XS » REA AVRARAMMN oy»
SANT AHS NMOMMDK GDH MAA

. SEAN ~

orks

*

él

cha Bie ah

et

SAMS RSS

SORE .
RAGS

rciteige B

ene:

te

Lage

Cae 4

4

es

aware

»
ea,

; Ds Aba Oe,

tines

Aes
abcoe

Caen

acpra ge oe

he

wee)

oe
Seiad

tare

NX REM : \ : :
. S EA Lee ae WAKES . SER SS
REE RRS ARRA_W_ WWW WWW RRR MRNA SSAsIy

RENN RNR ERK ‘
.7 « on eS . 5 Poaaaegy eens rr > Suieiaclannentnns 3
7 VAs »* a as See SE TAEDA

SARA *

. : ON Sh Ss ‘

ee
oe ene oe ge

a wus?

Pate ore ry “ a
tte 3

eancany

SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES,

at

ie
+)

a
a
%

—J

ee
i. . a

. —

a
8 L idMatloayn
Latlac Valle’ Xv

AN
a pen
Vi . sont

Valleds

i
Tod Mission Station —~r

M
Nase Nase Pt wy,

DME dy Ph ok Ne: eer See

CDeseada

SHelena

not Bay
CSMareig ;
CColumbine Sn a) .

* SOUTH AFRICA

Seale of English Miles
SSS ——————
50 ° 50 00 150

Heights in English Feet
Railways ——~—~
Telegraph Cables 2/2878
The County Towns in Cape Colony are shown thus Uitenhage®

£

LONDON: TRUBNER & Co = = : 3/5"

Stanford's Geographical Establishment

a, we
aoe

4
mt

a

| This Gouniry a Angee
as (uanene River in Lat.1? 20>
is now under British protects Ri

BU S Ate WV ‘

IchaboeLy ¢,

(Guano)

Angra Pequena Bi Ie
Diaz or Pedestal Pf

Possessi alt
Elizabeth \B.
Albatross Rocks’
Van Reenens (ove

>

a Janta
P'\dos ILhees

Zz

=
a

Veen

i ae -
SS
c*
J

e

cr

RGariep or Orange, Ha os
° an LE
|
|

anny my
a7, t Morass

H. a"

Cape of Good Hope ay

car? Q>,
ra

LONDON: TRUBNER & C2°.

bai YY,

ei wd
T83

v. |
ENT.

SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES:

wa MONOGRAPH

OF THE

EXTRA-TROPICAL SPECIES.

BY

ROLAND TRIMEN, F.R.S., F.LS., F.ZS., F. Env. 8., &

CURATOR OF THE SOUTH-AFRICAN MUSEUM, CAPE TOWN

ASSISTED BY

JAMES HENRY BOWKER, F.ZS., F.R.G.S.
COLONEL (RETIRED) IN THE CAPE SERVICE
LATE COMMANDANT OF FRONTIER ARMED AND MOUNTED POLICE
GOVERNOR’S AGENT IN BASUTOLAND,
AND CHIEF COMMISSIONER AT THE DIAMOND FIELDS OF GRIQUAL

G
<n x.
re JAN 6 a
| ee. os
oN

VOLS.

NYMPHALID &.

LONDON:
TRUBNER & CO;, LUDGATE HILL
1887.

[All rights reserved. ]

oe aid
Ce? eagea
> On ne ee

t
Se
a Ue
ey ee een

BALLANTYNE, HANSON AND CO.
EDINBURGH AND LONDON

Oe ere

PREFACE.

—————

THE book entitled “ Rhopalocera Africe Australis; a Cata-
logue of South-African Butterflies,’ which I published in
1862-66, has for long been out of print as well as out of date.
Incomplete as it necessarily was, I am glad to know that it has
proved very serviceable, especially in South Africa ; and this has
encouraged me to prepare the present work on the same subject,
embodying as far as I am able the results of the wider know-
ledge gained during the twenty-one years which have passed
since the old book made its appearance. As the new work is
much more than a second edition of the former one, I have
given it a different title, concisely descriptive of its character
and scope.

Unable to finish the work as soon as I had anticipated, I
think it well to publish the completed portion without more
delay. The two parts now together issued contain the Fami-
lies Nymphalide, Erycinda, and Lycende, comprising 238
species,—a little over three-fifths of the whole number known.
The concluding part, dealing with the Families Papilionide
and Hesperide, will describe about 142 species, bringing the
total of known South-African forms up to about 380,—a strik-
ing increase over the record in 1866, when (after removing the
erroneous admissions from the list) only 197 natives of South
Africa were registered.

Keeping in view the requirements of students and collectors
in the Cape Colony, Natal, and elsewhere in South Africa, who
are for the most part debarred from opportunities of consulting

vi PREFACE.

properly classified collections or accepted works of reference, |
have prefixed an Introduction, which comprises a brief notice of
the structure of insects generally, and a fuller account of the
Order Lepidoptera. After the technical diagnosis of the Sub-
Order Rhopalocera, which follows, I give at some length a series
of general observations on butterflies, under the heads of ; 1. Dis-
tinctive Characters of Rhopalocera ; 2. Classification ; 3. Geogra-
phical Distribution ; 4. Differences Presented by the Sexes; 5.
Haunts and Habits; 6. Protective Resemblances and Mimicry ;
and 7. South-African Butterflies. In Plate A., exhibiting the
neuration of the wings and some other structural features of
chief value in classification, I have selected for illustration a
common and characteristic species of each Family and Sub-
Family inhabiting South Africa, and in the explanation accom-
panying the plate I have entered into full details.

In the generalities just referred to, as well as in the subse-
quent ones following the diagnosis of the various Families,
Sub-Families, and Genera, care has been taken not to confine
them to South-African, or even to Ethiopian forms, but to
include, wherever serviceable, reference to allied groups or
species in other parts of the world.

In dealing with the species, the progress of observation
has made it practicable to give, either from my own or (more
frequently) others’ notes, many more interesting details of
the larvee, pupze, and habits generally than were contained in
my former work. In revising the synonymy, I have endea-
voured (following the example long ago set by the illustrious
Darwin) to weed it of ‘“‘references to works in which there is
not any original matter, or in which the plates are not of a

”* and in all cases where the authority

high order of excellence ;
was accessible to me, I have personally verified every reference
given either to a description or to a figure. In instances where

this has not been practicable, inverted commas denote that the

1 Monogr. on the Sub-Class Cirripedia, i. p. x. (1851).

PREFACE. Vii

quotation is not my own. Special care has been taken to
ascertain and state systematically the recorded geographical
range of every species, and the known localities have accord-
ingly been arranged uniformly throughout in the following
order, viz. :—

I. Sourn AFRICA.

A. Great Namaqualand.
B. Cape Colony («. Western Districts, ). Eastern Districts,
c. Griqualand West, d. Basutoland).
Orange Free State.
. Kaffraria Proper.!
Natal (a. Coast Districts, b. Upper Districts),
Zululand.
. Swaziland.
. Delagoa Bay.
Inhambane.
. Transvaal.

HARP ee eo

. Bechuanaland.
M. Kalahari.
II. Orger AFRICAN REGIONS.

A. South Tropical (a. Western Coast, aa. Islands, a1. Western
Interior).

B. North Tropical (subdivided as in South Tropical).

C. Extra-Tropical North Africa.

III. Europe.
IV. Asta,

V. AUSTRALIA.
VI. AMERICA.

In this arrangement South Africa is, of course, treated more
in detail than other regions, and in the map issued with this
work the several territories south of the Tropic are denoted by
red letters corresponding to those above given. As regards the

1 When this arrangement was planned, Kaffraria Proper or Independent Kaffirland
occupied all the territory between the Cape Colony and Natal, or, in other words, between
the Kei and Umzimkulu. Politically the whole of this territory, except the central coast
tract of Pondoland and the small north-east tract named ‘‘ Alfred”? annexed to Natal,
now forms part of the Cape Colony. The several subdivisions of the territory are named
Tembuland Proper, Emigrant Tembuland, Fingoland, Gcalekaland, and Griqualand East.

Vili PREFACE.

list of recorded localities of each species, it should be noted that
(1) when I have personally captured the species, the name of
the place is given alone; (2) when I have received specimens
of the species and determined them, the name of the collector
(in italics and bracketed) immediately follows that of the place ;
and (3) when place and collector are quoted from other authors,
they are placed between inverted commas, and the name of the
author responsible is added.

The coloured plates are wholly new, none of the species
represented in the former work being re-figured. Plates I. and
II. are devoted to larvee and pupz, taken from life by myself
in a few instances, but mostly drawn by other observers. Plates
III. to IX. depict perfect insects of the Families treated in
Parts I. and II. of the work, exhibiting both upper and under
surfaces of the wings. Three other plates have been executed
in illustration of Part III. While the figures are for the most
part those of new or previously unfigured species, a fair pro-
portion consists of more accurate representations of butterflies
hitherto inadequately depicted, or of which only one sex had
been illustrated. They have been chromo-lithographed from
nature by Messrs. West, Newman, & Co., of Hatton Garden,
London.

Although for many years fortunately situated as regards
the prosecution of this work by my tenure of the Curatorship
of the South-African Museum, I have, on the other hand, had
to sustain the serious disadvantage of being tied by official
duties to a locality lamentably barren of butterfly life. Cape
Town and its neighbourhood is absolutely not more productive
of species than Brighton, and, as regards size (with three excep-
tions) and abundance of individuals, the butterflies of the South-
African metropolis compare very badly with the series yielded
by the principal town of Sussex. Beyond a stay for nine months
in the Knysna district, and occasional more or less hurried ex-
cursions to Namaqualand, Griqualand West, Grahamstown, and

PREFACE. ix

Natal, my opportunities for personally collecting and observing
have only extended to the unproductive Western Districts within
150 miles of Cape Town. This unfavourable limitation of my
own field-work has, however, been very largely counterbalanced
by the abundant material which has always been placed at my
disposal by the activity and liberality of my numerous corre-
spondents in different parts of South Africa.

At the head of these generous helpers in my work stands
my friend Colonei James Henry Bowker, to whose energy and
observant powers as a naturalist I owe the greater part of my
acquaintance with the rarer Lepidoptera of the country. As
long ago as 1866 I had the pleasure of recording how largely
he had contributed to my former work; and my indebtedness
to his generous aid has, I am happy to say, steadily increased
ever since.

Colouel Bowker’s début as a votary of entomology took
place in Kaffraria twenty-seven years ago, and the great suc-
cess which attended his researches in that productive region
was only the prelude to his fruitful labours in Basutoland,
Griqualand West, Natal, and Zululand. The fine collection of
native butterflies in the South-African Museum owes the greater
part of its treasures to his exertions,—no less than forty new
species, and one most remarkable new genus (Delonewra), in
addition to very many rarities, being his own discoveries and
donations. ‘The gift of specimens has been immeasurably en-
hanced in value by his copious notes on the haunts and habits
of the insects, their distribution in South Africa, and their
earlier stages. It is in very inadequate but most grateful
acknowledgment of his co-operation that I have, with his per-
mission, associated his name with my own on the title-page of
the work to which he has so extensively and ably contributed.

To Mrs. F. W. Barber, the sister of Colonel Bowker, I am
also greatly indebted. Long known to European botanists for
her attainments and discoveries in regard to the Flora of the

x PREFACE.

Cape, this lady had a wide acquaintance with South-African
Natural History generally, and in 1863 turned her attention
specially to the Lepidoptera. With characteristic generosity—
knowing that I was engaged in bringing out a book on the
subject—Mrs. Barber offered me the fullest aid, and constantly
since then have her net, pen, and artistic pencil been actively
engaged in furtherance of my work. Of special value have
proved her graphic accounts of the habits and stations of the
butterflies of the Eastern Districts of the Cape Colony, where
she has chiefly resided, and her excellent coloured drawings of
larvee and pupee, some of which are reproduced in Plates I. and
II. of this volume. My friend’s strong love of nature and keen
observant powers are happily shared by her daughter, Mrs.
Bailie, and her two sons, Mr. Frederick and Mr. Henry Barber ;
and many of the most interesting captures and discoveries
recorded by Mrs. Barber are due to their enthusiastic co-opera-
tion as collectors and observers. Mr. F. and Mr. H. Barber
have also independently rendered me much service by sending
down several collections made in the Transvaal and the country
northward to the Zambesi.

The principal material at my disposal has been as follows
in respect of the various South-African territories named; and
I must ask the donors who may see these pages to excuse the
brevity with which their valued contributions of specimens and
notes (and in some cases drawings also) are of necessity here
gratefully acknowledged :—

GREAT NAMAQUALAND.—A small series from Mr. W. C.
Palgrave.

CarE Cotony (Western Districts).—Collections from the
neighbourhood of Cape Town, besides those made by myself
for many years:—Mr. C. A. Fairbridge, Senior Trustee of the
South-African Museum; Mr. E. L. Layard, formerly Curator
of the Museum; the late Mr. H. W. Oakley, Assistant to the
Curator.

PREFACE. x

From Knysna District, besides my own collection made
there in 1858-59: a fine collection formed by Miss Wentworth,
now Mrs. J. J. Muskett; and a smaller series from the late
Mr. W. H. Newdigate.

From Caledon, Swellendam, Montagu, and Robertson : small
collections made respectively by the Rev. G. Hettarsch, the
late Mr. L. Taats, Dr. D. R. Kannemeyer, and myself.

From Carnarvon District: several small separate series
from Mr. E. G. Alston.

From Namaqualand District, in addition to some species
taken by myself in 1873: a very interesting collection made
in 1885 by Mr. L. Péringuey, Assistant Curator of the
Museum.

(Eastern Districts).—From Albany and Bathurst Districts
and parts of adjacent Districts, besides Mrs. Barber’s extensive
collections and one formed by myself in 1870: various contri-
butions by Miss M. L. Bowker, Mr. H. J. Atherstone, Dr. H.
Becker, Mr. W. F. Billinghurst, Mr. John L. Fry, and Mr. F.
Schiffman.

From Port Elizabeth and Uitenhage Districts, besides a
small series of my own taking: collections by Colonel J. H.
Bowker and Mr. 8. D. Bairstow.

From King William’s Town and East London Districts:
many specimens and drawings, with excellent notes, from Mr.
J. P. Mansel Weale; various living pupe, as well as other
specimens, from Miss F. Bowker; numerous examples, with
valuable accounts of seasons and haunts, from Mr. W. 8. M.
D’Urban ; a small collection made at East London by Mr. P.
Borcherds ; and various species from the Venerable Archdeacon
Kitton. Colonel Bowker also from time to time forwarded a
considerable number of butterflies from these districts.

Albert District : a small but most interesting series collected
by Dr. D. R. Kannemeyer, illustrated by notes of much value
on stations and habits.

xii PREFACE.

Basutoland.—From this territory the only material received
was the collection formed by Colonel Bowker between March
1868 and June 1870; it consisted of sixty-two species.

Griqualand West.—Mrs. Barber and Colonel Bowker for-
warded considerable series, chiefly from the banks of the Vaal
River; smaller sets from time to time contributed by Mr.
John B. Currey, Mr. John L. Fry, Mr. H. L. Feltham (with
notes of much interest), and the late Mr. 8. Stonestreet.

KAFFRARIA Proper.—A very fine and complete collection
gathered by Colonel Bowker in the country between the Great
Kei and Bashee Rivers during the years 1860-66.

Natat.—In addition to my own captures in 1867, very
extensive series (with copious notes, larvee, pupee, &c.), secured
by Colonel Bowker from 1878 to the present time; many
specimens (with excellent drawings of early stages and useful
observations and descriptions) from Mr. W. D. Gooch; a few
specimens, but many most interesting sketches and descrip-
tions of larvee and pups, from Captain H. C. Harford; many
admirably preserved examples from the Upper Districts, collected
by Mr. J. M. Hutchinson ; a large collection formed at D’Urban
by the late Mr. M. J. M‘Ken; several new and rare forms from
Mr. W. Morant; and a small series (with drawings of larvee
and pupze) forwarded by the late Dr. J. E. Seaman.

ZULULAND.—A small collection made at St. Lucia Bay by
the late Colonel H. Tower in 1867, and numerous specimens
captured by Colonel Bowker in 1880.

SwazILanp.—A few examples (with notes of localities and
coloured photographs of many species taken) from the late Mr.
K. C. Buxton.

Detacoa Bay.— An interesting series (accompanied by
some good sketches and notes) from Mrs. Monteiro.

TRANSVAAL. — A fine collection, in the best order, formed
by Mr. T. Ayres, and acquired by the Trustees of the South-
African Museum in 1879; a small series collected by Mr. F.

PREFACE. xiil

and Mr. H. Barber; a large number from Mr. A. W. Eriksson ;
and a considerable collection made by Mr. F. C. Selous.

The four gentlemen last named have all contributed in
addition many butterflies from the Tropical Interior extending
to the Zambesi Valley ; and for many specimens from Damara-
land I am indebted to the late Mr. C. J. Andersson, Mr, J. A.
Bell, Mr. J. J. Christie, and Mr. W. C. Palorave.

To the kindness of Mr. P. MacOwan, Director of the
Botanic Gardens in Cape Town, I am indebted for the identi-
fication of many food-plants of the larve of South-African
butterflies.

The assistance rendered me by entomologists in Europe
has been invaluable, and my only regret is that my visits to
England have been too few and brief for more fully availing
myself of the liberality with which access to their collections
was awarded me. The treasures of the magnificent National
Collection in the British Museum have always been open to me
through the courtesy of the officers of the Zoological Depart-
ment, and I cannot sufficiently thank my friends Mr. A. G.
Butler and Mr. W. F. Kirby for the cordial manner in which,
for many years past, they have in every way furthered my
researches. ‘The limits of a preface preclude a full mention of
the many friends who have lightened my labours, but I give
myself the pleasure of specially thanking Mr. H. W. Bates, Mr.
W. L. Distant, Mr. F. Du Cane Godman, Professor R. Meldola,
Mr. F. Moore, Mr. O. Salvin, Mr. H. Grose Smith, Mr. A. R.
Wallace, and Professor Westwood.

Among Continental entomologists, I must express my
special obligations to Mr. P. O. C. Aurivillius, of the Royal
Museum in Stockholm, who not only sent for my examination
typical specimens from Wahlberg’s South-African collections
described by Wallengren, but also procured for me some ad-
mirable figures of a few unique types in the same collections,
besides presenting me with his own valuable publications treat-

xiv PREFACE.

ing of African butterflies. I had previously received from my
kind correspondent, Pastor H. D. J. Wallengren of Farhult, a
series of his papers on the above-named and other collections,
and found them of the greatest assistance.

I am glad to acknowledge, in conclusion, the liberal con-
tribution to the cost of publishing this work which has been
made by the Trustees of the South-African Museum, who,
regarding it rightly as constituting a full and permanent
record of the South-African butterflies in the Museum Collec-
tion, have subscribed for copies to the value of £100.

ROLAND TRIMEN,

Museum RESIDENCE, CAPE Town,
16th February 1887.

CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION.
I. Tuer Crass Insecta ; ; : 2 oe
II. Toe Orver LEPIpoPTERra . 4
RHOPALOCERA . 5
Famity I.— NYMPHALIDAi ; 45
Sub-Family— Danan ! : 47
SATYRINA ; ; ; : : 62
ACREINE : : ‘ ’ 128
NYMPHALINA: 185
SYSTEMATIC INDEX : ; 349
EXPLANATION OF PLATE A, , ; 351

List or SpEciES FIGURED IN THE PLATES : 353

As re ¥
| en nee Reet:
aa i es Cree aa ne

ait sie?

? eit Hes! Hy Fe A

«

a ey Sener

INTRODUCTION.

I.—THE CLASS INSECTA.

As the Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths) are an Order of the Class
Insecta or true Insects, a few words are requisite to indicate the
structure of these animals.

The entire class is associated with three others, viz., the ARACHNIDA
(Spiders, Scorpions, &c.), the Myriopopa (Centipedes, Millipedes, &c.),
and the Crustacea (Crabs, Lobsters, &c.), to form the great sub-
kingdom ARTHROPODA. This immense assemblage is characterised
by the body consisting of a series of rings or segments (somites) bearing
hollow jointed limbs; and by the integument being so hardened and
solidified by the peculiar deposit chitine, as to constitute a more or less
rigid external skeleton to which the muscles are attached. The rings
or segments of the body succeeding those which unite to form the head
do not, as in the higher members of the sub-kingdom Vermes, present
a repetition of the same structure throughout their series, but tend
with more or less distinctness to form two separate groups or regions
to which special organs and functions are allotted. These two unequal
sets or groups of segments are respectively termed thorax (the anterior)
and abdomen (the posterior) ; and, speaking generally, the organs and
functions of locomotion may be said to reside in the former, and those
of nutrition and reproduction in the latter.

The CRUSTACEA are separated from the rest of the Arthropoda by a
respiratory system working by gills (branchie), adapted to their aquatic
life; while all Insects, Myriopods, and Arachnids are alike in direct
aérial respiration by breathing-tubes (¢vachew) traversing the body
and opening on its exterior by stigmata,—or (in the case of certain
Arachnids only) by pulmonary sacs. Associated with this important
distinction there are others of much note in external structure. Thus,
the Crustacea have two pairs of antennw,—other Arthropods but one
pair; in the former there is a second pair of inferior Jaws (mazille)
functionally active,—but these in the other classes are united to form
the under-lip (Jabiwm); the abdominal limbs of Crustaceans have no
representatives in adult Insects or Spiders (though homologous append-

VOL. I. A

2 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

ages exist in the Myriopoda); nor are the prevalent stalked or pedun-
culated eyes of Crustaceans to be found in the other classes, except
in a very few instances—and in these the stalked eyes are immovable.

The’ nervous system of the Arthropoda is situated inferiorly, con-
sisting of a double nerve-cord presenting a pair of swellings or nerve-
centres (ganglia) at intervals, the total number of which normally
corresponds to that of the segments, but varies in proportion as the
more or less intimate union of the segments in groups accompanies the
coalescence of certain ganglia. From the ganglia proceed nerves
extending to the various organs; and, between the two pairs (superior
and inferior) of the head which constitute the “ brain,” passes the gullet
(esophagus). The upper (“cerebral”) of these two pairs supplies the
nerves of the antennze and eyes, and the lower (“ cerebellar”) those of
the organs of the mouth. The three pairs of the thorax emit nerves
to the muscles of that region, and to the legs and wings (if any)
attached to it; in some of the higher Jnsecta these thoracic ganglia
are combined to form a single nerve-centre, while in others the middle
and hind ganglia only are united, leaving the front pair apart. In
addition to this main system there is a second visceral one, also
ganglionated, which originates in the cerebral ganglia, and is distri-
buted to the gullet and stomach.

These latter organs, with the rest of the alimentary canal and its
accessory glands, lie centrally along the body, above the main nervous
system, but beneath the circulatory or blood-vascular system; which
latter consists of a long-chambered dorsal vessel or “ heart,” situated
along the middle line of the abdomen, and terminating anteriorly in a
thoracic aorta.

The reproductive system is elaborately developed, and the sexes are
Separate—except in the cases of certain low Arachnids (Tardigrada),
and of the probably degenerated Crustaceans known as Barnacles
(Cirripedia). The Arthropoda are with but few exceptions oviparous,
but some produce the larve already hatched.

Among the three classes of air-breathing or tracheated Arthropoda,
the INsEcTA are, as their name implies, specially distinguishable by the
very marked division of the body into the three separate portions of
head, thorax, and abdomen. In the Arachnida the head and thorax
coalesce into one mass (cephalo-thoraz), while in the Myriopoda the
thoracic and abdominal segments exhibit no distinctly separate grouping.
Insects and Arachnids agree in never having any jointed limbs attached
to the abdominal segments; but the former never have more than six
(three pairs) ambulatory or walking limbs, while the latter have eight ;
and insects alone in the sub-kingdom are provided with wings. These
organs are not true limbs like the hollow jointed legs, but merely
expansions of the integument, springing from the sides of the middle
and hind segments of the thorax; they are traversed, and at the same
time extended and supported by hollow, horny, stiff, rib-like tubes,

INTRODUCTION. :

known either as veins or nervures. The possession of six thoracic
legs only, and of four thoracic wings, are the unmistakable marks of
Insects properly so called. The number and position of the legs are
quite constant; but the lowest groups (Collembola, or “ Spring-tails,”
and Thysanura, or “ Fish-insects”) have no wings, the Diptera (House-
flies, Gnats, &c.) have the hind pair of wings undeveloped, and in all
the winged Orders cases of wingless forms occur.

Closely associated with the possession of wings—which is the
exclusive privilege of the adult insect—is the more or less complete
metamorphosis, or series of changes from one stage or state of develop-
ment to another, undergone in the course of progress from the egg to
the Imago, or perfect Insect. This is very striking in those Orders
(Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Newroptera, and Coleoptera) in which
the Jarva is cylindrical and worm-like, and the pupa, or chrysalis,
perfectly quiescent and helpless; while in the others (Hemiptera and
Orthoptera) the close resemblance of the larva when hatched to the
adult, with the result that there is no true pupal state, but unbroken
activity throughout life, renders the acquisition of wings a matter of
more gradual and apparent development, as the successive casts of skin
or moultings are gone through.

While the Orders of Insects were named by Linnzeus, and are still
for the most part conveniently grouped, in accordance with characters
peculiar to the wings, a more trustworthy basis for their classification,
as far as external structure is concerned, is found in the parts of the
mouth. When these are carefully studied, they are found in the several
Orders to be fairly constant modifications of the typical insect-mouth,
which consists of (1°) a single horny upper lip (/abrwm) articulated to
the fore-part (clypeus) of the head; (2°) a pair of principal seizing or
biting jaws (mandibles); (3°) a pair of accessory masticatory jaws
(mawille); and (4°) an under lip (dabiwm), which is formed by the
more or less complete coalescence of a second pair of maxille. This
typical form of mouth, so well adapted for seizing, holding, and tearing
up food, is most fully shown in the Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, Praying-
insects, Leaf-insects, Dragon-flies, &c.), and Coleoptera (Beetles). In
the Neuroptera (Ant-lions, Lace-wing flies, Caddice-flies, &c.), while
the masticatory type prevails, there exist certain groups in which
there is modification towards a suctorial type (Panorpide), or con-
siderable atrophy of the mouth-organs generally (Phryganeide). In the
Hymenoptera (Ants, Bees, Wasps, Ichneumon-flies, &c.), there is a
series of gradations from the masticatory to a combined masticatory
and suctorial mouth. Lastly, the Orders Hemiptera (Bugs, Cicadas,
Aphides, &c.), Diptera (House-flies, Gad-flies, Gnats, &c.), and Lepid-
optera (Butterflies and Moths) are exclusively suctorial, the mouth-
organs being profoundly modified to form a channel for liquid food.
As compared with the other two suctorial Orders, in which all the
typical mouth-parts are well expressed, though altered in order to the

4 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

formation of the beak-like proboscis (rostrum), the Lepidoptera exhibit
a remarkable suppression or abortion of all the organs except the
maxilla, which are greatly lengthened and so shaped as together to
form a tubular “trunk” (haustellwm), capable of being rolled up spirally
when not in use.

NREL ORDER LEPIDOPTERA,

From what has been stated above, it will be apparent that the
Butterflies and Moths belong to the higher or more specialised Insects,
distinguished by a more concentrated nervous system, and accompany-
ing compactness and very distinct partition of the three regions of the
body, as well as by the complete metamorphosis they undergo, From
the latter character, the five Orders Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera,
Neuroptera, and Coleoptera, constitute a Sub-Class named Metabola.
The following may be regarded as the distinguishing features of the
LEPIDOPTERA, Viz. :-—

(a.) Imago (or Perfect Insect),

Body and limbs clothed with scales and hairs.

Head with the labrum, mandibles, and (except in some of the
lower Moths) maxillary palpi, rudimentary; but with the maxille
elongated and modified into a tubular haustellum; Jabium much
reduced, but the labial palpi moderately developed and laterally com-
pressed, forming a protection to the haustellum when coiled up. The
lateral compound eyes large and prominent; two simple eyes (stem-
mata) on the vertex in some groups. Antenne many-jointed, very
variable in shape and structure, inserted on upper part of head, between
compound eyes.

Thorax very compact and robust; its first segment (prothoraz)
very small, bearing the first pair of legs; its second segment (meso-
thorax), bearing the first pair of wings and second pair of legs, much
enlarged, and constituting the mass of its bulk; its third segment
(metathorax) small, bearing the third pair of legs and second pair of
wings. Prothorax also bearing dorsally a pair of small, horny, scale-
like organs (patagia); mesothorax bearing laterally, immediately
above the bases of the fore-wings, a pair of similar appendages (tegule
or pterygodes). Wings very large, exceptionally broad, not folding
(except longitudinally in the hind-wings of many, and the fore-wings
of a few Moths), clothed with scales both above and beneath. Legs
short and weak, little used for walking (especially the first pair, reduced
to atrophy in many Butterflies); the coxee immovable, solidly affixed
to the thorax; the middle and hind tibie armed with a pair of spurs
at their extremity, and the hind ones (except in the typical Butterflies)
with a second pair rather beyond their middle ; the tarsi five-jointed
(except in the fore-legs, when much atrophied).

Abdomen composed of eight or nine segments, sub-cylindrical,

INTRODUCTION. 5

elongate, compressed laterally; the anal and genital apertures at its
extremity.

(6.) Larva (or Caterpillar).

Worm-like, cylindrical or sub-cylindrical, presenting aneieen seg-
ments (taking the head as the first); the integument generally softer
and more elastic than in the Imago. Head hard and horny, divided
into two more or less distinct lobes by a frontal depression ; inferiorly
these lobes are divergent, between them lying the clypeus. yes not
compound, but tubercular and simple (stemmata), usually six on each
side, situated in a ring at the lower end of the cephalic lobe. Antenne
horny, small, short, conical, three- or four-jointed, situated inferiorly,
between the simple eyes and the base of the mandible. Labrum of
moderate size. Mandibles large, very hard, strongly and acutely
toothed on their inner meeting edges. Labium and maxille united;
the former lying between the latter, and presenting at its extremity a
small tubular organ (spinneret) containing the common duct of the two
silk-glands, and a pair of very minute palpi; the maxille small, much
softer than the mandibles, conical, three-jointed, adapted for prehension
(not mastication), bearing minute palpi near their extremity.

Legs (true) six, borne on the three segments next succeeding the
head (which answer to the thorax of the perfect insect), short, horny,
cylindrical, composed of five short joints, of which the terminal one
(tarsus) forms an acute curved claw. Posterior to the sixth segment,
a series (two to five pairs) of highly retractile, stout, fleshy “ claspers ”
or pro-legs, fringed at their extremity by numerous small hooked
bristles." Breathing-pores (spiracles) lateral, inferior, a pair on each
segment except the head, and the third, fourth, and thirteenth.

(c.) Pupa (or Chrysalis).

Elongate, more or less sub-conical, blunt anteriorly, and pointed
posteriorly ; closely invested by a hard membrane, which binds the
developing limbs of the future Imago closely to the breast and basal
part of the abdomen, but leaves their form more or less defined ;
mummy-like, quiescent, only the abdominal segments capable of motion.
Regional boundaries of head, thorax, and abdomen distinctly defined
by the sutures of the investing membrane (theca). Abdomen consist-
ing of nine segments, gradually decreasing to the last, which is more
or less acutely pointed. Hach abdominal segment except the last
bearing a pair of lateral spiracles.

The Eggs (ova) laid by Lepidoptera are very variable in form,
being found globular, pyriform, regularly ovate, melon-shaped, &c.,
and the shell or external membrane is very commonly distinguished

1 The seventh, eighth, and ninth segments may want pro-legs (as in the Geometer larve),
and very rarely the thirteenth or last segment (as in the Bombycid Dicranura), but the maxi-
mum number is five pairs, and the minimum two pairs. The fifth, sixth, eleventh, and
twelfth segments never possess pro-legs.

6 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

by intricate raised or impressed sculpturing of the most varied pat-
terns. Their colouring also varies, and is often not uniform, but
exhibits contrasted hues in the form of spots or bands." The number
produced by the individual mother is usually large; and they are laid,
singly or in smaller or larger groups, on the leaves, twigs, or trunks of
trees for the most part,—a viscid fluid which invests them on exclu-
sion usually in hardening glueing them to the surface on which they
are deposited.

On emerging from the egg, the young lepidopterous Larva or
caterpillar is sufficiently advanced in general structure, and in the
development of its mouth-parts especially, to enable it at once to
begin a more or less active independent life of voracious eating
and correspondingly rapid growth. The nature of the integu-
ment (which, though not so hard as that of the perfect insect, is,
nevertheless, the external skeleton to which the muscles are attached)
is such that it does not admit of gradual accessions to suit the
growth of the animal, but is only so far accommodating as its
natural elasticity allows. It follows that, at a certain point of the
animal’s increase in bulk, the too limited investing skin must be
got rid of, and one of more capacity secreted in its stead. ‘The cater-
pillar temporarily abstains from eating, and its skin becomes faded,
dry, wrinkled, and detached as the new one is developed beneath it.
The process of detachment is aided by the dilating and contracting of
the segments, and by various other motions of the larva; and at length
the old integument splits dorsally, and the insect emerges through
the rent. The moult is a most complete one, extending to the head
and legs, and even including the fine membranes of some of the prin-
cipal internal organs. The new external skin (which often differs in
colour or marking from the discarded one) soon hardens, and the
caterpillar resumes feeding with increased zest, sometimes (as I have
seen in Cherocampa Celerio), in the first place, devouring its old skin.
This process of moulting has been recorded to occur from three to as
many as ten times, but it appears seldom to take place more than five
times. When the caterpillar has attained its full size, after some days
it finally leaves off eating, and sets about the necessary preliminaries to
assuming the pupa or chrysalis state. It commonly shows much rest-
lessness at this time, wandering about in search of a suitable retreat ;
and in those kinds which have smooth, brightly-coloured skins there is
often a remarkable change to dull and sombre hues. It is now that
the large reservoirs of silk are chiefly drawn upon, although the
amount employed by members of different groups varies very greatly,
from the mere disk to which the caterpillars of many butterflies hook
their last segment to the full cocoon fabricated by those of the typical

’? 1 Coloured figures of the eggs of forty-two European species are given by M. Th. Goosens
in illustration of his memoir, ‘ Les Giufs des Lépidoptéres,” in the Annales Soc. Entom. de
France for 1884 (October).

INTRODUCTION. 7

Bombycid moths, so well represented by the common silkworm. Many
caterpillars bury themselves in the ground before becoming pupe ;
others lie on the surface, only drawing together a leaf or two by silken
attachments; some introduce particles of sand, earth, or wood into
their cocoons, many hairy larve even interweaving their own hairs ;
and in others, again, a higher degree of protection is obtained by the
abundance in the material of a hard-setting gummy secretion. In
those cases where the pupa is wholly exposed (as in nearly all butter-
flies), or is in the incomplete open-meshed sort of cocoon, there is no
difficulty in observing the changes in the form of the caterpillar prior
to its last moult, which consist mainly in its contracting to much
shorter, but at the same time thicker, dimensions, in the acumination
of the abdominal region, and in the shrinkage and withdrawal from
external projection of the head and legs. The abdominal pro-legs
now finally disappear, and it is only in the last cast-off skin of the larva
that any record of their having existed remains.

The caterpillars of Lepidoptera exhibit considerable variety in general
form, those of several groups not presenting the ordinary sub-cylin-
drical elongated shape so familiar to all in the silkworm, but being
more or less widened, shortened, and depressed. Some have the skin
smooth, while in others it is more or less roughened or granulated ;
and in a great number of others it is set with hairs, bristles, or spines.
Among the hairy kinds there is immense diversity in the distribution
and arrangement of the hairs, which are sometimes generally dispersed,
but as often disposed in tufts, or springing from tubercles, or arranged
in bands or local stripes and patches. Some of the more rigid and
acute spines in the larve of certain Bombycid moths are modified into
weapons both defensive and offensive, being not only exceedingly sharp
and serrated, so as to pierce and greatly irritate, but grouped in clus-
ters or fascicles exsertible at the will of the animal. No other insect
larvee approach caterpillars in beauty and variegation of colour and
marking, whether we look to the smooth or hairy kinds. The few
almost colourless or very dull-coloured caterpillars are those that live
in the stems or at the roots of plants. The prevalent colour is green,
and this is highly protective in concealing from their enemies creatures
feeding almost entirely on leaves. But some of the most brillantly
variegated patterns of caterpillars are really protective in nature, as is
well seen among the very large and beautiful larvee of the Hawkmoths
(Sphingide), where the stripes and spots of strongly-contrasted colours
are adapted to the lights and shades, the outlines and tints, of the
leaves, twigs, and buds of the plants the larvee frequent. Where this
adaptation to surroundings does not prevail, it has been found in many
cases that the gaudy, conspicuous caterpillars are unpalatable to birds
and other insectivorous animals, and so are not liable to the persecution
so generally experienced by their tribe. Some caterpillars of moths
(Psychide, and many of the Tinew) construct from the first a descrip-

8 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

tion of cocoon which they carry about with them, and from which only
the head and front segments bearing the legs protrude. These silken
fabrics are externally both strengthened and disguised by attached
pieces of objects among which the larva lives, such as woollen tissue
(in the case of the Clothes-Moth caterpillars), sand, small particles
of stone, bits of grass, or sticks. In the case of many of the latter,
the bits of grass or sticks are most neatly cut of the required length,
and firmly secured in most regular order, the whole resembling the
conventional fusces of the Roman lictor.

Caterpillars are, apparently, of all insect larvae the most liable
to attack by the parasitic Hymenoptera, known as Ichneumon-flies
(families Ichnewmonide, Chalcidide, &c.). The female fly is provided
with an acute ovipositor, by means of which she pierces the caterpillar’s
integument, and introduces her eggs. The grubs of the Ichneumon-fly
soon hatch in the caterpillar’s body, and begin to devour its tissues.
They appear to avoid injuring the vital organs, and to derive nearly all,
if not the whole, of their sustenance from the spacious fat-body (corpus
adiposum) which envelops the caterpillar’s alimentary canal, &c., and
fills almost all the space between those organs and the body-walls. The
caterpillar so infested usually lives to attain its full size, and sometimes
to assume the chrysalis form, but it never reaches the perfect state, its
devourers either emerging to spin their own little cocoons around its
skin, or undergoing their metamorphosis within it. Other deadly
parasites are the species of Tachina, flies of the Order Diptera, which
fasten their eggs on the surface of the caterpillar, into whose body the
maggots hatched from them penetrate.

There is much difference among caterpillars as regards activity
of motion. Those of Butterflies are for the most part remarkably
sluggish, scarcely moving except from one leaf to another, and those of
the Hawkmoths and higher Bombyces are as a rule but little more
active. Among the latter, however, the well-known hairy larve of the
lovely Tiger-Moths (Arctiidw) are an exception, being frequent and
rapid walkers. The caterpillars of many of the lower groups of moths
(Noctuce, Pyrales, Geometre, and Tortrices) are very quick in their
motions, a few even exhibiting the power of leaping away when dis-
turbed. The Geometra larvee almost invariably have only two pairs of
“claspers” or pro-legs, situated posteriorly on the tenth and thirteenth
segments, with which peculiarity is associated the mode of progression
which led to their name; this consisting of their stretching out the
body forward and grasping with the true legs near the head, and then
bringing up the pro-legs close to the others, so that the long inter-
mediate legless portion of the body is looped or arched. In this way
they proceed by long-measured steps, instead of by the continuous
undulatory motion of caterpillars with the full complement of pro-legs.
These Geometer larvee have in a great many instances the extraordinary
power of keeping the body for hours rigidly extended from its base of

INTRODUCTION. 9

attachment by the four posterior pro-legs, at a very considerable angle
to the twig on which it rests. This strange attitude, in association
with special colouring and configuration, is eminently protective, render-
ing the caterpillar almost indistinguishable from the twigs it frequents.
Many caterpillars of Noctuw, having in addition to two pairs of pro-
legs possessed by the Geometers only one pair (on the ninth segment),
approximate the latter in their mode of progression, and are commonly
known as “ half-loopers.”

While nearly all lepidopterous larvee are solitary, or only found in
close proximity owing to their having been hatched more or less re-
cently from a cluster of eggs, there are a few among those of moths
which are distinctly social, constructing a common silken nest in which
they remain until eventually assuming the chrysalis state. The most re-
markable of these social larvee are those of the so-called ‘ Processionary ”
Bombycid moths, which not only live in community, but, when they leave
the nest, proceed in long columns widening from the single leader to
many abreast, and return, after feeding, in the same regular order."

On its first disclosure by the moult of the last skin of the cater-
pillar, the lepidopterous Pwpa or chrysalis exhibits a soft moist sur-
face, usually of a greenish or yellowish tint, the viscid secretion upon
which gradually hardens into a rather thin, but hard and firm, outer
casing or horny shell, closely investing the entire body, and binding
flatly upon the breast and sides the incipient trunk (haustellwm),
antenne, palpi, legs, and wings. It is very remarkable that in the
chrysalis, from the very first, these various limbs are all distinctly
present in outline, or in mould as it were, and ‘are to a great extent
free from the body at first, though subsequently the investing secretion
glues them down.

Pupze, leading an absolutely quiescent life and requiring no food,
present but little variation in comparison to the larve. In form, be-
sides being more elongate and slender in some groups than in others,
the only marked difference is presented by the chrysalides of most
butterflies, in which the head and thorax are more or less sharply
angulated. The surface in some is very smooth, but in most more or
less granulated or pitted. Many of the angulated butterfly chrysalides
bear on the back of the abdomen two rows of tubercles, usually more
or less pointed, and in a few cases prolonged into spinous processes.
Some of the Bombycid pups (Liparide), and also that of a South-
African Lyceenid butterfly (D’ Urbania), have dense tufts of hair.

The colours of pupz are considerably varied in the case of those
fully exposed to the light or in very thin cocoons, but limited to various

1 A characteristic ‘‘ Processionary ” inhabits the eastern part of Cape Colony and Natal ;
it is the Anaphe Panda of Boisduval.

Westwood long ago described a Mexican Pieride butterfly (Zucheira socialis), the larvee
of which “ construct a very strong parchment-like bag, in which they not only reside, but

undergo their change to the pupa state ;” but he has not recorded, I believe, whether these
caterpillars are processionary.

10 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

shades of reddish-brown, deep-brown, or blackish in those enclosed in
dense cocoons or buried in the earth. The immense majority of butter-
fly chrysalides are included in the former class, and some of them
(Nymphalide) exhibit the brilliant golden spots or patches which gave
origin to the name of chrysalis or awrelia. But much of the colouring
of these exposed pupze is protective, closely resembling that of the
objects to which they may be attached; and, as has of late been
discovered, the general tint of different individuals of the same brood
will, in some kinds, be found to vary (within certain limits) in accord-
ance with the colour of the-objects upon which they assume the pupal
state.’ Besides this, there are instances where the form as well as the
colouring aids in the protective resemblance, as Mr. Mansel Weale and
I have shown in the case of the South-African Papilio Cenea ; and the
hirsute chrysalis of D’Urbania amakosa, already mentioned, appears
from Mrs. Barber’s observations to resemble certain lichens. growing
on the rocks to which it is attached.

The motions of lepidopterous pupz are very limited, and those of
butterflies, whose caudal extremity is fixed to a silken attachment, are
all but motionless. The abdominal segments have, however, consider-
able freedom of movement in many moths, and such pupz, by the aid
of a strong caudal spine (mucro)—and, in some cases, of a series of
small dorsal spines on the other segments—are able to push themselves
along, either in the ground or in the hollowed interior of the stems of
plants. Many display this particular sort of activity when the perfect
insect is about ready to emerge.

The structural changes wrought during the chrysalis state of
quiescence are astonishingly great. The body becomes distinctly
divided into the three heteronomous portions of head, thorax, and
abdomen, and covered with scales; ample wings are developed, also
covered with scales; the pro-legs disappear, and the true legs as well
as the antennee are much lengthened and completely altered in shape.
The eyes are enormously enlarged and developed; and while the
united maxille and labium are separated and profoundly modified into
the long spiral sucking-tube (haustellum) and the under-lip bearing
well-developed palpi, the large jaws (mandibles) are reduced to the
merest rudiments. Not less profound are the accompanying internal
changes, for the thoracic nervous ganglia become approximated and
united into two masses, while the two basal pairs of the abdominal
segments are aborted; the alimentary canal is differentiated into well-
defined tracts of cesophagus, crop, stomach, &c. ; the silk-glands entirely |
disappear; the great fat-body (corpus adiposwm) is almost wholly
absorbed ; and the reproductive organs are fully developed.

