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When this item is no longer needed by the department, it should be returned to the Acquisition Department, University Library. ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 7 re i i . 2 i ’ : - a - je é » j in rl 7 i 7 i? a , r a a — _ 1 i i U 7 4 ry > 5 we 1 i i q “: i ‘ a oT TT | » 7 Ts es Sie od ~~” nt q ‘ a » 5 a] ; ee fa.) a > wa 7 7 , a ‘ Cis P| im 6 : ‘a ' 44 4s @ rw 7 7 S ¥ ‘i =. ~*t or tm , a) 4 < av im ’ ~~ oh a, ' Bi ‘ a) a es > ? fi, a» > @ t i | ~ Fig. 1—A quiet pool in Bay Creek as it flows through the Bell Smith Springs Recreational Area. Some Unusual Natural Areas in IIlinois This article has one main purpose: to acquaint interested persons with some unusual natural areas in Illinois. A natural area can be defined as an area of any size in which is found one or more rare species of plants or animals, an important biotic community, a significant natural landscape, or some prehistoric condition that has been scarcely, or not at all, dis- turbed by the activities of man. This definition per- mits the designation of certain localities in Illinois as natural areas although they may have been some- what disturbed by man. Such areas can be called scientific areas as well as natural areas, because they are valuable for certain types of research. Two centuriés ago most of what is now Illinois was scarcely touched by man. By 1900, however, our state had lost much of its forest land and most of the once vast flatland prairie. The big game animals— buffalo, elk, cougar, and bear—could no longer be found in the state. The deer, beaver, and turkey were gone, but they have since been reintroduced. A small area east of Rantoul, Champaign County, was available as one of the last undisturbed flatland prairies of the state, but by 1915 it had been plowed. Illinois now has one sizable sample of flatland prai- rie—a part of the Goose Lake Nature Preserve—and remnants of varying sizes along railroads and _ fence- rows. Not only the flatland, but other types of prairie have been destroyed. The large expanses of bottomland prairie, grasslands that occupied huge areas of the floodplains of our larger streams, have been plowed and cultivated. Only remnants, mostly along fencerows, remain. Most of the sand prairie has been converted into fields of grain or melons or transformed into Christmas-tree plantations or tur- key farms. Prairies on the brow slopes of the valley walls of our large rivers—hill prairies—are the least disturbed of our prairies. Our state and nation are experiencing a rapid rise in population and a concomitant need for more housing and homesites, more factory sites and shop- ping centers, and wider highways for swifter transpor- tation. These place heavy demands upon land. As a consequence, many of our wetlands—swamps, marshes, and bogs—refuges for rare and unusual plants and homes or resting places of numerous birds, have been or are being drained. Hill prairies near metropoli- This paper is printed by authority of the State of Illinois, IRS Ch 127, Par. 58.12 Dr. Robert A. Evers, until his retirement in March 1976, was Botanist, Section of Botany and Plant Pathology, and Dr. Lawrence M. Page is an Associate Taxonomist, Section of Faunistic Surveys and In- sect Identification, Illinois Natural History Survey. Robert A. Evers and Lawrence M. Page tan areas are being converted into homesites. Some of our remaining forest is being cut, and the land cultivated or used as homesites. Although we are losing an important heritage— our natural areas—the rapidity of this loss has de- celerated somewhat in the past few years. In 1963 the General Assembly of the State of I'inois enacted legislation establishing an Illinois Nature Preserve System under the direction of the Illinois Nature Preserves Commission. The commis- sion was organized in January 1964 and soon ap- proved the south part of Illinois Beach State Park as the first natural area to become an official nature preserve in the system. Since that time many areas have been dedicated and more are being added to the system. Under the provisions of the law, any dedicated nature preserve cannot be removed from the system except by unanimous approval of the com- mission, the Director of the Illinois Department of Conservation, and the Governor of Illinois. Thus, natural areas have increased protection under this law if the areas are dedicated nature preserves. Although natural or scientific areas are ordinarily places of beauty (Fig. 1), to the scientist they are much more than that. In such localities the biota— the community of plants and animals—lives in nearly undisturbed conditions. Here it is possible to study in natural surroundings a single species of plant or animal, or groups of plants or animals, or the rela- tionships of both. It is in these p'aces that the once abundant and now rare species can survive. In these refuges the biologist can study the soil flora and fauna and their relationships to other organisms, a field of study in which much remains to be done. Without these natural areas, protected from all types of “management,” such research is impossible. To scientists and laymen natural or scientific areas are of great importance. It is our hope that because of this report many citizens of Illinois will become conscious of the ex- istence of our remaining natural areas and will ob- tain some knowledge of them. It is our further hope that this report may arouse a desire in some _per- sons to visit these places, not to pick the flowers or kill the wildlife, but to enjoy the genuine natural beauty. (If a natural area is privately owned, per- mission to enter it should be obtained from the owner.) Many of us who are concerned about these areas hope that a sizable group of people will become interested and will help in the preservation of some Cover Photograph—The bluff northwest of Prairie du Rocher. Red cedar and prairie herbs occupy the brow slope. 8 ANIAVY S,NOLNYOHL MOTIOH NOSHOVC SONIYdS HLIWS 1134 NOANVD 44dY9 SSAVH NOANVD 33549 ASNT adYd 91d SGOOM 11V3d dOud S$, 1IAAC JIMIVYd GVONTIVY 41ND IWYLNAD SIONITII YSAIY SveUVaWa HONVWYd ANION YSAIY NOITIWYSA 4O AYOS FICCIW V4auV NOILVAYSSNOD ALNNOD SIONdDON! AIYIVYd JAV1 4SOO9 NNY WYV19 AuWd LNOYL AIYIVYd GvOY AYOLIVS SOHS A1TYIWed AIODWAd 50d VGNOONVM 90d O10A WuWd ALVLS S3xV1,0 NIVHOD WwVd ALVLS HOVAd SIONITII wt yaodax sty) Ur paqisa’ ONV1838"9 $3109 sv19nod WONUAIYHD NONTINYSA auos @ = sionoour NOSAVITTIA, NOSH3443" seaie IgTUATS 3190) ee AWN ESSIEN “Verret “Sane JO [einieu JO SUONEIO, BUIMOYs SiOU{]] jv UTW—s6 FA SdWWMS YSAIY SHOW) '/Z 3xV1 SOHSSSYHOH '9Z V4YV TWII901093 STIIH ANId-SNeV1 'SZ NOANVD CGNVYD ‘HZ 44n1@ NIVLNNOS "SZ ALwIVud TIIH SLIN4 '2Z SNUBAVD SIONITII ‘TZ AIYIWeYd TIIH ¥3duND 3109 'GT JAWS LYSAIND NIML "HT SAIMIVYd GNVS YSAIY SIONITII ‘ST WUWd ALVLS NOANVD YSAIY AlddV 'T or all of these localities by supporting organizations that promote the preservation of natural areas and by supporting legislation that makes adequate pres- ervation possible. We hope that Illinois citizens of the present and future generations may enjoy natural and scientific areas in their state. The areas described in this report (Fig. 2) are not all of the nature preserves in the Illinois Nature Preserve System nor all of the areas owned or con- trolled by The Nature Conservancy or by other public or private institutions. For this report we have selected some of the natural areas described in a previous publication by Evers (1963); others are areas not described in that report but which have been or may be dedicated as nature preserves in the system. Not included in the 1963 report but included here is information on the animal life in these areas. Information on the following groups of animals is mainly from the sources listed here: amphibians and reptiles, Smith (1961); fishes, Smith (1965 and 1971); mayflies, Burks (1953); leafhoppers, DeLong (1948) ; stoneflies, Frison (1935 and 1942); grass- hoppers, Hebard (1934); pseudoscorpions, Hoff (1949) ; plant lice, Hottes & Frison (1931); butter- flies, Irwin & Downey (1973); plant bugs, Knight (1941) ; caddisflies, Ross (1944); mosquitoes, Ross & Horsfall (1965) ; thrips, Stannard (1968) ; scorpion- flies, Webb, Penny, & Marlin (1975) ; molluscs, Baker (1922 and 1939) and Parmalee (1967) . Information on the plants in these areas is mostly from the field notes and observations of the senior author as well as from five of his published reports (Evers 1950, 1951, 1955, 1961, and 1963). Other sources are cited in the text. Common names are employed throughout this report except for plants and animals that have no recognized common names. Lists of the scientific equivalents for the common names are appended. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to thank Brooks M. Burr, Jean W. Graber, Richard R. Graber, Michael A. Morris, Mil- ton W. Sanderson, Philip W. Smith, Lewis J. Stan- nard, John D. Unzicker, and Donald W. Webb, all now or formerly of the Illinois Natural History Survey staff, for supplying certain information in- cluded in this paper. William E. Clark, Wilmer D. Zehr, and the senior author took the photographs. The map that serves as Fig. 2 is the work of Lloyd LeMere. We also wish to thank George E. Ekblaw (deceased), John C. Frye, and Jack Simon of the Illinois State Geological Survey for information on the geology of some of the localities discussed in this paper; David C. Rentz, California Academy of Sci- ences, Richard C. Froeschner, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, and Dwight M. DeLong, Ohio State University, for information on the validity of 5 certain insect names; Harlow B. Mills (deceased) , Herbert H. Ross, and J. Cedric Carter for the en- couragement they have given; Connie L. Kyse, Betty Nelson, Barbara Crist, Bernice P. Sweeney, and Craig W. Ronto for technical assistance; and Robert M. Zewadski, who edited the manuscript. |. APPLE RIVER CANYON Apple River Canyon, about 4 miles southeast of the village of Apple River, is partly included in a state park that lies in the south half of section 4, T. 28 N., R. 4 E., in Jo Daviess County. The canyon extends beyond the park limits into the northwest quarter of section 9, the east half of section 8, the north half of section 17, and the south half of the northeast quarter of section 18. The actual area of the park is small; much more of the canyon should be purchased and _ preserved. Geologically this is a most interesting locality. The valley that trends from northwest to southeast widens southeastward. Another valley, which joins the first at a right angle and trends southwestward, is narrow and has high cliffs. Younger than the valley that trends southeastward, it is the valley through which Apple River flows from this area, not into it, as would be the usual condition. Before the Illinoian glaciation, Apple River flowed from the northwest to the southeast and possibly continued to the east through a valley now partly occupied by Yellow Creek in Stephenson County. Such a flow would readily explain the wider valley to the southeast. The Illinoian ice front b!ocked the southeast outlet and impounded the water. The im- pounded water cut a new channel to the southwest. This channel drained the valley from the northwest and also drained the blocked valley to the southeast. Upon deglaciation, Apple River continued to use this channel to flow southwestward and to empty into the Mississippi River. The canyon is in a driftless area, one of the un- glaciated parts of Illinois. The rocks exposed along the canyon walls are Ordovician in age, about 400 million years old. Apple River Canyon has a vegetation of decidu- ous forest with northern coniferous representatives, prairie remnants, and an interesting cliff flora. Among the coniferous representatives are white pine and Can- ada yew. The forest contains such deciduous trees as white oak, northern red oak, Hill's oak, basswood, hop hornbeam, and rock elm. Prairie is represented mostly by remnants along the roadsides near the park and by a few remnants of the dry prairie type on the ridges. Big bluestem, little bluestem, Indian grass, and sun- flowers are reminders of a more widespread prairie. The rare bird’s-eye primrose grows on some of the cliffs (Fig. 3). One cliff is so much adorned by this plant that it is known as “Primrose Cliff’ (Pepoon 1917). This rare plant also grows on cliffs farther upstream Fig. 3.—Apple River and the Primrose Cliff in Apple River Canyon State Park, Jo Daviess County. In early May the cliff! is bedecked with many pinkish blossoms of bird’s-eye primrose. outside the park boundary. Studies of the plant as it is one of the few nesting sites of the cliff swallow life have been published by Boewe, Barrick, & Hague (Fig. 4) in Illinois (Graber, Graber, & Kirk 1972:: (1935) and by Fuller (1946), as well as by Pepoon. 25) . One of the bluffs in the canyon is of special interest, Although siltation and barnyard pollution are evi- dent in Apple River, the river was rated good to) excellent by Smith (1971:4), who cited as one of the: most unusual animals in the area the Ozark minnow, a species mainly limited in distribution to streams) of the Ozark Mountains. Another vertebrate found! in the canyon and of rare occurrence elsewhere in Illinois is the timber rattlesnake. j Among the unusual invertebrates are several rare! caddisflies, including Leucotrichia pictipes, recorded) from nowhere else in Illinois, and the leafhopper, Polyamia dilata, known in Illinois only from this area. Disturbance by visitors in the park is present but not yet acute. Some pressure on the facilities pro:| vided in this park has been removed by the opening of another park—Lake Le-Aqua-Na—to the east ir ; Stephenson County. Picnicking and camping are per! Fig. 4—Cliff swallow colony on the Apple River in Jo Daviess mitted at Apple River. County. Apple River Canyon State Park was acquired by the state in part through the persistent efforts of Dr. Herman Pepoon, a physician who preferred teaching high school biology to practicing medicine. His in- terest in nature doubtless developed during his youth, spent in the Apple River area. He visualized a much larger park (Pepoon 1920). Perhaps we can hope that more, if not all, of the canyon can be placed in public ownership. 2. ILLINOIS BEACH STATE PARK Bordering Lake Michigan between Waukegan, Illinois, and Kenosha, Wisconsin, is a sand and gravel beach that is superimposed upon glacial till; its western limit is the Glenwood beach ridge of glacial Lake Chicago. Many writers have referred to this area as “the Waukegan moorland,” but Gates (1912) , who studied it in detail, called it the “Beach area.” Illinois Beach State Park occupies more than 1,600 acres of this marsh and sand terrace with dune ridges. The southern boundary of the park is approximately the middle of section 10, T. 45 N., R. 12 E. The eastern boundary is Lake Michigan, along which the park extends northward for 3.5 miles to the north line of section 26, T. 36 N., R. 12 E. The northern boundary follows the north line of sections 26 and 27 westward almost to the railroad trackway. The west- ern boundary is irregular. The Illinois Beach Na- ture Preserve occupies over 700 acres from the south- ern boundary of the park northward to the old access road and the state park lodge and from the western boundary east to Lake Michigan. The geologic history of the area is complex. It includes a glacial lake known as Lake Chicago in the Lake Michigan basin. The highest level of this lake, termed the Glenwood stage, was 640 feet above sea level. Subsequent stages, the Calumet and Tolleston, were at respective levels of 620 and 600 feet above sea level. Beaches were developed at all of these levels. The continued lowering of the lake to the present level (580 feet, mean level) resulted in the accumu- lation of the broad sand terrace of beach and dune ridges. The ridges of sand that border Lake Michi- gan were formed by currents that moved southward not quite parallel to the present shore. Wind has reworked some of the sand deposits, but no dunes of the magnitude of those on the east shore of Lake Michigan have been formed in the Beach area, be- cause few strong and sustained winds come from the east, the wind direction required for dune building in this locality. The plant cover of the Illinois Beach Nature Preserve includes deciduous forest, prairie, marsh, a man-made coniferous forest, and the aquatic vege- tation of Dead River. The deciduous forest is represented on the dune ridges, where black oak is dominant. White oak, bur 7 oak, cottonwood, and quaking aspen also are present. The shrubs include lead plant, New Jersey tea, and poison ivy. Humus is not abundant in this forest. The dune prairie is the typical sand prairie, with such grasses as little bluestem, switchgrass, Indian grass, and Calamovilfa longifolia var. magna among the common species. In the sand prairie, especially in blowouts, as well as in the forest, the creeping juniper and bearberry are abundant. ‘These two species help to stabilize the sand. Wet prairie in- cludes such grasses as prairie cordgrass, blue-joint, and sedges of the genus Carex. Fringed gentians flower in some of the wet prairies. Cattails are abun- dant in the marshland, where bulrushes also thrive. Dead River, a sluggish stream, drains part of this area. Its source is a few small lakes in the marshland near the railroad trackway. The stream meanders northeastward, turns southward and southeastward, and makes an abrupt turn to the north and then to the east to enter Lake Michigan. The mouth of the river is often blocked by a bar (Fig. 5). In the water of Dead River can be found pondweeds, water- milfoil, and waterweeds. Elsewhere along the stream can be seen yellow pond lily and white water lily, pickerel weed, and giant bur-reed. White buttercup and common arrowhead also grow here. The man-made coniferous forest is unique in Illinois. About a century ago Robert Douglass, a nurseryman, scattered seeds of various species of pines on the prairie-covered ridges south of the mouth of Dead River. The seeds germinated and the pines erew. Presently some species are thriving and seed- ing themselves. The Austrian pine is the most abun- dant of them, followed by Scotch pine (Fig. 6). Fig. 5-The mouth of Dead River in Illinois Beach State Park. The sand and gravel bar blocks the passage of water from the river into Lake Michigan. Fig. 6.—Some of the Scotch and Austrian pines that form a part of the coniferous forest souih of Dead River in Illinois Beach State Park. Prairie plants dominate the herbaceous layer. Several white pines survive on the western limits of this forest, and a few pitch pines are scattered in the sand just south of Dead River. A few trees of Euro- pean larch grow in the interdunal troughs. Many prairie herbs still persist under the pines. Along the shore of Lake Michigan are a few interesting associations. Beyond the range of the ordinary storm waves, sea-rocket and cocklebur are the dominant species; winged pigweed also grows here, and Russian thistle is an invading species but is not present every year. Arrowgrasses grow on the margins of beach pools. The abundant animal life of the area includes many common species as well as some that are rare in Illinois. Ornithologists have observed more than 150 birds that use this preserve either as a breeding ground or as a temporary residence. Among the birds using the area as a haven during migration, and otherwise rarely seen in Illinois, are the knot and ruddy turnstone. The piping plover is a summer resident at the park, possibly nesting there. The park borders the least disturbed Illinois por- tion of Lake Michigan species of fishes absent or rar and provides habitats for elsewhere in Illinois, including the lake chub, longnose dace, spottail shiner, lake chubsucker, smelt, ninespine stickleback, and slimy sculpin. Entomologists have found the insect life of the area to be among the most interesting and unusual in Illinois. Ross (1944:11) described the area as having “one of the most extraordinary communities of caddis flies in Illinois” and cited Fabria inornata, Triaenodes baris, and Polycentropus remotus as par- ticularly notable species. The park is the only re- corded Illinois locality for the plant bug, Plagiogna- thus syrticolae, and for the pseudoscorpion, Patsoche- lifer callus. Other rare insects found in the area are the boreal thrips, Anaphothrips cameroni; the grass- hopper, Trimerotropis maritima, and the leafhopper, Texananus cumulatus. Known from nowhere else in Illinois, the butterfly, Callophrys polios, is abun- dant at Illinois Beach. Shelford (191lla, b, and c) made his classic studies on ecological succession in this area, and Ross (1963) analyzed the biota of the dunesland region in rela- tion to Pleistocene glaciation. Illinois Beach State Park is owned by the State of Illinois and is under the control and supervision of the State Park Division of the Department of Con- servation. To accommodate the vast throngs of peo- ple who descend upon this place of beauty, a number of bathhouses have been constructed along the lake shore for those who wish to swim, and a lodge offers rooms and meals as well as an indoor swimming pool. The camping area has facilities for those who prefer that type of lodging, and numerous tables provide places for picnics. All of these lie north of the nature preserve. A museum or interpretation center is south of the lodge, and several paths direct the visitor through sand prairie and oak forest along Dead River. Vandalism is still a problem at Illinois Beach, but let us hope that everyone soon will learn what a priceless heritage we have there. 