuilding gesso por- tions, regilding, and toning the frames. Other renovation activities included a small collection storage room that was altered to provide more work space for the Tech- nical Laboratory. Despite the turmoil of renovations, a number of new exhibitions was presented this year. Autumn' s Voices displayed twenty-one works of Japanese art, including paintings, calligraphy, ceramics, and two lacquered wooden drums dating from the early thirteenth to the early nineteenth centuries. The mid-sixteenth- to early seventeenth-century drums and the seventeenth-century calligra- phy by Shokado represented significant recent acquisitions on exhibition for the first time. The exhibition showed the variety of interpretations of autumnal motifs in Japanese art. Winter into Spring: American Landscapes was an exhibition drawn from the Freer collections by curator David Park Curry to explore the theme of seasonal change, a subject of great interest to both Charles Lang Freer and the small group of American artists he admired. Six of the works had not previously been displayed at the museum. Other special exhibitions included: Two Centuries of Japanese Ceramics, 1550-1750, which displayed approximately forty exam- ples of Japanese stoneware and porcelain from the Kyoto, Kyushu, and Mino regions; a group of thirty Japanese prints featuring eighteenth- and nineteenth-century prints by Utamaro, Hiroshige, and Hokusai; Screens of Genres and Narratives, dating from the 180 / Smithsonian Year 1982 seventeenth to nineteenth centuries of Japan, and Luminous Shadows, with objects representative of the art collected by the Ashikaga Shoguns of the Muromachi period. Glass of the World, Korean Art, and Chinese Paintings: Recent Acquisitions were also shown. This group of Chinese paintings of the sixteenth to nine- teenth centuries fills a gap in the Freer's Chinese collections and was on view for the first time at the gallery. Tours of these exhibitions increased in number under the museum's new docent program. In addition, the Freer now offers nine free leaflets to visitors and to those inquiring by mail to explain aspects of oriental art exhibited at the museum. Among the well-known visitors to the museum this year were Yoshio Sakurauchi, Japanese minister for foreign affairs; South Korean Vice Foreign Minister Ro Jae-won, chancellor of the Insti- tute of Foreign Affairs; Haidar Mahmoud, director general, Depart- ment of Culture and Arts of Jordan; and Xia Nai, director of the Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, along with a group of fifteen other specialists from the People's Republic of China concerned with archaeology. The third award from the Harold P. Stern Memorial Fund enabled the Freer to invite Professor Toshio Ebine of the Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music to spend three months at the Freer doing research on Japanese Muromachi painting. Through the Smithsonian's Collections Acquisition Program, the Freer Gallery was able to acquire a pair of important Chinese paintings by Tao-chi (1641-1707), a prince of the Ming imperial family. He is generally regarded as the most brilliant painter to emerge since the sixteenth century. His innovative and individual style, characterized by a rich variety of brushwork, earned Tao-chi the respect of his contemporaries, but it is only during the twen- tieth century that his seminal role in later Chinese painting has been properly understood. Notable donations to the Freer collection this year included a twelth-century Sung dynasty Chinese Chun ware bowl from Mr. and Mrs. James M. Avent of Sewanee, Tennessee; seven Chinese blue-and-white porcelain vases of the Ch'ing dynasty, Y'ang-hsi period, 1662-1722, from Mr. and Mrs. Myron S. Falk of New York City; a Japanese landscape painting with calligraphy of the Edo period by Nanko (1759-1839), from Mr. and Mrs. Willard G. History and Art I 181 Clark of Hanford, California; and a Chinese jade chime, Ch'ing dynasy, K'ang-hsi period 1662-1722, from Mr. William S. Weedon of Charlottesville, Virginia. The Ellen Bayard Weedon Foundation of Charlottesville donated funds for the Freer library, and the Metropolitan Center for Far Eastern Art Studies of Kyoto, Japan, contributed to the publishing of a proposed catalogue on Japanese Buddhist and Shinto art. A grant from the James Smithson Society was awarded to support publication of a child's version of the Ramayana, a well-known Indian epic, which is well illustrated in the Freer's sixteenth- century manuscript. The National Committee to Honor the Four- teenth Centennial of Islam extended an existing grant for the organization of the Myron Bement Smith archives. Dr. John Alexander Pope, director emeritus of the Freer Gallery of Art and specialist in Far Eastern porcelain, died on September 18, 1982. Although he was a pioneer in the study of early Chinese blue-and-white porcelain, he also made important contributions to the understanding of developments in Japanese, Korean, and Thai ceramics. While he was director of the Freer (1962-1971), signifi- cant acquisitions to the gallery's collection of Ming dynasty por- celains were made. The high quality of those collections is directly attributable to Dr. Pope's relentless curiosity and informed judg- ments. Born in Detroit on August 4, 1906, Dr. Pope earned a bachelor's degree at Yale University and master's and doctoral degrees at Harvard University. He joined the Freer in 1943. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden As one of the major museums of contemporary art in the country, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden (hmsg) maintains an active exhibition schedule and acquisitions program. In support of these are related programs of lectures, films, concerts, and edu- cational activities involving audiences of all ages. Technical and support units include offices of conservation, registration, and photography and a reference library. From its opening in October 1974, the museum has evolved an active schedule of major exhibitions, usually of material borrowed 182 / Smithsonian Year 1982 The senior lama of Ladakh (center) on a visit to the Freer with his assistant (right) and an interpreter, examines a seated Bodhisattva from China, Northern Ch'i dynasty, 6th century a.d. In the left foreground is an Indian sculpture — a Mathura-style torso of a Buddha, 5th century a.d. Dr. John Alexander Pope, Au- gust 4, 1906-September 18, 1982, was director of the Freer from 1962 to 1971, and was director emeritus and a specialist in Far Eastern porcelain from 1971 until his death in September. A pioneer in the study of early Chinese blue- and-white porcelain, he also made important contributions to the understanding of developments in Japanese, Korean, and Thai ce- Ur . from collectors and other institutions. There are also unit exhibi- tions drawn from the permanent collection. Many exhibitions organized by the hmsg are circulated to other museums, and there are frequent loans of individual works of art to other museums. The first major exhibition of 1982 was Metaphor: New Projects by Contemporary Sculptors (December 17, 1981-February 28, 1982). This unique exhibition was actually created in the galleries by six artists from their drawings and blueprints. The artists had developed a rough idea of what they would construct, and com- ponent elements were created in advance, then assembled in the museum. An "Evening with the Artists of the Metaphor Exhibition" was sponsored by the museum. Vito Acconci, Siah Armajani, and Lauren Ewing were the speakers. The next major exhibition was De Stijl: 1917-1931, Visions oj Utopia (April 20-June 27, 1982). Organized and first shown by the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, this exhibition consisted of 250 works illuminating the art, architecture, and design of the influential Dutch movement. The Washington presentation was supported by a grant from Champion International Corporation. On the afternoon of April 19, 1982, Her Majesty Queen Beatrix of The Netherlands officially opened the De Stijl exhibition, which was one of several international events celebrating The Nether- lands-American Bicentennial. Secretary and Mrs. Ripley and other guests were in the museum to greet the queen and her husband, Prince Claus. Other events in connection with this exhibition included an all- day symposium, sponsored by the Smithsonian Resident Asso- ciates Program; a free concert, sponsored by the Division of Per- forming Arts; free films; and the American premiere and first pro- duction in English of The Ephemeral Is Eternal, a 1926 Dada play by Michel Seuphor. This play, with reconstructions of Mon- drian's sets, was presented June 25-27, 1982, and was supported by a grant from the Smithsonian Educational Outreach Fund. Finally, two exhibitions of the works of Raphael Soyer were presented by the museum (August 5-October 3, 1982). Raphael Soyer: Sixty-five Years of Printmaking consisted entirely of works owned by the hmsg, and Soyer since 1960 was an exhibition of paintings made over the last two decades. 184 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Above. Artists Raphael Soyer (left) and Chaim Gross attended the opening of the hmsg's exhibitions, Soyer since 1960 and Raphael Soyer: Sixty-five Years of Printmaking, August 4, 1982. Below. At the opening of Five Distin- guished Alumni: The W.P.A. Federal Art Project, in January 1982, were (from left) Senator Claude Pepper, former I.R.S. Commissioner Mortimer Kaplan, hmsg Director Abram Lerner, and American artist Alice Neel. Smaller exhibitions presented were: European Abstractions on Paper (January 6-March 7, 1982); Five Distinguished Alumni: The WPA Federal Art Project (January 21-February 22, 1982), honoring the centennial of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's birth; Red Grooms: The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Gar- den Collection (February 25-May 2, 1982); Drawings from the Museum's Collection (March 11-April 25, 1982); Heirs of De Stijl (April 20-June 27, 1982); Samuel Murray: The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Collection (May 20-July 18, 1982); Variations on a Musical Theme: Selections from the Museum's Collection (July 22-September 5, 1982); and Works on Paper: Genre Scenes (August 19-November 7, 1982). A special exhibition, Modern Indian Paintings from the Collec- tion of the National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi (July 28- August 29, 1982), was displayed in conjunction with the state visit of the Indian Prime Minister. Madame Gandhi visited the exhibition on July 30, 1982. Exhibitions to which the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden lent objects included Canada/US (Winnipeg Art Gallery); What It Is: 20th-century Black Folk Art (Corcoran Gallery of Art); Sculpture au XXeme Siecle 1900—1945 (Fundacion March, Madrid, Spain); Hans Richter Retrospective (Akademie der Kunste, Berlin, West Germany); 20th-century American Masters 1915-1957 (Cedar Rapids Art Center); Orientalistes Provenciaires (Musee des Beaux Arts, Marseilles, France); Miro in America (Museum of Fine Arts, Houston); Milton Avery (Whitney Museum of American Art); Ritual and Myth (Studio Museum of Harlem, New York City). Although the one-day visit of French President Mitterand to the United States on March 12 was widely reported in the press as a meeting between presidents, the fact is that M. Mitterand also expressed a wish to visit the Hirshhorn Museum. He made a thorough tour of the museum, spending one and a quarter hours in the galleries, and concluded his visit with a walk through the Sculpture Garden. Upon departing, he was presented with the museum's inaugural catalogue and in turn expressed his thanks and satisfaction with the visit. Acquisitions are vital to any museum, but especially to a con- temporary art museum. During 1982 the hmsg acquired 161 works 186 / Smithsonian Year 1982 of art, including 67 silkscreens, lithographs, and etchings by R. B. Kitaj. Purchases in 1982 included Leon Polk Smith's Black-White Duet with Red, 1953, and Willem de Kooning's Untitled III, which was an exchange and part purchase. The hmsg continued its three-part film series: Lunchtime Films about Artists, Evening Films by Artist Filmmakers, and Saturday Films for Young People. Hirshhorn Holiday, a special Saturday program presented each year in early December, again met with enthusiasm from area children and their parents. This special day, sponsored in part by the Women's Committee of the Smithsonian Associates, included performances and music. The museum has designated a special theater area in the third- floor galleries for presentation of a special slide/tape program designed to introduce the museum visitor to various concepts and principles of art. Two additional adjoining galleries are used for the exhibition of the paintings and sculptures from the museum's collection referred to in the slide/tape lecture. The initial pre- sentation, called "The Elements of Art: Line," began on May 1. It will be followed by a presentation called "The Elements of Art: Color." The museum's exhibition program was augmented by lectures on various aspects of contemporary art and art history. Speakers during the past year included Abram Lerner and Milton Brown, Daniel Robbins, Red Grooms, and Raphael Soyer. The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden continued the annual inventory of its collections. Paintings were fully inven- toried in the second three-year cycle. Joseph Henry Papers Work continued on The Papers of Joseph Henry during 1982, with volume five, covering the years 1841-43, edited and set to go to the Smithsonian Institution Press by the end of the year. This period of Henry's life was among his busiest, including intensive experimentation in physics, promotion of the American History and Art I 187 Philosophical Society as a revitalized center for science, and pro- fessional campaigning to promote the cause of science in Ameri- can government and universities. During the past year, scholars in various disciplines visited the project to use its extensive microfilm and Xerox collections in mid- nineteenth-century science. Visitors included researchers on James Espy and the beginning of the national weather-reporting system; on a biography of Henry Rowe Schoolcraft; and on American perceptions of Latin America by artists and naturalists. The Henry Papers acted as host for Cynthia Field, a research associate in the history of American architecture, and sponsored two Smithsonian Fellows this year: Jeffrey K. Stine, researching the activities of American engineers in the overseas possessions of the United States, and Gregory Good, who is investigating the organization of nineteenth-century American research in terrestrial magnetism. The staff of the Joseph Henry Papers has engaged in a wide variety of other professional activities. Nathan Reingold has con- tinued to serve as chairman of the Commission on Documenta- tion of the International Union for the History and Philosophy of Science, and is organizing an international conference on the sub- ject for September, 1983. He was invited to comment on antebel- lum southern science at the first Barnard-Millington Symposium on Southern Science and Medicine at Oxford, Mississippi, and continues as a member of the Governing Council of the Rocke- feller Archives. Dr. Reingold's monthly Nineteenth-Century Semi- nar continued throughout the year with presentations on science, engineering, art, and the law. Marc Rothenberg completed a bibliography of American sci- ence— which is being published by Garland as part of their series of bibliographies of the History of Science and Technology — and he delivered an overview of his findings to the Nineteenth- Century Seminar. Kathleen Waldenfels served as director of pub- lications for the Association for Documentary Editing. In this capacity, she edited the Newsletter of that society for a second year. Paul Theerman delivered papers on Victorian science to the History of Science Society in Los Angeles, to the Nineteenth- Century Seminar, and to the weekly Tuesday colloquium at the Museum of American History. 188 / Smithsonian Year 1982 National Museum of African Art For the National Museum of African Art (NMAfA), 1982 was marked as a period of assessment, definition and refinement. Objectives were refined, exhibitions aligned with objectives, and an acquisitions program was planned to advance these goals. The NMAfA Commission approved a statement affirming the museum's primary mission of collecting and exhibiting the tradi- tional art of sub-Saharan Africa. Worthy exhibition opportunities from the contemporary field or from adjacent areas are not excluded, but exhibition and collection emphasis will be confined to the designated area. This is an important development in the museum's history because it gives clearer focus to program activi- ties and guides the staff in resisting the numerous temptations to pursue important endeavors that are only tangentially related to traditional African art. In line with this statement of objectives, the NMAfA presented three major exhibitions during the year. Each of these shows — Life . . . Afterlife: African Funerary Sculpture; Thinking with Animals: African Images and Perceptions; and The Stranger among Us — was designed to elucidate some of the complexities in diverse African cultures. Life . . . Afterlife, for example, dealt with the functions of art objects associated with traditional African funer- ary practices. Thinking with Animals explored the many ways in which animals are depicted in African art, but more importantly, it revealed why certain animals are represented and others are not. Finally, The Stranger among Us assembled art objects from many African peoples, all of them representing different ways in which Africans have viewed outsiders or "strangers" to their own culture. Each exhibition was developed by the museum's staff using, in addition to objects from our permanent collection, major pieces on loan from private collectors and other museums through- out the United States. Informational brochures and checklists were produced to accompany each exhibition. Several extension exhibitions were prepared by the NMAfA during 1982. They included exhibitions for: the Women's National Democratic Committee; the Ramapo College Art Gallery; the Studio Museum of Harlem, New York City; the Stewart Center History and Art I 189 The standing female figure from the Bambara people in the Segou region of Mali is a major acquisition of the NMAfA. From the exhibition Life . . . Afterlife: African Funerary Sculpture comes the other fe- male figure shown here, a me- morial statue from the Yombe people of Zaire. And the rap- torial bird, which symbolized the power and status of its royal owner, sits atop an ivory spoon from Owo, Nigeria, and was featured in the exhibition Thinking with Animals: Afri- can Images and Perceptions. Gallery, Department of Creative Arts, Purdue University; and Meridian House International. The NMAfA's collection grew significantly during fiscal year 1982, primarily through the donation of 204 objects. Large numbers of items were received from the collections of Gaston DeHavenon, Norman and Mary Michie, Robert and Nancy Nooter, Gerald Pennington, Benjamin Weiss, and Uzi Zucker. The museum purchased a major work of Bambara sculpture — a standing female figure. Donations of art works by Afro-American artists were also received. These included five paintings by Edward M. Bannister and a sculpture by Edmonia Lewis. The comprehensive inventory of the museum's collection, begun in 1980, has been completed. Donations received by the Eliot Eliosofon Archives included fifty black-and-white photographs of African art by Walker Evans, approximately 300 color slides of African art and culture, and a 16-mm film, Museum, from Janus Films, Inc. Archives projects during 1982 included the cataloguing of more than 1,800 photo- graphs of museum activities — such as exhibitions, in-house pro- grams and performances, and outreach programs — and the printing of more than 300 glass plate negatives of scenes photographed in Zaire, circa 1910. Although of primary importance, exhibitions are only one seg- ment of the NMAfA's goal of providing the public with knowledge regarding Africa, its art, and its peoples. To this end, didactic and aesthetically appealing exhibitions are supplemented by courses, workshops, seminars, public lectures and performances, and by outreach programs and tours conducted by the museum's docent corps. During 1982, the museum's Department of Academic Studies offered four courses in African art at universities and educational institutions in the Washington area: Georgetown University ("Art of Black Africa") and the United States Department of Agriculture Graduate School ("Understanding Africa Through Its Art," "Afri- can Decorative Arts," and "Collecting African Art"). In addition, special lectures and gallery tours were presented to other university groups, including, for the fifth successive year, a class in "Aes- thetics and Education" for the University of Virginia. The museum hosted a prominent visiting scholar from the Uni- versity of Ife, Nigeria, Professor Rowland Abiodun, during the History and Art I 191 month of April 1982. Traveling, teaching, and lecturing under the auspices of the Council for the International Exchange of Scholars, Fulbright Program, Professor Abiodun delivered two public lec- tures and one training session for museum docents. In addition, he consulted with staff members and utilized the museum's collection, photographic archives, and library to pursue his own research. In 1982, the museum continued to cosponsor, with Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies, a monthly series of lectures entitled, The Africa Roundtable. The roundtable presents lectures by local and international scholars on all aspects of African political, economic, and social life. Afri- canist scholars who presented papers during 1982 included Pro- fessor Nehemia Levtzion (Hebrew University), Professor Emmannel Ayendele (University of Calabar), and Warren M. Robbins (NMAfA). The NMAfA's internship program hosted sixteen interns during 1982. Five of the interns were recruited from historically black colleges, a result of the museum's intensive efforts to encourage such students to consider careers as museum professionals. Special recruiting efforts continue in this area. The Department of Elementary and Secondary Education and Public Programs coordinates all school and group tours, work- shops, and public lectures, performances, and demonstrations at the museum. This department also trains and coordinates the activities of the docent corps and oversees collaborative activities with local institutions. For the second successive year, the museum participated, with the National Museum of Natural History and the National Zoo- logical Park, in the Collaborative Education Outreach Program. Designed to serve audiences that are unable to visit the museum, the program provides museum services to nursing homes, deten- tion units, senior-citizen centers, and public schools. The NMAfA program included three offerings: "Traditional African Music," "Animal Symbolism in African Art," and "African Folktales." A total of 104 programs were presented during 1982, serving more than 1,700 people in the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area. The Education Department also began, in 1982, a new outreach program based on African textiles, entitled "Have Loom Will Travel." Geared to grades 4-6, the program was conducted by 192 / Smithsonian Year 1982 museum docents at elementary schools in the greater metropolitan area. Exhibitions were supplemented by a great variety of public per- formances, lectures, and special events at the museum during 1982. Performances by African musicians and dancers included a Sene- galese griot singer, Malian and Upper Voltan balaphone (xylo- phone) players, and a concert by the master mbira (thumb piano) player, Ephat Mujuru, of Zimbabwe. In April the museum cosponsored, in conjunction with the African Literature Confer- ence, a Theater Showcase, featuring the National Theater Com- pany of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. A "Festival of Animals" at the museum in June featured a parade, musical per- formances, children's workshops, films, and live animals. In Decem- ber and January, the museum celebrated Kwanzaa with tours, children's workshops, films, and live animals; and cosponsored a city-wide celebration, "Tribute to Langston Hughes." "Afro- Tales," a performance by the Nubian League Theater Company, was part of the museum's celebration of Black History Month in February. More than eighteen Africanist scholars spoke at the museum during 1982, both in individual lectures linked to specific exhibi- tions and in panel discussions. Professors John Murungi (Towson State College), Abena Busia (Rutgers University), Rowland Abiodun (University of Ife, Nigeria), Phillip Peek (Drew Univer- sity), and Eliot Skinner (Columbia University) were among those who discussed diverse aspects of African art, life, and thought, illuminated by the museum's exhibitions. On July 1, 1982, following a one-year sabbatical, Warren Robbins, director of the National Museum of African Art since its establishment in 1964, became senior scholar and founding director emeritus at the museum. Dr. John Reinhardt, who served as act- ing director of the museum during Mr. Robbins's sabbatical year, continued to serve in that capacity during the search for a perma- nent director. A committee has been formed by the Secretary, with Assistant Secretary for History and Art Charles Blitzer as chairman, to seek candidates for the director's position. History and Art I 193 National Museum of American Art The search for a new director for the National Museum of Ameri- can Art (nmaa) was successfully completed with the formal announcement on November 25 that Dr. Charles C. Eldredge, director of the Spencer Museum of Art and professor of art his- tory at the University of Kansas, had accepted the appointment to head the museum, effective July 1, 1982. During the interim, Mr. Harry Lowe continued to serve as acting director. In keeping with nmaa's continuing interest to explore the rich resources of regional art in this country, the autumn exhibition schedule was highlighted by More than Land or Sky: Art from Appalachia, which included 109 works by 69 artists from the 13 Appalachian states. Organized by the Department of Education, this major exhibition served as a focal point for a number of well-attended public programs, which included films, poetry read- ings, concerts, a symposium, and a panel discussion. The exhibi- tion is reaching an even wider audience in Appalachia, where it will go on tour to at least 12 museums and galleries until Septem- ber 1984. Exploring the American print from an historical perspective, the major exhibition organized by the Department of Prints and Drawings, The Print in the United States from the Eighteenth Century to the Present, brought together a fascinating selection of over 100 works on paper from various Smithsonian museums and collections. The exhibition had been shown initially in Mexico City the previous summer. Nmaa's permanent collection was significantly enriched by 685 new accessions, bringing the total collection to 26,481 works. Among the many generous gifts given to nmaa this year were a major new color lithograph by Frank Stella, an important water- color by Maurice Prendergast, Blueberry Eyes by Franz Kline, a limestone sculpture by the folk artist William Edmondson, five paintings by Abraham Rattner, and a selection of 36 nineteenth- century silhouettes by some of the finest masters of this genre. The silhouettes are from the collection of F. W. Reidenbach of Rochester, New York, and provide an exceptional starting point for future collecting in this area. 194 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Among the most significant works purchased this past year by nmaa is this oil on canvas landscape, Lost Balloon, by William Beard, 1882. Among the most significant works purchased this year is an evocative landscape by William Beard, The Lost Balloon (1882), revealing as much about the artist's attitude toward post-Civil War America as his many humorous and satirical animal paintings. The purchase of Mark Lindquist's Ascending Bowl added to the museum's growing collection of contemporary craft objects. In addition, a significant group of approximately 700 contemporary photographs, transferred from the National Endowment for the Arts, represents the most significant addition to date to the nmaa's photography collection. The Renwick Gallery observed two especially festive occasions this year. On January 31, it commemorated its tenth anniversary with an all-day celebration that featured tap-dancing perfor- mances, music and songs, and appearances by a magician and a juggler, and culminated in a huge birthday party. Two exhibitions, The Inedible Renwick Birthday Cake and The Grand Renwick Gallery Souvenir Show, were planned in conjunction with the tenth birthday. From 80 proposals by American craftsmen, the Renwick staff selected 14 birthday cakes of porcelain, neon, steel, crocheted cotton, stuffed fabric, glass, and earthenware. American craftsmen, in response to the question "If the Washington Monu- ment can be a thermometer, what can the Renwick be?" submitted 60 proposals, from which seventeen souvenirlike objects were selected. The objects related to the gallery by utilizing the dis- tinctive image of the Renwick facade or the portrait of architect James Renwick. The first part of a major two-part exhibition cosponsored by the Renwick Gallery and the Office of Folklife Programs, Celebration: A World of Art and Ritual, was inaugurated on March 17. The second part opened August 26 and will continue through Febru- ary 21, 1983. Over 600 objects, culled from the collections of nine Smithsonian museums, vividly illustrate how 62 diverse cultures celebrate events through ritual, ceremony, and festival. Accom- panying the exhibition are free public-education programs, which directly interpret the objects and customs exhibited. Such varied activities as ethnic dances and music, lectures by anthropologists and ethnography scholars, films, symposia, and a monthly series of "Living Celebrations" explore the concept of celebration and further elucidate how people celebrate with their bodies, voices, 196 / Smithsonian Year 1982 In attendance at the June 11, 1982, symposium "Creative Women in Paris and New York in the 20s and 30s" were (from left) Lillian Hellman, Berenice Abbott, and Emily Hahn. ideas, and words, and with ritual objects such as those displayed. During this year, the Department of Exhibition and Design designed and installed eight changing exhibitions at the Renwick Gallery and twenty-four at nmaa. One of the most handsomely mounted exhibitions at nmaa was The First Annual Awards in the Visual Arts Exhibition/ AV A 1. The pioneering project's stated purpose is to promote, through fellowships and publication of an exhibition catalogue, the national recognition of accomplished artists whose works are not yet generally known. On May 5, AVA 1 was previewed by Mrs. Ronald Reagan who met with the artists; she was accompanied by S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, and Dr. Harry Rand, nmaa curator of 20th Century Painting and Sculpture. Earlier in the year, another exhi- bition of contemporary art, Recent Trends in Collecting: Twenti- eth-Century Painting and Sculpture at the National Museum of American Art, focused on 130 recently acquired works, which showed the range and breadth of the museum's holdings. Nmaa's dedication to research and professional training — efforts which began with an Intern Program in 1968 and a Research Fellowship program in 1970 — continues. These programs are showing splendid results with numerous, former nmaa interns and fellows having become museum professionals or pursuing academic careers. A symposium on the American decorative arts of the 1920s and 1930s was organized by the Department of Research and Professional Training; five eminent scholars spoke on the uses of new materials and design problems, and a panel of museum curators discussed problems of collecting decorative art objects. In addition, a new cooperative program for the study and teaching of American art and culture of the 1930s was initiated by the Depart- ment of Research and Professional Training and involves George Mason University and two other Smithsonian bureaus, the National Museum of American History and the Archives of American Art. The nmaa year began and closed with notable exhibitions by two major black artists. In November, A Life in Art: Alma Thomas, 1891-1978 displayed 46 paintings, sculptures, and works on paper by this artist, who made Washington, D.C., her home. Thomas dedicated her life to art education and turned to painting relatively late in life. On September 17, William H. Johnson: The Scandi- navian Years opened to show an impressive segment of nmaa 198 / Smithsonian Year 1982 holdings by this artist, the largest single collection of Johnson's work. These loosely painted landscapes in bright, saturated colors were executed mainly between 1930 and 1938. Three of the thirteen nmaa publications and miscellaneous man- uscripts that were monitored through press by the Department of Publication were singled out for awards by the Art Directors Club of Washington, D.C. The project to save the Peter A. Juley and Son Collection of 127,000 negatives, which document eighty years of American art, received an added boost in the form of funding from the James Smithson Society and continued support from the Samuel H. Kress Foundation. Within the past year the NMAA/National Portrait Gallery (npg) Library successfully com- pleted a search for the position of librarian with the appointment of Cecilia H. Chin, formerly associate librarian at the Art Institute of Chicago. In January of 1982, the nmaa/npg Library received the Mallett Library of Reproductions from the Library of Congress. Daniel Trowbridge Mallett, whose 1948 publication, Mallett's Index of Artists, is an indispensable source for locating biographical material on artists, assembled a series of 495 scrapbooks containing repro- ductions of works by the artists included in the index. Although largely undocumented, these illustrations provide a visual docu- mentation of the artists' works and will be a useful tool for schol- ars in American art. National Museum of American History Among this year's accomplishments at the National Museum of American History (nmah), two exhibitions and several on-going programs stand out. C. Washington: A Figure Upon the Stage and FDR: The Intimate Presidency explored the ways these two great men addressed the world. Much time was devoted to con- tinuing efforts such as the inventory of the collections, with a shelf survey of nearly 16 million items now more than 75 percent complete; planning a major exhibition on ways of life in eigh- teenth-century America; and a multidepartmental effort to pre- serve the Star-Spangled Banner. Finally, with the guidance of History and Art I 199 This is a view of the entrance to the exhibition C. Washington: A Figure Upon the Stage at the nmah. Below. Standing at the entrance to the exhibi- tion FDR: The Intimate Presidency are (from left) nmah Director Roger G. Kennedy, President Ronald Reagan, and Smithsonian Secretary S. Dillon Ripley. J. Michael Carrigan, the new assistant director for exhibitions and public spaces, the nmah has developed a new plan for the use of collections and space over the next ten years. One accomplishment in October was the publication of The National Museum of American History, a book describing the museum and its collections in richly illustrated pages. Written by Shirley Abbott in coordination with the museum's Office of Public and Academic Programs, this large volume was published by Harry N. Abrams, Inc., in New York. Two diverse exhibitions marked the start of the year. By Sea and By Land: Independence With the Help of France, organized by Philip Lundeberg, curator of Naval History, opened October 9 in the Castle. Funded by a grant from the James Smithson Society, the exhibition commemorated the crucial aid given American troops by the French at Yorktown. Also, in the nmah's Hall of Glass, Birds of North America — Porcelain by Edward Marshall Boehm offered examples of the master craftsman's work. Regular concerts, sponsored by the Division of Musical Instru- ments, provided continuity before the changing backdrop of exhi- bitions. In addition to "Saturday Live," its popular series of informal concerts, the division, in cooperation with the Smith- sonian Chamber Players, inaugurated a four-part series of lectures and concerts around the theme "Music from the Ages of George Washington." The series focused on the music that contributed to cultural life in late eighteenth-century London, Vienna, Paris, and Philadelphia. Continuing a long-standing museum tradition, Mrs. Ronald Reagan presented her inaugural gown at a special ceremony on November 4. At the time of the donation, Mrs. Reagan announced the establishment of a First Ladies Fellowship to encourage research in American fashion design. In that same month, the Division of Graphic Arts opened a new exhibition entitled The Machine as Artist: 19th-century Drawing Devices and Their Products. The exhibition allows vis- itors to try their own skill at a camera obscura (a device used to project images onto paper in a darkened room) and includes weekly demonstrations of a profile-drawing pantograph, showing how silhouettes may be made. In December, Beverly Sills gave the last of the 1981 Doubleday History and Art I 201 lectures on music in America. Cultural exchange was evident in an important exhibition, Steuben: Secret Aid for the Americans, which opened December 12. Organized by Werner Giesebrecht of the Foundation for Prussian Cultural Property, Berlin, "Von Steuben" documented the origins and character of the Prussian officer, who brought discipline to Washington's troops during and after the cold winter at Valley Forge. Ending 1981 was the traditional Trees of Christmas, produced by the Smithsonian's Office of Horticulture, and a holiday fete, sponsored jointly by the museum and the Smithsonian's Division of Performing Arts, featuring mimes, musicians, jugglers, and all manner of per- formers. On January 30, to commemorate the centenary of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's birth, FDR: The Intimate Presidency opened to the public. This major exhibition was organized by Arthur Molella of the Division of Electricity and was supported in part by a special congressional appropriation and generous gifts from LIFE and RCA. Photographs, newsreels, radio broadcasts, news magazines, posters, newspapers, and other channels of commu- nication were used to illustrate the ways in which this president tried to establish direct contact with Americans and make the national government more aware of the mood of the people. In conjunction with the exhibition, the Office of Public and Aca- demic Programs offered a series of films pertaining to Roosevelt and his era. The exhibition closed on August 1, 1982, and was adapted for a tour arranged by the Smithsonian Traveling Exhibi- tion Service. G. Washington: A Figure Upon the Stage — the most compre- hensive museum exhibition ever devoted to the man and his time — opened on February 22, the two-hundred-fiftieth anniver- sary of his birth. Margaret B. Klapthor, curator in the Division of Political History, organized the exhibition, and with Howard A. Morrison wrote the accompanying catalog. The result of more than a decade of research, the 675-object presentation illuminated the means through which Washington sought to define himself as a Virginia gentleman, a military leader, as president (a role for which he established a model), and as an elder statesman. Supported in part by a generous grant from United Technologies Corporation, this exhibition provided a focal point for many other 202 / Smithsonian Year 1982 activities, among them a singing school and a dancing school, both in the eighteenth-century tradition, offered to Resident Associates. Doubleday lectures for 1982 carried on the theme of "The Presidency," with commentary and insights from several promi- nent figures. In March, Marcus Cunliffe discussed the myth of George Washington, and in April John Chancellor shared his conclusions garnered from long experience with mass-media cov- erage of American presidents. The month of May brought "Ren- dezvous with the Thirties," a special lecture in which John House- man discussed his career in the American theater, particularly with the Federal Theater Project. The lecture was punctuated with selections from 1930s musical theater, sung by a Howard Univer- sity chous. Garry Wills ended the series with his lecture on the eighteenth-century view of Washington as Cincinnatus, the leg- endary hero honored for his service to his country and for his willingness to relinquish power after the crisis had passed. "Images of Women in American Culture," a symposium orga- nized by Edith Mayo of the Division of Political History and cosponsored with The Wonder Woman Foundation, took place at the nmah during Women's History Week in March. Among the distinguished participants were the Honorable Nancy Landon Kassebaum, the Honorable Patricia Schroeder, and Ms. Gloria Steinem, with Ms. Susan Stamberg as moderator of the panel of eight. The Life in America Project, devoted to developing a major exhibition interpreting eighteenth-century America, yielded its first public results when "Buyin' Freedom," a short dramatic presentation, was given in the Virginia Parlor of the Hall of Everyday Life. One of the museum's first experiments with live acting in an exhibit, "Buyin' Freedom" focused on a slave's tena- cious efforts to negotiate his release from a patriarchal plantation owner. During its six-week run from late March into May, it received a warm response from the visitors who saw it. April saw the opening of "The Fall of Parity," a display illus- trating a successful experimental challenge to a tenet of physics long held to be true. This was also the time for the annual Spring Celebration, with musicians and other performing artists delighting visitors inside the museum as well as outside on its terraces. History and Art I 203 Activities related to the Division of Community Life's popular- entertainment collections brought several celebrities to the nmah during the spring. In March, Dick Clark gave a selection of "num- ber-one hit records" and other objects commemorating thirty years of his association with "American Bandstand." April brought producer Hal David to present memorabilia from the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers, and comedian Rodney Dangerfield to present one of his shirts and a red tie. And in May, Hal Linden donated several props from "Barney Miller," the television series in which he had the title role. In May, the refurbishing of the Bond Clock Shop as a working exhibition in the Timekeeping Hall was completed, and an exhibi- tion of marbles dating from the nineteenth century to the pres- ent— gifts of the Marble Collectors Society of America — went on view in the pendulum area of the first floor. On Flag Day, June 14, Director Roger G. Kennedy announced a major endeavor to preserve the Star-Spangled Banner, a prized artifact in the museum's collections. He made the announcement during a public ceremony attended by Mrs. George Bush, wife of the vice-president, and sixty children from the District of Colum- bia's Francis Scott Key School, who sang patriotic songs. Mr. Ken- nedy described plans to remove dust from the flag, to improve light- ing and ventilation systems, and to install a large, opaque cover in front of the flag, to protect it from light and further dust. The conservation plan, developed by textile curator Rita Adrosko and supervised by conservator Scott Odell, required painstaking work during the summer and early fall. When the project, made possible by the support of Sears, Roebuck and Co., is complete — shortly after the end of this fiscal year — the cover will be withdrawn for several minutes each hour, allowing visitors to see the flag itself. Examples of American art and crafts figured in three summer exhibitions. On June 15, an exhibition entitled Gifts of Glass opened to the public. Offering fine selections of cut, engraved, and art glass given to the Smithsonian between 1885 and 1920, the display shows examples that major American glass manu- facturers believed best represented their companies. Then, in conjunction with Festival of American Folklife in July, the museum mounted a display of works created by National Heritage 204 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Fellows — master craftsmen recognized with awards from the National Endowment for the Humanities. Tooled-leather saddles by Duff Severe, carved canes by Elijah Pierce, an ornamental iron gate by Philip Simmons, and other works were featured. Finally in late July, an exhibition of nineteenth- and twentieth-century photographs was installed in the Hall of Photography. Organized by Eugene Ostroff, Gum and Carbon Prints illustrates the results of two allied but different methods of photographic printing. July 9 and 10 were days for special events related to the George Washington exhibition. To commemorate Washington's signing his will on July 9, 1799, the Fairfax County Circuit Court brought the document to the museum for the day, where it was displayed in the Flag Hall near the exhibition. That evening and the next day, Gretchen Schneider, formerly of Colonial Williams- burg, shared her expertise in dress and deportment of Colonial Virginia's gentry in a lecture and two family workshops. Two major acquisions enhanced our collections during this period. In June, the Division of Military History received a rare regimental flag of Black Volunteers who fought for the Union in Louisiana and Texas. The flag, donated by Mr. David K. Lander of Caldwell, Idaho, is scheduled for display after it has received conservation treatment. Also, a century-old metal-drawing press built by the E. W. Bliss Company, then of New York, went on view in the Tool Hall in August. A gift of the Hudson Tool and Die Company, the machine is the first of its kind to enter the collections. Such machines were developed in the nineteenth cen- tury to shape sheets of metal into buckets, thimbles, and other seamless containers and utensils. In September, the first visible signs of the museum's five-year plan for reorganization of its public spaces occurred when the windmill near the pendulum was dismantled and the first in a series of Victorian arches was put in place. Once completed, the line of arches will demark a palm court between the pendulum area and the Victorian ice cream parlour. Designed as an area for rest and reflection, the palm court will feature the Horn and Hardart Automat of 1908 and Stohlman's confectionary displays and will provide visitors with chairs and tables in a period setting. The Office of Public and Academic Programs, among other broad and numerous activities, continued to sponsor the Senior History and Art I 205 Series, a program that allows specially trained leaders to offer lectures about and demonstrations of the collections to groups of elderly adults in the metropolitan area. Funded by grants from the Smithsonian Education Outreach Fund and other private sources, the programs followed the theme "Changes in Technology and Their Effects on American Lifestyles." Other major acquisitions not previously mentioned were: a gift of approximately 2,000 engineering drawings of Corliss steam engines — the sole surviving records of the company founded by George Corliss, often called the James Watt of America; the only known example of an eighteenth-century firearm incorporating a multifiring system invented by Captain Joseph Belton of Phila- delphia; an extensive collection of equipment, archival material, and biological products from Parke-Davis and Company; 2 fine surveyor's compasses, examples of the early work of two impor- tant nineteenth-century workshops in Philadelphia; and several artifacts for the ethnic collections, among them an Indian woman shop figure by John Cromwell of New York City. Noteworthy donations to the National Philatelic Collections included 5 vol- umes of Napoleonic and French Revolution covers from the Henry A. Myer collection; 530 early U.S. Airmail Service objects; a collection of 5,974 world stamps, including significant holdings in German colonies and early German issues; and a collection of 4,155 philatelic objects related to the Boy Scouts of America. Throughout the year, great progress was made on the inven- tory. Revised estimates of the collections within the nmah and at Silver Hill pushed the grand total of the museum's holdings from 15,872,168 to 16,257,075. Of those, 12,476,680 objects had been shelf-surveyed by the end of August 1982, and the data for 1,468,321 objects had been keyed into the computer. Sub- stantial progress was achieved in both the philatelic and numis- matic collections, where the inventory was top priority. National Portrait Gallery On June 1, 1982, Dr. Alan Fern became the third director of the National Portrait Gallery (npg). Dr. Fern brings to the gallery his 206 / Smithsonian Year 1982 administrative experience of twenty years at the Library of Con- gress (most recently as Director for Special Collections) and the scholarly interests and achievements of an art historian and former faculty member of the University of Chicago. The other major staff appointment in fiscal year 1982 was that of Cecilia Chin as American Art and Portrait Gallery Librarian, effective on May 16, 1982. A native of China, Ms. Chin came to the npg from Chicago, where she was associate librarian and head of the Ref- erence Department at the Ryerson and Burnham Libraries of the Art Institute. The crucial process of building a collection to meet the man- date first defined for the npg by the Congress in 1962 — and a collection worthy of the individuals who have shaped the nation's history — has continued unabated. The most significant acquisition of the year was announced in Kansas City, Missouri, by the npg and the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, Inc., as joint- purchasers of Gilbert Stuart's 1805 "Edgehill" portrait of Thomas Jefferson. This historic and beautiful image of Jefferson was a long-sought addition to Jefferson's own collection, hung at Monti- cello for the last five years of his life, and was owned by several of his descendants in succession throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The commissioners of the npg had desired to bring this particular Jefferson icon into the collection since the mid-1960s and encouraged lengthy negotiations to that end, but the opportunity to acquire the work jointly with Monti- cello developed only recently. Following the precedent established in 1980 by the joint purchase (with Boston's Museum of Fine Arts) of Gilbert Stuart's 1795 portraits of George and Martha Washington, the gallery purchased half-ownership of the Edgehill panel and will place it on exhibition in 1983 for three-year periods, alternating with Monticello. Funds for this landmark purchase were provided for the npg by the Regents Collection Acquisition Program. Among the other acquisitions by purchase during the year, the gallery has been fortunate enough to acquire: a full-length, life- size portrait of Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain), by John White Alexander; an unusual double portrait of the industrialist Henry Clay Frick with his daughter Helen, by the much-admired Edmund C. Tarbell; an unforgettable ambrotype of the youthful George History and Art I 207 Among other acquisitions by purchase during the past year, the npg has been fortunate to acquire this full-length, life-size portrait of Samuel Clemens ("Mark Twain") (left), painted by John White Alexander around 1902, and a rare likeness of Tenskwatawa ("The Prophet"), by Henry Inman, painted around 1830-33. Armstrong Custer; another ambrotype (this one dating from about 1858) capturing the pre-presidential visage of Abraham Lincoln; a smashing study of the popular nineteenth-century actress Juliana Westray Wood, by Rembrandt Peale; and a rare likeness of Tenskwatawa ("The Prophet") by Henry Inman. The list of distinguished gifts accepted for the gallery's Perma- nent Collection is also growing. Joanna Sturm presented both Peter Hurd's tempera painting of Alice Roosevelt Longworth and a collection of Theodore Roosevelt family photographs. A superb 1818 portrait of Rembrandt Peale, by his father, Charles Willson Peale, was the gift of Donald Hamilton Workman in memory of his father, James Clark Workman, and his grandfather, James Henry Workman. And a stylish marble head of Helen Gahagan Douglas by Isamu Noguchi came to the Gallery as the gift of the estate of the subject's husband, the actor Melvyn Douglas. The npg's list of temporary exhibitions during fiscal year 1982 continued its traditional diversity and popular success. Two of America's most legendary presidents were the subjects of special tributes: on the two-hundred-fiftieth anniversary of George Washington's birth, the gallery opened An American Icon: The 18th Century Image of George Washington in Prints and Illus- trations (organized by npg's Curator of Prints Wendy Wick and the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibitions Service), and the centennial of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's birth was cele- brated with FDR: The Early Years. An extensive and scholarly catalog accompanied the Washington show, and a smaller publi- cation was produced on FDR by gallery historians Frederick S. Voss and James Barber. The Frederick Hill Meserve collection of Civil War-period glass negatives — acquired last year with the help of Congress — became the focus of a permanent gallery space in which modern prints (produced in the technically correct nineteenth-century manner) will be shown on a rotating schedule. These diminutive images from the studios of Mathew Brady are already proving to be a major highlight of the npg's collections. Carl Schurz, America's Teutonic Reformer and John Stevens and Sons: A Family of Inventors were two additional special- feature exhibitions, which showed the effects of individual imagi- nation and diligence on American culture and society. Both were History and Art I 209 produced by the gallery's Office of Small Exhibitions, which also prepared a one-room exhibition, The Godlike Black Dan, to com- memorate the two-hundredth anniversary of the birth of Daniel Webster — renowned legislator, secretary of state, and orator. This exhibition was also accompanied by a short catalog. The npg's unique concern with the arts of portraiture shaped two of the year's most important exhibitions: Portraits by George Bellows included a choice group of masterpieces selected by the gallery's former director, Marvin Sadik, and was accompanied by a catalog prepared by Margaret Christman; and American Portrai- ture in the Grand Manner 1720—1920, organized and first seen at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, proved to be a very popular survey of the most ambitious and imposing formal por- traits produced in this country. Two special events bore direct relationship to the exhibitions programs. In October, as coorganizers with the education depart- ment of the Henry Francis duPont Winterthur Museum in Wil- mington, Delaware, the npg's Charles Willson Peale Papers staff presented a one-day conference in Washington on "Charles Willson Peale: An Interdisciplinary Study of His Work." Several speakers explored different aspects of the versatile Peale's life and career as an artist, inventor, and museum organizer in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Both Lillian B. Miller, editor of the Peale Papers, and Sidney Hart, assistant editor, were among the speakers. Wendy Wick's small exhibition Charles Will- son Peale and the Challenge of Mezzotint Portraiture was also on view. In January, to mark the opening of FDR: The Early Years, Joseph Alsop spoke to a distinguished audience on "The Roosevelt Enigma." His talk was a remarkable blending of personal memoir with the trained journalist's analysis of the Roosevelt presidency as a political achievement. The Education Department continues to serve a wide range of audiences, from school groups (both in classroom and museum programs) to senior citizens and individuals who visit the gallery and are shown the collections by knowledgeable, volunteer docents. The department's popular "Portraits in Motion" series has also attracted steadily increasing critical approval and enthusiastic audi- ences. In the series, individual actors and small theatrical groups give vivid portrayals of historical personalities represented in the 210 / Smithsonian Year 1982 gallery's collections, including H. L. Mencken, Edgar Allan Poe, and Dorothy Parker. The Catalog of American Portraits (cap) continued to process records created during the first three years of its 7-year, nation- wide survey of American portraiture. Simultaneously, field researchers have been documenting dozens of collections in Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Wis- consin, Minnesota, and Iowa. Funded, in part by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the Ambrose W. Monnell Foundation, Thomas Mellon Evans, and numerous other donors in the regions being surveyed, this unique documentation program has yielded in excess of 5,000 carefully prepared records from the most recent field work. When the project is completed, the files of the cap's Washington offices will be an unparalleled and irreplaceable index to American portraiture. The holdings of each collection that is surveyed by the cap are entered into a computerized data base. Then each participating institution receives a copy of the processed records of its holdings from the cap, affording it a thorough record for convenient local use, as well as a future reference. To date, such records have been produced and deposited with 124 organi- zations in 7 states. Office of American Studies The Office of American Studies (oas) continued its program in graduate education throughout the year. The autumn 1981 seminar in "Material Aspects of American Civilization" had as its theme "Birth, Marriage, and Death" and was taught by the director of the program and Professor Bernard Mergen of The George Wash- ington University. Other seminars during the academic year 1981-82 included "The Decorative Arts in America," taught by Barbara G. Carson; "Study of American Art and History: Portraiture," taught by Ellen G. Miles; and a summer session course on "Folklore in America," taught by Geraldine N. Johnson. Individual graduate students continued to pursue specialized research under the super- vision of the director of the Office of American Studies. History and Art I 211 The director of the oas, in his capacity as chairman of the Folk- life Advisory Council, conducted a meeting of the council on March 18, 1982, to review the progress of the Folklife Programs of the Smithsonian. The opening of Celebration: A World of Art and Ritual, an exhibition in the Renwick Gallery, marked the first time folk objects from all the Smithsonian museums had been brought together in a single exhibition bearing on the folklife theme. The director of the oas, in his capacity as a member of the St. Mary's City Commission, continued his association with the research and restoration activities of Maryland's seventeenth- century capital. Office of Folklife Programs Most Americans would agree that the richness of the nation's culture lies in the impressive diversity of its people and in their creative response to historical conditions. Research, presentation, and preservation of this cultural wealth is the goal of the Office of Folklife Programs (ofp), which produces live performances by the keepers of tradition, museum exhibitions of traditional artifacts, and documentary studies of particular technological, social, and aesthetic processes. Members of the ofp also teach and conduct research on a cooperative basis in Washington— area academic and governmental institutions. Taken as a whole, the activities of the program are directed not only toward representing folk culture in national cultural institutions, but also toward continuing the sur- vival of folk traditions and their practitioners. FESTIVAL OF AMERICAN FOLKLIFE The ofp planned, supervised research, and produced the Sixteenth Annual Festival of American Folklife in fiscal year 1982. The festi- val was returned to its original site on the National Mall outside the national museums of American History and Natural History. It was held over a two-week period: June 24-28 and July 1-5, 1982. This year, three major programs were presented. The main per- 212 / Smithsonian Year 1982 At the 1982 Festival of American Folklife, the 100th anniversary of U.S. -Korean diplomatic relations was observed with many folk artists being presented, among them, this traditional Korean potter. Below. Two members of the Kutiyattam troupe from Kerala, India, perform at the Renwick Gallery as part of the nmaa exhibition Celebration: A World of Art and Ritual. formance stage each day featured a series of tribute concerts in honor of the recipients of the National Endowment for the Arts' first National Heritage Fellowships. These fellowships were awarded at the festival to fifteen traditional musicians and crafts- persons who have made outstanding contributions to the culture of the United States. Also, an exhibition of crafts by fellowship recipients was mounted in the National Museum of American History. In observance of the one-hundredth anniversary of the estab- lishment of U.S.-Korean diplomatic relations, twenty-five folk artists were presented along with twenty-five artists from Korean- American communities. This program revived the "Old Ways in the New World" format, which was highly successful during the Bicentennial Festival and before. The traditions presented include sandae-nori (an ancient masked-dance drama); a shinawi instru- mental ensemble; musical-instrument, pottery, and horsehair-hat- making; calligraphy; food demonstrations; and a shamanistic spring-festival ritual that was presented for the first time outside Korea. The third program, with approximately 110 participants, pre- sented the folk traditions of the State of Oklahoma. This program, part of a celebration of Oklahoma's Diamond Jubilee of statehood, included Anglo, black, Native American, and ethnic music and crafts, as well as the occupational folklore of the oil and horse industries. The National Mall was transformed by an oil-drilling derrick and a 400-yard-long runway down its center for quarter- horse racing. The festival was cosponsored by the National Park Service and the Smithsonian and received funding support from the Music Performance Trust Funds, the International Cultural Society of Korea, and the Diamond Jubilee Commission of the State of Oklahoma. SPECIAL PROJECTS In conjunction with several Smithsonian bureaus, the ofp has been involved in a series of special projects during fiscal year 1982. Throughout the year, the staff of the ofp worked in collaboration with the staff of the National Museum of American Art to plan the exhibition Celebration: A World of Art and Ritual, which 214 / Smithsonian Year 1982 opened on March 17, 1982. The exhibition contains more than 600 objects — drawn from Smithsonian collections — which fill all seven of the Renwick's galleries. The objects were chosen to dem- onstrate the ways in which different societies celebrate the impor- tant cycles and milestones in the lives of their people. To augment the exhibition, the ofp planned and produced a monthly "living celebration" as well as a monthly lecture and film. These events were held in the Renwick Gallery. The living celebrations included, among others, St. Patrick's Day festivities, Laotian and Cambodian new year's ceremonies, and Kutiyattam, an ancient form of San- skrit theater still performed in Indian for ritual occasions. During the Roosevelt presidency, seven folk-song concerts were presented in the White House. On January 31, 1982, in observance of the centennial of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's birth, the ofp planned and produced a concert, entitled Folk Music in the Roose- velt White House, at the National Museum of American History. This concert featured the folk music performed for the Roosevelts and it included some of the musicians who played the music. In addition, FDR's son James and folklorist Alan Lomax, both of whom worked in the Roosevelt administrations, shared with the audiences reminiscences of the White House concerts. For the opening week (June 18-22) of the exhibition inua revealed: the spirit world of the bering sea eskimo, the ofp, in response to a request from the Department of Anthropology, orga- nized a program of Eskimo culture at the National Museum of Natural History. A group of twelve Eskimos from the Village of Gambell, on St. Lawrence Island in Alaska, demonstrated their crafts and games, told traditional stories, and presented perfor- mances of dancing, drumming, and singing. Research was begun during fiscal year 1982 under the super- vision of the ofp for an exhibition on the surviving traditional potteries of the Southeastern United States. The exhibition is being planned by this office in conjunction with the Smithsonian Insti- tution Traveling Exhibition Service, and will begin a 26-month- long tour of American museums in November 1983. Finally, on February 13, 1982, the ofp and the National Council for the Traditional Arts cosponsored a performance by the Khmer Classical Ballet in the National Museum of Natural History's Baird Auditorium. History and Art I 215 RESEARCH Collaborative work with the American Folklife Center at the Library of Congress (lc) began in the summer of 1979 on a project to preserve more than 3,500 wax-cylinder recordings principally held by the lc. These contain Native American songs and stories recorded prior to 1930. Dr. Thomas Vennum, Senior Ethnomusicol- ogist in the ofp, has served as project director since 1979. The proj- ect involves the transfer of fragile cylinder recordings to magnetic tape, the preparation of accompanying written material, and the development of suitable means for the dissemination of these his- toric cultural documents. Before his term of duty as director ended in June 1982, Dr. Vennum, at a conference on American Indian Arts sponsored by University of California, Los Angeles, delivered a paper on the ethics of accessibility to sacred Indian recordings in archives. The paper is to be published as part of the proceed- ings of the meeting. Additionally, he published an article on the Truman Michaelson cylinder collection in the lc's Folklife Center News. Research, writing, and production continues on seven mono- graphs and accompanying films, which are included in the Smithsonian Folklife Series. The series was established in 1978 to document, through monographs and films, folkways still practiced (or recreated through memory) in a variety of traditional cultures. Drawing on more than a decade of research accruing from field- work conducted for the office's annual Festival of American Folk- life, the studies are unique in that each consists of a monograph and a film conceived to complement each other. In fiscal year 1982, one new study has been initiated through the filming of a two-day shamanistic ritual conducted by several Korean festival participants in the home of a local Korean-American family. This is the first time the ritual has been filmed. During fiscal year 1982, a film was begun in conjunction with the exhibition, Celebration: A World of Art and Ritual. Conceived of as more than a visual catalogue of an exhibition, the film will present a portrait of the exhibition's guest curator, Dr. Victor Turner, the world's foremost symbolic anthropologist. The film will be a document of one of the twentieth century's most original and compelling intellectuals, using the exhibition as a springboard. This production is scheduled to be completed in fiscal year 1983. 216 / Smithsonian Year 1982 On May 6, 1982, a film entitled Miles of Smiles, Years of Struggle premiered in Washington. Depicting the heretofore untold story of the black Pullman porters who formed the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters — the first black union — this film was pro- duced by the Columbia Historical Society in cooperation with the ofp. Dr. Jack Santino of this office was a coordinator of the film, which grew out of his research for the 1978 Festival of American Folklife. The film has been shown on public television in New York and Washington, D.C., and has been highly praised by the press and public. VISITING SCHOLARS Three visiting scholars, supported by funds from the Office of Fellowships and Grants used the ofp's archives as well as the scholarly resources of the staff in 1981 and 1982. William Nye (Ph.D., Tufts) conducted research for a definitive biography on jazz musician Charlie Parker. Robert McCarl (Ph.D., Memorial University of Newfoundland) conducted research and commenced writing a complete ethnography of urban firefighters. Michael Licht (M.A., University of Texas, Austin, and doctoral candidate at the University of Texas) conducted research on the role of the harmonica in traditional American music. Also, the staff of the ofp supervised the work of eight interns. History and Art I 217 'ti *• 3*' ^ f jjifk "TY^Hm 1 V Smithsonian librarians, Ms. S. Van Haften-Mackler and Dr. C. Jopling, check a print- out from the online systems, which provide up-to-the-minute data for Smithsonian research. Smithsonian Year • 19 Si MUSEUM PROGRAMS PAUL N. PERROT, ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR MUSEUM PROGRAMS Conservation Analytical Laboratory The Conservation Analytical Laboratory (cal) is primarily respon- sible for advising and assisting Smithsonian museums in the study and the preservation of the National Collections. It provides extensive conservation, analytical, information, and educational services for this purpose. In this fiscal year, cal has collected and added to its system 945 reprints, bringing the total up to 7,500. This includes publi- cations from Scandinavia, Japan, Australia, and Germany, among other countries, on technical matters of concern to conservators. Some 336 reprints have been read, key-worded, and fully indexed this year. The file on commercial materials has been updated by 300 additions, and 80 video tapes of the Conservation Orientation Lecture Series have been shown to 22 persons, of whom 10 received certificates of completion. Twelve others viewed selected lectures. The technical publications editor has edited about 144 conserva- tion reports, of which a total of 119 cal reports — varying in size from 1 to 40 pages — have been completed and sent out to various bureaus of the Smithsonian. The editor has also further developed a thesaurus for use in computerizing our conservation reports and a more general thesaurus for the 7,500 reprints that cover the entire field of conservation and related museum activities. Copies of our thesaurus for conservation have been provided to inquirers from Israel, Hungary, England, and Seattle, Washington. 219 Literature searches in cal reports and reprints — by computer or otherwise — in books and biographies, have numbered about fifty. Preparation of dialog records has required conversion of the mass of material from the old selgem file to the preliminary new file. Some fifty or so over-long abstracts on the old file have been rewritten to make them fit the new system, and they have been entered onto tape for transfer to the dialog records. Ninety-seven test abstracts have been written for entering into the new system when it becomes fully operational. About thirteen new-style tapes have been created by computer manipulation of selgem tapes ready for insertion into dialog. Professional visitors numbered 535, and faculty has been pro- vided to the following: Office of Museum Programs workshops — "Museum Registration Methods," "Developing, Managing, and Maintaining Collections," "Storage and Handling," "Principles of Conservation and Preventive Care: 1) Basic Problems, 2) Environ- mental Conditions, 3) Control of Insects, 4) Dangers of Photog- raphy;" Gunston Hall, "Coping with Collections," at Lor ton, Vir- ginia; plus attendance at eighty video-tape lectures to expand lectures and answer questions. CONSERVATION STAFF Roland Cunningham joined the cal staff as senior conservator of paintings at the end of March and spent the greater part of three months redesigning and reorganizing the small space assigned to this activity, and purchasing new equipment for this area as well as for the new paintings studio at the Museum Support Center. Since the first of May, Mr. Cunningham has examined and treated five paintings, all oil on canvas, from the collections of the National Museum of American History (nmah) or on loan to that museum for exhibition. At the request of the Society of the Four Arts, Mr. Cunningham traveled to Palm Beach, Florida, to examine large murals on canvas glued to the walls of an outside loggia. Samples from these paintings are currently being analyzed in cal. Several painted objects, including the lettered, wooden signboard from a turret clock, are current projects. Senior furniture conservator Walter Angst completed seventeen objects, seven of which were for the major nmah exhibition George Washington: A Figure Upon the Stage. Most notable among the 220 / Smithsonian Year 1982 seven were a foot stool from Mt. Vernon, Washington's silver chest, an inlaid table, and a mirror, the treatment of which was coordinated with conservator Kory Berrett. All of these, except for the mirror frame, required analysis by scientists, as did a tool chest from nmah and an inlaid side chair from the Cooper-Hewitt Museum. Objects of particular interest treated by Mr. Angst were the Mace and Badge of Office, used at official Smithsonian func- tions. Seal imprints attached to two well-known paintings belong- ing to the National Gallery of Art were examined extensively and reported. Mr. Angst's continuing projects include a fire screen from nmah, a boulle table from the collection of the S. I. Castle, the gun said to have belonged to Emperor Maximilian, and eighteenth- century furniture from the National Air and Space Museum, which features representations of early balloon flight. In response to a request for conservation expertise for the major National Museum of Natural History (nmnh) exhibition, inua, cal provided two objects conservators, Mary Lou Garbin and Nikki Horton, for two days a week over the period of a month, to work in the Anthropology Conservation Lab. Here they treated a total of twenty-seven objects comprised of such materials as ivory, wood, sinew, plant fiber, hide, rawhide, iron, stone, and fur. Objects treated included lance tips, earrings, a basket, a fish club, a mask, a steatite doll, a civet-skin skirt, and an amulet. Mrs. Garbin, who works part time, completed reports on work done on a tiny bronze bull's head in cal and continues two major literature searches in conjunction with treatment of a wooden tre- panning kit and a number of Revolutionary War bone buttons from nmah collections. It is expected that the data being gathered and evaluated will aid conservators faced with similar and related problems. In the instance of the kit, insufficient data found in the conservation literature has led to an extensive search to determine which wood adhesives used in industry possess qualities acceptable for use. With respect to the bone buttons, a literature search has revealed that a variety of materials have been used to consolidate bone, but since the bulk of the literature concerns building mate- rials (stone and wood), it is being examined for its relevance to bone. Unfortunately, industrial data is not as relevant as in the case of the wood adhesives. Because consolidation of bone in paleontological collections is regular, though infrequently pub- Museum Programs I 221 lished, Mrs. Garbin is collaborating with the Paleobiology Lab at nmnh, also interested in the problem. In cal, Mrs. Horton completed treatment of nineteen objects, eleven of these for the major exhibition, George Washington: A Figure Upon the Stage. These objects included George Washing- ton's shaving kit, two razors and their cases, a leather fire bucket painted with a portrait of President Washington, Washington's camp stool, and the canvas and leather bag used to transport his campaign tent. Treatment of nearly all of these objects required the analytical expertise of the cal scientists. Mrs. Horton also treated objects from other collections within nmah. The remainder of her time was spent conserving an iron oil lamp and a poly- chome sculpture for the National Museum of African Art (NMAfA). On the seventeen objects she continues to work on, about half are from the NMAfA, three are from the S. I. Libraries, and the remainder are from nmah. Objects conservator Kory Berrett finished treatment of thirty- eight objects, ten of which required analytical work and six, extensive literature searches. Thirty of the objects were for the nmah — three of these for the George Washington exhibition and the remainder principally for exhibition in the Ceramics and Glass Hall or at out-of-state museums. The remaining eight objects com- pleted by Mr. Berrett came from the Anthropology Department of nmnh, with one from the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibi- tion Service. Of the thirty-eight completed, the most noteworthy from the standpoint of complexity were a framed mirror belonging to George Washington (worked on in conjunction with Walter Angst), red-dyed ivory chessmen, a silver fragment from the Anthropology Department, and a Tiffany candlestick, an oil lamp, and a glass picture frame containing a photograph from the col- lections of the Division of Ceramics and Glass, nmah. Twenty-five on-going projects — notably, a coral brooch and a glass perfume bottle with attached glass label, from the collections of the nmah, an excavated bronze pitcher from the nmnh, and a bronze statue from the NMAfA — all required analysis by scientists. By means of eighty-one hygrothermographs, cal monitors the environment of eleven bureaus, ranging from the Cooper-Hewitt Museum to the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum. Seventy of these hygrothermographs are permanently installed in exhibition 222 / Smithsonian Year 1982 or storage areas, and twelve are placed temporarily. Having up- dated and revised the system of tracking incoming charts and the calibration log, Thomas Raysor, conservation technician, main- tains the first and accomplishes biannual calibration of all but the Cooper-Hewitt instruments. Mr. Raysor was also responsible for processing eighteen loads of objects through the cal fumigation chamber, under the supervision of Mr. Angst or Mrs. Horton, who were certified as pesticide applicators during this fiscal year. This service was provided on request to nmah, NMAfA, nasm, and the Arts and Industries Building. With Mr. Raysor's assistance, 857 information requests (letters or phone calls) plus questions aired at omp workshops were answered with 19,803 single information sheets (guidelines). A recent sampling of 100 consecutive requests revealed that about 75 percent of these were telephone inquiries. Cal continues its service of providing conservation materials and lending equipment to the various S. I. divisions. In sixty-eight such instances, twenty-six were to staff of divisions within nmah, excluding the Division of Conservation, for which there were ten more. During this period, cal conservators recorded conservation advice given mainly to Smithsonian callers with a total of 110 "quickie" records. Of these, 36 were replies to conservator col- leagues, and 74 to nonconservators. Of the nonconservators, 35 came from within nmah, 31 from other bureaus of the Institution, and 8 from outside the Smithsonian. CONSERVATION SCIENCE The science group has continued its well-established function as a service lab, answering diverse queries the only common themes of which are the technical study of the museum's collection and its preservation. As usual, cal has used the more interesting and suc- cessful of these studies to justify long-term research. For example Tim Padfield, David Erhardt, and Walter Hopwood have written a joint paper about pollution that is generated within museums. The paper was presented at the Washington Conference of the International Institution for Conservation (nc) in September 1982. Cal is also studying the behavior of hygroscopic salts in porous materials — a curious choice of subject, but surprisingly important Museum Programs I 223 in the display of textiles and prints, which often transfer their images to the glass in front of them and to the boards behind them. Cal has now studied eight examples, which have come to the lab, and is making a systematic study that involves simulat- ing the effect in the lab and measuring the effect of atmospheric moisture on humidity-sensitive materials. Progress in this was described by Tim Padfield in a paper presented at the Washington conference of the Harper's Ferry Textile Group in September 1982. Another major occupation is the roof of the Arts and Indus- tries Building. Cal measurements of the microclimate have now covered a year and a half, and interpretation of the process by which liquid occasionally falls from the ceiling in warm, sunny weather is complete. The results prompted cal to caution the Office of Design and Construction (odc) about weaknesses in the design of the next stage in roof renovation. Cal is now reviewing the mass of data and preparing a paper that will describe the measurement techniques, which are unusual, and the condensation process, which is caused by an amazing combination of factors, none of which, alone, would have caused trouble. Cal is also dis- cussing the way in which the building has reacted to the incom- patible needs of the historic structure, the objects, and the inhabi- tants (joint project with odc). The most memorable undertaking of the scientific staff this past year was the cleaning of the gilded bronze equestrian statues around the Lincoln Memorial and Arlington Memorial Bridge. The cleaning was done by Nick Veloz of the National Park Service; cal's role was to study the current state of the protective varnish "Incralac," which had been applied ten years before. The varnish had altered profoundly. It had shrunk into brittle polygonal frag- ments, was insoluble in solvents that would easily dissolve freshly applied lacquer, and showed a high absorption of ultra violet light, which suggests considerable chemical alteration of the poly- mer or absorption of pollutants. Since Incralac is widely used on bronze statuary, cal is preparing a joint paper to describe the difficulty in removing the degraded varnish. In a joint project with Martin Burke, nmah, cal made a cool display case for George Washington's Commission as Commander in Chief of the Continental Army. This document was lent to nmah by the Library of Congress (lc) on condition that it would 224 / Smithsonian Year 1982 be kept considerably cooler than our 76° F museum temperature. Through thermoelectric cooling units clamped to an aluminum tray, which holds the document under an airtight safety glass lid, this refrigeration system is basically orthodox. Most of the design effort went towards insuring that the system would be fail-safe under any accidental event imaginable. So far it has failed, safely, twice within half a year, but we are conscious that this document is intended to last for ever. Other achievements throughout the year include: evaluation of a vicious multipronged pigeon scarer for installation on city para- pets; explaining the appearance of a row of sticky drips on the walls of the Carmichael auditorium; and giving advice on the con- servation of eleventh-century Egyptian tombstones on the basis of analyses of debris from a modern Cairo stonecutter's yard. On the subject of fragmental stone, cal is studying gravel from the paths of a famous French park to find out why their paths are firm, while the National Mall gravel paths are so incohesive that a significant portion of the dust found inside the museums is fine quartz particles. The scientific staff also worked this year on two hallowed relics of American history: the Star-Spangled Banner and the Apollo 11 space capsule. The Star-Spangled Banner has been recently veiled for cleaning by nmah. Cal's role in this much-publicized affair was to report on the condition of the fibers so that a safe clean- ing method could be developed. Cal found the flag to be some- what weakened but basically healthy, and coated with a fine, easily removable dust. Cal identified the dyes on the fibers, which had been removed for tensile-strength measurements, allowing the scientists to advise on safe lighting of the flag. The red dye is cochineal and madder on a tin mordant; the blue is indigo. These are among the most light-fast of the traditional dyes. Even so, they fade fast in a bright light. The Appollo 11 capsule had some rusty liquid drip from its heat shield onto the Plexiglas enclosure. The trouble turned out to be corrosion of stainless-steel parts of the shield by salt absorbed on splashdown. Cal attributed the local, high humidity necessary for such corrosion to sunlight falling on the outer case and affecting the microclimate within. Tim Padfield (supervisor), David Erhardt, Martha Goodway, Museum Programs I 225 Walter Hopwood, Joan Mishara, and Harold Westley, make up the scientific staff involved in these various enterprises. ARCHAEOMETRY The Archaeometry Section added one new staff member during fiscal year 1982, Yu-tarng Cheng, a nuclear physicist who had been working in the Neutron Radiography Section of the National Bureau of Standards (nbs). Dr. Cheng is now assisting with the development of the cal's facility for neutron-induced autoradiog- raphy of oil paintings, using the nbs reactor. A study was begun on a painting by Thomas Wilmer Dewing, Lady with a Rose, from the collection of the nmaa. The study will complement the auto- radiographic study made earlier using the Brookhaven National Laboratory (bnl) Medical Reactor on the Metropolitan Museum's Tobit and the Angel by Dewing. During fiscal year 1982, the artifacts that were brought back from the Smithsonian expedition to Kodlunarn Island, Baffin Island, were received on loan from the Prince of Wales Heritage Center, Northwest Territories, Canada. An inventory of these artifacts was prepared in the Department of Anthropology. A sample of 55 mg of charcoal was obtained from a crevice in the surface of one of the iron blooms recovered on that expedition. That sam- ple has been submitted to the Chemistry Department at bnl for carbon-14 dating, using the small counter for which the cal con- tributed funds to develop. A thirteenth-century date was obtained earlier at bnl on carbon, which is now in the Naval History Divi- sion of the Museum of American History, (nmah) extracted from a bloom from that area. This bloom had been attributed to the sixteenth-century English explorer, Martin Frobisher; however, the carbon-14 date and the attribution do not agree. The Smithsonian expedition in August 1981 and the subsequent study of the exca- vated artifacts begun in fiscal year 1982 are intended to resolve the questions and shed more light on the history of the activities on Kodlunarn Island. A 1-mg sample of the charcoal from the Canadian bloom was also submitted to Dr. Lloyd Currie of the Gas and Particulate Science Division, Center for Analytical Chemistry, nbs, for even- tual comparison with the sample being dated at bnl. Dr. Currie is 226 / Smithsonian Year 1982 working on the origin of carbonaceous species in the atmosphere, deduced by radiocarbon. He is using 5-15 mL counters, like those developed at Brookhaven with cal funding, to determine the anthropogenic contribution to carbonaceous contaminants in the environment, but he is not presently doing carbon-14 dating. Dr. Currie is also beginning to explore the use of accelerator mass spectrometry to count C-14 atoms directly and is cooperating with the universities of Rochester and Arizona. Dr. Currie has repeat- edly offered space for a guest worker from cal to work with him on carbon-14 dating. M. James Blackman and Jacqueline S. Olin attended the Twenty-second International Archaeometry Symposium at the University of Bradford, Bradford, England, where they both pre- sented papers. Jacqueline Olin also presented a short talk on the Smithsonian's Round Table on Future Directions in Archaeometry held at the archaeometry meeting at bnl in May 1981. The pro- ceedings of this round table discussion were published during fiscal year 1982 by the Smithsonian Institution Press, with Jac- queline Olin as editor. Harold Westley has developed the use of direct-current, plasma- optical emission spectroscopy for quantitative analysis of major, minor, and trace elemental concentrations in ceramics. A compari- son with analyses obtained by neutron activation analysis showed excellent agreement. Marino Maggetti of the University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switz- erland, was a visiting scientist in the cal. Dr. Maggetti is with the Institute for Mineralogy and Petrography at the University of Fribourg and came to cal to participate in a project on archaeo- metric study of majolica ceramics. This work will be presented at the Archaeological Chemistry Symposium of the American Chemical Society in Kansas City, September 1982. Two post-doctoral fellows in Materials Analysis were selected from twelve applicants for that felowship. The two selected are Albert Jornet, who will receive his degree in geology from the University of Fribourg, and Christopher Nagle, whose degree is in anthropology from Brandeis University. Mr. Jornet will begin his fellowship with a field trip to Spain where he will collect sam- ples of clays used in the fifteenth- and sixteenth-century produc- Museum Programs / 227 tion of Spanish majolica. Mr. Nagle will continue the analysis, begun by Dr. Blackman, of nephrite source samples and artifacts from sites in Labrador. Charles Milton, who was formerly with the U.S. Geological Service and The George Washington University, was appointed as a research associate in cal. He will begin his appointment in Jan- uary 1983 and will be engaged in the study of scoriae from metal- working areas at the site of Tel el Malyan in Iran. Dr. Blackman (cal) has excavated at that site and has conducted neutron activa- tion analysis studies of ceramic and obsidian artifacts. National Museum Act Grant Programs Through its programs of grants, and in keeping with the original authorizing legislation of 1966, the National Museum Act (nma) continued to provide support for professional training for careers within the museum profession, for special studies investigating critical museum and museum-conservation problems, and for tech- nical assistance to the museum field. As in the past, the 1982 guidelines that describe the grant programs stressed the impor- tance of the conservation of museum collections and encouraged the submission of applications for conservation training and research projects. In 1982, 139 applications, requesting a total of $2,687,696 in support, were received. After review by the Advisory Council, 56 grants were awarded with available program funds that totaled $673,860. Thrity-five of the grants, representing $370,060 of the total award, dealt directly with conservation training, research, and studies. The majority of research and special-study projects supported in 1982 addressed conservation issues of critical importance to the care and preservation of the many types of collections held by museums. Among these were projects involving the development and testing of useful methods for cleaning tarnishes and other blemishes from daguerreotypes, ways through which albumen photographic prints could be preserved, and the development of consolidants for porous stone and masonry materials. Other stud- 228 / Smithsonian Year 1982 ies dealt with the effectiveness of certain treatments in extending the life of textiles. To help meet significant needs of museums generally, nma pro- vided support for projects making available technical information about museum administration, management of collections, educa- tional programs, exhibition planning, and similar topics. One such project has enabled the African American Museums Association to compile and distribute much-needed advisory and instructional material to its member museums. Forty-two grants were awarded in 1982 for training museum personnel. Training activities were varied and ranged from semi- nars offered to groups of museum-staff persons to advanced internships for conservation training at the graduate level. Many areas of specialization were represented in the conservation-train- ing programs supported by nma: paper, rare books, fine arts, tex- tiles, leather, and archaeological and ethnographic materials. Per- sons accomplished in these specializations, as well as conservator generalists, will help fill a major void in the pool of skilled resources needed by museums to preserve the diverse and irre- placeable objects and specimens in their collections for the benefit of present and future generations. Throughout the year, the National Museum Act office main- tained close liaison and exchanged information with agencies and other organizations that make grants to museums, as well as with professional museum and conservation associations. Office of Exhibits Central Activities in the offices and shops of the Office of Exhibits Central (oec) continued at a brisk pace throughout fiscal year 1982, pro- viding the widest range of exhibition services to clients within the Institution. Over 300 separate projects were requested, of which 227 were completed, with the balance scheduled into the next fiscal year. Long-range scheduling of projects has been the basis of oec operations since it was established in 1972 and is the major factor in oec's productivity. Functional and organizational aspects of the oec were studied Museum Programs / 229 during fiscal year 1982, and some substantial changes will occur early in fiscal 1983. Plans have been developed to computerize much of the accounting and administrative procedure, and it is hoped to have a terminal on line and programmed by the end of the calendar year. As a result of a task-force study by the Office of the Under Secretary, the Exhibits Motion Picture Unit (Karen Loveland, director, and John Hiller, assistant director), will be transferred from the oec to the Office of Telecommunications (otc). The Motion Picture Unit has been a source of great pride for the oec; the work it has produced in conjunction with exhibition pro- grams throughout the Institution is unmatched in the museum world. More than forty national and international motion picture awards, including eight Emmys, have been given to the unit in recognition of the excellence of its efforts. The transfer of the unit will make it possible for staff to extend their productivity to an ever-broader range of Smithsonian-wide film productions. The work of the film unit, as is true of the entire oec, was varied. This year it completed a thirty-second public service announcement (for TV) for the exhibition inua: spirit world of the bering sea eskimo at the National Museum of Natural His- tory (nmnh); two films (five minutes and eighteen minutes) shown in conjunction with the National Museum of American History (nmah) exhibition FDR: The Intimate Presidency; "A Star is Hatched," a ten-minute compilation of Hollywood's view of dino- saurs for the new Paleobiology Hall in nmnh; four, three-minute, 8 mm film loops on reptiles and amphibians for the Office of Education at the National Zoological Park (nzp); a nine-minute training film for museum personnel on the hearing-impaired, pro- duced in conjunction with the SI Office of Elementary and Secon- dary Education; and a film for the nzp, "Changes: The Story of Evolution and Speciation," animated by Film Polski in Warsaw. John Hiller again served as cinematographer for filming the Festival of American Folklife and, with the Folklife Office, he com- pleted a twenty-eight-minute film, "Miles of Smiles," which is a documentary for television about the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. He continues to film stone carvers at the National Cathedral and has shot footage for a film of "Jugtown" pottery. Projects to be completed in early 1983 include: "American Pic- 230 / Smithsonian Year 1982 ture Palaces/' a twenty-minute film produced with otc for the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, where it will be shown in conjunction with a major exhibition of the same name; and "Kalila wa Dimna/' a ten-minute animated film to be shown with the Renais- sance of Islam exhibition. In addition, two one-hour films — the working titles of which are "The Maine Coast" and "Caribbean Coral Reef" — are being produced with and for the Marine Sys- tems Laboratory. "Coral Reefs: Understanding Their Passage through Time," previously produced for the Marine Systems Lab- oratory, was selected to be shown at the Festival of Mountaineer- ing and Exploration Films, Trento, Italy, and at the tenth Semana Internacional de Cine Naval y del Mar, Cartagena, Spain. "The Big Cats and How They Came to Be," originally produced for the nzp, was shown in the Ottawa International Animation and Film Festival. William Jacobs, a designer at oec for two years, joined the nmah. His final projects for oec were an nmah exhibition on the women's movement, Perfect in Her Place, which has been rede- signed for travel with the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhi- bition Service (sites), and "Quicksilver Galleons," also a sites exhibition, designed and produced with the National Geographic Society. These are two of the more than twenty exhibitions designed, edited, and produced by oec for sites. The major sites exhibition this year — and oec's largest project of the year — is Ban Chiang: Discovery of a Lost Bronze Age, which will open at The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, on Novem- ber 10, 1982. Jim Mahoney, chief of oec, designed the exhibition, and Karen Fort, oec editor, wrote, edited, and assisted in design of this major presentation. Oec designed and installed the exhibition The Paintings of Frederic Clay Bartlett and Evelyn Fortune Bartlett in the Lounge of the Castle Building this year. Although some of oec's projects are small in size, or fairly quickly performed, all are special to the exhibition media. Pro- duction of crates for traveling exhibitions seems routine, but all must be custom made with a variety of interior treatments to accommodate and protect their valuable contents. The sites exhi- bition American Impression, an extremely valuable collection of paintings shown only in Europe, required extreme care in crate Museum Programs / 231 fabrication. The labels for this exhibition were produced in sev- eral languages, and the Ban Chiang exhibition is in both English and Thai — new challenges for our editorial staff. The editors continue to prepare copy and layouts for the Smithsonian Associates Travel Program announcements, and the Models, Plastics and Restoration Unit is producing, for the Feny- kovi elephant in the Rotunda of nmnh, a new pair of tusks (in fiberglas) that are the exact duplicates of the originals. The unit has also produced exceptionally accurate and realistic reproduc- tions of grave sites for the Ban Chiang exhibition. The Graphic Production Unit continues to work with all manner of museum presentations, silk-screening labels and preparing original works for exhibition and travel. Preparing natural history specimens by freeze-drying is now routine, and Rollie Hower continues to con- sult with other museums and related agencies in the use of this process. Oec staff continues to teach in the Office of Museum Program (omp) workshops and to participate in professional seminars and conferences wherever and whenever possible. Training and intern programs are now fairly routine, with three to five trainees work- ing with oec professionals at any time during the year. Our sched- ule appears equally full and exciting for next year, and we look forward to the challenges and satisfactions of creating museum exhibitions. Office of Horticulture During fiscal year 1982, the Office of Horticulture expanded into many new areas of educational, research, and exhibition activities, including organizing a student internship program, recruiting additional volunteers for all divisions, organizing major new col- lections of orchids and bromeliads, planting new gardens, plan- ning the relocation of storage of all plantings and garden furnish- ings from the Victorian Garden, continuing research in historic horticulture, developing plans for installing the first international horticultural exhibitions (to be held in Munich in 1983); acquiring major new collections of rare seed and nursery catalogues, and per- 232 / Smithsonian Year 1982 forming numerous services for all of the Smithsonian bureaus. Once again, without the dedicated performance of hard-working volunteers, interns, and work-study students, the office would not have accomplished its mission, especially in light of budget reductions. During the year, the office performed services for more than 300 special events for the various Smithsonian bureaus. For these events, the office provided potted palms, floral arrangements, and — in most cases — an ever-increasing number of magnificent orchids and bromeliads from our permanent collections. These events involved the participation of all divisions of the Office of Horticulture. The Education Division, under the direction of Ms. Lauranne C. Nash, staged the fifth annual Trees of Christmas exhibition at the National Museum of American History (nmah), from December 18, 1981, to January 4, 1982. There were twelve trees displayed: "Soft Sculpture Angels," by the Textile Volunteers, Witte Mu- seum, San Antonio, Texas; the tree of "Armenia," by the Arme- nian-American Society of Washington, D.C.; the "Swedish Dowel Tree," by Colleen Wallace; "Patchwork and Quilting," from the Eastern Shore Piecemakers Quilt Club (Easton, Maryland) Chap- ter of the National Quilters Association; "Kansas Golden Wheat Dollies," by the wheat weavers of Kansas; "Poland" by the Polish-American Arts Association of Washington, D.C., and Per- spectives, Inc.; "Germany," by the Association of German- Ameri- can Societies of Greater Washington, D.C.; "Ukraine," by the Ukrainian National Women's League of American, Inc., Chapter 78, Washington, D.C., and Slava Gerulak; "Origami Around the World," by Michael Shall, Alice Gray, and The Friends of the Origami Center of America; "American Celebration," by Dixie Rettig; "Gold Thread Embroidery," by Sara Hamilton; and "Grandma's Christmas," by Jeannette Whitmer. All ornaments — most of which were handmade — were contributed to the office and have been stored for future exhibitions. Mrs. Dixie Rettig, a dedicated volunteer, assisted Ms. Nash in the coordination of the exhibition. During the year, the Education Division coordinated the com- puterization of the office's permanent plant collections. A total of 20,000 records from 1972 to 1982 were entered into the Museum Programs I 233 permanent data files by Mrs. Libby Ellis Roberts, following the program of the American Horticultural Society Plant Science Data Center, with special provisions made by the office to accommodate the specialized orchid collection. The program was jointly devel- oped by Ms. Lauranne C. Nash, Director James R. Buckler, and Mr. Paul E. Desautels of the Office of Horticulture, in conjunc- tion with Mr. Frank Bennett and Mr. George Meyer of the Office of Information Resource Management. Brass labels are being pre- pared for installation on all permanent collections of trees, shrubs, vines, ground-cover plants, and greenhouse collections. It is antici- pated that the plant records will be up to date by late spring 1983. In the fall of 1981, the Education Division coordinated the relo- cation of the office's library to the North Balcony of the Arts and Industries Building, a move that brings together all the books needed to complement the research in historic horticulture being undertaken by Mr. Buckler and provides an organized reference facility for all staff members. Volunteers and interns — including Mrs. Marguerite MacMahon, Mrs. Libby Ellis Roberts, Mr. Robert Gardner, and Ms. Kris Ramstad — assisted in the inventory and organization of the new library area, and for the first time the forty regular periodicals were organized for research and public inquiries. Over seventy volumes of antique and contemporary horticultural books and approximately 1,000 antique catalogues — not including the magnificent Burpee Collection, described later — were added to the Office of Horticulture Collection. In January 1982, Mr. Buckler recruited a volunteer, Mrs. Laura Triest, to assist the Education Division in developing an intern- ship program. This task included preparing brochures and appli- cation forms for the program, compiling a mailing list of agri- cultural colleges and related horticultural organizations to be con- tacted, and canvassing most of these organizations to determine student interest in spending a summer working with the Office of Horticulture. This new and direct approach brought about great enthusiasm from students throughout the United States. Four interns were recruited, on a volunteer basis, for a six- to ten-week program, in which they received practical experience in the educational, research, and exhibition areas, in greenhouse-nursery production, and in the office's grounds management and maintenance opera- 234 / Smithsonian Year 1982 tions. The interns included Ms. Connie Maruca-Berger and Mrs. Libby Ellis Roberts, Northern Virginia Community College; Ms. Kris Ramstad, Oregon State University; Mr. Robert Gardner, James W. Robinson Secondary School; and Mrs. Marilyn Nordby, University of Virginia. The exhibition A Victorian Horticultural Extravaganza and the new orchid and tropical-plant exhibition in the National Museum of Natural History (nmnh) were assigned to the Education Divi- sion for coordination in 1982. Mr. Buckler was able to recruit a volunteer, Mr. Bruce Buntin, in spring of 1982, to coordinate the maintenance of the exhibition. This new approach allowed the office to continue the installation and rotation of fresh flowers and potted plants, as well as collection items in the exhibition. Without this volunteer effort, the exhibition would have been closed because of manpower restraints. Mr. Buntin was assisted by Mrs. Dorothy D. High, Mrs. Louise Grotlisch, Ms. Charlene Hescock, and Ms. Rosalie Goodrich. Their untiring efforts im- mensely improved the quality of the exhibition. The Interior Plant Program provided support to all museums by the management of the 2,000 plants located in various exhibi- tion areas. The Freer Gallery of Art, the Renwick Gallery, the nmah, and the National Museum of American Art (nmaa) had plant renovations done for their existing exhibit areas. Plant installation and management were also coordinated for museum exhibitions — including Hopi Kochina and the Dinosaur Hall at the nmnh; New Friends at the nmaa; von Steuben and George Washington at the nmah; and Yorktown at the Smithsonian Insti- tution building — as well as for exhibition changes at the National Museum of African Art and the Anacostia Neighborhood Mu- seum. Most of the plants for these exhibitions were grown at the office's Greenhouse-Nursery Division. The new Smithsonian Insti- tution Food Services Program was supported by the office's coordi- nating plant purchases and installations for them in their new cafeterias. The Greenhouse-Nursery Division, under the direction of Mr. August A. Dietz IV, continued to expand its collections and to modify its facilities to accommodate the expanding Orchid and Bromeliad Collections. During 1982, the division produced over 65,000 annual plants, over 10,000 cut flowers, and approximately Museum Programs I 235 13,500 seasonal plants, such as poinsettias, chrysanthemums, coleus, primroses, and forced spring bulbs. It propagated and maintained approximately 2,500 tropical plants tor exhibitions and special events, 37,000 orchids, and over 1,000 bromeiiads. Improvements such as vertical racking, installation of pad and fan cooling systems, new circulation fans, overhead misting systems, and installation of gravel and mulching beds in lath house and around greenhouses permitted the office to increase productivity as well as improve the over-all quality of its seasonal and peren- nial plant collections. Over twenty-six tours of the greenhouse- nursery facility were provided during 1982, fulfilling an increas- ing demand by garden clubs and orchid and other specialized plant societies requesting these tours. It is anticipated that docent volunteers will need to be recruited if the demands for tours con- tinue in fiscal year 1983. Mr. Paul E. Desautels continued as curator of the Office of Horticulture Orchidaceae Collection. Through his untiring efforts and those of the Orchid Subcommittee — Mrs. Mary Ripley, Dr. Edward Ayensu, Mr. Buckler, and newly appointed member, Mr. Paul N. Perrot — the collection increased substantially in number as well as quality. In fiscal year 1982, the Orchid Collection grew from approxi- mately 27,000 to over 37,000 plants of rare and endangered spe- cies, awarded and botanical hybrids, specialized display collec- tions, and new hybrids being developed through the breeding and meristem cultures of Office of Horticulture plants. In November 1981, an Orchid and Bromeliad Collection expedition to Colombia, South America, was sponsored by the office. Through the dedica- tion and assistance of Mr. Jaime and Mrs. Lehia Posada, and a local Colombian orchid specialist, a total of 820 rare orchids were added to the office's collection. Throughout the year, many rare and unusual orchids were added to the collection by purchase, exchange, or donation; how- ever, the addition of two major gifts in August and September of 1982 provided the office with some of the finest orchids avail- able in the United States. Dr. Henning Borchers of Mountainside, New Jersey, donated fifty-three rare orchid species and hybrids as well as miscellaneous orchid supplies. Mr. Joseph Koss II and Mr. Joseph Koss III donated the entire Black River Orchid Col- 236 / Smithsonian Year 1982 lection from South Haven, Michigan. This remarkable collection, negotiated by Mr. Desautels and Mr. Buckler, added over 15,000 rare and endangered species, awarded hybrids (contemporary and historic), and an extremely fine stud (breeding) collection to the Office of Horticulture. All of these orchids were packed through the efforts of Mr. Desautels, Mr. Ted Villapando (the Office of Horticulture orchid grower), and many fine volunteers from the South Haven area. Mr. Jules Armellini, of Armellini Trucking, Stuart, Florida, donated the services of a tractor-trailer and two drivers to transport the rare collection to the office's greenhouses, and all of the plants arrived in mid-September in excellent con- dition. They are now being accessioned into the permanent col- lection. In addition, Black River Orchids donated a substantial quantity of orchid supplies, clay pottery, and resource material to support the Orchid Collection. The Bromeliad Collection continued to expand in 1982 with a total of over 1,000 mature plants now being maintained by the Greenhouse-Nursery Division. These plants are used throughout the museums as companion plants for the Orchid Collection. The enormous growth of offsets from these plants allowed the office to provide surplus plants to the National Zoological Park, the United States Botanic Gardens, the Baltimore Aquarium, and the Cooper-Hewitt Museum and provided exchange material to in- crease the collection. Dr. Robert Read resigned as curator of the Bromeliad Collec- tion in 1982 due to workload and scheduling difficulties. In March 1982, the office participated in Florafest III, an educa- tional flower show presented by the United States Botanic Gardens, the Professional Grounds Management Society, the Smithsonian Institution, and other horticultural organizations in the Washing- ton area. Following the theme of "Fantasyland," Mr. John W. Monday, assistant director of the office, designed a gigantic shoe — 24 feet tall by 20 feet long by 8 feet wide — to emulate the Mother Goose nursery rhyme, "The Old Lady in the Shoe." The shoe, which was fabricated by Mr. Warren Abbott and Mr. Fred Burrow — gardener and maintenance mechanic, respectively — was made of wood, papier-mache, and wire. This colorful creation was set off with a wide variety of tropical foliage plants, primroses, cymbidium orchids, and spring flowering perennials grown by the Museum Programs / 237 office. Installation of the exhibition was coordinated by Mr. Mon- day in conjunction with the Greenhouse-Nursery Division and the Grounds Management Division. The exhibition was enjoyed by over 30,000 visitors to the United States Botanic Gardens Con- servatory. Throughout 1982, the office continued to coordinate the design and installation of the East Garden (formerly the Garden for the Handicapped) between the Arts and Industries Building and the west wall of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. The raised beds were planted with a broad array of colorful, textural, fragrant perennials, annuals, herbs, shrubs, and trees that were selected to entice the senses. A magnificent three-tiered, cast-iron Victorian fountain (ca. 1875) from the office's collection was in- stalled by the Office of Plant Services. In addition, a cast-iron Victorian "Griffin" urn and two J. L. Mott cast-iron Victorian urns (ca. 1880) were installed in the garden and planted with an ex- uberance of colorful flowers and vines. A grand opening of the garden is scheduled for spring of 1983 to highlight the contribu- tion that the Women's Committee of the Smithsonian Associates made toward the garden. The Grounds Management Division, under the direction of Mr. Kenneth Hawkins, installed over 75,000 annuals, 80,000 spring bulbs, 25,000 pansies, and more than 400 large specimen tropical standards and topiaries on Smithsonian Institution grounds. Special projects included installation of the Florafest III flower show and the Trees of Christmas exhibition; resodding major areas of the nmnh and the nmaa; installation of an irrigation system in the perennial border of the nmnh; and coordinating the installation of the new East Garden; as well as the continued renovation and management of all exterior plantings of the Smithsonian Institu- tion museums in the Washington, D.C. area. The Office of Horticulture has designed and will coordinate the installation of a nineteenth-century style garden for the IV. Inter- nationale Gartenbau-Ausstellung to be held in Munich, Federal Republic of Germany, from April 28-October 9, 1983. Designed by Mr. Buckler and Mrs. Kathryn Meehan, the garden, entitled the "Smithsonian Institution — American Garden," is sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution, but will be privately funded. The office is continuing to strengthen its historic horticulture 238 / Smithsonian Year 1982 research resources. Through the efforts of volunteers Marguerite MacMahon, Sally Tomlinson, and Nell Vetter, the assembling, labeling and registration of growing collections of nineteenth- century stereopticon cards, seed catalogues, design books, garden furnishings catalogues, and slides duplicated from illustrations from nineteenth-century publications is vastly increasing the of- fice's ability to serve other Smithsonian Institution bureaus and the public. A significant increase in the number of public inquiries from other museums and individual researchers — as a result of lectures, publications, exhibitions, and tours, along with a generally growing interest in nineteenth-century horticulture — indicates that the office has become an important source for information in this field. In addition, Mr. Buckler and Mrs. Meehan continued collect- ing historic information and data for their manuscript, The Horti- cultural Extravaganza of the Victorian Era, to be published by the Smithsonian Institution Press. The year was particularly active for Mr. Buckler, who presented lectures on historic and practical horticulture at various museums and garden clubs throughout the United States; served on the thesis committee for Ms. Nancy Bossier of the Longwood Program, University of Delaware; acted as judge at the National Cathedral Flower Mart; and served on the Board of Advisors for the National Colonial Farm in Accokeek, Maryland; gave special tours for the Resident Associates Program to Longwood Gardens, Chanticleer, Tyler Arboretum, and the Office of Horticulture greenhouses located at the United States Soldiers' and Airmen's Home; traveled to England and the Netherlands to study major horticulture shows and gardens; and gave a special tour of the Victorian Garden and A Victorian Horticultural Extravaganza for the members of the Council of Botanical and Horticultural Libraries. On June 16, Mr. Buckler and Dr. Joan Challinor traveled to West Grove, Pennsylvania, to meet with Mr. Richard Hutton, president of the Conrad-Pyle Star Roses Co., to discuss naming a rose in honor of the Bicentennial celebration to commemorate the 1783 signing of the Treaty of Paris. A miniature rose was selected, and the name "American Independence" was chosen. The rose was accepted by the American Rose Society in August 1982. This new rose will be marketed by the Treaty of Paris Bicentennial Com- mittee through the Smithsonian magazine, the Resident and Na- Museum Programs I 239 tional Associates, and the Smithsonian Institution Museum Shops. In July, Mr. Buckler and Mrs. Meehan visited the University of Rochester to study the renowned Ellwanger-Barry Collection of catalogues, memorabilia, and records of the Mt. Hope Nurseries. A number of superb photographs, illustrations, and records — se- lected by Mr. Buckler for duplication — will be used in future edu- cational research and exhibitions. Also in July, Mr. Buckler and Mrs. Meehan visited Fordhook Farms — the original W. Atlee Burpee home and seed production site — to negotiate the donation of approximately 6,000 seed, nur- sery, and other horticultural trade catalogues from 1876 to 1940; the Burpee family records; rare horticultural books, photographs; and memorabilia from one of the greatest horticultural families in America. Following a meeting with Mrs. Linda Harris — represent- ing W. Atlee Burpee Co. — and Mrs. David Burpee, the gift was accepted for the Office of Horticulture. This remarkable collection, packed and shipped to the Smithsonian Institution during the week of September 20, represents one of the greatest resources in horti- cultural history in America. The entire Burpee Collection will be sorted and catalogued by the office, together with the Smithsonian Institution Libraries, and made available for scholarly research. Throughout 1982, Mr. Buckler and his staff coordinated plans to remove the Victorian Garden as part of the Quadrangle Project. The majority of the trees were to be relocated at the new Museum Support Center in Silver Hill, with the remaining plantings sched- uled to be relocated to the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Gardens, the nmaa, the United States Soldiers' and Airmen's Home, and the new East Garden. A total of 1,092 major trees and shrubs and several thousand perennials were removed to Smith- sonian Institution museums in fall of 1982. Office of International Activities The objects of cultural history and the specimens of natural history preserved in Smithsonian museums, as well as the professional people who study and exhibit them, are employed in a global research and education process. The Office of International Activi- 240 / Smithsonian Year 1982 ties (oia) contributes to this process by fostering international dimensions of Smithsonian programs. It does so by advising pro- gram managers and by maintaining liaison with the United States and foreign governments, with private institutions around the world, and with international organizations. In fiscal year 1982, oia enhanced its capabilities to serve Smith- sonian staff when Richard T. Conroy, deputy director, completed a Handbook for International Activities, summarizing knowledge accumulated through years of helping international projects suc- ceed. In addition, a group of volunteer escorts for foreign visitors to the Institution was organized. The group was formed from a list of Washington area residents with substantial experience abroad, compiled by the Smithsonian Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center. Oia's Brian J. LeMay coordinated the work of the escorts and the schedules of foreign dignitaries, insuring appropriate contacts with Smithsonian staff as well as follow-up correspondence. The volunteers contributed substantially to successful arrangements for 101 foreign dignitaries whose visits were managed by oia during fiscal year 1982. Noteworthy and illustrative of other Office activities in 1982 were: consultations with the Immigration and Naturalization Ser- vice on new legislation affecting visas for foreign scholars invited to conduct research in the United States; coordination of contribu- tions from eight different Smithsonian offices to the celebration One Hundred Years of United States-Korean Diplomatic Relations; communication with nations of Asia and the Middle East, concern- ing their support for construction of the Quadrangle, the center for non-Western cultures to be built on the Mall to serve as a showcase in the nation's capital for cultures rarely seen and poorly understood by many Americans; monitoring of conditions in East- ern Europe that might affect the showing of the exhibition Ameri- can Impressionism, which was to tour the German Democratic Re- public, Bulgaria, and Romania under the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service in cooperation with the United States Information Agency (formerly the International Communication Agency). Research initiatives with the People's Republic of China, coor- dinated by oia, involved realization of four projects agreed upon with the Chinese Academy of Sciences during the previous year. Museum Programs I 241 The initial exchange of paleobiologists was completed in August 1982 when Jin Yugan of the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology departed after eight months in the Smithsonian's Department of Paleobiology. He had worked both in collaboration with Dr. Richard Grant on Permian brachiopods collected when they traveled together in China in the fall of 1981, and under a Smithsonian fellowship covering other research interests of the Chinese scholar. In October 1981, Dr. Robert Higgins of the Department of Invertebrate Zoology collected meiofauna specimens at Qingdao and Yantai and lectured at the Qingdao Institute of Oceanology, his host institution. In addition, in July 1982, the ornithologist Zheng Baolai from the Kunming Institute of Zoology arrived at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama to begin two years of research with Dr. Martin Moynihan and others there. Finally, three Americans, led by Dr. Dennis Stanford of the Department of Anthropology, surveyed potential Pleistocene ar- chaeological excavation sites in northeastern China and toured other well-known sites during the period of July through September 1982. This was the second phase of a joint program that brought three Chinese scholars from the collaborating Institute of Verte- brate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology to work on Dr. Stan- ford's paleoindian excavation in Colorado the previous summer. Altogether, oia provided advice and assistance on twenty-nine Chinese exchange matters during the year. The oia supported a total of 224 similar Smithsonian collabora- tive projects with other nations during fiscal year 1982. In addition, 63 exchange visitors and 54 students — a total of 117 profession- als— were processed by the office for participation in Smithsonian programs. Twenty-three visa problems were solved for foreign scholars at the Institution, and, finally, oia responded to 22 re- quests for assistance from like-minded institutions in the United States and abroad during the year. 242 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Chung Chai-Kak, president of the Academy of Korean Studies, addresses Secretary Ripley's reception in the Freer courtyard after the conference "A Century of United States-Korean Relations/' sponsored by the Korean Acad- emy and the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Below. The omp's Native American Museums Program utilized on-site locations from several reservations for the production of Tribal Archives, a slide-tape pro- gram. Here we see the archives of the Museum of the Cherokee Indian, in North Carolina. Office of Museum Programs The Office of Museum Programs (omp) of the Smithsonian Institu- tion provides training, services, information, and assistance for the professional enhancement of museum personnel and institutions throughout the United States and abroad. Its objectives are ful- filled through a program of interrelated activities and services and through research into methods to improve the effectiveness and impact of museum operations and practices. The availability of diverse and extensive resources at the Smith- sonian enables the omp to offer useful museum training workshops, both in Washington, D.C., and on-site, and to arrange for intern- ships, short-term professional visits, and foreign professional train- ing and group projects. The office produces and distributes audio- visual presentations on conservation theory, preventive care and practice, and on educational programming, and conducts studies to evaluate museum exhibitions and educational programs. On an individual basis, experienced members of the staff offer counseling and consulting services and arrange conferences on museum careers, training, and museum practices. The staff also provides training, technical assistance, and consultation services for Native American museums. Associated with the omp is a branch of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries known as the Museum Refer- ence Center, which consists of a special and unique collection of books, periodicals, research papers, subject-matter files, and docu- ments on museums and their operations. Resources at the center are available to museum professionals and others interested in doing research on museums. The grouping of these functions into one program enables the Institution to respond effectively and directly to the multitude of requests received from museums throughout the United States and abroad for assistance and guidance in enhancing their own opera- tional methods, practices, and techniques. The arrangement has the added benefit of keeping the staff of the Institution informed and aware of museological developments elsewhere. The omp is coordinating the planning efforts of Smithsonian con- servators and local universities for a graduate conservation train- ing program to be centered at the Museum Support Center, now nearing completion in Suitland, Maryland. 