1 One of the most remarkable cases of this kind is that of the pupe of the well-known
South-African Papilio Nireus, recorded by Mrs, Barber in the Z'’ransactions of the Entomo-
logical Society of London for 1874, pp. 519-521. The same observer informs me that the
pupe of Callidryas Florella present quite a parallel case.

INTRODUCTION. II

What renders the transformation the more remarkable is the brief
period in which it is commonly accomplished. The duration of the
pupa state varies very much, and development is greatly accelerated
by a high temperature and retarded by a low one. Among South-
African species the shortest time I have noted is in the case of the
common butterfly, Acrwa Horta, which remains only eight or nine days
in the chrysalis form during the height of summer, but in the winter
months of June and July is twenty-four days developing. As a rule,
the smaller species produce the perfect insect much sooner than the
large ones. The summer brood of Papilio Demoleus is from twenty-
one to twenty-four days in the pupa state, but the offspring of this
brood remain pup from April to September or October. Instances
are, moreover, not rare in which certain individuals do not complete
their development simultaneously with the rest of the brood, but
remain arrested until the corresponding season of the next year,
notwithstanding that all the conditions of food, temperature, &c., may
have been identical as respects the entire brood. That this “ standing
over” until next season of a certain number of the year’s brood must
be of advantage to the species concerned can scarcely be doubted, but
in what way it is brought about has not, to the best of my knowledge,
been explained.

When the Jmago, or perfect insect, of the lepidopterous Order
makes its appearance from the cracked skin of the pupa, all its organs
are completely developed with the exception of the wings. ‘The latter
are short, thick, and much folded or wrinkled, but exhibit in miniature
the colouring and marking proper to the species. They consist of two
separate membranes, upper and under, and are traversed by hollow
horny nervures situated between the two membranes, ‘The insect
climbs to some situation where it can cling with the little moist
crumpled wings hanging freely downward, so that they can gradually
expand without obstruction,—a process effected by the steady extension
of the nervures. The elongation and stiffening of the latter tubular
organs seems to be due to their distension by introduced air, and partly
also by the entrance of fluid matter from the body. As the membranes
become stretched and tense they approach each other and _ finally
coalesce. This growth of the wings to their full extent is aided by
slight movements of the insect in turning from one side to the other,
or partly spreading the wings. Except in some of the largest species
the process is not of long duration, a few minutes suflicing in the case
of the smaller Butterflies,) while in some of the largest Moths I have
known it to occupy five or six hours.

The Lepidoptera surpass all the other Orders of Insects in the
immense size of their wings in comparison with that of the body.

1 One of the larger South-African Butterflies, a female Diadema Misippus, which I
timed from the moment of its complete extrication from the chrysalis, was exactly fifteen
minutes in acquiring the full expansion of the wings.

12 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

This is especially noticeable in the Butterflies, and reaches its maximum
in the Morphite of tropical South America, in many species of which
magnificent group it is difficult to comprehend how the small slender
thorax can contain sufficient muscular power to work the enormous
wings. The scales, which give to these organs their infinite variety
of colouring and marking, and to the Order its name (Aezis, scale,
mTTepov, Wing), are planted in the membrane by slender, very minute
foot-stalks, and arranged so closely in transverse (not always quite
straight) rows, that the basal portions of the scales of each row are
hidden by the overlapping outer portions of those of the next row.
These scales are in themselves objects of remarkable beauty under the
microscope, their shape presenting a wonderful variety of outline, and
their surfaces being covered with raised longitudinal and transverse
lines forming a reticulation of the utmost minuteness and delicacy.”
The entire Order consisting of insects which live solely on fluid
nutriment, there is not much variation in the mouth-parts except as
regards the adaptation of the trunk or haustellum (modified maxille)
to obtaining liquid from various sources. A certain number of Moths
take no food, their trunk being rudimentary ; these mostly belong to
the group Bombyces, of which the common Silkworm Moth is a familiar
example. The great majority of Lepidoptera, however, is in the per-
fect state dependent on the honey of flowers, and the trunk varies
ereatly in length in accordance with the form of the nectar-yielding
blossoms frequented. The nectaries of many flowers are shallow and
open, and to rifle these a short haustellum suffices; but where the
honey les in a long tubular receptacle, a proportionately elongated
trunk is necessary. The greatest development of this kind is reached
in the typical Sphingidw, or Hawkmoths, which are thus enabled to
take their food on the wing, without settling, and to reach supplies
shut out from all other members of their Order. Thus, the haustellum
of the common and widely-distributed Unicorn Hawkmoth (Sphinx
Convolvuli) is four inches long, or twice the length of the whole body ;
and a huge South-American ally, Amphonyx Cluentius, has a trunk
over nine inches in length. The in many ways aberrant Death’s-Head
Hawkmoth (Acherontia Atropos)—as well-known and much-dreaded in
South-Africa as in other parts of the world—has, on the contrary, a
short, stiff, broad proboscis, specially adapted for piercing the waxen
lid of, and abstracting the honey from the cell of the hive-bee. Again,
various large Voctwe—such as the well-known South-African Achaea
Chameleon—-are able to pierce the skins of peaches and other fruits,

1 Thus in Morpho Iphictus the whole body is but an inch long, and the thorax less than
half an inch long and a quarter of an inch in breadth, while the fore-wings not only expand
six and a half inches from tip to tip, but are two inches broad at the outer edge, and the
hind-wings are each two and a half inches long and two inches broad.

2 A favourite “test object ” for some powers of the microscope has long been the scale of a
Morpho Butterfly,—a good glass giving clear definition of the delicate ridges on the surface
of the scale.

INTRODUCTION. re

and the end of their trunk (as has been well shown by Mr. F. Darwin
in the case of the Australian Ophideres fullonica, which penetrates even
the rind of oranges) is bayonet-shaped and armed with saw-like teeth
and ridges.

The antennz of Lepidoptera have the characteristics of being well-
developed and many-jointed throughout the Order, and in the great
majority of genera long and conspicuous. ‘The shortest antennz are
found in the Moths known in England as “ Ghosts” and “ Swifts”
(family Hepialide), and the longest in the so-called “ Long-Horns ”
among the smallest Moths (family 7ineide). Their form varies greatly,
from the simple thread-like (/iliform), or gently tapering (setiform), to
the doubly comb-toothed (bipectinate) or feathered (pluwmose). Their
office has not yet been certainly made out; they do not appear to be
employed as many insects of other Orders use them, viz., as feelers or
organs of touch ; but, if they are the seats of any special sense, it seems
probable, from the fact of their being, in very many cases, much more
highly developed in the male sex, that they are olfactory." The pro-
minence of the antennz and the facility with which they can be
examined, no less than the fact that their various forms are very
characteristic in the main of certain large natural groups, have led to
the employment of these organs as representative ones in separating
and naming the divisions of the Order. Duméril, in 1823, proposed
four such divisions ; of which the first, Ropalocéres, comprised the Butter-
flies or Clubbed-Horns, having the antenne knobbed or thickened: at
the tip ; the second, Closterocéres, the Moths whose antennz are thickened
about the middle (fusiform), included the Sphinges or Hawkmoths ;
the third, Nematocéres, or Thread-Horns, contained the Bombyces; and
the fourth, Chétocéres, or Bristle-Horns, was composed of all the remain-
ing Moths. The last of these divisions was a most heterogeneous
assemblage, and neither it nor the two preceding divisions (which are
comparatively natural ones) have been adopted by any lepidopterist ;
but the first, Rhopalocera, was accepted by Boisduval in 1836, and by
Westwood in 1840. The former of these authors professed himself
unable to separate the Sphinges from the other Moths as a primary
division of the Order, and united all Duméril’s three groups into one,
which he styled Heterocera, or Varied-Horns; and in this also he was
followed by Westwood, who stated that he could not admit the minor
divisions of the nocturnal Lepidoptera “ to a rank equivalent to that of
the whole of the Diurna.” ‘This simple partition of the Lepidoptera
into the two great groups of those with clubs or terminal thickenings
of the antenne, and those without them (however variable the organs

1 It is noteworthy that the antenne are very highly developed in the males of those
Bombycide which so readily discover the sedentary female under circumstances (such as
enclosure in a shut box) which seem to preclude the employment by them of any but a sense
of smell of extraordinary keenness. That this sense is the one exercised seems to be proved

by the fact (to which I can testify in the case of Lasiocampa Quercus) that males are
attracted by the empty box from which a female has been removed.

14 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

may be in other respects), has been generally adopted; and although
not satisfactory—the greater of the two divisions being founded on a
negative character—it is undoubtedly preferable to the older arrange-
ment into Diwrna, Crepuscularid, and Nocturna, which were mere equi-
valents of the original Linnzan genera, Papilio, Sphinx, and Phalena.
The English terms, Butterflies and Moths, exactly correspond to these
two Sub-Orders of Rhopalocera and Heterocera. The name Fhopalocera
has been objected to on the ground that some Butterflies have no
actual club or knob to the antennz ; but these exceptions are few, and
even in them there is always, as far as I have seen, a slight and
gradual thickening or incrassation towards the extremity of those
organs. Herrich-Schiffer announced, in 1843, a further distinction in
structure between the antennz of the two Sub-Orders—viz., that their
joints (or at least those of the middle third of the organs) were in
the Rhopalocera twice as long as, or much longer than, thick; but in
the Heterocera about equal in length and thickness, or not longer
than thick. oe

The present work deals only with the South-African species of the
first Sub-Order, viz., the Rhopalocera or Butterflies.

RHOPALOCERA.

Imaco.—Head of moderate size (rather large in the family Hespe-
ride). Antenne slender; the joints of the middle third longer than
broad; some of the terminal joints almost always broadened more or
less, so as to form a club; bases of insertion close together (except in
the Hesperide). Labial palpi well-developed, ascendent, three-jointed,
scaly, more or less hairy (except in many cases the terminal joint) ;
the middle joint almost always the longest. Haustellwm always well-
developed (longest in the Hesperidew). Stemmata obsolete.

Thorax compact, rounded anteriorly and posteriorly, usually rather
thick and deep, with the sides somewhat flattened; mesothorax with
its dorsal median suture and posteriorly-situated triangular scutellum
usually very distinct. Wings large and broad, without the bristle and
socket (retinaculum) found in most Heterocera;' general outline of
fore wings sub-triangular, of hind wings sub-circular ; newration almost
wholly longitudinal, with the exception of the disco-cellular nervules,
and in its main plan the same in both fore and hind wings; near
bases, especially in hind wings, usually a clothing of fine hairs as well
as of scales; fringe of hair-like scales (cilia) projecting from outer
edge (hind-margin) of wings usually short. Zegs slender, rather short ;
the first pair often atrophied (family Nymphalide, and males of family
Erycinide) ; femora generally hairy; tibiw and tarsi finely spinulose;
tibie of hind pair armed with a terminal pair of spurs only (except in
the Hesperidw, almost all of which have an additional pair rather
beyond the middle of the joint); ¢arsi terminating in a pair of simple
or bifid claws, usually accompanied by a foot-cushion (pulvillus) and
two bifid supplementary membranaceous claws (paronychia).

Abdomen short (except in the Sub-Families Danaine, Heliconine, and
Acreine), slender, laterally compressed, dorsally arched, and with more
or less of a median ridge; the extremity inferiorly obliquely truncate,
and fissured longitudinally for the anal and genital outlets.

Larva.—Usually elongate and sub-cylindrical (but widened and
inferiorly flattened—onisciform—in Family Lycenide and in some

1 This structure, which links together the fore and hind wings in many Moths (and is
particularly well shown in the Sphinges), is formed by the free precostal nervure at the base
of the hind wing passing through a small horny loop or ring, which arches the subcostal
nervure near the base on the under side of the fore wing,

16 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Erycinide) ; smooth, granulated, transversely ribbed, downy, or spiny ;
always with ten pro-legs. Head often horned superiorly ; tail some-
times forked.

Pupa.—Smooth or granulated, usually more or less angulated:
head with one more or less acute anterior median projection, or two
divergent ones; thorax dorsally prominent or humped; abdomen often
dorsally tuberculated, rarely spinose. Attached by the tail to a silken
web, and either hanging free vertically or braced horizontally or at an
angle by a silken girth. Not enclosed in any cocoon or covering
(except in a few Papilionide and the Hesperide generally, which are
partly enclosed in a leaf drawn together by silken threads, and certain
Satyrine and Lycenide which are hidden in the ground).

1. DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERS OF RHOPALOCERA.

In the diagnosis of the Sub-Order given above, the more promi-
nent characters distinguishing Butterflies are, in the perfect insect, the
long-jointed and clubbed antennz ; the absence of stemmata or simple
eyes, of retinaculum, or retaining ring and bristle,’ and of transverse
or reticulated neuration in the wings; and the want (except in one
Family) of a second pair of spurs on the tibize of the hind-legs. There
do not appear to be any points of structure in the larve or pupe
which are not discoverable among those of the Sub-Order Heterocera ;
although it is quite an exception to find any pupa of a Moth angulated,
freely exposed, or suspended by caudal and median silken attachments,
like those of nearly all Butterflies.”

There are, however, some secondary characteristics of Butterflies
which are worth noting, although not absolutely peculiar to them.
The first of these is the distinctness or definition of the colouring and
marking of the under side of the wings, which usually displays an
entirely different pattern from that of the upper side, and is often more
elaborate in decoration, and sometimes more brilliant and varied in
hues. The second, which is evidently in close relation to the first, is
the almost universal habit of holding the wings vertically when at rest,
by which attitude the under side of those organs is (often for a long

1 Blanchard employed the presence or absence of this character, in naming his two
divisions of the Lepidoptera respectively Chalinoptera (= Heterocera or Moths), and Achali-
noptera (= Rhopalocera or Butterflies).

2 Until recently I was not aware that any Moth chrysalis existed which was attached by
the tail only, in the manner so frequent among Butterfly chrysalides, but this case has
occurred to me (August 1884) in rearing what I believe to be an aberrant member of the
Tortrices from larve tunnelling the woody receptacle of Protea mellifera. The larva was of
the ordinary sub-cylindrical form, but the pupa was in appearance intermediate between the
Lycnid and Hesperid types, and, to my astonishment, was attached horizontally to the lid
of a breeding-cage by the tail only, quite in the manner of several species of Lycenide. The
three larvee I had all assumed the pupal state in this position, but only one imago was pro-
duced. The stout, thick pupa, alike in colour, size, and shape (except for a small pointed
projection on the front of the head) nearly resembled that of Thecla Lynceus as figured by
Duponchel (Zeonogr. Chen., pl. viii. fig. 31).

RHOPALOCERA. 17

time) fully exposed, while the upper side is concealed. In Moths the
under side of the wings is nearly always duller and paler than the upper
side, and any pattern or colouring presented more or less indicates
what is on the upper side; and these Lepidoptera, instead of holding
the wings erect over the back, deflect them at various angles when at
rest, and for the most part so dispose them that the longitudinally
folded hind-wings and the abdomen are covered or roofed by the fore-
wings. ‘The only group of Moths containing numerous exceptions to
this rule is the Geometre, and it is very noteworthy that these alone
have the rhopalocerous habit of resting with wings erect.

A third distinction of Butterflies is their diurnal flight; but, as
certain groups are crepuscular (many Hesperide, some Morphite, all
the Brassoline, and a number of Satyrinw), and as a great variety of
Moths in all the great divisions, including some entire Families
(Zyenide, Uranide), are diurnal in their habits, this can only be
taken as much more characteristic of Butterflies as a whole than of
Moths as a whole.

2, CLASSIFICATION.

A satisfactory arrangement of the Sub-Order is admittedly most
difficult to arrive at, the fundamental structure of its members (as
indeed may be said of the entire Order Lepidoptera) presenting but
comparatively slight modifications, and those being often inconstant in
character. As regards the Jmago, the most important features from a
classificatory point of view are (1°) the neuration of the wings, (2°) the
condition of development of the first pair of legs, and (3°) the presence
or absence of a second pair of spurs on the hind pair of legs. In the
Pupa, the mode of its suspension affords the most trustworthy character,
while in the Larva the general form, the nature of the dermal append-
ages, and the smooth or spined condition of the head, are points of chief
importance. It is remarkable that in proportion to the atrophy of the
first pair of legs, which is ¢he character in which the higher Butterflies
differ most absolutely from all Moths, the chrysalis is free from silken
attachments. Thus the pupe of the Hesperide, the group of Butter-
flies in all respects most intimately related to Moths, and whose fore-
legs are invariably fully developed in both sexes, are not only attached
by the tail and girt with silk, but also secured by many silken threads,
which in many cases form a slight cocoon. ‘Those of the Papilionida,
a family which also has the fore-legs perfect in both sexes, are always
attached by the tail and also girt; and, in the case of the remarkable
Alpine genus Parnassius, the chrysalis, like those of the Hesperide just
mentioned, is further enclosed by many additional silken threads, It is
when we come to the Zycenide, in which, although the fore-legs of the
female are perfect, those of the male begin to exhibit the failure of the
tarsal articulation and claws, that we first find instances of chrysalides
_attached by the tail only, but still in a fixed horizontal or slightly
B

18 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

inclined position. Going on to the Hrycinide, the males of which have
the fore-tarsi smooth and reduced to two joints (or even one only), there
appear first a series of girt pupa, then one of ungirt but rigidly
inclined pupee, and finally—in the Sub-Family Libytheine—pupe sus-
pended freely by the tail. This last mode of suspension is universal
in the Nymphalide, the perfect insects of which display reduced and
atrophied fore-legs in both sexes. In the males of these tetrapod or
“ four-legged” Butterflies, and even in the females of some in the Sub-
Families Danaine and Satyrine, the fore-legs are so reduced as to be ©
hardly noticeable in their folded position against the prothorax.

In the neuration the most serviceable distinctive characters are to
be found in the number and points of crigin of the branches or nervules
of the subcostal nervure of the fore-wings, and in the completeness or
otherwise of the transverse or oblique disco-cellular nervules, which
serve to connect, in both fore and hind wings, the discoidal or radial
nervules (the main trunk or nervwre of which is atrophied in all Butter-
flies), with the subcostal nervure above them and the median nervure
below them.’ The short disco-cellular nervules in question constitute
the outer limit of the so-called discoidal cell, lying between the subcostal
and median nervures; when the lowest of these nervules is developed
the discoidal cell is said to be closed, and when it is obsolete or rudi-
mentary the cell is styled open.

As regards the presence of a second pair of spurs on the tibie of
the hind-legs, this is among Butterflies a feature of the Hesperidw only.
But this aberrant and curious family, by common consent the nearest
to Moths, possesses a kindred feature common and peculiar to itself
and the Papilionine only, viz., a process or expansion, sometimes
acuminate, on the inner side of the tibia of the fore-legs.

Further aids to the scientific arrangement of the Butterflies are to
be found in the length and gradual or abrupt clavation of the antenne ;
the size and clothing of the labial palpi; the smoothness or downiness
of the compound eyes; the size, shape, clothing, and texture of the
wings, and the prevalent colouring and pattern of the latter organs.
The two last named of these are of considerably more weight in the
Lepidoptera than in the other Orders of Insects; the coloured scales
on the immense area of the wings being apparently affected in their
arrangement and tints in direct relation to any modification arising
in the species, and so serving, as Mr. Bates has well observed,” as
natural tablets on which are registered all the changes of organisation,
however small.

The claws at the end of the tarsi, with their curious appendages
(first illustrated carefully by M. Doyére in 1843, and afterwards so

1 T adopt Doubleday’s modification of Lefebvre’s analysis of the system of neuration in
the Lepidoptera, given by the former in the Zransactions of the Linnean Society, 1845, vol.
xix. pp. 477-485, and in Genera of Diwrnal Lepidoptera, i. p. 31 (1847).

* Naturalist on the Amazons, 2d edit., p. 413.

RHOPALOCERA. 19

thoroughly examined by Messrs. Doubleday and Westwood in their
Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera), present features worth considering in
comparing the structure of the different groups. The claws themselves
(wngues) seem to be simple throughout the various Families, except in
the Sub-Family Pierinw, in many genera of the Satyrine, and in a
single species of Papilionine,' where they are more or less deeply bifid.
But the appendages to the claws, termed pulvillus and paronychia, are
more or less developed in all groups, except in some of the sub-
family Danaine, in the Acreine, and in the Papilionine ; and they
appear to attain their greatest development in the Sub-Family Nym-
phaline.

Taking into consideration all the details of structure above
mentioned, and having regard to the earlier stages as well as to the
adult or perfect state, an approximately natural arrangement of butter-
flies is arrived at ; but, as is the case throughout Nature, the linear or
serial classification, which for convenience has to be employed, can only
very inadequately represent the affinities which exist.

In consequence, originally, of Linné’s beginning his genus Papilio
(equivalent to the whole group of Butterflies) with his so-named
Hquites, and of these being naturally retained as the representatives of
the restricted Papiliones, when that great genus was broken up into
several others, it remained for many years the practice to place the
Family Papilionide at the head of the Sub-Order Lhopalocera, and
to put between them and the WHesperide all the remaining groups.
Though Herrich-Schaeffer in 1843 (Syst. Bearb. der Schmett. von
Europa, i. p. 16) amended this by commencing the series with the
Nymphalides, continuing with the Libytheides and Hrycinides, and
placing the Pierides, Lycenides, and finally the Equwitides, next above
the Hesperides (which he separated altogether from the other Butter-
flies); yet, mainly I think from the influence of Boisduval’s system,
published in 1836, which placed the Suspensi (= entire Family
Nymphalide) between the Succincti (= Families Papilionde and
Lycenide and most Lrycinide) and the Jnvoluti (=Hesperide), the
more natural classification was not adopted by entomologists generally.
The magnificent Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera of Doubleday and West-
wood (1846-52) perpetuated the old arrangement, which was adopted
by all English lepidopterists, and followed by myself in Rhopalocera
Africe Australis (1862-66). The adoption of late years of the
more natural system is mainly due to the able advocacy of it by Mr.
H. W. Bates, whose memoirs dealing with the matter appeared in the
Journal of Entomology (1861 and 1864) and in the Transactions of

1 One of the genus Leptocircus. Doubleday (Gen. Diurn. Lep., i. p. 23) records this
exception, at the same time mentioning that in the only other known species of the genus
the claws are simple! Blanchard, with evident reference to this case, abandons (Metam. etc.
des Insectes, 1868, p. 160) the idea that the structure of the claws can be employed with

any advantage in distinguishing genera or groups ; but this appears to me to be too sweeping
a decision.

20 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

the Linnean Society, vol. xxiii. (1862).' Mr. Bates’s later arrangement,
the details of which are given at p. 176 of the Journal of Entomology
for 1864, will be followed in this work, and the linear order stands

thus, viz. :-—
Family I.—NyYMPHALID#.

Sub-Family 1.—Danaine.
2.—Satyrine.
3.—Brassoline.
4.—Acreine.
5.—Heliconine.
6.—Nymphaline.

Family I].—Erycryipa.

Sub-Family 1.—Libytheine.
i 2.—Stalachtine.
aS 3.—LHrycinine.

Family I1].—Lycznip4,

Family [V.—PapiLionip#&.

Sub-Family 1.—Pierine.
» . 2.—Papilionine.

Family V.—HEsPERIp&.

In this classification the Family characters employed by Mr. Bates
are those above mentioned, viz., the structure of the fore-tarsi in both
sexes, and the mode of suspension of the pupa. For the grouping of
the Sub-Families of the Vymphalide he relies firstly on the development
or atrophy of the lower disco-cellular nervule at the extremity of the
discoidal cell; secondly, on the shape and clothing of the larve ; thirdly,
on the clothing of the palpi; and fourthly, on the presence or absence
of a pre-discoidal cell in the hind-wings. He divides the three Sub-
Families of the Zrycinide in accordance with the mode of suspension of
the pupa, either freely by the tail only, rigidly in an inclined position
by the tail only, or by the tail and a girdle.” The two Sub-Families

1 Mr. A. R. Wallace, whose opinion is entitled to the most careful consideration, opposed
the removal of the Papilionide from the head of the Butterflies in his most excellent paper
on the Malayan members of the Family in vol. xxv. of the same Zransactions ; and after I
had, in vol. xxvi. (1869), adduced various structures in which the Papilionide showed their
affinity to the Moths, he argued at length, as late as 1871 (see his Contributions to the Theory
of Natural Selection, 2d edit.), in favour of their being retained at the summit of the Rhopa-
locera, But in his Geographical Distribution of Animals (vol. ii. 1876) I was glad to notice
that he had virtually abandoned his contention, by placing (p. 479) the Family at the end of
the series, next above the Hesperide:

2 In a subsequent paper of great value on the entire Family Lrycinide (Journ. Linn.
Soc., Zool., ix. p. 367, 1868), Mr. Bates gave up this character of the position of the pupa as
distinctive of the Sub-Families, having found that in a species of Hmesis, one of the Ery-
cinine, the pupa was suspended as in the typical Stalachtine. He omits the Libythwine,
and arranges the Family into Nemeobiine, Eurygonine, and Erycinine, in accordance with
the number of branches of the subcostal nervure of the fore-wings, and (in Hurygonine) the
position of the lower radial nervule in the hind-wings. As it is preferable, for purposes of _
classification, to depend upon the characters of the imago, it will be well to accept this
amendment, but at the same time not to exclude the Libythwine.

RHOPALOCERA. 21

of the Papilionide are separated by the circumstance that in the
Papilionine the inner margin of the hind-wings is hollowed or curved
inwards, while in the Pierinw it is convexly prominent.

The following tabular view of the Rhopalocera, in which only the
characters of the Perfect Insects are employed, may be found helpful in
determining the Family and Sub-Family to which any given butterfly
may belong.

Susp-OrpER RHOPALOCERA,

A. Antenne close together at origin; tibie of hind pair of legs with a
terminal pair of spurs only.
B. Tarsi of first pair of legs imperfect, and the whole limb much re-
duced in both sexes.
Family I.—Nympnarips.

ec. Discoidal cell of hind-wings closed.
d. Hind-wings without a pre-discoidal cell.
e. Palpi very short, slender.
Sub-Family 1.—Danaine.

ee. Palpi of moderate length or long, not slender.
J. Fore-wings short, broad; their nervures often swollen at
the base.
Sub-Family 2.—Satyrine.

Jf. Fore-wings much elongated, narrow; their nervures
never swollen at the base.
g. Tarsal claws without appendages, but much enlarged
basally ; head of moderate breadth.
Sub-Family 4.—Acreine.

gg. Tarsal claws with paronychia and pulvillus; head
very broad.
Sub-Family 5.—Heliconine.

dd. Hind-wings with a pre-discoidal cell.
Sub-Family 3.—Brassoline.

ec. Discoidal cell of hind-wings open or incompletely closed.
Sub-Family 6.—Nymphaline.

BB. Tarsi of first pair of legs imperfect in male, perfect in female.
Family [1.—Erycinipa.

h. Palpi very long.
Sub-Family 1.—Libytheine.

hh. Palpi of moderate length or short.
z. Subcostal nervure of fore-wings with four branches.
Sub-Family 2.—Nemeobiine.

a. Subcostal nervure of fore-wings with from two to four
branches; radial (or discoidal) nervule of hind-wings
intimately connected with subcostal nervure.

Sub-Family 3.—Hurygonine.

22 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

it. Subcostal nervure of fore-wings with three (in one species only

two) branches; radial nervule of hind-wing somewhat dis-

. connected from subcostal nervure, being united to it only by
an imperfect transverse nervule.
Sub-Family 4.—Erycinine.

BBB. Tarsi of first pair of legs in male wanting one or both claws,
but spined beneath ; perfect in female,
Family I1.—Lycaniw2.

BBBB., Tarsi of first pair of legs perfect in both sexes.
Family IV.—Papinionip&,

k. Tarsal claws bifid; inner margin of hind-wings prominently
rounded.
Sub-Family 1.—Prerine.

kk, Tarsal claws simple ; inner margin of !hind-wings hollowed ;
tibia of first pair of legs with a small process on their inner
edge.
Sub-Family 2.—Papilionine.

AA, Antenne wide apart at origin; tibia of hind pair of legs with an
additional pair of spurs rather beyond the middle.
Family V.—Hesprrrip2.

3. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

Taken as a group, Butterflies may be described as of almost uni-
versal distribution over the earth, there being scarcely any known spots *
(except in the Antarctic lands and islands) where in the summer, at
least in favourable years, some species do not occur. In the highest
northern latitudes yet explored various kinds have been met with, even
Grinnell Land, in the extreme north of America (between lat. 78° and
83°), having yielded five species belonging to three families.2 The
most southern known station of Butterflies is at the other extremity of
America, several kinds inhabiting Tierra del Fuego, on the shore of the
Strait of Magellan. These remote outposts are, however, highly un-
favourable to butterfly existence, which finds its highest development
in the Tropical Regions, and, speaking generally, thins out and wanes
in proportion to distance from the equatorial belt. In the same way,
as a broad rule, these insects become scarcer as a higher altitude is
reached, although there are many peculiar and abundant alpine forms;
and where flowering vegetation dies out, the limit of the actual habitat
of Rhopalocera is found, seeing that the larve are exclusively, and the

1 Tceland is perhaps one; Dr. Staudinger, the well-known lepidopterist, having found no
butterflies among the thirty-three species of Lepidoptera he collected in that island, But I
believe he only collected during a single season ; and several butterflies have been reported
as inhabiting Iceland.

* See M‘Lachlan’s Report on the Insects collected on the Arctic Expedition of the
“ Alert” and “ Discovery” in 1875-76 (Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool., xxv. p. 98, 1878).

RHOPALOCERA. 23

perfect insects almost exclusively, dependent on the higher plants for
food. It is very noteworthy that the Butterflies met with at great
altitudes are of the same genera, and sometimes even of the same
species, as those found in the highest latitudes; and this intimate
alliance of high alpine and circumpolar forms points with unmistak-
able significance—as in the parallel case in plants—to the long pre-
valence of the last cold period or glacial epoch."

Of the five Families of Butterflies, the Nymphalide, Lycenide, and
Papilionide are the most widely and generally distributed; but two
Sub-Families of the first of these, viz., the Heliconine and Brassoline,
are peculiar to Tropical America (Neotropical Region), and the Sub-
Family Papilionine of the third is very poorly represented in Europe
and temperate Asia (Palearctic Region) and in North America. The
Lrycinide have one Sub-Family, the Libythwinw, which (though con-
sisting of but one genus and twelve species) ranges over the globe—
without penetrating, however, into the coldest parts; but while the
Nemeobiine have a few representatives scattered about the world, the
great majority of them is Neotropical; and the remaining Sub-Families,
Lurygonine and Hrycinine, are confined to America, where but very
few of the latter exist north of Mexico, by far the larger part and all
the Hurygonine being limited to the tropical (chiefly Brazilian) lands.
The Hesperide, although very much more generally spread than the
Erycinide, still find their metropolis in the wonderfully rich Neotropi-
cal Region, twenty of the thirty-three genera recorded from there being
peculiar to it, and several of those genera containing very numerous
species. Two Sub-Families of the Nymphalidae, the Danaine and
Acreine, may also be regarded as by no means of general distribution,
because, although both have a very wide range of longitude, and the
former group sends a few stragglers into the Nearctic and Palearctic
Regions, they are almost wholly tropical and sub-tropical in their range ;
the Danaine prevailing in the Neotropical and Oriental Regions, and
the Acrewine in Africa and its islands (Ethiopian Region).

Tropical’ America is undoubtedly by far the most productive region
for Rhopalocera. Some idea of its riches may be formed from the
facts that at Para, at the mouth of the Amazons River, a year’s collect-
ing yielded Mr. Bates about 600 species; and that in four years, at
Ega, on the Upper Amazons, he obtained 550 species, Parad has

1 As the climate in either Northern or Southern Hemisphere grew continuously colder, it
seems clear—as so many able naturalists have pointed out—that there must have been a
gradual retreat towards the equator of animals and plants of temperate latitudes, accom-
panied by a simultaneous advance in the same direction of the organisms characteristic of
the frigid zone. The geological evidence shows how very severe cold prevailed over the
present temperate latitudes ; and it is reasonable to suppose that, when at length gradually
rising temperature set in, and the organisms unfitted for a warm climate had to retreat in
the direction of the pole, many animals and plants existing at the base or on the foot-hills of
mountains would, as time went on, find their refuge at hand on the higher elevations, and
finally remain isolated there, while their kindred were driven to higher latitudes, and sup-
planted in temperate lowlands by the advancing forms from nearer the equator.

24 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

actually produced no less than 700 species. Mr. Wallace notes
(Geogr. Distrib. of Animals, ii. p. 14) that no less than about 200
genera, or not far short of half the total number (431) of known
genera, are peculiar to the Neotropical Region; and Mr. Kirby’s Cata-
logue shows that more than half the entire number of known species
have been found within its limits. The Oriental Region, consisting of
Tropical Asia and the Indo-Malayan Archipelago, holds the second
place, and yields an immense variety of forms,—Mr. Wallace observing
that a few months’ assiduous collecting in any of the Malay islands
will produce from 150 to 250 species, and that thirty or forty species
may be obtained any fine day in good localities (Tropical Nature, &e.,
p- 74, 1878). Africa, so far as we know at present, is, in comparison
with the two regions just mentioned, very poor; the whole number
recorded for the Ethiopian Region (which extends to the Tropic of
Cancer northward, and includes Madagascar and various groups of
small islands) by Mr. W. F. Kirby? being but little over a thousand
species. The Australian Region would be less productive than the
Ethiopian were the continent of Australia alone to be considered, its
poverty in butterflies, except in the north and north-east, being most
surprising ; but when with Mr. Wallace we add the very rich Austro-
Malayan islands, the number and variety are greatly augmented,—
New Guinea, the Moluccas, and Celebes yielding a long series of
splendid forms. The Palearctic Region, notwithstanding its enormous
area, lies wholly beyond the Tropic; and although its western half
(Europe and the Mediterranean basin) has been incomparably better
searched than any other division of the globe, it has not yielded more
than about five hundred species.”

The Nearctic or North American Region, in strange contrast to the
Neotropical, is no richer than the Palearctic one, except in the fact
that, while the number of known species in the two regions is about
the same, the area of the Nearctic is estimated at less than half that
of the Paleearctic Region. Generically, all the forms of the former are
represented in the latter region.

Oceanic islands are particularly poor in Rhopalocera, whether lying
in tropical or temperate latitudes, and in this respect—as, indeed, in
regard to their entire fauna and flora—exhibit (as Darwin, and espe-
cially Wallace, have shown) a marked contrast to both recent and
ancient ‘ continental” islands, viz., those which have at some time
been connected with a continent. All the isolated Atlantic islands,
and many of the very numerous Pacific ones, are cases in point, the
few butterflies they possess being unmistakably, for the most part,
chance settlers from other lands—usually the nearest continent—or

1 In his most careful and invaluable Synonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera
(1871), and Supplement (1877).

2 Dr. Staudinger’s very thorough Catalog der Lepidopteren des Europeischen Faunen-
gebiets (1871) gives 456 species arranged in 44 genera,

RHOPALOCERA. 25

their slightly modified descendants. But there is no case of the kind
so striking as that of New Zealand, which, though 1200 miles distant
from Australia, lies wholly in temperate latitudes (between 33° and
53 S.), is in extreme length 1100 miles, and has an area not much
less than that of Great Britain and Ireland, but has not hitherto
yielded more than sixteen species, of which, as Mr. A. G. Butler points
out,’ six are probably of Australian origin, and one is a recent intro-
duction from America. This extraordinary scarcity is the more appa-
rent when it is remembered that the British Isles, one of the very
poorest countries in Hurope for butterflies, have sixty-three undoubt-
edly native species.

The total number of Rhopalocera now known to science must be
between ten and eleven thousand. Mr. W. F. Kirby’s Synonymie Cata-
logue, published in 1871, included about 7700 species, and his Sup-
plement of 1877 enumerated nearly 1800 additional forms brought
to light during the intervening six years, making together about
9500 species. ‘Taking the five families in the order of their respective
numbers, it is found they stand as follows, viz.:—1. Nymphalide,
4040; 2. Lycenidw, 1550; 3. Hesperidw, 1550; 4. Papilionidea,
1400; 5. Hrycinide, 900. The continual discovery of new species
is not likely to change this order of numerical relation between the
families; but almost certainly the ranks of the smaller members of
the Lycenide and Hesperide will be largely augmented, and the great
disparity in numbers between those families and the Nymphalide
proportionately reduced. When the twelve Sub-Families are placed
according to the number of species they respectively contain (the Lycw-
nide and Hesperidw are excluded from this series, not being divided
into Sub-Families), they stand thus, viz. :—

1, Nymphaline, . ‘ . 1980| 7. Nemeobiine, ; gh fS
2. Satyrine, é ‘ . Io40o| 8. Heliconine, . ‘ . Sigwco
3. Pierinex, : : - goo| 9. Acrein», . ; + REO
4. Danaine, : ; . 680] 10. Eurygonine, . ‘ ; go
5. Evycinine, . : . 650|11. Brassoline . : : 70
6, Papilionine, . . . 510|12. Libytheine, . : ‘ II

The Ethiopian Region, of which extra-tropical Southern Africa
constitutes a characteristic zoological province or ‘‘ Sub-Region,” has
all the families and eight of the twelve sub-families, the four of
the latter that are not represented being the Heliconine and Brassoline
among the Nymphalidw, and the Hrycinine and Eurygonine among
the Hrycinide. South Africa is poorer by one sub-family than the
Region, having hitherto yielded no representative of the Memeobune.

4. DIFFERENCES PRESENTED BY THE SEXES.
With very few exceptions, the male is smaller than the female, and
his wings are comparatively narrower, the fore-wings often being more

1 Trans. Wellington Philos. Soc., 1878, p. 263.

26 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

pointed. The abdomen of the male is more slender and compact, and
laterally compressed, while the thorax is relatively larger and thicker.
The more atrophied condition of the fore-tarsi in the male of three of
the five Families has been already treated of; in contrast to those of
the female, the fore-tarsi are especially noticeable for their imperfect
development in the male Lrycinidw. This sex is also distinguished in
many genera by various badges on the wings, consisting of a small sac
(Danais), smooth patches of peculiarly arranged scales (Zuplea), streaks
of short appresséd hairs along the nervures (Argynnis, some species of
Papilio), or tufts of hair (Callidryas, Mycalesis).._ The prehensile or
clasping organs at the extremity of the abdomen, although not very
apparent externally (except in the Papilioninw, where the outer valves
are conspicuous), are of remarkable development and complexity; and
in all cases where the sexes are much alike in general appearance they
afford with a little pressure a certain means of determining the male.”
Many of the Danaine (genera Danais, Euplaa, Amauwris, Lycorea, Ituna)
possess, in the same region of the body, a pair of elongate organs
provided with a dense terminal fascicle of radiating hairs, which do
not appear to be often exserted, and which I have found only in the
males. Where there is much difference in colouring, it is almost
always the male that is the more brilliant in hue, most of the notable
exceptions being cases in which the female has been modified in pro-
tective resemblance to some species of another group. In the Danaine,
the Heliconine, a large number of the Satyrine and Nymphaline, most
Papilionine and some Lycwnide, the sexes are alike, or differ merely
in the female being somewhat duller than the male, and the same may
be said of most of the Hesperidw. Among the Acrewine, on the con-
trary, it is rare to find a species whose sexes are alike. It must be
noted, however, that in the cases of widest dissimilarity between the
Sexes, it is almost invariably only the upper surface of the wings that
exhibits so great a contrast, the under surface presenting very slight,
if any, differences.” The manifest reason of this is that, with scarcely
an exception, the colouring of the under side (exposed when the butterfly

1 These are regarded as scent-organs by Fritz Miiller and some other observers ; but I
have not seen proof af this view adduced, and am disposed, with Mr. Bates, to regard them
as “an outgrowth of the male organisation,” without special function.

2 These accessory male organs have been carefully investigated by Dr. F. Buchanan
White throughout the European Butterflies, and by Mr. P. H. Gosse in the genus Papilio
from all parts of the world. In the allied group of Trichoptera, Mr. R. M‘Lachlan has
found in the homologous parts good classificatory characters ; but the astonishing differences
which they exhibit in closely-allied species of the genus Papilio (e.g., P. Demoleus of Africa
and P. Erithonius of India, or the African P. Nireus and Bromius) render them apparently
of little value for systematic arrangement. See Zrans. Linn. Soc., Zool., 2d Series, vol. i.
p- 357, and vol. ii. p. 265 (1877 and 1883).

3 This is practically a character of the greatest assistance to the collector and student,
enabling him to identify the sexes of a species in numberless instances where, if both
surfaces of the wings had greatly differed, it would have been impossible to arrive at any

satisfactory conclusion.

RHOPALOCERA. ey,

is at rest) is more or less protective, from its obscurity or its resem-
blance to the tints of the customary surroundings.

In two genera of butterflies, viz., Acrwa of the Sub-Family Acrwine,
and Parnassius of the Sub-Family Papilionine—which are very remote
from each other in almost every respect except their semi-transparent
wings—the females exhibit a very remarkable and quite peculiar
structure, in the form of a horny pouch or sac, attached to the under
side of the abdomen. In Acrea this appendage is on the penultimate
segment, and is of moderate size, being best developed in A. Neobule
and A. Horta; but in Parnassius it is much larger, and in P. Delius
is widely open posteriorly, and occupies the whole under side of the
abdomen. ‘The use of this pouch—which is often detached and lost
during life—has not been satisfactorily determined.

A curious difference between the sexes is presented in several genera
of Lyceenide,—such as Humeus, Myrina, Deudoriz, and Capys,—where
the palpi of the female are considerably longer than those of the male.
The same character is noted by Westwood (in Gen. Diwrn. Lep.) as
occurring in three genera of Hrycinida, viz., Alesia, Nymphidiwm, and
Aricoris.

It occasionally happens that the male and female characters are
combined in one and the same individual butterfly, and, where the
secondary sexual differences are very marked, the appearance of such
an example is very singular. Boisduval (Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 27) men-
tions eight species of which so-called ‘ hermaphrodite ” individuals had
been noticed by authors, and a good many other cases have been re-
corded. A recent instance in South Africa is that of a specimen of Lycena
Telicanus (Var. pulchra, Murray), taken near Grahamstown by Mr. F.
Billinghurst, in which the wings of the right side are of the female
pattern and colouring, while the left-hand wings are of those of the male.

5. HAUNTS AND HaBiTs.

The dependence of Butterflies on vegetation (especially in their
caterpillar state), and their need of shelter from high winds, explain
how it is that they chiefly abound in wooded districts. Sunshine, a
still atmosphere, and flowers are the surroundings most favourable to
the great majority of them: in exposed spots, when the weather is
boisterous, nearly all species are helplessly driven before the gale, and
they speedily succumb to combined cold and rain. There exists, of |
course, a large number of species found in open country, and many are
peculiar to such tracts (especially in mountain stations), but forest-clad
lands are incomparably richer. Only a few butterflies, however, inhabit
the depths of woods, the great gathering of them being on the out-
skirts, or where the forest is broken by open spots and the sunshine
has access. In South Africa, the richest collecting-ground is the
wooded coast of Kaffraria, Natal, and Zululand, and the country about
Delagoa Bay seems almost equally productive.

28 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES,

The food of these insects in their perfect state consists mainly of the
honey of flowers, and this renders them of great importance to the
world of plants; their downy heads and bodies, and in some cases their
long trunks, conveying the pollen to the stigma of the flowers which
they visit. Hermann Miiller has well indicated (Befruchtung der Blu-
men, Engl. transl., 1883, p. 594, &c.) how exactly and reciprocally
many flowers and butterflies are thus adapted to serve each others’
purposes, especially in the Alps, whose exceptionally brilliant flora
appears to lay itself out, as it were, to attract the Rhopalocera, which
are more numerous at considerable altitudes than any other group or
diurnal insects. Many other liquid substances, however, prove attrac-
tive to butterflies,—water, the juice of fruits, sap of trees and other
plants, and even animal excreta, blood, and decomposing matter attract-
ing various species." It is not uncommon to find small clusters or
groups of various species- drinking at damp sand or mud on the edge
of water; and observers on the great tropical rivers never fail to notice
the brilliant effect of the larger assemblies of this description there
prevalent. The butterflies that affect the stronger drinks above men-
tioned are chiefly members of the Sub-Family Vymphalinew, some of
which (the genus Charaxes, for instance) appear never to visit flowers ;
but several Lycenidw and some of other groups are found indulging in
the same liquids, especially at the sap exuding from the wounds in
trees. The compound of sugar and beer used by collectors to attract
nocturnal moths proves also very seductive to butterflies with the tastes
described, and may be used with considerable effect in bringing some
of the high and rapid flyers within reach. There are, again, a good
many species that appear to take little or no food in their imago state ;
such are various Satyrinw and Lycaenidae, and apparently nearly all the
Erycinide, of which latter Mr. Bates observes? that very few species
frequent flowers, though he mentions that some were noticed imbibing
the moisture from damp sand.’