3. CHAIN O'LAKES STATE PARK Chain O’Lakes State Park and Conservation Area, located in T. 46 N., R. 9 E., Lake County, includes over 1,600 acres of disturbed oak woodland on gravel moraine, wet to moderately moist prairie, wet alka- line meadows, fens and cattail marshes, as well as several small natural glacial lakes that have not been altered appreciably. The vegetation of the nature preserve is rich in species, and some, such as the beaked spike rush, tufted bulrush, pitcher plant, twig rush, and grass of Parnassus, are rare or uncommon in Illinois. Doubtless further search of the area will reveal other unusual plant species. The pugnose shiner, blackchin shiner, banded killifish, brown bullhead, and Iowa darter are among the unusual fishes found in the glacial lakes. The area is one of the few in Illinois where black terns and long billed marsh wrens can be observed. Ross (1944:10-11) discussed the uniqueness of the caddisfly community in the lakes, and Hottes & Frison (1931:156) recorded the rare plant louse, Cznara laricis, from the area. The area is owned by the Illinois Department of Conservation. 4. VOLO BOG Volo Bog, 1.5 miles north and 1 mile west of Volo, Lake County, is situated in the center of sec- tion 28, T. 45 N., R. 9 E. The bog is a water-laid peat deposit in two basins of a single depression that in earlier times formed a sizable lake on a glacial moraine. The bed is sand. The shallow basin is completely filled; the deeper basin has a pool of open water (Fig. 7). Above the sand is a jellylike ooze, and above the ooze is a deposit of sedge and sphagnum peat. Live sphagnum is growing on the surface. The depth of the peat varies; in the deeper basin it is 33 feet deep. Artist (1936) made a study of the peat, and Reichle (1969) described the vege- tational associations in this bog. Sheviak & Haney Duckweeds grow on the surface of the water. The pool is lined with cattails. (1973) made a detailed study of the vegetation pat- terns. Surrounding the bog is a zone that contains ca- nary reed grass, smartweed, and Canada thistle. A few willows, such as black willow and peach-leaved willow, grow scattered in the narrow border of the bog and in the adjacent fields. The bog is easily viewed from the higher ground of the pastureland on the west. A plank walk (Fig. 8) extends from the pasture to the open pool within the bog. Within the narrow border is a zone of shrubs in which poison sumac and winterberry are very abun- dant. Such herbs as sensitive fern, cinnamon fern, and marsh fern grow in the muck of the bog sur- face. To venture away from the plank walk is very Fig. 8.—The plank walk near the entrance of Volo Bog. This walk permits easy access to the pool shown in Fig. 7. 10 hazardous, as it is possible to sink deep into the muck in those places where the plant roots grow sparsely beneath the surface and do not form a dense, tight network. Farther along the plank walk tama- racks tower above the shrubs. Near the open pool the density of the shrubs and trees decreases and her- baceous vegetation predominates. The pool supports a heavy growth of several spe- cies of duckweeds. A zone of cattails with some giant bur-reed scattered throughout lines the shore of this pool. Numerous sedges and some bulrushes grow inland from the cattail zone. Some plants that are rare or semirare in I]linois occur in this zone. They include Scheuchzeria palustris var. americana, cotton sedge, Dulichium arundinaceum, Pogonia ophioglossioides, and the grass-pink orchid. An un- common shrub in Illinois that thrives here is leather- leaf. Inland from the pool and about 20 feet from the plank walk, the rare pitcher plant was once abundant. Far too many unscrupulous collectors have visited Volo and have almost destroyed the stands. Buckbean and purple cinquefoil were associated with the pitcher plant. Reichle (1969), in his studies of the bog-inhabit- ing pselaphid beetles, reported 13 species of this group occurring in Volo Bog. Other insects whose occurrence at Volo Bog is significant because of their extreme rarity in Illinois are the thrips, Thrips tri- partitus; the mosquitoes, Wyeomyia smithi, Aedes abserratus. and A. punctor; and the plant bugs, Der- aeocoris laricicola and Pilophorus uhleri. A mouse tick, Ixodes muris, rare in museum collections, is known from Illinois on the basis of a specimen taken in this region. The central mudminnow, an acid- tolerating fish, occurs in this bog but is not restricted to the bog habitat in Illinois. Part of Volo Bog, about 47 acres, was owned by the University of Illinois. In 1970 ownership was transferred to the Illinois Department of Conserva- tion, and the site was dedicated as a nature preserve in the Illinois system. To preserve it in its natural state, the purchase of the remainder of the bog as well as some adjacent land is desirable. To this end, all of Wilson Bog and a portion of Brandenberg Bog, both lying to the northwest, have been purchased by the Conservation Department. Volo Bog is a well-used educational and scientific area. Many students from the University of Illinois, Northwestern University, and other universities and colleges annually visit this bog to study ecology. 5. WAUCONDA BOG Wauconda Bog, at the southeast boundary of the village of Wauconda, is in the north half of section 36, T. 44 N., R. 9 E., Lake County. The bog covers about 67 acres. Like Volo Bog, Wauconda Bog was once part of a large lake of which Bang’s Lake is but a small remnant. If the water level of Bang’s Lake should rise 8 feet, the surface of Wauconda Bog would be covered with water. Unlike Volo, no pool of open water exists within the bog; the old lake bed is filled with sphagnum and sedge peat. In the cycle of de- velopment of bogs, Wauconda is an older bog than Volo. Wauconda can be characterized as a bog with cattails, low shrubs, and herbs alternating with tama- rack, tall shrubs, stunted deciduous trees, and an herbaceous understory (Fig. 9). A large stand of Fig. 9—Wauconda Bog, Lake County. At the right are shrubs and small trees. In the middle distance are a few tamaracks. | A large expanse of blue-joint is visible in front of the trees on the far side of the bog. Fig. 10.—Pink ladyslipper, one of the rare plants of Wauconda Bog. common reed grows near the center of the bog. Some of the tall shrubs are poison sumac, alder buck- thorn, red osier, and winterberry. Some of the smaller shrubs are chokeberry, dwarf birch, and a number of species of shrubby willows. Deciduous angiosper- mous trees include soft maple, bur oak, quaking aspen, and basswood. Numerous sedges and grasses, among them blue-joint, form much of the herbaceous cover. Growing among the grasses and sedges are other herbs, a few of which are marsh marigold, purple cinquefoil, buckbean, swamp thistle, saxi- frage, and numerous asters and goldenrods. ‘The beautiful pink ladyslipper (Fig. 10) also grows here. Hummocks of sphagnum moss grow throughout, but not so abundantly as in Volo Bog. Faunistically, Wauconda and Volo bogs are sim- ilar. Most of Wauconda Bog will soon be ringed by residential areas. The pastureland that once bor- dered the bog on the south has recently been sub- divided into lots and roadways. The north side of the bog touches the village. Part of Wauconda Bog was owned by the University of Illinois. In 1970 ownership was transferred to the Illinois Department of Conservation, and like Volo, Wauconda became a nature preserve in the Illinois system. 6. PEACOCK PRAIRIE Peacock Prairie is a small prairie, only 4 or 5 acres, of the flatland type, located north of the intersection of Greenwood Road and Milwaukee Avenue, and south of Central Road in Maine Township, Cook County. The prairie is an example of the mesic black soil type which Vestal (1914) described from a stand east of Elmhurst on the Cook—Du Page county line. That stand has since been destroyed by urban expansion and interstate highway construc- 11 tion, and Peacock Prairie is one of the few remnants of this type of prairie in Illinois. Peacock Prairie is trapezoidal in shape, bounded by homesites on the north and commercial enter- prises on the south. As far as is known, it has never been seriously disturbed by plow, overgrazing, fire, or bulldozer. It has been trampled in the past by children’s play activities, but this apparently had little adverse effect. Although it is small, it is rich in plant species. Paintin (1929) described this prai- rie, recorded the plants found in it, and attempted to quantify the data. Forty years later Betz & Cole (1969) made a comparative study to determine changes that had occurred during that period and recorded approximately 130 established plant species. The preservation of this site can be credited to the determined efforts of a small group of citizens, especially a number of devoted women, such as Mrs. F. T. Popelka, Mrs. Olof Dahlskog, and Mrs. J. Wayne Cole. Their many hours of work were finally crowned with success. Peacock Prairie was purchased, saved from destruction, and set aside as a nature preserve. It is presently under the supervision of the University of Illinois at Chicago Circle. 7. SHOE FACTORY ROAD PRAIRIE Shoe Factory Road Prairie is a rare remnant of prairie vegetation growing on a kame, a hillock of stratified glacial drift. It is located in the northwest quarter of the northwest quarter of section 10, T. 41 N., R. 9 E., about 2 miles north-northwest of Stream- wood, Cook County. It lies between Illinois Highway 59 (Sutton Road) and the Elgin, Joliet, and Eastern Railroad on the south side of Shoe Factory Road, from which the natural area takes its name. A sandy gravel forms the surficial deposit of the kame, and in one place it has been mined, leaving a depression or pit in the moderately steep south- facing slope. From the summit, which lies along the north boundary of the preserve, a steep slope descends to the road and doubtless was formed by man when the road was constructed through a small part of the kame. Eastward and westward from the summit the slopes appear little disturbed and are not so steep as are brow slopes of most bluffs of larger streams in Illinois. Prairie vegetation covers about 8 acres of the south-, southwest-, and west-facing slopes of the hill- ock. Needlegrass and little bluestem are common; Indian grass, prairie dropseed, and side-oats grama also grow here. Canada bluegrass appears to be lim- ited to the disturbed places, such as in the pit or near the road. In spring the prairie shows scattered yel- low blossoms of star-grass, puccoon, and lousewort. The purple and the white prairie clovers, the bluish flowers of the many-flowered scurfpea, the white of rattlesnake master and flowering spurge are present in summer. In autumn the white and blue flower 12 heads of several species of asters and the yellow of the goldenrods add color to the greenish backdrop of grasses. The east-facing slope has forest species, some of which, hazel and box elder, have invaded the prairie. The presence of side-oats grama, the abundance of little bluestem, and the occurrence of many-flowered scurfpea are reminiscent of the hill or bluff prairies along the western border of Illinois. The presence of the three species of blazing stars and the three species of silphiums, namely compass plant, rosin weed, and prairie dock, together with rattlesnake master and downy gentian remind the observer of prairie wetter than hill prairie but not as wet as the floodplain type. Such a combination of prairie spe- cies and the absence of similar prairies in the vicinity make Shoe Factory Road Prairie so unusual and so valuable. One of the most unusual animals of this prairie is the rare thrips, I/linothrips rossi. Shoe Factory Road Prairie is owned by the Forest Preserve District of Cook County, which also serves as custodian. Through the efforts of a Conservation Director of the district, the late Cap Sauers, a wise and energetic conservationist, this prairie was pur- chased by the district and, to insure its protection, placed in the Illinois system, where it became the Shoe Factory Road Nature Preserve. The district is to be commended, not only for preserving this un- usual prairie, but also for placing in the Illinois Na- ture Preserve System nearly 4,000 acres of its holdings in Cook County. Some of these are examples of for- est types, one contains sand prairie, one a glacial bog, and others preserve marshland and wet prairie. This action is an example of a local governmental agency, a county forest preserve district, setting aside natural areas within its holding as nature preserves in the Illinois system. To some biologists the Forest Preserve District of Cook County is one of the won- ders of the modern world. This action certainly strengthened that belief. 8. TROUT PARK (ELGIN BOTANICAL GARDEN) Trout Park, also called Elgin Botanical Garden, is located in the northeast quarter of section 1, T. 41 N., R. 8 E., on the east bluffs of the Fox River in the northern part of Elgin, Kane County. The tract now embraces less than 60 acres; formerly it was larger. “Trout Park is not a ‘park’ in the ordinarily ac- cepted sense of the term. It is more than a park; it is a preserve—a last refuge for the plant and animal life of an extensive region in these morainic hills of northern Illinois known as the ‘Oak Openings’ or Oak Grove Savannas because of their prevailing timber character.” So wrote H. C. Benke (1932a) in the Elgin Courier-News for March 29. Numerous springs and seeps occur on the east bluffs, which are composed of glacial drift. The water from the springs and seeps, forming pools and brooks, makes its way downslope to the base of the bluffs and into the Fox River. These water sources apparently never run dry. The bluffs support a mesic vegetation—plants that grow in habitats that are neither extremely wet nor extremely dry. Along the rivulets and bordering the seeps, arbor vitae grows abundantly (Fig. 11). According to Benke, some individuals of this species in Trout Park are older than our nation. Willows of various species, elder- berry, and touch-me-not abound in these moist situ- ations. The forested ravine slopes of the east bluffs sup- port such trees as butternut, quaking aspen, large- toothed aspen, northern red oak, hackberry, blue ash, and elm. The bluff-top forest includes white oak, northern red oak, white ash, and wild black cherry. The alternate-leaved dogwood is one of the under- story trees. Numerous shrubs grow under the forest canopy. Witch hazel, several shrubby dogwoods, and viburnums are common. Trout Park is rich in an herbaceous flora that includes many species in nu- merous genera and families. Over 60 species of grasses thrive here. Of rare plants in the Illinois flora, this refuge boasts of six orchids and five gen- tians, including the bottle or closed gentian and the fringed gentian. Benke (1932a and b) included in his Courier-News articles published on consecutive days three lists of the plants in Trout Park and neigh- boring areas. The unusual vertebrates of Trout Park are the mottled sculpin and the brook stickleback, both of which occur in the spring-fed rivulets. Ross (1944:8) discussed the unusual caddisfly community in the Elgin Botanical Garden, citing seven species not found elsewhere in Illinois. Other unusual insects are a rare mayfly, Baetis vagans; two rare stoneflies, Leuctra tenuis and Nemoura trispi- nosa; and two rare butterflies, the swamp metalmark, Calephelis muticum, and Harris’ checkerspot, Chlo- syne harrisii. On March 29 Benke (1932a) wrote: ‘While owned by the City of Elgin, the park tract is under the custody of those who so earnestly labored for its acquisition—the nature societies of Elgin, foremost among which are the Illinois Nature Study, and the Elgin Audubon Societies. These establish the rules for the park’s supervision which are in turn exe- cuted by the city. This admirable arrangement guar- antees the tract’s preservation with nature supreme and artificialities restricted to the minimum.” Unfortunately, preservation of the tract was not guaranteed. The Illinois Toll Road, Interstate 90, now passes through what was the largest and bio- logically richest ravine in Trout Park. The right- of-way is about 450 feet in width and stretches in Fig. 11—A path on the bluffs at Trout Park, north of Elgin, Kane County. The path leads the visitor past large arbor vitae trees, some of which are visible in the photograph. the park from the base of the bluff to the summit. The experience of Elgin proves that individuals, organizations, and local governments must be on the alert if they are to prevent the destruction of irre- placeable natural areas by “artificialities” that could be located elsewhere. Presently, Trout Park is owned by the City of Elgin. 9. CLARK RUN Clark Run is a small stream, about 7 miles long, northeast of Utica, La Salle County. The stream originates in section 31, T. 34 N., R. 3 E., and empties into the Illinois River near Utica. The area of biological importance lies in the extreme north part of section 9 and the southwest quarter of section 4, T. 33 N., R. 2 E., where the stream flows through a canyon, the walls of which are St. Peter sandstone. The stream cascades over falls into a canyon (Fig. 12) and then slowly meanders between sand- stone cliffs. Marshy areas border the stream in many places where the canyon cliffs have been eroded away. In these areas the skunk cabbage and marsh marigold flower in early spring. The latter occa- sionally blooms also in autumn. Bordering the stream are stands of blue beech, willows, and other small trees. Mayapples form sizable clones on the rela- tively dry parts of the floodplain. Canada yew, arbor vitae, red cedar, and white pine grow on the cliffs. 14 Fig. 12.—Upper part of the canyon at Clark Run. The stream enters the canyon by this route. Mallards were swimming on the water of the pool below the falls on October 11, 1962, the date this picture was taken. In those places where the sandstone cliffs have eroded to leave steep slopes, rattlesnake plantain, partridge berry, bunchberry, white pine (some of the trees 24 inches in diameter), and other plants can be ob- served. Witch hazel, saxifrage, pasture gooseberry, and false lily-of-the-valley thrive in the ravines. Above the cliffs the conditions are more xeric; that is, the water supply is lower and the evapora- tion rate higher. Black oak and Hill’s oak find a favorable environment in such sites. Some of the shrubs of the xeric bluff tops are fragrant sumac, smooth sumac, and leadplant. Herbaceous plants include little bluestem, needlegrass, wild indigo, and the narrow-leaved aster. In the leaf mold at Clark Run, a southern thrips, Trachythrips watsoni, reaches its northern limit. It apparently extends northward along the narrow con- fines of sand areas that border the Illinois River. Clark Run, similar in many respects to some of the canyons of Starved Rock State Park, has not been overrun by people. Much of the canyon area and most of the adjacent uplands have been pastured, some parts severely. In spite of this treatment, some of the rare plants have survived. If cattle were re- moved, doubtless Clark Run would revert to a very beautiful and biologically rich area. Clark Run is presently in private ownership. 