244 / Smithsonian Year 1982 The Kellogg Foundation, recognizing the scope and breadth of the omp's national and international activities, this year awarded a generous three-year grant to the Office of Museum Programs and the Resident Associates Program "to expand the educational influence of museums" everywhere. With the guidance of a national advisory committee, the office will implement the program through colloquia, workshops, residencies, and videotapes for museum professional leadership throughout the United States. By promoting interaction among museums colleagues and representa- tives of community resources — such as universities, corporations, civic organizations, and school systems — the program will encour- age a greater recognition and utilization of the educational poten- tial of museums. WORKSHOPS The omp sponsors an annual schedule of three- to five-day work- shops to provide training opportunities for museum professionals from the United States and abroad. The workshops, which are held at the Smithsonian Institution and elsewhere, focus on current theories and practices in the field, and make both human and material resources available to the larger museum community. National surveys are undertaken to assure that workshops are responsive to the needs of the profession. The most recent survey was compiled in 1982. The Smithsonian Workshop Series draws faculty members from the Institution's staff, and outside experts join the program to offer specialized information or to speak from a particular perspective. Subject matter covers a broad range of topics including exhibition design and production, registration methods, membership, develop- ment, collections management and maintenance, grant solicitation and administration, educational programming, evaluation, museum- shop management, volunteers and docent training, security, storage, archives administration, and museum management. During 1982, more than 300 museum professionals enrolled in the workshop sessions. Participants represented all types of museums, and came from a broad geographic distribution that included 42 states in the continental United States and the District of Columbia. In addition, there were museum professionals from Canada, Kuwait, Panama, India, Great Britain, Mexico and Australia. Museum Programs / 245 Besides these programs, regional workshops were conducted in cooperation with the Southern Arts Federation, the Virginia Asso- ciation of Museums, and The George Washington University's Division of Continuing Education. With this cosponsorship, and at no cost to the Institution, programs were presented by Smith- sonian faculties to professionals in the field. INTERNSHIP PROGRAM The Smithsonian Office of Museum Programs' Internship Program offers specialized training in museum practices to undergraduate and graduate students and to professionals employed in the field. Individuals from the United States and foreign countries are eli- gible to participate. During 1982, the program, coordinated by Mary Lynn Perry, placed sixty-six individuals in internship posi- tions throughout the Institution. Seventeen of these persons were from foreign countries. The internships sometimes carry academic credit, but no stipends are provided by the Institution. The aver- age length of an internship is from four to six months, with shorter or longer programs available. As with the workshops, the focus of the internships is on museum practices; intern assignments may involve training in administration, education, collections management, conservation, registration, exhibit design and production, and curatorial depart- ments. Long-term interns, especially those from foreign countries, often elect to travel as part of their program. In such cases, the omp prepares itineraries and contacts staff of appropriate museums throughout the United States and, in some cases, arrangements with foreign museums also may be made. Interns participate in a wide variety of programs in addition to their assignments. The omp coordinates meetings, lectures and special presentations by foreign interns to supplement the interns' museum experiences. In 1982, the omp organized a nine-week Museum Careers Seminar Series, which exposed Smithsonian interns to a variety of career choices in the museum field. VISITING PROFESSIONALS PROGRAM A specialized service is offered to museum professionals interested in shorter periods of training and study. Through the Visiting Professionals Program, museum professionals gain access to col- lections and Smithsonian staff for concentrated discussion and con- 246 / Smithsonian Year 1982 sultation. The program is designed to serve individuals who are available for training periods of up to one month and it consists of a combination of meetings, workshop activities, demonstrations, research opportunities, and visits to museums selected to meet special training needs. During 1982, eighty individuals, represent- ing museums in the United States and abroad, took part in the program. Cosponsorship of the annual Education in Museums Project continued with the United States Information Agency (formerly the International Communications Agency). Twelve museum pro- fessionals from foreign countries participated in a four-day sem- inar in Washington, D.C., as well as in a thirty-day program in museums in five U.S. cities, all arranged by omp. CONSERVATION INFORMATION PROGRAM The Conservation Information Program (cip) produces and dis- tributes a series of educational, audiovisual information packages as a service to museums and other cultural institutions. In 1982, the program offered sixteen slide presentations and ninety-nine videotaped presentations, most of which are accompanied by technical booklets. These audiovisual presentations are borrowed periodically by organized museum training programs or by individuals concerned with museum practices. The content of the presentations helps to sharpen observational skills and increases awareness of current practices in preventive care of museum collections, and to encour- age museum staff participation in protecting cultural property from both natural and man-made hazards. Some of the programs are planned to enhance the skills of museum educators and to make museum staffs more aware of visitors' needs. Since 1974, when the program began, 4,742 presentations have been sent on short-term loan. In 1982, 292 slide shows and 286 videotapes were requested by, and lent to, museums, other institu- tions, and individuals. Because the loan program is limited to the United States and Canada, a sales program was initiated in 1976 in response to requests for these presentations from museums in foreign coun- tries. In 1982, 47 slide shows and 167 videotapes were sold to museums in France, Italy, Venezuela, and Peru. In addition, in Museum Programs I 247 1982, 519 technical booklets were disseminated to institutions and individuals on request. Copies of the technical booklets were also sent to libraries requesting them. This year the cip received an award for its 1981 videotape pro- duction entitled "Museum Careers." The award, given by the Information Film Producers of America, Inc., cited cip for achieve- ment in the training and education category of its Audiovisual Department of the Year Competition. In the last four years, the omp Video Production Unit has expanded beyond serving only the cip; it also provides video services to many other units and bureaus of the Smithsonian. Dur- ing fiscal year 1982, omp responded to 228 requests for dubbings, documentation, training, and viewings. A list of new cip audio- visual offerings may be found in Appendix 6. NATIVE AMERICAN MUSEUMS PROGRAM The Native American Museums Program (namp) provides specially designed educational and training opportunities to the personnel of Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut urban and tribal museums and cul- tural centers for the advancement of museum practices; it also serves as a focus for regional and national concerns and informa- tion related to Native American cultural-heritage preservation. In previous years, the program conducted a series of on-site work- shops and internships, and provided on-site technical assistance, which required staff and participant travel expenditures. In 1982, because of reduced funding to both the tribal organizations and the namp, travel to tribal centers was curtailed, and program efforts were concentrated on developing new ways of serving these museums and groups. Educational materials and lines of com- munications were developed to provide sources of information and data to those participants who were at a distance from Washing- ton as well to as those who were able to come to the Smithsonian. The namp produced the slide-tape presentation, Tribal Archives. The program, which premiered at the Tribal Archives Conference in Denver, was also shown at the American Indian Librarians Association meeting in Philadelphia, and to the board of directors of the Americans for Indian Opportunity. A Native American Museums Program newsletter was initiated this year to maintain close liaison and exchange information with 248 / Smithsonian Year 1982 tribal cultural groups and other organizations who work closely with Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut museum collections and personnel. It was developed through an extensive network of Native Ameri- can contacts and will be published quarterly. A new bibliography, Native American Museums and Related Issues, was researched and compiled this year. It includes such topics as ethics, sacred objects, exhibition policy, history of the Native American movement, and the role and function of tribal museums and centers. The namp responded to more than fifty requests for assistance and information from Native Americans and other museum pro- fessionals and researchers. Services included supplying copies of specially selected materials, setting up appointments with experts, suggesting appropriate places for observation of museum opera- tions, arranging for research opportunities, and providing biblio- graphic citations. MUSEUM REFERENCE CENTER The year has been a productive one for the Museum Reference Center (mrc), a branch of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries system. Activities centered around providing information and bibliographic service to museum professionals, students research- ing specific aspects of museology, and the public in need of museum administrative guidance. Administrators, curators, trust- ees, friends of museums, educators, and students of this burgeon- ing field were given assistance with their problems and studies. In 1982, the mrc answered over 2,500 inquiries, and the staff has met and instructed over 500 visitors in the use of the center. Under the guidance of Rhoda Ratner, the omp's publication, Museum Studies Programs in the United States and Abroad, was published in its third edition. The publication meets the growing demand for information about museum curricula in museums and academic institutions in this country and abroad. To meet the need for reference sources in museology, two bibliographies have been compiled to add to the extensive biblio- graphic lists of over forty subjects: De-Accessioning: Disposal of Museum Objects and Open- Air Museums: Outdoor Museums and Restored Villages. Other bibliographies on computers in museums, ethics, museum training, and an extensive resource on transporta- Museum Programs I 249 tion museums of all types have been compiled in preparation for publication. The mrc's librarian, who serves as consultant to other museum libraries, has addressed the omp Workshop Series, increasing an awareness in the museum community of the museum informa- tion resources available to them. Many of the participants have studied the activities, programs, and practices of museums in the center's rich clearinghouse of museum data. Through their inquiries and those of others unable to visit the center, the staff has been able to further identify current aspects of the field to enrich the contents of the subject and organization files. The mrc continues to receive visits from foreign professionals. During the last year, these have included groups and individuals from the Philippines, Israel, Syria, El Salvador, Canada, Australia, India, Peru, Kuwait, and Honduras. The librarian met with a representative of the Paris-based International Council of Museums Documentation Center, con- cerning a critique of the key-word descriptors in museology and to discuss mutual problems of concern in terminology. Local university professors and students in museum studies pro- grams utilized the mrc on a regular basis. Briefings were provided, individually and in groups, to new students in these programs at The George Washington University, Mary Washington College, College of William and Mary, and the University of Maryland. Materials continue to be added to the collections, and gifts of museum exhibition catalogues and guidebooks were given to the center as a result of visits by international interns and profes- sionals. In March 1982, Catherine D. Scott became the new chief of the mrc, replacing Rhoda Ratner. MUSEUM EVALUATION STUDIES During 1982, museum evaluation studies, conducted by Dr. Robert Wolf of the University of Indiana, dealt with several important developmental projects: a coral-reef study for the National Museum of Natural History (nmnh) was completed, and the final report was prepared; an Anacostia Neighborhood Museum study on the development of labels for hearing-impaired children was completed; a comparative study of the fossil fuel and Alvin 250 / Smithsonian Year 1982 exhibits at the nmnh were disseminated; and — from January 1981 to June 1982 — a training program was presented at the National Museum of American Art to instruct docents and educational staff in evaluation techniques. OTHER ACTIVITIES Career counseling for people who are interested in the museum field is a subsidiary activity of the omp; more than one hundred counseling sessions were held last year. The office also organizes national and international conferences, and staff members serve as consultants to university and other museum studies programs, to offices and departments of the Smithsonian Institution — such as the Office of International Activities and the Office of Symposia and Seminars — to the SI-ALI-ABA Law Conference, and to Pro- grams for the Disabled. During 1982, over one hundred consulta- tions on museum practices and organization were provided to persons from foreign countries and the United States. Staff members served as speakers at regional and national museum conferences and were actively engaged in international museum activities. They attended professional meetings of the American Association of State and Local History, the Midwest Museums Conference, icom Conservation Committee, Northeast Museums Conference, Southeastern Museums Conference, Ameri- can Association of Museums (aam), International Institute for Conservation, New England Museums Association, and icom Advisory Committee. Program Manager Jane Glaser is secretary and board member of the icom Committee on Training and is program chairperson for the committee's 1982 meeting. She is on the aam Council and serves as chairperson of the Smithsonian Institution's committee for planning the Conservation Training Program at the Museum Support Center. She also serves as chairperson of the Audio-Visual Advisory Committee and is the coordinator of metric conversion at the Smithsonian, where a metric-awareness campaign was launched, with distribution of materials and a "pilot" metric train- ing workshop. Omp is also represented on the Smithsonian Insti- tution Internship and Conservation Councils. In 1982, Mrs. Glaser made presentations to: the District of Columbia Arts; university presidents from India; an ICOM dele- Museum Programs / 251 gation from Finland; the ICOM Committee on Training; an Art News conference; the Organization of American Historians; the American University School of Government; the American Asso- ciation of the History of Medicine; classes in museum studies at The George Washington University, University of Delaware, and Pennsylvania State University; and a group of Latin American museum professionals. She was appointed to represent museums on a Commission for the Social Sciences, organized by the Inter- national Research and Exchanges Board, which is exploring the possibilties of exchanges of personnel, publications, and research with East Germany, and she served on the Interagency Task Force on Education for the Interagency Committee on the Arts and Humanities. A list of omp publications may be found in Appendix 6. Office of the Registrar During the last five years, the museum profession, in response to growing concern about the accountability obligations of museums, has placed ever-increasing emphasis on sound principles, policies, and procedures for collections management. The Institution has not only moved with the trend, but often determined the pace. Shortly after the Office of the Registrar was reorganized in 1976 it was assigned responsibility for providing impetus and monitor- ing developments within the Smithsonian. The role of the office, informal and loosely defined at the outset, gradually assumed better definition and finally became formalized with the issuance of an official mission statement in 1982. The office now has a firmly established responsibility for insuring the adequacy of Smithsonian collections management policies and procedures. The activities of the office during the year, though formalized by the mission statement, followed the pattern already established for on-going programs. Monitoring and reporting on progress in collection inventories, reviewing the few btireau collections-man- agement policies that are still not up to standard, and coordinat- ing the affairs of the Registrarial Council continued to occupy the office's attention. Its annual workshop on registration methods and 252 / Smithsonian Year 1982 its semiannual workshops on computerization for museum collec- tions were presented as usual and its presentation on the formula- tion of policies was included again as a regular feature of the workshop on collections. Smithsonian Institution Archives After twelve years of service as archivist, Richard H. Lytle moved on to become director of the Office of Information Resource Management. Under Lytle's guidance, the Smithsonian Institution Archives (sia) developed, from mostly an ancillary file unit to the Office of the Secretary, into a strong institutional repository. The sia's holdings increased from 1,097 linear feet to 10,000 linear feet of records, accessioned from the major art, history, and science museums and bureaus of the Institution. Complementing this growth, programs were developed to make the rich documentation resources of the Smithsonian more accessible to administrators and scholars. William A. Deiss, deputy archivist, assumed the duties of acting archivist on July 11, 1982. In January 1982, Gail McMillan, assis- tant archivist, resigned, and Susan E. Westgate was appointed to fill that post. After three years of negotiations, the sia, in cooperation with Oxford University, donated its small holdings of the John Obadiah Westwood Collection to the Hope Entomological Library at Oxford University. Richard Lytle delivered the collection to E. J. Warnock, vice-chancellor of Oxford, in May. In June, historian Pamela M. Henson attended a seminar on "Hierarchy and Classification in the Biological Sciences," held at the Naples, Italy, Zoological Station. During 1982 selection and preservation of archives continued in the National Museum of Natural History, the National Museum of American History, the National Museum of American Art, and the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Work began on archival programs in the Office of the General Counsel and the Office of Audits. The sia returned to the National Zoo- logical Park to continue its work there, and discussions were held at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory concerning the use Museum Programs I 253 of machine-readable records. Major survey projects begun in fiscal year 1981 in the National Air and Space Museum and the National Portrait Gallery, were completed during FY82. A survey and transfer of archival records were made at the Smithsonian Science Information Exchange. Records disposition schedules were estab- ished for the Office of Membership and Development, Smith- sonian Exposition Books, and the Freer Gallery of Art Museum Shop. Disposition of records under established schedules contin- ued in the Office of Plant Services, Accounting Services Division, Office of Protection Services, Secretary's Files, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, and the Smithsonian Institution Em- ployees Federal Credit Union. Scholars continued to visit the sia during the past year. Several recent publications have appeared, based at least in part on mate- rial in the archives. Among them are Robert W. Rydell II, "All the World's a Fair: America's International Expositions, 1876- 1919," Doctoral dissertation, University of California at Los Angeles, 1980; John M. Peterson, ed., "Buffalo Hunting in Mon- tana in 1886: The Diary of W. Harvey Brown," Montana, The Magazine of Western History 31 (1981):2-13; Marilyn S. Cohen, "American Civilization in Three Dimensions: The Evolution of the Museum of History and Technology of the Smithsonian Insti- tution," Doctoral dissertation, The George Washington Univer- sity, 1980; William A. Deiss and Raymond B. Manning, "The Fate of the Invertebrate Collections of the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, 1853-1856," in History in the Service of Systematics, edited by Alwyne Wheeler and James H. Price (London: Society for the Bibliography of Natural History, 1981); Lester D. Stephens, Joseph Le Conte: Gentle Prophet of Evolution (Baton Rouge: Lou- isiana State University Press, 1982); and Robert Ryal Miller, "James Orton: A Yankee Naturalist in South America, 1867- 1877," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 126 (1982):ll-25. Work in progress includes biographies of John LeConte, James E. Keeler, and Henry Rowe Schoolcraft; a history of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum; an historical account of America's world's fairs; a study of the early fossil invertebrate collections of Fielding B. Meek and Ferdinand V. Hayden; and a centennial his- tory of the American Ornithologists' Union. 254 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Major accessions were received from the Assistant Secretary for Administration, the Assistant Secretary for History and Art, the Assistant Secretary for Museum Programs, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, the National Air and Space Museum, the Smithsonian Science Information Exchange, the National Museum of American History, the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Libraries, Office of Programming and Budget, Office of Telecommunications, and the Office of Grants and Risk Management. Other accessions of note include: the records of the Museum Education Roundtable; the records of the Audubon Naturalist Society of the Central Atlantic States, Inc.; the papers of Farouk El-Baz, Nathan Reingold, and Doris Holmes Blake; additions to the papers of C. Malcolm Watkins, Harry H. Knight, and Charles P. Alexander; the records of the Society of Systematic Zoology; and the records of the Entomological Society of Washington. The Oral History Program continued, with interviews of two Smithsonian administrators. Materials accessioned and prepared for research use during the year include interviews with Watson M. Perrygo, former National Museum of Natural History (nmnh) taxidermist and field collector, Harald A. Rehder, a marine-mollusk specialist who celebrated his fiftieth anniversary at the Institution this year, and with members of the nmnh's Senate of Scientists on the formation of their faculty senate. Smithsonian Institution Libraries Smithsonian Institution Libraries (sil) embodies and continues a tradition of library service provided for in the Foundation Charter of 1846. In the mid-1960s Secretary Ripley, realizing that the Smithsonian needs orderly and speedy access to information, re- organized, from various quasi-independent library units and collec- tions, an institution-wide system called the "Smithsonian Institu- tion Libraries" and placed it under the leadership of one director. In fiscal year 1982, no new libraries were added to this system, Museum Programs I 255 although plans have been advanced for a branch library in the field of horticulture. The libraries at the Smithsonian Marine Sta- tion at Link Port, the Freer Gallery of Art, the Joseph Henry Papers, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, and the National Museum of American Art/National Portrait Gallery — rep- resenting about twenty percent of the Institution's library expendi- tures— do not report to the sil director and are discussed elsewhere. However, the sil assists these libraries in many ways and devotes approximately five percent of its budget to their direct support. The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, the Na- tional Gallery of Art, and the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts libraries are further removed from the daily life of sil, although the Woodrow Wilson library's acquisition func- tions are done gratis by sil. Comprising some thirty-five geographically dispersed branch and satellite libraries, the sil is organized on the model common in major North American universities, effecting centralized econ- omies of administration, collections, and systems planning. In 1982 branches of the sil operated in Cambridge,. Massachusetts, New York City, the Washington, D.C., area, and the Republic of Panama. The sil is organized in three operational divisions: Bibliographic Systems, concerned with automated control of all sil inventories and providing standard descriptions of all holdings; Collections Management, responsible for policies, acquisitions, preservation, and housing of library collections essential to Smithsonian work; and Research Services, charged with direct, personal assistance to, and interpretation for, the scholarly clientele of the Libraries. Each of these divisions reports to a manager, who is a member of the sil executive staff. The sil, led by the director and associate direc- tor, is also assisted by staff for systems planning and administra- tion, exhibitions and publications, and resource development. RESOURCES The sil is financed chiefly from the federal budgets granted by Congress; in fiscal year 1982, these federal monies were $3,153,000 or 93 percent of sil funding. The remaining seven percent, or $230,300, came from Smithsonian Institution trust funds. The sil budgets represent two percent of all Smithsonian expenditures — 256 / Smithsonian Year 1982 The sia recently received the papers of Charles P. Alexander, entomologist and world author- ity on crane-flies. Dr. Alexander is here seen on a collecting trip to Ithaca, New York, 1914. This display is from the sil ex- hibition Art of the Fine Press Book, held for an Associates' course in 1982. federal and trust. In addition, the libraries received in 1982 $300,000 in foreign-exchange currencies (P.L. 480) to support its translation-publication program over the next years. In addition, during fiscal year 1982, the sil obtained three grants. One, for $31,500, is from the Atherton Seidell Fund to automate old catalogue records of sil scientific holdings. The second, $12,500, also from the Seidell Fund, is for the publication of a catalogue describing manuscripts in the Dibner donation. The third, $27,500, from the James Smithson Society, strengthened the libraries' bird collections by permitting purchase of Thomas Brown's Illustrations of the American Ornithology of Alexander Wilson and Charles Lucien Bonaparte (1835). Mr. David Dibner of Norwalk, Connecticut, continues as in the past to support development of SIL Special Collections. In this year, Dibner funds were used to purchase G. Polacco's Anticoper- nicus Catholicus (Venice, 1644). Another important sil benefactor in 1982 is the estate of physi- cist Claire K. Marton, bequesting 142 rare volumes in the history of science, which augment the large library given by Dr. Bern Dibner in 1976. During 1982, the Libraries began its first approaches to founda- tions. Also, a proposal for a National Advisory Board was drafted and studied for its feasibility. PERSONNEL The sil was authorized ninety-four federally funded work years in 1982. This represents more than a ten percent reduction of forces over 1981. In addition to federally funded positions, the sil has nine employees supported by the Smithsonian trust funds. The reduction of personnel resulted in curtailment of some services in sil branches, slowed the rate of cataloguing in older collections not yet under bibliographic control, and necessitated a heavy reliance on volunteers. Major staffing accomplishments of the year include the redeploy- ment of personnel in the Research Services division, the completion of an extensive committee structure whereby many sil employees are involved in all aspects of the Libraries' planning and decision making, and the appointment of a professional librarian as liaison with the Library of Congress. Two professional librarians were 258 / Smithsonian Year 1982 deducted from the Bibliographic Systems division and reassigned to Research Services for direct assistance to readers. Two important executive positions (systems planner and administrative officer) were merged into one, effecting savings. The staffing of the Libraries is at least one-third less than is normal in academic research libraries of similar scope; this thinness provides no fail-safe backup and is particularly serious given the geographic spread of the branches. That the sil manages to pro- vide a basic level of service is due in no small measure to the dedi- cation and constant, hard work of many sil employees, as well as that of eighty volunteers. The Libraries had one research associate and three interns in 1982 and participated in the ceta and Stay-in-School employment projects. BIBLIOGRAPHIC SYSTEMS This division of the sil provides the bibliographic linkage for the entire sil system; it was reorganized in 1981 to move more rapidly toward extensive automation. The continuing publication and enlargement of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries Catalogue, a computer-output-microfiche (com), alphabetic guide by author, title, and subject — comprising all materials catalogued by the libraries in a machine-readable format — is a proud accomplishment. By the end of calendar year 1982, all older card catalogues containing records generated since 1965 will have been converted into sil's electronic database. A year ago the Smithsonian Institution Libraries Catalogue con- tained automated bibliographic records generated in the period 1974-1981; during the current year 85,000 records were added to extend coverage of holdings from 1965 to 1982. Thus, by the end of 1982, sil will have close to 145,000 automated bibliographic records. Crucial to this progress was the 1981 Seidell Grant for conversion of serial records and the 1982 Seidell Grant for conver- sion of science titles. This retrospective conversion project is a key element in the progressive automation of library services. Another milestone was achieved in the completion of a draft for the sil Total Automated System Plan, detailing a single, inte- grated, electronic system that will control data for all acquisitions, cataloguing, inventory, binding, and loans and provide manage- Museum Programs I 259 merit data as well as other services. This system is scheduled to be operational in late 1984 if funding is forthcoming. Sil continues to contribute and receive cataloguing data cooper- atively through the Online Computer Library Center (oclc), a bibliographic utility based in Columbus, Ohio. Use is also made of the Research Library Group's utility, Research Libraries Infor- mation Network (rlin), in Stanford, California, and the automated name-authority files of the New York Public Library's system (lions). The sil devoted considerable efforts in 1982 to monitoring the major North American bibliographic utilities to determine the best vehicle for sil developments. During 1982, more than sixty percent of the files controlling binding operations and contracts were automated. Binding staff was reduced and integrated into the sil's acquisition/purchasing department. While the sil rigorously conforms to national library standards in preparation of its data, certain documentation can, nevertheless, be better and more inexpensively controlled by approaches more usual among indexers and archivists. In 1982 the sil Thesaurus and Indexing Committee, under Associate Director Karklins, suc- cessfully elaborated and tested a strategy for intellectual control of the sil's trade literature — mostly commercial catalogues. This in- dexing technique has speeded the processing of the commercial and industrial trade collections. The resultant data is made avail- able in electronic form, is compatible with national norms, and will be available via the sil's projected online catalogue. The sil thesaurus and indexing strategy is being extended to the Smith- sonian Tropical Research Institute and Panama biological bibliog- raphies. The productivity of the Bibliographic Systems division has been significantly increased in 1982 through a mix of more automation and streamlining of staff procedures. New performance standards doubled the previous output of the original cataloguing unit. An excellent turn-around time for cataloguing of currently acquired materials has been established and a serious backlog eliminated. The entire library in the National Museum of African Art was fully catalogued into the sil system, completing a three-year proj- ect. There remain, however, large, older collections catalogued im- properly, or not at all, in the past, which the Bibliographic Systems 260 / Smithsonian Year 1982 division works on after new materials are processed. In 1982 some 6,000 of these older titles were handled by contracted cataloguing. Without increased staff or funds for contracts, this old problem will long remain. COLLECTION MANAGEMENT The sil has grown in the number of its branch libraries and in its collections since the mid-1960s. In fiscal year 1981, recognition of the acute space problems confronting the entire sil system, the need to better coordinate acquisitions, the demand for updated and comprehensive collection policies, and the crisis of conserva- tion for unique and valuable materials led to the foundation of the Collection Management division and the appointment of the first chief, Mr. Jack Goodwin, the nationally known bibliographer for history of technology. During 1982, Mr. Goodwin was also named an assistant director of the sil. Sil space needs continued to be studied, and recommendations were incorporated into 1983 budgets. In particular a statement was developed, presenting strategies to confront critical, library-space problems through a new or renovated structure. The sil Research Annex, at 1111 North Capitol Street, Washington, D.C., received increasing numbers of books and reached saturation point in 1982. A weeding and inventory program in most of the branches per- mitted deacquisitioning of approximately 17,000 items and indi- cated that large portions of the collection are still under the un- satisfactory controls, which obtained widely before 1965. During the inventory, many rare and valuable items were discovered and transferred to Special Collections. This weeding/inventory also cleared up problems in serials dating back twenty years. In 1981 the first sil master collection-management policy was drafted; in 1982 this received the approbation of the Institution. During the year, collecting practices in each of the branches were reviewed, discussed with appropriate Smithsonian scholars and directors, and drafted into policies that will be refined in 1983. The Book Conservation Laboratory, a model of its type and part of the Collection Management division, continued the restora- tion of physically endangered and scholarly valuable sil materials. The structure and chemistry of the books in the collection are the focus of a professional staff, assisted by volunteers and interns. Museum Programs I 261 In addition to restoration of paper and bindings, the laboratory further developed its code of ethics in handling scientific and cul- tural rarities, continued to monitor atmospheric conditions in li- brary and book exhibition areas, reviewed standards for bookbind- ing let on contract, and maintained the sil Disaster Preparedness Program. A master policy of the sil's goals and procedures in conserving all its collection, not just the rare and unique, was prepared during the year. Due to budgetary restrictions, $70,000 less in 1982 than in 1981 was available for purchase of library materials — books, journals, bindings, microforms, conservation supplies, and commercially available online systems. Thus, collection management staff had to screen requests more rigorously, and a significant amount of basic research material was not acquired. In addition to rare pur- chases noted elsewhere, $20,000 of Smithsonian trust funds were made available for extraordinary acquisitions. RESEARCH SERVICES The Research Services division provides assistance to scholarly clientele and the Smithsonian administration. These services are located in the various, geographically dispersed, sil branch li- braries, as well as in the sil Central Reference and Loan Services unit, located on the Mall in Washington. Research Services was without a permanent division chief during most of 1982. First S. J. Churgin and then R. Maloy, the director of sil, assumed acting-chief duties until July when Dr. Margaret Child, former assistant director for Research Resources Programs at the National Endowment for the Humanities, arrived. Dr. Child is both manager of Research Services and an assistant director of the sil. The Research Services staff prepared a comprehensive set of guides to collections and branches of the system and developed many specialized bibliographic tools; a dozen of these guides appeared in 1982. Central Reference and Loan Services is a special focus of the sil administration. During 1982, M. C. Gray was appointed head of the unit; a humanities reference librarian was added; the files of loan records were reviewed and brought up to date for the first time in decades; an effort at building a large, strong general- 262 / Smithsonian Year 1982 reference collection was begun; the plans for the physical improve- ment of the unit's facility in 1983 were studied; and the separating out of natural history collections was started. The Natural History branch was more clearly defined as a distinct unit of the sil when its chief librarian, S. J. Churgin, re- turned in 1982 from other assignments. In addition to many satel- lite collections scattered through the National Museum of Natural History (nmnh), there is now a central branch library, for which quarters are being readied in the west wing of the museum. The branch has its own Advisory Library Committee, organized in 1982 from among sil and nmnh staffs. The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (Panama) branch of the Libraries had an important year, in both the appointment of Dr. C. Jopling, an anthropologist and librarian, as chief librarian, and also in the ground-breaking for a new library building. Equip- ment tests were conducted there, preparatory to the beginning of online links with computer-database services in the United States. Other significant changes in the Research Services division were the following 1982 appointments to chief branch librarian: F. Pie- tropaoli (National Air and Space Museum), R. Ratner (National Museum of American History), and C. D. Scott (Museum Reference Center). Loans Interlibrary loan borrowing of sil has grown because online reference services have brought even greater knowledge of re- sources to sil clientele. Conversely, loans by the sil have increased because of the demand by scholars elsewhere who can now see, on computer terminal screens, what materials are held by the sil. To facilitate these loans, the sil employs traditional loan-request forms, electronic mail requests (via the oclc network), and tele- facsimile transmissions. To improve speed of delivery, the sil sends staff on a regular schedule to borrow from, and return materials to, the Library of Congress, the National Agricultural Library, and the U.S. Geological Survey Library. In 1982 inter- library loan traffic was 15,400 items borrowed, 3,900 lent; these statistics indicate a borrow/loan ratio of four to one. Thirty percent of these borrowings were from the Library of Congress. Sil has, of course, regular and heavy intra-Smithsonian loan traffic. Museum Programs I 263 Online Services A significant and growing characteristic of research librarianship is the shift from book-based to machine-assisted reference ser- vices. By the end of 1982, 8 sil reference librarians had been trained or updated in the use of some 170, commercially available, online databases. While most of this searching is done in Central Reference, about 30 percent is performed in the branches. In addi- tion to these online reference services in citation, abstract, diction- ary, and directory files, a large part of the staff in most units of the sil regularly uses the strictly bibliographic databases (oclc, run). PUBLIC PROGRAMS Public programs sponsored by the sil have included lectures, pub- lications, and exhibitions. SIL Lecture and Seminar Series To illuminate significant items of the sil collections, the history of libraries and books, or important developments in information technologies, sil began in 1981 a series of occasional lectures and seminars. In 1982 the following were held: a seminar, "Collectors on Collecting," chaired by J. Goodwin and including W. Van De- vanter, R. Kaufmann, and E. Wells; a panel presentation on bind- ing by sil for the Washington Book Publishers; and a seminar, "The Value of Older Scientific Works: A Dialog among Historians, Scientists, Bibliographers." Publications In addition to the Smithsonian Institution Libraries Catalogue and the exhibition catalogues, sil continued its management of a trans- lation and publication program based on excess foreign currency (P.L. 480), producing L. I. Blacher: The Problem of the Inheritance of Acquired Characters; Yu K. Bogoyavlenskii: Structure and Function of the Integuments of Parasitic Nematodes; A. I. Tolmac- ver: The Arctic Ocean and Its Coast in the Cenozoic Era; and F. N. Zagorskii: History of Metal Cutting Machines to the Middle of the 19th Century. The sil publishes a monthly newsletter with broad distribution to sil staff, the Institution, and the national library 264 / Smithsonian Year 1982 community. Guides to the sil branches and collections began pub- lication in 1982. Exhibitions In addition to special displays, which the various branches mount from time to time, sil sponsored the following official exhibitions: Old Books??? Rare Books??!, October 1981-March 1982; The Art of the Fine Press Book, January-March 1982; Trade Literature: Catalogues of Fashionable Apparel, April-July 1982; Thomas Brown's Works, July 1982; Naturgeschichtes des Thierreichs by Cotthilf Heinrock von Schubert, Summer 1982; and An Introduc- tion to Conservation in the Smithsonian Institution Libraries, September-October 1982. The sil exhibitions were placed in the Dibner Room at the National Museum of American History, in the lobby of the National Museum of Natural History, and at the National Zoological Park. GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Renovation of sil areas in the east wing of the nmnh began after two years' planning. The first phase demolished inoperative stacks of the old National Museum Library and created space for sixteen staff members where three had been. At the Research Annex, 1111 North Capitol, Washington, security of collections was improved. Introduction in 1982 of an improved, microcomputer office sys- tem has increased timeliness of financial record-keeping and of tracking mechanisms for administrative actions such as delivery and supply requests. Compilation of the first regular and comprehensive statistics on library operations has been underway one year at the end of FY82. This base of information will, after another year, be useful in determining directions and trends in the sil and will aid man- agement. Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service The first exhibition of American Impressionist paintings ever shown in Paris opened at the Musee du Petit Palais on Museum Programs I 265 At the Community Art Gallery, Santa Fe Community College, Gainesville, Florida, sites Public Affairs Officer Eileen Harakal gives a gallery tour of Ethiopia: The Chris- tian Art of an African Nation. (Photographer, Andrew Manis) March 30, 1982, for a two-month showing. The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (sites) was invited to organize American Impressionism by the U.S. Information Agency (usia) (formerly the International Communication Agency) and the European Association of American Studies. A film, catalogues, posters, handouts, and lecture series supplemented the exhibition. The Smithsonian's Office of Telecommunications produced the 28-minute film, "In Open Air," which premiered at the Grand Palais Film Theater. A fully illustrated catalogue in French, Ger- man, Romanian, and Bulgarian was published by sites and the usia, with considerable design and editing support from the Smith- sonian Institution Press. The exhibition poster, published by sites and the usia for locations on the tour, was also published by sites in a commemorative edition for U.S. distribution. Following its premier showing in Paris, American Impressionism traveled to East Berlin and Vienna, and will be shown in Bucharest and Sofia. Financial support for this important exhibition was provided to sites by a number of foundations and corporations, including The Armand Hammer Foundation, the Joe L. and Barbara A. Allbritton Foundation, PepsiCo International, Saks-Jandel, and the Eugenie Prendergast Foundation. To further the sites international program, negotiations began with the usia for a 1983-84 East Asian tour of American Porce- lain, an exhibition organized by the Renwick Gallery. International exhibitions from abroad, whose tours began in fiscal year 1982, included Contemporary Art from the Netherlands, Irish Silver, English Naive Paintings, Contemporary German Textile Art, and Korean Drawing Now. Sites continued to introduce new photography exhibitions, including Galapagos: Born of the Sea; China From Within; Aqua- culture; and America's Space Truck: The Space Shuttle; as well as The Vanishing Race and Other Illusions: A New Look at the Work of Edward Curtis — a major photographic retrospective of Curtis's work. An American Icon: The ISth-Century Graphic Portraits of George Washington was organized with the National Portrait Gallery, with substantial funding support from The Barra Founda- tion. Sites published the book by the same name and arranged for its trade distribution through the University Press of Virginia. Museum Programs I 267 Sites publications were increasingly recognized for excellence in design and production, netting nearly twenty awards this year. Efforts were increased to effect further distribution of books and posters to other museum stores and individuals and through trade distributors. Sites's education department has remained in the forefront of new, interpretive programming for exhibitions. A gallery game, "Fathom," was developed for children visiting Treasure of the Quicksilver Galleons and a beautifully illustrated children's book was published in conjunction with the exhibition. Sites published The Magic Shuttle to accompany its textile shows and produced an innovative fiber kit to introduce visitors to textiles. Guidelines were developed in conjunction with Perfect in Her Place for a community-generated panel presentation on working women. Gal- lery guides and handouts were created for a number of new exhibitions. Sites has helped exhibitors publicize its exhibitions in their galleries by placing articles or arranging coverage in national pub- lications. Since the beginning of FY82, sites has received coverage in 134 magazines and major newspapers, with a total circulation of 49 million readers. As its thirtieth anniversary year ended, sites could look back on presenting exhibitions to audiences in 15,000 communities — an estimated 100 million viewers. In these thirty years, sites has organized some 1,150 exhibitions. In fiscal year 1982 alone, sites scheduled 583 bookings in the United States and abroad. In the future, sites will continue to seek creative ways to present, inter- pret, and seek financial support for its broad range of exhibitions. 268 / Smithsonian Year 1982 TOURS FOR PERIOD OCTOBER 1, 1981, THROUGH SEPTEMBER 30, 1982 Number of bookings 583 Number of states served (including Washington, D.C.) 49 Estimated audience 3.5 million Exhibitions listed in last Update (catalogue of sites exhibitions) 137 Exhibitions produced for tour during the year .... 20 EXHIBITIONS BEGINNING TOURS OCTOBER 1, 1981, THROUGH SEPTEMBER 30, 1982 An American Icon: The Eighteenth-Century Graphic Portraits of George Washington American Impressionism America's Space Truck: The Space Shuttle (2 copies) Aquaculture China from Within Contemporary Art from the Netherlands Contemporary German Textile Art English Naive Paintings Ethiopia: The Christian Art of an African Nation Galapagos: Born of the Sea Good as Gold: Alternative Materials in American Jewelry Irish Silver Korean Drawing Now Lithographs of James McNeill Whistler The Natural History of Sexuality Perfect in Her Place Traditional Crafts of Saudi Arabia Transformed Houses Urban Open Spaces The Vanishing Race and Other Illusions: A New Look at the Work of Edward Curtis Museum Programs I 269 ^ .ft* s* j As part of his internship with the Office of Horticulture, oese summer intern Robert Gardner monitors the growth of a poin- settia. Smithsonian Year . 1982 PUBLIC SERVICE JULIAN T. EUELL, ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR PUBLIC SERVICE Anacostia Neighborhood Museum The Anacostia Neighborhood Museum (anm), while still growing as a museum, is also strengthening its role as a leader in ethnic- oriented museums and advancing as a depository of Afro-American historical and cultural knowledge. The anm continues to research, design, and produce innovative in-house and traveling exhibitions, while at the same time accomplishing its mandated mission ". . . to reach and involve segments of the population [museums] are not now reaching/' Through the efforts of its education-department staff, a small park next to the museum was turned, by young neighborhood children, into a lush garden — providing nourishment for both the body and the mind. January 24, 1982, marked the opening of Mary McLeod Bethune and Roosevelt's Black Cabinet, an exhibition honoring the centen- nial of President Roosevelt's birth. Although a small, lobby exhibi- tion, it was well received by the public, and was described by The New York Times as ". . . one of the more interesting of the FDR Centennial exhibitions." The research department this past year had the opportunity to work with Dr. Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, a Smithsonian Fellow and Visiting Faculty Scholar, and Ms. Jacqueline A. Rouse, a Ph.D. candidate from Emory University and a Smithsonian museum intern. Along with the continuing research for the upcoming major 271 exhibition on the Harlem Renaissance period, the research staff acted as consultants to the Chesapeake Bay Maritime Museum in its recent acquisition of a nineteenth-century slave cabin asso- ciated with Frederick Douglass. Extensive work is also being done on updating anm's very popu- lar exhibition, Black Women, for further travel with the Smith- sonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, and a version is being produced for installation at the anm itself. The most momentous aspect of anm's year was the start of definitive site planning for the Museum Annex at Fort Stanton Park. The Annex will replace the present public space in the Carver Theater on Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue. Division of Performing Arts Performances continued to animate and enliven Smithsonian museums and to bring context and educational dimension to exhibits and special events. The Division of Performing Arts (dpa) continued to maintain a high level of program and production expertise in fiscal year 1982. Concerts of music heard by George Washington were recreated to complement the National Museum of American History exhibition of Washington memorabilia. Performances tracing the develop- ment of the American musical theater in the New Deal era were presented as a complement to FDR: The Intimate Presidency. The first American production of The Ephemeral Is Eternal, a play written in 1926 by Michel Seuphor, with sets designed by Piet Mondrian, was presented at the Hirshhorn in conjunction with the exhibition De Stijl: 1917-1931, Visions of Utopia. The tenth anniversary of the Smithsonian's Jazz Program was celebrated with sixteen concerts and four film showings, which presented some of the most acclaimed American artists of this century. The concerts were videotaped and will be broadcast over public television, on educational networks, and on subscription stations. Five country music concerts traced the development of southern regional music to national popularity. The Discovery Theater staged 325 performances for more than 272 / Smithsonian Year 1982 From the anm exhibition Mary McLeod Bethune and Roosevelt's Black Cabinet, is a picture of Dr. Bethune in her office at Bethune-Cookman College, Daytona Beach, Florida, January 1943. (Photographer, Gordon Park. Photograph courtesy of the Library of Congress.) 52,000 children. Recognized as one of the outstanding children's theaters in the nation, Discovery Theater serves as an important bridge for young visitors to the world of museums. The Program in Black American Culture presented significant concerts that explored the traditions of gospel quartet singing, a landmark conference, and performances on "The Poetry of the Blues." The second annual Smithsonian tribute to prominent gospel-music composers was devoted to Rev. C. A. Tindley, author of such classics as "Stand By Me" and "The Storm is Passing Over." The Tindley program also yielded a new publication and recording. The Chamber Music programs presented by the Smithsonian are correlated with the program goals and identity of the museums in which they are performed. These performances included: baroque and classical period music using instruments from the col- lections of the National Museum of American History; romantic period music performed in the Grand Salon of the Renwick Gal- lery; contemporary music in the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden; exhibit-related music and theater at the National Museum of American Art; and salon music at Barney Studio House. Additional efforts were made to research and present the his- tory of American dance, and live performances or lectures were presented by Merce Cunningham, Lucinda Childs, and Honi Coles and the Jazz Tap Ensemble. Outreach is a major objective of the dpa. In fiscal year 1982, ten recordings were published, bringing to fifty-two the total cata- logue of musical history available to national audiences. Also in 1982, Smithsonian resident ensembles traveled to twenty-one cities for local performances. Three Washington concerts were broad- cast to a national audience by National Public Radio, with a reported listenership of 2.5 million persons. International Exchange Service The Smithsonian's first Secretary, Joseph Henry, established the International Exchange Service (ies) as the first bureau of the new Institution. At the time, Secretary Henry was responding to a real 274 / Smithsonian Year 1982 The dpa's Program in Black Ameri- can Culture presented a program on gospel music composer Rev. Charles A. Tindley in May 1982. Pictured is Avery Brooks as the Reverend Mr. Tindley. Fortunato Arico (left) and Kenneth Slowick, members of the Smithsonian Chamber Players, are seen here per- forming music by Mozart at the nmah's Hall of Musical Instruments. and present need in the world's scholarly community by promot- ing the exchange of scholarly, scientific, cultural, research, and archival documents among nations, academic and learned institu- tions, and individuals. Even though vastly improved communica- tions technologies have increased the quality and quantity of information-exchange systems nationally and internationally, Sec- retary Henry's original purpose is still being carried out by the ies as it has been for more than 130 years. Indeed, it is now even closer to its original mandate since the ies is in the process of transferring to the Library of Congress and the Government Printing Office responsibility for the exchange of U.S. government publications — the Congressional Record, Federal Register, and all publications designated by the Library of Con- gress for depository libraries, among others — with foreign govern- ments in return for their own official publications. The transfer of this function has enabled the ies to concentrate more fully on the exchange of publications originating in the private sector. For example, in fiscal year 1982 more than 200 universities, libraries, agricultural experiment stations, medical and dental asso- ciations and libraries, scientific institutions, and members of Con- gress exchanged publications with comparable institutions or dig- nitaries abroad. In addition, almost all of the countries in the world, principally through their universities and libraries, send some of their publications to U.S. addresses on an exchange basis. This aspect of the ies operation has been particularly beneficial to the developing countries of the Third World. One final note: much of the good work of the ies over the past decade is due in large measure to the untiring efforts of its direc- tor, Jack Estes. So, it is especially sad to report that his sudden death in February 1982 removed from our midst a good friend and a dedicated colleague. He is missed. Office of Elementary and Secondary Education A firm belief in the power of museum objects as educational resources is the guiding principle behind the activities and pro- grams of the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education (oese). 276 / Smithsonian Year 1982 With the conviction that it is equally as important for students to learn to use works of art, natural history specimens, historical arti- facts, and other museum objects as research tools, as it is for them to learn to use words and numbers, oese continues to serve the Smithsonian's education offices while working to meet a solid com- mitment to foster the educational uses of museums in the Wash- ington, D.C., area and throughout the nation. On the local level, oese continues to offer a number of programs that have proven successful in the past. Let's Go (a monthly news- letter) and Learning Opportunities for Schools (an annual bro- chure) inform teachers of the ever-growing variety of Smithsonian services available to students. Multiple copies are sent free of charge to approximately 1,200 schools in the Washington, D.C., area. In December 1982, the fifth annual "Teacher's Christmas Pro- gram" was held at the National Museum of American History. A Christmas tree, decorated with ornaments made by area school- children, and madrigal singers were the highlights of this year's program, attended by nearly 150 Washington-area educators. In May 1982, the eighth annual "Teacher's Day" brought more than 100 teachers and Smithsonian staff together for activities at the National Zoo and during the summer, more than 300 teachers participated in a full-scale workshop program that included a series of five-day courses on such subjects as "Victorian Archi- tecture," "Insects in Your Classroom," and "American Cultural History through Art." In addition to these programs for local teachers, a three-credit graduate course on "Using Museums to Teach Writing" was offered to teachers nationally in cooperation with the University of Virginia. This course, held in the Smithsonian museums, in- volved teachers from as far away as California and Panama in a variety of writing assignments adaptable to classroom use. As a final project, the teachers were required to develop curriculum units that would draw on the resources of their own communities. Oese's workshops have been well received by all participants as attested by comments from teachers. One teacher writes, "I wouldn't have missed this course for the world! I feel genuinely privileged to have been part of this experience." While another Public Service I 277 found it to be "an excellent workshop — well taught with a good balance of individual and group participation and discussion." In cooperation with the Department of Anthropology, oese has completed a media kit for high-school students, drawing on the extensive papers and collections of the nineteenth-century nat- uralist, Edward W. Nelson. It is anticipated that the "Nelson Kit" will be the first in a series of curriculum units on various aspects of the Smithsonian collections in art, history, and science. A spe- cial media project with the Children's Hospital National Medical Center was also begun. When the kits are completed, they will be distributed to children's hospitals and wards throughout the country. Also for teachers nationally, Art to Zoo — a six-page publication to promote the use of community resources — reached approxi- mately 55,000 classrooms; and The Museum Idea, a slide-tape loan kit, has proven very popular. As one teacher wrote us, "Reading Art to Zoo has been fascinating. I am amazed at all the information you present in each issue. The popularity of this publication is certainly not difficult to understand." In response to an Art to Zoo article on insects, another reader wrote: "I just received a copy of the April issue of Art to Zoo, which is fabulous! We are in the process of concluding our insect study, and it has proven a terrific resource for a review of our unit. The children have loved it, especially the 'hands on' of catching and caring for the insects." In 1982, oese sponsored its eighth annual program for summer interns. "Intern '82" brought twenty-four high-school seniors from rural and inner-city communities to the Smithsonian to participate in learning and service projects. The students worked under the guidance of curatorial and technical staff members in various parts of the Institution. The program often provides students with new perspectives. As one intern put it, "Each person here has influ- enced me in ways that have broadened my outlook in my chosen field of journalism and also the outside world." In 1982, oese also assumed responsibility for a Career Aware- ness Program for the District of Columbia Public Schools. Through this pilot program, carried out in cooperation with the various Smithsonian museums, minority young people of junior-high and 278 / Smithsonian Year 1982 high-school age will receive an introduction to the variety of career opportunities available to them at the Smithsonian. In addition, oese continued its progress in making Smithsonian programs accessible to disabled visitors. The office maintained such services as providing sign-language and oral interpreters for special events and regular program offerings, developing bro- chures for mentally retarded visitors, and offering sign-language and "disabilities awareness" sessions to Smithsonian staff and volunteers. Oese also initiated several new projects this year to develop materials for and about disabled individuals. One of these projects is a slide kit for language-delayed students. The kit, which in- cludes lessons based on several different Smithsonian collections, is designed to help teachers use museum artifacts in developing students' language skills. Also, in conjunction with the kit, a sum- mer course on museums as a resource for developing language skills, was offered to teachers from the Washington, D.C., area. A second project is a package of materials designed to train docents — here at the Smithsonian and in other museums nation- ally— on how to teach disabled persons effectively in a museum setting. The package, to be completed in 1983, will consist of a manual and a videotape for national distribution. Other important oese activities include developing and coordi- nating a pan-Institutional lesson program for seventh- and eighth- grade teachers and students in the District of Columbia public schools — with support from the Cafritz Foundation — and expand- ing the scope and understanding of the professional museum educator, through participation in national and regional confer- ences and workshops. Oese staff members also helped to plan and teach seminars on museum/school relations, and museum interpretation, offered by the Smithsonian's Office of Museum Programs. Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars In November 1981, the long-awaited seventh international sym- posium of the Smithsonian took place: "How Humans Adapt: A Public Service I 279 \ V Prior to the formal opening of the November 1981 symposium "How Humans Adapt: A Biocultural Odyssey," Gretchen Gayle Ellsworth, bearer of the Mace, leads the academic procession from the Castle up the south steps of the nmnh on the way to Baird Auditorium. Biocultural Odyssey" began with a colorful academic procession across the Mall from the Castle to the National Museum of Natural History on a bright, breezy morning. Following the Insti- tution's mace were some seventy scholars in their academic regalia, including many of the Smithsonian research staff. The formal opening in Baird Auditorium featured Rene Dubos, making his last public appearance before his death in February 1982. The Secretary presented the James Smithson Bicentennial Medal to symposium chairman James V. Neel in recognition of his enor- mous contributions to the symposium and to the larger increase and diffusion of knowledge. Original essays were prepared for advance distribution to the major essayists and commentators, so that the scheduled working sessions might afford reflective discussion of each writer's ideas. Essays were contributed by Edward S. Ayensu, Richard J. Barnet, Kenneth E. Boulding, Asa Briggs, George Morrison Carstairs, Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, James M. Gustafson, Fekri A. Hassan, Jane B. Lancaster, Peter Laslett, Geoffrey McNicoll, Betty J. Meg- gers, Mary Midgley, Moni Nag, James V. Neel, Donald J. Ortner, John Arthur Passmore, Nevin Stuart Scrimshaw, and Stephen Toulmin. The collected proceedings, edited by Smithsonian anthro- pologist Donald J. Ortner, will be published by the Smithsonian Institution Press in winter 1982-83. A subsequent conference on human adaptation, in May 1982, was held jointly with The International Organization for the Study of Human Development in Carmichael Auditorium. Wilton S. Dillon, director of the office, gave a paper on "Rites of Passage at Adolescence." The Joys of Research, edited by Walter Shropshire, Jr., based on the Einstein Centennial colloquim of the same name, was pub- lished by the Smithsonian Institution Press in late 1981. This book tells of eight successful scientists' experiences in basic re- search, providing insight into creative imagination and outlining their disappointments and successes. Following two Smithsonian colloquia on refugees from Nazism, Jarrell C. Jackman, a California historian, and Carla M. Borden, associate director of the Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Semi- nars, have edited a volume titled The Muses Flee Hitler: Cultural Public Service I 281 Transfer and Adaptation, 1930-1945. Work on this book, to be published by the Smithsonian Institution Press in spring 1983, has been made possible by support from The Rockefeller Foundation. On September 17, 1982, the Smithsonian was host to a program on Galileo, cosponsored with The Catholic University of America. William A. Wallace, Catholic University, spoke on "Galileo's Science and the Trial of 1633," and James Lennox, University of Pittsburgh, discussed "Aristotelian Background of the Mixed- Sciences Tradition." In anticipation of future commemorations by the Smithsonian and the need for more central coordination of its participating units, an advisory Commemorations Committee was established to work with the Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars in scheduling and overseeing Institutional observance of signifi- cant events. Office of Telecommunications This Office of Telecommunications (otc) continued to extend the Institution's reach both in the United States and abroad through bold new ventures in film, radio, and television during 1982. The productions, primarily educational and informative, were done in close cooperation with Smithsonian curators, re- searchers, and scientists. The broadcast industry honored several of these productions with prestigious awards and major recogni- tion. One of this year's highlights was the production of a half-hour film to accompany the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibi- tion Service's major exhibition, American Impressionism, which toured Europe in the spring of 1982. Made possible by a grant from the Joe L. and Barbara B. Allbritton Foundation, "In Open Air: A Portrait of the American Impressionists," is the first film ever to explore the growth of impressionist painting in this coun- try. Through the U.S. Information Agency (formerly the Inter- national Communication Agency), versions of the film were pre- 282 / Smithsonian Year 1982 pared in French, German, Bulgarian, and Romanian for the European showings. "In Open Air" premiered on March 30, 1982, to great acclaim, at the opening of the American Impressionism exhibition in Paris, and has since received several coveted awards, including the bronze "Cindy" from the Information Film Producers of America, and the bronze "Chris" plaque from the Columbus Film Festival. The first U.S. television showing took place July 1, 1982, on WETA-TV, Washington, D.C., and a national PBS tele- cast was planned for the fall of 1982. In keeping with the office's goals to expand its national broad- cast efforts, an experimental new series of short features for tele- vision was launched with extraordinary success. Called Here at the Smithsonian . . . , this innovative series of 15 features is now appearing in news broadcasts and in "magazine" shows on 35 selected television stations across the country, reaching a poten- tial audience of 34 million households. Patterned after Smithso- nian Galaxy, the office's highly successful series of 2V2 -minute radio features, Here at the Smithsonian . . . offers a lively, behind- the-scenes look at the activities and exhibitions of the Institution. With the favorable results of this initial experimental year, the office is encouraged to produce another edition of video features beginning in January 1983. The McDonnell Foundation granted $500,000 — part of its total commitment of $3,000,000 — for the research, development, and staffing of the projected PBS series, Smithsonian World. A copro- duction of WETA-TV and the Institution, the series will consist of seven 1-hour programs on various aspects of the Smithsonian. Executive producer Martin Carr has assembled a core research and production staff, and broadcast is slated for 1984. At the request of the White House, the otc supervised the pro- duction of a half-hour documentary commemorating the two- hundredth anniversary of the victory at Yorktown. The film, pro- duced by Charles Guggenheim Productions, features the Bicen- tennial reenactment of the historic battle and is scheduled for release in October 1982. A special edition of Radio Smithsonian, the weekly, half-hour radio series, was also produced for the Yorktown Bicentennial. Broadcast nationwide during the week of the anniversary of the battle, "Yorktown: Echoes of a Victory" has received many com- Public Service I 283 Ann Carroll of the otc is shown here with a video crew at the 1982 Festival of American Folklife, producing a short feature for the otc series "Here at the Smith- sonian . . .," which brings news of SI activities to TV viewers around the nation. mendations including letters from the French Ambassador, Gov- ernor John N. Dalton of Virginia, Ambassador at Large Daniel J. Terra, and Secretary of the Army John O. Marsh, Jr. The regular Radio Smithsonian programs can be heard on the sixty stations that subscribe to the series. The International Radio Festival of New York awarded a gold medal to Smithsonian Galaxy. Receiving the top prize for infor- mation programs, this radio series of twice-weekly, 2V2 -minute features is carried on more than 212 stations in 45 states, Canada, the Mariana Islands, the Virgin Islands, and the Canadian Forces Network in Germany. In conjunction with the Division of Performing Arts (dpa), the otc produced 3 musical specials, which were broadcast on 110 National Public Radio stations across the country. Beginning with a November production of the first complete recording of Victor Herbert's operetta, Naughty Marietta, the series of specials also marked this office's first live radio broadcast of concerts from the Institution, with a live holiday concert in December, followed by a live Bach concert in January. In an effort to stay abreast of the fast-changing cable industry, otc participated in an experimental cable project in 1982. The office coordinated the videotaping of the tenth anniversary per- formances of the dpa's Jazz at the Smithsonian. It is now being sold as a mini-series to cable systems all across the country. Along the same lines, the sports division of Home Box Office filmed scenes for a one-hour cable television special in the National Portrait Gallery's Champions of American Sport exhibition for broadcast in the 1982-83 season. The otc has been working with the Agency for Instructional Television on several production elements of a new science series for junior high school students. Dr. David Challinor has invited key SI staff members to be on-camera guests, and taping will take place during the winter of 1983. The office continues to monitor the latest developments in the electronic and film media, gathering information and outlining future directions for the Institution, from low-power television to home video discs and cassettes to satellite teleconferences. Assist- ing in this on-going effort is consultant Tom Wolf, former vice- president of ABC News. Public Service I 285 Smithsonian Institution Press The most noteworthy and significant event for the Smithsonian Institution Press (sip) in fiscal year 1982 was the reorganization of all book-publishing activity. To strengthen the Institution's important outreach objective of diffusion of knowledge, and to continue the development of a well-defined book-publishing pro- gram that encourages development of the Institution's resources, Smithsonian Exposition Books became part of the sip in December 1981. Under the reorganization, the newly named University Press Division will continue the traditional role of publishing trust- funded scholarly books, general trade books, federally funded series monographs, exhibition catalogues, and other publications necessary to Smithsonian activities. The new Direct-Mail Book Division will develop and offer popularly presented books on themes relevant to the Institution, using the Smithsonian Asso- ciates' list and other large mailing lists. The reorganized sip will be directed by Felix C. Lowe. Glen B. Ruh will serve as deputy director of the sip, itself, as well as editorial director of the Direct-Mail Book Division. John Ouellette was hired to fill the newly created position of financial manager. During the year, the University Press Division published a total of 279 books, catalogues, and miscellaneous publications. Books of special significance published and/or distributed by the sip in 1982 include: Celebration: A World of Art and Ritual, which won the Silver Medal from The Art Directors' Club of Metropolitan Washington; Renaissance of Islam: Art of the Mamluks, which was selected for special exhibition by the Association of American University Presses and received Honorable Mention in the Association of Government Communicators' annual Blue Pencil Publication Awards competition; inua: spirit world of the bering sea eskimo, which was published in conjunction with the National Museum of Natural History (nmnh) exhibition of the same name; The National Museum of Natural History, a handsome book featuring the collections and research efforts of the staff of nmnh. This book was copublished with the New York firm, Harry N. 286 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Felix C. Lowe (right), director of the recently reorganized sip, and Glen B. Ruh, deputy director of the Press and editorial director of the new Direct-Mail Book Division, pause in discussing forthcoming editions. In the foreground are some of the Press's best sellers. Abrams, which has now cooperated with the sip on three beauti- fully illustrated books on Smithsonian museums and galleries, as well as on such previously published books as The Smithsonian Collection of Newspaper Comics; The Atlantic Barrier Reef Ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, I: Structure and Communities, presenting research of the Smith- sonian program investigations of marine shallow-water ecosystems. This publication is the first of several volumes on the ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay projected for Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences. In September, the Direct-Mail Book Division published Thread of Life: The Smithsonian Looks at Evolution, by Roger Lewing. This 256-page book, which explores recent findings in evolutionary biology by Smithsonian scientists and many others, is available through mail order and will, in addition, be distributed to book- stores by W. W. Norton in New York. A complete list of sip publications may be found in Appendix 5. Smithsonian Magazine Smithsonian magazine had another great year and, since the magazine is the fundamental benefit of Associate's membership, its prosperity augers well for the Institution. Membership, just under 2,000,000, has remained steady, continuing the trend of the past few years. That it remained steady is an achievement since the national economy was in recession and since membership dues were raised to $17.00, an increase necessitated by increased costs. Advertising in the magazine was extremely strong in the first half of the year but weakened thereafter — the weakness being attributed to general economic conditions. Postal increases have been a principal reason for increased costs and these, themselves, pursued an erratic and oftentimes unpredictable course; less than projected first quarter, higher than projected middle quarter, and lower than projected last quarter. The magazine again made a significant contribution to the Institution's unrestricted funds. 288 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Smithsonian's editorial strength was reflected in the high demand for reprint rights both from commercial publications — such as the New York Times Syndicated Service, the Reader's Digest, and a variety of European magazines — and from nonprofit cultural and educational institutions. Some editorial highlights include Joseph Alsop's memoir of FDR, the richly illustrated story on the El Greco exhibition, and the award-winning article on the return of the Atlantic salmon. Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center As the Institution's Public Service bureau charged with providing a range of centralized information and assistance services, the Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center (viarc) made significant strides in 1982 toward the refinement of several estab- lished programs while expanding and adding others to meet the expressed needs of the public, Associate members, and Smith- sonian staff. The Seven-Day Information Service Unit is comprised of four program areas. The Museum Information Desk Program utilized the services of 380 volunteer information specialists who, working in excess of 50,000 hours, once again achieved staffing goals in the ninetieth percentile. In January, the National Museum of African Art officially joined the complement of Smithsonian museums whose information desks are staffed through the center, bringing the total number to fourteen duty stations, involving some forty-nine daily assignments. Memorial Day weekend marked the beginning of the summer Mall Information Program, which, through the generous support of the Smithsonian Women's Committee, was equipped with four brightly colored mobile units. Propelled to various outdoor loca- tions from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. daily by five energetic and specially trained young staff members, the service was enthusiastically received by the hundreds of confused visitors who arrived on the Mall thinking the Smithsonian was but one building. Volunteer lecturers active in the Group Orientation Program, presented daily half-hour, illustrated orientations to some 10,000 Public Service I 289 Visitors gather around viarc's Maria Bruzzese (center) and her brightly colored mobile information unit. Through a generous assist from the Smithsonian Women's Committee, four of these units were purchased and were used daily during peak summer visiting hours. Smithsonian visitors. During the month of August, daily walk-in orientations — scheduled prior to museum hours — attracted more than 1,400 visitors to the Discovery Theater in the Arts and Industries Building. Adaptations of the visitor orientation were tailored to meet the needs of special audiences within the Institu- tion (new employees, interns, and docents) while viarc's own summer intern further expanded the program's repertoire by developing a presentation for children. Requests from organiza- tions outside the Institution, especially agencies offering tourist services to Washington, D.C., visitors, found the Smithsonian orientation a valuable addition to their training agenda. The Castle Docent Program, strengthened by five new volun- teers, led some 170 tours of the historic Smithsonian Institution Building for more than 2,700 persons, including fellow Smithsonian volunteers and participants in three National Associate programs — Domestic Study Tours, the Regional Events Program, and Selected Studies Seminars. Completing the spectrum of programs encompassed in the Seven-Day Information Service Unit is the Telephone Information Program. Staffed daily by senior volunteer information specialists, this program provides "live" response to an immense volume, and sometimes dizzying variety, of inquiries about the Smithsonian, its bureaus' activities and programs. To handle the volume of incoming traffic more efficiently and to acquire valuable statistical data, an automatic call-sequencing system was installed, a first for the Institution. Another new acquisition, an improved Telecommunications Device for the Deaf (tdd) not only insures the dependability of this service, but also provides a printed record of calls. The availablity of after-hours recorded information was expanded by doubling the number of incoming lines to six. Dial-A-Museum and Dial-A-Phenomenon, the Smithsonian's two recorded twenty-four hour information services, are temporarily being produced by the Telephone Infor- mation Program to accommodate the Office of Public Affairs. As the central research, response, and referral point for the Institution's unsolicited public mail, the Public Inquiry Mail Service (pims), viarc's second major program unit, handled some 30,000 letters during the course of the year. Working both independently and in cooperation with curatorial Public Service I 291 offices, pims generated a record number of new fact sheets, bibli- ographies, and updated, preprinted materials. A major production was the "Smithsonian Collection of Warship Plans," completed in conjunction with the Division of Naval History. Another accomplishment was the initiation of an Institution-wide public mail survey which, among other determinations, confirmed that the majority of Smithsonian staff take seriously their charge to educate the public through timely and informative answers to inquiries. Pims continued to produce a quarterly master list of sales merchandise for the Institution's auxiliary units and, in response to requests for previsit information, mailed over 14,000 copies of its booklet entitled Planning Your Smithsonian Visit. Viarc's third major program unit, the Staff/Volunteer Service Unit (svs), substantially broadened the scope of its responsibility in fiscal year 1982. The Volunteer Receptionist Program, begun in 1980 to provide group assistance for administrative staff, was expanded to include task forces in several major offices. To accom- modate a request from the Office of International Activities, the Volunteer Escort Attache program was established to facilitate the itinerary of foreign officials visiting the Smithsonian. Functioning as the Institution's central point of registration for all behind-the-scenes volunteers, the Independent Volunteer Placement Service (ivps) maintained a file of over 750 volunteers; 440 new volunteers were added to the register, 41 percent of whom were screened, interviewed, and assigned through the ivps office. Independent projects involved a wide range of curatorial and technical activities, including assignments at the Fred L. Whip- ple Observatory, the Oceanographic Sorting Center, and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. The Institution-wide survey conducted by this unit to document annual volunteer participation revealed that in fiscal year 1981 3,777 volunteers contributed 359,521 service hours, a 36 percent increase in unpaid personnel over the previous year. Two publications were coordinated through the Staff/Volunteer Service Unit: Volunteer! O Volunteer! A Salute to the Smithso- nian's Unpaid Legions. Written by Philip Kopper, with support from the Smithsonian Women's Committee, this book documents the tradition of volunteerism that has prevailed at the Smithsonian 292 / Smithsonian Year 1982 since its founding. The second publication, The Smithsonian Insti- tution: An Overview, will be used as an orientation tool for new volunteers, employees, and interns. In addition to fulfillment services for some 4,300 National Asso- ciate memberships, the Staff/Volunteer Services Unit assumed re- sponsibility for Smithsonian magazine's Complimentary Mailing List. With the transfer of this function to svs, all Washington- based special magazine files were centralized. Public Service I 293 Smithsonian Year • 1982 ADMINISTRATION A wide range of administrative, technical, and other central sup- port services were provided during fiscal year 1982 to help the museums, art galleries, research laboratories, and other program activities perform their work. These central units include budget, personnel, equal opportunity, procurement and contracting, ac- counting, grants and risk management, printing and photography, management analysis, information resource management, travel, and facilities services. Exclusive of utility, telephone, and mail- service costs and the expenses associated with the maintenance, operation, and protection of the Institution's many buildings and natural areas, the costs of these central administrative and tech- nical services amounted to only about six percent of the total operating expenditures of the Institution. Particular care is given to controlling these costs. Special areas of emphasis over the past year included the devel- opment of the Institution's planning document called the Five- Year Prospectus; efforts to identify, coordinate, and integrate in- formation-handling problems; equal opportunity programs con- cerning the historically black colleges and universities; successful negotiations of union contracts; strengthening of financial man- agement controls and accountability; and construction and plan- ning development of the Museum Support Center and Quadrangle projects, respectively. 294 Administrative and Support Activities JOHN F. JAMESON, ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR ADMINISTRATION At its January 25, 1982, meeting the Board of Regents approved the Smithsonian's Five- Year Prospectus, covering the period 1983- 1987, with a look past 1987 for longer-range goals and objectives. The prospectus, highlighting research, education, and other pub- lic-service plans as well as necessary attention to security and the care of collections and facilities, was submitted to the Appro- priations Committees of Congress with the specific budget request for 1983. This planning effort, which involves staff in all Smith- sonian areas, serves to highlight directions and priorities, to sus- tain action to reach objectives, and to provide a unified overview of accomplishments and plans to interested persons and organiza- tions. Work was started on the next cycle of preparation, culmi- nating in a draft prospectus for 1984-1988 and beyond, and was submitted for Regents review at the September 20, 1982, meeting. An Office of Information Resource Management was estab- lished, and Richard H. Lytle, who had been Smithsonian Institu- tion Archivist since 1970, was appointed director. This action recognized the critical importance that word and data processing have to every aspect of Institutional life. The purpose of this new office, which incorporates the Office of Computer Services, is to identify information needs and their relationships, including rela- tionships to unify the work of bureaus and offices and to provide solutions to requirements in integrated and cost-effective ways. In on-going activity, the first steps were taken toward establish- ment of a Smithsonian-wide local area network for communica- tions. The network makes possible a number of advances in auto- mation, opening the possibility of linking computers and other devices among offices and the central computer. In a related activ- ity, work continued to develop, essentially on schedule, an inte- grated computer system for personnel, payroll, equal opportunity, and budget records. This new system will become operational in mid-1983. Continued strong support was given to data-handling projects for research, collections management, and administrative purposes. Particularly useful were registration and booking sys- Administration I 295 terns development in support of the Associates and Traveling Exhibition Services programs. The new performance appraisal and companion Merit Salary increase systems concluded their first full year of operation smoothly, with indication that the new process will contribute to effective personnel management and to strengthened communica- tions between managers and employees. The first two available students under the Institution's Cooperative Education Program were employed, and, in addition, about twenty internship appoint- ments and five faculty fellowships were made, primarily from the students and staff of the historically black colleges and universi- ties. Continued attention was given to recruitment and applicant- selection processes to correct underrepresentation for women, minorities, and the handicapped. Increased procurements and con- tracts were awarded to firms in the small, minority, and women- owned categories. Union contracts were negotiated with Local 400 of the United Food and Commercial Workers, for trust employees of the Museum Shops; Local 2463 of the American Federation of Gov- ernment Employees, for eligible civil-service employees at Insti- tution facilities in the United States; and with the National Mari- time Union, for certain employees of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in the Republic of Panama. The Office of Printing and Photographic Services (opps) com- pleted construction in May 1982 of an archival cold-storage facil- ity, which is used to store processed film — both color and black- and-white — at 45° F and 45 percent RH to insure extended archival life. At the same time, opps has been converting hazardous nitrate film onto safety-based materials. During the past twelve months, approximately 25,000 conversions have been completed. Working with the Smithsonian Archivist, a new computerized cataloguing system has been developed for retrieval of photographic images. It is expected that this catalogue will provide access, which has never before been possible, to Smithsonian photographic collec- tions. Priorities for the Office of Facilities Services included overseeing the construction of the Museum Support Center and the detailed architectural and engineering planning and design for the Quad- rangle development project. Progress was excellent in both of the 296 / Smithsonian Year 1982 major facilities-development areas, with the Support Center sched- uled for completion on time in early 1983 and Quadrangle plans and specifications to be ready, for construction bids at that same time, should funding be available. The office also managed a wide range of protection, health, saftey, design, construction manage- ment, and plant maintenance services, performed by its constitu- ent branches. In addition to meeting successfully the day-to-day demands of keeping Smithsonian museums and galleries in good condition — safe, with proper temperature and humidity for the protection of collections — significant progress was made in a num- ber of other facilities areas. During the past year, the Office of Plant Services continued to expand its Computerized Preventive Maintenance Program in its effort to provide a highly reliable and efficient physical plant oper- ation. Special attention was given to adding fire, smoke, and heat detectors to the system to insure reliability of operation for these important safety systems. In addition, the Computerized Equip- ment Monitoring System, which analyzes the operation of various types of mechanical equipment in major Smiithsonian museums, continued to be expanded. In the Office of Protection Services, work continued on the phased development of a new electronic security and fire-alarm system to extend to all Smithsonian buildings and to be owned and operated by the Institution. Computer communications net- work equipment and software packages have been purchased, and other software modules are being written. Closed-circuit television equipment and security sensor devices are being acquired for installation in the Museum Support Center along with the first command and control system. Installation is scheduled to begin in January 1983 and to be completed that summer. The energy conservation program continues to receive close attention with the effective participation of program and support personnel. Comprehensive energy audits of buildings are under- way, and the Institution has initiated a phased program, through the Restoration and Renovation of Buildings account, to renovate heating, ventilating, air conditioning, plumbing, and electrical sys- tems to improve their energy efficiency. Controls for lighting levels and other heavy users of energy are continuing. Elsewhere in the administrative area, the word-processing sys- Administration I 297 tern, set up by the Office of Supply Services to prepare, issue, and record all procurement and contract transactions, performed very successfully and has become a model installation for examination by other organizations. Similarly, the Office of Programming and Budget extended the use of similar equipment to assist in the preparation of a wide range of narrative and tabular materials. Comprehensive federal and trust budgets were prepared for inter- nal use and for submission to the Office of Management and Budget and the Congress. Important management surveys were completed by the Management Analysis Office, which also sus- tained progress on the large and difficult task of improving the policies and procedures that govern the Institution's operations. The Travel Services Office planned and facilitated national and international trips in support of research, performances, and administration. Financial Management Activities CHRISTIAN HOHENLOHE, TREASURER Steady improvement has been realized in financial accountability, controls, and services. At the direction of the Audit and Review Committee of the Board of Regents, and to enhance further the public accountability of the Institution, the annual audit of trust funds by an independent public-accounting firm was extended this year to include the federal monies appropriated to the Smith- sonian. In addition, the Institution's Federal Accounting Principles and Standards were reviewed and approved by the General Accounting Office. To facilitate accounting requirements of the various bureaus, the number of accounting-service units located in Smithsonian facilities was increased from five to eight. These units, linked by computer terminal to the central Accounting Office, enable expeditious processing of accounting documents and provide guidance and assistance on financial procedures. Com- munications and understanding were furthered through seminars and specialized training on accounting procedures, grants admin- istration, and risk management concepts, as well as through expanded financial reports. 298 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Based on a comprehensive study of the Smithsonian banking system, the Institution has taken steps to simplify, streamline, and modernize its banking relationships and cash management. Incor- porating recent advances in banking technology and data-process- ing applications the number of banking relationships will be decreased, and investment opportunities for non-appropriated funds will be maximized. As a part of the active risk manage- ment, a computerized management-information system, which will accumulate data on damages and losses to the collections, was completed this year. This data will allow accurate measurement of the cost of losses for each fiscal year and suggest ways of pre- venting future losses. Surveys to identify and eliminate risks were also conducted in a variety of areas. Direct responsibility for certain auxiliary activities, including the Museum Shops, the Mail Order Division, Concessions, and the Belmont Conference Center, lies with the Business Management Office. Richard O. Griesel, business manager and director of this office, resigned his position in June after nine years of distin- guished service to the Institution. He was succeeded by James J. Chmelik, formerly director of the Museum Shops. Reproductions of Smithsonian objects and other products selected for sale in the Museum Shops and Mail Order catalogues continue to meet rigorous standards on their relatedness to the Institution's collections and activities. This close connection is highlighted in the catalogues as well as in award-winning displays in the Museum Shops. Sales, both in the shops and through the catalogues, were strong, reflecting wide acceptance of Smithsonian merchandise. The facilities, formerly operated on a concession basis, were incorporated within central Smithsonian management; the Smith- sonian bookstore located in the National Museum of American History was converted to Museum Shop operation, and the Hirsh- horn Plaza Cafe is now managed by the Food Service Department, established in 1980. During the year, a contract was entered into for sale of a large tract of the land attached to the Belmont Conference Center to the State of Maryland for addition to Patapsco State Park. A further contract was signed to sell the house, outbuildings and remaining surrounding acreage, subject to restrictive covenants, to the Ameri- Administration I 299 can Chemical Society, which intends to continue conference cen- ter operations. Final settlement of both sales is expected by the end of 1982. Smithsonian Institution Women's Council Activities MARGARET A. SANTIAGO, CHAIRPERSON The Smithsonian Institution Women's Council (siwc) continues to keep management informed on issues that affect the women of the Institution. Through its programs during the year, the council has focused attention on information processing and its effects on the role of women and other office workers. The council sponsored three tours of the "Paperless Office" at the Department of Trans- portation, a three-hour seminar on "How Automation Can Benefit You," and a panel discussion entitled "The Changing Role of Women in the Office." A financial education program was also presented in the form of "An Investment-Planning Workshop." The council has also been very active during the year in further- ing the realization of a Day Care Center at the Smithsonian. A roundtable discussion was held with eight Day Care Center direc- tors from the local community. A preliminary space design was prepared by the Office of Design and Construction. The Women's Council has put forth great efforts during the year to attract the attention of all women employees. Volunteers in support of siwc programs have made all efforts worthwhile. 300 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Smithsonian Year • 1982 MEMBERSHIP AND DEVELOPMENT JAMES MCK. SYMINGTON, DIRECTOR Office of Development The Smithsonian's Quadrangle Center for African, Near Eastern and Asian Cultures has been the major focus for the Office. The director has traveled to the Far East, seeking support in Japan, Hong Kong, and the Philippines; the assistant secretary for Museum Programs visited Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates on a similar mission. The director has worked closely with the consulting firm of Brakeley, John Price Jones and its representative, Richard Stainbrook, who is campaign director, as well as with William Anderson, former national board chairman and chairman of the Quadrangle Campaign Committee. Under the Secretary's leadership, the campaign has achieved nearly 75 percent of the $37.5 million goal, which is to be matched from federal appropriations for the Quadrangle construction. The cam- paign will, of course, continue through 1983, with every expecta- tion of a successful conclusion. At the same time, the office has continued its essential activities in gaining support for the various Smithsonian bureaus and their needs for private funding of exhibitions, acquisitions, research, education, and other programs. The availability of the Thomas M. Evans Gallery for special exhibitions at the National Museum of Natural History has created new demands for private support of exhibitions there, many of them productions of the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (sites). Sites itself is 301 expanding its activities to include more international exhibitions, the first of which, American Impressionists, received major support from the Joe and Barbara Allbritton Foundation and Pepsico Inter- national. Its April opening in Paris at the Petit Palais served as a focal point for the spring meeting there of the National Associate Board. This has been a challenging year, therefore, for the Develop- ment Office, involved as it is in the Smithsonian's first major capital campaign for the Quadrangle, as well as in maintaining its traditional role of serving the funding needs of all the bureaus of the Smithsonian. Further complicating the business of development have been the state of the national economy and the president's pressure on the private sector to fill the gaps in social and human services no longer supported by government. These demands have resulted in enormous new competition — which is likely to characterize the balance of this decade — for corporate, foundation, and individual contributions toward the arts, culture, research, and education. National Board of the Smithsonian Associates Under the continuing chairmanship of James M. Kemper, Jr., the board has maintained its positive interest in the Smithsonian and the Associate programs. Most especially has this been so in sup- port of the Quadrangle Center for African, Near Eastern and Asian Cultures. As of September 1982, personal gifts of board members to the Quadrangle amount to $1.4 million, and it is expected that this support will eventually exceed $2 million. The Regents meeting in May saw the first attendance of sev- eral National Associates Board (NAB) members, including the chairman, at one of their meetings. It proved a good opportunity for these two groups to explore ideas to advance the progress of the Quadrangle. New members elected to the NAB in 1982 were Mr. David Coffin, Mrs. Brooks McCormick, Mr. Arjay Miller, Mr. Arthur Altschul, Mr. Malcolm Stamper, Mrs. Joseph Allbritton, Mrs. 302 / Smithsonian Year 1982 George Seignious, and Mrs. Parker Hart (Chairman of the Women's Committee). Board meetings were held in Washington in autumn 1981 and in Paris in spring 1982. The Paris meeting was held in conjunction with the Institution's opening of the sites exhibition, American Impressionism. Following the meeting, the board visited museums and other cultural institutions in Lugano and Provence. Women' 's Committee of the Smithsonian Associates Once again, the net proceeds of the annual Christmas Ball, spon- sored by the Women's Committee, provided support for a number of worthwhile projects of various Smithsonian bureaus, offices, or departments. Selecting from among forty-nine projects submitted by twenty-four organizations, the committee awarded eleven grants, which helped make possible the following activities: the Free Film Theater of the Resident Associate Program; renovation of the Frederick Douglass Room at the National Museum of African Art; the Amelia Earhart Symposium of the National Air and Space Museum; the Thomas M. Evans Gallery exhibition, inua revealed: the spirit world of the hering sea eskimo; audio- visual equipment for the National Zoological Park; a public-school exhibition for Cooper-Hewitt; the Family Learning Project of the Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies; mobile infor- mation units for the Visitors Information and Reception Center; a secondary-school publication, Of Kayaks and Ulus, for the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education; and, for the Office of Museum Programs, a videotape, "Techniques in the Care of Rare Books and Flat Papers." During the year, the Women's Committee decided to sponsor yet another major fund-raising program, which, like the Christmas Ball, would become an annual event. This is to be the Washington Craft Show, patterned after other such shows in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and other cities across the country. It will take place May 5-8, 1983, in the Departmental Auditorium on Constitution Avenue. Chairman of the subcommittee of the Women's Com- Membership and Development I 303 mittee for this project and show director is Mrs. Robert Gray; she and her committee are well on their way toward making this important endeavor a great success next year and in subsequent years as well. Finally, it is expected that the East Garden, between the Arts and Industries Building and the Hirshhorn Museum on Jefferson Drive, will be formally opened to the public in early summer 1983. This will be the culmination of dedicated efforts by the Women's Committee to create an attractive new feature in that portion of the Mall, stemming from the committee's major contributions toward its design and construction in 1978 and 1979. The James Smithson Society The James Smithson Society, the highest level of the Contributing Membership Program, grew to a new total of 364 members — 184 Annual Members and 180 Life Members. No new Life Mem- bers were admitted in the Society this year. Since the Society's inception in 1977, it has granted nearly $1 million in support of projects and acquisitions throughout the Institution. This year, through the contributions of Annual Mem- bers, the society funded the preservation of the Juley Collection, a photographic archive of numerous works of art, for the National Museum of American Art as well as funds for the construction of a combination recreation area, wildlife trail, telescope platform, and information center at the Whipple Observatory, Mt. Hopkins, Arizona. Monies were also provided for the development of a learning exhibition on the techniques of sculpture to be produced by the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service. The Smithsonian Institution Libraries received funds to purchase a rare book, Illustrations of the American Ornithology of Alexander Wilson and Charles Lucian Bonaparte, by Thomas Brown. And finally, the society, for the third year, has given $40,000 toward the construction of the Educational Center within the Quadrangle development. The Smithsonian Institution gratefully acknowledges the gen- erous support of the members of the James Smithson Society. 