The flight of butterflies varies very greatly in speed, height, and
duration. The Danainw, Acrwine, and Satyrinte are nearly all slow
flyers, and the latter are erratic and wavering, and seldom rise far
above the herbage. The Hrycinide, Lyceenide, and Hesperide—espe-
cially the latter—are all characterised by the shortness of their flight,
though they show every degree of speed. Most of the Pierine are very
active insects, and they exhibit the peculiarity of travelling onward in
one direction, instead of fluttering about particular spots. Nearly all

1 Oberthiir has observed (tudes d’ Entomologie, i. p. 17, 1876) that the beautiful Teracolus
Charlonia (Donzel) of Northern Africa seemed to be attracted by the sweat of horses; and
Mr. H. O. Forbes records (Naturalist’s Wanderings in Eastern Archipelago, p. 138, 1885)
that in Sumatra Zuplea Ochsenheimeri settled numerously on the perspiring bodies of the
natives and on his own hands; and that another large butterfly, Cynthia Juliana, was also
often caught at the bodies of the natives.

2 Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool., ix. p. 369 (1868).

3 Naturalist on the Amazons, 2d edit., p. 331.

RHOPALOCERA. 29

the Papilionine have a powerful sustained flight, and some soar to a
considerable elevation. For habitual high flight certain groups of
Nymphaline, represented by the genera Morpho and Charazes, are most
noticeable, those of the latter group being also immensely rapid on
the wing. The males are in all butterflies the stronger and more
frequent flyers; but this difference is less pronounced in the Nympha-
line than in the other divisions. In South America, as Mr. Bates and
Mr. Wallace inform us, the males of many Nymphaline and Pierine
congregate in sunny open places in the forenoon, while the females
remain retired in the forests, to which the males resort in the afternoon.
In the South African woods I have noticed that the fine pale-yellow
males of Papilio Cenea follow a set course during all the forenoon,
sometimes sporting with each other, or stopping on their way to visit
flowers, but not diverging far from the circular track they pursue.
The females, however, keep near the ground and fly but slowly, often,
too, remaining motionless for a long time in some shady spot.' Colonel
Bowker and Mr. W. D. Gooch have noticed the same habits in the
grand Papilio ophidicephalus. The males of many butterflies are very
combative, not only in rivalry with those of their own species, but with
members of wholly different families. I have observed this chiefly
with members of the Nymphalinw, Lycenide, and Hesperide ; and it
has often amused me to see a pugnacious little “ Copper” or ‘¢ Skipper ”
take up his station on some tall flower, and persistently drive off all
other visitors. Having no offensive weapons, butterflies’ encounters
do not lead to more serious results than the impairing of their beauty
to a small extent; but they sometimes show much pertinacity in their
conflicts. Captain Harford sent me, through Colonel Bowker, in 1879,
two males (differently coloured) of Acrwa Encedon, which he had
observed struggling together on the ground for a long time; and Mrs.
Barber informs me that even the females of Acrwa Horta contest with
much fury the possession of a leaf on which to deposit their eggs.
From certain observations of Colonel Bowker in 1882 at D’Urban,
Natal, on the Diadema Misippus, it appears that this determined
defence by the male of a particular station is in some cases due to the
fact of there being in the immediate vicinity the chrysalis of a female
just about to disclose the perfect insect; and this is confirmed by Mr.
W. H. Edwards’ notes on Heliconia Charitonia in the Southern United
States, and the Rev. W. D. Cowan’s on Papilio Demoleus in Mada-
gascar”

The carriage of the wings when at rest varies a good deal among
butterflies, and is not always the same during a mere temporary sus-
pension of activity and during prolonged repose. The erect position
of all four wings is the most general, and prevails among the Nym-

1 Mr. J. P. Mansel Weale notes (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 132) that in the later
afternoon the females show themselves more, and are then hotly pursued by the rival males.
2 See Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. iv.

30 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

phalide, Lycenide, Pierine, and many Hrycinide ; but most of these,
when temporarily settled, open and shut the wings, or keep them a
little apart. The Papilionine usually settle with wings erect, but are
fond of resting with the wings expanded, in such a way that the hind-
wings are more or less covered by the fore-wings ; and they have further
the peculiar habit, when visiting flowers, of keeping the wings in rapid
vibration. The Zycewnide universally, when settled temporarily, pro-
ceed to move the erect or half-erect hind-wings alternately up and
down.’ <A large number of Zrycinidw and some Hesperidw keep their
wings fully extended when at rest on leaves or on the ground, but
many of the latter have the fore-wings only, and a few all the wings,
erect. It is not easy to discover butterflies when really in a state of
prolonged rest or of sleep, but those noticed lower the closed front
wings between the hind-wings, so that only the apical part of the former
remains exposed. It is most noticeable that, with very rare exceptions,
this apical part of the fore-wings is coloured in accordance with the
under side of the hind-wings, and that by this attitude the conspicuous
colours and marks so often found on the disk of the under side of the
fore-wings are completely concealed.” While most butterflies perch on
flowers or leaves, many are fond of sunning themselves on bare twigs
or on the ground. Others (among the Nymphaline and Satyrine)
prefer the stems of trees, and many of these always sit so that their
heads are downward. Some of the same groups commonly settle on
rocks or on the sides of overhanging banks; and it is not rare among
these, as well as among those that frequent tree-trunks, to find little
companies of a dozen or more sitting close together in a sheltered
cranny. Such cases recall the hibernating Vymphaline and Pierine
of Northern Europe and other countries, which in the autumn find
refuges in which to sleep away the winter, emerging in the ensuing
spring.

Male butterflies usually make their appearance before the females,
and appear, as a rule, to be more numerous. The less active and more
retiring habits of the females no doubt render this disproportion in
numbers greater apparently than it really is, but observation has con-
vinced me that there is in most cases a decided majority of males.* It

1T believe that Swainson, Zool. Jllustr., Ist Series (1821-22), was the first, in his
notice of Thecla (Deudorix) Galathea, to record this curious habit. It is practised by every
member of the Family that I have watched when settled, and it seems not improbable—
looking to the brilliant eye-like metallic spot and (very often) adjacent tail or tails at the
posterior angle of the hind-wings of these butterflies—that the movement may serve to
accentuate these ornaments, either in rivalry or in menace.

2 An instance of remarkably different port of the wings in temporary and in real repose
was discovered by me in 1857, in the case of the well-known Hesperide Thanaos Tages of
Europe. This butterfly holds its wings horizontally when settled temporarily, but I found

two at rest in the evening with the wings deflected exactly as in a Bombycide or Noctuide
Moth. ‘This observation has recently been confirmed by Mr. Frohawk (see Entomologist,
1884, p. 49).

3 See a full collection of evidence on this point in Darwin’s Descent of Man, &c., vol. i
P. 309.

RHOPALOCERA. 25

is common to see a female “mobbed” (as Professor Moseley says of
the magnificent Ornithoptera Poseidon in the Aru Islands) by many
competing males; and in the case of many Satyrinw which frequent
open ground, and whose sexes have the same habits, the females are
unquestionably much the scarcer.

With the exception of the Danainw* and Acrwine, butterflies in
general do not exhibit a sociable or gregarious disposition. There are,
however, extraordinary assemblages of Pierinw, which, in South
America especially, have been recorded by many observers, including
Darwin, Wallace, Bates, and R. Spruce. The innumerable multitudes
on the wing in some of these swarms may be imagined from Darwin’s
often-quoted account of his experience when in the “ Beagle” off the
South American coast. He writes (Journ. Researches Nat. Hist., &c.,
new edit., 1870, p. 158): “‘ Vast numbers of butterflies, in bands or
flocks of countless myriads, extended as far as the eye could range.
Even by the aid of a telescope it was not possible to see a space free
from butterflies. . . . More species than one were present, but the main
part belonged to a kind very similar to, but not identical with, the
common English Colias Hdusa.” Mr. Bates, too, describes a flight of
butterflies across the Amazon which lasted for two days without inter-
mission during the hours of daylight; and in this case nearly all were
species of Callidryas, swift-flying Pierine allied to Colias, and, as far
as the observer could ascertain, the swarms consisted exclusively of
males. Mr. Spruce (Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., ix. pp. 355-357), in a
most interesting paper on these migrations, points out that in South
America their direction is always to the south, and attributes them as
mainly due to the exhaustion of the food supply in seasons when the
insects concerned are by rains and other favouring circumstances
produced in certain districts in unwonted abundance, Mr. Spruce
mentions a swarm near Guayaquil consisting of both butterflies and
moths; and in this case both sexes were concerned, as he noticed the
females laying eggs, and saw the innumerable resulting larve destroy
the shore vegetation, leaving none for the hordes that continued to
arrive, and that thereupon “launched boldly out over the Pacific
Ocean.” As I have already put on record (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1870, p. 383), Colonel Bowker witnessed, in March 1869, an immense
flight of Callidryas Florella, “ all steadily moving on eastward” across
the Maluti Mountains in Basutoland: in this swarm both sexes were
represented, the females being easily recognised by being mostly yellow
instead of greenish-white. Colonel Bowker mentioned that he had
seen similar gatherings both in the Cape Colony and in the Trans-Keian

1 In Moore’s Lepidoptera of Ceylon, i. pp. 1, 2 (1880), there is an interesting note by
the late Dr. Thwaites on the ‘amazing numbers” of one or more species of Huplaa which
appear on fine calm days, all flying together in the same direction. From the particulars
mentioned, these Cingalese Danaine swarms seem to behave very similarly to the flights of
Pierine mentioned in the text. .

32 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

country.’ As I suggested in the place cited, there is an evident con-
nection or relation between these wonderful migrations of certain species
of Pierine and the well-known habit of nearly all the members of the
Sub-Family of flying straight onward in one direction. If it is the
case that males only compose some of the migrating hosts, the wider
distribution of the species concerned would not in such instances be
promoted ; but where both sexes are represented it cannot be doubted
that these multitudinous invasions of fresh territory must considerably
widen the area occupied by the species; and it seems probable that
the world-wide prevalence of the Picrinw, and the immense range of
such genera as Callidryas and Colias, have been largely aided by both
the ordinary and extraordinary travelling tendencies of these butterflies.
It may be added that when (as seems not seldom to be the case) these
vast flocks wing their way out to sea, although as a rule destruction
must sooner or later overtake them all, yet occasional stragglers of such
powerful flyers may occasionally reach oceanic islands, and possibly
succeed in establishing their species there. It is true that the swifter
and lighter males would be more likely to profit by any remote chance
of reaching such a haven, but it is not impossible that a female may
now and then succeed in doing so. A passing ship may sometimes aid
in this dispersal of a species; for I have seen Pyrameis Cardui, the
most widely-distributed species of butterfly known, fly on board a vessel
ninety miles to the west of Teneriffe, and after a short rest start off
westward again; and on another occasion, 195 miles west of Sierra
Leone, I captured (among numerous other insects that flew on board
the steamer “ Norseman”) ten specimens of butterflies belonging to
the Sub-Family Satyrine.’

6. PROTECTIVE RESEMBLANCES AND MIMICRY.

The prevalence in Nature of disguises protective to the wearers is
matter of observation everywhere, and is particularly noticeable among
the varied and multitudinous tribes of insects. In a world where com-
petition is intense, where the relations between organic beings are of
infinite complication, where it is the lot of the favoured few only to get
enough to eat and to avoid being eaten, the advantages of escaping the

1 Mr, Barber in 1881 sent me a graphic account of the extraordinary abundance of this
Callidryas during that season in Griqualand West. The caterpillars were observed in thousands
on Cassia arachnoides, a very abundant plant there. They stripped it entirely of leaves,
and then devoured the young shoots, and even the bark of the stems. In March and April
the butterflies appeared in myriads; but in the height of their greatest abundance there
came a week of cold and very wet weather, which reduced their numbers very considerably.
This case is instructive, indicating how the migration in force of species of this genus is most
probably occasioned by their having as larve exhausted the supply of their proper food-plant
in a tract where circumstances had favoured their excessive multiplication.

2 This was a remarkable case, for the butterflies in question were slow-flying shade-fre-
quenting species of Melanitis and Mycalesis, which haunt dense woods and thickets, and
avoid the open sunshine altogether. The wind on this occasion, though from the eastward,
was not at all strong; the time was noon,

RHOPALOCERA. 33

notice alike of eager foes or wary prey are sufficiently obvious; and
this is very materially aided by any strong resemblance to inorganic
substances, to plants, to inoffensive animals in the case of prey, and to
offensive ones in the case of enemies. very one is familiar with cases
of colour-likeness to general surroundings, such as those of desert ani-
mals to the desert sands, arctic animals to the white expanse of snow,
arboreal animals to the green of foliage. Numerous more special resem-
blances to inanimate or vegetable objects are also matter of common
observation, but those of one animal to another of different structure
are comparatively rare, and are little known except to naturalists,
although they are perhaps the most remarkable of all.

Butterflies and Moths are quite exceptionally defenceless ; there is
not a single instance in the whole Order of a species possessing either
offensive weapons or defensive armour; nor does any one of them prey
on other animals. While, therefore, they have no need of disguise to
enable them to steal unobserved upon a watchful prey, they require |
more than any other equally large group of insects protection from
enemies by concealment,’ and it is not surprising to find all the three
kinds of protective resemblances above mentioned strikingly developed
among them. Without here considering the very numerous cases
among Moths, it will be interesting to notice some of the more promi-
nent instances in Butterflies.

It is the immense size of their wings that renders butterflies so
conspicuous ; their bodies are small even in the largest species, but the
wings cover a considerable area, the smallest known Lycena measuring
half an inch in expanse. When to this broad field bright and strongly
contrasted colours are, as often happens, added, the eye is at once
arrested by so large and distinct an object. Although, when settled,
the erect position of the wings in nearly all butterflies reduces the
visible area by one-half, and although, when thoroughly at rest, this
is still further lessened by the mode in which the fore-wings sink
between the hind-wings, yet the exposed surface is of considerable
size.” On the wing, the great swiftness of some species, and the
exceedingly uncertain wavering motions of others, enable them to
evade their enemies; but when at rest, it is obvious that their main
refuge must be sought in concealment. It is found, accordingly, that
the under side is protectively marked and coloured, being rendered
inconspicuous by either its dulness or its resemblance to the immedi-
ately surrounding objects. As instances of this among South-African
species, I may mention the universal Pyrameis Cardui, the beautiful
Junonia Cebrene and J. Clelia, and several kinds of Zeritis, all of

1 The known enemies of butterflies are birds, lizards, dragon-flies, hawk-flies (Asilida,
&c.), Mantide, and spiders. The birds and dragon-flies seize them chiefly on the wing, the
others pounce on them when settling or at rest.

2 A good many Lrycinide and Hesperide have the singular habit of settling on the
under side of leaves with wings fully expanded, so that their own under side is not at all

exposed, and the whole insect hidden from view from above.
VOL. I. C

34 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

which have the under side very closely resembling the tints of the
ground on which they are in the habit of settling.’ Melanitis Leda
and IM. diversa rest habitually among dead leaves in shady spots, and
their under side is so coloured and marked as to render it indistinguish-
able. The female Zronia Leda has a rather bright sulphur-yellow,
red blotched under side, and it was only when I saw her settle on the
half-withered leaves of the Lrythrina that I even guessed how pro-
tective this under side was. Similarly, Mrs. Barber wrote to me how
struck she was with the behaviour of the conspicuous male Papilio
Cenea, which twice deliberately selected in her garden, as a resting-
place during a shower of rain, a shrub whose pale yellow and brown
seeds and flowers entirely agreed with the colouring of the under side
of his wings. The shining white under side of Jolaus Silas is extremely
conspicuous in the cabinet, but I was surprised to observe in Natal
how it escaped notice, in the full noonday sunlight, among the highly
polished glittering leaves of a shrub the butterfly frequented.

By far the most elaborate disguise of this kind among butterflies
is the famous one, first brought prominently to notice by Mr. Wallace,
of the Indian and Malayan Kallima Inachis and K. Paralekta. In
these species of Vymphalinw, which on the upper side are deep blue
and orange, the under side copies with perfect accuracy the withered
or shrivelled leaves of certain dead trees or bushes, the imitation
going into such exact details as to reproduce in appearance the minute
fungi or moulds that grow on the leaves. But this is by no means all
the extent of the representation, the shape of the wings when the
insect is at rest not only agreeing generally with that of the leaf, but
presenting both the elongated apex and the foot-stalk, and the attitude
assumed both bringing into prominence those details and concealing
such parts as the head and antenne, which might impair the complete-
ness of the deception. It is no wonder to find Mr. Wallace speaking
of these large and swift butterflies “vanishing” when they settled
among a cluster of the withered leaves.

It has been above observed that it is by either the swiftness or the
irregularity of their flight that butterflies, so conspicuous on the wing,
evade pursuers; but there are some remarkable exceptions to this rule,
Throughout the tropical and sub-tropical regions there occur slow-
flying, brightly or very distinctly coloured forms, rendered even more
conspicuous by their lengthened bodies and wings, which seem to
make no effort whatever to escape or to conceal themselves, but which,
though usually very numerous in individuals (and sometimes numerous
in species), and exposing themselves freely in haunts abounding with
the enemies of butterflies, are evidently exempt, or almost so, from

1 Junona Cebrene has been observed by Colonel Bowker to be much hunted by a small
lizard in the Trans-Kei country ; and Mrs. Barber informs me that Pyrameis Cardut is a
frequent victim among the butterflies with which the Sun-Birds (Nectarinie) feed their
young.

RHOPALOCERA. ee

attack. These lucky exceptions to the common condition of being
hunted down by hungry devourers are the Danainw and Acreine, ’
Sub-Families of Nymphalidw ;' and they owe their immunity to their
being malodorous and unpalatable as food, and to their evidently being .
recognised as uneatable by insectivorous animals. It is most interest-
ing to find these protected butterflies accompanied, wherever they are
prevalent, by species of different Sub-Families or Families which closely,
or even exactly, resemble them in form, colours, and markings, though
quite diverse in structure. The first entomologist who carefully ob-
served these “ mimicries” in Nature, and arrived at a clear and
reasonable explanation of their meaning and origin, was Mr. H. W.
Bates, F.R.S., whose paper on the subject was read before the Linnean
Society of London in 1861, and subsequently published in the Zrans-
actions (vol. xxiii.) of that body. Mr. Bates dealt with the very rich
material yielded by the butterfly fauna of Tropical South America, and
showed that while the models (protected species of Danainw) were
most abundant and presented the ordinary facies of their family, the
mimickers were rare, and departed very widely from the appearance of
their nearest allies; that the latter frequented the same spots as their
models, often flymg among them; and that the resemblance in life
was so exact as constantly to deceive his own experienced sight. He
observed that the very conspicuous and slow-flying Danaine were not
pursued by any of the ordinary enemies of insects to which they would
have fallen an easy prey, and detected the reason for this security in
the peculiar smell which they emitted, and thus indicated the obvious
advantage it would be to butterflies not so defended to resemble
Danaine closely enough to be mistaken for them, and so passed over
as uneatable. Demonstrating the identity in kind of these mimicries
with the protective resemblances to inorganic and to vegetable forms
so prevalent in Nature, he traced them similarly to the long-continued
action of natural selection, the chief operating agents being insecti-
vorous animals, which would continually destroy all those individuals
of the mimicking species least resembling those which are exempt
from persecution. Mr. Bates gave a list of no fewer than thirty-six
cases of mimicry known to occur among Tropical-American butterflies,
and in thirteen of these even the remote Moths (of the groups Castnie
and Bombyces) supplied instances of mimicry. In one of these cases,
the Danaine Methona Psidii is imitated by two other Danaine of the
genus Jtwna,” by the Pierine Leptalis Orise, and by two Moths; while

1 There are also some similarly protected species among the Heliconine and Papilionine ;
and these too have accurate imitators in other butterflies.

2 These cases of apparent mimicry within the limits of the protected group itself present
much difficulty. It might be supposed that the mimickers in these instances had for some
reason failed to acquire the distastefulness of their kindred, but this has not yet been shown
to be the case. Dr. Fritz Miiller, Mr. Wallace, and Mr. Distant have discussed the ques-
tion in Kosmos (1879-81) and in Nature (vol. xxvi.); and Mr. Meldola (Annals and Mag.
Nat. Hist., December 1882) has published an interesting summary of the discussion, in

36 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

four butterflies (of three different groups) and a Moth all copy the
Danaine Jthomia Flora. The imitations of species of Jthomia, Mecha-
nitis, and Methona, Danaine genera, by species of Leptalis, a genus of
Pierine, are so surprisingly exact, that no one can wonder at their
deceiving on the wing the most experienced collector,

Mr. Wallace, in 1864, called attention to the occurrence of a
similar series of mimicries in India and the Malayan Archipelago, and
expressed his full concurrence in Mr. Bates’s view of the causes at
work in the production of them. The list given in his paper
(Trans. Linn. Soc., xxv. p. 20) includes fifteen cases where species of
Papilio mimic Danaine, Nymphaline (one case), and other forms of
their own genus.’ The first of these may be noted as peculiarly
interesting, seeing that the male and female of the mimicker, Papilio
paradoxa, differ considerably, and that each imitates the corresponding
sex of Huplea Midamus. In seven of the fifteen cases given, only the
female is mimetic; and Mr. Wallace suggested that the reason for this
is probably that the slower flight of that sex when laden with eggs,
and her exposure to attack while ovipositing, render a protective dis-
guise specially necessary.”

It was most interesting to me to be able to supplement the cases
brought forward by these distinguished explorers of South America and
the Malayan Archipelago by a corresponding series of mimetic analogies
among African butterflies. The cases in life known to me personally
in South Africa were only four, but it so happens that one of them was
the most remarkable ever recorded, viz., that of Papilio Cenea. I
found, however, seven other very marked mimicries among the butter-
flies of Tropical Africa, and several additional instances (two of them
in South Africa) have since then (1868) been discovered and placed
on record. I was able to show® (1°) that the Danaine and Acreine
of Africa, like their allies elsewhere, were provided with offensive
odours and secretions; (2°) that the butterflies mimicking them invari-
ably occurred in the same districts, and in six cases (South African) in

which, on the ground “ that a certain number of individuals of distasteful species have to be
sacrificed to the inexperience” of young insectivorous animals, he shows that “there would
be a great gain in one distasteful species resembling another which exceeded it in numbers.”

Mr. Bates (loc. cit., p. 503) marks six of the imitating Danaine as undoubtedly very
much fewer in individuals than the species which they imitate; so that the fact of their
being for some reason in need of protection seems established.

1 Mr. Wallace observes (p. 21) that these imitated Papilios of the East belong to the
group of Papilio Polydorus and P. Coon, and that, like the d?neas group of Papilio in South
America, they are forest insects and have a low, weak flight. What their protection con-
sists in has not been ascertained, but most probably it lies in their being unpalatable as food.

2 A most striking case of this kind is that recorded by Mr. Wallace (Zrans. Ent. Soc.
Lond., 1869, p. 287). Diadema anomala, a Nymphaline of the Malay Archipelago, has the
male plainly tinted with bronzy or olive brown, only a blue gloss appearing on the margins of
the fore-wings ; while the female is rich purple-brown, with two-thirds of the fore-wings
richly glossed with satiny blue, so as to closely imitate Zuplea Midamus, a protected
Danaine, “‘ one of the very commonest butterflies of the East.”

3 Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., xxvi. p. 497, &e.

RHOPALOCERA. 37

the very same localities; (3°) that in eight cases the mimickers were
known to be very much scarcer than the species which they copy;
(4°) that in five cases where the Danais or Acrwa presents local forms
or merely slight varieties, even these were mimicked by individuals of
the imitating species; (5°) that in three cases where the sexes of the
insect mimicked differed strikingly from each other, the sexes of the
mimicker presented corresponding differences; and (6°) that in four
cases observed by me in life it was next to impossible to distinguish
the mimicker from the species which it mimicked. It must be remem-
bered that these extraordinary likenesses are not those of general
colouring and pattern alone, but include outline and form, and extend
to minute reproduction of prominent markings, however small; and
that the deception is often further ensured by following closely the
kind of flight and mode of resting proper to the species copied.

The following table exhibits the known cases of mimicry among
Extra-Tropical South-African Butterflies :—

Protected Forms that are

Mimicked. Mimicking Forms.’

Famity.—NYMPHALID. |Famiry.—NYMPHALID.| Famiry.—PA PILIONID&.
Sub-Family.—Danain&. | Sub-Family.—NympuHatina&.| Sub-Family.—Papiionina&.

Genus.—Amauris. Genus.—Luralia. Genus.—Papilio.
1. Amauris Ochlea (Boisd.) | 1. Euralia deceptor (Trim.)
2. Amauris Echeria (Stoll.) 2. Papilio Cenea, Stoll. °.

(Form 1. P. Cenea, Stoll,
typ.) ‘
Papilio Echerioides, Trim.

2

(Small yellow-spotted varia-

tion. )
2a. Amauris Echeria 2a. Huralia mima 2a. Papilio Cenea, Stoll.
(Stoll.) (Trim. ) ;
(Variety A. albi- (Variation of Form 1.
maculata, Butl.) P. Cenea, Stoll.)
Genus.— Pseudacrea. Papilio Echerioides,
Trim. ¢.
2a, Pseudacrea Tar- Papilio Brasidas,
quinia (Trim.) ? Feld.
Genus, — Luralia.
3. Amauris dominicanus 3. Euralia Wahlbergi, 3. Papilio Cenea, Stoll. °.
Trim. Wallengr. (Form 2. Near P. Hippo-
Genus.—Danais. Genus. —Diadema. coon, Fab.)
4. Danais Chrysippus 4. Diadema Misippus, 4. Papilio Cenea, Stoll. ?.
(Linn.) (Linn.) @. (Form 3. P. Z'rophonius,
Westw.)
4a. Danais Chrysippus 4a. Diadema Misippus 4a. Papilio Cenca, Stoll.
_ (Linn.) (Linn.) °. re
(Variety D. Dorip- (Variety D. Inaria (Variation of Form 3. P.
pus, Klug.) (Cram.) Trophonius, Westw.)
Sub-Family.—Acraina.
Genus.—A crea. Genus.— Pseudacrea.
5. Acrwa Acara, Hewits. 6| 5. Pseudacrwa Trimenii,
and ?, Butl. 3 and &.

Genus. — Planema.
6. Planema Aganice, Hewits.| 6. Pseudacrewa imitator,
3 and &. Trim. 6 and &.
‘Pseudacrea Tarquinia;
(Trim.) 3,

38 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Among the species tabulated, probably the second, Amauris Echeria,
a Danaine of wide distribution in wooded localities, is the best protected
butterfly in South Africa, judging from the number of its imitators.
The most accurate copyist is the female Papilio Cenea (type), and the
smaller specimens of this Papilio cannot in the field be distinguished
from the Amauris. It is the variety of A. Hcheria, with all the spots
of the fore-wing white, which prevails in Kafirland and Natal, that finds
most imitators, being very closely copied, not only by a slight (white-
spotted) variation of Papilio Cenea, but also by the female of Papilio
Lcheriordes, by individuals of both sexes of Papilio Brasidas, by both
sexes of the Nymphaline Luralia mima, and by the female of Pseudacraa
Tarquma. Though the females of Papilio Cenea and P. Echerioides
are so much alike in their imitation of A. Echeria as to be indistinguish-
able on the wing, the males of these species of Papilio are utterly
dissimilar both from their respective mates and from each other.’

The case of Papilio Cenea presents certainly the most remarkable
mimetic analogy yet recorded among butterflies. The male of this
species (the Southern representative of P. Merope, Cram., of Western
Africa) is a very fine conspicuous insect, and has a peculiar colouring
of very pale creamy-yellow, with a broad black border to the fore-
wings, and a black band across the disk of the hind-wings,—the latter
wings bearing each a long broad process or “tail,” while the female
exhibits three quite different forms (all with the hind-wings untailed),
each of which is entirely unlike the male, but imitates with more or
less exactness one of three prevalent species of South-African Danaine.” :
It is observable, too, that numerous intermediate variations of the females
exist, showing a series of links between the three prominent forms,
and serving to indicate how plastic for further development the poly-
morphic female Cenea remains.

Other circumstances which add to the great interest of the case are
(1.) that the very closely allied Papilio Merope of Western Africa also
has a polymorphic female, several forms of which have been described
as distinct species, and are imitative of Danainw inhabiting the same
region; and (2) that in Madagascar the likewise nearly related Papilio
Meriones, Feld., has but one form of female, and that form only slightly
differing from the male. Even more surprising is it to find, as I
learn from Mr. Ch. Oberthiir, that the representative of P. Merope at

1 The nearest alloy of P. Echerioides is the West-African P. Cynorta, Fab. Curiously
enough, while the males are very much alike, it is here the females that are totally dis-
similar ; for while the female Leherioides mimics an Amauris, the female Cynorta (= P.
Boisduvallianus, Westm.) exactly copies the female Acrwa Gea, Fab., a butterfly of quite
different pattern.

3 The varying females of the mimicking species of Indian and Malayan Papiliones, de-
scribed by Mr. Wallace (loc. cit.), appear in no case directly to copy more than one pro-
tected species. But in the remarkable cases of Papilio Memnon and P. Androgeus, the
extreme mimicking form of the female (= Achates, Cram.) has the hind-wings tailed in
imitation of the protected model, although the male and less modified females of her own
species are quite tailless.

RHOPALOCERA. 39

Lake Tsana in Abyssinia also has the sexes nearly alike. The inference
is obvious that the females in Madagascar and Abyssinia for some reason
do not stand in need of the protective disguises so elaborately worked
out for them in Southern and Western Africa. Probably some active
persecutors of this large pale type of Papilio are absent in those
countries, or may there have found some easier or more attractive
insect prey. In South Africa the handsome fly-catcher Zehitrea cris-
tata has been seen by Mr. Mansel Weale to capture the male P. Cenea,
and he had reason to suspect a bird of an allied family and quite
similar habits, Dierwrus musicus, to be another of this butterfly’s
enemies. Insectivorous birds of both these genera are found in
Abyssinia—the very same species of Dicrurus is, I believe, a native of
that country—and also in Madagascar, but it is possible that circum-
stances may have led to their leaving Papilio Merope and P. Meriones
unmolested. ;

In considering these cases of mimicry, a difficulty naturally
arises in perceiving how the initial stages of them could have been
of service to the mimickers. Taking, for instance, this very case
of Papilio Cenea and its allies, it may be asked of what possible
advantage to a large pale-yellow female such as the present P.
Meriones would be the merest beginning of darker colouring or of
shorter tails on the hind-wings, seeing that no enemy could for a
moment be led to mistake a specimen so very little modified for the
unpalatable Danais or Amawris? Mr. Darwin has undoubtedly eluci-
dated this point by remarking (Descent of Man, i. p. 412) that “ this
process *—the development of mimicry—‘ probably has never com-
menced with forms widely dissimilar in colour. But with two species
moderately like each other, the closest resemblance, if beneficial to either
form, could readily be thus gained; and if the imitated form was
subsequently and gradually modified through sexual selection or any
other means, the imitating form would be led along by the same track,
and thus be modified to almost any extent, so that it might ultimately,
assume an appearance or colouring wholly unlike that of the other
members of the group to which it belonged.” And Mr. Wallace has
further argued with much reason (Zropical Nature, &c., 1878, p. 190),
that there is no ground for supposing that, when the first steps towards
mimicry occurred, the Danainw were what they are now; on the con-
trary, the considerable proportion still among them of species of what
may be termed ordinary butterfly colouring seems to indicate that, at
the period when they began to acquire those distasteful secretions
which protect them, their appearance and flight may not have been
nearly so peculiar as at present, but may have much more resembled
those of the unprotected families. At the same time, as they became
more unpalatable to enemies, it cannot be doubted that any peculiarity
about them would be preserved and emphasised by those enemies
avoiding the most distinguishable of them, and it is probably thus that

40 | SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

their bodies and wings began to be elongated and their flight charac- _
teristically weakened. ‘It would be at this stage,” writes Mr. Wallace,
“that some of the weaker-flying Pieride, which happened to resemble
some of the Danaide around them in their yellow and dusky tints and
in the general outline of their wings, would be sometimes mistaken for
them by the common enemy, and would thus gain an advantage in the
struggle for existence. Admitting this one step to be made, and all
the rest must inevitably follow from simple variation and survival of
the fittest.”

7. SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

As has been remarked above, the Extra-Tropical South-African
Sub-Region possesses representatives of all the African or Hthiopian
Families and Sub-Families except the Nemeobiinw, a Sub-Family of
Erycinide ; but the representation of this Sub-Family in the Region
is exceedingly poor, only four species of one genus (Abisara) being
recorded. The Butterflies known to occur in the Sub-Region and those
peculiar to it are numerically as follows, viz. :—

Inhabiting Peculiar to
South Africa. South Africa,
Families. : ; 5 : ; -. None
Sub-Families : 5 : : . None
Genera : : 2. 109 : 5 3 6
Species . : - 380 : : ; £65

Though the proportion of peculiar genera is thus little more than
one-twelfth of the entire number represented, it should be noted that —
no fewer than twenty-one other genera—making twenty-seven in all,
or rather over two-fifths—are confined to the African Region. Simi-
larly, while but slightly above half the species appear to be endemic,
yet only thirteen,’ or about one-twenty-ninth, are known to extend
beyond the Region.

The genera which are not known to extend into Tropical Africa are the
following, viz., two in the Family Nymphalide (Sub-Family Satyrine),—
Meneris (one species) and Cwnyra (one species); and four in the Family
Lycenide,—Capys (one species), Arrugia (three species), D’ Urbania
(three species), and Deloneura (one species).

- There are seventeen Tropical-African genera besides Abisara, of
which no South-African representatives are known, viz., (Satyrine)
Bicyclus, Heteropsis ; (Nymphalinew) Iwra, Elymnias, Discophora, Dole-
schallia, Ergolis, Enotrea, Cyrestis, Aterica, and Philognoma ;* (Lycen-
ide) Phytala, Epitola, Miletus, and Hewitsonia ; and (Hesperidew) Cera-
trichia and Carystus. The rich Tropical genera Huryphene, Huphedra,

1 These are Danais Chrysippus, Atella Phalantha, Pyrameis Cardui, Hypanis Ilithyia,
Diadema Misippus, Melanitis Leda, Ypthima Asterope, Lycena Betica, L. Lysimon, L.
Trochilus, Terias Hecabe, Pieris Mesentina, and Teracolus Eris.

2 Varanes, Cram,, seems properly referable to Charawxes,

RHOPALOCERA. 41

and Harma (all Nymphaline) are each represented by a single species
only.

The following table exhibits, as far as known to me, the total
representation of the Rhopalocera in Hxtra-Tropical Southern Africa,
and the proportion borne to it by the genera and species which appear
to be peculiar to the Sub-Region :—

SouTH-AFRICAN RHOPALOCERA.

Total Representation in | Genera and Species peculiar

Families and Sub-Families.

South Africa. to South Africa,
Genera. Species. Genera, Species.
NyYMPHALIDA—
Danaine F : 2 4 - ass
Satyrine . ‘ ears: 9 2 2 2%
Acreine F ‘ ; 4 24 aes 6
Nymphaline : : : 20 61 Be 20
— 35 — 118| — 2 — 47
ERYCINIDE—
Libytheine . : ‘ ; I I
— iI —— I -— ... — ..
LycHNIDEZ : ‘ é 15 116 4 75
PaPILIONIDE—
Pierine : , 5 . 8 69 ies 28
Papilionine ‘ ‘ . I 15 sie 7
ae 8) ee a= SE
HESPERIDZE . ° : 5 9 61 eee 38
69 380 6 195

Omitting the solitary representative of the Hrycinide, it will be
seen that the several Families almost follow their scientific order as
regards their respective numbers of genera and species, the Vymphalida
leading -with 35 genera and 118 species; Lycenide following with
much fewer (15) genera, but with an almost equal number (116) of
species; and the Papilionidw and Hesperidw succeeding, with the same
number of genera (9), but with 84 and 61 species respectively.

‘The genera most richly represented are two of the Family Lycenide,
viz., Lycena (46 species) and Zeritis (28 species), and one of the
Family Papilionide, viz., Teracolus (37 species). The next most
numerous genus is the Nymphalide one of Acrwa, which has 20 South-
African species.

As regards endemic forms, the genera richest in them—apart from
the six genera above mentioned as themselves peculiar to South Africa
—are exactly those which have just been indicated as the most fully
represented in the country, viz., Zycwna with 29, Zeritis with 23, and
Teracolus with 22 species, which have hitherto not been recorded as
occurring out of the Sub-Region. As regards genera, the Lycenide
exhibit, both absolutely and relatively, the greater peculiarity, more than

42 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

one-fourth (4 out of 15) being peculiar, while the Satyrine have less
than one-fourth (2 out of 9); but in species the latter show a much
larger proportion of peculiar forms, nearly three-fourths (21 out of 29)
being known only from the Sub-Region, while among the Lycenide
rather less than two-thirds (75 out of 116) are peculiar.

There can be no doubt that, with the exception of the eastern
coast-belt, from about the Kei River to Delagoa Bay and Inhambane,
Southern Africa is very scantily supplied with butterflies. Here and
there some more productive spots, such as a river-bank, a flowery
hummock or “ kopje,’ or a patch of dense scrub in a ravine, will
occur; but taking the great area generally, notwithstanding its
temperate climate and its wealth in many parts of flowering plants,
butterflies are certainly rare, both in species and in individuals. The
country is, indeed, too. bare and dry, and too little wooded, to afford
the conditions of food and shelter most favourable to butterfly life ;
and it is only near the coast of Kafirland, Natal, Zululand, and farther
northward, where the warm Indian Ocean current appears to produce
conditions quite tropical in character, that there is anything striking
either in the aspect or abundance of the Rhopalocera. So accustomed
are we to associate butterflies with flowers,. that I well remember how
much the dearth of those insects surprised and disappointed me when
first I contrasted it with the unrivalled variety and beauty of the flora
of the Cape district." A residence of nearly twenty-five years (with
the exception of five intervals of from four to thirteen months on leave
of absence) at Cape Town, during which a great part of my leisure has
been devoted to the subject, enables me to state with some certainty
that the species inhabiting the neighbourhood, including the entire
peninsula and a radius of twelve miles at least to the northward and
eastward, do not number more than forty-seven. This remarkable
poverty of butterflies is rendered the more striking from the circum-
stance that twenty-nine of the species are small Lycwnidw (22) and
Hesperide (7), and that the bulk of the remainder consists of sombre
Satyrine (10) of medium size. The Acrwinw are represented by
Acrea Horta only, and the Nymphaline by none but the ubiquitous
Pyrameis Cardwi; and the only other species at all conspicuous from
either size or colouring are Danais Chrysippus (not common), Meneris
Tulbaghia, Capys Alpheus (very local), Pieris Hellica (the solitary
representative of its genus), Colias Hlectra, and Papilio Demoleus.
Six stragglers occasionally make their appearance in the summer
and autumn months, viz., Junonia Cebrene, Diadema Misippus, Pieris
Mesentina, Hronia capensis, Callidryas Florella, and a species of Tera-
colus ; but all are found only rarely and singly, and of the last named

1 T believe that when the Cape flora comes under investigation as regards fertilisation
by insect agency, it will be found that a great proportion of its large and brilliant blossoms
are adapted for the visits of Diptera, and a good part of the remainder for those of Hymen-

optera. 'The great number of densely hairy flower-frequenting Coleoptera in South Africa
must also play a large part in plant fertilisation.

RHOPALOCERA. 43

I have seen but one example on one occasion. ‘The long isolation of
the present Cape peninsula from the mainland by a wide arm of the
sea between the existing False and Table Bays, where the sandy
‘“ Flats” now extend, is the probable explanation of much of this
poverty of butterfly life; but the violent winds that sweep the whole
tract render it a highly unfavourable station; and it must also be
remembered that, as far as is known, the entire western and north-
western districts of the Colony are but little more productive in the
Rhopalocera. The “ karoo” tracts universally, but especially the more
northern and elevated ones beyond the second mountain range travers-
ing the Cape Colony from west to east, are apparently exceedingly poor
in butterflies, though possessing some peculiar forms of Satyrinw and
Lycenide.

It is only when we progress eastward along the belt between the
first mountain range and the sea-coast, that the Rhopalocerous fauna
finds conditions more and more favourable for its development. Thus,
at Knysna, where extensive forests of large trees clothe a large area, I
collected, during nine months’ residence, sixty-two species; and I have
no doubt that a more prolonged investigation of the district generally
would yield several others. Considerably farther eastward, the Albany
district (especially the neighbourhood of Grahamstown, where Mrs.
Barber and other good collectors have resided) has produced eighty-
three species; and, from the little that has been done at Port Alfred,
at the mouth of the Kowie River, I anticipate that this number will
be considerably increased when that part is attended to by a resident
collector. British Kaffraria (chiefly the vicinity of King William’s
Town) yielded ninety-four species to the researches of Mr. W. S. M.
D’Urban many years ago, and the rich district of Hast London, when
properly worked, will undoubtedly add largely to the local list. Across
the Kei River, in the wooded valley of the Bashee, Colonel Bowker
collected 117 species, and added several others from the T’somo (the
principal tributary of the Kei) and other parts of the territory. From
the Bashee River northward, little is on record respecting the native
butterflies until reaching D’Urban, on the coast of Natal, where the
augmentation of their ranks is most remarkable. At this spot, the
Rhopalocera become a constant and beautiful feature of the scenery,
and, from their size, abundance, and beauty, cannot be overlooked by
the most casual observer. I was so much struck with their prevalence,
that, on several days during the summer of 1867, I made a careful
register of all the kinds met with. The most productive day was the
4th February, when, in a radius of certainly not more than three miles
from the town, I captured or determined with certainty no less than
jifty-four species, and believe that several examples which I noticed

1 One more species than the vicinity of Cape Town has yielded to careful research by
many collectors, and by myself for twenty-five years, even including the six occasional

stragglers named in the text. Such a “bag” in a single day’s collecting compares well
even with Mr. Wallace’s experience (mentioned above) of the rich Malayan Islands.

44 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

without being able to reach or identify them belonged to species not
included in that number. On the coast of Natal, as far as the Tugela,
I took in a period of ten weeks 134 species; and 206 are now known
to me as certainly inhabiting the tract.

At Delagoa Bay—the richness of whose butterfly fauna has only
of recent years been made known by the late Mr. J. J. Monteiro and
by Mrs. Monteiro—not only do the characteristic forms of the Natal
coast prevail, but there are numerous very fine additions, for the most
part belonging to the Tropical Hast-African series. Such are the glassy
Acrea Rabbaice, the conspicuous green and yellow Huphedra Neophron,
the remarkable Godartia Wakefieldu, Charaxes Castor, Papilio Colonna,
&c., which do not appear to occur in Natal; while the lovely Crenis
Rosa seems only to have been met with elsewhere at the Victoria
Nyanza, and Pseudacrea Delagow, Charaxes Pheus, Deudorix Dariaves,
Pamphila producta, &c., are peculiar to the district. Swaziland and
the Lydenburg district of the Transvaal have been respectively the
scene of considerable collections by the late Mr. E. C. Buxton and by
Mr. T. Ayres; they are evidently rich in butterflies, but have not
hitherto yielded the striking forms just mentioned as characteristic of
the not far distant Delagoa Bay.

As regards the high-lying interior country, there can be little
doubt that it is very poor. In Basutoland, Colonel Bowker’s assiduous
researches for more than two years produced only sixty-two kinds. I
have no record of the Orange Free State butterflies, but Dr. H. Exton,
a good observer, informs me that they are few and inconspicuous, and
the ten or twelve species I have seen are the same as some of those
inhabiting Basutoland. Griqualand West seems almost equally poor,
except along the course of the Vaal River, where Colonel Bowker and
Mrs. Barber found a good many rather striking forms. The elevated
Transvaal tracts must be richer, judging from Mr. T. Ayres’ collection,
received in 1879, which contained seventy-nine species from the south-
western district of Potchefstroom. The few Bechuanaland butterflies
that I have examined were taken at Motito, many years ago, by the
late Rev. J. Frédoux; they were identical with species occurring in
Griqualand West. The great adjacent territory, styled the Kalahari
“ Desert,” has not to my knowledge had any of its Rhopalocera brought
to scientific notice; and the conterminous wide tracts between it and
the Atlantic, collectively named Great Namaqualand, are all but equally
unknown; Mr. W. C. Palgrave being the only traveller of my acquaint-
ance who noticed the butterflies among other insects there, and brought
me six or seven kinds, reporting that in the barren country he
traversed they were very scarce.