10. GOOSE LAKE PRAIRIE AND MARSHES Goose Lake prairie and marsh area lies north of the Lorenzo Road and south of the Illinois River, southeast of Morris and northwest of Lorenzo, and occupies all or parts of sections 3, 4, 9, and 10, T. 33 N., R. 8 E,, and parts of section 34, T. 34 N., R. 8 E,, in Grundy County. The area of the nature preserve is 1,513 acres. Thus, it is a sizable and valuable pre- serve. A number of biotic communities are represented in this preserve. Tall-grass prairie, grassland with dominant grasses 5-8 or more feet tall, occupies por- tions of the area. In this type of prairie at Goose Lake, big bluestem is the dominant grass. Associated with it are Indian grass and switchgrass, as well as wild roses, sunflowers, and goldenrods. Midgrass prairie of grasses between 2 and 5 feet tall is repre- sented by a large stand. Little bluestem and Indian grass are dominant. In dryer parts of the nature preserve Kentucky bluegrass has become dominant, possibly because cattle in years past concentrated on these sites. A disturbance community occupies those places which had been cultivated and since have been allowed to return to prairie. In such situations at Goose Lake switchgrass and Indian grass are common. In the wet prairie community, prairie cordgrass is dominant, but blue-joint is common. In the marsh community, river bulrush, great bulrush, cattail, and common reed dominate. The aquatic community is represented in the numerous bodies of open water, an outstanding feature of the area. Campbell et a/. (1970) compiled a list of 326 spe- cies of vascular plants that grow in this nature pre- serve. Zales (1971) listed 30 species of mosses and liverworts. The ponds are shallow and muddy and support few aquatic vertebrates but offer nesting habitats for a number of unusual birds, including the American bittern, upland sandpiper, Henslow’s sparrow, and marsh hawk (Birkenholz 1975). A butterfly occur- ring in Goose Lake Prairie but rare elsewhere in IIli- nois is the broad winged skipper, Poanes viator. The purposes of this preserve are preservation of a native prairie community, education, and research. To carry out the second purpose, an interpretive center and a system of trails have been constructed in the preserve and the buffer zone to the west of the nature preserve. Prairie species are to be planted in the buffer zone used for educational purposes. When the interpretive center, trails, and observation towers are completed, Goose Lake Prairie and Marshes Pre- serve will be an outstanding preserve in the Illinois system. Goose Lake area is owned by the Department of Conservation. 11. IROQUOIS COUNTY CONSERVATION AREA Iroquois County Conservation Area lies in sec- tions 22, 23, and 24, T. 29 N., R. 11 W., east-north- east of Beaverville, Iroquois County. This area of sand, clothed with black oak forest, prairie, marsh, and pools of open water, has about 2,000 acres. Among the unusual plants in the forest and _prai- rie are colicroot, white-bract hymenopappus, and nod- ding ladies’-tresses. Here are also habitats for outlier populations of reptiles normally more western in distribution, including the bullsnake, ornate box turtle, and six-lined racerunner. In and near the conservation area, especially to the south, are small to medium-sized creeks with sandy bottoms, masses of submerged vegetation, and headwater marshes. ‘These streams contain fishes peculiar to sand areas, including the ironcolor shiner and weed shiner, and other uncommon fishes, such as the blacknose shiner, the lake chubsucker, starhead topminnow, northern longear sunfish, and least darter. The major stream of the area is Beaver Creek, cited Fig. 13.—Middle Fork of the Vermilion River near Collison, Vermilion County. In addition to an extensive bed of gravel, the Middle Fork has boulder riffles and expo- sures of bedrock. 15 by Smith (1971) as a particularly notable stream with a rich assemblage of unusual species. Owned by the state and managed by the Illinois Department of Conservation, the Iroquois County Conservation Area almost adjoins the Willow Slough Wildlife Refuge in Newton County, Indiana, consid- erably enhancing the area as a biological refuge. The area also provides suitable nesting habitat for the veery (Graber & Graber 1973), a rarity in Illinois. 12. MIDDLE FORK OF THE VERMILION RIVER The Middle Fork (Fig. 13) of the Vermilion River between Potomac and the junction with the Salt Fork near Oakwood in Vermilion County is a high-gradient river with many boulder riffles, exten- sive raceways over both gravel and sand, and clear Many raceways especially pools over sand or silt substrates. are bordered by emergent vegetation, 16 water-willow. The river has a large variety of aquatic animals that are very unusual in Illinois. Terrestrial habitats on the floodplain and on the slopes of the bluffs harbor a great diversity of plants and wildlife. Several of the animals in the Middle Fork are highly indicative of clean, clear, gravel-bottom streams and denote the Middle Fork as a stream only minimally disturbed by human activities, an attri- bute rapidly becoming a rarity in Illinois. These Middle Fork inhabitants are the river redhorse; big- eye chub; silver redhorse; suckermouth minnow; mimic shiner; bluebreast darter; eastern sand darter; dusky darter; rainbow darter; greenside darter; small- mouth bass; the crayfish, Orconectes propinquus; and the caddisflies, Hydropsyche frisoni and H. cheilonis. Among the fishes of the Middle Fork are four recognized as rare and endangered fishes of the mid- western states (Miller 1972): the bluebreast darter, bigeye chub, river redhorse, and mimic shiner. The first three of these fishes were also recognized by Lopinot & Smith (1973) in their list of rare and endangered fishes of Illinois. The bluebreast darter occurs in Illinois only in the Middle Fork. Baker (1922) and Ross (1944) commented on the unusualness and diversity of the Middle Fork invertebrate fauna. In discussing the fauna of the Vermilion River system, Baker noted especially the great diversity of the molluscan fauna, having found 60 varieties of molluscs in his survey of the stream system. The mussel, Lampsilis fasciola, is restricted in Illinois to tributaries of the Vermilion River. In addition to the uniqueness of the aquatic fauna, suitable terrestrial habitats exist along the Middle Fork to support a large diversity of wildlife, includ- ing 20 species of amphibians, 23 reptiles, 58 nesting birds, and about 37 mammals. For several species, including the red-backed salamander, queen snake, and ringneck snake, the Middle Fork environs form the periphery of their respective ranges, and they are able to use the area as a refuge from further range shrinkage. The rare and unusual salamander, Amby- stoma platineum, occurs in Illinois only in wooded areas along the Middle Fork (Morris 1974). The southeastern shrew, recently found in the area, is extremely rare in Illinois. The lark sparrow, known to nest along the Middle Fork, is rarely found in eastern Illinois. In section 8, T. 20 N., R. 12 W., 3.5 miles south- east of Collison, a unique prairie occupies the upper slopes of the west-southwest-facing gravel bluff. Seep springs occur at the bluff base bordering the Middle Fork. Locally the prairie is called Windfall. It is one of the few gravel bluff or gravel hill prairies in Illinois. In addition to the usual prairie grasses, many other prairie plants grow here. Some of these are Indian paint brush, blazing star, azure aster, and hill prairie ladies’-tresses. Grass of Parnassus, Rid- dell’s goldenrod, and four-flowered loosestrife occur in the seeps. The uniqueness of the Middle Fork was recently recognized in a publication of the Illinois Natural History Survey (Smith 1971) in which streams were classified on the basis of their fish diversity and in which the Middle Fork was described as “one of the finest in Illinois.” A considerable portion of the lower Middle Fork is included in Kickapoo State Park, the site of a former Indian village and, more recently, of aban- doned strip mines. Here and farther upstream the relatively steep stream gradient, rocky rifles, deep pools, and wooded banks make the river attractive to canoeists, hikers, naturalists, and fishermen. The varying habitats support a number of important sport species, including smallmouth bass, spotted bass, rock bass, longear sunfish, channel catfish, and_ several species of suckers. A proposed impoundment of the Middle Fork would inundate the best stretch of the river and eliminate much of its natural beauty and most of its unique biological characteristics, as discussed by Smith (1968). In contrast, an alternative plan, estab- lishing the Middle Fork as a river corridor park, would maintain and protect the unique character- istics of the river. 3. ILLINOIS RIVER SAND PRAIRIES Along the east side of the Illinois River from the big bend in Putnam County south into Scott County sizable deposits of sand form terraces upon which a dunic topography has developed. These deposits were laid down during the Wisconsinan glaciation. At that time the meltwater from the ice front with its load of sand and silt was flooding the valley of the Illinois and aggrading it. After the close of glacia- tion, the river cut its channel into these sand de- posits, leaving the terraces. The sand terraces of the Illinois River valley supported forest, prairie, and marshland until the coming of European man. After his arrival, much of the area of sand terraces was put into cultivation—into fields of corn, wheat, soybeans, rye, melons, or into pine plantations or turkey farms. Scattered throughout the area are small remnants of forest and prairie. The University of Illinois Foundation owned land on the sand terrace northwest of Kilbourne, Mason County. This tract, known as the Wilkinson Farm, as well as additional acreage to the north, was acquired by the Illinois Department of Conservation. Most of the acquisition was dedicated as a nature preserve in the Illinois system. This holding includes both prairie and forest. The prairie lacks large dunes but possesses sizable blowouts of a compound nature. These blowouts tend to be stabilized by goat’s rue (Fig. 14) ; three species of three-awn grass; the common panic grass of sand areas, Panicum pseudopubescens; and the sedge, Bulbostylis capillaris. Other sedges, Cyperus schweinitzti and C. filiculmis, grow scattered in the uy PWrhh ’ 433. ¢ gee ’ ts cA: Hi black oak forest in the distance is second growth. blowouts. Black-jack oak thrives at the border of one blowout. Elsewhere the sand prairie contains such grasses as little bluestem, switchgrass, sand love-grass, needle- grass, and the tall Calamovilfa longifolia var. magna. In the interstices are such plants as goat’s rue, poly- gala, small to moderately large patches of prickly pear, and rose mallow. A common shrub of this prairie is fragrant sumac. In one depression where the sand remains quite moist, blackberries and seed- box thrive. It is impossible to find all the plants of the Illinois River sand prairies growing in this one locality near Kilbourne. Within a 15-mile radius, in other prairie remnants, numerous other species can be found, in- cluding two plants rare in Illinois, Cristatella jamesti and bladder-pod, the latter growing in the Henry Allan Gleason Memorial Nature Preserve, north of Topeka, Mason County, an area dedicated in 1970. Unusual vertebrates in the Illinois River sand prairies are the Illinois chorus frog and the Illinois mud turtle. Great Plains vertebrates, animals re- stricted in distribution in Illinois, that live in these sand prairies include the slender glass lizard, western 17 MACE CLT oe Nek IR ce hoa Fig. 14_View of a sand prairie near Kilbourne, Mason County, showing a society of goat’s rue. The black-jack oak and hognose snake, and the bullsnake. Other vertebrates found here and notable for their rarity in Illinois are the spotted sunfish, ironcolor shiner, starhead topminnow, lake chubsucker, and lark sparrow. Gra- ber, Graber, & Kirk (1974:10) recorded the western kingbird in this area but noted that it is not likely to be found with much regularity. The rock pocketbook, a mussel rarely found in large populations, is locally abundant in the Illinois River in the sand prairies region. Insects of the area that never or rarely have been found elsewhere in Illinois are the thrips, Anaphothrips nanus; the may- fly, Baetis anachis; the caddisfly, Lype diversa; the grasshoppers, Amphitornus coloradus and Mermiria neomexicana; and a butterfly called the Ottoe skipper, Hesperia ottoe. During the early part of this century a number of workers were occupied with studies of sand areas in Illinois. The work of Hart & Gleason (1907) is considered a biological classic. A study of the sand land vegetation by Gleason (1910) included the Illinois River sand areas. Vestal (1913) studied the relationships of plants and animals, especially the insects, in the sand areas of the Illinois River, chiefly 18 those near Havana. Recently, Johnson (1970) made a study of the vegetation and the resident popula- tions of mammals and birds of the Wilkinson Farm area. 14. TWIN CULVERT CAVE Twin Culvert Cave is located in the middle of the southwest quarter of section 17, T. 72S. Rs 2Ws about 2 miles southwest of Pearl, Pike County. The name is taken from the two large limestone over- passes (Fig. 15) that span a small stream, the bed of which at this place also forms a part of the county road to the southeast. The overpass or culvert on the south carries tracks of the Illinois Central Gulf Railroad. The culvert on the north has become covered with brush. It was once part of a railroad trackway, now abandoned. The creek that flows through these culverts is small, but in periods of heavy rains it may rise 8 feet or more above the gravel stream bed. The cave is located between the two culverts, upslope on the west bank of the small stream, very close to the present railroad trackway. The slope on which the cave is found supports a deciduous forest containing such species as hard maple, white ash, black walnut, chinquapin oak, hop hornbeam, and shingle oak growing together. Some of the common shrubs are poison ivy, wild hydrangea, bladdernut, wafer ash, and buckthorn. Wild grapes and climbing bittersweet are common vines. Of the herbaceous plants, fragile fern, clearweed, bedstraws, and violets occur frequently. The bluff bordering the abandoned trackway on the west side of the creek has been altered by the removal of rock, possibly for the construction of the fill and the culverts. This disturbed site contains a mixture of native forest and prairie species, as well as some common weeds of European origin. The chief objects of interest in this locality are Fig. 15——Culverts constructed of local limestone near Pearl, Pike County. These culverts supply the name—Twin Culvert Cave—for the nearby cave. An infrequently used county road and a small stream share the culverts. Fig. 16.—Entrance to Twin Culvert Cave. Because of the na- ture of this cave, ropes, ladders, and ample light should be available if its exploration is attempted. the cave (Fig. 16) and springs. Bretz & Harris (1961) described the cave. “Entrance to this cave is through a roof breakdown. A network of joint-controlled vertical slots that should not be negotiated without a rope is immediately encountered. Two sets of joints cross at approximately right angles. Ceilings and depths appear to vary along each set.” The cave is sometimes visited by a large colony of gray bats (Smith & Parmalee 1954:201), a migratory species that is rare and poorly known. Other unusual ver- tebrates in the vicinity of the cave are the banded sculpin, southern redbelly dace, and timber rattle- snake. Twin Culvert Cave is owned by The Nature Con- servancy. 15. COLE CREEK HILL PRAIRIE Cole Creek hill prairie is located in the northwest quarter of section 4, T. 9 N., R. 13 W., 2 miles south of Eldred, Greene County. The prairie occupies part Fig. 17—One of the spurs of the hill prairie along Cole Creek, south of Eldred, Greene County. Forest with many chin- quapin oaks grows in the coves. of a bluff of the Illinois River and part of the north bluffs of Cole Creek. This locality was previously described under the name South Eldred hill prairie (Evers 1955). The bluff of the Illinois River has a small toe slope, a limestone cliff, and a loess-covered brow slope. The bluffs of Cole Creek also have a loess cover but few visible rock outcrops. The loess was deposited during Wisconsinan time. Vegetation characteristic of hill prairies covers more than 4 acres of three southwest-facing slopes that extend downslope (Fig. 17). Little bluestem is the dominant grass. Some other grasses of these slopes are big bluestem, Indian grass, side-oats grama, and Scribner's panic grass. The bluets, Houstonia nigricans, grows in this prairie, which is near the northern limit of the range of the species in Illinois. On October 1, 1958, 29 stems of hill prairie ladies’- tresses (Fig. 18) were observed in this prairie. This orchid appears well adapted for growth in hill prairie stands of pastured loess slopes. A few miles south of Cole Creek, at Dayton Hollow, 91 stems were counted on October 10, 1968. More as- tonishing, however, were the 275 stems found in pas- tured hill prairie on October 6, 1970, a little more than 4 miles north of Eldred. The toe slope, the ravines, and the bluff tops support a deciduous forest in which common tree Fig. 18.—Hill prairie ladies’-tresses. In 1958, 29 stems of this species were observed in Cole Creek hill prairie. 19 species are white ash, American elm, various oaks and hickories, red cedar, and Iowa crabapple. Some of the shrubs present are prickly ash and rough- leaved dogwood. Local residents report that they frequently ob- serve white-tailed deer on these prairie slopes. In the vicinity is a relict colony of northern ringneck snakes, and both the western long-tailed salamander and glass lizard occur in the area. The westernmost record of the leaf beetle, Brachycoryna melsheimert, is based upon a collection made here. Cole Creek hill prairie is presently in private ownership. 