304 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Smithsonian National Associate Program Since its inception in 1970, the Smithsonian National Associate Program (snap), in cooperation with other Smithsonian bureaus, has provided innovative educational opportunities for Smithsonian Associates throughout the nation. Through Smithsonian magazine, members join activities that increase their awareness of the Insti- tution and encourage additional support for its work. The four units that currently comprise the National Associate Program offer benefits to Associates in a variety of ways, all of which are directed toward increasing members' personal involve- ment with the life of the Smithsonian. The Selected Studies Program invites Associates to Washington, D.C., for intensive, week-long seminars, during which lectures, field trips, and films provide members with an in-depth under- standing of topics as diverse as American Impressionism and Air- craft Restoration. The Regional Events Program serves Associates by presenting lectures, workshops, and seminars in their home communities. Smithsonian curators and scientists describe their work to Asso- ciates in programs that visit ten cities of various sizes and various distances from Washington each year. The events are cosponsored by local museums, universities, and cultural organizations. Members who participate in the Associates Travel Program share educational experiences with Smithsonian study leaders as they travel throughout the world. Under the expert guidance of scholars, Associates visit domestic and foreign destinations and learn about the unique features of these areas. The Contributing Membership Program provides members with an opportunity to contribute to the unrestricted funds of the Institution in five levels of membership. In return, Contributing Members receive a variety of benefits, including publications related to the work of the Institution and invitations to special events and behind-the-scenes tours of the museums. In 1982, snap continued to increase the services to its members as it encouraged private support for the Institution. Inherent in the approach of the program is an emphasis on four themes: edu- cational pursuits, member participation, public awareness, and Membership and Development I 305 11 ■ &_£ H5" ' »"^"* -- *■■». ■■ IMP ' " " Smithsonian National Associates pose with faculty and students at the Szechuan Provincial Opera Arts School, Chengdu, People's Republic of China. cooperation with Smithsonian bureaus and like-minded organiza- tions nationwide. EDUCATIONAL PURSUITS In Washington, across the country, and abroad, Smithsonian Asso- ciates joined their fellow members in a wide range of activities that demonstrate the Institution's varied research interests. The Selected Studies Program offered sixteen seminars this year, includ- ing "Quilting: Traditional to Modern," "Post Impressionist Mas- ters," and "Religions of the Far East." "The New Astronomies" was the first seminar held at a Smithsonian research facility out- side Washington, D.C. Eighty-eight Associate members traveled to Tucson, Arizona, to participate in the activities led by Smithsonian scientists from the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory and their colleagues from the University of Arizona and Kitt Peak National Observatory. The program combined lectures and films with tours of the area's most advanced astrophysical facilities. Participants in Domestic Study Tours explored the northern forests and waterways of the Pacific Northwest, Isle Royale, and Minnesota's North Shore. Others spent a week in residence at the Colorado Outdoor Education Center, where instructors cov- ered topics from wildflowers and birds of the Colorado Rockies to astronomy and fossil hunting. Associates gained a greater understanding and appreciation of the fragile ecosystem of south Florida during their week-long stay in Everglades National Parks; they learned about Colorado's fasci- nating mining and railroad history from local historians and pro- fessors; and they traveled to Savannah, Charleston, Boston, and Philadelphia to experience, firsthand, architectural history and the cultural heritage of these cities. Each of the thirty-five domestic tours provided orientation lectures and on-site discussions led by local experts. Associates traveling abroad chose from forty-four sea- and land- based itineraries. Aboard the tall ship Sea Cloud, they sailed through the Leeward and Windward islands to learn about Carib- bean cultural and natural history. They cruised the Rhine River from Basel to Arnheim, or explored the historic cities surrounding the Adriatic and Red Seas. Museum curators and historians pro- vide shipboard lectures and led walking tours through various Membership and Development I 307 ports of call. New land-based destinations for the Foreign Study Program included tours of Peru's legendary archaeological sites, the art and architecture of Belgium and Holland, and a two-week countryside visit to England's picturesque Cotswolds region. The China Program expanded to fourteen departures this year. Associates toured Tibet, climbed the sacred peaks of Taishan and Emeishan, and followed the Eastern Silk Route across the steppe region of Central Asia. The Associates Travel Program success- fully completed its most ambitious plan to date: a thirty-seven-day rail journey from Paris to Beijing in the company of Sino and Soviet experts. The Regional Events Program traveled to Oshkosh, Wisconsin; Gainesville, Florida; Columbus and Cincinnati, Ohio; Boise, Idaho; Spokane, Washington; Nashville, Tennessee; Santa Barbara, Cali- fornia; and Tulsa, Oklahoma City, and Norman, Oklahoma, bring- ing 132 events to Associates in their home communities. In coop- eration with eighty-two local cosponsoring organizations and two national cosponsors, the Regional Events staff developed new programs that reflect current Smithsonian research and comple- ment local interests. A lecture, by Adrienne Kaeppler of the National Museum of Natural History (nmnh), at the Cincinnati Museum of Natural His- tory on Oceanic art, focused attention on the opening of the museum's major exhibition of the Fleischman collection of Mela- nesian artifacts. Smithsonian Fellow Don Fowler presented sem- inars on historic preservation in Cincinnati and Spokane. Preserva- tion groups in each city enhanced his presentations with walking tours of historic areas. Other first-time events were "WWII Aviation: A Closer Look," by Donald Lopez, National Air and Space Museum (nasm), "Worksongs, Playsongs, Spirituals and Blues," by Bernice Reagon, Division of Performing Arts (dpa), and "Margaret Mead: A Personal Reminiscence," by Wilton Dillon, Office of Symposia and Seminars. Fourteen special events were arranged for Contributing Mem- bers during the year, including an evening with David Atten- borough, who previewed portions of his award-winning BBC tele- vision series Life on Earth, and a special evening-viewing of the Renwick exhibition Celebration: A World of Art and Ritual. In recognition of their support for the Institution, members received 308 / Smithsonian Year 1982 copies of Mr. Attenborough's best-selling book as well as two other Smithsonian-related publications. Sustaining Members ($500 category) were invited to a curatorial tour through the Frances and Sidney Lewis collection of contemporary art at the Lewis residence and Best Company headquartered in Richmond, Virginia. PARTICIPATION New educational benefits offered by snap attracted thousands of Associates who had not participated previously in the Selected Studies, Associates Travel, and Regional Events activities. The over-all response to the Selected Studies offerings, as in the past, was excellent. More than double the anticipated number enrolled in the quilting seminar, and the "New Astronomies" program was repeated to meet the unexpected demand. Foreign and domestic study tours also continued to show strong enrollments, with about one-third of the travelers returning for additional Smithsonian tours. More than 3,175 Associates traveled on eighty-two domestic-study and foreign-study tours. Many of the China programs, as well as other Associates tours were filled four to six months prior to departure. The Washington "Anytime" program was enjoyed by 3,200 Associates who wanted to visit the Smithsonian for a weekend. The Regional Events Program invited more than 200,000 Asso- ciates and local members to events in the host cities of 1982. The majority of events were fully booked, and additional sessions were scheduled when requests exceeded available space. Participation in forty-five in-depth seminars — a program format introduced in 1980 — increased by fifty percent this year. Eighteen thousand Associates are now Contributing Members, a twenty-four percent increase in the past year. The most signifi- cant growth was recorded in the Donor ($100) Membership cate- gory, which increased by fifty-five percent in 1982. Unrestricted funds for the Smithsonian, provided by the five categories of Contributing Members (Supporting, Donor, Sponsoring, Sustain- ing, and the James Smithson Society), along with the Corporate Matching and Annual Giving revenues, increased by twenty-six percent over 1981. In May, 250 Contributing Members in Santa Barbara were invited to a gem-appreciation seminar, led by Paul Desautels Membership and Development I 309 (nmnh), and a reception in their honor at the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History during the Regional Events series. The Associates Travel Program cooperated with Regional Events to plan Washington, D.C, tours for members from organizations that had been host for Smithsonian programs. These included the Rochester Museum and Science Center, the California Academy of Sciences, and the Colorado Historical Society. Behind-the-scenes tours and meetings with curators were arranged to meet the special interests of these membership groups. PUBLIC AWARENESS The services provided to national members this year drew increas- ing attention from the media, creating a greater awareness among the general public of Smithsonian activities. Lecturers traveling with the Regional Events Program were invited to describe their research interests on twenty-eight TV and radio broadcasts in this year's host cities. Local newspapers highlighted the series in sixty feature articles. In Columbus, Ohio, the Regional Events Program collaborated with Warner Amex Cable Communications, Inc., and was assisted by the Office of Telecommunications in the production of five half -hour cable-television lectures: "The Continental Puzzle: A Look at Plate Tectonics," by Richard Fiske (nmnh); "Nature's Lights Beneath the Sea," by Clyde Roper (nmnh) ; "George Bellows : Boy Wonder of American Art," by Margaret Christman, National Portrait Gallery (npg); "Beyond the Ocean, Beneath a Leaf," by Kjell Sandved (nmnh); and "Of Myth and Men: The American Presidency," by Marc Pachter (npg). The series, entitled Smith- sonian Profiles, has been scheduled for cablecast on Warner- Amex stations in Columbus, Cincinnati, Houston, Pittsburgh, Dallas, suburban St. Louis, and suburban Chicago. Following each cablecast, viewers will be given a toll-free number to request infor- mation about the Smithsonian and its Associate membership. The Selected Studies Program once again enjoyed extensive national media attention. Articles and notices describing seminars appeared in special-interest publications such as Antiques, Antiques Monthly, Art and Antiques, Flying Machine, AOPA Pilot, Asia Mail, and Quilters Newsletter Magazine. Articles by participants 310 / Smithsonian Year 1982 have also appeared in local and national publications, including Model Airplane News. Corporate interest in Smithsonian activities was stimulated by the Contributing Membership's Matching Gift Program. In 1982 over fifty corporations made pledges to match or exceed the dona- tions of employees who are currently Contributing Members. This represents more than double the amount raised in 1981. The Matching Gift Program, still in its early stages, is expected to become a major source of revenues in the coming years. Newspapers and magazines carried articles about or by partici- pants in domestic and foreign study tours. Some Associates have developed regular lecture circuits to civic, corporate, and education groups. COOPERATION Cooperation with SI bureaus continues to be the essence of success for the program. Staff members travel with the Regional Events, Domestic Study, and Foreign Study programs, and participate in Selected Studies and Contributing Membership activities. Thirty-five representatives from eleven bureaus joined the Re- gional Events series in 1982. While traveling, curators and scien- tists often further their research interests and confer with col- leagues throughout the country. David Pawson and Clyde Roper (nmnh) visited and conducted research at the Smithsonian field station in Fort Pierce, Florida, after they lectured to Associates in Gainesville. In Cincinnati and Santa Barbara, Howard Fox (Hirsh- horn Museum and Sculpture Garden) met with artists currently working in new creative directions. Following his programs in Boise and Spokane, George Venable (nmnh) traveled to Portland and Seattle to lead professional seminars for the Guild of Scien- tific Illustrators. Herman Viola (nmnh) participated in the Native American Archives Project workshop during the Regional Events in Norman, Oklahoma. The Visitors Information and Associates Reception Center (viarc) provided docent-led tours of the Castle each Sunday for participants in the Washington "Anytime" Weekend. Beginning in 1982, a Washington "Anytime" brochure was included in infor- mation packets mailed to those who requested information from the viarc. To help promote attendance at Smithsonian Performing Membership and Development I 311 Arts events, Washington "Anytime" Weekend participants re- ceived with their confirming letters a list of coming performances. A number of curators helped with weekend programs at the Smithsonian, including Paul Desautels, John White, and Pete Dunn in the "All About Gems Weekend." John Falk and staff at the Chesapeake Bay Center introduced their facilities on the bay to Associates. Staff members with expertise in foreign and domestic areas were invited to accompany several trips this year. Gus Van Beek (nmnh) joined members for the "Red Sea Odyssey" and offered lectures on ancient Egypt and Jordan as members toured Petra, Luxor, and the Valley of the Kings. Julia Murray (Freer Gallery of Art) served as study leader for an Associates tour to northern China, and Predoctoral Fellow David Steadman (nmnh) led mem- bers through the Galapagos Islands. Domestic study programs down the Salmon River and through Desolation and Gray Canyons were led by Von Del Chamberlain (nasm). William Melson (nmnh) accompanied Associates through the Grand Canyon. Walter Boyne (nasm) coordinated Selected Studies' "Aircraft Restoration" seminar, which combined lectures by Boyne and Donald Lopez (nasm) with tours of the Paul H. Garber Facility led by staff members. Martin Amt, William T. Chase III, and Julia Murray led tours of the Freer Gallery collections and conservation facilities for participants in seminars on Chinese ceramics, Eastern religions, and Chinese cultural history. Members who attended the quilting seminar enjoyed the opportunity to view the Smith- sonian's collection of American quilts during small group visits coordinated by Doris Bowman (nmah). By making an advance commitment to purchase a Smithsonian book and an exhibition catalogue each year as benefits for its members, the Contributing Membership Program has helped make possible the development and printing of a number of Smithsonian museum publications. In 1982, Contributing Members across the country received the catalogue published for the Natural History Museum's exhibition inua: spirit world of the bering sea eskimo. Members were invited to a specially arranged preview of this exhi- bition. The National Museum of American Art (nmaa) and Wash- ington's Harry Lunn Gallery also collaborated with the Contribut- ing Membership Program to offer members "An Evening with 312 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Berenice Abbott" to mark the opening of nmaa's exhibition of Ms. Abbott's photographic works. Other special activities for Contributing Members were arranged throughout 1982 in coopera- tion with most Smithsonian museums. Snap is dedicated to the belief that learning should be an enjoy- able lifelong pursuit for everyone, and that the national museums and research organizations of the Smithsonian Institution will continue to make a valuable contribution to this learning process. Smithsonian Resident Associate Program The Smithsonian Resident Associate Program (srap) — the private, self-supporting membership and continuing-education arm of the Smithsonian Institution for metropolitan Washington, D.C. — is considered a model for museum membership and education pro- grams both nationally and internationally. Established in 1965 by Secretary Ripley to provide opportunities for those who live in the Washington area to participate actively in the life of the Smith- sonian, the program offers an extensive range of educational activi- ties that complements and enhances the exhibitions, collections, and research of the Institution. Resident Associates represent a broad cross-section of the greater Washington community. Membership has grown from 8,000 with a retention rate in excess of fifty percent in 1972, to more than 52,000, with a retention rate of over seventy-six percent in 1982 — including more than 110,000 persons in the Washington Metropolitan area. The program also provides full membership benefits and support to over 3,000 Contributing Members residing in the Washington metropolitan area and limited benefits to over 17,000 Contributing Members living elsewhere in the U.S. and abroad. During fiscal year 1982, the program offered 904 activities attended by 95,000 persons. Self-supporting since 1972, the program fully reimburses the Institution for office space, computer and audio-visual support, labor and guard service, and administrative overhead (over Membership and Development I 313 $500,000 in fiscal year 1982). In addition, the program generates a modest annual surplus that is transferred to the unrestricted funds of the Institution. SMITHSONIAN COOPERATION The program's primary focus continues to be planning activities that enhance popular appreciation of Smithsonian exhibitions, collections, curatorial research, and special activities. During fiscal year 1982, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden (hmsg) and the srap formed a special affiliation to cosponsor annual lec- tures and symposia. In celebration of the opening of the Hirsh- horn's newly redesigned Sculpture Garden, eminent art historian Daniel Robbins lectured on the concept of a twentieth-century sculpture garden. In an evening dialogue, hmsg Director Abram Lerner, who was a Work Project Administration (wpa) artist, and art historian Milton Brown recalled the life of the wpa artists during the depression days of the 1930s. In recognition of Raphael Soyer's recent contribution of his life's work in graphics to the hmsg in honor of Abram Lerner, the srap commissioned an original self-portrait lithograph by this Ameri- can "old master." An artist's proof of the lithograph was donated to the hmsg by the srap and was included in the Hirshhorn show, Raphael Soyer: 65 Years of Printmaking. Artist's proofs were also donated to the National Gallery of Art (nga), National Museum of American Art (nmaa), National Portrait Gallery (npg), and the Smithsonian Institution Castle Building, in honor of the James Smithson Society, of which Mr. Soyer is a Life Member. In con- nection with this exhibition and the concurrent Soyer Since I960, a dialogue was presented between Raphael Soyer and Abram Lerner ranging over the artist's prodigiously productive life. The opening of the reconstructed Dinosaur Hall in the National Museum of Natural History (nmnh) provided the occasion for an all-day seminar on the dinosaur epoch by four eminent scientists, including Nicholas Hotton, curator of Paleobiology. Two evening extravaganzas on dinosaurs — embellished with dinosaur songs, puppetry, ballons, art, and cookies — were staged for young people and their families. Another nmnh exhibition, inua: spirit world of the bering sea eskimos, served as the stimulus for an all-day seminar exploring Eskimo art with internationally eminent anthro- 314 / Smithsonian Year 1982 pologists and art historians, including William Fitzhugh, curator of North American Archaeology. The srap responded to the Institution-wide celebration of the centennial of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's birth with a variety of activities. An all-day seminar examining FDR as a politician and statesman was organized with leading Roosevelt scholars from across the country. Guitar-playing songwriter Joe Glazer presented a concert of political and social songs of the Roosevelt era. A course, organized by Nathan Reingold, editor, Joseph Henry Papers, examining the home front in World War II featured re- spected economist John Kenneth Galbraith, who was assistant administrator of the Office of Price Administration in the Roose- velt administration. Tours were offered of the National Museum of American History (nmah) exhibition on FDR and the hmsg wpa show. The Free Film Theater screened eight films on FDR, the New Deal, and the war years. The program observed another national landmark, the two- hundred-fiftieth birthday of George Washington, with gala open- ings of the nmah's exhibition George Washington: A Figure Upon the Stage. A participatory course, teaching eighteenth-century dances, was also offered in connection with the exhibition, and students demonstrated their dance accomplishments at the exhibi- tion's opening. In connection with the exhibition Berenice Abbott: the '20s and '30s, at the nmah, the srap presented a special evening with the renowned American photographer Berenice Abbott, in dialogue with Barbara Shissler Nosanow, curator of the exhibition. The program also presented a lecture on the new book on Arshile Gorky, by Harry Rand, nmaa curator of Twentieth Century Paint- ing, and a lecture on the sculpture of Frederic Remington, by Michael Shapiro, guest curator of the nmaa exhibition Cast and Recast: the Sculpture of Frederic Remington. The nga's major exhibition, El Greco of Toledo, served as the stimulus for three well-attended lectures by Jonathan Brown, dis- tinguished art historian and author of the catalogue, providing a new interpretation of El Greco's work. A course on the Spanish people, their traditions, art, and music was also planned around the exhibition in collaboration with the Embassy of Spain. In addition, fifteen tours of the exhibition were offered and filled. Membership and Development I 315 To celebrate the Renwick Gallery's tenth birthday, the program commissioned — at the suggestion of Renwick Director Lloyd Her- man— a poster reproduction of the festive and visually appealing 1979 Wayne Thiebaud painting, California Cakes. The poster was donated to the nmaa, the hmsg, and the Renwick Gallery. In conjunction with the major exhibition, Of Time and Place, organized by the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (sites) and the Corcoran Gallery of Art, the srap presented a film series focusing on American times and places central to our national identity. An all-day seminar, examining the visions of everyday life in America created by artists and photographers from the early nineteenth century through World War II, was also offered in connection with this exhibition. During the year, the program organized several successful courses in collaboration with the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, examining U.S. defense policies in the 1980s, issues in U.S. power projection in East Asia, and current nuclear con- cerns. Another popular course was offered by Smithsonian Regents Fellow G. Ledyard Stebbins, on the timely topic of evolution: chemical, human, and cultural. Michael Quick, organizer of the major npg exhibition, American Portraiture in the Grand Manner: 1720-1920, lectured on the significant historical role played by formal portraiture in American painting in conjunction with the show. Associates were offered study tours of all major Smithsonian museum shows throughout the year. The srap's director participated in three workshops under the auspices of the Office of Museum Programs, and the associate director conducted a two-day seminar on museum membership for the Virginia Association of Museums. COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT AND CONSORTIA The srap works closely with civic, cultural, and educational insti- tutions in the Washington area to present activities that address current issues and are open to the public as well as to members. The program also supports local cultural and outdoor sporting festivals and city-wide projects, and commemorates civic observ- ances with appropriate programming. For the ninth consecutive year, the program presented the Audu- bon Lecture Series in cosponsorship with the Audubon Naturalist 316 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Society and the Friends of the National Zoo. This year's double series was sold out. In March the program, in cooperation with the Washington Metropolitan Chapter of the American Institute of Architects, presented a unique four-part architectural design seminar that provided a forum for the study and application of basic design principles to a specific site in D.C. — Eighth Street, N.W. — between the Mount Vernon Square Library and the nmaa. In a spring term course, "Conversations on the City," Washing- ton architects, planners, preservationists, critics, and government officials — including Mayor Marion Barry, architect Arthur Cotton Moore, and J. Carter Brown, chairman, Commission of Fine Arts and director, nga — joined in discussion and debate on fundamental issues affecting the quality of life in the nation's capital. A winter course on "Titans of Typography" was organized in cooperation with the Art Directors Club of Metropolitan Washington, and a spring course featuring internationally known interior designers was planned in conjunction with the American Society of Interior Designers. A summer course exploring new directions in publica- tion design was offered in cooperation with the National Associa- tion of Government Communicators to consider new ways of creating innovative, cost-effective publications. In observance of Black History Month in February, the program offered a lecture by Joseph Harris, a Woodrow Wilson Fellow and former chairman of the Department of History at Howard Univer- sity, examining the 1,500-year story of the global African diaspora. A tour that encompassed the Corcoran Gallery of Art's exhibition Black Folk Art in America, the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum, and the Mary McLeod Bethune Museum sampled the wealth and diversity of Washington's black legacy. Saluting the Caribbean/American Intercultural Organization's annual Caribbean Independence Week, the program offered its sixth consecutive Caribbean Gala, featuring Jamaican, Trinidadian, and Haitian dances and traditional Cuban music. As has been the practice of the program for the past ten years, tuition-free scholarships were awarded to innercity young people and adults to attend courses of their choice. Through the D.C. Public School System, ninety-seven youngsters received full schol- arships to attend Young Associate classes in fiscal year 1982, and Membership and Development I 317 137 scholarships were awarded to adults, high-school students, and Smithsonian docents to attend the program's adult courses. The srap received funding from the Rouse Company for seed money to plan the presentation of educational and cultural activi- ties— primarily crafts/lecture demonstrations — at the company's Columbia and White Marsh malls. This local program outreach would be related to activities now conducted by the Resident Associate Program at the Smithsonian, but would also be especially designed for mall shoppers. NATIONAL CONCERNS The Resident Associate Program occupies a prominent position in the continuing education field, among universities as well as in the museum world. Resident Associate staff members are active in the National University Continuing Education Association, as well as in the American Association of Museums. Janet W. Solinger, the program's director, consults regularly in education, program- ming, and membership for museums, art centers, and institutions of higher learning throughout the country and abroad. She also serves on many boards of cultural institutions. This year, Ms. Sol- inger was instrumental in obtaining a three-year grant of over $1 million for the Institution from the W. R. Kellogg Foundation of Battle Creek, Michigan. As a result of this grant, the Smith- sonian will launch a three-year national program to improve and expand the educational role of museums in society. Ms. Solinger will serve as senior advisor for the grant. INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES The program was active in several different international arenas during the year. The Netherlands-American Bicentennial, for which Ms. Solinger served as national vice-chairperson for Cul- ture and Publications, celebrated 200 years of unbroken diplomatic relations between the two countries. An array of activities marked the celebration, including a film series, organized by the srap, that was shown in D.C. before traveling to eight other key cities in the U.S., an all-day seminar on the art of the De Stijl movement, and the presentation of the dada play The Ephemeral is Eternal at the hmsg. A course and a lecture were offered on the golden age of 318 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Resident Associates pause outside a historic house in Rockville, Maryland, on a walking tour of the town's historic district. A member of the First Maryland Regiment (left) shows a Young Associate his rifle, following the Regiment's performance "From Reveille to Tattoo," sponsored by the Smithsonian Resident Associates Program. Dutch painting, as well as a course on the art of Jan Vermeer, and tours were arranged of the De Stijl exhibition at the hmsg and the Dutch masters show at the nga. Films on Rembrandt were screened, Dutch games and stories were organized for young people, and a workshop on Dutch lace was offered. In addition, the srap was responsible for the design and printing of the elegant poster reproduction of Larry Rivers' exquisite painting, Rainbow Rembrandt I, which was published in commemoration of The Netherlands-American Bicentennial. The Centennial celebration of the birth of Kemal Atatiirk was recognized with the presentation of an all-day scholarly seminar on ancient Anatolian civilizations, in collaboration with the Office of the Ambassador for Turkish Affairs, Turkish Republic. Another centennial celebration, that of U.S./Korean relations, was observed with a course examining the past, present, and future relationship between South Korea and America. Throughout the year, the program cooperated with several Washington embassies to enhance appreciation and understanding of foreign cultures. The annual Christmas entertainment of the British Embassy Players was performed at the Smithsonian under Resident Associate auspices, and courses were offered in coopera- tion with the embassies of Australia, Portugal, Spain, and Turkey. PROBLEMS AND INNOVATIONS The impact of the recession has been felt by the program during the year and probably bears some responsibility for a slight drop in membership, both in retention and new membership figures. Attendance at activties was high, and program expenses, while rising, have not increased as dramatically in fiscal year 1982 as in the two previous years. Income objectives were surpassed. A totally new on-line computerized membership record system was developed and became operational during the year. With this system, new memberships and changes in existing membership records are instantly recorded, expediting processing of such items as membership cards, renewal notices, newsletter and magazine mailings, and changes of address. The new system was designed and developed by Office of Computer Services and Resident Asso- ciate staff to meet the unique needs of the program. 320 / Smithsonian Year 1982 SPECIAL EVENTS: FILMS, SEMINARS, SYMPOSIA, LECTURES, PERFORMING ARTS The special events component of the program enables members to enjoy a wide variety of one-time cultural experiences through lec- tures, films, performing arts, seminars, and symposia. During fiscal year 1982, 149 special events, directed toward the arts, humanities, and sciences, were attended by over 59,000 people. Films More than 16,000 persons attended srap films this year. IMAX films on Australia's Great Barrier Reef, a festival celebrating the outstanding films of Alec Guinness, and the historical films of Roberto Rossellini were among the year's highlights. A scholar in the field introduced each film or series. The Free Film Theater — which is sponsored by the Women's Committee of the Smithsonian and the Office of Public Service, as well as by srap — a weekly series of documentaries open to the public, screened fifty films. The film, "Birds of the Indian Mon- soon," by internationally acclaimed wildlife cinematographers Stan- ley and Belinda Breeden, was shown at a special screening intro- duced by Secretary Ripley. Additionally, the program presented the United States public premiere of a new film produced by the Office of Telecommunications, "In Open Air: A Portrait of the American Impressionists." Seminars and Symposia Seventeen intensive day-long seminars and symposia exploring Imperial Russian palaces, the art and music of Venice, Edwardian England, the natural and cultural history of Wales, 4.5 billion years of rocks, and the world of medieval Europe constituted a major component of the program. Lectures Among the year's notable speakers were portraitist Alice Neel, photographer Berenice Abbott, art historian Dore Ashton, comedy writer Robert Orben, artist/painter/filmmaker Red Grooms, realist painter Raphael Soyer, and film critic John Simon. In addition, Membership and Development I 321 Participants in SRAP-sponsored activities during the past year include (clockwise from upper right): portraitist Alice Neel, architect Romaldo Giurgola, Roosevelt scholar William E. Leuchtenburg, art historian Dore Ashton, film and drama critic John Simon, and Smithsonian Re- gents Fellow G. Ledyard Stebbins. lectures exploring subjects as diverse as the fourth dimension, computer animation, and sinking of the Titanic, recent excavations at Petra, Ice Age art, and Saturn's rings were offered by distin- guished experts. Performing Arts Sunday brunch concerts are a regular feature of the annual pro- gram, September through May. This past season, for the third consecutive year, demand necessitated two schedulings of pianist John Eaton's American popular music series. Summer outdoor concerts in the courtyard of the National Museum of American Art/National Portrait Gallery — featuring outstanding jazz, Dixie- land, and bluegrass groups — continued to attract large audiences. The rich tradition of the art of mime was discussed and demon- strated in a special evening with Mark Thompson, veteran of the internationally acclaimed Swiss mime troupe, Mummenschanz. The annual Caribbean Gala, sponsored in collaboration with the Caribbean/American Intercultural Organization, was a sell-out pro- duction. A total of 8,090 persons registered for the program's limited number of performing arts events. ADULT COURSES Through a broad-based curriculum in the arts, sciences, and hu- manities, the adult courses segment of the program provides opportunities for serious study with distinguished Smithsonian and visiting scholars. During fiscal year 1982, 169 lecture courses were offered, attended by 8,325 students, which set a new record for Resident Associate enrollment — up thirteen percent over the previ- ous year. Among the best-attended courses of the year, attracting some 1,300 persons, were "The Emerging Solar Home," "Masters of Portrait Photography," "Titans of Typography," "Basic Com- puter Literacy," and "Archaeology and the Old Testament World." During the year there was increased emphasis on presenting courses that probed the latest developments in science and tech- nology, such as practical applications of recombinant DNA tech- nology, or gene splicing, and topics in the forefront of brain re- search today. The noontime course program remained strong, with a total of thirty-six courses taking place at locations on the Mall, Membership and Development I 323 at Dupont Circle, and in the new facility of the YWCA on Ninth Street, N.W. STUDIO ARTS The studio arts sector of the program seeks to enhance apprecia- tion of age-old crafts by keeping alive hands-on techniques that are rapidly disappearing from our modern world. During the past year, intensive courses in sketching, wood sculpture, and photog- raphy, and short classes in figure drawing and painting on fabric were extremely well-received. An expanded selection of photo- graphic courses and workshops was also offered during the year. A course on contemporary quilts with an antique flair and a lecture/demonstration on the art of gilding with master gilder William Adair were among the highlights of the 179 programs attended by 2,736 individuals in fiscal year 1982. TOURS On-site learning experiences are offered for small groups in art, architecture, archaeology, history, industry, and science at the Smithsonian and complementary facilities. Ranging in length from one hour to two days, tours are geared to appeal to a spectrum of age groups, financial circumstances, and interests. During fiscal year 1982, 269 tours took place, with a total participation of over 30,000 individuals. YOUNG ASSOCIATE AND FAMILY ACTIVITIES Through Young Associates and family activities, young people, ages three to fifteen, alone or with their families, gain new under- standing of the Smithsonian's vast resources. Classes, workshops, monthly free films for families, tours, and performances exploring topics in history, art, science, and studio arts are specially tailored to their ages and interests. Parent/child classes and workshops enable a parent and child to work together on projects of mutual interest. During fiscal year 1982, 138 Young Associate and family programs were attended by 12,562 individuals. VOLUNTEERS A total of 438 volunteers provided invaluable assistance to the Resident Associate Program, monitoring special events, lectures, 324 / Smithsonian Year 1982 courses, and tours, and performing vital office duties. The 78 volunteer office workers represent the equivalent of five full-time staff members, and the hours contributed by 360 monitor volun- teers is equivalent to the work of six staff members. In apprecia- tion of their contribution to the program, all volunteers were feted at a special reception at the Renwick Gallery on September 14 and office volunteers at a luncheon on May 5. Membership and Development I 325 Smithsonian Year . 1982 PUBLIC INFORMATION LAWRENCE E. TAYLOR, COORDINATOR Office of Public Affairs In its continuing efforts to reach a broader segment of the public and the media, the Office of Public Affairs (opa), in cooperation with the Smithsonian Institution Press, redesigned and redirected its ten-year-old science-oriented periodical, Research Reports, to include the full breadth of the Institution's research activities. The publication now features in-depth reports on art, history, and science research and highlights of on-going efforts. Research Reports is distributed free of charge to all Smithsonian Contribut- ing Members, to journalists, and to thousands of specialists who work at museums, universities, government agencies, corporations, and cultural and educational organizations, as well as science and research institutions and foundations. The diverse interests of the Smithsonian are mirrored in the publication's contents which, last year, included reports on the space age, Antarctic meteorites, a study of nineteenth-century art connoisseur Charles Lang Freer, the endangered status of our Native American languages, and the photography of Edward Curtis. Diversity continued to be the hallmark of the Smithsonian News Service, a free, monthly feature-story service produced by opa for daily and weekly newspapers. Completing its third year of opera- tion, the service has received an enthusiastic reception from more than 1,400 newspapers with an estimated 40 million readers throughout the United States and expanded its readership over- 326 seas, in Canada, and among ethnic-oriented media during the year. There were 50 feature-length articles distributed, illustrated with photographs, drawings, and color artwork — a new addition to the service. A special story on White House renovations, with an exclusive interview with First Lady Nancy Reagan, was especially popular among subscribers. Recognizing the outstanding quality of the service, the National Association of Government Communicators awarded the top three prizes and two honorable mentions in its "feature" category of "Blue Pencil Awards" to News Service writers. As part of its continuing mission to encourage visits to the Smithsonian, opa produced an experimental thirty-second, televi- sion public-service announcement (psa) to promote the concept that a planned museum visit is more rewarding than an unplanned visit. In cooperation with the Visitor Information and Reception Center, a packet of information, "Trip Planner," was offered to viewers who wrote in for it. Stations in twelve states received the announcement, and hundreds of responses were received from these states and seventeen neighboring states. Opa also produced thirty-second and sixty-second psas on the exhibitions at the Smithsonian and elsewhere in the Washington metropolitan area to commemorate the one-hundredth anniversary of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's birth. Nearly half of the television stations in Washington, D.C., Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsyl- vania used the announcement, encouraging many people to attend the exhibitions. In an effort to conserve Institution funds, opa realized major savings in its publishing program this year. The Torch, a monthly newspaper for employees and friends of the Institution, was adapted to a computerized system, which shaved seventeen percent off typesetting costs. The publication won second prize among all government in-house newspapers in the nationwide National Asso- ciation of Government Communicators Blue Pencil Awards contest. Opa redesigned the Welcome brochure — the publication seen by most visitors to Smithsonian museums — to effect a forty percent savings on the total printing bill. The brochure was updated and reprinted in four languages — French, German, Spanish, and Japa- nese— in response to the needs of large numbers of foreign visitors Public Information I 327 who come to the museums each year. A revised edition of Guide to the Smithsonian for Disabled Visitors was also published, re- flecting improvements that have made Smithsonian buildings and programs more accessible to people with physical and mental handicaps. Research at the Smithsonian was emphasized in two special science-oriented events coordinated by opa. In conjunction with 21 professional societies and organizations, opa organized and co- sponsored a reception at the National Air and Space Museum (nasm) for 350 science writers attending the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In April, opa coordinated a "Behind-the-Scenes Day" for members of the National Association of Science Writers, when more than 30 nationally known writers visited facilities at the new Mu- seum Support Center, nasm and the National Museum of Natural History. Opa continued to provide assistance to other bureaus and offices, with an opa staff member assisting the Office of Folklife Programs by preparing, coordinating, and distributing information for the media about the sixteenth annual Festival of American Folklife and for events held at the Renwick Gallery in conjunction with the exhibition Celebration: A World of Art and Ritual. 328 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Smithsonian Year • 1982 READING IS FUNDAMENTAL, INC. MRS. ELLIOT RICHARDSON, CHAIRMAN RUTH GRAVES, PRESIDENT Since its founding sixteen years ago, Reading Is Fundamental, Inc., (rif) has grown into a nation-wide reading motivation pro- gram with local projects in all fifty states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Guam. Such extraordinary growth attests to the soundness of the rif approach to motivating reading. The rif concept is simple: give youngsters the chance to choose and keep books that appeal to them, and they will discover for themselves that reading is both enjoyable and useful. Once they have made this discovery, they will read more and learn more. Rif's goal is to make books and reading a natural part of every child's daily experience. In its first fifteen years alone, Reading Is Fundamental brought more than 43 million books into American homes. Convinced that the rif method of getting children to read is sensible and easy to administer, some 117,000 citizens volunteered their time last year to operate rif projects. Sponsors and supporters of rif programs include schools and school districts, state agencies, service clubs, correctional facilities, library associations, ptas and ptos, united charities, businesses, day-care centers, and recrea- tional centers. In 1982, some 3,400 rif projects gave 2.7 million young peo- ple— age three through high school — the chance to choose and keep 8.9 million books. The children who chose rif books were a cross section of America: youngsters from the heart of major cities 329 like Chicago, New York, Los Angeles, and Dallas, as well as chil- dren from remote rural districts, often without libraries or book- stores. At least 10,000 of the young people choosing books during 1982 were native Americans, and more than 87,000 youngsters were the children of migrant and seasonal farmworkers. In 1982, Reading Is Fundamental continued its technical-assis- tance services to local projects, providing them with 115 work- shops; special services and discounts negotiated with 346 book suppliers; and guidance materials, including a comprehensive col- lection of reading motivation activities. Rif also completed production of a short documentary film, which shows how parents, citizens, business, and industry can work with rif to help school-age children overcome reading problems. For the sixth consecutive year, Reading Is Fundamental con- tracted with the U.S. Department of Education to operate the In- expensive Book Distribution Program — a federal program, modeled on rif, that permits Reading Is Fundamental to match with federal funds the local funds that projects raise for books. Rif also en- couraged local groups to organize rif projects relying solely on local funds. Some 295 locally funded projects were in operation at the end of fiscal year 1982. In June of 1982, the Educational Publishers Association, an or- ganization of publishers and wholesalers, honored RIF President Ruth Graves with the fourth annual Jeremiah Ludington Memorial Award, in recognition of her promotion of literacy and her service to young people. Mrs. Elliot Richardson, RIF Chairman, welcomed two new mem- bers to the Board of Directors this year: W. Thomas Johnson, publisher of the Los Angeles Times, and Harry Hoffman, president and chief executive officer of Waldenbooks. Rif's success in promoting reading continues to attract substan- tial private support from corporations, foundations, and private citizens. More than fifty major corporations, foundations, labor unions, and organizations supported the rif program in 1982. Book companies also contributed by earmarking to rif the proceeds of sales on a special edition, in one case, and in another, the reve- nues from a benefit screening of the movie version of a major best seller. 330 / Smithsonian Year 1982 The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation made a major grant to Reading Is Fundamental, giving rif the unique opportunity to develop materials and methods that parents can use at home to encourage their children to read. Rif will survey a sample of parents in the 3 million families served by rif projects, and analyze the data to identify information and materials that parents could use. The National Home Library Foundation, a supporter of rif since 1966, awarded rif a grant to underwrite the cost of producing a brochure describing rif project techniques, to be published in memory of rif's founder, Mrs. Margaret McNamara. Since 1971, rif has mounted a public-education campaign to promote reading. Rif public-service announcements have received nearly $20 million in free broadcast time and magazine space from the ABC, CBS, and NBC radio and television networks, and from magazines such as Reader's Digest, Nezvsweek, U.S. News and World Report, Fortune, Business Week, Ladies Home Journal, Nero York Magazine, and many others. U.S. commissioners of education since 1969 have endorsed rif, and nearly every major educational and service organization has supported and endorsed the rif program — including the National Association of Elementary School Principals, the National Asso- ciation of Secondary School Principals, the National Association for the Education of Young Children, the National Catholic Educa- tional Association, the American Library Association, Association for Library Services to Children, the International Reading Asso- ciation, the National Urban League, the National Education Asso- ciation, the Girl Scouts of America, and Campfire, Inc. Rif has cooperated with many of these organizations to promote a public awareness of literacy issues. At the 1982 International Reading Association convention, for example, rif cosponsored with the National Parent Teachers Association, Inc., a symposium on the topic "I Want a Book I Picked Myself . . . The Right to Choose/' A recent major study of illiteracy reports that one in five Ameri- cans can't read or write well enough to handle the needs of every- day life. Reading Is Fundamental is working to reverse this trend, and a number of studies, reports and surveys clearly demonstrate that the rif method is succeeding. As a result of rif programs, Reading Is Fundamental I 331 according to these reports, youngsters spend more time reading; their attitudes toward reading improve; parents get involved in reading with their children; the community at large focuses more attention on reading and education; and often, reading scores rise and library circulation increases. But despite these successes and the rapid growth of the program, rif is reaching only a small percentage of the young people it could serve. If America is to become a society where the ability to read is the birthright of every American, then Reading Is Fundamental will have a role to play for many years. 332 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Mrs. George Bush, a member of the rif Board of Directors, shares a tale with two youngsters at the Cameron Elementary School, Alexan- dria, Virginia, during a book distribution visit. Behind Mrs. Bush (from left) are rif President Ruth Graves and a rif volunteer. In the lounge of the Castle, at one of the Center's events celebrating the 125th birthday of Woodrow Wilson, Vice President George Bush (center) is shown here with the Center's new Board of Trustees Chair- man William J. Baroody, Jr. (left), and wwics Director James H. Billington. Smithsonian Year . 1982 WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS JAMES H. BILLINGTON, DIRECTOR The Wilson Center — with the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts and the National Gallery of Art — is one of three institutions with mixed trust/public funding created by the Congress within the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., fulfilling a na- tional mission under a board appointed by the president of the United States. The Wilson Center is an active workshop and switchboard for scholarship at the highest levels. Since its opening twelve years ago this fall, it has gained widespread recognition for the work of its fellows in mining the scholarly riches of Washing- ton, for its many meetings that bring together the world of affairs and the world of ideas, and for its democratic openness to all comers through its annual fellowship competition. Each year, some fifty fellows are brought in through open inter- national competition involving ever-increasing numbers of appli- cants from a wide range of backgrounds, disciplines, cultures, and nations. A broad spectrum of ideas is, in turn, shared with a non- specialized national audience through The Wilson Quarterly, which already has more subscribers than any other scholarly quarterly journal in the English-speaking world. The Wilson Center seeks to render a service to the world and to the Washington, D.C., community by throwing open its core fellowship program to all interested individuals. Fellows are selected for the promise, importance, and appropriateness of their projects on the recommendation of broadly based academic panels outside 334 the center. The fellows come for limited periods, not only in the broadly inclusive program entitled History, Culture, and Society, but also in special programs in Russian and Soviet studies (the Kennan Institute), Latin American studies, international security studies, East Asia studies, and a program in American society and politics. Each program is directed by a scholar on the staff. Following its mandate to symbolize and strengthen the fruitful relation between the worlds of learning and of public affairs, the center sponsors conferences and seminars on topics of special cur- rent interest to both worlds. In 1982, for example, the center brought together scholars from many different disciplines, mem- bers of Congress, representatives of the Executive Branch, busi- nessmen, journalists, military experts, writers, educators, and diplo- mats to consider a variety of issues, examine current questions, enjoy celebrations, and participate in evaluative discussions. In commemoration of the one-hundred-twenty-fifth birthday of Woodrow Wilson, the center held an evening dialogue at which John M. Cooper, Jr., professor of history at University of Wiscon- sin-Madison, presented a paper on "Woodrow Wilson's Demo- cratic Politics," and Richard L. McCormick of Rutgers University presented one on "Progressivism: A Modern Reassessment." Arthur S. Link, editor of the Pages of Woodrow Wilson, being published by Princeton University Press, gave an address entitled "Woodrow Wilson: Hinge of the 20th Century." A dinner-discussion, cosponsored with the Atlantic Council, on "The Teaching of Values in Colleges and Universities," was chaired by James H. Billington, center director, and included such participants as Thomas Bartlett, president of the Association of American Universities; Edmund Pellegrino, president of the Catho- lic University of America; Glenn Campbell, director of The Hoover Institution; Georg Turner, president of the West German Rectors' Conference; and Paula Brownlee, president of Hollins College. During the year, the International Security Studies Program of the center held seminars on security issues in the Middle East and Gulf, covering such topics as Middle East oil and the industrial democracies, the Arab-Israeli conflict, and Soviet and United States strategies for the region. Among the principal participants were Hermann Frederick Eilts, Shahram Chukin, Shlomo Avineri, and Parker T. Hart. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars I 335 The center's fellows continue to come from all over the world, from many disciplines, and from many areas of the United States. Among its 1982 fellows and guest scholars were Yao Wei, chief of the Press Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, People's Republic of China, studying the American foreign policy-making process; Karl Dietrich Bracher, historian of modern political ideas from the University of Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany; Jagat Singh Mehta, India's former foreign secretary, evaluating India's role in the world today; Edward Rowny, lieutenant general, U.S. Army (ret.), former salt negotiator and now serving as chief of the U.S. START Delegation; George Morrison Carstairs, former vice chancellor, University of York, United Kingdom; Patricia Albjerg Graham, The Charles Warren Professor of the History of American Education at Harvard University, recently appointed dean of Harvard's Graduate School of Education; Sergio Zermeno- Garcia, professor of sociology, National University of Mexico, studying democracy in present-day Mexico; and Heinrich Vogel, director of the Federal Institute for East-West and International Relations, working on East-Central European cooperation. The result of this broad and heterogeneous mix of fellows is an intel- lectual life greater than the sum of its parts: the collegial atmos- phere provides an opportunity for learning and communication that transcends national and academic boundaries for the benefit of all. 336 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Smithsonian Year . 1982 JOHN F. KENNEDY CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS ROGER L. STEVENS, CHAIRMAN The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts was autho- rized by an Act of Congress in 1958 as the National Cultural Center. It is administered as a self-supporting performing arts organization under the direction of a board of trustees, the citizen members of which are appointed by the president of the United States. Affiliates of the Kennedy Center that present programming in its theaters include the National Symphony Orchestra, The Washington Opera, the American Film Institute, and the Wash- ington Performing Arts Society. The programming presented by each of these organizations at the center during fiscal year 1982 is reflected in this report. The Kennedy Center, which celebrated its tenth anniversary during the past year, operates under a congressional mandate to present artistic programming of the highest quality, to serve as a national focus for the performing arts in America, and to reach the broadest possible audience through its activities. Since the center receives no direct federal appropriation to carry out its performing arts programming, its board of trustees, which has been able to operate the center in the black for ten years, has relied on ever-increasing private contributions from corporations, foundations, and individuals to supplement box office revenue and additional earned income. The National Cultural Center Act of 1958 explicitly recognized that cultural enrichment is a vital part of our nation's well being. Twenty-four years later, the John F. Kennedy Center stands in 337 fi*'- From the Robinson Jeffers version of Medea at the Kennedy Center are (from left) Zoe Caldwell in her award-winning performance of the title role and Dame Judith Anderson in her role as the Nurse. lively tribute to the vision of our nation's leaders as a unique, American cultural institution. Performing Arts Programming The 1981-82 season at Kennedy Center in the Eisenhower and Terrace Theaters, Opera House, and Concert Hall was attended by 1.3 million people. Programming highlights are outlined in the sections that follow: DRAMA AND MUSICAL THEATER The "Tenth Anniversary" theater season was distinguished by the Eisenhower Theater Season of plays, produced by the center in association with the CBS/Broadcast Group. Such outstanding artists as Dame Judith Anderson, Brian Bedford, Zoe Caldwell, Len Cariou, George Grizzard, Barry Nelson, Jean Stapleton, Frances Sternhagen, Liv Ullmann, and Irene Worth appeared in a season of six productions: Diirrenmatt's The Physicists; Sidney Howard's The Late Christopher Bean; Moliere's Tartuffe; the Robinson Jeffers version of Medea; A. R. Gurney's The Dining Room; and Ibsen's Ghosts. Three of the six productions toured elsewhere in the country, and Zoe Caldwell received a Tony award for her performance as Medea. The Kennedy Center Opera House hosted an unusually broad variety of musical and dramatic productions. The Grand Kabuki of Japan appeared for a week with a repertory that featured the most extraordinary group of Japanese artists ever to perform out- side Japan, including four designated as Living National Treasures by the government of Japan. The United States tour of only two cities other than Washington was sponsored by the Japan Society on the occasion of its seventy-fifth anniversary. A revival of George M. Cohan's Little Johnny Jones, and touring productions of West Side Waltz, starring Katherine Hepburn, and Sugar Babies were also presented in the Opera House. The Acting Company continued to tour the United States under the sponsorship of the center, with substantial support provided by Conoco. During the season, more than thirty states were John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts / 339 visited. The company's two-week residency in the Terrace Theater was highlighted with productions of Shakespeare's A Twelfth Night and Wycherley's The Country Wife. At the conclusion of the season, the Opera House was equipped with infra-red listening equipment to aid the hearing-impaired, the Eisenhower and Terrace theaters having been similarly equipped during 1981. Eisenhower Theater productions are also enhanced by commentary for visually impaired patrons — a service provided by volunteers working with Washington Ear. DANCE The 1981-82 season offered the largest number of dance attrac- tions in the center's history, ranging from the latest in the "post- modern" school of modern dance to the classics of the Royal Danish Ballet. Highlights included the December 1981 engagement of Ameri- can Ballet Theatre, which offered not only its renowned Nut- cracker— staged by Mikhail Baryshnikov — but also two weeks of repertory, including the world premiere of The Wild Boy, by the British choreographer, Kenneth Macmillan, with Mikhail Barysh- nikov and Natalia Makarova in the leading roles. The Dance Theatre of Harlem, sponsored by the Washington Performing Arts Society, offered a new production of Stravinsky's Firebird, staged by John Taras and designed by Geoffrey Holder. This ballet was taped at Kennedy Center and televised later on public television as one segment of the Kennedy Center Tonight! series. The Joffrey Ballet returned to the center — after several seasons — with a gala opening performance attended by President and Mrs. Ronald Reagan, and with a repertory that included John Cranko's famous evening-length version of The Taming of the Shrew, pre- viously seen at the center only with The Stuttgart Ballet. Continuing Kennedy Center's ideal of presenting at least one of America's fine regional companies each year, The Pennsylvania Ballet made its second appearance at the center and received out- standing critical reviews. The Eliot Feld Ballet presented a virtual retrospective of the work of this brilliant American choreographer in a two-week engagement. 340 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Nakamura Kanzaburo, declared a National Living Treasure by the government of Japan, was one of many celebrated performers and musicians appearing with the Grand Kabuki troupe during its 1982 engagement in the Kennedy Center's Opera House. The Royal Danish Ballet closed the season with a two-week run that attracted national press attention and garnered rave reviews for all performances. In addition to a week featuring ballets by the classical Danish choreographer Bournonville, the company also offered the United States' premiere of a new version of Stravin- sky's Firebird, by American choreographer Glen Tetley. In the Dance America series, sponsored jointly by the Kennedy Center and the Washington Performing Arts Society, six com- panies were offered in the Terrace Theater and three in the Eisen- hower. The "classical" school of modern dance was represented by: the Joyce Trisler Danscompany, one performance of which offered commentary on Trisler's work by the well-known author and dance critic, Walter Terry; the Erick Hawkins Dance Com- pany, which sold out every performance; and the Kennedy Center debut of the Maryland Dance Theatre, a company associated with the University of Maryland. The Maryland company honored the distinguished American choreographer Anna Sokolow with its performance, and Miss Sokolow was introduced to the audience from the stage. Representing the "post-modern" group of com- panies were: Jennifer Muller and her company; Crow's Nest, an outgrowth of the Pilobolus company; and a company called "Harry." Three larger companies appeared in the Eisenhower for the Dance America series: the brilliant and popular Paul Taylor Dance Company, the Twyla Tharp Dance Company, and the Jose Limon Dance Company. MUSIC The past year was marked by a number of musical tributes includ- ing a re-staging of Leonard Bernstein's Mass, which opened the Kennedy Center ten years ago. The entirely new production was broadcast live on public television as part of the Kennedy Center Tonight! series. The premiere American composers' concert was devoted to the music of Aaron Copland, who attended the presen- tation and offered special remarks. The National Symphony Or- chestra celebrated the seventy-fifth anniversary of Dmitri Shosta- kovich's birth, with a concert conducted by the composer's son, Maxim, and featuring his grandson, Dmitri, as pianist. 342 / Smithsonian Year 1982 The National Symphony Orchestra presented 138 performances at the center and enjoyed a triumphal European tour under musical director Mstislav Rostropovich. The Metropolitan Opera returned to the center for a two-week engagement — its longest appearance outside New York City — -and offered its new production of Offenbach's Les Contes d'Hoffman and a highly acclaimed production of Wagner's Parsifal, as well as Madama Butterfly, The Magic Flute, and Rigoletto. The Washington Opera presented fifty-seven performances of seven productions in the Opera House and Terrace Theater. Among the highlights of the season was the production of Puccini's La Boheme, staged by Gian Carlo Menotti, Verdi's Macbeth, Igor Stra- vinsky's The Rake's Progress, Mozart's The Magic Flute, Offen- bach's Monsieur Choufleuri, Gaetano Donizetti's L'Elisir D'Amore, and Madama Butterfly. The annual Kennedy Center Christmas Festival was expanded to include more public-service programs than in previous years. The highlight free event, A Night in Old Vienna, with New Year's Eve dancing in the Grand Foyer, was enjoyed by nearly 8,000 people — more than in any previous year. The second "Festival of Festivals" — a great success, with sub- stantially increased attendance over the first year — included the Carnegie Hall Serenades, featuring the St. Paul Chamber Orches- tra, conducted by Pinchas Zukerman, and an appearance by the Guarneri String Quartet; the Mostly Mozart Festival, with con- ductors David Zinman and Gerard Schwartz and soloists Richard Stoltzman, Cecile Licad, and James Galway; and the Bach Festival from Baldwin-Wallace College in Berea, Ohio, which performed the complete St. Matthew Passion. A new Orchestra Discovery Series featured the Zagreb Phil- harmonic, the New York Strings, the Fairfax Symphony, and the Sofia Philharmonic. The Friedheim awards, which recognize American composition in symphonic and chamber music in alternating years, have been described by leading music critics as the "only significant com- petition in existence for new American music." The awards honor the late Arthur Friedheim and are supported, in part, by a grant from the Eric Friedheim Foundation. The 1981 Friedheim award for chamber composition was awarded to Joseph Schwantner; the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts I 343 final competition performance was broadcast on National Public Radio. Chamber music continued to thrive under the guidance of Marta Istomin, the center's artistic director. In addition to the already- established series by the Theater Chamber Players and the Young Concert Artists, several new series were inaugurated, including a piano series, an art-song series, eight chamber music series, and the American Portraits Series, which devotes an entire evening to the music of a living American composer. Performers included clarinetist Richard Stoltzman, the Kalichstein-Laredo-Robinson Trio, pianist Anton Kuerti, tenor Peter Schreier, and the New York Woodwind Quintet, along with the American Portraits Series, which this year honored Aaron Copland, Ned Rorem, Alberto Ginastera, Roger Sessions, Dane Rudhyar, and Philip Glass. The Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center offered its annual series of four concerts. FILM The American Film Institute (afi) has presented film programming in its 224-seat theater at the Kennedy Center since 1973. In that time, 6,500 motion pictures have been shown to a total audience of one million people. Many of the films are drawn from afi's own motion-picture archives. The institute has, in addition, cooperated with the Library of Congress to carry out the most extensive film preservation program in the nation. The afi, dedicated to preserving the heritage and advancing the art of film and television in the United States, conducts activities around the country which work toward the achievement of three primary goals: to increase recognition and understanding of the moving image as an art form, to assure preservation of the art form, and to identify, develop, and encourage new talent. The afi's Television and Video Services annually presents the National Video Festival, sponsored by Sony Corporation of Amer- ica, in the AFI Theater — the only public theater in the country regularly exhibiting video in a large-screen format. During this year, Exhibition Services toured several film series nationally, including China Film Week, Jewish Film Festival, and New American Cinema. Public Service Programs conducted sem- inars, workshops, and classes around the country — including the 344 / Smithsonian Year 1982 annual "Patricia Wise Lecture" — to focus public attention on the moving image as an art form. The Wise lecture for 1982 was delivered by Dr. Stanley Cavell in the AFI Theater. Several of afi's programs are administered from its Los Angeles campus as well as the Kennedy Center headquarters. The Center for Advanced Film Studies provides training in all aspects of film- making; the Independent Filmmaker Program administers grants to filmmakers across the country; and the Directing Workshop for Women provides training for professional women who wish to enter the field of feature-film directing. Education Services pre- sented its annual Faculty Development Workshops, a series of sessions focusing on various aspects of film and television educa- tion. Finally, the tenth Life Achievement Award was bestowed upon director Frank Capra — a tribute that recognized a lifetime of accomplishments acknowledged by scholars, Capra's peers, and the public. Public-Service Programming During the past year, the Kennedy Center allocated more than $3.5 million, raised from private sources, to fulfill the center's Section 4 mandate, including its national Education Program, Cul- tural Diversity activities, Performing Arts Library, and to support the presentation of special music festivals and the development of new works and younger artists. Four hundred seventy-five public- service events were presented by the center, of which 400 were sponsored by the center itself and 75 by associated organizations. Audience attendance for these events totaled 300,000, both in Washington, D.C., and around the country. SPECIALLY PRICED TICKET PROGRAM The Specially Priced Ticket Program (stpt) the most extensive reduced-price ticket program of any performing arts institution in the country, has been in effect since the center's opening. It is administered daily throughout the year by Friends of the Kennedy John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts / 345 Center volunteers and provides up to fifteen percent of available tickets at half price to students, military personnel in grades E-l through E-4, and handicapped, senior, and low-income citizens. The sptp operates without benefit of public subsidy, the atten- dant costs being borne by the center itself as part of its education and public service responsibility. During the past fiscal year, 96,681 half-price tickets for center-produced or presented attrac- tions were sold through the program. The sale of these tickets at full price would have resulted in additional gross income to the center of $576,663. The center also requires that independent producers participate in the program by making a percentage of their tickets available for sale at half price. During the past year, combined half-price tickets sales for center-produced or presented attractions and those of independent producers, totaled 112,873. The sale of these tickets at full price would have resulted in a total additional gross income of $1,104,040 to the center and independent producers. Education Programming The Kennedy Center's authorizing legislation specifically directed the Board of Trustees to develop programs for children and youth in the performing arts. The Education Program was designed toward this end to provide national leadership in the field of arts education and to cooperate with regional performing arts centers and education networks across the country in developing and pre- senting model performances for young audiences. The program has three coordinated components: the Alliance for Arts Education, the Programs for Children and Youth, and the American College Theatre Festival. At both the state and national levels, the program seeks, by identifying and supporting exemplary arts-education projects, to promote incorporation of the arts into the education of every child. As part of this commitment, the center works closely with the National Committee, Arts for the Handicapped. Principal funding 346 / Smithsonian Year 1982 for the Education Program is provided by the U.S. Department of Education and the Kennedy Center Corporate Fund, with addi- tional assistance from corporations, foundations, and individuals. ALLIANCE FOR ARTS EDUCATION The Alliance for Arts Education (aae) serves as a national and regional network for information exchange on model arts-education programs. Conducted with the Department of Education since 1973, the aae is composed of fifty-six committees: one in each of the fifty states, plus representation for American Samoa, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Department of Defense Dependents Schools-Pacific Area, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. The national office is responsible for promot- ing information exchange among aae committees, providing tech- nical assistance in the field of arts education upon request to the committees and the public, and distributing to the committees operation and programmatic funds. Each committee (usually composed of representatives from pri- vate and public agencies involved in arts education) sets its own goals, objectives, and activities. Most often, these activities focus on the committee's role: a forum for state and local awareness and advocacy work for arts education; for the development and imple- mentation of statewide plans for comprehensive arts education; and for providing consultant services to individuals and organiza- tions conducting arts education programs and projects. The national aae staff provided direct technical assistance and consultation services to more than half of the aae committees dur- ing fiscal year 1982. Each committee received a copy of a new slide-tape presentation, "First Flights," prepared by the Education Program. The national aae office also published Interchange, a bimonthly arts-education newspaper. PROGRAMS FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH The commitment of the center's Education Program, to quality per- forming arts programming for young people, is clearly expressed in the goals of its Programs for Children and Youth (pcy) ". . . to support arts-education programs in the schools through the medium of performance and to provide a variety of quality per- formances to student and general audiences." Along with the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts I 347 development and presentation of performances for young people, materials are provided for audiences and teachers to help integrate the performance experience into the student's over-all education. During the past season, the pcy presented nearly three hundred free performances and related events to audiences of more than 150,000 in Washington, D.C., and cities around the country. The pcy produced a Children's Arts Series at the Kennedy Center in the fall, featuring professional artists performing for young people and a Caribbean Festival during February. Performing companies were selected from across the United States to represent the cul- turally diverse population of our country. The pcy annually presents "Imagination Celebration," a national children's arts festival at the Kennedy Center, and key elements are replicated in selected cities throughout the United States. This program not only provides a model for performing arts festivals for young audiences, but enables the Kennedy Center to contribute to the development of new works, to involve noted artists in per- forming for young people, and to serve as a catalyst for the development of programs for young people at performing arts centers throughout the country. The pcy provides technical assistance and core professional pro- ductions for each outreach festival, featuring such well-known artists as Sarah Caldwell, Jacques d'Amboise, and Leon Bibb. Each year during the "Imagination Celebration," an Award for Excel- lence is presented to an outstanding artist or individual for their contribution to young people through the arts. The recipient of this year's award was composer Gian Carlo Menotti whose new opera, A Bride from Pluto, was commissioned by pcy for its world premiere during the "Imagination Celebration." Another component of the pcy is the series of Arts Education Workshops offered to elementary and secondary school teachers, created to provide greater awareness and apreciation for all the art forms, thus enhancing teacher commitment to the arts in edu- cation. The workshops are offered annually in the fall and spring. Pcy programs received support from the George Preston Marshall Foundation, the Alvord Foundation, Mobil Oil Corpora- tion, The McLachlen National Bank, the Eugene and Agnes E. Meyer Foundation, and the German Orphan Home Foundation during the past year. 348 / Smithsonian Year 1982 AMERICAN COLLEGE THEATRE FESTIVAL The American College Theatre Festival (actf) is presented annually by the Kennedy Center to provide national recognition of the efforts of college and university theaters throughout the United States. Nearly 13,000 students and 2,200 faculty members from 368 schools participated in ACTF XIV. Their production across the country drew audiences of more than two million. The festival seeks to encourage new styles of theatrical presentation and meth- ods of staging, innovative approaches to the classics, original plays by young writers, and revivals of significant plays of the past. It emphasizes excellence of total production, including act- ing, directing, design, and writing. Nearly sixty productions were presented in twelve regional festi- vals. Of these, seven were chosen for showcase presentation at the two-week national festival in the Kennedy Center Terrace Theater: Between Daylight and Boonville, University of Evans- ville, Evansville, Indiana; Oedipus Rex, California State University, Hayward; Don't Bother Me, I Can't Cope, Prairie View A&M Uni- versity, Prairie View, Texas; The Cashier, Indiana University, Bloomington; Seduced, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston; The Birds, St. Michael's College, Winooski, Vermont; and Folk Art, Masks and Puppets, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque. The ACTF Michael Kanin Student Playwriting Award and other actf awards and scholarships in acting, theatrical design, theater criticism, and theater management offer students vital professional experience and cash awards totaling over $30,000. The Kennedy Center's Committee on Cultural Diversity pro- vided assistance to the actf to support the Black College Technical Assistance Project, intended to increase the participation of the historically black colleges and universities in the national festival. The project was initiated in 1980 in order to allow project staff to work with a number of the colleges on entry productions for the fourteenth annual actf competition. At the conclusion of the first full year of the project, national actf judges awarded Prairie View A&M's production of Don't Bother Me, I Can't Cope a place in national showcase festival at Kennedy Center. Actf is produced by the University and College Theatre Asso- ciation for the American Theatre Association and is supported in part by the Amoco companies. John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts I 349 Cultural Diversity Programming The National Committee on Cultural Diversity in the Performing Arts serves as a standing advisory body on minority affairs to the chairman of the center's board of trustees. Its members are com- poser Roque Cordero, dancer/choreographer Chuck Davis, vocalist Ella Fitzgerald, actress Cicely Tyson, pianist Andre Watts, play- wright Richard Wesley, and Kennedy Center trustees, Marjorie M. Lawson and Henry Strong. Dr. Archie L. Buffkins, who serves as president of the committee, also worked closely this year with the center's Education Program to plan a major "Caribbean Festival," in observance of Black History Month, which received support through the Cultural Diversity Committee. Major support for the committee's projects is provided through the Kennedy Center Corporate Fund. Highlights of the year included: recitals by promising young artists in the center's Terrace Theater; a musical salute to America's black composers; play read- ings of new works by the Rep Theatre Company and support for major Kennedy Center productions of Shiro, a Japanese musical, and An Evening with Cab Calloway. Friends of Kennedy Center The Friends of Kennedy Center (fkc) was authorized in 1966 by the center's board of trustees as a nationwide, self-supporting auxiliary of volunteers and donor members. In the Washington metropolitan area the fkc volunteers contributed more than 65,000 hours of service during the past year to provide visitor and infor- mation services 365 days a year. The volunteers staffed the cen- ter's souvenir shops, provided special visitor assistance to the handicapped, administered the Specially Priced Ticket Program and served as docents for the exhibition, Shakespeare: The Globe and the World, from the collection of the Folger Shakespeare Library. The fkc organization also helps support public-service programs on behalf of the center and promotes a national membership net- work to aid and sustain the center's national outreach and pro- 350 / Smithsonian Year 1982 gramming activities: The Acting Company's national tour, the annual American College Theatre Festival, "Imagination Celebra- tion," Children's Arts Festival, the national Performing Arts Library at Kennedy Center, the National Committee Arts for the Handicapped, and a number of regional ballet companies. To assist recruitment of new members, a national membership committee has been formed on which many of the former state chairmen have agreed to serve. Members receive Kennedy Center News, a bimonthly periodical published by the fkc. Throughout the past year, the fkc sponsored such weekly, free, public-service events as "Conversations from Kennedy Center," weekly live and radio-broadcast symposia with leading guest per- forming artists appearing at the center and around Washington; free demonstrations of the Filene organ in the Concert Hall and the Wurlitzer organ in the AFI Theater; and special tours of the center as part of the annual summer 4-H program in Washington, D.C. Friends tour-guides offer free tours of the Kennedy Center every day of the year to more than 6,000 people who visit the center on an average day. Tours are also conducted in French, German, Spanish, and Portuguese to accommodate the unusually large num- ber of visitors from abroad. Group tours, including those arranged through the offices of each United States Senator and Member of Congress, are also offered on a daily basis. The revenue from fkc membership and souvenir shops is designed to assist the over-all public-service and performing arts mandate established for the Kennedy Center by its authorizing legislation. Mrs. Polk Guest has served as chairman of the Friends of Kennedy Center since its founding in 1966. Performing Arts Library The Performing Arts Library, a joint project of the center and the Library of Congress, opened to the public in March 1979 as the final element in the new Terrace Theater's artistic and educa- tional complex. During the past year, nearly 22,000 visitors utilized John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts I 351 the library's information, reference, audio-visual, and exhibition facilities. In addition to the services provided artists, directors, visitors, patrons, and staff at the Kennedy Center, the library staff responded to requests on the performing arts from all parts of the country and received many visitors from around the world as well. The library's video-display computer link to the collections of the Library of Congress enhanced and assisted all of its services. The library staff includes specialist reference personnel in theater, music, and dance. Thoughout the year, special bibliog- raphies were prepared, and exhibitions and displays were mounted. The exhibition, Highlights of a Decade, honoring the first ten years of the Kennedy Center, remained on view from September 1981 through April 1982. In April, in conjunction with the Library of Congress's National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, the library mounted an exhibition of performing arts materials in the form of tapes, records, books in braille, and braille music scores for blind and physically handicapped persons. These materials exemplified the kinds of services provided by the Library of Congress. Also in April, another new exhibition, Focus on the Performing Arts: The Photography of Bern Schwarz, was unveiled. The exhibi- tion, comprised of portrait photographs of prominent persons in the performing arts, signaled the gift made to the Library of Con- gress by Mrs. Ronny Schwarz of a large number of negatives created by her late husband, Bernard Lee Schwarz, and a fund for the purchase of photographs. During 1982, in conjunction with the Exhibits Office of the Library of Congress, the Performing Arts Library made plans for a new exhibition of nineteenth-century American theater posters made to advertise the spectacles of the Kiralfy brothers. The Performing Arts Library continued to provide increased service to readers during 1982. Several on-going projects included final preparations of background material for the "Kennedy Center Honors," a television production of Medea; theater productions of Tartuffe, The Dining Room, Ghosts, Twice Around the Park and Monday After the Miracle; material used by the center's Public Relations and Marketing Office for "Theater Lovers' Notes"; and the organizing of the collection of Kennedy Center Stagebill pro- 352 / Smithsonian Year 1982 gram books — a collection, nearly complete, that spans the ten and one-half years of center performances. The library was supported by the Library of Congress and a major gift from R. J. Reynolds Industries, Inc., through the Ken- nedy Center Corporate Fund. Kennedy Center Honors The Kennedy Center's board of trustees established the Kennedy Center Honors in 1978 to express the nation's esteem for its most distinguished artists. The 1981 Kennedy Center Honorees — Count Basie, Cary Grant, Helen Hayes, Jerome Robbins, and Rudolf Serkin — were the principal guests at a White House reception and subsequently were celebrated by their fellow artists at a gala performance in the center's Opera House. The event was shared nationwide by CBS telecast on December 26, 1981. Kennedy Center Tonight! Kennedy Center Tonight! is produced by the center in association with public television station WQED, Pittsburgh, with generous funding provided by the Shell Companies Foundation and addi- tional funding provided by the Corporation for Public Broadcast- ing. The second season of four outstanding programs was enjoyed by more than 25 million viewers and will be seen in more than fifty countries around the world. Great Vibes: Lionel Hampton and Friends, included triumphant appearances by the guest vibra- harpist at both the White House and Kennedy Center; Broadway Plays Washington, a salute to the American musical theater, helped public broadcasting stations across the country meet their annual fund-raising goals; and the Dancer Theatre of Harlem made its television bow on Kennedy Center Tonight! with its new production of Stravinsky's Firebird. The season concluded with a gala tribute to the great bass-baritone, George London. The center has consistently sought to exercise leadership in the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts I 353 development of the performing arts in America and to carry out its mandate as the National Cultural Center. Kennedy Center Tonight! has enabled the center to share with a nationwide audi- ence outstanding new productions, many of America's .leading artists, and rare behind-the-scenes understanding of our nation's artistic achievement. Funding The Kennedy Center's operating budget for 1982, from its theater operations, concession income, and contributions, exceeded $27 million. More than $3.5 million was raised from private sources in order for the center to fulfill its mission as a national performing arts center and to sustain a year-round calendar of educational and public-service programming. The National Park Service is responsible for the maintenance and security of the Kennedy Center, which, as a presidential memorial, is open to the public without charge every day of the year. The center, however, must reimburse the National Park Service a 23.8 percent pro rata share of maintenance, utility, and housekeeping expenses allocated to its operation as a performing arts center. Beyond its 1982 reimbursement to the National Park Service of nearly $900,000 for its apportioned share of costs, the center, in addition, bears the complete cost of maintaining its five cheaters and extensive backstage and office facilities. Since its opening in 1971, foundations, corporations, and indi- viduals have contributed more than $20 million to enable the center to carry out the broad mandate of performing arts, public service, and educational programming that is set forth in its authorizing legislation but is not supported by federal appropria- tions. A major portion of the private support contributed on behalf of the center has been provided by the Corporate Fund for the Performing Arts at Kennedy Center. The Corporate Fund was organized in 1977 by the principal officers of thirty-six major American corporations and currently represents nearly 300 corporations committed to the support of the center as a National Cultural Center. Funds contributed to the 354 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Corporate Fund enable the center to extend its national outreach through programming and public-service activities, to foster new works, and to offer performing arts programming, at reduced prices or, in many instances, at no admission charge whatsoever. Participation in the Corporate Fund is open to any corporation that contributes to the center. Charles L. Brown, Jr., chairman of American Telephone and Telegraph Company, served as chairman of the 1982 Corporate Fund. The members of the board of gov- ernors and a listing of fund contributions received during the past year are named in Appendix 8. Board of Trustees The Kennedy Center is independently administered as a bureau of the Smithsonian Institution by a board of trustees, thirty of whose members are citizens appointed by the president of the United States for ten-year overlapping terms. The remaining fif- teen members are legislatively designated ex officio representatives of the legislative branch and executive departments of the federal government. Members of the Kennedy Center Board of Trustees are listed in Appendix 1. President's Advisory Committee on the Arts New appointments to the Advisory Committee on the Arts for the Kennedy Center were announced in September 1982 by Presi- dent Ronald Reagan. The committee, under the chairmanship of Herbert Hutner of California, includes membership from forty- three states and the District of Columbia. The Advisory Committee is authorized by the Kennedy Center Act to assist the center's Board of Trustees. At its first meeting in July 1982, the new mem- bers of the committee concentrated their discussions on private fund-raising and national outreach programs on behalf of the cen- ter. Members of the committee as of September 30, 1982, are listed in Appendix 1. John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts I 355 Smithsonian Year . 1982 NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART J. CARTER BROWN, DIRECTOR The National Gallery of Art (nga), although formally estab- lished as a bureau of the Smithsonian Institution, is an autono- mous and separately administered organization. It is governed by its own board of trustees, the ex officio members of which are the Chief Justice of the United States, the Secretary of State, the Sec- retary of the Treasury, and the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Of the five general trustees, Paul Mellon continued to serve as chairman of the board, with John R. Stevenson and Carlisle H. Humelsine as president and vice president, respectively. Also continuing on the board were Dr. Franklin D. Murphy and Ruth Carter Johnson. During the year, visitors entering both of the gallery buildings numbered 6,117,234 and included Mrs. Ronald Reagan and Her Majesty Queen Sofia of Greece; His Excellency, Sandro Pertini, president of the Italian Republic; and Her Majesty Queen Beatrix and Prince Claus of the Netherlands. The programs developed and distributed by the gallery's Department of Extension Programs during the year reached an estimated audience of over 48,000,000 — nearly double that of the previous year. This figure reflects a 98 percent increase in viewers of educational and public television programs, and a 400 percent increase in orders for videocassette programs. Forty-seven new agencies joined the long-term Regional Extended Loan system. Three films developed and produced by the department won awards; 1982 Cine Golden Eagle awards were given to Rodin: The Gates of Hell and Picasso and the Circus; and Mobile, by Alex- ander Colder won the grand prize at the Montreal International Film Festival. 356 Renovation continued in the West Building. A new dining facil- ity, the Garden Cafe — serving light lunches and desserts — opened in March in the Central Lobby of the ground floor. Construction continued on the new graphics, decorative arts, and small sculpture galleries in the west end of the ground floor to ready them for a January 1983 opening. Seventeen scholars were in residence at the Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts for varying periods during the year. The Kress Professor for the first half of the academic year 1981-82 was Frank E. Brown, a leading scholar on the archaeology of ancient Italy, professor emeritus of classics at Yale University and former director of excavations of the American Academy in Rome. Professor Jean V. Bony, a specialist in medieval architecture and professor emeritus at the University of California at Berkeley, was appointed Kress Professor for the second half of the academic year. Washington area art historians were invited to the center for thirty-three meetings. There were eleven colloquia, in which papers were presented by the senior members; six seminars in various fields of art history and related disciplines; four meetings to hear area art historians discuss their current research; and seven lec- tures presented by scholars from the United States and abroad. Three informal meetings were held for visiting foreign scholars to present papers on their most recent research to members of the center and gallery and area historians having a particular interest in the topic under discussion. There were also two symposia, the first of which was the art history session of the Hermeticism and the Renaissance symposium organized by Catholic University and the Folger Institute. The second symposium was the Twelfth Annual Middle Atlantic Symposium in the History of Art. The center cosponsored two other symposia held elsewhere. The first, in Baltimore, Maryland, in March, dealt with new research in Italian studies of the fourteenth to the seventeenth centuries and was cosponsored by the Art History Department at the Johns Hopkins University. The largest symposium of the year was held in Toledo, Spain, in conjunction with the Spanish opening of the El Greco of Toledo exhibition and with the collaboration of the Instituto Diego Velasquez in Madrid, marking the first time the center has held a program outside the United States. A number of fine paintings came into the collections through National Gallery of Art I 357 gifts or purchases. Two seventeenth-century paintings, a still life by Dutch artist van Aelst, and a Madonna and Child, by Jan Gossaert (Mabuse), were added to the newly renovated and rehung Dutch and Flemish galleries. Two marine paintings by British- born artists of the early nineteenth-century, Seapiece: Off the French Coast, by Richard Bonington, and The Ship "Favorite" Maneuvering off Greenock, by Robert Salmon, were also added to the collection, as well as an historically and artistically important work by American Martin Johnson Heade, entitled Cattleya Orchid and Three Brazilian Hummingbirds around Nest. The gallery also received a partial interest in an early twentieth-century painting, Woman with a Hat, by Fauvist Maurice Vlaminck. Several other important twentieth-century works of art were acquired for the collections. The mysteriously beautiful A Moment of Calm, by Max Ernst, painted between 1939 and 1956, is a masterpiece of surreal landscape painting. Although the gallery has a major collection of Helen Frankenthaler works on paper, her painting entitled Wales, done in 1966, is the first acrylic on canvas by this artist to enter the collection. Gifts of a recent construction by Frank Stella entitled Jarama II, the bronze Wandering Rocks, by Tony Smith, and a painting by Hans Hartung entitled T-51-6 further broadened the gallery's contemporary holdings. An impor- tant early Braque collage, Aria de Bach (1913), and a Picasso col- lage, Guitar, done in 1926, provide a fascinating comparison of these two twentieth-century masters in their treatment of essen- tially the same subject matter in similar techniques. Twentieth-century graphics were greatly enhanced by several purchases of prints by Picasso — in particular, the first complete set to come to America of his famous series of eleven lithographs entiled The Bull, and a unique impression of the final state of his important, but unpublished, analytic cubist drypoint Man with a Guitar. Fourteen contemporary prints by Johns, Lichtenstein, Stella, and Francis were also received as gifts. Among the finest gifts of drawings received this year were an early Claude landscape; a partial interest in a rare Schongauer drawing, Young Woman with a Scarf, from about 1475; and a partial interest in a beautiful early Matisse, Reclining Nude. Gifts of old master prints were distinguished by extremely fine impres- sions of Castiglione's Genius, Callot's complete Solimano series, and of Jan Muller's striking mannerist, Harpocrates. 358 / Smithsonian Year 1982 The gallery was able to purchase several unusually fine Italian drawings, in particular a Perugino sketch for a Baptism of Christ, for which curators had been searching for more than six years, a preparatory drawing by Raphael for the nga's painting of Saint George and the Dragon, and a large, intensely felt, Resurrection, by Testa. Nga also acquired Watteau's most important surviving drawing for a wall painting or architectural design, The Bower. The gallery's finest Dutch drawing acquired this year was a strik- ing Self-Portrait by a little-known seventeenth-century painter, Dirk Helmbreker. Of the 13 temporary exhibitions mounted, 5 presented selec- tions from private collections: 101 nineteenth-century American paintings, drawings, watercolors, pastels, and sculptures lent by Los Angeles collectors, JoAnn and Julian Ganz; 100 Picasso prints and drawings from the family collection of Chicagoan Morton Neumann; 25 eighteenth-century drawings from the collection of the late former Ambassador to Spain, Irwin Boyle Laughlin, lent by his daughter, Gertrude Laughlin Chanler; 66 paintings by twentieth-century American and European artists, lent by Swiss collector Baron Thyssen-Bornemisza; and a selection of approxi- mately 80 pieces of sixteenth-century maiolica from the collection of Dr. Arthur M. Sackler. Other painting exhibitions presented the works of Dutch artists of the seventeenth century, El Greco, and George Bellows. Coinci- dental with the bicentennial anniversary of Dutch-American dip- lomatic relations, Her Majesty Queen Beatrix of The Nether- lands opened an exhibition of forty outstanding examples of seventeenth-century Dutch painting from the Mauritshuis, the Royal Picture Gallery of The Netherlands and one of the best loved museums in Europe. The exhibition El Greco of Toledo was the most comprehensive ever assembled and included fifty-five paintings drawn from United States and foreign museums, churches, monasteries and private collections. An exhibition of American artist George Bellows's boxing paintings, drawings, and lithographs celebrated the centennial of that artist's birth. The first comprehensive exhibition of Costa Rica's pre-Colum- bian treasures to travel outside Central America presented more than three-hundred objects including pendants and other orna- ments in finely wrought gold and elegantly carved jade, richly colored and incised ceramic jars and vessels, and large stone sculp- National Gallery of Art I 359 tures of warriors and other figures, as well as curved grinding tables intricately carved from volcanic stone. Three other exhibitions of works on paper included The Cubist Print, the first comprehensive survey of cubist prints in all media; Dutch Figure Drawings from the Seventeenth Century, 100 draw- ings and watercolors from the Rijksmuseum and other major museums and private collections in Europe and the United States; and the memorial exhibition, Lessing ]. Rosenwald: Tribute to a Collector, a selection of 100 prints, drawings, and watercolors chosen from the more than 20,000 graphic works which Mr. Rosenwald donated to the gallery between 1943 and 1979, the year of his death. The gallery made loans to 38 exhibitions at 51 American insti- tutions and to 25 exhibitions at 28 museums in foreign countries. Included were a total of 105 paintings, 4 sculptures and 170 works of graphic art. The Education Department prepared interpretative material for the Costa Rica exhibition, El Greco of Toledo, and the paintings from the Mauritshuis. Attendance at the special tours, lectures, and films as well as the regularly scheduled tours and talks relat- ing to the gallery's collections, the tours conducted by volunteer docents for area school children and foreign visitors, and the audi- torium lectures delivered by staff docents and invited scholars totaled 207,493. A number of distinguished scholars lectured during the year. Among them were: Leo Steinberg, eminent critic and Renaissance scholar, currently serving as Benjamin Franklin Professor of the History of Art at The University of Pennsylvania, who delivered the 1982 A. W. Mellon Lectures in the Fine Arts on "The Burden of Michelangelo's Painting"; 1982 Kress Professors Frank E. Brown and Jean V. Bony; 1981 Press Professor Leopold D. Ettlinger, University of California, Berkeley; Alan Fern, director of the National Portrait Gallery; Terisio Pignatti, University of Venice; Robert Rosenblum of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York University; Peter Schatborn, curator of drawings at the Rijksmuseum; Giles Waterfield, director of the Dulwich Picture Gallery, London; Kathleen Weil-Garris of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York University; and Mahonri S. Young, former direc- tor, Columbus (Ohio) Museum of Art. 360 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Smithsonian Year • 1982 CHRONOLOGY The following is a representative selection of Smithsonian events during the fiscal year. No attempt has been made to make this a complete compilation of Smithsonian activities. October Milestone: The first Museum of Natural History major research field trips in China during the modern era were conducted by paleobiologist Richard Grant and marine biologist Robert Higgins, and continued through November. Publication: The National Museum of American History, the second book jointly produced with the Smithsonian Institution, was published by Harry N. Abrams, Inc. of New York. Seminars: For the sixteenth consecutive year, the Joseph Henry Papers spon- sored the monthly "Nineteenth-Century Seminar." Topics this year ranged from hydraulic engineering on the Mississippi River to the political content of historical-religious art. Symposium: "The Silver Jubilee Symposium" organized by the International Society of Tropical Ecology was held in Bhopal, India, and included six papers presented by the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Outreach: Urban Spaces Project began, providing an introduction to con- cepts of architectural design and history to fifth and sixth graders during the school year, part of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum's Cultural Voucher Program. October 2 Exhibition: The Print in the United States from the Eighteenth Century to the Present, 90 works on paper from various Smithsonian museums and collec- tions, opened at the Museum of American Art. October 5 Milestone: The Cooper-Hewitt marked its fifth anniversary as the Smithson- ian's National Museum of Design. October 6 Radio Special: "Yorktown: Echoes of a Victory," produced by the Office of Telecommunications, was broadcast nationwide as part of the Bicentennial celebration of the historic battle. 361 October 10 Seminar: Five European military figures who were instrumental in helping win American independence were the subject of a seminar organized by the Office of Symposia and Seminars as part of the Yorktown Bicentennial ob- servance. October 15-18 Special Event: The original script and score of the musical theater classic "Rose-Marie" was reconstructed by the Division of Performing Arts for a live performance at the Museum of Natural History and for a cast recording. October 21 Special Event: The Contributing Membership of the National Associate Pro- gram, in cooperation with Warner Communications, Inc./Warner Bros., spon- sored an evening preview of Life on Earth, narrated by David Attenborough who created and served as host of the successful British series later shown on public television. October 21-23 Seminar: The second "Cambridge Workshop on Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Sun" was held at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; pro- ceedings appeared as SAO Special Report 392. October 26 Concert: In celebration of the 250th anniversary of George Washington's birth, the Smithsonian Chamber Players and the Division of Musical Instru- ments presented the first in a series of four concerts re-creating performances given during Washington's lifetime in Vienna, London, Paris and Philadelphia. October 30 Exhibition: More than Land or Sky: Art from Appalachia, 105 works by 69 artists in 13 Appalachian states, opened at the National Museum of American Art. Subsequent public programs included films, poetry readings, concerts, a panel discussion and symposium. The exhibition is being circulated to a dozen museums and galleries in Appalachia. October 30-November 1 Outreach: The National Associates Travel Program sponsored a program of lectures and tours for members of the Grand Rapids Art Museum. This was one of five programs offered to the members of selected museums who had co-sponsored 1981 events with the Regional Events Program, National Asso- ciate Program. November Milestone: A series of concerts, films, publications, tours and recordings be- gan, marking the tenth anniversary of the Smithsonian Jazz Program. The series, produced by the Division of Performing Arts (DP A), included great jazz musicians who had appeared at the Smithsonian during those years. Agreement: A cooperative agreement was signed among Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), Recursos Naturales Renovables, Instituto de Inves- tigacion Agropecuaria de Panama and Centro Agronomico Tropical de Inves- tigacion y Ensenanza to promote joint action for investigation and develop- ment in relation to the management of natural resources. 362 / Smithsonian Year 1982 November 2-5 Seminar: Twenty museum professionals from museums and state arts councils in 12 states and Canada attended a seminar in Washington, D.C. on exhibi- tion interpretation, sponsored by Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES), Office of Museum Programs and the Corcoran Gallery of Art. The program was held in conjunction with SITES' exhibition Of Times and Place: American Figurative Art from the Corcoran Gallery. November 4 Presentation: Mrs. Nancy Reagan presented to the National Museum of American History the gown she wore at the inaugural balls held on January 30, 1981. November 4 Grants: The First Ladies Fellowship was established for the study of costume in America. November 5 Concerts: The first of four programs of Asian dance, music and theater fea- tured the Court Dance Theater and Music from Okinawa, a joint venture of the Division of Performing Arts and the Museum of Natural History. November 8 Concerts: The 20th Century Consort, sponsored by the Division of Performing Arts, began its season commemorating the centennial of Igor Stravinsky's birth by including one of his works in each of four concerts at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. November 8-12 Symposium: "How Humans Adapt: A Biocultural Odyssey," seventh in the Smithsonian's international series of the Office of Symposia and Seminars, featured 20 major essayists examining the historical, biological, cultural and philosophical implications of human adaptation. November 15 New Facility: A new electronic image processing system, coupled with a VAX computer, for producing video and hard-copy images of observational data from both ground-based and space-borne telescopes was installed at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. November 18 Lecture: Mr. Ayad Musa El-Awamy, curator of the National Museum of Natural History in Libya, presented an illustrated talk on the museum as part of the Office of Museum Programs' International Program Lecture Series featuring foreign museum professionals in training at the Smithsonian. November 19-20 Study Tour: "New York, New York!" an art study tour sponsored by the Resident Associate Program, offered participants the opportunity to experi- ence the inside New York art scene. The tour was repeated in January and February 1982 to meet demand. November 25 Appointment: Dr. Charles C. Eldredge, Director of the Spencer Museum of Art and Professor of Art History at the University of Kansas, was named Director of the National Museum of American Art to succeed the late Dr. Joshua C. Taylor. Chronology I 363 December Publication: The Joys of Research, based on the colloquium organized by the Office of Symposia and Seminars for the Einstein Centennial celebration, was published by the S.I. Press. December-January Expedition: Smithsonian scientists Robert Fudali and Ursula Marvin, Museum of Natural History, were members of an expedition to Antarctica that dis- covered a record number of 375 meteorites at the Allan Hills, an area where the polar ice cap has acted to concentrate meteorites on its surface. December 3 Children's Theater: "The Elves and the Shoemaker," a production by the Puppet House Players, opened the season of the Discovery Theater in the Arts and Industries Building, presented by the Division of Performing Arts. December 4 Exhibition: A newly reorganized dinosaur exhibition and other displays deal- ing with fossils and the evolution of life opened at the Museum of Natural History. A "Dinosaur Extravanganza," sponsored by the Resident Associate Program for Young Associates and their families, celebrated the reopening and featured a quick sketch artist, dinosaur songs, puppetry, balloons and tyrannosaurus cookies. December 4-6 Milestone: The National Associates Travel Program celebrated its tenth annual "Christmas at the Smithsonian" for Smithsonian Associates. This weekend program was highlighted by a gala dinner and tree-trimming party in the Castle. December 12 Exhibition: Von Steuben: Secret Aid to the Americans, organized and co- sponsored by the Foundation for Prussian Cultural Property, Berlin, opened at the Museum of American History. December 14 Lecture: Amina Said, education officer of the Lamu Museum in Kenya and a Smithsonian intern, presented an illustrated talk about the museum and its programs for school children, for the Office of Museum Programs. December 15 Special Event: The final event in the 1981 Doubleday series presented opera star/director Beverly Sills at the Museum of American History, in an evening of reminiscences and insight into American musical artistry. December 15-21 Research: Dr. Gerald Deitzer, Radiation Biology Laboratory, worked with Dr. Lee Pratt at the University of Georgia, Athens on the development and construction of an ultra-sensitive microprocessor-assisted spectrophotometer for the measurement of the pigment phytochrome. December 17 Exhibition: Metaphor: New Projects by Contemporary Sculptors, large-scale temporary installations by six American artists, opened at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. 364 / Smithsonian Year 1982 December 18 Reopening: The Reptile and Amphibian House at the National Zoological Park was opened to the public after undergoing renovation. December 21 Milestone: The first live satellite radio program of a special holiday concert produced by the Division of Performing Arts and the Office of Telecommuni- cations was broadcast from the Institution to more than 110 National Public Radio stations across the country. January FDR Centennial: Five exhibitions were opened at Smithsonian museums as part of a citywide observance of the 100th anniversary of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's birth: Five Distinguished Alumni: The W.P.A. Federal Art Project at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden; Mary McLeod Bethune and Roosevelt's Black Cabinet at the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum; FDR: The Intimate Presidency at the Museum of American History; FDR: The Early Years at the National Portrait Gallery, and The Flying Roosevelt at the National Air and Space Museum. Outreach: Television public service announcements marking the 100th anni- versary of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's birth and related exhibitions at the Smithsonian and elsewhere in Washington, D.C., were prepared by the Office of Public Affairs and were aired on stations in Washington, Maryland, Vir- ginia and Pennsylvania. Publication: Subarctic, the fourth volume of the Smithsonian's encyclopedic Handbook of North American Indians, was published by the Smithsonian Institution Press. New Service: Information Desk services were initiated at the National Museum of African Art by the Visitor Information and Associates Reception Center. Lecturer: Dr. Elisabeth Gantt, Radiation Biology Laboratory, was designated a distinguished lecturer for the Phycological Society of America for the year 1982. January 1 Grant: The New York State Council on the Arts provided a grant to Cooper- Hewitt Museum for the establishment of a Conservation Consultancy Program for New York State. January 3 Special Event: The Office of Public Affairs organized and co-hosted a recep- tion at the National Air and Space Museum for 350 science writers attending the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. January 5 New Facilities: Groundbreaking ceremonies began construction of the library serving the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in the Republic of Panama. January 6 Lecture: Li Ching Wong, conservator with the National Museum of Singapore, spoke on the artifacts and galleries of that museum in a program for the Office of Museum Programs. Chronology I 365 January 15 Publication: Revealing the Universe: Prediction and Proof in Astronomy, a collection of essays on the complementing roles of theory and observation in astronomy, was published by the MIT Press, edited by James Cornell and Alan Lightman of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. January 16 Lecture: Walter E. Fauntroy, Delegate to the U.S. Congress from the District of Columbia, lectured to area students at the Anacostia Neighborhood Mu- seum on his reminiscences of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. January 16-18 Concert Series: The Smithsonian Chamber Players, sponsored by the Division of Performing Arts, presented three all-Haydn concerts in celebration of the 250th anniversary of the composer's birth. January 18 Milestone: The National Air and Space Museum welcomed its 50 millionth visitor to the museum: Joseph P. Rostron of Clemson, S.C., a retired professor of engineering and a private pilot of forty years. January 19 Exhibition: City Dwellings and Country Houses: Robert Adam and His Style, opened at the Cooper-Hewitt Museum in New York. January 28 FDR Centennial: Joseph Alsop, author and columnist, lectured on "FDR: The Early Years" at the National Portrait Gallery. January 30 FDR Centennial: "FDR: In the Shadow of History," a seminar sponsored by the Resident Associate Program, featured four eminent historians — William E. Leuchtenburg, James MacGregor Burns, Gaddis Smith and Frank Friedel — presenting a composite view of the late president. January 31 Special Event: "Dance, Music, Art and Ritual in African Funerary Celebra- tions," a lecture presented by Rowland Abiodun, a Fulbright Scholar and Professor of Art at the University of Ife, was one of several events scheduled at the Museum of African Art in conjunction with its exhibition Life . . . Afterlife: African Funerary Sculpture. January 31 Anniversary: To celebrate the Renwick Gallery's tenth birthday, an open house was held at the Gallery with dance and music, a magician and a juggler. Two exhibitions were opened in conjunction with the anniversary: The Inedible Renwick Birthday Cakes (January 29) and The Grand Renwick Gallery Souvenir Show (June 11). January 31 FDR Centennial: "Folk Music in the Roosevelt White House," a concert of music that had been performed for the Roosevelts, was produced by the Office of Folklife Programs and included some of the musicians who had played on those occasions. The late President's son James and folklorist Alan Lomax provided their personal reminiscences of the White House concerts. 