NYMPHALID&. 45

Famity I.—NYMPHALIDA.

Nymphalide, Swainson, “ Phil. Mag., Ser. II. vol. i. p. 1873 March,
1827.”

Suspenst (excl. Libythides), Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i: pp. 162 and 164
(1836).

Nymphalide and Satyride, Swains., Hist. and Nat. Arrangem. Ins., pp. 90
and 93 (1840).

Helicontide and Nymphalide, Westw., Intr. Mod. Class. Ins., ii. pp. 347
(1840).

Danaide, Ageronide, Heliconide, Acreide, Nymphalide, Morphide,
Brassolide, Satyride, and Eurytelide, Doubl. and Westw., Gen.
Diurn. Lep (1846-52).

Nymphalide, Bates, Journ. Ent., 1861, p. 220; 1864, p. 176.

Imaco.—First pair of legs in both sexes much smaller and more
slender than the others, and too short to be used in walking or.
clinging: in the male usually much more reduced than in the female,
and with the tarsus devoid of terminal claws, not jointed, or even
(rarely) wanting altogether; in the female with the targus five-jointed
(the fifth joint sometimes scarcely perceptible), but without terminal
claws.

Larva.—Cylindrical: often set with spines generally; or some-
what rugose, with spines on the head; or tomentose, with the tail
bifid; or smooth, with a few pairs of flexible tentacles.

Pupa.—Suspended vertically by the tail only.

Throughout this great Family, which embraces six Sub-Families,
223 genera, and more than 4000 known species, amid very great
diversity of structure generally, one distinctive character only, viz.,
the greater or less atrophy of the fore-legs in both sexes, prevails
without exception. Functionally impotent in every member of the
group, these limbs are most reduced in the Sub-Families Danaine
and Satyrinw, the extreme in the former being reached in the South-
American genus Sais—the male of which, as Doubleday records,}
has the fore-legs only about one-sixteenth of the length of the middle
and hind-legs—and in the latter in the South-American genus
Lymanopoda and the Old-World genus Ypthima.2 In two of the
cases referred to, besides the very small size of the fore-legs, both
tibia and tarsus are aborted, being represented by a small knob,
and in Ypthima even the femur is merged in the small appendage
which alone represents the limb beyond the coxa. The same legs in
the female are in these genera far more complete, but still very small,
and in many of the Satyrinw they are but little more developed than
in the male.

As indicated in the tabular view of the Sub-Order Rhopalocera

1 Gen. Diurn. Lep., i. p. 132.
2 A species of this genus, Y. Asterope, Klug, is a widely distributed native of South
Africa.

46 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

given above, a characteristic point in the neuration of the wings in
this Family is the presence or absence of the lower disco-cellular nervule
in the hind-wings, according to which the discoidal cell is closed or
open. This nervule is well developed throughout all the Sub-Families
except the Vymphaline, in which the majority of the genera has the
cell quite open, though in many others the closing nervule is distinctly
or feebly exhibited.

Three of the six Sub-Families, viz., the Danainw, Acreinew, and
FHeliconinw, are readily distinguished from the rest by their elongated
body and wings. In the Heliconide Danainw of South America and
in the Heliconine of the same region, which possess this elongation in
its greatest development, the antenne are also, in general, very long.
The Danaine present an apparently constant distinction in the internal
nervure of the fore-wings, which is very slender and short, and, instead
of having a free course to the inner margin, as in the Papilionine,
ends by anastomosing with the immediately superior submedian ner-
vure.. The Acrwine differ from the Heliconine in their much narrower
head, thicker palpi, shorter and more abruptly clavate antenne, shorter
wings, and usually much longer discoidal cell of the hind-wings. All
these three Sub-Families are also characterised by the small develop-
ment of the thorax, which is much shorter and narrower than in the
Nymphaline and Srassoline—in this respect resembling that of the
Satyrine.

The Brassolinw, which are confined to South America, are singular
among the Vymphalide in possessing in the hind-wings a small pre-
discoidal cell, formed (as in the Papilionine) by the junction of the
lower branch of the precostal with the costal nervure. The principal
differences between the Vymphalinew and Satyrine are that the former
have generally a more robust structure, especially as regards the size
of the thorax and the thickness and rigidity of the wings; their palpi
are more porrect, and clothed with scales more than with hairs; the
fore-legs of the male are better developed; and the discoidal cell of
the hind-wings is usually open or but imperfectly closed.

When we turn to the Zarve and Pupe of the several Sub-Families,
we do not find that the differences among them are such as to make
the divisions founded upon them correspond closely with the groups
formed from the characters of the perfect insects, but there is never-
theless very considerable agreement between the two arrangements.
Thus the Danaine larvee differ from all the rest in having the skin
smooth, with simply a few pairs of thread-like tentacles or two rows of
small tubercles; while the pup are very round, short, and smooth,
with a blunt head. The Satyrinw larve are attenuated towards the
hinder extremity, which is usually bifid or forked, and their skin is set
with a stiff sparse clothing of extremely short hairs; their head is

1 The same arrangement of the internal nervure recurs in some of the more robust genera
of Pierine, such as Hebomoia, Eronia, Callidryas, &c.

DANAINA, 47

usually rounded, but sometimes more or less cleft superiorly, and
occasionally furnished with a pair of spines or horns. The pups are
more elongate than those of the Danaine, but still thick and rounded,
only a few of them exhibiting any approach to angular prominences.
In these characters, however, the earlier states of the Satyrinw very
much resemble not only those of the Brassoline, but also those of the
large and important portion of the Nymphalinw represented by the
genera Apatura, Charaxes, &c. The rest of the Nymphalinew agree
with the Heliconinw and Acrwine in the larve being thickly set with
branched or bristled spines, but only a portion of the first-named group
have the head armed with spines as well as the rest of the body. The
pupz are elongated in both Heliconine and Acreinw ; they appear to
be almost without angles in the former, and are only bluntly angulated
in the latter; but those of the Nymphaline with spinose larve are
much thicker, more curved abdominally, and prominently angulated,
with the head strongly bifid.

The Family Nymphalide is better represented in South Africa
than any other, thirty-five genera being recorded, comprising 118
known species. The Sub-Family Mymphaline is by far the richest,
including five more genera (20) and four more species (61) than
those of the three other Sub-Families combined. The Satyrinw
follow with nine genera and twenty-nine species, and after them the
Acreine with four genera and twenty-four species, while the Danaine
present only two genera and four species. With respect to the last, it
should be remarked that their very small number does but reflect the
poverty with which the Danaine are represented in Africa generally,
only fourteen species belonging to three genera being known from the
whole Ethiopian Region. This paucity of forms is the more singular
because these African Danainw are unquestionably protected species,
and no less than nine of the fourteen are known to be the direct objects
of mimicry by butterflies of other groups. Even more striking, how-
ever, is the scarcity of the Acrwinw to the eastward of Africa, only
three species being known from the entire Oriental Region, and only
two from the Australian Region; but not one of these five species is,
so far as I am aware, the object of mimicry, whereas numerous cases of
this occur among the African, and some among the American Acreine.

Sus-Famity 1.—DANAINZE.
Danaides and Heliconides (part), Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 165 (1836).
Danaide and Heliconide (part), Doubl. and Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep.,
i. pp. 84, 96 (1847).
Danaine, Bates, Journ. Ent., 1861, p. 220; 1864, p. 176.
Imaco.—Head of moderate size, or rather small; eyes oval, pro-
minent, naked; palpi slender, short, divergent, rising but little above

48 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

forehead, clothed with scales and beneath also with hairs—terminal joint
very small and short; antenne rather thick, very gradually clavate,
rather short, or of moderate length in the Old-World genera, but long
or very long in the South-American genera. Thorax rather short and
narrow. Fore-wings elongate, and usually produced in apical portion:
discoidal cell always elongate, closed; upper radial nervule united to,
and often apparently continuous of, subcostal nervule—the Ist disco-
cellular nervule being obsolete; lower radial in several New-World
genera penetrating discoidal cell; subcostal nervure 5-branched—the
Ist nervule branching off at some distance before the extremity of the
discoidal cell, and sometimes anastomosing with the costal nervure; in-
ternal nervure very slender and short, uniting with submedian nervure
at a little distance from base. Hind-wings large, obovate, more elongate
in the New-World genera; discoidal cell usually rather elongate,
closed ; costal nervure short, sometimes joined to subcostal nervure for a
little distance from base ; radial nervule usually appearing more associ-
ated with the subcostal than with the median nervure, and in several
New-World genera penetrating discoidal cell; internal nervure well
developed and terminating at, or a little before, anal angle; inner
margin convex near its origin, but not channelled completely so as to
receive abdomen. Middle and hind legs rather long and thick; tibize
spiny, with terminal spurs of moderate size. Fore-legs very small and
short ; the tarsi in the male reduced to one joint (or rarely two), in the
female usually to four joints, and without any claws.

Abdomen elongate, slender, but usually thickened towards extremity ;
very long in the South-American genera.

Larva.—Moderately stout, smooth, somewhat attenuated towards
the head, with two or more pairs of long fleshy dorsal filaments, or
with two rows of small tubercles.

Pura.—Short, stout, rounded, smooth; somewhat constricted at
junction of thorax and abdomen. Often wholly golden, or with golden
spots and lines.

The Butterflies of this Sub-Family are well characterised by their
long abdomen and fore-wings, very gradual clavation (in the genus
FHestia all but obsolete) of the antennz, very small palpi, and slender
internal nervure anastomosing with the submedian nervure of the fore-
wings. As mentioned above in the notes on the Family Nymphalidae,
the atrophy of the fore-legs attains an extreme degree in the males of
some of the New-World genera, tibia and tarsus together being repre-
sented by a single small thick joint; but it is also very well marked in
those of the Old World; and it is to be noted that the same limbs in
the female are often better developed and with more distinct tarsal arti-
culations among those South-American genera whose males exhibit the
extreme atrophy mentioned, than in the case of other (especially Old-
World) genera, where’ the male fore-legs are not so greatly reduced.
The males of many species of Danais and Huplea present conspicuous

DANAINA, 49

secondary sexual characters in the form of small vesicular sacs, or of
smooth differently-scaled streaks or patches on the wings; and several
of the latter genus have the inner margin of the fore-wings greatly
expanded convexly, so as to cover a considerable space of the hind-
wings, and the two opposed surfaces are smooth and glistening, and
coated with scales of different form from those clothing the wings
generally. I believe that the peculiar tufted organs protruded from
the extremity of the abdomen by many species of these two genera,
as well as of Amauris, Lycorea, and Ituna, are also peculiar to the
male.

The South-American (Heliconioid) forms of Danaine are more
specialised, and depart farther in structure and appearance from the
other groups of Vymphalide and of butterflies generally, than the Old-
World forms. In such genera as Mechanitis and Melinwa, the elonga-
tion of antenne, wings, and abdomen is extraordinary; and it is
scarcely less in Methona, Athesis, and [thomia, which are rendered of
even more remarkable aspect by the great (in many Jihomie almost
entire) transparency of their wings. The neuration of their hind-
wings exhibits many peculiarities, particularly that of the crowding
together of the costal and subcostal nervures (with the branches of the
latter) close to the costa; and in a good many cases the arrangement
of the disco-cellular and radial nervules differs considerably in the sexes
of the same species.

The maximum of size in the Sub-Family is attained by the species
of the very remarkable Oriental and Austro-Malayan genus Hestia—
semi-transparent white or greyish butterflies, strongly veined and
spotted with black—some of which expand over six inches across the
fore-wings. Many of the Huplew from the same region are also of
large size, and nearly all the species of Danais are butterflies of con-
siderable stature.

Conspicuous rather than brilliant colouring prevails throughout the
group, the bands and spots being usually in strong contrast to the
ground-colour ; but many of the Huplew have a splendid purple-blue
gloss over their dark-brown white-spotted wings. There are few, if
any, instances of marked disparity in the colouring of the sexes. The
head and thorax throughout the Old-World forms, and in many
of those characteristic of the Neo-Tropical Region, are spotted with
white.

Africa, as stated above, is singularly poor in Danainw, The great
Hastern genus Huplea only reaches the edge of the region in two
species inhabiting the Mascarene Islands and Madagascar. One of
these, H. Goudotii, Boisd., was recorded as having occurred in Zululand,
a specimen ticketed with that locality having been presented to the
British Museum by Dr. (afterwards Sir) Andrew Smith ; but no South-
African example has since been met with, and it is almost certain that
the habitat assigned to Dr. Smith’s specimen was a mistaken one.

VOL. I. D

50 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

The genus Danais, also numerously represented in the Oriental Region,
has but two species known to inhabit the African continent, viz., the
very widely-spread D. Chrysippus (Linn.) and a variety of D. Limniace
(Cram.) The ten remaining Ethiopian Danaine belong to the endemic
genus Amauris, very closely allied to Danais.

South Africa possesses only four known species of the Sub-Family,
viz., Danais Chrysippus, and three species of Amauris, two of which
inhabit also South Tropical Africa, while the third, A. Echeria (Stoll),
has occurred north of the equator at Fernando Po. All these four
species are the direct objects of the remarkable mimicry by butterflies
of other groups which has been mentioned above, and the known cases
of which in South Africa are tabulated at p. 37.

The plants eaten by the Danainw larve mainly belong to the
Orders Asclepiadacee and Apocynacee ; but according to a note by Dr.
Thwaites (Moore’s Lepid. of Ceylon, i. p. 2), some of them in Ceylon
feed also on species of fig.

Genus DANAIS.

Danais, Latreille, Encyc. Meth., ix. p. 10 (1819), [Part].
Euplea, Fabricius, Syst. Glossat., in Iliger’s Mag., vi. p. 280 (1807), [ Part].
Danais, E. Doubl., Gen. Diurn. Lep., i. p. 89 (1847), ), [Part].

Imaco.—Antenne rather short, about half as long as the whole
body, from 1 to = the length of the fore-wings, gradually but distinctly
clubbed. Fore-wings prolonged in apical region ; apex rounded ; hind-
margin slightly hollowed; inner margin rather prominent in basal
half; first subcostal nervule given off a little before the end of dis-
coidal cell, and ending freely on costa,—second at end of cell,
immediately above junction of upper radial nervule—third midway
between second and fourth,—fourth terminating at apex,—fifth a little
below apex; disco-cellular nervules forming a rather acute angle at
junction of lower radial nervule. Hind-wings rather elongate, but
obtusely rounded; costa nearly straight; discoidal cell rather short,
its extremity widened, obliquely closed by lower disco-cellular nervule,
which forms an acute angle with third median nervule; on lower side
of first median nervule, or between it and submedian nervure, the ¢
with a small pouch or sac, in some species free and very prominent
on the under side. ore-legs very small, about equal in size in the
two sexes; tarsi in the ¢ one- or indistinctly two-jointed, in the 9
indistinctly three- or four-jointed. Middle and hind legs with tarsi
well spined; the terminal claws long, without pulvillus or paronychia.
Abdomen considerably shorter than inner margin of hind-wings.

Larva.—A pair of long dorsal filaments on the third segment; a
similar pair of shorter ones on the twelfth sezment ; sometimes (as in
D. Chrysippus) with a third pair of moderate length on the sixth segment.

DANAINE. 51

Pupa.—Thickest abdominal segment with a dorsal and lateral half
ring, ridged and finely tuberculated.

The first (Amauris, Hiibn.) and fourth (Jdeopsis, Horsf.) sections
of this genus, established by E. Doubleday (op. cit.), have been separated
by later writers, Danais as restricted including the two sections of
which D. Chrysippus (Linn.) and D. Limniace (Cram.) are represen-
tatives. Besides the different form and slightly different position of
the sac in the hind-wings of the 4, the sections are distinguishable by
a very different colouring, the Chrysippus group being chiefly ochre-
red with white-spotted black margins, while the Limniace group has
the wings blackish or brown with greenish or whitish stripes and spots
between the nervures.

It is curious that of this genus, containing about forty species and
the most widely distributed of the Sub-Family, only two species should
be found in the whole of the African continent. D. Chrysippus ranges
all over Africa, and is a common species all through the Southern
Extra-Tropical Sub-Region; but the other, a variety of D. Limniace
which was named Petiverana by Doubleday (and subsequently Leonora
by Mr. A. G. Butler), representing so decidedly Oriental and Australian
a form, has hitherto only been brought from the Gold Coast and Angola
on the west, and from Mombas and the Upper Nile on the east. It
is very probable that other races of this section of Danais will be found
to inhabit Eastern and Central Africa, and possibly a representative
may extend as far as the Delagoa Bay district.

The dominant American species, D. Hrippus (Cram.), which is
apparently abundant from Canada to Uruguay, is at the present time
ranging widely afield, having of late years appeared in New Zealand,
and even been captured in England. D. Chrysippus (as will be seen
below) has also an immensely wide, though different, distribution,
extending north and south from Southern Italy to Cape Town, and
west and east from Sierra Leone to Timor.

1. (1.) Danais Chrysippus (Linnzus).

Papilio Chrysippus, Linn., Mus, Lud. Ulr. Reg., p. 263, n. 82 (1764);
Syst. Nat., ed. xii, tom. 1, pars 2, p. 767, n. 119 (1767).
Papilio Chrysippus, Cram., Pap. Exot., pl. exvii. ff. B, c. (1779).
¢ and 9°, Limnas ferrug. Chrysippus, Hiibn., Samm]. Exot. Schmett., bd.
i, (1806); Huplea Chrysippe, Hiibn., Verz. Bek. Schmett., p. 15,
n, 81 (1816).
Danais Chrysippe, Godt., Encyc. Meth., ix. p. 187, n. 38 (1819).
3, @, and Vars., Danais Chrysippus, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 88,
n. 56 (1862), and ii. p. 333 (1866).
9, Danais Chrysippus, Trim., Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. xxvi. pl. 42,
f. 5 (1869).
Var, A. Papilio Alcippus, Cram., op. cit., pl. exxvii. ff. z, F. [ 3].
Var. B. Euplea Dorippus, Klug, Symb. Phys., dec. v. t. 48, ff. 1-5 (1845).
3, Danais Dorippus, Oberthiir, Etudes d’Ent., iii. pl 1, f. 5
(1878).

52 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Larva AND Popa.
(Javanese).—Horsf. and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. Mus., vol. i. pl. 4, ff.

7, 7a (1857).

(South-African).—Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., pt. i. pp. 89, 90 (1862), and pt.
ii. pl. 1, ff. 3, 3a (1866).

(Cingalese).—Moore, Lep. Ceyl., p. 7, pl. 3, f. 1b (1880).

Eup. al., 2 in. 8 lin.—3 in. 7 lin.

| Dull red-ochre, with white-spotted black margins. Fove-wing : costa
with a narrow black edging as far as extremity of discoidal cell, where
the black suddenly widens, covering apical portion of wing, and
narrowing again to anal angle,—the inner edge of the black is
irregularly excavate; on costa, before middle, almost invariably an
elongate, small, white mark; followed, a little farther on, by a similar,
rather larger mark, immediately above extremity of discoidal cell,
where there is generally a small, rounded white spot; beyond these, an
oblique row of six more or less closely-connected, somewhat quadrate,
white spots, extends from costa to bend of hind-margin, meeting a
hind-marginal row of from four to six small white spots, situate close
to hind-margin’s edge, about its middle; two white spots at apex, the
outer one close to commencement of hind-margin ; above these two
spots, and a little before them, are sometimes two minute white dots ;
almost always a rounded white spot between third and second median
nervules, close to the junction of red and black; and between the same
nervules, immediately beneath the sixth spot of the oblique row, a
similar, rather smaller spot; cilia conspicuously black and white
chequered. Hind-wing: rather paler than fore-wing ; three ill-defined
black spots on upper side of discoidal cell,—the largest spot occupying
extremity of cell; on costa, beyond middle, a narrow blackish mark,
relieved with white on either side, connected by a black line with a
moderately broad, inwardly much excavate, black hind-marginal bor-
der, sometimes containing a few white dots near anal angle, more
rarely a few near apex, sometimes wholly spotless ; ¢ badge black; cilia
as in fore-wing. UNDER swDE.—White markings generally like those
on upper side; apex of fore-wing (beyond oblique white band) and
whole of hind-wing, soft, creamy, ochre-yellow. Fore-wing: red darker
than on upper side near costa, paler near inner margin; black colour-
ing within the oblique white band as on upper side; a hind-marginal
narrow black band from apex, containing a conspicuous outer row of
white spots throughout, and an inner row of smaller spots only bor-
dering the apical yellow. Hind-wing: base black, containing three
white spots; nervures and black markings all relieved by a white or
whitish edging; costal spot broader than on upper side, with a con-
spicuous, white, black-tipped spot on each side of it ; before it, on costa,
a narrower, less conspicuous, but similar, black and white marking ;
hind-marginal band marked throughout with large and conspicuous
white spots, arranged in pairs between nervules; spots bordering

DANAINA. 53

discoidal cell larger and blacker than on upper side; ¢ badge con-
spicuous, being centred with white. Cilia of both wings as on upper side.

Var. A. (Alcippus, Cram.) ¢ and 2.

Dise of hind-wing more or less widely suffused with white, particu-
larly on upper side.

Var. B. (Dorippus, Klug), # and 8.

Black and white of apical portion of fore-wing wanting, replaced by
the red-ochre ground-colour ; hind-marginal black of both wings blurred,
and its white spots obsolete on upper side. General colour duller and
paler than in type-form. Disc of hind-wing often suffused with white,
as in Alcippus.

Aberration.—§, Exp. al., 2 in. 10 lin.

In fore-wing, the costal spots, the sub-apical bar as far as third
median nervule, and (less completely) the small separate spot at junc-
tion of ground-colour and apical black, wnited into one broad, rather
suffused, white marking, which extends a little into discoidal cell and
narrowly along costa to before middle, leaving a thin black streak
closing the cell.

Hab.—King William’s Town (M. E, Barber, August 1870). In
the collection of R. Trimen.

Larva.—Pale bluish-grey ; on the back transversely barred with
bright pale-yellow and streaked with black. Yellow bar on front of
each segment from 3rd to 12th (both inclusive), edged with black both
' anteriorly and posteriorly, and usually divided mesially by a short
black streak uniting the black edges; three thin black streaks across
each of these segments in its middle and posterior portion, and three
similar streaks also on 2nd and last segments; front of head with
a black horseshoe-shaped streak ; spiracular stripe bright-yellow, rather
suffused ; legs bluish-grey barred with black. Three pairs of moder-
ately long, black, flexible filaments, springing from the back of the 3rd,
6th, and 12th segments respectively, in each case from near the ex-
tremities of the transverse yellow bar; all these filaments are crimson
just at the base, and the front pair longer than the others. Length,
fan: 6-6 lin,

Food -plants: Gomphocarpus fruticosus and other Asclepiads.
“ Near Grahamstown on Gomph. fruticosus, H. Meyer; in Trans-Kei on
Ceropegia Barberew, Harvey” (M. E. Barber). “ Near King William’s
Town on Stapelia sp.” (J. H. Bowker). |

Pupa.—Semi-transparent ; either green or pinkish, and sometimes
of a tint including both hues. A raised golden spot on each eye, at
the base of the wings, and about the middle of the costal edge of the
wings ; also two similar spots on each side of back of thorax. On fourth
segment of abdomen, dorsally and laterally, a thin blackish tuberculated
ridge, edged posteriorly by a continuous row of golden dots. Attached
to twigs of the larva’s food-plant. Usual period of development into
imago, fourteen to twenty days.

54 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

This well-known butterfly is an abundant species in nearly all parts of
‘South Africa, but seems much less common near Cape Town than elsewhere.
Its size and boldly-contrasted colours, in conjunction with its rather slow flight
and habit of frequenting open ground and gardens, render it a very conspicuous
object. Though so indifferent to concealment, I have often noticed that, when
conscious of being pursued, it very considerably increases its speed, and exhibits
very respectable powers of flight. Apart from the unpalatable nature which
renders it distasteful to insect-eaters, there can be no doubt that the wide pre-
valence of Chrysippus is largely due to the circumstance that its larva affects
chiefly, if not solely, asclepiad plants, which very few, if any, herbivorous
mammals will feed upon.

I have met with the butterfly on the wing from November to May; Mr.
W. 8. M. D’Urban noticed it in British Kaffraria from December to July.

The larva is very conspicuous, and lives fully exposed on its food-plants. In
walking, the first pair of filaments is kept in continual slow motion backward and
forward, each filament moving alternately ; but the other pairs are motionless.

I have not found the variable colouring of the pupa to accord with its im-
mediate environment, though I have allowed the larve in confinement free
choice of various convenient surfaces for pupation, with the view of ascertaining
whether there was any relation between the green or reddish tint and the
colouring of adjacent objects. It seems not improbable that this brilliant pupa
stands in no need of special protection, but, like the imago (and apparently the
larva also), is avoided by insectivorous animals.

The African specimens of Chrysippus differ from the Asiatic in their deeper
red ground-colour, narrower subapical white bar in the fore-wings, and (usually)
smaller and fewer white dots in the hind-marginal black borders.

The Variety Alcippus, Cr., with white suffused hind-wings but ordinary
fore-wings, prevails very largely on the Western Coast of North-Tropical Africa,
while on the Eastern Coast, and in Abyssinia, Nubia, &e., the Variety Dorippus
appears to be as common as the type-form.

In South Africa the former is not uncommon, but the white on the hind-
Wings is less developed as a rule. Dorippus, on the contrary, is seldom met
with, and the only example I possess was taken by the late Mr. M‘Ken at
D’Urban, Natal. It is a ¢?, considerably larger than Klug’s figure (op. cit.),
with very little sign of the hind-wing’s white suffusion, and much less fuscous
clouding on costa of fore-wing, but with a good deal of the dusky tint over the
basal half of both wings shown in Klug’s Var. ¢ (fig. 5).

# Mr. A. G. Butler (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, pp. 480, 481) has published
Major Yerbury’s notes on D. Chrysippus at Aden, from which it appears that
both the above-named varieties occur there commonly in company with the
typical form, and that_the latter and the variety Dorippus were very frequently
taken in coitu.

_ This Danais is very accurately mimicked by the § Diadema Misippus
(Linn.), even its varieties Alcippus and Dorippus being copied by corresponding
varieties of the 9 Diadema. Less exact but very obvious mimickers are the
form of the ? Papilio Cenea (Stoll), named Zrophonius by Westwood, and
the 9 Argynnis Niphe (Linn.) The latter butterfly, so common in India and
China, is recorded by M. Ch. Oberthiir among the species taken in Abyssinia
by the Marchese Antinori in 1877. :

The very extensive range of D. Chrysippus is as follows, viz. :—

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
a, Western Districts.— Cape Town. Caledon (Genadendal: G.
Hettarsch). Worcester. Robertson. Victoria West (Kenhart :
F. Chittenden). Oudtshoorn (Adams). Knysna and Pletten-
berg Bay. Ookiep, Namaqualand District (Z. Péringuey).

DANAINA, 55

6. Eastern Districts——Murraysburg (J. J. Muskett). Colesberg (A.
F. Ortlepp). Uitenhage (S. D. Bairstow). Grahamstown. Kowie
River Mouth (J. Fry). King William’s Town.
d. Basutoland.—Maseru (J. H. Bowker’).
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Butterworth (J. H. Bowker). Bashee River
(J. H. Bowker).
E. Natal.
a. Coast Districts—D’Urban. Verulam. Tongaati River.
b. Upper Districts.—Pietermaritzburg. Greytown. Estcourt (J. MW.
Hutchinson).
F. Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay (H. Tower).
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom (7. Ayres). Marico and Upper Limpopo
Rivers (Ff. C. Selous).
L. South Bechuanaland.—Motito (J. Frédouz).

II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.

a. Western Coast. — Damaraland (Otjimbingue: H. Hutchinson) ;
‘** Swakop River ae) ”: Wallengren). Angola (“S. Paolo
de Loanda (R. Meldola)” : A. G. Butler). Congo (“‘ Kinsembo
(HZ. Ansell)”: A.G. Butler). “‘Chinchoxo (Falhenstein)” : Dewitz.

aa. St. Helena.

a1. Interior.—Khama’s Country, near Bamangwato (H. Barber).
“ Gubuleweyo and Umvungu (Oates).”— Westwood.

b. Eastern Coast. i Ri Mozambique
(“ Querimba” : Hopfer). “ Zanzibar (Raffray).”—Oberthiir.

bi. Interior.—* Victoria Nyanza (Lev. J. Hannington.)”—A. G. Butler.
“ Kilima-njaro (H. H. Johnston.) —F. D. Godman [Dorippus].

bb. Comoro Islands: “Johanna (C. W. Beat). ”__A. G. Butler.
Madagascar (Layard). ‘‘ Bourbon”: Boisduval. Mauritius.
“ Rodriguez (Gulliver)”: A.G. Butler. Socotra (J. B. Balfour).

B. North Tropical.

a. Western Coast.—Fernando Po (Bourke). Gold Coast (Swanzy).
Sierra Leone (Cutter).

b. Eastern Coast.—Somaliland (Cape Guardafui: Heuglin). Abys-
sinia (“‘Shoa (Antinori))”: Oberthiir; ‘“ Atbara”: A. G.
Butler). Red Sea (“‘ Akeek Island and Harkeko (J. K. Lord)).”—
F. Walker. Nubia (‘‘ New Dongola and Ambukohl” : Klug).

C. Extra-Tropical North Africa,
a. Western Coast.—Canary Islands (Teneriffe : Coll. Brit. Mus.)
b. Eastern Coast.—Kgypt (“ Cairo (J. K. Lord)),.”—F, Walker.

III. Europe.
A. Southern Coast.—Italy (“‘ Naples.” —Gagliardi). Greece (“ Athens.”
—Doubleday). ‘“ Turkey."—A. G. Butler.

IV. Asia.

A. Southern Region.—Asia Minor. Syria. Arabia (“Wady Nash
(J. K. Lord) ).”—¥. Walker. “Aden (J. W. Yerbury.)?—A.
G. Butler. Persia. India ee N. W. Provinces”: De la Chau-
mette ; Scinde :—“ Kurrachee”: C. Swinhoe. Maden: E. Ind.
Mus.) ; Darjeeling: E. Ind. Mus.) Ceylon (Layard). Feeane
Brit, Mus, Coll. China (Hongkong: Brit. Mus.)

B. Malayan Archipelago.—Java: Brit. Mus. “ Philippine Islands.”—
A. G. Butler.

V. Australia.
A, Austro-Malayan Archipelago. Ceram: Brit. Mus. “ Timor”: Godart.

56 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Genus AMAURIS.

Amauris, Hiibner, Verz. Bek. Schmett., p. 14 (1816).

Danais, E. Doubl., Gen. Diurn. Lep., i. p. 89 (1847), [Part].

Amauris, Reakirt, “ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, Philad., 1866, p. 240.”
5 Butler, Lep. Exot., p. 54 (1870).

ImaGo.—Characters of Danais, except the following, viz., Antenne
rather longer, with the club more abruptly formed, thicker, and curved ;
palpi with the third joint longer, more porrect. ore-wings with the
disco-cellular nervules forming a much more obtuse angle (or even a
continuous curve only) at junction of lower radial nervule. Hind-wings
with discoidal cell longer, and wider near its extremity; sexual badge
of the 3 not a distinct sac, but a double, elongated, shining patch, near
anal angle, divided by the submedian nervure. Abdomen rather longer,
and more distinctly thickened posteriorly.

Larva.—With five pairs of divergent subdorsal filaments, on the
2nd, 4th, 6th, 1ith, and 12th segments (A. Echeria).

Pupa.—Gibbous, moderately angulated.

The structural distinctions from Danais are so slight, that, without
the additional characters presented by the larva and pupa, the peculiar
facies of the group, and its absolute limitation to the Ethiopian Region,
I should have hesitated to follow Reakirt and Butler in treating
Amauris as a distinct genus.

The ten or eleven species known are all black or brownish-black,
with extremely conspicuous, semi-transparent, white (rarely ochrey-
yellow) spots and patches. In A. Ochlea, Nossima, and dominicanus,
the white patches are so much enlarged as to occupy half the area of
the wings, but in A. Wiavius they are much reduced, and in the others
still smaller and more broken into spots. The hind-wing patch, so
conspicuous and largely developed in the majority of the species,
becomes smaller in A. Damocles, very small in A. inferna, and altogether
disappears in A. Vashti. Seven of the species (including the three
South-African ones, A. Echeria, A. Ochlea, and A. dominicanus) are very
accurately mimicked by butterflies of quite different groups (Wympha-
line and Papilionine), and it is probable that the remaining species
will also be found to have their faithful imitators in the countries
where they occur.

Of the three species inhabiting Southern Africa, only A. Zeheria,
Stoll, is at all widely distributed, being found in wooded spots very
generally, but not, as far as I know, occurring farther westward than
the Knysna District of the Cape Colony. The very striking and con-
spicuous A. dominicanus, mihi, and A. Ochlea, Boisd., have not hitherto
been recorded south of D’Urban in Natal. All the species of Amauris
appear to be strictly sylvan in their haunts, but I have taken A.
Pheedon, Fab., in Mauritius, on flowers in gardens at some little distance
from the woods.

DANAINA. 57

In flight the members of this genus have a very deliberate, floating
motion, and keep much about one spot. Unless they happen to be
sporting about some elevated branches beyond the collector’s reach,
they are usually easy of capture.

2. (1.) Amauris Echeria (Stoll).

Papilio Echeria, Stoll, Suppl. Cram. Pap. Exot., pl. 29, ff. 2, 2b (1791).

Amauris Echeria, Hiibn., Verz. Bek. Schmett., p. 14, n. 68 (1826).

Danais Vaillantiana, Godt., Encye. Meth., ix. p. 183, n. 25 (1819).

Danais Echeria, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 86, n. 55 (1862), and
Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., xxvi. t. 42, f. 3 [ ¢ ], (1869).

Var. A. Huplea Echeria, Boisd., App. Voy. de Deleg. dans ’Afr. Aust.,

p. 589, n. 48 (1847).
» Danais Echeria, Trim., op. cit., p. 87 (1862), and Trans. Linn.
Soc,, doc. cit., t. 42, £ 7 (9 ).

Exp. al., 2 in. 9 lin.—3 in. 2 lin.

Deep velvety-black, with pale ochrey-yellow and white spots. Fore-
wing: in discoidal cell, a little beyond its middle, a narrow, elongate,
irregularly shaped, oblique, yellow spot; below cell, and in an oblique
line with the last-named spot (but a little beyond it), between second
and first median nervules, a conspicuous, oval, large spot,—the largest
on the wing; at extremity of cell, but above sub-costal nervure, a small
yellow spot; a little beyond, and in a line with it, close to costa, a
yellow dot is the first of a row of four spots, obliquely crossing apical
portion of wing to near hind-margin, of which the second and third
are the largest, and somewhat quadrate in form, and the fourth is near
hind-margin, immediately beneath third median nervule; two small
white spots near apex, that nearest costa being often split into two by
the third subcostal nervule; near hind-margin, a small yellow spot
beneath second median nervule, and anothe¥ similar spot below first
median nervule; in some specimens, on hind-margin about middle, and
more rarely near apex, a few minute yellow or white dots; fringe
narrow, white dotted. Hind-wing: on costa, about middle, commences
a yellow band, which at first extends to extremity of discoidal cell,
whence it abruptly turns almost at right angles, and in a suddenly
much broadened form, to inner margin, of which it occupies the greater
portion,—it is divided into nine unequal portions by the nervures
crossing it; near hind-margin a row of yellow spots parallel to it,
varying from three to nine in number; ¢ badge on submedian ner-
vure well marked, but smaller than in A. Ochlea. UNDER sIDE.—
Very similar in marking, but paler than upper side. Fore-wing: spots
close to costa, and near hind-margin, white ; row of white dots along
hind-margin clearly defined and numerous, arranged in pairs between
nervules,—two pairs between first median nervule and submedian
nervure; apical portion of wing tinted dark-brown. Hind-wing:
glossed with brown, particularly in hind-marginal portion; two con-

58 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

spicuous white spots at base, close to thorax; inner and outer row of
hind-marginal spots both white and conspicuous, arranged in pairs
between nervules,—between third median nervule and submedian
nervure there are three spots in the inner row, and four in the outer.
Fringes of both wings white-dotted.

Var. A. ¢ and 2 (Albimaculata, Butl.)—All the spots in fore-
wing pure white. Under side paler; the ground-colour of hind-wing
and apical portion of fore-wing pale-brown. Hab. Natal, almost to
exclusion of type-form.

Wallengren (Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 20, in Kongl. Sv. Vetens.-Akad.
Handl., ii. pt. iv., 1857) notes a “ Kaffrarian” specimen in Wahlberg's
collection, belonging to this variety, in which the outer hind-marginal
row of white spots on the under side was entirely wanting.

Var. B. ¢.—Spots very small throughout, slightly aibon: with
yellow. Hind-wing patch unusually small, pale-yellow. Hab. Fer-
nando Po (Lieut. EK. Bourke, R.N.)

The species most nearly allied to A. Echeria is A. Egialea (Cram.), a native
of West Africa, known to inhabit Sierra Leone, Cape Palmas, and Ashanti.
Echeria is readily distinguished by the whole of its markings being smaller
and less transparent (especially the spot in the discoidal cell of fore-wing), and
by the small and well-defined yellow band of the hind-wing, the corresponding
marking in Lgialea beginning quite close to the base, and externally very
gradually shading off into the brown ground-colour.
== A. Phedon (Fab.), inhabiting Mauritius, is also a close ally, but its mark-
ings are, on the other hand, smaller than those of Echeria (with the exception
of the hind-marginal spots, which are larger), and the yellow band of the hind-
wing is totally different, being a rather straight and even bar across outer area
of the wing.

Larva.—Black, with narrow blue and orange longitudinal stripes.
Median dorsal stripe, from 5th to 13th segment, very narrow, bright-
blue; subdorsal lateral stripe interrupted, yellow-orange; spiracular
stripe (superior) interrupted, pale-orange, (inferior) festooned on each
segment, yellow-orange. Spiracles faintly ringed with light-blue.
Skin slightly rugose. Head smooth, black. Five pairs of rather
short, divergent, subdorsal black filaments, springing respectively from
the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 11th, and 12th segments.

Food-plant not known: two specimens found in clearing bush.

Pupa.—Thick, short, gibbous, moderately angulated. Shining
silvery-golden; the a and points defined with markings of rod
and black.

Attached by the tail only ; imago disclosed on the sixteenth day.

(The foregoing descriptions of larva and pupa are drawn up from
Mr. W. D. Gooch’s notes and pencil drawings of specimens observed at
Little Umhlanga, near D’Urban, Natal, in October 1873.)

Like most of the Danaine, this butterfly is rather gregarious, and the
males are far more frequently met with than the females on the wing. It is
strictly confined to woods and copses, and gardens immediately adjacent to

DANAIN A. 59

them. Its flight is remarkably graceful and leisurely, and on calm days higher
than that of Danais Chrysippus, though not nearly so extensive in range. It
is fond of floating across open spots in the woods, flapping its wings twice or
thrice in its course, and then of settling on some projecting twig and remaining
for some time motionless, usually with the wings closed and hanging down-
wards. When in pursuit of a companion, or when itself pursued by the
collector, Hcheria displays the power of much more rapid motion. I have
noted its appearance throughout the warmer months, viz., from the beginning
of October to about the middle of April.

The typical form figured by Stoll is that which prevails in the Cape
Colony and in that part of Kaffraria Proper which is near the eastern border of
the Colony; but I took one specimen at Port Natal in the summer of 1867.
The Variety A., with white spots in the fore-wings (first noticed by Boisduval),
is, on the contrary, very scarce in the Colony—I only met with one at Knysna—
but becomes more frequent on the Bashee River in Kaffraria, and is the prevalent
form at Natal. Colonel Bowker also met with this variety at Delagoa Bay
in 1878.}

The Variety B. above noted is in colouring much nearer to the type-form,
and is remarkable ‘as the only West-African (and indeed the only Tropical)
example of Echeria that is known to me. I examined the fine collection made
on the West Coast by Lieutenant Bourke of H.M.S. Druid in 1873, and he
distinctly recollected the capture of this solitary specimen at Fernando Po.
Without further material it is impossible to determine whether this specimen
represents a characteristic West-African form or is a mere aberration.

Amauris Echeria is of special interest in relation to the mimicry by other
butterflies of which it is the object. It may be said more than even Danais
Chrysippus to set the fashion in South Africa. The most accurate imitator
is the 9 Papilio Cenea, Stoll, small examples of which it is almost impossible
on the wing to distinguish from her model. Almost as good a mimic is Diadema
mima, Trim., both sexes very closely resembling the white-spotted variety of
Echeria. The 2? Papilio Echerioides, Trim., is also an excellent copy ; while
P. Brasidas, Feld.—an unstable species closely allied to P. Leonidas, Fab.—
presents some variations which very fairly imitate the favourite pattern. Some
examples of the Nymphaline Pseudacrea Tarquinia (Trim.), especially the
females, also indicate a decided leaning towards the prevalent livery, .

Localities of A. Acheria.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts.—Knysna.
b, Eastern Districts.—Grahamstown (Highlands: Jf. £. Barber).
D. Kaffraria Proper—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
E. Natal.
a. Coast Districts—D’Urban. Avoca (J. H. Bowker).
b. Upper Districts. —Pietermaritzburg (Miss Colenso),
F. Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay (H. Tower).
H. Delagoa Bay (J. J. Monteiro, and J. H. Bowker).

II. Other African Regions.

A. North Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Fernando Po (£. Bourke).

1 Tt should be noted that intermediate specimens, viz., with only the spots near costa of
fore-wings white, are occasionally captured.

60 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

3. (2.) Amauris Ochlea (Boisduval).

Euplea Ochlea, Boisd., App. Voy. de Deleg. dans l’Afr. Aust., p. 589,

n. 47 (1847). : ¥
Danais Ochlea, Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Aust., i, p. 85, n. 54 (1862), and ii,

pl. 2, f. 6 (1866).

Exp. al., 2 in. 11 lin—3 in. 6 lin.

3 Black, with a large semi-transparent white patch in each wing,
and smaller similar submarginal spots; cilia black varied with white.
Fore-wing : originating before middle, a large oblique, elongate, irregular
patch, divided into three portions by median nervure and first nervule,
extends from subcostal nervure to submedian nervure considerably
beyond middle; at extremity of discoidal cell (but above subcostal
nervure) a small spot; a little beyond it a smaller spot; an oblique
subapical bar of three confluent spots, extending from subcostal nervure
to third median nervule; a submarginal row of four widely-separated
spots, of which the first (near apex), third, and fourth are minute, but
the second (near extremity of subapical bar) is of moderate size and
rounded. Hind-wing: a very large sub-rhomboidal patch, divided into
ten very unequal portions by crossing nervures, leaves a small triangular
space at base, a very narrow costal edging, and a broad apical and
hind-marginal border, widening greatly in anal-angular region, black ;
this patch extends to its farthest point between radial and third median
nervule, and is narrowest (and rather suffused with greyish) on inner
margin; a submarginal row of two or three minute white spots, the
first close to apex and the last just below third median nervule; sexual
badge large and conspicuous, the two smooth spaces occupying both
sides of submedian nervure almost throughout its passage across the
black portion of the wing. UNDER sIDE.—Chief white markings as on
upper side; ground of hind-wing and apical portion of fore-wing glossy
ochreous-brown. Fore-wing: two minute white spots close to apex; a
row of four or five white dots along middle part of hind-marginal edge.
Hind-wing: submarginal row of spots increased by several white dots,
of which the last is just above submedian nervure; an outer row of
white dots arranged in inter-nervular pairs along the whole hind-mar-
ginal edge as far as submedian nervure ; basal space and costal edging
pitchy-black, the former with a small but conspicuous white spot.

? rather larger than ¢, but with the same markings. Hind-wing:
anal-angular inner-marginal region dull brownish-grey.

This Amauris is in colouring and pattern much like A. dominicanus, mihi,
but at once distinguished by its inferior size and by the oblique median white
bar (instead of white inner-marginal space) of its fore-wings. It is more nearly
related to A. Nossima, Ward, a native of Madagascar, but the latter is also a
much larger butterfly, and its white markings are proportionally so much more
extensive as to occupy in both fore and hind wings the greater part of their
area; the principal white patch of fore-wing occupying the discoidal cell almost
to the base. Another ally is A. Hyalites, Butl., from Ambriz, leading in the
direction of A. Egialea (Cram.); this butterfly has the hind-wing patch very

DANAINZ, 61

like that of Ochlea, but may at once be recognised by its presenting in the
middle of the fore-wing two widely separated spots instead of the broad un-
broken bar.