16. ROCKY BRANCH Rocky Branch is the name applied to a small stream in northern Clark County. This small stream, not more than 1.5 miles in length, has its source in the east half of section 30, T. 12 N., R. 12 W,; it empties into the West Fork of Big Creek in section 29 of the same township. The area of greatest in- terest to naturalists is more than 300 acres in extent. It centers on the small stream, on the surrounding forest, and on much of the forest on the south bank of Big Creek, including its tributary ravines. By road, the Rocky Branch natural area is 1.5 miles east and 1 mile north of Clarksville (known also as Dolson) . Rocky Branch has long been attractive to the lover of natural beauty (Stover 1930). The small stream has cut deeply into the sandstone to form a valley with steep walls and, in some places, perpendicular cliffs (Fig. 19). Sizable undercuts in many of the cliff bases clearly show the eroding power of the stream when in flood. During flood stage the water in Rocky Branch may rise 8 feet above its gravel and sandstone bed, as evidenced by the debris left in trees and shrubs along the bank. Several small tributary ravines enter Rocky Branch from the south. Their streams have carved beautiful gorges in the sand- stone. The vegetation of Rocky Branch is chiefly de- ciduous forest. In wide parts of the valley are small plots that were once cleared of trees, maintained for a while as cultivated fields, and later abandoned. The narrow road that once traversed the valley from its head to its mouth has also been abandoned. The forest of the ravine floor is rich in plant species. Trees of this forest include sycamore, hard maple, tulip tree, beech, butternut, white ash, and _hack- berry. Some of the understory trees and shrubs are blue beech, wild hydrangea, elderberry, bladdernut, and spicebush. The ravine floor is a place of beauty in the spring, when it is carpeted with numerous patches of colorful wild flowers. By autumn the forest floor is no longer a carpet of color, but here and there are asters, goldenrods, and white snakeroot. Among the plants of the forest floor are such ferns as the broad beech, Christmas, and grape. and the steep slope above the cliff. Ravine slopes support vegetations that range from the xeric to the mesic. The driest slopes maintain a forest of black oak, northern red oak, shagbark hick- ory, and other species. Poverty grass, various mosses, and lichens are abundant on the dry soil. The moist ravine slopes sustain a forest of beech, hard maple, hop hornbeam, redbud, flowering dogwood, and other arborescent species. Beech-drops, Christmas fern, wild hydrangea, and arrowwood, as well as numerous mosses, grow on these slopes. In one lo- cality at the summit of a sandstone cliff, sphagnum moss is abundant. In another locality the walking fern, hepatica, and asters grow together in patches of moss on large sandstone blocks that lie above the floodwaters of the creek. The sandstone cliffs possess a flora of mosses and liverworts; Conocephalum conicum is the common species. In the recesses wild hydrangea and several species of asters and goldenrods, as well as the maiden- This view from the bed of Rocky Branch shows a cliff, the undercut > hair fern, find places in which they can live. Part- ridge berry is not uncommon at the tops of the cliffs, and it grows elsewhere with mosses. Lady fern thrives in some places at the cliff bases. The upland woods is one of oaks and hickories. The forest is dry, and the floor supports mosses, lich- ens, poverty grass, and other xeric species. Nodding ladies’-tresses, which blooms as late as mid-October, grows in the open parts of the upland woods. The abandoned fields maintain a mixture of herbs and varying numbers of trees and shrubs scattered here and there. In a field abandoned in 1958, one of the few woody plants observed in 1961 was the black- berry. In older fields smooth sumac, black walnut, tulip tree, northern red oak, and American elm have become established and perhaps are the beginnings of a deciduous forest that eventually will dominate the fields. Rocky Branch is of interest botanically because ee Fig. 20.—Southern redbelly dace, a brightly colored inhabi- tant of spring-fed streams of Illinois. it lies in the westernmost natural limit of the black gum and the tulip tree in central Illinois. In addi- tion, several species of orchids grow here. According to Stover (1930), the ground pine, Lycopodium lu- cidulum, throve on the sandstone. Irresponsible col- lectors and vandals have destroyed all traces of this club moss at Rocky Branch. The absence of sizable forest trees indicates that the original forest was felled at some earlier date. Additional botanical studies have been made by Ebinger & Parker (1969) and by Hellinga & Ebinger (1970). x ae 21 The southern redbelly dace (Fig. 20); blacknose dace; two-lined salamander; several rare land snails, including Zonitoides limulatus and Polygyra ob- stricta; the thrips, Eurythrips virginianus; and the plantbug, Neolygus belfragii, all animals of unusual occurrence in Illinois, are found at Rocky Branch. The Nature Conservancy purchased 175 acres of Rocky Branch and transferred title, with a reverter clause, to Eastern Illinois University. The area has served as an outdoor laboratory for students of bot- any and zoology at Eastern Illinois University for more than 4 decades. 17. EMBARRAS RIVER The Embarras River from Greenup to Newton, in Cumberland and Jasper counties, is unpolluted and mostly unmodified and represents one of the finest aquatic natural areas remaining in Illinois. The river itself has a wide variety of habitats and supports a diverse fish fauna. The wooded floodplain along the river also is unmodified through much of the area. a: Fig. 21—Embarras River near Greenup, Cumberland County. The Embarras has many fast riffles bordering sand and gravel bars that alternate with deep, quiet pools. 22 The moderate-sized, high-gradient Embarras River has extensive deposits of gravel and sand (Fig. 21) offering habitats to several unusual Wabash Valley fishes. The harlequin darter occurs nowhere else in Illinois or in the north-central states. Other fishes in the Embarras that are rare or limited elsewhere in Illinois are the eastern sand darter, mountain mad- tom, dusky darter, and greenside darter. A notable terrestrial animal of the area is the timber rattlesnake, found in the wooded, rocky hill- sides along the river. The Embarras from Greenup to Newton is in private ownership, but access is available at the many bridges crossing the river. Sport fishing activity is moderate to heavy, with the major sport fishes being the channel catfish, spotted bass, longear sunfish, white crappie, and flathead catfish. The Embarras River is dammed at Charleston, north of the area of interest. Smith (1968) discussed the unusual fishes of the Embarras and warned that modification of the river would eliminate the harle- quin darter and decimate other fishes that are rare in Illinois. The natural state of the Embarras River and its resultant large populations of fishes seldom encountered elsewhere in Illinois were major factors in its selection as a site for life-history studies on the dusky darter (Page & Smith 1970) and the slender- head darter (Page & Smith 1971). 18. AN ILLINOIS CENTRAL GULF RAILROAD PRAIRIE A little over a century ago much of east-central Illinois was flatland prairie. Although early settlers shunned this land as unsuitable for cultivation be- cause of a belief that only forest soils were fertile, later ones found it extremely productive and valued it highly. After a suitable plow had been perfected to break and turn the prairie sod and after drain tile had been placed to lower the water level, vast stretches of prairie were converted to farmland. Now only remnants of prairie are left; they are along roadsides or railroad trackways. These remnants must be pre- served if we wish any Illinois flatland prairie vegeta- tion to remain for future generations to study and enjoy. A prairie area located along the trackway of the Illinois Central Gulf Railroad between Laclede, Fay- ette County, and Alma, Marion County, is actually a series of remnants of the Twelve-Mile Prairie of south- central Illinois. Numerous stretches along this track- re 22.—An expanse of big bluestem. This grass is the dominant plant in many of the flatland prairie remnants of central way have been plowed for the production of farm crops or of nursery stock. Some stretches that were cultivated have been abandoned and have reverted to a prairie type of vegetation. The area is relatively flat except for those places where small streams have eroded into the flatlands. A century ago the drainage was poor, and the flat- lands between the streams were very wet except in late summer, the dry season. At that season giant cracks appeared in the clay soil. ‘Today numerous ditches along the railroad and highway drain the land rapidly. What effect the drainage had on the biota no one knows, as no one carefully studied these prai- ries a century ago. The plants of the area are typically those of the tall-grass prairie. Big bluestem (Fig. 22) is the usual dominant although switchgrass and Indian grass are locally abundant and occasionally dominant. In the wettest parts of the prairie, prairie cordgrass is the dominant plant and densely covers the ground. In 23 Fig. 24.—Prairie remnant in railroad trackway near Watseka, Iroquois County. Such remnants are all that remain of a once great expanse of flatland prairie. places of little disturbance, the prairie is a patchwork of a few species covering sizable areas. In some sites big bluestem covers much ground, while a short dis- tance away may be blazing stars, rosinweed, prairie- dock, compass plant, wild hyacinth, or one of the numerous goldenrods, as Solidago rigida. Shrubs in the prairie include New Jersey tea and lead plant. The seasonal aspect of the prairie is interesting to observe. In early spring the prairie is dormant and shows little activity until May, except for the flowering of a few small and delicate cruciferous weeds, including Whitlow’s grass. Some of the early flowers are small and rather inconspicuous, as blue- eyed grass, or small and conspicuous, as puccoon. The large and showy flowers of the beard-tongues appear in late May. In June the lead plant and the purple coneflower give a purple cast to the landscape. From then to the frosts of autumn a gradual but con- tinual change of blossoms occurs, with the purple being replaced by yellow as the dominant color. Goldenrods and asters bloom profusely toward the close of the growing season. Unfortunately, many people incorrectly believe the coarse prairie plants to be undesirable weeds. Within undisturbed prairie remnants very few, if any, noxious weeds—the type that cause the farmer trouble—can be found. Only after the prairie has been plowed or tremendously disturbed do the nox- ious weeds obtain a foothold. They then remain long after the land is no longer cultivated, and they even thrive in the secondary prairie type that de- velops. Zoologically the Illinois Central Gulf Railroad prairie is of interest because of the interdigitation of prairie and forest habitats. This is one of the few areas where the ornate box turtle, a prairie animal, lives side by side with the eastern box turtle, a forest 24 creature. This prairie also provides ideal habitat for the crawfish frog. In the spring, turrets (Fig. 23) of a chimney-building crayfish, Procambarus gracilis, are conspicuous as one drives the highway bordering the prairie. Prairie insects are now becoming rare because of the widespread destruction of their habi- tat by plow and pesticide. They still abound, how- ever, in the Illinois Central Gulf Railroad prairie. The area is the type locality of Anaphothrips sander- soni, a thrips that lives only on prairie cordgrass. The trackway prairie between Laclede and Kin- mundy, owned by the Illinois Central Gulf Railroad, has been little disturbed during the past 7 years by the railroad except where the safety of train opera- tion required it. It is a credit to the Illinois Central Gulf that it is instrumental in preserving this heri- tage. Credit must also be given to the Toledo, Peoria and Western Railroad for preservation of a prairie remnant along their trackway east of Watseka (Fig. 24). 19. DEVIL'S PROP Devil’s Prop is the local name applied to a ravine area in the northwest quarter of section 25, T. 1 S., R. 3 E., 2 miles south of Divide, a very small com- munity in north-central Jefferson County. The ra- vine has been carved from the sandstone that under- lies the area. At one place a pillar of sandstone ap- pears to support the cliff (Fig. 25). From this pillar, or prop, the locality received its name—Devil’s Prop. The upland to the west and northwest of the ravine has been disturbed by agricultural pursuits. Some of this land has served as pasture. On the southeast side of the ravine a part of the upland has served as pasture and another part is a fallow field that is unpastured. In the fallow field certain prairie plant species have persisted and are common. These Fig. 25.—Devil’s Prop area. A pillar of sandstone that ap- pears to support the cliff above supplies the name for this area near Divide, Jefferson County. Pe ‘sg j Y ha Fig. 26—A narrow, V-shaped valley through which a small stream flows in the Devil's Prop area. include Indian grass, little bluestem, blazing star, American feverfew, goldenrods, and asters. Broom- sedge grows in this area. The forests of the upland contain shagbark hickory, red cedar, black-jack oak, and post oak. Poverty grass, pencil-flower, and sev-— eral species of three-awn grass grow on the floor of the relatively open woods. Sizable patches of mosses of several species and some lichens form patches on the soil. The orchid, Spiranthes grayi, is not un- common in the fallow field, and a few plants grow in the woodland border. At one place the small stream flows through a narrow, V-shaped ravine (Fig. 26). In some places the sandstone of the steep sides is exposed and in other places covered with a thin layer of soil. Much i of the steep slopes is covered with a growth of mosses, — including hairy-cap moss. On the less steep slopes and on the floor of the widest portions of the ravine © grows a deciduous forest; black gum, northern red oak, bitternut hickory, shadbush, white oak, and hop hornbeam are some of the tree species. Wild hydrangea and winged sumac are common shrubs in — this forest. The fauna is typical of southern Illinois habitats of this type. Devil’s Prop, with an area of 40 acres, was a gift 4 of Dr. Carl Schweinfurth in 1970 to The Nature Con- — servancy. ‘Thus, this delightful spot in Jefferson County has been set aside as a nature preserve so that future generations may also enjoy it. 20. BEALL WOODS — ee Beall Woods Nature Preserve is located east of — Keensburg or about 5 miles southwest of Mt. Carmel, Wabash County. To the south lies a small commu- 7 eae oa nity known as Rochester. The preserve, a part of Beall Woods State Park, is a part of section 11, T. 2 S., R. 13 W. It has an area of 290 acres. Beall Woods is the only sizable, near-virgin rem- nant in Illinois of the once extensive deciduous for- est of the Wabash River valley. Because of the rich- ness of species and the immense size of the trees, the forest of the Wabash valley was considered by some to be one of the wonders of the world. Except for Beall Woods, it was lost in Illinois by clearing for cropland or by lumbering operations. Beall Woods itself almost met such an end, but devoted and in- fluential citizens, a sympathetic governor, and a de- termined director of the Department of Conservation made its purchase and preservation possible. Bottomland forest grows along the Wabash River and on the floodplain of Coffee Creek, a tributary of the Wabash that meanders through a part of Beall Woods. This creek received its name because in pioneer days a boat carrying coffee capsized at the mouth of the then unnamed stream. Some sizable trees grow on this bottomland. Large sycamores can be found, Shumard’s oak, bur oak, and big shellbark hickory are represented by specimens over 3 feet in diameter. Hackberry, white ash, sweet gum, and Kentucky coffee-tree are a few other trees of this bottomland. The low bluffs of Coffee Creek support some sizable specimens of northern red oak and chinquapin oak. The upland forest is rich in ar- boreous species. Here one can observe large tulip trees, black oaks, white oaks, and shagbark hickories. Beech also grows here. Flowering dogwood, papaw, hop hornbeam, and mulberry are a few of the under- story trees. The herbaceous flora is typical of the de- ciduous forest of eastern Illinois. Jack-in-the-pulpit, green dragon, bloodroot, toothwort, spring beauty, purple trillium, and dwarf larkspur are a few of the herbaceous species. Ashby & Ozment (1967) listed $40 species of vascular plants in the preserve. Over 100 different birds have been observed in Beall Woods. The pileated woodpecker is one of many that are delightful to see and to hear. The land snail, Mesomphix friabilis, rare in Illinois, oc- curs in Beall Woods. That portion of the Wabash River adjacent to | Beall Woods is an especially noteworthy stream seg- ment, with a variety of habitats supporting popula- tions of fishes rare elsewhere in Illinois. These fishes, the mountain madtom, northern madtom, speckled chub, mimic shiner, and goldeye, combine with the floral and avian elements of Beall Woods to make the area one of extreme biological interest. The visitor to Beall Woods should go first to the |} Red Barn Visitor Center, where he will receive ma- | terial to guide him on his visit. It is a short distance |from the Center to the forest, and not far from the |edge of the woods he has a choice of several trails | through the preserve. 25 Although Beall Woods is theoretically protected because it is in the Illinois Nature Preserve System, a threat exists. A coal seam lies 790 feet beneath the surface of this preserve. Recently an agreement has been reached between a mining company and the Department of Conservation which provides for the mining of a maximum of 40 percent of the coal and the leaving of 60 percent for support. 21. ILLINOIS CAVERNS Illinois Caverns, in the north-central part of sec- tion 31, T. 3 S., R. 9 W., Monroe County, are also known as Mammoth Cave of Illinois, Eckert’s Cave, and Burksville Cave. The cave is entered via a stairway descending one of the numerous sinkholes in the area. As described by Bretz & Harris (1961: 69-70) the cave is narrow, long, and crooked; has a small stream meandering along the floor; and has occasional accumulations of fallen rocks. The cave has representatives of a number of in- teresting and unusual animals. Among the most evident are the scuds which can be observed in large numbers in the cave stream. The scuds in the cave are Gammarus acherondytes, a rare species known only from caves in Monroe and St. Clair counties, Illinois; Gammarus troglophilus, a large, relatively rare scud with a range limited to small areas of Illi- nois and Missouri; and Bactrurus brachycaudus, a slender eyeless species occupying subterranean habi- tats in southwestern Illinois and eastern Missouri. Also found in Illinois Caverns are cave-adapted millipedes, flatworms, spiders, salamanders, the rare springtail, Tomocerus missus (Mills 1948:358), and the white, eyeless, aquatic sowbug, Asellus packardt. A tour of part of the cave may be made after con- tacting the custodian. The large passage and rela- tively flat floor make Illinois Caverns easier than most caves to walk through and examine. 22. FULTS HILL PRAIRIE Fults Hill Prairie is located on the bluff south of Fults Creek, southeast of the village of Fults in Mon- roe County, about midway between Valmeyer and Prairie du Rocher. The prairie is a part of old French land grants, the longest boundaries of which were perpendicular to the bank of the Mississippi River. Such boundaries were common in St. Clair, Monroe, and Randolph counties. The bluff on which the prairie is located trends northwest to southeast; the brow slope faces south- west. This bluff, like others in the vicinity, is tall, towering more than 300 feet above the adjacent bot- tomland (Fig. 27). The limestone bedrock is exposed for some distance as a tall cliff. The toe slope of the bluff is talus. A blanket of loess caps the bedrock to form the brow slope, which varies in width. This slope is widest at the northwest, where there are siz- able spurs and coves. Southeastward the brow slope H \ } he at Mo 7 Ve Fig. 27Fults hill prairie, southeast of Fults, Monroe County, of plants and animals live on this bluff. is not so wide, and the spurs and coves are poorly defined. At the extreme southeast, however, the brow slope widens and supports a broad expanse of prairie. Vegetation of the bluff is of two types. The toe slope and the larger coves on the brow slope support deciduous forest. The spurs and the remainder of the brow slope are prairie. At the top of the cliff is a narrow rock ledge. The tall cliff faces are devoid of plants except for a few ferns and a few composites. Fults Hill Prairie is not rich in plant species. As on other hill prairies, little bluestem is the dominant grass. The rare or semirare species this hill prairie contains make it important as a natural area. The bedstraw, Galium virgatum, is known in Illinois only at this site, where it grows abundantly at the base of one prairie spur. Scattered plants of bluehearts grow in this prairie. The rare Heliotropium tenellum, first reported in Illinois from this site, and stickleaf grow on the rock ledge. The bluffs at Fults have some unusual animals. Among the vertebrates are the eastern narrow- mouthed toad, Great Plains rat snake, coachwhip, flat-headed snake, six-lined racerunner, and the or- nate box turtle. An especially unusual invertebrate for Illinois is the scorpion, Centruroides vittatus. It has been found in Illinois only at Fults, and this is the northernmost record for this species. \ ‘ f é 23 ar ey ai as seen from the adjacent bottomland. Several rare species Fults Hill Prairie and bluff is owned by the Illi- nois Department of Conservation and forms a part of the Fults Hill Prairie and Kidd Lake Marsh Na- ture Preserve. 