sOrvey library
STATE OF ILLINOIS
DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION
Some Fern-Like Fructifications and Their Spores from the AAazon Creek Compression Flora of Illinois (Pennsylvanian)
H. W. Pfefferkorn
R. A. Peppers
T. L. Phillips
CIRCULAR 463
1971
ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY URBANA, ILLINOIS 61801 John C. Frye, Chief
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SOME FERN-LIKE FRUCTIFICATIONS AND THEIR
SPORES FROM THE MAZON CREEK COMPRESSION
FLORA OF ILLINOIS (PENNSYLVANIAN)
H. W. Pfefferkorn,1 R. A. Peppers,1 and T. L. Phillips2
ABSTRACT
Some species of fertile foliage and their spores are described from iron- stone nodules of the Francis Creek Shale Member of the Carbondale Formation (Penn- sylvanian) of Illinois. The Francis Creek Shale is Desmoinesian and in European terminology probably Westphalian D in age.
Spores in situ from the fructifications were examined by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy and compared with dispersed spores. The forms described are listed below.
Megafossil
STELLATHECA Danze
Stellatheca latiloba Danze
Stellatheca ornata (Lesquereux) comb. nov.
MYRIOTHECA Zeiller
Myriotheca scaberrima (Lesquereux) Sellards Myriotheca arnoldi sp. nov.
CORYNEPTERIS Bailey
Corynepteris (ex Alloiopteris) cf . erosa
ASTEROTHECA Pre si
Asterotheca (ex Pecopteris) sp. 1 \ Asterotheca (ex Pecopteris) sp. 2 J
Asterotheca (ex Pecopteris) sp. 3 "1 Asterotheca (ex Pecopteris) sp. 4 J Asterotheca (ex Pecopteris) cf . miltoni
SCOLECOPTERIS Zenker
? Scolecopteris sp. 1 ? Scolecopteris sp. 2
Name of comparable dispersed spore
?Apiculatasporites, ? Microreti- culatisporites, ? Foveospor- ites, ? Cyclograni s porite s
Camptotriletes triangularis ? Punctatisporites, ? Calamospora
Apiculatisporis setulosus
Lae vig ato s porite s minutus
Punctatisporites minutus Cyclograni sporites aureus
Punctatisporites sp.
Lae vigatos porite s globosus
Illinois State Geological Survey, Urbana, Illinois 61801 Department of Botany, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
2 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 463
INTRODUCTION
Pennsylvanian plant flossils from the Mazon Creek area are better known than any other compression flora of Illinois. Fertile specimens from the flora have been described by Lesquereux (1866-1884), Sellards (1902, 1903), Darrah (1936, 1937, 1938, 1970), Arnold (1938), Schopf (1948), Andrews and Mamay (1948), Kosanke (1955), Chaloner (1956), Langford (1958, 1963), Delevoryas (1964), Taylor (1967), and Taylor and Eggert (1969a, b) . The following fructifi- cation genera of ferns and pteridosperms have been reported from Mazon Creek: Asterotheca Presl, Codonotheca Sellards, Corynepteris Bailey, Crossotheca Zeiller, Hymenotheca Potonii, Myriotheca Zeiller, Oligocarpia Goeppert, Ptychocarpus Weiss, Radstockia Kidston, Renaultia Stur, Schopfitheca Delevoryas, Senften- bergia Corda, Wittleseya Newberry, and Zeilleria Kidston.
In addition to the above miospore fructifications, two rather poorly de- fined genera, Sorocladus and Staphylopteris, were reported by Lesquereux (1880). Inferences of the occurrences of other fertile genera from Mazon Creek are based only on sterile foliage (Langford, 1958, 1963). In formal descriptions the prac- tice of applying generic names of fructifications to sterile foliage is as misleading as using sterile foliage names for fructifications.
There are two nomenclatural systems for foliage fossils: one is a system of form-species and form-genera of foliage; the other recognizes organ-species and genera of fructifications, which can often be related to a family. One species of fertile foliage may belong to two genera, one in each system, and geologically oriented paleobotanists consider it helpful to express both genera. In certain cases one form-species can be the foliage of either of two organ genera; for ex- ample, Pecopteris miltoni can be the foliage of Asterotheca miltoni or Mokrawia alberti (Knopp, 1933). Of the many nomenclatural practices in use we regard that one used by Remy and Remy (1968) in, for example, Asterotheca (ex form-genus Pecopteris) lamuriana as one of the clearest means of the generic designation of a specimen of fertile foliage. A shorter version is adopted for fertile fronds, where possible, in this study, for example, Asterotheca (ex Pecopteris) lamuriana. This kind of designation should be applicable in any case where the form-genus is de- terminable and well known. We suggest that only the form-genus and species be used for specimens of sterile fronds even if fructifications are known from other apparently identical foliage specimens.
The spores found in situ in fructifications may be compared to genera and species of dispersed spores but not assigned to them, because a separate binomial system has been adopted for dispersed spores, which are found in rock macerations without direct evidence of their natural affinities.
This study was undertaken to gain more data about the correlation of spores and megafossils. Only those fructification specimens which promised to yield new data were selected. These include the genus Stellatheca, previously not reported from North America; a new species, Myriotheca arnoldi; and other species of the genera Myriotheca, Corynepteris, Asterotheca, and ? Scolecopteris. Spores isolated from these fructifications have been examined by light and scanning electron microscopy and compared with Punctatisporites, Calamospora, Cyclogranisporites, Apiculatasporites, Apiculatisporis, Micro re ticulatisporites, Camptotriletes, and Laeviqatosporites.
Information obtained from this study supports the conclusion that differences exist between the flora of the No. 2 Coal and the flora represented by the Mazon Creek compression fossils from the overlying Francis Creek Shale (Peppers and Pfefferkorn, 1970).
FRUCTIFICATIONS FROM THE MAZON CREEK FLORA
Location and Stratigraphy
All specimens described in this study occur in ironstone (sideritic) nodules from the Francis Creek Shale Member in the vicinity of Mazon Creek, Coal City, or Wilmington in Will and Grundy Counties, Illinois (text fig. 1). These fossils are generally referred to as the Mazon Creek flora. The Francis Creek Shale im- mediately overlies the Colchester (No. 2) Coal at the base of the Carbondale For- mation, Kewanee Group, Pennsylvanian. In American time-stratigraphic classifi- cation, the Francis Creek Shale is in the middle part of the Desmoinesian Series; it is in zone no. 10 of the floral zones of Read and Mamay (1964). In European time stratigraphy this interval is probably in the Westphalian D (Jongmans, 1937; Bode, 1958, 1960); however, the presence of some plants of Stephanian character led Noe (1925, 1930, 1936) to place the interval in the Stephanian A.
Materials and Methods
The Mazon Creek fossils were deposited in rapidly accumulating mud. Ironstone nodules formed around the fossil plants shortly after deposition. In
vflk Strip mine spoil heaps Outcrop of No. 2 Coal Town Locality
0 5 10 Mi.
lOKm.
Text fig. 1 - Localities of the Mazon Creek flora in Grundy, Will, and Kankakee Counties, Illinois. 1 - Mazon Creek proper (creek bed), locality of all older collections. 2 - Spoil heaps where the Langford collection was made. 3 - Pit 11, newest collecting locality; no material from this locality has been used in this report.
4 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 463
this manner fructifications were fossilized without major compactional flattening. Plant tissues decayed for the most part, but occasionally a carbonaceous film was preserved. Spores are well preserved, undistorted or collapsed, and not mineral filled. The spores are pale yellow to brown, and clearing is not necessary for optical study.
Spores were mechanically removed from sporangial cavities and covered with absolute alcohol for one or two minutes on a microscope slide until the al- cohol was nearly, but not entirely, evaporated. In this way the air which fills the spores in dried specimens was removed and the mounting medium could enter the spores. Then the spores were mounted in Canada balsam mixed with xylene and alcohol. For scanning electron microscopy, spores or spore masses were mounted with glue on aluminum studs, exposed for 12 hours to the vapor of crys- talline osmium tetroxide, and coated in vacuum, first with carbon, then with gold, and again with carbon (G. E. Pfefferkorn, 1969, 1970).
Prefix designations of specimen numbers indicate the source collections and locations of materials studied:
USNM - United States National Museum, Washington, D. C. (including Lacoe
Collection). The National Museum is the depository of all spore slides
prepared in this study. ISM - Illinois State Museum, Springfield, Illinois (including part of Langford
Collection) . C - Carr Collection, University of Illinois Natural History Museum, Urbana,
Illinois. PP or UP - Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois (including part
of Langford Collection) .
Descriptive Terminology
The terms used for the designation of different parts of the lamina from the smaller to the larger unit are: lobe, pinnule, pinna, and frond. In Stellatheca the smallest ultimate laminate unit of foliage is termed a pinnule in accordance with the usage by Danz6 (1956). Because the same unit may be described as a lobe in other foliage specimens, a uniform designation is employed (table 1 and text fig. 2) with "n" indicating the ultimate order of lateral veins, n-1 the pen-
TABLE 1 - DESCRIPTIVE TERMINOLOGY SUGGESTED FOR STELLATHECA (AND OTHER SPHENOPTERIS-LIKE FOLIAGE) . (THE ORDER DESIGNATION REMAINS STABLE ALTHOUGH THE INTERPRETATION MAY VARY.)
|
Order |
As applied |
Other interpretation possibility |
|
|
Axis |
Lamina |
Axis |
Lamina |
|
n |
lateral vein |
ultimate lateral vein |
|||
|
n-1 |
midvein |
pinnule |
lateral vein |
lobe |
|
|
n-2 |
rachis (n-2) |
ultimate pinna (n- |
-2) |
midvein |
pinnule |
|
n-3 |
rachis (n-3) |
penultimate pinna (n-3) |
rachis (n-3) |
ultimate pinna (n-3) |
FRUCTIFICATIONS FROM THE MAZON CREEK FLORA
A ultimate, and continuing with n-2 and
n-3, according to H. W. Pfefferkorn (in press). The lamina has the same designation as its main vascular strand and in this way elements which are morphologically equivalent will have the same "n" designation even if their outlines appear to be lobes on one spec- imen, or part of a specimen, and pin- nules on another. The use of a descend- ing order in the numbering and describ- ing of foliage elements in fossil ferns has been used by many authors (summa- rized by Raabe, 1966). The terminology proposed in this paper differs by includ- ing midveins and lateral veins in the count of orders .