I did not meet with this species while in Natal. Mr. W. D. Gooch informs
me that it appears in very unequal numbers in different years, but is sometimes
numerous. He found it, like A. Heheria, a strictly sylvan butterfly.

Colonel Bowker took nine examples at Delagoa Bay in September 1878,
and described the species as abundant at Lorengo Marques, flying about with
A. Echeria, At Quilimane he noticed it sporting in company with A. domini.
canus, He subsequently (in 1879) forwarded several specimens captured on
the coast of Natal.

Like the other South-African Danainw, A. Ochlea is the object of mimicry
by a Diadema, the imitator being D. deceptor, Trimen, an exceedingly rare
species inhabiting the coast of Natal; but there is no known Papilio which
copies it,

Localities of A. Ochlea.
I, South Africa.
E. Natal. .
a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban (M‘Ken and J. H. Bowker).
F. Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay (Hl. Tower).
H. Delagoa Bay (J. J. Monteiro and J. H. Bowker).
II. Other African Regions,
A. South Tropical.

b. Eastern Coast.—“ Quilimane.”—J. H. Bowker. “ Zanzibar.” —
Boisd.

4. (3.) Amauris dominicanus, Trimen.

Danais Niavius (Linn.), var., Trimen, Trans. Linn. Soc., xxvi. pp. 511,
521, pl. 42, f. 6 (3d), (1869).

3 2 Amauris dominicanus, 'Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 323.

Exp. al., (3) 3 in. 11 lin,—gq in.; (2) 3 in. 10-17 lin,

Black, with semi-transparent white patches and spots. Fore-wing :
inner-marginal white patch large, roughly semicircular, not extending
to base or anal angle or into discoidal cell; subapical oblique white
bar broad, its extremities not attaining quite to costal or hind-marginal
edges; a very oblique elongate white spot in outer half of discoidal
cell; another (longitudinally) close to costa, immediately before sub-
apical bar; two small rounded spots close to apex; a submarginal row
of 3—4 small spots just below subapical bar, succeeded by a hind-
marginal row of smaller spots. Hind-wing: one large white patch
occupies the greater part of the area, leaving only a narrow basal, a
linear costal, and a broad hind-marginal (much widened at anal angle)
_ border, diminishing gradually along inner margin to base. UNDER SIDE
similar, but the white markings all larger and with suffused edges—
notably the hind-wing patch, which covers the whole inner-marginal
and anal-angular region, and leaves only a rather narrow brown border
at apex and along upper part of hind-margin. ore-wing : apical
region beyond bar brown. Hind-wing: two small white spots at. base.

In the ¢ the nervures are strongly clouded with black, as well as

62 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

the inter-nervular rays, in the large white patch of both wings; in
the ¢ this character is either wholly wanting or very faintly indicated.

Closely allied to A. Miavius, Linn., but seems constantly to differ
as follows, viz. (1) its size is considerably larger, the West African
form expanding only 34 to 32 inches; (2) the great extent of the white
patches (especially that of the hind-wings, which in Miavius does not
extend beyond the extremity of the discoidal cell) readily distinguishes
it. In the clouding of the nervures and inter-nervular rays the ¢
Dominicanus exceeds the ¢ Niavius, but the reverse appears to be the
case with the ?s.

I only on two occasions met with this very fine Amawuris, viz., on the 6th
February 1867, in the Botanic Gardens, and on the 22nd, at the Umgeni
Bridge, near D’Urban, in Natal. Three or four examples were floating about
a wooded slope, quite in the manner of A. Echeria, but none descended within
reach. The late Mr. M. J. M‘Ken at different times forwarded several
D’Urban specimens to the South-African Museum ; and Colonel Bowker has
recently, viz, on 2oth November 1880, taken the butterfly in the forest at
Clairmont, near the same place.

A. dominicanus is the austral representative of A. Niavius (Linn.), the well-
known species of Tropical Western Africa, which is recorded from Angola,
Ashanti, and Sierra Leone. It extends, however, far up the Eastern Coast,
Colonel Bowker having taken several examples at Quilimane, and Gerstaecker
(Gliederth.-Fauna des Sansibar-Gebietes, 1873, p. 367) recording two speci-
mens from Mombas.

This butterfly is most accurately mimicked by Euralia Wahlbergi, Wallen-
gren, which is the southern representative of the West-African EH. Anthedon,
E. Doubl., and differs from its tropical ally in exactly the same manner as
A. dominicanus does from A. Niavius. Another imitator is a black-and-white
form of the ? Papilio Cenea, closely allied to the West-African ? of P. Brutus,
Fab., formerly known as P. Hippocoon, Fab. ; and it is most interesting to
note that while the Western 9 Papilio and Euralia copy the Western Amauris,
the Southern ones closely follow the differing pattern of A. dominicanus,

Localities of A. dominicanus.

I. South Africa.

E. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban.
H. Delagoa Bay (J. J. Monteiro).

II. Other African Regions.

A, South Tropical. |
b, East Coast.—Zambesi (Rev. H. Rowley.) Quilimane (Col. J. H.
Bowker.) ‘Mombas (Dr. O. Kersten).”—Gerstaecker.

Sus-Famity 2.—SATYRINAN.

Satyrides, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 166 (1836).

Satyride, Swains., Hist. and Nat. Arrangem. Ins., pp. 93, 94 (1840), [Part].
53 Doubl. and Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep., ii. p. 352 (1851).

Satyrine, Bates, Journ. Ent., 1861, p. 220; 1864, p. 176.

TImaGo.—Head small or rather small, always more or less hairy,
often with a distinct frontal tuft of longer hairs; eyes usually naked,

SATYRINA, 63

but in several genera hairy; palpi more or less flattened or compressed
laterally, rather long, ascendant, nearly always very hairy beneath;
antenne usually short and slender, with the terminal club generally
very long and gradually formed, and in some genera scarcely notice-
able. Thorax short and narrow. Fore-wings large and broad, the hind-
margin commonly entire, without angulation or dentation; discoidal
cell rather long, always closed; one or more of the nervures generally
more or less swollen at the base. Hind-wings large, usually rounded,
but in some genera tailed or angulated at extremity of third median
nervule, and in one (Corades, Hewits.) at anal angle; discoidal cell
closed ; groove or channel formed by inner margins shallow and incom-
plete, generally leaving the apical half of abdomen exposed. Middle
and hind legs rather short and slender; the femora often finely hairy,
the tibie scaly and often spinose, the tarsi usually finely spinose.
Fore-legs very small, or even minute (especially in the ¢); sometimes
altogether concealed by the hairy clothing of the thorax. Abdomen
slender, rather short, seldom more than two-thirds of the length of the
hind-wings.

Larva.— Smooth or (more commonly) pubescent, attenuated towards
hinder extremity, which terminates in two more or less pronounced
points or in a bifid fork. Head superiorly often bifid, sometimes with
two distinct horns.

Pupa.—Moderately long, but rather thick; not or only bluntly
angulated ; head rounded or more or less bifid.

The Satyrine are, on the whole, probably nearer to the Nymphaline
than to any other group, being certainly in all their stages not far
removed from Morpho and the allied genera, or very far from the section
represented by Apatura, &c., as regards their earlier stages. The
generally weaker structure, thinner and less rigid wings, shorter and
more slender antenne, very prevalent inflation of the bases of the
nervyures of the fore-wing, and constantly closed discoidal cell and
incomplete inner-marginal groove of the hind-wings, are characters
serving to distinguish the perfect insects from the Nymphalinw gene-
rally ; while the extreme atrophy of the first pair of legs points to a
strong affinity to the Danainw. The relationship to the Nymphaline
is best shown in some of the larger forms, such as the Indian genus
Neorina, Westw., and the South-American Tisiphone, Hiibn., in which
the fore-wing nervures are not or but slightly dilated, and also in the
genera Debis, Westw., and Melanitis, Fab. It is with some hesitation
that I have determined on placing the South-African Meneris, Westw.,
among the Satyrinw, looking to its robust structure generally, and its
long and rather thick antennz; but the hirsute palpi and eyes, the
striking development of the ocellated spots of the hind-wings, the
habits of the butterfly, and the characters presented by its larva and
pupa, taken altogether, seem to justify the position so long ago assigned
to this fine insect by Hiibner.

64 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

The known larvexe of Satyrinw feed on grasses, and are remarkably
difficult to detect, being coloured like those plants, and marked with
longitudinal stripes which accord with the lines of growth of the grass.

The singular fact that the larvae of some species of the European
genus Satyrus do not suspend themselves to assume the chrysalis state
is supplemented in South Africa by the case of Leptoneura Clytus
(Linn.), whose pupa has been discovered lying quite unattached on the
ground under a stone.

The Satyrinw are nearly all of middle size, only a few forms
exceeding, and not many falling below it. Their colouring is for the
most part rather sombre, being generally of a darker or lighter
shade of brown, very commonly marked with spaces of brick-red or
ochreous-yellow, and usually bearing more or less distinct eye-like
spots (ocelli) in rings of a hue paler than the ground-colour. Among
the more brilliant exceptions adorned with bright or metallic hues
may be mentioned the blue Ptychandra Lorquinti of the Philippine
Islands; the transparent, rosy- or violet-flushed South-American
Hetere ; the New Zealand Argyrophenga with silvery stripes, and the
New Guinea and Australian Hypocyste with silvery rings on the under
side; and, most splendid of all, Argyrophorus argenteus, from Chili,
whose entire surface is like burnished silver. Silvery centres, single or
double, of the’ ocellated spots are, however, commonly met with; and
a semi-iridescent gloss over the general surface of the wings is not
uncommon.

The members of this Sub-Family are almost all very weak on the
wing, their flight being wavering and erratic, near the ground, and
never long sustained. I have noticed that the more active of them
are those which do not possess the basal inflation of the fore-wing
nervures so characteristic of the group generally. The haunts of most
of the genera are in open ground, but a good many of the more re-
markable and aberrant forms inhabit woods; some even preferring the
thickest shades, and not voluntarily taking flight before sunset. The
inexhaustible supply of grasses, which constitute the sole known food-
plants of their caterpillars, probably accounts for the extreme abund-
ance of many of the Satyrine, familiar to every one who has traversed
meadow, plain, or mountain in the summer or early autumn. The
innumerable Satyri and Hrebiw of Europe are represented in South
Africa by the much less numerous species of Leptoneuwra and Pseudo-
nympha, several of which, however, occur in the utmost profusion of
individuals. The last-named genus is the largest, containing eleven
species, while Leptonewra has seven representatives. Of the remain-
ing seven South-African genera, four—viz., Ypthima, Physcceneura,
Cenyra, and Meneris—have single representatives only, and the two
latter appear to be restricted to the extra-tropical region. Out of
the twenty-nine recorded species as many as twenty-one seem to be
endemic; six extend into the Southern Tropic; and two have a much

SATYRIN. 65

wider range,— Vpthima Asterope inhabiting all Tropical Africa and a
great part of Southern Asia, and Melanitis Leda extending throughout
the Old-World Tropics.

Genus YPTHIMA.

Ypthima, Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep., ii. p. 394 (1851).
Yphthima, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser., ii. p. 283 (1865),
Monograph.

ImaGo.—Head small, hairy in front; eyes smooth; antenne short,
slender, with an elongate, narrow, but distinct club; palpi long, slender,
divergent, thickly clothed inferiorly with long bristly hairs, except the
terminal joint, which is long, slender, and with only a few short hairs.
Thorax short, narrow ; downy and hairy beneath. ore-wings with
apex rather pronounced ; hind-margin entire; costal nervure much,
median nervure slightly, swollen at base; discoidal cell short, broad,
abruptly sub-truncate, the middle and lower disco-cellular nervules form-
ing a slightly-curved continuous line ; first subcostal nervule originating
just before extremity of cell, second at a considerable distance beyond it.
Hind-wings much rounded externally, entire ; discoidal cell short, broad,
obliquely truncated at extremity. ore-legs in the d extremely small,
quite concealed among the hair of the prothorax, reduced to one
rounded piece attached to the coxa; in the @ small (but very much
larger than in the d), of the ordinary development, slender, scaly.
Middle and hind legs rather short, slender, clothed with scales, the
femora slightly hairy beneath.

Abdomen short, slender.

This genus is mainly Asiatic, seventeen of the twenty-two recorded
species being natives of Asia or the Indo-Malayan Islands. Two of these
(Y. Asterope, Klug, and Y. Nareda, Kollar) extend to Africa, where
they are widely distributed, and two others (Y. Batesii, Felder, from
Madagascar, and Y. Jtonia, Hewits., from the White Nile) appear to
be confined to the Ethiopian Region. The three remaining species
inhabit Australia or the Austro-Malayan Islands. The only species
that enters the South-African Sub-Region is the very widely-ranging
Y. Asterope.'

The Ypthime are small and dull-coloured butterflies, usually of
an unvaried obscure greyish-brown on the upper side, bearing a well-
marked bipupillate black ocellus near the apex of the fore-wings, and
from one to six smaller unipupillate ocelli towards the hind-margin of
the hind-wings. The under side is closely hatched with minute, irregular,
short, dark and light lines, and the ocelli on it are usually more con-
spicuous than on the upper side.

The extraordinary atrophy of the fore-legs of the male, and the

1 Professor Westwood (App. to Oates’s ‘ Matabeleland,” 1881, p. 350) gives Y. Nareda
as having been taken by the late Mr. Oates near the Victoria Falls of the Zambesi River.

VOL. I. E

66 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

disposition of the subcostal nervules in the fore-wings, combine with
the peculiar facies of these butterflies to distinguish the genus. Their
structure is very weak, and their flight feeble and near the ground,
The larvae and pupe do not ¢ppear to have been observed.

5. (1.) Ypthima Asterope (Klug).

¢ 9 Hipparchia Asterope, Klug, Symb. Phys., dec. iii, t. xxix. ff. 11-14
(1832).

2 Satyrus Asterope, Lederer, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Vereins in Wien, 1855,
t. i. f. 6 [apud Hopfter, op. cit. |

Ypthima Asterope, Hopff., Peters’ Reise Mossamb., p. 395 (1862).

Yphthima Asterope, Hewits., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser., 1. p. 283,
n. I (1865).

Yphthima simplicia, Butl., Ann. and Mag, Nat. Hist., 4th Ser., xviii. p. 481
(1876).

Var. Ypthima Norma, Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep., pl. 67, f. 1 (1851).

Exp. al., 1 in. 3-8 lin.

Brownish-grey ; in fore-wing, a large, or rather large, black subapical
ocellus with two bluish-silvery pupils and a well-defined pale-yellowish
iris; in hind-wing, a subanal-angular similar (but wnipupillate), small,
or very small, ocellus. Fore-wing: ocellus in a discal more or less
distinct rounded paler space, defined by a darker encircling streak ; iris
of ocellus externally edged with a dark ring. Hind-wing: ocellus
between first and second median nervules, sometimes minute, but seldom
indistinct ; in some examples a faintly-marked submarginal dark line.
UNDER SIDE.—Houry-grey, finely and closely hatched or striolated with
greyish-brown. Fore-wing: ring of ocellus paler, brighter; dark en-
circling streak well defined inwardly and outwardly, and inferiorly
merged in a good-sized discal brownish-grey patch, free from any
intermixture of hoary-grey, which reaches inner margin and posterior
angle. Hind-wing: besides the ocellus between Ist and 2nd median
nervules (which is usually smaller than on upper side, and occasionally
very minute), there is usually a subapical, quite similar one between
the subcostal nervules, and almost invariably a third very small or
minute one close to anal angle itself; three irregular brownish trans-
verse strize (of very variable definition, and seldom really distinct), viz.,
one (the most ill-expressed) before middle,—the second (usually the
most apparent) just beyond middle, angulated rather acutely on radical
nervule,—and the third (commonly fragmentary) submarginal, and
biangulated on radial and third median nervules.

In a f taken on the Shashani River (Makalaka Country) by
Mr. F. C. Selous, not only is the principal ocellus of the hind-wing
larger than usual on the upper side, but the minute one at anal angle
is represented, and there is.a third minute ocellus quite abnormally
situated between 2nd and 3rd median nervules; while in the fore-wing
a very minute ocellus is inferiorly attached to the large subapical one.

SATYRINZ. 6

These peculiarities are alike on right and left sides, but are limited to
the upper side.

The largest example (1 in. 8 lin. in expanse) is a ? taken at Delagoa Bay
by Mrs. Monteiro. This specimen has the ocelli on the under side of the hind-
wing very minute, but the transverse strize better marked than usual.

The Arabian and Syrian type of this butterfly—with which Mr. Butler’s
Y. simplicia from Abyssinia seems very closely to agree—has the ocelli repre-
sented as larger than those of the South-African specimens which I have
examined, especially in the @ ; and scarcely any trace is depicted of the
transverse strie of the under side of the hind-wing. This latter feature is
almost always more or less characteristic of the species, the central stria only
_ being of frequent definition. The only individual in which I have found all
three stri# well marked is a ¢ taken in Swaziland by the late Mr. E. C,
Buxton; but a ¢ sent from Delagoa Bay by Mrs. Monteiro (in which the
hind-wing is whiter than usual) exhibits them very fairly, and so does also a
3 captured by Mr, W. Morant at Colenso, in Natal. As a rule, these stria
are most obsolete, as far as South Africa is concerned, in examples inhabiting
the Cape Colony, and more developed in the countries to the east and north-
east of it. A Cape Coast Castle ¢ in the South-African Museum, which was
taken by Mr. J. Morton Pask, not only has the striz well defined on the under
side, but the central and marginal ones also expressed strongly on the upper
side. The dark discal space below the ocellus on the under side of the fore-
wing is variable in extent, but, as Hewitson (Joc. cit.) points out, a constant
distinguishing character of Asterope.

I have not seen the Y. Norma of Westwood, from China; but both
Hewitson and Mr. A. G. Butler (Cat. Satyride in Brit. Mus., p. 148) agree in
regarding it as a variety of Asterope, and the figure in the “Gen. Diurn. Lep.,”
cited above, appears to differ only in its smaller size, darker colour, and want
of the ocellus on the upper side of the hind-wing. Hewitson ((oc. cit.) notes
that ‘there are similar varieties from the Holy Land.”

In 1867 I took a single 9 near Greytown, in Natal, in the same spot in
which Physceneura Panda and Cenyra Hebe occurred; its weak flight and
habit of frequently settling on the ground made it resemble those two species.
I also met with several specimens at Klipdrift, on the Vaal River, Griqualand
West, in September 1872; they were flitting among and sitting on the large
stones on the river-banks; and I observed the same habits in others of the
species which, in the summers of 1876 and of 1877, I found near Montagu
and Robertson in the Cape Colony. Robertson is the most southern locality
of this butterfly known to me; but the insect is so very inconspicuous and
haunts such arid rocky stations, that it would easily escape the notice of any
one but a lepidopterist, and may occur in many places from which it is at
present unrecorded. In 1870 Colonel Bowker sent me the paired sexes,tcap-
tured by him at Aliwal North, on the north-eastern boundary of the Cape
Colony ; except in its larger size and less pronounced darker streaks, the 9
example does not differ from the ¢.

Localities of Ypthima Asterope.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts.—Robertson. Montagu.
b. Eastern Districts. —Between Somerset East and Murraysburg (J.
H. Bowker). Aliwal North (J. H. Bowker). Burghersdorp (D.
R. Kannemeyer).
ce. Griqualand West,—Klipdrift.

68 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

E, Natal.
b. Upper Districts.—Greytown. Estcourt (J. Mf. Hutchinson). Colenso
(W. Morant). Ladysmith, Biggarsberg, and Rorke’s Drift (J.
H. Bowker).
F, Zululand.—Isandlhwana and Napoleon Valley (J. H. Bowker). St.
Lucia Bay (Colonel H. Tower).
G. Swaziland (£. C. Buston).
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourengo Marques (Mrs. Monteiro).
K. Transvaal (7. Ayres).
L. Bechuanaland.—Motito (Rev. J. Frédouw).
II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—“ Damaraland (R. Swakop: Wahlberg).”—
Aurivillius. ‘‘ Angola (Pogge).” —Dewitz.
b. Eastern Coast.—‘“ Querimba (Peters).”—Hopffer. Zanzibar (J.
H. Bowker). ‘‘ Mombas (Kersten).” —Gerstaecker.
br. Eastern Interior.—Between Limpopo and Zambesi River (7.
Ayres). Shashani River (F. C. Selous). Zambesi (2. C. Selous).
B. North Tropical.
a. West Coast.—“ Calabar.”—Hewitson. Cape Coast Castle (J. W.
Pask).
b. East Coast.—Red Sea: ‘ Harkeko and Hor Tamanib (J. K.
Lord).” —Walker.
bi. Eastern Interior.—Abyssinia: ‘‘ Atbara.”—Butler.
IV. Asia.
A. Southern Region.—‘‘ Arabia and Syria.”—Klug, et auct. ‘ Aden
(J. W. Yerbury).’—Butler. ‘Java and China (Coll. Brit.
Mus.)’”—Butler.

Genus CGINYRA.
Cenyra, Hewits., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser., ii, p. 281 (1865).

Imaco.—Closely allied to Ypthima. Antenne rather longer, the
club less distinct, more gradually thickened. Palpi with shorter, less
bristly hair beneath ; terminal joint shorter, not so acute. ore-wings
with costa much arched; apex not pronounced ; hind-margin decidedly
convex ; costal nervure much swollen, but median simple; first sub-
costal nervule arising considerably, second a little, before extremity
of discoidal cell; in gf, on submedian nervure, before middle, a large,
elongate, darker patch or badge, set with scattered hairs; discoidal cell
a little longer than in Ypthima, the middle and lower disco-cellular ner-
vules of about equal length, and together forming a strong inward curve.
Hind-wings much rounder, especially at base of costa and at anal angle.

Abdomen considerably longer than in Ypthima.

Mr. Hewitson founded this genus on a beautiful South-African
Satyrine, described by me in 1862 as Yphthima Hebe. The characters
given rightly distinguish this butterfly from the genus Ypthima, and
the curious marking, exhibiting rufous transverse streaks on both sur-
faces, and in the fore-wings two unipupillate ocelli of equal size, instead
of the single bipupillate one of Ypthima, renders the species easy of

SATYRINA. 69

identification. Owing to paucity of specimens, I have not been able
to examine the fore-legs of the ¢, but they are evidently very minute ;
those of the 2 agree with the same limbs in the 2 Ypthima.

6. (1.) Coenyra Hebe (Trimen).

$ Yphthima Hebe, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser., i. p. 280 (1862);
Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 205, n. 118, pl. 4, f. 3 [S$ var.], (1866).

2 ¢ Canyra Hebe (Corycia in plate), Hewits., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
ard) Ser, i, p: 201, pl 17, 1,2 [9 |, (1865):

Exp. al., 1 in. 4-8 lin.

3 Dull greyish-brown ; fore-wing with four indistinct transverse fer-
ruginous stric and two silvery unipupillate ochreous, yellow-ringed, black
ocellt of about equal size; hind-wing with four or five similar smaller
ocelli. Fore-wing: strie commencing on subcostal nervure,—the first
short, oblique, not reaching below median nervure,—the second (a little
before middle) straighter, longer, reaching to submedian nervure,—the
third short, curved, marking end of discoidal cell, inferiorly joining the
fourth or third median nervule,—the fourth longer, reaching to sub-
median nervure, curving outwardly below ocelli; beyond this last striae
are the two discal subapical ocelli, separated by the third median ner-
vule, and faintly encircled with ferruginous; two submarginal parallel
dark-brown streaks. Hind-wing: the two ocelli between first and third
median nervules, of about equal size, much larger than the rest, which
are very small; submarginal streaks as in fore-wing, but closer to-
gether. UNDER siDE.—Pale dull-yellowish; the stri@ conspicuous,
ochreous-red, and marking hind-wing as well as fore-wing; all ocellt
very distinct, with pale-yellow ring, and circled with ferruginous. Fore-
wing: swelling of costal nervure edged with ochreous-red ; submar-
ginal streaks very distinct. Hind-wing: five transverse striz, viz.,
the first, third, and fifth (respectively close to base, before middle, and
about middle) quite across from costa to inner margin; the second (in
cell near base) and the fourth (closing discoidal cell) short and thin,—the
fourth inferiorly joined to the fifth on third median nervule; six ocelli,
of which the first, between subcostal nervules, is the largest, and the
second, third, and sixth smaller than the remaining two; submarginal
streaks very distinct.

2 (from Hewitson’s figure and description, loc. cit.) Paler and
duller; transverse strie darker, more suffused,—the third and fourth
indistinctly present on upper side of hind-wing; ocelli of hind-wing
larger, especially the two upper of the four.

Var. A. (f and 2). [9 fig. Rhop. Afr. Aust.]—S much paler ;
the stric orange-red, and some of them much enlarged inferrorly ; ocellr
all in pale-yellow (rather dull) rings, and circled faintly with dusky-
brownish ; hind-margins tinged with dusky-brownish. ore-wing: the

70 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

second and fourth strize much widened inferiorly (especially the fourth),
and sometimes confluent below first median nervule; inner-marginal
badge fuscous, conspicuous. Hind-wing: the fifth stria occasionally
indistinctly represented, dull-reddish ; ocelli above third median nervule
rarely obsolete; in one example the fifth (subapical) ocellus is repre-
sented. UNDER SIDE—The strive arranged as in type-form, but much
enlarged (especially the 2nd and 4th in fore-wing and the 3rd and 5th
in hind-wing) ; better defined, and of brighter red than on upper side ;
all the ocelli very distinct in clear pale-yellow rings, narrowly encircled
with fuscous-brown.

$. Paler; red strize brighter and better marked superiorly in fore-
wing, and the three outer of them well represented in hind-wing ; ocelli
larger, especially in hind-wing, where the first (subapical) and sixth
(subanal-angular) are more or less distinctly represented. UNDER SIDE.
—Quite as in ¢, but markings, if anything, rather brighter and better
defined.

(A $ aberration, taken by Colonel Bowker in the Bashee River, has
the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th strize of the fore-wing on both upper side and
under side, and the 3rd, 4th, and 5th striz of the hind-wing on the
under side, completely confluent throughout, so as to form a broad
fascia.)

Hab.—Hastern Cape Colony and Kaffraria Proper.

The variety just described was first discovered in Kaffirland by Colonel
Bowker, and its appearance is so dissimilar from that of the type-form from
Natal, that I felt disposed at first to separate it as a distinct species. Except,
however, the great development and much brighter colouring of the transverse
stri, there is no character of importance to warrant its separation from Hebe
proper. While the variety, though very local, does not seem to be very scarce
as regards individuals, the typical Hebe from Natal is still very rare. I met
with only one, in the “ Thorns” country near Greytown, on 12th March 1867.
It was flitting about stony slopes, in company with Physceeneura Panda (Boisd.),
and frequently settled on the ground. This, like the specimen from Natal in
the British Museum, on which I founded the species, was a ¢; and not having
seen any other examples of either sex, I am obliged to describe the ? from the
late Mr. Hewitson’s rough figure and very brief description. Colonel Bowker
wrote from the Bashee that there was nothing in the habits of the beautiful
variety to distinguish it from other commoner Satyrine.

Localities of Cenyra Hebe.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
6. Eastern Districts. —Kleinemond River, Bathurst (Mrs. Barber and
Miss F. Bowker.—Var. A.) King William’s Town (J. H.
| Bowker.—Var. A.) East London (P. Borcherds.—Var. A.)
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker.—Var. A.)
E. Natal.—Greytown.

H. “ Delagoa Bay” (Kirby, Cat. Hewits. Coll.)

SATYRIN &. 71

Genus PHYSCASNEURA.

Physceneura, Wallengr., Kongl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857, Lep. Rhop.
Caffr., p. 32.
Periplysia, Gerst., Gliederth.-Fauna d. Sansibar-Geb., p. 370 (1873).

Imaco.—Closely allied to the two preceding genera, Ypthima and
Cenyra. Antenne very short and slender, with a cylindrical, elongate,
gradually-formed but distinct club, rather blunted at the tip; palpi
with long bristly hairs beneath (not so thickly set as in Ypthima), the
terminal joint very long and sharply pointed, not hairy. ore-wings
shaped as in Ypthima, except in being a little more elongate and
more rounded at apex; costal nervure largely swollen basally, the other
nervures simple; first subcostal nervule originating before extremity
of cell (a little nearer base than in Ypthima), the second at some
distance beyond it. Hind-wings longer than in Ypthima, and more
rounded at anal angle. Cilia of wings remarkably long and sparse,
especially in 9.

I have not had sufficient material to admit of dissection, but it is
evident under the lens that while the fore-legs of the ¢ cannot be
made out at all among the hairs of the breast, those of the ? are
greatly reduced, being very much smaller than those of 2 Ypthima,
and with the tarsus apparently almost obsolete.

Irrespective of the structural differences mentioned, Physcwnewra
exhibits the peculiarity in marking of possessing on the fore-wings a
series of five, and on the hind-wings a series of six or seven ocelli,
which, while conspicuous and silvery-centred on the under side of the
wings, are on the upper side ill-defined and almost blind (Panda), or
wanting altogether (Zeda). The two known species differ remarkably
in colouring, P. Panda (Boisd.) being on the upper side of the ordi-
nary dull-brown, with dull-rufous, ill-marked ocelli, while P. Leda
(Gerst.) is white margined with blackish, after the manner of a Terias ;
and on the under side the conspicuous vermiculation, general in Panda,
is confined in Leda to the margins of the wings.

The genus is not known to extend northward beyond South-Tropical
Africa; and while Panda, the type of the genus, ranges from Natal to
Matabeleland and Damaraland, Zeda has hitherto only been recorded
from Mombas on the Hast Coast, where it was discovered by Dr. Kersten.

7. (1.) Physceeneura Panda (Boisduval).

Satyrus Panda, Boisd., App. Voy. de Deleg., ii. p. 594, n. 85 (1847).

Physceneura Panda, Wallengr., Kongl. Sv. Vet.-Akad., 1857, Lep. Rhop.
Calin; p: 33,

9 Erebia Panda, Hopff., Peters’ Reise nach Mossamb.,—Ins., p. 392, pl.
axve fla T, 2eo02)..,

& Erebia Panda, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 204, n. 117 (1866).

72 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Exp. al., 1 in. 5—o lin.

g. Dull-brown, each wing with a discal transverse row of rather
dull ochrey-red, black-centred spots. Fore-wing: swollen base of costal _
nervure ochrey-red ; five spots of discal row confluent, forming a toler-
ably broad band near hind-margin. Hind-wing: spots of discal row
three to five (the two upper ones often wanting), smaller than in fore-
wing, quite separate, the last (close to anal angle) bipupillate; in some
examples a more or less distinct thin white line, black-edged on both
sides, on inner and hind margins near anal angle. UNDER sipDE.— Very
closely striated transversely with numerous irregularly-confluent, slender,
alternate, very pale-yellowish and fuscous streaks ; spots of transverse discal
row bright ochrey-yellow with brilliant-silvery centres. Fore-wing: swell-
ing of costal nervure ochrey-yellow; all inner-marginal area below
median nervure and first median nervule dull-fuscous without any pale-
yellowish striolation; band of confluent spots edged with fuscous on
both sides; hind-marginal border beyond spots pale-yellowish, almost
free from any black striolation, but with two well-defined, almost paral-
lel, black linear streaks from costa to a little below first median ner-
vule. Mind-wing: transverse striolation extends to inner-marginal
edge ; five spots of discal row much larger than on upper side, con-~*
tiguous, finely black-edged; .an additional, similar, larger spot before,
and apart from, the row of five, between subcostal nervules ; submar-
ginal black linear streaks as in fore-wing, but the inner one slightly
sinuate-dentate. .

2. Paler, the striolation of the under side vaguely perceptible; ochrey-
red spots larger; in fore-wing more suffused, and forming a broader band ;
in hind-wing not fewer than four (usually five), sometimes contiquous.
UNDER SIDE—Fore-wing: the general striolation extending to inner
margin.

Specimens of both sexes taken at Delagoa Bay by Mrs. Monteiro are smaller
and darker than those which I met with in Natal; and in one ¢ the spots of
the fore-wing on the upper side are very small, and those of the hind-wing
obsolete except that close to anal angle. It is very singular that in all the six
examples (three of each sex) captured by Mr. H. Barber in the Northern Trans-
vaal, in a 9 obtained on the Upper Limpopo by Mr. F. C. Selous, and also in
a 2 taken by the former gentleman in the Matabele country, the inner of the
two submarginal linear black streaks is in the fore-wing rather sharply dentate
(instead of being nearly straight), and in the hind-wing quite deeply festooned
(instead of being sinuate-dentate). I find the same peculiarity noted as present
in the single specimen (a ¢) brought by the late Mr. C. J. Andersson from
Damaraland ; but none of the Delagoa Bay examples exhibit it, nor does it
appear in the figure of the female obtained at Inhambane by the Peters Expe-
dition. I cannot discover that this feature is associated with any other dis-
tinction in the specimens possessing it, except a slight tendency to more con-
fluence in the black striole of the under side generally.

The remarkable beauty of the under side of this butterfly isin striking con-
trast to the dull Zrebia-like colouring of the upper side, and at once distin-
guishes Panda from all the other South-African Satyrine. Its only known

congener (P. Leda, of Gerstaecker, from Mombas) is of totally different aspect,
owing to all the field of the wings being pure white ; the upper side having an

SATYRINA. 73

unspotted fuscous margin, and the under side a slightly striolated one, with
spots resembling those of Panda.

Only on one occasion have I seen this species in life, viz., on the 12th March
1867, when it was by no means uncommon in the “Thorns” country near
Greytown, in Natal. About the steep exposed hillsides specimens of both
sexes flitted constantly, but with no activity, keeping close to the ground, and
frequently settling on it. The elaborately-ornamented under side of the wings
was not conspicuous at a little distance.

Localities of Physcencura Panda.

I. South-Africa.
E. Natal.
b. Upper Districts.—Greytown. Estcourt (J. M. Hutchinson).
F. “Zululand (Delegorgue).”—Boisduval.
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourengo Marques (Mrs. Monteiro).
I. “ Inhambane (Peter's).”—Hopffer.
K. Transvaal.—North-West District (H. Barber). Upper Limpopo
River (Ff. C. Selous).
II. Other African Regions,
A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Damaraland (C. J. Andersson).
b1. Eastern Interior—Kama’s Country and Matabeleland (ZH.
Barber).

Genus PSEUDONYMPHA.

Pseudonympha, Wallengren, Kongl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl, 1857, Lep.
Rhop. Caffr., p. 31.

Erebia (Dalman), Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep., ii. p. 376 (1851); Trimen,
Rhop. Afr, Aust., ii. p. 196 (1866).

Imaco.—Head small, very hairy ; eyes smooth; palpi long, slightly
ascendant, covered with hair throughout, but especially beneath, where
the hairs are densely set, long, and bristly,—the terminal joint rather
long, slender, acute; antennw short, with the club usually rather
elongate and gradually thickened, but in some species (P. Sabacus,
Hippia, vigilans, &c.) more abruptly formed.

Thorax short and narrow, more or less hairy above, densely hairy
beneath. ore-wings with costa moderately or slightly arched; hind-
margin entire, nearly straight; costal nervure only swollen at base;
discoidal cell short, broad, the nervules closing it forming a more or less
obtuse angle towards base at junction of lower discoidal (radial) nervule ;
first branch of subcostal nervure arising just before or at extremity of
discoidal cell, second branch a long way beyond it. Hind-wings with
hind-margin entire or very slightly sinuated; anal angle somewhat
prominent; discoidal cell short superiorly but prolonged inferiorly,
the closing nervules running very obliquely, and the lower one being
twice as long as the upper. ore-legs of 3 minute, scaly; tibia and
tarsus together but little longer than femur; a scanty clothing of
rather short bristly hairs on femur; tibia and tarsus densely clothed
with very long stiff hairs; of ¢ rather long, slender, scaly ; femur and

vA SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

tarsus of about equal length; tibia a little shorter, ending in a blunt
spur, and with a few bristles superiorly ; tarsus with four joints, shortly
spinose beneath and at extremity. Middle and hind legs of moderate
length, rather slender; femur scaly; tibiee with a few spines beneath,
and with terminal spurs long; tarsi spinose inferiorly.

Abdomen short, in ¢ very slender.

The butterflies of this genus are very nearly allied to Hrebia—a
group well known from its great development in the Alpine tracts
of Central Europe. They are, however, separable by the following
characters, viz., (1) their much less robust structure generally, espe-
cially as regards the shorter and more slender abdomen, which in
the ¢ is not thickened at the end; (2) the less density of their hairy
clothing, especially on the head, palpi, and thorax; (3) their shorter
and more slender antenne ; (4) the rise of the second subcostal nervule
of their fore-wings far beyond, instead of before or just about, the
extremity of the discoidal cell; (5) the constantly swollen base of the
costal nervure of their fore-wings; and (6) the greater width (and in
the fore-wings less length) of their discoidal cells.

The Pseudonymphe known are butterflies of small or moderate size,
very much resembling some of the species of Hrebia. Unlike the latter,
however, they are all of one pattern of colouring and marking. This
consists of a ground of paler or darker dull-brown, with a larger or
smaller discal patch of fulvous in the fore-wings and usually in the
hind-wings. Except in rare instances of aberrant individuals, the fore-
wings bear only a single bipupillate ocellus not far from the apex,
while the hind-wings (in some cases devoid’ of markings) usually pre-
sent two submarginal unipupillate ocelli. The underside is generally
mottled or freckled, and paler than the upper side; the fore-wings are
of the same pattern as above, but often with a larger field of fulvous;
while the hind-wings bear from two to six submarginal ocelli, and two
transverse streaks (often enclosing a darker or paler space) rather before
middle, as well as often a third streak beyond the ocelli. Of this
pattern the transverse streaks and the ocelli on the under side of the
hind-wings vary most in the different species, both characters being
almost obsolete in P. Hyperbius and P. irrorata. The eleven species
recognised by me as inhabiting South-Africa seem, with the exception
of P. Natalii (Boisd.), which extends beyond the Southern Tropic, to
be peculiar to that region, but a twelfth species, closely allied to P.
Natalii, occurs in Southern Tropical Africa, so that the genus may
perhaps have a wider range than has hitherto been assigned toit. The
species most generally distributed in South-Africa are P. Cassius (Godt.),
P. Sabacus (Trim.), and P. vigilans (Trim.), but the first-named seems
nowhere so abundant as the others. P. Narycia, Wlgrn., and P. Neita,
Wlgrn., are widely spread in Hastern South Africa, but cannot be
termed common; and the remaining species appear to be very local
and scarce. As the country becomes better explored, especially in its

SATYRIN A, 75

mountainous tracts, new forms of Pseudonympha will very probably be
discovered. ‘The known species are very closely related, and in several
cases are difficult to distinguish. They all frequent open ground,
Cassius only seeming to show any liking for the neighbourhood of woods
or plantations, and their flight (except perhaps in the case of P. vigi-
lans) is very weak as well as wavering and close to the ground. They
bask on stones and on the bare earth, and only occasionally seem to
visit flowers.

8. (1.) Pseudonympha Hyperbius (Linnzus).

Papilio Hyperbius, Linn., Mus. Lud. Ulr. Reg., p. 257, n. 76 (1764); and
Syst. Nat., i. 2, p. 769, n. 130 (1767).

Q Papilio Hyperbius, Cram., Pap. Exot., ii, pl. clxviii. ff. 5, F. (1779).

Papilio Hyperbius, Wulfen, Descr. Capens. Ins., p. 32, n. 31 (1786).

Pseudonympha Hyperbius, Wallengren, Lep. Rhop. Caffr. in. K. Sv. Vet.-
Akad. Handl., 1857, p. 32, n. 3.

ELrebia Hyperbius, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., il. p. 197, n, 111 (1866).

Exp. al., 1 in. 6 lin.—1 in. 9 lin.

Dark-brown, with a violaceous gloss; fore-wing much coloured with
deep-fulvous ; hind-wing with a small fulvous patch. Fore-wing : fulvous
occupies the same space as in ZL. Sabacus, but is not externally dark-
edged, nor ever divided into two patches, though its cellular portion is
often much obscured in #; an apical ocellus, white-bipupillate, and
ringed indistinctly with pale ochreous, marks upper portion of fulvous.
Hind-wing : on median nervules an ill-defined fulvous patch, enclosing
two small unipupillate ocelli (one or both often wanting). Both wings,
but especially hind-wing, clothed with fulvous hairs on basal half.
UNDER SIDE.—Hind-wing, and costa, apex, and hind-margin of fore-wing
irrorated with whitish atoms. ore-wing: falvous paler (more regu-
larly extending from base in ); from its outer edge beyond ocellus
extends to costa a narrow ferruginous streak, sometimes almost obsolete ;
ring of ocellus more distinct. Hind-wing: beyond middle two parallel,
rather widely-apart, usually indistinct, ferruginous transverse lines,
parallel to hind-margin, between which is a row of inconspicuous
whitish dots, two of them representing the ocelli of upper side.

Aberration ¢.—Fore-wing : ocellus very small (not larger than those
often present in hind-wing), faintly unipupillate, in a very faint ring
scarcely distinguishable from contiguous fulvous; adjoining this ocellus
and immediately below it (in the left fore-wing only) a second, similar,
very minute and indistinct ocellus. Hind-wing: no ocelli, but a single
whitish dot (occasionally found in ordinary examples) on fold beyond
extremity of discoidal cell. UNDER sipE.—Ordinary, except for the
very small ocellus in the fore-wing; no trace of the second ocellus in
left fore-wing. .

Hab.—Cape Town, September 1870.

76 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

This is the darkest of the South-African species of Pseudonympha, and is,
moreover, peculiar in the dense fulvous hair coating the basal area of the wings.
The specimens taken by me in Namaqualand in 1873 were considerably smaller
than ordinary examples, expanding only 1 in, 4-6 lin,

It is the first of the genus to appear in the spring, in some seasons occurring
as early as the end of July, but is not long out, disappearing towards the end of
September. It frequents mountain-sides and rocky situations of some eleva-
tion, often sitting on large stones, and sometimes on flowers ; its flight is very
low, feeble, and irregular. About Cape Town it is abundant, but in other
western districts I have not noticed many specimens; and to the eastward of
the district of Worcester it is not known to occur. I captured the paired sexes
near Cape Town on the gth September 1870.

Localities of Pseudonympha Hyperbius.*

I. South Africa.
A. Cape Colony.

a. Western Districts—Cape Town. Kalbas Kraal, Cape District.
Malmesbury. Piketberg. Ookiep. Springbokfontein and
Tweefontein, Namaqualand District. Konstabel’s, Worcester
District.

9. (2.) Pseudonympha irrorata (Trimen).
Erebia trrorata, Trim., Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 103, pl. i. f. 2.

Exp. al., (fg) 1 in. 5 lin.; (2) 1 in. 6—7 lin.

Pale greyish-brown. Fore-wing: a fulvous patch occupies discoidal
cell, not rising above it, but extending beyond it and over median
nervules to about their middle, as well as below median nervure and
its first nervule, but not reaching submedian nervure or quite to base ;
touching extremity of upper portion of patch, a bipupillate black ocellus
in a pale yellowish-grey ring; costal margin indistinctly hatched with
greyish-yellow from base to beyond middle. Hind-wing without mark-
ings. UNDER SIDE.—Hind-wing and costal and apical region, with hind-
margin of fore-wing irrorated with greyish-yellow. Fore-wing: fulvous
patch slightly smaller than on upper side; ring of ocellus paler, more
distinct. Hind-wing: beyond middle a submarginal row of eight ill-
defined greyish-yellow spots; preceding fourth spot, and between it
and extremity of discoidal cell, a similar spot; an indistinct similar
spot near base, between median and submedian nervures; two smaller
ones on edge of cell, marking origins of radial and second subcostal ner-
vules; and two or three small ones on costa before middle. Jn both
wings, on hind-marginal edge, a row of small, inter-nervular, greyish-
yellow spots, more apparent in hind-wing than in fore-wing.

The sexes do not differ, except that the irrorations and spots of the
under side of the wings are more conspicuous in the &.

1 In Rhopalocera Africe Australis (ii. p. 198) I noted that a specimen of P. Hyperbius in
the British Museum was registered as having been collected in “ Afghanistan.” No confir-

mation of this surprising habitat has been given; and it is extremely unlikely that the
butterfly should occur so far from the known range of its genus.