23. FOUNTAIN BLUFF Fountain Bluff, in Jackson County, is located south of Gorham and north of Grand Tower. It is an outlier of the bluffs of the west side of the Missis- sippi River valley; it was isolated by the diversion of the river from its main valley on the east into a narrower valley on the west. The older valley on the east is 4 miles wide; the one on the west is about 1 mile wide. Fountain Bluff is 4 miles long and 1.8 miles across at the widest point; it has a perimeter of slightly more than 10 miles. Limestone of the Chester series, which scarcely outcrops at the south end of this out- lier, is overlain with Caseyville sandstone. This mas- sive sandstone forms the spectacular cliffs of Foun- tain Bluff. In a number of places the sandstone has been eroded to form large ravines or small valleys, some of which have been named. Loess caps the sandstone. The highest elevation on Fountain Bluff is 779 feet above sea level, or 419 feet above the floor of the valley to the east and about 430 feet above the Mississippi River to the west. Fig. 28.—Mouth of the ravine at the site of the old Fountain Bluff station. This is the only sizable break in the tall sand- stone cliff in the north side of the bluff. Approximately a dozen farm homes are located at the base of the cliffs and in the largest ravine, known as Happy Hollow. A road follows the creek through Happy Hollow for a mile before it ascends to the top of the ridge on the west and then trends about a mile northeastward to the point of highest elevation, the site of Fountain Bluff Lookout Tower, a structure removed before 1950. On the east side of Fountain Bluff, three cemeteries, Goodbread, Hen- son, and Hudson, occupy small areas. A railroad, a branch of the Illinois Central Gulf from Carbondale, Fig. 29.—Japanese honeysuckle in the Fountain Bluff area. This plant forms a dense cover over the ground and on shrubs; it also forms a dense columnar growth on tree trunks. 27 skirts the base of Fountain Bluff on the north and west. Years ago Fountain Bluff station stood at the mouth of a beautiful ravine on the northwest side of the bluff (Fig. 28). Later a dam was constructed across this ravine, near its mouth, to impound water for a swimming pool. Both station and pool have disappeared. The pool was filled by silt carried in by running water. The silt now supports semiaquatic and mesic plants. On the west side of Fountain Bluff is another large ravine, Trestle Hollow. On the southwest, not on the bluff but on the riverbank and adjacent bot- tomland, several industries—a grain loading dock, a sand and gravel company, and a power station—have developed. Three power lines from the power sta- tion cross Fountain Bluff. Two extend eastward; the third stretches northward for some distance on the crest of the bluff ridge along the Mississippi River. The vegetational cover of Fountain Bluff is mostly deciduous forest interspersed with small prairie open- ings and formerly one large hill prairie. A small area serves as agricultural land for crop and livestock pro- Fountain Bluff. These culms are Fig. 30.—Plume grass on over 8 feet tall. 28 duction and as a site for a commercial enterprise. The dominant tree of the forest appears to be the tulip tree. This tree grows on the slopes and in the ravines. Associated with this species is northern red oak, black oak, white oak, chinquapin oak, and white ash. In the valleys or ravines the sycamore, beech, honey locust, hard maple, and American and slippery elms grow profusely. Black locust evidently was once widely planted in the area. The understory trees include sassafras, redbud, flowering dogwood, hop hornbeam, Iowa crabapple, and blue beech. Com- mon shrubs and vines are poison ivy, spicebush, wild hydrangea, and the introduced Japanese honeysuckle. In some places this honeysuckle has become a pest; it covers the ground surface, forms a dense growth on tree trunks (Fig. 29), and completely covers small shrubs. Many ferns and herbaceous flowering plants, including rare orchids, grow in the moist ravines. Mosses are ordinarily common on the soil surface, and both mosses and liverworts abound on the moist sandstone outcrops and cliffs in the ravines. Of in- terest to botanists are the numerous patches of plume grass that are scattered on the ridge top to the north and at the base of the bluff to the east. This grass may reach heights of 8 feet or more (Fig. 30). The prairie openings are small, and most of them are on the ridge tops (Fig. 31). The one sizable hill prairie of this area was situated on the southwest- facing ravine slope at the northern end of Fountain Bluff, but invasion by forest has reduced it to a few small openings. The dominant grass of the prairie types is little bluestem; big bluestem and Indian grass are not uncommon. The Illinois wood rat, a subspecies of the Eastern wood rat, is one of the unusual animals at Fountain Bluff, being known from only two other areas in Illinois (Klimstra 1969:7). In winter, at tempera- tures above freezing, the wingless insect, Boreus brumalis, wanders about on mosses or snow (Stan- nard 1958). Fountain Bluff and a few other localities in southwestern Illinois are the isolated stations of B. brumalis, far removed from its main range in the eastern states. Other invertebrates of interest at Fountain Bluff are the land snails, Retinella rhoadsi and Bulimulus dealbatus, recorded in Illinois only from this area; the thrips, Dorcadothrips walteri, also known in IIli- nois only from Fountain Bluff; the pseudoscorpion, Larca granulata; and the grasshopper, Ischnoptera deropeltiformis. 24. GRAND CANYON Grand Canyon natural area, located about 8 miles southwest of Murphysboro, Jackson County, occupies the southeast quarter of section 35 and the southwest quarter of section 36, T. 9 S., R. 3 W.; the west half of section 1 and much of section 2, T. 10 S., R. 3 W.:; it is more than 700 acres in extent. The names Chalk Bluff, Hickory Ridge, and Viney Ridge are applied to the area or to parts of it. This natural area is a part of the bluff system of the Mississippi River valley. From the floodplain the bluffs rise precipitously 360 feet, reaching an altitude of 720 feet above sea level. The tall, west- facing cliff in section 2 is about 0.75 mile in length and is named Chalk Bluff. The cliff is plainly vis- ible from Fountain Bluff, 4 miles to the west, and from other points in the river valley. Above the tall cliff lies a stony slope; loess caps the bluff. To the north of Chalk Bluff is a large valley, not quite 0.25 mile across, that is tributary to the Missis- sippi. This tributary valley, known as Grand Can- yon, has steep walls and cliffs. To the south of Chalk Bluff is Clear Creek. This stream flows in a rather broad valley approximately 0.5 mile wide and enters the Big Muddy River, which here flows southward through the Mississippi River floodplain. From Grand Canyon sizable ravines trend upslope to the south and from Clear Creek valley similar ravines trend upslope to the north to dissect the area into a series of deep ravines separated by ridges. The main ridge, which trends eastward from Chalk Bluff, almost mid- way between Grand Canyon and Clear Creek, is known as Viney Ridge. A half mile east of Chalk Bluff is Hickory Ridge. The elevation at this site is 740 feet. Fig. 32 shows a view of the ridges and bottomland taken from a fire tower that formerly stood on the crest of the ridge. The ridges support a mixed forest, including such Fig. 32.—Deciduous forest as seen from Hickory Ridge Look- out Tower (since removed) in the Grand Canyon area. 29 species as chinquapin oak, northern red oak, black oak, sweet gum, bitternut hickory, tulip tree, and red cedar. Hop hornbeam, Hercules’ club, and red- bud grow as understory trees. Poison ivy, smooth sumac, and winged sumac are common shrubs. In some places two species of greenbrier form dense, almost impenetrable patches. Plume grass grows pro- fusely in some of the small openings of the ridge top and also on some slopes. The ravine slopes support a forest that includes some of the species enumerated above and also beech, which is very abundant. The understory includes flowering dogwood, papaw, and, along the rivulets, the blue beech. On these slopes the Christmas, the maidenhair, the broad beach, the glade, and other ferns are not uncommon. In spring numerous wild flowers clothe the slopes. In 1949 a small hill prairie occupied part of the west-facing brow slope at the northern extremity of Chalk Bluff. Little bluestem was the dominant grass. Scattered throughout the prairie were small hickories, sassafras, and white oak. In 1970 hill prairie no longer occupied this brow slope. White oak and hickories were present as in 1949, but so were beech, northern red oak, white ash, and hop hornbeam. Some of the shrubs were farkleberry, smooth sumac, fragrant sumac, poison ivy, and Virginia creeper. Prairie plants were few, both in numbers of species and individuals. ‘The bottomland forest beyond Chalk Bluff toward the Big Muddy River contains such species as over- cup oak, swamp white oak, pin oak, pecan, and big shellbark hickory. This bottomland woods is of special interest to herpetologists because it contains one of the best known snake dens in eastern North America. For many decades the Grand Canyon area has been vis- ited by zoo personnel and other zoologists (Ditmars Fig. 33—An adult timber rattlesnake from Jackson County. 30 1937:103; Minton & Minton 1969:179-180). The tim- ber rattlesnake (Fig. 33), cottonmouth, copperhead, a great variety of harmless snakes and other reptiles, and numerous amphibians live in the area. Unfor- tunately, the area has also been visited by untrained and uneducated persons, some of whom love only to kill any animal that creeps on the surface of the earth. Although for a long time the snake den was well off the beaten trail, no longer is this true. Occasionally a visitor to Grand Canyon is re- warded by finding the eastern hercules beetle, Dynas- tes tityus. In size this southern beetle exceeds that of our smallest mammal, the pigmy shrew. Grand Canyon harbors some rare and semirare plant species: the club moss, Lycopodium lucidulum, which grows on a sandstone cliff of one of the tribu- tary ravines; sphagnum moss, which covers a sizable, moist sandstone outcrop in another ravine; and sev- eral orchids, including Wister’s coralroot and tway- blade. Much of the Grand Canyon natural area is under the supervision of the U. S. Forest Service, but some parts remain in private ownership. 25. LaRUE-PINE HILLS ECOLOGICAL AREA One of the most beautiful, unusual, and outstand- ing natural areas in Illinois is Pine Hills and the adjacent LaRue swamp in Union County. No matter what the season, this place abounds in natural beauty. It is located in sections 4, 9, 10, 15, 16, 21, 22, and sh Ly Il Shy RS AE The LaRue-Pine Hills Ecological Area is bordered on the west by a railroad, on the east by the road at the crest of the bluff, on the north by the levee and the road north of the levee at the base of the bluff. The southern boundary, which is south of the road from LaRue, is irregular. The preserve encompasses an area of 1,996 acres, of which almost 1,905 acres are under the National Forest Administration. The bluffs of the Mississippi River that form Pine Hills are underlain with cherty limestone that out- crops to form sizable cliffs up to 100 feet high (Fig. 34). Cherty slopes lie above the cliffs, and loess caps the bluffs. At the cliff bases, toe slopes of various sizes have been formed of rock fragments that have spalled from the cliff faces. The swamps are in the bottomland adjacent to the bluffs (Fig. 35). They occupy the old channel of the Big Muddy River, which enters the Mississippi River valley west of Murphysboro, Jackson County, and meanders south- ward along the bluffs into section 4, T. 11 S., R. 3 W., then southwestward and westward to enter the Missis- sippi River below Grand Tower. In earlier days the Big Muddy continued its course southward along the bluffs. Present-day Otter Pond and Wolf Lake, which lie south of the LaRue-Pine Hills Ecological Area, are parts of the old river channel. Big Muddy is an example of a Yazoo River type of tributary. Fig. 34.—Cherty limestone cliff on the bluffs of the Mississippi River at Pine Hills. This cliff rises to a height of 100 feet above the nearby bottomland. The vegetation of Pine Hills is mostly deciduous forest. Prairie openings and one hill prairie are found here. The toe or talus slopes of the bluffs are forested, as are the ravines that extend eastward into the bluffs. The south-facing ravine slopes are cov- Fig. 35—Bottomland swamp as seen from the bluff top in the Pine Hills area. ered with xeric oaks and hickories and some prairie herbs, the north-facing slopes with mesic forest, in- cluding tulip tree and hard maple. The cliffs sup- port few plants except scattered individuals of cliff brake, some species of goldenrod, especially Drum- mond’s, and red cedar. The brow slopes above the cliffs maintain forest in some places, prairie in others. Some of this prai- rie is of the typical hill type, with little bluestem the dominant grass, and some exists as small open- ings within the forest. The forest is a mixed decidu- ous type, with southern yellow pine and pink azalea as unusual species. Southern yellow pine is restricted in Illinois to two localities: Pine Hills and southern Randolph County to the north. Farkleberry is a common shrub on the Pine Hills slopes. These slopes are also the type locality of Liatris scabra, a species of blazing star that was first described from collec- tions made here. The swamps are of interest botanically for the occurrence of several species that are rare in Illinois. Several species of duckweeds, including Wolffiella floridana, live in the water of this swamp, as do frog- bit and swamp loosestrife, the last a species more com- mon much farther north. Here can also be found the rare grass, Glyceria pallida. The vertebrates in this locality present a rich assemblage of northern, southern, eastern, and west- ern elements occurring in relatively undisturbed hab- itats. They have been subjects of several investiga- tions, including those by Gunning & Lewis (1955), Rossman (1960), Klimstra (1969), and Boyd et al. (1975). The unusual fishes are the spring cavefish, banded pygmy sunfish, bantam sunfish, spotted sun- fish, and starhead topminnow. Unusual amphibians are the mole salamander, cave salamander, bird-voiced treefrog, and green treefrog (Fig. 36). The swamps harbor the cottonmouth in sizable numbers, the green water snake, the mud snake, and many other more widely distributed species of snakes. On the bluffs are habitats supporting populations of Fig. 36—A subadult green treefrog from Union County. The green treefrog is bright leaf-green with a white lateral stripe and gold flecks on the back. 31 eS Fig. 37.—Rice rat, a small rodent inhabiting marshes and swamps of extreme southern Illinois. many reptiles, including timber rattlesnakes and flat- headed snakes. Pine Hills is the only locality in Illi- nois from which the scarlet snake has been recorded. The large bird community includes the Missis- sippi kite, many species of waterfowl, and a common egret rookery. The plaintive calls of the chuck-will’s- widow and the mockingbird remind one that he is now in the southland. The Illinois wood rat, rice rat (Fig. 37), Indiana bat, evening bat, and bobcat are a few of the mammals rarely found in Illinois that are inhabitants of LaRue-Pine Hills Ecological Area (Klimstra 1969; Klimstra & Roseberry 1969; Smith & Parmalee 1954). For the listener during the spring and early sum- mer, the nightly performances of the amphibian choir, with pitches from the highest sopranos of tree- frogs to the deepest basses of bull frogs, cacophonous but beauteous, is a never-to-be-forgotten experience. Especially unusual invertebrates at LaRue-Pine Hills are an endemic scud, Gammarus minus pinicol- lis (Cole 1970); the dwarf crayfish, Cambarellus shufeldtit; the scorpionflies, Boreus brumalis, Me- rope tuber, and Bittacus punctiger; the stonefly, Has- taperla brevis; the thrips, Heterothrips azaleae and Oxythrips divisus; the grasshoppers, Schistocera ob- scura and Neotettix femoratus; and the butterflies, Amblyscirtes carolina, Autochton cellus, and Atlides halesus. Part of Pine Hills and the adjacent swamps is in the Shawnee National Forest, part in the Southern Illinois University Biological Station, and part in private ownership. To stop overexploitation of the flora and fauna by collectors, the U. S. Forest Service recently desig- nated the area an Ecological Area, and collecting is allowed by permit only. At last this remarkable area 32 has received some of the protection it has for so long needed and deserved. The staff members of the U. S. Forest Service who made this possible are to be com- mended for their action and deserve the thanks of the citizens of Illinois. 26. HORSESHOE LAKE Picturesque Horseshoe Lake, located south of Olive Branch, occupies parts of 12 sections in T. 16 S., R. 2 W., in Alexander County. The outline of the lake, which somewhat resembles a_ horseshoe, possibly suggested the name. The lake was formed from an old meander of the Mississippi River, which is now several miles to the west. The east arm of the lake is approximately 3.75 miles long and 0.25 mile across. To the northwest is a mixture of small lakes and swamp areas. Stretching from the north- west are two arms. One trends southeastward, is about 2.75 miles long and 0.25 mile across, and joins the east arm about 0.5 mile north of the southern extremity of the lake. Between this, the central arm, and the east arm is an island about 2 miles long and 0.5 mile wide. The other arm, the western, trends southward for 0.5 mile, where a levee impounds the water and prevents its flow to the old lake bed that stretches on farther to the south. A dam and spill- way at the south ends of the eastern and central arms control to some extent the water level of the lake. Overflow at the dam enters Lake Creek and flows northeastward into the Cache River. Runoff from the surrounding farmland and several small creeks to the north, including Pigeon Roost Creek, supply water to the lake. During dry seasons, several large wells augment this supply. The lake and some of the surrounding area serve as a state wildlife refuge. The native vegetation of the refuge can be classi- fied as (1) forest and (2) aquatic and semiaquatic. On the island and on some of the land to the west of the central arm are cultivated fields of corn, sun- flowers, and soybeans. The products of these fields serve as food for the Canada geese that come here in huge numbers in October and remain until March. Floating on or just beneath the surface of the lake, sometimes densely covering immense areas, are several duckweeds, including the rare Wolffiella flori- dana. The mosquito fern floats in such numbers on the water, either with the duckweeds or in pure stands, that the surface of some parts of the lake is completely covered (Fig. 38) and assumes a purplish hue. Hornwort and other aquatic plants grow sub- merged in the lake. Bald cypress and tupelo rise from the shallow water to produce the picturesque appearance of Horseshoe Lake (Fig. 39). In small, shallow pools of the west arm, American lotus covers large areas. The vast numbers of large, circular leaves rise from the water to heights of about 6 feet. In July and August thousands of cream-colored flow- ers, 6 inches or more across, appear over the leafy mass. Fig. 38—One of the coves of Horseshoe Lake. When this picture was taken, mosquito fern completely covered the sur- face of the cove to give the effect of a lawn rather than open water. In the very shallow water along the shore, such plants as arrowhead, pickerel weed, and primrose- willow are frequently observed. Other plants of the fluctuating shoreline are buttonbush, swamp privet, swamp honey locust, swamp cottonwood, Drummond’s maple, box elder, and numerous herbs, including Eclipta alba. On slightly higher ground bordering the lake shore, other tree species grow in profusion. Shingle, pin, swamp white, overcup, and southern red are the most common of the species of oaks. Soft maple is common; basswood is scattered here and there, as are black walnut and pecan. Three vines are common on trunks of the trees: Virginia creeper, trumpet creeper, and poison ivy. Two additional vines, rac- coon grape and passion flower, are less common but can be easily found. In the plant community border- ing the lake, clearweed, false nettle, and water hore- hound are abundant. The animal life at Horseshoe Lake includes nu- merous representatives of the Coastal Plain fauna, making it among the most interesting assemblages of animals in Illinois. Amphibians of the area are especially interesting, with large populations of spe- cies rarely encountered elsewhere in the state. In- cluded among these are the marbled salamander, mole salamander, bird-voiced treefrog, and green tree- frog. Rare reptiles at Horseshoe Lake are the broad- banded water snake, known from nowhere else in Illinois, and the green water snake, known only from Horseshoe Lake and LaRue-Pine Hills. Other rare animals at Horseshoe Lake are the big-eared bat (Smith & Parmalee 1954:204); south- eastern bat (Illinois Natural History Survey speci- men) ; southeastern shrew; rice rat (Necker & Hat- field 1941:42, 53); bobcat (Klimstra & Roseberry 1969: 415); bald eagle (which has nested at Horse- shoe Lake in recent years); Swainson’s warbler; a crayfish, Orconectes lancifer, known in Illinois only from Horseshoe Lake (Page & Burr 1973:52) ; spotted gar; pugnose minnow; and brown bullhead. 