The formal designation proposed here is especially helpful in the form- genus Sphenopteris and a few other highly dissected forms, such as Stellatheca, which show a high variability in the division of their foliage. It has not been applied to the other genera in this report because there exists no problem in the designation of the laminate units in the form-genera Alloiopteris and Pecopteris. In Myriotheca it would be quite helpful but is at present not applicable because the veins are not visible in the specimens.
Text fig. 2
Proposed designation of dif- ferent parts of the lamina of Stellatheca and Sphenopteris,
Acknowledgments
The specimens for this study were kindly loaned to the senior author by Dr. F. M. Hueber and Dr. S. H. Mamay, Washington, D. C, Mr. R. L. Leary, Springfield, and Dr. E. S. Richardson, Chicago. The electron micrographs of the spores were made by Dr. R. Blaschke, Munster, Germany, whose help is very much appreciated. Some of the figures were specially prepared by Margaret S. Whaley. Thanks are due to Dr. C. A. Arnold, Ann Arbor, for helpful discussions at an early stage of the project.
Genus STELLATHECA Danze, 1956
Stellatheca is regarded as a fern fructification. According to Danze (195 6), the genus Stellatheca can be described as follows. The sori of Stellatheca consist of 6 to 15 free sporangia, with most of the sporangia forming a circle or an ellipse around 1 to 3 centrally located sporangia. Sori are attached to the abaxial lami- nar surface of pecopterid to sphenopterid pinnules between the midvein and the margin or at the margin near the end of a lateral vein. Sporangia are ovoid, and a longitudinal dehiscence is found on the outer face of peripheral sporangia. De- spite the lack of an annulus, a terminal zone of isodiametric cells resembles an apical plate oriented toward the margin of the soral circle. The sporangial wall consists of longitudinal rows of elongate cells, and sporangia are attached to a receptacle by a slightly tapered base.
To the above may be added spore data from this study: Spores are trilete and subcircular to circular. Laesurae are usually indistinct and extend three- quarters the length of the spore radius. Ornamentation consists of conate projections
6 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 463
Stratigraphic range: Lower Westphalian C to Westphalian D Geographic distribution: Northern France and Illinois (U.S.A.) The two species of Stellatheca that have been described, S. latiloba (Danze, 1956) and S... ornata (Lesquereux, 1884) comb. nov. Pfefferkorn, p. 8, are grossly separable by the smaller wings on the pinna axis (n-3) in S_. ornata, which is known only from Illinois.
Stellatheca latiloba Danze, 1956 pi. 1, figs. 1-5; pi. 2, figs. 1-10; pi. 3, figs. 1-4
1880 Pecopteris lyratifolia Goeppert, in Lesquereux 1879 (Atlas), 1880
(text), p. 259, pi. 48, figs. 4-4c. 1884 Pecopteris ornata Lesquereux, p. 760, pi. Ill, fig. 30a (exclusive
of figs. 30 and 30b, which belong to Stellatheca ornata) . 1956 Stellatheca latiloba Danze, p. 284-287, pi. 43, figs. 2-2b, pi.
44, figs. 1, 2.
Four specimens of Stellatheca latiloba were examined, two with both halves
present and two with only one half of the ironstone nodule available. All are from
Mazon Creek, Illinois.
USNM 13385 (figured by Lesquereux, 1884) and USNM 13386 (Lacoe Coll. 1008a).
USNM 13382 (Lacoe Coll. 643a) (figured by Lesquereux, 1880).
USNM 13383 and 13384 (Lacoe Coll. 910a). Determined by Lesquereux as Pecop- teris stellata Lesquereux, 1880, but does not agree with his figure and de- scription.
Description.— Pinnules (n-1) are semicircular in outline and continuous basally with the wings of the pinna axis (n-2). Pinnules are 2 to 3.5 mm wide and 1 to 4.5 mm long, excluding the laminar wing of the pinna axis (n-2), which is 1 to 2.5 mm wide. The angle of pinnule (n-1) attachment to the pinna axis (n-2) is less than 75°; the pinnules are attached along their entire bases and touch each other laterally at the base. Sori are apparently marginal or very near the margin, and the laminar margin sometimes extends over sori. Midveins (n-1) and lateral veins (n) are usually indistinct.
Pinnae (n-2) are tongue-shaped, distally tapered, and fused basally with the laminar wings of the pinna axis (n-3). Pinnae (n-2) are 18 to 25 mm long, in- cluding a laminar wing, and 5 to 13 mm wide. Pinnae (n-2) touch laterally at the basal attachment but do not overlap, and the angle of attachment is 45°-90°.
Pinnae (n-3) are more than 70 mm long and are 40 mm wide, and there are nine pinnae (n-2) or more on each side. The winged lamina of the pinna axis (n-2) is 4.0 mm wide. Two distinct ridges, apparently indicating the vascular strand on the upper part of the pinna axis (n-3), are 0.4 mm apart.
Sori are crowded together in groups on or near the laminar margin. Smal- ler sori occur near the pinnule tip. A sorus consists of 6 to 15 free sporangia, with most of the sporangia forming a circle or an ellipse around 1 to 3 central spo- rangia. The long axis of elliptical sori is parallel with the laminar margin (text fig. 3); there are usually 4 (3 to 6) sori on a pinnule (n-1) and none on the winged part of any pinna axis (n-2, n-3). Sori are 1.0 to 1.5 mm in diameter, and spo- rangia are 0.3 to 0.4 mm in diameter. The sporangia show an elongated indentation on the lower abaxial side (shown in one sorus in text fig. 3A) .
The trilete spores are subcircular to circular in equatorial outline (pi. 2, figs. 4-10). Laesurae extend three-quarters the length of the spore radius and
FRUCTIFICATIONS FROM THE MAZON CREEK FLORA
U
CQ
tn
8 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 463
are usually indistinct because of secondary folds. Labra are up to 1 \±m wide. Ornamentation consists of closely spaced projections, intermediate between conate and papillate, with gradually tapered round ends. Projections are about 1 urn wide basally and 1.0 to 1.5 \im long; several projections sometimes are joined to form small ridges, and ridges, in turn, are interconnected on some spores to form a punctate or loosely reticulate pattern (pi. 2, figs. 5, 6). The spore wall is less than 1 |am thick.
A considerable difference in spore diameters was observed in preparations from the two halves of one specimen (USNM 13385 and USNM 13386). Thirty-two spore diameters (slide USNM 13385) indicate a range of 19 to 30 |j.m, with an av- erage of 25 fim; thirty- five spore diameters (slide USNM 13386) show a range of 29 to 37 ^m, with an average of 33 \±m. The range for all the samples is 19 to 37 \±m, with an average diameter of 29 \xm.
Stellatheca ornata (Lesquereux, 1884) comb. nov. Pfefferkorn pi. 3, fig. 5; pi. 4
1884 Pecopteris ornata Lesquereux, p. 760, pi. ill, figs. 30, 30b (exclusive of figure 30a, which belongs to S.. latiloba) .
1958 Pecopteris halli Lesquereux, in_ Langford, p. 172-173, fig. 299 (ISM 15830).
1963 Pecopteris solida Lesquereux, in Langford, p. 215, fig. 827 (ISM 15830).
Three specimens were examined, each with part and counterpart: USNM 13387, USNM 13388 (Lacoe Coll. 1008b) from Mazon Creek, Illinois.
Figured by Lesquereux (1884), holotype; ISM 15548a, b (Langford Coll. 246 p-1) from near Wilmington, Will County,
Illinois; ISM 15830 from near Wilmington, Will County, Illinois.
Description.— Pinnules (n-1) are semicircular or tongue-shaped, some- times only lobe-like as in ISM 15548 (pi. 4, fig. 4). The pinnules, up to 3 mm long and 2 mm wide, usually have indistinct midveins (n-1) and lateral veins (n) . Pinnules (n-1) are attached along the entire base at an angle of about 50° and are basally fused (text fig. 4).
Pinnae (n-2) are 16 mm long and 5 mm wide on USNM 13387-8 and 18 mm long and 6 mm wide on ISM 15548. Pinnae (n-2) are inserted at less than 60°.
Pinnae (n-3), which are more than 7 0 mm long and about 30 mm wide, bear pinnae (n-2) 7 to 10 mm apart. The pinna axis (n-3) is 1.4 to 2.0 mm wide and only slightly winged.
Superficial sori consist of 6 to 12 free sporangia, with most of the sporangia forming a circle or an ellipse around one or two central sporangia. Sori are at- tached at the end of lateral veins near the laminar margin and are 0.8 to 1.2 mm in diameter. There are usually three (2 to 5) sori on a pinnule (n-1); no sori occur on the laminar wing of the pinna axis (n-3). Sporangia are 0.2 to 0.3 mm in di- ameter, and the wall pattern consists of elongate cells in longitudinal rows paral- lel to the long axes of sporangia. No spores were present in the investigated specimens.