SATYRINZ. 77

This species stands nearer to P. Hyperbius, Linn., than to any other
South-African Pseudonympha ; but it differs from the latter in its much
paler colouring throughout, its total want of any ocelli or fulvous
colouring on the upper side of the hind-wings (in which respect it is
like P. Narycia, Wallengren), its hatching of greyish-yellow on the
upper side of the costa of the fore-wings, its much yellower and more
distinct under-side hatching and irroration, and its want of the two
transverse ferruginous striz on the under side of the hind-wings.

- Colonel Bowker discovered this species in the Uitenhage District in August
1870; and in July 1872 he sent an example from the District of Albert. In
the latter year Mrs. Barber forwarded a specimen captured by her in the Storm-
bergen, forming the southern boundary of the Albert District.

It was not until January 1876 that the butterfly was recorded from the
Western Districts, owing to my taking two individuals at the village of Robert-
son ; and a few years afterwards (September 1879) I met with a solitary speci-
men at Malmesbury, about thirty miles north of Cape Town. These examples

occurred only singly, flitting about stony spots, and looked on the wing like
rather faded P. Hyperbius.

Localities of Pseudonympha irrorata.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
a, Western Districts.—Malmesbury. Robertson.
6, Eastern Districts.—Zwaarte Ruggens, Uitenhage District (J. H.
Bowker). Stormbergen (M. E. Barber). North of Albert Dis-
trict (J. H. Bowker). Burghersdorp, Albert District (D. R.
Kannemeyer),

10. (3.) Pseudonympha Narycia (Wallengren).
Pseudonympha Narycia, Wallgrn., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857, Lep.
Rhop. Caffr., p. 32, n. 4.
2 LErebia Narycia, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 350, pl. vi.
[5%

Exp. al., 1 in. 53-8 lin.

Pale-brown, inclining to grey; in fore-wing a well-defined discal
patch of fulvous ; hind-wing wholly without marking. Fore-wing: api-
cal ocellus rather large, very distinct, black, with two small silvery-
white pupils, and in a very pale-yellowish ring outwardly edged with
fuscous; fulvous patch beginning near extremity of discoidal cell, ex-
tending as far as inner and beyond lower edge of ring of ocellus, not
rising above first radial nervule, or descending quite as far as submedian
neryure; a rather indistinct submarginal dark streak from costa bound-
ing the even outer edge of fulvous patch. UNDER siDE.— Very similar
to upper side, but hind-wing with a discal series of five very distinct ocelli.
Lore-wing: falvous patch slightly smaller, being straighter along its
inner edge; submarginal dark streak more distinct than on upper side.
Hind-wing : series of ocelli sharply angulated on third median nervule,
—first ocellus (between subcostal nervules) almost always considerably

78 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

larger than the rest,—second ocellus usually smaller than the others
(except sometimes the last), and occasionally blind; all ocelli very
clearly defined, unipupillate with silvery-white, and in dark-edged
pale-yellowish rings ; about middle an indistinct, irregular, dark, trans-
verse streak, and beyond ocelli a similar but regular and darker streak,
more or less suffused with fulvous in its upper portion; at base, for a
little distance along costa, a pale-fulvous edging (in ? this is wider and
deeper in colour, and there is a similar second basal marking extending
on inner margin). In both wings a dark line, followed by a pale one,
immediately before hind-margin.

Except in the character just mentioned, the ? only differs from the
ft in being slightly paler, and having the hind-wing ocelli larger, and
the fulvous suffusion of the outer dark streak more pronounced.

The fifth ocellus on the under side of hind-wing is rarely in both
sexes bipupillate.

A 2 taken by Mr. W. Morant near Pretoria, in the Transvaal, not
only presents the character last named, but has the second ocellus imme-
diately surmounted by a very minute blind ocellus, and also exhibits
the remarkable peculiarity of the ocellus of the fore-wing being tri-
pupillate on the upper side, and respectively quadri-pupillate (right)
and quinque-pupillate (left) on the under side. A g from Potchefstroom
has the fore-wing ocellus tripupillate both above and below, while a f
from Basutoland has it bipupillate above and tripupillate below.’

The small size and pale ground-colour of this species, and its very
distinct: yellowish-ringed ocellus of the fore-wings, give it something of
the aspect of P. Cassius (Godt.), but the perfectly unmarked upper side
of the hind-wings, no less than their very conspicuous under side series
of ocelli, at once characterise it as altogether another butterfly. All the
other Pseudonymphe have ocelli or a fulvous patch (or both) on the
upper side of the hind-wings,—even P. Weita, Wallengr., the nearest
ally of Narycia, presents some red-ringed ocelli.

This insect seems confined to elevated country in the interior of South
Africa. In Basutoland, Colonel Bowker reports it as occurring “all over the
country, on high hills and rocks.” It occurs as far north as Pretoria in the
Transvaal ; and in the Orange Free State, Mr. C. Hart, who sent me some

examples, found it.“‘common in January 1871.” I have not heard of its having
been found to the south of the Orange River.

Localities of Pseudonympha Narycia.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
d. Basutoland.—Maseru, Maluti Mountains, &c. (J. H. Bowker).
C. Orange Free State.—Special locality not recorded (C. Hart).
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom District (7. Ayres). Pretoria(W. Morant).

1 In these cases of more than two pupils, it is remarkable that there is no indication of
additional ocelli having been incorporated in the ordinary one,—as is so often noticeable in
the Satyrine.

SATYRIN A. 79

11. (4.) Pseudonympha Neita (Wallengren).
PuatE 7, fig. 2, ¢.

Pseudonympha Neita, Wallgmn., K. Vet.-Akad. Forhandl, 1875, p. 84,

Hy 3:

Erebia Natehs, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 198, n. 112 (1866).

Exp. al., 1 in. 7 lin.—2 in.

Dull-brown. Fore-wing: a large subquadrate fulvous patch on
disc, commencing immediately beyond discoidal cell, leaving a broad
border of ground-colour bounding it on each margin of wing, and half
enclosing in its upper exterior portion a black, white-bipupillate ocellus
in a paler fulyous ring. Hind-wing: beyond middle, between first and
third median nervules, two similar (but unipupillate) ocelli, which are
more conspicuous in 9, and of which the superior one is the larger; the
pale fulvous rings of these ocelli, and especially that of the upper one,
often suffused. UNDER SIDE.—Slightly paler; markings very distinct.
Fore-wing: fulvous defined inwardly and outwardly by a line darker
than ground-colour, the outer line dentate in 2 ; iris of ocellus ochreous,
ringed with dark-brown. Hind-wing: costa at base tinged with fulvous
(in $ some indistinct fulvous tinting along inner margin); beyond
middle a most indistinct fascia, slightly paler than ground-colour, con-
taining four ocelli like that in fore-wing, of which the two wanting on
upper side are respectively between first and second subcostal nervules
and first median nervule and submedian nervure, the latter being
bipupillate.

Wallengren (loc. cit.) notes a ? from Potchefstroom, in the Transvaal,
which has on upper side of hind-wing two fulvous spots in place of the ocelli.

Before seeing the typical Narycia from the interior country, I took this
larger, darker form from the Eastern Coast districts for it. Good distinguishing
characters, irrespective of size, are the more restricted area of the fulvous patch
in the fore-wing, which does not intrude on the discoidal cell, and the presence
of ocelli in more or less suffused fulvous rings on the upper side of the hind-
wing. On the under side of the hind-wing there are only four ocelli, that
which in Warycia is the second of a series of five being always wanting in
Neita. Specimens taken by myself near Greytown, Natal, and others found in
the Transvaal by Mr. W. Morant and Mr. T. Ayres, are smaller and paler than
the Kaffrarian examples, but present the distinguishing characters noted. One
3 of those I captured has the costal ocellus of the hind-wing distinctly repre-
sented on the upper side; while another ¢ received from Mr. Morant has that
ocellus faintly, and the fourth (near anal angle) pretty clearly shown on the
upper side.

I met with this butterfly rather sparingly in grassy places near Greytown
in March 1867. There was nothing in its flight or appearance distinguishing
it from its congeners, Wallengren notes that Mr. N. Person found it not
uncommonly in similar country near Potchefstroom during February,

Localities of Pseudonympha Neita.
I. South Africa.
D. Kaffraria Proper—Tsomo and Bashee Rivers (J. H. Bowker).
E. Natal.
6. Upper Districts.—Greytown. Estcourt (J. M. Hutchinson).
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom (W. Morant and T. Ayres).

80 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

12. (5.) Pseudonympha D’Urbani, sp. nov.

Exp. al., 1 in. 8—10 lin.

Dull-brown ; a subquadrate discal fulvous patch and rather small
black, white-bipupillate ocellus in fore-wing ; two indistinct (sometimes
obsolete) minute wnipupillate fulvous-ringed ocellt in hind-wing. Fore-
wing : fulvous patch small, clearly defined, even on both edges,—reach-
ing superiorly as far as dull-yellowish ring of ocellus along inner and
lower edge, and inferiorly to a little below first median nervule,—not
infringing on discoidal cell; along median nervure a more or less
distinct suffused fulvous streak. Hind-wing: ocelli between first and
third median nervules, the upper one usually a little larger, and with
its fulvous ring suffused. UNDER SIDE.—Vore-wing: outer edge of
fulvous patch bounded by a dentated dark-brown streak, commencing
close to costa; in some examples the discoidal cell presents, a little
beyond its middle, a faint, transverse, fulvous mark. Hind-wing:
three dark-brown irregular transverse streaks—one before, one about,
and the third beyond, middle; between the central and outer streaks
the ground-colour is paler, forming a broad fascia, marked exteriorly
with four minute but well-defined unipupillate, black, yellow-ringed
ocelli, of which the first is between the two subcostal nervules and the
others in a row between third median nervule and submedian nervure ;
these ocelli very finely encircled exteriorly with dark-brown.

This Pseudonympha is nearly related to P. Neita, Wallengr., but is
easily distinguished by its total want on the under side of the hind-
wings of any basal fulvous, and its possession of a quite distinct pale
discal fascia, and of a third (pre-median) dark transverse streak, On
the upper side as well as on the under side all the ocelli are smaller,
and in much duller rings, especially those of the hind-wings.

Mr. W. S. M. D’Urban, F.L.S., late curator of the Exeter Museum, dis-
covered males of this butterfly at King William’s Town and Bodiam, in the
colony of British Kaffraria, in the year 1861 ; and it gives me great pleasure to
name the species in his honour. It was not until 1870 that I saw three other
¢é examples, which were taken by Mrs. Barber, two near Grahamstown and
the other at King William’s Town; and in 1872 Colonel Bowker sent a ¢
and two ? from the Albert District in the north-east of Cape Colony. No
other specimens have come under my notice.

Localities of Psewdonympha D’ Urbani.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
b. Eastern Districts—Grahamstown (MZ. EL. Barber). King William’s
Town (W, S. M. D’Urban and M. E. Barber). North of Albert
District (J. H. Bowker).

SATYRINZE. 81

13. (6.) Pseudonympha Natalii, (Boisduval).

Satyrus Natali, Boisd., App. Voy. de Deleg., p. 594, n. 84 (1847).
Erebia Natali, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., 1. p. 203, n. 116 (1866).
Pseudonympha Natalii, Butl., Cat. Sat. Brit. Mus., p. 94 (1868).

Exp. al., 1 in. 7-9 lin.

Very pale greyish-brown ; in both wings a pale fulvous-ochreous dis-
cal patch,—that of fore-wing enclosing subapical ocellus. Fore-wing: ful-
vous-ochreous patch large, edged throughout with a streak darker than
the general greyish-brown ground-colour, lying between subcostal and
submedian nervures, its inner edge at or not much beyond extremity
of discoidal cell superiorly,—its outer edge running parallel to hind-
margin; ocellus subovate, rather oblique, bipupillate with white, in a
wide and distinct ochre-yellow ring, outwardly vaguely circled with a
dark shade of rufous, and superiorly completely but narrowly enclosed
by fulvous-ochreous patch ; a thin dark streak just before hind-margin.
Hind-wing: fulyous-ochreous patch ill-defined superiorly about radial
nervule, reaching inferiorly to a little below first median nervule, inter-
nally bounded by a rather faint, externally by a very distinct dark line ;
enclosed by the patch, between first and third median nervules, two
small ocelli like that of fore-wing, but unipupillate and with a less dis-
tinct yellow ring; in one example the upper of these ocelli is almost
obsolete, and there is a third inferior equally obsolescent ocellus; close
to costa, not far before apex, a similar but larger obsolescent ocellus;
submarginal streak as in fore-wing. UNDER SIDE.—Fore-wing: like
upper side, but streak edging fulvous patch and submarginal streak
ferruginous ; fulvous obsolescent about superior part of ocellus; outer
dark circle of ocellus more distinct, tinged with ferruginous. Hind-
wing: brown, not so greyish in tint as that of fore-wing; a dull ferru-
ginous border on costa at and near base; before middle a rather
indistinct, interrupted, transverse ferruginous stria; about middle a
well-defined, similar, but quite continuous and more or less angulated
stria from costa to submedian nervure; four ocelli of moderate size,
very distinct, all unipupillate, the largest that near apex; of the others
that nearest anal angle is the smallest; a little beyond ocelli a ferru-
ginous stria, which, between second subcostal and third median nervules,
forms two very abrupt and deep wnter-nervular loops ; the end of the
lower loop encloses a minute fifth ocellus (obsolescent on left side in
one example); streak close to hind-margin distinct, ferruginous.

Boisduval does not, in his description cited, mention the very sin-
gular double looping of the stria just beyond the ocelli on the under
side of the hind-wing, but the characters he notes of the rather large
fulvous patch in both wings marked with the ocelli, and the brown
under side of the hind-wing crossed by two transverse ferruginous striz
before the ocelli, are combined in no other Pseudonympha, and enable

me to identify with P. Natalii the specimens above described. The
F

82 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

same author observes that he was acquainted with the 2 only; and the
two examples from which my description is made both appear to be of
that sex, but one has lost the abdomen and is otherwise injured. The
most striking distinctive features of this rare species are those specially
noticed, viz., on the upper side (1) the complete enclosure of the ocellus
of fore-wing in the fulvous patch, and (2) the exceptionally large extent
of the fulvous patch in the hind-wing; and on the under side (3) the
two transverse ferruginous stria before the ocelli of the hind-wing, and
(4) the extraordinary looping of the stria just beyond them. Apart
from these distinctions, Natali: on the whole resembles P. Narycia and
Neita, Wallengr., more nearly than any others of the genus yet de-
scribed ;' but in the first and fourth features just mentioned it stands
quite alone.

Beyond the solitary much-injured specimen from Damaraland noted by me
(loc. cit.) in 1866, I have seen only three examples of this butterfly, viz., one
taken in 1875 by Mr. F. W. Barber on the N.W. border of the Transvaal ;
another found on the Tati River in 1882 by Mr. F. C. Selous; and the third in
the collection brought from Matabeleland by Mr. Jamieson in 1881. Only
the first of these three localities is south of the Tropic.

Localities of Psewdonympha Natualit.

I. South Africa,
F. “ Zululand (Delegorque).”—Boisduval.
K. Transvaal.—Crocodile River, S. of Shoshong (F. W. Bar ber).

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Damaraland (J. A. Bell).
bi. Eastern Interior.—Tati River (. C. Selous). Matabeleland
(Jamieson). .

14. (7.) Pseudonympha Hippia, (Cramer).
Papilio Hippia, Cram., Pap. Exot., iii. pl. ecxxii. ff. c, p (1782).
? Papilio (Hipparchia) montana, Burchell, Travels Int. 8. Afr., i. p. 45,
note and woodcut (1822).
Satyrus Cassius, 9, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 526, n. 134 (1819).

Pgorais (4) 1 im. 7 lm, s (2) 1 ime lin,

gf Dull greyish-brown ; discordal cell and a space beyond and below
it in fore-wing, and lower part of cell and wide space over median ner-
vules beyond and below it in hind-wing, very deep obscure-fulvous. Fore-
wing: apical ocellus of moderate size, its two bluish-white pupils large
and conspicuous, its outer ring of pale-brownish suffused and indistinct ;

1 In Mr, Selous’s collection from the Tropical Interior of South Africa there are several
examples of a much closer ally of Natalit. This form is larger, has the fulvous patch in
both wings much smaller, and on the under side of the hind-wings wants the stria before
middle, and has that beyond the ocelli unlooped,

SATYRINZ. 83

obscure-fulvous area very ill-defined, barely attaining outer ring of
ocellus, but descending as far as submedian nervure. Hind-wing:
obscure-fulyvous area only occupying lower and outer half of cell, but
extending beyond over median nervules (and a little above and below
them) to not far from hind-margin. UNDER sIDE—Hind-wing hoary,
closely speckled with brown ; a little beyond middle, a well-defined, irre-
gular, rather bluntly dentate, dark-brown transverse streak. Fore-wing :
fulvous much paler and better defined; apex paler than rest of margin
and speckled with brown. Hind-wing: costa marked with some very
small fuscous spots; before middle, a very indistinct, irregular, in-
terrupted transverse dark-brown streak; streak beyond middle most
strongly dentate in its median portion; not far from hind-margin, two
minute black white-unipupillate ocelli, one between subcostal nervules,
the other between first and second median nervules.

2 Fulvous in both wings paler, better defined. Fore-wing: apical
ocellus considerably larger, its pale outer ring better defined. Hind-
wing: avery minute ocellus, with a white centre between first and
second median nervules. UNDER SIDE.—As in ¢, but the hind-wing
with coarser mottling, inclining to striolation, with the streak before
middle almost obsolete, and that beyond middle less distinct and rather
suffused.

Burchell’s very brief diagnosis leaves it doubtful whether his Mon-
tana is identical with Cramer’s species, but his rough woodcut of the
upper side (though it gives two small ocelli near the anal angle of the
hind-wings instead of one) evidently depicts the fulvous area in both
wine's as occupying the same spaces; and this character (coupled with
the conspicuous dark-brown streak beyond the middle on the under
side of the hind-wings) affords the best distinction of the true Hippia,
the area in question being so much larger (especially in the fore-wing,
where it extends almost to the base) than in the nearly-allied P. vigilans,
(benane

I have seen but two examples (a ¢ and a 9) which are strictly referable to
the Hippia of Cramer,—the numerous specimens mentioned under that name
in Rhopalocera Africe Australis being, I am now of opinion, of a different
though very closely-related species.

These two examples were captured by myself near Cape Town, on the sum-
mit of the southern part of the Table Mountain range, in February 1864 and
January 1865. Dr. Burchell’s insect is also noted as having been taken on
the summit of the eastern side of Table Mountain on the 24th January 1811.

Locality of Pseudonympha Hippia.

T. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts;—Cape Town.

84 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

15. (8.) Pseudonympha vigilans, sp. nov.
Erebia Hippia, Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 199, n. 113 (1866).

Exp. al., 1 in. 7 lin.—2 in.

a Pale, dull, greyish-brown ; in each wing a small post-median deep-
fulvous patch —in fore-wing slightly intruding on outer part of discordal
cell, in hind-wing wholly beyond it. Fore-wing: black apical ocellus
large, bipupillate with bluish-white (the upper pupil the larger), in a
rather ill-defined yellowish-grey ring; fulvous patch rather elongated
transversely, lying between second radial and first median nervules, and
not extending as far as ring of ocellus,—its outline somewhat rounded.
Hind-wing : fulvous patch smaller and more rounded than that of fore-
wing, scarcely rising above third, and not quite descending to first
median nervule. UNDER SIDE.—Costa and apex of fore-wing and whole
of hind-wing grey, with brown hatchings or short striolw.' Fore-wing :
fulvous patch very much enlarged inwardly, extending wninterruptedly
to base; ring of ocellus better defined, outwardly edged with brown
throughout. Hind-wing: costal, apical, and upper hind-marginal area
usually tinged with brownish, making the striole there less apparent ;
sometimes a small unipupillate, black, yellowish-ringed ocellus near
hind-margin, between first and second median nervules, and sometimes
also a similar, larger, subapical ocellus between the subcostal nervules.

& Paler, especially the fulvous patches, of which that in fore-wing is
rounder and intruding more on discoidal cell. Hind-wing: rarely a
single indistinct small ocellus between first and second median nervules.”

As a rule, specimens from the Cape Peninsula (Cape Town to Simon’s
Town) have no ocelli on the under side of the hind-wings; the ? occasionally,
and the ¢ very rarely, presents a minute one between first and second median
nervules, but the subapical ocellus seems to be always wanting. It is probable
that this form prevails through the greater part of the Colony, as the examples
I met with near Grahamstown were quite like those found in the Cape Dis-
trict. But farther to the east and north-east it is common to find specimens
in which both ocelli (and especially the subapical one) are more or less well
marked. This character is, however, most variable ; for instance, among nine-
teen Basutoland examples collected by Colonel Bowker, five (including two 9 )
exhibit no trace of the subapical ocellus; one has the ocellus very small; five
present it small but distinct; two (g and @) possess it of a moderate size ;
in five it is large ; and one (a ¢) has it very large and conspicuous. Besides
this tendency to the development of the subapical ocellus, the specimens in
question exhibit a browner under side of the hind-wing, owing to the more

c

general and pronounced striolation ; and on the upper side of the fore-wing the

1 In some Natalian and Transvaalian specimens of both sexes there are distinctly fulvows
striole mixed with the brown ones, and two imperfect series of these, forming a median and
a submarginal streak, are specially noticeable. This peculiarity is much developed in two’
small és taken by Colonel Bowker near the sources of St. John’s River, in the mountainous
country on the border between Kafirland and Natal.

2Intwo gs taken at Burghersdorp by Dr. Kannemeyer in 1883, this ocellus is well marked
on both sides of the wing, and one of them very nearly equals in size (on the under side) the
subapical ocellus, which is itself unusually large. In the other g this subapical ocellus is
quite distinct, though of small size, on the upper side.

SATYRINZ, 85

fulvous patch presents an extension in the direction of the base, especially in
the ?, where it sometimes occupies rather over the outer third of the discoidal
cell.

From its very near ally, P. Hippia, Cram., this species is distinguished by
its paler ground-colour, and paler, much smaller, fulvous patches on the upper
side in both wings, and by the total absence of the dentated dark transverse
streak beyond the middle on the under side of the hind-wing.

This Psewdonympha haunts broken and rocky ground in elevated situations,
but is also to be found sometimes at lower levels near mountains and stony
hillsides. It is not uncommon on and about Table Mountain, and I have
twice taken it flitting about the Museum enclosure in Cape Town. Its flight
is extremely wavering and irregular, though weak and near the ground, and it
is fond of settling on stones or on the soil. On the qth April 1872 I took
the paired sexes near the summit of the Lion’s Head Mountain. The butterfly
appears in the months of September and October, but I once met with it
towards the end of August. It is, however, more numerous near Cape Town
in March and April, and it was in March that I found it sparingly in Natal.
Near Grahamstown I took it pretty commonly at the end of January and in
February.

Localities of Pseudonympha vigilans.

I. South Africa,
B. Cape Colony.

a. Western Districts.—Cape Town. Constantia, Muizenberg, Kalk
Bay, Simon’s Town, Cape District. Genadendal, Caledon Dis-
trict (G. Hettarsch). Worcester.

b. Eastern Districts —Grahamstown. King William’s Town (W. S.
M. DUrban). Stormberg (Ml. H. Barber). Burghersdorp,
Albert District (D. BR. Kannemeyer).

D. Kaffraria Proper.—Heads of St. John’s River (J. H. Bowker).
E. Natal.

b. Upper Districts.—Noodsberg. Greytown. Estcourt (J. M. Hut-
chinson). Biggarsberg and Rorke’s Drift (J. H. Bowker).

d. Basutoland. Maseru and Koro-Koro (J. H. Bowker).

F. Zululand.—Isandlhwana and Napoleon Valley (J. H. Bowker).
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom and Lydenburg Districts (7. Ayres).
Pretoria (W. Morant).

16. (9.) Pseudonympha Sabacus, (Trimen).

Erebia Sabacus, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., 11. p. 200, n. 114, pl. 4, f. 1
(1866).

Pseudonympha Sabacus, Butl., Cat. Sat. Brit. Mus., p. 93 (1868).

Pseudonympha Hippia,' Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857,
Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 32, n. 1.

Exp. al., (f) 1 in. 6-84 lin.; (2) 1 in. 4—8 lin.

Greyish-brown; fore-wing with a disco-cellular and discal deep
fulvous patch, extending up to lower half of subapical ocellus ; hind-wing
with two small ocelli in confluent fulvous rings near lower half of hind-

1 Among the typical examples of Wahlberg’s butterflies, kindly forwarded to me from

the Stockholm Museum by Mr. Aurivillius, was “ P. Hippia, Wallengren, 6,” which turned
out to be a small ? of P. Sabacus, mihi.

86 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

margin. Fore-wing: a deep fulvous patch occupies, and sometimes
extends a little below, discoidal cell, and is usually confluent at inser-
tion of median nervules with a larger patch of the same colour, lying
between fifth subcostal and third median nervules, and defined, partly
internally and wholly externally, with a line of dark-brown, the external
line commencing on costa and slightly inclining inwards as far as first
median nervule; black apical ocellus touching outer fulvous, ovate,
bipupillate with bluish, and with an incomplete, indistinct, yellowish-
grey ring. Hind-wing: an indistinct dark-brown line near and parallel
to hind-margin ; touching its inner edge, between first and third median
nervules, a small fulvous patch, enclosing two small, black, white uni-
pupillate ocelli, very variable in size, and all but obsolete in some
examples. UNDER SIDE—Costal and apical area of fore-wing indis-
tinctly, whole of hind-wing conspicuously, whitish-grey, hatched with
short dark-brown lines. Fore-wing: fulvous paler, the two patches
more completely confluent, but the inner brown edging of the outer
patch often well-marked; ring of ocellus more distinct and complete.
Hind-wing: three irregular, transverse, brown streaks,—one crossing
cell between middle and base, occasionally rather indistinct,—one
median, much zigzagged, always strongly marked,—the third regularly
dentate, near hind-margin, sometimes a good deal obscured by the
brown hatching, which is densest along hind-margin; between median
and outer streak (but nearer the latter) three ocelli, usually with
suffused brownish clouding, two answering to those on upper side, the
third between two subcostal nervules; the latter ocellus often, and all
three occasionally, quite wanting.

This species differs from P. vigilans, Trim., in its double fulvous patch,
much smaller, incompletely-ringed ocellus, and dark-brown line of fore-wing,
and much smaller fulvous marking of hind-wing; and beneath, in its triple-
streaked whiter hind-wing. The antenne have a more slender, gradually-
formed club, and are much more conspicuously white-ringed, especially beneath.
The 9s asa rule are smaller than the ¢s, and the fine dark-brown striole are
much closer and more evenly distributed all over the hind-wing.

Var. A. (f and 9).

Larger (exp. al., I in, 8-10 lin.) Fore-wing: ocellus propor-
tionately smaller. Hind-wing: ocelli larger, but their fulvous rings
narrow, not confluent. UNDER sIDE.—Hind-wing: whiter, shining ;
the first and second transverse brown streaks strongly marked, and so
clouded with brownish (the first exteriorly and the second interiorly)
as to form a median irregular fascia, more or less white mesially; the
third (submarginal) streak better marked, more dentate, usually inter-
rupted with white on the nervules; ocelli very much larger (their
pupil often obsolete) and the suffused brown clouding surrounding
them much darker and broader; in some examples, a minute additional

ocellus close to anal angle.
Hab.—Kastern South Africa.

SATYRIN A. 87

Var. B. (2).

Same size as War. A. Fore-wing: cellular fulvous very much
reduced (in two examples barely visible). Hind-wing: subapical ocellus
of under side reproduced in three out of four examples; two lower
ocelli large, well-defined, with a very distinct bluish pupil, and set
in moderately wide fulvous rings; accompanying them an additional
smaller ocellus between radial and third median nervules. UNDER
SIDE.—Fore-wing: fulvous field as usual; apical white reduced to a
short streak between brown transverse line and ring of ocellus; on
apex, some fulvous scaling. Hind-wing: the four ocelli and (in three
examples) a fifth minute anal-angular one very distinct, and in evident
rings paler than the restricted pale-brown clouding surrounding them ;
fulvous scaling marks the clouding of all the three transverse dark-
brown streaks, of which the outer (submarginal) one is much less den-
tate than in Var. A.

Hab.—Natal. In the collection of R. Trimen.

With this last-described variety I am disposed to associate three 9 speci-
mens taken by Colonel Bowker at the heads of the Kraai River, in the Aliwal
North District of the Cape Colony. In the rather better development of the
cellular fulvous of the fore-wing, and in the fewer, less distinct ocelli of the
hind-wing on the upper side, they approach Variety A.; but the under side,
though duller, in its colouring and the hind-wing ocelli nearly resembles that
of the ¢ Variety B.

This is an exceedingly abundant species in open country all through the
coast districts of the Colony. The typical form swarms on the sandy flats near
Cape Town in October and November, and occurs as late as the middle of
May. I found it equally plentiful at Knysna during the summer months. It
extends to Uitenhage and to Grahamstown, occurring near the latter place
during my visit in January 1870. I do not know the exact eastern limit of
the typical form, or whether it occurs in some districts in company with
Variety A.; but the latter prevails in the Trans-Kei District of Kaffraria
Proper, and seems altogether to replace the typical Sabacus in the interior of
Natal, where I found it in great numbers in the summer of 1867. Variety B.
was only met with near Greytown and in the Great Noodsberg, but I captured
Variety A. also in those localities. Everywhere, both as regards the typical
form and the Variety A., females are very rarely taken among the very nume-
rous males,

Localities of Psewdonympha Sabacus,

I, South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.

a. Western Districts.\—Cape Town. Blaauwberg, Cape District.
Eerste River, Stellenbosch District. Paarl. Bain’s Kloof, Wor-
cester District. Mossel Bay. Knysna. Plettenberg Bay.

b. Eastern Districts.—Grahamstown. Uitenhage (S. D. Bairstow).
Coega River (J. H. Bowker). Windvogelberg (Dr. Batho).
Stormbergen (Mrs, Barber.—Var. A.) North of Albert District
(J. H. Bowker.—Var. A.) East London (P. Borcherds.—
Var. A.)

d. Basutoland.—Maluti Mountains (J. H. Bowker.— Var, A.)

D. Kaffraria Proper.—Butterworth and Bashee River (J. H. Bowker.—
Var. A.)

88 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

EK. Natal.
b. Upper Districts.—Udland’s Mission Station.—(Var. A.) Tun-
jumbili—(Var. A.) Hermansburg.—(Var. A.) Greytown.—
(Vars. A.and B.) Great Noodsberg.—(Vars. A. and B.) Little
Noodsberg.—(Var. A.) Karkloof (J. H. Bowker.—Var. A.)
K. Transvaal.—Lydenburg District (7. Ayres.—Var. A.)

17. (10.) Pseudonympha Trimenii, Butler.

Pseudonympha Trimenti, Butler, Cat. Sat. Brit. Mus., p. 94, n. 6 (1868).

Erebia Sabacus, Var. A., Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., 11. p. 201, pl. 4, f. 2
(1866).

Pseudonympha Sabacus and P. Trimenii, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1868, p. 284.

Exp. al., 1 in. 64—84 lin.

Rather dark-brown, with two small, well-separated, deep fulvous patches
in fore-wing ; entire neuration of under side of hind-wing white. Fore-
wing: in discoidal cell, a small fulvous patch, not extending beyond
origin of second median nervule, bounded exteriorly by a rather indis-
tinct slightly angulated fuscous line; beyond cell a larger, upper-
discal fulvous patch, bounded everywhere but superiorly by a well-
defined fuscous line ; subapical ocellus of moderate size or rather small,
directly touching fulvous interiorly, but with a very indistinct yellowish-
grey half-ring exteriorly. Mind-wing: a slightly sinuate submarginal
fuscous line; before it, between radial and first submedian nervules,
three small ocelli, of which the middle one, and to a less extent the
lowest, are ringed with broadly suffused fulvous. UNDER sIDE.—Fore-
wing: edge of costa before middle, costal nervure at base, and terminal
portion of nervules at and near (below) apex white; two fulvous patches
united into one long field, paler than above, but the fuscous bounding
lines quite as well marked as on upper side; ring of ocellus faintly indi-
cated interiorly. Hind-wing: besides the entire neuration, a fine costal
edging line, a fine line at base of hind-marginal cilia, the hairs edging
inner margin, a bifurcate longitudinal streak in discoidal cell, and a
longitudinal streak from base to near anal angle above and parallel to
submedian nervure, are all white; ground-colour pale greyish-brown,
irregularly and sparsely freckled with dark-brown short lineole, espe-
cially near base and margins; three transverse fuscous streaks inter-
rupted by white neuration,—that before middle rather sharply angulated,
that about middle sinuated irregularly, and that beyond middle slightly
but regularly dentated ; space between middle and outer streak whitish,
and containing near its external edge a row of five or six more or less
distinct very small ocelli in faint yellowish-grey rings surrounded by
brownish.

The fulvous markings of the upper side, especially the disco-
cellular one in the fore-wing, are in some specimens much reduced and
suffused.

SATYRIN 2. 89

Var. A. (f¢ and 9).

a Fore-wing: dusky, suffused; cellular patch only indicated by a
fulvous gloss; outer patch paler, wider, without bounding fuscous line ;
ocellus larger, but its two pupils indistinct. Mind-wing: five ocelli,
all apparent, the fulvous surrounding the two lowest expanded into a
good-sized patch. UNDER siDE.—Duller. Hind-wing: neuration not
so white before middle; ocelli with barely perceptible pupils; whitish
clouding sparse and less extensive.

2 like f in most respects, but cellular fulvous of fore-wing on upper
side well developed and united to that beyond middle as on under side.

Hab.—? British Kaffraria.

This is a close ally of P. Sabacus, mihi, and, while one example only was
known to me, I was disposed to regard it as a variety, or perhaps a mere indi-
vidual aberration, of that species. But having since taken specimens of both
sexes in three different localities, and found the differences constant, I think
that Mr. Butler rightly separated it from its near congener, The conspicuous
white neuration of the under side at once distinguishes Trimeniz from its near
congeners, and the constancy of the unbroken row of five (rarely six) ocelli on
the under side of the hind-wing is also a very characteristic feature,

The variety noted was taken by Mr. (now Colonel) Bowker in the year
1868, and sent by him to the South-African Museum while I was absent from
the Colony. Both specimens were unfortunately much broken; and Mr.
Layard, at that time curator of the Museum, could not tell me their precise
locality, but believed it was some part of British Kaffraria,

P. Trimenii has quite the habits and appearance on the wing of the widely-
distributed and abundant P. Sabacus, but seems to be extremely local. On
Table Mountain I have met with it haunting a small tract at a considerable
elevation, where I did not find any Sabacus, and it was not uncommon, under
the same conditions, near Simon’s Town ; but on another occasion, near Eerste
River, in the Stellenbosch District, I found Trimenzi in quite a lowland station,
—a few specimens flying among swarms of Sabacus which enlivened the spot.
It is on the wing in September and October.

Localities of Pseudonympha Trimeni

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
a.. Western Districts.—Cape Town. Simon’s Town. Eerste River,
Stellenbosch District.
b. Eastern Districts.—? British Kaffraria (J. H. Bowker).

18. (11.) Pseudonympha Cassius, (Godart).

Papilio Hyperbius, ¢, Cram., Pap. Exot., ii. p. clxviii. ff. c, D (1779).

Satyrus Cassius, Godt. [part], Enc. Meth., ix. p. 526, n. 134 (1819).

Pseudonympha hyperbioides, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl, 1857,

Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 32, n. 2.

Erebia Cassius, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 202, n. 115 (1866).

Exp. al., 1 in. 3—7 lin.

Grey-brown. Fore-wing: a brick-red, ill-defined central patch, vart-
able im size, on median nervure and nervules, and occupying outer lower
portion of discoidal cell; beyond it, two transverse streaks darker than

go SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

ground-colour,—the first not extending below red patch, the other,
which is near hind-margin, extending from near costa to near inner
margin; between the two streaks, near costa, a large, nearly circular,
black ocellus, yellow-ringed and bipupillate with blue. Hind-wing:
outer transverse streak as in fore-wing; two small ocelli near hind-
margin towards anal angle, coloured as in fore-wing, but unipupillate,
—the ocellus nearer anal angle smaller than the other. UNDER sIDE.—’
Paler; hind-margin near apex of fore-wing and whole of hind-wing,
more or less closely hatched with numerous short, thin, red-brown lines.
Fore-wing : brick-red patch larger, almost filling discoidal cell; ocellus
and transverse streaks more distinctly marked. Hind-wing: two angu-
lated, transverse, reddish-brown streaks, one before, the other about
middle; hind-margin densely hatched with red-brown lines; only the
smaller ocellus visible near anal angle, and that very minute; another
small ocellus between subcostal nervules, close to apex ; sometimes one
or two white dots, representing additional ocelli, between the two
ocelli mentioned ; in some specimens the whole hind-wing is so densely
hatched that the two transverse streaks are inconspicuous.

A fg specimen from Knysna in my collection has in both fore-
Wings a minute ocellus adjoining the lower extremity of the ordinary
large ocellus; and there is an additional ocellus in the hind-wings,
smaller and more towards costa than the two ordinary ones.

In a $ example from the same locality, the small ocellus on under-
side of hind-wing, near apex, is also distinct on the upper surface of
the wing; while in another 9, taken at Forest Hall, near Plettenburg
Bay, by Mr. W. H. Newdigate, the fore-wings bear, in addition to the
small ocellus adjoining the ordinary large one, a further small ocellus
between first and second median nervules.

The remarkable distinctness of the yellow rings of all the ocelli is charac-
teristic of this Pseudonympha, and the ocelli of the hind-wing are on the
upper side unusually large, and without any vestige of fulvous round them.
The under side of the hind-wing is quite devoid of the white clouding so
characteristic of P. Sabacus, Trim., and P. Trimenzi, Butler; and the minuteness
of its ocelli and vague definition of its transverse striz recall the same surface
in P. vigilans, Trim.

P. Cassius is very common and of general distribution in Southern Africa,
and probably occurs throughout the year, as June and July are the only
months during which I have not observed it. As usual with the species of
this group, the 9s are comparatively seldom met with. Cassius is a butter-
fly of very slender structure, and flies more feebly than any other member of
this genus I have seen on the wing.

The paired sexes, taken at D’Urban, Natal, were forwarded to me by
Colonel Bowker in the year 1879.

Localities of Pseudonympha Cassius.

I, South Africa,
b, Cape Colony.
a, Western Districts—Cape Town. Hout Bay. Swellendam (A. C.
Harrison). Knysna. Plettenberg Bay. Oudtshoorn (— Adams).

SATYRINZ. gi

b. Eastern Districts.—Port Elizabeth (W. S. 17. D’Urban). Uiten-
hage (S. D. Bairstow). Grahamstown. Frankfort (W. S. I.
D Urban).
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Butterworth and Bashee River (J. TH. Bowker).
E. Natal.
a. Coast Districts—D’Urban. Verulam. Mapumulo. Itongati.
b. Upper Districts.—Pietermaritzburg. Greytown. Intzutze. Tun-
jumbili. Udland’s.Mission Station. Karkloof (J. H. Bowker).
Lydenburg District (7. Ayres).

r

<. Transvaal.

=

Genus LEPTONEURA.

Leptoneura, Wallengren, Kongl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857 ; Lep. Ithop.
Caffr., p. 31; Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Aust., il, 192 (1866).

ImaGco.—Closely allied to Psewdonympha. yes hairy ; palpi scaly
laterally, and with much shorter, less bristly hairs (especially beneath) ;
the terminal joint shorter, less acute than in Pseudonympha ; antenne
rather short, with the club distinct and rather gradually thickened
(except in LZ. Cassus and Cassina, where it is rounded, abruptly formed,
and somewhat flattened). Zhorax rather more robust. Wings with
neuration similar to that of Psewdonympha, but with the costal nervure
of fore-wings unswollen, and the discoidal cell of hind-wings much
shorter; in the gf, on the under side of fore-wings, a narrow, elon-
gate, shining greyish space, on inner margin at base, ordinarily hidden
by the costa of hind-wings. Jore-legs of ¢ extremely small, clothed
with elongate scales and a few bristly hairs; tibia rather shorter than
femur, short tarsal portion abruptly reduced terminally into a straight
acute spine. Middle and hind legs short; femora smooth, scaly ; tibiz
set with very fine bristles, and with terminal spurs short; tarsi also
finely bristly, with a longer, more spiny pair of bristles at end of each
articulation beneath.

Larva.—Rather thick and short; head large; tail very shortly
bifid. Skin set generally with very short bristles.

Pupa.—Cylindrical, very thick (especially about middle); head and
back of thorax very blunted, scarcely prominent.

Besides the difference noted in the antenne, Z. Cassus, Linn., and
Cassina, Bul., are distinguished from their congeners by the more
slender terminal joint of the palpi, and by a generally more robust
structure of the body, the abdomen being longer and thicker, and tufted
at the extremity.

The Leptoneure are larger insects than the species of Pseudo-
nympha, the two smallest of them (LZ. Bowkeri and Cassina) being
equal in size to the 2 P. vigilans, the largest of its genus. Their
habits are quite like those of the latter group; they frequent open
ground, several species preferring hilly tracts. Their flight is rather
stronger and (in the males) longer sustained than that of Pseudo-

92 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

nympha, and in the case of ZL. Clytus (the most numerous of the
known species), inclining to take a circular direction. With the excep-
tion of Clytus, the members of this genus appear to be very local, and
none of them seems to present the abundance in individuals of the
species named,—Cassus, Linn., being, however, tolerably plentiful near
Cape Town.

The undoubted occurrence of the latter species in Madagascar is
very remarkable, as it certainly seems to be scarcer in the eastern
districts of the Colony, and is not recorded from Natal or from the
African coast nearer to Madagascar. But for this singular extension
of the range of one of its species, Zeptonewra would stand as one of the
few endemic South-African genera,

19. (1.) Leptoneura Clytus, (Linn.)
Papilio Clytus, Linn., Mus. Lud. Uly. Reg., p. 268, n. 87 (1764); and Syst.
Nat., i. 2, p. 768, n. 124 (1767).
Papilio Tisiphone, Rott., in Naturforschen, vi. p. 16, t. 1, ff. 1, 2 (1775);
apud Kirby, Syn. Cat. D. Lep., p. 56.
Papilio Clytus, Cram., Pap. Exot., i. pl. Ixxxvi. ff c, D. (1779).
es Wulfen, Descr. Capens. Ins., p. 31, n. 30 (1786).
Satyrus Clytus, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 525, n. 132 (18109).
Erebia Clytus, Westw., Gen. D. Lep., ii. p. 380, n. 43 (1851).
Leptoneura Clytus, Wallener., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857, Lep. Rhop.
Gate. 1p. sa.
Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii, p. 192, n. 109 (1866).

” ”

Exp. al.. 2 im, 1-4 lin.

Brown, with a glistening greenish and reddish surface-light ; fore-
wing with creamy-yellow, macular, transverse stripes. Fore-wing: on
costa beyond middle commences an outwardly-convex, interiorly much-
dentated creamy-yellow band, very variable in depth of hue, width, and
continuity, properly reaching to submedian nervure, but often shorter
and much interrupted by ground-colour; this band is usually joined
about first median nervule by a much narrower stripe of the same
colour from fourth subcostal nervule near apex, outwardly bordering a
large ocellus, which is narrowly edged with darker yellow inwardly ;
ocellus compound, elongate, black, with two (rarely three) large blue
pupils. Hind-wing: near and parallel to hind-margin a row of five
black, fulvous-ringed ocelli, unipupillate with blue, of which the fifth
is much the smallest and occasionally nearly obsolete; rarely a sixth
small ocellus near costa. UNDER SIDE.—DPaler ; hind-wing much paler,
with dark zigzag strie. FKore-wing: apex sie -white; yellow stripes
much narrowed, the larger seldom reaching below third median nervule,
its inner edge thence being indicated by a dentate dark-brown streak,
—the outer forming with the inner edging only a ring about ocellus ;
in discoidal cell, about its centre, two dark transverse streaks, the
inner of which is macular and nearly always continued to submedian
nervure. Hind-wing: transverse strive three,—the macular one near

SATYRINA. 93

base, and the zigzag one crossing cell, both edged outwardly with
whitish scales,—the: zigzag one about middle similarly edged inwardly ;
a dark line closing cell; ocelli in row seven, brown, with white-pupilled
black centres, and narrowly ringed with yellow and brown, two first on
costa out of line with the rest, the last larger than on upper side, often
bipupillate,—all of them bounded by confluent rings of whitish scales.
Both above and below, a paler border on hind-margin of both wings,
divided longitudinally by a dark line, straight or slightly waved on
upper side, waved near apices on under side.