366 / Smithsonian Year 1982 February Automation: Smithsonian Institution Libraries began automation of its bind- ing records and contracts. Sixty percent were converted by the end of 1982. Docent Training: An advisory committee was established by the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education to develop a docent training manual for working with disabled museum visitors. February 5-6 Special Event: The "Poetry of the Blues," a combined symposia/performance featuring international scholars and artists discussing, analyzing and perform- ing America's native poetic form, was presented by the Division of Perform- ing Arts. February 10 Stamp Issue: The Office of Biological Conservation assisted the Wildfowl Trust in marketing a special Darwin commemorative postage stamp signed by Secretary Ripley. February 13 Performance: The Khmer Classical Ballet was presented in a concert per- formance at the Museum of Natural History, cosponsored by the Office of Folklife Programs and the National Council for the Traditional Arts. February 20-26 Research: Dr. William H. Klein and Bernard Goldberg, Radiation Biology Laboratory, collaborated with scientists at Harbor Branch Foundation in Florida to monitor the spectral quality of underwater light in the Indian River, using newly designed instruments constructed at the Laboratory. February 22 Exhibitions: Two exhibitions opened honoring the 250th anniversary of the birth of the nation's first President: C. Washington: A Figure Upon the Stage at the National Museum of American History and An American Icon: The 18th Century Image of George Washington, produced by the Smithsonian Traveling Exhibition Service, at the National Portrait Gallery. February 23 Special Event: Four hundred 7th and 8th grade students from the District of Columbia schools participated in educational activities at the National Air and Space Museum's D.C. Day, that included a talk by Space Shuttle astro- naut Fred Gregory, kite and model building demonstrations and a student art competition. February 24 Lecture Series: In cooperation with the Boston Museum of Science and with the support of the Lowell Institute, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observa- tory began "Astronomy from Space," documenting a quarter-century of space science research. The series continued through April 7. February 24 Lecture: Martha Lucia Sierra, a Fullbright Scholar and Smithsonian intern, lectured on The Gold Museum in Colombia in a program for the Office of Museum Programs. February 27 Special Event: Ephat Mujuru from Zimbabwe, master artist of the mbira (thumb piano) performed at the National Museum of African Art. Chronology I 367 March Grant: Office of Elementary and Secondary Education received funding from the Cafritz Foundation in support of the "Exploring the Smithsonian" program for the District of Columbia Public Schools. Seminar: "Architectural Design Seminar: An Urban Site," a four-part design series, was conducted by some of the country's most distinguished architects and architectural design students, presented by the Resident Associate Program. March 3 Exhibition: The Vanishing Race and Other Illusions: A New Look at the Work of Edward Curtis, organized by the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, opened at the Museum of Natural History and provided an analysis of the photographs taken by Curtis of American Indians. March 4 Special Event: The Contributing Membership of the Smithsonian National Associate Program held A Waltz in Space, its annual membership ball, in the Milestones of Flight Hall of the National Air and Space Museum. March 5 Research: Dr. Devra G. Kleiman of the National Zoo left for the People's Republic of China for seven weeks of cooperative work with Chinese counter- parts on the giant panda at the Chengdu Zoo and at the Wolong Reserve breeding facilities and discussions with Chinese scientists and officials con- cerning the Smithsonian's giant panda study. March 8-12 Teaching: Robert M. Organ, Director of the Conservation Analytical Labora- tory taught for five days as part of a four-month course in "Scientific Prin- ciples of Conservation" at ICCROM, Rome. March 11 Symposium: In honor of Women's History Week, a panel of eight distin- guished guests discussed "Images of Women in American Culture," co- sponsored by the Wonder Woman Foundation and the Museum of American History. March 12 Special Event: The National Air and Space Museum and the Office of Fellow- ships and Grants hosted a reception for the 40 panelists convened by the National Academy of Sciences to evaluate applications for the Ford Founda- tion post-doctoral fellowships for minorities in the humanities and sciences. March 12 Visit: President Mitterand of France visited the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden accompanied by the museum's director, Alan Lerner. March 13 Special Event: A Tri-Museum Family Weekend focusing on the lives of five distinguished black Americans, was held at the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum, National Portrait Gallery and the Museum of American Art. Tours were conducted at each museum, with transportation provided between the sites. 368 / Smithsonian Year 1982 March 17 Exhibition: Celebration: A World of Art and Ritual opened at the Renwick Gallery. The exhibit, presented in two parts, included 600 objects assembled from the collections of nine Smithsonian museums and representing 62 socie- ties from around the world. Part I opened March 17; Part II, August 26. March 17-21 Giant Panda Breeding: Ling-Ling, the National Zoo's female giant panda, came into estrus, however, the ensuing breeding encounters were not success- ful. She was then artificially inseminated. No birth resulted. March 18 Exhibition: American Portraiture in the Grand Manner 1720-1920 opened at the National Portrait Gallery, the first major exhibition devoted exclusively to America's most grandiose formal portraiture. March 20 New Program: "Basic Computer Literacy" provided an introduction to com- mercially available home micro-computers and software packages, basic com- puter language and usage. This intensive course represented a timely new subject area for the adult courses segment of the Resident Associate Program. March 20 Seminar: "Ancient Anatolian Civilizations," an all-day program with four distinguished archaeologists, was presented by the Resident Associate Pro- gram and the Office of the Ambassador for Turkist Affairs, Turkish Republic, commemorating the birth of Kemal Ataturk. March 22-25 Guidelines: Standards for use and measurement of artificial lighting systems of environmentally controlled rooms were formulated by a Department of Agriculture committee chaired by Dr. John C. Sager, Smithsonian Radiation Biology Laboratory. These standards were adopted by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers as guidelines for use throughout the United States. March 25-26 Workshop: "Museum Membership Programs" workshop was held in Front Royal, Va., in cooperation with the George Washington University's College of General Studies and the Virginia Association of Museums. March 26 Exhibition: Contemporary Art from the Netherlands, a SITES exhibition, opened at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, in celebration of the 1982 bicentennial of diplomatic relations between the Netherlands and the United States. March 27-28 Special Event: A seminar entitled "Human/ Animal Partnerships" was held at the National Zoo with demonstrations, lectures and films, as part of the Year of the Disabled. March 30 Milestone: American Impressionism, organized and circulated by SITES, opened at the Musee du Petit Palais, the first exhibition of American Impres- sionist paintings ever shown in Paris and the first show in the new SITES Abroad program. Chronology I 369 March 30-April 2 Lectures: Jacqueline S. Olin, supervisor of Archaeometry and James Blackman, Research Chemist, both with the Conservation Analytical Laboratory, were participants in the 22nd Archaeometry Symposium, University of Bradford in England. March 30 Film Premiere: IN OPEN AIR: A Portrait of the American Impressionists, produced by the Office of Telecommunications, had its premiere in Paris in conjunction with the SITES exhibition. This film subsequently won a Bronze "Cindy" from the Information Film Producers of America and a Bronze "Chris" Plaque from the Columbus Film Festival. April Research: Based on pioneering studies in the tropical forest canopy in Panama and the Amazon, Terry L. Erwin, Museum of Natural History entomologist, calculated that there could be as many as 30 million species of insects extant globally, not 1.5 million as is usually estimated. Research: Estimates of growth rates of lichens collected in Antarctica's dry valleys by Dr. Mason E. Hale, Museum of Natural History Botanist, indicated ages in excess of 10,000 years, making them the oldest known living orga- nisms on earth. New Program: The Office of Museum Programs and the U.S. Information Agency co-sponsored a project for museum professionals from abroad to study at the Smithsonian and other museums in the United States. New Program: The Officer of Elementary and Secondary Education assumed responsibility for an Institution-wide Career Awareness Program, for the Dis- trict of Columbia public schools. Outreach: "Here at the Smithsonian . . . ," a new series of short features for television, was launched by the Office of Telecommunications for broadcast by a selected group of stations across the country. Extended Program: The contract for the Threatened Plants Committee's Latin America project was renewed for an additional year by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, in order to enable a more thorough treatment of the region. This is a project of the Office of Biological Conservation. Outreach: An experimental television public service announcement was pre- pared by the Office of Public Affairs in cooperation with the Visitor Informa- tion and Reception Center and distributed to stations in twelve states to promote Trip Planner, a packet of information offered to viewers to help plan their visits to Smithsonian museums. April 3-5 Special Event: Coinciding with the appearance of Honi Coles and his Jazz Tap Ensemble at the Museum of Natural History under the sponsorship of the Division of Performing Arts, Mayor Marion S. Barry proclaimed April 2 "Honi Coles Day" in Washington, D.C. to honor the renowed tap dancer on his 71st birthday. April 5 Outreach: The Office of Public Affairs, in cooperation with the National Air and Space Museum and the National Museum of Natural History, hosted a "Behind-the-Scenes Day" for 30 nationally known science writers, featuring interviews with more than two dozen Smithsonian scientists and curators and visits to major Smithsonian science facilities. 370 / Smithsonian Year 1982 April 11-15 Research: Drs. Roy Harding and Nicholas Shaw, Radiation Biology Labora- tory, presented two papers on research results of control of enzymes in Neuro- spora at the eleventh Neurospora Information Conference held at the Univer- sity of Georgia. April 14-18 Milestone: The fifth anniversary of the Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restora- tion and Storage Facility of the National Air and Space Museum was cele- brated with an open house and restoration-in-action demonstrations. Nearly 9,000 visitors toured the facility during the five days. April 14-18 Research: Dr. Robert Stuckenrath, Radiation Biology Laboratory, presented a paper on The Stratigraphy, Cultural Features and Chronology of Meadowcroft Rockshelter, Washington County, Southwestern Pennsylvania at a University of Pittsburgh symposium. The dates he presented were accepted as firmly establishing human occupation about 18,000 years ago, and now force revision of all previously held chronologies for the first human settlements on the east coast of the United States. April 15 Lecture: Jacqueline S. Olin, Conservation Analytical Laboratory, presented a lecture on "Artifacts of Uncertain Provenance in the History of North American Exploration" to the Coast Guard Academy at New London, Conn. April 16-17 Milestone: The tenth anniversary of the arrival of the giant pandas, Ling-Ling and Hsing-Hsing, at the National Zoo was marked with the unveiling of a plaque expressing friendship with the People's Republic of China. April 17 Symposium: Director Ira Rubinoff, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, presented a plan to preserve tropical rainforests from destruction at the "Leeds International Symposium on Rainforest Ecology" in Leeds, England. April 17-18 Performance: Laotian and Cambodian New Year celebrations were organized with members of the Laotian and Cambodian communities of the District of Columbia metropolitan area by the Office of Folklife Programs and presented at the Renwick Gallery in conjunction with the current Celebration exhibition. April 19 Visit: Her Majesty, Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands and His Royal Highness, Prince Claus officially opened the exhibition De Stijl: 1917-1931; Visions of Utopia — 250 works illuminating the art, architecture and design of this influ- ential Dutch movement — at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Related events included a seminar, films, concert and a 1926 Dada play. April 20 Grant: The McDonnell Foundation granted $500,000, a part of its total com- mitment of $3 million, for the research, development and staffing of the projected Public Broadcasting System series of seven one-hour programs, "Smithsonian World." This is a co-production of WETA-TV and the Office of Telecommunications, scheduled for broadcast in 1984. Chronology I 371 April 21 Lecture: Rosina Corruthers Tucker, the 100-year ex-international secretary- treasurer of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, spoke at the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum on "A. Phillip Randolph and the Brotherhood." April 22 Seminar: As a follow-up to the International Year of Disabled Persons, a seminar on further steps for improving research and education on disability was held by the Office of Symposia and Seminars. April 27 Lecture: Economist John Kenneth Galbraith discussed his activities as Deputy Administrator in the Office of Price Administration during World War II in a program entitled "Memories of Price Fixing Days," presented by the Resi- dent Associate Program. April 27 Automation: Smithsonian Institution Libraries began conversion of its older card catalogues into machine-readable electronic form. April 27 Lecture: Fatima Ben Touq, museum specialist at the National Museum of Kuwait and a Smithsonian intern, spoke on the museum in a program for the Office of International Activities and the Office of Museum Programs. April 29 Lecture: lone Carvalho de Medeiros, technical director of the Archaeological Museum, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil and a Smithsonian intern, spoke on her recent work in developing a new museum for the community of Camoopa in Nicaragua, in a program for the Office of Museum Programs. April 29 Lecture: Dr. W. Montague Cobb, president of the NAACP, spoke on "Blacks in Washington, D.C. after 1900," at the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum. May Outreach: To mark its 10-year anniversary, Research Reports, a periodical produced by the Office of Public Affairs and reporting primarily on science research, was redesigned and redirected to cover the full breadth of Smith- sonian research including history and the arts. Grants: The Smithsonian Institution Libraries received two Atherton Seidell Endowment Fund grants, for computerization of old catalogue records of scientific titles and for a publication describing manuscripts in the Dibner donation. May 5 Visit: Mrs. Nancy Reagan reviewed the exhibition The First Annual Awards in the Visual Arts Exhibition/ AV A 1 at the National Museum of American Art, accompanied by Secretary Ripley and Dr. Harry Rand, the museum's curator of 20th century painting and sculpture. May 6-8 Seminar: A conference on human adaptation was held in cooperation with the International Organization for the Study of Human Development as a follow-up to the Smithsonian's seventh international symposium held in November 1981. 372 / Smithsonian Year 1982 May 7 Name Change: At ceremonies in Arizona, the name of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory major field facility on Mt. Hopkins was officially changed to The Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in honor of SAO's former director. May 11 Gallery Opening: The Frederick Hill Meserve Collection Gallery was opened at the National Portrait Gallery with an exhibition of photographic portrait prints made from Mathew Brady glass plate negatives that were part of the entensive, recently-acquired Meserve Collection. May 14-15 Performance: A "big drum" dance was performed by recent immigrants from the Caribbean island of Carriacou, one of several Living Celebrations pro- duced by the Office of Folklife Programs in conjunction with the Renwick Gallery's Celebration exhibition. May 16 Special Event: A program with Kitty Wells, presented by the Division of Performing Arts as a tribute to the acknowledged "Queen of Country Music," was held in the Museum of Natural History auditorium. May 26 FDR Centennial: Actor/director John Houseman presented one in a series of Doubleday Lectures on "The Presidency," discussing his career in the Ameri- can theater, especially under the Federal Theater project. May 26 Discovery: Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory scientists F. R. Harnden and Fred Seward reported the discovery of an X-ray pulsar blinking on and off several times a second in the heart of a supernova remnant, providing new support to the theory that stellar explosions must leave behind compact cores of original material. May 29-30 Lectures: At the annual meeting of the American Institute for Conservation in Milwaukee, Wise, Robert M. Organ, director of the Conservation Analyti- cal Laboratory, spoke on "Information Systems for Conservators" and Walter Angst, senior conservator, presented a slide lecture on "Conservational Sleuthing." June New Facility: A joint STRI-University of Panama laboratory was inaugurated on Naos Island. Awards: Fourteen prizes in eight categories went to the Smithsonian in the National Association of Government Communicators 1982 Blue Pencil Awards Competition. The Office of Public Affairs received seven, including first (tied), second, third and two honorable mentions to the Smithsonian News Service; S.I. Press received four, and the National Air and Space Museum, three. Outreach: A five-week series of workshops, designed to train teachers in the educational uses of museums, was launched by the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education. Chronology I 373 June — Continued New Service: The Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center initi- ated daily summer Mall information services. Publication: The Atlantic Barrier Reef Ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, was published by the Smithsonian Institution Press. June 2 Acquisition: Lost Balloon, an 1882 landscape by William Beard, was acces- sioned by the National Museum of American Art. June 3 Award: Anacostia Neighborhood Museum received an award on Energy Awareness Day for "the greatest percent reduction in gas consumption over the previous year." June 3 Visiting Lecturer: Dr. Zoe Apostolache-Stoicescu, director of the Natural Science Museum in Ploiesti, Romania, lectured on that museum's wildlife conservation park, in a program for the Office of Museum Programs. June 3 Visit: Princess Benedikte of Denmark toured the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, accompanied by Secretary Ripley and the museum's direc- tor, Abram Lerner. June 4 Award: "Smithsonian Galaxy," Office of Telecommunications' radio series, received a gold medal from the International Radio Festival of New York. June 6 Special Event: A "Festival of Animals," featuring a parade, music, children's workshops, films and live animals, was held at the Museum of African Art in conjunction with the exhibition Thinking with Animals. June 11 Symposium: Lillian Hellman, Emily Hahn and Berenice Abbott discussed "Creative Women in Paris and New York in the 20s and 30s" in conjunction with an exhibition of Abbot's work at the Museum of American Art. June 11 Lecture: Pia Vivarelli, participant in the Visiting Professionals Program, Office of Museum Programs, lectured on the National Gallery of Modern Art in Rome. June 14 Conservation: Special Flag Day ceremonies at the Museum of American History, with Mrs. Barbara Bush, wife of the Vice President, launched con- servation work to protect the Star Spangled Banner. June 15 Seminar: The Office of Museum Programs began a nine-week course, "Museum Careers Seminar," providing Smithsonian interns with an overview of museum professions and the skills and education required. June 16 Milestone: SITES exhibition, American Impressionism, opened in East Berlin, the first East European city on its tour. 374 / Smithsonian Year 1982 June 18 Symposium: "Amelia Earhart: Flight into Yesterday/' a program at the National Air and Space Museum, joined as panelists individuals who knew Earhart personally, including her sister Muriel, and historians who have researched her disappearance. June 19 Milestone: Inua: Spirit World of the Bering Sea Eskimo, the first major traveling exhibition assembled from the ethnological collections of the Mu- seum of Natural History/Museum of Man, opened at that museum. Craft demonstrations, dancing, drumming and singing by Eskimos from St. Law- rence Island in Alaska, were arranged by the Office of Folklife Programs in conjunction with the first week of the exhibit. The group also performed at Renwick Gallery for its Celebration exhibit. June 20 International Conference: David Erhardt and Tim Padfield, Conservation Analytical Laboratory, presented a paper on "A Method for Making Molds from Embossed Paper" at the International Institute for Conservation Cana- dian Group Conference in Quebec. June 23-27 Family Event: A weekend of special activities on the Mall was sponsored by the National Associates Travel Program for Smithsonian Associates and their children. June 24-28, July 1-5 Festival of American Folklife: The 16th annual festival, co-sponsored by the Smithsonian and the National Park Service, returned to its original site on the National Mall adjacent to the museums of American History and Natural History. Participants came from Oklahoma, Korea and Korean-American communities. The first annual National Heritage Fellowship Awards were presented by the National Endowment for the Arts and these 15 musicians and craftspersons also participated in the festival. June 24 New Facilities: Legislation was signed by President Reagan authorizing the construction of a new center on the Mall for African, Near Eastern and Asian cultures. June 25 Lecture: Dr. S. M. Nair, director of the National Museum of Natural History in New Delhi, India, lectured on that museum in a presentation for the Office of Museum Programs. June 26-July 2 Special Event: "Summerfest" was held at the National Zoo, observing Zoo and Aquarium Month as designated by proclamation of the President. July Research: Dr. Elisabeth Gantt, Smithsonian Radiation Biology Laboratory, began three months of collaborative research on phycobilisomes at the Okazaki National Research Institute in Japan. Grants: The James E. Webb Fellowship was established in honor of James E. Webb, Regent Emeritus, to promote excellence in the management of cultural and scientific not-for-profit organizations. Chronology I 375 July — Continued Research: Dr. David Correll, Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies completed a study which documents large increases in the acidity of rainfall at the Center during the period 1974-1982. Film: The Office of Biological Conservation began consultation with National Geographic's film division on a two-part documentary on "The Galapagos Since Darwin." The subsequent placement of cameras on the Islands resulted in the first 16mm film of a Galapagos volcanic eruption. Julyl Appointment: Irwin I. Shapiro, professor of physics and geophysics at MIT, was named Director of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and Director of the Center for Astrophysics, which encompasses SAO and the Harvard College Observatory, effective January 1, 1983. Julyl Tours: In cooperation with the University of Arizona and with support from the Office of Public Service, the guided bus tours of the Whipple Observatory in Arizona were reinstated. Julyl Exhibition: The National Air and Space Museum opened 25 Years of Space Exploration, a commemorative exhibit with photographs, film, memorabilia and artifacts that placed the developments of the space age against the back- ground of social, cultural and other historical events of the time. Julyl TV Premiere: IN OPEN AIR: A Portrait of the American Impressionists, pro- duced by the Office of Telecommunications, had its first television showing on WETA-TV, Washington, D.C. July 20 Publication: Astronomy and the Astrophysics for the 1980s, the report of the Astronomy Survey Committee containing recommendations and priorities for the development of research instrumentation in the next decade, was pub- lished by the National Academy Press. George B. Field, director of the Smith- sonian Astrophysical Observatory, served as committee chairman. July 28 Visit: Her Royal Highness Queen Sophia of Spain visited the National Air and Space Museum, accompanied by Secretary Ripley, Under Secretary Phillip S. Hughes, Assistant Secretary David Challinor and the museum's acting director Walter J. Boyne. July 30 Visit: Prime Minister Indira Gandhi of India visited the exhibition Modern Indian Paintings from the National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi, at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, accompanied by Under Secretary Phillip S. Hughes, Assistant Secretary Charles Blitzer and the museum's deputy director, Stephen Weil. August Grant: The James Smithson Society enabled Smithsonian Institution Libraries to purchase Thomas Brown's Illustrations of the American Ornithology . . . (Edinburgh, 1835). 376 / Smithsonian Year 1982 August — Continued Exhibitions: Soyer Since 1960 and Raphael Soyer: Sixty-five Years of Print- making, featuring the work of the eminent 82-year-old American realist, opened at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. The artist also par- ticipated in "An Evening with Raphael Soyer," sponsored by the Resident Associate Program. Publication: The Behavior and Natural History of the Caribbean Reef Squid Sepioteuthis sepioidea, by Martin H. Moynihan and Arcadio F. Rodaniche of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, was published by Verlag Paul Parley of Berlin and Hamburg. Construction: Scientists at the Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies completed a permanent fish monitoring station on Muddy Creek, a tributary of Chesapeake Bay. Publication: The Smithsonian Institution Libraries, through its translation/ publications program based on excess foreign currency funds (P.L. 480), pub- lished History of Metal Cutting Machines to the Middle of the Nineteenth Century by F. N. Zagorskii. August 1-5 Symposium: "The Biology and Management of the Cervidae," an international conference, was held at the National Zoo's Conservation and Research Center, Front Royal, Va. August 6 Film Premiere: Flyers, the National Air and Space Museum's third IMAX film, sponsored by Conoco Inc., opened in the museum's Samuel P. Langley Theater. September Publication: The National Museum of Natural History, the third book jointly produced with the Smithsonian Institution, was published by Harry N. Abrams, Inc. of New York. New Program: Master of Arts Degree Program was launched by the Cooper- Hewitt Museum in conjunction with Parsons School of Design/The New School. New Directions: The Anacostia Neighborhood Museum initiated planning for a new Museum Annex site at Fort Stanton Park. Milestone: The Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies was desig- nated a National Estuarine Sanctuary. New Facility: STRI acquired the sixty-six-foot SS Las Cruces from the Panama Canal Commission at no cost, for conversion into a floating dormitory/ laboratory. Research: A study by paleobiologists Storrs L. Olson and Helen James, NMNH, showed prehistoric Polynesians responsible for the extinction of apparently half of the bird species on the islands before the arrival of Captain James Cook in 1778, disproving the generally accepted belief that pre-European Hawaii was an unspoiled paradise. Automation: The Smithsonian Institution Libraries completed planning for the extensive automation of its operations. Exhibition: Introduction to Conservation in the Smithsonian Institution Libraries, the first exhibition on the work of the Book Conservation Labora- tory, opened in the Museum of American History. Chronology I 377 September 5 Festival: The sixth annual Smithsonian Frisbee Disc Festival, largest non- competitive disc event in the world, was held on the Mall, sponsored by the National Air and Space Museum. September 8 Conference: Three scientists from the Conservation Analytical Laboratory, Timothy Padfield, David Erhardt, and Walter Hopwood, were participating speakers in the International Institute for Conservation annual conference, held in Washington, D.C. September 10-11 Performance: Traditional Sanskrit theater (Kutiyattam) of Kerala, India, was presented at the Renwick Gallery in conjunction with the Celebration exhi- bition. September 11-12 Symposium: "Animal Extinction — What Everyone Should Know," a sympo- sium directed to the general public, was held at the National Zoo with inter- nationally known speakers. September 15 Gift: Arthur M. Sackler of New York, art collector, researcher and publisher, pledged 1,000 masterpieces from his Chinese, Southeast Asian, Near Eastern and other art collections to the new Smithsonian facility devoted to Asian and Near Eastern cultures, to be named the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. September 17 Lectures: "Reinterpreting Galileo," sponsored by the Office of Symposia and Seminars in association with the Catholic University of America, examined Galileo's significance to the history and philosophy of science. September 20-25 Conference: The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory sponsored an inter- national workshop on "Very High Energy Gamma Ray Astronomy Using the Atmospheric Cerenkov Technique in Oootacamund, India," with the support of the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Exchange Program and the cooperation of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. September 21 Exhibition: The Cooper-Hewitt Museum opened Scandinavia Modern: 1880- 1980 as part of the nationwide program Scandinavia Today. September 23 Exhibition: Black Wings: The American Black in Aviation, depicting the con- tributions and achievements of blacks in the field of aviation, opened at the National Air and Space Museum. September 25 Reception: Dr. Mary Leakey, distinguished anthropologist, was honored with a reception by the Contributing Membership of the National Associate Pro- gram on the occasion of her presentation of the first Allen O'Brien Memorial Lecture at the Museum of Natural History. September 29 Premiere: Probe, a new Spacearium presentation — an armchair tour of the solar system — opened in the National Air and Space Museum, produced by the Spacearium staff. 378 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Smithsonian Year • 1982 APPENDICES Organization Chart page 380 1. Members of the Smithsonian Council, Boards, and Commissions, September 30, 1982 382 2. Smithsonian Special Foreign Currency Program Awards Made October 1, 1981, through September 30, 1982 392 3. National Museum Act Grants Awarded in Fiscal Year 1982 395 4. Academic, Research Training, and Internship Appointments in Fiscal Year 1982 397 5. Publications of the Smithsonian Institution Press in Fiscal Year 1982 415 6. Publications of the Staff of the Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries in Fiscal Year 1982 425 7. The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, September 30, 1982 521 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution in Fiscal Year 1982 553 9. Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution in Fiscal Year 1982 624 10. Visitors to the Smithsonian Institution in Fiscal Year 1982 639 379 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BOARD OF REGENTS AUDITOR THE SECRETARY* UNDER SECRETARY* TREASURER* Accounting Office Office of Grants and Risk Management Investment Accounting Division Business Management Office Concessions Food Services Division Mail Order Division Smithsonian Museum Shops GENERAL COUNSEL* Assistant Secretary for SCIENCE* Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies National Air and Space Museum National Museum of Man Center for the Study of Man National Museum of Natural History National Zoological Park Office of Biological Conservation Office of Fellowships and Grants Radiation Biology Laboratory Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Assistant Secretary for HISTORY AND ART* Archives of American Art Cooper-Hewitt Museum Freer Gallery of Art Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Joseph Henry Papers Museum of African Art National Collection of Fine Arts Renwick Gallery National Museum of History and Technology National Portrait Gallery Office of American and Folklife Studies Assistant Secretary for MUSEUM PROGRAMS* Conservation Analytical Laboratory National Museum Act Office of Exhibits Central Office of Horticulture Office of International Activities Office of Museum Programs Office of the Registrar Smithsonian Archives Smithsonian Institution Libraries Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service Secretary's Executive Committee r Under Separate Boards of Trustees: JOHN F. KENNEDY CENTER . FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS ' NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART I WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS L Coordinator of PUBLIC INFORMATION* Office of Congressional Liaison Office of Public Affairs Office of Special Events Director of MEMBERSHIP AND DEVELOPMENT* Development Office Smithsonian National Associate Program Smithsonian Resident Associate Program Assistant Secretary for PUBLIC SERVICE* Anacostia Neighborhood Museum Division of Performing Arts International Exchange Service Office of Elementary and Secondary Education Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars Office of Telecommunications Smithsonian Institution Press Smithsonian Magazine Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center Assistant Secretary for ADMINISTRATION* Contracts Office Office of Equal Opportunity Office of Facilities Services Office of Design and Construction Office of Plant Services Office of Protection Services Office of Information Resource Management Management Analysis Office Office of Personnel Administration Office of Printing and Photographic Services Office of Programming and Budget Office of Supply Services Travel Services Office APPENDIX 1. Members of the Smithsonian Council, Boards, and Commissions, September 30, 1982 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BOARD OF REGENTS Warren E. Burger, The Chief Justice of the United States, ex officio, Chancellor George H. Bush, The Vice-President of the United States, ex officio Henry M. Jackson, Senator from Washington Barry Goldwater, Senator from Arizona Edwin J. (Jake) Garn, Senator from Utah Silvio O. Conte, Representative from Massachusetts Norman Y. Mineta, Representative from California Edward P. Boland, Representative from Massachusetts David C. Acheson, citizen of the District of Columbia Anne L. Armstrong, citizen of Texas J. Paul Austin, citizen of Georgia William G. Bowen, citizen of New Jersey William A. M. Burden, citizen of New York Murray Gell-Mann, citizen of California A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr., citizen of Pennsylvania Carlisle H. Humelsine, citizen of Virginia James E. Webb, citizen of the District of Columbia SMITHSONIAN COUNCIL Gordon N. Ray, Chairman Dore Ashton Milo C. Beach Milton W. Brown Frederick B. Burkhardt William H. Davenport Anne d'Harnoncourt A. Hunter Dupree Frank B. Golley Stephen Jay Gould Neil Harris August Heckscher Nathan I. Huggins Ada Louise Huxtable Bennetta Jules-Rosette George F. Lindsay Thomas E. Lovejoy Peter Marler David F. Musto Ruth Patrick Vera C. Rubin Andre Schiffrin Carl E. Schorske Gunther Schuller Barbara W. Tuchman ARCHIVES OF AMERICAN ART BOARD OF TRUSTEES Mrs. Otto L. Spaeth, Chairman Mr. Gilbert H. Kinney, President Mrs. Nancy B. Negley, Vice-President Mr. Alfred Taubman, Vice-President Mr. Henry deForest Baldwin, Treasurer Mrs. Robert F. Shapiro, Secretary Mrs. Eli Broad Dr. Irving F. Burton Mr. Joel S. Ehrenkranz Mrs. Walter B. Ford II Mrs. Joseph Hirshhorn Mrs. Dwight Kendall Mrs. Charles Kessler Mr. Irvin A. Levy Mr. Howard W. Lipman Mr. Richard Manoogian Mr. John Lowell Jones Mrs. Walter Maynard, Jr. Mr. Porter A. McCray Mrs. William L. Mitchell Mrs. Muriel Kallis Newman Mrs. Dana M. Raymond Mr. C. Bagley Wright 382 / Smithsonian Year 1982 FOUNDING TRUSTEES Lawrence A. Fleischman Mrs. Edsel B. Ford E. P. Richardson HONORARY TRUSTEES Mr. Harold O. Love Mr. Russell Lynes Mrs. William L. Richards EX OFFICIO S. Dillon Ripley Charles Blitzer ARCHIVES OF AMERICAN ART ADVISORY COMMITTEE NEW YORK Milton Brown, Lloyd Goodrich Chairman Eugene Goossen Thomas N. Armstrong III James J. Heslin John Baur John Howat Anne d'Harnoncourt James Humphrey III John Dobkin Bernard Karpel William Gerdts John A. Kouwenhoven Abram Lerner Russell Lynes Barbara Novak Clive Phillpot Jules D. Prown Joseph T. Rankin William B. Walker NEW ENGLAND Harley B. Holden, Chairman Winslow Ames Mr. and Mrs. George H. Bumgardner Carl Chiarenza Charles Ferguson Wolfgang M. Freitag Hugh Gourley Elton W. Hall Patricia Hills Sinclair Hitchings John Kirk William Lipke Kenworth Moffett Elliott Offner James O'Gorman Stephen Riley Laurence Schmeckebier Theodore Stebbins Richard Teitz Bryant F. Tolles Peter Wick Margaret Craver Withers NORTHERN CALIFORNIA Wesley Chamberlin, Chairman Stanley Andersen Herschel Chipp Van Deren Coke Wanda Corn James Elliott Albert Elsen Bruce Guenther Harvey Jones Martha Kingsbury Margaretta Lovell George Neubert Don Stover Harvey West Ian McKibbin White SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Constance W. Glenn, Chairman E. Maurice Bloch Burton Fredericksen Richard Koshalek Susan C. Larsen Earl A. Powell III Moira Roth Josine Ianco Starrels Maurice Tuchman Robert R. Wark WASHINGTON, D.C. Bernard Mergen, Chairman Marjory Balge Lorraine Brown Peggy Burke David Driskell Charles Eldredge Alan Fern Lois Fink Henry Glassie William Homer Charles Hummell Al Lerner Marc Pachter Phoebe Stanton John Vlach John Wilmerding Appendix 1. Smithsonian Council, Boards, and Commissions I 383 BOARD OF FELLOWSHIPS AND GRANTS Richard Fiske, Chairman John Eisenberg Roger Kennedy Thomas Lawton Michael H. Robinson David Challinor, ex officio Charles Blitzer, ex officio COOPER-HEWITT MUSEUM ADVISORY COUNCIL August Heckscher, Chairman Karen Johnson Boyd Rosemary Corroon Joan K. Davidson Joanne du Font Russell Lynes Gilbert C. Maurer Kenneth Miller Amanda Ross Arthur Ross Robert Sarnoff Marietta Tree S. Dillon Ripley, ex officio Charles Blitzer, ex officio FOLKLIFE ADVISORY COUNCIL Wilcomb E. Washburn, Chairman Roger Abrahams Richard Ahlborn William Fitzhugh Lloyd Herman Robert Laughlin Scott Odell Ralph Rinzler Peter Seitel Richard Sorenson Thomas Vennum FREER VISITING COMMITTEE Mrs. Jackson Burke Kwang-chih Chang Marvin Eisenberg Murray Gell-Mann Charles A. Greenfield Porter McCray Norman Y. Mineta John M. Rosenfield Mrs. Katherine Graham Hugh Scott Laurence Sickman Priscilla P. Soucek John S. Thacher Richard Weatherhead HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN BOARD OF TRUSTEES Daniel P. Moynihan, Chairman Sydney Lewis, Vice Chairman Leigh B. Block1 Anne d'Harnoncourt Thomas M. Evans Jerome Greene Olga Hishhorn Dorothy C. Miller Leonard C. Yaseen2 Warren E. Burger, Chief Justice of the United States, ex officio S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, ex officio HORTICULTURE ADVISORY COMMITTEE Jimmie L. Crowe Belva Jensen James R. Buckler, Chairman ORCHID SUBCOMMITTEE Edward S. Ayensu Paul Desautels James R. Buckler Paul N. Perrott Mary Ripley 1 Through June 1982. 2 Beginning July 1982. 384 / Smithsonian Year 1982 JOINT SPONSORING COMMITTEE FOR THE PAPERS OF JOSEPH HENRY Frederick Seitz, Chairman Whitfield J. Bell, Jr. Lee Anna Blick Charles Blitzer S. Dillon Ripley Henry D. Smyth NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM ADVISORY BOARD S. Dillon Ripley, Chairman Gen. Lew Allen, Jr., USA (Ret.) Phillip E. Culbertson Michael J. Fenello Lt. Gen. William H. Fitch, USMC Donald M. Koll Vice Adm. Wesley McDonald, USN Lt. Gen. James H. Merryman, USA James P. Moore, Jr. Jacqueline A. Ponder Vice Adm. Benedict L. Stabile, USCG NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM VISITING COMMITTEE Alexander H. Flax Gerald K. O'Neill Leon T. Silver Lt. Gen. James T. Stewart, USAF (Ret.) Richard R. Whitcomb NATIONAL ARMED FORCES MUSEUM ADVISORY BOARD Andrew J. Goodpaster, Lt. Gen., U.S. Army, retired Theodore Ropp Caspar W. Weinberger, Secretary of Defense, ex officio S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, ex officio NATIONAL HUMAN STUDIES FILM CENTER ADVISORY COUNCIL Sol Tax, Chairman Matthew Huxley, Secretary Ira Abrams T. Berry Brazelton Roma Crocker William H. Crocker Herbert Di Gioia Phoebe Ellsworth Gordon Gibson Edward T. Hall Glenn Harnden Stephen P. Hersh Paul Hockings Benetta Jules-Rosette Peter Marzio Constance B. Mellon Norman Miller Phileo Nash Marion Stirling Pugh Jerold Schecter Hubert Smith George Spindler Colin Turnbull Carroll W. Williams Joan Swayze Williams ADVISORY COUNCIL FOR THE NATIONAL MUSEUM ACT Paul N. Perrot, Chairman George H. Abrams Donald V. Hague Watson M. Laetsch Thomas N. Maytham Jan K. Muhlert Paul E. Rivard Kenneth Starr Joyce Hill Stoner F. Christopher Tahk Jean Weber Appendix 1. Smithsonian Council, Boards, and Commissions I 385 NATIONAL BOARD OF THE SMITHSONIAN ASSOCIATES Mr. James M. Kemper, Jr., Chairman Mrs. Joe L. Allbritton Mr. Arthur G. Altschul Mr. Perry R. Bass Honorable Lucius D. Battle Mr. William W. Bodine, Jr. Honorable Nicholas F. Brady Mrs. Jackson Burke Mr. David L. Coffin Mrs. Justin Dart Mr. Gaylord Donnelley HONORARY MEMBERS Mr. James A. Elkins, Jr. Mr. W. L. Hadley Griffin Mr. Gordon Hanes Mr. John F. Harrigan Mrs. Parker T. Hart Mr. Richard D. Hill Mrs. Henry L. Hillman Honorable Carla Anderson Hills Mr. Samuel C. Johnson Mr. Seymour H. Knox III Mr. Brooks McCormick Mr. Arjay Miller Justice Sandra D. O'Connor Mr. H. Smith Richardson, Jr. Mrs. George M. Seignious II Mr. David E. Skinner Mr. Roger B. Smith Mrs. Edson W. Spencer Mr. Malcolm T. Stamper Mrs. E. Hadley Stuart, Jr. Mr. Vernon Taylor, Jr. Mr. Parke Wright Mr. William S. Anderson Mr. Richard P. Cooley Mr. Joseph F. Cullman 3rd Honorable Leonard K. Firestone Mr. Alfred C. Glassell, Jr. Honorable George C. McGhee Mr. William A. Hewitt Mr. Francis C. Rooney, Jr. Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson Mr. Merritt Kirk Ruddock Mr. Lewis A. Lapham Honorable Thomas J. Watson, Jr. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AFRICAN ART COMMISSION Lee Bronson David Driskell John B. Duncan Carl Freeman S. I. Hayakawa Frances Humphrey Howard Richard Long Frank Moss Milton Ratner Thomas Schwab Roy Sieber Walter Washington Franklin Williams Charles Blitzer, ex officio S. Dillon Ripley, ex officio NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AFRICAN ART NATIONAL COUNCIL Joseph James Akston Arthur Ashe James Avery Ernie Barnes Saul Bellow Julian Bond Rep. John Brademas Dona Bronson Edward W. Brooke Joseph Campbell Rep. John Conyers Ossie Davis Lula Dawson Rep. Donald Dellums Barbaralee Diamonstein Charles Diggs Ofield Dukes Joanne duPont Ralph Ellison John Hope Franklin Buckminster Fuller James Gibson Dick Gregory Chaim Gross Lily Polk Guest Alex Haley George Haley Eliot Halperin Geoffrey Holder Rep. Frank Horton Muriel Humphrey Brown David Lloyd Kreeger Jacob Lawrence Vera List J. Bruce Llewellyn Mary McFadden Robert McNamara Stanley Marcus Rae Alexander Minter Clarence Mitchell Nancy Negley Mace Neufeld Dorothy Porter Vincent Price Benjamin Quarles Milton Ratner Michael Rea Saunders Redding Norman B. Robbins Harold Rome Bayard Rustin Sen. Hugh Scott Stanley Scott Evelyn Sessler Mabel Smythe Michael Sonnenreich David Stratmon Lynette Taylor Anne Teabeau Maurice Tempelsman Paul Tishman Sterling Tucker Mike Wallace Barbara Watson G. Mennen Williams Isabel Wilson Lester Wunderman Elizabeth Bouey Yates Andrew Young Nicholas Zervas 386 / Smithsonian Year 1982 NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN ART COMMISSION Mrs. Nan Tucker McEvoy, Chairman Thomas S. Buechner, Vice Chairman S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary Donald Anderson Mrs. Elizabeth Brooke Blake Lloyd Goodrich Walker Hancock R. Philip Hanes, Jr. Bartlett H. Hayes, Jr. August Heckscher Mrs. Robert Homans Thomas C. Howe Mrs. Jaquelin H. Hume Richard L. Hunt David Lloyd Kreeger Abram Lerner, ex officio Mrs. Hiram W. McKee Philip Pearlstein George Segal Mrs. Oliver Seth Mrs. John Farr Simmons Mrs. Otto L. Spaeth George B. Tatum Mrs. Charles Bagley Wright HONORARY MEMBERS Martin Friedman Henry P. Mcllhenny Paul Mellon Ogden Pleissner Edgar P. Richardson Charles H. Sawyer Andrew Wyeth NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY COMMISSION Robert L. McNeil, Jr. Robert H. Morgan Barbara Novak Senator Barry Goldwater3 Barry Bingham, Sr. Thomas Mellon Evans Katie Louchheim J. Carter Brown, Director, National Gallery of Art, ex officio Warren E. Burger, Chief Justice of the United States, ex officio S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, ex officio OFFICE OF MUSEUM PROGRAMS NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE, W. K. KELLOGG FOUNDATION PROJECT Robert Hilton Smith Frank Stanton Barbara Tuchman Paul N. Perrot, Chairman Jane R. Glaser, ex officio Janet Solinger, ex officio Julian Euell Richard Fiske J. O. Grantham Neil Harris Philip S. Humphrey Watson Laetsch Abram Lerner Richard Randall Adelle Robertson Susan Stitt Michael Templeton SMITHSONIAN FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM ADVISORY COUNCILS Archeology and Related Disciplines Advisory Council Bennet Bronson Daniel M. Neuman William Trousdale Thomas J. Hopkins Barbara Ramusack Edward Wente Astrophysics and Earth Sciences Advisory Council Felix Chayes William Klein Victor Szebehely George Field William Melson Louis Walter Paul Hodge Thornton Page Systematic and Environmental Biology Advisory Council Lafayette Frederick David L. Pawson Richard H. Tedford Richard Highton ' Resigned April 21, 1982. Beryl B. Simpson Charles A. Triplehorn Appendix 1. Smithsonian Council, Boards, and Commissions I 387 WOMEN'S COMMITTEE OF THE SMITHSONIAN ASSOCIATES Mrs. Parker T. Hart, Chairman Mrs. Townsend Burden III, Vice Chairman Mrs. Ray Scherer, Secretary Mrs. Malcolm Maclntyre, Assistant Secretary Mrs. Frank B. Clay, Treasurer Mrs. Edmund Wellington, Jr., Assistant Treasurer Mrs. Donald Alexander Mrs. Albert Barclay, Jr. Mrs. James M. Beggs Mrs. Denton Blair Mrs. Huntington T. Block Mrs. Philip Bowie Mrs. Harrison Brand III Mrs. Adelyn Breeksin Mrs. George Bush Mrs. Thomas J. Camp, Jr. Mrs. Charles H. Clark Mrs. Richard Cobb Mrs. James L. Collins, Jr. Mrs. James M. Collins Mrs. Thomas E. Crocker Mrs. John Davidge Mrs. Stuart C. Davidson Mrs. J. Edward Day Mrs. John W. Gill Mrs. Robert R. Gray Mrs. William T. Hamilton Mrs. Karl G. Harr Mrs. Walter Hodges Mrs. Edgar W. Holtz Mrs. Donald W. Jeffries Mrs. George W. Jones Mrs. Clinton W. Kelly III Mrs. Robert Koehler Mrs. James Lehrer Mrs. William S. Mailliard Mrs. Alexander M. Maish Mrs. Roemer McPhee Mrs. Donald Notman Mrs. Lawrence B. Olds Mrs. Dudley Owen Mrs. Jefferson Patterson Mrs. James R. Patton, Jr. Mrs. C. Michael Price Mrs. Malcolm Price Mrs. S. Dillon Ripley Mrs. Thomas M. Roberts Mrs. Reynaldo Rodriquez Mrs. Robert Rogers Mrs. Peter T. Russell Mrs. Leonard Silverstein Mrs. Henry P. Smith III Mrs. Howard Smith, Jr. Mrs. Wells Stabler Mrs. James McK. Symington Mrs. Thomas K. Taylor Mrs. Robert D. Van Roijen Mrs. Charles Verrill Mrs. Charles Swan Weber Mrs. Philip C. White Mrs. John Burke Wilkinson Mrs. Robert S. Wilkinson WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS BOARD OF TRUSTEES William J. Baroody, Jr., Chairman Robert A. Mosbacher, Vice Chairman James A. Baker III Theodore C. Barreaux William J. Bennett Daniel J. Boorstin Kenneth B. Clark Stuart E. Eizenstat Max M. Kampelman Jesse H. Oppenheimer S. Dillon Ripley Richard S. Schweiker Anne Firor Scott George P. Shultz Robert M. Warner Charles Z. Wick JOHN F. KENNEDY CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS BOARD OF TRUSTEES Honorary Chairmen Mrs. Ronald Reagan Mrs. Jimmy Carter Mrs. Gerald Ford Mrs. Richard M. Nixon Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson Mrs. Aristotle Onassis 388 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Officers Roger L. Stevens, Chairman Senator Charles H. Percy, Vice Chairman Henry Strong, Vice Chairman Frank Ikard, Secretary Charlotte Woolard, Assistant Secretary W. Jarvis Moody, Treasurer Harry McPherson, General Counsel William Becker, Associate Counsel James F. Rogers, Assistant Treasurer John J. Ronveaux, Assistant Treasurer Henry Strong, Assistant Treasurer Members Appointed by the President of the United States Mrs. Howard H. Baker, Jr. Mrs. Edward T. Breathitt Marshall B. Coyne Richmond D. Crinkley June Oppen Degnan Mrs. J. Clifford Folger4 Abe Fortas5 Peter H. B. Frelinghuysen J. William Fulbright Cary Grant6 Mrs. William Lee Hanley, Jr.' Orval Hansen Mrs. Bob Hope Frank Ikard Melvin R. Laird Marjorie M. Lawson Mrs. J. Willard Marriott Dina Merrill0 Joan Mondale Ronald H. Nessen4 Donna Stone Pesch Gerald M. Rafshoon Mrs. Abraham Ribicoff Jean Kennedy Smith John G. Spatuzza Roger L. Stevens Mrs. Theodore H. Strauss Henry Strong Benjamin A. Trustman4 Donna Tuttle6 Jack J. Valenti Lew R. Wasserman Mrs. Jack Wrather Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. Members Ex Officio Designated by Act of Congress Richard S. Schweiker, Secretary of Health and Human Services T. H. Bell, Secretary of Education Charles Z. Wick, Director, United States Information Agency Senator James A. McClure Senator Edward M. Kennedy Senator Charles H. Percy Representative Joseph M. McDade Representative Charles Wilson Representative Sidney R. Yates Honorary Trustees Mrs. George A. Garrett Ralph E. Becker Mrs. Albert Lasker Marion S. Barry, Mayor, District of Columbia S. Dillon Ripley II, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution Daniel J. Boorstin, Librarian of Congress J. Carter Brown, Chairman of the Commission of Fine Arts Russell E. Dickenson, Director, National Park Service William H. Rumsey, Director, District of Columbia Department of Recreation Mrs. Jouett Shouse Mrs. J. Clifford Folger 4 Term expired September 1, 1982. 5 Deceased April 5, 1982. 6 Appointed September 24, 1982. Appendix 1. Smithsonian Council, Boards, and Commissions I 389 President's Advisory Committee on the Arts Herbert Hutner, Chairman Los Angeles, California Margaret Archambault Chicago, Illinois Robert D. Bain Bismarck, North Dakota Charles Camalier, Jr. Potomac Falls, Maryland Clara Chambers Bloomfield Hills, Michigan Margot Denny Anchorage, Alaska William M. Fine New York, New York Beverly Gosnell Charleston, South Carolina Cynthia Grassby Denver, Colorado Carl Halvorson Lake Oswego, Oregon Leota Hayes Jackson, Mississippi T. David Higgins South Charleston, West Virginia Martin B. Hoffman Needham, Massachusetts Stephen Jernigan Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Gerald Kirke Des Moines, Iowa Gary Levine Bellevue, Washington Peggy Mallick Casper, Wyoming John Marsh Gainesville, Virginia Alyne Massey Nashville, Tennessee Julia M. McCabe Wilmington, Delaware Virginia McCann Short Hills, New Jersey Lindsay J. Morgenthaler Cleveland, Ohio Jim Nelson Rapid City, South Dakota Jeanette Nichols Shawnee Mission, Kansas H. Davison Osgood, Jr. Scarborough, Maine K. Voith Penberthy Paradise Valley, Arizona John Piercey Salt Lake City, Utah Millie Pogna Albuquerque, New Mexico Gladys Prescott West Palm Beach, Florida Chesley Pruet El Dorado, Arkansas Ann Rydalch Idaho Falls, Idaho Hugh K. Schilling Minneapolis, Minnesota William Siems Billings, Montana Harriet Slaybaugh Montpelier, Vermont Eileen Slocum Newport, Rhode Island Charles C. Spalding Honolulu, Hawaii Richard Taylor Potomac, Maryland Dr. Paul Tessier New Castle, New Hampshire James Thompson Louisville, Kentucky Judith Thompson Birmingham, Alabama Diane Ushinski Shavertown, Pennsylvania Dorothy Vannerson Sugar Land, Texas Joseph Vetrano Bristol, Connecticut Judith Woods St. Louis, Missouri NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART BOARD OF TRUSTEES Paul Mellon, Chairman Carlisle H. Humelsine Ruth Carter Johnson Franklin D. Murphy John R. Stevenson Warren E. Burger, Chief Justice of the United States, ex officio George P. Shultz, Secretary of State, ex officio Donald T. Regan, Secretary of the Treasury, ex officio S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, ex officio 390 / Smithsonian Year 1982 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WOMEN'S COUNCIL Margaret A. Santiago, Marilyn J. Hilton, Chairperson Treasurer Julia Anne Hoover, Ann C. Gilstrap, Vice-Chairperson Historian Sherrill G. Berger Roberta Geier Betty Beuck Margery Gordon Constance Bond Linda St. Thomas Martha Caopelletti Joanna C. Scherer Prudence Clendenning Carolyn Thompson Linda Laws Corliss Deborah Jean Warner Audrev B. Davis Miriam Weissman Linda S. DuBro Edith M. Whiteman Appendix 1. Smithsonian Council, Boards, and Commissions I 391 APPENDIX 2. Smithsonian Special Foreign Currency Program Awards Made October 1, 1981, through September 30, 1982 ARCHEOLOGY AND RELATED DISCIPLINES (INCLUDING ANTHROPOLOGY) American Institute of Indian Studies, Chicago, Illinois. Continued support for administration; research fellowships; Center for Art and Archeology; publica- tions program; Center for Ethnomusicology; the autobiography of Indulal Yagnik; editing of Advaita Vedanta volumes. American Research Center in Egypt, Princeton, New Jersey. Operation of Cen- ter in Cairo; fellowship program in the study of archeology and related disci- plines in Egypt; continuation of the architectural and epigraphic survey of Egypt; an archeological map of the Theban necropolis; excavations at Hiera- konpolis. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. Tibetan modern history, 1933-1950; pre- and protohistorical culture development in West Bengal (India); excavations at Allahdino (Pakistan); International Congress of Paki- stan Archeology. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. International Congress of Pakistan Archeology. Columbia University, New York, New York. Tibetan studies seminar (India). Corning Museum of Glass, Corning, New York. Documentation of early glass- making tradition surviving in Firozabad, India. Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire. The oral epic in India. Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, Washington, D.C. A corpus of the mosaics of Tunisia (Tunisia). Herbert H. Lehman College, Bronx, New York. Ceramic production and distri- bution in Rajasthan, India. Indo-U.S. Subcommission on Education and Culture, New York, New York. Indo-American fellowship program. New York University, New York, New York. Ramilila of Ramnager (India). Social Science Research Council, New York, New York. Islam, ethnicity and the state (India and Pakistan). Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas. Prehistory of Egypt. State University of New York at Oswego, New York. Photographs and history of Indian women. University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. Changes in the population and ma- terial culture of a north Indian village: 1953-1983. 392 / Smithsonian Year 1982 University of California, Berkeley, California. Food policy and feeding cities: a case study of Guinea; excavations at Opovo-Bajbuk (Yugoslavia); Hima- layan region conference (India and Pakistan); paleoclimatic studies of the Son Valley, India. University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Investigation of Near/Far East trad- ing sites in South India. University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. Fourth South Asian Roundtable (India); Burmese old court language. University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Vijayanagara: Urban space in a medieval Hindu imperial capital (India). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Translation of the verbal and pictorial epic of Devnarayans: scroll painting in Rajasthan, India; ancient economic plants of South India; conference on twentieth-century literature (India), workshop on Late Cenozoic paleoclimatic changes (India). Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut. Ethnographic research in north Pakistan. SYSTEMATIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY (INCLUDING PALEOBIOLOGY) Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island. Paleoanthropological investiga- tions of Miocene sediments of Northeastern India. Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Herpetofauna of South India. Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. Anthropological and paleontologi- cal research into the fossil anthropoid sites of the Egyptian Oligocene. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Later Miocene hominoids (Pakistan). Howard University, Washington, D.C. Cenozoic mammals of Pakistan. Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois. Floral biology of Myristica fragrans (India). Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana. Studies of Euphorbia (India). Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. Managing semitropical wetlands (India). National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Examination of echinoderm collections at Calcutta, India; systematic study of Indian micro- lepidoptera; the migratory birds of India. National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. Conference on conservation of biological diversity (India). Pennsylvania State University, University, Pennsylvania. Comparative study of Old World and New World tiger beetle community structure (India). Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey. Comparative ecology and ethnol- ogy of three species of Apis (India). Queens College, Flushing, New York. Evolution and ecology of parasitoid- drosophilid complex of India. Smithsonian Office of Biological Conservation, Washington, D.C. Conservation workshop (India). Appendix 2. Special Foreign Currency Program Awards I 393 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama. Comparative statis- tical study of social behavior (India); fellowship travel support (India); cephalopod behavior in South India. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois. The occlusal epidemiological transition in populations of North India. Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas. Studies in Gondwana paleon- tology (India). University of California, Berkeley, California. Paleontological and paleoan- thropological investigation of Cenozoic strata of Burma. University of Maine, Orono, Maine. Nanoplankton/microzooplankton preda- tor/prey link in the northern Adriatic marine food web (Yugoslavia). University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Fossil mammals in Paleocene and Eocene sediments in Pakistan. ASTROPHYSICS AND EARTH SCIENCES Alcorn State University, Lorman, Mississippi. Development of a program of scintillation studies at low-latitute ionospheric stations (India). Carnegie Institution, Washington, D.C. Travel of Indian participants in Hawaii workshop and symposium, IGCP Project 163; petrological and mineralogical investigation of Indian kimberlites. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Investigations of Lonar Crater (India). Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Confer- ence on high-energy gamma rays (India) ; balloon-borne far-infrared-telescope project (India); continuation of operation of Uttar Pradesh State Observatory/ Smithsonian Astrophysical Observing Station, Naini Tal, India. MUSEUM PROGRAMS Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Collection management workshop (India). Indo-U.S. Subcommission on Education and Culture, New York, New York. Joint Indo-U.S. programs. 394 / Smithsonian Year 1982 APPENDIX 3. National Museum Act Grants Awarded in Fiscal Year 1982 SEMINAR/WORKSHOP PROGRAM American Association for State and Local History, Nashville, Tennessee Association of Science-Technology Centers, Washington, D.C. Calvert Marine Museum, Solomons, Maryland Charleston Museum, Charleston, South Carolina Congress of Illinois Historical Societies and Museums, Springfield, Illinois National Trust for Historic Preservation, Washington, D.C. Southern Arts Federation, Atlanta, Georgia Texas Historical Commission, Austin, Texas STIPENDS TO INDIVIDUALS FOR CONSERVATION STUDIES Michael Connolly, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada Madeleine W. Fang, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada Cathy Giangrande, University of London, London, England Kathleen Hansen, Columbia University, New York, New York Kristin F. Hoermann, Winterthur Museum, Winterthur, Delaware Judith Levinson, Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore, Maryland Janet Null, International Center for Conservation in Rome, Rome, Italy Abigail Quandt, Winterthur Museum, Winterthur, Delaware Paul Rabin, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada Marta Rothwarf, The Textile Conservation Center, Ltd., Surrey, England Robert Sawchuk, Winterthur Museum, Winterthur, Delaware J. William Shank, Fogg Art Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts Pamela Spitzmueller, Newberry Library, Chicago, Illinois Phillip Sykas, The Textile Conservation Center, Ltd., Surrey, England Timothy Vitale, International Centre for Conservation in Rome, Rome, Italy STIPEND SUPPORT FOR GRADUATE/PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING Bank Street College of Education, New York, New York Columbia University, New York, New York Appendix 3. National Museum Act Grants Awarded I 395 Cooperstown Graduate Programs, Oneonta, New York New York University, New York, New York University of Delaware (Conservation Program, Hagley Museum Program, Winterthur Program), Newark, Delaware Yale University (University, Art Gallery), New Haven, Connecticut STIPEND SUPPORT FOR MUSEUM INTERNSHIPS Fogg Art Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York Northeast Document Conservation Center, Andover, Massachusetts Panhandle-Plains Historical Museum, Canyon, Texas Rocky Mount Historical Association, Piney Flats, Tennessee University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California Zoological Society of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania SPECIAL STUDIES AND RESEARCH Eastern National Parks and Monuments Association, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities, Boston, Massachusetts University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin Washington Park Zoo, Portland, Oregon Zoological Society of San Diego, San Diego, California SERVICES TO THE FIELD (PROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE) African American Museums Association, Washington, D.C. American Association for State and Local History, Nashville, Tennessee American Association of Museums, Washington, D.C. Association of Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas National Conservation Advisory Council, Inc., Washington, D.C. 396 / Smithsonian Year 1982 APPENDIX 4. Academic, Research Training, and Internship Appointments in Fiscal Year 1982 ACADEMIC AND RESEARCH TRAINING APPOINTMENTS The Smithsonian offers, through the Office of Fellowships and Grants, research and study appointments to visiting scientists, scholars, and students. These appointees are provided access to the Institution's facilities, staff specialties, and reference resources. The persons — listed by bureau, office, or division — in this appendix began their residencies between October 1, 1981, and September 30, 1982. Predoctoral Fellows are designated as Ph.D. candidates, and Grad- uate Student Fellows are marked with an asterisk. Postdoctoral Fellows, Visit- ing Scientists and Scholars, holders of special awards, and participants in special programs are so listed. The institution where each individual received, or expects to receive, the degree, is listed, or the home university or institu- tion is given for Visiting Scientists and Scholars. Also given is the title or brief description of the project to be conducted at the Smithsonian and the name of the Smithsonian advisor. ANACOSTIA NE1GHBOHROOD MUSEUM Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, Visiting Scholar, Department of History, Morgan State University. Black women in the struggles against racism and sexism, 1870- 1970, with Mrs. Louise Hutchinson, Anacostia Neighborhood Museum, and Mrs. Edith Mayo, Department of Social and National History, National Museum of American History, from June 1, 1982, through August 31, 1982. CHESAPEAKE BAY CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Thomas E. Jordan, Ph.D., Boston University. The role of plant litter in nutrient cycling, with Dr. David Correll, from September 1, 1982, through August 31, 1983. Anne Sorenson, Ph.D., Oxford University. The influence of plant growth form on feeding preference of frugivorous birds, with Dr. James Lynch, Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies, and Dr. Eugene Morton, National Zoological Park, from September 15, 1982, through September 14, 1983. DIVISION OF PERFORMING ARTS Marva L. Carter,* Ph.D. candidate, University of Illinois. The life and works of Will Marion Cook, violinist, composer and conductor, with Mr. James Morris, from June 7, 1982, through August 13, 1982. FREER GALLERY OF ART Laurie Berman, M.A. candidate, University of Michigan. The paintings of Liang K'ai and their relationship to Japanese ink paintings of the Muromachi Period with Dr. Yoshiaki Shimizu, from January 11, 1982 through April 30, 1982. Carol Bier, Ph.D. candidate, New York University. Dionysiac imagery in the art of Iran, with Dr. Esin Atil, from January 1, 1982, through December 31, 1982. Appendix 4. Academic and Research Training Appointments I 397 Suzanne Cahill, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley. Style and iconog- raphy in Chinese bronze mirrors of the Han through Tang periods, with Dr. Thomas Lavvton, from April 1, 1982, through June 30, 1983. Toshio Ebine, Harold P. Stern Memorial Fund Fellow. Ph.D. candidate, Fac- ulty of Fine Arts, Tokyo Geijutsu Daigaku. Relationship between Chinese and Japanese ink paintings, with Dr. Thomas Lawton, from July 15, 1982, through September 30, 1982. Linda Landis*, Ph.D. candidate, Yale University. The relationship between optical theory and pictorial space in the work of Degas, Manet, Courbet, and Whistler, with Dr. David Curry, from June 21, 1982, through August 27, 1982. Fumiko Togasaki,* Ph.D. candidate, Indiana University. Calligraphy and painting by Koetsu and Sotatsu of the Japanese Rimpa School, with Dr. Yoshiaki Shimizu, from May 31, 1982, through August 6, 1982. HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN Mostyn Bramley-Moore,* Ph.D. candidate, University of St. Andrews. The pop milieu; some critical issues, with Mrs. Cynthia Jaffee McCabe, Depart- ment of Painting and Sculpture, from January 12, 1982, through March 19, 1982. Ellen Todd, Ph.D. candidate, Standford University. The Fourteenth Street School; images of New York's Union Square, with Dr. Judith Zilczer, Depart- ment of Painting and Sculpture, from September 1, 1982, through Decem- ber 31, 1983. JOSEPH HENRY PAPERS Gregory Good, Ph.D., University of Toronto. The genesis of geophysics; American efforts to understand geomagnetism, 1830-1860, with Dr. Nathan Reingold, from February 1, 1982, through January 31, 1983. NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM R. E. G. Davies, The Charles A. Lindbergh Chair. The history of air trans- port, with the director and staff of the National Air and Space Museum, from July 1, 1982, through June 20, 1983. Ralph Kenat, Guggenheim Fellow, Ph.D. candidate, University of Maryland. Quantum physics and the composition of the stars, with Dr. David DeVorkin, Department of Space Science and Exploration, from August 1, 1982, through July 31, 1983. John Logsdon, National Air and Space Museum Chair in Space History. Graduate Program in Science, Technology and Public Policy, George Wash- ington University. The development of U.S. space policy from 1969 to 1972, with the director and staff of the National Air and Space Museum, from September 1, 1982, through August 31, 1983. Joseph Tatarewicz, Ph.D. candidate, Indiana University. Space technology and the renaissance of planetary astronomy, 1958-1975, with Dr. Allan Needell, Department of Space Science and Exploration, from September 1, 1982, through August 31, 1983. Gerald Wasserburg, Smithsonian Institution Regents Fellow. Division of Geo- logical and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology. Develop- ment of publications on the origins of the solar system and of the results of space exploration for the public, and documentation of aspects of the space program since the early 1960s, with the director and staff of the National Air and Space Museum, from September 15, 1982, through December 15, 1982. 398 / Smithsonian Year 1982 NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN ART Zakaria AH, Visiting Scholar. Sains University of Malaysia. Development of American art in the 1930s, with Dr. Harry Z. Rand, Department of 20th Cen- tury Painting and Sculpture, from November 1, 1981, through February 28, 1982. Martha Anderson,* Ph.D. candidate, University of Maryland. Indigenous roots of New York Dada, with Dr. Lillian Miller, Charles Willson Peale Papers, National Portrait Gallery, and Dr. Judith Zilczer, Department of Painting and Sculpture, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, from September 6, 1982, through November 12, 1982. Nancy Kay Anderson, Ph.D. candidate, University of Delaware. Albert Bier- stadt and the California landscape painters of the 1870s, with Mr. William Truettner, Department of 18th and 19th Century Painting and Sculpture, from September 1, 1982, through August 31, 1983. Elizabeth Ellis, Ph.D. candidate, Columbia University. Art and taste in Bos- ton, 1839-1850, with Dr. Lillian Miller, Charles Willson Peale Papers, Na- tional Portrait Gallery, from November 15, 1981, through November 14, 1982. Richard Gruber, Ph.D. candidate, University of Kansas. Thomas Hart Benton; the teacher and his students, with Dr. Charles Eldredge, Director, from September 1, 1982, through August 31, 1983. Katherine Manthorne, Ph.D. candidate, Columbia University. Latin America and the American consciousness ; images of Latin America by American art- ists, naturalists and travel writers, 1839-1898, with Mr. William Truettner, Department of 18th and 19th Century Painting and Sculpture, from Febru- ary 1, 1982, through January 31, 1983. Nancy Mathews, Ph.D., New York University. The letters of Mary Cassatt, with Dr. Adelyn Breeskin, Department of 20th Century Painting and Sculp- ture, from June 1, 1982, through December 31, 1982. Barbara Melosh, George Mason/Smithsonian Institution Fellow. Department of History, University of Wisconsin. The iconography of gender; manhood and womanhood in New Deal art, with Mrs. Virginia Mecklenburg, Depart- ment of 20th Century Painting and Sculpture, and Dr. Lois Fink, Office of Research and Professional Training, from September 1, 1982, through August 31, 1983. Angela Miller, Ph.D. candidate, Yale University. Progress and decay; west- ward expansion and the imagery of ruin in America, 1830-1880, with Mr. William Truettner, Department of 18th and 19th Century Painting and Sculpture, National Museum of American Art, and Dr. William Sturtevant, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, from September 1, 1982, through August 31, 1983. Richard Powell, Visiting Scholar. Department of Art History, Yale University. William E. Johnson, American artist, 1901-1970, with Dr. Adelyn Breeskin and Mrs. Virginia Mecklenburg, Department of 20th Century Painting and Sculpture, from June 1, 1982, through August 6, 1982. Susan Rather, Ph.D. candidate, University of Delaware. Paul Manship and Archaism in American sculpture, 1900-1930, with Dr. Lois Fink, Office of Research and Professional Training, from September 1, 1982, through August 31, 1983. Marc Simpson, Ph.D. candidate, Yale University. American artists working in the Worcestershire, England, village of Broadway in the 1880s and 1890s, with Dr. Lois Fink, Office of Research and Professional Training, from Sep- tember 1, 1982, through August 30, 1983. Maren Stange, George Mason/Smithsonian Institution Fellow. Ph.D., Boston University. Painting, photography, and cultural discourses in the 1930s, with Dr. Lois Fink, Office of Research and Professional Training, from January 1, 1982, through August 31, 1982. Appendix 4. Academic and Research Training Appointments I 399 Elizabeth Turner, Ph.D. candidate, University of Virginia, American artists in Paris, 1920-1929, with Dr. Lois Fink, Office of Research and Professional Training, from September 1, 1982, through August 31, 1983. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN HISTORY William Bayreuther,* M.A. candidate, Texas A & M University. Tool mark analysis of the hull of the Continental gondola, Philadelphia, with Dr. Philip Lundeberg, Department of History of Science and Technology, from Septem- ber 6, 1982, through November 11, 1982. Bernard Carlson, Ph.D. candidate, University of Pennsylvania. Artifacts and the innovative process; a special study of Elihu Thomson, with Dr. Bernard Finn, Department of History of Science and Technology, from February 1, 1982, through October 31, 1982. Patricia Cooper, Ph.D., University of Maryland. From skilled craft to mass production; technology, work, and work culture in the American cigar indus- try, 1900-1940, with Dr. G. Terry Sharrer, Department of History of Science and Technology, from December 1, 1981, through November 30, 1982. Rayna Green, Visiting Scholar and Ford Foundation Postdoctoral Fellow. Native American Studies Department, Dartmouth College. Modern application of Native North American science, medicine, and technology, with Dr. William Sturtevant, Department of Anthropology, from August 1, 1982, through July 31, 1983. Sally Griffith, Ph.D. candidate, Johns Hopkins University. William Allen White's Emporia Gazette; a case study in community journalism, with Mr. Carl Scheele and Dr. Elizabeth Harris, Department of Social and National History, from January 1, 1982, through September 30, 1982. David Jaffee, Ph.D., Harvard University. Arts and crafts in the rural North; the itinerant artisan, 1790-1860, with Dr. Gary Kulik, Department of Social and National History, from September 1, 1982, through August 31, 1983. Peggy Kidwell, Ph.D., Yale University. Preliminary studies toward a biography of Cecilia Payne-Caposchkin, with Ms. Deborah Warner, Department of His- tory of Science and Technology, from September 1, 1982, through August 31, 1983. Gary Puckrein, Ph.D., Brown University. Classical medicine and social de- velopment in early America, with Dr. Ramunas Kondratas, Department of History of Science and Technology, from September 1, 1982, through April 30, 1983. Robert Rydell, Ph.D., University of California, Los Angeles. America's inter- national expositions, 1928-1974, with Dr. G. Terry Sharrer, Department of History of Science and Technology, from August 1, 1982, through July 31, 1983. Holly Shulman, Ph.D. candidate, University of Maryland. The development of American overseas radio propaganda, with Mr. Elliott Sivowitch, Department of History of Science and Technology, and Dr. Forrest Pogue, Eisenhower Institute for Historical Research, from September 1, 1982, through August 31, 1983. Susan Smulyan, Ph.D. candidate, Yale University. And now a word from our sponsors; commercialization of early broadcast radio, 1920-1934, with Mr. Carl Scheele, Department of Social and National History, and Dr. Bernard Finn, Department of History of Science and Technology, from September 1, 1982, through August 31, 1983. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Jay Bernstein,* Ph.D. candidate, University of California, Berkeley. Medical and religious paraphernalia from Indonesia, with Dr. Paul Taylor, Depart- ment of Anthropology, from July 5, 1982, through September 10, 1982. 400 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Yvonne Bishop,* M.S. candidate, University of Wisconsin, Madison. Docu- mentation and regional comparison of design elements of Near Eastern textiles and clothing, with Dr. Gordon Gibson, Department of Anthropology, from June 7, 1982, through August 13, 1982. Barbara Bocek,* Ph.D. candidate, Stanford University. Ethnographic testing of achaeological hypotheses; testing a model of prehistoric subsistence and settle- ment in California, with Dr. Bruce Smith, Department of Anthropology, from January 4, 1982, through March 12, 1982. Sarah Brett-Smith, Ph.D., Yale University. West African textiles; symbolic meanings, ritual functions, with Dr. Gordon Gibson, Department of Anthro- pology, from March 1, 1982, through February 28, 1983. Mario DeVivo,* M.S. candidate, University of Sao Paulo. Systematic revision of the genus Callithrix, with Dr. Richard Thorington, Department of Verte- brate Zoology, from September 20, 1982, through November 26, 1982. Bruno Frolich, Ph.D., University of Connecticut. The skeletal biology of ancient Near East human populations, with Dr. Donald Ortner, Department of Anthropology, from January 1, 1982, through August 31, 1983. Kumar Ghorpade, Ph.D., University of Agricultural Science, Bangalore. Revi- sion of Indian Syrphini and review of Syrphidae of Sri Lanka, with Dr. Wayne Mathis, Department of Entomology, from September 15 1982, through Septem- ber 14, 1983. Mark Guagliardo, Ph.D., University of Tennessee. Age changes, dental func- tion, and cranial variation in Eskimo, Aleut, and Egyptian skeletal collections, with Dr. Donald Ortner, Department of Anthropology, from August 15, 1982, through August 14, 1983. Marcia Herndon, Visiting Scholar. Native American Studies Department, Uni- versity of California, Berkeley. Eastern Cherokee sacred formulas and medi- cinal prescriptions, with Dr. William Merrill, Department of Anthropology, from June 28, 1982, through September 28, 1982. Reginald Jackson, Visiting Scholar. Department of Communication, Simmons College. The visual interpretation of African survivals as witnessed in the Orisha tradition of Nigeria, Brazil, and Cuba, with Dr. Richard Sorenson, National Human Studies Film Center; Dr. Bernice Reagon, Division of Per- forming Arts; and Dr. Roy Bryce-Laporte, Research Institute for Immigration and Ethnic Studies, from June 1, 1982, through August 31, 1982. Jin Yu-Gan, Ph.D., Nanking Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Academia Sinica. Permian brachiopod fauna of the Tibetan Plateau, China, with Dr. Richard Grant, Department of Paleobiology, from December 1, 1981, through August 31, 1982. Gail Johnston,* M.S. candidate, Mississippi State University. Functional morphology of the external oral structures of anuran larvae, with Dr. Ronald Heyer, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, from June 7, 1982, through August 13, 1982. Catherine Jolley, Ph.D. candidate, Ohio State University. A comparative anal- ysis of certain verbal constructions in Fox and Plains Cree, with Dr. Ives Goddard, Department of Anthropology, from September 1, 1982, through August 31, 1983. Reinhardt Kristensen, Ph.D., University of Fribourg. A revision of the family Echiniscidae, Heterotardigrada, on the genus level, with Dr. Robert Higgins, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, from September 1, 1982, through August 31, 1983. Lawrence Liao,* Educational Outreach Program. M.S. candidate, University of the Philippines. Research and training in phycology including training in tech- niques of curation, sorting and identification of algal taxa, with Dr. Ernani Menez, Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center, from June 1, 1982, through May 31, 1983. Appendix 4. Academic and Research Training Appointments I 401 Scott Lidgard, Ph.D. candidate, Johns Hopkins University. Growth and form in cheilistome bryozoans, with Dr. Alan Cheetham, Department of Paleo- biology, from June 1, 1982, through May 31, 1983. Jerry McDonald, Ph.D., University of California, Los Angeles. Systematics, evolution, and zoogeography of North American Ovibovni, with Dr. Clayton Ray, Department of Paleobiology, from September 15, 1982, through August 31, 1983. Kenneth Miyata, Ph.D., Harvard University. Evolution of the genus Enyalio- ides (Sauria: Iguanidae), with Dr. Ronald Heyer, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, from November 1, 1981, through October 31, 1982. Muriel Poston, Visiting Scholar. Department of Botany, Howard University. A systematic revision of Caiophora (Loasaceae), with Dr. Stanwyn Shetler, Department of Botany, from June 15, 1982, through September 15, 1982. V. Louise Roth, Ph.D., Yale University. Systematics and zoogeography of African Xerini (Sciuridae: Rodentia), with Dr. Richard Thorington, Depart- ment of Vertebrate Zoology, from March 1, 1982, through February 28, 1983. Alan Rubin, Ph.D., University of New Mexico. Formation and history of stony meteorite breccias, with Dr. Roy Clarke, Department of Mineral Sciences, from September 1, 1982, through August 31, 1983. Michael Schauff, Ph.D., University of Maryland. Revision of the Nearctic genera of the Elachertini and the Euplectrini, with Dr. Karl Krombein, Depart- ment of Entomology, from June 1, 1982, through May 31, 1983. Scott Shaw,* Ph.D. candidate, University of Maryland. A phylogenetic study of the subfamily Euphorinae, with Dr. Paul March, Department of Entomol- ogy, from June 7, 1982, through August 13, 1982. Katherine Spielmann, Ph.D., University of Michigan. Intercultural interaction on the Southern Plains, with Dr. Bruce Smith and Dr. Dennis Stanford, Department of Anthropology, from September 1, 1982, through August 31, 1983. G. Ledyard Stebbins, Smithsonian Institution Regents Fellow. Department of Genetics, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis. Population biology and systematics of the genus Anten- naria, with the director and staff of the National Museum of Natural History, from December 1, 1981, through March 31, 1982. Garland Upchurch, Ph.D., University of Michigan. The systematics, evolution, and paleoecology of early angiosperm leaves from the Potomac Croup of Maryland and Virginia, with Dr. Leo Hickey and Dr. Francis Hueber, Depart- ment of Paleobiology, from November 1, 1981, through October 31, 1982. Donald Whitcomb, Ph.D., University of Chicago. Archaeology of Islamic southern Arabia, with Dr. Gus Van Beek and Dr. William Trousdale, Depart- ment of Anthropology, from September 1, 1981, through November 30, 1981, and April 1, 1982, through December 31, 1982. Sven Zea,* M.S. candidate, National University of Colombia. Sponges of the Colombian Caribbean, with Dr. Klaus Ruetzler, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, from June 14, 1982, through August 20, 1982. Ulrich Zeller,* Ph.D. candidate, University of Gottingen. A reexamination of Wortman's investigations of mammal skulls at the U.S. National Museum in 1921, with Dr. Richard Thorington, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, from August 2, 1982, through October 8, 1982. NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK Barbara King,* Ph.D. candidate, University of Oklahoma. Observational learnings among a group of captive orangutans, with Dr. Robert Hoage, from June 7, 1982, through August 13, 1982. 402 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Rebecca Ross,* Ph.D. candidate, University of Oklahoma. Foraging behavior responses to artificial provisioning, with Dr. John Seidensticker, Conservation and Research Center, from June 7, 1982, through August 13, 1982. OFFICE OF FOLKLIFE PROGRAMS Michael Licht, Ph.D. candidate, University of Texas, Austin. The role of the harmonica in American traditional music, with Mr. Ralph Rinzler, from June 15, 1982, through June 14, 1983. Robert McCarl, Ph.D., University of Newfoundland. Urban firefighting; exam- ination of work culture from a folklife perspective, with Dr. Peter Seitel, from September 1, 1982, through August 31, 1983. RADIATION BIOLOGY LABORATORY Jenny Clement-Metral, Visiting Scientist. Ph.D., University of Paris. Relation- ship of Phycobilisomes and photosystem I and II, with Dr. Elisabeth Gantt, from October 1, 1981, through June 30, 1982. M. Geoffrey Holmes, Visiting Scientist. Plant Physiology, Albert Ludwigs Uni- versity, Freiburg. Blue lightl phytochrome interactions in the control of vegeta- tive growth in green plants, with Dr. William H. Klein, from September 1, 1982, through August 31, 1983. Hugo Vogel, Visiting Scientist. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. Development of a method to measure the production of biomass, CO* assimi- lation, and Oi production under reproducible conditions for plants living both in and out of water, with Dr. John C. Sager, from November 1, 1981, through June 30, 1982. SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY Sir David Bates, Smithsonian Institution Regents Fellow. Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Queens University, Belfast. Theoretical studies of atomic and molecular processes, aeronomy, and atomic and molecular astrophysics, with the director and staff of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, from June 15, 1982, through December 15, 1982. Edward Guinan, Visiting Scientist. Department of Astronomy, Villanova Uni- versity. Study of surface phenomena in cool stars, with the director and staff of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, from August 15, 1982, through June 30, 1983. Maciej Kozlowski, Visiting Scientist. Astronomical Observatory, Warsaw Uni- versity. Study of Einstein Observatory data including one or more of the following areas; supernova remnants, active galaxies, OSOs, normal stars, and cluster X-ray emission, with the director and staff of the Smithsonian Astro- physical Observatory, from October 1, 1981, through February 28, 1982. Peter Meszaros, Visiting Scientist. Max Planck Institut fuer Physik und Astrophysik. Research in high energy physics, with Dr. George Rybicki, from March 1, 1982, through February 28, 1983. Stanley Owicki, Langley-Abbott Fellow. Ph.D., University of Colorado. Research in the acceleration and ionization balance of the outer atmosphere and winds of cool stars including the sun, with Dr. George Withbroe, from December 1, 1981, through November 30, 1982. Graeme Smith, Ph.D., Australian National University. Research involving the origin of the CN band strength variations occurring among giants within individual globular clusters, with Dr. Andrea Dupree, from September 1, 1982, through August 31, 1983. John Stauffer, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley. Survey of the nuclear emmission line spectra of field and cluster disk galaxies, with Dr. David Latham, from July 1, 1982, through June 30, 1983. Appendix 4. Academic and Research Training Appointments I 403 Richard White, Visiting Scientist. Department of Astronomy, Smith College. Survey of interstellar potassium absorption and observations of interstellar absorption toward stars associated with reflection nebulae, with Dr. F. H. Chaffee, from July 1, 1982, through June 30, 1983. Allan Wirth, Ph.D., University of Illinois. Research into the properties of elliptical galaxies, with Dr. David Latham, from August 1, 1982, through July 31, 1983. SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE Phyllis Coley, Ph.D., University of Chicago. Variation in the physiology of leaf development among species of tropical trees and vines and its relation- ship to herbivory, with Dr. Alan Smith, from March 1, 1982, through August 31, 1982. Leonard Freed, Ph.D., University of Iowa. Evolution of clutch size in a tropi- cal passerine, with Dr. Neal Smith, from January 1, 1982, through Decem- ber 31, 1982. Sandra Gilchrist, Ph.D., Florida State University. Hermit crab housing; a re-evaluation of the assumptions, with Dr. Egbert Leigh, from September 1, 1982, through August 31, 1983. David Hamill,* Ph.D. candidate, University of Iowa. Relationship between dispersal and seedling success in Octea skutchii, with Dr. Alan Smith, from May 8, 1982, through August 21, 1982. Thomas Kursar, Ph.D., University of Chicago. Variation in the physiology of leaf development of tropical trees and vines and its relationship to photosyn- thesis, with Dr. Alan Smith, from March 1, 1982, through August 31, 1982. Gordon Rodda, International Environmental Science Program Fellow. Ph.D., Cornell University .Social interactions among nonbreeding iguanas, with Dr. A. Stanley Rand, from July 1, 1982, through June 30, 1983. Joshua Schwartz,* Ph.D. candidate, University of Connecticut. Interspecific acoustic interactions in three neotropical hylid frogs, with Dr. A. Stanley Rand, from June 7, 1982, through August 13, 1982. Thomas Spight, Ph.D., University of Washington. Relationships between hermit crabs and the snails that supply their shell, with Dr. Martin Moynihan, from October 1, 1981, through November 30, 1982. Zengh Bao-Lai, Visiting Scientist. Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica. Natural history of hole-nesting/ 'termitary-nesting birds; trogons, motmots, and puffbirds, with Dr. Martin Moynihan, from July 15, 1982, through July 14, 1983. INTERNSHIP APPOINTMENTS The Smithsonian offers internship appointments to visiting graduate and undergraduate students. The persons, listed by bureau, office, or division, in this appendix began their internships between October 1, 1981, and Septem- ber 30, 1982. Holders of special awards and participants in special programs are so listed. The institution attended, the title, or a brief description, of the project to be undertaken where applicable, and the name of the Smithsonian supervisor are given for each intern. ANACOSTIA NEIGHBORHOOD MUSEUM Jacqueline Rouse, Ph.D. candidate, Emory University. Research and work on organizing an exhibit on early 20th century Black women, with Mrs. Louise Hutchinson, from June 14, 1982, through August 20, 1982. 404 / Smithsonian Year 1982 CHESAPEAKE BAY CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Rochelle Anderson, B.S. candidate, University of Maryland. Research assistant in the NSF Family Learning Project, with Dr. John Balling, from June 28, 1982, through September 31, 1982. Bernd Bendinger, B.S. candidate, University of Osnabruck. Upland ecology study of the role of heterotrophs in salt marsh metabolism, with Dr. Dennis Whigham, from August 30, 1982, through December 17, 1982. Katherine Betts, B.S. candidate, Yale University. Food preference studies of mice and deer in connection with studies of seed predation and plant/animal interactions, with Dr. James Lynch, from June 7, 1982, through August 27, 1982. Eloise Bradham, B.S., University of South Carolina. Studies in upland plant ecology, with Dr. Dennis Whigham, from February 8, 1982, through July 16, 1982. Keith Elwood, M.S. candidate, Pennsylvania State University. Analysis of the relationship between visual preference for certain environments and the way- finding legibility of those environments, with Dr. John Balling, from June 14, 1982, through August 20, 1982. Karan Forsberg, M.A. candidate, George Williams University. An exploratory study of factors associated with continued participation in a family-based learning program, with Dr. John Falk, from March 1, 1982, through May 28, 1982. Jennie Jacobson, B.A. candidate, Swarthmore College. Science activities for informal learning, with Dr. John Falk, from June 14, 1982, through August 13, 1982. Marjorie Marenberg, B.S. candidate, Oberlin College. Program Leader for the Summer Ecology Program, with Dr. John Falk, from June 20, 1982, through August 20, 1982. Amy Michelson, B.S. candidate, Clark University. Study of light availability affecting the structure and function of plankton communities, with Dr. Maria Faust, from May 23, 1982, through August 27, 1982. Kenric Osgood, B.S. candidate, University of Maine. Study to develop meth- odology for long-term measurements of fish population dynamics, with Dr. Anson Hines, from May 17, 1982, through August 27, 1982. Cynthia Trowbridge, B.A. candidate. Cornell University. Work on an estua- rine benthic community project, with Dr. Anson Hines, from May 17, 1982, through October 22, 1982. Kristoffer Van Gieson, B.A. candidate, Evergreen State College. Program Leader for the Summer Ecology Program, with Dr. John Falk, from June 21, 1982, through August 20, 1982. COOPER-HEWITT MUSEUM Steven Holt, A.B. candidate, Brown University. Sidney and Celia Siegel Fel- lowship Student, working with Mrs. Mary Kerr, programs manager, from June 14, 1982, through August 20, 1982. Paul Kane, B.A. candidate, Yale University. Sidney and Celia Siegel Fellow- ship Student, working with Mr. Christian Rohlfing, assistant director, from June 14, 1982, through August 20, 1982. David Kuhn, B.A. candidate, Harvard University. Sidney and Celia Siegel Fel- lowship Student, working with Mr. Robin Parkinson, exhibits designer, from June 14, 1982, through August 20, 1982. Diana Mendley, B.A. candidate, Yale University. Sidney and Celia Siegel Fel- lowship Student, working with Mrs. Elaine Dee, Department of Prints and Drawings, from June 14, 1982, through August 20, 1982. Appendix 4. Academic and Research Training Appointments I 405 Patricia Nuckles, B.S. candidate, Fisk University. Cataloguing project in the Wallcoverings Department and a project updating the costume files, with Mrs. Ann Dorfsman and Ms. Sheila Smith, from June 14, 1982, through August 20, 1982. DIVISION OF PERFORMING ARTS Marquette Folley, Howard University. Studies in Black American culture, with Dr. Bernice Johnson Reagon, from June 1, 1982, through December 10, 1982. Julie A. Halpin, College of the Holy Cross. Performing Arts production and promotion, with Ms. Shirley Cherkasky, from September 1, 1982, through December 9, 1982. Beth Hurstein, Washington University. Study in media research, with Ms. Carson Connor, from October 1, 1981, through December 1, 1981. Jennifer B. Stahmer, Middlebury College. Research and study compiling mar- keting/communications information, with Ms. Carson Connor, from October 1, 1981, through February 28, 1982. Rene Jean Troop (OESE Intern), Sumter (South Carolina) High School. Study in performing arts production and promotion for the Smithsonian Discovery Theater, with Ms. Lynn Brice Rooney, from June 21, 1982, through July 30, 1982. Eric Robert Weiss, the National Law Center, George Washington University. Study of the legal and artistic aspects of recording production for the Smith- sonian Collection of Recordings, with Mr. J. R. Taylor, from September 13, 1982, through December 3, 1982. Loretta Dawn Whitcomb, University of North Carolina. Study of performing arts production and promotion, with Ms. Shirley Cherkasky, from Septem- ber 1, 1981, through December 1, 1981. FREER GALLERY OF ART Mary Jannotta, Smith College/Smithsonian American Studies Program Stu- dent. B.A. candidate, Smith College. Research on Dwight William Tryon, with Dr. David Curry, American Art, from September 7, 1982, through Decem- ber 17, 1982. HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN Catherine Crangle, B.S. candidate, Canisius College. Sorting and photograph- ing objects in the collection of Works of Art Done on Paper, with Mr. Frank Gettings, Curatorial Department, from June 3, 1982, through August 13, 1982. Gordon Crock, B.A. candidate, Kent State University. Work on the Collabora- tions exhibition scheduled for 1983-1984, with Ms. Cynthia Jaffee McCabe, Department of Painting and Sculpture, from June 7, 1982, through August 13, 1982. Anne Fehr, B.A. candidate, University of Delaware. Archival research in the assigned department, with Ms. Valerie Fletcher, Department of Painting and Sculpture, from June 7, 1982, through August 13, 1982. Peggy Fogelman, B.A. candidate, Johns Hopkins University. Curatorial studies in the assigned department, with Dr. Judith Zilczer and Ms. Phyllis Rosen- zweig, Department of Painting and Sculpture, from June 7, 1982, through August 13, 1982. Amy Gendler, B.A. candidate, Yale University. Learning techniques of label- ing, silkscreening, and other skills needed for exhibitions, with Mr. Joseph Shannon, Department of Exhibits and Design, from June 7, 1982, through August 13, 1982. Jessica Nicoll, Smith College/Smithsonian American Studies Program Student. B.A. candidate, Smith College. Research on David Burliuk, with Dr. Judith 406 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Zilczer, Department of Painting and Sculpture, from September 7, 1982, through December 17, 1982. Other Interns Lynne Baer, University of California, Davis Campus. Research and study in the Department of Painting and Sculpture, with Ms. Valerie Fletcher. Special one-year appointment, from January 11, 1982, through December 31, 1982. Frances Betz, Saint Mary's College, Maryland, Research and study in the De- partment of Painting and Sculpture, with Ms. Miranda McClintic, from Jan- uary 11, 1982, through May 31, 1982. Kathleen Emmet, graduate of Boston University School of Fine Arts. Research and study in the Department of Exhibition and Design, with Mr. Joseph Shannon, from January 11, 1982, through May 31, 1982. Margaret Lewis, University of Maryland. Research and study in the Depart- ment of Painting and Sculpture, with Ms. Phyllis Rosenzweig, from January 4, 1982, through May 31, 1982. Denise Michelsen, George Washington University, MAT program. Research and study in the Education Department, with Mr. Edward Lawson, from January 11, 1982, through May 31, 1982. Camille Moseley, H. D. Woodson High School. Special six-week appointment. Research and study throughout the museum, as summer high-school intern, under the supervision of Mr. Edward P. Lawson, from June 21, 1982, through July 31, 1982. Sophie Orloff, Brussels, Belgium. Research and study in the Department of Painting and Sculpture, with Ms. Cynthia McCabe, from February 1, 1982, through May 31, 1982. Brian Ramer, Assistant Keeper (Conservation), Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts, University of East Anglia, England. Pour-month internship in examina- tions and treatments of works of art on paper, with Ms. Toni Owen, from September 1982, through December 1982. Sandra Smith, University of Maryland special student, from Sydney, Aus- tralia. Research and study in the Department of Painting and Sculpture, with Ms. Cynthia McCabe, from February 1, 1982, through May 31, 1982. NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM Victoria Avery, B.S. candidate, College of William and Mary. Improving and updating comparative planetology unit in exploring the planets, with Dr. Ted Maxwell, Center for Earth and Planetary Studies, from June 21, 1982, through August 13, 1982. Anthony Bartelme, B.A. candidate, Northwestern University. Research on Blacks in Aviation exhibition, with Ms. Rita Bobowski, Office of Public Affairs, from June 21, 1982, through August 13, 1982. B. Edward Bleeker, M.A. candidate, George Washington University. Assisting in the process of managing progress of gallery design and construction, with Dr. David DeVorkin, Department of Space Science and Exploration, from September 7, 1982, through November 12, 1982. Martin Collins, M.A. candidate, University of Maryland. Development of archival procedures and appraisal of archival collections, with Dr. Paul Hanle, Department of Space Science and Exploration, from May 24, 1982, through August 13, 1982. Derek Elliott, Ph.D. candidate, University of California, Berkeley. Work on the 1983 Stars exhibition, with Dr. David DeVorkin, Department of Space Science and Exploration, from June 12, 1982, through August 21, 1982. John Gaertner, Senior, Albemarle High School. Work on packing archival materials at the Paul Carber facility, with Mr. Tim Wooldridge, Department of Aeronautics, from June 21, 1982, through August 13, 1982. Appendix 4. Academic and Research Training Appointments I 407 Martha Hoffman, B.S. candidate, Catholic University. Organizing changes in the library computer system, with Mr. Frank Pietropaoli, Library, from May 17, 1982, through July 9, 1982. Carleton Johnson, B.S. candidate, Lycoming College. Collecting and filing materials on ethno astronomy and material for the Sky Interpretation Bulletin, with Mr. Von Del Chamberlain, Department of Space Science and Explora- tion, from May 17, 1982, through July 9, 1982. Susan Lawson, B.F.A. candidate, Maryland Institute College of Art. Cata- loguing and photographing art work, with Mr. William Good, Department of Art, from June 21, 1982, through August 13, 1982. Ann Mahoney, B.A. candidate, Georgetown University. Research in oral his- tory and curatorial files, with Dr. Allan Needell, Department of Space Science and Exploration, from May 17, 1982, through August 6, 1982. Royce A. Martin, B.A. candidate, Indiana University. Work on the Golden Age of Flight display, with Mr. Donald Lopez, Department of Aeronautics, from June 21, 1982, through July 30, 1982. Beatrice Matkovic, B.A. candidate, Washington University. Work with design- ers on exhibitions, with Mr. Lucius Lomax, Exhibits and Presentations Divi- sion, from June 21, 1982, through August 27, 1982. Chris Matthews, B.A. candidate, University of Maryland. Study of marketing strategies for the promotion of literature and books, with Ms. Helen Mc- Mahon, Office of Public Affairs, from May 17, 1982, through July 9, 1982. Kathryn Mayer, B.F.A. candidate, Maryland Institute College of Art. Cata- loguing and photographing art collection, with Mr. William Good, Depart- ment of Art, from June 21, 1982, through August 13, 1982. Alice Meadows, MA. candidate, Manchester University. Archival project on collection of ethnographic concepts of the sky, with Mr. Von Del Chamber- lain, Department of Space Science and Exploration, from August 16, 1982, through December 3, 1982. Charles Pepe, B.S. candidate, Georgetown University. Researching documents, photographs, and publications related to artifacts, and preparing files on spe- cific objects, with Dr. Allan Needell, Department of Space Science and Explo- ration, from February 17, 1982, through May 7, 1982. Christopher Ross, B.A. candidate, Princeton University. Research and study for a bibliography for a book on Flying Wings, with Mr. Robert Mikesh, Department of Aeronautics, from June 21, 1982, through August 13, 1982. Todd Ross, Senior, Abington Heights High School. Photographic developing, printing, and photo reproduction, with Mr. Dale Hrabak, Photographic Lab- oratory, from June 21, 1982, through July 31, 1982. Krista Strider, M.A. candidate, Wright State University. Work on improving accession records, with Mrs. Robin Schroffel, Office of the Registrar, from June 21, 1982, through October 9, 1982. Eolin Tweedie, B.A. candidate, Wood College. Work on the library serials index and corrections on the periodical index, with Mr. Frank Pietropaoli, Library, from May 17, 1982, through August 6, 1982. Other Interns Judith A. Dean, Ithaca College. Videodisc on aircraft restoration research, with Mr. Dale Hrabak, Photographic Laboratory, from August 16, 1982, through November 5, 1982. Irene Endsley, American University. Work on oral history tapes, with Dr. David DeVorkin, Department of Space Science and Exploration, from November 16, 1981, through May 21, 1982. Russell Lee, Southwest Texas State University. Inventory and research in aviation-related materials with emphasis on ultra-light aircraft, with Mr. Rob- 408 / Smithsonian Year 1982 ert Mikesh, Department of Aeronautics, from January 25, 1982, through August 13, 1982. Pamela Mays, Georgetown University. Work on 25 Years of Space Explora- tion exhibition tour guide, with Mrs. Janet Wolfe, Education Services Divi- sion, from November 23, 1981, through January 29, 1982. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AFRICAN ART Rosalyn Cambridge, M.A. candidate, Syracuse University. Cataloguing and registration of incoming loan objects, with Ms. Lee Williams, Registrar's Office, from July 1, 1982, through August 31, 1982. Allyson Cook, M.A. candidate, Sangamon State University. Development of promotional materials for African Emblems of Status exhibition, with Ms. Amina Dickerson, program director, from September 7, 1982, through November 26, 1982. Jacquelyn Gray, B.A. candidate, University of Virginia. Research and study in the photographic archives, with Mr. Edward Lifschitz, Department of Aca- demic Studies, and Ms. Bryna Freyer, Library/Archives, from June 1, 1982, through August 20, 1982. Barbara Hunt, Ph.D. candidate, Northwestern University. Background research on color symbolism in African art, with Ms. Roslyn Walker, Curatorial De- partment, from June 1, 1982, through August 27, 1982. Other Interns Julia Carlisle, St. Lawrence University. Work and study in the Photographic Archives, with Mr. Edward Lifschitz and Ms. Bryna Freyer, from September 7, 1981, through December 15, 1981. Mary Jo Cole, Rutgers University. Work and study in the Photographic Ar- chives, with Mr. Edward Lifschitz and Ms. Bryna Freyer, from January 25, 1981, through April 30, 1982. Afsaneh Firouz, George Washington University. Work and study in the Cura- torial Department, with Ms. Carolyn Michels, from March 1, 1982, through May 30, 1982. Karri Fritz, Marquette University. Work and study in the Registrar's Office, with Ms. Lee Williams, from June 10, 1982, through August 6, 1982. Helene Gillette, University of Maryland. Work and study in Conservation, with Ms. Renee Welfeld, from January 25, 1982, through August 27, 1982. Teresa Glisson, American University. Work and study in the Education De- partment, with Ms. Amina Dickerson, from September 7, 1981, through December 15, 1981. Norman Higginson. Work and study in the Operations and Curatorial depart- ments, with Mr. Basil Arendse, from January 4, 1982, through April 30, 1982. Catherine Johnson. Work and study in the Education Department, with Ms. Amina Dickerson and Ms. Gretchen Jennings, from June 1, 1982, through August 27, 1982. Peter Roberts, George Washington University. Work and study in the Educa- tion Department, with Ms. Gretchen Jennings, from January 25, 1982, through May 15, 1982. Amina Said, Lamu Museum, Kenya. Work and study in the Education Depart- ment, with Ms. Amina Dickerson, from December 1, 1981, through Febru- ary 15, 1982. Tina Singleton, State University of New York. Work and study in the Regis- trar's Office, with Ms. Lee Williams, from June 1, 1982, through August 6, 1982. Judith Sylvester, Indiana University. Work and study in Conservation, with Ms. Renee Welfeld, from May 18, 1982, through July 19, 1982. Appendix 4. Academic and Research Training Appointments I 409 NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN ART Robert Cottrell, B.A. candidate, New College of University of South Florida. Assistant with the summer "Teachers-in-Residence" program in the Lans- burgh Art Center, with Mr. Allen Kaneshiro, Education Department, from June 1, 1982, through July 30, 1982. Kimberly Kelly, B.A. candidate, Catholic University. Development and presen- tation of public education programs in conjunction with the exhibition, Cele- bration: A World of Art and Ritual, with Mr. Walter Hill, Renwick Gallery, from June 1, 1982, through August 27, 1982. Michelle Meyers, B.A. candidate, Dartmouth College. Research on the Martha Jackson collection, with Dr. Harry Z. Rand, Department of 20th Century Painting and Sculpture, from June 1, 1982, through July 30, 1982. Katherine Mitchell, M.F.A. candidate, American University. Resarch for the exhibition Painters and Painting in Washington, 1800-1915, with Dr. Andrew Cosentino, Department of Education, from June 1, 1982, through July 30, 1982. Leslie Ranier, B.A. candidate, Bowdoin College. Work in the frame conserva- tion laboratory, the exhibits and cabinetmaking shop and the silkscreening and graphics studio, with Mrs. Georgine Reed, Department of Exhibition and Design, from June 1, 1982, through July 30, 1982. Elizabeth Stumbo, B.A. candidate, Carleton College. Research for the prelimi- nary proposal for a Puerto Rican poster exhibition, with Mrs. Barbara Shissler Nosanow, Department of Education, from June 14, 1982, through July 30, 1982. Deaderia Warren, B.A. candidate, Spelman College. Work on a data collection project, with Mr. Robert Johnston, Office of the Registrar, from June 1, 1982, through July 30, 1982. Other Interns Elizabeth Angel, American University, September 11, 1981, through April 23, 1982. Efrem Calingaert, American University, September 11, 1981, through April 23, 1982. Montrose Cones, George Washington University, January 18, 1982, through April 23, 1982. Paulette Dickerson, American University, September 11, 1981, through April 23, 1982. Walter Hill II, Sangamon State University, October 26, 1981, through April 23, 1982. Nancy Iacomini, George Washington University, September 11, 1981, through April 23, 1982. Michael Reynolds, George Washington University, September 11, 1981, through April 23, 1982. Elizabeth Tufts, George Washington University, September 11, 1981, through April 23, 1982. Meredith Weber, Pennsylvania State University, March 24, 1982, through June 18, 1982. Edith Wyss, George Washington University, September 11, 1981, through April 23, 1982. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN HISTORY Catherine Bond, B.A., Cambridge University. Study of visitors' information services and planning and operation of colloquium series, with Mr. Josiah Hatch, Office of Public and Academic Programs, from August 30, 1982, through September 24, 1982. Jennifer Collins, Smith College/Smithsonian American Studies Program Stu- dent. B.A. candidate, Smith College. Work on the Life in America and Ideal 410 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Images exhibitions, with Ms. Fath Barfield Ruffins, Department of Social and Cultural History, from September 7, 1982, through December 17, 1982. Rosemary Connolly, B.A. candidate, Georgetown University. Object and tex- tile conservation, particularly the process of cleaning and conservation of the Star Spangled Banner, with Mr. Scott Odell, Division of Conservation, from July 12, 1982, through September 3, 1982. Patricia Crews, Ph.D. candidate, Kansas State University. Cataloguing and conservation of textiles, with Mrs. Rita Adrosko, Department of Social and Cultural History, from July 2, 1982, through July 30, 1982. Margaret Curtin, Smith College/Smithsonian American Studies Program Stu- dent. B.A. candidate, Smith College. Research on women in sports, with Mrs. Ellen Roney Hughes, Department of Social and Cultural History, from September 7, 1982, through December 17, 1982. Donatella DeGiampietro, Diploma Superiore, University of Florence. Conser- vation of musical instruments, principally wooden stringed instruments and keyboard instruments, with Mr. Scott Odell, Division of Conservation, from July 1, 1982, through January 31, 1983. Shelby Fleck, Smith College/Smithsonian American Studies Program Student. B.A. candidate, Smith College. Survey of the Western Union collection, with Dr. Arthur Molella, Department of History of Science and Technology, from September 7, 1982, through December 17, 1982. Reginald Gougis, Ph.D. candidate, Cornell University. Work on the Ideal Images exhibition, with Ms. Fath Barfield Ruffins and Dr. William Pretzer, Department of Social and Cultural History, from September 6, 1982, through December 17, 1982. Joanne Harris, B.A. candidate, Smith College. Research for the Life in America project focused on the eighteenth century, with Ms. Fath Barfield Ruffins, Department of Social and Cultural History, from June 7, 1982, through August 20, 1982. Marie O'Shea, B.A., Reed College. Survey of collections for paper and archival conservation and storage needs, with Mrs. Diane van der Reyden, Paper Conservation Laboratory, from September 13, 1982, through March 13, 1983. Julie Reilly, M.A. candidate, George Washington University. Organization and treatment of poster collections, with Mrs. Diane van der Reyden, Paper Conservation Laboratory, from June 28, 1982, through August 27, 1982. Laura Weathers, M.A. candidate, University of Maryland, Baltimore. Work on the Afro-American Communities project, with Dr. James Horton, Office of the Director, from July 5, 1982, through August 27, 1982. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Carlos Dennis, B.S. candidate, Georgetown University. Research related to the coral reef exhibition, in particular monitoring the nutrient level of algal scrubbers, with Dr. Walter Adey and Mr. Timothy Goertemiller, Department of Paleobiology, from May 24, 1982, through August 27, 1982. Andrew Gordus, M.S. candidate, Humboldt State University. Assist in de- veloping an economic methodology for isolating Nucleopolyhedrosis virus preparing a freeze-dried product, with Mr. Rolland Hower, Freeze-Dry Labo- ratory, from June 21, 1982, through August 13, 1982. Debra Key, B.A. candidate, Fisk University. Work in registration techniques, in collection rearrangement, specimen preparation, and library research, with Mr. Frederick Collier, Department of Paleobiology, from May 17, 1982, through July 30, 1982. NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY Cynthia Caldwell, Smith College/Smithsonian American Studies Program Stu- dent. B.A. candidate, Smith College. Study of Matthew Brady's photographs, Appendix 4. Academic and Research Training Appointments I 411 with Mr. William Stapp, Curatorial Department, from September 7 , 1982, through December 17, 1982. Olivia Wallace, B.A. candidate, Howard University. Research and study in the area of Black political history, with Mr. Harry T. Jackson, Jr., Education Department, from May 17, 1982, through July 9, 1982. OFFICE OF FOLKLIFE PROGRAMS Ann Dancy, George Mason University. Samantha Hawkins, Georgetown University. Karl Heinz Teppert, University of Maryland. Linda Johnson, Wesleyan University. Tonah Kalb, Dartmouth College. Martha Kokes, University of California, Berkeley. Peg Lewis, University of Maryland. Betsy Tyrie, Western Kentucky University. OFFICE OF MUSEUM PROGRAMS Peter Barr, Pennsylvania State University. Research and writing concerning evaluation studies, with Dr. Robert Wolf, from June 7, 1982, through August 14, 1982. Nancy Betschart, University of Toronto, Canada. Development of Native American museology materials, with Ms. Nancy J. Fuller, from June 28, 1982, through September 30, 1982. Jennifer Cave, University of Toronto, Canada. Research and writing concern- ing evaluation studies, with Dr. Robert Wolf, from March 9, 1982, through April 8, 1982. Samuel Giles, George Mason University. Development of Native American museology materials, with Ms. Nancy J. Fuller, from February 11, 1982, through August 31, 1982. Beth Lyle, University of Michigan. Development of Native American muse- ology materials, with Ms. Nancy J. Fuller, from September 13, 1982, through March 31, 1982. Catherine Sands, Georgetown University. Program development, research and writing for projects in international educational exchange, with Ms. Mary Lynn Perry, from June 7, 1982, through July 29, 1982. Halgard Stolte, University of Konstanz, West Germany. Research and writing concerning evaluation studies, analysis of conservation information question- naire, translation of hook from German into English, with Ms. Mary Lynn Perry; and museum registration methods at the Museum of African Art, with Ms. Lee Williams and Ms. Lydia Puccinelli, from August 1, 1981, through December 17, 1981. Gregory Vaughn, University of Maryland. Research and writing and transla- tion in French and Spanish for projects in international educational exchange, with Ms. Mary Lynn Perry, from January 20, 1982, through April 29, 1982. RADIATION BIOLOGY LABORATORY Sable Melles, M.S. candidate, Howard University. Investigation of photo- tropism of perithecial beaks in the fungus Neurospora crassa, with Dr. Roy Harding, from May 31, 1982, through August 27, 1982. SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL LABORATORY Ricardo Arteaga, B.S. candidate, Boston University. Technical work with elec- trical schematic drawings and wire lists, with Mr. Larry Coyle, Engineering Department, from June 1, 1982, through August 7, 1982. 412 / Smithsonian Year 1982 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION TRAVELING EXHIBITION SERVICE Katherine Chambers, Pitzer College. Editorial and publication production management, with Ms. Andrea Stevens, from July through September 1982. Rebekah Ingalls, Yale University. Survey of publications for dispersal, with Ms. Eileen Harakal, from June through August 1982. Sherryl Kohr, George Washington University. Development of interpretive program for SITES exhibition, The Natural History of Sexuality, with Ms. Marjorie Share, January through May 1982. Helene Lisy, George Washington University. Development of interpretive program for SITES exhibition, The Center Space, with Ms. Marjorie Share, June through September 1982. Lisa McDermott, University of California at Berkeley. Exhibition assistance, with Ms. Elizabeth Driscoll and Ms. Judith Cox, Exhibitions Coordinators, June through August 1982. Terry Prokopp, George Washington University. Research and implementation of new items for SITES exhibition, The Shopping Bag: Portable Graphic Art, with Ms. Betty Teller, January through May 1982. Alison Roberts, George Washington University. Development of interpretive program for SITES exhibition, The Vanishing Race and Other Illusions, with Ms. Martha Cappelletti, January through May 1982. SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE Tina Galindo-Ramirez, Ph.D. candidate, University of California, Santa Bar- bara. Assist in Environmental Sciences Program, with Dr. Donald Windsor, from June 7, 1982, through August 27, 1982. SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE SHORT-TERM FELLOWSHIPS/ ASSIST ANTSHIPS IN TROPICAL BIOLOGY Scholarly Studies Program Catherine Craig, Cornell University. Robin Chazdon, Cornell University. Theo Jacobs, Wageningen University, The Netherlands. Mickey J. Marcus, University of Maine at Orono. Jane Sherfy, University of California, Berkeley. Educational Outreach Fund T. Mitchell Aide, University of Utah. Kathleen Cole, University of Alberta at Edmonton Noel Michelle Holbrook, Harvard University. Rachel Levin, Cornell University. James Mallet, University of Texas at Austin. Mandy Medvin, University of Washington. EXXON Corporation Gabriel Abrego, Universidad de Panama. Martin Aluja, Instituto Tecnologico de Estudios Superiores, Monterrey, Mexico. Itzel Angulo, Universidad de Panama. Dalys Caceres, Universidad de Panama. Axel Calderon, Universidad de Panama. Paulina Castillo, Universidad de Panama. Orlando Castillo, Universidad de Panama. Jose Carlos Chang, Universidad de Panama. Marilise Ching, Universidad de Panama. Appendix 4. Academic and Research Training Appointments I 413 Bianca D'Andria, Universidad Simon Bolivar, Caracas, Venezuela. Wilson Devia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Eric Gonzalez, Universidad de Panama. Fidel Jaramillo, Universidad de Panama. Roberto Ibanez, Universidad de Panama. Gustavo Kattan, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. Ameth de Leon, Universidad de Panama. Maria Elena Leon, Universidad Simon Bolivar, Caracas, Venezuela. Marta Lucia Martinez, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. Jorge Enrique Moreno, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Luis Moreno, Universidad de Panama. Carolina Murcia, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. Miguel Perez, Universidad de Panama. Cecilio Puga, University of Miami. Argelis Ruiz, Universidad de Panama. Ligia Rivera, Universidad de Panama. Carlos Rodriguez, Instituto Vallecaucano de Investigaciones Cientificas, Cali, Colombia. Aby Solis, Universidad de Panama. Raineldo Urriola, Universidad de Panama. Yira de Ventocilla, Universidad de Panama. Janzel Villalaz, Florida Atlantic University. 