Discussion
In describing the compression specimens of Stellatheca latiloba from the northern French coal basin, Danze (1956) mentioned its similarity to Oligocarpia
FRUCTIFICATIONS FROM THE MAZON CREEK FLORA
Text fig,
4 - Fertile pinna of Stellatheca ornata.
gutbieri. In the Mazon Creek flora this similarity is not obvious, because sporangia of Oligocarpia are often filled with rock matrix. From the mono- graph on Oligocarpia by Abbott (1954) it becomes clear, however, that there are several similarities. Although the form, shape, and position of the sori are similar (fig. 7-10 of Abbott, 1954) in both genera, the sori appear to be slightly more regularly arranged in Stellatheca. Stellatheca has 6 to 15 sporangia per sorus, while Oligocarpia has 4 to 17, with 4 or 5 sporangia being the most common number. One to three sporangia occur in the center of larger sori of Oligocarpia and in all sori of Stellatheca. While there is a possibility of overlap of Stellatheca and Oligocarpia based on some soral characters, there is a distinct difference be- tween the variable appearance of the pinnules of Oligocarpia and the regular out- line of the pinnules of Stellatheca. The main difference between the genera is the apparent dissimilarity of the sporangial wall. The annulus of Oligocarpia is much more clearly defined than anything which could be called an annulus in Stellatheca.
The sporangia of S. latiloba were considered exannulate by Danze (1956). The wall pattern consists of rows of elongate cells and an apical plate of isodia- metric cells. This description resembles that of sporangia of Discopteris Stur, 1883: some authors interpreted them as exannulate, and others regarded the apical plate as an annulus. A reinvestigation of type specimens of Discopteris revealed that the lateral cell walls constituted a massive annulus and that there was an apical plate (H. W. Pfefferkorn, in press). A longitudinal groove observed in sporangia of Stellatheca in Mazon Creek specimens is interpreted as a region of dehiscence. As in Discopteris there is a two-ridged appearance on the largest pinna axis (n-3), which may indicate an H- or U-shaped vascular strand.
The spores in Oligocarpia are minutely punctate, and in Stellatheca spores show a strong ornamentation. The ornamentation is probably a real difference al- though the spore size range is quite similar (29 to 38 \±m in Oligocarpia and 19 to 37 [im in Stellatheca) .
Stellatheca and Tedelea (Eggert and Taylor, 1966) possess several simi- larities. The marginal position of the sori is the same. In Tedelea the lateral veins fork only once and each branch bears one sorus. In Stellatheca a similar arrangement can occur in very small or young pinnules but normally a lateral vein is forked twice and gives rise to three sori. The differences between the two genera are, however, more numerous. While Tedelea has occasionally solitary sporangia and usually 2 to 7 sporangia per sorus, Stellatheca has 6 to 15. The sori, as well as the sporangia within a sorus, of Stellatheca have a much more regularly arranged appearance. The spores are entirely different in their orna- mentation. The foliage in the two genera is somewhat but not very different, judging from the reconstruction of Eggert and Taylor (1966).
In the specimens described from Mazon Creek there is some superficial similarity between Stellatheca and Asterotheca in the kind of preservation. Astero- theca, however, has no central sporangia in a sorus and has smaller pinnae, smal- ler pinnules, and fewer sporangia in a sorus.
10 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 463
Lesquereux apparently was aware that his Pecopteris ornata, P. lyratifolia, and _P. stellata formed a natural group (Lesquereux, 1884, p. 760), and his men- tion of Pecopteris stellata in this group further suggests that the drawing and de- scription of P. stellata may be incorrect and that the taxon may belong to Stella- theca. However, it cannot be transferred to S.. latiloba without reinvestigation of the type, whose location is unknown. Lesquereux (1880, pi. 48, figs. 5, 5a, 5b) also figured a sterile foliage specimen which has some similarity to Stellatheca latiloba as described here, but there is presently no basis for recognizing it as the sterile frond. The lobes are longer and narrower than in S. latiloba and Les- quereux compared it with Sphenopteris lyratifolia, which has been transferred to Callipteris (Jongmans and Dijkstra, 195 8) and is certainly not congeneric with Stellatheca.
The major difference between the two species of Stellatheca is that the pinna axis (n-3) of S_. latiloba has a wide wing while the axis (n-3) of S_. ornata has no wing or only a small one. Considering the small number and small size of specimens available for examination, the possibility exists that both winged and unwinged pinnae could occur on the same frond. Spore data on S.. ornata are lacking, thus preventing spore comparisons.
The variation in soral position in Stellatheca is rather difficult to establish. According to Danz£' s (1956) drawing and description, the sori of S.. latiloba are clearly located between the midvein and. the margin; however, his photographs and our specimens seem to indicate that sori are very near the margin or are marginal. This discrepancy occurs because part of the lamina is often not preserved and the sori or only parts of the sori form the preserved margin. This type of preserva- tion led to the interpretation of a toothed margin by Langford (1958, 1963). Sori are strictly confined to pinnules (n-1), although the pinnule may have the size and shape of a lobe. The sori are attached near a lateral vein ending, and the number of sori per pinnule (n-1) generally increases from two to six with the size of the pinnule (text fig. 3). The number of sporangia per sorus is largest at the base of large pinnules (n-1) and smallest at the tip of pinnules (n-1). The largest sori are elliptical with the long axis parallel to the laminar margin and have three sporangia in a row surrounded by 12 others. The smallest sori are circular, with one sporangium surrounded by five others (text fig. 5).
An exact correlation between spores of Stellatheca latiloba and described dispersed spore taxa was not found. If found dispersed, the spores with separate coni probably conform most closely to Apiculatasporites (Ibrahim) Smith and Butter- worth, 1967. Spores with punctate or reticulate exines probably would be assigned to Microreticulatisporites (Knox) Potonie' and Kremp, 1954, or to Foveosporites Balme, 1957.
lmm
Text fig. 5 - Variation of sori of Stellatheca latiloba,
FRUCTIFICATIONS FROM THE MAZON CREEK FLORA 11
Spores probably belonging to the same species as those of S.. latiloba have been recorded (Peppers, in progress) from several coals in the Mattoon Formation in the Illinois Basin. These are of special interest because of con- siderable variation in the development of a reticulate sculpture. Except for the larger size (37 to 61 ym) of Apiculatasporites casperatus Merendez and Azcuy, 1969, this species compares rather closely with spores of Stellatheca latiloba. Doubinger and Rauscher (1966) described and illustrated a species, Foveospo rites insculptus Playford var. minor, which compares rather closely with the punctate or reticulate forms from Stellatheca latiloba. They also described a species identi- fied as Apiculatisporis (?)globosus Butterworth and Williams, 1958, which shows similarities to the non-reticulate spores of S. latiloba. However, specimens of Apiculatisporis globosus illustrated by Butterworth and Williams appear to have larger and more widely spaced cones than those of Doubinger and Rauscher. The spores described by Doubinger and Rauscher, however, come from strata of Vis^an age and are considerably older than the Mazon Creek flora.
Since the ornamentation of the spores from our fructification might be con- sidered granulose by some workers, an attempt was made to compare these spores with species of Cyclogranisporites. Of these spores, CL. leopoldi (Kremp) Potonie and Kremp, 1955, is probably the most similar to the spores of Stellatheca latiloba. Potonie' and Kremp (1955) noted that the grana of C_. leopoldi are mostly rounded on the ends or weakly conical, but no mention was made of fusion of the ornaments. Spores that Smith and Butterworth (1967) assigned to Cyclogranisporites cf. minutus Bharadwaj, 1957, are also somewhat like the spores of Stellatheca latiloba.
The size and variation in fusion of sculptural elements in the spores of Stellatheca are similar to those found in spores of Botryopteris from coal balls by Phillips and Rosso (1970).
Genus MYRIOTHECA Zeiller, 1883 Synonym: Polytheca H. Potonie\ 1900
Mvriotheca is an easily identifiable genus, which bears free, ovoid, ses- sile sporangia in a non-soral, acrostichoid manner, covering the entire lower sur- face of sphenopterid or pecopterid pinnules. The sporangia are considered exan- nulate (Kidston, 19 23), but as in Stellatheca, an apical plate and longitudinal de- hiscence have been described (Danze\ 1956).
The following spore data can be added to the above generic summary: Spores are either trilete, circular in transverse plane, laevigate, and 70 to 91 [im in diameter or trilete, triangular, rugulate, and 23 to 35 ym in diameter.
Stratigraphic range: Westphalian B to Lower Permian.
Geographic distribution: Illinois and Pennsylvania (U.S.A.); Nova Scotia (Canada); Pas-du-Calais (Northern France); Derbyshire, Nottingham, and Yorkshire (England); Thuringia (Germany).
Two species of Mvriotheca. M. scaberrima (Lesquereux) Sellards, 1902, and ^ arnoldi sp. nov. Pfefferkorn (p. 15), are known from the United States and four from Europe (table 2). The genus can be divided into two distinct groups. One group is represented by M. desaillyi Zeiller. 1883, and M. scaberrima, which are characterized by small sporangia (0.25 to 0.4 mm), many sporangia per pinnule (50), and small, triangular, rugulose-verrucate spores (20 to 35 ^m) . The other group,
12
ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 463
TABLE 2 - COMPARISON OF THE SPECIES OF MYRIOTHECA (FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES CITED IN TEXT)
|
No. of |
|||||||
|
spo- |
|||||||
|
Size of |
rangia |
Size of |
|||||
|
sporangi- |
per |
Conti- |
spores |
||||
|
Myriotheca |
um (mm) |
pinnule |
Age |
nent |
Spore genus |
(Hm) |
|
|
desaillyi |
0.25 |
50 |
Westphalian |
C |
Eur. |
(verruca te exine) |
(unknown) |
|
scaberrima |
0.4 |
40-50 |
Westphalian |
D |
N.Am. |
Camptotriletes |
23-35 |
|
monomakhof f i |
0.75 |
30 |
Westphalian |
C |
Eur. |
(unknown) |
(unknown) |
|
anglica |
0.5-0.75 |
20 |
Westphalian |
B |
Eur. |
? Punctatisporites |
70-82 |
|
arnoldi |
1.0-1.4 0.5 |
35 (un- known) |
Westphalian Autunian (Permian) |
D |
N.Am. Eur. |
Punctatisporites (unknown) |
71-91 (unknown) |
|
permica |
|||||||
which includes M. anglica Kidston, 1923, JVL arnoldi sp. nov. (p. 15), JVL permica Remy, 1954, and probably JVL monomakhoffi Danz6, 1956, is characterized by large sporangia (0.5 to 1.4 mm), 30 sporangia per pinnule, and large, circular, smooth spores (70 to 90 \xm) . In the future it might become necessary to distinguish these two groups as subgenera or separate genera.