The sexes do not differ appreciably, except that in the jf, on the
under side, the creamy-yellow band almost always extends brokenly
below third median nervule, and as far as first median nervule, and
the white scaling in the hind-wing is more pronounced.

Pupa.—Dull brownish-grey, speckled with fuscous. On back of
abdomen, a transverse row of thin small indistinct fuscous spots occupy-
ing middle line of each segment; on under side of abdomen fuscous
irroration close and thick, leaving two convergent clear streaks of
ground-colour from ends of wing-covers to anal point. Central line of
breast covering haustellum defined by two fuscous longitudinal streaks.
Neuration of wings distinctly defined with brown on wing-covers.

The pupa here described was found by Mr. T. D. Butler, the taxi-
dermist of the South-African Museum, on the 26th March 1873, under
a large stone on the ascent of the Devil’s Peak, Cape Town. It was
lying perfectly free, without attachment of any kind. The imago, a
fine 2, emerged on 8th April.

Var. A. (Grahamstown, Cape Colony).

Hep. al., 2 im: 6=7 lin.

¢ Considerably larger; rings of ocelli in hind-wing paler, yellower.

Aberr. f (Cape Town).

‘ore-wing : a reddish-ochreous transverse meso-cellular fascia, in-
wardly ill-defined, outwardly bounded by dark-brown streak ; a little
scaling of the same colour between extremity of cell and pale creamy-
yellow stripe. Hind-wing: some similar, but more conspicuous scaling
between extremity of cell and first two ocelli of submarginal row.
(Taken by R. Trimen, 1oth April 1874.)

The large Grahamstown variety occurs freely at Highlands, whence
Mrs. Barber sent me several specimens; but I have not seen the ? of
it. It manifestly inclines towards the more eastern and still larger
form LZ. Oxylus, mihi.

The ¢ aberration shows in its ill-defined imperfect upper-side
fascize some indication of an approach to the colouring of the curious
form L. Mintha, Geyer, but exhibits no trace of the latter’s peculiar
pale neuration, &c., of the under side.

In a $ captured near Seymour, in the Stockenstrom District, by Mr. Scully,
the upper part of the fore-wing ocellus is reduced to a very small separate
ocellus, which on the under side becomes quite obsolete.

94 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

This well-known species appears in open ground generally during the
autumn, from the middle of February to the end of May, being most numerous
in March. Among the great number of ¢s which keep in active flight over
the fields, very few @s are to be seen—I think not more than one in fifty.
Clytus is of wide distribution in the Cape Colony, but does not seem to occur
further eastward, the nearly allied L. Oxylus, mihi, replacing it in Kaffraria
Proper.

Localities of Leptonewra Clytus.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.

a. Western Districts.—Cape Town. Caledon (J. X. Merriman).
Genadendal (G. Hettarsch). Knysna. Plettenberg Bay. Oudts-
hoorn (— Adams).

b. Eastern Districts.—Grahamstown (M. L. Barber). Uitenhage
(S. D. Bairstow). Seymour, Stockenstrom (W. C. Scully).

20. (2.) Leptoneura Oxylus, Trimen.
Pare) Vi. fig.5; a.
¢ Leptoneura Oxylus, Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 437.

Leptoneura Clytus (Linn.), Var. A., Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., il. p. 194
(1866).

Exp. al., 2 in. 74-94 lin.

gt Brown, strongly glossed with a bronzy lustre of mingled reddish
and greenish ; fore-wing with pale-creamy macular transverse submarginal
stripes. Fore-wing : a transverse, exteriorly convex, interiorly strongly-
dentate, pale-creamy macular stripe, from costa just beyond middle to
anal angle; of this stripe the upper portion is rather narrow and un-
interrupted, but the lower portion is broader and consists of three spots
more or less completely separated from the upper portion and from each
other; close to apex, a short, much curved, unbroken, wider stripe of
the same colour, from near costa to third median nervule, along which,
by a very thin ray, it is united to the preceding stripe; touching inner
edge of this short stripe are three rather small, more or less confluent,
black ocelli with widely blue-clouded white pupils, bounded interiorly
by a thin creamy-yellow line; along hind-margin a rather narrow, ill-
defined whitish border, separated by a brown streak from apical pale-
creamy stripe, and traversed longitudinally by another brown streak
close to hind-marginal edge. Hind-wing: beyond middle, between
second subcostal nervule and submedian nervure, a curved transverse
row of five conspicuous black ocelli, with bluish white pupils, in pale
fulvous rings; of these ocelli the fifth is much smaller than the rest,
and often bipupillate; a narrow hind-marginal border of a paler brown
than the ground-colour, traversed by a dark brown streak close to hind-
marginal edge. UNDER SIDE: rather paler, less glossy. Fore-wing: the
creamy bands whiter, the inner one considerably narrowed, its upper
portion more irregular, and sometimes even interrupted, its lower
macular portion with the two lower spots very much reduced or obsolete ;
the inner edge of this stripe is defined by a dentate stria darker than

SATYRINA, 95

the ground-colour; in discoidal cell, a little beyond its middle, a
slightly-angulated dark-brown transverse stria, preceded by a shorter
striate marking, sometimes broken into two small spots. Mind-wing:
a very short dark stria (or two small spots) in discoidal cell near base ;
two irregular dark transverse striz from costal to submedian nervure—
one before, the other about, middle—of which the first is exteriorly
edged with some indistinct whitish scales ; outer stria much more irre-
gular than the inner; ocelli as above, but their pupils smaller, their
rings yellow, narrower, and enclosed in thin outer rings of dark-brown,
and the black containing traces of a very thin bluish crescent; two
additional, rather duller, but similar ocelli near costa, before the others ;
both interiorly and exteriorly the ocelli are bounded by some whitish
or whitish-violaceous clouding.

This fine form of Leptoneura seems to be sufficiently distinct from
L. Clytus (Linn.), to be ranked as a separate species. The female still
remains unknown to me, but, considering how rarely that sex of Clytus
proper is taken in comparison with the very numerous males, this is
perhaps not to be wondered at in the case of a form that appears to be
very local. The male Z. Oxylus differs from ZL. Clytus in the following
respects, viz. :—(1) Its much larger size, Clytus not expanding above
2 inches, and being generally not more than 2 in. 4 lin. across the
wings; (2) its paler colouring throughout; (3) the proportionally
smaller and invariably triple ocellus of fore-wing, which in Clytus is
rarely more than double, and, in the instances where it is triple, the
lowest (or third) factor of the compound ocellus is small or minute ;
(4) the greater width of the creamy stripe beyond this ocellus; (5) the
whitish hind-marginal border of fore-wing; (6) the more irregular and
broken character of the macular creamy stripe across disc of fore-wing ;
(7) the more distinct ocelli of hind-wing, and their conspicuous pale
fulvous (instead of dull fulvous) rings; (8) on the under side of the
hind-wing the ocelli are much blacker and their yellow rings much
brighter ; while (9) the two dark strize are very much less irregular,
the outer one projecting farthest from base on the radial nervule, so
that the space between the striz is widest at that point, instead of on
the third median nervule; and (10) the whitish edging of the strize is
either wanting or very faintly present, and the basal broken stria of
Clytus is all but obsolete. A structural difference is noticeable in the
antennz, which are proportionally shorter in Oxzylus; they are also of
a paler and more yellowish rufous.

Colonel Bowker sent this butterfly from Butterworth, Kaffraria Proper, as
long ago as 1861, and afterwards from the Bashee River in the same territory.
Mr. W. S. M. D’Urban informed me that he had noticed this large ‘‘ Variety
A.” of Z. Clytus in the then colony of British Kaffraria; but it was not until
March 1875 that Colonel Bowker succeeded in taking specimens on the west
bank of the Kei River, in the division of East London. I have not heard of
the butterfly occurring in Natal, or elsewhere in South Africa than within the
limited range indicated.

96 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Localities of Leptoneura Oxylus.

I. South Africa,
B. Cape Colony.—East London District: bank of Kei River (J. H.
Bowker).
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Butterworth and Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).

21. (3.) Leptoneura Mintha, (Geyer).

Dira Mintha, Geyer, Zutr. Samml. Exot. Schmett., 5th Cent., p. 15,
n. 426, ff. 851-852 (1837).
Erebia Mintha [an E. Clytus, Linn, Var. 1], Westw., Gen. D. Lep., p. 380,
n. 48 (1851).
Leptoneura Clytus (Linn.),? Var. C., Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii,
p- 194 (1866).
Leptoneura Mintha, Butl., Cat. Sat. Brit. Mus., p. 71, n. 2 (1868).
Exp. al., 2 im. 1-5 lin.
fa Dull brown, with a bronzy surface-gloss ; fore-wing with a pale-
creamy macular transverse stripe beyond middle. Fore-wing: stripe
occupying same position as in Z. Clytus, but more distinctly interrupted
on third median nervule, and more curved inward inferiorly ; the three
lower spots of the stripe quite disconnected, and, though blunter inte-
riorly, exteriorly quite sharply acuminate—the reverse of what occurs
in Clytus ; compound ocellus near apex bipupillate (rarely tripupillate)
with white (not blue, as in Clytus), and bordered externally by a narrow
quadri-macular dull-creamy stripe; a little before middle, a transverse
fuscous streak, crossing cell, and interrupted on median nervure. Hind-
wing: beyond middle, an interrupted, often very indistinct, fuscous
streak, externally edged narrowly with dull ochreous-yellow ; a sub-
marginal row of four moderate-sized white-pupilled ocelli (often a
minute indistinct fifth ocellus near anal angle) in pale dull ochreous-
yellow rings. UNDER sIDE—Paler and duller; neuration of hind-
wing clouded with white. Fore-wing: base suffused with deep-fulvous
as far as fuscous transverse streak; apical margin narrowly clouded
with white, fading into pale-brown along hind-margin. Hind-wing:
near base, two fuscous whitish-edged spots in discoidal cell, and a
short longitudinal fuscous whitish-edged streak between median and
submedian nervures; a fuscous streak marking extremity of cell;
before middle, across wing, a highly irregular dentated fuscous streak,
exteriorly clouded with white; beyond middle, a similar but stronger,
less dentated streak, exteriorly much more widely white-clouded, and
sharply interrupted on first and on third median nervules; six ocelli, much
smaller than those on upper side, and with scarcely any trace of yellowish
rings; a rather narrow submarginal shining-white stripe, thinly edged
on both sides with fuscous, running from costa just before apex to
anal angle; costa itself with a linear white edging.
9 Pale-creamy stripe beyond middle of fore-wing of a yellower tint

SATYRINZ, 7

than in $5 rings of ocelli in hind-wing more distinct and faintly tinged
with fulvous. Fore-wing: transverse fuscous streak bounded interiorly
by well-marked fulvyous clouding. Hind-wing: transverse fuscous
streak exteriorly edged with somewhat suffused fulvous. UNDER sIpr.
—Fore-wing: fulvous extending more or less fully over disc as far as
lower part of creamy macular stripe (sometimes covering the lowest
spot). Hind-wing: white clouding of neuration and of transverse
streaks much more restricted, but at the same time much more clearly
defined ; rings of ocelli much more distinct—in one case quite clear
creamy-yellow.

This butterfly looks so very like a mere aberration of L. Clytus (Linn.),
that I should not have been disposed to treat it as distinct had not specimens
(the first that reached me) of both sexes been lately—1883~84—sent from
Burghersdorp, in the north-east of the Cape Colony, by Dr. D. R. Kannemeyer,
with the information from that careful observer that it was the prevalent form
of Leptonewra in that vicinity. The differences noted in the above description
seem to be constant, but more material is necessary to make this clear. The
exact locality of the well-coloured ¢? figured by Geyer in the “ Zutrage”
quoted is not recorded, but it is not unlikely that the specimen was taken near
Cape Town. Mintha is, however, in contrast to Clytus, extremely rare in this
locality, as I have never yet met with it, and the only example known to me
as certainly found in the neighbourhood is a @ captured at Tokai, in the Cape
District, by the late Mr, H. W. Oakley, Assistant-Curator of the South-African
Museum, on the 4th April 1884. Mr. Oakley revisited the spot, but did not
obtain any other specimens, though he informed me that he believed one
Leptoneura which escaped capture belonged to the form in question.

Localities of Leptonewra Mintha.

TI. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts.—-Tokai, Cape District (H. W. Oakley).
b. Eastern Districts.—Burghersdorp (D. R. Kannemeyer).

22. (4.) Leptoneura Dingana, Trimen.

$ Leptoneura Dingana, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1873, p. 102,
pleietat

Exp. al., 2 in. 2—4 lin.

gf Dark-brown. Fore-wing: beyond middle a curved macular
fulvous-ochreous band between subcostal nervure and second median
nervule, the three upper spots united and forming a subapical bar;
contiguous to outer edge of bar a compound black ocellus, bipupillate
or (rarely) tripupillate with bluish-white. Hind-wing: a submarginal
row of five unipupillate black ocelli in strongly-marked fulvous-ochreous
rings, of which the first is between the subcostal nervules, and the
fifth between second and first median nervules; an indistinct and
minute sixth ocellus close to anal angle. UNDER sIDE.—Dull fuscous-
brown, with very indistinct markings. Fore-wing: only a faint (often

G

98 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

no) trace of fulvous band; compound ocellus smaller than above, ill-
defined, but the pupils conspicuous. Hind-wing: the six ocelli present,
but without fulvous rings; usually an additional small ocellus next
costa; before them indistinct traces of an irregular transverse streak,
darker than ground-colour, but inwardly edged by a paler line; beyond
them two indistinct, parallel, hind-marginal dark streaks; before
middle a similar irregular streak, with a paler external edging.

9° Paler. Fore-wing: fulvous-ochreous band broader, especially
in its lower portion. Hind-wing: rings of ocelli paler, broader.
UNDER SIDE.—Fore-wing: band present, but much narrower through-
out. Hind-wing: median transverse stria rather more distinct.

This Leptonewra is nearly allied to L. Bowkeri, mihi, but is of the
larger size of Clytus, Linn., and presents a very different appearance
from the former species, owing to its fulvous band and very much
larger compound ocellus in the fore-wing.

I founded this species on a single specimen taken in Natal (October 1868)
by Mr. Walter Morant. Examples of both sexes received from the Transvaal
in 1878 and 1879 show that the original specimen in question isa g. Mr.
Morant wrote that he observed it flying low, and settling on the ground and on
rocks, with the wings open. .

A fine ¢ specimen was sent to me from Estcourt, Natal, by Mr. J. M.
Hutchinson, in November 1884.

Localities of Leptonewra Dingana.

TI. South Africa.

E. Natal.
b. Upper Districts—Malang Spruit, between Mooi and Bushman’s
Rivers (W. Morant). Estcourt (J. WM. Hutchinson).
K. Transvaal.—Lydenburg District (7. Ayres).

23. (5.) Leptoneura Bowkeri, Trimen.
¢ Leptoneura Bowkeri, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 348,°

PLuvin te:
& Leptoneura Clytus (Linn.), Var. B., Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii: p. 194
(1866).

Exp. al., 1 in. 10 lin.—2 in. 3 lin.

gd Dark-brown, with a rufous gloss. Fore-wing: a strongly-curved
row of six whitish irregularly-shaped spots (of which the upper three
are in contact with each other, but the lower three separate, sub-
rhomboidal, and diminishing in size downward) running from the costa
a little beyond the middle to just above the first median nervule, near
hind-margin ; rarely a seventh indistinct spot below the first median
nervule ; externally contiguous to the second spot of this row, near the
apex, an indistinct small black ocellus, unipupillate with bluish-white.
Hind-wing: a submarginal row of four or five moderately-sized white-
unipupillate black ocelli, in narrow dull-rufous rings. UNDER sIDE.—

SATYRINZ. 99

Hind-wing and apex of fore-wing very slighily paler than the rest of the
surface. Fore-wing: a row of spots as above, but the fifth and sixth
spots more or less tinged with fulvous, and a faint trace of a seventh
spot (also fulvous) below the first median nervule; a spot, and a curved
stria beyond the spot, rather darker than the ground-colour, about the
middle of the discoidal cell; two parallel dark lines along hind-margin,
the inner one becoming obsolete about the second discoidal nervule.
Hind-wing: a short dark transverse streak in discoidal cell, near base ;
a dark line closing the cell; two somewhat suffused dark stripes across
the wing, one (edged with greyish scaling outwardly) before the middle,
dentate, but continuous and tolerably regular, the other (edged with
greyish scaling inwardly) irregular, more strongly dentate, and abruptly
interrupted on the third median nervule; ocelli seven (but that nearest
the costa small and indistinct, or sometimes wanting), usually ill-
defined, in brownish-ochreous rings; two parallel marginal lines dis-
tinct throughout.

9 Duller, more reddish. Fore-wing: the first (costal) spot of
curved transverse row wanting, and the second, third, and fourth spots
much reduced in size; all spots except the second dull-rufous instead
of whitish ; ordinary apical ocellus much better defined than in ¢,—
below it two similar ocelli, of which the lower is smaller and externally
edged with rufous. Hind-wing: ocelli larger, more distinct, their
rufous rings much wider and paler. UNDER SIDE—Wore-wing: row of
spots as on upper side, but the three upper ones all more or less
whitish ; lowest of three ocelli obsolete. Hind-wing: greyish scaling
of transverse strize much better developed; ocelli more distinct.

In two examples (¢) the small and imperfect ocellus of the fore-
wing is accompanied, on the upper side only, by a minute black spot,
below and separate from it, on the outer edge of the third spot in the
whitish band. In one of the Bashee River specimens, all the spots
(seven) of the band are unusually small, and completely separated, the
three lower ones being minute and fulvous-tinged, both on upper and
under sides of the wings; while in a Katberg example, taken by Mrs.
Barber, they are all very small indeed,—the three lower ones being all
but obsolete.

The ¢ may readily be distinguished from ZL. Clytus by its smaller
size; darker ground-colour ; total want of narrow ochreous band beyond
ocellus of fore-wings; much narrower, paler, and more strongly-curved
macular band, and almost obsolete ocellus of the fore-wings,—both which
markings are much farther from the end of the discoidal cell, and
nearer to the apex, than in Clytus, and the much wider distance apart
(on the under side of the hind-wing) of the two transverse dark stripes at
their costal origin. The antennz are rather paler than those of Clytus.
These differences also characterise the 2 Bowkert, except that the latter
presents three small ocelli in the fore-wing, and is not so dark in
ground-colour,

100 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

L. Bowkeri is a loyer of high-lying localities, all the recorded
specimens having occurred at a tolerable elevation. Colonel Bowker
notes it as not rare in Basutoland, and in Kaffraria observed that it —
was confined to lofty hill ridges.’

The only ¢ that I have seen was acquired by the South-African Museum
in 1879 from Mr. T. Ayres, who noted it as having been captured in the
Lydenburg District of the Transvaal.

Localities of Leptoneura Bowkert.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.

b. Eastern Districts.—Katberg (MM. £. Barber). Aliwal North Dis-
trict : heads of Kraai River (J. H. Bowker). Bedford District :
Kagaberg and Winterberg (J. P. Mansel Weale).

d. Basutoland.—Koro-Koro (J. H. Bowker).

D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker). North Pondoland
(Sir H. Barkly).
KE. Natal. ;

b. Upper Districtsx—Karkloof (W. Morant). Weenen County (J.
M. Hutchinson).

K. Transvaal.—Lydenburg District (7. Ayres).

24. (6.) Leptoneura Cassus, (Linn.)
Papilio Cassus, Linn., Mus. Lud. Ulr. Reg., p. 269, n. 88 (1764); and
Syst. Nat., 1. 2, p. 768, 0. 125 (1767):
Po », Cram., Pap. Exot., iv. pl. ccexiv., ff. o, D (1782).
Satyrus Cassus, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 526, n. 133 (1819).
Erebia Cassus (Linn.), [? Clytus ? |, Westw., Gen. D. Lep., p. 380, n. 44
1851).
ee oe ay Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 195, n. 110 (1866).

Exp, al., 2 in, 1-6 lin.

Very dark brown, with a purplish gloss ; fore-wing widely coloured
with deep-fulvous. Fore-wing: falvous in f much obscured, ferruginous,
or almost merged in ground-colour, nearly filling discoidal cell, covering
basal halves of median nervules, and extending to the inner edge of a
large white-bipupillate, ill-defined black ocellus, near apex—in 9
broader, paler, and crossed by a faint disco-cellular streak of brown,
and a long, more conspicuous streak from costa beyond middle,—in
neither sex extending above subcostal or below submedian nervure.
Hind-wing : a row, beyond middle, of 3-5 white-pupilled black ocelli
in deep-fulvous rings, between second subcostal nervule and median
nervure. UNDER SIDE.—Paler,; costa and apex of fore-wing, and hind-
wing wholly, more or less suffused with greyish-ochreous ; fulvous of fore-

1 Three specimens presented to the South-African Museum in 1874 were taken by
Sir Henry Barkly, K.C.B., “‘on a steep grassy ridge” on the border of Jojo’s Country,
North Pondoland, Mr. J. P. Mansel Weale also informed me that he never met with the

butterfly away from mountains in the Bedford District ; it appeared there from October to
December.

SATYRIN. Iot

wing not reaching ocellus, but scarcely reaching beyond outer transverse
streak, which, with that in cell, is usually clearly marked in both sexes.
Hind-wing: two crenelated dark-brown transverse lines, one before, the
other about middle; ocelli very faintly represented by pale dots and in-
complete pale rings, seven in number; beyond them a lunulate dark
line. In both wings a dark line along, and close to, hind-margin.

In some f specimens the ocellus of fore-wing is tripupillate, the
lowest pupil indicating the existence of a second ocellus ; and two 9s in
my collection have, in addition to the large three-pupilled ocellus, two
well-marked smaller ocelli between first and third median nervules, the
lower being the larger. In one 2 the fulvous indistinctly extends
round outer edge of large ocellus, as in Cramer’s figure, and indications
of this appear in others.

Aberr. 2.—VFore-wing: fulvous paler than usual, well-defined, dis-
tinctly and broadly divided into two portions, basal and subapical
(very much as in Pseudonympha Trimenii, Butl.), the dark dividing
space being limited by the two dark transverse streaks usually obser-
vable in the ?, and dusted with fulvous; ocellus bipupillate, larger
than usual, more obliquely placed. Hind-wing: three of the four
ocelli rather larger than usual and very distinct. UNDER stipE.—More
ochreous; markings less distinct. ore-wing: fulvous paler; outer
dark transverse streak straighter and more strongly marked.

Hab.—Zwaarte Ruggens, Uitenhage District; August 1870 (J.
Hf, Bowker).

Godart (loc, cit.) notes two males in which the fore-wings wholly
wanted the ocellus on the upper side, but on the under side were quite
as usual.

Larva.—Pale sandy-brown; along middle of back a fine double
black line, between two sinuated dusky streaks ; on each side a sub-
dorsal, broad, dusky streak, crossed superiorly on each segment by a
short, oblique, narrow mark of the ground-colour; spiracles black,
surrounded by dusky irroration. Head large, dark-brown, set with
short black bristles and sandy hairs. Body generally rather closely
set with short black bristles; tail very slightly bifid, the two short pro-
minences sandy, set with black bristles like the rest of the surface.

Pupra.—Pale-sandy, inclining to reddish abdominally, everywhere
minutely reticulated with fuscous. A fuscous line down middle of back ;
the edges of all the limbs, and the neuration of the wings defined by
fuscous lines. Back of abdomen with a pale-sandy streak on each side
and two very indistinct central ones ; a series of indistinct paler spots
just above spiracles. Length 7} lines. Form like that of Clytus, but
abdomen shorter inferiorly, being more abruptly curved.

Not suspended ; lying perfectly free and unattached,

Mr. T. D. Butler and Mr. R. Lightfoot both brought me examples of this
larva, but I did not succeed in rearing any of them. The latter, however,
was more successful, obtaining two pup from larve collected in August 1885.

To2 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

From one of these pupe I hatched a ¢ Cassus on 18th September, the pupal
state having lasted thirty days. The larve fed on a grass.

This Leptoneura is not uncommon in the Western Districts of the Cape
Colony, but local in its habits, preferring hilly or elevated stations. It flies
from the end of September to the middle of December, and is conspicuous on
the wing from its dark colouring. In flight it resembles its allies, keeping
near the ground and often settling, but it is rather swifter than LD. Clytus. I
captured the paired sexes near Worcester on the 22d October 1863.

The occurrence of this species in Madagascar, for which in 1867 the only
evidence known to me was a specimen labelled with that locality in the British
Museum, has of late years been established ; and the butterfly has been figured
as Ypthima Cassus in the plates of M. Grandidier’s great work on the Mala-
gasy fauna, which were shown to me by Mr. H. Grose Smith in 1881.

Localities of Leptoneura Cassus.

I, South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts.—Cape Town. Simon’s Town. Vogel Vley,
Tulbagh District. Worcester. Hex River, Worcester District
(L. Péringuey). Springbokfontein, Namaqualand District (G.
A. Reynolds).
b. Eastern Districts.—Zwaarte Ruggens, Uitenhage District (J. H.
Bowker). Murraysburg (J. J. Muskett).
II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
bb. Madagascar.—Coll. Brit. Mus.

25. (7.) Leptoneura Cassina, Butler.

@ Leptoneura Cassina, Butl., Cat. Sat. Brit. Mus., p. 72, pl. ii. £. 12 (1868).
Leptoneura Cassus (Linn.), [part], Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 196 (1866).
Leptoneura Cassina, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 283.

Exp. al., (f) 1 in. 9-10 lin.; (Q) 2 in.

g Very dark-brown, with a purplish gloss; fore-wing suffused with
deep ferruginous-fulvous (sometimes almost obsolete). Fore-wing: apical
ocellus as in Z. Cassus (Linn.), but not so well defined, and sometimes
tripupillate ; dark-fulvous usually more restricted than in Cassus, and
rarely extending as far as ocellus. Mind-wing: ocelli beyond middle
very indistinct (especially their fulvous rings), seldom exceeding three
in number. UNDER SIDE.—/Hind-wing and costal and apical border of
fore-wing rather paler than on wpper side, irrorated unequally with
whitish or hoary-grey scales, Fore-wing: as in Cassus, except for rather
dense hoary scaling just at apex. Hind-wing: whitish irroration thickest
immediately beyond inner transverse dark streak, and between discal
row of ocelli and hind-margin (especially at and near’ apex); ocelli
very obscure, except as regards the inner portions of their rings, which
form conspicuous, thin, whitish lunules or lunulate spots.

2 Fulvous better defined, especially in rings of ocelli in hind-wing ;
ground-colour quite as dark as in g. UNDER sipE.—Fulvous of fore-

SATYRINZ. 103

wing much paler; hind-wing and borders of fore-wing very much paler
than in gf, with an ochreous tinge, and with the hoary irroration much
better developed (especially at and near apex of hind-wing),

This form is doubtfully separable from L. Cassus (Linn.), the only differ-
ences of importance being its considerably smaller size, darker colour (especially
in the ? ), and the hoary scaling on the under side (particularly apparent at
the apices and on the fragmentary rings of the hind-wing ocelli). It is certainly
_ searcer than Cassus, and haunts a different station, being confined, as far as I
know, to the sandy flats in the Cape District and Piketberg. The only example
of several seen which I took at the latter locality was a very dark ¢, which
in size and the yellower less hoary under-side scaling showed some approach
towards Cassus. The only females (two) that I have met with present no trace
of the small additional ocelli in the fore-wing often found in the ? Cassus.
October is its chief month of appearance, but I have taken it in September,
and (worn) as late as December.

Localities of Leptoneura Cassina.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts.\—Cape Town. Piketberg.

Genus MYCALESIS.
Mycalesis, Hiibner, Verz. Bek, Schmett., p. 54 (1816).

Imaco.—Head small, tufted in front; eyes usually smooth; palpi
rather long, laterally compressed, acute, the basal and middle joints set
densely and compactly beneath with bristly hairs, the terminal joint
rather short, acuminate, clothed with very short hairs; antennw rather
short, gradually but generally very distinctly clubbed. Thorax small
and short, prominent and hairy dorsally. ore-wings rather broad and
truncate ; costa much arched ; hind-margin slightly convex, very slightly
sinuated ; costal nervure always, and median and submedian nervures
usually, swollen at the base; in the g, the last-named nervure often
has on its lower edge, a little before middle, a small sac enclosing a
tuft of hair, and the inner margin between base and middle is usually
convex, while on the under side there is a glossy, sub-iridescent, inner-
marginal space; first subcostal nervule originating some way before,
the second at, extremity of discoidal cell; where median nervure is
swollen, its first nervule is given off at extremity of swelling; cell broad,
rather short ; middle and lower disco-cellular nervules forming at their
junction an obtuse angle towards the base,—the lower nervule much
longer than the middle one. Hind-wings broad, rounded; hind-margin
more or less sinuated; anal angle often rather pronounced; costa at
base slightly excavated, but at a little distance from base strongly pro-
minent, more or less fringed with short hairs; in the Z%, costal border
conspicuously glossy and sub-iridescent, with usually a tuft of long hairs

104 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

springing from edge of subcostal nervure; discoidal cell very short,
rather broad, obliquely truncate terminally by the almost continuous
disco-cellular nervules. ore-legs of f small, but quite noticeable, with
the femur short, slender, and finely hairy, but with the tibia and tarsus
densely hairy ; those of 2 much larger and longer, and very finely hairy
throughout. Middle and hind legs moderately stout, clothed with scales ;
tibial spurs short. Abdomen in f rather elongated, and tufted with
hair at the end.

This genus of numerous closely-related species is characteristic of
the Old-World Tropics, extending from the West-African coast to
Australia, only a few species occurring in extra-tropical countries, one
of them inhabiting Japan. About half of the ninety species recorded
are natives of South-Eastern Asia and the Indo-Malayan Islands, while
Australia (including the Austro-Malayan Islands) and Africa nearly
equally divide the remaining half. Westwood (Gen, Diurn. Lep., i.
p- 393) has pointed out that the genus is divisible into two groups,—
one with only the costal nervure of the fore-wings swollen basally, and
with the ¢ badge borne on the submedian nervure of the same wings,—
the other with the median and submedian nervures also swollen, and
with the badge borne on the subcostal nervure of the hind-wings.’ All
the African species appear to belong to the latter division.

These butterflies are of medium size and obscure-brown colouring
(varied in some Hastern species with fulvous-ochreous), with submarginal
ocellated spots more numerous and distinct on the under than on the
upper side of the wings. The fore-wings usually bear only two of these
ocelli, the lower of which is almost always considerably the larger of
the two. The two South-African species that I have seen in life fre-
quent wooded spots, JZ Safitza—which is by far the commoner and
more widely distributed—preferring shady spots in woods, and Jf. per-
spicua more open localities on the outskirts. I am not aware of the
haunts of Jf. Simons, a singular pale yellow-ochreous form, which
appears just to penetrate extra-tropical South Africa, but in all pro-
bability it is also a sylvan butterfly. The flight of Sajitza and Per-
spicua is extremely weak and low, and interrupted by frequent settling
on the ground or on herbage.

It must have been in error that the little W. Narcissus, Fab., so
abundant in Mauritius, was recorded as a native of Natal, no specimen
having occurred in any of the numerous collections from various parts

of that colony which I have examined during the past twenty-two
years.

1 Mr. Moore’s genera Orsotricna and Calysisme (Lep. Ceylon, i. pp. 20, 22) seem respec-
tively to correspond with these two groups. The Japanese M. Perdiccas, Hewits., links the

two divisions, presenting the three swollen nervules and ¢ badge in the fore-wings, and also
the $ badge in the hind-wings.

SATYRIN A. 105

26. (1.) Mycalesis Safitza, Hewitson.

3 Mycalesis Safitza, Hewits., Gen. Diurn. Lep., p. 394, n. 10, pl. 66, f. 3
(1851); Exot. Butt., iii, p. 80, pl. go, f. 4 (1862).

¢ Mycalesis Husirus, Hopff., “ Monatsber. d. K. Akad. Wissensch., Berl.,
1855, p. 641, n. 13;” and Peters’ Reise n. Mossamb., Ins., p. 393,
EeeG i. 3,4: (1862),

$ Mycalesis injusta, Wallgrn., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857, Lep. Rhop.
Gant, p.-3 3.

Var A. ¢ and ¢?.

! § Mycalesis Evenus, Hopff., op. cit., “1855, p. 641, n. 143”

ph 2c; fi. 5,6 (5862).

2 Mycalesis caffra, Wallgrn., op. cit., 1857, p. 34.

3 2? Mycalesis Hvenus, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 207, n. 120 (1866).

>

and p. 394,

Exp. al., ($) 1 im. 8-11 lin.; (2) 1 in. ro lin—2 in. 1 lin.

gf Dark-brown, tinged with yellow-ochreous; a common submarginal
darker line; fore-wing with a small, black, white-pupilled, subapical
ocellus, ringed with pale dull ochrey-yellowish, and (usually) a larger,
sumilar, less distinct ocellus between first and second median nervules. Fore-
wing: beyond extremity of discoidal cell, an indistinct, rather suffused,
short, transverse, dull ochrey-yellowish streak ; subapical ocellus between
radial nervules; between the two ocelli a more or less indistinct dull
pale-ochrey-yellowish suffusion ; lower ocellus sometimes very indistinct,
and almost as small as the upper one,—rarely quite obsolete; a small
elongate sac touching lower edge of submedian nervure, about middle.
Hind-wing : without markings ; along costa a smooth glistening grey-
ish-white space, wider nearer base, and on its lower edge, springing
from subcostal nervure close to base, a tuft of long whitish hairs, suc-
ceeded by a similar tuft of rather shorter fuscous hairs on second sub-
costal nervule. - UNDER SIDE.—Basal halves of wings dark-brown (darker
than upper side), sharply defined externally by a thin, creamy-yellowish,
slightly-sinuate streak, from costa of fore-wing to inner margin (near
anal angle) of hind-wing ; outer halves very pale yellowish-brown, marked
with distinct white-pupilled black ocelli, with yellow iris encircled with
dark-brown ; an inner sharply-dentated and an outer slightly-sinuated
submarginal dark-brown streak common to both wings; surface gener-
ally, but especially outer portion, with a more or less distinct violaceous
gloss. Fore-wing: across middle of discoidal cell a narrow pale-brown
streak with darker edges (often indistinct and sometimes obsolete); a
little before this streak an all but obsolete similar shorter one; lower
ocellus large and conspicuous; occasionally one or two minute (usually
imperfect) ocelli adjoining each of the two constant ocelli; beyond the
pale streak bounding dark basal half; some more or less developed
brown clouding, which, uniting with the enlarged lower portion of the
inner submarginal streak, forms an almost complete ring about (but at
some little space from) the larger ocellus ; a rather wide inner-marginal
space, from base to beyond middle, shining-silvery, marked with the
same little sac that is seen on the upper side. Hind-wing: seven

106 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

ocelli on disc, in a series from near apex to close to anal angle, of which
the first, fourth, fifth, and sixth are of moderate size and the others
much smaller; before and beyond these ocelli there is some more or
less developed brown clouding of the same character as that in fore-wing.

2 Considerably larger, paler. Fore-wing: lower ocellus always
present, better defined; in some examples, a minute third ocellus
immediately above the larger one. UNDER sSIDE.—Basal halves not
nearly so dark, and with the paler outer halves tinged with ochreous-
yellow. Fore-wing: from one to three of the minute additional ocelli
always present ; streak across cell usually better marked. Hind-wing:
fifth ocellus rather markedly larger than the rest; before middle, a
rather indistinct dark transverse stria, pale-edged interiorly.

Var. A. (f and ?.—M. Evenus, Hopff.)

Upper side as above described. Under side in both sexes with the
lower ocellus of fore-wing smaller, and all the other ocelli very much
smaller,—in some specimens extremely minute; with the common pale
streak less defined in the hind-wing, and with the brown clouding
beyond the streak almost obsolete except near large ocellus of fore-
wing; the paler outer areas (and sometimes also the basal half of
hind-wing) more or less suffused with violaceous-grey.

The larger size, darker colour, more distinct and defined space of
yellowish near subapical ocellus of fore-wing, and total want of the
lower ocellus in the same wing, in Hewitson’s figure of the upper side
of his Sajitza, led me to dissociate from it the Husirus of Hopffer; but
the figure of the under side of Safitza in Hewitson’s Hxotic Butter-
jlies shows that the two forms cannot be kept apart, although the
latter gives a more defined apical pale space in fore-wing and con-
siderably larger ocelli (especially in hind-wing) than I have ever met
with in Hopffer’s form. Dewitz (Wov. Act. Leop.-Carol.-Deutsch Akad.
Naturf., xii. p. 176, 1879) states that in the collection of the Berlin
Museum Lusirus is by Hopffer himself marked as synonymous with
Safitza. My identification of M. wyjusta, Wallengr., with the ZLusirus
of Hopffer is confirmed by the examination of a typical specimen of
the former lent to me by the Royal Stockholm Museum, through the
kindness of Mr. P. O. C. Aurivillius.

The Variety (Mf. Evenus, Hopff.) is linked to Lusirus proper by
several specimens of both sexes from the Cape Colony and Natal, in
which all the ocelli of the hind-wing, though very small (or even
minute), are perfect and distinct. JM. Saga, Butl. (Cat. Sat. Brit.
Mus., p. 130, pl. i. f. 1, 1868), from Sierra Leone, is apparently very
close to the Hvenus form, but the suppression of the ocelli extends even
to the lower ocellus of the fore-wing, which is quite minute.

At Knysna, which I believe is the southern and western limit ot
Mycalesis in the Cape Colony, I found the Hvenus form predominant,
specimens with well-developed under-side ocelli rarely occurring; but
from Grahamstown eastward, and in Natal, the contrary appears to be

SATYRIN i. 107

the case, the examples that I met with being either of the Husirus form
or near it. Colonel Bowker has, however, sent a set of twelve of the
former from D’Urban, Natal, including the paired sexes (the f with
ocelli a little better shown than in the ¢) taken in 1879.

Hewitson’s type of Safitza had no other locality than “ Africa”
attached to it, but Mr. Butler (Joc. cit.) recognises the species as
occurring in Congo and at Natal. It seems to be most nearly allied
to the West-African Jf Evadne, Cramer (Pap. Euot., t. ccxxii. ff. E, F),
as regards the under-side markings, but has the streak before middle
almost obsolete, and quite wants the purple gloss on the upper side of
the wings, while the fore-wing has on the upper side an ocellus lacking
altogether in Hvadne.

This butterfly is only found in woods and patches of “ bush,” preferring
the thickest shades, and delighting to settle on dead leaves and twigs in the
narrow footpaths. In such situations it is difficult to distinguish when at
rest, its sombre colouring agreeing so well with surrounding objects. The
flight is weak and close to the ground, and two or three specimens may often
be observed flying round together in small circles, and then abruptly settling.
I have noticed a female quietly seated with four or five males excitedly circling
about her; and the instant one of the males settled, all the others would do so,
when, after a little jostling, off they would all start again, It has been
recorded as occurring in every month of the year except June and July.

Localities of Mycalesis Sa/fitza.

J. South Africa,
B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts——Knysna. Plettenberg Bay.
b. Eastern Districts.—Grahamstown. Peelton, near King William’s
Town (W. S. M. D’Urban). Cove Rock, near East London
(W. S. iM. D’ Urban).
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
E. Natal.
a. Coast Districts—D’Urban. Verulam. Avoca and Lower Um-
komazi (J. H. Bowker).
b. Upper Districts.—Pietermaritzburg (Miss Colenso and — Wind-
ham).

F. Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay (Colonel H. Tower).

II. Other African Regions,
A. South Tropical.

a. Western Coast.— “ Angola (Pogge).”—Dewitz. “Angola: Lo-
anda (&. Meldola).”—Butler. ‘Congo: Kinsembo (i.
Ansell).”—Butler.

b. Eastern Coast.—“ Querimba.”—Hopffer.

27. (2.) Mycalesis perspicua, Trimen.
Mycalesis perspicua, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 104, pl. i.
£313).
Exp, al.; (2) vin, 7=10 lin.'; (2) 1 im. 10 lin.
Pale-brown, with very clearly marked, white-pupillate, black ocelli
in yellow-ochreous rings ; common to both wings, a slightly paler shade

108 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

of ground-colour beyond an indistinct line about middle, and three
parallel, hind-marginal, dark lines, of which the outermost is on the
edge next to cilia. Fore-wing: a small ocellus between radials; a
large one on second and first median nervules, its ring extending
above and below those nervules respectively. Hind-wing: two good-
sized ocelli between third and first median nervules; a small one above
third median nervule; occasionally a minute indistinct ocellus near
anal angle. UNDER SIDE,—Pale greyish-ochreous, closely hatched and
irrorated with brown ; two reddish-brown transverse lines, one before,
the other beyond middle ; the outer line immediately succeeded by a
conspicuous pale-yellow stripe, externally ill-defined; hind-marginal
streaks well-marked ; all the ocelli in well-marked rufus-brown rings
encircling the yellow-ochreous rings. ore-wing: the two ocelli
answer to those on upper side. Hind-wing: seven ocelli in sub-
marginal row, of which the fourth and fifth (between third and first
median nervules) are considerably larger than the rest, the three above
them small (about equal in size), and the seventh (at anal angle) much
the smallest, but clearly defined.

Both sexes, but especially the ¢, present a variation which has all
the ocelli on the under side of the wings indistinctly marked, and much
smaller than usual, or all but obsolete,—only the white pupil of the
large fore-wing ocellus being conspicuous ; the yellow stripe beyond
middle deeper in tint; and the transverse line before middle immedi-
ately preceded by some yellow clouding.

The close brown lines or hatchings and conspicuous pale-yellow
stripe of the under side readily distinguish this butterfly from J/. Sajitza,
Hewits., apart from its much paler colouring and three or four distinct
hind-wing ocelli on the upper side. Its other allies are IZ. Mincus,
Linn., and JL. Ostrea, Westw. (= Otrea, Hiibn. nec Cram.); but it
differs from the former by the much broader stripe of the under side,
and from both by the number (three) and distinctness of the ocelli on the
upper side of the hind-wings. The two species just named are natives
of China and North India respectively.

I think it very probable that J. Victorina, Westw. (App. to Oates’
Matabeleland, p. 350, n. 58, 1881), from the Zambesi (near Victoria Falls),
is identical with M. perspicua ; but the diagnosis given is not sufficiently
detailed to admit of certainty on this point. If not identical, it must be a
very close ally.”

I discovered this Mycalesis at Port Natal, taking a single example (9),
on 3d August 1865, flitting about long grass in some rough ground at the
base of the slope near D’Urban, where the Botanic Garden is situated. On

1 JT have received from Mr. F, C. Selous two és of a Mycalesis taken on the Shashani
River, Makalaka Country, which only differ from Perspicua in being (1) greyer on upper
side, with (2) ocelli in duller rings and only two in |hind-wing ; and on under side (3) a
greyer ground-colour without any hatching or irroration, (4) a much narrower common pale-
yellow streak,—in one of the examples linear, and (5) the ocelli all encircled with neatly
defined pale-yellowish linear wings,—especially perfect in fore-wing. This may possibly be
the Victorina of Westwood.

SATYRIN 109

the 4th March 1867 I again met with the species at Mapumulo, between the
Umvoti and Tugela Rivers, capturing one of each sex among grass at the bottom
of a deep ravine, Captain H. C. Harford, who sent me a ¢ from Pinetown,
taken in January 1869, also noted the butterfly as occurring among long grass.
In Natal it is rather a scarce species, Colonel Bowker having forwarded single
specimens only from Avoca in August 1878 and from the Lower Umkomazi
in February 1883 respectively. Its range northward must, however, be great,
as, besides examples found between the Limpopo and Zambesi by Mr. T.
Ayres, the South-African Museum possesses a pair taken by Colonel Bowker
at Zanzibar in September 1878. These specimens, as well as four others taken
by M. Selous in North-West Transvaal, all have the ocelli well developed, and
quite agree with the Natalian type.

Localities of Mycalesis perspicua,

I. South Africa.
E. Natal.
a. Coast Districts— D’Urban. Avoca and Lower Umkomazi (J.
H. Bowker), Pinetown (H. C. Harford). Mapumulo.
F. Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay ( Colonel H. Tower).
H. “ Delagoa Bay.”—Kirby, Cat. Hewitson Coll.
K. ‘Transvaal.—Marico River (f. C. Selous).

II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
6. Eastern Coast.—‘ Shire River.” — Kirby, Cat. Hewitson Coll.
Zanzibar (J. H. Bowker).
61, Eastern Interior.—Between Limpopo and Zambesi Rivers (7.
Ayres).

28. (3.) Mycalesis Simonsii, Butler.

3 2 Mycalesis Simonsiti, Butl., Ann, and Mag, Nat. Hist., 4th Ser., xix.
p. 458 (1877).