414 / Smithsonian Year 1982 APPENDIX 5. Publications of the Smithsonian Institution Press in Fiscal Year 1982 GENERAL PUBLICATIONS TRADE PUBLICATIONS Michael Barrier and Martin Williams, editors. A Smithsonian Book of Comic Book Comics. 336 pages, 277 color and 7 black-and-white illustrations. May 1982. Cloth: $25.00. Silvio Bedini, Declaration of Independence Desk: Relic of Revolution, vii + 112 pages, 36 black-and-white illustrations. January 18, 1982. Paper: $5.95. Lynda Corey Claassen. Finders' Guide to Prints and Drawings in the Smith- sonian Institution. 210 pages, 37 black-and-white illustrations. November 30, 1981. Cloth: $19.95; paper: $9.95. Tom D. Crouch. Bleriot XL The Story of a Classic Airplane. Famous Aircraft of the National Air and Space Museum, volume 5. vii + 143 pages. 132 black-and-white illustrations. March 22, 1982. Paper: $8.95. James Dapogny. Ferdinand "Telly Roll" Morton: The Collected Piano Music. Co-published with G. Schirmer, New York, xii + 513 pages, 4 color and 16 black-and-white illustrations. August 8, 1982. Paper: $23.95. William Rea Furlong and Byron McCandless. So Proudly We Hail: The His- tory of the United States Flag. 260 pages, 108 color and 82 black-and-white illustrations. November 9, 1981. Cloth: $25.00; paper: $12.50. William Fitzhugh and Susan Kaplan, inua: spirit world of the bering sea eskimo. 296 pages, 8 color plates, 500 duotones, 4 tables, 11 maps. July 26, 1982. Cloth: $35.00; paper: $15.00. Elizabeth Rees Gilbert. Fairs and Festivals: A Smithsonian Guide to Celebra- tions in Maryland, Virginia, and Washington, D.C. 160 pages, 18 black-and- white illustrations. July 26, 1982. Paper: $4.50. Louise D. Hutchinson. Anna ]. Cooper: A Voice From the South. 201 pages, 7 color and 244 black-and-white illustrations. November 1981. Paper: $17.50. Von D. Hardesty. Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941-1945. 288 pages, 150 black-and-white illustrations, 3 tables, 8 maps. September 30, 1982. Cloth: $22.50. Margaret B. Klapthor and Howard A. Morrison. G. Washington: A Figure Upon the Stage. 231 pages, 156 color and 40 black-and-white illustrations. February 22, 1982. Paper: $12.50. Christopher Lyman. The Vanishing Race and Other Illusions: Photographs of Indians by Edward S. Curtis. 159 pages, 129 black-and-white illustrations. March 29, 1982. Cloth: $22.50. Otto Mayr and Robert C. Post. Yankee Enterprise: The Rise of the American System of Manufacturers, xx + 236 pages, 45 black-and-white illustrations. March 15, 1982. Cloth: $19.95; paper: $9.95. Appendix 5. Smithsonian Institution Press Publications I 415 Office of Folklife Programs and Renwick Gallery. Celebration: A World of Art and Ritual. 214 pages, 77 color and 137 black-and-white illustrations. April 26, 1982. Paper: $12.50. Roger F. Pasquier, editor. Conservation of New World Parrots: Proceedings of the ICBP Parrot Working Croup Meeting, St. Lucia, 1980. 485 pages, 14 figures, 3 tables. February 22, 1982. Paper: $14.00. Enayetur Rahim. Scholars' Guide to Washington, D.C. for South Asian Studies. (Eighth Guide in the series.) xxxii + 439 pages. January 25, 1982. Cloth: $27.50; paper: $12.50. Walter Shropshire, Jr., editor. The Joys of Research. 180 pages, 65 black-and- white illustrations. March 1, 1982. Cloth: $17.50; paper: $6.95. Jay P. Spenser. Bellanca C.F.: The Emergence of the Cabin Monoplane in the United States. 95 pages, 6 color and 129 black-and-white illustrations. July 12, 1982. Paper: $7.95. Victor Turner, editor. Celebration: Studies in Festivity and Ritual. 318 pages, 120 black-and-white illustrations. August 23, 1982. Cloth: $25.00; paper: $9.95. Lawrence Wishner. Eastern Chipmunks: Secrets of Their Solitary Lives. 144 pages, 24 color and 66 black-and-white illustrations. September 30, 1982. Cloth: $17.50. DIRECT MAIt DIVISION Roger Lewin. Thread of Life: The Smithsonian Looks at Evolution. 308 color and 44 black-and-white illustrations. Cloth: $27.50. TRADE BOOK REPRINTS Esin Atil. Renaissance of Islam: Art of the Mamluks. Second printing. 1982. 256 pages, 158 color and 20 black-and-white illustrations, 1 map. Cloth: $47.50; paper: $22.50. Mary Anglemyer, Eleanor Seagraves, Catherine LeMaistre, compilers. A Search for Environmental Ethics: An Initial Bibliography. Second printing. 1982. 119 pages. Cloth: $9.95. Richard E. Blackwelder. Checklist of the Coleopterous Insects of Mexico, Central America, The West Indies, and South America. Second printing. 1982. 1,492 pages. Cloth: $29.95. Walter Boyne. Messerschmitt Me 262: Arrow to the Future. Second printing. Paper. 1982. 192 pages, 6 color and 136 black-and-white illustrations. Cloth: $19.95; paper: $10.95. James M. Goode. Capital Losses: A Cultural History of Washington's Destroyed Buildings. Second printing. Paper. 1982. xxiv + 517 pages, 460 black-and-white illustrations. Cloth: $39.95; paper: $19.95; deluxe edition: $100.00. Allan A. Hodges and Carol A. Hodges, editors. Washington on Foot. Second edition. Third printing. 1982. 202 pages, 124 black-and-white illustrations. Paper: $4.50. S. Dillon Ripley. The Sacred Grove: Essays on Museums. Second printing. 1982. 159 pages. Paper: $4.95. Luis G. Lumbreras. The Peoples and Cultures of Ancient Peru. Fifth printing. November 1981. Paper: $10.95. 416 / Smithsonian Year 1982 TRADE SALE DISTRIBUTION Holly Edwards and Dr. Karl Signell. Patterns and Precision: The Arts and Sciences of Islam. 56 pages, 15 color and 36 black-and-white illustrations, 1 map. June 1982. Distributed for Islam Centennial Fourteen, Washington, D.C. Paper: $6.50. Phillip Kopper. The National Museum of Natural History. 496 pages, 460 illustrations. Published by Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York. Cloth: $60.00. Brendan Gill. The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. Pub- lished by Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York. 160 pages, 118 color and 63 black-and-white illustrations. March 1982. Cloth: $25.00. Russell Lynes. More Than Meets the Eye: The History and Collections of Cooper-Hewitt Museum. Distributed for Cooper-Hewitt Museum, New York. 160 pages, 37 color and 216 black-and-white illustrations. 1981. Cloth: $18.95; paper: $10.95. Klaus Maurice and Otto Mayr, editors. The Clockwork Universe: German Clocks and Automata 1550-1650. Distributed for the National Museum of American History, Washington, D.C. 332 pages, 32 color and 178 black-and- white illustrations. Cloth: $19.95. TRADE SALE IMPORTS Michael Aris. Views of Medieval Bhutan: The Diary and Drawings of Samuel Davis, 1783. 124 pages, 13 color plates and 62 black-and-white illustrations. Published by Serindia Publications, London. April 1982. Cloth: $35.00. Walter Boyne. Boeing B-52: A Documentary History. 160 pages, 200 black- and-white illustrations. Published by Jane's, London. April 1982. Cloth: $22.50. ANNUAL REPORTS American Historical Association, Annual Report, 1980. viii + 198 pages. December 1981. Office of Folklife Programs, Annual Report, 1980. 8 pages, 3 black-and-white illustrations. November 1981. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Annual Report, 1980. 22 pages, 2 black-and-white illustrations. December 1981. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Annual Report, 1981. 21 pages, 2 black-and-white illustrations. July 1982. Smithsonian Year, 1981. viii + 592 pages, 71 black-and-white illustrations. May 1982. Smithsonian Year, 1981. Statement by the Secretary, vi + 67 pages, 26 black- and-white illustrations. May 1982. EXHIBITION CATALOGS Freer Gallery of Art Thomas Lawton. Chinese Art of the Warring States Period: Change and Con- tinuity 480-222 B.C. 202 pages, 20 color and 170 black-and-white illustrations, 3 maps. September 1982. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Howard N. Fox. Metaphor: New Projects by Contemporary Sculptors. 75 pages, 50 black-and-white illustrations. March 1982. Appendix 5. Smithsonian Institution Press Publications I 417 Frank Gettings. Raphael Soyer: Sixty-five Years of Printmaking. 87 pages, 144 black-and-white illustrations. July 1982. Abram Lerner. Soyer Since 1960. 17 pages, 18 color illustrations. July 1982. Michael W. Panhorst. Samuel Murray: The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Collection. 32 pages, 49 black-and-white illustrations. May 1982. National Museum of American Art Merry A. Foresta. A Life in Art: Alma Thomas, 1891-1978. 56 pages, 4 color and 47 black-and-white illustrations. December 1981. Barbara Shissler Nosanow. More Than Land or Sky: Art from Appalachia. 127 pages, 15 color and 110 black-and-white illustrations. October 27, 1981. Recent Trends in Collecting: Twentieth-Century Painting and Sculpture from the National Museum of American Art. 64 pages, 167 black-and-white illus- trations. January 31, 1982. Michael Shapiro. Cast and Recast: The Sculpture of Frederic Remington. 128 pages, 111 black-and-white illustrations. December 2, 1981. National Portrait Gallery James Barber and Frederick Voss. The Godlike Black Dan: A Selection of Portraits from Life in Commemoration of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of Daniel Webster. 48 pages, 21 black-and-white illustrations. June 1982. Margaret Christman. Portraits by George Bellows. 56 pages, 15 color and 3 black-and-white illustrations. November 1981. Frederick Voss. FDR: The Early Years. 32 pages, 36 black-and-white illustra- tions. January 1982. EXHIBITION CHECKLISTS National Museum of American Art. The Paintings of Frederic Clay Bartlett and Evelyn Fortune Bartlett. 6 pages, 7 black-and-white illustrations. Septem- ber 1982. . William H. Johnson: The Scandinavian Years. 6 pages, 7 black-and- white illustrations. September 1982. . Roosevelt's America: New Deal Paintings from the National Museum of American Art. 6 pages, 6 black-and-white illustrations. March 24, 1982. . "In Pursuit of . . ." The Washington Print Club 9th Biennial Mem- bers' Exhibition. 8 pages, 7 black-and-white illustrations. National Museum of American Art and Office of Folklife Programs. Celebra- tion: A World of Art and Ritual, Part I. 120 pages. March 15, 1982. . Celebration: A World of Art and Ritual, Part II. 101 pages. August 4, 1982. . A Guide to Celebration: A World of Art and Ritual. 40 pages, 5 black-and-white illustrations. March 1982. BOOKS Research Institute on Immigration and Ethnic Studies Roy Bryce-Laporte and Dolores M. Mortimer. Female Immigration to the United States: Caribbean, Latin American and African Experiences, xvii + 485 pages. October 1981. 418 / Smithsonian Year 1982 BOOKLETS National Air and Space Museum. Education Services Division. 14 pages. November 1981. . Exploring the Planets Tour. 60 pages, 20 black-and-white illustra- tions. January 1982. . National Air and Space Museum Library. 14 pages, 11 black-and- white illustrations. May 1982. . 25 Years of Space Exploration. 23 pages, 14 black-and-white illustra- tions. June 1982. National Museum of African Art. Life . . . Afterlife: African Funerary Sculp- ture. 15 pages, 12 black-and-white illustrations. November 1981. National Museum of American Art. Bernice Abbott: The 20s and the 30s. 24 pages, 16 black-and-white illustrations. June 1982. . Let's Celebrate!: Handbook for Teachers. 40 pages, 5 black-and-white illustrations. April 1982. . Techniques of Bronze Casting in America, 1850-1900. 15 pages, 1 black-and-white illustration. October 1981. National Portrait Gallery. The National Portrait Gallery. 14 pages, 1 color, 25 black-and-white illustrations. August 1982. Office of Horticulture. Trees of Christmas. 6 pages, 1 black-and-white illustra- tion. December 1981. Office of Membership and Development. James Smithson Society Banquet. 16 pages. September 1982. Office of Museum Programs. Museum Studies Programs in the United States and Abroad, 1982. Ill pages. June 1982. Office of Public Affairs. Welcome! Smithsonian Institution. 19 pages, 17 black-and-white illustrations. Issued in French, Japanese, German, and Spanish. May 1982. Office of Symposia and Seminars. How Humans Adapt: A Biocultural Odys- sey. 16 pages, 20 black-and-white illustrations. November 1981. Radiation Biology Laboratory. Solar Radiation Measurements 1980-1981. 48 pages. September 1982. FOLDERS Freer Gallery of Art. The Freer Gallery of Art. Reprint. August 1982. National Museum of American Art. Paintings and Sculpture in the Grand Salon and Octagon Room. April 1982. National Portrait Gallery. Catalog of American Portraits. February 1982. Office of Public Affairs. A Guide for Disabled Visitors. November 1981. Office of Symposia and Seminars. How Humans Adapt: A Biocultural Odys- sey. Program booklet. November 1981. Visitor Information and Associates Reception Center. Smithsonian Associate Memberships. January 1982. Appendix 5. Smithsonian Institution Press Publications I 419 FLYERS Freer Gallery of Art. Chinese Bronzes. Revised reprint. November 1981. . Ancient Chinese Jade. Revised reprint. January 1982. . Islamic Calligraphy and Illumination. Revised reprint. January 1982. . Japanese Screens. Reprint. February 1982. . Chinese Painting. Reprint. July 1982. . Islamic Ceramics. Reprint. July 1982. . Japanese Ceramics. August 1982. National Museum of American Art. Dear Teacher Letter. November 1981. National Museum of American History. The Fall of Parity. February 1982. . C. Washington: A Figure Upon the Stage. February 1982. . PS4 Pacific Type Locomotive. December 1981. Office of Protection Services. Fifth Annual Smithsonian Security Conference, February 22-24, 1982. January 1982. INVITATIONS Freer Gallery of Art. Lecture series. The Dragon as Medium Between Heaven and Earth: The Iconography of Chinese Art. January 1982. . Lecture series. The Contribution of Technical Studies to the Under- standing of Chinese Culture. January 1982. . Lecture series. Mamluk Jewelry: Influences and Echoes. January 1982. . Lecture series. Disposable but Indispensable: Ritual Pottery in India and Japan. January 1982. National Museum of American Art. Perkins Harnly: From the Index of Amer- ican Design. October 1981. -. Good as Cold: Alternative Materials in American Jewelry. Novem- ber 1981. . Wednesdays at the National Museum, of American Art. December 1981. . The Inedible Renwick Birthday Cakes. January 1982. . Recent Trends in Collecting: Twentieth-Century Painting and Sculp- ture from the National Museum of American Art. Invitation and reply card. January 1982. . Celebration: A World of Art and Ritual. February 1982. Prints + Multiples: 79th Exhibition by Artists of Chicago and Vicin- ity. March 1982. . Wednesdays at the National Museum of American Art. March 1982. . First Annual Awards in the Visual Arts Exhibition. April 1982. . St. Patrick's Day Festivity and Celebration Special Viewing. April 1982. Some Observations on the Life and Art of William H. Johnson. August 1982. . A Life in Art: Alma Thomas, 1891-1978. October 1981. 420 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Office of Horticulture. Florafest III, "Fantasyland." March 1982. Office of Contributing Membership. A Waltz in Space. January 1982. POSTERS Office of Protection Services. Smithsonian Safety and Health Program. December 1981. Office of Symposia and Seminars. How Humans Adapt: A Biocultural Odyssey. October 1981. MISCELLANEOUS National Air and Space Museum. Sky Interpretation Resource Bulletin. May 1982. Office of Public Affairs. Smithsonian Institution Research Reports. September 1982. Office of Membership and Development. Smithsonian Deferred Giving Reply Card. October 1981. SERIES PUBLICATIONS SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 27. James R. Murie. Edited by Douglas R. Parks. "The Ceremonies of the Pawnee: Part I: The Skiri; Part II: The South Bands." 497 pages, frontispiece, 41 figures, 2 tables. October 15, 1981. 28. Donald J. Ortner and Walter G. J. Putschar. "Identification of Pathologi- cal Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains." 479 pages, 765 figures, 14 tables. December 28, 1981. 30. Douglas H. Ubelaker and Herman J. Viola, editors. "Plains Indians Studies: A Collection of Essays in Honor of John C. Ewers and Waldo R. Wedel." 218 pages, 35 figures, 4 plates, 4 tables. September 14, 1982. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 48. Alan P. Smith. "Growth and Population Dynamics of Espeletia (Compositae) in the Venezuelan Andes." 45 pages, 19 figures, 20 tables. October 23, 1981. 50. John W. Nowicke and John J. Skvarla. "Pollen Morphology and Phylo- genetic Relationships of the Berberidaceae." 83 pages, 215 figures, 3 tables. October 15, 1981. 51. Harold Robinson. "A Revision of the Tribal and Subtribal Limits of the Heliantheae (Asteraceae)." 102 pages, 210 figures. December 21, 1981. 52. Harold Robinson, A. Michael Powell, Robert M. King, and James F. Weedin. "Chromosome Numbers in Compositae, XII: Heliantheae." 28 pages, 3 tables. October 30, 1981. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES 24. Ursula B. Marvin and Brian Mason, editors. "Catalog of Meteorites from Victoria Land, Antarctica, 1978-1980." 97 pages, frontispiece, 41 figures, 13 tables. July 29, 1982. Appendix 5. Smithsonian Institution Press Publications I All SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MARINE SCIENCES 8. Stephen J. Culver and Martin A. Buzas. "Distribution of Recent Benthic Foraminifera in the Gulf of Mexico" (in two volumes). 898 pages, 296 figures, 3 tables. December 31, 1981. 9. James N. Norris and H. William Johansen. "Articulated Coralline Algae of the Gulf of California, Mexico, 1: Amphiroa Lamouroux." 29 pages, 18 figures, 1 table. October 8, 1981. 10. Ernani G. Menez and Arthur C. Mathieson. "The Marine Algae of Tunisia." 59 pages, 1 figure. October 1981. 11. Daniel Jean Stanley, Patrick T. Taylor, Harrison Sheng, and Robert Stuckenrath. "Sohm Abyssal Plain: Evaluating Proximal Sediment Prove- nance." 48 pages, 23 figures, 5 tables. October 23, 1981. 12. Klaus Rutzler and Ian G. Macintyre, editors. "The Atlantic Barrier Reef Ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, I: Structure and Communities." 539 pages, frontispiece, 232 figures, 5 plates, 47 tables. June 10, 1982. 13. Christian Blanpied and Daniel Jean Stanley. "Uniform Mud (Unifite) Deposition in the Hellenic Trench, Eastern Mediterranean." 40 pages, 15 fig- ures, 2 tables. December 21, 1981. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY 40. David D. Gillette and Clayton E. Ray. "Glyptodonts of North America." 255 pages, 96 figures, frontispiece, 70 tables. December 21, 1981. 41. G. Arthur Cooper. "New Brachiopods from the Southern Hemisphere and Cryptopora from Oregon (Recent)." 43 pages, 4 figures, 7 plates. July 29, 1982. 42. Rex A. Doescher. "Living and Fossil Brachiopod Genera 1775-1979: Lists and Bibliography." 238 pages. November 19, 1981. 43. G. Arthur Cooper. "Brachiopoda from the Southern Indian Ocean (Recent)." 93 pages, 30 figures, 14 plates, 1 table. December 21, 1981. 44. G. Arthur Cooper. "Brachiopods (Recent) from the Gulf of Gascogne, France." 35 pages, 5 figures, 3 plates. December 17, 1981. 45. Richard Cifelli. "Textural Observations on Some Living Species of Planktonic Foraminifera." 45 pages, 15 plates. March 18, 1982. 46. Jessica A. Harrison. "A Review of the Extinct Wolverine, Plesiogulo (Carnivora: Mustelidae), from North America." 27 pages, 16 figures. December 21, 1981. 47. Robert J. Emry and Richard W. Thorington, Jr. "Descriptive and Compara- tive Osteology of the Oldest Fossil Squirrel, Protosciurus (Rodentia: Sciuridae)." 35 pages, 16 figures, 3 tables. July 12, 1982. 48. Storrs L. Olson, editor. "Fossil Vertebrates from the Bahamas." 65 pages, 12 figures, 12 tables. August 5, 1982. 49. Francis M. Hueber. "Megaspores and a Palynomorph from the Lower Potomac Group in Virginia." 69 pages, 1 figure, 24 plates. February 22, 1982. 51. David W. Steadman and Clayton E. Ray. "The Relationships of Megaoryzomys curioi, an Extinct Cricetine Rodent (Muroidea: Muridae) from the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador." 23 pages, 11 figures, 1 table. August 24, 1982. 422 / Smithsonian Year 1982 52. Daryl P. Domning, Gary S. Morgan, and Clayton E. Ray. "North American Eocene Sea Cows (Mammalia: Sirenia)." 69 pages, 34 figures, 4 tables. September 3, 1982. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY 318. Horton H. Hobbs, Jr. "The Crayfishes of Georgia." 549 pages, 262 figures, frontispiece, 3 tables. December 21, 1981. 319. Louis S. Kornicker. "Revision, Distribution, Ecology, and Ontogeny of the Ostracode Subfamily Cyclasteropinae (Myodocopina: Cylindroleberidi- dae)." 548 pages, 174 figures, 185 plates, 24 tables. December 31, 1981. 327. Marcia Little. "Social Biology of the Polistine Wasp Mischocyttarus labiatus: Survival in a Colombian Rain Forest." 27 pages, 5 figures, 15 tables. October 8, 1981. 335. Julian J. Lewis and Thomas E. Bowman. "The Subterranean Asellids (Caecidotea) of Illinois (Crustacea: Isopoda: Asellidae)." 66 pages, 32 figures. December 10, 1981. 336. Melvin E. Sunquist. "The Social Organization of Tigers (Panthera tigris) in Royal Chitawan National Park, Nepal." 98 pages, frontispiece, 33 figures, 31 tables. October 28, 1981. 338. Brian Kensley. "On the Zoogeography of Southern African Decapod Crustacea, with a Distributional Checklist of the Species." 64 pages, 4 figures, 4 tables. October 19, 1981. 339. Roger Cressey. "Parasitic Copepods from the Gulf of Mexico and Carib- bean Sea, I: Holobomolochus and Neobomolochus." 24 pages, 72 figures. October 19, 1981. 340. Louis S. Kornicker. "Angulorostrum, a New Genus of Myodocopid Ostracoda (Philomedidae: Pseudophilomedinae)." 20 pages, 11 figures, 2 plates. October 19, 1981. 341. Donald I. Schreiweiss. "A Comparative Study of the Appendicular Musculature of Penguins (Aves: Spenisciformes)." 46 pages, 19 figures. April 7, 1982. 342. Roger Cressey. "Revision of Indo-West Pacific Lizardfishes of the Genus Synodus (Pisces: Synodontidae)." 53 pages, 44 figures, 4 tables. December 15, 1981. 343. Karl V. Krombein. "Biosystematic Studies of Ceylonese Wasps, VIII: A Monograph of the Philanthidae (Hymenoptera: Sphecoidea)." 75 pages, 89 figures. December 15, 1981. 344. James G. Mead, William A. Walker, Warren J. Houck. "Biological Observations on Mesoplodon carlhubbsi (Cetacea: Ziphiidae)." 25 pages, 11 figures, 4 tables. February 3, 1982. 345. Wayne N. Mathis. "Studies of Ephydrinae (Diptera: Ephydridae), VI: Review of the Tribe Dagini." 30 pages, 89 figures. January 22, 1982. 346. Brian Kensley. "Deep-Water Atlantic Anthuridea (Crustacea: Isopoda)." 60 pages, 35 figures, 9 plates. February 9, 1982. 347. Wayne N. Mathis. "Studies of Canacidae (Diptera), I: Suprageneric Revision of the Family with Revisions of New Tribe Dynomiellini and New Genus Isocanace." 29 pages, 77 figures. April 23, 1982. Appendix 5. Smithsonian Institution Press Publications I 423 348. Norman D. Penny and Oliver S. Flint, Jr. "A Revision of the Genus Chloronia (Neuroptera: Corydalidae)." 27 pages, 53 figures, frontispiece. May 25, 1982. 349. C. Allan Child. "Deep-Sea Pyconogonida from the North and South Atlantic Basins." 54 pages, 15 figures. May 25, 1982. 350. Wayne N. Mathis. "Studies of Ephydrinae (Diptera: Ephydridae), VII: Revision of the Genus Setacera Cresson." 57 pages, 138 figures. July 12, 1982. 351. Thomas E. Bowman, Anne C. Cohen, and Maura McManus McGuinness. "Vertical Distribution of Themisto gaudichaudii (Amphipoda: Hyperiidea) in Deepwater Dumpsite 106 off the Mouth of Delaware Bay." 24 pages, 16 figures. June 16, 1982. 352. Michael D. Carleton, Don E. Wilson, Alfred L. Gardner, and Michael A. Bogan. "Distribution and Systematics of Peromyscus (Mammalia: Rodentia) of Nayarit, Mexico." 46 pages, 14 figures, 8 tables. September 14, 1982. 353. W. Duane Hope. "Structure of the Head and Stoma in the Marine Nematode Genus Deontostoma (Enoplida: Leptosomatidae)." 22 pages, 5 fig- ures, September 7, 1982. 354. R. J. Hoage. "Social and Physical Maturation in Captive Lion Tamarins, Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia (Primates: Callitrichidae)." 56 pages, 24 figures, 12 tables. September 9, 1982. 355. Oliver S. Flint, Jr. "Studies of Neotropical Caddisflies, XXX: Larvae of the Genera of South American Limnephilidae (Trichoptera)." 30 pages, 77 figures. July 12, 1982. 357. J. Laurens Barnard and Charline M. Barnard. "The Genus Rhepoxynius (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Phoxocephalidae) in American Seas." 49 pages, 6 figures. July 19, 1982. 358. Louis S. Kornicker. "A Restudy of the Amphiatlantic Ostracode Philo- medes brenda (Baird, 1850) (Myodocopina)." 28 pages, 9 figures, 1 table. July 23, 1982. 359. Thomas E. Bowman and Maura McManus McGuinness. "Epipelagic Amphipods of the Family Hyperiidae from the International Indian Ocean Expedition, 1959-1965." 53 pages, 87 figures, 5 tables. July 12, 1982. 373. Richard P. Vari. "Systematics of the Neotropical Characoid Genus Curimatopsis (Pisces: Characoidei)." 28 pages, 21 figures. August 27, 1982. 424 / Smithsonian Year 1982 APPENDIX 6. Publications of the Staff of the Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries in Fiscal Year 1982 Publications are by staff members and, in some instances, research associates and collaborators. SCIENCE CHESAPEAKE BAY CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Balling, J. D. "Exploring the Psychological Bay." In Ethical Aspects of Chesa- peake Bay Use, ed. A. H. Rooney-Char. Hampton, Va. : Citizens Program for Chesapeake Bay, Inc., 1981. Balling, J. D., and Falk, J. H. "Development of Visual Preference for Natural Landscapes: The Savanna Hypothesis." Environment and Behavior 14(1) (1982) :5-28. Correll, D. L. "Endangered Receiving Waters: Runoff Monitoring as a Tool To Determine Sources and Magnitudes of Pollution." In Application of Results from Representative and Experimental Basins, ed. D. N. Body, pp. 461-73. Paris: UNESCO Press, 1982. Correll, D. L., and Ford, D. "Comparison of Land Runoff and Precipitation as Sources of Estuarine Nitrogen." Estuarine, Coastal Shelf Science 15(1982): 45-46. Correll, D. L., and Wu, T. L. "Atrazine Toxicity to Submersed Vascular Plants in Simulated Estuarine Microcosms." Aquatic Botany 14(1982). Falk, J. H. Children in Museums: An International Symposium, pp. 201-6. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution, 1982. . "The Response of Two Turf Insects, Endria inimica (Homoptera: Ciccadelidae) and Oscinella frit (Diptera: Chloropidae) to Mowing." En- vironmental Entomology 11(1)(1982) :29-31. "Using Evaluation to Improve Exhibits." In Proceedings of Indo-U.S. Natural History Workshop on Exhibition Techniques and Communication Strategies, ed. S. M. Nair. New Delhi: National Museum of Natural His- tory, 1982. . "The Use of Time as a Measure of Visitor Behavior and Exhibit Effectiveness." Journal of Museum Roundtable Reports 1(1982) :10-17. Faust, M. A., and Sager, J. C. "Effect of Colored Light on Growth and Pigment Composition of Prorocentrum mariae-lehouriae." Journal of Phycology 17(1981) :14. Faust, M. A.; Correll, D. L.; Pierce, J. W.; Klein, J. W.; and Goldberg, B. "Photosynthetic Pigments and Light Distribution in the Rhode River Estuary." Estuaries 4(1981) :299. . "Relationship between Land Use Practices and Fecal Bacteria in Soils." Journal of Environmental Quality 11(1982) :141-46. Faust, M. A.; Sager, J. C; and Meeson, B. W. "Response and Photoadaptation of Prorocentrum mariae-lehouriae to Colored Light and Irradiance." Journal of Phycology 18(1982) :349-56. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 425 Faust, M. A., and Norris, K. H. "Rapid Spectrophotometric Analysis of Chlo- rophyll Pigments in Intact Phytoplankton." British Journal of Phycology 17(3)(1982). Feder, M. E.; Lynch, J. F.; Shaffer, H. B.; and Wake, D. B. "Field Body Tem- peratures of Tropical and Temperate Zone Salamanders." Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service Publication No. 52, 1982. Gopol, B.; Turner, R. E.; Wetzel, R. G.; and Whigham, D. F., eds. Wetlands: Ecology and Management, vol. 1. Jaipur, India: International Scientific Publications, 1982. . "Introduction." In Wetlands: Ecology and Management, eds. B. Go- pol, R. E. Turner, R. G. Wetzel, and D. F. Whigham, pp. vi-xvi. Jaipur, India: International Scientific Publications, 1982. Hines, A. H. "Coexistence in a Kelp Forest: Size, Population Dynamics, and Resource Partitioning in a Guild of Spider Crabs (Brackyura, Majidae)." Ecological Monographs 52(1982) :179-98. Lynch, J. F., and Whigham, D. F. "Configuration of Forest Patches Necessary to Maintain Bird and Plant Communities." Maryland Power Plant Siting Report PPRD-59, pp. 1-88, 1982. Wake, D. B., and Lynch, J. F. "Evolutionary Relationships among Central American Salamanders of the Bolitoglossa franklini group with a Descrip- tion of a New Species from Guatemala." Herpetologica 38(1982) :257-72. Whigham, D. F.; O'Neill, J.; and McWethy, M. "Ecological Implications of Manipulating Coastal Wetlands for Purposes of Mosquito Control." In Wetlands: Ecology and Management, eds., B. Gopol, R. E. Turner, R. G. Wetzel, and D. F. Whigham, pp. 459-76. Jaipur, India: International Scien- tific Publications, 1982. . "Using Freshwater Wetlands for Waste Water Management in North America." In Wetlands: Ecology and Management, eds. B. Gopol, R. E. Turner, R. G. Wetzel, and D. F. Whigham, pp. 506-14. Jaipur, India: International Scientific Publications, 1982. An Ecological Comparison of Six Bog Sites in Anne Arundel County, Maryland. Annapolis, Md. : Maryland Department of Natural Resources, 1982. The Effect of Three Marsh Management Techniques on the Ecology of Irregularly Flooded Bay Wetlands. Vegetation and Water Quality Studies. Annapolis, Md.: Maryland Department of Natural Resources, 1982. NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM Office of the Director Boyne, Walter J. Messerschmitt Me 262: Arrow to the Future, 1980. Reprint. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. . "Gallic Gunship." Wings 12(3) (1982). . "Ingenious Wings." Air and Space 5 (2) (1982). "B-52 Once and Future Emperor of Air Power." Air Power 12(2) (1982). . "Boeing's $40 Million Baby." United Airlines 26 (7) (1982). . "North American XB-28." Air Line Pilot 51(2)(1982). . "Lockheed XC-35." Air Line Pilot 51(3) (1982). . "Northrop YC-125." Air Line Pilot 51(4) (1982). . "Curtiss Model 24 B." Air Line Pilot 51 (5) (1982). . "Nicholas Beazley NB-3." Air Line Pilot 51 (6) (1982). . "Engineering Division USD 9-A." Air Line Pilot 51 (7) (1982). . "Hall Aluminum Monoped." Air Line Pilot 51 (8) (1982). . "Martin-Baker MB-5." Air Line Pilot 51 (9) (1982). 426 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Center for Earth and Planetary Studies Andre, C. G. "Chemical Rings of Lunar Basins from Orbital X-ray Data." In Multi-ring Basins; Proceedings of the Lunar and Planetary Science, Vol. 1, Part A, pp. 125-32. New York: Pergamon Press, 1981. Andre, C. G., and El-Baz, F. [Abstract] "Deformed Impact Craters on Mars." Reports of Planetary Geology Program — 1981, pp. 399-401. NASA TM- 84211, 1981. . "Regional Chemical Setting of the Apollo 16 Landing Site and the Importance of the Kant Plateau." In Proceedings of the Twelfth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, pp. 767-79. New York: Pergamon Press, 1981. Andre, C. G.; Strain, P. L.; and Dove, W. [Abstract] "Additional Evidence of Lunar Terra Volcanism." In Lunar and Planetary Science XIII, pp. 18-19. Houston: The Lunar and Planetary Institute, 1982. . [Abstract] "Volcanic Resurfacing of the Lunar Nearside Highlands." In Press Abstracts of the 13th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, pp. 3-5. Houston: The Lunar and Planetary Institute, 1982. Arvidson, R. E.; Jacobberger, P. A.; and El-Baz, F. [Abstract] "Mapping Oases and Soil Types from Landsat Multispectral Scanner Data — Kharga Depres- sion, Western Desert of Egypt." In Summaries, First Thematic Conference: Remote Sensing of Arid and Semi- Arid Lands, page 73. Ann Arbor: Envi- ronmental Research Institute of Michigan, 1982. Chemin, M.; Mainguet, M.; and El-Baz, F. [Abstract] "Eolian Dynamics in the Western Desert of Egypt as Revealed by Landsat Data." In Summaries, First Thematic Conference: Remote Sensing of Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, page 103. Ann Arbor: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, 1982. El-Baz, F. [Abstract] "Science Leads Art — Views of the Planets from Space." In Abstracts of Papers of the 148th National Meeting, 3-8 January 1982, page 10. Washington, D.C. : American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1982. . "Egypt's Desert of Promise." National Geographic 161(1982) :190-221. . [Abstract] "Desert Terrain: The View From Space." In Summaries, First Thematic Conference: Remote Sensing of Arid and Semi- Arid Lands, pp. 6-7. Ann Arbor: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, 1982. -. "Techniques and Results of Remote Sensing of the Moon." In Pro- ceedings of the Fifteenth International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, pp. 299-311. Ann Arbor: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, 1982. "Sadd El-Halal (Dam at Gebel Halal, Sinai; in Arabic)." The Engi- neers' Magazine, Cairo, Egypt, (5) (1981) -.26-27. -. [Abstract] "Genesis of Particulate Material in Terrestrial Deserts and Applications to Mars." In Lunar and Planetary Science XIII, pp. 199-200. Houston: The Lunar and Planetary Institute, 1982. . "Arabian Astronomy." The Planetary Report 11(1982) :16-18. El-Baz, F., and Mainguet, M. [Abstract] "Dune Forms in the Great Sand Sea and Applications to Mars." Reports of Planetary Geology Program — 1981, pp. 244-46. NASA TM-84211, 1981. El-Baz, F., and Manent, L. S. [Abstract] "Serrated Eolian Deposits in China's Northwestern Deserts and Their Comparisons to Dark Splotches on Mars." Reports of Planetary Geology Program — 1981, pp. 241-43. NASA TM-84211, 1981. Hamdan, A. H., and El-Baz, F. [Abstract] "Photolineaments in the Gilf Kebir Plateau, Southwestern Egypt." In Summaries, First Thematic Conference: Remote Sensing of Arid and Semi- Arid Lands, pp. 122-23. Ann Arbor: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, 1982. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 427 Manent, L. S., and El-Baz, F. [Abstract] "Preliminary Comparison of Insel- bergs in the Cerberus Region of Mars to Terrestrial Isolated Hills in Arid, Humid and Glacial Terrains." Reports of Planetary Geology Program — 1981, pp. 305-7. NASA TM-84211, 1981. Maxwell, T. A. "Basin Tectonics on the Terrestrial Planets: Moon, Mars, and Mercury." NATO Advanced Study Institute, Comparative Study of the Planets; Memorie della Italiana 52(1981) :449-53. . [Abstract] "Particle Size Variations in Desert Surface Sediments: Importance for Remote Sensing of Arid Regions." In Summaries, First Thematic Conference: Remote Sensing of Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, pp. 207—8. Ann Arbor: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, 1982. "Particle Size and Spacing Variations in Desert Surface Sediments: Importance for Remote Sensing of Arid Regions." In Proceedings of First Thematic Conference on Remote Sensing of Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, pp. 1239-48, Ann Arbor: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, 1982. [Abstract] "Orientations of Structural Features in the Lunae Palus- Coprates Region of Mars: Influence of Preexisting Structure." In Lunar and Planetary Science XIII, pp. 477-78. Houston: The Lunar and Planetary In- stitute, 1982. Maxwell, T. A., and Andre, C. G. "The Balmer Basin: Regional Geology and Geochemistry of an Ancient Lunar Impact Basin." In Proceedings of the Twelfth Lunar Planetary Science Conference, pp. 715-25. New York: Per- gamon Press, 1981. Maxwell, T. A., and Watters, T. R. [Abstract] "Ridge Orientations in the Tharsis Province of Mars: Deviations from Tharsis-Related Trends." Re- ports of Planetary Geology Program — 1981, pp. 380-82. NASA TM-84211, 1981. McCord, T. B.; El-Baz, F.; and Adams, J. B. [Abstract] "The Nature and Extent of Erosional and Depositional Features and Rock and Soil Units in the Kharga Oasis Region, as Determined from Remote Sensing." In Sum- maries, First Thematic Conference: Remote Sensing of Arid and Semi- Arid Lands, pp. 134-35. Ann Arbor: Environmental Research Institute of Michi- gan, 1982. Strain, P. L., and El-Baz, F. [Abstract] "Sand Distribution in the Kharga Depression of Egypt: Observations from Landsat Images." In Summaries, First Thematic Conference: Remote Sensing of Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, pp. 101-2. Ann Arbor: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, 1982. . "Sand Distribution in the Kharga Depression of Egypt: Observations from Landsat Images." In Proceedings of the First Thematic Conference on Remote Sensing of Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, pp. 765-74. Ann Arbor: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, 1982. Watters, T. R., and Maxwell, T. A. [Abstract] "Ridge-fault Intersections and Tharsis Tectonics." In Papers Presented to the Third International Col- loquium on Mars, pp. 270-72. Houston: The Lunar and Planetary Institute, 1981. . [Abstract] "Ridge-rille Intersections in the Tharsis Province of Mars." Reports of Planetary Geology Program — 1981, pp. 383-85. NASA TM-84211, 1981. Department of Aeronautics Brooks-Pazmany, K. "Piggyback Aircraft." Air and Space 5(3)(1982). Crouch, Tom D. "Bleriot XI: The Story of a Classic Aircraft." Famous Air- craft of the National Air and Space Museum, No. 5. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. 428 / Smithsonian Year 1982 . "91 Hours, 8 Minutes, 10 Seconds: Around the World with Howard Hughes." Air and Space. 5(1) (1981). "The Wright Brothers." Air and Space. 5(2) (1982). Hardesty, Von D. "Lindberghs of the North." Air and Space 5(3) (1982). . Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power, 1941-1945. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Lopez, Donald S. "Mr. Kipling's Army." Kipling Journal (1982). . "Night Fighting Over Europe." Air and Space 5(2)(1982). . "With the Night Mail Revisited." Kipling Journal (March 1982). Mikesh, Robert C. Aircraft in Museums Around the World, Sections 1 and II. Washington, D.C: National Air and Space Museum, 1982. . "B-57 Canberra Leaves the USAF, Part I." Aviation Journal 126 (1982). "B-57 Canberra Leaves the USAF, Part II." Aviation Journal 127 (1982). . "The B-57 Retires." Wings 12(4) (1982). . "The Emily Flying Boat — Its Past." Aviation Journal 120(1982). . "The Emily Flying Boat — Its Present." Aviation Journal 121(1982). . "The Emily Flying Boat — Its Future." Aviation Journal 122(1982). — . "Made in Japan, Tested in America, Part I." Wings 12(3) (1982). "Made in Japan, Tested in America, Part II." Airpower 12(4) (1982). Spenser, Jay P. "Aerial Observation." Air and Space 5(3) (1982). . "Bellanca C.F. : The Emergence of the Cabin Monoplane in the United States." Famous Aircraft of the National Air and Space Museum, No. 6. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. "Bull's Eye." Wings 12(3) (1982). Wooldridge, E. T. Jet Aviation: Threshold to a New Era. Washington, D.C: National Air and Space Museum, 1982. Department of Space Science and Exploration Chamberlain, Von Del. "Interpreting the Sky." In Interpreting the Environ- ment, by Grant W. Sharpe, 2d ed., chapter 22. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982. . "Parks Have No Vertical Boundaries." Park & Recreation Resources 1(1) (1982) :16-21. . "Fireball." Air and Space 5(1) (1981). . "Constellations." Air and Space 5(2) (1982). -. "Observatories: From Sun Watching to Orbiting Telescopes." Air and Space 5(3) (1982). [Review] The Big Missouri Winter Count, by Roberta Carkeek Che- ney. Archaeoastronomy 4(4) (1981). . "Counting Days and Years." Air and Space 5(4) (1982). "The Skidi Pawnee Earth Lodge as an Observatory." In Archaeoas- tronomy in the New World, by Anthony F. Aveni, pp. 183-194. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982. -, editor. Sky Interpretation Resource Bulletin, Vol. V (1982). Published by the National Air and Space Museum. DeVorkin, David H. [Review]. Oort and the Universe: A Sketch of Oort's Research and Person, by Hugo van Woerden; eds. Willem N. Brouw and Henk C. van de Hulst. Isis 73 (1982) :300. . The History of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics: A Selected, Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1982. "The Maintenance of a Scientific Institution: Otto Struve, The Yerkes Observatory, and Its Optical Bureau during the Second World War." Minerva 18(4) (Winter 1980) :593-623. [Issue appeared in the spring of 1982.] Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I ^19 DeVorkin, David H., and Mack, Pamela. "Pro-Seminar in Space History." Technology and Culture (Summer/Fall 1982). DeVorkin, David H., and Weart, Spencer, R. "The Voice of Astronomical History." Sky and Telescope (February 1982) :124-27. Hanle, Paul A. Bringing Aerodynamics to America. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1982. . "Theoretical Aerodynamics at MIT, NYU, and Caltech: European Science or American Art?" History of Science in America: News and Views (June 1982). Joels, Kerry M. [column] "Future of Telecommunications." Transponder, International Association of Satellite Users, October 1981-September 1982. . "Tomorrow's Learning: Micro-computer in Schools, Museums, and at Home." Compcon '82 Proceedings. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, March 1982. -. [Session summary] "Social Sciences." Space Manufacturing 4, eds., Grey and Hamdan. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1982. "One Thousand Channels: A Promise, A Problem, A Parable." Space Manufacturing 4, 1982. Apollo to the Moon: A Dream of Centuries. Washington, D.C. : National Air and Space Museum, 1982. -. "Oscar." Air and Space 5(4)(1982). Joels, Kerry M., and Harkins, A. "Viewpoints on Space: An On-site Delphi at Princeton '81." In Space Manufacturing 4, 1982. Kennedy, Gregory P. "Shuttle Carrier Aircraft." Air and Space 5 (4) (1982). Needell, Allan A. "Ingenuity in Space." Air and Space 5(2)(1982). . "Unmanned Space Craft: 25 Years Listening and Learning." Air and Space 6(1) (1982). Winter, Frank H. "Observatories in Space, 1920s Style." The Griffith Observer 46(June 1982) :2-8. . "Ari Shternfeld — Space Populariser." Space Education 1 Journal of the British Interplanetary Society (December 1981) :88-89. . "Step Rockets: Fireworks to Spaceships." Air and Space 5(4)k(1982). "Nikolai Alexeyevich Rynin (1877-1942), Soviet Astronautical Pio- neer: An American Appreciation." Earth-Oriented Applications of Space Technology (1)(1982) :69-80. -. "Esther Kisk Goddard (1901-1982)." Astronautics and Aeronautics 20(9) (1982) :78. Winter, Frank H., and van der Linden, Frank Robert [Monthly column], "Out of the Past — An Aerospace Chronology." Astronautics and Aeronautics (October 1981-September 1982). Division of Exhibits and Presentations Callen II, Thomas H. "Sky Map." Air and Space 5(1) (1981). "Soaring Stars." Ranger Rick's Nature Magazine (1982). "Sky Map." Air and Space 5(2) (1982). "Sky Map." Air and Space 5(3) (1982). "Sky Map." Air and Space 5(4) (1982). "Sky Map." Air and Space 6(1) (1982). "Albert Einstein's Ragtime Band: Soundtrack Production at the Albert Einstein Spacearium." In Proceedings, Sixth Biennial Conference of the International Planetarium Society, pp. 22-27. Vancouver, British Colum- bia, Canada, July 1982. Good, William A. "Our Beautiful Earth." Air and Space 5 (3) (1982). 430 / Smithsonian Year 1982 NATIONAL HUMAN STUDIES FILM CENTER Sorenson, E. Richard. "In Quest of the Expressions of Human Kind: The National Human Studies Film Center." In Royal Anthropological Institute News 50(June 1982) :12. . In Quest of the Expressions of Humankind: the Progress of the National Human Studies Film Center. An Occasional Paper. National Human Studies Film Center, 1981. Jyapu: Industrious Productivity as Lifestyle. A Research Report Film. A research paper to accompany the research report film, Jyapu, Industrious Productivity as Lifestyle. National Human Studies Film Center, 1982. Research Report Film Sorenson, E. Richard. Jyapu: Industrious Productivity as Lifestyle. A Research Report Film produced jointly by The Royal Nepal Academy and the Na- tional Human Studies Film Center, Smithsonian Institution. 1982. Project Director and Principal Investigator, E. Richard Sorenson. Film Editor and Production Coordinator, Barbara Johnson. Research Filmers, Barbara John- son, Ragpa Dorjee and Steven Schecter. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Department of Anthropology Adovasio, J. M. "The Appearance of Cultigens in the Upper Ohio Valley: A View from Meadowcroft Rockshelter." Pennsylvania Archaeologist 51(1-2) (1981) :63-80. Adovasio, J. M.; Alexandrowicz, J. S.; Luff man, N.; and Taft, M. "Perishable Industries from Westwater — Five Kiva — (42Sal4) — And Big Westwater (42Sa6752) Ruins San Juan County, Utah: A Synopsis." Bureau of Land Management Cultural Resource Series, 1981. Adovasio, J. M.; Donahue, J.; Stuckenrath, R.; and Gunn, J. D. "The Meadow- croft Papers: A Response to Dincauze." Quarterly Review of Archaeology 2(3)(1981):14-15. Adovasio, J. M.; Fry, G. F.; Gunn, J.; and Maslowski, R. "An Overview of Prehistoric and Historic Settlement Patterns in Western Cyprus." National Geographic Society Research Reports 13(1981) :53-67. Angel, J. Lawrence. "A Commentary." In "Anemia in Ancient Times." by Gerald D. Hart. Blood Cells 7(1981) :493. . "History and Development of Paleopathology." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 56(1981) :509-15. Angel, J. Lawrence, and Zimmerman, M. R. "T. Aidan Cockburn, 1912-1981: A Memorial." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 58(1982) :121-22. . "A New Measure of Growth Efficiency: Skull Base Height." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 58(3) (1982) :297-305. Asch, Michael I., and Goddard, R. H. Ives. "Synonymy," in the chapter "Slavery," in "Subarctic," ed. J. Helm. Handbook of North American In- dians 6(1981) :347-48. W. Sturtevant, gen. ed. Washington, D.C.: Smith- sonian Institution Press. Burch, Ernest S., Jr. The Traditional Eskimo Hunters of Point Hope, Alaska: 1800-1875. Barrow: The North Slope Borough, 1981. . "Sotsiodemograficheskiye korrelyaty struktury zhilischa v trech beringiyskikh populyatsiyakh: opyt issledovaniya (Sociodemographic cor- relates of dwelling structure in three Bering populations: an experimental study.)" In Traditsionnye kultury Severnoy Sibiri i Severnoy Ameriki. Trudy sovetskoamerikanskoy gruppy po sotrudnichestvu v oblasti izuche- Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 431 niya vzaimodeystiviya aborigennykh narodov i kultur Severnoy Sibiri i Severnoy Ameriki. Moscow, Nauka, 1981. Collins, Henry B. "E. W. Nelson, the Man Who Buys Good-for-Nothing Things." In inua: spirit world of the bering sea eskimo, by W. Fitzhugh and S. Kaplan, pp. 29-36. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Crocker, William. "'Helping Hands' through Life." In Celebration: Studies in Festivity and Ritual, ed. V. Turner, pp. 147-58. Washington, D.C: Smith- sonian Institution Press, 1982. Denniston, Glenda, and Goddard, R. H. Ives, III. "Synonymy," in the chapter "Sekani," in "Subarctic," ed. J. Helm. Handbook of North American Indians 6(1981) :440-41. W. Sturtevant, gen. ed. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press. Ewers, John C. "Artists' Choices." American Indian Art 7(2) (1982) :40-49. . "Assiniboin Antelope-horn Headdresses." American Indian Art 7(4) (1982) :45-51. . "The Awesome Bear in Plains Indian Art." American Indian Art 7(3) (1982) :36-45. "The Image of the White Man as a Glad-hander." American West, The Land and Its People 19(1) (1982) :54-60, 69-71. "The Use of Artifacts and Pictures in the Study of Plains Indian History, Art, and Religion." In "The Research Potential of Anthropological Museum Collections," eds. A. M. Cantwell, J. B. Griffin, N. A. Rothschild. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 376(1982) :247-66. Fitzhugh, William W. "A Prehistoric Caribou Fence from Williams Harbour, Northern Labrador." In Megaliths to Medicine Wheels: Boulder Structures in Archeaology, Archaeological Association, Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, pp. 187-206. 1981. . "Smithsonian Surveys in Central and Southern Labrador in 1981." In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1981 vol. 2, eds. J. Thomson and C. Thomson, pp. 32-54. Division of Historic Resources, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. 1982. "Archeologists Report on Frobisher Site." Nunatsiaq News, Octo- ber 23, 1981. (Newspaper publication of Smithsonian Archeological Surveys at Kodlunarn Island in 1981 : Interim Field Report.) Fitzhugh, William W., and Kaplan, Susan A. inua: spirit world of the bering sea eskimo. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Fitzhugh, William W., and Selig, Ruth O. "The Smithsonian's Alaska Con- nection: 19th Century Explorers and Anthropologists." The Alaska Journal: A 1981 Collection, pp. 193-208, 1981. Fowler, Don D. "Cultural Resources Management." In Advances in Archaeo- logical Method and Theory 5, ed. M. Schiffer, pp. 1-50. New York: Aca- demic Press, 1982. Fowler, Don D., and Fowler, C S. "The Southern Paiute: A.D. 1400-1776." In "The Protohistoric Period in the North American Southwest, A.D. 1450- 1700," eds. D. R. Wilcox and W. B. Masse. Arizona State University An- thropological Research Papers 24(1981) :129-62. . "Museum Collections and Ethnographic Reconstruction: Examples from the Great Basin." In "The Research Potential of Anthropological Museum Collections," eds. A. M. Cantwell, J. R. Griffin, and N. A. Roths- child, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 376(1981) -.177-99. Frolich, B., and D. W. Von Endt. "Interfacing Micro- and Large Frame Com- puters : Conductivity Measurements in an Early Bronze Age Cemetery at Bab-edh-Dhra, Jordan." In Computers in Research at the Smithsonian: A Symposium, p. 16. Washington, D.C: Scientific Application Division, Office of Computer Services, Smithsonian Institution, 1982. 432 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Gibson, Gordon D., Trans, and ed. The Ethnography of Southwestern Angola. Volume 3. The Herero People, by Carlos Estermann. New York: Africana Publishing Company. Gillespie, Beryl C, and Goddard, R. H. Ives, III. "Synonymy," in the chapters "Yellowknife," "Mountain Indians," and "Beaver," in "Subarctic," ed. J. Helm. Handbook of North American Indians 6(1981) :288-89, 336-37, 359. W. Sturtevant, gen. ed. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press. Goddard, R. H. Ives, III. "The Historical Phonology of Munsee." International Journal of American Linguistics 48(1982) :16-48. . "Against the Linguistic Evidence Claimed for Some Alogonquian Dialectal Relationships." Anthropological Linguistics 23(1981) :271-297. -. "Pyrlaeus's Nanticoke Numbers Again." Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics 6(1981) :47-49. "Other Subarctic Ojibwa and Algonquian Groups," "Holikachuk," "Technical Alphabet," "Synonymy" in the chapters "Territorial Groups Before 1821: Athapaskans of the Shield and the Mackenzie Drainage," "Subarctic Metis," "Chilcotin," "Carrier," "Kaska," "Tahltan," "Inland Tlingit," "Tagish," "Han," "Tanana," "Koyukon," "Ingalik," "Kolchan," "Tanaina," and Ahtna," in "Subarctic," ed. J. Helm. Handbook of North American Indians 6(1981) :243, 615-16, x-xi, 168, 370-71, 412, 430-31, 449- 50, 465-67, 479-80, 490-91, 511-13, 575-76, 599-600, 613-15, 622, 638-39, 661-62. W. Sturtevant, gen. ed. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press. -, linguistic ed. "Subarctic," ed. J. Helm. In Handbook of North Ameri- can Indians, 6, W. Sturtevant, gen. ed. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981. Goddard, R. H. Ives, III, and Slobodin, Richard I. "Synonymy," in the chapter "Kutchin," in "Subarctic," ed. J. Helm. Handbook of North American In- dians 6(1981) :283. W. Sturtevant, gen, ed. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press. Goddard, R. H. Ives, III, and Smith, James, G. E. "Synonymy," in the chapter "Chipewyan," in "Subarctic," ed. J. Helm. Handbook of North American Indians 6(1981) :283. W. Sturtevant, gen. ed. Washington, DC: Smithson- ian Institution Press. Hesse, Brian. "Archaeological Evidence for Muscovy Duck in Ecuador." Cur- rent Anthropology 21(1)(1980) :139-40. . "The Association of Animal Bones with Burial Features." In "The Ayalan Cemetery: A Late Integration Period Burial Site on the South Coast of Ecuador," by Douglas H. Ubelaker. Smithsonian Contributions to An- thropology 29(1981) :134-38 (Appendix I). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. -. "Searching for the Origins of Pastoralism in Northern Chile." Report on Chilean University Life 10(1981) :9-12. "Animal Domestication and Oscillating Climates." Journal of Eth- nobiology 2(1) (1982) :1-15. -. "Bias in the Zooarcheological Record: Suggestions for Interpretation of Bone Counts in Faunal Samples from the Plains." In "Plains Indian Studies: A Collection of Essays in Honor of John C Ewers and Waldo R. Wedel," eds. D. H. Ubelaker and H. J. Viola. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology 30(1982) :157-172. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. Hesse, Brian, and Wapnish, Paula. "Animal Remains from the Bab edh-Dhra Cemetery." In "The Southeastern Dead Sea Plain Expedition: An Interim Report of the 1977 Expedition," eds. W. E. Rast and R. T. Schaub. Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 46(1981) :113-36. Cambridge: American Schools of Oriental Research. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 433 Hicks, Sheila, and Sturtevant, W. C. "Junius Bird: An Appreciation." Amer- ican Fabrics and Fashions 126(1982) :11. Houchins, Chang-su. "Pon O-do wa Kim Hong-do ui p'ungsok hwajip (Smith- sonian's Bernadou Collection Introduces Korean Genre Paintings." Misul Charyo 29:58-61. Seoul: National Museum of Korea. . "Southeast Asian Ethnology Exhibit at the Smithsonian: A Critical Review." In the festschrift, Sok Chu-son paksa kohui minsokhak nonch'ong (Collection of Ethnological Papers in Honor of Professor Sok Chu-son), pp. 345-53. Seoul: Tan'guk University Press, 1982. Kaeppler, Adrienne. "The Performing Arts of Papua, New Guinea." The Sixth Festival of Asian Arts, pp. 130-35. Hong Kong: The Urban Council, 1981. . "Foreword." In Nineteenth Century Hawaiian Chant, by Elizabeth Tatar. Bishop Museum, Pacific Anthropological Records No. 34. -, ed. "Pacific Issue." In Ethnomusicology 25 (3) (September 1981). Lanouette, JoAnne. "Creationism ^ Science." In Anthro'Notes 4(1) (Winter 1982) :l-3, 13-14, eds. A. Kaupp, J. Lanouette, R. Selig. Lanouette, JoAnne. "Dancing with Gibbons: A Museum-University Partner- ship." Museum Education Roundtable 7(3) (1982) :8-9. Lanouette, JoAnne, and Selig, R. O. "Anthropology for Teachers: A Museum- University Partnership." Practicing Anthropology, Summer 1982. Lazar, George, and Schulter-Ellis, F. P. "Intramedullary Structure of Human Metacarpals." In The Year Book of Orthopedics, ed. M. B. Coventry, pp. 308-9. Chicago-London: Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc., 1981. Linn, Priscilla. "Chamula Carnival: The 'Soul' of Soul." In Celebration: Studies in Festivity and Ritual, ed. Victor Turner, pp. 190-198. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. McClellan, Catharine, and Goddard, R. H. Ives, III. "Synonymy," in the chap- ter "Tutchone," in "Subarctic," ed. J. Helm. Handbook of North American Indians 6(1981) :504-5. W. Sturtevant, gen. ed. Washington, D.C: Smith- sonian Institution Press. Meltzer, David J. "Ideology and Material Culture." In Modern Material Cul- ture Studies: The Archaeology of U.S., eds. R. A. Gould and M. B. Schiffer, pp. 113-25. New York: Academic Press, 1981. . "Paradigms Lost — Paradigms Found?" American Antiquity 46(1981): 622-25. 'A Study of Style and Function in a Class of Tools." Journal of Field Archaeology 8(3) (1981) :313-26. -. "W. H. Holmes and Folsom Finds." History of Anthropology News- letter 8(1981) -.6-8. Meggers, Betty J. "Archeological and Ethnographic Evidence Compatible with the Model of Forest Fragmentation." In Biological Diversification in the Tropics, ed. G. T. Prance, pp. 483-96. New York: Columbia University Press, 1981. . "Introducao." Aspectos da Arqueologia Amazonica, Serie Catalogos 2:5-7. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto de Arqueologia Brasileira, 1981. Meggers, Betty J., and Evans, Clifford. "La Reconstruccion de la Pre-Historia Amazonica." Amazonia Peruana 4(7) (1981) :15-29. [Translation of article published in 1973] . "Un metodo para Reconocer Comunidades Prehistoricas a Traves de la Ceramica." Museo Arqueologico de la Serena Boletin 17(1981) :14-31. [Retranslation of article published in 1980] Ortner, Donald J. "A Preliminary Report on the Human Remains from the Bab edh-Dhra Cemetery." Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 46(1981) :119-32. Ortner, Donald J., and Hunter, S. "Hematogenous Osteomyelitis in a Pre- 434 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Columbian Child's Skeleton from Maryland." MASCA Journal 1(1981): 236-38. Ortner, Donald J., and Putschar, W. G. J. "Identification of Pathological Con- ditions in Human Skeletal Remains." Smithsonian Contributions to Anthro- pology 28. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981. Parezo, Nancy J. "Economic Aspects of Navajo Sandpaintings." In "The Atlatl," eds. E. Staski and J. Andresen. Occasional Papers 2(1981) :1-12. Tucson: The University of Arizona. . "Social Interaction and Learning in the Spread of Navajo Commercial Sandpaintings." In "Navajo Religion and Culture: Selected Views, Papers in Honor of Leland C. Wyman," eds. D. M. Bruggee and J. C. Frisbie. Museum of New Mexico Papers in Anthropology 17(1982) :75-83. Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press. "Navajo Sandpaintings: The Importance of Sex Roles in Craft Pro- duction." American Indian Quarterly 8(1-2) (1982) :38-62. "Navajo Singers: Keepers of Tradition, Agents of Change." In Hos- teen Klah and Sandpainting Tapestries, ed. S. McGreevy, pp. 4-12. Santa Fe: The Wheelwright Museum, 1982. Parezo, Nancy J., and Ahlstrom, Richard V. N. Prehistoric Peoples of the Southwest. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press, 1981. Potter, Stephen R. A Review of Archeological Resources in Piscataway Park, Maryland. Washington, D.C: National Park Service, 1980. . An Analysis of Chicacoan Settlement Patterns. Ph.D. dissertation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. (Ann Arbor: University Micro- films), 1982. Savishinsky, Joel S., and Goddard, R. H. Ives, III. "Synonymy," in the chapter "Hare," in "Subarctic," ed. J. Helm. Handbook of North American Indians 6(1981) :324-25. W. Sturtevant, gen. ed. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press. Schmidt, Robert G. "High-alumina Hydrothermal Systems in Volcanic Rocks of the Carolina Slate Belt [abs.]." Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, 1982:80. Selig, Ruth O. "Anthropology in the Classroom: Perspectives and Prospects." In Teaching Anthropology to Students and Teachers: Reaching a Wider Audience, eds. R. O. Selig and P. J. Higgins, pp. 6-20. Athens, Ga.: The Anthropology Curriculum Project, University of Georgia, 1981. Selig, Ruth O., and Higgins, Patricia J., eds. Teaching Anthropology to Stu- dents and Teachers: Reaching a Wider Audience. Athens, Ga. : The Anthro- pology Curriculum Project, University of Georgia, 1981. Selig, Ruth O.; Kaupp, A.; and Lanouette, J., eds. Anthro'Notes, A News- letter for Teachers 3(3) (Fall 1981); 4(1) (Winter 1982); 4(2) (Spring 1982). Sillen, Andrew. "Postdepositional Changes in Natufian and Aurignacian Faunal Bones from Hayonim Cace." Paleorient VII(1981):2. Sillen, Andrew, and Kavanagh, Maureen. "Strontium and Paleodietary Re- search: A Review." Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 25(1982). Stanford, Dennis. "A Critical Review of Archeological Evidence Relating to the Antiquity of the Human Occupation of the New World." In "Plains Indian Studies: A Collection of Essays in Honor of John C Ewers and Waldo R. Wedel," eds. D. Ubelaker and H. Viola. Smithsonian Contribu- tions to Anthropology 30(1982) :202-218. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press. Stanford, Dennis, and Fulgham, T. "The Frasca Site: A Preliminary Report." Southwestern Lore 48(1) (1982). Stanford, Dennis, and Emery, S. "Preliminary Report on Archeological Inves- tigations at the Cattle Guard Site, Alamosa County, Colorado." South- western Lore 48(1)(1982). Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 435 Stanford, Dennis; Rancier, J.; and Hynes, G. "1981 Investigations of Lamb Spring." Southwestern Lore 48(2) (1982). Stanford, Dennis, and Briolo, F. "Frank's Site: A Study of the Folsom Occupa- tion of Blackwater Draw, New Mexico." El Paso Archeological Society Special Publication for Mark VJimberly, 1982. Stanford, Dennis, and Frison, G., eds. The Agate Basin Site Paleoindian Occu- pation of the Northwestern High Plains. New York: Academic Press, 1982. Stewart, T. D. "Ales Hrdlicka, 1869-1943." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 56(4) (1981) :347-51. . "The Evolutionary Status of the First Americans." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 56(4) (1981) :461-66. -. "Reminiscences." In "Plains Indian Studies: A Collection of Essays in Honor of John C. Ewers and Waldo R. Wedel," eds. D. H. Ubelaker and H. J. Viola. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology 30(1982) :40-46. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press. Streitz, J. M.; Aufderheide, A. C; El-Najjar, M.; and Ortner, D. J. "A 1,500- Year-Old Bladder Stone." Journal of Urology 126(1981) :452-53. Sturtevant, William C. [Testimony on the Human Rights of the Yanomami, Delivered 30 June 1981 before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.] Anthropology Newsletter 22(6) (1981) :23. . "R. F. Heizer and the Handbook of North American Indians." In Contributions of Robert F. Heizer to California Ethnohistory, eds. W. S. Simmons and P. McW. Bickel, pp. 1-5. Berkeley: Archaeological Research Facility, Department of Anthropology, University of California, 1981. "Animals and Disease in Indian Belief." In Indians, Animals, and the Fur Trade: A Critique of Keepers of the Came, ed. S. Krech III, pp. 177-88. Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press, 1981. -. "Quelques representations de canots et de pirogues, a partir du XVIIe siecle." Recherches Amerindiennes au Quebec 11(4)(1981) :297-310. "The Ethnographical Illustrations." In The Maps and Text of the Boke of Idrography Presented by Jean Rotz to Henry VIII, now in the British Library, ed. Helen Wallis, pp. 67-72. Oxford: Printed for Presenta- tion to the Members of The Roxburghe Club, 1981. -. "Patagonian Giants and Baroness Hyde de Neuville's Iroquois Draw- ings." Ethnohistory 27(4) (1982) :331-48. -, ed. "John Ridge on Cherokee Civilization in 1826." Journal of Chero- kee Studies 6(2) (1981) :79-91. -, gen. ed. "Subarctic," Vol. 6, Vol. Ed., June Helm, Handbook of North American Indians. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution, 1981. Sturtevant, William C, and Washburn, Wilcomb E. "The First Americans." American Fabrics and Fashions 123(1981) :60-64. Trousdale, William. "A Person of Desperate Fortunes," Chowkidar 2(5) (1982): 49f. London. Ubelaker, Douglas H. "Approaches to Demographic Problems in the North- east." In Foundations of Northeast Archaeology, ed. D R.. Snow, pp. 175- 194. New York: Academic Press, 1981. Ubelaker, Douglas H., and Viola, Herman J., eds. "Plains Indian Studies: A Collection of Essays in Honor of John C. Ewers and Waldo R. Wedel." 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Bohlmann, F.; Abraham, W.; King, R. M.; and Robinson, H. "Diterpenes from Koanophyllon Species." Phytochemistry 20(8) (1981) :1903-6. Bohlmann, F.; Abraham, W. R.; Robinson, H.; and King, R. M. "Heliangolides and Other Constituents from Bejaranoa semistriata." Phytochemistry 20(7) (1981) :1639-42. Bohlmann, F.; Adler, A.; King, R. M.; and Robinson, H. "Ent-labdanes from Mikania alvimii." Phytochemistry 21(1) (1982) :173-76. . "Germacranolides from Mikania grazielae." Phytochemistry 21(5) (1982) :1169-70. Bohlmann, F.; Adler, A.; Schuster, A.; Gupta, R. K.; King, R. M.; and Robin- son, H. "Diterpenes from Makania Species." Phytochemistry 20(8) (1981): 1899-1902. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 437 Bohlmann, F.; Ahmed, M.; Borthakur, N.; Wallmeyer, M.; Jakupovic, J.; King, R. M.; and Robinson, H. "Diterpenes Related to Grindelic Acid and Further Constituents from Grindela Species." Phytochemistry 21(1) (1982) :167-72. Bohlmann, F.; Ahmed, M.; Jakupovic, J.; King, R. 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M.; and Robinson, H. "Dihydrodendro- idinic Acid from Pleurocoronis pluriseta." Phytochemistry 20(10) (1981) : 2433. . "Further Prostaglandin-like Fatty Acids from Chromolaena morii." Phytochemistry 21(1) (1982) :125-27. Bohlmann, F.; Dhar, A. K.; Jakupovic, J.; King, R. M.; and Robinson, H. "A Caryophyllene Derivative from Fleischmannia pycnocephaloides." Phyto- chemistry 20(6) (1981) :1425-26. . "Two Sesquiterpene Lactones with an Additional Propiolaetone Ring from Disynaphia halimifolia." Phytochemistry 20(5) (1981) :1077-80. Bohlmann, F.; Dahr, A. K.; King, R. M.; and Robinson, H. "A Guaianolide from Cuevaria sodiroi." Phytochemistry 20(5) (1981) :1144-45. Bohlmann, F.; Gupta, R. K; Jakupovic, J.; King, R. M.; and Robinson, H. "Eudesmanolides and Heliangolides from Calea rotundifolia." Phytochem- istry 20(7) (1981) :1635-37. . "Seco-eremophilanolides from Senecio macrotis." Phytochemistry 20 (5)(1981):1155-57. Bohlmann, F.; Gupta, R. K; Jakupovic, J.; Robinson, H.; and King, R. M. "Three Germacranolides and Other Constituents from Eremanthus Species." Phytochemistry 20(7) (1981) :1609-12. Bohlmann, F.; Gupta, R. K.; King, R. M.; and Robinson, H. "Prostaglandin- like Fatty Acid Derivative from Chromolaena morii." Phytochemistry 20(6) (1981):1417-18. Bohlmann, F.; Jakupovic, J.; Ahmed, M.; Wallmeyer, M.; Robinson, H.; and King, R. M. "Labdane Derivatives from Hemizonia Species." Phytochemis- try 20(10) (1981) :2383-87. Bohlmann, F.; Jakupovic, J.; Dhar, A. K.; King, R. M.; and Robinson, H. "Two Sesquiterpene and Three Diterpene Lactones from Acanthospermum australe." Phytochemistry 20(5) (1981) :1081-83. Bohlmann, F.; Jakupovic, J.; King, R. M.; and Robinson, H. "New Germa- cranolides, Guaianolides and Rearranged Guaianolides from Lasiolaena santosii. Phytochemistry 20(7) (1981) :1613-22. . "New Labdane Derivatives from Madia sativa." Phytochemistry 21 (5)(1982):1103-7. Bohlmann, F.; Jakupovic, J.; Schuster, A.; King, R. M.; and Robinson, H. 438 / Smithsonian Year 1982 "Guaianolides and Homoditerpenes from Lasiolaena morn." Phytochemistry 21(l)(1982):161-65. Bohlmann, F.; Kramp, W.; Grenz, M.; Robinson, H.; and King, R. M. "Diter- penes from Baccharis Species." Phytochemistry 20(8) (1981) :1907-13. Bohlmann, F.; Kramp, W.; Gupta, R. K.; King, R. M.; and Robinson, H. "Four Guaianolides and Other Constituents from Three Kaurtia Species." Phytochemistry 20(10) (1981) -.2375-78. Bohlmann, F.; Kramp, W.; Jakupovic, J.; Robinson, H.; and King, R. M. "Diterpenes from Baccharis Species." Phytochemistry 21 (2) (1982) :399-403. Bohlmann, F.; Kramp, W.; Robinson, H.; and King, R. M. "A Norsequiter- pene from Senecio humillimus." Phytochemistry 20(7) (1981) :1739-40. Bohlmann, F.; Miiller, L.; Gupta, R. K.; King, R. M.; and Robinson, H. "Hirsutinolides from Vernonia Species." Phytochemistry 20(9) (1981): 2233-37. Bohlmann, F.; Miiller, L.; King, R. M.; and Robinson, H. "A Guaianolide and Other Constituents from Lychnophora Species." Phytochemistry 20(5) (1981) :1149-51. Bohlmann, F.; Singh, P.; Jakupovic, J.; King, R. M; and Robinson, H. "Three Cadinene Derivatives and a Prostaglandin-like Acid from Chromolaena Species." Phytochemistry 21(2) (1982) :371-74. Bohlmann, F.; Singh, P.; Jakupovic, J.; Robinson, H.; and King, R. M. "An Epoxygermacranolide and Further Constituents from Mikania Species." Phytochemistry 21 (3) (1982) :705-7. Bohlmann, F.; Singh, P.; King, R. M.; and Robinson, H. "New Guaianolides from Pseudostifftia kingii." Phytochemistry 21 (5) (1982) :1171-72. Bohlmann, F.; Singh, P.; Robinson, H.; and King, R. M. "Epi-ilicic Acid from Alcantara ekmaniana. Phytochemistry 21(2)(1982) :456-57. Bohlmann, F.; Suwita, A.; Jakupovic, J.; King, R. M; and Robinson, H. "Trixikingolides and Germacrene Derivatives from Trixis Species." Phyto- chemistry 20(7) (1981) :1649-55. Bohlmann, F.; Suwita, A.; Robinson, H.; and King, R. M. 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Smith, L. B. "Xyris tillettii L. B. Smith." In "Contribuciones a la Flora del Cerro Marahuaca, Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela," eds. S. S. Til- lett and J. A. Steyermark. Ernstia No. 9(1982) :3-4. Smith, L. B.; Wasshausen, D. C; and Klein, R. M. "Gramineas, pt. 1." Flora llustrada Catarinense pt. 1, fasc. gram. Pt. 1(1981) :l-435, pi. 1-99. Solt, M. L., and Wurdack, J. J. "Polygalaceae. Documented Chromosome Number Reports LXXII." Taxon 30(1981) :694. Soderstrom, T. R. "Cryptochloa dressleri (Poaceae), a New Bambusoid Grass from Panama." Brittonia 34(1982) :25-28. . "The Grass Subfamily Centostecoideae." Taxon 30(3) (1981) :614-16. . "New Species of Cryptochloa and Piresia (Poaceae: Bambusoideae)." Brittonia 34(2) (1982) :199-209. . "Observations on a Fire-Adapted Bamboo of the Brazilian Cerrado, Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 443 Actinocladum verticillatum (Poaceae: Bambusoideae)." American Journal of Botany 68(9) (1981) :1200-1211. "Olmeca, a New Genus of Bamboos with Fleshy Fruits." American Journal of Botany 68(1981) :1361-74. "Some Evolutionary Trends in the Bambusoideae." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 68(1981) :15-47. -. "Sucrea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae), a New Genus from Brazil." Brit- tonia 33(2) (1981) :198-213. "Validation of the Generic Name Olmeca and Its Two Species (Poaceae: Bambusoideae)." Phytologia 51(1982) :161. Stoddart, D. R., and Fosberg, F. R. "Bird and Denis Islands, Seychelles." Atoll Research Bulletin no. 252(1981) :l-55. . "Species-Area Relationships on Small Islands: Floristic Data from Belizean Sand Cays." In "The Atlantic Barrier Reef Ecosystems at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize 1: Structure and Communities," eds. K. Reutzler and I. G. Macintyre, pp. 527-39. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences 12. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. 'Topographic and Floristic Changes, Dry Tortugas, Florida." Atoll Research Bulletin no. 253(1981) :l-76. Stoddart, D. R.; Fosberg, F. R.; and Sachet, M.-H. "Ten Years of Change on Glover's Reef Cays." Atoll Research Bulletin no. 257(1982) :l-38. Stoddart, D. R.; Fosberg, F. R.; and Spellman, D. L. "Cays of the Belize Reef and Lagoon." Atoll Research Bulletin no. 256(1982) :l-76. Taylor, P. R., and Littler, M. M. "The Roles of Compensatory Mortality, Physical Disturbance, and Retention of Substrate in the Development and Organization of a Sand-influenced Rocky-intertidal Community." Ecology 63(1) (1982) :135-46. Wurdack, J. J. "Certamen Melastomataceis XXXIII." Phytologia 49(2) (1981): 147-58. . "Certamen Melastomataceae XXXIV." Phytologia 50(5) (1982) :297-308. . "Three Species of Tibouchina (Melastomataceae) from Bahia, Brazil." Brittonia 33(3) (1981) :304-8. Department of Entomology Burns, John M. "The Winter's Springtail." Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 25(1) (1981) :92. "Lychnuchoides frappenda from Central Mexico Joins lunus and zweifeli in a lunus Group of Atrytonopsis (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae)." Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 84(1982) :547-67. Cartwright, Oscar L., and Spangler, Paul J. "A New Ataenius from the Socorro Islands, Mexico (Coleoptera; Scarabaeidae; Aphodiinae)." Pro- ceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 83(4) (1981) :785-89. Davis, Don R. "Jackh Collection of Microlepidoptera to the Smithsonian." Journal of the Lepidopterist Society 35(2) (1981) :160. . "A Survey of Chilean Insect Fauna." Report on Chilean University Life, No. 11, Fall (1981):11-12. Davis, Don R., and Neilsen, E. W. "A Revision of the Neotropical Incur- variidae Sen. Str., with the Description of Two New Genera and Two New Species." Steenstrupia 7(3) (1981) :25-57. Emerson, K. C. "Status of Five Species of Mallophaga Described by M. A. Carriker, Jr." Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washing- ton 83(1981) :137-39. Emerson, K. C, and Price, Roger D. "A Host-Parasite List of Mallophaga on Mammals." Entomological Society of America Miscellaneous Publications, 12(1) (1981) :72. 444 / Smithsonian Year 1982 . "A New Species of Suricatoecus (Mallophaga: Trichodectidae) from Fennec Fox (Fennecus zerda) from Egypt, with a key to the recognized species." Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 54(1981) -.673-77. Erwin, Terry L. "A Synopsis of the Immature Stages of Pseudomorphini (Coleoptera: Carabidae) with Notes on Tribal Affinities and Behavior in Relation to Life with Ants." Coleopterists Bulletin 35(1) (1981) :53-68. . "Natural History of Plummers Island, Maryland. XXVI. The Ground Beetles of a Temperate Forest Site (Coleoptera: Carabidae): An Analysis of Fauna in Relation to Size, Habitat, Selection, Vagility, Seasonality, and Extinction." Bulletin of Biological Society of Washington 5(1981) :105-224. "Agra, Arboreal Beetles of Neotropical Forests: erythropus Group Systematics (Carabidae)." Systematic Entomology 7(1982) :39-71. -. "Agra, Arboreal Beetles of Neotropical Forests: platyscelis Group Systematics (Carabidae)." Systematic Entomology 7(1982) :185-210. -. "Canopy Beetles: Clarification of Heat Gain and Water Loss." Coleopterists Bulletin 35(3) (1982) :315-16. -. "Small Terrestrial Ground Beetles of Central America (Carabidae: Bembidiina and Anillina)." Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 42(19) (1982) :455-96. Erwin, Terry L., and Adis, Joachim. "Amazon Inundation Forests: Their Role as Short-term Refuses and Generators of Species Richness and Taxon Pulses." In Biological Diversification in the Tropics, ed. G. Prance, pp. 358- 371. New York: Columbia University Press, 1982. Erwin, T. L., and Kavanaugh, D. H. "Systematics and Zoogeography of Bembidion Latreille: I. The carlhi and erasum Groups of Western North America (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Bembidiini)." Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement 15(1981) :33-72. Erwin, T. L., and Scott, J. C. "Seasonal and Size Patterns, Trophic Structure, and Richness of Coleoptera in the Tropical Arboreal Ecosystem: The Fauna of the Tree Luehea seemannii Triana and Planch in the Canal Zone of Panama." Coleopterists Bulletin 34(3) (1981) :305-22. Farhang-Azad, A.; Wisseman, C. L., Jr.; and Traub, R. "Studies on Murine Typhus Rickettsiae and Xenopsylla cheopis Fleas." In Rickettsiae and Rickettsial Diseases, eds. W. Burgdorfer and R. L. Anaker, pp. 363-73. New York: Academic Press, Inc. Flint, Oliver S., Jr. "Trichoptera." In Aquatic Biota of Tropical South Amer- ica, Part 1: Arthropoda, eds. S. H. Hurlbert, G. Rodriguez, and N. D. San- tos. San Diego, California: San Diego State University, 1981. . "Studies of Neotropical Caddisflies, XXVII: Anomalopsychidae, a New Family of Trichoptera." Proceedings of the Third International Sym- posium on Trichoptera (1981) :75-85. -. "Studies of Neotropical Caddisflies, XXXI: Five New Species from Argentina (Trichoptera)." Entomological News 93(1982) :43-47. Froeschner, Richard C, and Halpin, L. "Heteroptera Recently Collected in the Ray Mountains in Alaska." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 94(2)(1981) :423-26. Heppner, John B. "Two New Dichrorampha (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) from Florida." Florida Entomologist 64(1981) :271-76. . "Revision of the New Genus Diploschizia (Lepidoptera: Glyphipteri- gidae) for North America." Florida Entomologist 64(1981) :309-36. "Neomachlotica, a New Genus of Glyphipterigidae (Lepidoptera)." Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 83(1981) :479-88. "Acleris maccana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae); Distribution Notes and a New Record for Virginia." Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 83(1981) :802-3. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 445 . "The Dates of E. J. C. Esper's Die Schmetterlinge in Abbildungen . . .," 1776-(1830). Archives of Natural History 10(1981) :251-54. "A New Tortyra from Cocos Island, Costa Rica (Lepidoptera: Cho- reutidae)." Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 19(1981) :196-98. "Synopsis of the Glyphipterigidae (Lepidoptera: Copromorphoidea) of the World." Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 84(1982) -.38-66. 'A World Catalog of Genera Associated with the Glyphipterigidae Auctorum (Lepidoptera)." Journal of the New York Entomological Society 89(1982) :22-294. -. "Millieriinae, a New Subfamily of Choreutidae (Lepidoptera: Sesio- idea)." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 370. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. -. "Description of a New Cydia (Tortricidae) from Southern Florida and Cuba." Journal of the Lepidoptera Society 35(1982) :278-280. -. "Dates of Selected Literature of Lepidoptera for the Western Hemi- sphere Fauna." Journal of the Lepidoptera Society 35(1982) :135-59. Heppner, John B., and Duckworth, W. Donald. "Classification of the Super- family Sesioidea (Lepidoptera: Ditrysia)." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 314. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981. . Addendum to "Classification of the Superfamily Sesioidea." Journal of the Lepidoptera Society 36(1982) :101-2. Huang, Yiau-Min. "A Redescription of Aedes (Stegomyia) calceatus Edwards and Description of a New Afrotropical Species, Aedes (Stegomyia) ledgeri (Diptera: Culicidae)." Mosquito Systematics 13(1) (1981) :92-113. Huang, Yiau-Min, and Ward, R. A. "A Pictorial Key for the Identification of the Mosquitoes Associated with Yellow Fever in Africa." Mosquito Systematics 13(2) (1982) :138-49. Krombein, Karl V. "Biosystematic Studies of Ceylonese Wasps, VII: A Mono- graph of the Philanthidae (Hymenoptera: Sphecoidea)." Smithsonian Con- tributions to Zoology No. 343. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981. Lakshminarayana, K. V. and Emerson, K. C. "Evolutionary Trend in Two Sympatric Species of Goniocotes (Phthiraptera: Ischnocerophthirana) with Remarks on Host Phylogeny." Bulletin of the Zoological Society of India 1(1978) :151-56. . "The Smithsonian Insect Project in Sri Lanka, 1969-1975." Spolia Zeylanica, 35(1981) :119-35. Mathis, Wayne N. "Proposed Use of the Plenary Powers to Grant Precedence to the Family-group Name Ephydridae Over Hydrelliidae (Diptera)." Bulle- tin of Zoological Nomenclature 38(3) (1981): 201-4. . "Ephydridae." In Aquatic Biota of Tropical South America, ed. S. H. Hurlbert, pp. 312—16. San Diego, California: University of San Diego Press, 1981. "Studies of Ephydrinae (Diptera: Ephydridae), VI: Review of the Tribe Dagini." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 345. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. -. "Studies of Canacidae (Diptera), I: Suprageneric Revision of the Family, with Revisions of New Tribe Dynomiellini and New Genus Isocanace." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 347. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. "Studies of Ephydrinae (Diptera: Ephydridae), VII: Revision of the Genus Setacera Cresson." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 350. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. . "Canacidae of Israel, with a Review of the Palaearctic Species of the 446 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Genus Canace Haliday (Diptera)." Entomologica Scandinavica 13(1982): 57-66. Mathis, Wayne N., and Wirth, Willis W. "Hydrellia tritici (Diptera: Ephydri- dae), New to Hawaii." Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 23(3) (1981) -.371-73. McElravy, E. P.; Resh, V. H.; Wolda, H.; and Flint, O. S., Jr. "Diversity of Adult Trichoptera in a "Non-Seasonal" Tropical Environment." Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Trichoptera (1981) :149-56. Oniki, Yoshika, and Emerson, K. C, "A New Species of Picicola (Mallo- phaga, Philopteridae) from the Crescent-chested Puffbird, Malacoptila striata (Spix) (Piciformes, Bucconidae)." Revista Brasileira de Biologia 41(1981) :511-13. Penny, Norman D., and Flint, Oliiver S., Jr. "A Revision of the Genus Chloronia (Neuroptera:CorydaIidae)." Smithsonian Contriutions to Zoology No. 348. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Solomon, J. C., and Froeschner, R. C. "Notes on Food Resources and Behav- ior of the Family Coreidae (Hemiptera) in a Semi-deciduous Tropical Forest." Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 83(3) (1981:428-31. Spangler, Paul J. "Sphaeriidae in Mollusca and Insecta: Comments on Proposal to Remove the Homonymy. Z. N. (S)1892 (see Bull. Zool. Nom., 32:60-62,201-204)." Bulletin Zoological Nomenclature 38(3) (1981) :157-61. . "Two New Genera of Phraetic Elmid Beetles from Haiti; One Eyeless and One with Reduced Eyes (Coleoptera: Elmidae)." Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde (Contriutions to Zoology) (Amsterdam), 51 (2) (1981) :1-13. "Supplement to the Aquatic and Semiaquatic Coleoptera of Cuba Collected by the Academies of Science of Cuba and Romania." Resultats des Expeditions Biospeologiques Cubano-Roumaines a Cuba 3(1981) :145-71. Spangler, Paul J., and Brown, Harley P. "Discovery of Hydora, a hitherto Australian-New Zealand Genus of Riffle Beetle in South America (Coleop- tera: Elmidae)." Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 83(4)(1981):596-606. Spangler, Paul J., and Huacuja, Aurea. "Deltostethus scitulus, a New Hydro- philid Beetle from Mexico (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae)." Entomological News 93(1) (1982) :l-7. Spangler, Paul J., and Vega, Alberto. "The First Record of Hydrovatus horni Crotch from the Antilles with Notes on Its Known Distribution and Status (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)." Entomological News 93(2) (1982) :37-41. Thompson, F. C, and Mathis, Wayne N. [Book Reviews] A Catalogue of Diptrea of the Afrotropical Region by the British Museum (Natural History), Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 27(3) (1981): 230-31. Traub, R., and Jellison, W. L. "Evolutionary and Biogeographic History and the Phylogeny of Vectors and Reservoirs as Factors in the Transmission of Diseases from Other Animals to Man. In Rickettsiae and Rickettsial Diseases, eds. W. Burgadorfer and R. L. Anacker, pp. 517-46. New York: Academic Press, Inc., 1981. Department of Invertebrate Zoology Barnard, J. L. "The Genus Rhepoxynius (Phoxocephalidae, Amphipoda, Crus- tacea) in American Seas." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology no. 357. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. "Redescription of Iphiplateia whiteleggei, a New Guinea Marine Amphipod." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 94(1982) 1211-18. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 447 Barnard, J. L., and Barnard, C. M. "The Amphipoda Genera Eobrolgus and Eyakia (Crustacea :Phoxocephalidae) in the Pacific Ocean." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 94(1981) :295-313. Barnard, J. L., and Clark, J. "Huarpe escofeti, New Genus, New Species, a Burrowing Marine Amphipod from Argentina (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Urohaustoriidae)." Journal of Crustacean Biology 2(1982) :281-95. Barnard, J. L., and Clark, J. "Puelche orensanzi, New Genus, New Species, a Phoxocephalopsid Amphipod from the Shores of Argentina (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Phoxocephalopsidae)." Journal of Crustacean Biology 2(1982): 261-72. Barnard, J. L., and Drummond, M. M. "Three Corophioids (Crustacea: Amphi- poda) from Western Port, Victoria." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 93(1981) :31-41. Barnard, J. L., and Karaman, G. S. "Classificatory Revisions in Gammaridean Amphipoda (Crustacea), Part 2." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 95(1982) :167-87. Bayer, Frederick M. "On Some Genera of Stoloniferous Octocorals (Coelen- terata: Anthozoa), with Descriptions of New Taxa." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 94(3)1981) :878-901. . "Key to the Genera of Octocorallia Exclusive of Pennatulacea (Coe- lenterata: Anthozoa), with Descriptions of New Taxa." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington (94(1981) :902-47. "Some New and Old Species of the Primnoid Genus Callogorgia Gray, with a Revalidation of the Related Genus Fanellia Cray (Coelen- terata: Anthozoa)." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 95(1) (1982) :116-60. -. "Status of Knowledge of Octocorals of World Seas." Seminarios de Biologia Marinha. Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, Rio de Janeiro, 1981: 3-11. . "Utilization and Conservation of Plexaura homomalla." Seminarios de Biologia Marinha. Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, Rio de Janeiro, 1982: 13-17. -. "Recent Advances in Research on Octocorals." Seminarios de Biologia Marinha. Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, Rio de Janeiro, 1981:19-28. "Bibliography of Octocorallia 1469-1977." Seminarios de Biologia Marinha. Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, Rio de Janeiro, 1981 :29-102. Black, J. J.; Harshbarger, J.; Zeigel, R. F.; and Bock, F. G. "Tumors in Fish from a Copper Contaminated Lake." Proceedings of the Seventy-second Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research and Seventieth Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 22(1982) :134. Bowman, T. E. "Calasellus longus, a New Genus and Species of Troglobitic Asellid from Shaver Lake, California (Crustacea: Isopoda: Asellidae)." Pro- ceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 94(3)1982) :866-72. . "Cephalocarida" and "Mystacocarida." In Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms, vol. 2, ed. Sybil P. Parker, pp. 174 and 202. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1982. "Speocirolana pubens and S. endica, New Troglobitic Isopod Crus- taceans from Mexico (Flabellifera: Cirolanidae)." Association for Mexican Cave Studies Bulletin 8(1982) :13-23. "Three New Stenasellid Isopods from Mexico (Crustacea: Asellota)." Association for Mexican Cave Studies Bulletin 8(1982) :25-38. Bowman, T. E., and Abele, Lawrence G. "Classification of the Recent Crus- tacea." In Biology of the Crustacea, ed. Dorothy E. Bliss, vol. 1, Chap. 1, pp. 1-27. New York: Academic Press, 1982. Bowman, T. E.; Bruce, Neil, L.; and Standing, Jon D. "Recent Introduction 448 / Smithsonian Year 1982 of the Cirolanid Isopod Crustacean Cirolana arcuata into San Francisco Bay." Journal of Crustacean Biology 1(4) (1981) :545-57. Bowman, T. E.; Cohen, Anne C; and McGuinness, Maura McManus. "Verti- cal Distribution of Themisto gaudichaudii (Amphidopa: Hyperiidea) in Deepwater Dumpsite 106 off the Mouth of Delaware Bay." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology no. 351. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institu- tion Press, 1982. Bowman, T. E., and McGuinness, Maura McManus. "Epipelagic Amphipods from the International Indian Ocean Expedition, 1959-1965." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology no. 359. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institu- tion Press, 1982. Bruce, Niel L., and Bowman, T. E. "The Status of Cirolana parva Hansen, 1890 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) with Notes on Its Distribution." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 95(2)(1982) :325-33. Cairns, S. D. "Antarctic and Subantarctic Scleractinia." Antarctic Research Series 34(1982) :l-74. . "Stony Corals of Carrie Bow Cay, Belize." In Smithsonian Contribu- tions to Zoology no. 12, pp. 271-302. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Insti- tution Press, 1982. -. "A New Subfamily of Operculate Stylasterine from the Subantarctic." Journal of Natural History 16(1)71-81. Cavanaugh, Colleen M.; Gardiner, Stephen L.; Jones, Meredith L.; Jannasch, Holgar W.; and Waterbury, John B. "Prokaryotic Cells in the Hydrothermal Vent Tube Worm Riftia pachyptila Jones: Possible Chemautotrophic Sym- bionts." Science 213(1981) :340-41. Child, C A. "Deep-Sea Pycnogonida from the North and South Atlantic Basins." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology no. 349. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. . "Pycnogonida from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize." In "The Atlantic Bar- rier Reef Ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, 1 : Structure and Commu- nities," pp. 355-80. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology no. 12. Wash- ington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. -. "Pycnogonida of the Western Pacific Islands I. The Marshall Islands." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 95(2)(1982) :270-81. Child, C. A., and Nakamura, K. "A Gynandromorph of the Japanese Pycnogo- nid Anoplodactylus gestiens (Ortmann)." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 95(2) (1982) :289-92. Cohen, Anne C. "Ostracoda." In Synopsis and Classification of Living Orga- nisms, ed. S. P. Parker, pp. 181-202. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1982. Cressey, R. "Revision of Indo-West Pacific Lizardfishes of the Genus Synodus (Pisces: Synodontidae)." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 342. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981. . "A New Genus of Bomolochid Copepod from Indo-West Pacific Nemipterid Fishes." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 95(2) (1981) :503-12. Dawe, C J.; Harshsbarger, J. C; Kondo, S.; Sugimura, T.; and Takayama, S., eds. Phyletic Approaches to Cancer: Proceedings of the Eleventh Interna- tional Symposium of the Princess Takamatsu Cancer Research Fund, Tokyo, 1980. Tokyo: Japan Scientific Societies Press, 1981. Deiss, William A., and Manning, Raymond B. "The Fate of the Invertebrate Collections of the North Pacific Exploring Expedition." In History in the Service of Systematics, eds. Alwyne Wheeler and James H. Price, pp. 79-85. London: Society for the Bibliography of Natural History, 1981. Fauchald, Kristian. "Two New Species of Onuphis from Uruguay." Proceed- ings of the Biological Society of Washington 95(1) (1982) :203-9. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 449 . "Some Species of Onuphis (Onuphidae: Polychaeta) from the Atlan- tic Ocean." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 95(2) (1982) :237-49. "Revision of Onuphis, Nothria, and Paradiopatra (Polychaeta: Onu- phidae) Based upon Type-material." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 356. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Harshberger, John C. "Closing Remarks." In Phyletic Approaches to Cancer: Proceedings of the Eleventh International Symposium of the Princess Taka- matsu Cancer Research Fund, Toyko, 1980, eds. C. J. Dawe, J. C. Harsh- barger, S. Kondo, T. Sugimura, and S. Takayama, pp. 385-89. Tokyo: Japan Scientific Societies Press, 1981. . "Epizootiology of Leukemia and Lymphoma in Poikilotherms." 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Smithsonian Contribu- tions to Zoology No. 318. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981. . "A New Crayfish (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the State of Puebla, Mexico, with New Locality Records for Procambarus (Villalobosus) xochit- lanae and Entocytherid Ostracod Symbionts." Association for Mexican Cave Studies Bulletin, 8:39-44; Texas Memorial Museum Bulletin 28(1981): 39-44. Austin, Texas: The Speleo Press. Hobbs, Horton H., Jr., and Grubbs, Andrew G. "Description of a New Trog- lobitic Crayfish from Mexico and a List of Mexican Crayfishes Reported Since the Publication of the Villalobos Monograph (1955) (Decapoda, Cam- baridae)." Association for Mexican Cave Studies Bulletin, 8:45-50; Texas Memorial Museum Bulletin 28(1981) :45-50. Austin, Texas: The Speleo Press. Hoover, K. L.; Harshbarger, J. C; Lee, C. W.; Banfield, W.; and Chang, S. C. "Intranuclear Inclusion Bodies within Neurons of Spinal and Cranial Gan- glia in Three Cyprinodont Species." 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"Infraspecific Geographic Variation and the Subspecies Concept." The Auk 99(3) (1982) :606-8. Zusi, Richard L., and Bridge, David. "One the Slit Pupil of the Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger)." Journal of Field Ornithology 52(4) (1981) :338-40. Zusi, Richard L., and Bentz, Gregory Dean. "Variation of a Muscle in Hum- mingbirds and Swifts and Its Systematic Implications." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 95(2) (1982) :412-20. Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center Ferrari, F. 1981. Oithona wellershausi, New Species, and O. spinulosa Lind- berg 1950 (Copepoda:Cyclopoida:Oithonidae) from the mouth of the Pearl River, China. Proceedings, Biological Society of Washington 94(4) :1244-57. Hendler, G., and Franz, D. R. The Biology of a Brooding Seastar, Leptasterias tenera, in Block Island Sound. Biological Bulletin 162(1982) :273-89. Hendler, G., and Meyer, D. L. Ophiuroids flagrante delicto and Notes on the Spawning Behavior of Other Echinoderms in Their Natural Habitat. Bulletin of Marine Science 32(1982) :600-7. . An Association of a Polychaete, Branchiosyllis exilis, with an Ophiuroid, Ophiocoma echinata, in Panama. Bulletin of Marine Science 32(1982). Knapp, Leslie W. "Percophididae. Duckbills." and "Platycephalidae. Flat- heads." In FAO Species Identification Sheets for Fishery Purposes. Eastern Central Atlantic Fishing Area 34, ed. Walther Fischer, 1981. Landrum, B. J. Antarctic Biological Collections. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., 1981 Review, 16(5)(1982) :231. Menez, E. G., and Mathieson, A. "The Marine Algae of Tunisia." Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences no. 10. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981. Handbook of North American Indians Scherer, Joanna C. "Repository Sources of Subarctic Photographs." Arctic Anthropology 18(2) :1-16. 464 / Smithsonian Year 1982 . "Historical Photographs of the Subarctic: A Resource for Future Research." Arctic Anthropology 18(2) :59-65. Smithsonian Marine Station at Link Port Buzas, M. A. "Regulation of Foraminiferal Densities by Predation in the Indian River, Florida." Journal of Foraminiferal Research 12(1) (1982) -.66-71. Factor, Jan Robert. "Unusually Complex Basement Membranes in the Midgut of Two Decapod Crustaceans, The Stone Crab (Menippe mercenaria) and the Lobster (Homarus americanus)." Anatomical Record 200(1981) :253-58. . "Development and Metamorphosis of the Feeding Apparatus of the Stone Crab, Menippe mercenaria (Brachyura: Xanthidae)." Journal of Morphology 172(3) (1982) :299-312. Houbrick, Richard S. "Anatomy of Diastoma melanioides (Reeve, 1849) with Remarks on the Systematic Position of the Family Diastomatidae (Proso- branchia: Gastropoda)." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washing- ton 94(2) (1981) :598-621. . "Anatomy, Biology and Systematics of Campanile symbolicum with Reference to Adaptive Radiation of the Cerithracea (Gastropoda: Proso- branchia)." Malacologia, 21 (1-2) (1981) :263-89. Mikkelsen, Paula M. "Studies on Euphasiacean Crustaceans from the Indian River Region of Florida. I. Systematics of the Stylocheiron longicorne Species-group, with Emphasis on Reproductive Morphology." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 94(4) (1981) :1174-1204. Pawson, D. L., and Miller, J. E. "Western Atlantic Sea Cucumbers of the Genus Thy one, with Description of Two New Species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 92(2) (1981) :391-403. Pilger, John F. "The Ultrastructure of the Tentacles of Themiste lageniformis (Sipuncula)." Zoomorphology 100(1982) :143-56. Reed, C. G., and Woollacott, R. M. "Mechanisms of Rapid Morphogenetic Movements in the Metamorphosis of the Bryozoan Bugula neritina (Cheilo- stomata, Cellularioidea). I. Attachment to the Substratum." Journal of Morphology 172(1982) :335-48. Reed, John K.; Gore, Robert H.; Scotto, Liberia E.; and Wilson, Kim A. "Community Composition, Structure, Areal and Trophic Relationships of Decapods Associated with Shallow- and Deep-Water Oculina varicosa Coral Reefs: Studies on Decapod Crustacea from the Indian River Region of Florida, XXIV." Bulletin of Marine Science 32(3) (1982) :761-86. Rice, M. E. "Sipuncula." In Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms, ed. S. P. Parker, pp. 67-69. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1982. Rice, M. E., and Macintyre, I. E. "Distribution of Sipuncula in the Coral Reef Community. In The Atlantic Barrier Reef Ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize 1: Structure and Communities, ed. K. Riitzler and I. G. Mac- intyre, pp. 311-20. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences No. 12. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Scotto, Liberta E., and Gore, Robert H. "Studies on Decapod Crustacea from the Indian River Region of Florida XXIII. The Zoeal Stages of the Coral Gall-forming Crab Troglocarcinus corallicola Verrill, 1908 (Brachyura: Hapalocarcinidae) Cultured in the laboratory with a Consideration of the Systematic Position of the Family." Journal of Crustaean Biology 1(4) (1981) :486-505. Severin, K. P., and Eraskian, M. G. "Laboratory Experiments on the Vertical Movement of Quinqueloculina impressa (Reuss) through Sand." Foramini- feral Research 11(1981) :133-36. Stevcic, Zdravko, and Gore, Robert H. "Are the Oxyrhyncha a Natural Group?" Thalassia Jugoslavia 17(1) (1981) :1-16. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 465 Van Dover, C. L.; Factor, J. R.; and Gore, R. H. "Developmental Patterns of Larval Scaphognathites: An Aid to the Classification of Anomuran and Brachyuran Crustacea." Journal of Crustacean Biology 2(1) (1982) :48-53. Winston, J. E., and Eiseman, N. J. "Bryozoan-Algal Associations in Coastal and Continental Shelf Waters of Eastern Florida." Florida Scientist 43(1980) -.65-74. Winston, Judith E. "Marine Bryozoans of the Indian River Area (Florida)." Bulletin of American Museum of Natural History 173(2) (1982) :100-176. NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK Animal Health and Pathology Bush, R. M. "Diagnostic Avian Laparoscopy." Recent Advances in the Study of Raptor Diseases (1981) :97-100. -. "Avian Fracture Repair Using External Fixation." Recent Advances in the Study of Raptor Diseases (1981) :83-93. Bush, R. M.; Povey, R.; and Koonse, Howard. "Antibody Response to an Inactivated Vaccine for Rhinotracheitis, Caliciviral Disease, and Panleu- kopenia in Nondomestic Felids." Journal of the American Veterinary Asso- ciation 179(1) (1980) :1203-5. Bush, R. M.; Custer, R. S.; Whitla, J. C; and Smith, E. E. "Hematologic Values of Captive Golden Lion Tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) : Varia- tions with Sex, Age, and Health Status." Laboratory Animal Science 32(3) (1982) :294-97. Bush, R. M.; Locke, D.; Neal, L. A.; Carpenter, J. W. "Gentamicin Tissue Concentration in Various Avian Species Following Recommended Dosage Therapy." American Journal of Veterinary Research 42(12) (1981) :2114-16. Janssen, D. L., and Bush, R. M. "The Microcomputer as an Aid to Medical Records Management." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation, Wildlife Issue 181(1982). Janssen, D. L.; Hammock, M. K.; Davis, D. O.; and Bush, R. M. "Cranial Computed Tomography in the Evaluation of Neurologic Disorders in Two Nonhuman Primates." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation 179(11) (1981) :1245-46. Loomis, M. R.; O'Neill, T.; Bush, R. M.; and Montali, R. J. "Fatal Herpes- virus Infection in Patas Monkeys and a Black and White Colobus Monkey." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 179(11)(1981) : 1236-39. Mann, P. C; Bush, R. M.; Janssen, D. L.; Frank, E. S.; and Montali, R. J. "Clinicopathologic Correlations of Tuberculosis in Large Zoo Animals." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 179(11)(1981) : 1123-29. Mann, P. C; Montali, R. J.; and Bush, R. M. [Abstract] "Tuberculous Osteomyelitis in Captive Marsupials." Laboratory Investigation 46(5lA) (1982). Montali, R. J.; Bush, R. M.; Strandberg, J.; Janssen, D. L.; Boness, D. J.; and Whitla, J. C. "Cyclic Dermatitis Associated with Fusarium sp. Infection in Pinnipeds." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 179(11) (1981) =1198-1202. Montali, R. J., and Mann, P. C. "Selected Diseases of Zoo Animals." Training Aid Issue (C. L. Davis Foundation) XI(1981) :1-17. Montali, R. J.; Mann, P. C; Jones, D. M.; Griner, L. A.; Kuen, G. R.; Narushima, E.; and Bush, R. M. "Leiomyomas in the Genital Tract of Large Zoo Mammals." Sonderdruck aus Verhandlungsbericht des XXIV, International Symposiums uber die Erkrankugen der Zootiere, Veszprem 1982:117-122. 466 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Randolph, J.; Bush, R. M.; Abramowitz, M.; Kleiman, D.; and Montali, R. J. "Surgical Correction of Familial Diaphragmatic Hernia of Morgagni in the Golden Lion Tamarin." Journal of Pediatric Surgery 16(3) (1981) :396-400. Robinson, P. T.; and Bush, R. M. "Clinical and Pathologic Aspects of Pul- monary Acariasis in Douc Langur and Proboscis Monkeys." Der Zoologi- sche Garten N. F., Jena 51(1981) :161-69. Wildt, D. E.; Chakraborty, P. K.; Cambre, R. C; Howard, J. G.; and Bush, R. M. "Laparoscopic Evaluation of the Reproductive Organs and Abdominal Cavity Content of the Lowland Gorilla." American Journal of Primatology 2(1982) :29-42. Zoological Research Berger, J. "The Role of Risks in Mammalian Combat: Zebra and Onager Fights." Zeitschrift Fur Tierpsychologie 56(4) (1981) :297-304. Biben, M. "Object Play and Social Treatment of Prey in Bush Dogs and Crab-eating Foxes." Behaviour 79(1982) :201-11. Biben, M. "Ontogeny of Social Behaviour Related to Feeding in the Crab- eating Fox (Cerdocyonthous) and the Bush Dog (Speothos venaticus)." Journal of Zoology (London) 196(1982) :207-16. Bonney, R. C; Wood, D. J.; and Kleiman, D. G. "Endocrine Correlates of Behavioral Estrus in the Female Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and Associated Hormonal Changes in the Males." Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 64(1982) :209-15. Brady, C. A. "The Vocal Repertoires of the Bush Dog (Speothos venaticus), Crab-eating Fox (Cerdocyon thous), and Maned Wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)." Animal Behaviour 29(1981) :649-69. Brownell, R. L., Jr., and Ralls, K., eds. "The West Indian Manatee in Florida." Proceedings of a Workshop Held in Orlando, Florida, March 27-29, 1978. Florida Department of Natural Resources, 1981. Davidar, P. "Similarity Between Flowers and Fruits in some Flower-pecker Pollinated Mistletoes." Biotropica 1982. Dierenfeld, E. S.; Hintz, H. F.; Robertson, J. B.; Van Soest, P. J.; and Oftedal, O. T. "Utilization of Bamboo by the Giant Panda." American Institute of Nutrition (1982) :636-41. Dittus, W. "Primate Population Analysis." In Techniques for the Study of Primate Population Ecology. Primate Subcommittee on Conservation of Natural Populations, National Research Council. Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1981. . "Aging, Sexing, and Identifying Individual Primates Under Natural Conditions." In Techniques for the Study of Primate Population Ecology. Primate Subcommittee on Conservation of Natural Populations, National Research Council. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1981. Eisenberg, J. F. "Behavioral Adaptations of Higher Vertebrates to Tropical Forests." In Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems, Ecosystems of the World, ed. F. B. Golley, 14A, pp. 267-78, Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, 1982. . "Review of Tenrecidea." In Mammal Species of the World, by Asso- ciation for Systematics Collections, pp. 58—62. Lawrence, Kansas: Allen Press, 1982. Farabaugh, S. M. "The Ecological and Social Significance of Duetting." In Evolutionary and Ecological Aspects of Acoustic Communication in Birds, eds. D. E. Kroodsma and E. H. Miller. New York: Academic Press, 1982. Frank, S.; Gilbert, S.; and Tomassoni, P. "Rearing Ruddy Ducks, Oxyura jamaicensis, at the National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C." Interna- tional Zoo Yearbook 21(1982) :97-100. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 467 Frankenberg, E. "Vocal Behavior of the Mediterranean House Gecko, Hemi- dactylus turcicus." Copeia, 1982. . "Social Behaviour of the Parthenogenetic Indo-Pacific Gecko, Hemi- dactylus garnotii." Zeitschrift Fur Tierpsychologie 1982. Frankenberg, E., and Marcellini, D. L. "Vocalizations of Colonizing House Geckos, Genus Hemidactylus." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of Israel. Israel Journal of Zoology 1982. Frazier, J. "Crying 'Wolf at La Escobilla." Marine Turtle Newsletter 21(1982): 7-8. Frazier, J., and Salas, S. "Ecuador Closes Commercial Fishery." Marine Turtle Newsletter 20(1982) :5-6. Frazier, J. "Introduction to Sea Turtle Hunts throughout the World, Com- piled by J. Sternberg." Washington, D.C.: Center for Environmental Education, 1982. Frazier, J., and Peters, G. "The Call of the Aldabra Tortoise (Geochelone gigantea) (Reptilia, Testudinidae). "Amphibia-Reptilia (2) (1981) :165-79. Gilbert, S.; Tomassoni, P.; and Kramer, P. "History of Captive Management and Breeding of Bald Eagles, Haliaetus leucocephalus, at the National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C." International Zoo Yearbook (21) (1982) :101-8. Gradwohl, J., and Greenberg, R. "The Effect of a Single Species of Avian Predator on Arthropods of Aerial Leaf Litter." Ecology 63 (2) (1982) :581-83. Green, K. M. "Preliminary Observations on the Ecology and Behavior of Presbytis pileatus in Bangladesh." International Journal of Primatology 2(2) (1981). . "Digital Processing of Landsat Data with a Micro-Computer System. Its Role in Environmental and Natural Resource Education at the Under- graduate Level." CORSE 81, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminis- tration, 1981. Contributor. Techniques for the Study of Primate Population Ecology. Primate Subcommittee on Conservation of Natural Populations, National Research Council. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1981. Greenwell, G.; Emerick, C; and Biben, M. "Inbreeding Depression in Mandarin Ducks: A Preliminary Report on Some Continuing Experiments." Aviculture Magazine 88(2) (1982). Hand, J. L. "Sociobiological Implications of Unusual Sexual Behaviors of Gulls: The Genotype/Behavioral Phenotype Problem." Ethology and Sociobiology 2(1981) :135-45. Hoage, R. J. "The Integration of Captive and Field Research among Nonhuman Primates with Special Reference to Marmoset and Tamarin Monkeys." In Anthropological Careers: Perspectives on Research, Employ- ment and Training, ed. R. H. Landman. Washington, D.C: Anthropological Society of Washington, 1982. . [Review] The Doomsday Book of Animals: A Natural History of Vanished Species, by David Day. Viking Press (1981). In SciQuest, American Chemical Society, 1982. [Abstract] "Play Behavior in Young Captive Lion Tamarins." IX Congress of the International Primatological Society, Atlanta, Georgia, 1982, International Journal of Primatology 3(3) (1982) :296. Kinzey, W. G., and Robinson, J. G. "Intergroup Loud Calls Serve Different Roles in Two Species of Callicebus." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 54(1981) :240. Koontz, F. W., and Seidensticker, J. "Establishing the Location of Radio- Tagged Animals Using a Programmable Calculator." Resource Evaluation 1:(1982). 468 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Kranz, K., principal reviewer. "Dorcatragus," "Madoqua," "Neotragus," "Oreotragus," "Ourebia," "Raphicerus," "Mazama," and "Pudu." In Mammal Species of the World, by Association for Systematics Collections. Lawrence, Kan.: Allen Press, 1982. Laurie, A., and Seidensticker, J. "A Very Special Bear." Animal Kingdom 84(1) (1981). -20-25. Lumpkin, S.; Kessel, K.; Zenone, P. G.; and Erickson, C. J. "Proximity Between the Sexes in Ring Doves. Social Bonds or Surveillance." Animal Behaviour 30(1982) -.506-13. . "Avoidance of Cuckoldry in Birds: The Role of the Female." Animal Behaviour 29(1981) :303-4. McDade, L. A., and Davidar, P. "Seed Set in Pavonia dasypetala (Malvaceae) related to Pollination Visits and Pollination Intensity." Ecology 1982. Mace, G., and Eisenberg, J. F. "Competition, Niche Specialization and the Evolution of Brain Size in the Genus Peromyscus." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 17(3) (1982) :243-57. Marcellini, D. L. "Preliminary Observations on Endogeneous Heat Produc- tion After Feeding in Python molurus." Journal of Herpetology 16(1982): 92-95. Marcellini, D. L. "Courtship and Aggressive Behavior of the Streak Lizard, Gonatodes vittatus in Captivity." Herpetologica 37(1982) :250-56. Morton, E. S., and Gonzales, H. "Vocal Behavior of Torreornis inexpectata." Wilson Bulletin 94(3) (1982). Peters, G. "Das Schnurren der Katzen (Felidae). (Purring in the Felidae)." Saugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 29(1981) :30-37. Ralls, K., and Ballou, J. "Effects of Inbreeding on Juvenile Mortality in Some Small Mammal Species." Laboratory of Animal Science 16(1982): 159-66. Roberts, M. "The Fire Fox." Animal Kingdom 85(1) (1982) :20-27. Robinson, J. G. "Vocal Regulation of Inter- and Intragroup Spacing During Boundary Encounters in the Titi Monkey, Callicebus moloch." Primates 22(1981) :161-72. . "Spatial Structure in Foraging Groups of Wedge-Capped Capuchin Monkeys, Cebus nigrivittatus." Animal Behaviour 29(1981) :1036-56. Ryan, M. J.; Tuttle, D.; and Taft, L. K. "The Costs and Benefits from Chorusing Behavior." Behaviour Ecology and Sociobiology 8(1981) :273-78. Seidensticker, J. [Abstract] "Black Bear Dispersal and Wildlife Research at the National Zoological Park's Conservation and Research Center." Sixth Shenandoah Research Symposium, Shenandoah National Park, 1981. . "A Peaceable Kingdom." Animal Kingdom 85 (3) (1982) :38-43. Sekulic, R. "Social Structure of the Sable Antelope in the Shimba Hills National Reserve, Kenya." Research Reports, National Geographic Society, 1974 projects. . "The Significance of Howling in the Red Howler Monkey, Alouatta seniculus." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Zoology, University of Mary- land, 1981. . "Conservation of the Sable Antelope, Hippotragus niger rooselvelti, in the Shimba Hills, Kenya." African Journal of Ecology 19(1981) :153-65. Shoshani, J., and Eisenberg, J. F. "Elephas maximus." Mammalian Species, American Society of Mammalogists, 182(1982) :l-8. Taft, L. K. "Reproduction and Development of the Big Fruit Bat, Artibeus jamaicensis, (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)." Master of Science thesis, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, 1981. Tasse, J. "Maternal and Paternal Care in the Rock Cavy, Kerodon rupestris, a South American Hystricomorph Rodent." Master of Science thesis, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 1981. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 469 Tuttle, M. D.; Taft, L. K.; and Ryan, M. J. "Acoustical Location of Calling Frogs by Philander Opossums." Biotropica 13(3) (1981) :233-34. Wilson, S. C. "Contact-Promoting Behavior, Social Development, and Relationship with Parents in Sibling Juvenile Degus, Octodon degus." Developmental Psychobiology 15 (3) (1982) -.257-68. . "Parent- Young Contact in Prairie and Meadow Voles." Journal of Mammalogy 63(2)(1982):300-305. "The Development of Social Behaviour Between Siblings and Non- Siblings of the Voles (Microtus ochrogaster and Microtus pennsylvani- cus)." Animal Behaviour 30(1982) :426-37. Wheeler, J.; Ayorinde, F.; Wemmer; and Murtaugh, J. "Volatile Components of the Occipital Gland Secretion of the Bactrian Camel." Journal of Chemical Ecology 8(1) (1982) :177-84. Mishra, H.; Wemmer, C; Leyrat, J. C; and Maskey, R. M. "On Chemical Immobilization and Capture of Rhinoceros in Nepal." In Wild is Beautiful, eds. T. C. Majupuria and S. Devi, Gwalior, India, 1981. Wemmer, C, and Wilson, D. E. "Structure and Function of Hair Crests and Capes in African Carnivora." In Behavior and Ecology of Mammals, eds. J. F. Eisenberg and D. G. Kleiman, American Society of Mammalogy, Special Publication No. 7, Washington, D.C., 1982. OFFICE OF BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION Ayensu, Edward, S., and Whitfield, M. D., eds. The Rhythms of Life. New York: Crown Publishers, 1982. RADIATION BIOLOGY LABORATORY Ben-Tal, Y., and Cleland, C. F. "Uptake and Metabolism of [UC] Salicylic Acid in Lemna gibba G3." Plant Physiology 70(1982) :291-96. Buchanan, C, and Goldberg, B. "The Action Spectrum of Daphnia magna (Crustacea) Phototaxis in a Simulated Natural Environment." Photochem- istry Photobiology 34(1981): 711-17. Cleland, C. F., and Ben-Tal, Y. "Influence of Giving Salicylic Acid for Different Time Periods on Flowering and Growth in the Longday Plant Lemna gibba G3." Plant Physiology 70(1982) :287-90. Cleland, C. F.; Tanaka, O.; and Feldman, L. J. "Influence of Plant Growth Substances and Salicylic Acid on Flowering and Growth in the Lemnaceae (Duckweeds)." Aquatic Botany 13(1982) :3-20. Deitzer, G. F.; Hayes, R. G.; and Jabben, M. "Phase Shift in the Circadian Rhythm of Floral Promotion by Far Red Energy in Hordeum vulgare L." Plant Physiology 69(1982) :597-601. Dejong, T. M.; Drake, B. G.; and Pearcy, R. M. "Gas Exchange Responses of Chesapeake Bay Tidal Marsh Species Under Field and Laboratory Condi- tions." Oecologia 52(1982) :5-ll. Drake, B. G., and Read, M. "Carbon Dioxide Assimilation, Photosynthetic Efficiency, and Respiration of a Chesapeake Bay Salt Marsh." Journal of Ecology 69(1981) :405-23. Gantt, E. "Rapporteur's Summary: Plastids and Their Precursors." In On the Origins of Chloroplasts, ed. J. A. Schiff, pp. 107-13. New York: Elsevier/ North Holland, 1982. Gantt, E.; Canaani, O.; Lipschultz, C. A.; and Redlinger, T. "Structure of Phycobilisomes and Their Relationship to Photosystem II." In Photo- synthesis III. Structure and Molecular Organization of the Photosynthetic Apparatus, ed. G. Akoyunoglou, pp. 143-53. Balaban International Science Services, 1981. 470 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Goldberg, B. "Radiometric Measurements in the UVB Region of Daylight." In The Role of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation in Marine Ecosystems, ed. J. Calkins, (NATO Conference Series IV-Marine Science) 7(1982) :121-29. Harding, R. W., and Turner, R. V. "Photoregulation of the Carotenoid Biosynthetic Pathway in Albino and White Collar Mutants of Neurospora crassa." Plant Physiology 68(1981) :745-49. Redlinger, T., and Gantt, E. "Identification of a 95,000 MW Polypeptide Common to Both Phycobilisomes and Thylakoid Membranes in Porphyri- dium cruentwn." In Photosynthesis III. Structure and Molecular Organiza- tion of the Photosynthetic Apparatus, ed. G. Akoyunoglou, pp. 257-62, Balaban International Science Services, 1981. Redlinger, T., and Gantt, E. "Phycobilisome Structure of Porphyridium omentum." Plant Physiology 68(1981) :1375-79. Rowan, D. E.; Pewe, T. L.; Pewe, R. H.; and Stuckenrath, R. "Holocene Gla- cial Geology of the Svea Lowland, Spitsbergen, Svalbard." Geografiska Annaler 64-A(l-2)(1982) :35-51. Stanley, D. J.; Taylor, P. T.; Sheng, H.; and Stuckenrath, R. "Sohm Abyssal Plain: Evaluating Proximal Sediment Provenance." Smithsonian Contribu- tions to the Marine Sciences no. 11, pp. 1-48. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981. Tanaka, O., and Cleland, C. F. "Influence of Ammonium on the Ability of Salicylic Acid to Induce Flowering in the Short Day Plant Lemna paucosi- tata 6746." Plant Cell Physiology 22(1981) :597-602. Turitzin, S. N., and Drake, B. G. "Canopy Structure and the Photosynthetic Efficiency of a O Grass Community." Photosynthesis IV. Photosynthesis and Productivity, Photosynthesis and Environment, ed. G. Akoyunoglou, pp. 73-80, 1981. Whitaker, B. D., and Shropshire, W., Jr. "Spectral Sensitivity in the Blue and Near Ultraviolet for Light-induced Carotene Synthesis in Phycomyces Mycelia." Experimental Mycology 5(1981) :243-52. Yamamoto, K. T., and Smith, W. O., Jr. "A Re-evaluation of the Mole Frac- tion of Pfr at the Red-light-induced Photostationary State of Undegraded Rye Phytochrome." Plant & Cell Physiology 22(1981) :1159-64. Yamamoto, K. T., and Smith, W. O., Jr. "Effect of Neutral Salts on Spectral Characteristics of Undegraded Phytochrome Partially Purified from Etio- lated Pea Shoots. Plant & Cell Physiology 22(1981) :1149-58. SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY Aaronson, M.; Huchra, J.; Mould, J.; Schechter, P. L.; and Tully, R. B. "The Velocity Field in the Local Supercluster." Astrophysical Journal 258(1982) : 64-76. Allison, A. C; Guberman, S. L.; and Dalgarno, A. "Photoabsorption into the 3ITu State of O2." Journal of Geophysical Research 87(1982) :923-25. Avrett, E. H. "Reference Model Atmosphere Calculation: The Sunspot Sun- spot Model." In The Physics of Sunspots, eds. L. E. Cram and J. H. Thomas, pp. 235-55. Sunspot, New Mexico: Sacramento Peak Observatory, 1981. Avrett, E. H.; Loeser, R.; and Pinto, P. A. [Abstract] "Radiative Transfer in Quasar Emission Line Clouds." Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 13(1981) :788. Ayres, T. R.; Linsky, J. L.; Vaiana, G. S.; Golub, L.; and Rosner, R. "The Cool Half of the HR Diagram in X-Rays." Astrophysical Journal 250(1981): 293-99. Baliunas, S. L. "Stellar Activity Measured at Ca II H and K" (Invited Review). In Second Cambridge Workshop on Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Sun, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Special Report No. 392, vol. 2, pp. 31-40, 1982. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 471 Baliunas, 5. L., and Dupree, A. K. "Ultraviolet and Optical Spectrum Studies of Lambda Andromedae: Evidence for Atmospheric Inhomogeneities." Astrophysical Journal 252(1982) :668-80. Baliunas, S. L.; Hartmann, L.; and Dupree, A. K. "IUE Ultraviolet and Optical Chromospheric Studies of Late-Type Giants in the Hyades Cluster." In The Universe at Ultraviolet Wavelengths — The First Two Years of IUE, NASA Conference Publication 2171, ed. R. D. Chapman, p. 235. Washing- ton, D.C. : National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1981. Bayfield, J. E.; Gardner, L. D.; Gulkok, Y. Z.; and Sharma, S. D. "Spectro- scopic Study of Nonresonant Photon Absorption by Highly Excited Hydro- gen Atoms in a Strong Microwave Field." Physical Review A 24(1981) :138. Beers, T. C; Geller, M. J.; and Huchra, J. P. "Galaxy Clusters with Multiple Components. I. The Dynamics of Abell 98." Astrophysical Journal 257 (1982) :23-32. Beers, T.; Huchra, J.; and Geller, M. [Abstract] "Dynamical Studies of the Galaxy Cluster A115." 