Myriotheca has been considered a microspore-bearing pteridosperm struc- ture by Kidston (1923) and a fern fructification by Remy (1954) and Danze (1956). The spores appear to be fern-like, but the systematic position of Myriotheca re- mains unsettled.
Myriotheca scaberrima (Lesquereux, 1870) Sellards, 1902 pi. 5, figs. 1-7
1870 Sphenopteris scaberrima Lesquereux, p. 408; pi. 15, figs. 1, 2. 1902 Myriotheca scaberrima (Lesquereux) Sellards, p. 199, pi. 7, figs.
5, 5a-c. 1958 Myriotheca scaberrima (Lesquereux) in. Langford, p. 277, fig. 508.
Specimens: ISM 15728a, b (Langford Coll.) PP 2575 PP 4759
Description.— The frond is quadripinnate and has triangular-shaped lami- nate pinnules which are up to 5 mm long and 2.5 mm wide and which are attached along the broad bases. Larger pinnules are lobed, somewhat constricted basally, and completely covered by sporangia on the abaxial side. There are 4 to 5 pin- nules on each side of the pinnae. Pinnae are up to 14 mm long and 9 mm wide. The pinna axis is 0.6 mm wide, striate, and flexuous. Two ridges can be seen on the axis but only near the base.
FRUCTIFICATIONS FROM THE MAZON CREEK FLORA 13
Non-soral sporangia are equally distributed on the lower laminar surface, and there are 40 to 50 sporangia on a pinnule (text fig. 6A) . Sporangia are free, globose, sessile, and 0.4 mm in diameter.
The trilete spores are triangular to rounded triangular in equatorial outline. The corners are well rounded and the interradial sides are straight to slightly con- vex or, rarely, concave. Laesurae extend about two-thirds the length of the spore radius (about 12 |am), and sutures are distinct, open, and simple. The exine is unornamented in the area of the trilete marking. Ornamentation is found mostly on the distal face and consists of low rugulate projections. Fifty to seventy per- cent of the distal surface is covered by rugulae that are 4 to 6 \±m wide and ex- tend up to 1.8 |jLm beyond the margin, which has a scalloped appearance. Some specimens show development of larger rugulae near the corners. Rugulae are commonly shingle-like, rising gently above the spore surface and ending abruptly at its highest elevation. Twelve to fifteen arcs project beyond the margin. The spore wall is about 1.5 fim thick. The diameters (46 specimens) range from 23 to 35 [im, with an average of 28 \±m.
Discussion.— As sporae dispersae, the spores of Myriotheca scaberrima are correlated with Camptotriletes triangularis Peppers, 1970. The spores of Myriotheca scaberrima are smaller, thicker, and more coarsely ornamented than those of C_, triangularis (36 to 49 |j.m in diameter). However, these discrepancies may be attributed to differences in preservation, in preparation for study, or per- haps in maturity. Converrucosisporites armatus (Dybova and Jachowicz) Smith and Butterworth (1967) is somewhat similar but is coarser and has a verrucose exine. Camptotriletes triangularis has been observed in strata between the Col- chester (No. 2) Coal and Summum (No. 4) Coal, but it is rare.
Sellards (1902), the first paleobotanist to describe spores in situ from the Mazon Creek flora, discovered triangular spores having concave sides and di- ameters of 36 to 40 |j.m in Myriotheca scaberrima. No remarks on the ornamenta- tion of the exine were given. The spores of M. desaillyi were described without illustration by Potonie (1967) from a slide preparation by Kidston. These spores, which were considered immature, are subtriangular to circular and flatly verrucate.
The present location of the holotype of Myriotheca scaberrima is unknown. It was found on shale from Morris, which is in the mining area around Mazon Creek. Therefore the stratum typicum probably would be equivalent to the Francis Creek Shale. The specimen described by Sellards (1902) is in the collection at Yale University. Sellards (1902) noted that his specimen differed from Lesquereux1 £ description in that it lacked hairs on the pinnule-bearing axis. However, Les- quereux' s description referred mainly to the pinnae-bearing axis and the "verrucose points" can only "indistinctly [be] seenon some part of the secondary branches [pinnule-bearing axes] " (Lesquereux, 1870, p. 408). Therefore, there is no con- tradiction and the determination is correct. The third specimen was figured by Langford (1958) and was investigated by the authors. It is covered with a thin film of white mineral matter, which obscures the spores. When covered with xylene, some of the spores float off. Cell patterns of the sporangia cannot be seen. The sporangia were apparently round with a very smooth surface. Two other specimens are in the collection of the Field Museum, Chicago.
Myriotheca scaberrima is similar to M. desaillyi. The only difference is that the sporangia of M. scaberrima are larger. As both species are based on a small number of specimens, they might prove to be conspecific when more speci- mens are found. Myriotheca scaberrima and M_. desaillyi are clearly different from the other species, which have larger sporangia and larger and differently or- namented spores.
14 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 463
5mm
B
Text fig. 6 - A - Pinna of Myriotheca scaberrima and B - Pinnule of M. arnoldi sp. nov. Pfefferkorn.
FRUCTIFICATIONS FROM THE MAZON CREEK FLORA 15
Myriotheca arnoldi Pfefferkorn sp. nov.
Holotype: pi. 6, figs. 4-6, 8-9; ISM 15383 a and b (Langford Coll.).
Synchron- Para type: pi. 6, fig. 1-3, 7; USNM 43714 a and b.
Stratum typicum: Francis Creek Shale Member above Colchester (No. 2) Coal Mem- ber. Carbondale Formation, Desmoinesian Series, Westphalian D.
Locus typicus: Near Wilmington, Will County, Illinois.
Derivatio nominis: The new species is named in honor of Professor Chester A. Arnold in recognition of his contributions to our knowledge of Paleozoic plants .
Diagnosis. — The frond is pinnately divided, probably in several orders, but only the last one is preserved. The pinnules are up to 12 mm long and 6 mm wide. The shape of the lamina is not recognizable but is somewhat sphenopteroid . The pinnules are covered by sporangia on the abaxial side. The axis shows a weak longitudinal striation and is slightly winged.
Sporangia are free, round, sessile, and 1.0 to 1.4 mm in diameter. There are about 35 sporangia on one pinnule; owing to the lobation of the pinnules, there is a tendency toward the occurrence of some groupings, made up of about eight sporangia. This grouping does not constitute the formation of sori.
Spores are radial, trilete, and circular in transverse plane, and were origi- nally spherical. The trilete marking is distinct, the suture is simple, and the rays extend about two-thirds the length of the spore radius, or about 26 nm. The rays are of equal length. The exine is laevigate. The spore wall is 3 to 4 |im thick, and the diameters of the spores (29 measurements) vary from a maximum of 91 M-m to a minimum of 71 nm, with a mean of 79 urn.
Discussion. — Myriotheca arnoldi has the largest sporangia and pinnules so far known in the genus; in other characteristics it is somewhat similar to M. anqlica, M. monomakhoffi and M. permica . The grouping of the sporangia in M. arnoldi appears to be distinctive, because the midrib of the pinnule is not covered by sporangia (text fig. 6B) .
It is assumed that the foliage of M. arnoldi was Sphenopteris-like, be- cause the veins are bipinnatifid and not stiff or regular. They bear some resem- blance to _Sphejioj)teris txida^tylites. (Lesquereux, 1880, pi. 55, figs. 9 a-b) .
As dispersed spores, those of Myriotheca arnoldi would be assigned to Punctati sporite s or perhaps Calamospora. The spores have not been correlated with any named species of Punctati s porite s or Calamospora, but except for thick- er spore coats, the spores are similar to Calamospora sp. 1 (Peppers, 1970) from the Cardiff Coal. Spores reported from sporangia of Myriotheca anqlica (Kidston, 1923) are very similar to those from M_. arnoldi.
Genus CORYNEPTERIS Bailey, 1860
The fructification genus Corynepteris was early recognized as belonging to the zygopterid ferns . Even though the genus is well defined, the synonymy is
16 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 463
quite extensive (Jongmans, 1957, p. 181). Sterile foliage is called Alloiopteris H. Potonie, 1897, and fructifications are called Corynepteris. Daber (1955) has suggested Saccopteris Stur, 1883, a younger synonym of Corynepteris, as the name for the entire plant.
The description below is based on one fertile specimen, part and counter- part (C 10814), from Mazon Creek, Illinois. The sori were covered by the carbona- ceous film of the lamina, which was removed in order to obtain spores. The soral structure was not observable in detail, but there is no doubt about the generic assignment to this rather homogeneous genus.
Corynepteris (ex Alloiopteris) cf. erosa (Gutbier) Kidston 1887
pi. 7, figs. 1-6
Description. — The preserved part of the pinna is 6 cm long and 5.5 cm wide with both sides incomplete. Twelve lateral pinnae on each side are more than 2.8 cm long and 4 mm wide. One of the basal pinnules (anadromic?) is aphleboid (pi. 7, fig. 2).
Spores are trilete and circular in equatorial outline and have secondary folds. Laesurae are straight and extend three- fourths the length of the spore radius. The commissure is usually distinct and the labra are up to 1.5 ^m wide. The proximal and distal faces are covered with widely spaced spines and setae up to 3 urn long and 1.5 M-m wide. Extending beyond the spore outline are 2 5 to 35 projections. The spore wall is 1.5 to 3.0 urn thick. The diameters of 26 specimens range from 38 to 80 M-m, with an average of 55 y-m.
Discussion.— The specimen described above is most similar to Alloiopteris erosa because it has a few sharp indentations on pinnules and the pinnules are separated only near their tips. A. angustissima, which is similar to C 10814 in some respects, has smaller pinnules that are clearly separated from each other. Specimen C 10814 somewhat resembles A. cristata, but aphleboid pinnules are lacking in that species (Nemejc, 1938).