33 Fig. 39.—Bald cypress and tupelo growing in the water of Horseshoe Lake, in the water here (foreground) . Rare insects at Horseshoe Lake include a thrips, Scirtothrips taxodit, and plant bugs, Pilophorus tax- odii and Phytocoris taxodii, living on cypress trees; a thrips, Heterothrips aescult, living on buckeye; an earwig, Vostox brunneipennis; and two species of scorpionflies, Boreus brumalis and Bittacus punctiger. Numerous picnic tables have been placed near the lake and close to some of the all-weather roads. The island is usually closed to the public. The over- wintering geese attract to this area numerous hunters and bird watchers who, it is estimated, spend over a million dollars annually in Cairo and vicinity. Horseshoe Lake Wildlife Refuge is under the supervision and control of the State of Illinois De- partment of Conservation. The southern part of the island has been dedi- cated as a nature preserve in the Illinois system. 27. CACHE RIVER SWAMPS Remnants of once-vast cypress swamps are found in a number of localities in southern Illinois, in- cluding the Cache River valley and the broad valley that extends from Belknap eastward to the Ohio River. In preglacial times it was not the Cache but an extension of the present Cumberland River that flowed through this valley; the Cache was then a tributary that entered the larger valley where it does now, that is, between Belknap and Forman, Johnson County. After glaciation, the Cumberland emptied into the Ohio; the Cache followed the preglacial valley of the Cumberland and flowed westward and southward to empty sometimes into the Ohio and sometimes into the Mississippi. In this valley are numerous remnants of cypress swamps, three of which are especially noteworthy for both plants and animals. Two and one-half miles west and 1 mile north of Karnak was a sizable remnant of a cypress swamp. It occupied parts of sections 7 and 8, T. 14S., R.2E., in Johnson and Pulaski counties. During the past few years the Johnson County segment of the swamp has been totally cleared, leaving wet, open land; the Pulaski County segment, in 1970, still contained cy- press swamp, but some logging had been carried out. The river here serves as the county line. Illinois highway 37 traverses this swamp from north to south. The Cache River here occupies a part of the pregla- cial Cumberland valley. During much of the year the ground is inundated, often by as much as 6 feet of water, but frequently in the dry season—late summer and early autumn— the water recedes, and it is possible to walk in the swamp. The large trees of this swamp are bald cy- press and tupelo, both of which have buttressed bases. Many of the bald cypresses are surrounded by 34 pneumatophores, or knees (Fig. 40), that grow up to 7 feet high. Other trees of this swamp are overcup oak, swamp cottonwood, Mississippi hackberry, river birch, Drummond’s maple, swamp honey locust, and water elm. The last is limited in Illinois to a few of the cypress swamps. Common shrubs in the Karnak swamp include swamp privet, buttonbush, and, less frequently but still locally abundant, Virginia willow. ‘Trumpet creeper is a very abundant vine in this swamp; Brun- nichia cirrhosa grows along the border. The floor of the swamp near the border supports a growth of herbaceous plants, including lizard’s-tail, false nettle, a rare milkweed named Asclepias peren- nis, and clearweed. Deep in the swamp the floor is mostly devoid of vegetation except for seedlings of some trees. On decaying logs that float when water is present or rest on the swamp floor in the dry sea- son are found peculiar plant associations that have such species as clearweed, Virginia willow, beggar- ticks, the small composite known as Eclipta alba, and marsh St. John’s-wort crowded together. The large number of sizable bald cypress trees in this swamp is of interest to botanists. Some indi- vidual trees are 3.5-4.0 feet in diameter above the buttressed bases. Several specimens measure 5.0—5.5 feet in diameter and up to 100 feet in height. Also of interest to botanists is the polypody found grow- ing as an epiphyte on a single ash tree. Another cypress swamp remnant in the Cache River valley is a mile north and one-half mile east of Belknap, or slightly more than a mile southwest of Forman in Johnson County. It is located in the northeast quarter of section 36, T. 13 S., R. 2 E., and occupies about 100 acres. This swamp is in the pre- glacial Cache River valley and is near the point ey Fig. 40._Cypress swamp in the Cache River bottomland. The “knees” grow up to 7 feet tall and tend to surround the bald cypress trees. This picture was taken during the dry season. where the Cache enters the larger valley of the pre- glacial Cumberland. The area of biological interest embraces not only the cypress swamp, but also the forested bluff to the south of the swamp; at the base of the bluff is a spring, known as Bird Spring. The forest trees of the bluff include hard maple, black walnut, hickories, sweet gum, mulberry, and papaw. Poison ivy is the most abundant shrub under the forest canopy, but wild hydrangea and spicebush are frequently seen there. Buttonbush is found at the base of the bluff. The herbaceous flora of the bluff is rich in species. Numerous grasses, sedges, and ferns grow on the stony slope. In the vicinity of the spring at the base of the bluff, clearweed, wild hydrangea, false nettle, and touch-me-not are common. At the border of the swamp and bluff base, sev- eral plants of the rare spider lily grow under the soft maples and American elms. In the swamp the bald cypress grows abundantly and the pneumato- phores are very common on the swamp floor. As- sociated with the bald cypress are big shellbark hickory, Drummond’s maple, swamp cottonwood, overcup oak, and other trees. Common vines in this area are catbird grape and trumpet creeper. Erect shrubs include swamp privet, buttonbush, Virginia willow, and swamp rose. Not all of this swamp floor supports an herbaceous vegetation, but where the herbs grow can be found ditch stonecrop, lizard’s-tail, skullcap, and the beauti- ful, deep red cardinal flower. Among these are scat- tered plants of Asclepias perennis. A most unusual plant in this swamp is American featherfoil (Fig. 41), which was observed on May 2 and 6, 1969, in large numbers. On the first date it was also seen in smaller quantity in a swamp northwest of Vienna. The associations of plants on the decaying logs (Fig. 42) are similar to those in the Karnak swamp. The third swamp, generally known as Heron Pond, lies in the low floodplain of the Cache River about 1 mile northwest of Forman in Johnson County. It has been studied recently by Anderson & White (1970). It is a larger swamp than that southwest of Forman and contains about 200 acres that are covered with water throughout the year. The Heron Pond area was relatively inaccessible be- cause of the low bottomland and streams without bridges although a road and paths are now available. Earlier logging activities of man_in parts of the area and changes in water level caused by beaver dams produced variations in the swamp community. Bald cypress is the dominant tree of the swamp community. Tupelo is especially abundant in the recently cutover area. Drummond’s maple grows on the rotten logs in the swamp and is also rooted in soil in the swamp border, where dogwoods, oaks, and slippery elms thrive. Buttonbush, swamp rose, snow- bell, and Virginia willow are the common shrubs of the swamp; marsh St. John’s-wort is a common herb. | | Fig. 41._In Illinois, American featherfoil is restricted to the quiet water of the swamps in Jackson, Union, Johnson, and Pope counties. It is endangered because of habitat destruction in these counties. In places duckweeds and mosquito fern float on the surface of the water. A floodplain forest grows on slightly higher ground. Arboreous species such as big shellbark and shagbark hickories, mockernut, southern red oak, Shumard’s oak, swamp chestnut oak, white oak, sweet gum, and catalpa grow here. Spicebush, possumhaw, hop hornbeam, blue beech, and poison ivy are pres- ent in the understory. The bluffs to the north are mostly forested on the basal slopes by sweet gum, tulip tree, and such oaks as Shumard’s, white, and northern red. Spice- bush is the understory plant. Higher up the slope the forest contains white ash, hard maple, and Her- cules’ club. A hill prairie occupies one of the stony, southwest-facing slopes of the bluffs. These three bald cypress swamps provide habi- tats for a number of interesting and unusual ani- mals. In the swamps themselves are the banded pygmy sunfish and other fishes and crayfishes nor- mally found in more southern states. Cambarellus puer and Procambarus viaeviridis, two crayfishes only recently discovered in Illinois (Page & Burr 1973:51) , are common in the heavily vegetated parts of the swamp. Amphibians and reptiles that are rare in Illinois but common in the swamps of the Cache River in- clude the marbled salamander, mole salamander, cave salamander, bird-voiced treefrog, green treefrog, and 35 * \ ses — Fig. 42.—A decaying log on the floor of a Cache River cypress swamp. An interesting association of plants grows on such logs, which are afloat during wet seasons and grounded during dry periods. cottonmouth. Unusual birds in the swamps are Swainson’s warbler and the yellow-throated warbler. The distinctiveness of the fauna in the Cache River swamps is demonstrated by the numerous in- sects cited as unique or nearly unique in Illinois to these swamps. These insects include a rare grass- hopper, Inscudderia taxodii, living on cypress trees; the mosquito, Aedes aurifer, for which these swamps are the only Illinois locality; rare plant bugs, Cerato- capsus taxodi and Phytocoris purvus; and the leaf- hopper, Chlorotettix dentatus, recorded in Illinois only from the Cache River swamps. The first two swamps described here are in private ownership. The third, the Heron Pond area, is owned by the Illinois Department of Conservation and has been dedicated as the Heron Pond Nature Preserve of the Illinois Nature Preserve System. The Nature Conservancy has purchased much of the area near Heron Pond known as Little Black Slough and has transferred its holdings to the Department of Con- servation. This purchase insures the preservation of a sizable acreage of cypress swamp in Illinois. 28. THORNTON'S RAVINE Thornton’s Ravine, located along the Ohio River about 5 miles downstream from Metropolis, or slightly more than 2 miles upstream from Joppa, in Massac County, occupies parts of sections 19, 20, 29, and 30, T. 15 S., R. 4 E., but can no longer be considered an unusual natural area. During the middle 1960's, logging was carried out and left a tangle of stumps, slash, brush, and even some felled but abandoned trees. The new owner had all this debris removed by a special machine. When the senior author visited the area on June 4, 1970, he found the slopes more or less intact but the floor of the ravine cleared of its cover. Perhaps in a quarter century this area, if left to develop naturally, will again be of interest. 36 29. JACKSON HOLLOW Jackson Hollow, Pope County, occupies about 320 acres in section 31, T. 11 S., R. 5 E., and in section 6, T. 12 S., R. 5 E., to the west of Little Bay Creek and a section of the Illinois Central Gulf Railroad, the section that is commonly called the Edgewood cutoff. Much of the beauty of Jackson Hollow, like that of so many other beautiful sites in southern Illinois, results from the tall cliffs and the numerous, adja- cent rock blocks that strew the slopes from the cliffs to the creeks. The cliffs and blocks are sandstone. Below the sandstone, in some places, layers of coal and shale are exposed. The sandstone is subjected to erosion by water, and, in those places where streams of water flow at the cliff bases or cascade over the cliffs, huge undercuts, locally called caves, Fig. 43-_A huge undercut in Jackson Hollow, near the center serve as a scale to determine size. have been formed by the breaking away of large masses of rock (Fig. 43). The small creeks in Jack- son Hollow flow across beds or fragments of sand- stone or beds of gravel or sand and, near Little Bay Creek, through deposits of silt. The vegetation of Jackson Hollow falls into two main types, grassland and forest. Grassland is re- stricted to small prairie openings, most of them above the cliffs, and to fields of broomsedge that developed on abandoned farmland. Forests are represented by the mesic type; with beech, hard maple, and tulip tree, and by the xeric type, with certain oaks and hickories. The former type occupies the spaces below the cliffs, the latter the dry, stony slopes above the cliffs. Smooth alder, river birch, blue beech, and willows thrive along the streams, especially on the banks of Little Bay Creek at the mouth of Jackson Hollow. Farkle- Pope County. Filmy fern grows at the back of this undercut. The two figures | | dé fig FL Se Ree ae | 7 ¥ W, am Bee ey i$: e las Ried x3 3 wy site “a iA Fig. 44._Rock selaginella growing in a mass of lichens. This species grows on sandstone in southern Illinois and also in sand prairie in central and northern Illinois. berry is a common shrub on the stony slopes above of cliffs. The sandstone ledges support numerous lichens, some grasses, and innumerable patches of the moss, Grimmia, which when wet are deep green but when dry are almost black. _ Many unusual plants occur in Jackson Hollow. The first collection in Illinois of the orchid, Tipularia discolor, was made here and cited by Mohlenbrock * Voigt (1959). The first collection of filmy fern in Illinois was made in this locality by Dr. Mary M. Steagall of Southern Illinois University, August 2, 1923. The fern was reported to grow in two of the numerous undercuts in the sandstone cliffs. On April 3, 1963, Dr. Warren H. Wagner, Jr., professor of otany, University of Michigan, accompanied R. A. — to Jackson Hollow, and he discovered a third stand in a cleft in one of the cliffs. On May 13, 1963, Evers found a fourth stand in an undercut. | The club moss, Lycopodium lucidulum, grows on i flat sandstone surface in one moist ravine, and attlesnake plantain grows nearby. Professor Wagner and Evers found another club moss, L. porophilum, on one of the sandstone cliff faces. A number of orchids, including puttyroot, grow scattered through- put. Indian pipe and beech-drops are not rare here. Above the cliffs, rock selaginella (Fig. 44) and tali- qum thrive in scattered patches. | The vertebrate fauna of Jackson Hollow is rich ind typical of that occupying the Shawnee Hills physiographic province. Of the invertebrate animals, pne insect is of special interest and importance; it is 37 the staphylinid beetle, Stictocranius puncticeps, an eastern species found here but apparently nowhere else in Illinois. Presently Jackson Hollow is owned by the federal government and is under the control of the U. S. Forest Service. 30. BELL SMITH SPRINGS Several miles east of Jackson Hollow is another of the numerous beauty spots of southern Illinois— Bell Smith Springs Recreational Area. It lies south- east of the community known as McCormick in Pope County. Within the area, Spring Branch, Hunting Branch, and Hill Branch enter Bay Creek, which then flows southward. Most of the area is in sections hye) povol SEE IDS TUL Ri 1s ) 1oe The huge cliffs and the small-to-massive blocks that strew the slopes between the cliffs and streams are sandstone. The cliffs have numerous undercuts, and a large natural bridge is developing along Bay Creek north of Spring Branch. Many years ago, Hill Branch cut into the sandstone and at one place formed a sizable gorge (Fig. 45). Beyond the gorge, downstream, the bed of Hill Branch is strewn with rock fragments. The beds of Hunting and Spring branches are of similar aspect. In some places the streams are shallow and have riffles or small falls; in other places they are deep and form quiet pools. Visitors use some of the large, deep, quiet pools as swimming holes (Fig. 1). Fig. 45—A gorge cut into the sandstone along Hill Branch at Bell Smith Springs, Pope County. The steep upper slopes are in many places covered with mosses and lichens. 38 se ae ES ee Fig. 46-—-A beech-maple forest between the sandstone cliff and Bay Creek at Bell Smith Springs. This path leads the vis- itor to the natural bridge. = The vegetation of Bell Smith Springs is deciduous forest with prairie openings. Rock ledges and cliffs provide interesting plant habitats (Winterringer & Vestal 1956). A mesic forest, with beech and hard maple as the most common species, occupies the stream valleys (Fig. 46). Above the cliffs several species of oak and hickory replace the beech and maple. Along the stream banks the red maple, river birch, smooth alder, and Virginia willow thrive. Spicebush is a common shrub in the valley forest; farkleberry is common in the dry forests above the cliffs. Mosses, liverworts, and lichens clothe many of the moist, shaded overhangs. Some cliff faces lack plants and some support growths of lichens and a few ferns. A few hardy composites thrive in some of the cliff recesses. Some rock ledges are bare, but most are clothed with lichens and bryophytes. Vascular plants grow in crevices of the ledges or in the small pockets of soil that accumulate on the surface of the rock. In one overhang the filmy fern grows in scat- tered patches. Students from Southern Illinois University have completed a botanical study of this area (Mohlen- brock 1968). A very interesting insect, originally described from Illinois, lives on the dryer, lichen-covered sand- stone ledges. It is the lichen grasshopper or lichen locust, Trimerotropis saxatilis, (Fig. 47). The colora- tion of this insect is such that it blends with the grayish-green lichens and the blackened sandstone. = af 3 ; Fig. 47The lichen grasshopper, an insect with a pigmen- tation pattern enabling it to blend in closely with the lichens on which it lives. The ravines, slopes, and streams harbor the rich and varied fauna characteristic of the Shawnee Hills. In the streams are two especially interesting animals, the stripetail darter and a crayfish, Orconectes illi- noiensis (Fig. 48). The stripetail darter is distributed mainly in rocky streams in Kentucky and Tennessee and in Illinois is limited to the clear rocky streams in the Shawnee Hills. The crayfish is endemic to the Shawnee Hills. Bell Smith Springs is the only Ilinois locality for two species of thrips, Hoplothrips ter- minalis and Liothrips brevicornis. This area, under the control of the U. S. Forest Service, is used to some extent as a picnic area. The name is sometimes spelled “Belle Smith Spring,” and for many years the name so spelled was carved on the Forest Service sign at the entrance. According to Allen (1949), the name should be Bell Smith. Fig. 48.