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In Second Cam- bridge Workshop on Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Sun, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Special Report No. 392, vol. 2, pp. 201-6, 1982. Bothun, G. D. "The Evolution of Disk Galaxies and the SO Problem, Revisited." Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (September) (1982): 39-54. Bothun, G. D.; Romanishin, W.; Margon, B.; Schommer, R. A.; and Cha- nan, G. A. "Detection of Neutral Hydrogen Emission and Optical Nebu- 472 / Smithsonian Year 1982 losity in the Low Redshift QSO 0351 + 026." Astrophyical Journal 257 (1982) :40-46. Bothun, G. D., and Schommer, R. "The Zwicky Magnitude Scale: How Reliable Is It in the Estimation of Blue Luminosity." Astrophysical Journal (Letters) 255(1982) :L23. Bothun, G. D.; Schommer, R.; and Sullivan, W. "Spiral Galaxies in Clusters III. Gas Rich Galaxies in the Pegasus I Cluster of Galaxies." Astrophysical Journal 87(1982) :725. ."Spiral Galaxies in Clusters IV. The H I and Color Properties of Spirals in Nine Clusters." 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H., and Latham, D. W. "An Image Stacker for High Resolution Spectroscopy on the Multiple Mirror Telescope." Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 94(1982) :386. Chaffee, F. H., and White, R. E. [Abstract] "A Survey of Interstellar K I Absorption Lines. I. Observations." Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 13(1981) :509. Chappell, J. H.; Kish, J. C; Simpson, G. A.; and Webber, W. R. "Fragmen- tation of Fe Nuclei in Carbon, Hydrogen, and CH2 Targets. I. Individual Charge Changing and Total Cross Sections." In Proceedings of the Seven- teenth International Conference on Cosmic Rays (Paris, France), pp. 173- 76. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1981. . "Fragmentation of Fe Nuclei in Carbon, Hydrogen and CH2 Targets. II. Isotopic Cross Sections." In Proceedings of the Seventeenth Interna- tional Conference on Cosmic Rays (Paris, France), pp. 177-80. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1981. Cornell, J., and Lightman, A. P., eds. 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Publications of the Staff I 473 Dalgarno, A., and Sternberg, A. "Electron Temperatures of Astrophysical Plasmas." Astrophysical Journal (Letters) 257(1982) :L87-L90. . "The Excitation of the Triplet Lines of 02+ in Nebulae." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 200(1982) :77P-80P. Danaher, S.; Fegan, D. J.; Porter, N. A.; and Weekes, T. C. "Gamma Ray Observations of Cygnus X-3 at Energies of 1012 eV." Philosophical Trans- actions of the Royal Society of London A 301(1981) :493. . "Observations of Cygnus X-3, M87, 3C273 at Energies Greater than 1012 eV." In Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Cosmic Rays (Paris, France), 1, 34. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Publish- ing Company, 1981. "The Atmospheric Cherenkov Technique in Searches for Exploding Primordial Black Holes." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A 301(1981) :173. Danaher, S.; Fegan, D. J.; Porter, N. A.; Weekes, T. C; and Cole, T. "Possible Applications of Large Solar Arrays in Astronomy and Astro- physics." Solar Energy 28(1982) :335. Davis, M.; Lecar, M.; Pryor, C; and Witten, E. "The Formation of Galaxies from Massive Neutrinos." Astrophysical Journal 250(1981) :423-31. Dickel, J. R.; Murray, S. S.; Morris, J.; and Wells, D. C. "A Multiwavelength Comparison of Casseiopeia A and Tycho's Supernova." Astrophysical Journal 257(1982) :145-50. Doxsey, R. E.; McClintock, J. E.; Petro, L.; Remillard, R.; and Schwartz, D. A. [Abstract] "Tentative Identification of the Flaring X-Ray Source H0323-)- 02." Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 13(1981) :558. Doyle, J. G., and Raymond, J. C. "New Ionization Fractions for the Li- and He-Like Ionization Stages of Ca and Fe." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 196(1981) :907. Dupree, A. K. "Mass Loss from Cool Stars." In Proceedings of IAU Collo- quium No. 59, Effects of Mass Loss on Stellar Evolution, eds. C. Chiosi and R. Stalio, pp. 87-110. 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In Second Cambridge Workshop on Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Sun, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Special Report No. 392, vol. 2, pp. 191-98, 1982. Elvis, M. "Einstein HRI Observations of Active Galactic Nuclei" (Invited Talk). In Astronomical Society of New York News Letter, ed. A. G. Davis Phillips, volume 1, number 8. New York: Colgate University, 1981. . "Extra-Solar Astronomy with a 2.4 m Normal Incidence X-Ray Telescope at 0.1 Arcsec Resolution." In High Resolution Soft X-Ray Optics, SPIE volume 316, ed. E. Spiller, pp. 144-48. Bellingham, Washington: Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, 1981. Elvis, M.; Briel, U.; and Henry, J. P. [Abstract] "Extended Soft X-Ray 474 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Emission from NGC 4151." Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 13(1981) :850. Elvis, M., and Fabbiano, G. "X-Ray and UV Spectra of Two Quasars." In Advances in Ultraviolet Astronomy: Four Years of 1UE Research, NASA Conference Publication 2238, eds. Y. 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"Commentary on Ellegard's 'Stone Age Science in Britain?' " Current Anthropology 22(1981) :117-18. . "Memoir of a Flick Fixer." Harvard Magazine 84(1981) :8-9. 'Summary: Archaeoastronomy in the Tropics." In Ethno astronomy and Archaeoastronomy in the American Tropics, eds. A. Aveni and G. Urton, pp. 333-36. New York: New York Academy of Science, 1982. 'Summary Reflections on the Conference on Ethnoastronomy and Archaeoastronomy of the Tropics." Archaeoastronomy Bulletin 4 (2) (1981): 5-7. "The Censorship of Copernicus' De revolutionibus." Annali dell' Istituto e Museo di Storia Delia Scienza di Firenze, anno VI, fas. 2(1981) : 44-61. . "The Galileo Affair." Scientific American (August) (1982) :132-43. [Abstract] "The Galileo Affair in Contemporary Perspective" (Invited Lecture). Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 13(1981) :821. "The Historical Tension between Astronomical Theory and Observa- tion." In Revealing the Universe: Prediction and Proof in Astronomy, eds. J. Cornell and A. Lightman, pp. 1-14. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1982. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 477 . "Transdisciplinary Intersections: Astronomy and Three Early English Poets." In New Dimensions for Teaching and Learning: Interdisciplinary Teaching, ed. A. White, pp. 67-75. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass, 1981. Gioia, I. M; Danziger, J.; Griffiths, R. E.; Maccacaro, T.; and Stocke, J. [Abstract] "The Einstein Observatory Medium Sensitivity Survey." Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 14(1982) :644. Gioia, I. M.; Geller, M. J.; Huchra, J.; Maccacaro, T.; Steiner, J; and Stocke, J. "Abell 2069: An X-Ray Cluster with Multiple Subcondensations." Astro- physical Journal (Letters) 255(1982) :L17. Gioia, I. M.; Gregorini, L.; and Vettolani, G. "A Complete Sample of Spiral and Irregular Galaxies Detected at 408 MHz: The Radio Luminosity Func- tion and Other Properties." Astronomy and Astrophysics 96(1981) :58. Giommi, P.; Avni, Y.; Gioia, I. M.; Maccacaro, T.; Stocke, J.; and Zamo- rani, G. [Abstract] "On the Redshift and Luminosity Distribution of X-Ray Selected QSOs." Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 14(1982): 632. Giuffrida, T. S.; Greenfield, P. E.; Burke, B. F.; Haschick, A. D.; Moran, J. M.; Rydbeck, O. E. K; Ronnang, B. O.; Baath, L.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Matve- yenko, L. I.; Kostenko, V. I.; Kogan, L. R.; and Moiseev, I. G. "Pis'ma Astron. Zh." Soviet Astronomical Letter 7(1981) :358-65. Golub, L. "Solar Activity — the Sun as an X-Ray Star." In Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Sun, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Special Re- port No. 392, vol. 1, pp. 39-52, 1982. Golub, L.; Harnden, F. R., Jr.; Pallavicini, R.; Rosner, R.; and Vaiana, G. S. "Einstein Detection of X-Rays from the Alpha Cen System." Astrophysical Journal 253(1982) :242-47. Golub, L.; Noci, G.; Poletto, G.; and Vaiana, G. S. "Active Region Coronal Evolution." Astrophysical Journal 259(1982) :359-65. 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"Feeding Ecology of Panamanian Litter Anurans: Patterns in Diet and Foraging Mode." Journal of Herpetology 15(2) :139-44. Troyer, Katherine Elizabeth. "Behavioral and Physiological Adaptations for Herbivory in a Neotropical Lizard, Iguana iguana." Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Davis, 1982. . "Transfer of Fermentative Microbes between Generations in a Herbi- vorous Lizard." Science (216) (4545) :540-42. Tuttle, Merlin D.; Taft, Lucinda K.; and Ryan, Michael J. "Acoustical Loca- tion of Calling Frogs by Philander opossums. Biotropica 13(3) :233-34. . "Bat Predation and the Evolution of Frog Vocalizations in the Neo- tropics." Science 214(4521) (1981) -.677-78. Ventocilla, Jorge Luis. "Estudio de la Ecologia y Dinamica de Poblacion de Micocerotermes arboreus Emerson (Amitermitinae; Isoptera). Thesis, Uni- versity of Panama, 1981. Wellington, Gerard W. "An Experimental Analysis of the Effects of Light and Zooplankton on Coral Zonation." Oecologia 52(3) (1982) :311-20. Wells, Kentwood D., and Greer, Beverly J. "Vocal Responses of Conspecific Calls in a Neotropical Hylid Frog, Hyla ebraccata." Copeia 1981(3) :615-24. West-Eberhard, Mary Jane. "Introduction" to chapter VI. In The Biology of Social Insects, eds. Michael D. Breed, Charles D. Michener, and Howard E. Evans, pp. 185-86. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1982. 498 / Smithsonian Year 1982 . "The Nature and Evolution of Swarming in Tropical Social Wasps (Vespidae, Polistinae, Polybiini)." In Social Insects in the Tropics, ed. Pierre Jaisson, pp. 97-128. Paris: University Paris Nord, 1982. Wolda, Henk. [Review] Insect Diversity. BioScience 30(3) (1980) :182. . "Long-term Ecological Studies with Light-traps: Their Practical and Scientific Value." Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology 1(1&2)(1981) :l-5. "Similarity Indices, Sample Size and Diversity." Oecologia 50(3) (1981) :296-302. Wolda, Henk, and Fisk, Frank W. "Seasonality of Tropical Insects II. Blattaria in Panama." Journal of Animal Ecology 50(1981) :827-38. Young, Orrey P. "Copulation-interrupting Behavior between Females within a Howler Monkey Troop." Primates 22(1) (1981) :135-36. Zaret, Thomas M. "The Effect of Prey Motion on Planktivore Choice." In Evolution and Ecology of Zooplankton Communities, ed. Charles Kerfoot, pp. 594-603, 1980. . Predation and Freshwater Communities. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1980. -. "The Stability/Diversity Controversy: A Test of Hypotheses." Ecology 63(3) (1982) :721-31. HISTORY AND ART COOPER-HEWITT MUSEUM Dee, Elaine Evans. "City Dwellings & Country Houses," The Connoisseur January 1982. Dee, Elaine Evans, ed. Architectural Drawings in the Collection of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, by John Harris. New York, September 1982. . Columns in the Collection of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, by William MacDonald. New York, May 1982. -. Fashion Plates in the Collection of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, by Joan Harting. New York, September 1982. McFadden, David Revere. "Spheres of Influence: Robert Adam and The Decorative Arts." The Connoisseur January 1982. . "Silver in the Collection of the Minneapolis Institute of Art." Apollo Magazine September 1982. McFadden, David Revere, ed. Scandinavian Modern 1880-1980. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1982. . Buttons in the Collection of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, by Carl Dauterman. New York, September 1982. Sonday, Milton. Lace in the Collection of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum. New York, September 1982. Taylor, Lisa. "Notes from the Director." Cooper-Hewitt Newsletter, Fall, Winter, Spring, and Summer, 1982. . [Foreword] Nineteenth-Century Landscape Drawings in the Collec- tion of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum. New York, May 1982. [Foreword] Columns in the Collection of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum. New York, May 1982. [Foreword] Buttons in the Collection of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum. New York, June 1982. [Foreword] Lace in the Collection of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum. New York, September 1982. [Foreword] Fashion Plates in the Collection of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum. New York, September 1982. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 499 . [Foreword] Architectural Drawings in the Collection of the Cooper- Hewitt Museum. New York, September 1982. [Foreword] Scandinavian Modern 1880-1980. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1982. [Foreword] City Dwellings and Country Houses: Robert Adam and His Style. New York, January 1982. Taylor, Lisa, ed. Cities. New York. Cooper-Hewitt Museum/Rizzoli, 1982. FREER GALLERY OF ART Atil, Esin. "Turkish Contribution to Islamic Art." The New York Times, Supplement on Turkey, December 13, 1981, p. 13. . "Chinese Ceramics in Near Eastern Collections." International Sym- posium on Chinese Ceramics, pp. 41-55. Seattle, Wash.: Seattle Art Mu- seum, 1981. Chase, W. Thomas, III, and Zycherman, Lynda A. "Choosing Dental Plasters for Use in the Conservation Workshop." Journal of the American Institute for Conservation XXI, I (Fall, 1981) :65-67. Cort, Louise Allison. "Looking at White Dew." Studio Potter 10(2) (June 1982):45-51. . "Gen'ya's Devil Bucket." Chanoyu Quarterly 30(1982) :31-40. . "The Grand Kitano Tea Gathering." Chanoyu Quarterly 31(1982): 15-44. . [Review] Shino and Oribe Kiln Sites. Orientations 13(April 1982) : 51-53. Fu, Shen C. Y. Masterpieces of Chinese Calligraphy in American and Euro- pean Collections, vols. 2, 3, and 4. Tokyo, 1982. Lawton, Thomas. Chinese Art of the Warring States Period: Change and Continuity, 480-222 B.C., exhibition catalogue. Washington, D.C. : Freer Gallery of Art, 1982. Murray, Julia K. "Highlights of Chinese Painting Newly Acquired by the Freer Gallery of Art." Orientations, January 1982. . "Representations of Hariti, the Mother of Demons, and the Theme of 'Raising the Alms-bowl' in Chinese Painting." Artibus Asiae, XLIII (3/4) (1982). Shimizu, Yoshiaki. "Seasons and Places in Yamato Landscape and Poetry." Ars Orientalis XII(1981) :1-14. . "Some Elementary Problems of the Japanese Narrative, Hiko-hoho- demi no Mikoto." Studia Artium Orientalis et Occidentalis 1(1982) :29-41. Shimizu, Yoshiaki, and Nelson, Suzan E. "Cenji": The World of a Prince, exhibition catalogue in conjunction with the International Symposium "The World of Genji: Prospective on the Genji monogatari," Bloomington, Indiana, 1982. Yonemura, Ann. "Japanese Ceramics," gallery leaflet. Washington, D.C: The Freer Gallery of Art, 1982. HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN Fox, Howard N. Metaphor: New Projects by Contemporary Sculptors. Wash- ington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press for the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 1982. . 4 Imagists. Laurel, Md.: Montpelier Cultural Arts Center, 1982. . Brian Kavanagh. Washington, DC: Washington Project for the Arts, 1982. Gettings, Frank. Raphael Soyer, Sixty-five Years of Printmaking. Washing- 500 / Smithsonian Year 1982 ton, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press for the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 1982. Lawrence, Sidney. "The Sculpture Garden: A Place for All Seasons." Smith- sonian News Service, September 1982. Lerner, Abram. "Joseph Hirshhorn." Art News 80(December 1981) :133-34. . [Foreword] Metaphor: New Projects by Contemorary Sculptors, by Howard N. Fox. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press for the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 1982. [Foreword] Ralphael Soyer, Sixty-five Years of Printmaking, by Frank Gettings. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press for the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 1982. Soyer Since 1960. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press for the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 1982. -. [Foreword] David Smith: Painter, Sculptor, Draftsman. New York: George Braziller in association with the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 1982. McCabe, Cynthia Jaffee. "Hans Richter 'Stalingrad (Sieg im Osten)'." In Hans Richter, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany: Akademie der Kunste, 1982. McClintic, Miranda. David Smith: Painter, Sculptor, Draftsman. New York: George Braziller in association with the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 1982. Millard, Charles. "Edward Hopper." Hudson Review (Autumn 1981) .-390-96. . "Arshile Gorky." Hudson Review (Spring 1982) :105-11. Rosenzweig, Phyllis. "Richard Nonas." Get Out Stay Away Come Back: An Exhibition by Richard Nonas [Amherst, University of Massachusetts at Amherst]. New York: Oil & Steel Gallery, 1982. . [Review] Big Science, by Laurie Andprson. Washington Review of the Arts, Fall 1982. Shannon, Joseph. "Proximate Vision," [essay on Avigdor Arikha]. Art in America 70(May 1982) :101-5. Weil, Stephen E. "Introduction: Some Thoughts on 'Art Law'." Dickinson Law Review 85(4)(Summer 1981) -.555-63. . "MGR: A Conspectus of Museum Management." Museum News 60(6) (July-August 1982) :22-27. Zilczer, Judith. Five Distinguished Alumni: The W.P.A. Federal Art Project [An Exhibition Honoring the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Centennial]. Wash- ington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. . "John Quinn and Modern Art Collectors in America, 1913-1924." The American Art Journal 14(1) (Winter 1982) :56-71. . "Eakins Letter Provides More Evidence on the Portrait of Frank Hamilton Cushing." The American Art Journal 14(1) (Winter 1982) :74-76. De Stijl: 1917-1931, Visions of Utopia [exhibition handout]. Wash- ington, D.C: Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 1982. -. The Ephemeral Is Eternal, by Michel Seuphor [Play program]. Wash- ington, DC: Smithsonian Division of Performing Arts, 1982. . "The Drawings of Ibram Lassaw." Drawing \ (July/August, 1982) : 29-32. JOSEPH HENRY PAPERS Field, Cynthia. "Historic Structures: New Tax Treatment for Old Buildings." Eton Journal 2(2) (September-October 1981) :12-13. . "Montgomery C Meigs." In MacMillan's Encyclopedia of Architects, ed. Adolf Placzek. New York: Free Press, 1982. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 501 Reingold, Nathan, and Reingold, Ida H, eds. Science in America: A Docu- mentary History, 1900-1939. Chicago and London: The University of Chi- cago Press, 1981. . "Science, Scientists, and Historians of Science." History of Science 19(1981) :274-87. Rothenberg, Marc. "Organization and Control: Professionals and Amateurs in American Astronomy, 1899-1918." Social Studies of Science 11(1981): 305-25. Stine, Jeffrey K., and Robinson, Michael C, co-compilers. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Environmental Matters: A Preliminary Bibliography. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1982. . "Russell G. Cone," and "Eugene J. Houdry." In Dictionary of Ameri- can Biography, Supplement Seven, 1961-1965, ed. John A. Garraty. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1981. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN ART Breeskin, Adelyn D. Introductory essay in W. H. Johnson: The Scandinavian Years. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. . Anne Coldthwaite: A Catalogue Raisonne of the Graphic Work. Montgomery, Alabama: Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts, 1982. Decatur, Raylene. [Review] Don Reitz. American Ceramics, Winter 1982. Eldredge, Charles C. "Claude Buck and the Introspectives." In The Shape of the Past: Studies in Honor of Franklin D. Murphy. Los Angeles: University of California, 1981. . "Who Pours the Tea?" Art Journal, Fall 1981. College Art Associa- tion of America. Charles Walter Stetson: Color and Fantasy. Lawrence, Kan.: Spencer Museum of Art, 1982. Eirk, Katherine G., and Wiebold, William. "Objects of Affection: The Con- servation of Portrait Miniatures." The American Institute for Conserva- tion of Historic and Artistic Works Reprints. Washington, D.C: A.I.C., 1982. Fink, Lois M. "A Review of the Diary of George A. Lucas." Princeton, 1979. In Revue d'art canadienne (RACAR), VII (Oct. 1981). . "Joshua C. Taylor and the National Museum of American Art." Art Ink, November 1981. "American Participation at the Paris Salons, 1870-1900." Papers of the 24th International Congress of the History of Art, vol. VII, Salons, Galleries, Museums and Their Influence in the Development of 19th and 20th Century Art. Bologna: International Committee on the History of Art, 1982. Flint, Janet A. Foreword and catalogue of the exhibition. "In Pursuit of . . ." The Washington Print Club 9th Biennial Members' Exhibition. Washing- ton, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Foresta, Merry A. Introductory essay in Man Ray: Publications and Transfor- mations. New York: Zabriskie Gallery, 1982. . Essay, acknowledgements, and catalogue of the exhibition. A Life in Art: Alma Thomas, 1891-1978. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institu- tion Press, 1981. Annotations in Recent Trends in Collecting: Twentieth-Century Painting and Sculpture. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Gurney, George. Techniques of Bronze Casting in America, 1850-1900, excerpted from Cast and Recast: The Sculpture of Frederic Remington. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981. 502 / Smithsonian Year 1982 . Foreword in Cast and Recast: The Sculpture of Frederic Remington. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981. Hartigan, Lynda Roscoe. Essay in Perkins Harnly. From the Index of American Design. Washington, D.C. : National Museum of American Art, 1981. . Essay in The Studio: Sculpture by Yuri Schwebler. Yonkers, N.Y. : The Hudson River Museum, 1981. Essay in Herk Van Tongeren. Trenton, N.J.: New Jersey State Museum, 1982. Annotations in Recent Trends in Collecting: Twentieth-Century Painting and Sculpture. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Herman, Lloyd E. Essay in Good as Gold: Alternative Materials in American Jewelry. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1981. . Essay in Washington Craft Forms: An Historical Perspective 1950- 1980. Olympia, Wash.: The State Capitol Museum, 1982. . Juror's statement in Image/ Afterimage. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio Designer Craftsmen, 1982. -. Juror's statement in Fine /Function: A Mastery of Craft. Lafayette, La.: The Lafayette Natural History Museum, 1982. . "A Master Craftsman's Home." Museum, 1982. Lewton, Jean L. "Cultural Crusader." Notes (January /February 1982). [Divi- sion of Performing Arts, Smithsonian Institution.] Mecklenburg, Virginia M. Essay in Roosevelt's America: New Deal Paintings from the National Museum of American Art. Washington, D.C: Smith- sonian Institution Press, 1982. . Essay in Perkins Harnly: From the Index of American Design. Washington, D.C: National Museum of American Art, 1981. Contribution to Franklin Delano Roosevelt: The Intimate Presidency. Washington, DC: National Museum of American History, 1982. Annotations in Recent Trends in Collecting: Twentieth Century Painting and Sculpture from the National Museum of American Art. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Nosanow, Barbara Shissler. Essay in Berenice Abbott: The 20s and the 30s. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Rand, Harry. Introductory essay in John Grabach. New York: Graham Gal- lery, 1981. . Recent Trends in Collecting: Twentieth-Century Painting and Sculp- ture. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Essay in Awards in the Visual Arts. Winston-Salem, N.C.: South- eastern Center for Contemporary Art, 1982. "Recent Painting: A Rambling Contemplation." Arts Magazine, April 1982. . "AVA 1." Arts Quarterly, Spring 1982. -. [Review] Claes Oldenburg: Monumental Sculpture. Leonardo, Paris, Spring 1982. . Untitled poem. Washington Review, August 1982. Truettner, William H. "George Catlin's Indian Gallery." Connaissance des Arts 24(January 1982). . [Review] Witnesses to a Vanishing America, by Lee Clark Mitchell. Pacific Historian XXVI(l) (Spring 1982). -. "The Art of History: American Exploration and Discovery Scenes, 1840-1860." American Art Journal XIV(l) (Winter 1982). Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 503 NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN HISTORY Department of Social and Cultural History Fesperman, John T. Flentrop in America. Raleigh, N.C.: Sunbury Press, 1982. . "Early Organs in Mexico." Reprint. Newsletter of Comite Interna- tional des Musees et Collections d' Instruments de Musique (Nurnberg, Germany) VIII (1980) :86-87. Harris, Elizabeth. The Mechanical Artist. Washington, D.C.: National Museum of American History, 1981. Harris, Karyn. "Some Recent Advances in the Storage and Display of Costumes in the United States." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Conservation and Restoration of Textiles, Como, 1980, pp. 38-45. Milan: CISST, 1981. Hoover, Cynthia Adams. "The Steinways and Their Pianos in the Nine- teenth Century." Journal of the American Musical Instrument Society VII(1982):47-89. Klapthor, Margaret B. First Ladies Cookbook. New York: Parents' Magazine, 1982. Klapthor, Margaret B., and Morrison, Howard A. G. Washington, A Figure Upon the Stage. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Kulik, Gary. "Black Workers and Technological Change in the Birmingham Iron Industry, 1881-1931." In Southern Workers and Their Union, 1880- 1975, by Merl E. Reed et al. Selected Papers, The Second Southern Labor History Conference. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1981. . "A Factory System of Wood: Cultural and Technological Change in the Building of the First Cotton Mills." In Material Culture of the Wooden Age, ed. Brooke Hindle, pp. 300-335. Tarrytown, N.Y.: Sleepy Hollow Press, 1981. Kulik, Gary; Parks, Roger; and Penn, Theodore Z. The New England Mill Village, 1790-1860. Documents in American Industrial History, vol. II. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1982. Serio, Anne Marie. A Preliminary Check List of the Preston R. Bassett Collection of Lighting Devices. Washington, D.C. : The National Museum of American History, 1981. (duplicated) Department of the History of Science and Technology Berkebile, Don H. "Wooden Roads." In Material Culture of the Wooden Age, ed. Brooke Hindle, pp. 129-58. Tarrytown, N.Y.: Sleepy Hollow Press, 1981. Davis, Audrey B. "The Development of Anesthesia." American Scientist (September-October) (1982) :522-28. . "Life Insurance and the Physical Examination: A Chapter in the Rise of American Medical Technology." The Bulletin of the History of Medicine 55:392-406. Medicine and Its Technology: An Introduction to the History of Medical Instruments. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1981. "The Rise of the Vitamin-Medicinal as Illustrated by Vitamin D." Pharmacy in History 24(1981) :59-72. Finn, Bernard S., ed. Development of Submarine Cable Communications, 2 vols. New York: Arno Press, 1980. Furlong, William R., and McCandless, Byron. So Proudly We Hail: The History of the United States Flag, ed. Harold D. Langley. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981. Kondratas, Ramunas. "Death Helped Write the Biologies Law." FDA Con- sumer 16(1982) :23-25. 504 / Smithsonian Year 1982 . "Medical Sciences at the University of Vilnius in the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century." In Vilnians Universitetatus 1579-1979, ed. B. Vaskelis, pp. 213-22. Chicago: Institute of Lithuanian Studies, 1981. Langley, Harold D. "Robert Y. Hayne and the Navy." South Carolina Historical Magazine 82(October 1981) :311-30. . "Flags in Editorial Comment." Naval Aviation (NAVA) News (August 1981) :2-3. Merzbach, Uta C. "On an Early Version of Gauss's Disquisitiones Arith- meticae." In Mathematical Perspectives, ed. J. W. Dauben. New York: Academic Press, 1981. Molella, Arthur P., and Bruton, Elsa M. FDR: The Intimate Presidency. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Communication, and the Mass Media in the 1930s. Washington, D.C.: National Museum of American History, 1982. Multhauf, Robert P. "Potash." In Material Culture of the Wooden Age, ed. Brooke Hindle, pp. 227-40. Tarrytown, N.Y.: Sleepy Hollow Press, 1981. Post, Robert C. "Steel Ropes into the Howling Wilderness: First Cable Cars in Los Angeles." Railroad History 146(Spring 1982) -.55-59. Post, Robert C, ed. Railroad History 146. Boston: Railway and Locomotive Historical Society, Inc., 1982. . Technology and Culture 23(1982). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982. Published for the Society for the History of Technology. Post, Robert C, and Mayr, Otto, eds. Yankee Enterprise: The Rise of the American System of Manufactures. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Insti- tution Press, 1982. Sharrer, G. Terry. "Of Keys and Curates." Corona 2(1981) :21-27. . "Naval Stores, 1781-1881." In Material Culture of the Wooden Age, ed. Brooke Hindle, pp. 241-70. Tarrytown, N.Y. : Sleepy Hollow Press, 1982. Warner, Deborah Jean. "Perfect in Her Place: Women Astronomers in the U.S." Conspectus of History I(vii)(1981) :12-22. White, John H., Jr. "Col. John: Not Really a Great Inventor? A Reap- praisal of the Work and Talent of John Stevens III." The Stevens Indi- cator, 99(1) (Winter 1982) :4-9. . "The Greenback Raid." Railroad History 146(Spring 1982):41-46. . "The Last of the Insiders Remains an Outsider." Shoreliner 12(3) (1981) :36-39. "Railroads: Wood to Burn." In Material Culture of the Wooden Age, ed Brooke Hindle, pp. 184-224. Tarrytown, N.Y.: Sleepy Hollow Press, 1981. . "Safety with a Bang: The Railway Torpedo." Technology and Culture 23(2):195-201. "Three Orphans." Newsletter, Society for Industrial Archaelogy (Winter 1982) :10. National Numismatic Collections Herbert, R. J. "A Late Ilkhanid Hoard." Hamdard Islamicus V(l) (Spring 1982). National Philatelic Collections Newman, Lowell S. "Covers from the Kearsarge." Journal of the Society of Philatelic Americans 44(12) :843-46. Norby, Reidar. "A Swede almost Beat Sir Rowland Hill." Stamp Collection (June 1982) :12-13. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 505 Norby, Reidar, and Engstrom, Victor E., eds. Danish West Indies Mails, 1754-1917, vol. 2, The Postal Emissions. Washington, D.C.: Scandinavian Philatelic Printing and Publishing Company, 1981. NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY Barber, James G., and Voss, Frederick S. The Codlike Black Dan: A Selec- tion of Portraits from Life in Commemoration of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of Daniel Webster. Washington, D.C.: Smith- sonian Institution Press, 1982. Christman, Margaret C. S. Portraits by George Bellows. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981. Fern, Alan. [Introduction] "The American Print." In American Graphics 1860-1940 [exhibition catalogue]. Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1982. . [Review] A History of the Nonesuch Press, by John Dreyfus. Fine Print 8(3) (July 1982) :87-89. Henderson, Amy. [Review] Alexander Hamilton, by Jacob Cooke. History: Reviews of New Books (August 1982). . [Review] American Literature and the Universe of Force, by Ronald Martin. History: Reviews of New Books (September 1982). Miles, Ellen G. Essays on portraits by James Peale, Thomas Sully, George Peter Alexander Healy, and Christian Gullager for The Preston Morton Collection of American Art (catalogue), Santa Barbara Museum of Art, 1981. . "The Life and Art of James Barry." History: Reviews of New Books (May/June 1982) :186. Miller, Lillian B. [Review] The Collected Papers of Charles Willson Peale and His Family: A Guide and Index to the Microfiche Edition, ed. Lillian B. Miller. (Millwood, New York: Kraus Microform, 1980); Early American Literature XVI (Winter 1981/82). . [Introductory essay] George Washington: An American Icon, by Wendy Wick. The Barra Foundation, Inc., 1982. Pachter, Marc. "A Historian ... is a Historian ... is a Historian: The Museum and Public History." Humanities (October 1981). Stapp, William F. [Review] The American Daguerreotype, by Floyd and Marion Rinhart. Picturescope 30(1) (Spring 1982) :37-38. Stewart, Robert G. "Robert Edge Pine in America 1784-1788." Antiques CXX (5) (November 1981) :1166-71. Voss, Frederick S. FDR: The Early Years. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Westmoreland, Rosamond, and Roberts, Barbara. 18th Century American Painted Furniture: Three Treatments. Washington, D.C.: A.I.C. Preprints, 1981. Wick, Wendy C. George Washington, An American Icon: The Eighteenth- Century Graphic Portraits. Washington, D.C.: SITES and the National Portrait Gallery, 1982. Distributed by the University Press of Virginia. OFFICE OF AMERICAN STUDIES Washburn, Wilcomb E. "The First Americans," [chapter written with William C. Sturtevant in 1976]. Reprinted in American Fabrics and Fashions Magazine 123(Summer 1981) :60-64. Doric Publishing Co., Inc., New York and Paris. . Gli Indiani D' America [Italian translation of The Indian in America, 506 / Smithsonian Year 1982 published by Harper & Row, New York, 1975] Editori Riuniti, Rome, Italy, 1981, 313 pp. 'Das Russell-Tribunal: Wer spricht fur die indianischen Stamme?" [German translation of "The Russell Tribunal — Who Speaks for Indian Tribes?"] Amedian, News from Native America (Berichte aus dem india- nischen Amerika), 9(6/81) (December 1981):14-15. "A Bad Way to Pick Juries," Op-Ed page, The Washington Post, May 8, 1982. "Whither Architecture? Some Outside Views," AIA [American Institute of Architects] Journal 71 (6) (mid-May 1982) -.207-8, 259, 261. -. "Representative Institutions among Contemporary American Indian Tribal Societies," Parliaments, Estates and Representation (l)(June 1982): 89-91. "Postscript." Celebration: Studies in Festivity and Ritual, ed. Victor Turner, pp. 297-99, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. OFFICE OF FOLKLIFE PROGRAMS Checklist to the exhibition, Celebration: A World of Art and Ritual. (In two volumes). Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press (1982). Rinzler, Ralph. "Folklore and Folk Art: The Origins of Two Movements." Washington Antiques Show: (1981) :37-39. . [Preface] Celebration: A World of Art and Ritual. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press (1982). Rinzler, Ralph, and Seitel, Peter. [Preface] Celebration: Studies in Festivity and Ritual, ed. Victor Turner. Smithsonian Institution (1982). Seitel, Peter, ed. Fairs and Festivals: A Smithsonian Guide to Celebrations in Maryland, Virginia, and Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press (1982). Turner, Victor, ed. Celebration: Studies in Festivity and Ritual. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press (1982). Vennum, Thomas Jr., ed. 1982 Festival of American Folklife Program Book. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution (1982). wa Makuna, Kazadi. "The Origin of Zaire Modern Music: Result of Socio- Economic Process." Jazz Forschung (13) (1981) :139-50. MUSEUM PROGRAMS CONSERVATION ANALYTICAL LABORATORY Conservation Analytical Laboratory. Future Directions in Archaeometry — A Round Table. January 1, 1982. Organ, Robert M. "Science for the Conservator." Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 20(1) (1981) :41-44. . "Appendix 1." Technical Examination of the Classical Bronze Horse from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, ed. K. C Lefferts, pp. 22-24; Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 21(1) (1981) :l-42. -. "Errors of Presentation." In "Conservation — A Challenge to the Profession." Museum, UNESCO 34(1) (1982) :51-52. Sayre, E.; Harbottle, C; Stoenner, R.; Washburn, W.; Olin, J. S.; and Fitzhugh, W.; "The Carbon-14 Dating of an Iron Bloom Associated with the Voyages of Sir Martin Frobisher." In Nuclear and Chemical Dating Techniques, ed. Lloyd A. Currie. ACS Symposium Series 176, pp. 441-51. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1982. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 507 OFFICE OF MUSEUM PROGRAMS Borowski, Elena. Conservation Bookbinding. Technical Booklet CBV-90. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, OMP, 1982. Borowski, Elena; Adrosko, Rita J.; and Vann, Lois M. Mounting of Flat Textiles for Exhibition. Technical Booklet MTS-3. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, OMP, 1975, revised 1976. Borowski, Elena; Clapp, Ann F.; and Erik, Katherine G. The Cleaning of Prints, Drawings and Manuscripts: Dry Methods. Technical Booklet CPS-4. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution, OMP, 1975, revised 1977. Borowski, Elena, and Dirks, Katherine. Wet Cleaning Antique Cotton, Linen and Wool. Technical Books WCS-1. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution, OMP, 1974, revised 1978. Borowski, Elena; Eirk, Katherine G.; and McMillan, Eleanor. The Hinging and Mounting of Paper Objects. Technical Booklet HMS-6. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution, OMP, 1974, revised 1976. Borowski, Elena; Harris, Karen; and Coffee, Barbara. The Protective Lining of a Wooden Storage Drawer for Textiles and Costumes. Technical Book- let LDS-2. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution, OMP, 1974, revised 1976. Borowski, Elena, and McMillan, Eleanor. Curatorial Examination of Paper Objects. Technical Booklet EPS-5. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institu- tion, OMP, 1975, revised 1976. Borowski, Elena, and others. Cleaning, Mending and Reconstruction of Pot- tery. Technical Booklet MPS-7. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institu- tion, OMP, 1975, revised 1981. Crow, Eleanor. Museum Careers. Technical Booklet CAV-88. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution, 1981. Crow, Eleanor, and Andrews, Patrice. The Care of East Asian Paintings. Technical Booklet EAS-15. Washington, DC: OMP, Smithsonian Institu- tion, 1982. Forrest, Kelly; Hyltoft, John; and Nugent, Maria; eds. The Rare Book Box. Technical Booklet RBS-12. Washington, DC: OMP, Smithsonian Institu- tion, 1979. Glaser, Jane R. [Review] Career Opportunities in Art Museums, Zoos and Other Interesting Places, by U.S. Department of Labor. Museum News 60(4) (March/April, 1982) :68-70. Johnson, Richard K.; Crow, Eleanor; and Borowski, Elena, eds. Protecting Objects on Exhibition. Technical Booklet POS-10. Washington, DC: OMP, Smithsonian Institution, 1978, revised 1981. Johnson, Richard K., and Eirk, Katherine G. The Removal of Pressure Sensi- tive Tape from Flat Paper. Technical Booklet RTV-81. Washington, D.C: OMP, Smithsonian Institution, 1977. Office of Museum Programs. Native American Museums and Related Issues. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution, 1982. . Museum Studies Programs in the United States and Abroad. Wash- ington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1982. Proceedings of the Office of Museum Programs' "Children in Museums" International Symposium, October 28-31, 1979. Harpers Ferry, West Virginia: Degen Associates, 1982. Smithsonian Institution Catalogue of Audiovisual Programs. [A staff reference list] Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution, 1982 Organ, Robert M., and Borowski, Elena, eds. The Hygr other mo graph. Technical Booklet HTS-8. Washington, DC: OMP, Smithsonian Institu- tion, 1977. 508 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Organ, Robert M.; Borowski, Elena; and Crow, Eleanor, eds. The Treatment of Corroded Metal Artifacts. Washington, D.C.: OMP, Smithsonian Institution, 1977. Schneider, Jenny, and Forrest, Kelly, eds. Storage in a Swiss Museum. Technical Booklet SSS-11. OMP, Smithsonian Institution, 1979. 22p. Audiovisuals The Care of Asian Paintings (slides). A discussion of preventive care techniques in the storage and exhibition of hand scrolls, hanging scrolls and screens. This program was produced in collaboration with the Freer Gallery of Art. Tribal Archives (slides). This program was developed to assist Native Americans to preserve the records of their heritage. It included a descrip- tion of what an archives is, an explanation of what an archives can do for a community and information on how to establish one. Native Ameri- can archives are used to illustrate the concepts involved. The program was produced in collaboration with the Native American Museums Program and a grant from the Native American Archives Project. Protecting Cultural Property: Staff Participation and Perimeters of Protection (video). A program on perimeters of protection, a concept in physical security for cultural property. The program also deals with the contribu- tion each staff member makes to the system. Protecting Cultural Property on Exhibit, in Storage and in Transit, (video). An overview of security and safety procedures which any cultural insti- tution can employ to protect both people and property. Millimeter Bookbinding (video). A detailed demonstration of a bookbinding technique developed in Denmark in the 1940s and adapted for book conservation by John Hyltoft, Book Conservator of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries. The Women's Committee of the Institution provided a grant for the production. Communication (video). An information presentation demonstrating how staff, including guards, can assist hearing impaired museum visitors. The Film Unit of the Office of Exhibits Central and the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education collaborated in this production. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION ARCHIVES Bearman, David, and Lytle, Richard H. "Towards National Information Sys- tems: A Standard Format for Archival Information Exchange." Archivaria (Winter 1980). Deiss, William A., and Manning, Raymond S. "The Fate of the Invertebrate Collections of the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, 1853-1856." History in the Service of Systematics, eds. Alwyne Wheeler and James H. Price. London: Society for the Bibliography of Natural History, 1981. Henson, Pamela M. "Mary Agnes Chase." In Dictionary of American Biorgaphy, Supplement Seven. New York: American Council of Learned Societies, 1982. . "President's Column." Oral History in the Mid-Atlantic Region Newsletter 5(1-3). Lytle, Richard H. "An Archival and Information Services Program for the American Association for the Advancement of Science." AAAS, Publica- tion 82-R-3 (July 1982). Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 509 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES Bedini, Silvio A. Declaration of Independence Desk: Relic of Revolution. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981. . Early American Surveyors: Mapping the Wilderness." Professional Surveyor 11(2) (March-April 1982) :16-18, 35-36. "Jefferson: Man of Science." Frontiers, the Annual of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 111(1981-1982). Goodwin, Jack. "Current Bibliography in the History of Technology (1979)." Technology and Culture 22(April 1981) :374-84. . "Current Bibliography in the History of Technology (1980). Tech- nology and Culture 23 (April 1982) :282-340. Levin, Amy E. [Literature Review] SWIC: Significant Issues of Wide Con- cern 111(2) (August 1982). (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Women's Council) Linn, Mary Jane. [Review] AACR 2 Goes Public (Tucson, 1982). In Museums, Arts and Humanities Division (SLA) Bulletin XII(2) (Spring 1982). Preslock, Karen. "A Conservation Information Source." A1C Newsletter 7(4) (August 1982). Rosenfeld, Mary A. "Dance." In Magazines for Libraries 4th ed., pp. 30-304. New York: R. R. Bowker, 1982. Schallert, Ruth. "Suggestion" (Note on numbering of multi-volumed flora projects) Taxon 30(4) (November 1981) :874. Stanley, Janet L. "Africa." In: Magazines for Libraries, pp. 41-49. New York: R. R. Bowker, 1982. . "African Art: Collector's Bibliography." Primitive Art Newsletter 5 (8) (1982). . [Review] The Africans: An Ethnological Account, by Harold K. Schneider. Africa Today 29(1) (1982). [Solanke, Jolayemi, pseud.] "Internal African Migrations and Growth of Cultures" and "Traditional Social and Political Institutions." In African History and Culture, ed. Richard Olaniyan, pp. 13-26, 27-37. Lagos, Long- man Nigeria: Harlow, Essex, Longman Group, 1982. "Malawiana Bonanza." [Reviews of Malawi by Robert B. Boeder, and Historical Dictionary of Malawi, by Cynthia A. Crosby] (Africa Today 28(3) (1981) :77-78. [Review] Asking for Toruble: Autobiography of a Banned Journalist, by Donald Woods. Library Journal (July 1981) [Review] The Development of Information: An African Approach, ed. R. W. Thairu (Iairobi: Kenya Library Association, 1979) African Book Publishing Record 7(4) (1981). [Review] For Spirits and Kings: African Art from the Paul and Ruth Tishman Collection. Library Journal (April 1, 1982). [Review] Masks of Black Africa, by Ladislas Segy. Africana Journal 11(1980) :358. [Review] Nigerian Literature: A Bibliography of Criticism, 1952-1976, by Claudia Baldwin. Africana Journal 12(1) (1981) -.78-79. [Review] Yoruba: Sculpture of West Africa, by William Fagg and John Pemberton. Library Journal (June 1, 1982). Toney, Stephen. "A Cost Database for Branch Library Resource Allocation and Performance Evaluation." College and Research Libraries (July 1981) : 373-78. . "Telefacsimile Experiment at the Smithsonian Libraries." Association of Research Libraries Office of Management Studies, SPEC Kit #82, Docu- ment Delivery Systems in ARL Libraries (March 1982) :9-10. 510 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Wells, Ellen B. "Correspondence of Felix Vogeli with His Publisher, Anselin, 1833, 1836; an Annotated Translation with Introduction, Notes and Check- list." Historia Medicinae Veterinariae VI(2)(1981) :42-47; VI(3)(1981) :62- 65; VII(l)(1982);20-23. . "Horses." Magazines for Libraries, 4th ed. New York: R. R. Bowker, 1982. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION TRAVELING EXHIBITION SERVICE PUBLICATIONS BOOKS AND EXHIBITION CATALOGUES Boer, Susan Dudnick. Treasure of the Quicksilver Galleons. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1982. Goodman, Deborah Lerme. The Magic Shuttle. Washington, D.C: Smith- sonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1982. Hobbs, Susan. Lithographs of James McNeill Whistler. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1982. Novak, Barbara; Hobbs, Susan; and McClelland, Donald. American Impres- sionism. Manila, Philippines: U.S. International Communication Agency, 1982. Teahan, John. Irish Silver. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Travel- ing Exhibition Service, 1982. Wick, Wendy C George Washington, An American Icon: The Eighteenth- Century Graphic Portraits. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1982. American Impressionism. Manila, Philippines: U.S. International Communica- tion Agency, 1982. Lerme, Deborah, and Menkes, Diana. George Washington, An American Icon: The Eighteenth-Century Graphic Portraits. Washington, DC: Smith- sonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1982. Matthews, Sandra, and Wong Fu, Marilyn. China Prom Within. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1982. Of Time and Place: American Figurative Art from the Corcoran Gallery, Curriculum Guide. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1981. SITES Publications, 1982. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Travel- ing Exhibition Service, 1982. Stevens, Andrea, editor. Siteline, nos. 12, 13, 14. Washington, DC: Smith- sonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1981-82. Traditional Crafts of Saudi Arabia. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institu- tion Traveling Exhibition Service, 1982. The Vanishing Race and Other Illusions: A New Look at the Work of Edward Curtis, Walking Tour. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1982. American Impressionism. America's Space Truck: The Space Shuttle. Contemporary Art from the Netherlands. inua: spirit world of the bering sea eskimo. Korean Drawing Now. Traditional Crafts of Saudi Arabia. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff / 511 PUBLIC SERVICE DIVISION OF PERFORMING ARTS Closter, Harold. "The Smithsonionization of Country Music." Notes on the Arts (September-October 1981). . "Patsy Montana — The Cowboy's Sweetheart." Cattle Records, LP 25, West Germany (record jacket essay). Flint, Richard. "George Hunzinger: Patent Furniture Maker." In Nineteenth Century Furniture: Innovation, Revival and Reform, edited by the editors of Art & Antiques, with an introduction by Mary Jean Madigan, pp. 124- 131. New York: Art & Antiques, 1982. . "Meet Me In Dreamland: The Early Development of Amusement Parks in America." In Victorian Resorts and Hotels, ed. Richard Guy Wil- son, pp. 97-107. Philadelphia: The Victorian Society in America, 1982. 'From the Midway to the Museum: The Collection, Care, and Exhi- bition of Popular Entertainment Artifacts." In Preservation Management for Performing Arts Collections, conference sponsored by the Theatre Li- brary Association, Washington, D.C., April 28-May 1, 1982. "The Circus and the Development of Advertising in Nineteenth Cen- tury America." In The Circus in America, symposium sponsored by the Institute for American Values, Nichols College, Dudley, Massachusetts, September 19-20, 1982. "The Circus." Continuing education program, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, June 6-11, 1982. Kriegsman, Sali Ann. Modern Dance in America: The Bennington Years, Boston: G. K. Hall and Company, 1981. . "Aboriginal Artists of Australia." Washington Dance Review (Octo- ber-November 1981). "Terpsichore in Jazz Shoes." Washington Dance Review (December 1981-January 1982). 'Dance in America: The One and the Many." Notes on the Arts (May-June 1982). Contributing critic on dance for Ballet News, The International Mag- azine of Dance, a monthly publication of the Metropolitan Opera Guild. Morris, James R. Performance edition of script and score of Rose-Marie by Rudolf Friml, Herbert Stothart, Otto Harbach, and Oscar Hammerstein 2nd, American Musical Theater presentation, October 15-18, 1981. . Script, musical selection, and stage direction for Rendezvous with the '30s, American Musical Theater presentation, May 27-30, 1982. . "Vintage Handel." Notes on the Arts (January-February 1982). . "New Notions of Jazz." Notes on the Arts (March-April 1982). "Thomson on the Arts." Notes on the Arts (May-June 1982). Taylor, J. R. [Record annotation] Bill Kirchner: What It Is To Be Frank, Seabreeze Records. Williams, Martin. TV: The Casual Art, Oxford University Press, 1982. Records Handel: Messiah. Handel: Eight Sonatas for Diverse Instruments. Handel Treasury. Twentieth Century Consort/Vol. II. Naughty Marietta. Art Tatum: Pieces of Eight. An Experiment in Modern Music: Paul Whiteman at Aeolian Hall. 512 I Smithsonian Year 1982 OFFICE OF SMITHSONIAN SYMPOSIA AND SEMINARS Wilton S. Dillon. "On Gifts and Violence." In International Violence, ed. Tunde Adeniran, University of Ibadan, and Yonah Alexander, Center for Strategic and International Studies (Georgetown) and Institute for Studies in International Terrorism (SUNY). New York: Praeger Publishers. OFFICE OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS Here at the Smithsonian ... 15 2-2 Vz -minute features. The following is a complete listing of Here at the Smithsonian . . . features, which contain material based on research done by Smithsonian curators or other personnel: At Home with the Apes. A look at the National Zoo's new Ape House, (nzp) March 22, 1982. A Facelift for Old Planes. A visit to the National Air and Space Museum's workshops at Silver Hill, (nasm) March 22, 1982. The Rebirth of Dinosaurs. A behind-the-scenes look at the remodeling of the Dinosaur Hall, (nmnh) March 22, 1982. Hooray for Amelia. A tribute to Amelia Earhart on the fiftieth anniversary of her Atlantic crossing, (nasm) May 10, 1982. The Woolly Mammoth of Washington. Smithsonian scientists dig for mam- moth bones in a Washington suburb, (nmnh) May 10, 1982. How Does Your Sculpture Growl The care and conservation of the Sculpture Garden, (hmsg) May 10, 1982. Diplomats in Buckskins. The story of nineteenth-century Indian delegations that visited Washington, (nmnh) May 10, 1982. Hooray for the Red, White and Blue. A tribute to the Star Spangled Banner. (nmah) June 28, 1982. A Festival of Animals. Celebrating the animal in African Art. (NMAfA) June 28, 1982. What Lives in Your Lawn? A family explores the ecosystem of their lawn as part of the Smithsonian Family Learning Project, (cbces) June 28, 1982. Celebrations 'Round the World. A visit to the Celebration exhibition at the Renwick Gallery, (nmaa) June 28, 1982. Horse Races on the Mall. Highlights from the 1982 Festival of American Folk- life, (oamers) August 23, 1982. Living with the Eskimos. A look at the exhibition inua: spirit world of the bering sea eskimos. (nmnh) August 23, 1982. A Modern Noah's Ark. Preserving endangered animals at the Conservation and Research Center at Front Royal, Virginia, (nzp) August 23, 1982. Raphael Soyer: An Art of Real Life. The artist speaks at an exhibition of his work, (hmsg) August 23, 1982. Smithsonian Galaxy, 104 2V2-minute features. Radio Smithsonian, 52 half-hour programs. The partial listing of Radio Smithsonian segments, which follows, contains material based on research done by Smithsonian curators or other personnel: Riding the Rails. Celebrates the first run in 54 years of the Smithsonian's John Bull, the world's oldest operating steam locomotive, (nmah) October 4, 1981. The Jet Age. Sir Frank Whittle and Dr. Hans von Ohain simultaneously developed the first jet engines in the early days of World War II. They meet and reminisce at the opening of the new Jet Age Gallery, (nasm) October 18, 1981. Images of Labor. The history of the American labor movement is told by Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 513 people who helped make it — organizers, troubadors, union leaders, and workers, (nmah) October 25, 1981. R. B. Kitaj — The Voice of the Artist. R. B. Kitaj talks about the process behind his unusual paintings, (hmsg) November 1, 1981. Deepsea Discoveries. Adventures on the Alvin deepsea submersible, (nmnh) November 1, 1981. Nature's Navigators. An exploration of bird migration, (nmnh) November 8, 1981. The Golden Age of Animation. Filmmaker and animator John Canemaker traces the development of film animation, (c-h) November 8, 1981. OK, Orville, But You Cotta Fly In It First! A visit to the Paul Garber facility in Silver Hill, Maryland, (nasm) November 15, 1981. What's in the Attic? A look at the Smithsonian inventory. November 22, 1981. Symphony in Black. The radio premier of a major work by Duke Ellington, recorded in concert at the Smithsonian under the direction of Gunther Schuller. (dpa) November 29, 1981. The Portrait Gallery Caper. A host of nineteenth-century rogues meet their match — the Pinkertons. (npg) December 6, 1981. The Lost World of Tibet. Sound portraits and interviews with native Tibetans who have fled their country, (nmnh) December 6, 1981. Art from Appalachia. Appalachian artists survey the remarkable range of art in their homeland, (nmaa) December 20, 1981. Author in Exile. Ariel Dorfman, Chilean novelist and social commentator, describes his life as a political exile from his country, (wwics) December 27, 1981. Dinosaur! The story of the making of the new Dinosaur Hall, (nmnh) Janu- ary 3, 1982. A Garden for All Seasons. Abram Lerner takes us through the museum's Sculpture Garden, (hmsg) January 10, 1982. And Then There Were None. Animal species in danger of extinction and efforts being made to save them, (nzp) January 17, 1982. Cast and Recast: The Sculpture of Frederic Remington. A tour of the exhibi- tion, (nmaa) January 17, 1982. Do We Have A Future? Dr. Rene Dubos and Dr. James Neel address the question in a Smithsonian symposium entitled, "How Humans Adapt: A Biocultural Oddysey." (oss) January 31, 1982. Goodbye Bauhaus. The widening gap between theory and practice in archi- tecture, (rap) January 31, 1982. Secrets of the Sphynx. Smithsonian scientist Farouk El-Baz believes the forms of the ancient monuments of Egypt are elaborations of natural desert for- mations, (nasm) February 7, 1982. Alma Thomas — A Life in Art. An appreciation of the work and life of Alma Thomas, by some of the people who knew her best, (nmaa) February 7, 1982. Life . . . After Life. An exploration of the ceremonial uses of African funerary sculpture. (NMAfA) February 7, 1982. At Home Abroad. From the Smithsonian Collections of Recordings, a hilari- ous musical review, hosted by Martin Williams, (dpa) February 14, 1982. George Washington's Greatest Hits. The life, times, and music of our first president, on his two-hundred-fiftieth birthday, (nmah) February 21, 1982. Spirit of Life. Spiritual beings depicted in the religious ceremonies of the Hopi Indians, (nmnh) February 21, 1982. Whines, Growls, and Wherefores. Parallels between animal — and human — communications, (nzp) February 28, 1982. Pan-Pacific Pop. The way a single popular song can be expressed in many different styles by many different cultures, (nmnh) February 28, 1982. 514 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Wild Blue Yonder. Flying with the pilots who blazed new trails in aviation. (nasm) February 28, 1982. Stories for Grownups. Master storyteller Jay O'Callahan plies his trade before an audience at the Smithsonian's Discovery Theatre, (dpa) March 7, 1982. Notes on the Lute. Lutenist Howard Bass performs pieces that illustrate the use and evolution of his instrument, (nmah) March 7, 1982. FDR Remembered. Memories of our thirty-second president, evoked in exhi- bitions and presentations, (anm, wwics, nmah) March 14, 1982. Healing Powers of Plants. The use of herbal medicines in many cultures. (nmnh) March 14, 1982. Metaphor. A look at an exhibition of large-scale sculpture, (hmsg) March 21, 1982. Living Portraits. Famous personalities, folk cultures, and works of art are brought to life using poetry, song, and prose, (npg) March 28, 1982. Celebrations at the Renwick. The art and ritual celebration, (nmaa) April 4, 1982. Here's to the Dot and Dash. Reflections on Morse and his invention of the telegraph, (nmah) April 4, 1982. Helicopter Champs. The U.S. Helicopter Team, winners of the World Heli- copter Championships, bring the trophy to the Smithsonian, (nasm) April 4, 1982. Beverly Bubbles. Beverly Sills talks about her life and career, (nmah) April 11, 1982. Americans in Paris. A view of ourselves through the eyes of other nations is provided by European specialists in American studies at a conference where a new exhibition of American Impressionist paintings premiers in Europe, (npg, sites) April 18, 1982. Grooms on Grooms. American artist Red Grooms talks about his art. (hmsg) April 18, 1982. House of Hiss. The new Reptile House, (nzp) April 25, 1982. Lost Cities. The splendors of ancient metropolises through archeological finds in Mexico, Egypt, and the Mediterranean, (nmnh) April 25, 1982. The Race That Wasn't. Images of the American Indian by Edward Curtis. (sites) April 25, 1982. Biograffiti. John Burns and his poems about the natural world, (nmnh) May 2, 1982. To See Beyond the Stars. The telescope planned for the Space Shuttle, (nasm) May 2, 1982. The Lady and the Spider. Ann Moreton, founder and president of the National Arachnid Society, provides unique insights into the lives of her eight-legged friends, (nzp) May 9, 1982. First Ladies of the Air. Memories of aviation's great female pilots, (nasm) May 9, 1982. The Left Hand Man. Art Tatum on a new release in the Smithsonian Jazz recordings series, hosted by Martin Williams, (dpa) May 16, 1982. Darwin to DNA. Dr. G. Ledyard Stebbins explores the impact of new research on Darwin's theories, (nmnh) May 23, 1982. Byline: Nellie Bly. The pioneering newswoman is brought to life, (npg) May 23, 1982. African Diaspora Part I. Smithsonian Fellow Joseph Harris discusses the dis- semination of the African peoples throughout the world, (wwics) May 30, 1982. NN3SI. A visit to the Smithsonian's ham radio station, (nmah) May 30, 1982. The Stranger Among Us. How Africans depicted their attitudes toward Euro- pean and Asian traders and colonists in startling displays of sculpture. (NMAfA) June 6, 1982. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 515 African Diaspora Part II. Smithsonian Fellow Joseph Harris discusses the dis- semination of African peoples throughout the world, (wwics) June 6, 1982. They're a Grand Old Flag. The difference between "Old Glory" and "The Star Spangled Banner." (nmah) June 13, 1982. The Melting Pot Revisited. Dr. John Thomas, author and Woodrow Wilson Center Scholar, looks at regionalism in America, (wwics) June 13, 1982. Poetry In Motion. Performances from the Barney House and the National Portrait Gallery, adapted for radio, (bh, npg) June 20, 1982. Angle, Line & Color. A major exhibition of De Stijl. (hmsg) June 20, 1982. America In Space. On the twenty-fifth anniversary of the U.S. space program, an examination of its past, present, and future by the men and women who have made it happen, (nasm) June 27, 1982. The Bugs of Summer. The director of the Smithsonian's Insect Zoo offers some delicious insect recipes, (nmnh) July 4, 1982. It's All Just Lines On Paper, Folks. Prominent cartoonists visit the Smith- sonian and examine their lives and work, (rap) July 4, 1982. Solar Challenger. Exploring the first aircraft to make a solar-powered flight from Paris to London, with the plane's designer, Dr. Paul B. MacCready. (nasm) July 11, 1982. Happy Birthday, Pinocchio. The venerable puppet is 200 years old, and the Smithsonian's Discovery Theater is contributing to the celebrations with a Pinocchio puppet show, (dpa) July 11, 1982. A Portrait of Mathew Brady. A review of the life and work of this seminal figure in early American photography, (npg) August 1, 1982. The Birth of the Twang. From the Smithsonian Collection of recordings, an exploration of the origins of country music, (dpa) August 15, 1982. Along the Ancient Silk Routes. Carol Bier, Smithsonian Fellow at the Freer Gallery of Art, takes listeners on a journey back in time, (freer) August 22, 1982. The 1982 Festival of American Folklife. Highlights from the annual celebra- tion on the Mall, (oamers) September 5, 1982. Lawn Life. Smithsonian lawn expert John Falk guides a family through a microtour of their own lawn with the help of the family vacuum cleaner. (cbces) September 12, 1982. Whale Watching. It's growing as a hobby in New England, and, as a result, reports Dr. James Mead of the National Museum of Natural History, our knowledge of whale habits is growing, too. (nmnh) September 12, 1982. Endangered Languages. The death of America's native languages, (nmnh) September 12, 1982. Berenice Abbott Speaks. On the occasion of an exhibition of her photographs. (nmaa) September 19, 1982. inua: spirit world of the bering sea eskimo. Singers and dancers from Alaska bring out an isolated American culture, (nmnh) September 26, 1982. Vodun! A look at the ritual of "Voodoo" from the Renwick Celebrations exhibition, (nmaa) September 26, 1982. MEMBERSHIP AND DEVELOPMENT SMITHSONIAN RESIDENT ASSOCIATE PROGRAM The Smithsonian Associate. Janet W. Solinger, publisher/executive editor, and Helen A. Marvel, editor. Solinger, Janet W. "Trends and Triumphs in Adult Jewish Education." In Factoring for Success in Adult Jewish Education [published by Academy for Jewish Studies Without Walls] (Fall 1982). 516 / Smithsonian Year 1982 . "The Resident Associate Program: A Different Species of Continuing Education." Continuum (Fall 1981). Introduction to the catalogue of the "Contemporary Art of Egypt" exhibition by the Cultural and Educational Bureau of the Embassy of Egypt at the Arts Club of Washington, February 7-19, 1982. Posters and Prints California Cakes. Poster reproduction of original painting by Wayne Thiebaud (commissioned to commemorate the Renwick Gallery's Tenth Birthday, January 1982), Smithsonian Institution. Self-Portrait (Know Thyself). Original Lithograph by Raphael Soyer (com- missioned in conjunction with the concurrent Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden exhibitions, Raphael Soyer: 65 Years of Printmaking and Soyer Since 1960. PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS Office of Public Affairs. Smithsonian Institution — Welcome. 12 pages, 14 black-and-white illustrations. September 1982. . Smithsonian Institution — Research Reports. Three times per year. 8 pages. Smithsonian Institution — Yesterday and Today. 98 pages, 18 black- and-white illustrations. September 1982. READING IS FUNDAMENTAL, INC. RIF Bulletin. A technical publication that addresses local programs' requests for information on how to recruit and train volunteers, how to motivate youngsters to read, and how to involve parents in reading activities. The Bulletin is printed and distributed three times a year. RIF Newsletter. Another thrice-yearly publication, the Newsletter reports on RIF activities nationwide. Distributed to the public as well as to RIF projects, the Newsletter reaches 20,000 people throughout the United States and offshore territories. RIF Book of Ideas/Reading Motivation Activities. The third in a series of booklets, this collection of model reading motivation activities was com- piled from field-tested ideas submitted by RIF's local programs. The activi- ties are suitable for use in the classroom or other settings that serve young people. RIF Brochure. A flyer to be used by local programs in soliciting community support and recruiting volunteers. Profiles. Descriptions of the 340 publishers and distributors who work with RIF. The profiles list special discounts and services RIF has obtained for the projects. RIF also completed production of a short documentary film on how reading problems blight lives and lower economic productivity. The film explores ways in which parents, citizens, business, and industry can work with RIF to combat these problems. NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART Ayres, Linda. "An American Perspective: Nineteenth-Century Art from the Collection of Jo Ann and Julian Ganz, Jr., Figure and Genre Paintings." The Magazine Antiques, CXXI(l) (January 1982) :265-69. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 517 Ayres, Linda, contributor. An American Perspective: Nineteenth-Century Art from the Collection of ]o Ann and Julian Canz, Jr. Washington, D.C. : National Gallery of Art; and Hanover, N.H. : University Press of New England, 1981. , contributor. Bellows: The Boxing Pictures. Washington, D.C: Na- tional Gallery of Art, 1982. Backlund, Caroline H. Reviews of Christie's Pictorial Archive, and Leonard's Index of Art Auctions. ARLIS/NA Newsletter, October 1981. . "From the Chair" (column). Art Documentation, 1982. Bohlin, Diane DeGrazia. Review of Renovation and Counter-Reformation Vasari and Duke Cosimo in Sta Maria Novella and Sta Croce 1565—1577. Renaissance Quarterly, XXXIII (2) (Summer 1980) :257-60. . "Agnes Mongan, Connoisseur of Old Master Drawings." In Women as Interpreters of the Visual Arts, 1820-1979, pp. 411-34. Westport, 1981. Brown, David Alan. "A Print Source for Parmigianino at Fontanellato." In Per A.E. Popham, pp. 45-53. Parma: Consigli Arte, 1981. Carmean, E. A., Jr. "Les peintures noires de Jackson Pollock et le projet d'eglise de Tony Smith." In Jackson Pollock. Paris: Centre Georges Pompi- dou, 1982. . "Pollock: Tableaux Classique." In L' Atelier de Jackson Pollock. Paris: Macula, 1982. "The Church Project: Pollock's Passion Themes." Art in America, 70(Summer 1982) :110-22. "Braque, le collage et le cubisme tardif." In Georges Braque: les papiers colles. Paris: Centre Georges Pompidou, 1982. "La National Gallery of Art di Washington." In II Publico Dell' Arte: Critica 1. Florence: Sansomi, 1982. "Bellows: The Boxing Paintings." In Bellows: The Boxing Pictures. Washington, D.C: National Gallery of Art, 1982. Carmean, E. A., Jr., contributor. The Morton C. Neumann Family Collection: Picasso Prints and Drawings, III. Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, 1981. Chotner, Deborah, contributor. Bellows: The Boxing Pictures. Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, 1981. Clark, H. Nichols B. "A Taste for the Netherlands: The Impact of Seven- teenth-Century Dutch and Flemish Genre Painting on American Art 1800- 1860." The American Art Journal XIV(2) (Spring 1982):23-28. . "A Fresh Look at the Art of Francis W. Edmonds: Dutch Sources and American Meanings." The American Art Journal XIV(3) (Summer 1982): 73-94. Collins, Jane. "Qyx Conquers AACR2." Art Documentation vol. 1 (February 1982) :20. . "Planning for Retrospective Conversion." Art Documentation vol. 1 (Summer 1982) :92-94. Doumato, Lamia. Eleanor Raymond (monograph). Monticello, 111.: Vance Bibliographies, September 1982. . Peter Eisenman (monograph). Monticello, 111.: Vance Bibliographies, July 1982. Women Architectural Critics (monograph), Monticello, 111.: Vance Bibliographies, March 1982. Denise Scott Brown (monograph). Monticello, 111.: Vance Bibliog- raphies, April 1982. Robert Mills (monograph). Monticello, 111.: Vance Bibliographies, February 1982. . Reviews for Choice and ARLIS/NA Newsletter.. 518 / Smithsonian Year 1982 , contributor. Review, American Reference Books Annual. Littleton, Colorado: Libraries Unlimited, 1982. co-author. "Reference and Subject Headings: A Survey." Art Docu- mentation vol. 1 (Summer 1982) :103-5. Edelstein, J. M. "Looking Across at the Silvretta." In Conjunctions: I- A Festschrift in honor of James Laughlin, Winter 1981-82-103-4. . [Review] The Chimera Broadsides. In Fine Print, vol. XIII, no. 3 (July 1982) :103. Fine, Ruth E. Lessing J. Rosenwald: Tribute to a Collector. Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1982. . The Janus Press 1975-80. Burlington, Vt. The University of Vermont Robert Hull Fleming Museum, 1982. -. "Drawings in the Rosenwald Collection." Drawing, vol. IV, no. 3 (September-October 1982):49-55. Grasselli, Margaret Morgan [Review]. "Watteau Drawings in the British Museum." Master Drawings XIX(3) (Autumn 1981):310-12. . Eighteenth-Century Drawings from the Collection of Mrs. Gertrude Laughlin Chanler. Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1982. Grier, Margot E. "Art Serials Union List: A Production Report." Art Docu- mentation 1(3/4) (Summer 1982) :109-10. Hand, John. "Futurism in America: 1909-14." Art Journal 41 (Winter 1981): 337-42. Lewis, Douglas. "Jacopo Sansovino, Sculptor of Venice." In Titian, His World and His Legacy: The Bampton Lectures in America, ed. David Rosand, pp. 133-90. New York: Columbia University Press, 1982. . "Patterns of Preference: Patronage of Sixteenth-Century Architects by the Venetian Patriciate." In Patronage in the Renaissance, eds. Guy Fitch Lytle and Stephen Orgel, pp. 354-80. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981. Luchs, Alison, translator. The World of the Florentine Renaissance Artist by Martin Wackernagel (first published as Der Lebensraum des Kunstlers in der florentinischen Renaissance, Leipzig: E. A. Seemann, 1938). Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981. Mann, Donna C. "Erastus Salisbury Field: Folk Artist of the Nineteenth Century." Antique Market 1(8) (November 1981):10-12. Nicholson, Catherine. "Some Watermarks Found on Claude's Prints and Drawings." In Claude Lorrain: 1600-1642, by Diane Russell, pp. 438-49. New York: George Braziller, 1982. Parkhurst, Charles, and Feller, Robert L. "Who Invented the Color Wheel?" Color Research and Application 7(3) (Fall 1982) :217-30. Robison, Andrew. Picasso: The Bull. Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1982. Russell, H. Diane. Claude Lorrain 1600-1682. Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1982. Simpson, Marianna S. "The Art of the Mamluk Period in Egypt and Syria." Orientations (October 1981):12:35. . "The Narrative Structure of a Medieval Iranian Beaker." Ars Orientalis 12(1981) :15-24. Thompson, Dodge. "The Public Work of William Rush, A Case Study in the Origins of American Sculpture." In William Rush, American Sculptor (exhibition catalogue). Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, 1982. von Rebhan, Anne. "A Profile of the National Gallery's Slide Library." Inter- national Bulletin for Photographic Documentation of the Visual Arts 9(8) (Summer 1982) :4. Wheelock, Arthur K., Jr. Jan Vermeer. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1981. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 519 . "Le Mauritshuis en Voyage." Connaissance des Arts, nos. 365/366 (1982)56-63. -, ed. Dutch Figure Drawings from the Seventeenth Century, by Peter Schatborn. The Hague, 1981. Wilmerding, John, contributor. An American Perspective: Nineteenth-Century Art from the Collection of Jo Ann and Julian Canz, Jr. Washington, D.C: National Gallery of Art, and Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1981. . "An American perspective: Nineteenth-Century Art from the Collec- tion of Jo Ann and Julian Ganz, Jr., Still-life paintings." The Magazine Antiques CXXI(l) (January 1982) :270-74. Winsloio Homer: The Charles Shipman Payson Collection (exhibition catalogue). New York: Coe Kerr Galleries, 1981. -, contributor. Bellows: The Boxing Pictures (exhibition catalogue). Washington, D.C: National Gallery of Art, 1982. 520 / Smithsonian Year 1982 APPENDIX 7. The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, September 30, 1982 OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY THE SECRETARY S. DILLON RIPLEY Executive Assistant James M. Hobbins Special Assistant Joseph Coudon Administrative Assistant (Correspondence) Mary Lynne McElroy Administrative Assistant (Appointments) Mary Lee Nissley Supervisor, Secretary's Files Betty J. Edwards OFFICE OF THE UNDER SECRETARY The Under Secretary Phillip S. Hughes OFFICE OF THE SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THE SECRETARY Special Assistant to the Secretary Richard H. Howland Curator, Smithsonian Institution Building James M. Goode Honorary Research Associate Paul H. Oehser OFFICE OF AUDITS Director Chris S. Peratino Assistant Directors benedict T. Maltagliati Patrick J. Stanton SCIENCE Assistant Secretary for Science David Challinor Executive Officer Harold J. Michaelson Program Manager Ross B. Simons Administrative Assistant Rita Jordan CHESAPEAKE BAY CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Director J. Kevin Sullivan Associate Director for Education Programs John H. Falk Associate Director for Science Programs David L. Correll Administrative Officer Donald L. Wilhelm Facilities Manager John Rynarzewski Appendix 7. Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries I 521 NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM Acting Director Walter J. Boyne Deputy Director Walter J. Boyne Chief, Audiovisual Research Hernan Otano Administrative Officer M. Antoinette Smith Budget Analyst Wendy A. Stephens Registrar Robin A. Schroffel Technical Information Specialist .... Karl P. Suthard Theater Manager Ronald E. Wagaman Operations/Technical Manager .... Ralph T. Johnston Program Coordinator B. Ashley Ball Chief, Public Affairs and Museum Services Rita C. Bobowski Museum Program Analyst Helen C. McMahon Public Information Specialist June B. Chocheles Special Events Assistant Sharon McCoy Building Manager Claude D. Russell Chief, Production Operations Division . Edward B. Chalkley Chief, Preservation, Restoration and Storage Walter R. Roderick Supervisory Museum Specialist Alfred J. Bachmeier Chairman, Aeronautics Department . . . Donald S. Lopez Historian Emeritus Paul E. Garber Special Advisor for Technology Howard S. Wolko Curators Tom D. Crouch Robert C. Mikesh C. Glen Sweeting Edmund T. Wooldridge, Jr. Associate Curators Von D. Hardesty Claudia M. Oakes Dominick A. Pisano Acting Research Director, Center for Earth and Planetary Studies Ted Maxwell Geologist Ted Maxwell Geologist Priscilla Strain Chairman, Space Science and Exploration Department Paul A. Hanle Curators Kerry M. Joels Louis R. Purnell Associate Curators David H. DeVorkin Allan A. Needell Astronomer Von Del Chamberlain Research Historian Frank H. Winter Chief, Education Services Division Janet K. Wolfe Curriculum Coordinator Mary Anne Thompson Docent and Tour Program Manager . . Patricia Johnston Editor, Air and Space Linda S. DuBro Chief, Exhibits and Presentations Division Richard D. Crawford Exhibits Program Manager Patricia A. Woodside Editor Edna W. Owens Chief, Design Unit Lucius E. Lomax Chief, Audiovisual Unit Richard Wakefield Chief, Presentations Unit Thomas H. Callen II 522 / Smithsonian Year 1982 NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MAN, CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF MAN Director Richard S. Fiske Associate Director .#. James F. Mello Administrative Officer Sherrill Berger National Human Studies Film Center Director E. Richard Sorenson Special Assistant for International Programs L. Douglas Heck Program Coordinator Marcia J. MacNaughton Research Film Specialists Ragpa L. Dorjee M. Michael Maloney Mathias Maradol Steven Schecter Research Associates, Collaborators, and Affiliated Scholars Dirk A. Ballendorf Richard Loving Lain S. Bangdel Tashi Rabgies Dhundiraj Bhandari Luding Khen Rinpoche William H. Crocker Tirtha B. Shrestha T. Wayne Dye Hubert L. Smith Reginald L. Jackson Gyatsho Tshering M. K. JayaSinhji Jhala Paul Vollrath Human Studies Film Archives Director Herman Viola Assistant Director Pamela Wintle NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Director Richard S. Fiske Associate Director James F. Mello Deputy Director for Research Terry L. Erwin Special Assistant to the Director Catherine J. Kerby Special Assistant to the Associate Director Jerome A. Conlon Writer-Editor Thomas R. Harney Administrative Officer Charles A. Ossola Administrative Assistant Mary Rakow Tanner Budget Analyst Claretta Jackson Niles Management Analyst John C. Townsend, Jr. Registrar Margaret A. Santiago Building Manager Edward McCoy Supervisory Information and Education Specialist Joan C. Madden Information Systems Manager, Automatic Data Processing Program . T. Gary Gautier Chief, Office of Exhibits Eugene F. Behlen Assistant Chief, Office of Exhibits William F. Haase Supervisory Museum Specialist, Scanning Electron Microscope Laboratory Walter R. Brown Anthropology Chairman Douglas T. Ubelaker Appendix 7. Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries / 523 Administrative Assistant Clara Ann Simmons Collections Manager U. Vincent Wilcox Conservation Laboratory, Supervisor . . . Carolyn L. Rose Illustrator, Supervisor George R. Lewis Processing Laboratory, Supervisor George E. Phebus Research Chemist David Von Endt Public Information Specialist Ruth O. Selig Curator, National Anthropological Archives Herman J. Viola Curator, Research Institute on Immigration and Ethnic Studies .... Roy S. Bryce-Laporte LATIN AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGY Curator Robert M. Laughlin Associate Curator William H. Crocker Expert Betty Meggers NORTH AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGY Curators William W. Fitzhugh Bruce D. Smith Dennis J. Stanford William C. Sturtevant Associate Curator William L. Merrill OLD WORLD ANTHROPOLOGY Curators Gordon D. Gibson William B. Trousdale Gus Van Beek Associate Curators Adrienne Kaeppler Paul M. Taylor PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY Curators J. Lawrence Angel Donald J. Ortner Douglas H. Ubelaker Associate Curator Lucile E. St. Hoyme 1 LNGUISTICS Curator R. H. Ives Goddard III RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, COLLABORATORS, AND AFFILIATED SCIENTISTS James Adovasio (Archeology) John P. Albanese (Geology) Kathleen J. Bragdon (Ethnology) Larry D. Banks (Geology) Sara Bisel (Physical Anthropology) Alison S. Brooks (Archeology) Ernest S. Burch, Jr. (Ethnology) Margaret C. Caldwell (Physical Anthropology) Claire M. Cassidy (Physical Anthropology) 1 Retired July 16, 1982. Ellis C. Coleman (Archeology) Henry B. Collins (Archeology) John C. Ewers (Plains Ethnology) Donald Fowler (Archeology) Gary Haynes (Archeology) Brian Hesse (Archeology) Eugene Knez (Ethnology) Richard T. Koritzer (Physical Anthropology) JoAnne Lanouette (Office of Educational Programs) 524 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Paulina Ledergerber (Archeology) F. Schulter-Ellis (Physical Charles M. Love (Archeology) Anthropology) David Meltzer (Archeology) Shirley J. Schwarz (Archeology) Stephen Potter (Archeology) T. Dale Stewart (Physical Walter Putschar (Physical Anthropology) Anthropology) Mildred Mott Wedel (Archeology Saul H. Risenberg (Ethnology) and Ethnohistory) Scott L. Rolston (Physical Waldo R. Wedel (Archeology) Anthropology) Theodore A. Wertime (Archeology)2 Robert G. Schmidt (Geology) Melinda A. Zeder Botany Chairman Mark M. Littler Administrative Assistant Nella F. Lloyd Collections Manager George F. Russell Senior Botanists Richard S. Cowan Mason E. Hale, Jr. PHANEROGAMS Curators Dan H. Nicolson Robert W. Read Stanwyn G. Shetler Dieter C. Wasshausen John J. Wurdack Associate Curators Robert B. Faden Vicki A. Funk Marie-Helene Sachet Laurence E. Skog FERNS Associate Curator David B. Lellinger GRASSES Curator Thomas R. Soderstrom CRYPTOGAMS Curator Harold E. Robinson Associate Curator James N. Norris PALYNOLOGY Curator Joan W. Nowicke PLANT ANATOMY Curators Edward S. Ayensu Richard H. Eyde RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, COLLABORATORS, AND AFFILIATED SCIENTISTS Katina Bucher (Algae) James A. Duke (Flora of Panama) Jose Cuatrecasas (Flora of Tropical F. Raymond Fosberg (Tropical South America) Island Plants) Arthur Lyon Dahl (Algae) Aaron Goldberg (Phanerogams) Paul E. Desautels (Orchids) Charles R. Gunn (Seeds) 2 Deceased April, 1982. Appendix 7. Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries I 525 LeRoy H. Harvey (Grasses) Muriel E. Poston (Loasaceae) Joseph H. Kirkbride, Jr. (Rubiaceae) Clyde F. Reed (Phanerogams) Aimlee D. Laderman (Limnology) Velva E. Rudd (Leguminosae) James D. Lawrey (Lichens) Edith E. B. Scott (Bryophyta) Paul A. Lentz (Fungi) Lyman B. Smith (Flora of Brazil) Elbert L. Little, Jr. (Dendrology) Frans A. Stafleu (Phanerogams) Diane S. Littler (Marine Algae) William L. Stern (Plant Anatomy) Alicia Lourteig (Neotropical Botany) Edward E. Terrell (Phanerogams) Kittie F. Parker (Compositae) Egbert H. Walker Duncan M. Porter (Phanerogams) (East Asian Flora) Entomology Chairman Wayne N. Mathis Collections Manager Gary F. Hevel Senior Scientist Karl V. Krombein NEUROPTEROIDS AND DIPTERA Curators Oliver S. Flint, Jr. Wayne N. Mathis LEPIDOPTERA Curators John M. Burns Don R. Davis W. Donald Duckworth COLEOPTERA Curators Terry L. Erwin Paul J. Spangler HEMIPTERA AND HYMENOPTERA Curators Richard C. Froeschner Karl V. Krombein MYRIAPODA AND ARCHNIDA Curator Ralph E. Crabill, Jr. RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, COLLABORATORS, AND AFFILIATED SCIENTISTS Annette Aiello (Lepidoptera) Donald W. Anderson (Coleoptera) Edward W. Baker (Mites) S. W. T. Batra (Hymenoptera) S. Franklin Blanton (Diptera) Barnard Burks (Hymenoptera) Robert W. Carlson (Hymenoptera) Oscar L. Cartwright (Coleoptera) J. F. Gates Clarke (Lepidoptera) Carlton M. Clifford (Ticks) Hilary Crusz (Insects of Sri Lanka) K. C. Emerson (Mallophaga) John H. Fales (Lepidoptera) Douglas C. Ferguson (Lepidoptera) Richard H. Foote (Diptera) John G. Franclemont (Lepidoptera) Raymond J. Gagne (Diptera) Robert D. Gordon (Coleoptera) E. Eric Grissell (Hymenoptera) Ashley B. Gurney (Orthoptera) Thomas Henry (Hemiptera) John L. Herring (Hemiptera) Ronald W. Hodges (Lepidoptera) Harry Hoogstraal (Medical Entomology) W. L. Jellison (Mites, Ticks) James E. Keirans (Ticks) John M. Kingsolver (Coleoptera) Llovd Knutson (Diptera) James P. Kramer (Homoptera) Paul M. Marsh (Hymenoptera) Arnold S. Menke (Hymenoptera) Douglass R. Miller (Homoptera) Carl F. W. Muesebeck (Hymenoptera) David F. Nickle (Orthoptera) Paul A. Opler (Lepidoptera) Kenelm W. Philip (Lepidoptera) Robert W. Poole (Noctuidae) George W. Rawson (Lepidoptera) 526 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Mary Livingston Ripley (General F. Christian Thompson (Diptera) Entomology) Edward L. Todd (Lepidoptera) Louise M. Russell (Homoptera) Robert Traub (Siphonaptera) Curtis W. Sabrosky (Diptera) Hayo H. W. Velthuis Jay C. Shaffer (Microlepidoptera) (Hymenoptera) Sunthorn Sirivanakarn (Mosquitoes) Ronald A. Ward (Medical Robert L. Smiley (Mites) Entomology) David R. Smith (Hymenoptera) Richard E. White (Coleoptera) Theodore J. Spilman (Coleoptera) Donald R. Whitehead (Coleoptera) George C. Steyskal (Diptera) Willis W. Wirth (Diptera) Manya B. Stoetzel (Homoptera) David Woolridge (Coleoptera) Invertebrate Zoology Chairman Clyde F. E. Roper Senior Zoologist Horton H. Hobbs, Jr. Collections Manager Roland H. Brown CRUSTACEA Curators J. Laurens Barnard Thomas E. Bowman Roger F. Cressey Charles W. Hart, Jr. Louis S. Kornicker Raymond B. Manning Associate Curator Brian F. Kensley ECHINODERMS Curators Frederick M. Bayer David L. Pawson Klaus Ruetzler MOLLUSKS Curators Richard S. Houbrick Clyde F. E. Roper Joseph Rosewater WORMS Curators Robert P. Higgins W. Duane Hope Meredith L. Jones Mary E. Rice Associate Curator Kristian Fauchald REGISTRY OF TUMORS IN LOWER ANIMALS Director John Harshbarger Microbiologist Sing Chen Chang Histotechnologic Specialist Linda Cullen Museum Specialist Phyllis Spero Biological Research Assistant Michael Calabrese Research Assistant Marilyn Slatick RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, COLLABORATORS, AND AFFILIATED SCIENTISTS S. Stillman Berry J. Bruce Bredin 3 Emeritus Zoologist, retired. Stephen D. Cairns Fenner A. Chace, Jr.: Appendix 7. Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries I 527 Steven Chambers Richard E. Petit Hillary Boyle Cressey Marian Pettibone Stephen L. Gardiner Anthony J. Provenzano, Jr. Lipke B. Holthuis Harald A. Rehder Roman Kenk I. G. Sohn J. Ralph Lichtenfels Geerart J. Vermeij Patsy McLaughlin Gilbert L. Voss Charles G. Messing Austin B. Williams Isabel Perez-Farfante (Canet) David K. Young Mineral Sciences Chairman Daniel E. Appleman Administrative Assistant Elizabeth E. Greene METEORITES Curators Roy S. Clarke, Jr. Brian H. Mason Geochemists Kurt Fredriksson Robert F. Fudali MINERALOGY Curator Paul E. Desautels Associate Curator John S. White, Jr. PETROLOGY AND VOLCANOLOGY Curators Richard S. Fiske William G. Melson Tom Simkin PHYSICAL SCIENCES LABORATORY Chemists Eugene Jarosewich Joseph A. Nelen SCIENTIFIC EVENT ALERT NETWORK Museum Specialist Lindsay R. McClelland Museum Technician Shirley L. Maina RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, COLLABORATORS, AND AFFILIATED SCIENTISTS Vagn F. Buchwald (Meteorites) William C. Buell IV (Volcanology) Cathy Busby-Spera (Petrology) Gary R. Byerly (Petrology) Suzanne P. DeAtley (Petrology and Volcanology) Robert T. Dodd (Meteorites) Donald Elthon (Petrology) John Filson (Petrology and Volcanology) Michael Fleischer (Mineralogy) Paleobiology Chairman Curators Emeritus Martin Flower (Petrology and Volcanology) Edward Henderson (Meteorites) Peter Leavens (Mineralogy) Paul B. Moore (Mineralogy) Geoffrey Thompson (Petrology and Volcanology) Othmar T. Tobisch (Petrology and Volcanology) John J. Trelawney (Mineralogy) Martin A. Buzas i Ian G. Macintyre5 G. Arthur Cooper C. Lewis Gazin 4 Through September 13, 1982. 5 Appointed September 13, 1982. 528 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Collections Manager Frederick J. Collier Collections Management, Supervisor . . Jann W. M. Thompson ADP Paleobiology Inventory, Supervisor Timothy M. Collins Paleobiological Information Specialist Raymond T. Rye II Scientific Illustrator Lawrence B. Isham Vertebrate Paleontology Preparation Laboratory, Supervisor Arnold D. Lewis Senior Scientist Porter M. Kier Senior Scientist and Geological Oceanographer Daniel J. Stanley Geologists Ian G. Macintyre Kenneth M. Towe Curators Walter H. Adey Richard H. Benson Richard S. Boardman Martin A. Buzas Alan H. Cheetham Richard Cifelli Robert J. Emry Richard E. Grant Leo J. Hickey 6 Nicholas Hotton III Francis M. Hueber Jack W. Pierce Clayton E. Ray Thomas R. Waller Associate Curator Anna K. Behrensmeyer RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, COLLABORATORS, AND AFFILIATED SCIENTISTS Patricia Adey Arthur J. Boucot Sankar Chatterjee Anthony G. Coates Josephine W. Cooper Steven J. Culver Daryl P. Domning Raymond Douglass J. Thomas Dutrj, Jr. Ralph E. Eshelman Jerzy A. Federowski Robert M. Finks Frank A. Garcia Mackenzie Gordon, Jr. Richard Graus David Govoni Peter J. Harmatuk Jessica A. Harrison Bruce N. Haugh Joseph E. Hazel Mark Hay S. Taseer Hussain Ralph W. Imlay 8 Resigned July 31, 1982. Jeremy B. C. Jackson Zofia Kielan-Jaworowskia Carl F. Koch Harry S. Ladd N. Gary Lane Kenneth E. Lohman Venka V. Macintyre Andres Maldonado Sergius H. Mamay James F. Mello Robert B. Neuman William A. Oliver, Jr. Edward J. Petuch Thomas F. Phelen John Pojeta, Jr. Roy H. Reinhart Charles A. Repenning Bruce Runnegar William J. Sando Vincent P. Schneider Edith E. B. Scott Frederick R. Siegel Elwyn L. Simons Appendix 7. Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries I 529 Judith E. Skog Robert S. Steneck Roberta K. Smith-Evernden Margaret Ruth Todd Norman F. Sohl Arthur D. Watt I. Gregory Sohn Ronald R. West Donald Spoon Frank C. Whitmore, Jr. George D. Stanley, Jr. Druid Wilson Steven M. Stanley Ellis P. Yochelson Vertebrate Zoology Chairman George R. Zug Collections Manager J. Phillip Angle FISHES Curators Robert H. Gibbs, Jr. Victor G. Springer Stanley H. Weitzman Assistant Curator Richard P. Vari REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS Curators W. Ronald Heyer George R. Zug BIRDS Curators Storrs L. Olson George E. Watson Richard L. Zusi Associate Curator Paul Slud MAMMALS Curators Charles O. Handley, Jr. James G. Mead Richard W. Thorington, Jr. Assistant Curator Michael D. Carleton secretary's research laboratory Administrative Specialist Adele Y. Issa Executive Assistant (ICBP) Roger Pasquier RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, COLLABORATORS, AND AFFILIATED SCIENTISTS John W. Aldrich (Birds) John S. Ash (Birds) Richard C. Banks (Birds) John C. Barber (Birds) William Belton (Birds) Michael A. Bogan (Mammals) Heraldo Britski (Fishes) Robert L. Brownell, Jr. (Mammals) Howard W. Campbell (Reptiles and Amphibians) Daniel M. Cohen (Fishes) Bruce B. Collette (Fishes) Louise H. Emmons (Mammals) Robert K. Enders (Mammals) Carl H. Ernst (Reptiles and Amphibians) Alan Feduccia (Birds) Sara V. Fink (Fishes) William L. Fink (Fishes) John G. Frazier (Reptiles and Amphibians) Herbert Friedmann (Birds) Thomas H. Fritts (Reptiles and Amphibians) Jeffery Froehlich (Mammals) Alfred L. Gardner (Mammals) Michael Goulding (Fishes) Martha B. Hays (Birds) Richard Highton (Reptiles and Amphibians) George J. Jacobs (Reptiles and Amphibians) 530 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Frances C. James (Birds) Clyde J. Jones (Mammals) Warren B. King (Birds) Gordon L. Kirkland (Mammals) E. V. Komarek (Mammals) Irving L. Kornfield (Fishes) William H. Krueger (Fishes) Roxie C. Laybourne (Birds) Francisco Mago-Leecia (Fishes) Joe T. Marshall (Birds) Linda R. Maxson (Reptiles and Amphibians) Roy W. McDiarmid (Reptiles and Amphibians) Naercio Menezes (Fishes) Kenneth I. Miyata (Reptiles and Amphibians) Edgardo Mondolfi (Mammals) Douglas W. Morrison (Mammals) Ralph S. Palmer (Birds) Lynne R. Parenti (Fishes) William F. Perrin (Mammals) Allan R. Phillips (Birds) Ronald H. Pine (Mammals) Gregory K. Pregill (Reptiles and Amphibians) John E. Randall (Fishes) Randall R. Reeves (Mammals) S. Dillon Ripley (Birds) C. Brian Robbins (Mammals) Rudolfo Ruibal (Reptiles and Amphibians) Norman J. Scott, Jr. (Reptiles and Amphibians) William F. Smith-Vaniz (Fishes) David W. Steadman (Birds) Stephen G. Tilley (Reptiles and Amphibians) James C. Tyler (Fishes) Richard J. Wassersug (Reptiles and Amphibians) Marilyn Weitzman (Fishes) John S. Weske (Birds) Ralph M. Wetzel (Mammals) Claudia F. Wilds (Birds) E. O. Wiley (Fishes) James D. Williams (Fishes) Don E. Wilson (Mammals) Handbook of North American Indians General Editor William C. Sturtevant Production Manager Diane Delia-Loggia Management Services Assistant Melvina Jackson Anthropologist Joanna C. Scherer Linguist R. H. Ives Goddard Librarian Lorraine H. Jacoby Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center Director Leslie W. Knapp Administrative Assistant Patricia Buckley Marine Biologists Frank D. Ferrari Gordon Hendler Betty Landrum Ernani Menez Smithsonian Marine Station at Link Port Administrative Officer June J. Jones Scientist-In-Residence Mary E. Rice Carcinologist Robert H. Gore NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK Director Theodore H. Reed Assistant Director for Animal Programs John F. Eisenberg 7 Assistant Director for Support Programs Gaetano G. Calise, Jr. Special Assistant to the Director Robert J. Hoage Resigned August 21, 1982. Appendix 7. Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries I 531 Executive Assistant, Animal Programs Jaren G. Horsley Registrar, Animal Programs Judith Block Chief, Office of Management Services . . Vincent J. Doyle Chief, Office of Education Judith White Curators: Department of Herpetology Dale L. Marcellini 8 Department of Mammalogy Edwin Gould Department of Ornithology Eugene S. Morton Department of Zoological Research Scientist-in-Charge Devra G. Kleiman Scientific Staff Eugene S. Morton Katherine S. Ralls John C. Seidensticker research associates, collaborators, and affiliated scientists (zoological research) : Associate in Ecology Collaborator Wolfgang Dittus Richard Estes Richard Faust John Frazier Sheri Gish Kenneth M. Green James G. Hallett Paul Leyhausen Susan Lumpkin S. Dillon Ripley Kenhelm W. Stott Charles McDougal Jeffrey A. McNeely Edgardo Mondolfi Nancy Muckenhirn Walter Poduschka John Robinson Rasanayagam Rudran Melvin Sunquist Susan Wilson Department of Animal Health Veterinarian-in-Charge Associate Veterinarian R. Mitchell Bush Donald L. Janssen ' research associates (animal health) : Michael D. Abramowitz Max J. Appel Kenneth C. Bovee Leland Carmichael James W. Carpenter M. Kathryn Hammock A. Everette James, Jr. John Knight Seth A. Koch Howard Koonse Douglas W. McKay Stephen J. O'Brien U. S. Seal David E. Wildt Department of Pathology Pathologist-in-Charge Richard J. Montali RESEARCH ASSOCIATES (PATHOLOGY) : Curt Bartz Bruce Smith Chris Gardiner John Strandberg Sidney Jones Bernard Zook Appointed Acting Assistant Director for Animal Programs June 16, 1982. Resigned July 2, 1982 532 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Department of Conservation, Front Royal, Virginia Curator-in-Charge Christen M. Wemmer Facility Manager John N. Williams Chief, Office of Construction Management Donald Muddiman Chief, Office of Graphics and Exhibits Robert L. Mulcahy Chief, Office of Facilities Management Emanuel Petrella Chief, Office of Police, Health & Safety Samuel L. Middleton, Jr. Executive Director, Friends of the National Zoo Sabin Robbins OFFICE OF BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION Director Edward S. Ayensu Coordinator Robert A. DeFilipps Program Administrator Marsha Cox OFFICE OF FELLOWSHIPS AND GRANTS Director Gretchen Gayle Ellsworth Assistant Director Roberta W. Rubinoff Administrative Officer Catherine F. Harris Academic Programs Specialist Edith McRee Whiteman Grants Program Specialists Francine C. Berkowitz Betty J. Wingfield Records Manager Grace Murphy RADIATION BIOLOGY LABORATORY Director William H. Klein Assistant Director W. Shropshire, Jr. Agricultural Engineer John Sager Anthropologist Robert Stuckenrath Biochemist Maurice Margulies Biologist Elisabeth Gantt Geneticist Roy W. Harding, Jr. Physicist Bernard Goldberg Plant Physiologists Charles F. Cleland Gerald Deitzer Bert G. Drake William O. Smith AFFILIATED SCIENTISTS Agricultural Meteorologist Tadeusz Gorski Biochemists Jenny Clement-Metral Nicholas M. Shaw Mycologist Elizabeth Moore-Landecker Physicist John Kibe Plant Physiologists Rita Khanna Kaori Ohki Thomas Redlinger Hugo Vogel Appendix 7. Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries I 533 SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY Director Deputy Director George B. Field John G. Gregory Arthur Allison Yoram Avni Eugene H. Avrett Sallie Baliunas William Blair Gregory Bothun Paul Brockman Nathaniel P. Carleton Frederic Chaffee Kelley Chance John H. Chappell Lim Cheung Giuseppe Colombo Allan F. Cook David L. Cooper Alexander Dalgarno Robert Davis Warren Davis John P. Delavaille Andrea K. Dupree Martin S. Elvis Giuseppina Fabbiano Daniel G. Fabricant Giovanni G. Fazio Edward L. Fireman William R. Forman Jane L. Fox Fred A. Franklin Larry Gardner John C. Geary Riccardo Giacconi Mark Giampapa Owen Gingerich Isabella Gioia Paolo Giommi Leon Golub Paul Gorenstein Richard E. Griffiths Mario Grossi Shadia Habbal F. R. Harnden, Jr. Daniel E. Harris Lee W. Hartmann John P. Huchra Christine Jones-Forman Steven Kahn Wolfgang Kalkofen Elizabeth Kallne Jan Kallne Kate Kirby David Koch John L. Kohl Yoshihide Kozai Robert L. Kurucz Don Lamb David W. Latham Myron Lecar Alan P. Lightman Tommaso Maccacaro Richard E. McCrosky Brian G. Marsden Ursula B. Marvin Edward M. Mattison Gary Melnick Peter Meszaros James M. Moran Stephen S. Murray Thomas Norris Robert W. Noyes Keith Olive Michael Oppenheimer Costas Papaliolios William H. Parkinson Joseph O. Patterson Michael R. Pearlman Harrison E. Radford John C. Raymond Mark Reid Micheline C. Roufosse George B. Rybicki Rudolph E. Schild Matthew Schneps Ethan J. Schreier Daniel A. Schwartz Joseph Schwarz Frederick D. Seward David Soderblom Graeme Smith John Stauffer Robert Stefanik J. E. Steiner Luigi Stella Harvey D. Tananbaum Saul Teukolsky Wesley A. Traub Ginervra Trinchieri Wallace H. Tucker Giuseppe S. Vaiana Leon P. VanSpeybroeck Robert F. C. Vessot George A. Victor Yuli Vladimirsky Trevor C. Weekes Steven Weinberg Fred L. Whipple Charles A. Whitney Steven Willner George L. Withbroe John A. Wood Fred Young Gianni Zamorani Martin V. Zombeck SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE Director Ira Rubinoff Deputy Director Michael H. Robinson Special Assistant to Director Adela Gomez Deputy Special Assistant to Director . . Elena Lombardo Senior Scientists Martin Moynihan A. Stanley Rand Executive Officer Frank Morris Superintendent, Barro Colorado Nature Monument Gilberto Ocana Facilities Manager Ramon Ely 534 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Head, Office of Conservation and Environmental Education Nicholas Smythe Educational Coordinator Georgina de Alba Budget Assistant Carmen Sucre Scientific Staff John Cubit Stephen P. Hubbell Arcadio F. Rodaniche Robert L. Dressier Egbert G. Leigh, Jr. David W. Roubik Mary Jane West Harilaos A. Lessios Alan P. Smith Eberhard Olga F. Linares Neal G. Smith William G. Eberhard G. Gene Montgomery Donald M. Windsor Peter W. Glynn D. Ross Robertson Hindrik Wolda RESEARCH ASSOCIATES Annette Aiello Robin Andrews Carlos Arellano Charles Bennett, Jr. Jose Ignacio Borrero Nicholas Brokaw Gordon M. Burghardt Richard Cooke Mireya Correa Luis D'Croz Kerry Ann Dressier Robin Foster Nathan Gale Pedro Galindo Judy Gradwohl Jeffrey B. Graham Deborah Caldwell Hahn Leslie Johnson Ross Kiester Jane Lubchenco Yael Lubin Ernst Mayr Bruce Menge Katharine Milton Anthony Ranere Tyson Roberts Barbara Robinson Gordon B. Small W. John Smith Henry Stockwell Alastair M. Stuart Paulo E. Vanzolini Fritz Vollrath S. Joseph Wright HISTORY AND ART Assistant Secretary Charles Blitzer Special Assistants Dean Anderson Susan Hamilton Administrative Officer Patricia DuVall ARCHIVES OF AMERICAN ART New York (Administrative Center) Director William E. Woolfenden Deputy Director Susan A. Hamilton Washington (Processing Center) Senior Curator Garnett McCoy Administrative Officer Richard J. Nicastro Curator of Manuscripts Arthur Breton Assistant Curator of Manuscripts .... Judy E. Throm Area Collector Buck Pennington New York Area Center Area Director William McNaught Boston Area Center Area Director Robert Brown Detroit Area Center Area Director Dennis Barrie Appendix 7. Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries I 535 San Francisco Area Center Area Director Paul Karlstrom COOPER-HEWITT MUSEUM Director Lisa Taylor Assistant Director Christian Rohlfing Curator of Drawings and Prints Elaine Evans Dee Curator of Decorative Arts David Revere McFadden Curator of Textiles Milton Sonday Registrar Cordelia Rose Librarian Robert Kaufmann Conservator, Textiles Lucy Commoner Conservator, Paper Konstanze Bachmann Editor Nancy Akre Exhibition Coordinator Dorothy Twining Globus Exhibition Designer Robin Parkinson Business Administrator Kurt Struver Chief of Security Luis Palau Programs Manager Mary Kerr Public Relations Manager Isabelle Silverman Exhibitions Researcher Lucy Fellowes Education Specialist Andrew Svedlow Buildings Foreman Benard Feudi Program Coordinators Jennifer Parkinson Susan Yelavich Business Office Manager Elizabeth McKirdie Administrative Assistants to the Director Chauncie McKeever Peter Scherer FREER GALLERY OF ART Director Thomas Lawton Assistant Director for Administration . . Richard Louie Administrative Officer Sarah L. Newmeyer Associate Curator, Chinese Art Shen C. Y. Fu Associate Curator, Japanese Art Yoshiaki Shimizu Associate Curator, Near Eastern Art . . . Esin Atil Assistant Curator, American Art David Park Curry Assistant Curator, Japanese Art Ann Yonemura Museum Specialist, Japanese Ceramics . Louise A. Cort Museum Specialist, Chinese Art Julia K. Murray Head Conservator, Technical Laboratory W. Thomas Chase III Conservator John Winter Research Curator, Far Eastern Ceramics John A. Pope 10 Research Assistant Josephine A. Knapp Librarian Ellen A. Nollman Assistant Librarian Lydia Hsieh Registrar Eleanor Radcliffe Registrarial Specialist Harriet McWilliams Docent Chairman Gayle Southworth Honorary Associates Richard Edwards Calvin French Deceased September 18, 1982. 536 / Smithsonian Year 1982 HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN Director Abram Lerner Deputy Director Stephen E. Weil Executive Officer Nancy F. Kirkpatrick Chief Curator Charles W. Millard Curator of Exhibitions Cynthia J. McCabe Associate Curators Howard Fox Frank Gettings Phyllis Rosenzweig Judith Zilczer Assistant Curators Valerie Fletcher Miranda McClintic Librarian Anna Brooke Conservators Felrath Hines Leland Aks Clarke Bedford Susan Lake Antoinette Owen Registrar Douglas Robinson Chief, Education Edward Lawson Chief, Exhibits and Design Joseph Shannon Public Information Specialist Sidney Lawrence Photographer John Tennant Building Services Coordinator Frank Underwood JOSEPH HENRY PAPERS Editor Nathan Reingold Assistant Editors Marc Rothenberg Paul Theerman Kathleen Waldenfels Administrative Officer Beverly Jo Lepley NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AFRICAN ART Acting Director John E. Reinhardt Acting Deputy Director Jean Salan Founding Director Emeritus Warren Robbins Curator of Collections Lydia Puccinelli Research Curator Roslyn Walker Program/Education Director Amina Dickerson Academic Coordinator, Higher Education Edward Lifschitz Buildings Manager Basil Arendse Registrar Lee Williams Conservator Renee Welfeld Archives Assistant Bryna Freyer Docent/Intern Coordinator Gretchen Jennings NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN ART Director Charles C. Eldredge Assistant Director Harry Lowe Administrator H. Eugene Kelson Appendix 7. Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries I 537 Associate Administrator Charles J. Robertson Assistant to the Director Birute Anne Vileisis Curator, 20th Century Painting and Sculpture Harry Rand Senior Curatorial Advisor, 20th Century Painting and Sculpture Adelyn Breeskin Associate Curator, 20th Century Painting and Sculpture Virginia Mecklenburg Assistant Curator, 20th Century Painting and Sculpture Merry Foresta Assistant Curator, Joseph Cornell Study Center Lynda Hartigan Curator, 18th and 19th Century Painting and Sculpture William H. Truettner Associate Curator, 18th and 19th Century Painting and Sculpture Robin Bolton-Smith Curator, Prints and Drawings Janet Flint Associate Curator, Prints and Drawings Martina Norelli Curator of Education Barbara Shissler Nosanow Education Program Officer Margaret P. Cogswell Associate Curator for Secondary Education Teresa C. Grana Assistant Curator for Elementary Education Margery E. Gordon Assistant Curator for Docent Programs Nora Panzer Assistant Curator of Education, Renwick Gallery Allen B. Bassing Artist-in-Residence, Discover Graphics Workshop Allan K. Kaneshiro Director, Renwick Gallery Lloyd E. Herman Curator, Renwick Gallery Michael Monroe Associate Curator, Renwick Gallery . . . Ellen Myette Curator, Barney Studio House Jean Lewton Curator of Research Lois M. Fink Chairman, Professional Training Program Patricia H. Chieffo Chief, Office of Exhibition and Design David Keeler Chief, Design Unit, Office of Exhibition and Design Val Lewton Senior Conservator Stefano Scafetta Chief, Office of Publication Carroll S. Clark Registrar W. Robert Johnston Assistant Registrar, Permanent Collection Thomas W. Bower Assistant Registrar, Loans Melissa L. Kroning Assistant Registrar, Packing and Shipping Michael Smallwood Chief, Office of Public Affairs Margery Byers Chief, Office of Visual Resources Eleanor Fink Assistant Chief, Office of Visual Resources Rachel Allen Chief Photographer Michael Fischer Coordinator, Inventory of American Paintings Martha Andrews Librarian nmaa/npg Cecilia Chin 538 / Smithsonian Year 1982 NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN HISTORY Director Roger G. Kennedy Deputy Director Douglas E. Evelyn Assistant Director for Administration . . Ronald E. Becker Special Assistants to the Director Lawrence A. Bush Eleanor Trowbridge Museum Program Coordinator Susan B. Beaudette Public Information Officer Mary W. Dyer National Philatelic Collections Executive Director Robert G. Tillotson u Executive Director Herbert R. Collins 12 Associate Curator Reidar Norby National Numismatics Collections Historians Vladimir Clain-Stefanelli Elvira Clain-Stefanelli Eisenhower Institute for Historical Research Historians Forrest C. Pogue James Hutchins Office of Building Management Assistant Building Manager William Sanford Division of Conservation Head Conservator J. Scott Odell Department of Exhibits Assistant Director for Exhibits J. Michael Carrigan Chief, Exhibits Management Richard S. Virgo Chief, Exhibits Design Nadya Makovenyi Chief, Exhibits Production Walter N. Lewis Office of Public and Academic Programs Director Josiah Hatch Office of the Registrar Registrar Virginia Beets Assistant Registrar Martha Morris Department of Social and Cultural History Co-Chairmen Anne C. Golovin Elizabeth M. Harris Vice-Chairman Gary B. Kulik CERAMICS AND GLASS Assistant Curator Susan Myers 11 Deceased May 18, 1982. 12 Appointed July 25, 1982. 13 Deceased October 19, 1982. Appendix 7. Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries I 539 Curators Emeriti Paul V. Gardner J. Jefferson Miller II C. Malcolm Watkins Collaborator Joan P. Watkins Fellow Hans Syz Research Associate Ivor Noel Hume COMMUNITY LIFE Curators Richard E. Ahlborn Carl H. Scheele Research Associate Sally Griffith COSTUME Curator Claudia B. Kidwell Curator Emeritus Anne W. Murray DOMESTIC LIFE Curators Anne C. Golovin Rodris C. Roth GRAPHIC ARTS Curator Elizabeth M. Harris MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS Curators John T. Fesperman Cynthia A. Hoover Research Associates Charles P. Fisher Sheridan Germann POLITICAL HISTORY Curator Margaret 5. Klapthor Associate Curator Edith P. Mayo TEXTILES Curator Rita J. Adrosko Assistant Curator Gary B. Kulik Department of the History of Science and Technology Chairman Bernard S. Finn Vice-Chairman Robert C. Post Research Associates Derek J. De Solla Price Bern Dibner ELECTRICITY AND MODERN PHYSICS Curators Arthur P. Molella Paul Forman EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES Curator John N. Hoffman 14 Curator John T. Schlebecker Associate Curator George T. Sharrer Research Associate Philip W. Bishop MATHEMATICS Curator Uta C. Merzbach u Deceased July 17, 1982. 540 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Research Associates Judy Green Jeanne LaDuke MECHANISMS Curator Otto Mayr Research Associate Stuart Bennett MEDICAL SCIENCES Curator Audrey B. Davis Assistant Curator Ramunas A. Kondratas Curator Emeritus Sami K. Hamarneh MECHANICAL AND CIVIL ENGINEERING Curator Robert M. Vogel Research Associates Charles T. G. Looney Dian O. Belanger MILITARY HISTORY Associate Curator Donald E. Kloster Curator Emeritus Craddock R. Goins, Jr. Research Associate Mrs. John Nicholas Brown NAVAL HISTORY Curators Philip K. Lundeberg Harold D. Langley Research Associate Lee Houchins PHOTOGRAPHIC HISTORY Curator Eugene Ostroff PHYSICAL SCIENCES Curator Deborah J. Warner Associate Curator Jon B. Eklund Research Associate Arthur Frazier TRANSPORTATION Curators John H. White Robert C. Post Research Associates Peter B. Bell Arthur D. Dubin George Hilton Melvin H. Jackson Senior Historians' Office Senior Historian Brooke Hindle Senior Scientific Scholar Robert P. Multhauf NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY Director Alan Fern 15 Assistant Director Harold Francis Pfister w Administrative Officer Barbara A. Hart Historian Marc Pachter Appointed June 1, 1982. Acting Director June 26, 1981-June 1, 1982. Appendix 7. Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries I 541 Curator of Painting and Sculpture .... Robert G. Stewart Curator of Exhibitions Beverly J. Cox Associate Curators of Painting and Sculpture Monroe Fabian Ellen Miles Curator of Prints Wendy Wick Curator of Photographs William F. Stapp Curator of Education Kenneth Yellis Editor of Publications Frances S. Wein Chief, Design and Production Nello Marconi Keeper, Catalog of American Portraits Mona Dearborn National Survey Coordinator, Catalog of American Portraits Richard K. Doud Editor of the Charles Willson Peale Papers and Historian of American Culture Lillian B. Miller Librarian Cecilia Chin Senior Conservator Rosamond Westmoreland " Senior Photographer Eugene Mantie Registrar Suzanne Jenkins Public Affairs Officer Sandra Westin OFFICE OF AMERICAN STUDIES Director Wilcomb E. Washburn OFFICE OF FOLKLIFE PROGRAMS Director Ralph Rinzler Senior Folklorist Peter Seitel Senior Ethnomusicologist Thomas Vennum Administrative Officer Betty Beuck Program Coordinator Jeffrey LaRiche Program Specialist Diana Parker Folklorists Jack Santino Steven Zeitlin Ethnomusicologist Kazadi wa Mukuna Archivist Richard Derbyshire Designer Daphne Shuttleworth Administrative Assistant Sarah Lewis Fiscal Technician Barbara Strickland Renwick "Celebration" Exhibition Project Manager Kristie Miller MUSEUM PROGRAMS Assistant Secretary Paul N. Perrot Executive Assistant William N. Richards Special Assistant W. Donald Duckworth Program Analyst Thomas J. Peyton 17 Appointed May 16, 1982. 542 / Smithsonian Year 1982 CONSERVATION ANALYTICAL LABORATORY Director Robert M. Organ Supervisor (Archaeometry) Jacqueline S. Olin Supervisory Conservator Eleanor McMillan Supervisory Conservation-Scientist • • • • Timothy Padfield Administrative Officer Vernetta M. Williams OFFICE OF EXHIBITS CENTRAL Chief James A. Mahoney Assistant Chief John C. Widener Administrative Officer William M. Clark, Jr. Chief of Production John C. Widener Supervisor, Exhibits Specialist Kenneth R. Clevenger Supervisor, Exhibits Specialist (Modelmaker) Walter G. Sorrell OFFICE OF HORTICULTURE Director James R. Buckler Assistant Director John W. Monday Chief of Education Division Lauranne C. Nash Foreman, Grounds Management Division Kenneth Hawkins Foreman, Greenhouse Nursery Division August A. Dietz IV OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES Director Kennedy B. Schmertz Deputy Director Richard T. Conroy Program Officer LeRoy Makepeace International Liaison Specialist Saundra Tilghman-Thomas Coordinator Brian J. LeMay OFFICE OF MUSEUM PROGRAMS Program Manager Jane R. Glaser Assistant Program Manager and Native American Museums Program Coordinator Nancy J. Fuller Training Program Coordinator Nancy L. Welch Intern and Visiting Professionals Programs Coordinator Mary Lynn Perry Conservation Information Program Coordinator Elena Borowski T.V. Production Specialist Peter Erikson A.V. Production Specialist Eleanor Crow Distribution Coordinator Bettie J. Randolph Museum Reference Center Librarian . . . Rhoda Ratner/Catherine Scott OFFICE OF THE REGISTRAR Registrar Philip Leslie Assistant Registrar Mary W. Lund Management Analyst Melva S. Elmer Appendix 7. Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries I 543 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION ARCHIVES Acting Archivist William A. Deiss Associate Archivists Alan L. Bain Richard V. Szary Assistant Archivists William E. Cox William R. Massa, Jr. James A. Steed Susan E. Westgate Historian Pamela M. Henson Supervisory Archives Technician Norwood N. Biggs SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES Director Robert Maloy Special Assistant Silvio Bedini Assistant for Publications and Exhibitions Sharon H. Sweeting Assistant for Resource Development . . . Mary A. Rosenfeld Manager, Systems, Planning and Administration Stephen Toney Administrative Assistant Peter Nerret Associate Director and Manager Bibliographic Systems Division Vija L. Karklins Chief, Acquisition Services Mildred D. Raitt Supervisor, Monographs Purchasing and Gifts/Exchanges William B. Neff Supervisor, Serials Purchasing ...... Lucien R. Rossignol Supervisor, Binding Purchasing James E. Lawson Chief, Automated Bibliographic Control Victoria Avera Acting Chief, Catalogue Records Susan M. DeRitis Chief, Original Indexing Mary Jane H. Linn Cataloguers Margaret A. Sealor Dianne Chilmonczyk Helen Nordberg Assistant Director and Manager, Research Services Division Margaret Child Chief Librarian, Central Reference and Loan Services Mary C. Gray Senior Science Reference Librarian Jack F. Marquardt Reference Librarian Amy E. Levin Humanities Librarian Bertha S. Sohn Computer Search Management Librarian S. VanHaften-Mackler Library of Congress Liaison Librarian Janette K. Saquet Chief Librarian, Museum Reference Center Catherine D. Scott Chief Librarian, Special Collections . . . Ellen B. Wells Assistant Librarians Angeline D. Smith Charles G. Berger Branch Research Libraries Chief Technician, SIL Branch, CBCES/RBL Angel Haggins Chief Librarian, SIL Branch, C-HM Robert Kaumann Chief Librarian, SIL Branch, NASM Frank Pietropaoli 544 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Chief Librarian, SIL Branch, NMAf A . . Janet L. Stanley Chief Librarian, SIL Branch, NMAH Rhoda Ratner Reference Librarian Karen Preslock Chief Librarian, SIL Branch, NMNH . . . Sylvia J. Churgin Assistant Librarians Ruth Schallert Barbara Veloz Chief Librarian, SIL Branch, NZP Key Kenyon Chief Librarian, SIL Branch, STRI Carol Jopling Chief Librarian, SIL Branch, SAO Joyce M. Rey Assistant Director and Manager Collection Management Division .... Jack S. Goodwin Book Conservation Laboratory Chief Conservator Johannes H. Hyltoft Research Associate Jean C. Smith SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION TRAVELING EXHIBITION SERVICE Director Peggy A. Loar Public Affairs Officer Eileen Harakal Assistant Director for Administration and Program Analysis Antonio Diez Publications Officer Andrea Stevens Registrar for Shipping Mary Sheridan Registrar for Scheduling Vera Hyatt Assistant Director for International Program Eileen Rose Exhibitions Coordinator Donald McClelland Assistant Director for Program Administration Deborah Dawson Exhibitions Coordinators Martha Cappelletti Judith Cox Elizabeth Driscoll Julie Myers Betty Teller Educational Specialist Marjorie Share Education Coordinators Susan D. Boer Deborah Lerme Goodman Assistant Director for Exhibition Development Anne R. Gossett PUBLIC SERVICE Assistant Secretary Julian T. Euell Executive Assistant Vincent L. MacDonnell Administrative Officer Andrew W. McCoy ANACOSTIA NEIGHBORHOOD MUSEUM STAFF Director John R. Kinard Administrative Officer Audrey M. Archer Historian Louise D. Hutchinson Exhibits Program Manager Victor M. Govier Education Specialist Zora Martin-Felton Supervisory Visual Information Specialist Sharon A. Reinckens Supervisory Exhibits Specialist James E. Mayo Appendix 7. Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries I 545 DIVISION OF PERFORMING ARTS Director James R. Morris Business Manager Joe Reed Box Office Manager Ann Norton Director, Chamber Music Programs . . . James M. Weaver Director, Program in Black American Culture Bernice Johnson Reagon Cultural Historian Martin Williams Director, Museum Programs Shirley Cherkasky Director, Education Services Cynthia A. Hightower Director, Marketing and Communications Sally Roffman Technical Director Harold A. Closter Public Affairs Officer Manuel J. Melendez INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE SERVICE Director John E. Estes 18 Acting Director Rosa E. Maness OFFICE OF ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION Education Program Coordinator Ann Bay Museum Education Specialist Alan Gartenhaus Museum Education Specialist Irvin Lippman Museum Education Specialist Thomas Lowderbaugh Special Education Coordinator Janice Majewski OFFICE OF SMITHSONIAN SYMPOSIA AND SEMINARS Director Wilton S. Dillon Associate Directors Dorothy Richardson Carla M. Borden OFFICE OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS Director Nazaret Cherkezian Assistant Director Paul B. Johnson Telecommunications Specialists Ann M. Carroll Jean B. Quinnette Production Coordinator Lawrence E. Kline Radio Production Specialists Jesse E. Boggs John P. Meehan Radio Production/Marketing Specialist . Denise E. Freeland SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS Director Felix C. Lowe Deputy Director Glen B. Ruh Director Emeritus Edward F. Rivinus Financial Manager John R. Ouellette Administrative Officer Georgiana Hahn Deceased January 31, 1982. 