The spores of Corynepteris cf. erosa are correlated with Apiculatisporis setulosus (Kosanke) Potonie' and Kremp, 1955, and are compared with the holotype and other specimens found in Illinois. A. cf. setulosus of Potonie and Kremp (1955) is apparently coarser and more densely ornamented than A. setulosus. A. setulosus is a minor constituent in the spore floras but ranges throughout Penn- sylvanian strata of the Illinois Basin. Corynepteris cf. erosa is also very rare.
Spores in situ from three other species of Corynepteris have been described. Kidston (1923) illustrated and described the spores of C_. sternbergii as circular, triradiate, papillose, and 55 to 58 ym in diameter. From a separate preparation made from Kidston' s material, Potonie' (1967) interpreted the ornamentation of the spores as conate. The specimen of C_. sternbergii examined by Brush and Barg- hoorn (1964, 1965) bore triradiate, thick, psilate or finely foveolate spores 50 to 57 ym in diameter. Moore (1946, 1965) found triradiate, spinose spores having "an annular wing" in a fertile specimen identified as Corynepteris. R. and W. Remy (1957) reported that the spores derived from C_. silesiaca R. and W. Remy, 1955, are 70 to 80 ym in diameter and have long trilete rays and a granulose exine. Potonie (196 2) concluded that the exines of the Remys' specimens are covered with verrucae rather than grana and compared them with Verrucosisporites verrucosus (Ibrahim) Ibrahim, 1933. From present information, the spores of Corynepteris
FRUCTIFICATIONS FROM THE MAZON CREEK FLORA 17
are radially trilete, circular in transverse plane, of medium (about 40 to 80 |xm) size and thickness, and ornamented with papillate to conate or small verrucose projections.
Genus ASTEROTHECA Presl, 1845
Five specimens of Asterotheca-like fructifications were selected for this study because they show the same type of spore preservation as other fertile specimens studied in this paper. All investigated specimens are preserved in ironstone nodules from the Mazon Creek area. Macroscopic descriptions are given in table 3. The spores are discussed in the following text. Specimens tentatively identified as Scolecopteris are described in the next section.
Asterotheca (ex Pecopteris) sp. 1 and sp. 2 pi. 8, figs. 1-7
Description.— The spores of Asterotheca (ex Pecopteris) sp. 1 (PP 15338) and sp. 2 (USNM 14212) are monolete, bilaterally symmetrical, and elliptical to bean-shaped in transverse plane. The laesurae are distinct, straight, commonly open, and one-half to two-thirds the length of the long axis; the labra are 1 ^m or less on either side of the commissure. The exine is covered with grana 1 |±mor less in diameter, which are barely visible at the spore margin. The spore wall is less than 1 |im thick. Spore diameters from PP 15338 (30 specimens) show a maxi- mum of 21.8 x 14.0 |Jim, a mean of 18.2 x 12.4 ^m, and a minimum of 15.6 x 9.4 [xm. Spore diameters from USNM 14212 (30 specimens) range from 14.6 x 9.4 |am to 20 x 11.7 (am, with an average of 16.8 x 10.6 (jtm.
Comparison.— Spores are correlated with Laevigatosporites minutus (Ibra- him) Schopf, Wilson, and Bentall, 1944. In the Illinois Basin Laevigatosporites minutus occurs throughout the Pennsylvanian except in the Caseyville Formation. It is most common in the Spoon and Carbondale Formations.
Asterotheca (ex Pecopteris) sp. 3 and sp. 4 pi. 9, figs. 1-6; pi. 10, figs. 1-4; pi. 11, fig. 4
Description.— The spores of Asterotheca (ex Pecopteris) sp. 3 (USNM 13287) and A. (ex Pecopteris) sp. 4 (C 10797) are radially symmetrical, trilete, and originally spherical. Abundant secondary folds commonly obscure the trilete suture. Laesurae are straight and simple. Two laesurae, which are more distinct than the third, form almost a straight line and each is about three-fourths the length of the radius; the third laesura is perpendicular or almost perpendicular to the other two and up to one-half their length. The exine is indistinctly scabrate to finely granulate. The spore wall is less than 1 \±m thick. Diameters of spores from USNM 13287 (40 specimens) range from 14 to 20|jLm, with an average of 16 (im. Diameters of spores from C 10797 (40 specimens) range from 13 to 18fim,with an average of 15 jim. Except for a slight difference in size, the only other difference between the spores of the two species is that the grana on specimen USNM 13287 are more closely spaced.
18
ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 463
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FRUCTIFICATIONS FROM THE MAZON CREEK FLORA 19
Comparison.— These spores as sporae dispersae are most similar to Punc- tatisporites minutus (Kosanke) Peppers, 1964. Kosanke (1950, p. 15-16) described this species from the Mattoon Formation (upper Pennsylvanian) of Illinois and gave a size range of 27.3 to 32.5 |am. Peppers (1964 and 1970) included within the taxon spores having the same morphology but as small as 15 \im. From more re- cently obtained data (Peppers, work in progress) from coals of the Mattoon For- mation, it is thought that two rather distinct size ranges are represented: one spore has a size range of about 25 to 33 jxm as originally given by Kosanke, and the other has a size range of about 15 to 25 \im. Although spores of both size ranges usually occur together in the Mattoon Formation, the spores of the larger size range become dominant at about the middle of the Mattoon Formation. The holotype of Punctatisporites minutus came from these strata. The size difference is apparently useful in age determination and correlation of strata in the Illinois Basin. £. minutus (small and large) occurs throughout the Pennsylvanian in the Illinois Basin. It is uncommon from the base of the Penn- sylvanian through the Spoon Formation, common in the Carbondale, Modesto, and Bond Formations, and very abundant in the Mattoon Formation. This species cor- responds to the species cf. Fabasporites Sullivan, 1964, of Clendening (1967), except that Fabasporites is described as being alete. Clendening stated that Fabasporites is very abundant in the Monongahela and Dunkard strata of the Ap- palachian Basin. It is of interest to note that this increase in abundance of these spore taxa toward the top of the Pennsylvanian corresponds to an increase in dis- tribution of the form-genus Pecopteris .
Asterotheca (ex Pecopteris) cf . miltoni pi. 11, figs. 1-3
Description.— Specimen ISM 15382 most probably belongs to the species Asterotheca (ex Pecopteris) cf . miltoni. The preservation is relatively poor and the sporangia are filled mainly with mineral matter.
The spores are radially symmetrical, trilete, and circular to subcircular in equatorial view, and secondary folding is common. Laesurae are often obscured and are about two- thirds the length of the spore radius. Labra are 1 to 2 |im wide. The exine is covered with grana that are circular to subcircular in plan view. They are about 1 [±m in diameter and usually wider than high. About one-half the spore surface area is occupied by grana. Some grana touch at their bases or are joined, and 65 to 80 grana extend beyond the spore margin. The exine is about 1 |am thick. The diameters (35 specimens) range from 37 to 58 [im, with an average of 49 |im.
Comparison.— If found isolated, this spore would be assigned to Cyclo- qranisporites. It is similar to Cyclogranisporites cf. minutus Bharadwaj, 1957 as illustrated in Smith and Butterworth, 1967. These spores are very similar to those described from Asterotheca (ex Pecopteris) miltoni by Potonie (1962) and Laveine (1970).
Discussion The sporangia are preserved in more or less three-dimensional form and filled with brown masses of spores and with white mineral matter. The cell wall has been destroyed and a cell pattern is not visible. In this type of preservation it is impossible to see any difference between Asterotheca, Acitheca, Scolecop-
20
ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 463
teris, Ptychocarpus and Cyathotracus . The generic determination can therefore be reached only through the specific determination. This can be a quite mislead- ing way, especially if the veins and the outline of the lamina are as indistinct as in these fertile specimens.
The difficulty in distinguishing among some of the above genera has led to an extended discussion in the literature. Hirmer (1927) and Barthel (1970) con- sidered Asterotheca synonymous with Scolecopteris. Mamay (1950) pointed out the discrepancy between the occurrences of the two genera: Scolecopteris is found mainly in coal balls and Asterotheca only as compressions. A similar discrepancy exists between Cyathotrachus (only in coal balls) and Ptychocarpus (mainly as compressions), which may be congeneric.
Spores in situ of approximately 70 species of Marattiaceae fructifications have been described in the literature (Watson, 1906; Scott, 1932; Andrews, 1943; Moore, 1946; Mamay, 1950; Remy and Remy, 1955, 1957; Doubinger, 1961; Ewart, 1961; Potonie, 1962, 1965, 1967; Brush and Barghoorn, 1964; Barthel, 1967; Laveine, 1969, 1970). The spores vary from monolete to trilete with a short third ray to trilete; from laevigate to granulose to verrucose with irregular thickening of the exine (as in Torispora); and from about 10 u.m to at least 124 u.m in diameter. A discussion of each of these taxa is beyond the scope of this paper. Recently Laveine (1970, p. 288-296) has discussed the paleobotanical implications of using spore morphology in an attempt to verify natural relationships among species of the form-genus Pecopteris. Table 4 shows that there is no direct correlation between the form of the spores and several genera (Asterotheca, Scolecopteris, Ptychocarpus) . Generalizations are possible for Danaeites (monolete, granulate, Laveine, 1970), Acitheca (only trilete; granulate or verrucose), Eoangiopteris (trilete, reticulate) and Cyathotrachus (monolete, laevigate). The lack of cor- relation in the larger genera may be natural, but it is also possible that this points out our lack of understanding of natural relationship in those groups.