—Orconectes illinoiensis, a crayfish endemic to rocky streams of the Shawnee Hills. 31. HAYES CREEK CANYON Hayes Creek Canyon, less than a mile north of Eddyville, Pope County, occupies part of section 31, T. 11 S, R. 6 E, and part of section 6, T. 12 S., R. 6 E. In this locality, Hayes Creek flows southward over beds of sandstone. A tributary stream from the east flows over similar beds and has cut a steep gorge at the escarpment (Fig. 49). Some distance below the escarpment this tributary joins Hayes Creek, which then flows southwestward. Fig. 49—The gorge of a tributary stream at Hayes Creek Canyon, north of Eddyville, Pope County. The types of vegetation at Hayes Creek Canyon are similar to those at Bell Smith Springs. Rock selaginella and Selaginella apoda (Fig. 50) grow on the sandstone, and the filmy fern grows in two sta- tions about one-fourth mile apart. Christmas fern, common wood fern, and common polypody are the abundant ferns in this area. Twayblade grows in the moist woods along the stream. Among the unusual animals in Hayes Creek Can- yon and the nearby area are a rare thrips, Hetero- thrips quercicola; a crayfish endemic to the Shawnee Hills, Orconectes tllinotensis (Fig 48) ; and the fishes, cypress darter and stripetail darter. The cypress darter is found in only three streams in Illinois. An excellent nature trail could be constructed from Ozark, Johnson County, eastward through Camp Packentuck (now a part of Camp Ondessonk) , Jack- son Hollow, Bell Smith Springs, through Spring Branch to Cedar Grove Church, and eastward past Cedar Head to Hayes Creek Canyon and Lusk Creek. Fig. 50.—A selaginella, Selaginella apoda, which grows on the moist sandstone of Hayes Creek Canyon. 39 Hikers should have a scenic trail over hills and through valleys in southern Illinois. 32. LUSK CREEK CANYON Lusk Creek Canyon, also known as Lusk Creek Gorge, is the most beautiful stream valley in southern Illinois and perhaps in the entire state. Lusk Creek drains much of northeastern Pope County. Its source is near Delwood, a small community on Illinois high- way 145. As the creek flows southward, it is joined by numerous tributary streams and finally empties into the Ohio River at Golconda. The locality of special interest is the valley of Lusk Creek as it passes through sections 33 and 34, T. 11 S., R. 6 E., about 2.5 miles east and 1.5-2.0 miles north of Eddyville. In this locality Lusk Creek has cut through the massive sandstone, carving a valley, canyon, or gorge with cliffs that vary from only a few feet to almost 100 feet high. In some places the valley floor is mod- erately wide and the bluffs of the stream have steep toe slopes beneath the cliffs. In a few places there is no valley floor except that which the creek occu- pies. The creek in some areas is shallow and flows swiftly around numerous rocks and over riffles; in others it is deep and forms quiet pools. A canyon in section 34 is hairpin- or horseshoe-shaped. The cut- bank of this canyon or gorge is a towering, vertical sandstone cliff almost devoid of vegetation (Fig. 51). The slip slope—the slope opposite the cutbank—is not vertical but rather a steep sandstone slope that is clothed with mosses, lichens, and deciduous trees. Near the top of the canyon wall is the Indian Kitchen. The summit of the ridge, the area within the horse- shoe, is quite rocky; the sandstone is exposed as large ledges, with only a few large blocks near the cliff tops. Upstream from this beautiful gorge, Lusk Creek flows between steep cliffs, and within 0.5 mile it makes a right-angle bend. At this point Bear Creek joins Lusk Creek. The cliffs along Bear Creek are tall at this junction but decrease in height upstream and finally disappear as the creek flows over the upper surface of the sandstone escarpment. The cliffs along Lusk Creek, upstream from the Bear Creek junction, are quite tall; approximately 0.5 mile north of the junction they reach a height that is tremendous for Illinois. Above the cliffs of Lusk Creek are slopes of vary- ing steepness. The less steep slopes were cultivated in earlier days but now are deserted fields or have been converted into pine plantations. Some prairie plants thrive in the deserted fields). The upland above Indian Kitchen and within the horseshoe sup- ports a xeric forest, with red cedar, black-jack oak, and farkleberry as common plants. Deciduous forest covers the toe slopes of the bluffs. Beech, hard maple, red maple, river birch, alder, and sycamore grow near the stream, oaks and 40 3 ae, A J thie Cae s\ PEAS Fig. 51—The deep gorge along Lusk Creek, northeast of Eddyville, Pope County. The cliff supports little plant life; the slip slope is covered with mosses, lichens, and some trees. hickories higher up the slopes. The cliffs vary from extremely dry and lacking plant life to very moist and abounding in mosses, liverworts, lichens, and small herbaceous plants, including asters and golden- rods. On one of these cliffs the club moss, Lycopo- dium complanatum var. flabelliforme, (Fig. 52) grows. Partridge berry and sphagnum moss are not uncommon on the moist cliffs. In the springtime the abundant flowers of the shadbush and flowering dogwood create a beautiful sight. And here in autumn the pastel colors of the oak leaves on the upper slopes, most beautiful and restful to the eyes of the observer, provide a never- to-be-forgotten experience. The lichens, bryophytes, ferns, and fern allies have been studied by Skorepa & Snider (1967) . In the area of Lusk Creek can be seen the pileated woodpecker. Turkey vultures apparently nest in the recesses of the tall cliffs north of the junction of Lusk Creek with Bear Creek. White-tailed deer are abun- dant here, as they are in many other parts of southern Illinois. Lusk Creek was described by Smith (1971:7) as an outstanding Illinois stream with rocky pools, gravelly riffles, and cold springs. Among the unusual | fishes of Lusk Creek are the black redhorse, spottail | darter, stripetail darter, and mimic shiner. The bird | fauna of the area is quite diverse, with the hooded | warbler and chuck-will’s-widow being especially in- — teresting because of their rarity in Illinois. Some of the unusual invertebrates inhabiting the Lusk Creek area are the amphipods, Crangonyx anom- alus and Synurella dentata, the former known in IIli- - nois only from the Lusk Creek drainage; the crayfish, | Orconectes illinoiensis (Fig. 48), an endemic of the Shawnee Hills; a rare stonefly, Isoperla burkst; two rare mayflies, Stenonema pudicum and Pseudocloeon | myrsum; and the butterfly, Bell’s roadside skipper, Amblyscirtes belli, known in Illinois only from the » Lusk Creek area. Most of the Lusk Creek Canyon area is a part of the Shawnee National Forest. A small part is owned by the Illinois Department of Conservation and is | a dedicated preserve in the Illinois system. eee Fig. 52.The club moss, Lycopodium complanatum vat. flabelliforme, on a bluff bordering Lusk Creek. Sf ay 1 ot eatin Sines an ais 33. BIG CREEK x Big Creek is a beautiful, clear, rocky, spring-fed — stream draining limestone formations in woo Hardin County. The stream system is mostly be- tween Karbers Ridge and Elizabethtown and is com-— posed of three main tributaries: Big Creek proper (Fig. 53), Hogthief Creek, and Goose Creek. All © three tributaries have large influxes of spring water, — upstream substrates of slab stones, and downstream ~ substrates of gravel and rock. The hilly scenery and — the biota of Big Creek are near facsimilies of those q of some Appalachian streams of Kentucky and Ten-— pias Fig. 53Big Creek in Har- din County, a rocky spring- fed stream supporting popu- lations of many unusual an- imals. nessee. Smith (1971:7) considered Big Creek to be the outstanding stream in southeastern Illinois. The stream has populations of three rare cray- fishes, relict populations of northern fishes, and sev- eral other fishes with very limited distributions in Illinois. These organisms inhabit Big Creek because of its unique characteristics, most notably the large influx of spring water and the preponderance of rocky substrates. Among the animals in Big Creek of special inter- est are the crayfishes, Orconectes placidus, known in [llinois only from Big Creek, Orconectes kentuckien- is, a rare crayfish found in Illinois only in Big Creek and nearby Peters Creek, and Cambarus laevis, re- stricted in Illinois to a few spring-fed streams. The fishes of special interest are the stripetail and spottail darters, rock bass, smallmouth bass, northern hog sucker, black redhorse, least brook lam- prey (known in Illinois from only two streams) , and the spring cavefish (Fig. 54), known in Illinois from only two other areas. Fig. 54.—Spring cavefish, a rare fish limited in distribution n Illinois to a few springs in the extreme southern part of the tate. Most of the stream system is forested although learing for agricultural purposes has eliminated wildlife habitats from some rather large areas. Wind- ng gravel roads transect the stream system at many 41 points and provide a particularly interesting drive. A historic attraction on the watershed is Illinois Furnace, the site of an early iron works in Illinois. Illinois Furnace is approximately 3 miles north of Elizabethtown and is marked on most maps. The rare pseudoscorpion, Heterochthonius multi- spinosus, and the rare plant bug, Lygocoris tinctus, are among the unusual animals of Big Creek. Much of Big Creek is federally owned and is man- aged by the U. S. Forest Service. Even so, Big Creek is at present under serious threat of overdevelopment. The stream banks are being cleared of trees at vari- ous points, and in all likelihood this will result in a raising of the water temperature, because of re- duced shading, and in the extirpation of those species in Big Creek dependent on the cool-water environ- ment. The populations in Big Creek of animals rare elsewhere in Illinois have led to the selection of the stream as a site for several life-history studies. Studies on the crayfishes are now in progress by personnel of the Illinois Natural History Survey, and studies on the spottail darter and stripetail darter have already been completed (Page 1974 and 1975). RECAPITULATION These and other natural areas of our state are of great value to scientists of Illinois and elsewhere. To others these natural areas are also of value. Al- though most persons will never carry out biological studies, the natural areas offer them opportunities to see bits of the forests and prairies for which Illinois was once famous and to observe the plants and ani- mals, both common and rare, in some of these inter- esting habitats. It is in these places that they can relax and listen to the sounds of nature. Many per- 42 sons receive a lift from such relaxations. In our so- ciety, which requires a rapid pace but also provides much leisure time, these individuals deserve consid- eration. The observers of nature should be provided with places where they can enjoy their leisure hours and where they can relax, just as others have been provided with hunting, fishing, boating, and _play- ground areas. We have attempted to take you very quickly through 33 natural or scientific areas of Illinois by means of descriptions and photographs. We hope that this vicarious journey may arouse an ardent de- sire in you to visit these localities, at least the ones nearest home. Enjoy yourselves in these places. Help preserve them for future generations. LITERATURE CITED ALLEN, JoHN W. 1949. Pope County notes. Southern Illinois University Museum of Natural and Social Science Contri- bution 22. 95 p. ANDERSON, Rocer C., and JoHN White. 1970. A cypress swamp outlier in southern Illinois. Illinois State Academy of Science Transactions 63 (1) :6-13. Artist, RusseLt C. 1936. Stratigraphy and preliminary pollen analysis of a Lake County, Illinois, bog. Butler University Botanical Studies 3 (13) :191-198. AsHBY, WILLIAM C., and JAMEs E. OZMENT. 1967. Plant species of Beall’s woods, Wabash County, Illinois. Illinois State Academy of Science Transactions 60 (2) :174-183. BAKER, FRANK COLLINs. 1922. The molluscan fauna of the Big Vermilion River, Illinois. Illinois Biological Monographs 7 (2) :3-126. . 1939. Fieldbook of Illinois land snails. State of Illinois, Natural History Survey Division, Urbana. 166 p. BENKE, H. C. 1932a. Trout Park “wonderland” is revealed. El- gin Courier-News, 29 March:1-2. . 19326. More of park flora is listed. Elgin Courier-News, 30 March:2. Betz, Ropert F., and MARION H. Cote. 1969. The Peacock Prairie—a study of a virgin Illinois mesic black-soil prairie forty years after initial study. Illinois State Academy of Sci- ence Transactions 62 (1) :44-53. BIRKENHOLZ, DALE E. 1975. The summer birds of Goose Lake Prairie Nature Preserve, 1970-1973. Chicago Academy of Sciences Natural History Miscellanea 193. 11 p. Boewe, G. H., STELLA HOLMES Barrick, and STELLA M. HAGUE. 1935. Mosses from Apple River Canyon, Mississippi Pali- sades and White Pines Forest state parks. Illinois State Academy of Science Transactions 28 (2) :83-84. Boyb, JOHN A., Brooks M. Burr, LAWRENCE M. PAGE, and PHILIP W. SmitH. [1975.] A study of threatened and/or unique fishes within the boundaries of the Shawnee National Forest of southern Illinois. Pages 1-20 in Those on the brink of doom: a study of rare fishes in the Shawnee National Forest. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Publication. Bretz, J. HARLEN, and S. E. Harris, JR. 1961. Caves of Illinois. Illinois State Geological Survey Report of Investigations 215. 87 p. Burks, B. D. 1953. The mayflies, or Ephemeroptera, of Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 26 (1) :1-216. CAMPBELL, D., F. SWINK, J. SCHWEGMAN, R. SCHULENBERG, and R. Betz. 1970. Plants of the Goose Lake prairie. 4 p- Mim- eographed. CoLe, GerALp A. 1970. Gammarus minus: geographic variation and description of new subspecies G. m. pinicollis (Crustacea, Amphipoda). American Microscopical Society Transactions 89 (4) :514-523. DELonG, D.M. 1948. The leafhoppers, or Cicadellidae, of Illinois) (Eurymelinae-Balcluthinae). Mlinois Natural History Sur- vey Bulletin 24 (2) :97-376. DirmMaArs, RAYMOND L. 1937. Snakes of the world. The Macmil-| lan Company, New York. 207 p. + 84 plates. EBINGER, J. E., and H. M. PARKER. 1969. Vegetation survey of) an oak-hickory maple forest in Clark County, Illinois. Illi-) nois State Academy of Science Transactions 62 (4) :379-387.) Evers, Rospert A. 1950. Notes on the Illinois flora. American; Midland Naturalist 44 (3) :617-621. . 1951. Four plants new to the Illinois flora. Rhodora 53 (628) :111-113. 1955. Hill prairies of Illinois. Illinois Natural History) Survey Bulletin 26 (5) :367-446. 1961. The filmy fern in Illinois. Mlinois Natural His- - tory Survey Biological Notes 44. 16 p. . 1963. Some unusual natural areas in Illinois and a few) of their plants. Illinois Natural History Survey Biological | Notes 50. 32 p. FrIsoN, THEODORE H. 1935. The stoneflies, or Plecoptera, of IIli- nois. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 20 (4) :281-- 471. 1942. Studies of North American Plecoptera, with spe- - cial reference to the fauna of Illinois. Illinois Natural His- - tory Survey Bulletin 22 (2) :235-355. FuLLER, GrorcE D. 1946. A check list of the vascular plants of f Jo Daviess County, Illinois. Illinois State Academy of Sci- - ence Transactions 38:51-63. GATES, FRANK CALEB. 1912. The vegetation of the beach area in } northeastern Illinois and southeastern Wisconsin. Illinois + State Laboratory of Natural History Bulletin 9 (5) :255-372 ! + 20 plates. GLEASON, HENRY ALLAN. 1910. The vegetation of the inland | sand deposits of Illinois. Illinois State Laboratory of Nat- - ural History Bulletin 9 (3) :23-174 + 20 plates. GRABER, JEAN W., and RICHARD R. GRABER. 1973. Nesting dis- - tribution of the veery in Illinois. Illinois Audubon Bulletin | 1973 winter-spring (164) :50-52. GRABER, RICHARD R., JEAN W. GRABER, and ETHELYN L. KIRK. | 1972. Illinois birds: Hirundinidae. Illinois Natural History / Survey Biological Notes 80. 36 p. j , and 1974. Illinois birds: Tyrannidae. . Illinois Natural History Survey Biological Notes 86. 56 p. . GUNNING, GERALD E., and WILLIAM M. Lewis. 1955. The fish | population of a spring-fed swamp in the Mississippi Bot- toms of southern Illinois. Ecology 36 (4) :552-558. Hart, CHARLEs A., and HENRY ALLAN GLEASON. 1907. On the ~ biology of the sand areas of Illinois. Illinois State Labora- tory of Natural History Bulletin 7 (7) :137-272 + 16 plates. HEBARD, Morcan. 1934. The Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 20 (3) :125- 279. HELLINGA, GERALD A., and JOHN E. EBINGER. 1970. Additions to the flora of Clark County, Illinois, from the Rocky Branch Nature Preserve. Illinois State Academy of Science Trans- actions 63 (4) :392-396. Horr, C. Ctayron. 1949. The pseudoscorpions of Illinois. Illi- nois Natural History Survey Bulletin 24 (4) :413-498. HoTres, FREDERICK C., and THEODORE H. FRIsON. 1931. The plant lice, or Aphiidae, of Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 19 (3) :123-447. IRWIN, Roperick R., and JoHN C. Downey. 1973. Annotated checklist of the butterflies of Illinois. Illinois Natural His- tory Survey Biological Notes 81. 60 p. JOHNSON, WILLIAM WARREN. 1970. The resident mammal and bird populations of a sand prairie and forest near Bath, Illinois. Illinois State Academy of Science Transactions 63 (3) :234-239. Kurmstra, W. D. 1969. Mammals of the Pine Hills-Wolf Lake- LaRue Swamp complex. Chicago Academy of Sciences Nat- ural History Miscellanea 188. 10 p. , and J. L. Rosrserry. 1969. Additional observations on some southern Illinois mammals. Illinois State Academy of Science Transactions 62 (4) :413-417. KNicHT, Harry H. 1941. The plant bugs, or Miridae, of Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 22 (1) :1-234. Lopinot, A. C., and Puitip W. SMitH. 1973. Rare and endan- gered fish of Illinois. Illinois Department of Conservation Division of Fisheries, Springfield. 53 p. Mitter, Ropert RusH. 1972. Threatened freshwater fishes of the United States. American Fisheries Society Transactions 10] (2) :239-252. Mitts, Hartow B. 1948. New North American Tomocerinae. Entomological Society of America Annals 41 (3) :353-359. MINTON, SHERMAN A., JR., and MapGe RUTHERFORD MINTON. 1969. Venomous reptiles. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York. 274 p. MOoHLENBROCK, RoBerT H., ed. 1968. A floristics study of Bell Smith Springs, Pope County, Illinois. Illinois State Academy of Science Transactions 61 (1) :53-79. , and JOHN W. VoicT. 1959. Tipularia discolor in Illinois. Taxonomic Index 22 (5) :xxxix-xl in Brittonia 11 (3) . Morris, MicHaet A. 1974. An Illinois record for a triploid spe- cies of the Ambystoma jeffersonianum complex. Journal of Herpetology 8 (3) :255-256. NECKER, WALTER L., and DoNALD M. Hatrietp. 1941. Mammals of Illinois: an annotated check list with keys and bibliog- raphy. 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Illinois Natural History Survey Biological Notes 74. 14 p. PAINTIN, RuTH Davis. 1929. The morphology and nature of a prairie in Cook County, Illinois. Illinois State Academy of Science Transactions 21:152-157. PARMALEE, PAUL W. 1967. The fresh-water mussels of Illinois. Illinois State Museum Popular Science Series 8. 108 p. Pepoon, H. S. 1917. The primrose rocks of Illinois. Illinois State Academy of Science Transactions 10:159-162. . [1920.] A proposed new state park. Illinois State Acad- emy of Science Transactions 12:64-68. REIcHLE, Davin E. 1969. Distribution and abundance of bog- inhabiting pselaphid beetles. Illinois State Academy of Sci- ence Transactions 62 (3) :233-264. Ross, Herpert H. 1944. The caddis flies, or Trichoptera, of IIli- nois. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 23 (1) :1-326. 1963. The dunesland heritage of Illinois. Illinois Nat- ural History Survey Circular 49. 28 p. , and WILLIAM R. HorsFat. 1965. 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SCIENTIFIC EQUIVALENTS OF COMMON NAMES OF PLANTS Alder, smooth—Alnus serrulata (Ait.) Willd. Arbor vitae—Thuja occidentalis L. Arrow-grass—Triglochin maritima L. T. palustris L. Arrowhead, common—Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Arrow-wood—Viburnum dentatum L. Ash, blue—Fraxinus quadrangulata Michx. Ash, prickly—Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. Ash, wafer—Ptelea trifoliata L. Ash, white—Fraxinus americana L. Aspen, large-toothed—Populus grandidentata Michx. Aspen, quaking—Populus tremuloides Michx. Aster—Aster spp. Aster, narrow-leaved—Aster linariifolius L. Aster, azure—Aster azureus Lindley Azalea, pink—Rhododendron roseum (Loisel.) Rehd. Basswood—Tilia americana L. Bearberry—4rctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. 44 Beard-tongue—Penstemon spp. Bedstraw—Galium spp. Beech—Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. Beech, blue—Carpinus caroliniana Walt. Beech-drops—Epifagus virginiana (L.) Bart. Beggar-ticks—Bidens spp. Birch, dwarf—Betula pumila L. Birch, river—Betula nigra L. Bittersweet, climbing—Celastrus scandens L. Blackberry—Rubus spp. Bladdernut—Staphylea trifolia L. Bladder-pod—Lesquerella ludoviciana (Nutt.) Wats. Blazing star—Liatris aspera Michx. L. cylindracea Michx. L. pycnostachya Michx. Bloodleaf—Iresine rhizomatosa Standl. Bloodroot—Sanguinaria canadensis L. Blue-eyed grass—Sisyrinchium albidum Raf. Bluegrass, Canada—Poa compressa L. Bluegrass, Kentucky—Poa pratensis L. Bluehearts—Buchnera americana L. Blue-joint—Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Nutt. Bluestem, big—Andropogon gerardi Vitman Bluestem, littkk—Andropogon scoparius Michx. Box elder—Acer negundo L. Broomsedge—Andropogon virginicus L. Buckbean—Menyanthes trifoliata L. Buckeye—Aesculus glabra Willd. Buckthorn—Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh Buckthorn, alder—Rhamnus frangula L. Bulrush—Scirpus spp. Bulrush, great—Scirpus validus Vahl Bulrush, river—Scirpus fluviatilis (Torr.) Gray Bulrush, tufted—Scirpus cespitosus L. Bunchberry—Cornus canadensis L. Bur-reed, giant—Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. Buttercup, white—Ranunculus aquatilis L. Butternut—Juglans cinerea L. Buttonbush—Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Cabbage, skunk—Symphlocarpus foetidus (L.) Nutt. Cardinal flower—Lobelia cardinalis L. Catalpa—Catalpa spp. Cattail—Typha latifolia L. T. angustifolia L. Cherry, wild black—Prunus serotina Ehrh. Chokeberry—Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell. Cinquefoil, purple—Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop. Clearweed—Pilea pumila (L.) Gray Cliff-brake—Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link Clover, purple prairie—Petalostemum purpureum (Vent.) Rydb. Clover, white prairie—Petalostemum candidum (Willd.) Michx. Cocklebur—Xanthium strumarium L. Coffee-tree, Kentucky—Gymmnocladus dioica (L.) K. Koch Colicroot—Aletris farinosa L. Compass plant—Silphium laciniatum L. Coneflower, purple—Echinacea pallida Nutt. Coralroot, Wister’s—Corallorhiza wisteriana Conrad Cordgrass, prairie—Spartina pectinata Link Cottonwood—Populus deltoides Marsh. Cottonwood, swamp—Populus heterophylla L. Crabapple, lowa—Malus ioensis (Wood) Britt. Cypress, bald—Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. Dogwood—Cornus spp. Dogwood, alternate-leaved—Cornus alternifolia L. f. Dogwood, flowering—Cornus florida L. Dogwood, rough-leaved—Cornus drummondi C. A. Mey. Dropseed, prairie—Sporobolus heterolepis Gray Duckweed—Lemna spp. Wolffia spp. Wolffiella floridana (Smith) Thompson Elderberry—Sambucus canadensis L. Elm, American—Ulmus americana L. Elm, rock—Ulmus thomasi Sarg. Elm, slippery—Ulmus rubra Muhl. Elm, water—Planera aquatica (Walt.) Gmel. Farkleberry—Vaccinium arboreum Marsh. Featherfoil, American—Hottonia inflata L. Fern, broad beech—Dryopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) C. Chn Fern, Christmas—Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott Fern, cinnamon—Osmunda cinnamomea L. Fern, common wood—Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl.) Gray Fern, filmy—Trichomanes boschianum Sturm Fern, fragile—Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. Fern, glade—Athyrium pycnocarpon (Spreng.) Tidestr. Fern, grape—Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. Fern, lady—Athyrium angustum (Willd.) Presl. Fern, maidenhair—Adiantum pedatum L., Fern, marsh—Dryopteris thelypteris (L.) Gray Fern, mosquito—Azolla mexicana Presl. Fern, sensitive—Onoclea sensibilis L. Fern, walking—Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link Feverfew, American—Parthenium integrifolium L. Frogbi:—Limnobium spongia (Bosc) Steud. Gama grass—Tripsacum dactyloides L. Gentian—Gentiana spp. Gentian, closed—Gentiana andrewsii Griseb. Gentian, downy—Gentiana puberula Michx. Gentian, fringed—Gentiana crinita Froel. Goat's rue—Tephrosia virginiana (L.) Pers. Goldenrod—Solidago spp. Goldenrod, Drummond’s—Solidago drummondii T. & G. Goldenrod, Riddell’s—Solidago riddellit Frank Gooseberry, pasture—Ribes cynosbati L. Grama, side-oats—Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. Grape—Vitis spp. Grape, catbird—Vitis palmata Vahl | ' ( | | | Grape, raccoon—Ampelopsis cordata Michx. Grass of Parnassus—Parnassia glauca Raf. Greenbrier—Smilax bona-nox L. S. rotundifolia L. Green dragon—Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott Gum, black—WNyssa sylvatica Marsh. | Gum, sweet—Liquidambar styraciflua L. | Hackberry—Celtis occidentalis L. Hackberry, Mississippi—Celtis laevigata Willd. Hazel—Corylus americana Walt. Hepatica—Hepatica acutiloba DC. Hercules’ club—Aralia spinosa L. Hickory—Carya spp. Hickory, big shellbark—Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) Loud. Hickory, bitternut—Carya cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch Hickory, shagbark—Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch Honeysuckle, Japanese—Lonicera japonica Thunb. Horehound, water—Lycopus americanus Muhl. Hornbeam, hop—Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch Hornwort—Ceratophyllum demersum L. Hyacinth, wild—Camassia scilloides (Raf.) Cory Hydrangea, wild—Hydrangea arborescens L. Hymenopappus, white-bract—Hymenopappus scabiosaeus L’Her. Indian grass—Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash Indian pipe—Monotropa uniflora L. Indigo, wild—Baptisia leucophaea Nutt. Ivy, poison—Rhus radicans L. Jack-in-the-pulpit—Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott Juniper, creeping—Juniperus horizontalis Moench Ladies'-tresses, hill prairie—Spiranthes magnicamporum C. J. Sheviak Ladies’-tresses, nodding—Spiranthes cernua (L.) Rich. Ladyslipper, pink—Cypripedium reginae Walt. Larch, European—Larix decidua Mill. Larkspur, dwarf—Delphinium tricorne Michx. Leadplant—Amorpha canescens Pursh Leather-leaf—Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench Lily-of-the-valley, false—Maianthemum canadense Desf. Lily, spider—Hymenocallis occidentalis (Le Conte) Kunth Lizard’s-tail—‘aururus cernuus L. Locust, black—Robinia pseudoacacia L. Locust, honey—Gleditsia triacanthos L. Locust, swamp honey—Gleditsia aquatica Marsh. Loosestrife, four-flowered—Lysimachia quadriflora Sims Loosestrife, swamp—Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell. Lotus, American—Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers. Loye-grass, sand—Eragrostis trichodes (Nutt.) Wood Lousewort—Pedicularis canadensis L. Mallow, rose—Callirhoe triangulata (Leavenw.) Gray Maple, Drummond’s—Acer rubrum var. drummondii (H. & A.) Sarg. Maple, Facer saccharum Marsh. Maple, red—Acer rubrum L. Maple, soft—Acer saccharinum L. Marigold, marsh—Caltha palustris L. Mayapple—Podophyllum peltatum L. Mockernut—Carya tomentosa Nutt. Moss, hairy-cap—Polytrichum spp. Mulberry—Morus rubra L. Needlegrass—Stipa spartea Trin. Nettle, false—Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. New Jersey tea—Ceanothus americanus L. Oak—Quercus spp. Oak, black—Quercus velutina Lam. Oak, black-jack—Quercus marilandica Muenchh. Oak, bur—Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Oak, chinquapin—Quercus muhlenbergii Engelm. Oak, Hill’s—Quercus ellipsoidalis E. J. Hill Oak, northern red—Quercus rubra L. Oak, overcup—Quercus lyrata Walt. Oak, pin—Quercus palustris Muenchh. Oak, post—Quercus stellata Wang. Oak, shingle—Quercus imbricaria Michx. Oak, Shumard’s—Quercus shumardii Buckl. Oak, southern red—Quercus falcata var. pagodaefolia Ell. Oak, swamp chestnut—Quercus michauxii Nutt. Oak, swamp white—Quercus bicolor Willd. Oak, white—Quercus alba L. Oak, willow—Quercus phellos L. Orchid, grass-pink—Calapogon pulchellus (Salisb.) R. Br. Osier, red—Cornus stolonifera Michx. Paint brush, Indian—Castilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng. Panic grass—Panicum pseudopubescens Nash Panic grass, Scribner’s—Panicum oligosanthes var. scribnerianum (Nash) Fern. Papaw—Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal. Partridge berry—Mitchella repens L. Passion flower—Passiflora lutea L. Pear, prickly—Opuntia rafinesquii Engelm. Pecan—Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch Pencil-flower—Stylosanthes biflora (L.) B.S.P. Persimmon—Diospyros virginiana L. Pickerel weed—Pontederia cordata L. Pigweed, winged—Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult. Pine, Austrian—Pinus nigra Arnold Pine, pitch—Pinus rigida Mill. Pine, Scotch—Pinus sylvestris L. Pine, southern yellow—Pinus echinata Mill. Pine, white—Pinus strobus L. Pitcher plant—Sarracenia purpurea L. Plantain, rattlesnake—Goodyera pubescens (Willd.) R. Br. Plume grass—Erianthus alopecurioides (L.) EIl. Polygala—Polygala verticillata L. P. polygama Walt. Polypody—Polypodium polypodioides (L.) Watt Polypody, common—Polypodium vulgare var. virginianum (L.) Eaton 45 Pond lily, yellow—Nuphar advena Ait. Pondweed—Potamogeton spp. Possumhaw—Ilex decidua Walt. Poverty grass—Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. Prairie dock—Silphium terebinthinaceum Jacq. Primrose, bird's-eye—Primula mistassinica Michx. Primrose-willow—Jussiaea decurrens (Walt.) DC. J. repens L. J. leptocarpa Nutt. Privet, swamp—Forestiera acuminata (Michx.) Poir. Puccoon—Lithospermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm. Puttyroot—A plectrum hyemale (Muhl.) Torr. Rattlesnake master—Eryngium yuccifolium Michx. Redbud—Cercis canadensis L. Red cedar—Juniperus virginiana L. Reed, common—Phragmites communis Trin. Reed grass, canary—Phalaris arundinacea L. Roses—Rosa spp. Rose, swamp—Rosa palustris Marsh. Rosin weed—Silphium integrifolium Michx. Rush, twig—Cladium mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. St. John’s-wort, marsh—Triadenum walteri (Gmel.) Gl. Sassafras—Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees. Saxifrage—Saxifraga pensylvanica L. Scurfpea, many-flowered—Psoralea tenuiflora Pursh Sea-rocket—Cakile edentula (Bigel.) Hook. Sedge—Carex spp. Sedge, cotton—Eriophorum virginicum L. Seed-box—Ludwigia alternifolia L. Selaginella, rock—Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring Shadbush—A melanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Fern. Skullcap—Scutellaria lateriflora L. Smartweed—Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. Snakeroot, white—Eupatorium rugosum Houtt. Snow-bell—Styrax americana Lam. Sphagnum—Sphagnum spp. Spicebush—Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume Spike rush, beaked—Eleocharis rostellata Torrey Spring beauty—Claytonia virginica L. Spurge, flowering—Euphorbia corollata L. Star-grass—Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Cov. Stickleaf—Mentzelia oligosperma Nutt. Stonecrop, ditch—Penthorum sedoides L. Sumac, fragrant—Rhus aromatica Ait. Sumac, poison—Rhus vernix L. Sumac, smooth—Rhus glabra L. Sumac, winged—Rhus copallina L. Sunflowers—Helianthus spp. Switchgrass—Panicum virgatum L, Sycamore—Platanus occidentalis L. Talinum—Talinum parviflorum Nutt. Tamarack—Larix laricina (DuRoi) K. Koch Thistle, Canada—Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Thistle, Russian—Salsola kali var. tenuifolia G. F. W. Meyer Thistle, swamp—Cirsium muticum Michx. Three-awn grass—Aristida desmantha Trin. & Rupr. A. oligantha Michx. A. tuberculosa Nutt. Toothwort—Dentaria laciniata Muhl. Trillium, purple—Trillium recurvatum Beck Trumpet creeper—Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. Touch-me-not—Impatiens biflora Walt. Tulip tree—Liriodendron tulipifera L. Tupelo—Nyssa aquatica L. Twayblade—Liparis lilifolia (L.) Rich. Viburnum—Viburnum spp. Violet—Viola spp. Virginia creeper—Parthenocissus quinquefolia Walnut, black—Juglans nigra L. Water lily, white—Nymphaea tuberosa Paine. Water-milfoil—Myriophyllum verticillatum L. (L.) Planch. 46 Waterweed—Anacharis spp. Water-willow—Dianthera americana L. Whitow’s grass—Draba spp. Willow—Salix spp. Willow, black—Salix nigra Marsh. Willow, peach-leaved—Salix amygdaloides Anders. Willow, Virginia—Itea virginica L. Winterberry—Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray Witch hazel—Hamamelis virginiana L. Yew, Canada—Taxus canadensis Marsh. SCIENTIFIC EQUIVALENTS OF COMMON NAMES OF VERTEBRATE ANIMALS Fishes Banded killifish—Fundulus diaphanus Jordan & Copeland Banded pygmy sunfish—Elassoma zonatum Jordan Banded sculpin—Cottus carolinae (Gill) Bantam sunfish—Lepomis symmetricus Forbes Bigeye chub—Hybopsis amblops (Rafinesque) Blackchin shiner—Notropis heterodon (Cope) Blacknose dace—Rhinichthys atratulus (Hermann) Blacknose shiner—Notropis heterolepis Eigenmann & Eigenmann Black redhorse—Moxostoma duquesnei (Lesueur) Bluebreast darter—Etheostoma camurum (Cope) Brook stickleback—Culaea inconstans (Kirtland) Brown bullhead—TIctalurus nebulosus (Lesueur) Central mudminnow—Umbra limi (Kirtland) Channel catfish—Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque) Cypress darter—Etheostoma proeliare (Hay) Dusky darter—Percina sciera (Swain) Eastern sand darter—Ammocrypta pellucida (Putnam) Flathead catfish—Pylodictis olivaris (Rafinesque) Goldeye—Hiodon alosoides (Rafinesque) Greenside darter—Etheostoma blennioides Rafinesque Harlequin darter—Etheostoma histrio Jordan & Gilbert Iowa darter—Etheostoma exile (Girard) Ironcolor shiner—Notropis chalybeus (Cope) Lake chub—Couesius plumbeus (Agassiz) Lake chubsucker—Erimyzon sucetta (Lacépéde) Least brook lamprey—Lampetra aepyptera (Abbott) Least darter—Etheostoma microperca Jordan & Gilbert Longear sunfish—Lepomis megalotis (Rafinesque) Longnose dace—Rhinichthys cataractae (Valenciennes) Mimic shiner—Notropis volucellus (Cope) Mottled sculpin—Cottus bairdi Girard Mountain madtom—Noturus eleutherus Jordan Ninespine stickleback—Pungitius pungitius (Linnaeus) Northern hog sucker—Hypentelium nigricans (Lesueur) Northern longear sunfish—Lepomis megalotis peltastes Cope Northern madtom—Noturus stigmosus Taylor Ozark minnow—Dionda nubila (Forbes) Pugnose minnow—Notropis emiliae (Hay) Pugnose shiner—Notropis anogenus Forbes Rainbow darter—Etheostoma caeruleum Storer River redhorse—Moxostoma carinatum (Cope) Rock bass—Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque) Silver redhorse—Moxostoma anisurum (Rafinesque) Slimy sculpin—Cottus cognatus Richardson Smallmouth bass—Micropterus dolomieui Lacépéde Smelt—Osmerus mordax (Mitchell) Southern redbelly dace—Phoxinus erythrogaster (Rafinesque) Speckled chub—Hybopsis aestivalis (Girard) Spottail darter—Etheostoma squamiceps Jordan Spottail shiner—Notropis hudsonius (Clinton) Spotted bass—Micropterus punctulatus (Rafinesque) Spotted gar—Lepisosteus oculatus (Winchell) Spotted sunfish—Lepomis punctatus (Valenciennes) Spring cavefish—Chologaster agassizi Putnum Starhead topminnow—Fundulus dispar (Agassiz) Stripetail darter—Etheostoma kennicotti (Putnam) Suckermouth minnow—Phenacobius mirabilis (Girard) Weed shiner—Notropis texanus (Girard) White crappie—Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque Amphibians Bird-voiced treefrog—Hyla avivoca Viasca Bullfrog—Rana catesbeiana Shaw Cave salamander—Eurycea lucifuga Rafinesque Crawfish frog—Rana areolata Baird & Girard Eastern narrow-mouthed toad—Gastrophryne carolinensis (Hol- - brook) Green treefrog—Hyla cinerea (Schneider) Illinois chorus frog—Pseudacris streckeri illinoensis Smith Long-tailed salamander—Eurycea longicauda (Green) Marbled salamander—Ambystoma ofacum (Gravenhorst) Mole salamander—Ambystoma talpoideum (Holbrook) Red-backed salamander—Plethodon cinereus (Green) Two-lined salamander—Eurycea bislineata (Green) Wood frog—Rana sylvatica Le Conte Reptiles Broad-banded water snake—Natrix fasciata confluens Blanchard | Bullsnake—Pituophis melanoleucus sayi (Schlegel) Coachwhip—Masticophis flagellum (Shaw) Copperhead—Agkistrodon contortrix (Linnaeus) Cottonmouth—Agkistrodon piscivorus (Lacépéde) Eastern box turtle—Terrapene carolina (Linnaeus) Flat-headed snake—Tantilla gracilis Baird & Girard Great plains rat snake—Elaphe guttata emoryi (Baird & Girard) ) Green water snake—Natrix cyclopion (Dumeril, Bibron, & © Dumeril) Illinois mud turtle—Kinosternon flavescens spooneri Smith Mud snake—Farancia abacura (Holbrook) Northern ringneck snake—Diadophis punctatus edwardsi (Merrem) Ornate box turtle—Terrapene ornata (Agassiz) Queen snake—Natrix septemvittata (Say) Ringneck snake—Diadophis punctatus (Linnaeus) Scarlet snake—Cemophora coccinea (Blumenbach) Six-lined racerunner—Cnemidophorus sexlineatus (Linnaeus) Slender glass lizard—Ophisaurus attenuatus attenuatus Cope Timber rattlesnake—Crotalus horridus Linnaeus Western hognose snake—Heterodon nasicus (Baird & Girard) Birds American bittern—Botaurus lentiginosus (Rackett) Bald eagle—Haliaeetus leucocephalus (Linnaeus) Black tern—Chlidonias niger (Linnaeus) Chuck-will’s-widow—Caprimulgus carolinensis Gmelin Cliff swallow—Petrochelidon pyrrhonota (Vieillot) Common egret—Casmerodius albus (Linnaeus) Henslow’s sparrow—Passerherbulus henslowii (Audubon) Hooded warbler—Wilsonia citrina (Boddaert) Knot—Calidris canutus (Linnaeus) Lark sparrow—Chondestes grammacus (Say) Long billed marsh wren—Telmatodytes palustris (Wilson) Mallard—Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus ‘ Marsh hawk—Circus cyaneus (Linnaeus) | Mississippi kite—Ictinia mississippiensis (Wilson) Mockingbird—Mimus polyglottos (Linnaeus) Pileated woodpecker—Dryocopus pileatus (Linnaeus) 5 = Piping plover—Charadrius meladus Ord Ruddy turnstone—Arenaria interpres (Linnaeus) Swainson’s warbler—Limnothlypis swainsonii (Audubon) Turkey vulture—Cathartes aura (Linnaeus) ’ Upland sandpiper—Bartramia longicauda (Bechstein) Veery—Catharus fuscescens (Stephens) Western kingbird—Tyrannus verticalis Say Yellow-throated warbler—Dendroica dominica (Linnaeus) Se ee Mammals Big-eared bat—Plecotus rafinesquii Lesson 3obcat—Lynx rufus (Schreber) Evening bat—wNycticeius humeralis (Rafinesque) Gray bat—Myotis grisescens Howell llinois wood rat—Neotoma floridana illinoensis Howell 47 Indiana bat—Myotis sodalis Miller & Allen Pigmy shrew—Microsorex hoyi (Baird) Rice rat—Oryzomys palustris (Harlan) Southeastern bat—Myotis austroriparius (Rhoads) Southeastern shrew—Sorex longirostris Bachman White-tailed deer—Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann) dk pdb tee Aes ‘ i i, it eo 7 one \ pS erammeaeast i fa fe Aenea we BO eas a7, 3 PPA ANS eee Petites ees Beene Ares, WE done" WAP GUT Bhs Pid eek Pore whe 2 ETO ret v4 re Pp wee oP oo eattaees ale Peete a vm Vane ae poe pret te ion Reith ’ not ba Bass a1 Lg FAA ehh, t Peso iaae ries ret V Avene: NPE AEN ATR SEAESAS SAT ry ®, IAP Tene beS HE ata Seen : Saar Le tS a te 2S RAMONE, : See SEE be Peiioatere ovo inter rene eta teetgS 8: TUN a rary verge : 4 mee Z 2 ae STARA Sys ent Tak Ae a apSchhewhn Dee SS * renee BY < : cer ‘ ee as 4 + Retiree bi cote a Re aciciceiete haat NO SSSR NONE B98 FR sag, ae FESS bb ten, BS. 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