546 / Smithsonian Year 1982 University Press Division Assistant Director and Managing Editor Maureen R. Jacoby Production Manager Lawrence J. Long Series Publications Supervisor Barbara J. Spann Distribution Section Supervisor Rosa E. Maness Senior Designer Stephen J. Kraft Direct Mail Book Division Director Glen B. Ruh Business Manager Janet Woodward Senior Editor Alexis Doster III SMITHSONIAN MAGAZINE Editor Don Moser Publisher Joseph J. Bonsignore Executive Editor Ralph Backlund Members, Board of Editors: Caroline Despard Paul Trachtman Edwards Park John P. Wiley, Jr. Bennett Schiff Richard L. Williams Nancy Seaman Associate Publisher, Advertising Thomas H. Black Associate Publisher, Circulation Anne Keating General Manager Carey O. Randall Production Manager Nannie Shanahan 19 Printing E. Cherry Doyle Consultant to the Secretary Edward K. Thompson VISITOR INFORMATION AND ASSOCIATES' RECEPTION CENTER Director Mary Grace Potter Deputy Director Carolyn Clampitt Program Editor Maria Heasly Manager, Staff/Volunteer Service Unit . Sally Covel Manager, Public Inquiry Mail Service . . Nancy Wyeth Coordinator, Group Information Services Lois Brown Manager, Telephone Information Unit . Gretchen Latimer Office Manager Bee Gee Livsey MEMBERSHIP AND DEVELOPMENT Director James McK. Symington OFFICE OF DEVELOPMENT Deputy Director E. Jeffrey Stann Associate Development Officers Arthur W. Gardner Ronda R. Simms Salvatore G. Cilella, Jr. Research Assistant Susan J. Kalcik Deceased February 28, 1982. Appendix 7. Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries I 5A7 NATIONAL ASSOCIATE PROGRAM Director Jacqueline Austin Program Analyst Abby Whitenack Program Coordinator for the Women's Committee Marta Doggett Regional Events Program Manager Charlene James-Duguid Program Assistants Amy Kotkin and MaryBeth Mullen Contributing Membership Program Manager Janet Fesler Program Assistant Robert Smulian Selected Studies Program Manager Nancy Starr Program Assistant Nancy Mitchell Associates Travel Program Manager, Domestic Study Tours Prudence Clendenning Program Manager, Foreign Study Tours Barbara Tuceling RESIDENT ASSOCIATE PROGRAM Director Janet W. Solinger Associate Director Michael C. Alin Assistant Director for Administration . . Eugene S. Szopa Program Coordinators Paul J. Edelson Moya B. King Carol L. Malmi Christine Parker Associate Program Coordinators Karen M. Gray Marsha Semmel Alice Dana Spencer Public Information Specialist Helen A. Marvel Art Director Margaret V. Lee Membership Coordinator Jeanne B. George Assistant Membership Coordinator .... Claudette E. Moore Registration Manager Marjorie Lee Walker Assistant Registration Manager Xenia Sorokin Arnelle Volunteer Coordinator Elinor K. Emlet ADMINISTRATION Assistant Secretary John F. Jameson Planning Officer Robert L. Farrell Contracting Officer, Contracts Office . . . Elbridge O. Hurlbut Director, Management Analysis Office . John G. Motheral Director, Office of Equal Opportunity . . Will Douglas, Jr. 548 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Director, Office of Facilities Services . . . Tom L. Peyton, Jr. Director, Office of Design and Construction Phillip K. Reiss Director, Office of Plant Services .... Kenneth E. Shaw Director, Office of Protection Services Robert B. Burke, Jr. Director, Office of Information Resource Management Richard H. Lytle Director, Office of Personnel Administration Howard Toy Director, Office of Printing and Photographic Services James H. Wallace, Jr. Director, Office of Programming and Budget Jon E. Yellin Director, Office of Supply Services . . . Harry P. Barton Director, Travel Services Office Ann H. Krafthofer FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES Treasurer Christian C. Hohenlohe Assistant to the Treasurer John R. Clarke Financial Analyst Frances C. Rooney Assistant Treasurer, Office of Accounting and Financial Services . . . Allen S. Goff Assistant Director, Accounting Services James W. Evans Assistant Director, Business and Control Accounts Shireen L. Dodson Director, Office of Grants and Risk Management Phillip H. Babcock Assistant Director, Grants Management Rick R. Johnson Assistant Director, Risk Management . . Alice R. Bryan Director, Business Management Office . James J. Chmelik Assistant to the Director, Business Management Office Ann McClellan Miller Director (Acting), Smithsonian Museum Shops Ohlen J. Boyd Director, Mail Order Division Donald E. Press Director (Acting), Department of Food Services John R. Clarke Manager, Parking Office Charles K. Ruffin Director, Belmont Conference Center . . Mary B. Force OFFICE OF THE GENERAL COUNSEL General Counsel Peter G. Powers Associate General Counsel Alan D. Ullberg Assistant General Counsels: Robert A. Dierker George S. Robinson Sharon A. White Marie C. Malaro Marsha S. Shaines James I. Wilson Suzanne Dupre Murphy OFFICE OF COORDINATOR OF PUBLIC INFORMATION Coordinator Lawrence Taylor Executive Officer Eileen Hall Appendix 7. Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries I 549 OFFICE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS Director Alvin Rosenfeld Assistant Director Madeleine Jacobs Public Affairs Specialists Ingrid Mendelsohn Mary Combs Public Information Specialists Richard Friedman Susan Bliss David Maxfield Linda St. Thomas Johnnie Douthis Lilas Wiltshire Kathryn Lindeman OFFICE OF CONGRESSIONAL LIAISON Special Assistant to the Secretary Margaret Hird Congressional Liaison Assistant Carey Wilkins OFFICE OF SPECIAL EVENTS Director Barbara Spraggins Assistant Director Anne Blattberg WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS Director James H. Billington Deputy Director Prosser Gifford Editor Peter Braestrup Librarian Zdenek V. David Publications Program Manager Elizabeth Dixon Assistant Director for Administration . . William M. Dunn Secretary, Kennan Institute John Glad Secretary, American Society and Politics Program Michael J. Lacey Secretary, Latin American Program .... Abraham F. Lowenthal Secretary, East Asia Program Ronald A. Morse Assistant Director for Development .... George Liston Seay Assistant Director for Fellowships and Coordinator of History, Culture, and Society Ann Sheffield Executive Assistant to the Director .... Mernie Wright Weathers Secretary, International Security Studies Program Samuel F. Wells, Jr. JOHN F. KENNEDY CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS Artistic Director Marta Istomin Director of Operations Thomas R. Kendrick Deputy Director of Operations Geraldine M. Otremba General Manager of Theaters Judith O'Dea Morr Associate Manager of Theaters Richard H. Owens Controller Clifton B. Jeter 550 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Director of Development Jillian H. Poole Director of Building Services Edward G. Schessler Budget Officer Verda V. Welch Administrative Assistant for Programming Wayne Richardson Director of Education Jack W. Kukuk Marketing Manager John H. McAuliffe Director of Public Relations Leo Sullivan Laura Longley x Manager of Sales Carl A. Matte Television Consultant Chloe Aaron Theater Productions Consultant Ralph G. Allen Minority Affairs Consultant Archie L. Buffkins Technical Systems Consultant Alexander Morr READING IS FUNDAMENTAL, INC. Chairman of the Board Mrs. Elliot Richardson President Ruth Graves Executive Assistant Nancy Lewis Director of Development Wade St. Clair Director of Supplier and Organizational Relations Barbara Atkinson Director of Financial Operations and Special Projects Christina D. Mead Director of Publications and Research Kristine Wilcox Regional Program Coordinators Curtis L. Brown Denise Bulluck Jessie L. Lacy Barbara Melnicove Subcontract and Data Retrieval Officer . Don Perron Resource Coordination Specialist Deborah K. Stoeckle Finance Manager Donna M. Wagley Materials/Supplies Manager Calvin L. McFadden Writer/Editor/Researcher Gail Oerke Manager, Parent Services James Wendorf NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART President John R. Stevenson Vice President Carlisle H. Humelsine Director J. Carter Brown Assistant Director Charles P. Parkhurst Dean, Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts Henry A. Millon Treasurer Robert C. Goetz Administrator Joseph G. English Secretary-General Counsel Carroll J. Cavanagh Construction Manager Hurley F. Offenbacher Assistant to the Director, Music Richard Bales Appointed September 23, 1982. Appendix 7. Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries / 551 Assistant to the Director, Public Information Katherine Warwick Assistant to the Director, Special Events Genevra Higginson Planning Consultant David W. Scott Curator of American Painting John H. Wilmerding Chief Librarian J. M. Edelstein Chief, Education Department Margaret I. Bouton Head, Extension Program Department . Ruth R. Perlin Head, Art Information Service Elise V. H. Ferber Editor Frances Smyth Chief, Photographic Laboratory William J. Sumits Curator of Photographic Archives Ruth Rowe Philbrick Head, Photographic Services Ira A. Bartfield Senior Conservator Victor C. B. Covey Head, Exhibitions and Loans Jack C. Spinx Head, Department of Design and Installation Gaillard F. Ravenel Registrar Peter Davidock, Jr. Curator of Graphic Arts Andrew C. Robison, Jr. Curator of Early Italian and Tuscan Painting David A. Brown Curator of Northern and Later Italian Painting Sheldon Grossman Curator of Italian Drawings Diane DeGrazia Bohlin Curator of French Painting David E. Rust Curator of French Prints H. Diane Russell Curator of Sculpture Douglas Lewis, Jr. Curator of Twentieth-Century Art E. A. Carmean, Jr. Curator of Northern European Painting John O. Hand Curator of Dutch Painting Arthur K. Wheelock Curator, Department of Graphic Arts . . Ruth Fine Assistant Dean, Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts Marianna Shreve Simpson Assistant Administrator George W. Riggs Associate Secretary-General Counsel . . Elizabeth A. Croog Assistant Secretary Kathryn K. Bartfield Personnel Officer Michael B. Bloom 552 / Smithsonian Year 1982 APPENDIX 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution in Fiscal Year 1982 The Board of Regents and the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution join with the entire staff in thanking all of the Institution's friends for their gen- erous financial support and for their gifts to the collections. If perchance the name of any donor has been omitted from the following list, it is an inad- vertence and in no way diminishes the Institution's gratitude. Many gifts were received from donors who prefer to remain anonymous; the Smithsonian wishes to thank them for their generosity. OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY SPECIAL PROJECTS Donors to the Furnishings Collection The Edward E. Lawler Estate, Bellehaven, Alexandria, Virginia, one Rococo Revival footstool; pair table lamps, ca. 1850; one Empire sofa. Mrs. Milton Turner, Bethesda, Maryland, three watercolors by Ferdinand Petrie. Mrs. Alexander Macomb, Williamsburg, Virginia, nine Eastlake sidechairs. Mr. Edward Stead, Elkridge, Maryland, one Empire sofa. Mr. J. V. Jamison, Hagerstown, Maryland, matching pair of Rococo Revival sofas; a matching pair of Rococo Revival side chairs. SCIENCE NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM Donors of Financial Support Bendix Field Engineering Corporation McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Berlin Company The Boeing Company Mrs. Robert L. McMillan Robert and Joan Burtnett The National Committee for the Patricia M. Dennehy Bicentennial of the Treaty of Paris Ms. Virginia C. Ellett National Space Club Employees of the Federal Aviation RCA Administration Public Affairs Office Mr. and Mrs. Robert D. Reed Employees of Upper Providence Thomas and Marry Sarko Township Mr. and Mrs. George M. Schutter II Frederick L. Felton Mrs. Sam Siegel Martha C. Hill Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Skinner Mr. and Mrs. Irvin Kibler Mrs. Mary E. Stearns Mr. and Mrs. Luthene G. Kimball Time-Life Books, Inc. Mrs. Helen McCray The Viking Fund Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 553 Donors to the Collections Advanced Electronic Design, Inc.: AED-512 Color Video Monitor. Dr. John J. Alford, Jr.: World War I Bombing Military Aviator Badge. Mr. William F. Baggerman: civilian seat type parachute, ca. 1941, and flight consolidated altimeter. Mr. John Batchelor: Focke-Wulf 190F-8 aircraft clock. Mr. and Mrs. Arnold Bigaignon de Sulle: collection of 105 airline pennants. Dr. Harold J. Berman: World War II "Short Snorter" souvenir bank note. Mr. William R. Bertelsen: Aeromobile 35, Aeromobile test model, and Bertel- sen Aeromobile hovercraft. Mr. Donald H. Boderick, civilian flying helmet, ca. 1930s. Mr. John M. Brown: Star Cavalier manufacturer's insignia. Mr. Henry P. Bruckner: electrically heated flying suit. Bundesamt fuer Whertechnik und Beschaffung Kobleny: 2 German Luftwaffe machine guns. California Institute of Technology (through Dr. G. Neugebauer) : 62-inch infra-red telescope. Mr. John J. Caputo, Jr.: civilian flying helmet, gloves, and goggles, ca. 1920. Mr. Mark Chases: untitled sculpture by Bijan Bahar. Estate of Jacqueline Cochran: WASP World War II service jacket, trousers, and shirt; WAF service hat, flight cap, coat, skirt, overblouse, and handbag; shoes, Lombard-type protective helmet, USAF oxygen mask, 2 civilian fly- ing suits, ca. 1960, U.S. Navy anti-G garment, custom flying boots, dress gloves, Spanish Air Force pilot's badge, Orden de Ruben Dario-Nicaragua, civilian beret, model of Northrop T-38, and model of Lockheed F-104. Mrs. Hereward Lester Cooke: drawing, The Vehicle Assembly Building, by Hereward Lester Cooke. Ms. Phyllis S. Corbitt, in memory of Col. Gilland W. Corbitt: oil painting, Night Reconnaissance, by Frank Wootton. Mr. Felix de Weldon: sculpture, bust of Paul Garber, by Felix de Weldon. Capt. R. F. Dreesen: 1964 U.S. Navy summer camouflage flying suit. Mr. Joseph F. Dulvick: three-blade propeller, German TBF Avenger aircraft cabin seat, automatic direction finder antenna, T-28 ignition harness, 4 100-lb. practice bombs, 2 U.S. Navy foul-weather ponchos, U.S. Navy plastic water bag, U.S. Army Air Forces vest life preserver, U.S. Navy vest life preserver, U.S. Navy lightweight flying helmet, U.S. Navy lightweight flying suit. Mrs. Charles Ernst: Fiat A-12 bis engine. Mr. Anton Fibiger: World War I German Air Force watch and 3 West Ger- man Air Force pilot's badges. General Dynamics Corporation: painting, F-16, by Robert McCall. Mr. William R. Graver: Forster 35-R engine model. Dr. D. A. Harper: NASA Lear Jet infra-red telescope. Mr. Stephen W. Henninger: model of a Grumman F-14 Tomcat Fighter. Mr. John F. Jameson: model of Ohlsson and Rice 19 engine, ca. 1940, and model of a rocket engine, ca. 1940. Mr. Robert A. Johnson: 4 World War I 97-round Lewis Gun magazines. Mr. William M. Masland: U.S. Navy flying face mask, ca. 1930. Mr. Gregory M. Masone: watercolor, The Flying Machine, by Greg Mort. Mr. John J. McCulloch: Monocoupe 110 Special aircraft. Mr. John W. Moffitt: World War II U.S. Army Air Forces navigator badge. Mr. Richard W. Morris: World War II "Short Snorter" souvenir roll of bank- notes and U.S. Army Air Forces World War II flying sunglasses and whistle. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Johnson Space Center: 50 554 / Smithsonian Year 1982 space shuttle tiles, food and personal accessories from the first flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia — 72 objects; 5 pairs Extra Vehicular Activity gloves, 6 pair Intra Vehicular Activity gloves, 6 Extra Vehicular Visor Assemblies, 6 helmets, 5 bubble helmets. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Kennedy Space Center: orbiting solar observatory prototype S-16. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center: wind tunnel model and electro-optical facsimile camera for Viking Mars Lander. Mr. Karl Ort: de Havilland 9 Liberty propeller, 2 U.S. World War II trainer aircraft propellers, "Flo-Torque" wind-driven generator propeller, U.S. Signal Corps altimeter, airspeed indicator, 2 oil pressure gauges, pilot static tube, aircraft compass, magneto switch, Zenith carburetor, wind driven generator, 2 gasoline pressure gauges, 2 Paragon generator propellers, throttle, U.S. Army Mark III aircraft bomb, 4 U.S. Army World War I practice bombs, 2 U.S. Army Air Force World War II flying jackets, U.S. Army World War I flying suit, civilian winter flying suit, 2 OX-5 engine exhaust manifolds. Mrs. Catherine P. Phillips: 8 serigraphs by Clayton Pond: Experimenting with my Pull Chain Toilet in a Weightless Environment; Finding a Cure for Cancer; Encountering an Alien Battle Cruiser; Strange Encounter for the First Time; Proposed Color Scheme for Shuttle Inaugural Launch; Acquir- ing the Constellation Orion for the Smithsonian; and Deliniating the Con- stellations to Simplify Astronomy for the Average Man. Pratt and Whitney Aircraft: Pratt and Whitney JT9D turbofan engine. Prime Computer Corporation: Prime 550 Computer and Associated hardware. Princeton University (through Dr. Martin Schwarzschild) : Stratoscope I pri- mary mirror. Princeton University (through Dr. Lyman Spitzer, Jr.) :open-faced photo- cathode. Purdue University: 1912 Olmsted aircraft wind-tunnel model. Mr. Thomas A. Regnier: World War II hotel key. Mr. James Rogers: U.S. Army Air Forces World War II officer's service cap, mosquito net hood, garrison cap, miniature navigator's badge, 2 shirts, and 2 bags. Rolls Royce, Ltd.: Rolls Royce Dart engine and Rolls Royce RS-211 fanjet. Mr. Fred C. Rothfuss : Chauviere-type French propeller, ca. World War I. Sen. Tom Rutherford: 10 colored enamel balloon pins commemorating the Tenth Anniversary of the Albuquerque International Balloon Festival. Mr. John J. Ryan: Japanese aircraft airspeed indicator. Mr. George Seifert: Liberty propeller. Capt. H. K. Shaw: U.S. Navy Mark 6 chart plotting board. Mr. Frank Sierra: 3 oil paintings: Apollo, by John Rummelhoff; Air India, by Frank Crysty; and Rancher's Airstrip, by William Schenk. Dr. George V. Simon: brass model of Perkins 69-inch reflecting telescope. Mr. Carl F. Steinfield: 2 U.S. Navy Mark 6A chart-plotting boards. Mr. Ingo Swann: painting, Tribute to Astronomers, by Ingo Swann. Mr. Wesley Tallent: Curtiss OX-5 engine. U.S. Air Force: Boeing air-launch-type cruise missile. U.S. Air Force, District of Columbia National Guard: Republic F-105D air- craft. U.S. Air Force, Vermont Air National Guard: Martin B-57B Canberra. U.S. Air Force, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base: YJ93 turbojet engine. U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps Museum: U.S. Army World War II K ra- tions— breakfast and dinner. Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution / 555 U.S. Navy: BGM-109 Tomahawk cruise missile, U.S. Navy flight deck crew- man's helmet. U.S. Navy, Aircrew Survival Division: U.S. Navy type Mark I vest life pre- server, life raft air pump, hand-generator-type flashlight, emergency drink- ing-water container, and signaling-type mirror. U.S. Navy, Naval Air Systems Command: Phoenix guided missile. U.S. Navy, Naval Propulsion Center: Hiller Pulse reactor engine. Mr. Henry S. Villard: Aero Club of America lapel pin, ca. 1915, and Belmont Aero Meet 1910 pennant. Mr. Charles Viosca: drill press. Dr. Denys Volan: complete set of U.S. Air Force Ground Observer Corps insignia. Mr. George W. Wallace, Jr.: U.S. Air Force revolver holster. Mr. Leslie Ward: 1 Pan American Boeing 314 passenger seat. The Whirly-Girls, Inc.: Whirly-Girls Hanna Reitsch Memorial Trophy. Mr. Patrick Henry Winston: acrylic painting, Lunar Rover, by Patrick Henry Winston. Mr. Frank H. Winter: 4 Thai bottle rockets. Donors to the National Air and Space Museum Library and Archives Mrs. Dee Ann Bishopp: 3 photographs of the Matthewson Flyer; one news- paper article. Mr. Piotr Gawlowski: 2 pencil drawings of the Loening amphibian and the Douglas Torpedo plane. Mr. L. D. Graves: sketch of Lt. Col. Harry Abbott. Mr. Ira Milton Jones: 2 copies of the ninth and tenth reunions of the World War I Overseas Flyer. Mrs. Alicia M. Miller: article of "50 Years Later We May Be Returning to the Era of Airships" and the photograph taken aboard the Graf Zeppelin. Mrs. Sandra Norell: photographic aircraft album of Jesse Goss. Mr. Louis Anthony Petronio: combat record and list of missions with the 815th Bomb Squadron. Mr. Paul Spitzer: 8 photographs from the YC-14 program. Ms. N. J. Stewart-Smith: thesis entitled, "Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP) of World War II: Perspectives on the World Work of America's First Military Women Aviators." Dr. John Tanner: hand-produced edition of the Battle of Britain Roll of Honour. Mr. James J. White: recording of Colonel Charles A. Lindbergh's address before the Press Club at Washington, D.C., June 11, 1927. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MAN, CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF MAN National Human Studies Film Center DONORS OF FINANCIAL SUPPORT Mrs. Lionel C. Epstein The Holladay Corporation The R. K. Mellon Family Foundation Human Studies Film Archives DONORS AND COLLABORATIVE ACQUISITIONS Beloit College: 21,000 feet of film taken on Algerian archaeological expedi- tions in 1925 and 1929, sponsored by Beloit College/Logan Museum and conducted by Mr. Alonzo Pond. This collection also includes footage of 556 I Smithsonian Year 1982 the southwest United States and Mexico in the thirties and forties. The Algerian footage includes scenes of the camp site, excavations, and early twentieth-century life in Algerian towns and villages. William and Sarah Machold: 4,500 feet of Beautiful Japan, a 1917 film of various Japanese locales made by the travel lecturer Benjamin Brodsky. National Anthropological Archives: 4,000 feet of film taken in 1930 and 1931 by Dr. Henry Collins, archaeologist emeritus, Smithsonian Institution, and archaeologist Dr. James Ford on Saint Lawrence Island in the Aleutians and Point Barrows, Alaska. Footage includes scenes of the Sivuqaq Eskimos in Gamble and archaeological excavations. Roger Hilsman: 4,400 feet of film shot in 1929 by U.S. Army Captain Roger Hilsman of various cultural groups in the northern Philippines. (Donated by Captain Hilsman's son.) Helen Glessner and Lois Kratz: 900 feet of film shot by Reverend J. C. Gless- ner between 1934 and 1956 in northern Iraq around Kirkuk and Bagdad. Jean and Robbin Harper: 1,000 feet of film shot by naturalist Francis Harper in 1939 of settlers in the Okefinokee Swamp shortly before they were re- located due to a WPA project. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Donors of Financial Support The Ahmanson Foundation American Gloxinia & Gesneriad Society, National Capital Dr. J. Lawrence Angel Anonymous Paul H. Arnaud, Jr. Mr. Robert Aronheim Professor Antonio Ascenzi Atlantic Richfield Company Dr. and Mrs. Arthur C. Aufderheide Dr. J. L. Barnard Mr. Michael A. Barnes Mrs. Beatrice L. Burch Mr. and Mrs. V. R. Burghardi Mr. James G. Cassanos Chevron U.S.A., Inc. G. Arthur Cooper Ms. Mary Denison Department of Entomology Max and Victoria Dreyfus Foundation, Inc. Dr. and Mrs. Howard Duncan Embassy of Korea Mr. and Ms. Philip J. Erlenback Exxon Company, U.S.A. Milton V. Freeman Mr. and Mrs. Frank A. Furar Sumner Gerard Foundation Getty Oil Company Ms. Margaret K. Gillis Mr. Aurelio Giroud Mrs. Bea Gold Gulf Oil Corporation Dr. James E. Harris Mr. C. W. Hart, Jr. Dr. Gerald D. Hart Robert P. Higgins The Henry L. Hillman Foundation Horton H. Hobbs, Jr. Martin A. Hoffing and Shirley Hoffing Walter H. Holden Mr. Patrick Home Dr. G. O. F. Jensen Marguerite H. Kellogg Kinetics Technology International Gas Processors Ms. Linda Klepinger Hugh B. Leech and Frances O. Leech Dr. Michael Lessner Dr. Peter K. Lewin E. Gorton and Juanita M. Linsley Mr. and Mrs. Robert T. Lundy Edgar J. Maiz Marathon Oil Company Dr. Susan H. McDaniel William F. McNary, Jr. A. E. and Martha Michelbacher Mrs. Ann Moreton National Geographic Society Elizabeth F. Nicholson Northwest Alaskan Pipeline Company Charles E. Pang Peabody Coal Company Robert L. Pearson Phillips Petroleum Co. Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 557 Tenneco Oil Mrs. Elinor B. Thompson Time-Life Books, Inc. Mrs. Rosemary Torney Union Oil Company of California Valley National Bank Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. Viviano Frances I. Voris Janet Waddington The Washington Biologist Field Club, Inc. Miss Katharine Wasserfallen Mr. and Mrs. Edward Watkins Mr. and Mrs. Robert T. Weston Mrs. Annie B. Wetmore Donald J. and Carol Butler Wilken Austin B. Williams Jean Davies Wright Mr. and Mrs. John H. Young Dr. Robert Zavod Mrs. William Zimmerman, Jr. Dr. Paul V. Ponitz Dr. Wojciech Pulawski and Veronica Ahrens Mr. and Mrs. Leland H. Rayson Ms. Jeanne M. Riddle Mrs. Mary L. Ripley Mrs. Warren A. Roberts Ms. Elizabeth B. Roth Ms. Rosemary N. Ruppert St. Joe Minerals Corporation Mr. and Mrs. Boris G. Sellers Ms. Ellen Sharp Mrs. Lila Silverman Robert D. Simpson Mr. and Mrs. Ray F. Smith Mrs. Phyllis M. Spangler Standard Oil Company (Indiana) Mr. and Mrs. Miodrag Stankovic Mrs. Irving F. Stein Mary Horner Stuart Foundation Dr. Paul M. Taylor Donors to the National Collections INSTITUTIONS Academia Sinica, China: 12 fossils, 6 insect slides (348889, 349177), 6 insect slides, 60 plants (349526, 350718, exchanges). Academy of Sciences, Czechoslovakia: 65 plants (350223, exchange). Academy of Sciences, USSR: 4 echinoderms, 63 plants (343081, 347197, exchanges). Agriculture, U.S. Department of: 442 plants (346523, 346573, 346574, 347225). Alaska, University of: 4 crustaceans (345175). Albany Museum, South Africa: 140 fishes (349479, exchange). All-Union Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography, USSR: 15 crustaceans (330100, 333821). American Museum of Natural History: 20 fossils, 2 weevils (250390, 348512). American Samoa Government, Office of Marine Resources, Pago Pago, American Samoa: 2 fishes (349396). Arizona, University of: 17 crustaceans, 1 plant (346453, 350732), 1 toad, 79 birds, 78 plants (348841, 348881, 346516, exchanges). Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department: 30 crustaceans (347282). Arkansas State University: 7 crustaceans (345906, 349028). ARTROX, Incorporated: 2 minerals (346778). Assiut University, Egypt: 2 worms (348560). Australian Museum, Australia: 3 crustaceans, 31 worms (337108, 348392). Australian National University, Australia: 4 crustaceans, 1 mineral (348442, 348774). Barry A. Vittor and Associates: 3 worms (348016). Bea Wetmore Fund: 200 birds (342139). Bergen, University of, Norway: 50 plants (348196, exchange). Bermuda Biological Station for Research, Bermuda: 62 crustaceans (326088, 334765, 343102). Bernice P. Bishop Museum: 8 mollusks, 2,780 echinoderms (347808); and Beatrice Burch: (341200), 9 fishes, 1 plant (348532). Bideaux Minerals: 2 minerals (345462, exchange). 558 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Biological Station, Canada: 28 crustaceans (328322). Biosystematics Research Institute, Canada: 29 beetles (346808, 348334, exchanges), fruit flies (350971). Boston State College: 1 plant (348598). Boston University, Marine Biological Laboratory: 2,535 crustaceans, 3 crus- stacean slides (345804, 349295, 349414). Botanical Museum of Lund, Sweden: 6 plants (348677). Botanical Research Institute, South Africa: 234 plants (346609). Brigham Young University: 5 minerals, 6 plants (348906, 349085). British Museum Natural History, England: 1 echinoderm (345393, 1 insect, 80 plants, 1 mineral (291645, 349141, 349315, exchanges). British Columbia Provincial Museum, Canada: 7 echinoderms (347666, 348688). British Columbia, University of, Canada: 2 algaes (349077). California Academy of Sciences: 810 fishes (341191, 348768, exchanges), 75 mollusks, 3 plants, 2 echinoderms, 51 flies (304649, 345387, 347215, 348074, 349185). California, University of: 91 insects, 100 crustaceans, 2 minerals (329524, 347303, 349348); Herbarium: 29 plants (348143, 350717), 138 plants (347218, 350231, 350679, exchanges); Scripps Institution of Oceanography: 107 crustaceans, 5 echinoderms (345392, 346025, 346041, 346717, 349297, 349298, 349572), 1 mineral (349524). California State University: 766 crustaceans (346248, 346792, 348556). Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, Canada: 1 mineral (349737). Canberra Botanic Gardens, Australia: 130 plants (349116, exchange). Canfield Fund: 5 minerals (337916, 346958, 347056, 347793). Canterbury, University of, New Zealand: 42 crustaceans (350532). Caroline Islands, Office of the Chief Conservationist, Caroline Islands: 229 crustaceans (325401, 331543). Central National Herbarium, India: 65 plants (347590, exchange). Centre National de Tri D'Oceanographie Biologique, France: 10 worms (348999). Centro de Investigaciones Pesqueras Occ, Venezuela: 11 crustaceans (326115). Centro Nacional Patagonico, Argentina: 9 crustaceans (329022). Chamberlain Fund: 3 minerals (337917, 347875). Charleston Museum: 1 leopard (346723). Chesapeake Biology Laboratory: 2 crustaceans (335178). Chulalongkorn University, Thailand: 39 crustaceans (344972). Cincinnati, University of: 16 crustaceans, 11 plants (326440, 350742). Cincinnati Zoological Society: 2 crocodile eggs (344976). Cleveland Museum of Natural History: 1 fossil (346701). Clyde Reed Herbarium: 2 plants (346216). Commerce, U.S. Department of: 639 crustaceans, 27,559 mollusks, 7 birds, 2 fishes, 1 fossil, 3 echinoderms, 8 mammals, 2 worms, 1 beaked whale (314432, 317027, 320537, 327903, 336042, 338481, 346793, 347044, 347636, 347745, 348441, 349759). Commonwealth Associates, Incorporated: 10 mollusks (346021). Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australia: 2 minerals (350467). Connecticut, University of: 20 plant slides (334358), 162 plants (348123, 348203, exchanges). Continental Shelf Associates, Incorporated: 800 worms (346885). Cooks College: 12 crustaceans (346999). Copenhagen, University of, Denmark: Botanical Museum: 106 plants (346589, exchange; Zoological Museum: 18 worms (348699); 25 worms (347958, exchange); 4 crustaceans (330657, 349438). Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 559 Dalhousie University, Canada: 424 fishes, 8 crustaceans (344795, 346914, 348006). Darwin Museum, Australia: 3 crustaceans (344157, 347833). Dauphin Island Sea Laboratory: 302 crustaceans (346611, 347052). Defense, U.S. Department of: 3 Nigerian costumes, 1 crustacean (348704, 346695, 349569). Delaware Medical Examiner, Office of the Chief: 1 skull (348289). Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Zealand: 212 crusta- ceans, 19 crustacean slides (327773, 350573). Department of Primary Industries, Australia: 270 fruit flies (332283, ex- change). Direccion De Investigaciones OCEA, Mexico: 55 crustaceans (335525). District of Columbia Medical Examiner, Office of the Chief: 2 skulls (348294, 348302). Drake Fund: 8,506 true bugs (349157). Duke Medical.Center: 8 minerals (349845, exchange). Duke University Marine Laboratory: 90 crustaceans (341491). Edinburgh University, England: 1 mineral (349738). Entomological Museum of Osaka, Japan: 19 moths (350301, exchange). Escuela Nacional De Agricultura, Mexico: 29 plants (345563, exchange). Fairchild Tropical Garden Herbarium: 185 plants (346590, exchange). Federal Ministry of Mines and Power, Nigeria: 1 meteorite (350990). Field Museum of Natural History: 1 plant (347220), 331 plants (348639, 349687, 350283, exchanges). Filiala Akad. Nauk, USSR: 90 fossils (350616). Florida Atlantic University: 12 worms (348027), 3 fishes (346833, exchange). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services: 4 fruit flies (350969). Florida Department of Environmental Regulation: 10 stoneflies (348726). Florida Department of Natural Resources: 28 crustaceans (346919, 346946, 347000, 349299). Florida State Museum: 29 crustaceans, 22 crustacean slides (332090, 346947, 350640), 11 crustaceans (349205, exchange). Florida State University: 150 worms, 1 echinoderm, 1 crustacean (347022, 348686, 348985). Fort Benton, City of; Police Department: 1 skull fragment (348293). Fundacao Universidade do Rio Grande, Brazil: 14 fishes (350164). Georgia Department of Natural Resources: 1 crustacean (347664). Georgia State University: 1 fossil footprint slab (350780). Georgia, University of: 632 plants (348661, exchange), 1,835 plants (348661). Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, Canal Zone: 19 insects (348418). Goteborg, University of, Sweden: 78 worms, 39 worm slides (346481, 348391, 349365), 12 plants (348198). Grassland Soil and Water Research Laboratory: 7 beetles (348722). Great Falls College: 8 plants (349151). Gulf Branch Nature Center: 1 weasel (348535, exchange). Harvard University: Gray Herbarium: 359 plants (349695, exchange), 2 plants (350693); Museum of Comparative Zoology: 20 lots of fishes, 2 echinoderms (346877). Hawaiian Electric Company, Incorporated: 46 crustaceans (324554, 326766). Hawaii, University of: 2 crustaceans, 207 plants (326441, 343686, 349086). Herbario Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau, Brazil: 134 plants (350274). Herbario de Reserva Ecologica do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatis- tica, Brazil: 429 plants (346194, 347231, 348147, 349681). Herbario San Marcos, Peru: 29 plants (348641). Herbario Universitario, Venezuela: 1 plant (346602). 560 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Herbarium Australiense, Australia: 34 plants (350696, exchange). Herbarium of the Northern Territory, Australia: 3 plants (346544). Herbier du Centre Orstom de Cayenne, French Guiana: 66 plants (346565, 348612, 350720). Herbier National du Cameroun, Cameroun: 8 plants (348168). Hillman Fund: 11 minerals (348077, 348030, 348096, 348097). Hong Kong, University of, Hong Kong: 7 crustaceans (328573, 349313). Houston Museum of Natural History: 10 mollusks (328895). Houston, University of: 158 crustaceans (333858). Hubbs-Sea World Research Institute: 4 bird skeletons (349906). Humboldt State University: 4 crustaceans, 2 plants (344345, 347224). Hungarian Natural History Museum, Hungary: 233 plants (349101). Ichthyological Associates: 890 worms (330725). Illinois, University of: 5 minerals, 1 plant (349185, 349521). Indiana University: 36 crustaceans, 26 crustacean slides, 1 echinoderm (345943, 347665, 348925, 349477), 2 plants (346223, exchange). Institut fur Botanik, Austria: 66 plants (348607, exchange), 17 plants (348607). Institute of Ocean Sciences, Canada: 18 worms (349418, 350673). Institute of Biology, Romania: 99 fishes (333723). Institute for Systematic Botany, The Netherlands: 53 plants, 8 photographs (346180, 349057, 350220, exchanges), 19 plants (347543, 350220). Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, England: 351 crustaceans (335540), 2 echinoderms (348805). Institute of Taxonomic Zoology, The Netherlands: 8 echinoderms (345806). Instituto Botanico, Venezuela: 2 plants (347572, exchange), 31 plants (347572, 348148, 349122). Instituto Botanico A.J. Cavanilles, Spain: 1 plant (348625, exchange). Instituto de Botanica, Brazil: 11 plants (347534, exchange). Instituto de Botanica Darwinion, Argentina: 369 plants (349088, exchange). Instituto de Bontanico de la Academia de Ciencias de Cuba, Cuba: 25 plants (346214). Instituto de Investigacionas Pesqueras, Spain: 6 crustaceans (315957). Instituto de Pesca, Brazil: 1 fish (346474). Instituto Miguel Lillo de la Fundacion Miguel Lillo, Argentina: 200 plants (347605, exchange). Instituto Nacional de Pesca, Ecuador: 2 crustaceans (325721). Instituto Nacional de Parques, Venezuela: 10 plants (348173, 350726), 1 plant (350928, exchange). Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas de Amazonia, Brazil: 51 plants (348650, 350237), 60 plants (350681, exchange). Instituto Sperimentale per la Zoologia Agraria, Italy: 4 sawflies (346645, exchange). Instituto Tecnico Industriale di Stato, Italy: 3 meteorite fragments (331612, exchange). Instituto Technoligico y De Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Mexico: 86 crustaceans (340693). Interior, U.S. Department of: Bureau of Land Management: 3,523 echino- derms, 1,047 mollusks, (333929, 340684, 342663, 348038, 348352); Fish and Wildlife Service: 571 reptiles and emphibians (342277, 345886, 345938, 346031, 346033, 346465, 346466, 347148, 347721, 348104, 348216, 348955, 349623); 2,702 mammals (347637, 350006); 239 birds (347148, 349896); 950 fishes (349025); Geological Survey: 1,019,414 fossils, 16 minerals, (344926, 346249, 346822, 347058, 347284, 347844, 348217, 348355, 348358, 348390, 348698, 348943, 349272, 349549, 349564, 349583, 349674, 350443, 350457, 350485, 350576, 350611, 350613, 351247); 23 minerals (345842,, Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 561 347910, 349541, 349785); 13 meteorites (348305); National Park Service: 3 mollusks (347150). International Potato Center, Peru: 38 plants (350729). Interstate Electronics Corpration: 300 echinoderms, 5,000 worms (345761). Iowa, University of: 7 plants (350692). Iowa State University: 52 insects (350967). Jardirn Botanico do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 35 plants (347519, 350243, ex- change), 2 plants (349190, 350697). Jardin Botanico Nacional, Dominican Republic: 1 plant (347571). Kansas, University of: 1 fruit fly (350970). Karachi, University of, Pakistan: 93 crustaceans (344811, 349500). Karl-Franzens-Universitat Graz, Australia: 190 plants (347514). Karnatak University, India: 40 crustaceans (325061). Katholike Universiteit, The Netherlands: 14 mite slides (348731). Kent State University: 1 fossil, 559 plants (346703, 346576, 350199). Kristalle: 8 minerals (345461, 349309, exchange). Kyoto University of Education, Japan: 28 crustaceans (334922). Laboratorio di Techologia della Pesca Molo Mandvacchio, Italy: 2 crusta- ceans (336687). Lae Papua, New Guinea, Government of; Department of Primary Industry, New Guinea: 73 plants (347570, 348586). Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University: 20 crusta- ceans, 6 crustacean slides (330410). Leeds, University of, England: 64 plants (346608). Liege, University of, Belgium: 2 minerals (350581). Longwood Gardens: 12 ferns (349084). Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History: 2 fishes, 1 mammal (300016, 344363, exchange), 27 crustaceans, 9 worms, 1 mineral (346716, 349508). Louisiana Purchase Gardens and Zoo: 1 gibbon (342893). Louisville, University of: 134 crustaceans (343066). Lyko Mineral and Gem Incorporated: 1 mineral (346720). Lyon County Nevada; Sheriff's Office: skeletal remains (348296). Macquarie University, Australia: 4 worms (350483). Manitoba, University of, Canada: 1 bird skeleton (349330, exchange). Manomet Bird Observatory: 1 bird skin (349830). Marie Selby Botanical Gardens: 1 plant (347536), 40 plants (349693, ex- change). Marine Biological Laboratory: 150 crustaceans (324443). Marine Mammal Stranding Center: 2 dolphins (347043). Marine Research Foundation: 1 fossil (318433). Marine Science Laboratories, United Kingdom: 2 crustaceans (345610). Maryland Medical Examiner's; Office of the Chief: skeleton remains (348291). Maryland University of: 1 meteorite (350991). McCormick Properties, Incorporated: 1 fossil (348954). McMaster University, Canada: 12 crustaceans (328041). McNeese State University: 271 worms, 66 crustaceans, 40 mollusks, 10 echin- derms (346922, 347051, 347364, 347811). Memphis State University: 15 plants (348200). Mexico, Government of, Mexico: 70 ceramic pieces (348281). Miami, University of: 11 crustaceans (348557). Michigan, University of: 63 insects, 370 crustaceans, 11 worms, 3 mollusks, 10 fishes, 19 plants (332597, 338043, 346418, 346487, 347390, 348381, 350225, 350234, 350694), 500 plants, 10 fishes (346176, 349030, exchanges). Michigan State University: 30 crustaceans (348439). Mie University, Japan: 16 crustaceans (333710). 562 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Millstone Environmental Laboratory: 2 crustaceans (348502). Mineral Fund: 65 minerals (345354, 346900) 346901, 347087, 347622, 347812, 347838, 348695, 348948, 350452). Mineral Kingdom: 3 minerals (349233, 350561). Mineral Kingdom of Woodmere: 2 minerals (347855, exchange). Mineralosich-Petrographisches Institut der Technische Universitate, Braun- schweig, Germany: 1 mineral (348761). Mineralogisch-Petrographische Institut der Universitat Heidelberg, West Ger- many: 1 mineral (350454). Ministerio de Agricultura y Canaderia, Servicio Porestal Nacional, Paraguay: 76 plants, 74 fishes (347234, 347285). Mining Institute Museum, USSR: 1 meteorite (347111, exchange). Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, England: 75 carpet beetles (349371, exchange). Ministry of Agriculture, Lands and Food Production: Trinidad and Tobaga: 63 crustaceans (347663). Minnesota, University of: 20 seals (347045). Mississippi, University of: 210 caddisflies (348430). Mississippi, State University. 12 crustaceans (349044). Missouri Botanical Garden: 247 plants (346591, 348657, 350240, 350735, ex- changes), 55 plants (350735, 346579, 349120, 350685). Missouri Department of Conservation: 62 crustaceans (348382). Missouri Fish and Wildlife Research Center: 12 crustaceans (346106). Montana State University: 1 echinoderm (347040). Montgomery County; Police Department: 2 skulls, 1 mandible (348301). Moss Landing Marine Laboratories: 324 crustaceans (321257). Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia," Argentina: 1 echinoderm (347084). Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, Costa Rica: 2 ferns (350293). Museu Botanico Muncipal, Brazil: 52 plants (346575, 348609). Museum National D'Histoire Naturelle, France: 5 crustaceans (348871; 62 plants (349092), 349143, exchanges). Nanjing Technological College of Forest Products, China: 24 bamboos (347597). National Classical Music Institute, Korea: 1 fretted zither (349791). National Institute of Health, Japan: 8 flies (349173). National Museum of Natural Sciences, Canada: 43 crustaceans (345682, 349204). National Museum of Natural Sciences, New Zealand: 7 mammals (347281). National Museum of Victoria, Australia: 1 fish, 8 crustaceans (346490, 348090). National Museum of Wales, Wales: 2 minerals (350430, exchange). Natural History Society of Maryland: 2 fossil crocodile skulls (347009). Nebraska, University of: 2 minerals (348741). New Brunswick, University of, Canada: 5 echinoderms (344801, 349571). Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, University of, England: 5 worms (287773); 4 fishes (350166, exchange). New England, University of Australia: 78 crustaceans, 18 crustacean slides (331639, 332588). New York Botanical Garden: 2,820 plants (346207, 347208, 347598, 348640, exchanges); 7 plants (350684). New Zealand Geological Survey, New Zealand: 15 fossils (348558). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, New Zealand: 8 crustaceans (326739). Normandeau Associates, Incorporated: 1 crustacean (338531). North Carolina, University of: 441 crustaceans, 2 echinoderms, 4 mammals (327410, 333946, 338622, 347486, 349400). Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 563 North Carolina State Museum: 36 crustaceans (345157). North Carolina State University: 1,620 wasps (348404). North Dakota, University of: 8 crustaceans (343888). North Dakota State University: 5 leaf beetles (347302, exchange). Northeastern University; 4 sponges (348756). Northeast Louisiana University: 157 plants (348183). Nova Scotia Museum, Canada: 6 worms (341774, 348564). Oceanographic Research Institute, South Africa: 1 crustacean (331541). Ohio, Miami University: 2 plants (348105). Ohio State University: 4 crustaceans (346910). Okinawa Expo Aquarium, Japan: 1 echinoderm (349395). Oregon Regional Primate Research Center: 42 mammals (348257). Oregon, University of: 1 bird skin (349203). Oregon, State University: 812 crustaceans, 1 plant (346112, 346945, 348208, 348656). Orma J. Smith Museum of Natural History: 1 crustacean (349580). Ors!om Centre de Noumea, New Caledonia: 3 echinoderms (349336). Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Australia: 20 crustaceans, 11 crustacean slides (325157). Otago, University of, New Zealand: 3 minerals (346252). Ottawa, University of Canada: 3 minerals (349234). Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Pakistan: 27 wasps (348424, ex- change). Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources: 1 fossil (348214). Philadelphia Academy of Sciences: 1 mollusks, 72 crustaceans (345884, 348383). Philippines National Museum: 5 crustaceans (332988). Philippines, University of: 23 crustaceans, 63 plants (332423, 342703, 347226), 23 plants (347516, exchange). Port Harcourt University College, Nigeria: 106 crustaceans (327670, 348018). Princeton University: 2 fossil cast mammal teeth (348096). Puerto Rico, University of: 117 crustaceans, 41 echinoderms, 16 worms, 1 plant (345853, 345945, 346024, 346553, 348753, 350310), 950 plants (346552, exchange). Purdue University: 6 mayflies (349827). Queensland Herbarium, Australia: 1 plant (349095). Queensland Museum, Australia: 8 crustaceans (346845). Queensland, University of, Australia: 63 crustaceans, 3 echinoderms (346750, 348804, 350437, 350534). Rainbow Collection: 1 quartz (342732, exchange). Rhodes University, South Africa: 17 fishes (334182, 347001). Rijksmuseum Van Natuurlijke Historie, The Netherlands: 80 crustaceans (315926, 331615, 342584). Riverina College of Advanced Education, New South Wales: 12 crustaceans, 2 crustacean slides (345942). Roebling Fund: 6 gold specimens, 2 silver specimens, 5 minerals (337915, 346721, 346882, 347620, 347621, 347897). Royal Azel, Incorporated: 1 mineral (346814). Royal Botanic Gardens, Australia: 13 plants (346210, exchange). Royal Botanic Gardens, England: 1,129 plants (348632, 348655). Royal Ontario Museum, Canada: 606 fishes (346898). S. S. and W. Investment Co.: 1 blue topaz (347879). Saint Lucia, Department of Research and Control, Saint Lucia, BWI: 1 crus- tacean (347939). Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History: 1 echinoderm (344973). Sao Paulo University of, Brazil: 2 fruit flies (350975). 564 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Shimonoseki University of Fisheries, Japan: 4 crustaceans (349362). Soil Systems, Inc.: 20 crustaceans (348525). South African Museum, South Africa: 2 bird skeletons (347896, exchange). South Alabama, University of: 8 fishes, 61 crustaceans, (346423, 348984). South Australian Museum, Australia: 23 fossil casts (346445, exchange). South Carolina, Department of Wildlife and Resources: 6 crustaceans, 300 echinoderms (328818, 333646). South Carolina, University of: 5 plants (348585). South Florida, University of: 2 plants (346554). Southern University: 1 crustacean (350818). Southern Arkansas, University of: 1,004 crustaceans, 13 insects (339397, 340240, 347362, 348524). Southern California, University of: 2 crustaceans (349502); Allan Hancock Foundation: 17 crustaceans (324963, 347633, 348754, 350639). Southern Illinois, University of: 6 insects, 353 crustaceans (343255, 345386, 348348). Southwest Texas State University: 50 crustaceans (333248). Southwestern Louisiana, University of: 11 crustaceans, 1 plant (347933, 349726). Stanford University: 88 algae (346555). Stuart Fund: 7 minerals (345268, 346818, 347055, 348036). Swedish Museum of Natural History, Sweden: 38 plants (347603, exchange). T. F. H. Publications, Inc.: 3 fishes (346488). Tampa, University of: 6 crustaceans (331879). Tasmania, University of, Australia: 12 crustaceans (346997). Tanunggy Museum, Burma: 3 carved ethnological items (349799). Taxon Incorporated: 100 worms (347709). Tel Aviv, University of, Israel: 162 insects (350966), exchange); 15 crusta- ceans (341511). Tennessee Valley Authority: 7 crustaceans, 83 fishes (347485, 348885). Tennessee, University of: 837 crustaceans, 140 mollusks, 1 plant (346693, 348116, 348682, 348683, 350528). TerEco Corporation: 1 crustacean (346022). Texas A and M University: 459 crustaceans, 2 echinoderms, 3 insects, 2 plants (345605, 346599, 348101, 349130, 350533, 350977); 379 plants (346536, 349148, exchanges). Texas Memorial Museum: 25 crustaceans (348559). Texas Tech University: 25 crustaceans (329014). Texas University of: 217 crusLaceans, 10 worms, 9 plants (345203, 347061, 347240, 350724); 1 mineral (350441, exchange). Toronto, University of, Canada: 10 crustaceans (346694). Towson State University: 150 reptiles of amphibians (341219). Tulane University: 29 crustaceans: (347931). Ulster Museum, Northern Ireland: 3 minerals (348776). Ultraviolet Products: 1 mineral (351133). Universidad Central De Venezuela, Venezuela: 3 crustaceans, 1 fish, 179 plants (339313, 349314, 350715, 350721). Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia: 21 plants (348107, 350195). Universidad de Los Andes, Colombia: 55 crustaceans (329587). Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica: 3 echinoderms (350872). Universidad de Los Andes, Venezuela: 21 plants (350211, 350212). Universidad de Panama, Panama: 48 crustaceans (327663, 348883). Universidad de Valle, Colombia: 1 echinoderm, 5 crustaceans (348211, 349501). Universidad de Ciencias de Mar y Limnolosia, Mexico: 2 plants (3495233; 2 plants (349105, exchange). Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 565 Universidade de Brasilia, Brazil: 5 plants (346534). Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil: 165 plants (349691). Universidade Federal do Ceara, Brazil: 2 crustaceans (345609). Universita di Genova, Italy: 1 mineral (348764). Universita di Rome: 1 mineral (348775). Universite D'Aix-Marseille; Station Marine D'Endoume et Centre D'Oceano- graphie, France: 65 crustaceans (331044, 298103). Universiteit van Amsterdam, The Netherlands: 46 crustaceans (335448). Universitetets Mineralogisk-Geologiske Instituter og Mineralogisk Museum, Denmark: 2 echinoderms (349231). University College, Ireland: 33 crustaceans (336509). Uniwersytet Lodzki, Poland: 12 crustaceans (338046). Uppsala, University of, Sweden: 29 plants (347189, exchange). Utah, University of: 1 bird skin (349904). Utah State University: 7 bees (348416). V. L. Komarov Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences, USSR: 121 plants (346150, exchange). Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission: 8 human skeletons (348287). Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences: 156 crustaceans, 8 echinoderms, 20 mollusks, 3 worms, (347932, 322594). Virginia Medical Examiner; Office of the Chief: skeletal remains (349788). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University: 1 mineral (348760). Virginia State Library: 1 skeleton, 5 human skeletal remains (348288, 348300). Volcani Center, Israel: 1 insect slide (349826). Washington, Government of; Newport Sheriff's Office: 2 skeletal remains (348292). Washington, University of: 15 worms, 10 bird skeletons (307067, 328659, 348970). West Indies, University of, Trinidad: 5 fishes (347639). Western Australian Museum, Australia: 1 crustacean (346108). White House: 6 ethnological items (349790). Whitman College Herbarium: 9 plants (348119). William and Mary College: 2 fishes, 4 crustaceans (345821, 347283). Wisconsin, University of: 2 plants (346535). Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute: 22 worm slides, 12 crustaceans (281067, 347484). Wroclawski Uniwersytet, Poland: 3 fossil fishes (303810, exchange). Yale University: 1 plant (348610). Zoological Institute, Sweden: 3 fossil slides (347799, 348563). Zoological Institut der University Vienna, Austria: 52 worms (300025). Zurich Zoo, Switzerland: 1 sea turtle (344380). INDIVIDUALS Aaronheim, Robert: 344 butterflies (348403, 349161, 349824). Abbey, Rachel L.: a fossil seal tooth (349236). Acciavatti, Dr. Robert E.: 3 tiger beetles (349189). Ahrens, Veronica: 2,998 insects (351244). Alzona, Dr. Gianluigi: 59 ground beetles (346661, exchange). Ambuske, Robert: a fossil seal cuboid (348478). Amestoy, Fernando: 107 crayfishes (347036). Anderson, Dr. William H.: 4 mollusks, 1 fossil mammoth tooth, (348811, 349664). Andrews, Dr. Fred G.: 7 parasitic wasps (349823). Angkanarak, Khunying Supang: 21 Thailand ethnological items (348284). Anonymous: 8 Dominican ambers (347880). Anselmo, Scott R.: 3 gems (329816). 566 I Smithsonian Year 1982 Areson, Lee: 2 minerals (346255, exchange). Ash, Dr. Sidney R.: 13 fossils and 2 fossil slides (347088, 350612). Ashby, Wallace L. : a fossil seal jaw (348475). Ashby, Mr. and Mrs. Wallace L. : a fossil seal radius (350875). Ayala, Dr. Stephen C: 1 protozoan slide (348687). Bagchi, Dr. Pranab: 2 cut gems (347268). Bailey, Donnie: a collection of seal bones (347006). Baird, Robert: 1 bird skeleton and skin (349202). Baker, Alan: 1 echinoderm (348386). Baker, H. Randy: 4 worm slides (347738). Banks, Dr. Harlan P.: 1,156 fossils (348094). Bardalio, Governor Richardo J.: 1 human skeleton (348297). Barnes, Dr. Jeffrey K.: 6 marsh flies (349193). Barrella, Sigri and Gerry Skakel: 1 mineral (346253). Barriga T., Juan Enrique: 136 wood-boring beetles (348795, exchange). Bassett, Preston R.: 12 lighting devices (349794). Bauer, Dr. Bruce H.: 124 crayfishes (349620). Bauer, Dr. Raymond: 100 crustaceans (346023). Baum, John: 13 minerals (346754, 347267). Baumfalk, Dr. Ynze A.: 4 fossils (346795). Baxter, Rae: 7 mollusks (350469). Beck, Dr. Frank A.: 4 mineral (346254). Beddoe-Stephens, Dr. Brett: 2 mineral (346713). Behnke, Dan: 2 minerals (347822). Belveal, L. Dee: 1 coral (347041). Bennett, Dr. Thecla: 3 fossil fragments (347708). Berman, Howard and Drazia: 4 cut gems (348023). Bertolani, Dr. Roberto: 14 worms (348813). Besansky, Nora J.: 373 insects (348727). Beshear, Rcmona J.: 12 insects (349188). Bier, Mrs. Marcelle M.: 3 Chinese stone carvings (349796). Bieri, Robert: 6 worms (349419). Bierwagen, Amos William: 88 cabochons (346708). Bishop, Dr. Gale A.: 6 fossil decapods (346462). Bissell, T. L.: 8 insect slides (348724). Blake, Dr. Daniel: 5 fossils, 11 echinoderms (346464, 348921). Blanchard, Andre: 15 moths (346923, 350960). Blasdell, Francis S.: 14 reptiles and emphibians (349643). Blodgett, Richard E., Jr.: 1 mineral, 10 fossils (348508, 348765). Blue, Dr. Rhea C.: a brown, Chinese-lacquer box (348705). Bogner, J.: 12 plants (345572). Bohannan, Charles T. R.: 1 mineral (349784). Bohaska, David J.: a fossil seal tibia (350874). Bohigian, George M.: 1 cut gem (348092). Bonsanti, Dr. and Mrs. Robert L.: 2 cut gems (348014). Borrero, Francisco J.: 100 mollusks (346616). Bosch, Dr. Carl: 1 silver punch bowl (347903). Bouchard, Dr. Raymond W. : 23,075 fishes, 8 amphibians (338755, 346883). Boucot, Dr. Arthur J.: 2,367 fossils (347843, 349763). Bowden, Dr. John: 2 beeflies (348730). Braiman, Edward M.: 1 mineral (347942). Brandyberry, John J.: 1 mollusk (346726). Brattstrom, Hans O.: 2,530 worms (346757). Brewer, George: 18 minerals (347278, exchange); 10 minerals (348012, 348949). Briggs, Mead L.: 1 cat's eye chrysoberyl (347957). Bright, Cheryl F.: 60 worms (349731). Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 567 Brinck, Dr. Per: 1 insect (351024). Brink, Dr. Robert W.: 2 Bolivian quartzs (348025). Broadhead, Gordon, C: 6 crustaceans (336046). Bronson, Sonia and Wilfrid S.: an oil painting (349795). Brooks, Stanley Ray: a pair of Sioux Indian moccasins (349797). Brou, Vernon Antoine: 157 moths (350961, 350985). Brower, Dr. A. E.: 25,017 insects (349199). Brown, Mrs. Ben Hill: 1 sponge (348504). Brown, Dr. Harley P.: 11 riffle beetles (349180). Brown, Dr. W. L., Jr.: 46 insects (348415). Browne, Dr. Joseph E.: 13 biting midges (348723). Bruce, Dr. Robin W.: 134 fishes (349224). Bruder, Howard: 14 cut gems (347973). Brumbach, William C: 68 plants (348584, 349056, 349137). Bullington, Stephen W.: 2 flies (350959). Bullock, C. R. : a ceremonial stone axe (348282). Burch, Bernice L.: [See also Bernice P. Bishop Museum] 4 crustaceans (346944). Burnett, Bryan: 10 worms (348997). Butler, Walter L.: 65 caddisflies (350964). Byers, Dr. George W.: 1 insect (351020). Caballero, Santiago Zaragosa M. enC.: 3 glowworms (350786). Calderon, Peter J.: 4 New Guinea ceremonial art objects (348283). Callahan, Richard: 1 snake (347625). Camp, David K.: 6 crustaceans (342626). Caparis, Dr. Petros: 1 mineral (347474). Carr, John L. : 8 weevils (349169). Carroll, Lois J.: a raffia cap (348706). Cave, Ronald: 3,581 miscellaneous insects (350987). Cerami, Philip D., and L. Thomas Jones: (343527, 348031). Cernohorsky, Walter O.: 1 mollusk (347946). Chaikin, William E. and Raphael, Lester A. Smith, and Thomas G. Deemer: 53 cut gems (348021). Chalumeau, R.: 2 lizards (349574). Chapman, Dr. Brain R.: 15 beetles (348420). Christy, John A.: 59 plants (346171, 348608). Cianciulli, John: 11 minerals (347780, 350577). Cicero, Joe: 2 glowworms (350965). Clapp, Roger B.: 1 turtle (347338). Clark, Mr. and Mrs. Albert C: 1 walrus tusk (350009). Clark, William H: 10 crustaceans (346920). Clarke, Dr. J. F. Gates: 308 moths (348412, 348436, 350984). Clench, Dr. William J.: 228 mollusks (349225). Coates, Kathryn A.: 8 worms (350470). Collins, John: 197 worms (350821). Conkin, Dr. James E.: 101 fossils (346794). Conway, R. W. F.: 9 cut gems (348060). Cooper, Dr. Robert W.: 69 mammal primates and tissues (342586). Corbett, Herbert: 1 mineral (349638). Correia, R. F.: a fossil whale lumbar vertebrate (347827). Coull, Dr. Bruce C. : 38 worms (346493). Couvillion, Kathy: 1 fish (347821). Covell, Dr. Charles V.: 10 butterflies (348405). Crandall, Philip R.: 8 mollusks (349316). Cranmer, Mrs. Roberta D. : 2 mollusks (347796). Craver, Dr. Joseph M.: 3 blue topaz gems (347968). 568 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Croft, Richard: 1,949 fishes (347387). Crowell, Mark: a fossil femur (350614). Cunningham, Chris: 1 beryl (348940). Cunningham, Dr. E. J.: 1 cut gem (347956). Daniels, Dr. Robert A.: 5 fishes (349207). Darling, Thomas, Jr.: 678 ferns (350698). Darnell, Dr. Rezneat M.: 15 echinoderms (296577). Darsie, Dr. Richard F., Jr.: 265 insects (350983). Davis, Dr. Don R.: 1,133 insects (349197). Dayvault, Richard: a shark tooth (347828). Dean, Mr. and Mrs. George E.: 4 minerals (343409). DeBoer, Charles: 1 mineral (347825). Decraemer, Dr. Wilfrida: 1 worm (346902). Deemer, Thomas C: [See also Chaikin, William E. and Raphael] (348021). Deeming, John C: 3 flies (348728, exchange). Degener, Dr. Otto and Isa: 25 plants (350209). DeMark, R. S.: 3 minerals (347280, exchange). DeMartino, Al: 3 worms (347264). Dietrich, Dr. Richard V.: 2 minerals (347806). Dilcher, Dr. David: [See also Tidwell, Dr. William D.] (348482). Disney, Dr. H. H. K.: 4 flies (349822). Doberl, Manfred: 519 flea beetles (346994, 350492, exchanges). Doell, Dr. Donald V.: 1 mineral (348847, exchange). Dogger, Mr. and Mrs. Allen J.: 1 carved ivory tusk and 15 carved ivory figures (343384, 347805). Donnelly, Dr. T. W.: 12 insects (349163). Dover, Willard B.: 3 lots of cut gems (329815). Downer, Mrs. Audrey: 10 bird skeletons (349901). Downie, Dr. N. M.: 2 weevils (350982). DuBois, Random and Marea Hatziolos: 12 sponges (348809). DuPont, James M.: 11 meteorites (336931, exchange), 1 meteorite (350992). DuShane, Mr. Helen: 1 mollusk (346615). Dutrizac, Dr. J. E.: 4 minerals (348762). Edmunds, Dr. G. F. : 3 stoneflies (348432). Ehrlich, Dr. Paul R.: 2 insects (349170). Ehrlich, Sanford H.: 4 Bolivian quartzs (346476). Eiler, David L.: 2 moths (348426). Eker, Helene: 823 mollusks (333146). Eldridge, Bill: 11 rodents (347046). Emerson, Dr. K. C: 400 lice slides (350989). Emmons, Dr. Louise H.: 11 mammals, 6 rove beetles (347634, 349182). Ernst, Carl H.: 2 turtles (347059). Facciolla, Nicholas: 6 minerals (348243). Farina, Robert M.: 2 opals, 1 beryl, 4 topazs (348035). Faulkner, D. J.: 1 sponge (347616). Feinglos, Dr. Mark: 7 minerals (347920, exchange). Fellows, Bruce Hamilton: 1 cut gem (347944). Fenton, Dr. M. Brock: 7 house bats (348757). Ferguson, Dr. George: 3 insects (351016). Ferreira, Dr. Antonio J.: 2 mollusks (348863). Fitzpatrick, Mrs. Mary Alice: 4 ivory carvings (348001). Fjellberg, Arne: 170 insects (350973). Flint, Mrs. Carol M. : 150 butterflies, 427 insects, 315 mosquitoes (348419, 348735, 349174). Florensky, P. V.: 11 meteorites (348306). Flury, Alvin G.: 969 frogs (340371). Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 569 Forbes, Frank A.: 10 insects (349183). Forbes, Mrs. R. J.: a handmade Chinese rug (349793). Foster, Dr. Merrill W.: 9,400 fossils (285186). Franclemont, Dr. John G.: 972 moths (349825). Franz, Dr. Gerhard: 3 minerals (347757, exchange). Frazier, Dr. John G.: 6 fossil turtles (349543). Freytag, Dr. Paul H.: 1 insect (348546). Friedman, Mr. and Mrs. Jack: 8 anthropological items (349792). Frithsen, Jeffrey B.: 100 worms (348449). Fritts, Thomas H. : 210 reptiles and amphibians (331540). Fugler, Charles M.: 157 frogs (344629). Futrell, Darryl: 6 meteorites (345136, 347352). Galletti, Dr. Marco Curini: 4 mollusks (348389). Gallo, Sergio: 7 minerals (348905, exchange). Garcia-Gomez, Julio: 3 crustaceans (347935). Garrison, Dr. Rosser W. : 23 dragonflies (348055, exchange). Gaston, Mr. and Mrs. Lamont W.: a gold ring and a gold pendant (347791). Gatrelle, Ronald R.: 233 butterflies and moths (349821, 350986). Geevarthese, Dr. C: 10 fishes (349301). Gelaude, Piet: 19 minerals (347476, 349200). Gibbs, Dr. Peter: 77 worms (346428). Gillaspy, Dr. James E.: 62 insects (350962). Gills, Dr. James P.: 4 opals (347899). Glassman, Mr. and Mrs. David M.: 1 faceted gem (347671). Glynn, Dr. Peter W.: 168 crustaceans (337412). Golomb, Irving L.: 6 gems (347906). Godding, Dr. Richard U.: 8 mollusks (349031). Goodland, E. A.: 13 human skeleton remains (348290). Goodman, Dr. Larry R.: 1 fish (345880). Gordon, Dr. A. Elizabeth: 8 stoneflies (348433). Gordon, Harvey M., Jr.: 14 minerals (349506). Gordon, Dr. Robert D.: 3,926 insects, 300 mollusks (295338, 349158, 349172). Goudey, Hatfield: 1 mineral (350579). Grabe, Stephen: 11 crustaceans (348986). Gradante, Charles J.: 93 minerals (347970). Grady, Frederick V.: 42 bats (349399). Graf, A. B.: 1 plant (349081). Granados, Mrs. Fredda and Howard Jackson: a fossil seal (350784). Grant, Arthur T.: 1 cut gem (348992). Grant, Mr. and Mrs. Robert W.: 242 ethnological objects (335380). Grassle, D.: 1 echinoderm (346457). Greenhall, Paul: 4 crustaceans (346949). Greenman, Dr. and Mrs. Marshall: 1 cut gem (348091). Greenwell, Francis M. : 1 shorttail shrew (347951). Grippa, Giacomo: 2 quartz (347813). Grunt, Dr. T. A.: 60 fossils (346823). Guillea, Rear Admiral Fernando: 2 sets of Bolivian pan pipes (348285). Gunawardane, Dr. (Mrs.) W. T. T. P.: 7 wasps (351009). Gupta, Dr. Virendra: 4 wasps (341336, exchange). Gurney, Dr. Ashley B.: 118 insects (348435). Hahn, Robert H.: 1 bird skin (349872). Hall, Mr. and Mrs. Roger L.: 1 diamond and ruby ring (347974). Halpin, Libby: 37 insects (348713). Hamada, Mona: 9 mollusks (348388). Hammond, Dr. Laurie: 350 fossils (346463, exchange). Hansen, Gary: 1 mineral (344252, exchange). 570 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Hanson, John F.: 56,041 stoneflies (349176). Harasewych, M. G.: 86 mollusks (348445). Hardy, Jerry David: 2 fishes, 2 bats, 2 worms (336044). Harry, Dr. Harold W.: 1,700 mollusks (344197). Hartl, Max E.: 1 cut gem (347954). Hartman, W. D.: 34 sponges (347332). Hatcher, Dr. Charles R., Jr.: 1 blue topaz (347952). Hatziolos, Dr. Marea: 15 crustaceans, 25 worms, 1 echinoderm (346815, 348076, 348351); [See also DuBois, Random]. Hauck, Mr. and Mrs. Richard: 4 minerals (350578). Hawk, Dr. Bray O.: 1 large gold and platinum brooch (348032). Haworth, Mrs. Jean: 4 stone artifacts (346483). Hay ward, Mr. and Mrs. Robert B.: 1 cut gem (347837). Hedges, 5. Blair: 11 mammals (347470). Hellebuyck, Dr. Victor: 1 bat and 1 shrew (349761). Helmerding, Fredrich: 6 minerals (347266). Henbest, Lloyd G.: 1 quartz (347487). Henderson, William A., Jr.: 4 minerals (348941). Hendler, Gordon: 26 worms (298147, 337352). Henning, Edward L. : 4 minerals (348034). Hepler, Neil M.: 5 mollusks (314783). Hermann, Fred: 130 plants (350236). Hernandez, C., Dr. Marco Antonio: 2 mollusks (336928). Hertz, Mrs. Helen S.: 1 gold specimen (350094). Hevel, Gary F. and Julie F.: 13,561 insects (349162). Hilsenhoff, Dr. William: 2 water beetles (349820). Hodges, Dr. William: 12 insects (348429). Hollowell, Vicki: 13 bamboos (348617). Holzenthal, Ralph W.: 182 caddisflies (349171). Hoover, Col. and Mrs. Warren H. : 10 basketry items (350957). Houart, Roland: 2 mollusks (350671). Howden, Mrs. Anne T. : 3 weevils (349165). Howes, Mr. and Mrs. Durward: a collection of fresh-water pearls and pearl jewelry (295806). Hughes, Dr. John M. : 2 minerals (346710). Humes, Dr. Arthur G.: 25 mollusks (347776). Hutchings, Dr. Pat: 1 worm (349522). Hyne, Frank and Becky: 2 fossil seal teeth (348476). Ivantsoff, Dr. Walter: 2 fishes (346869). Ivie, Michael: 6 insects (349167). Jackson, Howard: [See also Granados, Mrs. Fredda] (350782). Jackson, James F. : 780 fence lizards (342960). Jackson, Roy H. : a witch doctor's kit (350498). Jacobs, Deborah Morgan: 1 musk turtle (348359). Janzen, Dr. Daniel H.: 3,225 insects (348725, 349192). Jardine, David R. : 3 crocodile eggs (348102). Jaxel, Robert and Norma: 12 minerals (348506). Jayawickrema, Lalith: 1 scale insect (349186). Jell, Dr. P. A.: 20 fossils (347720). Jenkins, Mrs. Lucretia R.: 1 embroidered Chinese-silk coat (349816). Jenssen, Thomas A.: 2 lizard skeletons (346704). Jimenez, A., Dr. Jose de Js.: 2 plants (348109). Johnson, Dr. C. D.: 60 seed beetles (351245). Johnson, Dr. Colin: 1 insect (346642). Johnson, Dr. Gerald H. : a fossil elk antler, 1 fossil walrus femur (346120, 350783). Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 571 Jones, Thomas L.: [See also Cerami, Philip D.] (343527, 348031). Jorgenson, Jeffrey, P.: 473 worms (347361). Joughin, Louis: 1 piece of tapa cloth (349815). Jourdan, Kenneth: 90 crustaceans (326927). Joy, Oliver T.: 1 cut beryl (347904). Kahn, Walter: 5 minerals (347310, 347758). Kaicher, Sally D.: 1 mollusk (348926). Karunartne, P. B. : 4 insects (348733). Kasch, Arthur A.: 1 cut gem (348033). Kauffman, James: 1 mineral (348942). Kean, Phillip: 5 butterflies (348428, exchange). Keating, Mr. and Mrs. Robert B.: 2 Zaire masks (350954). Keller, Mr. and Mrs. Charles, Jr.: 1 necklace with a jadeite pendant (347824). Keller, Mrs. Ellen: 1 cut gem (347945). Kendall, Mr. and Mrs. Roy O.: 14 moths (350980). Kenk, Dr. Roman: 51 worm slides (348814). Kenk, Dr. Vida: 5 mollusks (350456). Kennebeck, Jack T.: 1 cut gem (343389). Kennedy, A. J.: 19 insects (349191). Kerber, Mrs. Norma Townsend: 1 dress and a pair of Afghanistan bracelets (349814). Kerckhoff, Arthur F., Jr.: 3 cut gems (384017). Kern, John: 1 mineral (348886). Key, Charles: 6 minerals (346268, 347488). Kimball, Charles P.: 4,200 moths (349160). King, Vandall: 4 minerals (346251, 347779). Kirby-Smith, Dr. William W.: 1 echinoderm (348989). Kirchner, Ralph F.: 53 insects (348398). Kleck, Wallace D.: 1 mineral (347836). Kleeman, Dr. Karl H. : 60 mollusks (350779, exchange). Klepper, Lawrence R.: 1 cut gem (347943). Kline, Kirby: a fossil cast of a camel footprint (346029). Kloecher, Dr. and Mrs. Richard: 1 cut gem (347940). Knudson, Dr. Edward C: 8 moths (347301); [See also Blanchard, Andre] (350960). Koch, Dr. Frank: 1 insect (351022). Kodama, Dr. H. : 2 minerals (348763). Kohn, Dr. Alan J.: 5 fossils, 72 insects (346785, 350974). Kolic, John: 31 minerals (346819, 347471, 348507, 349829, 350560). Kondratieff, Boris C: 4 stoneflies (348396). Kormilev, Dr. Nicholas A.: 1 flat bug (348409). Kornfield, Dr. Irv: 169 fishes (349208). Kosnar, Richard: 1 mineral (349235). Kraissl, Mrs. Alice: 6 minerals (347807, 350580). Kristennsen, Dr. Reinhart: 7 worms (350820). Kubler, Dr. Lutz: 1 mineral (349782). Kuiper, J. G. J.: 83 mollusks (347358). Kurz, Richard M.: 2 mollusks (349582). Landing, Dr. Ed.: 8 fossils (346269). Lanoie, Dr. Leo O.; 1 water shrew (349398). Larson, Thomas J.: 8 Botswana ethnological objects (350951). Larson, William: 3 minerals (347835). Leake, Dr. Bernard E.: 8 minerals (347475). Leath, Mrs. M.: 1 mineral (349639). Lee, Dr. Harry G.: 3 mollusks (342020). Leblang, S. Howard: 104 minerals (347955). 572 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Lekagul, Dr. Boonsong: 57 bats (350040). Leverett, Dave: 1 fossil (348689). Levesque, Andre: 1 mineral (347483, exchange). Levine, Gerry: a fossil seal jaw (348480). Lewis, Jerry: 9 crustaceans (333825). Lewis, Randall B.: 33 mollusks (346917). Lightbourn, J. R. H.: 38 mollusks (347333). Lincer, Jeffrey L.: 1 human skull (348295). Lipschitz, Henry: 9 cut gems (347971). Little, Dr. Elbert L., Jr.: 1,034 plants, 243 tree species (347522, 347546, 347547, 347589). Livingstone, Hilda: 4 echinoderms (347801). Llwellyn, Betty H. : 2 Chinese carved-wood panels with antique jade (334479). Lochman-Balk, Dr. Christina: 5 fossils (346702). Logan, Dr. Alan: 150 fossils (347057). Loveridge, Arthur: 16 crustaceans (338408). Luhman, John C: 50 wasps (348717). Lutterlough, Mrs. Sophie G.: 12 insects (348423). Lyons, Mrs. Marcia: 1 fish (346424). MacGinitie, George E. and Nettie: 3 fossils (331095). Machado-diniz, Frei Jorge L.: 6 large ants (350963). Maciolek, Nancy J. 4 worms (348998). Madge, Dr. R. B.: 2 beetles (348411). Maggi, Dr. Vic: 37 lace bugs (348709). Magnum, Larry: 2 fossils (347295). Majtenyi, Steven I.: 1 mineral (347902). Maldonado, Capriles, Dr. J.: 60 insects (348859, 350978, 351246). Malicky, Dr. Hans: 37 insects (348395). Malone, Dr. Leo J.: 2 cut gems (347907). Malouf, Donald J. and Dianne L.: 1 ivory carving of a horse-drawn chariot (348010). Manchester, Steven R.: [See also Tidwell, William D.] (348482). Mandracchia, Michael J.: 3,057 mollusks (346753). Manning, Dr. Raymond B.: 2 crustaceans (322095). Manning, Robert and Charles: 5 pieces of Pueblo Indian pottery (349813). Manuel, Kenneth L.: 3 insects (346932). Marden, Luis: 1 Melanesian wooden club (349812). Marelli, Dan C: 16 mollusks (348387). Marrero, Yvonne: 25 crustaceans (331465). Masner, Dr. Lubomir: 1 insect (351023). Mason, L. S. and Noreen A.: 2 minerals (347898). Mathis, Dr. Wayne N.: 3,083 flies (349156). Mattacola, Dr. A. D.: 12 fishes (349302). May, John W.: 2 quartz (347750). McCafferty, Dr. W. P.: 5 mayflies (348734). McCutcheon, John T., Jr.: 4 Micronesian tortoise dishes (349811). McDowell, Marion: 29 echinoderms, 130 crustaceans, 1 worm (345582, 345925, 348995). McLaughlin, Dr. Patsy A.: 2 crustaceans (348684). McLean, Dr. James H. : 29 mollusks (348444). McLellan, Jack H.: a collection of 3,000 fishes (347841). Meehan, A. Lloyd: 4 ethnological items (343103). Mehretens, Dr. Charlotte: 2 fossil slabs (350562). Melampy, Michael: 95 plants (346592). Mello, Dr. James F.: 1 katydid (348729). Metcalf, Dr. Artie L.: 2 mollusks (350610). Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution J 573 Metter, Dean E.: 57 reptiles and amphibians (318836). Michaels, Dr. David B.: 1 faceted gem (348354). Mikkelsen, Paula M.: 35 mollusks (348810). Miller, Mrs. Franklin R. : 1 squirrel (346722). Miller, Dr. J. R.: 4 bird skeletons (349902). Miller, John E.: 5 echinoderms (348385). Miller, Dr. Molly: 4 fossils (346250). Miller, Richard: 4 minerals (347473). Miller, Scott: 560 insects (348421). Miller, Dr. Walter B.: 2 mollusks (346725). Milne, Prof. Lorus J.: 741 insects (324258). Milton, Dr. Charles: 2 minerals (347782). Miskell, John: 2 tiger beetles (348711). Mitchell, Edwin S. and Mary E.: a shawl (349810). Mitchell, Dr. Stephen: 250 fossils (348357). Monell, Edmund C. : 1 pair of jade altar lanterns, 1 jade altar Tou (325212). Montgomery, Leslie: 1 piece of fossil amber (347753). Moomaw, B. C, III: 13 pieces of fossil amber (349345). Moore, Dr. Donald R.: 12 mollusks (347334). Morge, Prof. G.: 21 flies (347493). Mous, Ahmed Sayed M. : 37 mollusks (347712). Mulaik, Dr. Stanley B.: 5,559 crustaceans (324663). Mulliner, David K.: 2 mollusks (348994). Murakami, Dr. Nobuhide: 1 mineral (347153). Muzik, Dr. Katherine: 3 crustaceans (347354). Nasu, Dr. Yoshitsugu: 11 moths (348402, exchange). Nelson, Jack A.: 100 mollusks (349640). Neto, Pedro Scherer: 2 bird eggs (348311). Nicolay, Col. S. S.: skipper butterflies (348422). Niedringhaus, Mrs. James S.: 1 diamond, gold, and platinum ring (347784). Ning, Dr. Zhang: 15 fossils (347623). Nolan, Jack and Bob: 25 minerals (349540). Nutting, W. H. : 11 beetles (346811), 1 beetle (346811, exchange). Obodda, Herb: 6 minerals (348325, exchange), 1 mineral (346719). O'Brien, Dr. Charles W., and G. J. Wibmer: 10 weevils (348720, 350981); 60 weevils (348720, 348732, exchanges). O'Brien, Francis: 1 echinoderm (348349). Ogle, Dr. Douglas W.: 1 fossil (348481). Ollis, Walter C: 6 minerals (349542). Osychnjuk, Dr. A. Z.: 2 bees (348410). Overal, Dr. William Leslie: 12 weevils (349168). Overstreet, Robin M.: 25 mollusks (347152). Pawlik, Joseph: 2 sponges (347705). Pearson, Mrs. G. Burton, Jr.: 1 platinum, diamond, and sapphire ring (347834). Pehachek, Michael J.: a fossil bird (350782). Pequegnat, Dr. Linda H.: 5 fossils (347050). Peters, Dr. Gary L. : 12 weevils (349198). Peters, Thomas: 1 mineral (347781). Petters, Dr. Sunday W. : 23 fossils (348945). Petuch, Dr. Edward J.: 14 fossils (348890). Phillips, Edward: 15 sea turtles (344630). Phillips, John F.: 1 bamboo (348180). Pickett, Joseph F., Sr. : 10 crustaceans (346718). Pieters, S.: 15 minerals (347803, 347900, 348887, 349338, 350439). Pilz, Dr. G. E.: 34 plants (347544). Pinch, William: 2 minerals (349781); 7 minerals (349781, exchange). 574 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Pittino, Dr. Riccardo: 190 insects (348793, exchange). Pletsch, Dr. Donald J.: 16 crustaceans (325327, 347355). Polhemus, Dr. John T.: 95 insects (349159, 350976). Pollock, Dr. Leland W.: 4 worm slides (346494). Ponder, Dr. Winston F. : 4 mollusks (346461). Popov, Dr. L. E.: 27 fossils (346824). Porcellini, Gianni: 38 minerals (349663). Pregill, Gregory K.: 8 amphibians (347845). Price, Mr. and Mrs. Robert: 22 anthropological items (350953). Proctor, Mr. and Mrs. Keith: 1 mineral (348061). Proctor, Mrs. Jefferson F. : a beaded Apache pouch (348303). Pulawski, Dr. W. J.: 1 insect (351017). Purnell, Mr. and Mrs. L. M.: 6 marionettes (350955). Putterman, Isaac: 1 cut gem (347953). Racek, A. A.: 84 echinoderm slides (347357). Rahn, Russell A.: 751 insects (348399, 349175, 350979, 350988). Rao, Dr. K. Sreeramachandra: 2 minerals (346712). Raynor, Judy, and Vincent P. Schneider: a collection of 12 fossil fish, turtle, and crocodile remains (347949). Reeder, Charlotte G. and John R.: 1 Apache, buckskin doll (349786). Rehder, Dr. Harald A.: 92 mollusks (346614). Reichert, Dr. Ralph: 4 cut gems (348015). Reid, Dr. Gordon McG.: 1 African weasl (341753). Reid, Mrs. Janet W.: 12 crustaceans (348924). Remaudiere, Dr. G.: 18 insect slides (348407, 348714). Renaud-Mornant, Dr. Jeanne: 10 worms (348816). Resig, Dr. Johanna: 6 fossils (347336). Rickes, Dr. W. E.: 1 stonefly (348431). Rigout, Dr. J.: 2 beetles (348414). Riker, Norman: 2 fossil seal femurs (348473, 350876). Ripley, Mrs. Mary L. : 1 treehopper (348406). Ripley, Dr. S. Dillon: 3 bird skins and 1 skeleton (349907). Roberts, Sandy: a fossil seal bone (348479). Robertson, Dr. Robert: 9 mollusks (346916). Robinson, Dr. A. G.: 114 insect slides (348715). Robison, Dr. R. A.: 4 fossils (348944). Roess, Martin J.: 2 lots of cut gems (329814). Rohr, Dr. David M. : silurian gastropods (349622). Rolston, Dr. L. H. : 1 stink bug (349819). Rona, Dr. Peter A.: 1 echinoderm (347384). Rosado-Neto, Dr. Germano H. : 1 insect (348721). Rosales, Dr. C. J.: 105 caddisflies (349195). Rose, Jean Michel: 24 fishes (342730, 347748). Ross, Charles A.: 5 frog skeletons (349034). Rozman, Mrs. Phyllis: 11,712 insects (349187). Ruhoff, Theodore: 2 minerals (350440). Sabrosky, Dr. Curtis W.: 1,729 flies (350968). Sackett, Edward B.: 3 Indian items (349809). Sala, Frank P.: 1,470 insects (347858). Samuel, Mr. and Mrs. Craig: 1 fossil (310986). Samuelson, Dr. G. A.: 2 beetles (349184). Sanford, Steven: 4 minerals (346820, 347790). Sarjeant, Dr. Peter T. : 1 sunstone (348991). Savage, Harry W.: 2,136 insects (348719). Savazzi, Dr. Eric: 4 mollusks (347363). Savignac, R. : 21 insects (349164). Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution / 575 Savoie, Kurt: a collection of 18 fossil mammal and reptile remains (348356). Scheffres, Eugene: 1 white-gold, diamond, and sapphire ring, 1 cateye gold ring (347151, 347751). Schmetzer, Dr. Karl: 1 mineral (347002). Schneider, Mrs. Judy Raynor: 1 fossil (349226). Schneider, Vincent P. : 447 fossils (347947, 348477, 350973) ; [See also Raynor, Judy]; 11 fossil seal, walrus, birds, sharks, porpoise skull (347007). Schneider, Mr. and Mrs. Vincent P.: 112 fossils (350615). Schoenfield, Mr. and Mrs. Berni: 1 dugout canoe (349807). Schultz, Dr. George A.: 26 crustaceans (334483, 345608, 349673). Schumann, Dr. E. L.: a Chien Lung jade book (347969). Schuster, Gary F.: 1 opal (347793). Seitel, Dr. Peter: 11 Indian calabashes, stoppers, and straws (349806). Selburn, AbeJ J.: 2 opals (347815). Shaw, Kevin: 19 echinoderms (341569). Sherman, Kevin, 130 worms (349644). Sheppard, Jay: 4,432 tiger beetles (358425). Sherry, Dr. Thomas W.: 1 black rat (346751). Sienkiewicz, Dr. Igor: 1 insect (348427). Silverman, Mr. and Mrs. Morton: 1 turquoise and silver bracelet, 1 fetish necklace (343533). Skakel, Gary: [See also Barrella, Sigri] (346253). Slater, Dr. James A.: 6 bugs (350972). Smith, Dr. Andrew: 3 fossil slabs (348864). Smith, Dr. C. F.: 493 insect slides (348716). Smith, F. L.: 3 minerals (346257, 346657). Smith, H. Morgan: a blowgun (349805). Smith, Lester A.: [See also Chaikin, William E.] (348021). Smith, Dr. Judy Terry: 3 mollusks (350502). Smith, Neal: 3 bird skins (349908). Smith, Mr. and Mrs. Richard Dale: a Navaho rug (349804). Smith, Robert E.: a fossil jaguar jaw (347008). Smith, Ronald P.: 6 cut gems (347972). Snyder, Mrs. D. H.: 11 Chinese items (349803). Spall, Theodore F., Sr.: 1 opal, 1 quartz (347797, 347804). Stafford, Dr. William L.: a fossil cast (347839). Stark, Dr. William P.: 20 stoneflies (348434). Steineck, Dr. P. Lewis: 3 fossils (349089). Steiner, Warren: 4 weevils, 1,343 beetles (349166, 349828). Sterrer, Dr. Wolfgang F.: 1 worm, 13 echinoderms (348350, 348866, 348919). Stolburg, Craig S.: 11 minerals (347871), exchange). Stornelli, Dr. Leo F.: 1 topaz (347877). Strieker, Dr. Stephen A.: 3 worms and 11 worm slides (348766). Stubenbrod, Mrs. John: 2 frogs (348891). Studders, Robert J.: 15 cut gems (348013). Svecz, Robert: 2 minerals (349539). Svitil, John L., Jr.: 1 fossil (347826). Swaykus, Dr. and Mrs. Bernard T.: 1 emerald (347905). Tarkington, Horace L.: 1 fossil (350781). Tashiro, Mr. and Mrs. Jack: a carved, wooden, Buddhist shrine (349802). Taylor, Calvin: 3 fossil seal bones (348474). Taylor, Mrs. Helen Abbott: 20 African items (349800). Taylor, Dr. John L.: 6 crustaceans (342140). Them, Walter J.: 2 mammals (349762). Thiel, Dr. J. Allen: 1 sapphire in a gold pendant (347909). Thoenes, Hank: 64 insects (348394). 576 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Thomas, Richard: 7 reptiles and amphibians (345707). Thomssen, R. W.: 4 minerals (347783). Tidwell, Dr. William D., Steven R. Manchester, and Dr. David Dilcher: 4 fossils (348482). Tiffney, Dr. Bruce H.: 40 fossils (347010). Townes, Dr. Henry: 3 wasps (343137, exchange). Treadwell, Mrs. Bruce: 21 anthropological items (350958). Trelawney, John J.: 1 morganite beryl (347472). Triplehorn, Dr. C. A.: 429 caddisflies (348710, 349190). Trondle, M. Jean: 325 mollusks (340976). Tufts, Craig E.: 1 weasel (347950). Turnbull, Timothy L. : 9 crustaceans, 7 echinoderms (342757E, 350093). Turner, Mrs. Lillian: a carved leaf jadeite, 1 nephrite ceremonial bowl (347752, 348063). Turner, Dr. Ruth D.: 11 mollusks (349047). Uemura, Naomi: 1 Eskimo fur suit (349789). Underwood, Col. and Mrs. Warren N.: a bronze Budda figure (349801). Valley, Dr. Karl: 3 moths (348401). Van den Hoven, W.: 14 bird skeletons (345933, 347396, exchanges). Van Der Voorn, Dr. Peter C: 1 quartz, 1 topaz (348022). Van Devender, Dr. Thomas R.: 5 worms (346617). Van Dievoet, Eric: 1 mineral (347670). Van Meter, James P.: 1 cut gem (347794). Van Morkhoven, Frank: 1 crustacean slide (318521). Van Scoy, David and Peter: a fossil crocodile snout (347829). Van Scriver, Brad: 6 minerals (346258, exchange). Vaucher, CI.: 4 mollusks (349402). Vermeij, Dr. Geerat J.: 200 mollusks (346699). Vidakovic, Jasna. : 20 worms (348812). Viers, Dr. and Mrs. Wayne: 1 quartz in a gold pendant (347908). Vinikour, Dr. William S.: 166 caddisflies (348404). Vokes, Dr. Emily H.: 15 fossils (347719). Vokes, Dr. Harold E.: 10 fossils (347489). Voss, W. B.: a jadeite vase, 1 jadeite urn (346477). Walker, Dr. Francis 5.: 12 minerals (348024). Walter, Chad: 200 crustaceans (346967). Waren, Anders: 1 echinoderm, 27 mollusks (346422, 348093). Waring, Avis: a stick sailing chart (350950). Wassell, Dr. James T.: 10 worms, 24 worm slides (346468). Watanabe, Dr. Douglas T.: 1 cut gem (347901). Watson, Dr. George E.: 1 partial bird skeleton (349899). Weber, Mr. and Mrs. Charles H., Jr.: 2 cut gems (346821, 349507). Wehle, Ruth D.: 2 moosehair embroideries (350952). Weibezahn, Prof. Franz H.: 3,184 caddisflies (348718). Weller, Mrs. Harriett, and Mrs. Helen Garcia: a pottery bowl (349798). Weslager, C. A.: skeletal remains (349787). Whiteley, Dr. Thomas and Ellen: 80 spheres, 1 cut gem (344146, 347876). Wibmer, G. A.: [See also O'Brien, Dr. C. W.] (348720). Wicks, Dr. Anthony E.: 1 pink sapphire (347823). Wielgus, Ronald S.: 58 moths (348400, 348413). Williams, Dave: 1 bird skin (348310). Williams, James: 30 fishes (349343). Williams, Dr. James D.: 5 mollusks (347385). Williams, Sidney A.: 2 minerals (350453). Wilson, Larry David: a frog skeleton (348892). Wilson, Wendell E.: 2 minerals (348062). Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 577 Wingate, David: 3 birds (349201). Wolda, Dr. Henk: 124 caddisfles (348397). Wood, John: 3 ferns (347578). Wood, Walter F., Ill: 1 ruby (347878). Woodhead, Chuck: 1 fossil (347005). Woodhull, Ann B.: 1 tektite (347785). Wright, Eugenia I.: 613 mollusks (345343). Yadrenkina, Dr. Anastasia G.: 30 fossils (347840, 349536, exchanges). Yedlin, Helen, Estate of: 20,068 minerals (335061, 348773). Yanasida, Dr. Juichi: 50 fossils (348777). Yeu, Douglas: 3 pieces of Melanesian bark cloth (349817). Young, Dr. Frank N.: 140 water beetles (334880, exchange). Young, Jack: 12 minerals (346711, 347269). Young, James Phillip: 1 cut gem (347941). Young, M. E.: 9 mollusks (347410, 348212). Yount, Victor: 18 minerals (346256, 347279, 348,903, 348956, 349565, ex- changes); 11 minerals (348026). Zarco, Antonio: Indian fish spear, bow, and arrow (349818). Zeitschel, Walter: 1 meteorite (348304, exchange). Zhican, Tang: 200 worms (350311). Zibrowius, Dr. Helmut: 66 insects (294838). Zopco, Nick: 2 minerals (347265). Zweibel, Mr. and Mrs. Julius: 8 minerals (348064, 348353); 2 minerals (345464, exchange). NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK Donors of Financial Support Mr. and Mrs. David C. Bechtol Mr. and Mrs. Bruce Lovelett Mr. Mason F. Moore National Institutes of Health (International Women's Group) Mr. and Mrs. David W. Peigh Messrs, David and Matt Petrie Mrs. Mary Livingston Ripley Mr. S. Dillon Ripley, II Dr. Albert Strawinsky Grants Chelonia Institute Friends of the National Zoo * National Fish and Wildlife Association National Geographic Society National Institutes of Health Office of Naval Research Washington Biologists' Field Club SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE Donors of Financial Support Estate of Eugene Eisenman 1 These funds were earned by the Friends of the National Zoo according to their provision of public service under contract to the Smithsonian Institution. 578 I Smithsonian Year 1982 fellowship/assistantship program EXXON Corporation Banco Union, C.A. (Panama) Banco Nacional de Panama CITIBANK, N.A. (Panama) Market Managers, Ltd., 5.A. THE ROBERT E. SILBERGLIED MEMORIAL FUND (as of September 1, 1982) Dr. and Mrs. Warren G. Abramson II Air Florida Priscilla May Allen Robert E. Aronheim Elso S. Barghoorn Milton and Rose Bauman Robert and Susan Benjamin Beverly A. Bigwood Rae Louise and Martin H. Birnbaum Isaac and Lillian Breslow Bridge Club of Section 23 Dr. David Challinor, Jr. Chevron USA Inc. Mrs. Rose K. Cohen Mary Lynne Corn Gordon H. Congdon, Jr. Molla Corson Don Ray and Mignon Davis Hanso E. Eisner Ramon Ely Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Fish Patricia L. Foster Miss Ninochtka Franco Dr. Helen Ghiradella Eli and Diane Godinsky Morgan & Thelma Golden Morris and Estelle Goodgold Joseph and Libby Gordon John W. Grula Henry R. Hansen Professor J. W. Hastings Berthold ana Friederike Holldobler H. Robert Horvitz Dr. David and Bonnie Inouye Maria Luz Jimenez Eva S. Jones Larry and Elizabeth Kipp Morris Kolodner, Esq. Josef W. and Isa Konvitz Janet Lanza Herbert and Lorna Levi Olga F. Linares Esther Lisbe Stanley and Emma Mazor Harold and Marcene Michaelson Larry E. Morse Martin H. Moynihan Harry and Goldye Olitzky G. O'Neill Julie H. Otto Stephen D. Paine Carl and Marian Rettenmeyer Robert Robbins D. Ross Robertson Michael H. Robinson Richard B. Root Pearl G. Rubin Dr. and Mrs. Ira Rubinoff Ronald and Kathleen Rutowski Curtin and Laurel Sabrowski Ralph and Ada Samwick Max and Mary Schneider Mr. and Mrs. K. Schwartz Kenneth and Barbara Sebens Mr. and Mrs. Alfred T. Seder William and Helen Stoll Mark Stowe Dr. Karen Strickeler Roger and Elizabeth Swain Toni and Orley Taylor Pauline Tillis Myra F. Tennant Carmelli Vetri Sandra K. Weisberg Harry and Miriam Weisberg Miss Fromma Wellman Edward and Irene Wilson Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 579 HISTORY AND ART COOPER-HEWITT MUSEUM Donors of Financial Support $10,000 OR MORE American-Scandinavian Foundation Helen W. Buckner Hearst Magazines The J. M. Kaplan Fund, Inc. Karen Johnson Keland $1,000 OR MORE Arkville Erpf Fund Mrs. B. Aronson Baker Furniture Estate of Alice B. Beer Benson & Hedges Co. Book of the Month Club, Inc. Edith C. Blum Foundation Bristol-Myers Fund Brunschwig & Fils International Corp. Brunschwig & Fils, Inc. Mrs. Jackson Burke Coach Leatherware Con Edison Conde Nast Publications Rosemary Corroon William Doyle Galleries Estate of Irene Emery Exxon Corp. Fieldcrest Mr. and Mrs. Gordon P. Getty Howard Gilman Foundation Johnson & Higgins Keene Corporation Knapp Communications Corp. Lee/Jofa $500 OR MORE American Fabrics Company Anne S. Dayton Mr. and Mrs. Louis Flanzer Grow Tunneling Corp. Stephen Kiviat Klauber Bros., Inc. Mrs. Belle Linskey Elinor Merrell New York State Council on the Arts Arthur Ross Helena Rubinstein Foundation Warner Communications, Inc. Wellington Foundation, Inc. Lilerty Fabrics of New York, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Peter L. Malkin Helen R. & Harold C. Mayer Foundation Metropolitan Life Foundation Mobil Oil Corp. Philip Morris, Inc Museums Collaborative, Inc. Ohrstrom Foundation, Inc. Pace Collection I. M. Pei and Partners Joseph E. Seagram & Sons, Inc. Celia Siegel Smithsonian Associates Women's Committee Sotheby's George Stavropoulos Steuben Glass Stroheim and Romann Uris 380/Madison Corp. Ralph J. Weiler Foundation Mrs. Leigh Weiner John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Wyeth Endowment for American Art Florence M. Montgomery Carleton Putnam Esther W. Putnam Joan Stumpf Sulzberger Foundation, Inc. Mrs. Arthur Sulzberger Tiffany & Company Time, Inc. FREER GALLERY OF ART Donors of Financial Support Mrs. Naomi Ellias Dallen (Harold P. Stern Memorial Fund) Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Hanaumi 580 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Metropolitan Center for Far Eastern Art Studies National Committee to Honor the Fourteenth Centennial of Islam Mrs. Barbara J. Norris (Harold P. Stern Memorial Fund) Mrs. Verna Ross Orndorff Mr. John S. Thacher Mr. Edward H. Wilkinson Donors to the Freer Collection Mr. and Mrs. James M. Avent Mr. and Mrs. Willard G. Clark Mr. and Mrs. Myron S. Falk, Jr. Mr. Gregory Kruglak Donors to the Study Collection Mrs. Adele E. Cotton Mr. Olin Dows, Estate of Mrs. Ann Ford Doyle Mr. and Mrs. Province Henry Donors to the Library The Ellen Bayard Weedon Foundation Professor Martha Boyer Dr. Henry W. Kumm Dr. Jack Light Mr. Joseph Upton, Estate of Mr. William S. Weedon Mr. Craig S. Korr Mrs. Miriam McNair Scott Mrs. Takatori Seizan Mr. Laurance Roberts John S. Thacher, Estate of Donor to the Facility Augusta Lumber & Supply, Inc. (Mr. Lloyd C. Smith II) HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN Donors of Financial Support Leigh B. Block Champion International Corporation The T. M. Evans Foundation Jerome L. Greene Foundation, Inc. Hechinger Foundation Sidney and Frances Lewis Wyeth Endowment for American Art Donors to the Library Mrs. Joseph H. Hirshhorn Mrs. R. C. Wheeler NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AFRICAN ART Donors of Financial Support Mr. and Mrs. David L. Anderson Mr. and Mrs. Martin W. Bell Lee Bronson Carroll J. Cavanaugh Dr. and Mrs. P. B. Comely Scot M. Faulkner Former Members of Congress Auxiliary Friends of the National Museum of African Art Florence Gerstin Mr. and Mrs. William Gilmartin Dr. and Mrs. Harold Johnson Mr. G. William Miller Mr. and Mrs. James Mitchell Phelps-Stokes Fund Honorable and Mrs. James Scheuer Mr. and Mrs. Gustave Schindler Shell Companies Foundation Irwin Smiley Mrs. Clare Timberlake Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 581 Mr. and Mrs. Harold Wheeler Honorable and Mrs. Franklin H. Williams Mrs. Albert Winer Hattie Winston NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN ART Donors of Financial Support Ronald Abramson Anonymous Awards in the Visual Arts Linda L. Ayres Banamex Cultural Foundation Evelyn F. Bartlett Regina C. Beerbohm Bergman Family Charitable Trust Meredith Bixby Elizabeth B. Blake Blount Foundation, Inc. Richard F. Bohn David Bowen Mr. and Mrs. Abner Brenner Stephen A. Bromberg Jeffrey R. Brown Howard Butler, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Conrad Cafritz Francis B. and Vivian G. Carothers Bruce W. and Margaret J. Chambers Mrs. Eliot Clark Dr. Dale G. Cleaver Marcus Cohn Howard and Florence C. Conant Joseph J. Ill and Wanda M. Corn Dr. Harvey J. and Isabel B. Croze Robert Tyler Davis Mary C. Delgreco David C. and Thelma G. Driskell Edith M. Dus Wendy Fay Eisenberg Mr. and Mrs. Robert W. Ellsworth John C. and Margaret E. Ewers The Fine Arts Museum Foundation Lois Marie Fink Conrad M. and Harriet S. Fredin Mr. and Mrs. Jack M. Foy W. Roger Fry Mrs. Harry S. Galblum Charles R. and Ann P. Gailis Mary Dubose Garrard Mrs. Johnson Garrett Jacob D. Geller Guin B. Hall Walter Hancock Gordon Hanes R. Phillip Hanes, Jr. Miss Nancy Hanks Albert McHarg Hayes Joseph C. Hawthorne Mary C. Holderness Mrs. Mary Homans Thomas C. Howe Group of Lakewood Welcome Wagon Friends Rensselaer W. Lee Val E. Lewton Harry A. Lockwood Mr. and Mrs. George R. Louden, Jr. Vincent L. and J. B. MacDonnell Norman F. Maclean Mr. and Mrs. Sam Maloof John J. and Helen M. Manse Nan Tucker McEvoy The McKee Foundation, Inc. Giuseppe Medici Louis Menk John W., Jr., and Jean S. Michael Alison M. and Steven E. Miller Mr. William D. Morgan Frank B. and Clivia Morrison National Museum of American Art Fellows Francis J. Newton Dr. P. B. North Nora Panzer Paul D. and Elmerina L. Parkman Mrs. Jefferson Patterson Helen A. Phelan Ruth Rowe Philbrick Post Road Gallery Mrs. Abraham Rattner Warren M. Robbins Samuel J. and Eleanor T. Rosenfeld Ednah Root Lee G. Rubenstein Dr. James and Dr. Nina Bleiberg Rudel Rupert, Gibbon and Spider, Inc. Fritz Scholder Ms. Julie Schimmel Frank S. Schwartz and Son Leonard N. Simons Anneliese Sinn Roy Slade Morton D. and Harriett Smerling Estate of Helen Burr Smith 582 / Smithsonian Year 1982 James Robert Smith and Miranda McClintic Clements M. Stone Lilian M. Stoner Zachary Taylor William Bond Walker The Washington Art League James M. Wells Donors to the Collections Ronald and Anne Abramson J. Robert Andrews Anonymous Peter H. Barnett Marilyn Baum Ruth Benedict Ruth Benedict, in memory of William S. Benedict Jennifer M. Berringer Philip W. Bourne Robert Brady Harry Brodsky Susan M. Bush Dr. and Mrs. Frederic M. Chacker Mrs. Otis Chatfield-Taylor, in memory of her father, Boris Anisfeld Barbara Latham Cook Alfred D. Crimi Democratic National Committee Paul Desind Albert J. Desrosiers Lewis and Risa Dimm Estate of Brois Deutsch Mrs. Roger Pryor Dodge Werner Drewes Barney Dreyfus L. Lazlo Ecker Racz Arnold Elser Mrs. Ella Farruggio Elfriede Fischinger Gerald M. Galler Gallery 4 Smith Girard Walter J. Goes Mr. and Mrs. Michael B. C.oss Elizabeth Gibbons-Hanson Perkins Harnly John Davis Hatch, in memory of Joshua C. Taylor Lee Hoffman, in memory of Irving Hoffman and Mark A. Hoffman The Jesuit Community at Georgetown University Mrs. Elizabeth Johnson (with Mrs. Loreine T. Wuorinen) Hugh McK. Jones, Jr. W. E. Wiltshire III Mr. and Mrs. Otto Wittman Sarah R. Woodward Karel Yasko Jean Fagan Yellin James Ziegler Mr. and Mrs. Tessim Zorach Dr. Naomi M. Kanof H. Eugene Kelson Dr. and Mrs. Bernard H. Kirshbaum Bernard and Sherley Koteen Dr. Donald W. Kreuzer David LaPlante Emalie Lorens Adele Lozowick Alfred H. McAdams Margaret D. McKee Christopher and Palmer Lane Middendorf Dr. Ira Miller Norma Minkowitz Lynn and John Minna Mrs. Bruce Moore Margaret T. Mowbray Marjorie Muller Mr. and Mrs. R. A. Noret Mrs. Peter Roussel Norman Paul and Elmerina Parkman Florence R. Perry Bequest of Henry Ward Ranger through the National Academy of Design (Jersey City Museum) Bequest of Henry Ward Ranger through the National Academy of Design (North Carolina Museum of Art) Mrs. Abraham Rattner Estate of Abraham Rattner Joshua Reichek Mr. and Mrs. Albert Ritzenberg Max Robinson Charles and Janice Rosenak Nancy L. Ross, in memory of Patricia Firestone Chatham Mrs. Alice H. Rossin Mrs. Alice H. Rossin, in memory of Joshua C. Taylor Jack and Anne Ryan Margaret Ahrens Sahlstrand Dr. and Mrs. Peter L. Salk Mr. and Mrs. Alain Sasson Mr. and Mrs. Gordon C. Schild Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 583 Joshua P. Smith Smithsonian Institution Resident Associate Program Mrs. Otto L. Spaeth LaSalle Spier Doris A. Stoner Gladys Gleason Swan Mrs. Anne W. Thomas Maurice Vanderwoude The Virland Foundation Donald Vogler Stephanie Weber Ella Freer Weisgerber Mrs. Louis Wiesenberg-Arp Valerie Suzanne Wolf • The Woodward Foundation Loreine T. Wuorinen (with Mrs. Elizabeth Johnson) Harry W. Zichterman Harry W. Zichterman, in memory of Joshua C. Taylor William and Lynette Zimmer NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN HISTORY Donors of Financial Support AKC Fund Inc. American Society of Anesthesiologists American Society of Civil Engineers American Society of Civil Engineers, Metropolitan Section American Legion Post 15 American Legion Post 88 Amos Press, Inc. Dr. and Mrs. Richard Antemann Atwood Foundation Mrs. John W. Auchincloss Virginia Ballard The Bass Foundation Ms. Eleanor Battle Beverly Enterprises Corporation Mrs. Richard Bodman Mrs. Jane K. Brooks Mr. Weir M. Brown Mrs. Percy Brown Dr. Bertel Bruun Centennial Fund Mr. and Mrs. David Challinor Mr. Anthony Chanaka Patricia R. Chichester Mr. and Mrs. Timothy Childs Mr. and Mrs. Thomas K. Cline Robin M. Crandall Lt. Col. Robert D. Crea Judith G. Denningham Leroy and Rachel Doggett Mr. and Mrs. George A. T. Donely Mr. and Mrs. Loren J. Eastmer Dr. and Mrs. J. E. Edwards, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Robert J. T. Emond Fairfax Nursing Center Federal Home Loan Bank Board First American Bank, N.A., Washington The Ford Foundation Mr. and Mrs. William J. Gallagher Great Eastern Numismatic Association Mr. and Mrs. Donald H. Green Mrs. Ray W. Hoagland Mrs. Helen R. Hollis George B. Holmes Bruce Howe International Railway Historical Society, Washington, D.C. Chapter Johns Hopkins University Mrs. R. Keith Kane Mary L. Kerr Mrs. Otto Peter Kominik Mrs. Walter Kravitz Mr. and Mrs. James Lawrence Richard W. Lenhard Kate Levy Mr. and Mrs. C. Daniel Lindblom Susan McConnell Mars Foundation Mrs. Loudon Mellen Mobil Foundation, Inc. Mary Modell Mrs. Stephen V. C. Morris Persis W. Morris MSC Corporation Mueser, Rutledge, Johnston & Desimore Robert P. Multhauf Gerson Nordlinger, Jr. Mr. James H. Pipkin, Jr. Mr. Charles L. Poor Dr. and Mrs. Lawrence J. Radice RCA Henry A. Rentschler Sears, Roebuck and Co. Mrs. John Farr Simmons Mr. and Mrs. Henry P. Smith III Mrs. Francis A Smith Janet W. Solinger Mr. Davidson Sommers Henry Z. Steinway Janet Hart Sylvester 584 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Mrs. James Symington Dr. and Mrs. C. F. Tyner Alice Talonn United Technologies C. T. Thomas Constanze Crea Wales Time-Life Books, Inc. Rebecca J. Walker Time, Inc. Wandra S. Ward Mrs. Bronson Tweedy Mrs. Francis P. Wilkinson Donors to the National Collections Rita J. Adrosko: 2-piece wool suit, 1964-65 (1980.0461); 21 high school news- papers, 12 report cards, 4 school newsletters, 7 pins, 2 programs, and a catechism (1981.0144). Mrs. Albert Aiken: dark blue enameled and painted footed glass vase (1981. 0187). Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. (through William J. Kendrick) : 9 vinyl product samples (1981.0874). Alexandria Diamond Cab Co. (through Robert M. Werth) : dome light from a taxi and a taximeter (1982.0322). Alrich Precision Manufacturing Company, Inc. (through Frederick Primer, Jr.) : document of appreciation to the Bard-Parker Company for equipping the 1925-30 Byrd Antarctic Expedition with medical provisions (1982.0032). American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (through Philip Sparks): 2 videotapes of AFSCME advertisements (1981.0986). American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (through Hal David): photograph and autograph of Victor Herbert in frame (1982.0269). Martin P. Amt: red earthenware roofing tile (1980.0532). Margaret W. Anderson: 18th-century crewel embroidered valance (1981.0769). The Honorable Hiram G. Andrews: an original copy of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives resolution to adopt the Equal Rights Amendment, 1961 (238183). Dr. Robert B. Angerman: a letter dated January 12, 1980 written to the Anger- man family by three U.S. citizens held captive in Iran, 3 T-shirts, and 2 posters (1981.0462). Anonymous: a pair of woman's shoes and 3 items of woman's underwear from the 1950s and 1960s (1980.0462). Rochelle D. Aschheim: Ateco Ice Box Cookie Mould carton (1981.0540). Mary G. N. and Col. Whitney Ashbridge: 15 service documents (1979.0835). Grace Ashley: bronze desk plaque American Agriculture, Hope of the Nation, by Grace Ashley (1981.0875). Norman R. Ashton: 16 phonograph records (1982.0088). Benjamin P. Astley: Mullen paper-testing machine (1981.0654). Garnet W. Ault, M.D.: black and burgundy man's robe and a double- breasted suit with 2 pairs of trousers and 2 vests (1979.1116). J. M. and Jeannette Nelson Avent: silk crazy quilt containing pieces from the bolt of fabric which was used to make Mrs. William McKinley's inaugural ball gown (1982.0197). Tai Babilonia: royal blue ice skating dress and a rhinestone headband worn by Tai Babilonia when she won the 1979 World Championship Pair Skating event with Randy Gardner (1982.0079). Bernice Baer: 2 Boston Post newspapers dated December 28, 1917, and June 5, 1919 (1981.0426). Baird Corporation (through I. D'Arcy Brent II): Baird-Dow direct reading spectrophotometer (1982.0277). Caroline L. and Louis A. Baisden: spring pencil holder advertising Chatterson and Son of Lansing, Michigan (1981.0678). David and Shirley Baitch: Baitch 9-button coat (1979.0277). Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 585 Margaret Carr Baker: blue and gray floral brocade wedding dress, 1855 (1979. 0386). The Ball and Socket Manufacturing Company (through William W. Anthony, Jr.) : 4 button sample cards and a booklet (1981 :0630). Clara Powers Basnight: floral-printed beach pajamas (1980.0159). Preston R. Bassett: 574 lighting devices, a posnet, and a spigot (1979.0568). Anne Bayly Lloyd Battams: double flageolet of boxwood made by C. E. Eisen- brandt of Baltimore, Maryland, in period case, ca. 1840 (1981.0569). Bruce S. Bazelon: red wool beret and a herringbone twill jacket (1981.0172); 10 items of insignia, insignia dies, and memorabilia from the U.S. Navy, U.S. Naval Academy, U.S. Life Saving Service, and U.S. Merchant Marine (1981.0870). Renee Beam: a button titled "Iran/Let Our People Go" (1981.0792). Carl Becker: fireman's torch, ca. 1860 (1979.0400). Beckman Instruments, Inc. (through Arnold O. Beckman): Beckman D U spectrophotometer and a Beckman pH meter (1981.0816). Catherine A. and Clay P. Bedford: Miquelet fowler by Domenico Battista, a flintlock fowling piece by Piravbe, and an English revolving cylinder rifle by Collier (1978.2491). Silvio A. Bedini: horseshoe, mousetrap, and a strap of 4 jingle bells (1982. 0064). Ethel A. Belinky: 48-star U.S. flag (1982.0330). Col. Richard S. Bennett in the name of Walter G. Bennett: furnace salesman's kit (1981.0821). Jennifer M. Berringer: monotype by Jennifer M. Berringer (1982.0131). David E. Biggar: a post card franked with a U.S. 1-cent postage stamp (1982. 0016). Blair Birdsall: collection of documents and photographs from the John A. Roebling's Sons Company concerning the historical development of Ameri- can bridge engineering (1981.0908). P. S. Bixler (through William E. Salter): hog scraper (1980.0513). George T. Blair: sextant by Spencer Browning & Co., London (1981.0942). Mrs. William McCormick Blair, Jr.: 2 dresses by Givenchy, a nightgown and robe by Porthault, and a pair of woman's boots and shoes (1979.1089); 2 designer sketches (1981.1008). Mary Lou Bolliger Blazek and Teresa M. Blazek in memory of Karen E. Bolliger: white cotton quilted counterpane made by Jessie Anderson in 1835 (1981.0830). Dr. Rhea C. Blue: opaque white glass dresser bottle and stopper (1981.0840). David D. Blume: hemoglobinometer in a black papier mache covered case (1981.0489). Mary A. and Richard H. Bogard: set of 13 pharmaceuticals and pharmaceuti- cal bottles (1981.0788). Carl and Marvin I. Bornfriend and Herbert Linsenberg: 12 wooden hat molds, 1920-50 (1980.0456). Frederick Brisson in memory of Rosalind Russell: 2 costumes and a suit worn by Rosalind Russell in the motion pictures Auntie Maine, Oh Dad . . . Poor Dad, and The Girl Rush (1979.0481). Louis C Brock: baseball shoes (1979.1042). Stanley L. Brothers: 4 type composing tools (1981.1011). Mrs. Fern V. Brown in honor of Bob Viney: 58 phonorecords (1981.0762). Laura-May Spain Brown: black taffeta dress with rhinestones and beads in a floral pattern, a 2-piece black silk and lace dress with a jacket, a print dress with a jacket, a black satin and lace dress with black satin pumps, and pink velvet shoe stretchers (1980.0017). 586 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Naomi Huber Brown: Minox camera inscribed "Naomi from John Steinbeck" with leather case (1982.0082). Brunswick Corporation (through Milton Rudo) : a Red Crown bowling pin and a Zebco fiberglass spin-cast rod and reel (1982.0181). H. S. Bryan: 48-star U.S. flag (1982.0332). George G. Bull: 2 platinum-gilt coins from France and Spain respectively (1981.0508). Ida Reynolds Bumstead: gold thimble, 3 sterling silver bodkins, and a pair of sterling scissors in a heart-shaped box (1981.0553). Edward R. Burk in memory of William H. Burk: pen used by William Wil- liams of Connecticut when he signed the Declaration of Independence (1981.0890). S. Joan Burk: satin and lace wedding dress with veil, 1951 (1979.1225). Helen Burlingham: 51-star unofficial U.S. flag (1982.0331). Ens. Janice Lynn Mary Buxbaum: 41 uniforms and accessories used by En- sign Buxbaum while attending the U.S. Naval Academy as a member of the first class to include women (1982.0316). Bank of Canada: a 5-dollar note dated September 28, 1979 (1981.0622). Leopoldo Cancio: World Bank bond of December 9, 1977, for 10 million yen with 30 coupons attached (1981.0773). Hannah Barrett Carmick: unassembled Brussels needlepoint and bobbin lace wedding dress, 2 lengths of a Brussels Point de Gaze needle lace border, and a Torchon bobbin lace border (1981.0902). Mrs. M. Lizbeth Carr Carroll: 2 dresses, 2 beaded purses, quilted vest, box of beauty spots, fancy-dress ball mask, powder box, parasol, and a rouge sample (1979.0482). Arthur M. Carter: Negro Baseball yearbook, 1945 (1981.0341). Florence Gerhard Casper: 14 pieces of sheet music, 4 folios, and Ditson & Co.'s Musical Monthly (1982.0005). Catawissa Monument Works, Inc. (through Frederick Brighthaupt) : granite gravestone for Maggie Winters, 1897 (1981.0775). Louis Centore: apothecary shop show globe, ca. 1900 (1981.0461). Patricia Chalk: 2-piece purple dress designed by Lilli Ann (1979.0553). Chicago Historical Society (through Teresa Krutz) : 19th-century ice skate, a golf ball autographed by Sammy Snead, and a football autographed by the 1950 Notre Dame football team (1981.0974); (through Sharon S. Dar- ling): 2 Boxer Rebellion flags and 2 WW I period U.S. Army flags (1982. 0186). Children's Television Workshop (through Frances Kaufman) : phonorecord "Sesame Country" (1981.0712). Patrick K. C. Chun, M.D.: set of 10 heart valves (1981.0731). Ann Clark and Deborah L. Clark Ohl: compound archery bow, 2 wooden bows with case, 6 aluminum arrows, a quiver, glove, finger tab, and 2 cloth patches (1981.0713). Dick Clark: 39 top hit phonorecords from 1951-81, the original painted can- vas backdrop used on the first "Bandstand" TV program, and the "Ameri- can Bandstand" podium (1982.0095). Elizabeth Clarke: 7 anti-ERA posters, circulars, and leaflets (1981.0893). John J. Clifford: Selective Service System status card, 1975 (1981.1070). Caroline Q. Coddington: carved wooden window screen formerly used in the White House (1981.0921). Alfredo Cohen: Harley-Davidson motorcycle, 1902 (1981.0766). Bernice E. and Glen L. Colegate: 19th-century barber's chair and tools (1981. 0740). Quintina Colio: 3 embroidered pictures (1982.0115). Edith Elliott Conger: 2-piece man's suit, 1910-19 (1980.0032). Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 587 Congressional Union (through Pam Elam) : 39 pro-ERA materials including buttons, posters, press releases, and flyers (1981.0881). Will Connell: 49 silver prints by Will Connell from the series In Pictures satirizing Hollywood film production, 1937 (1981.0549). Earl V. Conway: 2 wool olive drab jackets, a twill herringbone jacket, a pair of wool trousers, a cap, and a helmet liner (1981.0939). Prof. John A. Cook: bronze medal designed by Professor Cook for the "Cre- ative Achievement Award" of the College of Arts and Architecture of Penn- sylvania State University (1981.0951). Linda M. Cookson: a yellow ribbon and a badge honoring the returned U.S. citizens held in Iran (1981.0628). Frances B. Cornell: tin chandelier for candles and a brass kerosene hanging lamp (1981.0979). Ruth E. Cosgrove and Roberta L. Robinson: diary, uniform items, photo- graphs, and personal papers of Signalman 2nd Class Dudley Reed Rider during WW I (1982.0123). Cosmos Club (through Burton W. Adkinson) : Zeiss Ikon camera and carrying case with accessories and a Kodak Pupille camera with case, strap, filter, and lens cap (1981.0521). Bentley Courtenay : embroidered silk jewelry case and an embroidered silk waistcoat with floral motifs, 1800-20 (1979.0881). Martha Chardavoyne Cramer: white cotton quilted counterpane (1981.0818). Flora Crater: 20 objects including buttons, tissue flowers, and various cam- paign materials and handouts concerned with women's rights (1981.0072). Richard W. Creaser: 54 pottery fragments from Charlestown, Massachusetts (1978.0881). Margaret Sands Crebbin: hand-embroidered net veil (1981.0956). Pauline M. Cross: red wool bathing suit, 1928 (1980.0458). Bobby Lee Cude and Watie Riley Pickens: sheet music "Los Angeles Town" by Cude & Pickens Enterprises (1981.0531). Marie Cullerton: molded glass plate engraved by Ephraim Francis Camp (1981.0610). Lucile Lawrence Dahlstrom: Salzedo harp made by Lyon & Healy with pen- tagonal case, 1928 (1981.0780). Rodney Dangerfield: red necktie and white cotton shirt worn by Mr. Danger- field and a phonorecord and 6 videocassettes of performances by him (1982.0268). Victor C. Darnell: photograph album from the Berlin Iron Bridge Co. (1981. 0909). Elva Davis: a videocassette titled "Womankind: 60 Minutes" (1980.0476). Stephen Neal Dennis: silver-plated presentation pitcher engraved "1859" made by Rogers, Smith & Co., Hartford, Connecticut (1981.0988). Kathryn L. DeRiemer: 22 mint stamps of El Salvador including recent bird, snake, and wildlife issues (1981.0361). Tamara Burnside Detweiler: 6 German Rhineland postcards (1978.2183). Robert J. De Villiers: mahogany Civil War medicine chest with instruments (309145). DHS Films, Inc. (through Peter Broer) : videotape cassette of Sen. Edward M. Kennedy's 1980 primary campaign ads (1981.0404). Eleanor Dickinson: 1980 pen and ink drawing of Bro. Harrison Mayes (1981. 0570). Barbara Dickstein: 2 T-shirts, a western style shirt, corduroy trousers, black boots, a yellow nightgown, and ski mittens (1979.0554). Wilton S. Dillon: a program from "The National Council of Negro Women, Inc. International Salute to Women of Achievement" (1981.0615). 588 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Katherine Dirks: a pin in the shape of a tied white bow, a symbol of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (1981.0664). The District of Columbia League of Women Voters (through Jean E. Fleming) : 9 resolutions, 8 pamphlets, 6 bills, 2 flyers, 2 bumper stickers, 2 papers, 2 newspaper articles, poster, book, mourning band, form, card, fact sheet, social studies project, a copy of the Congressional Record, and a group of papers on D.C. voting rights (1980.0527); a T-shirt, pamphlet, 6 stickers, and 2 buttons supporting D.C. voting rights (1981.0671). Alice L. C. Dodge: 4 postcards and 2 photographs (1981.0693). Mary D. Doering: 16 items of woman's clothing by Villager, Ladybug, and John Romain from the 1960s, a woman's belt, and a pair of woman's shoes by Capezio, 1967 (1979.1258). James M. Dolan, Jr.: 2 "ERA Countdown Campaign" sashes (1981.0894). Alice Faith Dole and Timothy Evans: woman's dark-brown velveteen jacket, 1862-67 (1980.0138). Gladys C. Dougherty: 5 phonorecords (1981.0860); 5 postcards and a map depicting a Pony Express route (1981.0967); 2 phonorecords "Songs by Tom Lehrer" and "Judy at the Palace" (1982.0158). Mrs. M. D. Dovener: white empire style dress with train (1980.0460). Downtown Drugs (through M. E. Heckathorn) : 2 copper bracelets (1981.0670). Lawrence Drake and Mrs. Robert M. Drysdale, Jr.: man's dressing gown, 1880-99 (1981.0398). Lt. Elizabeth W. Durham: 81 uniforms and accessories used by Lieutenant Durham while attending the U.S. Naval Academy as a member of the first class to include women (1982.0318). William G. Dutton: sextant made by Spencer, Browning & Rust of London (1981.0943). Robert E. Eckhardt: a banner, poster, and 3 leaflets with Biblical mottoes and quotations (1981.0608). Eder Instrument Co. (through Louis Streifeneder) : 1 prototype model fiber- optic gastroduodenscope, ca. 1960 (314556). Central Bank of Egypt (through Manager, Note Issue Department) : 50 piastres note put into circulation May 16, 1981 (1981.0543); a 5 pound note put into circulation June 17, 1981 (1981.0544); 25 piastres note put into circulation November 15, 1979 (1981.0624). Eleanor B. and Wm. J. Ellenberger: 14 78 r.p.m. phonorecords (1982.0136). Jane F. Ellis: Stanford-Binet I.Q. testing kit in brown case (1982.0240). Lt. Col. William K. Emerson: U.S. Army ration card, U.S. Army ROTC insignia, weapons receipt card, and a license (1981.0599). Emser Industries (through Richard Signorelli) : 7 nylon objects including a shuttlecock, carpenter's rule, watchcase, soccer shoe sole, flow meter body, and 2 pieces of nylon tubing (1981.0873). Prof. William J. Eney: 30 bridge testing models and deformeters (1981.0423). Lucia K. Englehart in memory of Lucia Knight Kerfoot: a silk quilt em- broidered with Masonic symbols made by Eliza Rosecrans Hussey (1981. 0680). Fairchild Space and Defense Systems (through Ruth D. Miller) : 6 photographs of the moon from Apollo Missions 15, 16, and 17 (319933). Harriet L. Fedder: brochure, school admission ticket, and 3-D postcard from the 1939 New York World's Fair (1982.0364). William W. Fee: WW II tanker's helmet, WW I trench periscope, and a B-2 ration can (1981.0546). The Field Artillery Association (through John R. Dobbs) : 2 medals and 2 award certificates from the Order of Saint Barbara (1982.0135). Margaret A. Fikioris: Jacquard woven silk picture (1981.0539). Detmar H. Finke: U.S. Army volunteer cloth insignia and a U.S. Armed Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 589 Forces bicentennial badge (1977.0762); 10 Staunton Military Academy uni- form accessories, ca. 1970 (1981.0810). Samuel A. Finz: New York Giants program with a scorecard and a ticket stub (1981.0711). Helen P. Fish: valentine and 48 greeting card cut outs (1981.0393). Frank L. Flay: badge and rosette from the funeral of Pres. William McKinley (1982.0074). Florence Utt Focht and Miriam Utt Frank: 2 honorable discharges, a Civil War certificate, a forage cap, wool trousers, and a dark blue wool coat (1980.0420). Philip Foisie: 21 posters of mainly Vietnam War protest subjects (1981.0452). Shelly Jayne Foote: green wool shawl, a necklace, and hoop earrings (1980. 0828). Cynthia Forbes: a film documenting the Women's Parade in Greenbelt, Mary- land, September 4, 1972 (1981.0642). City of Fort Smith, Avenue of the Flags Committee (through Hubert G. Jerue) : 50-star U.S. flag which flew over Fort Smith National Cemetery in Arkansas while American citizens were held hostage in Iran (1981.0306). Mrs. A. T. Fossum: U.S. Coast Guard Spar officer's hat insignia, WW II (1982.0071). Four D Productions, Inc. (through Hal Linden) : props used on the television show "Barney Miller," including an assignment board with pegs and eraser, a jail door key, and 6 police badges (1982.0294). The Foxboro Company (through Earle W. Pitt) : 17 automatic control instru- ments (1981.1009). R. B. Freeman for the Freeman family: telegraph register (1981.0696). The Honorable Stanley B. Frosh: 16,266 U.S. philatelic items including mint sheets, blocks of stamps, and first day covers (1982.0086). Marlon E. Fuentes: 3 photographs (1981.0689). Philip F. Gabler: Easter card, ca. 1887 (1981.0822). Gertrude K. Gaeckler: U.S. Navy Yeoman (F) blue uniform shirt and blouse, WW I (1981.0968). Mrs. Okey F. Gallien: natural-gas space heater manufactured by the Reliable Stove Co., Cleveland, Ohio (1981.0666). Gail Galloway: printed oath of office signed by Chief Justice Warren E. Burger and Justice Sandra Day O'Conner, September 25, 1981 (1982.0073). Helen M. Gardner: a suffragette postcard titled "Pilgrims Entering Washing- ton, D.C., 2/28/13" (1981.0537). Randy Gardner: royal blue ice skating costume with matching skate boot covers worn by Randy Gardner when he won the 1979 World Champion- ship Pair Skating event with Tai Babilonia (1982.0078). Eleanor J. Gawne: protective coat and trousers (1982.0195). Helen K. Gaylord: cut glass vase decorated with "Rambler Rose" pattern made by the Enterprise Cut Glass Co., 1911-17 (1981.0783). Felix E. Geiger: photographic exposure table in German, 1935 (1981.0945). The Getty Oil Company (through Miles West) : 2 videocassettes and a pro- gram book for the 1981 Getty Oil Company advocacy advertising program (1982.0042). Gettysburg College (through Laurence A. Marschall and John J. Schlegel) : 5 scientific and surveying instruments (1982.0104). Nancy Gewirz: a black caftan style dress by Halston, a multi-color striped dress by Halston, and 18 items of woman's clothing and jewelry designed by Mary McFadden (1979.1091). Harry A. Giarretto: set of 39 photo-engraving tools (1981.0946). Kirkland H. Gibson: 1866 Dudgeon steam wagon (1981.0328). Henry Gichner on behalf of Fred S. Gichner's children: 17 blacksmithing 590 / Smithsonian Year 1982 hand tools from the Fred 5. Gichner Iron Works (1981.0992); pair of hand- forged andirons by Paul Greiner (1982.0024). Cora Ginsburg: a wedding dress, ca. 1910, a green taffeta dress, and a man's waistcoat from the 18th century (1980.0459). Merl P. Glaser: 2 bowling shirts and a bowling bowl (1981.0548). James M. Goode: wooden window cornice probably made in Lewes, Dela- ware 1825-60 (1978.2453). The B F Goodrich Company, Chemical Group (through W. C. Becker and W. Thomas Duke): 4 early vinyl plastic objects (1982.0033). Marilyn M. Gould: 2 surgical knives, a capitol saw, and a surgical kit (1981. 0829). Howard F. Greene: 10 lithographs showing railroad routes (1981.0748). Neil G. Greensides: limited edition mechanical bank issued for the 75th anniversary of the Trenton Trust and honoring its president, Mary G. Roebling (1982.0233). Margaret E. Griffin: red, white, and blue overshot coverlet (1980.0631). Nicholas Grossman: hydraulic slide rule developed by M. W. Kellogg Com- pany (1981.0998); 2 Zeiss prism binoculars and a dipping refractometer (1982.0001). Mrs. A. S. Guimaraes: a necklace, a sewing box, and a man's cigarette holder (1977.0179). Dona Guimaraes: white turban-style knit hat (1979.0556). Henry Hamelly: 10 U.S. First Day Covers and 1 special cancellation (1981. 0206). Hanes Hosiery, Inc. (through Robert E. Simms) : basketball uniform, warm-up suit, and a 1953 National Women's A.A.U. Basketball Championship trophy (1982.0159). Ruth F. Hanna: boy's galoshes, ca. 1890 (1980.0547). Marion E. Hardwick: lady's pocket watch with photograph of Ms. Hardwick's father on the dial (1981.0691). Al Harrell: Burroughs adding machine (1981.0368). L. Parker Harrell, Jr.: a "Connally Leadership For America" glass dated October 18, 1979 (1982.0165). Martha-Belle Harvie: earthenware plate with brown transfer-printed design in the "Millenium" pattern, 1830s, (1981.0249). Jack K. Hashley: Abraham Lincoln belt plate made in the 1960s (1981.0928). Hastings Historical Society (through Virginia McGuire and V. Karolyn Wrightson) : photograph on glass of a quarter moon by Henry Draper (1982.0099). Moryem S. and Raymond J. Hebert: 346 late Ilkhanid and other silver coins of the 14th century (1981.0975). George D. Hedrick: Spaulding baseball autographed by the 1956 Brooklyn Dodgers team (1981.0793). Keir H. Helberg: 10 ceramic tiles from the Immaculate Conception Church in Baltimore (1981.0163). William H. Helfand: 15 wooden nickels advertising U.S. pharmacies and a sample of Raccoon Antiseptic Corn Plasters (1981.0787). Francis Hemminger: set of Spitler's puncture plugs and an inner tube (1982. 0321). Esther S. and James C. Henderson: 4 typewriters and a roll-top secretary collected by Henderson's Business Machines, Corvallis, Oregon (1982.0201). Mrs. Maxine K. Heneberger: 70 U.S. Navy uniforms, uniform accessories, and other personal effects of Dr. Lucien G. Heneberger, Captain, U.S.N., late 19th century (1981.1017). Rochambeau A. Herosian: 2 ration packs, a ration-type matchbook, 3 paper vehicle decals, a WW II metal whistle, a leather belt, and 2 Vietnam propa- Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 591 ganda leaflets (1981.0419); 3 school books, 2 Washington Senators baseball programs, and 2 Redskins football ticket stubs and program (1981.0858). Hobart W. Hesse, Jr.: poster advertising a concert in Headsville, West Vir- ginia, June 23, 1923 (1981.0710). Kenneth F. Hodges, Jr.: man's umbrella cane (1981.0503). Sheila B. Hoermann: an 18th-century white salt-glazed stoneware plate and a pair of wall pockets in the form of a cornucopia (1981.0863). Christian Hohenlohe: blue jasper plaque and a dipped blue jasper jar and cover (1980.0714). Mrs. Helen Lucile Hollister: Weno Hawk-Eye rollfilm camera with instruc- tion booklet (1981.0903). Carolyn C. Holloway: light-pink knitted dress (1980.0377). Betty A. Holt: woman's gold mesh purse, ca. 1925 (1981.0707). C. W. Holt: "Billy Rose's Aquacade, N.Y. World's Fair, 1939" program (1981.1002). Robert M. Hosier, M.D.: 4 Cleveland Public School report cards (1981.0147). Edwin L. Hotchkiss: Hotchkiss super dip needle and pivot polishing lathe (1981.0488). Adalbert and Hedy Howard: Bohemian cased glass beaker and a ruby- colored glass vase (1981.0271). Arline Howdon: woman's tapestry purse (1980.0031). Marion Huber: 100 medical instruments and memorabilia belonging to Dr. Charles Huber of Ohio (315330). D. Christopher Hughes: "Kensington Cavaliers" basketball shorts and T- shirt and 121 football cards (1981.0146). Ellen Roney Hughes: St. Patrick's School program, 1887 (1981.0138). Cornell C. Hunter: 2 paper molds for the Bank of New Zealand with one deckle (1982.0183). Heather Huyck: 2 circulars and a pamphlet about the ERA Walk, August 22, 1981 (1981.0879). Nina S. Hyde: girl's plaid coat and 14 items of woman's clothing by Jean Marie Armand, Emilio Pucci, Gucci, Sloat, Calvin Klein, Courreges, Missoni, Goldworm, and others (1979.1085). Ice Capades, Inc. (through Jeyne Brown) : poster featuring Tai Babilonia and Randy Gardner at the Capital Centre, 1982 (1982.0194). John Frederick Inman: letter from President Franklin D. Roosevelt to Jack Inman dated February 3, 1934 (1982.0150). Georgia Jacobs (through Ralphene Jelenick) : white cotton stuffed-work quilt (1981.0682). Charles D. Jacobson: 3 cards, 2 certificates, an honorable discharge, an issue tag, and an armband all relating to the military career of Arthur Jacobson (1981.0857). Mrs. Charles T. Jacoby in memory of Mrs. Stella Lublintz (through Edith H. Smith): 1884-85 edition of the R. H. Macy Company catalog (1982.0138). Margaret Jaep: tin box and 6 sets of brass weights (1981.0777). Patricia B. Jamison: black leather U.S. Army dress shoes worn by Lt. Gen. Harold Roe Bull (1981.0578). Gordon Javna: kit manufactured by Revell, Inc., of a plastic model of the WW II torpedo boat PT-109 (1982.0236). Eric C. Jenkins: pair of U.S. Army shoes from Spanish-American War period (1980.0531). Joseph P. Jodoin: Swedish rifle cartridge (1981.0867). Adelina S. and Charles E. Johnson: pewter basin according to tradition used by Ethan Allen (1981.0200). Gladys Abell Johnson and Lester D. Johnson, Jr., M.D.: collection of 120 pharmaceuticals (1981.0760). 