The specimens studied here can be placed into three distinct groups ac- cording to the spores. Spores:
(1) monolete, bean-shaped, granulose, small (about 10 x 20 u.m);
(2) trilete with one short ray, round, granulose, small (about 18 u.m);
(3) trilete, round, granulose, large (about 50 jim) .
|
TABLE k - DISTRIBUTION OF FORMS OF SPORES OF CARBONIFEROUS MARATTIACEAE (FROM VARIOUS SOURCES CITED IN TEXT). A = ASTEROTHECA, Ac = ACITHECA, C = CYATHOTRACHUS, D = DANAEITES, E = EOANGIOPTERIS, P = PTYCHOCARPUS, S = SCOLECOPTERIS |
|||
|
Trilete |
Monolete |
||
|
number of species |
genera |
number of species |
genera |
|
smooth or punctate granulate verrucose reticulate conate cristate |
10 S + A + P 19 A+S + C + P 12 A + Ac 18 A + D + P 1 Ac 1 S 3 E + S — — — — 2 A — — 1 A |
FRUCTIFICATIONS FROM THE MAZON CREEK FLORA
21
Genus SCOLECOPTERIS Zenker, 1837
Two specimens from Mazon Creek, Illinois, tentatively assigned to Scole- copteris, were examined and spores were extracted. In both specimens the en- tire lamina of each pinnule appeared to be covered with spores. Macroscopically the two specimens appear to be similar. The specimens used are:
? Scolecopteris sp. 1 C 10800
? Scolecopteris sp. 2 C 10803
Macroscopic Description.— Pinnules are tongue-shaped and Pecopteris- like. They taper slightly towards the top and near the base. The midvein is thick and lateral veins are simple or forked once (text fig. 7). Subsidiary veins are probably present. Sterile pinnules are 5 mm long and 3 mm wide, and the midvein (visible only in specimen C 10803) is 0.3 mm wide. Fertile pinnules are 5 to 9 mm long and 3 to 3.5 mm wide. Pinnules touch each other at the margin and are attached to the pinna axis at an angle of 70°-90°. The margin of fertile pinnules is strongly curved abaxially.
The pinna is about 6.5 cm long, 17 mm wide in the middle, and 12 mm wide at the base, and bears about 22 pinnules on each side. The pinna axis is 1 . 8 mm wide and has a weak and irregular longitudinal striation and stout hairs which are 0.2 mm thick at their bases (text fig. 8). Fructifications cover the en- tire under-surface of fertile pinnules. Each fructification is 1.4 mm long and 0.4 mm broad, extends nearly to the margin of the pinnule, and has a longitudinal striation vertically oriented to the midvein. Single sporangia are not discernible in the two specimens.
? Scolecopteris sp. 1 pi. 12, figs. 3, 4, 5, 6
Description.— The spores (specimen C 10800) are trilete and circular to subcircular in transverse plane. Laesurae are distinct and straight, and two of the laesurae generally form almost a straight line and are about equal in length to the spore radius; the third laesura is perpendicular or almost perpendicular to the other two and up to one-half their length; minor folds are usually present along the two longest rays. The spore exine is laevigate and 1 to 1.5 |im thick. The spore diameters (40 specimens) range from 16 to 23 i-im, with an average of 19 |im.
Comparison. — If found dispersed, the spores of C 10800 would be classi- fied as Puncta ti s porite s ; however, no dispersed species of Punctati s pori te s that could be correlated with these spores were noted, and spores similar to those of C 10800 have not been recognized in macerated rocks from the Illinois Basin.
Text fig. 7 - Sterile pinnule of ? Scole- copteris spec. 2.
Text, fig
Fertile pinnule of ? Scole- copteris spec. 2.
22 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 463
Latosporites minutus Bharadwai, 1957, and Laevigatas po rites perminutus Alpern, 1959, are monolete, circular, and more or less smooth, but they are thinner and more often folded than the spores of C 10800.
? Scolecopteris sp. 2 pi. 12, figs. 1, 2, 7-10
Description.— The spores of specimen C 10803 are trilete and circular to elliptical in transverse plane. Two long laesurae extend about three-fourths the spore radius, but the third laesura is less than one-half the length of the other two. The spore surface is covered with minute papillae and spines that are so closely spaced that parts of the spore surface appear punctate. Sculptural ele- ments are less than 0.5 |xm in diameter and are about twice as long as they are wide. The exine is 1 to 2.5 \im thick. Diameter size range (30 specimens) is from 18 to 24 ^m, with an average of 20 |am. Because of the close spacing of the minute spines, the true nature of the ornamentation is best shown by scanning electron microscopy. Under transmitted light, the exine appears punctate, granu- lose, or papillate.
Comparison.— The spores from fructification C 10803 are in the size range of Laevigatosporites globosus and are therefore correlated with that species. The surface ornamentation of these spores is similar also to that of Punctatisporites obliquus Kosanke, 1950, and £. orbicularis Kosanke, 1950. Habib (1966) and Peppers (1970) noted that L. globosus is similar to P. obliquus except that it is smaller, has a shorter third ray, and is more ellipsoidal than_P. obliquus . The spores of specimen C 10803 are apparently more circular than typical specimens of Laevigatosporites globosus, but this difference is probably the result of dif- ferences in preservation. It is conceivable that they represent immature speci- mens of Punctatisporites obliquus, but the minimum size range of the latter is about 7 jim greater than the maximum size of the spores in specimen C 10803. The ornamentation of the spores in situ is well developed for immature spores.
Potonie and Kremp (1954) placed Laevigatosporites globosus in the genus Latosporites Potonie and Kremp, 1954, which is reserved for monolete spores hav- ing laevigate to infrareticulate exines. Examination of specimens of Laevigato- sporites globosus under oil immersion objective reveals that the ornamentation is minutely papillate to spinose but that it appears to be punctate or infrapunctate where the projections are closely packed. L. globosus is a species that is com- monly present in the Illinois Basin from the top of the Abbott Formation to the lower part of the Mattoon Formation.
Discussion
The two fertile compressions resemble very much the genus Danaeites. The longitudinal striation of each fructification, however, and the missing sub- divisions of the spore masses exclude the genus Danaeites. The specimens re- semble more closely some species of Scolecopteris in which the sori are inclined towards the midvein (text fig. 9). This inclined position has been reported in S. minor Ho skins, 1926, and in S. incisifolia Mamay, 1950, from coal balls (Graham, 1934; Mamay, 1950). None of these species can be directly compared with the specimens described here, because of differences in the size of pinnules and fructifications. Our specimens correspond in size, however, with_S. oliveri
FRUCTIFICATIONS FROM THE MAZON CREEK FLORA
23
Text fig. 9 - Cross section of ? Scole-
copteris sp. with interpre- tation of fertile structure.
(Scott, 1932), described from the Per- nio-Carboniferous of Autun, France. As the mode of preservation is different (petrifaction versus compression) and the number of our specimens small, further comparison cannot be made. Jongmans and Gothan (1925) described a compression species, Scolecopteris (ex Pecopteris) verbeeki Gothan and Jongmans, 1925, from the Stephanian of Sumatra. It has smaller pinnules than the forms considered here, but has a somewhat similar aspect in preservation (Jongmans and Gothan, 1925, pi. 3, figs, la, 2a).
The two specimens described here contain different spore genera but, with the lack of soral and sporangial data, the establishment of two new species is not warranted at this time. Therefore, they are designated ? Scolecopteris sp. 1 (C 10800) and ? S. sp. 2 (C 10803). The designation to the genus Scolecopteris is only tentative, because the structure of the base of the sorus cannot be de- termined from the compression.
Spores from several other species of Scolecopteris have been described and are reviewed here for comparison. Scott (in Potonie, 1962, p. 98-99) de- scribed the spores of Scolecopteris oliveri Scott, 1932, as monolete, oval, rugose or tuberculate, and about 18 nm in diameter. The spores of _S. eleqans Zenker, 1837, were considered trilete, circular, and finely punctate by Stras- burger, 1874 (in Potonie, 1962), but Mamay (1950) concluded that the spores of this species are smooth. Mamay also listed two species (S. latifolia Graham, 1933, and .S. minor Hoskins, 1926) that have trilete, smooth spores; two species (S. iowensis Mamay, 1950, and J3. major Mamay, 1950) that have trilete, reticu- late spores; and one species (S. incisifolia Mamay, 1950) with bilateral smooth spores. Ewart (1961) found monolete smooth spores, about 12 nm long, in the species jS. monothrix Ewart, 1961, and circular, smooth spores, about 15 M-m in diameter, with "a crescent- shaped indentation" in S. illinoensis Ewart, 1961. Scolecopteris radforthii Andrews, 1943, contains trilete, laevigate spores which were considered immature. According to Potonie" (1965, p. 44) the spores of S. polvmorpha (Brongniart, 1828) Stur, 1883, are also immature, trilete, subtriangu- lar, and laevigate.
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FRUCTIFICATIONS FROM THE MAZON CREEK FLORA 25
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FRUCTIFICATIONS FROM THE MAZON CREEK FLORA 29
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PLATES
AND
EXPLANATIONS
32
PLATE 1 Stellatheca latiloba Danze, 1956, p. 5
Figure
1 Specimen USNM 13382; scale 1:1; under xylol.
2 Specimen USNM 13382; scale 5:1; under xylol.
3 Specimen USNM 14218; scale 1:1
4 Specimen USNM 14218; scale 5:1
5 Specimen USNM 14218; scale 5:1; under xylol.
33
^w?ji- " "^y,-
34
PLATE 2 Stellatheca latiloba Danze, 1956, p. 5
Figure
1 Specimen USNM 13386; scale 1:1
2 Specimen USNM 13385 (counterpart of USNM 13386); scale 1:1
3 Specimen USNM 13386; scale 5:1
Spores of Stellatheca latiloba (correlated with ? Apiculatasporites, ? Microreticul- atisporites, ? Foveosporites, ? Cvclogranispo rites)
Figure
4-6 Specimen USNM 13386; scale 1200:1; scanning electron micrographs.
7 Specimen USNM 13386; negative 8704; coordinates 130.0 x 50.5; size 35.8 x 30.9 urn; scale 1000:1*
8 Specimen USNM 13385; negative 8573; coordinates 135.3 x 48.0; size 23.1 x21.8 urn; scale 1000:1. (Specimens USNM 13385 and 13386 are counterparts .)
9 Specimen USNM 13386; negative 8532; coordinates 137.5 x 51.0; size 32.8 x 28.6 urn; scale 1000:1
10 Specimen USNM 13386; negative 8528; coordinates 130.5 x 50.1; size
35.8 x 31 .9 urn; scale 1000:1
* All coordinates refer to the mechanical stage of a Spencer microscope (serial number 41729 7) at the Illinois State Geological Survey.
35
:-: : -mm':i
\wA ; ...
-
36
PLATE 3 Stellatheca latiloba Danze, 1956, p. 5
Figure
1 Specimen USNM 13383; scale 1:1; under xylol.
2 Specimen USNM 13383; scale 5:1
3 Specimen USNM 13386; scale 20:1
4 Specimen USNM 13386; scale 5:1; under xylol.
Stellatheca ornata (Lesquereux, 1884) comb, nov., p. 8
Figure
5 Specimen ISM 15548b; scale 5:1; under xylol.
37
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pt,-'m-i;:^
!L
'â– :. : : .." .:. ." ' , : â– â– >. â– .:â– â– ". â– . ;•" : .: ':'. : â–
38
PLATE 4 Stellatheca ornata (Lesquereux, 1884) comb, nov., p
Figure
1 Specimen ISM 15548; scale 1:1; under xylol.
2 Specimen USNM 13388; scale 5:1
3 Specimen USNM 13388; scale 1:1
4 Specimen ISM 15548b; scale 5:1
5 Specimen ISM 15548b; scale 8:1, under xylol.
39
5
- :- v *.I: - : ;â– â– â– : m&' -;
40
PLATE 5 Myriotheca scaberrima (Lesquereux, 1870) Sellards, 1902, p. 12
Figure
1 Specimen ISM 15728b; scale 1:1
2 Specimen ISM 15728b; scale 5:1
Spores of Myriotheca scaberrima (correlated with: Camptotriletes triangularis)
Figure
3 Specimen ISM 15728a; negative 8539; coordinates 139.5 x 53.7; size 34.1 x 32.5 M-m; scale 1000:1 . Focus on the proximal surface of the spore
4 Specimen ISM 15728a; negative 8541; same spore as Fig. 3. Focus on the equator of the spore.
5 Specimen ISM 15728a; negative 8540; same spore as Fig. 3. Focus on the distal surface of the spore.
6 Specimen ISM 15728a; negative 8538; coordinates 144.5 x 53.6; size 36.4 x 34.1 i-im; scale 1000:1. Focus on the distal surface of the spore.
7 Specimen ISM 15728a; scale 1200:1; scanning electron micrograph.
41
42
PLATE 6 Myriotheca arnoldi Pfefferkorn, sp. nov., p. 15
Figure
1 Specimen USNM 43714 B; paratype; scale 1:1
2 Specimen USNM 43714 B; paratype; scale 5:1
3 Specimen USNM 43714 A; paratype; scale 5:1
4 Specimen ISM 15383b; holotype; scale 1:1
5 Specimen ISM 15383a; holotype; scale 1:1
6 Specimen ISM 15383b; holotype; scale 5:1
Spores of Myriotheca arnoldi (correlated with: ? Punctatisporites, ? Calamospora)
Figure
7 Specimen USNM 43714 B; scale 250:1; scanning electron micrograph.
8 Specimen ISM 15383b; scale 500:1; scanning electron micrograph.
9 Specimen ISM 15383a; negative 8558; coordinates 123.3 x 48.8; size 87.8 x 74.8 urn; scale 500:1
43
44
PLATE 7
Corynepteris (ex Alloiopteris) cf . erosa (Gutbier, 1843) Kidston, 1887, p. 16
Figure
1 Specimen C 10814; scale 1:1; under xylol.
2 Specimen C 10814; scale 5:1; under xylol; arrow points at aphleboid pinnule .
Spores of Corynepteris (ex Alloiopteris) cf. erosa (correlated with: Apiculati- sporis setulosus)
Figure
3 Specimen C 10814; scale 1000:1; scanning electron micrograph.
4 Specimen C 10814; scale 500:1; scanning electron micrograph.
5 Specimen C 10814; negative 8527; coordinates 144.5 x 45.0; size 40.0 x 38.4 M-m; scale 1000:1
6 Specimen C 10814; negative 8521; coordinates 144.5 x 45.0; size 40.0 x 38.4 i~im; scale 1000:1. Focus on margin.
45
.:'■'„..'-" .'
46
PLATE 8 Asterotheca (ex Pecopteris) species 1 and 2, p. 17
Figure
1 A. sp. 1; specimen PP 15 338; scale 1:1; under xylol.
2 Specimen PP 15338; scale 5:1; under xylol.
3 A. sp. 2; specimen USNM 14212; scale 1:1; under xylol.
4 Specimen USNM 14212; scale 5:1; under xylol.
Spores of Asterotheca sp. 1 and sp. 2 (correlated with Laeviqatosporites minutus)
Figure
5 A. sp. 1; specimen PP 15338; negative 8709; coordinates 141.0 x 43.9; size 19.5 x 10.4 nm; scale 1000:1
6 A. sp. 2; specimen USNM 14212; negative 8589; coordinates 135.9 x 27.4; size 19.5 x 12.0 urn; scale 1000:1.
7 A. sp. 2; specimen USNM 14212; scale 1000:1; scanning electron micro- graph.
47
48
PLATE 9 Asterotheca (ex Pecopteris) sp. 3, p. 17
Figure
1 Specimen C 1079 7; scale 5:1
2 Specimen C 1079 7; scale 1:1
Spores of Asterotheca (ex Pecopteris) sp. 3 (correlated with Punctatisporites minutus)
Figure
3 Specimen C 1079 7; scale 1200:1; scanning electron micrograph.
4 Specimen C 10797; scale 1200:1; scanning electron micrograph.
5 Specimen C 10797; negative 8711; coordinates 129.0 x 45.3; size 16.6 x 12.7 urn; scale 1000:1
6 Specimen C 10797; negative 8714; coordinates 130.4 x 35.1; size 16.3 x 15.0 nm; scale 1000:1
49
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50
PLATE 10 Asterotheca (ex Pecopteris) sp. 4, p. 17
Figure
1 Specimen USNM 13288; scale 5:1
2 Specimen USNM 13288; scale 1:1
Spores of Asterotheca (ex Pecopteris) sp. 4 (correlated with Punctatisporites minutus)
Figure
3 Specimen USNM 13288; scale 1000:1; scanning electron micrograph.
4 Specimen USNM 13287 (counterpart of 13288); negative 8588; coordinates 130.9 x 49.4; size 16.3 x 15.9 urn; scale 1000:1
51
V,#Â¥
52
PLATE 11 Asterotheca (ex Pecopteris) cf. miltoni, p. 19
Figure
1 Specimen ISM 15382; scale 5:1
2 Specimen ISM 15382; scale 1:1
Spore of Asterotheca (ex Pecopteris) cf . miltoni (correlated with Cyclogranisporites aureus)
Figure
3 Specimen ISM 15382; negative 8534; coordinates 123.4 x 48.3; size 50.1 x 35.8 nm; scale 1000:1
Asterotheca (ex Pecopteris) sp. 3, p. 17 (see plate 9)
Figure
4 Spore mass of specimen C 1079 7; slide 1, negative 8563; scale 500:1
53
54
PLATE 12 ? Scolecopteris (ex Pecopteris) sp. 1 and 2, p. 21
Figure
1 ? S. sp. 2; specimen C 10803; scale 1:1
2 ? S. sp. 2; specimen C 10803; scale 5:1
3 ? S. sp. 1; specimen C 10800; scale 1:1
4 ? S. sp. 1; specimen C 10800; scale 5:1
Spores of ? Scolecopteris (ex Pecopteris) sp. 1 (correlated with Punctati s porite s sp.)
Figure
5 Specimen C 10800; negative 8625; coordinates 138.4 x 27.0; size 21.8 x 19.5 urn; scale 1000:1
6 Specimen C 10800; scale 1200:1; scanning electron micrograph.
Spores of ? Scolecopteris (ex Pecopteris) sp. 2 (correlated with Laevigatos porite s qlobosus)
Figure
7 Specimen C 10803; scale 3000:1; scanning electron micrograph.
8 Specimen C 10803; scale 1200:1; scanning electron micrograph.
9 Specimen C 10803; negative 8745; coordinates 135.5 x 34.5; size 21.2 x 19.5 urn; scale 1000:1. Focus on proximal surface of spore.