592 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Linda and M. Frank Johnson, Jr.: white cotton socks (1981.0563). Walter A. Johnson: 5 ambrotypes and 2 daguerreotypes (1977.0235). Frances Benjamin Johnston: 63 photographic prints by American women photographers, ca. 1900 (1978.2457). Catherine S. Jones: 2 photographs by Robert Epstein, Hanging Carcasses and Lea at the Beach (1981.0465). Harvie P. Jones: union badge, "Jr. Order of United American Mechanics," in its original container (1982.0149). Stephen D. Jones: Victrola phonograph, ca. 1911 (1981.1010). Josten's (through Robert W. Leslie and H. William Lurton) : replica of the 1978 World Championship Super Bowl ring made for Terry Bradshaw (1981.0705). Chester L. Justus: 2 "Celectray" pyrometer recorders and 1 "Micromax" thermoelectric furnace controller (1982.0310). Celine B. R. Karraker: laboratory notes, correspondence, diplomas, maps, certificates, awards, photographs, and laboratory glassware belonging to Dr. Leo Baekeland (1982.0034). Lucille D. Kaufman: boy's navy blue wool jacket, 1976 (1979.0672). Elisabeth Corrigan Keiffer and Faith Corrigan Martin: an embroidered white mull shawl given, by family tradition, to Mrs. Jonathan Trumbull by Gen- eral Lafayette (1981.0723); an English creamware platter with family crest owned by Gov. Jonathan Trumbull of Rhode Island, 1769-84 (1982.0085). Stetson Kennedy: 6 posters and 12 flyers on campaign and labor subjects (1981.0286). Kenyon College (through Thomas B. Greenslade, Jr.): Excello dotting instru- ment, arm protractor and goniometer, triangle, and a section liner (1982. 0147). Richard A. Kidwell: man's bathing suit, 1963-70 (1979.0886). Mary Elizabeth King: a Willke-McNary Dollar campaign contribution certifi- cate (1981.0665). Dr. Frank Kiss: walnut tool chest, 13 tool cannisters, 6 chasing hammers, and a set of chasing punches used by Professor Ferenc Kiss and his son, Dr. Frank Kiss (1981.0616). Mrs. Mary Kissick in memory of Cora Olive (Wade) Ellis: silver teaspoon commemorating the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War in 1898 (1981.0732). Frank E. Klapthor: 2 fur muffs, a chinchilla collar, and a white and gold striped jacket with fur trim (1979.0275); salt-glazed stoneware spittoon made by W. Lehew & Co., Strasburg, Virginia (1981.0474). Margaret Brown Klapthor and Mary Berry Moore: 2 dresses, 2 veils, and 3 pins worn by an American Red Cross volunteer during WW I and the 1930s (1981.0930). Wm. B. Knapp: 9 Pan Handle Scrap Chewing Tobacco "Champion Women Swimmers" sports cards (1981.0839). Fay Knicely: brown maternity dress, 1865-80 and a man's wool shirt, 1800-99 (1980.0191). Zula H. Koenig: 11 photographs of U.S. Navy Yeoman (F) activities during 1919 (1981.0555). Carol Kominoth: child's white sneakers (1981.0562). Andrew P. Kosic: 97 German WW I sea post markings on covers and post cards (1982.0013). Gene and Nancy R. Krupa: Jerry Mahoney toy ventriloquist figure with origi- nal box, "Latin from Manhattan" marionette, Farfel the dog toy hand puppet, 3 clown marionettes, 2 finger puppets, 1 phonorecord, and a Tony Sarg Marionette Course diploma (1981.1085). David S. Kyle: WW II olive drab winter coat and trousers (1980.0122). Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 593 Ginetta La Bianca: opera costume worn by Ginetta La Bianca in Cilda (1981. 0757); 2 tape cassettes and a phonorecord of Ginetta La Bianca (1982.0076). Lafayette College, Department of Physics and Chemistry (through Nancy Tregoe) : autoclave, wax bottle, student's spectrometer, and a Bunsen spec- troscope (1981.0826). Dr. Noel P. Laird: Eastman National Business College diploma, 1891 (1982. 0006). Virginia LaRocque: leather and cloth side saddle, a handmade saddle cloth, and 3 stirrups (1981.0901). Sally L. Larson: black crepe cloak, 1923 (1979.1118). Lt. Col. Benjamin T. Layton: steel helmet from the period of WW I (316379); 2 registration cards, an identification tag, and a WW I discharge lapel pin (1978.0105); 1 U.S. stock and 1 school bond certificate (1981.0649); 1 U.S., 1 Roman, 2 Italian, and 27 French medals (1981.0650). Beth Leary: T-shirt and newspaper with anti-nuclear themes (1981.0659). Katherine M. Lechleitner: diary kept by U.S. Navy enlisted man, Ab Lapine, from 1914-19 (1981.0674). Lenox, Incorporated (through Robert J. Sullivan) : 2 porcelain plates from the Lenox/Boehm Bird Series and a porcelain plate from the Lenox/Boehm Woodland Wildlife Series (1981.0387). Jack L. Leon: 137 examples of English yellow-glazed earthenware (1980.0615). Carole Le Van: phonorecord "How Great Thou Art" by Elvis Presley (1982. 0206). Barbara and David M. Levey on behalf of the Levey Family: grandstand seat from Ebbets Field, ca. 1913 (1981.0675). Levi Strauss & Co. (through Roy C. Johns, Jr.) : 1980 Winter Olympics U.S. team parade uniform (1981.0131). Hilda Putziger Levy: 8 porcelain vases used as glaze test pieces by Adelaide Alsop Robineau, 1924-25 (1981.0466). Elizabeth R. and Stewart Lindsay (through Rear Adm. Philip W. Snyder) : original photograph of the U.S.S. Texas entering the harbor of Havana, Cuba, in January 1929 (1981.0428). Eric M. Lipman: German dagger and a collection of 28 WW II German and Russian insignia (317887). Milton A. Lipsner: 530 philatelic covers and pieces of equipment related to early U.S. airmail service as organized by Benjamin B. Lipsner, the first U.S. Airmail Superintendent (1982.0157). Dr. Charles T. G. Looney: aluminum freezer container (1981.1014); aluminum refrigeration container, cigar box opener, and 2 tin plates from Brown Mule tobacco (1982.0056). Lorimar (through Earl Hamner and Lee Rich) : radio used on "The Waltons" television show (1982.0119). LaVerne M. Love: 7 booklets, 7 buttons, 5 leaflets, a notice, newspaper, busi- ness card, flyer, plastic bag, and notepaper pertaining to women's rights (1980.0469). Leila D. Lovelace: Routledge's Engineer slide rule (1981:0934). Margaret E. Lowey: blue wool, American Legion coat (1981.0481). Dr. Philip K. Lundeberg: German camouflage steel helmet (1978.2343). Carol C. Lupia: girl's dress, 1926-27 (1980.0382). Volina Valentine Lyons: daguerreotype portrait of Louis Daguerre by Charles Meade and reverse oil painting on glass of a landscape by Louis Daguerre (1982.0010). Mrs. John White McBurney: KKK red cross lapel pin (1982.0309). Rosalind B. McCagg: original cartoon by Enright captioned "The Break in the Fence" (1982.0161). 594 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Donald T. McDaniel: a handbill The Tenderfoot, 2 playbills Ten Nights in a Bar Room, and 2 playbills Uncle Tom's Cabin (1981.0859). Eleanor McKay: collapsible plastic dress hoop in plastic box (1981.0278). D. Ruth and Roger McSweeny: iron can opener patented May 19, 1877 (1981. 0963). Roger McSweeney: chatelaine hook with a silver perfume bottle (1981.0949); set of carved bone needlework tools (1981.0977). Thomas L. Macy: 3 games "Hit the Beach," "Thunderball," and Kukla & Ollie"; 2 toys "Jimmy Jet" and "Guerrila Gun"; and a plastic model "Visi- ble Dog" (1981.1082). Elizabeth N. Malmberg: a postcard of Mt. Vernon and a photograph of the Abraham Lincoln family (1981.0667). Dr. Raymond B. Manning: manufacturer's fabric sample book (1982.0163). Lawrence R. Mapps, Sr. : 2 alignment gauges and 3 body standards (1981. 0596). Mildred Marable: photo album and diary of PO Henry Schenk, U.S. Navy, compiled during WW I aboard the U.S.S. Texas (1981.0868). C. Kenneth Marble: porcelain thread guides and shuttle eyes displayed on a board (1981.0073). Beth S. Markow: 2 newspapers and 4 handouts protesting nuclear power (1981.0698). Annie Laurie Marshall: man's trousers, 1790-1845 (1980.0379). Andrew J. and Eleanor W. Mason: 14 cylinder phonorecords (1981.0344). Mrs. Elwood W. Mason: white organdy graduation dress, 1921 (1979.0276). Y. Matsumoto: 20 silver medals illustrating American history (1979.0655). E. Lyle Maxwell: 2 U.S. Army mohair ties and 2 army green wool coats (1978. 0519). Lester A. Meis: 28 early issue British Colonies stamps from New Zealand, the Cook Islands, and the Australian States (1981.0990). Charles and Melva Milauskas: monocular microscope and accessories (1981. 0561). Earl Millard, Sr. Memorial Fund (through Earl Millard, Jr.) : stoneware basket made by Ken Ferguson, Shawnee Mission, Kansas (1981.0367). Elizabeth Ellis Miller and J. Vance Miller in memory of David Newton Ellis: 10 surveyor's instruments used by David Newton Ellis (1981.0648). Marge Miller and Grace M. Van Deusen: items related to the career of Ruth McGinnis, professional billiard player, including a cue in leather case, ticket, contract, poster, and 2 handbills (1982.0267). Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation (through Jack R. Jaeger): 1 electric drill and a drill housing (1981.1013). Minnesota Historical Society (through Stephen E. Osman) : reproduction of 5th Infantry cap insignia (1978.2486). Anita F. Mitchell: woman's WW II khaki shirt (1981.0662). Mobil Oil Corporation (through Herbert Schmertz) : 2 Sony videocassettes "A Fable for Now" series and a selection of "Mobil Information Center" TV commercials (1982.0077). Alfred B. Moe: model 227 signal lamp (1981.0754). Joan Mondale: a dress, scarf, handbag, and 2 campaign buttons with Hubert H. Humphrey's name and initials worn by Mrs. Mondale at the Democratic National Convention (1981.0529). Paul A. Moneski: Martin 100 outboard gas engine (1980.0672). Kathleen Sowa Moore: Raku-fired stoneware vase made by Robert Piepen- burg, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1981 (1982.0105) Ruth E. Moore: silver-plated coffee service made by Rockford Silver Plate Co., Rockford, Illinois, ca. 1882 (1982.0114). Eloise R. Morris: 13 Christmas tree ornaments, ca. 1903 (1981.0993). Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 595 Wells Morris, Jr.: Berge sextant (1981.0744). Lizzie L. Morse: 5 articles of woman's and girl's underwear, a girl's dress, coat, and hat, a woman's nightcap, hat, curlers, and a switch of hair (1979.0384). Betty Jean Mowbray: 2 letters and a certificate from the Woman's Christian Temperance Union and a pseudo-stock certificate for the prevention of war (1981.0557); 2 Army Nurse Corps caps, WW II window flag, and a pamphlet "Going Back to Civilian Life" (1981.0755). Frances M. Rudell Moyer: 3 bracelets, a woman's brooch, and a vanity case purse (1982.0075). Lt. Col. William B. Mozey, Jr.: 5 U.S. Army Service and dress chevrons (1980.0613). MS. Magazine (through Joanne Edgar and Gloria Steinem) : a T-shirt with the legend "Failure is Impossible" on the front and signatures on the back (1981.0484). Paul Muldawer and James Patterson: a model of the Carter Inaugural review- ing stand with a watercolor rendering and 20 blueprints with a cover (1980.0857). Dr. Wm. P. Murphy, Jr.: 445 linen tracings of machinery produced by the Corliss Steam Engine Co. and its successors (1982.0019). Mrs. John H. Murray: mid-19th-century straw splitter unearthed in the English straw plait manufacturing village of Campton (1981.0980); mid- 19th-century peg-wooden doll (1981.1004). Marvin Murray, M.D.: sestertius coin struck in the name of the Roman Emperor Pertinax (1979.0517). Susan H. Myers: yellowware preserve jar by Edwin Bennett, Baltimore, Maryland, 1856 (1981.0354). Dr. Perham C. Nahl: 171 U.S. first flight covers from contract air mail routes #23, #28, #32, and #71 (1982.0017); 196 U.S. first flight covers from contract air mail route #20 (1982.0018). National Abortion Rights Action League of Illinois (through Cynthia J. Little) : 6 buttons, 3 fans, and a pamphlet concerning abortion rights (1980.0905); (through Jan Ryan): 8 fans, flyers, newsletters, and handouts (1982.0101). National Organization for Women (through Patrice M. Sayre) : a metal ERA pin designed by Andrea Olney (1981.0485). National Society Children of the American Revolution Museum (through James H. Johnson): U.S. Army Artillery enlisted man's coat, 1832 (1981. 0541); white-on-white embroidery collar and sleeves, an embroidered net collar, and a sheer cotton shawl (1981.0681). Richard M. Needham: 8 U.S. first day covers and 14 special cancellations (1981.0208). Anna and Mortimer L. Neinken: 1,759 German Emergency Currencies with city names Bischofstein through Braunschweig, issued 1914-23 (1981.0897); 55 German Emergency Currencies issued from various cities, 1914-23 (1981.0898). Carl W. Nelson, Jr.: samples of pig iron, iron ore, slag, and furnace lining brick (1982.0262). Peter A. Nelson: 3 wooden spools and 12 miscellaneous parts for a music box (1981.0987). New Hampshire Historical Society (through John F. Page) : wagon used by suffragette Lucy Stone and the National American Woman Suffrage Asso- ciation (1982.0288). City of New Orleans, Historical Pharmacy Museum (through Ben Bavly) : "Sarsaparilla" syrup bottle (1981.0789). New York City Department of Transportation, Bureau of Highway Opera- 596 / Smithsonian Year 1982 tions (through Robert Gough) : 2 stay cables from the Brooklyn Bridge, 1883 (1981.0983). Museum of the City of New York (through Nancy Kessler-Post) : 2 silver albumen photographic prints (1981.0877). Louis Nichole, Inc. (through Louis Nichole) : 5 ball ornaments, 2 dolls, 2 stands, a nosegay, and a parasol used for Christmas decorations at the White House during the administration of President Jimmy Carter (1982. 0255). Northwestern University (through David Mintzer) : counter-current distri- bution apparatus (1981.0824). Elinor F. Oakes: brown suede clogs and earth shoes (1980.0415). Wendy C. O'Bert: 35 photographs, circulars, and buttons from the Minne- apolis ERA Countdown Rally, June 30, 1981 (1981.0883). Catharine C. Olds and George D. Olds III: a wedding dress and wreath- style wedding headdress from 1914, a pink jumpsuit-style lounging outfit, a wool petticoat, a black lace headdress, a white cotton cap, an apron, and wedding photograph (1979.1229). Mrs. Dorman S. O'Leary: WW I woman's Red Cross dress and cap (1981. 0804). John W. Olson in honor of Mrs. Chester H. Adams and Mrs. Walter F. Olson: woman's black gloves, ca. 1903 and boy's diaper cover, ca. 1870 (1979.0880). Barbara Orden: 2 white brassieres and a black felt hat (1980.0759). ORSONIC Recording Services (through Leo Orso) : 2 recorded tapes of his- torical subjects (1982.0068). Mabel M. Owen: 17 items from the 1976 presidential campaign and the 1977 inauguration of President Jimmy Carter, letter and cartoon regarding national suffrage, and a "Save the Fox" bumper sticker (1982.0166). Mary Jo Owens: first-prize trophy from the Kansas City Monarchs Beauty Contest presented to Mary Jo Owens in 1940 (1982.0265). Mildred R. Palmer: navy-blue hat designed by Lilly Dache, 1935-39 (1980. 0384); bright pink turban-style hat, and a white hat designed by Hattie Carnegie, 1951-58 (1981.0011); 2 shield-shaped brooches and a perfume bottle and compact in their original boxes (1982.0070). Paragon Optical, Inc. (through Don Ratkowski) : contact lens buttons (1981. 0739). William H. Pascoe: 3 steel moulding tools (1981.0669). Mrs. Jefferson Patterson: 18 pieces of fishing equipment (1981.0021); picnic basket and 18 women's sports artifacts (1981.0973); cocktail shaker (1982. 0059); mechanical card shuffler, black rubber and wood duck call, and 2 handkerchiefs with a baseball design (1982.0080); 24 items of sports and game equipment (1982.0110); paperweights from President Richard M. Nixon, Senator Barry Goldwater, and Senator Everett M. Dirksen and a "Clarence J. Brown for Governor" button (1982.0148); plastic table service, stainless steel flatware, aluminum ware, 10 tumblers, 2 toasting forks, 3 soupspoons, a tablecloth, 4 tablecloth clamps, 6 napkins, and a box of bonded filter papers (1982.0154); 2 Polaroid Land cameras, 2 Zeiss Ikon cameras, and 1 each Kodak Stereo, Kodak Instant, Stereo Realist, and Afga Optma II cameras, with various accessories (1982.0173); glass bottle "Jamestown Festival, 1607-1957" (1982.0188); terry-cloth robe and slippers worn as part of an exercise uniform and a wrist caddy for keeping golf score (1982.0235). Pete Pedroli: shepherd's hook (1981.0552). Sidney A. Peerless, M.D. : 65 mostly ancient Greek and Roman coins (1982. 0036). Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 597 Walter E. Peery: photo-typesetter and keyboard invented and developed by Mr. Peery, 1946-52 (1982.0008). Clifford L. Pelton, Jr.: Franz Schwarzer zither with a black case and acces- sories (1981.0779). People for the American Way (through Norman Lear) : a press kit and 2 videotape cassettes promoting the right to free expression (1981.0302). Mendel L. Peterson: U.S. Army regulation knapsack from the Civil War period, WW I service certificate, and an 1899 Red Cross game (1982.0067). City of Philadelphia, Office of the City Representative and Director of Com- merce (through Anna Marie O'Brien) : a Wedgewood Bicentennial cream- ware punch bowl with views of Philadelphia, 1976 (1977.0024). Josephine R. Philip: porcelain bisque figure of a Roman soldier, a stand, and a framed letter presented to Hoffman Philip by the French government (1980.0440). Clarice Pierce: Planter's Peanuts glass jar (1981.0835). Plastics Institute of America, Inc. (through J. H. DuBois) : 1 man's brown vinyl shoe (1981.0770); 15 objects relating to the plastics industry (1981.0825). Marjorie Plunkett: Gothic revival style church lectern with eagle (1982.0221). Milburn J. Ponder: a baseball cap which was worn by Enos Slaughter of the St. Louis Cardinals, ca. 1950 (1982.0270). Margie B. Porter: child's "Olympian" tennis shoes (1981.0564). Constance Potter: 2 leaflets and a poster protesting nuclear power and weaponry (1981.0720); 25 objects including circulars, leaflets, posters, buttons, and a banner (1981.0889). Julia C. Powell: 32 U.S. Navy enlisted man's uniforms and accessories (1981.0871). Martin Prince: 5 selective service system records (1981.0937). Louise Brown Purdy, M.D. (through John S. Harrison and Lawrence J. Sheehan) : pair of white sapphire earrings, black onyx ring, ring and brooch with opals and diamonds, pink gold watch, watch chain, and necklace with cameo pendant (1981.0635). Jane C. Purnell: button and wristwatch with inscriptions favoring John Anderson for president (1982.0303). Joan C. Quinn: 3 Kewpie dolls and 2 farmer dolls (1981.0799). Raf shoon Communications (through Gerald M. Rafshoon) : 11 audio tapes from the re-election campaign of President Jimmy Carter, 1980 (1981.0304). Nancy Reagan: white silk-satin beaded ball gown designed by Galanos with gloves, shoes, and evening purse, worn to the inaugural balls on Janu- ary 20, 1981 (1981.0604); black velvet and peau de soie evening gown designed by Bill Blass and worn to the inaugural gala on January 18, 1981 (1982.0081). Frank C. Regnier, Sr.: ceramic pitcher made by the Sevres China Company, East Liverpool, Ohio, ca. 1900 (1981.0409). Molka Reich: a beanstalk, a golden goose, and 2 marionettes, "Jack" and the "Giant," from Jack and the Beanstalk (1982.0093). Pauline W. Reiher in memory of Rebecca and Abraham Wolf: Women's Army Auxiliary Corps uniform, 1942 (1982.0175). Estate of John Paul Remensnyder (through Doris R. Ballantyne and John P. Remensnyder, M.D.) : "Bailey's Patent" steam jack, ca. 1793 (1981.0989); 60 antique tools (1982.0045). John H. Rick: alcohol blowtorch and an adjustable die stock (1982.0208). Emily Crowley Rickey in memory of Frances Hall McCudden: flat iron and a bone seam spreader, 1880-1910 (1979.0072). Kathryn H. and Ralph C. Rinzler: 13 examples of southern American pottery (1981.0287). 598 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Mary Livingston Ripley: tinned-sheet iron oval wash tub and a double- burner electric hot plate (1982.0190); set of 5 golf clubs with canvas bag (1982.0193). Edwin K. Robinson: U.S. Navy seabag, ca. 1945 (1981.0197); hand-forged railroad track wrench (1981.0478); fraternity pin, Civil Defense pin, USA ski team pin, and a ticket to the 1940 New York World's Fair (1981.0924); 13 cycle name plates, 7 lapel pins, 3 ribboned medals, and a cuff link (1981.0960). Mrs. Hazelle H. and J. Woodson Rollins: 2 marionettes dressed as a Southern belle and a Southern gentleman (1982.0362). Irene Roney: brown leather baseball glove (1981.0492). Kermit Roosevelt, Jr.: cut-silk velvet furnishing fabric (1980.0366). Rt. Rev. David S. Rose: 19th century kerosene chandelier from a church in Chatham, Virginia (1982.0326). Dr. J. William Rosenthal: collection of 16 ophthalmic objects (1981.0737). Rubin Brothers Waste Company (through Bruce S. Bazelon) : a Viet Cong flag with pen-printed words alluding to Black Power (1981.0551); 14 items of U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps uniforms and accessories (1981.0869); (through Henry M. Rubin) : 9 U.S. Marine Corps uniform leggings and a U.S. Navy gas mask carrier and Arctic trousers (1981.1016). Mrs. Betty L. Ruffley: 2-piece maternity dress from 1954, boy's baseball uni form from 1963, and infant's red velveteen overalls from 1957 (1979.1120) Lucile B. Rugh: U.S. baptismal bowl used by Air Force chaplain Verling Rugh while serving with the 103rd Infantry Division in Europe, 1946-47 (1981.0936). Helen Winnett Russell: pillbox hat, hood, and 2 dresses and a coat designed by Adrian (1977.1175). John W. Ryan, Jr.: a broadside titled "Defenders of the Republic" (1981. 0715). Dale C. and John B. Sabel: 13 Duo-Art piano rolls (1982.0220). William A. Sack (through Margaret Sack) : 39 accessories from the tailoring trade (1978.1003). R. A. St. George: Civilian Defense certificate of instruction, 1942 (1982.0072). Gary Sandburg: human-hair beard dyed red, white, and blue for the Bicen- tennial (1981.0455). Geraldine Sanderson: peanut-shaped lapel pin (1982.0164). Geraldine and Jack T. Sanderson: 11 items of girl's clothing from the 1970s (1979.1117). Sandvik, Inc., Disston Consumer Division (through Terrance J. Lanning and W. C. McGowan) : "Disston-Danville Commemorative Handsaw" with dis- play board (1981.0926). Sanitoy, Inc. (through S. Tharler) : 1 plastic piggy bank, 3 vinyl squeeze toys, and a set of 8 blocks (1981.0771). August K. Scheele: 47 football cards (1981.0459). Carl H. Scheele: 2 phonorecords (1981.0460); a letter and poster urging con- tinuation of full funding for the Social Security system (1981.0676). Madalyn Miller Schimmel: Chanukah card with enclosures (1981.0999). Carl Schlesinger: button and ribbon commemorating the Allied Printing Trades Council's participation in the Labor Day parade of 1961 and a set of flashcards (1981.1012). Herman W. Schneider: 24 artifacts and memorabilia from the early history of nylon manufacture (1982.0140). Emilie Schulz: bound account entitled The Life of Carl and Emilie Schultz, a diary written in German, a certificate indicating a crossing of the Equator, a framed embroidery piece, and 3 photographs (1982.0224). Robert J. Schurk: 7 flyers, 6 newsclips, a calling card, 1980 presidential Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 599 debate poster, a brochure on nuclear power vs. coal, the final edition of the Cleveland Press, and a news item, reprint, button, and information sheet pertaining to Iran (1981.0887). Constance H. Schwab: brown damask, beaded mourning bag (1982.0028); a brooch made of woven hair from the mid-19th century, a tortoise-shell necklace from the mid-19th century, and a 19th-century woman's card case made of tortoise shell and silver (1982.0286). Don Elliot Schwartz, M.D.: 22 ophthalmological instruments (1981.0978). Lt. Claire A. Sebrechts: 139 uniforms and accessories used by Lieutenant Sebrechts while attending the U.S. Naval Academy as a member of the first class to include women (1982.0317). Joan Severa: 2 instruction booklets and L. J. Snow's skirt drafting system (1979.0073). John W. Severinghaus, M.D.: blood-gas calculating machine, 4 electrodes, and 2 blood-gas slide rules used in the development of modern anesthetics (1982.0218). Dr. Margery W. Shaw: volumes III— VII of the Henry A. Meyer Collection of Napoleonic and French Revolution philatelic covers and documents (1981. 0819). Ruth Sheldon: pressed-glass dish associated with Stohlman's Confectionary Shop (1982.0237). Hubert B. Shenkin: 32-piece boxed set of Van Keuren cylindrical gauge blocks (1982.0002). Estelle R. Sherman: U.S. Navy enlisted man's dress white uniform jumper worn by Allen Vincent Sherman, ca. 1935 (1981.0850). Righter B. Shiner: collection of 14 iron relics from the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Canal (1980.0617). Mrs. Paul V. Shirley: 2 black dresses designed by Adrian (1979.0781). Ruth W. Shure: U.S. Naval officer's sword belt, mid-19th century (1981.0672). Mary Scott Simmons: woman's turquoise taffeta dress from 1941 (1980.0414). Joseph S. Simms, Jr.: 4 brooches, a pair of earrings, a necklace, a bracelet, and a buckle (1979.1115). George W. Sims: 9 architectural fragments from the 1949 renovation of the White House (1981.0727); a dog tag with a Masonic emblem and 10 movie star cards (1981.0806). Orlan Skare: color print showing a wagon-maker's shop and tools (1981. 0984). Professor B. F. Skinner: 1954 teaching machine, guided missile nose, and a cumulative recorder (1981.0997). Bertha Perrin Smith in memory of Rebecca Clark Perrin: black straw hat with large, off-white fabric flower, 1914-16 (1980.0982). Edith Hertz Smith: a Hubert H. Humphrey memorial paperweight (1982.0160). Edna M. Smith: copper-keyed bugle and 2 cornets owned and used by Walter F. Smith of the U.S. Marine Band and the Sousa Band (1981.0425). Dr. Martin D. Smith: orthodontic bracket table designed by Edward H. Angle (1981.0794). Paul Smith: 11 ROTC insignia and metallic chevrons (1982.0133). Smithsonian Institution, Business Management Office, Mail Order Division (through Richard Griesel): pair of English candlesticks (1981.0526); (through Luna Lambert) : Lenox reproduction of 1782 General Washington mono- gram bowl (1982.0037). Product Development (through Ann McClellen Miller) : a reproduction of a Meissen porcelain vase from the Hans Syz Collection (1980.0811); 3 relish dishes, 3 nappies, and a plate in the "Broken Column" pattern, ca. 1880, and a pitcher and a pair of candle- sticks reproduced in the "Broken Column" pattern, ca. 1980 (1980.0812). Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Office of 600 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Exhibits (through Carl A. Alexander) : Friden model F calculating machine (1982.0243). Smithsonian Institution, National Zoological Park (through Theodore H. Reed): a cast bronze plaquette commemorating the 36th Annual Confer- ence of the International Union of Directors of Zoological Gardens held at the National Zoological Park, 1981 (1981.0950). Smithsonian Institution, Smithsonian Associates, Women's Committee (through Jeannine S. Clark): 201 objects, mostly postcards, handbills, broadsides, and buttons, concerned with women's voting rights, 1900-20 (1980.0606). Smithsonian Institution, Smithsonian Institution Libraries: 2 Spanish broad- sides (1981.0716). Smithsonian Institution, Traveling Exhibition Service (through Dennis A. Gould): 22 pieces of contemporary glass designed by Tapio Wirkkala of Finland (315335). Walter A. Soplata: U.S. Navy experimental life preserver, WW II (1982. 0228). Bryan Sorens: 517 phonorecords (1981.1003). Diana and Neil P. Sowards: 1,963 American checks, drafts, and promissory notes (1980.0959). Emily Robertson Spainhour: a snuff box which belonged, by family prove- nance, to Patrick Henry (1981.0800). Arabella S. Sparnon: 7 pieces of sheet music from the early 1930s, 4 phono- records, and 4 phonorecord transcriptions of radio broadcasts (1980.0797). Judith Ann and Dr. Robert L. Speer, Jr.: boxed table-tennis set (1982.0171). SPS Technologies (through H. T. Hallowell, Jr.) : funnel fragment from the C.S.S. Virginia (formerly the U.S.S. Merrimac) scuttled in May, 1962 (1981.0204). Benjamin, Harvey G., Joseph B., Morton, and Norman Stack: 2 keys with a letter of explanation from the house in which President Abraham Lincoln died; a block of wood from, and a newspaper clipping about, the gunboat Essex (1982.0168). Benjamin, Harvey G., and Norman Stack: 1 silver and 2 gold ingots from the Far East (1980.0923); 3 U.S. silver mining ingots (1980.0924); 2 gold bars (1980.0925); 3 foreign coins (1980.0926); 10 rare American tokens (1980. 0927); 3 U.S. medals awarded to Edward Seagrave, ca. 1852 (1980.0928); 3 U.S. and 2 Canadian tokens (1980.0934); 6 countermarked ancient Greek silver coins (1980.0935); 12 ancient coins, some of Jewish origin and some from Asia Minor (1980.0939); 93 Crusader imitations of Ayyubid silver coins (1931.0851); 39 early Indian silver coins (1981.0852); 94 Medieval Islamic silver coins issued by the Ilkhanids of Persia, 13th-14th centuries (1981.0853); 257 silver half drachms issued by the Ispahbads and Arab Gov- ernors of Tabaristan, 8th century (1981.0969); 171 silver half drachms cir- culated by the Arab Governors of Tabaristan, 8th century (1981.0970); 186 silver hemidrachms of the Ispahbads and Arab Governors of Tabaristan (1981.0971); 104 silver half drachms issued by the Ispahbads and Arab Governors of Tabaristan, 8th century (1981.0972); a West Indian "Holey Dollar" with a plug, a Korean "1 Warn," and a 1915 San Francisco Expo- sition spoon (1981.1033); a set of monetary essais for Burma in gold, silver, and bronze (1981.1034); 2 gold pieces and a Slavic religious medal (1981. 1035); Governor George Clinton gold portrait medal designed by Charles Keck (1981.1042); Peter Stuyvesant gold portrait medal struck in 1908 by Tiffany & Co. (1981.1043); Japanese gold koban and cho-gin bar of gold (1981.1044); bronze mold for counterfeiting U.S. silver half dollars, 1826 (1981.1045); Japanese gold oban (1981.1046); a Greek gold 50 drachmai essai striking by Barre, 1875 (1981.1048). Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 601 Melanie Stamatellos: brooch and earrings set in the Victorian fashion, 1870- 85 (1982.0069). Staples & Charles Ltd. (through Barbara Fahs Charles) : a cartoon from Har- per's Weekly, titled "The Third-Term Panic," November 7, 1874 (1981.0714). John and Karren L. Stead: 1975 Jaycees Champ pin, a Soap Box Derby banner and program, and a rule book, T-shirt, and white plastic helmet used by Karren Stead, the 38th All-American Soap Box Derby Champion (1981. 0947). Helen I. Potter Stedman: Potsdam Conference pass, 1945 (1981.0855). John R. Steele: 3 plates and a white "ironstone" dish recovered from the steamer Indiana which sank in Lake Superior on June 6, 1858 (1981.0133). Mary Hunter Steinbauer: pink-satin dress with a jacket, 1950 (1979.1259). The Honorable Charles W. Stenholm: "Boll Weevil" button, stick pin, and bumper sticker (1981.0834). Joseph F. Stoltz: Penreco gasoline pump globe (1982.0320). Kathleen Stout: floral print dress, 1975 (1979.1264). Esther Stoyanoff: 3 ads for bathing caps and suits, 2 pieces of sheet music, 2 certificates, a program, hat, and a chart of Dover Straits, all relating to Mille Gade Corson's swimming career (1981.0729). Adeline Bassett Cook Strange: 4 French posters from the period of WW I (1979.0708). Mary E. Studebaker: 1 button with a tinted photograph of Frank L. Stude- baker (1981.0568). Edna S. Suber: designer knit dress, 1966-67 (1979.0782). Marian A. Summers: blue and brown brocade wedding dress with a piece of matching fabric, 1853, and a gray silk wedding dress, 1877 (1979.0387). Marguerite T. Sundback: woman's cape from the 1880s, woman's muff, 4 woman's hats from the 1940s and 1950s, and 7 woman's dresses from the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s (1979.1228). Superba Cravats, Inc. (through Peter T. Strauss): 2 neckties (1980.0139). Jane K. Sussman: U.S. Naval woman Ensign's blue overcoat worn during WW II by Mrs. Sussman (1981.0982). John August Swanson: serigraph, Rainy Day, by John Swanson (1981.0916). Ernest M. Swanton: plastic batting helmet (1981.0510). Sybron Corporation, Taylor Instrument Company (through H. W. Jarvis) : 41 instruments and devices used for feedback and control in industry (1981.0854). Berenice Sydney: Tiny Etching with Virgin and Child, by Berenice Sydney (1981.0620). Dr. Hans Syz: collection of 25 Meissen porcelains (1981.0702). TABS, Aids for Ending Sexism in School (through Lucy Picco Simpson) : 15 posters, an order form, and 6 TABS publications (1981.0878). Anne Talley in memory of John G. Fall: an international collection of 4,155 philatelic objects with a Boy Scouting theme (1981.0820). Edna M., Gertrude E., and Goldie I. Tearman: black mourning hat, 1869, brown and white checked apron, 1890-1909, and a black polished cotton sun bonnet, 1906-8 (1981.0590). William F. Tearman: woman's white satin bag, compact, and lipstick (1981. 0366). Lillian L. Teelin: U.S. Navy Yeoman (F) uniform cape and an American Legion overseas cap from WW I (1981.0554). Eleanor Lee Templeman in memory of Robert Lee Reading: a U.S. Naval commission signed by President James Madison on July 24, 1813, 2 silhou- ettes, and 17 uniform buttons which belonged to Dr. Bailey Washington III (1982.0337). 602 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Dorothy R. Teskey in memory of Walter J. Teskey: model of an 1880 four- wheel caboose (1981.1015). Alice Thomas: Presidential Pardon awarded to John H. Thomas for taking part in the late rebellion against the government of the United States, 1866 (1981.0607). Leonora Thompson: 12 photographs (1981.0876). Beatrice S. Thorne: 2 clay marbles (1981.0861). Marilee Tillstrom: girl's knit jumpsuit, red terry cloth infant's overalls, girl's "Big Bird" overalls, 2 pairs of girl's shoes, a black quilted purse, and a navy blue suede belt (1980.0134); 2 bandannas (1981.0090); a T-shirt titled "Run Teddy Run!" (1981.0728). Barry Trebach: 2 posters and a leaflet pertaining to U.S. military involvement in El Salvador (1982.0184). Laura M. Trexler: 2 waving bonnets with box and instructions, 2 pairs of suspenders, a pair of man's gloves, and a cotton corset waist (1980.0140). Robert Jeffery Trimmer: 304 bills, receipts, checkbooks, cash books, pay books, negatives, photographs, and correspondence kept by U.S. Navy Paymaster Ben D. McGee, 1898-1910 (1981.0765). Trinity College (through Theodore D. Lockwood and Harvey S. Picker) : 5 pieces of mid-19th-century physics apparatus (1981.0743). Don Troiani: 26 reproduction buttons of the American Revolution and Civil War periods (1978.2344). Harold J. Trussel: hearing aid and a conversation tube (1981.0827). Norma S. Turck and daughters Lenore and Dana: metabulator (1981.0205). Lillian Scheffres Turner: a pair of Lenox cups and saucers, 2 porcelain coffee services, a dinner plate, and a vase (1981.0918); porcelain figure of Madonna with Bird (1981.0929). Maida Davis Turtle: 9 U.S. Army insignia (321806). Union Carbide Corporation (through Warren M. Anderson) : 84 early Bakelite artifacts (1981.0976). United Farm Agency, Inc. (through Kenneth W. Hylton) : United Farm Agency 1928 Spring catalog and 1981 Fall/Winter catalog (1982.0261). United Press International (through Gene Poythress) : Unifax I receiver machine (1981.1073). United States Center for International Women's Year 1975 (through Dr. Ruth Bacon) : 65 objects and memorabilia representing the efforts of the Inter- national Women's Year 1975 (1980.0783). Unknown: woman's jacket, 1880-89 (1980.0776); engraving Wreck of the Brighton Chain Pier as Seen Oct 16th 1833 (1982.0029). U.S. Department of Agriculture: 81 chemical samples in glass bottles (1981. 0756). U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards (through John Tinker) : "GELI" radiation detector with "Rabbit" or sample conveyor and 2 micro test tubes (1982.0046); Office of Administrative Services, Property and Building Management Division: Standard adding machine (1979.0806). U.S. Department of Defense, Department of the Army, Fort Jackson Museum: 2 field telephones, 2 folding cots, and a one-burner gas stove (1978.0106); Headquarters Presidio of San Francisco, Presidio Army Museum (through J. Phillip Langellier) : WW II rain hat, battle dress blouse, wool trousers, khaki breeches, and Pro kit, a 1906 U.S. Army emergency ration tin, and a 1918 cartridge belt (1977.1037); Mobility Equipment Research and Devel- opment Command, Services and Support Directorate, R&D Model Fabri- cation Division (through David Faunce) : pneumatic/steam single-frame forging hammer (1982.0278); The Chief of Military History and the Center for Military History, Historical Services Division (through Robert N. Waggoner): 47-star U.S. flag with staff (1982.0226); The Institute of Her- Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 603 aldry (through Jacob D. Tomlinson) : 111 U.S. Army insignia (1981.0272), 19 U.S. Army distinctive unit insignia (1981.0534), 4 distinctive unit insignia (1981.0782), 19 U.S. distinctive unit crests and shoulder sleeve insignia (1981.0823), 30 U.S. distinctive and shoulder sleeve insignia (1981.1072), 10 U.S. Army shoulder sleeve insignia (1982.0375); The United States Armed Forces Bicentennial Band (through CWO Donald M. Flewell) : U.S. Armed Forces Bicentennial Band badge and 2 phonograph records (1978.0551); U.S. Army Foreign Science and Technol- ogy Center, Field Support Division (through Willard Jennings) : 10 foreign rations (1978.2233). Department of the Navy, Chief of Navy Materiel Command, Command Federal Women's Program (through Constance B. Price) : 2 buttons from the Command Federal Women's Program (1981. 0677); Naval Historical Center (through H. A. Vadnais, Jr.): U.S. Navy Combat Information Center equipment from WW II (1980.0596); Naval Oceanographic Office, Magnetics Division (through R. H. Shaw, Jr.) : Vector airborne magnetometer type 2A (1981.0687). U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Headquarters, United States Park Police (through Lynn H. Herring) : Bicentennial Park Police badge (1982.0137). U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Property and Services Branch (through Wendell C. Shingler) : turnpike mile-marker from the National Road (U.S. 40) (1982.0327). U.S. General Services Administration, Federal Property Resources Service (through Ulysses Faulkner) : cotton flag of the Republic of Israel and a flag of the Republic of Colombia (1981.0127). U.S. Legislative Branch, Architect of the Capitol (through Florian Thayn) : 5 pictures of various presidential inaugurations and 4 signs (1981.0427). U.S. Legislative Branch, Congress, Joint Congressional Committee on Inau- gural Ceremonies (through Howard W. Cannon) : 45 tickets, 13 envelopes, 6 programs, 6 menus, 2 invitations, 2 diagrams, a plan, vehicle pass, and pamphlet from the presidential inaugurations of 1949, 1961, 1965, 1969, and 1973 (1981.0802). U.S. Legislative Branch, Library of Congress, Exchange and Gift Division: original page from The Graphic dated May 25, 1872 (1982.0308). U.S. Legislative Branch, U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Budget (through Nicholas A. Masters): a "Save Our Social Security" button (1981.0694). U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board, Office of Special Counsel (through Janice A. Preece) : 3 posters and a handout (1981.0733). U.S. Postal Service, Stamp Management Branch (through James R. Williams) : U.S. mint stamps, stamped envelopes, postal cards, and commemorative stamp panels (1981.0242). U.S. Veterans Administration, Veterans Administration Medical Center (through Welton H. Williamson): 61 phonorecords and 387 phonorecord transcriptions (1980.0692). Jesher de M. Vink, M.D., and Thelma de M. Vink: photograph of William Gladstone and entourage dated November 21, 1885 (1982.0191). Baroness Theresa von Pantz: off-white suit designed by Chanel and a black dress designed by Balenciaga (1979.1083). F. Joseph von Tury: porcelain studio pottery made by F. Joseph von Tury at Perth Amboy, New Jersey, 1940s-50s (1981.0408). Eula W. Wake in memory of Harry Wake: 552 78 r.p.m. phonorecords (1981. 0656). Janet Wallach: woman's brown tweed coat, white silk jacket, black tuxedo- style pantsuit, and tan tweed pantsuit designed by Ralph Lauren in the 1970s (1979.1260). 604 / Smithsonian Year 1982 John P. Wallach: pencil drawing of Franklin D. Roosevelt by Oskar Stossel (1982.0038). Robert J. Walter: 200 phonorecords (1981.0566). Henry H. Ware: Bohemian gilt and enamel decorated champagne goblet (1981.0966). Washington Development Corporation (through K. Armstrong and R. G. Til- mouth) : birthday card book made by the school children of Washington, England (1982.0162). C. Malcolm Watkins: New England wood and rush slide chair, 1700s (1981.1083). Joan Pearson Watkins: Wizard calculating machine with leaflets (1980.0787); woman's Navajo necklace and ring (1981.1030); 2 medallions restamped from reshaped U.S. copper pennies commemorating the San Francisco Bay Bridge and the Golden Gate Bridge (1982.0118). Stanley E. Weaver: set of 18th-century Point d'Alencon neck and sleeve ruffles (1979.1084). Dana Wegner: 10 Civil War era ship plans drafted by Mr. Wegner (1981. 0673). Ruth D. Wehle: 2-piece pale-orange dress embroidered with yellow and white daisies, a black wool and satin dress, and a white evening dress em- broidered with white dots on a net ground, all designed by Mainbocher, and a gray and brown crepe dress with a star motif designed by Stiebel (1979.0512); woman's tan cloak designed by Mainboucher, black coat by Worth, black crepe dress by Molyneux, bright-pink strapless dress by Hattie Carnegie, a black hat, and black velvet pumps (1979.0896). Ben H. Weil: 1,340 philatelic objects including U.S. zip code blocks, copy- right marginal inscription blocks, "Mail Early in the Day" blocks, and various U.S. and U.N. items (1982.0116). Kayla Lee Weiner: heather-brown wool sweater, 1942 (1979.0780). Robert S. Weiner: 149 objects, mostly speeches, statements, and press releases, from the presidential campaign of Senator Edward M. Kennedy, 1979-80 (1981.0161). Carl E. Wellde: pair of the U.S. Army shoes from WW II period (1981.0532). The Westport Marketing Group, Inc. (through R. C. Metell) : a set of 3 first day covers and a postal medallic commemorative issued for the inaugura- tion of President Ronald Reagan, 1981 (1981.0337). John White: Curta calculating machine with leaflet and 2 books, Sharp EL-8 calculator, Unisonic calculator, calculating compendium, calculating rule, caliper-calculator, adding machine, chart, abacus, 4 slide rules, and 3 pamphlets (1981.0922). John H. White, Jr.: 1907 wedding certificate (1981.0536); pin-the-tail-on-the- donkey game, 1930s (1981.0611); toy sewing machine (1981.0627). Terry L. White: sprint racing car, 1973 (1981.0814). Mrs. W. Winchester White, Jr.: 52 letters and memorabilia associated with C. W. Wilson, an officer in the U.S. Navy during the Civil War (1981.0961). The White House, White House Gift Unit (through Dan Chew and Stanley Duda) : a gold medal commemorating the first anniversary of the Nica- raguan revolution, 1979 (1981.0623). Aminda B. and Roy Wilkins: 114 mementoes of the career of Roy Wilkins, the late Executive Director of the National Association for the Advance- ment of Colored People (1980.0668). Elizabeth L. Wilkinson: Swiss music box, ca. 1880 (1982.0011). Ames W. Williams: cast-iron window ornament from the Chesapeake Beach Railway private car "San Juan," ca. 1880 (1979.1032). Vivian Weinhardt Williams: nurse's cape and 2 disposable caps (1982.0258). Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 605 Mrs. Charles E. Wilson: 3 medals, 2 lapel pins, and identification tags from WW I (1979.0037). Mary Wilson: 3 yellow satin and chiffon costumes with daisies worn by Cindy Birdsong, Diana Ross, and Mary Wilson of The Supremes, 1966-67 (1981.0952). Ada M. Wing: woman's shoes, stockings, and drawers (1980.0457). Craig H. Winslow: ERA apron, button, and literature (1982.0040). Dorothy M. Wise: U.S. Open Champion trophy from the Billiard Congress of America presented to Dorothy Wise in 1969 (1982.0266). Mrs. Barbara R. Wood: wooden-handled tracing wheel, a needle case, and a tape measure in the form of a turtle (1981.0683). Nancy Wyeth: "Anderson for President" button and a "Byrd" bookmark (1982.0304). Dr. Leland C. Wyman: 1 fragment of a papyrus letter with Arabic inscrip- tions on both sides (1981.1021). Sherrill S. and Stephen V. N. Yates: enameled iron gas range "Detroit Jewel," made by the Detroit-Michigan Stove Co., 1930s (1981.0954). Elizabeth D. Yeatman: embroidered counterpane (1982.0084). Jane Griffin Yeingst: strip of button stickers and a metal button pertaining to the ERA ratification campaign (1981.0882). Jean H. Youngren: 5,974 mint and used foreign stamps (1982.0014). Ziff Corporation (through Alfred E. Hill) : antique greeting-card collection (1980.0816). Mrs. Walter G. Zuflucht: discharge card, Wage & Separation notice, page from Pearl Harbor Bulletin signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and a hammer made by Mr. Zuflucht from parts of 3 U.S. Naval ships destroyed during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor (1981.0751). Jay W. Zvolanek, D.D.S., M.S.: dental articulator (1981.0741). NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY Donors of Financial Support Eaton Corporation for CAP Ohio. Owens Corning for CAP. General Mills Foundation for CAP Minnesota. Zaven Matossian for unrestricted gift. Rhode Island Historical Society for CAP. Barra Foundation for American Icon Tea. Phillip Morris, Inc., for Good Sports. Patric and Aimee Butler Family Foundation for CAP Minnesota. Mary Livingston Griggs and Mary Griggs Burke Foundation for CAP Minnesota. Phillip Morris, Inc., for Good Sports. Mrs. Donald Klopfer for George Washington Carver drawing. Pillsbury Company Foundation for CAP Minnesota. Lilly Endowment, Inc., for CAP Indiana. Manitou Fund for CAP Minnesota. Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Houghton, Jr., for General Purpose. Athwin Foundation for CAP Minnesota. Southways Foundation for CAP Minnesota. Grotto Foundation, Inc., for CAP Minnesota. Steven D. Ethen for Acquisition. Minnesota Historical Society for CAP Minnesota. Robert H. Smith for CWP Dinner. Katie Louchheim for Peale opening. 606 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Donors to the Collections Hugh Trumbull Adams Val A. Browning Harry Burns Joseph Collector Witney Dall John Dewey Foundation Melvyn Douglas Olin Dows Jack Drown Steven D. Ethen Mr. and Mrs. Stuart Feld Lawrence A. Frost Gerard Gover Forrest H. Kennedy Colonel Robert E. Latimer Helen and Nel Laughon Mrs. Willard F. Libby Katie Louchheim Mrs. Paul Penfield Pinkerton's, Inc. Max Robinson Charles E. Rowe Florence Schaffhausen Katheryn Simons Frank Stanton Fund Edward Steichen Joanna Sturm University Women's Club, Inc. Frank A. Vanderlip, Jr. Frederick S. Wight Emma Hart Willard School Donald Hamilton Workman OFFICE OF FOLKL1FE PROGRAMS Donors of Financial Support The Diamond Jubilee Commission of the State of Oklahoma The International Cultural Society of Korea The Music Performance Trust Funds John Jameson Irish Whiskey MUSEUM PROGRAMS OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR MUSEUM PROGRAMS Donors of Financial Support Cornell Oil Company Mr. Kenton McGee OFFICE OF MUSEUM PROGRAMS Donors of Financial Support Educational Outreach Fund for printing of Museum Studies Programs in the United States and Abroad. Women's Committee of the Smithsonian Associates for videotape production Conservation Bookbinding. W. K. Kellogg Foundation grant for programs to "Expand the Educational Influence of Museums." Native American Archives Project grant to produce slide-cassette program, Tribal Archives. OFFICE OF HORTICULTURE Donors of Financial of Support John F. Olmstead Mary L. Ripley Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 607 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION ARCHIVES Donors to the Collections INDIVIDUAL Charles P. Alexander: the papers of Charles P. Alexander. Andrew J. Berger: the papers of Andrew J. Berger. Doris Holmes Blake Estate: the papers of Doris Holmes Blake. Shirley A. Briggs: the photographic negatives of Paul Bartsch. W. Donald Duckworth: taped reminiscences. Farouk El-Baz: the papers of Farouk El-Baz. K. C. Emerson: the papers of Melbourne Armstrong Carriker, Jr. Mrs. Patricia Knight: the papers of Harry H. Knight. Watson M. Perrygo: taped reminiscences. Harald A. Rehder: taped reminiscences. Nathan Reingold: the papers of Nathan Reingold. S. Dillon Ripley: the papers of S. Dillon Ripley. Lawrence H. Walkinshaw: the papers of Lawrence H. Walkinshaw. INSTITUTIONAL American Ornithologists' Union: the records of the Union. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists: the records of the Society. Audubon Naturalist Society of the Central Atlantic States, Inc.: the records of the Society. Museum Education Roundtable: the records of the Roundtable.* Society of Systematic Zoology: the records of the Entomological Society of Washington. Society of Systematic Zoology: the records of the Society. University of Kansas: the papers of Robert Ridgway. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES Donor of Financial Support of $1,000 and above David Dibner Donors to the Collections Dr. Gerald F. Abbott: La Pendule Francaise, 1974. Susan Abrams: seven volumes. Rita Adrosko: two volumes. Richard Ahlborn: Architecture and Furniture of the Spanish Colonies during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. American Philatelic Congress: Congress Book, 1978-1980. Dorothy Anderson: Sanson's 1669 map of Africa. Lt. Col. R. E. Augur: 150 magazine issues. Konstanze Bachman: Arnot Art Museum, Elmira, New York. Catalog of the permanent collection. Richard C. Banks: Marine Birds of the Southeastern United States and Gulf of Mexico, pt. 1. Mrs. Clermont Livingston Barnwell: 999 postcards. Clifford Barrett: two volumes. D. A. Bassett: three volumes. * The Smithsonian Archives has also been designated as the continuing depository for the Museum Education Roundtable. 608 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Ann Beneduce: various volumes. Roloff Beny: five volumes. Miriam Berkley: various volumes. Julie Bettenberg: four issues of Aviation/Space. Brig. Gen. George H. Beverley: Pioneer in the U.S. Air Corps. Rudi Blesh: forty-nine photos and five color negatives of his work. Stanley Block: three volumes. John W. Bodine: three books and various journal issues. Daniel J. Boorstin: forty-eight book and twenty-eight journal titles. Elena Borowski: nineteen treatises on museum procedures. Ed Botwin: two volumes. Mira Bowles: six volumes. Doris Bowman: Rugs from the American Museum in Britain. Walter Boyne: Kurt Tank-Konstrukteur und Testpilot bei Focke-Wulf. Roy S. Bryce-Laporte: Female Immigrants to the United States. Mrs. Lester Cahn: seven magazine issues and one exhibition catalog. Mr. and Mrs. William M. Cahn, Jr.: various volumes. Royden Card: one alphabet book. Mrs. John Caroon: two volumes. Vera A. Carver: various volumes. Guglielmo Archille Cavellini: two volumes. Lou Churchville, Jr.: subscription to Professional Pilot. Roger Clapp: Maritie Birds of the Southeastern United States and Gulf of Mexico, pt. 1. Arthur H. Clarke: The Freshwater Molluscs of Canada. J. F. Gates Clarke: various journal issues. Frederick J. Collier: Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan. Kirke W. Comstock: six volumes. Corinne Conde: two volumes. G. Arthur Cooper: three volumes. Richard Cowan: nine volumes. Ronald Crombie: three volumes. Bonnie Dalzell: three volumes. Dr. Besim Said Mayad Damerji: three volumes of Sumer. Elaine E. Dee: five volumes. Albina De Meio: two volumes. Bern Dibner: Aldini manuscripts. Anne Dorfsman: various volumes. John F. Eisenberg: The Mammalian Radiations. Richard Eyde: Why and How. Lucy Fellowes: Bertold Loffler (1874-1960): Graphics and Designs. Oliver Flint: Tasmanian Caddis-flies. Charles Flynn: one book and 5,880 postcards and manuscripts. Paul Forman: various volumes. Raymond F. Fosberg: Flora of Ceylon, volume 3, (2 copies). Marilyn G. Francis :various volumes. Charles Rahn Fry: various volumes. Mrs. Walter Gellhorn: one book and several journal issues. Brenda Gilchrist: various journal issues. Craddock Goins: nine volumes. Martha Goodway: Non-Ferrous Metallography Notes. Part II, Copper and the White Metals. Hugo O. Graumann: twenty-one volumes of Crop Science. Mrs. E. Grebinar: twenty-nine issues of American Heritage. Edward Grissell: two volumes of The Plantsman. Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 609 Dr. Adnan Hadidi: Jordan Department of Antiquities, 24th Annual Volume. Miss Tarrant Hancock: three volumes. Mrs. Letitia Hanson: twenty-eight titles. J. Harkness: various volumes. Raymond J. Herbert: Oeuvres Posthumes de Paul Pelliot IV, Les Debuts de I'lmprimerie en Chine. E. P. Henderson: eight volumes. Lester K. Henderson: The Sublime Heritage of Martha Mood. (2 copies). Dr. Helga Hilschenz: two volumes. Joel W. Hollenberg: two volumes. Thomas T. Hoopes: 340 volumes, and six manuscripts. Nikki Horton: Data Communications Dictionary. Richard S. Houbrick: Saudi Arabian Seashells. Scott Hyde: two volumes. Bremmer Jackson: various volumes. Mrs. Edith Jacobs: various volumes. Robert C. Kaufmann: two volumes. Jean Callan King: various volumes. Donald Kloster: New Belt Buckles of the Old West. Karl Krombein: seven volumes. David B. Lellinger: Illustrations of Pteridophytes of Japan, vol. .2 Leo Lerman: various volumes. Elbert Little: Pequena Flora Ilustrada de los Parques Nacionales Andino- Patagonicos. Robert Luck: various volumes. David McFadden: various volumes and exhibition catalogs. Leroy Makepeace: Journal of Oman Studies, volumes 1 and 2. Robert Maloy: two volumes. Joe T. Marshall, Jr.: Birds of Pine-Oak Woodland in Southern Arizona and Adjacent Mexico. Claire K. and Ladislaus L. Marton: 143 titles. Brian Mason: four volumes. Phyllis Massar: various exhibition and sales catalogs. Marc Mayer: Weather and Flight. Mary Mickett: Forty-seven issues of American Heritage. Scott Miller: Entomological Bibliography of the California Islands. Michael Morgan: The Bison of Yellowstone National Park. Susan H. Myers: two volumes. Dan H. Nicolson: The Forest Trees of Tranvancore. Jacqueline S. Olin: Exchange Networks in the Prehistoric Southeastern United States. William A. Oliver: Devonian Biostratigraphy of New York. Oxford University: Thesaurus Entomologicus Oxoniensis. Paul and Elmerina Parkman: three volumes. Roger F. Pasquier: Conservation of New World Parrots. Paul N. Perrot: five volumes. Archie Phillips: four volumes. Prof. Georg Pilleri: five volumes. Katherine Pruitt: Webster's New Geographical Dictionary. Robert Purdy: three volumes. Evelyn Raskopf : various volumes. Doris Rauch: various volumes. Clayton E. Ray: two volumes. Gordon N. Ray: The Art of the French Illustrated Book, 1700-1914. Leonard J. Raymond: three volumes. Robert Read: seven volumes. 610 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Clyde Reed: Guide to Manuscripts in the National Agricultural Library. Theodore Reed: Exploring with Martin and Osa Johnson. Harald A. Rehder: The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Seashells. Oscar W. Richards: various volumes. S. Dillon Ripley: two volumes. Carl C. Robinson: three volumes. Jerry Rosenfeld: two volumes. Arthur Ross: Art of the Olmsted Landscape. Two volumes. Gordon C. Sauer: John Gould's Prospectuses and Lists of Subscribers to His Works on Natural History. Ruth Schallert: My Year with the Woodpeckers. Peter Scherer: Structures and the Urban Environment (lecture notes). Bert Sheldon: two volumes. William Shopsin: two volumes. Walter Shropshire: four volumes. Sirikit, Queen of Thailand: three volumes. Laurence E. Skog: Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae, volume 27. Paul Slud: 240 volumes. Lyman B. Smith: Anais do Primeiro Encontro Nacional de Orquidofilos e Orquidologos. Sheila Smith: Fantastic Art. Stephen Smith: two volumes. Thomas R. Soderstrom: three volumes. Theodore Spilman: two volumes. Victor Springer: four volumes. Helen Stanbury: two volumes. Daniel J. Stanley: Laboratoire d'Oceano graphic Physisque. Recueill des Travaux, volume 17. Jeffery Stann: Medidas Del Romano. Helen Stark: various volumes. Mrs. Richard M. Stern: various volumes. George C. Steyskal: Kratkii Toponomicheskii Slovar. John N. Stine: United States Railroad Administration Publications: A Bibli- ography. Lisa Taylor: thirty-three volumes. Edward P. TenBroeck: twelve journal issues. F. Christian Thompson: Colemania, volume 1. Richard W. Thorington: Age Criteria for the Gray Squirrel. Louise Ufland: two volumes. University of Pennsylvania. School of Dental Medicine: various dental journals. Brad van Scriver: four volumes. Charles Van Tuyl: four volumes. Robert Vogel: forty-three volumes. Irene Walker: various volumes. Dorothy Warren: various volumes. Piera Watkins: five volumes. George E. Watson: fifteen volumes. Stanley Weitzman: Aquarium Encyclopedia. Prof, and Mrs. John W. Wells: two volumes. Dennis Whigham: Nitrogen Storage Patterns under Undisturbed and Fertil- ized Conditions in Maryland Brackish Marshes. John H. White, Jr.: fifteen volumes. John S. White, Jr.: three volumes. Lee Williams: six volumes. Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 611 Vivian Williams: thirty-eight volumes. Frank Winter: Flight of the Phoenix. Joy Wolf: Treasury of American Antiques. John J. Wurdack: Bulletin of the Louisiana Society for Horticultural Research, volume 3:5. Li Xi-Wen: Acta Botanica Yunnanica, 1979-1981. George Zug: three volumes. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION TRAVELING EXHIBITION SERVICE Donors of Financial Support Arabian American Oil Company Armand Hammer Foundation The Barra Foundation Beverages, Foods, and Services Industries, Inc. Sarah G. Epstein Eugenie Prendergast Foundation Joe L. and Barbara B. Allbritton Foundation Mr. Bernard Mendik Menil Fund Mobil Oil Corp. Mrs. Kenneth Dale Owen Pew Memorial Trust Saks West End Siam Commercial Bank Sohio of Alaska Sukham Navapan Foundation Thai Farmers Bank United Technologies Corporation Donors of Support in Kind Hallmark Cards, Inc. Hyatt Hotels Pan American Trans World Airlines Donors to the Education Department Cannon Mills Company, Kannapolis, North Caroliana: cotton products. Celanese Fibers Marketing Company, New York: polyester products. Cheryl Kolander, Myrtle Creek, Oregon: silk yarn and silkworm cocoons. Doubleday Books, Garden City, New York: 45 books. Frederick J. Fawcett, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts: linen thread and unspun line. Halcyon Cards, Ltd., London, England: 15 boxes of greeting cards. Harold Mayer Productions, Washington, D.C.: 1 film. Harrisville Designs, Harrisville, New Hampshire: woolen yarn. John Wilde & Brothers, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: wool top. The Silk Tree, Whonnock, British Columbia, Canada: silk fibers and yarn. UNESCO: 1 film. 612 / Smithsonian Year 1982 PUBLIC SERVICE DIVISION OF PERFORMING ARTS Donors of Financial Support Arts d.c, a ceta program sponsored by the D.C. Commission on the Arts and Humanities and the United Labor Agency of Greater Washington and funded by the District of Columbia. Asia Society Associated Japan America Societies of the United States Caltex Petroleum Corporation Mrs. Alice Denny Mr. John Goelet Mary Livingston Griggs and Mary Griggs Burke Foundation Japan American Society of Washington The Japan Foundation Japan-United States Friendship Commission MCA Television John McConnell and the Royal Hanneford Circus Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Film Company The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Mitsui and Company (USA), Inc. Music Performance Trust Funds, American Federation of Musicians, Local 161-710 National Newspaper Association Philip Morris, Inc. Ringling Brothers-Barnum & Bailey Combined Shows, Inc. Ringling Museum of the Circus Seven-Up Society of Industrial Realtors The Weatherhead Foundation Westinghouse Electric Corporation World Study Museum of Kyoto, Japan Barry Young OFFICE OF SMITHSONIAN SYMPOSIA AND SEMINARS Donors of Financial Support Exxon Education Foundation Joseph H. Hazen Foundation, Inc. The Rockefeller Foundation MEMBERSHIP AND DEVELOPMENT SMITHSONIAN RESIDENT ASSOCIATE PROGRAM Donors of Financial Support Educational Outreach Fund, Office of Assistant Secretary for Public Service, and Smithsonian Associates Women's Committee: partial funding for the Free Film Theater. Netherlands-American Amity Trust, Inc.: granted funds for the Director's participation as Vice-Chairperson for Culture and Publications, in connec- tion with the Netherlands-American Bicentennial celebration, commemorat- Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 613 ing the 1782 opening of diplomatic relations and the signing of a treaty of amity and commerce between the two countries. JOHN F. KENNEDY CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS CORPORATE FUND LEADERSHIP BOARD OF GOVERNORS Charles L. Brown, Chairman Vice Chairmen: William M. Agee Robert A. Beck Thornton F. Bradshaw James E. Burke James H. Evans James L. Ferguson Edward L. Hennessy, Jr. John J. Horan Edward G. Jefferson Howard C. Kauffmann James L. Ketelsen William F. Kieschnick Harold Burson, Secretary GOVERNORS Ray C. Adam Bennett E. Bidwell John F. Bookout Theodore A. Burtis Joseph E. Connor Hugh Cullman Robert F. Dee Thomas E. Drohan Walter A. Fallon J. Robert Fluor John P. Harbin Amory Houghton, Jr. Samuel C. Johnson M. Paul LeBlanc, Jr. Ruben F. Mettler W. Jarvis Moody John R. Opel Edward L. Palmer Roger B. Smith J. Paul Sticht Rawleigh Warner, Jr. Lew R. Wasserman John F. Welch, Jr. Thomas H. Wyman J. Terrence Lanni James E. Lee John G. McElwee Edward N. Ney Edmund T. Pratt, Jr. Donald E. Procknow James D. Robinson III Thomas F. Russell Donald V. Seibert Richard R. Shinn Donald Sloan Otto Sturzenegger Philip W. K. Sweet, Jr. DONORS OP SUPPORT TO THE 1981-82 CORPORATE FUND CORPORATE LEADERSHIP CIRCLE American Telephone and Telegraph Company Atlantic Richfield Foundation Conoco Inc. Exxon Corporation The General Foods Fund Inc. International Business Machines Corporation Mobil Oil Foundation, Inc. R. J. Reynolds Industries, Inc. Standard Oil Company (Indiana) 614 / Smithsonian Year 1982 CORPORATE PATRONS CBS Inc. Champion International Corporation Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Clark-Winchcole Foundation The General Electric Foundation International Paper Company Foundation Merck & Company The Procter & Gamble Fund Shell Companies Foundation, Inc. Texaco Philanthropic Foundation, Inc. Time Incorporated United States Steel Foundation Inc. Warner Communications Program for the Arts Xerox Corporation CORPORATE SPONSORS Allied Foundation Amerada Hess Corporation American Express Foundation American Security Bank, N.A. Arthur Andersen & Co. Bender Foundation, Inc. The Bendix Corporation Bethlehem Steel Corporation Blake Construction Co., Inc. The Chase Manhattan Bank Citicorp Coastal Corporation The Coca-Cola Company Deloitte Haskins & Sells E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. Inc. Eastman Kodak Company Ernst & Whinney Ford Motor Company Fund Foremost-McKesson, Inc. General Motors Foundation, Inc. Gulf Oil Corporation Johnson & Johnson Family of Companies Contribution Fund Metropolitan Life Foundation Nabisco Brands, Inc. The N.C.R. Foundation Northrop Corporation Philip Morris Inc. Price Waterhouse & Co. The Prudential Foundation Raytheon Company Riggs National Bank of Washington, D.C. Schering-Plough Foundation, Inc. Sears, Roebuck & Co. Sheller-Globe Corporation Tenneco Inc. The Times-Mirror Foundation Union Pacific Foundation The Washington Post Company Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 615 CORPORATE DONORS ALCOA Foundation Alexander & Alexander Services Inc. Allis-Chalmers Foundation, Inc. The Allstate Foundation American Broadcasting Company American Can Company Foundation Anheuser-Busch Foundation Archer-Daniels-Midland Corporation BankAmerica Foundation Bankers Trust Company Bechtel Foundation Beverly Wilshire Hotel The Boeing Company Borg-Warner Corporation The Bristol-Myers Fund Brown-Forman Distillers Corporation The C & P Telephone Company Caesar's World, Inc. Caterpillar Foundation Celanese Corporation Charles E. Smith Companies Chemical Bank Chesebrough-Pond's Inc. CIBA-GEIGY Corporation Cities Service Foundation COMSAT Consolidated Petroleum Industries, Inc. The Continental Group Foundation, Inc. Coopers & Lybrand Crum and Forster Foundation CSX Corporation Cummins Engine Foundation Dart & Kraft Diamond Shamrock Corporation Dow Corning Corporation Dresser Industries Inc. The Dun & Bradstreet Corporation Foundation Eaton Charitable Fund Fayez Sarofim & Co. Federal-Mogul Corporation Charitable Trust Fund Federal National Mortgage Association The Fluor Foundation General Dynamics General Mills Foundation General Telephone & Electronics Foundation The George Hyman Construction Company Getty Oil Company The Gillette Company Gould Foundation Grace Foundation Inc. Halliburton Company Hallmark Cards Harris Corporation Hiram Walker & Sons, Inc. 616 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. Hughes Aircraft Company Humana Inc. International Harvester Foundation International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation J. Aron & Company, Inc. John Deere Foundation John Hancock Charitable Trust Johnson & Higgins The Johnson's Wax Fund, Inc. Kellogg Company Kimberly-Clark Foundation, Inc. Levi Strauss Foundation MCA Foundation Ltd. McGraw-Hill Foundation, Inc. McLachlen National Bank Manville Fund Martin Marietta Mary Horner Stuart Foundation The May Stores Foundation, Inc. Merrill Lynch & Co. Inc. Mitsui & Co. (U.S.A.) Inc. National Distillers and Chemical Corporation National Geographic Society National Steel Corporation Nissan Motor Corporation in U.S.A. The NL Industries Foundation Occidental Petroleum Corporation Owens-Illinois, Inc. Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co. J. C. Penney Company, Inc. The Pfizer Foundation, Inc. Phelps-Dodge Industries, Inc. Potomac Electric Power Company Reader's Digest Association, Inc. Reynolds Metals Company Foundation Rockwell International Corporation Trust St. Regis Paper Co. Schlumberger Horizons, Inc. Security Pacific Charitable Foundation SmithKline Beckman Corporation Sperry Corporation The Standard Oil Company (Ohio) Sun Company, Inc. Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc. TRW Foundation Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Corporation Union Carbide Corporation United Technologies Walt Disney Productions Wang Laboratories The Warner-Lambert Foundation Wells Fargo Foundation Wheelabrator Foundation, Inc. Woodward & Lothrop, Inc. The Wyndham Hotel of New York Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution / 617 CORPORATE CONTRIBUTORS AMF, Inc. Abbott Laboratories Acacia Mutual Life Insurance Company The Air Products Foundation American Airlines American Cyanamid Company American Hospital Supply Corporation American Stock Exchange Arrow Services Ashland Oil, Inc. Automatic Data Processing, Inc. Avco Corporation Baker International Batten, Barton, Durstine & Osborn, Inc. Baxter Travenol Laboratories, Inc. Belco Petroleum Corporation Belding Hausman Foundation Inc. The Black & Decker Manufacturing Company Black, Starr & Frost Ltd. Huntington T. Block Insurance Burson-Marsteller CPC International Carter Hawley Hale Stores, Inc. Campbell Soup Fund Central Telephone and Utilities Corporation The Charitable Foundation of the Burns Family, Inc. Cigna Corporation Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. Continental Bank Foundation Cooper Industries Foundation Corning Glass Works Foundation Cross & Trecker Foundation Detroit Bank & Trust Company District Photo Donohoe Construction Co., Inc. Dow Jones & Company, Inc. Earl G. Graves Ltd. Earle M. Craig, Jr. Corporation Eli Lilly and Company Emerson Charitable Trust Enserch Corporation Equitable Life Insurance Company Ethyl Corporation Fairchild Industries Foundation, Inc. The Fairfax Hotel The First Boston Corporation Folger Nolan Fleming Douglas Inc. Franklin Mint Corporation Fruehauf Corporation Charitable Fund, Inc. Garfinckel, Brooks Brothers, Miller & Rhoads, Inc. GEICO Philanthropic Foundation General Signal Corporation The General Tire Foundation, Inc. Giant Food Foundation, Inc. 618 / Smithsonian Year 1982 GK Technologies Incorporated Goldman, Sachs & Co. B. F. Goodrich Company Gulf & Western Foundation Handy & Harman Foundation Harnischfeger Foundation, Inc. Hecht's H. J. Heinz II Charitable and Family Trust Holiday Inns, Inc. Hoover Universal Hospital Corporation of America The Howard P. Foley Company Hyatt Corporation International Bank The Joe L. and Barbara B. Allbritton Foundation Kerr-McGee Foundation, Inc. Kiplinger Foundation The Kissinger Family Foundation Lazard Freres & Co. Libbey-Owens-Ford Company Liberty National Bank & Trust Company Loews Foundation The LTV Corporation Lutz and Carr Main Hurdman Mapco Inc. Mars Foundation Maugus Manufacturing Company McCaffrey and McCall, Inc. Monsanto Fund Montgomery Ward Foundation Morgan Stanley & Co. Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York National Broadcasting Company, Inc. National Savings & Trust Company Neiman-Marcus New York Life Foundation The Northern Trust Company Norton Simon Inc. NVF Company Community Services Trust Fund The Oakleigh B. Thorne Foundation The Oliver T. Carr Company Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation Peoples Drug Stores Phillips Petroleum Company Raleigh Stores Foundation Reading & Bates Corporation Restaurant Associates Industries, Inc. The Rouse Company Royal Crown Companies, Inc. Safeway Stores, Inc. Salomon Brothers Foundation, Inc. Sandoz, Inc. B. F. Saul Real Estate Investment Trust Sheraton Foundation, Inc. The Silverstein Family Foundation Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 619 Squibb Corporation Stewart-Warner Foundation The Stouffer Corporation Fund Suburban Bancorporation Taft Broadcasting Company Technicolor, Inc. Thomas Somerville Company J. Walter Thompson Company Fund Inc. Touche Ross & Company The Turner Construction Company Foundation USAir U.S. News & World Report Union Oil Company of California Foundation Virginia Electric & Power Company W. Clement and Jessie V. Stone Family Foundation Washington Fish Exchange, Inc. Weaver Bros., Inc. Western Electric Fund Young & Rubicam Foundation Zinder Companies, Inc. NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART Donors of Works of Art, Pledges and Financial Support Alcoa Foundation Grace Vogel Aldworth The Joe L. and Barbara B. Allbritton Foundation Mr. and Mrs. James W. Alsdorf American Medical Association American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations Winslow and Anna Ames The Annenberg Fund, Inc. Anonymous Mr. and Mrs. Julian Ard Mr. and Mrs. Isaac Arnold, Jr. The Art Lover's League, Baltimore, Maryland Artemis Fine Arts (UK) Ltd. Avalon Fund Mr. and Mrs. Perry R. Bass Mr. and Mrs. Sid R. Bass Mrs. John A. Beck Ruth B. Benedict Dr. and Mrs. Malcolm Bick Mr. and Mrs. George R. Brown Dr. and Mrs. Harrison Brown Ailsa Mellon Bruce Fund The Morris and Gwendolyn Cafritz Foundation Mr. and Mrs. William N. Cafritz Mary Schuyler Campbell Amon G. Carter Foundation Pierre Chahine Charlottesville-Albemarle Foundation for the Encouragement of the Arts Collectors Committee Catherine Mellon Conover Chester Dale Fund 620 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Mr. and Mrs. Charles E. Ducommun Mr. and Mrs. James A. Elkins, Jr. James, David, and Richard Epstein Fund Dorothea Tanning Ernst Paul B. Fay Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Donald G. Fisher Lawrence A. Fleischman John Fleming Grey Froelich Memorial Fund Elizabeth Merrill Furness The Jo Ann and Julian Ganz Jr. Foundation Trust Martin Gardner Mrs. George A. Garrett Gemini G.E.L. General Telephone & Electronics Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Gordon P. Getty Katharine Graham Philip L. Graham Fund Leo 5. Guthman Mr. and Mrs. Gordon Hanes Mrs. James Gordon Hanes III Mr. and Mrs. Joseph H. Hazen Mr. and Mrs. H. J. Heinz II H. J. Heinz II Charitable & Family Trust Margaret M. Hitchcock Margaret M. Hitchcock Foundation Oveta Culp Hobby Philip Hofer Mrs. James Stewart Hooker Mr. and Mrs. Edward R. Hudson, Jr. IBM Corporation The Honorable and Mrs. John N. Irwin II Mr. and Mrs. George F. Jewett, Jr. Mrs. Carter Johnson J. S. Johnson and Barbara P. Johnson Mr. and Mrs. George M. Kaufman Mr. and Mrs. Stephen M. Kellen Mr. and Mrs. Randolph A. Kidder Ivo Kirschen Mr. and Mrs. Robert P. Kogod Samuel H. Kress Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Ronald S. Lauder Mr. and Mrs. Theodore N. Law Mr. and Mrs. Judd Leighton Parker Lesley Sydney and Frances Lewis Sydney and Frances Lewis Foundation Mrs. Hyatt Mayor Mrs. Eugene McDermott Dr. Abraham Melamed The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Constance B. Mellon Dr. Matthew T. Mellon Matthew T. Mellon Foundation Paul Mellon Collection Mr. and Mrs. Paul Mellon Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 621 Dr. W. L. Mellon Mr. and Mrs. Georges de Menil Eugene and Agnes E. Meyer Foundation Pepita Milmore Memorial Fund Mr. and Mrs. Richard Moncrief Montgomery County Volunteer Docents The National Italian American Foundation Nancy B. Negley Nelson Doubleday Books Hugo V. Neuhaus, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Morton G. Neumann Mrs. P. Roussel Norman Georgia O'Keeffe William B. O'Neal John Oudine William S. Paley Charles Parkhurst Joanne Pigford Robert 5. Pirie Dr. and Mrs. David S. Pollen Mr. and Mrs. Leon B. Polsky Mr. and Mrs. A. N. Pritzker General and Mrs. Dillman A. Rash Republic National Bank of New York Mr. and Mrs. Stewart Resnick Mr. and Mrs. Richard Salomon Lili-Charlotte Sarnoff Mr. and Mrs. Seymour Schwartz Seymour and Iris Schwartz Collection Mrs. William C. Seitz Ellen M. Semonoff Mrs. Evelyn Sharp Robert H. and Clarice Smith Smithsonian Resident Associate Program Mr. and Mrs. James R. Sowell Mme. Andree Stassart Mr. and Mrs. John Steiner H. Peter Stern Marion O. Stevens John R. Stevenson Mr. and Mrs. Irwin Strasburger Mrs. Raymond F. Tartiere Tempelsman Foundation, Inc. Robert H. Thayer Virginia M. Ullman Mr. and Mrs. James M. Vaughn, Jr. Arthur and Charlotte Vershbow Phillipe Visson Dr. and Mrs. Maclyn Wade Lila Acheson Wallace Rachel Mellon Walton Fund of The Pittsburgh Foundation Washington Art League Washington Print Club Mr. and Mrs. John C. Whitehead Mr. and Mrs. John Hay Whitney P. A. B. Widener 622 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Mr. and Mrs. Wallace 5. Wilson Edward D. Wolski Mr. and Mrs. William Wood Prince Ian Woodner The Honorable and Mrs. Stanley Woodward Mrs. Lowe Yost Mr. and Mrs. George M. Young Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 623 APPENDIX 9. Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution in Fiscal Year 1982 As a trust instrumentality of the United States, the Smithsonian Institution has received federal support since it was established in 1846 to carry out the terms of James Smithson's will. Appropriated funds have long provided important additions to the trust funds, donated by Smithson and subsequent benefactors, to enable the Institution to carry out its responsibilities for research and exhibition of the national collections and maintenance of the valuable objects and records of science, history, and culture entrusted to the Institution. The Smithsonian's basic trust funds have provided the Institution with the elements of flexibility and independence essential to its creative, innovative growth. Trust funds traditionally have made possible many of the research, acquisition, and educational programs, which are central to the Smithsonian's present resources and achievements. The Smithsonian is extremely grateful to the foundations, corporations, and individuals listed below for their gifts, bequests, and contributing member- ships in the Smithsonian Associates. If the name of any benefactor has been omitted from the following list, it is unintentional and in no way lessens the Smithsonian's appreciation. GIFTS AND BEQUESTS TO THE SMITHSONIAN $100,000 or more Anonymous Estate of Donald Sultner Japan Foundation Yorktown International Bicentennial W. K. Kellogg Foundation Committee, Inc. Mary Horner Stuart Foundation $10,000 or more The Ahmanson Foundation Mrs. Evelyn F. Bartlett Mrs. Russell B. Aitken Beverages, Foods and Services The Joe L. & Barbara B. Allbritton Industries, Inc. Foundation The Brown Foundation Allstate Insurance Company Mrs. Helen W. Buckner American Association of Zoo Mary Livingston Griggs and Mary Veterinarians Griggs Burke Foundation American Numismatic Association The Morris and Gwendolyn Cafritz American Can Company Foundation Foundation American Society of Anesthesiologists Champion International Corporation American Society of Civil Engineers Chevron USA Inc. Anonymous Citibank, N.A. Arabian American Oil Company Mr. and Mrs. Gaylord Donnelley The Arcadia Foundation Max and Victoria Dreyfus Barra Foundation Foundation, Inc. 624 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Exxon Corporation Miss Gertrude Helen Fay Friends of the National Zoo The Ford Foundation Freeport McMoran Goethe House Mr. and Mrs. John B. Greene Jerome L. Greene Foundation, Inc. George and Mary Josephine Hamman Foundation The Armand Hammer Foundation Mr. Gordon Hanes Hearst Magazines William Randolph Hearst Foundation International Bank for Reconstruction and Development International Business Machines Corporation The Johnson Foundation (Trust) The Johnson's Wax Fund, Inc. The J. M. Kaplan Fund, Inc. Charles F. Kettering Foundation The Hagop Kevorkian Fund Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert H. Kinney Mr. and Mrs. Sydney Lewis Manufacturers Hanover Foundation R. K. Mellon Family Foundation Merck & Co., Inc. Metropolitan Center for Far Eastern Art Studies Metropolitan Museum of Art Mobil Oil Corporation Estate of Herman Moser The N.C.R. Foundation National Audubon Society, Inc. National Committee to Honor the 14th Centennial of Islam The Sukhum Navapan Foundation New York State Council on the Arts Occidental Petroleum Mrs. Jefferson Patterson Peabody Coal Company Philip Morris Incorporated R. J. Reynolds Industries, Inc. The Rockefeller Foundation Helena Rubinstein Foundation, Inc. Sears Roebuck and Co. Mrs. Sonia P. Seherr-Thoss Shell Companies Foundation The Siam Commercial Bank Ltd. Mr. George W. Sims Allie L. Sylvester Fund, Inc. The Ruth & Vernon Taylor Foundation Thai Farmers Bank Time, Inc. Mr. Ernest Trova Warner Communication, Inc. Wellington Foundation, Inc. The Women's Committee of the Smithsonian Associates Zoological Society of San Diego $1,000 or more Estate of Irene Emery AKC Fund, Inc. The Alvord Foundation AMAX Foundation, Inc. American Legion Post 88 The American Scandinavian Foundation Society of American Archivists Amos Press, Incorporated Dr. J. Lawrence Angel Anonymous Arkville Erpf Fund, Inc. The Asia Society, Inc. Athwin Foundation Atlantic Richfield Company Atwood Foundation Awards in the Visual Arts Badger Meter Foundation, Inc. Banamex Cultural Foundation Barra Foundation Mr. John L. Bartlett Estate of Alice B. Beer Bendix Field Engineering Corporation Beneficia Foundation Beneficial Foundation Berman Family Charitable Trust Beverly Enterprises Corporation The Bio Energy Council Mr. William Blackie Sarah Campbell Blaffer Foundation Miss Elizabeth B. Blake Blount Foundation, Inc. Edith C. Blum Foundation The Boeing Company Viola E. Bray Charitable Trust The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Foundation Mr. Lee Bronson Brown Group Inc. Charitable Trust The Brown Foundation Brunschwig & Fils Inc. Bull's Head Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. John Lee Bunce Bundy Foundation Appendix 9. Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution I 625 Florence V. Burden Foundation R. P. Bushman, Jr. Patrick and Aimee Butler Family Foundation Mr. John G. Case Centennial Foundation Mr. Marion Oates Charles The Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A. Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Timothy Childs Mr. Blair Childs The George E. Coleman, Jr. Foundation The Continental Group Foundation, Inc. Dr. G. Arthur Cooper Cornell Oil Company Mrs. Rosemary Corroon Miss Priscilla Cunningham Mr. and Mrs. F. Arnold Daum Miss Elizabeth De Cuevas Mr. David Dibner The Dillon Fund William Doyle Galleries, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Saul Dunitz Eaton Charitable Trust Joel & Anne Ehrenkranz Foundation, Inc. Mr. Ray Eilers Estate of Eugene Eisenmann Embassy of Korea Mrs. Lionel C. Epstein Exxon Company, U.S.A. Fairchild Industries Mrs. Paul Feldenheimer Fieldcrest Mills, Inc. First American Bank Ray C. Fish Foundation The Fountain Gallery of Art, Inc. Mr. W. Roger Fry The Jo Ann & Julian Ganz Foundation Mrs. Johnson Garrett Miss Rachel Gay General Mills Foundation Sumner Gerard Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Gordon P. Getty Getty Oil Company Mr. and Mrs. Henry Goldberg Miss Mary Goldwater Mr. W. L. Hadley Griffin Grotto Foundation, Inc. Gulf Oil Corporation Mr. Gordon Hanes Miss Nancy Hanks George D. Harris Foundation Mr. Marshall Hatch Senator S. T. Hayakawa The Henry L. Hillman Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Roderick M. Hills Mrs. Ray W. Hoagland Hobby Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Wallace F. Holladay The Holladay Corporation Estate of Albert Jensen JFM Foundation Mrs. Henry C. Johnson Johnson & Higgins Mr. Sidney S. Kaplan Keene Corporation Miss Marquerite H. Kellogg Mrs. Dwight M. Kendall Mr. Albert Kerry Kinetics Technology International Gas Processors Mouse King Foundation Robert J. & Helen C. Kleberg Foundation Mrs. Otto Peter Kominik Mr. and Mrs. David W. Kornblatt The Landsman and Katz Foundation, Inc. Dr. and Mrs. Irving Leopold Liberty Fabrics of New York, Inc. Lilly Endowment, Inc. Lindblad Travel, Inc. Howard and Jean Lipman Foundation, Inc Little Gallery Mrs. Kathleen S. Louchheim Felicia and Bruce Lovelett The Henry Luce Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Robert T. Lundy Mr. Larue R. Lutkins Maybelle Clarke MacDonald Fund Miss Elizabeth H. Maddux Lt. Gen. (Ret.) and Mrs. Sam Maddux The Magowan Family Foundation Inc. Manitou Fund Mr. and Mrs. Richard Manney Marathon Oil Company Martin Marietta Corporation Mars Foundation Mr. Tom F. Marsh The Helen R. and Harold C. Mayer Foundation Mrs. Helen McCray Mrs. Eugene McDermott McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company Mr. Kenton McGee 626 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Dextra Baldwin McGonagle Foundation, Inc. The McKee Foundation, Inc. Estate of Ida C. McNeil The Mediators, Inc. Mr. Bernard H. Mendik Menil Foundation Metropolitan Life Foundation Metropolitan Section A.S.C.E. Mrs. William L. Mitchell Miss Marian S. Mitchell Mobil Foundation, Inc. Estate of Herman Moser Museums Collaborative, Inc. The National Committee for the Bicentennial National Community Funds National Geographic Society National Newspaper Association Netherlands American Amity Trust Mrs. Albert H. Newman Mr. Bruce W. Nichols Northwest Alaskan Pipeline Company The Ohrstrom Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Dan Oppenheimer Parsons Inc. Pepsi Cola Bottling Company of Portland William H. Phelps, Jr. Phillips Petroleum Co. The Pillsbury Company Foundation RCA Corporation Anne S. Richardson Fund The Frederick W. Richmond Foundation Inc. Dr. and Mrs. S. Dillon Ripley II Mr. David Rockefeller The Mark Rothko Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Harry Rubin Saks West End, Inc. St. Joe Minerals Corporation St. Paul Foundation Sarah I. Schieffelin Residuary Trust Seattle Art Museum Seven Eleven Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Robert T. Shapiro Jean S. and Frederic A. Sharf Fund Miss Celia Siegel The L. J. and Mary C. Skaggs Foundation The John Sloan Trust Mr. Robert H. Smith Society of Industrial Realtors Sohio Alaska Petroleum Company The Southways Foundation Mrs. Otto L. Spaeth E. R. Squibb & Sons, Inc. Standard Oil Company (Indiana) Frank Stanton Fund Steuben Glass Mr. and Mrs. Robert D. Straus The Taubman Company, Inc. Tenneco Oil Mr. John S. Thacher Miss Louise Talbot Trigg Time-Life Books Inc. Marcia Brady Tucker Foundation Union Oil Company of California United Technologies Valley National Bank Foundation Vought Corporation Mr. and Mrs. William C. Wallstein Washington Jockey Club Miss Marilyn B. Watson Mr. and Mrs. Morrison Waud The Raymond John Wean Foundation Mr. James E. Webb The Ellen Bayard Weedon Foundation Ralph J. Weiler Foundation Nina W. Werblow Charitable Trust Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology Mr. Jerome Westheimer Westinghouse Electric Corporation Mrs. Annie B. Wetmore Lawrence A. Wien Foundation, Inc. W. E. Wiltshire III Mr. Bagley Wright Wyeth Endowment for American Art Mr. Thomas Layne Zumwalt $500 or more Mr. William S. Anderson Anonymous Miss Margaret A. Bolinger W. H. Boutell Mr. David Bowen Mrs. Dorothee N. Bowie Miss Olivia E. Bruni-Jutson Dr Bertel Bruun Dr. Henry A. Chase Mrs. James H. Clement Jacqueline Cochran, Inc. Miss Maribeth W. Collins Mrs. Loretta Anne D'Arcy Mrs. Walter Davis Appendix 9. Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution I 627 Miss Anne 5. Dayton Miss Jean Delacour The Dover Fund, Inc. Employees Welfare Association of the U.S. Consulate Germany George R. and Elise M. Fink Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Louis Flanzer Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence A. Fleischman William and Martha Ford Fund Mrs. Helena Fraser Mrs. Frank Freed Miss Bea Gold Mr. Eugene P. Gorman Great Eastern Numismatic Association Grow Tunneling Corporation Mr. Walker Hancock Mr. Philip Hanes, Jr. Miss Pauline L. Harrison Mrs. Amy E. Higgins Mrs. Dorothy H. Hirshon Johns Hopkins University Mr. and Mrs. Arthur A. Houghton, Jr. Atwater Kent Foundation, Inc. The Elbrun & Peter Kimmelman Foundation Inc. Klauber Brothers Inc. Mrs. Miriam Klein and Granddaughter Mrs. Donald Klopfer Mr. Robert P. Kogod Lakeside Foundation American Council of Learned Societies Mrs. Disney K. Legare Mrs. Janet Cook Loeb Mr. and Mrs. William A. Marsteller Professor Ernst Mayr McAshan Educational and Charitable Trust Ms. Anita M. McCullough Miss Nan Tucker McEvoy Mrs. Hiram McKee Miss Alice K. Meyer Miss Prudence M. Miller Miss Florence M. Montgomery MSC Corporation National Space Club Mrs. Nancy B. Negley Mrs. Albert Newman Mr. Kenneth M. Novack Mrs. Harriet K. Oppenheimer Louise L. Ottinger Charitable Trust Mr. Charles R. Penney Mrs. Cornelia W. Perry Mrs. Shirley Polykoff Mr. Carlton Putnam Miss Esther W. Putnam Mrs. Dorothy H. Rautbord Mrs. William L. Richards Mr. Walter T. Ridder Mr. Miles S. Roberts Miss Blanchette H. Rockefeller Mr. and Mrs. Harry Rubin Saul Z. and Amy Scheuer Mrs. Joanne Schneider Mrs. Morris Schnitzer Miss Anneliese Sinn Mrs. Eloise Spaeth Miss Phyllis M. Spangler Miss Joan Stumpf The Sulzberger Foundation, Inc. Tiffany & Co. Miss Mildred Tippett The Tillman Trotter Foundation Mr. and Mrs. John S. Warriner Weinstein Spira and Company Miss Clair A. Williams Women's Council of Dallas County, Texas, Inc. Mr. Warren R. Woodward Miss Jean Davies Wright SMITHSONIAN ASSOCIATES • CONTRIBUTING MEMBERS The Contributing Members of the Smithsonian National Associates support the Institution's work through annual contributions of $50, $100, $250, and $500. The James Smithson Society was created in 1977 to encourage and recog- nize major gifts to the Smithsonian Institution. The Society, which is the highest order of the Contributing Membership in the Smithsonian Asso- ciates, is comprised of Annual and Life Membership categories. In 1982, Annual Membership for new Members was raised by the National Board of the Smithsonian Associates to unrestricted contributions of $1,500 or more in recognition of the effects of continuing inflation. Since 1981, Life Membership has been awarded only to those individuals making extraordinary contribu- tions to the Smithsonian Institution and receiving the Founder Medal of the 628 / Smithsonian Year 1982 James Smithson Society. Their names appear on a plaque hanging in the original Smithsonian Building. The Smithsonian Institution gratefully acknowledges the generous support of the James Smithson Society and the Contributing Membership of the Smithsonian Associates. JAMES SMITHSON SOCIETY Mrs. Anni Albers Mr. Joseph V. Alhadeff Mr. and Mrs. Joe L. Allbritton Mr. David K. Anderson* Mr. and Mrs. William S. Anderson Honorable Walter H. and Honorable Leonore Annenberg Mr. Ronald P. Anselmo Mr. Scott R. Anselmo Mr. and Mrs. Richard R. Bains Mrs. Joan Hay Baizerman Mr. and Mrs. John E. Baker II Mr. and Mrs. F. John Barlow Mrs. Frederic C. Bartlett Mr. and Mrs. John Bartlett Mr. and Mrs. Perry R. Bass Mr. and Mrs. Harry Hood Bassett Mr. and Mrs. Preston R. Bassett Mrs. Donald C. Beatty Mr. Henry C. Beck, Jr. Mrs. Henry C. Beck, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Clay P. Bedford Mrs. Edward B. Benjamin Mr. and Mrs. John A. Benton Dr. and Mrs. William B. Berry Mr. and Mrs. Gerald M. Best Dr. and Mrs. B. Narayana Bhat Mr. Richard A. Bideaux Mrs. Harry Payne Bingham Mr. William Blackie Honorable and Mrs. Robert O. Blake Mr. and Mrs. Robert Blauner Mr. Leigh B. Block Mr. and Mrs. Winton M. Blount Mr. and Mrs. William W. Bodine, Jr. Senator and Mrs. Nicholas F. Brady Mr. and Mrs. Bob Brinkerhoff Mr. Lee Bronson Mr. Alfred Pope Brooks Mr. Keith S. Brown Mrs. David K. E. Bruce Mrs. Susie Brummer Dr. Ruth Dowling Bruun and Dr. Bertel Bruun Honorable and Mrs. Wiley T. Buchanan, Jr. Honorable and Mrs. Philip W. Buchen Dr. and Mrs. George E. Burch Mrs. Jackson Burke Mrs. Arthur J. Burstein Mr. and Mrs. Barnet Burstein Mr. and Mrs. Hyman Burstein Mr. and Mrs. Maxwell Burstein Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Butner Dr. and Mrs. Benjamin Hubbard Caldwell, Jr. Major General and Mrs. Daniel S. Campbell Mr. and Mrs. William D. Campbell Mrs. Catherine B. Cantrell Mr. and Mrs. Lawson J. Cantrell, Jr. Mr. Allan Caplan Mr. and Mrs. George H. Capps Mr. and Mrs. John B. Carter, Jr. Honorable and Mrs. Henry E. Catto, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. George P. Caulkins, Jr. Honorable and Mrs. Robert Home Charles Mr. and Mrs. E. Taylor Chewning, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Blair Childs Dr. and Mrs. Robert C. C. Chiu Mr. and Mrs. James H. Clement Mr. and Mrs. Thomas G. Cleveland Mr. Robert L. Coleman Honorable and Mrs. James M. Collins Dr. and Mrs. George L. Compton Mr. Joseph E. Connor Mrs. Howard F. Cook Mr. Richard P. Cooley Dr. and Mrs. Roger D. Cornell Mr. and Mrs. Gardner Cowles Mr. Marshall B. Coyne Miss Louise Crane Mr. and Mrs. John David Crow Mr. Joseph F. Cullman 3rd Dr. and Mrs. Edwin J. Cunningham Mr. and Mrs. Kent T. Cushenberry Dr. and Mrs. Bruce E. Dahrling II Mr. and Mrs. Justin Dart Honorable and Mrs. Shelby Cullom Davis * Founder Medalist. Appendix 9. Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution I 629 Mr. and Mrs. Walter Davis Mr. and Mrs. Stanley R. Day Miss Patricia DeYoung Mr. and Mrs. Morse G. Dial, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Charles J. DiBona Mr. Norman L. Dobyns Mrs. Kathryn W. Donaldson Mr. and Mrs. James C. Donnell II Mr. and Mrs. Gaylord Donnelley Mr. and Mrs. John T. Dorrance, Jr. Mr. John R. Doss Mr. and Mrs. Leslie Douglas Mr. and Mrs. Willard D. Dover Mr. Edward R. Downe, Jr. Dr. Dale B. Dubin* Mr. and Mrs. Willis H. duPont Mr. Duncan L. Edwards Mr. and Mrs. J. A. Elkins, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Clark Ellison Mr. Joseph M. Erdelac Mr. and Mrs. Thomas M. Evans* Mrs. Eric Eweson Mr. and Mrs. Charles E. Exley, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Dan Feriozi Mr. and Mrs. Charles T. Fisher III Honorable and Mrs. William H. G. FitzGerald Mr. and Mrs. Thomas H. Floyd, Jr. Mrs. John Clifford Folger Mr. John Dulin Folger Mr. and Mrs. Walter B. Ford II Mrs. Edwin Gaines Fullinwider Dr. and Mrs. Lawrence Andrew Funt Mr. and Mrs. George Garfield Mr. and Mrs. Julius Garfield Mrs. George A. Garrett Dr. and Mrs. Lamont W. Gaston Miss Rachel Gay Mr. and Mrs. John T. Gibson Mr. Kirkland H. Gibson Mr. and Mrs. C. Paul Gilson Mr. and Mrs. Alfred C. Glassell, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Stephen P. Gott Dr. and Mrs. Wilbur J. Gould Mr. William B. Graham Mr. Jerome L. Greene Mr. and Mrs. John Bradley Greene Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert C. Greenway Mr. and Mrs. W. L. Hadley Griffin Mr. and Mrs. Alton B. Grimes Mrs. Lloyd P. Griscom Mr. and Mrs. Chaim Gross Mr. John W. Gruber Mr. Leo S. Guthman Mr. and Mrs. Melville Hall Dr. and Mrs. Armand Hammer Mr. and Mrs. Gordon Hanes Mrs. Richard Harkness Honorable and Mrs. W. Averell Harriman Mrs. Alfred C. Harrison Mr. and Mrs. Don C. Harrold Mr. Joseph H. Hazen Mrs. Lita Annenberg Hazen* Mr. and Mrs. Wayne C. Hazen Mr. and Mrs. Patrick Healy III John and Lucia Heard Dennis and Elizabeth Heffernan Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Heiskell Mrs. Francis Tracy Henderson Mr. and Mrs. Edward L. Henning Mrs. Robert R. Herring Mr. Christian A. Herter, Jr. Mrs. Edith Mansfield Hills Mrs. Joseph H. Hirshhorn* Mr. and Mrs. Wallace Holladay Mrs. James Stewart Hooker Mr. Paul Horgan Mr. R. Bruce Hunter Dr. and Mrs. Howard Ihrig Mr. and Mrs. R. L. Ireland III Honorable and Mrs. John N. Irwin II Mr. and Mrs. Sam Israel, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. George H. Jacobus Mr. and Mrs. George D. Jagels Mr. and Mrs. George Frederick Jewett, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Samuel C. Johnson Mr. and Mrs. J. E. Jonsson Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Kainen Mrs. Virginia Kettering Kampf Mr. and Mrs. Donald E. Kastner Mr. and Mrs. Louis Kaufman Mr. and Mrs. Richard B. Kaufman Mrs. Karen Johnson Keland Mr. and Mrs. James M. Kemper, Jr. Honorable and Mrs. W. John Kenney Honorable and Mrs. Randolph A. Kidder Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert H. Kinney Mr. and Mrs. F. M. Kirby Dr. and Mrs. Arthur A. Kirk Mr. and Mrs. Peter Merrill Klein Honorable and Mrs. Philip M. Klutznick Mr. and Mrs. Samuel W. Koffler Mr. and Mrs. Lewis Kurt Land * Founder Medalist. 630 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Dr. David Landau Mrs. S. Kent Legare Dr. Morris P. Leibovitz Mr. and Mrs. L. E. Leininger Mr. and Mrs. Harry E. Lennon Mrs. Sarah L. Lepman and Mr. Joshua M. Lepman Mr. and Mrs. John Levey Mr. and Mrs. Robert Levey Mr. and Mrs. Sydney Lewis Mr. Elliot R. Lief Mrs. Jean Chisholm Lindsey Ms. Betty H. Llewellyn Mr. and Mrs. John A. Logan Mr. and Mrs. Alfred L. Loomis, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Jack Lord Mr. and Mrs. H. M. Love Mrs. Louis Lozowick Jack and Betty Lou Ludwick Mr. Edmund C. Lynch, Jr. Mrs. Edward Macauley Honorable and Mrs. George C. McGhee Honorable and Mrs. Robert M. McKinney Mr. and Mrs. Malcolm Mac Naughton Mr. and Mrs. Donald McNeely Mr. and Mrs. Henry S. McNeil Lt. General and Mrs. Sam Maddux, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Robert A. Magowan Dr. and Mrs. Leo J. Malone Mr. Edgar S. Mangiafico Mr. and Mrs. Richard A. Manoogian Honorable and Mrs. Leonard H. Marks Mr. and Mrs. J. Williard Marriott, Sr. Honorable and Mrs. William McChesney Martin, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Frederick P. Mascioli Mr. John A. Masek Mr. David O. Maxwell Mr. and Mrs. Henry W. Meers Mr. Vincent Melzac* Mr. Jack L. Messman Dr. Ruben F. Mettler Mrs. Sandy Levey Miller Dr. W. Raymond Mize, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. W. A. Moldermaker Mrs. Edmund C. Monell Dr. and Mrs. Walter A. H. Mosmann Mr. and Mrs. Robert P. Mountain, Jr. Mr. Frederic Mueller Mr. and Mrs. Joe H. Mullins Dr. Josephine L. Murray Dr. and Mrs. Marvin Murray Mrs. Nancy Brown Negley Mr. Mortimer L. Neinken Dr. and Mrs. James Brooks Newbill Honorable and Mrs. Paul H. Nitze Mr. and Mrs. John R. Norton III Honorable and Mrs. R. Henry Norweb Mr. and Mrs. George L. Ohrstrom Mr. and Mrs. Ricard R. Ohrstrom Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Bruce Olds Mr. M. G. O'Neil Mr. and Mrs. Henry K. Ostrow Mrs. Rudolf Pabst Honorable and Mrs. Daniel Parker Mrs. Jefferson Patterson Mr. and Mrs. James R. Patton, Jr. Judge and Mrs. G. Burton Pearson Mr. and Mrs. C. Wesley Peebles Mr. and Mrs. Wallace R. Persons Mr. and Mrs. Travis H. Petty Mr. and Mrs. Edward M. Pflueger Mr. and Mrs. Charles Emory Phillips Mrs. John H. Phipps* Mr. and Mrs. Charles M. Pigott Mr. and Mrs. George S. Pillsbury Mr. and Mrs. Louis F. Polk Mrs. John A. Pope Mr. and Mrs. Malcolm Price Mrs. Abraham Rattner Mr. and Mrs. W. G. Reed Mr. John Paul Remensnyder Mr. H. Smith Richardson, Jr. Honorable Frederick W. Richmond Mr. and Mrs. Robert B. Ridder Mr. and Mrs. Walter T. Ridder Mr. and Mrs. Ralph C. Rinzler Mr. and Mrs. Thomas M. Roberts Mr. and Mrs. Hamilton Robinson Mr. and Mrs. Ellis H. Robison Dr. and Mrs. Milton L. Rock Mr. Laurance S. Rockefeller Honorable Martin J. Roess Dr. and Mrs. Richard G. Rogers, Jr. Mrs. Helen Goodwin Rose Mr. Arthur Ross Mrs. Edgar L. Rossin Honorable and Mrs. Kenneth Rush Mrs. Howard J. Sachs Mr. and Mrs. Peter G. Sachs Mr. and Mrs. William R. Salomon Mr. and Mrs. B. Francis Saul II Mr. and Mrs. Harry I. Saul * Founder Medalist. Appendix 9. Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution I 631 Mr. and Mrs. Janos Scholz Senator and Mrs. Hugh Scott Mr. and Mrs. Arthur A. Seeligson, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Frates Seeligson Lt. General and Mrs. George M. Seignious II Mr. and Mrs. Morton Silverman Mr. and Mrs. Leonard L. Silverstein Dr. and Mrs. Lionel J. Skidmore Mr. and Mrs. David E. Skinner Mr. David G. Skinner Mr. and Mrs. Edward J. Slattery Mrs. Helen Farr Sloan Mr. and Mrs. David Shiverick Smith Mrs. Frances F. Smith Honorable and Mrs. Gerard C. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Raymond F. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Smith Mr. Raphael Soyer* Mrs. Otto Spaeth Mr. and Mrs. Earl J. Spangler Mr. Stuart M. Speiser* Mr. and Mrs. Edson W. Spencer Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Stack Mr. and Mrs. Harvey G. Stack Mr. and Mrs. Norman Stack Dr. Richard F. S. Starr Mr. and Mrs. Norman H. Stavisky Mrs. Edith C. Steinbright Miss Marilyn L. Steinbright Mrs. Janet Newbold Stewart Dr. and Mrs. Leo F. Stornelli Mr. and Mrs. E. Hadley Stuart, Jr. Mr. David A. Sutherlund Dr. and Mrs. Hans Syz Mrs. Katherine Sergava Sznycer Mrs. Franz Talley The Drs. Yen and Julia Tan Mr. and Mrs. Vernon Taylor, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. David J. Tepper Honorable Daniel J. Terra Mrs. Edith Hale Thomas Mrs. Clark W. Thompson Mr. Richard W. Thomssen Mr. Bardyl R. Tirana Mrs. Juan Terry Trippe Mr. and Mrs. Walter R. Truland Mrs. Milton Turner* Mr. and Mrs. Wynant D. Vanderpool, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. C. Woods Vest, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Adolfo Villalon Mr. and Mrs. Robert Vojvoda Dr. and Mrs. Francis S. Walker The Drs. Jeremy P. and Lucy R. Waletzky Mr. and Mrs. C. C. Wang Mr. and Mrs. Raymond J. Wean, Jr. Mr. Richard W. Weatherhead Mr. Leigh L. Weiner Mr. and Mrs. Thomas E. Whiteley Mrs. Leonard E. Wilkinson* Mr. Leonard John Wilkinson Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. Williams Mr. and Mrs. Edward Foss Wilson Mrs. Nelse G. Winder Mr. and Mrs. David Wintermann Mr. and Mrs. A. M. Withers Mr. and Mrs. Laurence C. Witten II Mrs. David O. Woodbury Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Woodward Mr. James O. Wright Mr. Parke Wright Mr. and Mrs. James Y. M. Wu Mr. and Mrs. Barry Yampol Mr. Jerome Zipkin CONTRIBUTING MEMBERSHIP Sustaining Members ($500 and Ms. Camilla D. Alexander G. J. Andrews Mr. and Mrs. R. S. Antes Mrs. L. M. Aroniss George H. C. Arrowsmith Mary M. Ashmore Mrs. Theodore Babbitt Mrs. W. P. Battell Mr. and Mrs. James A. Bayard Col. and Mrs. George C. Berger Mr. John H. Bernard Mr. and Mrs. William J. Bettingen Frederick Blachly * Founder Medalist. above) Mr. John A. Blakemore Mr. Christopher T. Blayney Mr. and Mrs. Allen A. H. Blessman Dr. Joan Blondin Mr. and Mrs. David H. Blumberg Mr. and Mrs. Robert K. Blum Mr. and Mrs. Mitchell T. Bowie Mr. and Mrs. Townsend Burden III Dr. and Mrs. J. A. Burwell Mr. Nicholas Bush Dr. Cesar A. Caceres Mr. and Mrs. Leo A. Carten Laurence L. Champion 632 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Mrs. Harold W. Cheel Mrs. Sylvia M. Clark Mr. James R. Cramblett Michael S. Currier Amb. Antonio F. A. DaSilveira Mr. and Mrs. F. Davis Mrs. Keith Davis Mr. Charles S. Draper Mr. and Mrs. Irenee Dupont Elinor Emlet Dr. and Mrs. John Esswein Armsado Felix J. Fleischman Capt. and Mrs. J. E. Galloway Mr. and Mrs. John B. Gantt Mrs. Melvin Gelman Ms. Susan R. Goldman Mrs. Ted R. Goldsmith Mr. Ernest T. Guy Mr. and Mrs. Frederick J. Haas Theodore J. Hadraba, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Kingsley W. Hamilton Mr. and Mrs. Paul O. Harder Mrs. Helen Leale Harper, Jr. Mones E. Hawley Mr. John W. Hechinger Nona G. Herndon Mr. and Mrs. L. Von Hoffmann Mr. and Mrs. George F. Hoover Mr. and Mrs. Raymond J. Howar Dr. and Mrs. N. S. Irey Mr. Edward Jonas Mr. and Mrs. Harris L. Kempner A. Atwater Kent Patrick T. King Mr. Albert Kramer Mr. E. C. Kubik Mr. Stanley J. Kuliczkowski Ms. Agatha Larson Walter E. Lawrinson, M.D. Charles W. Lee Jacob and Charlotte Lehrman Foundation Mr. and Mrs. M. William Levy Julia Lewis Mr. Edmund W. Littlefield Mrs. John E. Long Laura McAuliffe Mr. James D. McClary Clayton and Kathleen McCuistion Dr. R. A. McReynolds Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert D. Mead Marcus Mehtonen Paul Mellon Richard J. Mikyska Mr. and Mrs. Peter Monrose M. G. Morris Mr. Anthony John Mourek Mr. Edmund L. Murray Mr. William J. O'Connor, Jr. Cmdr. Lester E. Ogilvy Mr. and Mrs. Mandell J. Ourisman Mr. and Mrs. Gerald H. Patrick Helen Ann Patton William C. Penick Mr. and Mrs. Philip E. Ratcliffe Dr. Michael J. Reilly Joseph A. Rice Mrs. Dorothy Hyman Roberts Ms. Mary M. Roberts Mr. George C. Rohwe- Francis C. Rooney Mr. Anton H. Rosenthal Mr. Ray W. Rosevear Mr. and Mrs. Bennett Y. Ryan Mr. and Mrs. Cameron H. Sanders, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Thorndike Saville, Jr. Mr. C. W. Scott Mrs. Leonora D. Scott Mr. and Mrs. William W. Sharp Mr. and Mrs. M. Silverman Jonah Smith Hugh M. South Mrs. Gordon Stearns Dr. and Mrs. William A. Sullivan Mrs. Arthur H. Sulzberger Mrs. Gardiner Symonds Arthur L. Thiele, M.D. Maj. C. A. Thomas Mr. and Mrs. Max E. Thompson Mr. Charles Lee Turner John H. Turner Ms. Ann T. VanRosevelt Mr. and Mrs. Charles O. Verrill Richard B. Wallace Robert L. Waters Mr. Grover C. White, Jr. Mrs. Mary H. Wiebe Mrs. Vivian Wildman Warren K. and Ruth A. Wilhelm Dr. and Mrs. Robert W. Wilkinson Mrs. John M. Willits W. H. Wolf Mr. and Mrs. Gary B. Yost Sponsoring Members ($250 and above) Mr. W. Mike Adams Mrs. Jobeth J. Adamson James E. Akins Mr. and Mrs. Donald C. Alexander Appendix 9. Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution I 633 Mr. and Mrs. William C. Allbert Ethan Allen Mr. and Mrs. H. K. Allen Thomas Roy Allen Mrs. Carolyn Alper Mr. and Mrs. H. Max Ammerman Mr. and Mrs. David R. Anderson Mr. and Mrs. Ellis B. Anderson Mrs. Myron Anderson Mr. Alfred C. Antoniewicz Miss Marcia Ann Appel Earl S. Archibald Walter W. Arensberg Mr. Philip R. Armstrong Mr. and Mrs. John C. Atwood G. Augustin Dr. Doris B. Autry Mildred Bach Mr. and Mrs. Norman G. Bach Mr. and Mrs. Harold Baer Lieut. Col. Dorothy A. Baetcke Mr. Michael Barczak Mr. Jean L. Barker Mrs. Earl W. Barnes Ms. Janine F. Barre William Barstow Mr. and Mrs. Charles W. Bash Ms. Ileana C. Basil Ms. Margaret R. Baudoin Mr. Ralph B. Beals Mr. Donald R. Bean John W. Bean Mr. and Mrs. Sam H. Beard Mr. W. H. Beardsley Mr. and Mrs. William L. Becker Charles Beer Mr. and Mrs. James R. Bemis Mr. and Mrs. E. E. Benedict Dr. Barry M. Berger Ms. Marie Bergmann Mr. and Mrs. George W. Bermant Mr. and Mrs. Seymour Bernett Samuel W. Bernheimer Mr. H. Harold Bishop Mr. and Mrs. Donald Eric Black Mr. John L. Black Mr. Harrye Blethroad Frank Bliss Dr. and Mrs. Joe M. Blumberg Robert F. Bodroghy Geoge P. Bogumill J. A. Boorman Mr. Fred W. Borrish Ms. Barbara C. Bottarini Steven R. Bowen Mr. and Mrs. Paul A. Bowles Mrs. John W. Bowman Eugenie R. Bradford Mrs. Julio J. Brancoli Mr. and Mrs. Calvin Brantley Mr. and Mrs. Robert A. Brechler Mr. and Mrs. Karl K. Breit Mr. and Mrs. Roy Bremerman Mr. and Mrs. Leo V. Brenna Mr. and Mrs. Clemens B. Bribitzer Mr. and Mrs. Stephen B. Brickel Dr. and Mrs. S. B. Brinkley Miss E. G. Brintnall Mr. and Mrs. George H. Brodie Mr. and Mrs. George J. Brown Mr. and Mrs. Louis J. Brown Patricia L. Brown Mr. and Mrs. Charles B. Brownson Glen W. Bruner Mr. and Mrs. Frederick B. Bryant Mr. Waldo G. Bryant Mr. and Mrs. Frederick F. Burks Mrs. Poe Burling Mr. and Mrs. R. L. Burnham, Sr. Mr. and Mrs. James J. Burr Joseph Burton Mr. and Mrs. E. L. Buttner Mr. E. T. Byram Mr. Carrol D. Cagle Mr. G. W. Callender Mr. Harvey Cantor Stacy Carmel Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth S. Carpenter Mr. and Mrs. J. A. Carrera Philip L. Carret Col. and Mrs. Douglas H. Carter Mrs. George A. Carver Dr. and Mrs. Rocco Cassone Mr. and Mrs. Joseph J. Catania Mr. Richard S. Cayo Mr. Harry R. Charles Joel Chaseman Dr. and Mrs. Peter M. Cianfrani John C. Cini Mr. and Mrs. Page B. Clagett Mr. and Mrs. Jerold L. Clark Mr. and Mrs. William A. Clark Mr. William H. Cochrane Mr. S. Harold Cohen Mr. and Mrs. Francis X. Coleman, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Sydney Cole T. Clyde Collins, Jr. Margaret S. Collins Virginia M. Collins Col. J. M. Compton Mr. and Mrs. Louis C. Conant Mr. Thomas Cook 634 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Dr. and Mrs. Louis Corson Walter H. Corson Ralph J. Coselli Curtis W. Cox Mr. Melvin E. Cox Ms. Joyce Creamer Catherine Creede Margery Cridland Mrs. Richard S. Cross James H. Curl Maj. Robert E. Calton Capt. and Mrs. R. L. Daniels Ms. Norma Davila Mrs. Alva A. Dawson Mr. and Mrs. Walter L. Day, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. C. Woodford Dayton Mr. and Mrs. William J. Dean Mr. Robert M. Decker Arthur F. Dpllheim Dr. Hugh F. Demorest Mr. and Mrs. E. J. Devane Paul F. Dickens Mr. Hilton B. Dickerson Phil Dickey Mr. Raymond C. Diebel T. A. Dietz Hon. Douglas Dillon Mrs. W. M. Dillon Mrs. Walter W. Doescher Gerald P. Doherty Austin F. Dohrman Mr. and Mrs. Sumner A. Dole Mr. and Mrs. H. R. Dolstra Mr. Sigmund R. Domanski Mr. Alden Lowell Doud Mr. Karl Douma George A. Dragan, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Joseph S. Drage Dorothea W. Dressier Mr. Russell F. Dubes Mary Jane C. Due Mr. and Mrs. H. Stewart Dunn Thomas L. Dunn Mr. and Mrs. Leroy Eakin Mr. and Mrs. Lynn R. Eastridge Edward E. Eckert Lawrence A. and Melanie D. Ehrhart Mr. Bertwin Einfalt Mrs. Leila Eley Mr. F. H. Ellenberger Mr. Ward H. Ellis Mr. and Mrs. James G. Evans, Jr. W. M. Evans Ms. Marilyn Farrand Miss Patricia Fenton Mr. and Mrs. D. R. Fesler Col. Gerald Fink James P. Finn Mr. Thomas T. Finn Mr. and Mrs. S. Fischer Mr. and Mrs. Robert B. Fisher Mr. and Mrs. M. F. Flaherty Col. Robert J. Flanagan Dennis M. Flemons Mr. R. E. Foohtman Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Folkerth Mr. and Mrs. T. B. Foote Nancy Allen Poran Dr. and Mrs. Giraud V. Foster Miss Alta Fowler J. R. Fowler Henry W. Franklin Andrew L. Frey Mr. Cary J. Frieze William C. Frogale Mrs. Linda D. Fuller Mrs. J. Gardiner Mr. and Mrs. Carleton G. Gebhardt M. G. George Mr. Arthur F. Gerding Gerald R. Gereau Mr. Joseph P. Ghilardi Ms. Frances E. Gibson Wallace E. Giles Sara E. Gillis Mrs. C. Leslie Glenn Susan S. Goldman Col. and Mrs. Julius Goldstein Stuart N. Goodman Mrs. Winifred L. Goodwyn Mrs. Lois R. Gordon Mr. Harold D. Grant Mr. and Mrs. Bernard Green Preston Greene Dr. and Mrs. Joseph E. Green Mr. and Mrs. Peter B. Greenough Mr. Seymour D. Greenstone Mrs. Joseph B. Gregg Mr. Barron K. Grier Mr. and Mrs. Thomas N. Grigg Richard P. and Judith Wright Grill William A. Grimes Audrey J. Groene Mr. and Mrs. William P. Groves Helena Gunnarsson Mr. and Mrs. Alvin Guttag Mr. Marc Haas Mr. and Mrs. O. D. Hafer Elizabeth P. Hagen Mr. Kenneth A. and Margaret E. Hamman Mr. and Mrs. B. C. Hammock Appendix 9. Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution I 635 Morella R. Hansen Dr. Robert A. Harper Mr. and Mrs. Allen H. Harrison, Jr. William J. and Elizabeth Shafe Harris Michael J. Hartman Mrs. Robert K. Hartwick Dr. Daniel P. Hays Miss Annabelle Heath Mr. Robert C. Hector Mr. and Mrs. Felder F. Heflin Mr. Frederick H. Heierding Mr. H. C. Heldenfels Jeffrey L. Hendry Mrs. Catherine W. Herman Mr. and Mrs. William J. Hines Mrs. J. H. Ward Hinkson Joseph U. Hinshaw Franklin P. Holman Jennifer J. Horinek Mr. J. King Horner Mr. and Mrs. William E. Horn Mr. John K. Hoskinson Mr. Samuel G. Hubbard Mr. and Mrs. Phillip S. Hughes William R. Hunter Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Ireson Michael R. Irwin Dr. John R. Jacoway Reinhardt H. Jahn Mr. William P. Jambor, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Thomas E. Jenks Mr. J. J. Jeresek Col. Alfred H. Johnson (Ret.) Dr. Robert M. Johnson Dr. and Mrs. James V. Jolliff Mr. Charles W. Jones Miss Charlotte Jones Mr. and Mrs. Richard E. Jones Mr. Thomas O. Jones N. Jorgenson Dr. and Mrs. S. C. Kaim John M. Kalbermatten Dr. John J. Kane Maj. John R. Keiper Mrs. George C. Keiser Mr. and Mrs. George P. Kendall Anna Marie Kent Mr. Ralph A. Kerber Mr. Walter H. Kidd Mr. George H. Kinkel Mr. and Mrs. Philip C. Kirby Mr. and Mrs. Joseph M. Kirchheimer Mr. E. C. Kirkpatrick Capt. Roberta A. Kirschbaum Diana Sinkler Knop Mr. and Mrs. James D. Kolb Mr. Steven R. Koman Mr. and Mrs. John D. Kotler Ms. Janet Anastacia Krombar Mr. and Mrs. M. J. Kuff Clarence M. and Elizabeth B. Kunstmann Mr. and Mrs. W. O. Kurtz Mr. and Mrs. James S. Lacock Miss Martha Ladd Judge and Mrs. Marion Ladwig Mr. John A. Laird Mr. C. E. Lamb Mrs. Clift C. Lane Mr. Gary A. Lane Mr. Robert F. Law Mrs. Florence J. Lee Mr. William Leier Ms. G. E. Lemos Mrs. Ethelynne H. Leonard Richard J. Leonard Hon. William Leonhart Mrs. Lawrence S. Lesser Mr. and Mrs. Ernest E. Lewis Mr. and Mrs. Alfred B. Lichtenstein David C. Lindeman Frank W. Lindenberger Gary Dean Lindsay R. Lindstrom Robert F. Lint Mrs. Eunice K. Lipkowitz Mr. and Mrs. Robert J. List Clyde R. Littlefield David H. Lloyd Dr. R. H. Lloyd Walter H. Long, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Robert A. Long William A. Long Miss Doris J. Lothrop P. H. Loughlin III LaRue R. Lutkins Dan Maceda Mr. and Mrs. A. Martin Macy Mrs. Louise Mann Madden Rex A. Maddox Mr. and Mrs. Edward P. Maffitt Mr. Duane F. Marble Mr. Edward Marks Mr. F. E. Mars S. C. Marshall Mr. Alfred S. Martin Mrs. Elizabeth Martin Mr. M. S. Martin Dr. and Mrs. Glenn B. Mather Dr. William B. May Mr. James I. McAuliff Gordon W. and Martha E. McBride 636 / Smithsonian Year 1982 Mr. Thomas C. McCague Mr. Vernon H. McCall Mrs. Violet McCandlish Mr. Jack H. McCreery Brian L. McDonald Mrs. Tucker McEvoy Dr. and Mrs. John J. McGrath Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth C. McGuiness Mr. and Mrs. Philip L. McHugh John S. Mclnnes Mrs. G. H. McKee Mrs. Norene M. McKellar Arthur J. McLaughlin Mrs. W. J. McNeil Mr. Ted S. Merrill Mr. Dominic L. Meylor Dr. David B. Michaels Helen J. Migh Mr. and Mrs. Gordon K. Milestone Mr. and Mrs. E. Kirkbridge Miller Mr. and Mrs. Herbert E. Miller L. Allen and Cindy R. Miller Mr. Malcolm Miller Mr. Stephen A. Miller Warren G. Miller Mr. and Mrs. James T. Milne Mr. and Mrs. Glenn J. Mischel William J. Mitchell Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Cotton Moore Mrs. E. Moore Mr. and Mrs. James A. Moore Richard H. Moore Mrs. Theda A. Moreno Margaret Morgan Mr. Shane Moriarity Mr. Charles W. Morris W. Dickson Moss Philip M. Mount Mr. and Mrs. Carl J. Mulert William Mullinix Mr. and Mrs. James Mulshine Jerry L. Mungo Miss Lucile Myers William and Louisa Newlin Stuart C. Nichols Mr. and Mrs. Richard A. Niles Eileen Obrien Milton Nottingham Ms. R. O'Hara John F. Olmstead Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Olyniec Mrs. John O'Master Robert and Jean L. Orben Mr. and Mrs. E. G. Osborne Mr. Newton G. Osborne Ms. Christine C. Osmun Mr. James C. Overholt Mrs. Henry S. Owens Arnold E. Palmer Dr. and Mrs. Michael N. Papadopoulos Cmdr. Everett A. Parke, USN Dr. and Mrs. J. R. Parsons Dr. and Mrs. E. Passamani Mr. Paul Margus M. P. Paularena Louis Peller Edmund Pendleton Mr. and Mrs. Thorn Pendleton Mr. Gene Perry Jacqueline Perry James P. Perry Mr. Robert J. Petersen Ms. Samantha A. Peterson J. C. Petricciani, M.D. Mrs. Jackman Pfouts Mrs. Alys E. Phreaner Mr. W. M. Piatt III Jacqueline Pierce Mr. George B. Pletsch Welch Pogue Ms. Janice Popp Mr. and Mrs. Dwight J. Porter Mrs. Anne D. Pozzi Mrs. Charles P. Price Dr. and Mrs. Jerold Principato Mr. and Mrs. John E. Purcell Mr. and Mrs. R. E. Purnell Dr. and Mrs. Ernest G. Rafey Dr. Raja Ram Rao Mr. and Mrs. Anthony J. Raso Mr. and Mrs. C. Dean Reasoner Mr. Philip D. Reed Mr. and Mrs. William B. Reese Mr. and Mrs. John V. Rhoads Gen. and Mrs. Ralph J. Richards Ms. Melissa J. Richens Mrs. Richard Riddell Dr. Monira K. Rifaat Dr. Jerome Rinaldi, M.D. Mr. and Mrs. John H. Rixse, Jr. Rear Adm. W. D. Robertson Walter P. Robinson, Jr. Mr. Edwin P. Romanoski Mr. and Mrs. Robert W. Root Mr. and Mrs. Gary D. Rosch Mr. Kurt E. Rosinger Dr. Randi and Philip Rubovits-Seitz Georgeann E. Russell Mr. and Mrs. Roy R. Russo Mr. Wayne D. Rydberg J. Jeff Sandel Appendix 9. Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution I 637 Mr. and Mrs. Richard E. Sander Dorothy B. Sandleman Mr. Milton C. Sappe Mrs. Stanley J. Sarnoff Mr. David Saunders Mr. James P. Scannell Hon. and Mrs. James H. Scheuer Miss Matilda P. Schlicht Mr. and Mrs. Morton W. Schomer Robert M. Scott Richard J. Sekerka Mr. Arnold Selk Catherine H. Sells Mr. and Mrs. Joseph E. Seubert Shaw Investment Mr. and Mrs. Gerard E. Shelton Therese L. Shor Mr. Robert H. Short Roy Shrobe Mr. and Mrs. Milton L. Shurr Mr. W. W. Sidney Mr. and Mrs. Jack Silberman Dr. A. E. Silver Wilbur M. Sims Mrs. E. Slack Constance Slawecki Mr. and Mrs. Albert H. Small Mrs. Beth D. Small Mr. Benjamin M. Smith, Jr. Charles E. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Dean Smith Mr. James B. A. Smith Thomas F. Smith Mr. Zachary Smith Mr. and Mrs. Robert G. Sobeck Richard P. Solloway Mr. and Mrs. John J. Sottile Stephen A. Spalding Denny Stam Mr. Elwood C. Stang Gary Staples Rear Adm. and Mrs. M. H. Staring Mr. and Mrs. Robert B. Stephens Dr. and Mrs. T. Dale Stewart Ms. Suzanne St. Pierre Mr. W. K. Straley, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Richard H. Stratton Mr. William R. Sullivan II Doctors Russell and Marie Swanson Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Swart Mr. and Mrs. Richard O. Swim Albert Szvetics M. D. Tabakin Mr. and Mrs. Leland E. Talbott Mr. Peter J. Tanous Mr. John Taylor Mrs. May Day Taylor Mrs. Richard R. Taylor Joseph M. Tessmer Gregory B. Thagard Arlene K. Thomashow James C. Thomas Mr. and Mrs. William S. Thomas Mrs. Gilda B. Thompson W. Thompson Mrs. Margot Thomson J. Cockrell Thornton Dr. John L. Thornton Mrs. B. W. Thoron Mrs. Vincent M. Throop Mrs. Alfred Tietze Mr. Neil Tillotson Mrs. Clarence O. Tormoen Mr. Ray L. Townsend Carol J. Traub Mr. George S. Trees, Jr. Robert L. Tull Paul Turkeltaub S. J. Ungar Mr. and Mrs. C. W. Valencourt Amb. Enrique Valenzuela Caroline E. VanMason Mr. Dale E. Vaughn Ms. Nancy B. Wagner Dr. Joseph Walker Miss Carolee J. Ward Mr. and Mrs. Gary W. Ware Nathan and Pauline Wechsler Dr. and Mrs. Edwin A. Weinstein Dr. and Mrs. Alan Weintraub Brig. Gen. Sarah P. Wells Mr. H. E. Whalen Annette P. Whatley Mr. Dennis A. Wheeler Mr. and Mrs. George Y. Wheeler Miss Lida Whitaker Dr. John P. Whiteley Mr. and Mrs. Maurice E. White Mr. Peter C. White Mrs. Catherine L. Whitsitt Mr. and Mrs. Blaine L. Wicklein Mr. and Mrs. P. Widener Mr. and Mrs. Ellis W. Williamson 638 / Smithsonian Year 1982 APPENDIX 10. Visitors to the Smithsonian Institution in Fiscal Year 1982 National Smithsonian Arts and Natural Air and Freer Museum of Institution Industries History Space Gallery American Month Building Building Building Building of Art History October 1981 97,694 83,298 279,865 474,175 24,348 279,430 November 87,849 77,025 313,294 403,403 21,161 287,781 December 45,308 64,872 299,626 280,758 16,125 247,852 January 1982 30,849 41,224 198,657 208,642 13,547 141,757 February 36,414 50,759 233,326 261,502 13,053 225,860 March 69,547 78,394 416,431 448,036 20,558 395,755 April 109,663 124,834 652,951 911,013 35,599 682,121 May 90,805 122,908 588,189 758,703 26,526 464,911 June 112,903 113,127 503,898 751,799 26,659 486,965 July 134,856 139,998 667,845 1,344,532 30,447 566,985 August 132,115 128,360 539,369 1,742,083 33,250 444,111 September 69,779 73,292 267,729 869,127 24,137 239,513 TOTALS 1,017,782 1,098,091 4,961,180 8,453,773 285,410 4,463,041 National American Anacostia Museum Art & Ren- Neighbor- Cooper- of Portrait wick Hirshhorn hood Hewitt African Month Gallery Gallery Museum Museum Museum Art Totals October 1981 26,530 10,665 69,848 1,573 9,415 5,068 1,361,909 November 36,850 11,382 60,586 6,863 15,851 8,922 1,330,967 December 23,497 12,954 52,994 1,495 16,462 5,360 1,067,303 January 1982 19,751 12,082 39,638 1,451 20,555 4,355 732,508 February 25,515 19,087 52,341 3,390 24,017 6,573 951,837 March 34,936 18,499 90,332 2,842 9,671 7,546 1,592,547 April 32,130 19,515 125,589 2,056 8,828 12,762 2,717,061 May 37,454 16,641 130,143 6,868 13,145 8,531 2,264,824 June 32,849 14,683 115,846 1,752 15,526 9,378 2,185,385 July 29,663 12,338 107,630 3,081 8,597 6,598 3,052,570 August 29,034 11,916 122,271 13,465 10,986 6,139 3,213,099 September 27,889 13,147 71,692 1,197 13,725 4,642 1,675,869 TOTALS 356,098 172,909 1,038,910 46,033 166,778 85,874 22,145,879 Appendix 10. Visitors to the Smithsonian Institution I 639