10 Specimen C 10803; negative 8708; coordinates 137.0 x 40.1; size 22.8 x
22.4 M-mj scale 1000:1. Focus on equator of spore.
55
Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 463
56 p., 4 tables, 9 figs., 12 plates, 2500 cop., 1971
Urbana, Illinois 61801
Printed by Authority of State of Illinois
ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Urbana, Illinois 61801
FULL TIME STAFF September 1, 1971
JOHN C. FRYE, Ph.D., D.Sc, Chief Hubert E. Passer, Ph.D., Assistant Chief
G. R. Eadie, M.S., E.M,
Administrative Engineer
Helen E. McMorris, Mary M. Sullivan;
Velda A. Millard, Secretary to the Chief Research Assistant
Fiscal Assistant to the Chief
M. L. Thompson, Ph.D., (on leave)
GEOLOGICAL GROUP Jack A. Simon, M.S., Principal Geologist Principal Research Geologist R. E. Bergstrom, Ph.D.,
Frances H. Alsterlund, A.B., Research Associate
Coordinator, Environmental Geology
COAL
M. E. Hopkins, Ph.D., Geologist and Head Harold J. Gluskoter, Ph.D., Geologist William H. Smith, M.S., Geologist Neely H. Bostick, Ph.D., Associate Geologist Kenneth E. Clegg, M.S., Associate Geologist Heinz H. Damberger, D.Sc, Associate Geologist Russel A. Peppers, Ph.D., Associate Geologist Roger B. Nance, M.S., Assistant Geologist Kenneth R. Cope, B.S., Research Assistant
STRATIGRAPHY AND AREAL GEOLOGY Charles Collinson, Ph.D., Geologist and Head Elwood Atherton, Ph.D., Geologist T. C. Buschbach, Ph.D., Geologist Herbert D. Glass, Ph.D., Geologist Lois S. Kent, Ph.D., Associate Geologist Jerry A. Lineback, Ph.D., Associate Geologist David L. Gross, Ph.D., Assistant Geologist Alan M. Jacobs, Ph.D., Assistant Geologist Michael L. Sargent, M.S., Assistant Geologist Matthew J. Avcin, M.S., Research Assistant Mildred R. Newhouse, Technical Assistant
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING W. Calhoun Smith, Ph.D., Geologist in charge Paul B. DuMontelle, M.S., Associate Geologist Robert E. Cole, B.S., Research Assistant
CLAY RESOURCES AND CLAY MINERAL TECHNOLOGY W . Arthur White, Ph.D., Geologist and Head Bruce F. Bohor, Ph.D., Associate Geologist Cheryl W. Adkis son, B.S., Research Assistant
GEOLOGICAL RECORDS Vivian Gordon, Head Hannah Kistler, Supervisory Assistant Elizabeth A. Anderson, Technical Assistant Betty C. Cox, Technical Assistant Joann L. Graves, Technical Assistant Diane A. Heath, B.A., Technical Assistant Coradel R. Little, A.B., Technical Assistant Connie L. Maske, B.A., Technical Assistant Elizabeth Speer, Technical Assistant
GROUND-WATER GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION Robert E. Bergstrom, Ph.D., Geologist and Head Merlyn B. Buhle, M.S., Geologist Keros Cartwright, M.S., Associate Geologist George M. Hughes, Ph.D., Associate Geologist John P. Kempton, Ph.D., Associate Geologist Leon R. Follmer, Ph.D., Assistant Geologist Manoutchehr Heidari, Ph.D., Assistant Engineer Paul C. Heigold, Ph.D., Assistant Geophysicist Kemal Piskin, M.S., Assistant Geologist Philip C. Reed, A.B., Assistant Geologist Frank B. Sherman, Jr., M.S., Assistant Geologist Ross D. Brower, M.S., Jr. Assistant Geologist Jean I. Larsen, M.A., Jr. Assistant Geologist Joan E. Buehler, A.M., Research Assistant George P. Zielinski, Technical Assistant
OIL AND GAS Donald C. Bond, Ph.D., Head Lindell H. Van Dyke, M.S., Geologist Thomas F. Lawry, B.S., Associate Petroleum Engineer R. F. Mast, M.S., Associate Petroleum Engineer Wayne F. Meents, Associate Geological Engineer David L. Stevenson, M.S., Associate Geologist Hubert M. Bristol, M.S., Assistant Geologist Richard H. Howard, M.S., Assistant Geologist Jacob Van Den Berg, M.S., Assistant Geologist Nancy J. Harper, Technical Assistant Marjorie E. Melton, Technical Assistant
INDUSTRIAL MINERALS James C. Bradbury, Ph.D., Geologist and Head James W. Baxter, Ph.D., Geologist Richard D. Harvey, Ph.D., Geologist Norman C. Hester, Ph.D., Assistant Geologist George M. Wilson, M.S., Assistant Geologist
GEOLOGICAL SAMPLES LIBRARY Robert W. Frame, Superintendent J. Stanton Bonwell, Supervisory Assistant Charles J. Zelinsky, Supervisory Assistant Eugene W. Meier, Technical Assistant Jannice P. Richard, Clerk-Stenographer II
Glenn C G. Robert Yohe, Ph.D., Senior Chemist Thelma J. Chapman, B.A., Research Assistant
MINERALS ENGINEERING
CHEMICAL GROUP
Finger, Ph.D., Principal Chemist
N. F. Shimp, Ph.D., Coordinator, Environmental Research Anita E. Bergman, B.S., Technical Assistant
R. J. Helfinstine, M.S., Mechanical Engineer and Head
H. P. Ehrlinger III, M.S., E.M., Assoc. Minerals Engineer
John M. Masters, M.S., Assistant Mineralogist
Lee D. Arnold, B.S., Research Assistant
Walter E. Cooper, Technical Associate
Robert M. Fairfield, Supervisory Assistant
Jimmie D. Cooper, Technical Assistant
John P. McClellan, Technical Assistant (on leave)
Edward A. Schaede, Technical Assistant (on leave)
GEOCHEMISTRY G. C. Finger, Ph.D., Acting Head Donald R. Dickerson, Ph.D., Organic Chemist Josephus Thomas, Jr., Ph.D., Physical Chemist Richard H. Shiley, M.S., Associate Organic Chemist Robert R. Frost, Ph.D., Assistant Physical Chemist Ralph S. Boswell, Technical Assistant
(Chemical Group continued on next page
CHEMICAL GROUP — Continued
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Neil F. Shimp, Ph.D., Chemist and Head William J. Armon, M.S., Associate Chemist Charles W. Beeler, M.A., Associate Chemist Rodney R. Ruch, Ph.D., Associate Chemist John A. Schleicher, B.S., Associate Chemist Larry R. Camp, B. S., Assistant Chemist Dennis D. Coleman, M.S., Assistant Chemist David B. Heck, B.S., Assistant Chemist
L. R. Henderson, B.S., Assistant Chemist
F. E. Joyce Kennedy, Ph.D., Assistant Chemist
Lawrence B. Kohlenberger, B.S., Assistant Chemist
JohnK.Kuhn, B.S., Assistant Chemist
Joan D. Hauri, B.A., Special Research Assistant
Fei-fei C. Lee, M.S., Special Research Assistant
Paul E. Gardner, Technical Assistant
George R. James, Technical Assistant
W. L. Busch, A.
MINERAL ECONOMICS GROUP Hubert E. Risser, Ph.D., Principal Mineral Economist Economic Analyst Robert L. Major, M.S., Assistant Mineral Economist
Irma E. Samson, Clerk Typist II
ADMINISTRATIVE GROUP
George R. Eadie, M.S., E.M., Head
Paula A. Grabenstein, B.S., Research Assistant
EDUCATIONAL EXTENSION David L. Reinertsen, A.M., Geologist and Acting Head William E. Cote, M.S., Assistant Geologist Dwain G. Berggren, M.A., Jr. Assistant Geologist Myrna M. Killey, B.A. , Research Assistant
FINANCIAL OFFICE Velda A. Millard, in charge Marjorie J. Hatch, Account Technician I Pauline Mitchell, Account Technician I Virginia C. Smith, B.S., 'Account Technician I
PUBLICATIONS Betty M. Lynch, B.Ed., Technical Editor Mary Ann Noonan, A.M., Technical Editor Jane E. Busey, B.S., Assistant Technical Editor Dorothy Rae Weldon, Editorial Assistant Marie L. Martin, Geologic Draftsman Illona Sandorfi, Assistant Geologic Draftsman Patricia A. Whelan, B.F.A., Asst. Geologic Draftsman William Dale Farris, Scientific Photographer Dorothy H. Huffman, Technical Assistant
GENERAL SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION Peggy H. Schroeder, B.A., Research Assistant Florence J. Partenheimer, Technical Assistant
CLERICAL SERVICES Nancy J. Hansen, Secretary I Hazel V. Orr, Clerk- Stenographer III Mary K. Rosalius, Clerk- Stenographer II Lucy Wagner, Clerk- Stenographer II Jane C. Washburn, Clerk- Stenographer II Francie W. Doll, Clerk- Stenographer I Janette L. Hall, Clerk-Stenographer I Theresa J. Lamendola, Clerk-Stenographer I Edna M. Yeargin, Clerk-Stenographer I JoAnn L. Lynch, Clerk-Typist II Judith Ann Muse, Clerk-Typist II Pauline F. Tate, Clerk-Typist II
SPECIAL TECHNICAL SERVICES Ernest R. Adair, Technical Assistant David B. Cooley, Administrative Assistant Wayne W. Nofftz, Distributions Supervisor Glenn G. Poor, Research Associate (on leave) Merle Ridgley, Instrument Specialist James E. Taylor, Automotive Mechanic Donovon M. Watkins, Technical Assistant
TECHNICAL RECORDS Miriam Hatch, Supervisor Carol E. Fiock, Technical Assistant Hester L. Nesmith, B.S., Technical Assistant
LIBRARY Mary P. Krick, M.S. Linda K. Clem, B.S.
Geological Librarian Assistant Librarian
EMERITI J. S. Machin, Ph.D., Principal Chemist O. W. Rees, Ph.D., Principal Research Chemist W. H. Voskuil, Ph.D., Principal Mineral Economist
A. H. Bell, Ph.D., Geologist George E. Ekblaw, Ph.D., Geologist
H. W. Jackman, M.S.E., Chemical Engineer
J. E. Lamar, B.S., Geologist
L. D. McVicker, B.S., Chemist
Enid Townley, M.S., Geologist
Lester L. Whiting, M.S., Geologist
H. B. Willman, Ph.D., Geologist
Juanita Witters, M.S., Physicist
B. J. Greenwood, B.S., Mechanical Engineer
RESEARCH AFFILIATES AND CONSULTANTS Richard C. Anderson, Ph.D., Augustana College W. F. Bradley, Ph.D., University of Texas David A. Castillon, M.A., Lincoln College John P. Ford, Ph.D., Eastern Illinois University Donald L. Graf, Ph.D., University of Illinois S. E. Harris, Jr., Ph.D., Southern Illinois University W. Hilton Johnson, Ph.D., University of Illinois Harry V. Leland, Ph.D., University of Illinois A. Byron Leonard, Ph.D., University of Kansas Lyle D. McGinnis, Ph.D., Northern Illinois University I. Edgar Odom, Ph.D., Northern Illinois University T. K. Searight, Ph.D., Illinois State University George W. White, Ph.D., University of Illinois
Topographic mapping in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey.
CIRCULAR 463
ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
URBANA 61801