Hop. alike tan. 78 lin. 3 (2). 24in,

& Very pale ochre-yellow; fore-wing slightly deeper in tint, and
with a costal-apical bordering of reddish-brown ; common to both wings,
a fine transverse discal darker line, relieved externally by a lighter
line or streak, and two slightly-sinuated submarginal darker lines
(very faintly marked in hind-wing). ore-wing: brown border com-
mencing faintly at base, continued narrowly along costa as far as ex-
tremity of discoidal cell, and thence darkening and widening into a
good-sized apical patch, ill-defined interiorly, which extends. along
hind-margin as far as end of second median nervule; inner of two sub-
marginal lines developed into a strongly-marked streak of brown, darker
than that of apical patch; a small black, white-pupilled, yellow-ringed
ocellus near apex between the radial nervules, and a similar, much
larger, conspicuous ocellus on disc, between first and second median
nervules. Hind-wing: a discal series of three minute, similar, but
very imperfect non-pupillate ocelli between third median nervule and

IIO SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

submedian nervure. UNDER SIDE— Duller, less yellow (especially in basal
half), very finely speckled and hatched with brownish ; common discal
streak much better marked than on upper side, reddish-brown, exteriorly
relieved by a pale-yellow line ; submarginal lines almost obsolete; a.
common indistinct transverse brown line before middle. Fore-wing:
ocelli much less distinct than on upper side, the subapical one minute,
the large one consisting of a grey spot, enclosing an enlarged shining-
white pupil, and obscurely ringed with yellow. Hind-wing: a discal
row of seven very small grey ocelli from costa to anal angle,—the second,
third, and seventh being minute or almost obsolete, and the pupils of
all indistinct. .

® Similar, but brown border less apparent along costa, and more
rufous apically. UNDER sIDE.—Somewhat darker, with a rufous tinge ;
the fine hatching closer and more distinct; yellow external edging of
common discal streak wider, more conspicuous.

The dull-yellow ground-colour of this Mycalesis gives it a very
peculiar aspect, but its alliance to the similarly-tinted JZ Lliasis,
Hewits., noted by Mr. Butler (doc. cit.), is more apparent than real,
Simonsti being in fact much closer to IZ. perspicua, mihi. This will
be seen on comparing the under sides, that of Simonsii being very
close to that of those examples of Perspicua in which the ocelli are
almost suppressed. In JZ. Eliasis (a Congo species) the ocelli are
well developed on the upper side of both wings, but are strikingly dis-
tinct and numerous on the under side; and they present the more
important character of being situated in quite a different position, viz.,
quite close to the hind-margin.

M. Simonsii was described from specimens brought from Lake Nyassa,
which appear from Mr. Butler’s description to have been a little darker than
those which I have received from Mashunaland and the Zambesi, and to have
as many as six spots in the discal series on the upper side of the hind-wing.

I include the butterfly in my list on the strength of an example received in
1875 from Mr. F. H. Barber, who took it on the Crocodile (or Upper Limpopo)
River on the north-west boundary of the Transvaal, at a locality very near
the Tropic, but believed to be a little to the southward. “Though I could not
identify this individual with any described Mycalesis, it was too much injured
to enable me to diagnose it as a new species.

Localities of Mycalesis Simonsit.

I. South Africa.
K. Transvaal.—Upper Limpopo River (/. H. Barber).

II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
br. Eastern Interior.—Inyoutete River, Mashunaland, and Zumbo,
north bank of Zambesi River (/.C. Selous). “ Lake Nyassa
(F. A, A. Stmons).”—Butler.

SATYRIN ZL. Prt

Genus MELANITIS.

Melanitis, Fabricius, “ Iliger’s Mag., vi. p. 282 (1807) ;” Butler, Cat. Sat.
Brit. Mus., p. 1 (1868).

Hipio, Hiibner, Verz. Bek. Schmett., p. 56 (1816).

Cyllo, Boisduval, ‘‘ Voy. Astrolabe, Lep., p. 140 (1832),” and Faune Ent,
de Madag., &., p. 57 (1833); Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep., ii. p-
360 (1851) ; Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 186 (1866).

Gnophodes, Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep., ii. p. 363 (1851) ; Trimen, Rhop.
Afr. Aust., 1. p. 189 (1866).

ImMaGo.—Head small, clothed with short dense hair; eyes very pro-
minent, smooth ; palpi short, compressed, ascendant, densely clothed
with long scales, the terminal joint short, moderately acute; antenna
rather short, slender, only very slightly and gradually thickened termi-
nally. Thorax moderately robust, elevated dorsally ; covered with short
down on breast, but hairy on back, especially posteriorly. Wings
large and broad, more or less angulated. Fore-wings produced api-
cally, usually angulated at extremity of second discoidal nervule,
beneath which hind-margin is excavated (being moderately dentate
generally); costa strongly arched ; inner margin nearly straight (convex
in g of some species) ; first and second subcostal nervules originating
before extremity of discoidal cell,—the subcostal nervure and all its
branches situated very close to costa; discoidal cell long and broad ;
upper and middle disco-cellular nervules both very short (so that the
two radial nervules arise very near each other), but lower one very long,
with an inward curve in its upper part; in $ of some species a large
oval tuft of long hairs, directed outwardly, lying between first median
nervule and submedian nervure, near base. Hind-wings produced
inferiorly, more or less prominently angulated at extremity of third
median nervule, and with a smaller projection at extremity of first
median nervule ; hind-margin moderately dentate generally ; anal angle
prominent; costa prominent at base, but thence only slightly arched
or nearly straight; costal nervure extending almost to apex ; discoidal
cell narrow, rather short,—the lower disco-cellular nervule considerably
longer than the upper, slightly bent just below origin of radial nervule,
and meeting third median nervule at acute angle; inner margin pro-
duced to form a wide channel in its basal half, so as to cover almost all
the under surface of the abdomen, but excavated inferiorly. Fore-legs
of J very small, rather thinly clothed with short rough hair on tibia
and short tarsus; those of $ considerably larger, not hairy but scaly,
with the tarsus as long as the tibia, and indistinctly articulated.
Middle and hind legs moderately thick, smooth and scaly ; tibiee with
a few thin spines inferiorly, the terminal spurs very short; tarsi with
a few very short spines beneath.

Larva.—Elongate, thickened about middle. Head large, surmounted
by a pair of straight spinulose horns. Last segment bearing a pair
of long, slightly divergent, bristly spikes, directed posteriorly. ~

LU SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Poupa.—Smooth, thick, rounded (especially about middle) ; cephalic
prominence obtuse, dorso-thoracic prominence rather acute.

I have felt obliged to unite Gnophodes to Melanitis, not being able
to discover any characters warranting its being held generically dis-
tinct. Westwood himself (Joc. cit.) doubted the propriety of treating
it as a separate genus, noting that the tuft of hair and dilated inner
margin of the fore-wings of the f were the chief distinguishing features,
and that the former character was wanting in the West-African G.
Morpena (= Pythia, Fab.) The only other differences from Melanitis
that I have detected are the longer upper and middle disco-cellular
nervules in the fore-wings, and the less curved lower disco-cellular
nervule in both fore and hind wings.’

The rather large and striking insect, M. Leda of Linneeus, which
is the type of this genus, is one of the most variable of known butter-
flies, and has an immense geographical range over the Ethiopian,
Oriental, and Australian Regions. Although several Indian and
Malayan variations are still marked in collections as distinct species,
I am most strongly disposed—looking to the large number of so-called
species which have, with common consent, been sunk as varieties of
Leda, and knowing the remarkable extent to which this butterfly
varies, alike in outline of wings, pattern, and colouring in one and
the same locality even (¢.g., Port Natal)—to think that there exists in
reality (besides the species hitherto referred to Gnophodes) but one
Melanitis, spread over all the warmer parts of the Old World.

The nocturnal habits of Melanitis lend it an additional interest. —
During the day it frequents the darkest and shadiest spots in woods
or plantations, sitting on the ground or among dead leaves, where its
under-side colouring well conceals it from notice. When roused from
these retired spots, it takes a short but wild, uneven, flapping flight,
and drops again into some shaded nook. At sunset it becomes active,
and ventures into open spots, where it may be observed sporting
about until dark.

29. (1.) Melanitis Leda (Linnzeus).

Papilio Leda, Linn., Syst. Nat., i. 2, p. 773, m. 151 (1767).
si > Dra, UL “Nat. Bist. 1. pl eye 5, 6 (1770),
e » Ctam., Pap. Hxot., in. 4. exevi ff. 0, », and iv. t: cexem
f. aA (1782).
a » Fab., Ent. Syst., ili. 1, p. 108, n. 333 (1793).
Oreas marmorea Leda, Hiibn., Samml, Exot. Schmett., i. t. 1 (1806).
ee us Leda, Godt., Ene. Meth., IX. Pp. 475, 0 4 (1819).

1 Mr. A. G. Butler (Cat. Sat. Brit. Mus., p. 5, pl. ii. f. 1) describes and figures an
Indian butterfly which he names Melanitis Gnophodes, with the following note, viz. :—‘‘ The
3 of this species resembles Gnophodes Parmeno on the upper side; the ? has a brighter
orange band, and resembles the Natal form” [afterwards named by Mr. Butler G. diversa]
“of the same insect. It may possibly be a link between the two genera, though a true
Melanitis.”

SATYRINA ae

Cyllo Leda, Boisd., Faune Ent. de Madag., &c., p. 58, n. 2 (1833).

Melanitis Leda, Horsf. and Moore, Cat. Lep. H.E.1I.C. Mus., p. 222, n. 461
(1857).

Papilio Bankia and P. Solandra, Fab., Syst. Ent., pp. 499, 500, nn. 243,

244 (1775):
Papilio Ismene, P. Mycena, P. Phedima, and P. Arcensia, Cram., Pap.

Poni t.cxvi. ff, A, B (1779); and iv. t. cexci, f. 5 and t. ccxcii.
ff B, ¢ (1782).
Cyllo Leda, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 186, n. 106 (1866).
Melanitis Leda, Butl., Cat. Satyr. in Coll. Brit. Mus., p. 1 (1868).
Melanitis Leda and M. Ismene, Moore, Lep. Ceyl., i. pp. 14, 15, pl. 10,
ff. 1, 2 (1880).
Larva AND Popa.
(Java.) Horsf. and Moore, Cat. Lep. H.E.I.C. Mus., pl. vi. ff. 8, 8a (1857).
(Ceylon.) Moore, Lep. Ceyl.,i. pl. 10, ff. 2a, 2b (1880). [As “ M. Ismene,
Cram.”

Exp. al. (f) 2 in. 8 lin.—3 in. 1 lin.; (2) 2 in. 10 lin.— 3 in. 6 lin.

Dull-brown ; sometimes more or less suffused with fulvous ; hind-
margins in most specimens with an ill-defined paler-brown or dull-
greyish narrow border, thinly hatched with short dark lines, and tinged
with a faint violaceous gloss. ore-wing: near apex, between second
discoidal and second median nervules, a large compound black ocellus,
outwardly enclosing two conspicuous white pupils, of which the upper
is almost always the larger; fulvous varying from a scarcely-perceptible
tinge, bordering upper and inner edges of ocellus, to a conspicuous
discal patch, commencing close to costa above ocellus, extending much
below ocellus, and shading off into discoidal cell, and nearly to base.
Hind-wing: near hind-margin, between discoidal and first median
nervules, from one to three ocelli (of which that nearest anal angle is
the largest, and often perfect when the others are half-obsolete or
wanting), properly black, white centred, and ringed with faint ochreous,
but often only represented by whitish dots, or all but obsolete; fulvous
very indistinct when present, and only forming an ill-defined tinge
on disc. Cilia inconspicuously varied with whitish. UNDER SIDE.—
Excessively variable ; scarcely two specimens alike. Paler than above
(sometimes pale ochreous), always more or less markedly hatched or
irrorated with darker short lines or dots; typical markings, a common
dark, transverse streak from costa of fore-wing before middle to inner
margin of hind-wing beyond middle, a similar streak confined to fore-
wing from costa beyond middle to near posterior angle, and a row of
bluish-white pupillate ocelli, ringed with pale yellow, in both wings
near hind-margin; often a common dark transverse streak not far
from bases. ore-wing: properly five ocelli, of which the fourth (be-
tween third and second median nervules) is the largest, and often
pretty well marked when the others are obsolete or wanting. Hind-
wing: properly six ocelli, of which the first (between subcostal nervules)
and the fifth (between second and first median nervules) are the largest,
and the sixth bipupillate.

VOL. I. H

114 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

The variations of the under side in this species are so numerous,
and so finely graduated into each other, that it is impossible to fix upon
any variety properly so termed, 7.¢., a constant form differing from the
type. The ground-colour is tinged with ochre, pinkish-red, dark-
pbrown, or purple-grey; the transverse stripes wanting, indicated by
detached dark blotches, or broadly shaded with dark-brown internally
(while the ground beyond them is very pale); the ocelli very con-
spicuous in both wings or one wing to their full number, half wanting,
ill-defined, without rings, without black, very indistinct, or barely
traceable as whitish or pale dots. The ocellus of upper side of fore-
wing is sometimes compounded of three black spots. The outline of
the wings also varies much, especially as regards the fore-wing, the
hind-margin of which presents every gradation between being almost
straight (save for a slight prominency in apical region), and the assump-
tion of an almost falcate form.

Larva.—Bright yellow, shaded with greenish ; nine longitudinal
green streaks, viz., one central, dorsal; and on each side two thin ones
(subdorsal'and lateral), one wider lateral, and one thin just above legs.
Cephalic horns divergent, projecting almost directly forward, only
slightly ascendant at extremity. Caudal processes about as long as
cephalic Lorns, but stouter at base, acuminate, and less divergent.
The surface generally is transversely ribbed, and very slightly pubescent.
Feeds on the “‘ Bush Guinea Grass.”

Mr. W. D. Gooch sent me the notes and rough drawing from
which the above description is made. He observes that the Larva
was not uncommon on the Natal Coast, and was invariably found
on the under side of the leaves of its food-plant, generally at the
base with its head downward. Many of the specimens observed were
ichneumoned.*

Pupa.—Mr. Gooch has given me no record of this stage. The
figures of the Indian and Cingalese specimens above quoted give the
pupa as green, rather paler on the wing-covers, which bear two or
three blackish lines, probably indicating some of the nervures. The
Indian pupa is represented as attached to a thin stalk, the Cingalese
to the edge of a broad leaf of a grass.

In my Rhopalocera Africe Australis (1. c.), [recorded my reasons for adding
Bankia, Fab., to the array of synonymes attaching to this exceedingly variable
species. In January of the following year (1867), Mr. A. G. Butler, in a paper
contributed to the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, retained Bankia
as a variety of Leda, and added to the list WM. Helena, Westw., from ‘‘ West
Africa.” He gave at the same time an interesting analysis of the various forms

1 Tt should be observed that the larva of the Oriental Leda is represented as greener
than Mr. Gooch describes that of the Natal Leda to be ; and also that in the figure in the
Lepidoptera of Ceylon, above quoted, the larva is depicted as having the cephalic horns
rusty-red and perpendicular instead of greenish-yellow and porrect, and as possessing on
each side of the face a vertical, black, outwardly white-edged stripe running from the base
of the horn.

SATYRIN A, oe

of the butterfly contained in the Collection of the British Museum from all the
warmer parts of the Old World, specifying no fewer than twenty-eight recog-
nisable variations. In his British Museum Catalogue of Satyride (issued in
1868), pp. 1-3, he reduced these with judgment to nine, at the same time
remarking, “I have found it utterly impossible to separate the above forms
specifically from one another ; slight differences in form and in the colouring
of the upper side are the only ¢ guides by which to distinguish the different
named varieties; but even these are not constant. The true Leda, however,
appears to occur "only in India and the Indian Islands; but the slight variety
Ismene (including Mycena and Arcensia) has a much wider range, being found
in India, Java, Australia, and Africa. The (?) Zaitensis of Felder links this
form to Solandra, the latter and Banksia appear to exist only in Australia
and Africa, whilst Phedima seems to be strictly confined to Australia.”

As supplementing this account, I may mention that I have captured at
D’Urban, Natal, true Leda, indistinguishable from the type inhabiting Con-
tinental India, and have received other specimens from the same locality, one
of which precisely agrees with Cramer’s figure of Leda (pl. cexcii. a, under
side) from India. Tn May 1879 Colonel Bowker forwarded a considerable
number of specimens taken near D’Urban; these exhibited every variety of
tint and marking on the under side, and one of them (a(¢) was quite like
Cramer’s figure of Arcensia (c on the same plate), while another ¢, except for
a little more fulvous on the upper side, closely agreed with Cramer’s figures of
Ismene (pl. xxvi. ff. a, B). In some of the Natal and Madagascar examples, of
both sexes, the fulvous covering is very largely developed on the upper side,
extending almost to the bases of the wings. Throughout the several varia-
tions, the 9 always has the fore-wings more angulated than those of the ¢.

The specimens which I met with in Mauritius (see Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1866, p. 336) correspond pretty nearly with Natalian examples, including
typical Leda, with scarcely a tinge of rufous on upper side, and with the
under-side ocelli largely developed, and others with a very rufous upper side,
and the under-side ocelli obsolete.

I found this butterfly rather scarce near D’Urban during the summer of
1867, only taking a few individuals in the month of February; but it is
evidently numerous there in some seasons, the late Mr. M‘Ken and Colonel
Bowker having sent down many specimens. Shade-loving habits are car-
ried to their farthest point by this Melanitis, which rests among the dead
leaves, which its wonderfully-variable under surface so closely resembles, in
the darkest parts of woods, and seldom moves during the daytime unless
roughly disturbed. On one wet and gloomy day, I took a specimen sitting out
in the open on the bare mould of a flower-bed ; but, as a rule, it is only about
sunset that Leda begins to fly heavily about near the ground. In Mauritius,
where the species was abundant, I observed these butterflies chasing each other
at dusk until it became too dark to see their movements any longer. In
Moore’s Lepidoptera of Ceylon similar habits are recorded of Leda by Mr.
Hutchison, who notes that it “flies at dawn and dusk of the evening, rarely
by day” (p. 15). When aroused in the daytime, Leda seldom keeps. on the
wing for more than a few yards’ distance, flying in a most irregular, flapping,
heavy manner, and settling again on the ground or on dead leaves,

Localities of Welanitis Leda.

I. South Africa.
EK. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—D’ Urban.
b. Upper Districts.—Estcourt (J. M. Hutchinson),
F. Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay (Colonel H. Tower).
K. Transvaal.—Upper Limpopo (/. C. Selous).

LG | SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES,

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical. ?

a. Western Coast.—Damaraland (C. J. Andersson and J. A.‘ Bell),
“ Angola (Pogge).”—Dewitz. Congo (Coll, Brit. Mus.) “ Chin-
choxo, Loango (Falkenstein).” —Dewitz.

b, Eastern Coast.—Zambesi (Rev. H. Rowley).—Coll. Hope Mus.
Oxon. ‘‘Querimba.”—Hopffer.

bb. Madagascar (V. de Robillard). ‘ Bourbon.”—Boisduval. Mauri-
tius. ‘* Rodriguez (G. Gulliver),”—A. G. Butler.

B. North Tropical.

a. Western Coast.—Ashanti and Sierra Leone (Coll. Brit. Mus.)

b. Eastern Coast.— Shoa, Abyssinia (A ntinorz).”—Oberthiir.

TV. Asia.

A. Southern Region.—India (Nepaul, Silhet, Ceylon :—Coll. Brit.
Mus. ; Scinde :—“ Kurrachee,” C. Swinhoe ; Bengal :—Boisduval
and Felder) ; Burmah (Moulmein :—Coll. Brit. Mus.) “ China.”—
Drury and Boisduval. Philippine Islands (Manilla: Lorquin).

B. Malayan Archipelago.—Java, Borneo, Celebes, and Ceram (Coll.
Brit. Mus.)

V. Australia.—Queensland (Brisbane: W. H. Miskin).
VI. Oceania. —“ Otaheite.”—Fabricius and Felder.

30. (2.) Melanitis diversa, (Butler).

Gnophodes Parmeno, Trim. [part], Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 190, n. 107 (1866).
5 4 Butl. [part], Cat. Satyr. Coll. Brit. Mus., p. 6 (1868).
45 diversa, Butl., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), v. p. 333 (1880).

Exp. al., 2 in. 11 lin.—3 in. 3 lin.

Dull-brown, greyish-tinged for the greater part, but darker externally
(especially in fore-wing); a curved ochre-yellow transverse bar crossing
fore-wing in its darker outer portion. Fore-wing: costa speckled with
ochre-yellow along its edge; curved bar commencing rather broadly
on costa beyond middle, and narrowing to a point at posterior angle:
its inner edge distinct, with three intér-nervular excavations, its outer
edge ill-defined below second radial, whence the bar is more or less one
with a narrow hind-marginal bordering of ochre freckled with short
blackish lines and atoms. Hind-wing: a very narrow yellow-ochreous
edging, freckled with blackish throughout, but ‘more thickly so in its
inferior portion, from costa beyond middle to anal angle; immediately
before it, between third median nervule and anal angle, a somewhat
indistinct clouding of pale-grey thickly hatched with short black lines.
Cilia of fore-wing brown mixed with whitish; of hind-wing whitish
with very thin nervular brown interruptions. UNDER SIDE.—Paler-
brown ; apical area of fore-wing and costal border of hind-wing pale
cream-colour ; the whole surface irregularly hatched and irrorated with
dark-brown short lines and atoms, more conspicuous on the creamy
parts. ore-wing: costa transversely marked with irregular creamy
lines uniting into four indistinct cellular fascize; creamy apical area

SATYRINZ. EEG

marked with a row of four minute, almost obsolete, imperfect, dark-
brown annulets between upper radial and second median nervule at
some distance from hind-margin, which is tinged with brown in its:
middle portion. Hind-wing: costal border bounded by subcostal ner-
vure and its first nervule (except for a very slight infrmgement on
discoidal cell close to base), its costal half much hatched with brown,
but the rest usually clear cream-colour; all the remaining area brown
strongly tinged with violaceous; a more or- less interrupted darker-
brown curved fascia, commencing widely on first subcostal nervure,
narrowing into a linear form between extremity of discoidal cell and
first median nervule; a submarginal row of six annulets like those in
fore-wing but larger, and their creamy centres more conspicuous
(especially the first, whose ring is more or less suffusedly widened),
between first subcostal and inner margin, the last being a double spot ;
a narrow hind-marginal ochreous edging.

The sexes do not differ to any appreciable extent in either marking
or colouring. .

I have followed Mr. Butler (Joc. cit.) in treating this very pro-
nounced Southern form as distinct from J. Parmeno (Doubl.) of the
West Coast of Africa! Mr. Butler has not characterised MZ. diversa,
but its most obvious distinction is its much greater size, Parmeno only
expanding 2 in. 5—8 lin. In markings it conspicuously differs in the
comparatively broader bar of the fore-wing, which in the 2? Parmeno,
moreover, is indistinct whitish instead of ochre-yellow, and more
developed border of the hind-wing; while the general ground of the
wings is paler and duller above. The sexual badge of the { is more
oval, more densely hairy, and not circumscribed by a pale ring. On
the under side, the pale apical patch in the fore-wing in Diversa is a
good distinction,—that part in Parmeno being but little paler than the
rest of the wing.

There is much similarity in outline, size, and general appearance
between J. diversa and M. Leda, and the imperfect blind ocelli of the
under side are in number and position precisely the same in both
species (though replaced in the typical Leda by complete ocelli), but
the former seems as constant to one pattern of colouring and marking
as the latter is variable. The absence of any ocellate spots on the
upper side, combined with the position of the conspicuous ochre-yellow
bar on the fore-wings, readily distinguish Diversa, which is further
noticeable for longer projections of the hind-wings, and for the upward
and outward curve of the longest projection (at the end of third median
nervule). The 7 is also at once recognisable by the conspicuous sexual
badge on the fore-wings—a feature totally wanting in the } Leda.

1 T captured a? Parmeno at sea, about 190 miles due West of Sierra Leone, and saw two
other examples of the same species, on the 24th November 1871. The day was perfectly
calm ; but quite a variety of Lepidoptera and other insects came about the ship. I was

much surprised to find such shade-loving inactive Satyrinw as this butterfly and several of
two species of Mycalesis among the visitors from the distant shore.

118 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Larva.— Ground-colour yellow; a median dorsal green stripe, and
some narrower ones on each side, from head to tail. Both head and
tail forked. About two inches long.” —J. H. Bowker’s description of
two specimens found at Northdene, near Pinetown, Natal, feeding on
“ Ribbon grass,” May 1885.

Pupra.—Bright grass-green throughout, semi-transparent, surface
like shining wax. No markings of any kind; rather paler on wing-
covers. Length, 10 lines. Thick and rounded, especially the abdo-
men, which is dorsally globose and very strongly convex. The main
dorsal prominence highly ridged and rather acute. Head blunted, not
bifid, but with two minute pointed tubercles on eye-covers.

I received the pupa here described on 22d May 1885, from Colonel
Bowker, who wrote that it was developed from one of the two larve above
mentioned. It was suspended by a well-developed caudal stalk to a small but
dense silken web on the under side of a leaf of broad ribbed grass, The imago,
a fine 9 of MZ. diversa, appeared on May 31st. Colonel Bowker subsequently
sent me a crippled J. diversa produced from the other pupa, which he retained
in Natal.

This Melanitis seems considerably rarer than M. Leda in Natal. I met
with only a few examples near D’Urban and Verulam in February 1867 ;
their haunts and habits were precisely those of Leda, and they were quite as
difficult to see when settled among dead leaves and undergrowth in the shade
of the woods.

Localities of Melanitis diversa.

I. South Africa.
EK. Natal.
a. Coast Districts—D’Urban. Verulam. Pinetown (J. H. Bowker).

Genus LETHE.

Lethe, Hiibner, Verz. Bek. Schmett., p. 56 (1816); Butler, Cat. Sat. Brit.
Mus., p. 114 (1868).
Debis, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep., ii. p. 358 (1851).

Imaco.—Head rather wide, hairy ; eyes large, with a close clothing
of short hair; palpi long, very much flattened laterally, separated but
not divergent,—the second joint, very long, with a few short appressed
hairs above and a smooth dense fringe of hair beneath,—the terminal
joint minute, slender, smooth ; antenne short, very gradually incrassated.
Thorax short, pilose, stout. ore-wings in some species (LZ. Luropa,
(Fab.), and allies) produced apically; costa rather strongly arched;
apex rounded; hind-margin entire or bluntly dentate; inner margin
straight ; costal nervure in a good many species moderately or slightly
swollen at base; first. and second subcostal nervules given off before
extremity of discoidal cell, not far apart; discoidal cell of moderate
length, wide near extremity, closed rather obliquely, the third disco-
cellular nervule forming a somewhat acute angle at junction with third

SATYRIN 4. 119

median nervule. Hind-wings broad; costa very prominent at base,
but beyond it only very slightly curved; hind-margin more or less
deeply scalloped, usually with a marked projection, or even a short
tail, at extremity of third median nervule; discoidal cell very short
superiorly, the disco-cellular nervules being curved and very oblique,
and the lower one meeting the median nervure at a very acute angle
just at the origin of the second median nervule. ore-legs of $ not
very small, slender; the tibia and short tarsal joint densely fringed
with short soft hair; those of the @ rather larger (having a much
longer imperfectly articulated tarsus), thinly clothed with hair. Middle
and hind legs with the femur smooth, slightly downy beneath, the tibia
and tarsus rather closely set with short bristles and with longer ones
beneath ; spurs of tibize rather long and slender. Abdomen short, not
(or but little more than) half the length of the inner margin of hind-
wings.

Larva.— (Of D. Portlandia) long, sub-cylindrical, longitudinally
striated ; the head with two erect horns; and the body terminating in
two obliquely porrected points.”— Westwood, Gen. D. Lep., i. p. 359.

Pura.— Short, thick, rather constricted across the base of the
abdomen; head-case obtusely rounded.”— Westwood, loc. cit.

Notwithstanding the distinct facies of the two South-African species
which I here refer to Lethe, the slight structural differences they present
do not seem to warrant their separation from that genus. The unswollen
costal nervure of the fore-wings cannot be considered of much import-
ance in a group presenting that character very feebly in many of its
members ; and the more obliquely-closed discoidal cell of the fore-wings
and shorter one of the hind-wings are not of themselves generic
distinctions. I was disposed to think that the prolongation of the
costal nervure of the hind-wings to the apex was peculiar to the species
under notice, but I observe that Mr. F. Moore (in his Lepidoptera of
Ceylon, p. 16) gives this feature as one proper to Lethe in his defini-
tion of the genus. The blunted, sub-truncate outline of the wings
and the hind-marginal contour in the South-African forms very nearly
resemble those of the Japanese Z. Sicelis and the Chinese LZ. Segonaz,
&c., figured by Hewitson in Exotic Butterflies (vol. ili.)

Of some thirty other species recorded, all but one—Lethe Portlandia,
(Fab.), an aberrant form from the United States—are Asiatic, rang-
ing from Ceylon to Celebes and from North India to China and Japan.
The two South-African species have but a limited distribution, Z. den-
drophilus, (Trim.), being apparently found only in the wooded parts of
the eastern districts of the Cape Colony and of Kaffraria, and Z. Jndosa,
(Trim.), inhabiting similar tracts in Natal and the Hastern Transvaal.
Both insects are above the middle size and quite similar in general
colouring and marking, but Jndosa has much brighter ochre-yellow on
the disc of the hind-wings, and is further rendered very conspicuous
by the possession of pure white well-defined spots (instead of the

120 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

suffused ochreous ones of Dendrophilus) in the fore-wings. They settle
on tree trunks, usually near the ground, and almost always head down-
ward, their flight, though pretty frequent, being short and weak.

31. (1.) Lethe dendrophilus, (‘Trimen).

3 Satyrus dendrophilus, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser., i. p.
399 (1862).
3 2 WDebis dendrophilus, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii, p. 191, n. 108, pl.
3, £. 8 (1866).
' Neope dendrophilus, Butl., Cat. Satyr. Coll. Brit. Mus., p. 113, n. 3 (1868).

Exp. al., (f) 2 in. 6-10 lin.; (2) 2 in. g lin.—3 in.

gf Dull-brown in fore-wing, suffused with fulvous-ochreous, and with
a discal row of yellow and fulvous-ochreous spots; fulvous-ochreous im
hind-wing bordered with dull-brown. Fore-wing: a fulvous-ochreous
tinge over basal half and to near anal angle; beyond middle, an irregu-
larly sinuate transverse row of seven spots, ill-defined externally, from
costa to submedian nervure; the spot on costal edge whitish, the
others ochreous-yellow, deepening outwardly into fulvous, elongated
longitudinally, the largest between second and third median nervules ;
beyond these, a submarginal row of five small whitish spots, indis-
tinctly ringed with blackish, from fourth subcostal to second median
nervule ; occasionally a minute sixth spot nearer costa; a pale-brown
narrow hind-marginal border, divided by a dark-brown line. Hind-
wing: fulvous-ochreous; hind-marginal border as in fore-wing, but
wider, with another dark line separating it from the ground-colour; a
submarginal row of seven white-pupilled, rounded, black spots, of which
the second and the fourth are smaller than the rest (or sometimes
wanting altogether), and the last, above submedian nervure close to
anal-angle, is sometimes bipupillate; inner-marginal region pale-
brownish. UNDER SIDE.—Paler, with a slight violaceous lustre ; fulvous-
ochreous suffusion entirely absent. Fore-wing : markings, similar, fainter ;
a dark, waved streak crossing discoidal cell, which has likewise a faint
ochreous and two faint whitish transverse markings; a row of whitish
spots as above, but the second distinctly ringed with black and yellow ;
apex and base suffused with faint brownish. Hind-wing: same colour
as apex of fore-wing; with a strong violaceous gloss; four irregular,
interrupted, brown striz crossing basal half; row of ocelli as above,
but in pale-yellow rings; two dentate stria bordering hind-margin,
which is paler than rest of wing; a space inwardly bordering the ocelli,
from discoidal nervule to submedian nervure near anal angle, irrorated
with fuscous scales. Cilia dark-brown, interrupted with white between
nervules.

2 Similar, but paler and duller. Fore-wing: the spots of discal
row of a much paler yellow interiorly,—the first three of them (includ-
ing the yellowish-white one on costa) forming a narrow oblique bar.

SATYRIN t20

UNDER SIDE.—Ground-colour of hind-wing (especially near hind-margin),
and of apex and hind-margin of fore-wing, very much paler and greyer
than in d—in one example quite hoary near hind-margins.

This fine Satyride was first made known to me by Mr. W.S. M. D’Urban,
who took it abundantly in the year 1861, in forest country near Frankfort, to
the north of King William’s Town. It afterwards proved to be rather widely
distributed in the eastern districts near the coast, from near Grahamstown as
far as the Bashee River in Kaffraria Proper. At the end of January and during
February 1870, I had the welcome opportunity of observing the species at High-
lands, near Grahamstown, where it was plentiful on the outskirts of woods
clothing the north sides of the hills. As noticed by Mr. D’Urban, Archdeacon
Kitton, and Colonel Bowker, I found that Dendrophilus very rarely settled on
leaves, but perpetually lighted on the stems of trees, near the ground, keeping
its head downward. It isa great lover of shade, seldom venturing into a spot
on which the sun is shining. I once found a number of specimens sucking at
moisture in a hollow part of a tree-trunk just above the surface of the ground.
I was struck by the scarcity of the ?; out of thirty-six examples taken by
Messrs. F. and H. Barber and myself at Highlands, only four, or one-ninth, were
Qs; and this is the more noteworthy, because both sexes have the same haunts
and habits, flitting weakly about under cover of the trees. On examining
nineteen specimens from various localities in the collection of the South-African
Museum, I found about the same‘disproportion in the relative numbers of the
sexes, only two being 9s.

Localities of Lethe dendrophilus.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.

b. Eastern Districts.—Grahamstown. King William’s Town (7.
Kitton). Frankfort (W. S. Jf. D’Urban). East London (P.
Borcherds).

D. Kaffraria Proper.—Tsomo and Bashee Rivers (J. H. Bowker’).

32. (2.) Lethe Indosga, (Trimen).

Prary Vid, fie, 1,6:

¢ Debis dendrophilus, Var., Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 285.
g @ Debis Indosa, Trim., op. cit., 1879, p. 324.

Eup. al., (¢) 2 m. 9-11 lin.; (9) 3 in. 3—6 lin.

a Dark-brown ; the fore-wing with white spots, the hind-wing with
ochre-yellow disk and black ocelli. Fore-wing: white spots rounded, of
various sizes, forming two irregular transverse rows in outer half of
wing; those of the inner row arranged so that four constitute a narrow
oblique bar commencing on costa just beyond middle; a fifth is below
and rather before the fourth and much smaller, and the sixth large and
sub-ovate between second and first median nervules about as far from
base as the costal commencing spot of the row; the outer row sinuated,
consisting of seven spots, of which the first and third are minute, and
the fifth and sixth about equal in size and largest; an ochreous tinge
over basal region most pronounced on inner margin. Hind-wing :

i SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

entire disk ochre-yellow; a brown suffusion over basal and inner-
marginal region and narrowly along costa; a moderately broad hind-
marginal border of dark-brown, traversed by two parallel lunulated
pale~brown streaks, of which the outer is well-marked; beyond middle
a row of five black ocelli with minute bluish-white centres; of these,
the first (close to costa) and the second (between second subcostal and
radial nervules) are widely separated from each other and from the other
three (which lie between the third median nervule and anal angle), and
the fourth is the smallest and usually bipupillate. UNprR sIpE.—
Hind-wing and base and apex of fore-wing pale-brown, varied with dull
cream-colour, and streaked with dark-brown. Fore-wing: four bluish-
white, irregularly-shaped spots in discoidal cell near its extremity, and
a fifth (minute) just beyond cell; the second and third white spots of
outer transverse row (close to apex) ringed with yellow, and the third
also with an inner black ring so as to constitute a perfect ocellus; the
apical pale-brown extends along great part of hind-margin and is
traversed by two parallel slightly-sinuated dark-brown submarginal
streaks. Hind-wing: basal region crossed by three extremely irregular
dark-brown striz, of which the outermost is greatly interrupted but
joins the innermost by a longitudinal streak running between sub-
median and internal nervures; an independent short stria marking
extremity of discoidal cell; ocelli more elaborate than on upper side,
all in yellow rings outwardly brown-edged and containing a more or
less incomplete internal blue iris; occasionally a sixth small ocellus
situated between the first and second, but usually only a very faint
circular spot there; the three lower ocelli surrounded by dark-brown
clouding; the two submarginal brown striz conspicuous on the pale
ground.

@ Like the gf, but duller and paler in colour; the white oblique
costal bar of fore-wing considerably broader. On under side of fore-wing
the two inner bluish spots in discoidal cell are enlarged and sometimes
confluent, forming a short rather wide bar indented outwardly.

Intimately allied to D. dendrophilus, Trimen, but at once known by
the very conspicuous white spots of the fore-wings, particularly those of
the inner row, which in D. dendrophilus are always small and ochreous
and externally ill-defined or suffused, and in some specimens almost
indistinguishable from the general ochreous clouding. The continuous
costal bar formed by the conjunction of the upper four spots of this
row is the most striking feature of this character ; it is quite constant in
the male, and more developed in the females that I have seen. The
larger size and darker ground-colour as well as the much brighter
ochre-yellow of the hind-wings are also very noticeable in Jndosa, the
female being in proportion to the male very much larger than is the case
in Dendrophilus; while the under side of the hind-wings is paler and more
variegated. The ocelli are larger and more conspicuous than in Den-
drophilus, and are much more constant in number (five) and position ;

SATYRINZ. 122

the species just named possessing from five to seven, but more com-
monly six or seven on the upper side, and invariably seven on the
under side.’

As noted by me in the Transactions of the Entomological Society for 1868,
I discovered this striking form on the eastern border of Natal in 1867. Early
in March I found it abundantly in the high lying woods at Tunjumbili, over-
looking the Tugela River. The pure white spots of the fore-wings are very
conspicuous in flight, and give the butterfly a very different aspect from that
of its very close ally, Dendrophilus. The habits of Indosa are quite like those
of Dendrophilus, and I noticed little companies of from six to ten settled head
downwards on the trunks or low branches of trees, especially towards sunset.
No ?s occurred among the individuals I took ; but in 1879 a Transvaal speci-
men of that sex was received from Mr. T. Ayres and others quite recently
(April and May 1884) from near Pinetown, Natal, where they were captured
by Colonel Bowker. The last-named gentleman informs me that he secured
several fine examples, including one 9, by sugaring the stump of a tree in a
spot where he had noticed the species ; and also that he has observed specimens
frequenting human excreta and fallen fruit. Colonel Bowker forwarded to me
a dried specimen of the plant on which he believes Jndosa to feed. It is one
of the Acanthacew, and has been kindly determined by Mr. P. MacOwan as
Hypoestes aristata.

Localities of Lethe Jndosa.

I. South Africa.
E. Natal.
a. Coast Districtsx—Pinetown (J. H. Bowker). Intzutze River.
6. Upper Districts—Tunjumbili (Fort Buckingham). Karkloof
(J. H. Bowker).
K. Transvaal.—Lydenburg District (7. Ayres).

Genus MENERIS.
Meneris, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep., ii. p. 296 (1850).

Imaco.—Head of moderate size, densely hairy; eyes large, clothed
with short hair; palpi of moderate length, ascendant, compressed
laterally, clothed above and on the sides with a short velvety pile,
densely hairy beneath, slightly convergent,—the terminal joint very
small and distinct, short, slender, smooth; antenne long and rather
thick, with the club elongate, gradually formed, cylindrical, outwardly
curved and pointed at the tip.

Thorax rather robust, elongate-ovate, densely hairy on the back,

1 Colonel Bowker, early in February 1886, found an interesting small variety of Jndosa at
Karkloof, some twenty-two miles north-west of Maritzburg, at an elevation of about 5000
feet. The two ¢s sent to me measure respectively only 2 in. 6 lin. and 2 in. 7 lin. across
the wings, while the ? barely expands 3 in. Both sexes, moreover, show a slight approach
to LZ, dendrophilus in a slight ochre-yellowish suffusion of the lower spots of the discal row in
the fore-wings. Colonel Bowker mentioned that this variety was numerous about rotten fruit
in the garden of a farmer, and that the more active és flew round in a certain line, and all
ended by flying into the base of an old quince hedge, where he suspected there must have
been the pupa of a @.

124 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

especially laterally and posteriorly, where the hair is much longer.
Fore-wings large, somewhat truncate ; costa moderately arched, the con-
vexity growing very gradually from base; apex rounded; hind-margin
almost straight, moderately sinuated ; inner margin almost straight; a
coating of very short hairs near base, more developed on inner margin ;
discoidal cell rather short, truncate, the disco-cellular nervules (of which
the upper is very short, the middle of moderate length, and the lower
much longer and slightly bent outwardly) being only a little oblique ;
first and second subcostal nervules arising near each other, a little before
end of cell, and the third a considerable distance beyond cell, not far
from the origin of the fourth. Mind-wings large; costa slightly arched
about middle; hind-margin scalloped; anal angle pronounced; inner
margins meeting to a little beyond tip of abdomen, forming a deep
groove,—beyond that slightly hollowed; discoidal cell very short, its
termination pointed inferiorly, the lower disco-cellular nervule forming
a very acute angle with the median nervure just beyond origin of
second median nervule; costal nervure extending to apex; internal
nervure strong, curved, ending on inner margin rather beyond middle ;
inner margin ciliated throughout; over basal half a dense coating of
long hairs, more developed towards inner margin. Jore-legs of ¢ very
short, slender; tarsal joint very short; tibia and tarsus clothed with
very short velvety pile, and fringed externally and at the tip with dense
long hair; those of 2 rather thicker and longer (especially tarsal joint),
and not so hairy. Middle and hind legs of moderate length, rather
thick; femora smooth, slightly downy; tibie strongly spinose gene-
rally, the terminal spurs rather long and acuminate ; tarsi with the joints
very distinct, finely spinulose above, more coarsely so beneath. Adbdo-
men rather short, laterally compressed.

Larva.—Rather thick, but attenuated towards each extremity ;
anal segment bearing two small pointed projections; skin thinly
clothed ‘with short hairs.—(Characters derived from a drawing by Mrs.
F. W. Barber.)

Pupa.—Very smooth and robust, with all the prominent parts much
blunted and rounded; region of wing-covers extremely convex ; a deep
constriction on back between thorax and abdomen; anal suspensory
stalk slender and elongated.—(Characters of a specimen received from
Mrs. F. W. Barber.)

This genus is one of the few which are peculiar to South Africa, the
large and beautiful butterfly which alone represents it not being known
to occur in any tropical locality. As mentioned in my remarks on the
Sub-Family, I had considerable hesitation in placing Meneris among
the Satyrine, on account of its long and thick antenne and robust
general structure,—to which may be added the comparatively similar
size and development of the first pair of legs in the two sexes; but
these approximations to the Vymphalinw are together of less import-
ance than those characters which, in the earlier states as well as in the

SATYRIN &. 125

imago, exhibit clear Satyrine affinities. In neuration Meneris agrees
very closely with Zethe—especially with the South-African LZ. dendro-
philus and L. Indosa—and alike in general colouring and pattern bears
great resemblance to the latter.

The only species, Meneris Tulbaghia, was named by Linneus in
honour of a Dutch governor of the Cape (1731-51), who is said to
have been the first to send to Europe a collection of the insects of the
Colony. It is a very active, handsome butterfly, frequenting open ele-
vated ground, especially steep mountain-sides and rocky hills. It is
remarkably constant in colouring and pattern, only varying in being
rather smaller and darker in some of the drier interior districts. The
largest examples are found on the eastern side of the Cape Colony and
in Natal.

33. (1.) Meneris Tulbaghia, (Linnzus).

& Papilio Tulbaghia, Linn., Mus. Lud. Ulr. Reg., p. 284, n. 102 (1764) ;
and Syst. Nat., i. 2, p. 775, n. 158 (1767).
és Cram., Pap. Exot., i it. iy i RF (1775):

3 (as 2) Oreas marmorea Tulbag ghia, Hiibn., Samm, Exot. Schmett.,
i. t. 93 (1806).

¢ Nymphalis Tulbaghia, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. goo, n. 171 (1819).

Meneris Tulbaghia, Doubl., List. Lep. Brit. Mus., i. p. 106 (1844).

¢ Meneris Tulbaghia, Westw., Gen. D. Lep., ii. pl. 46, f. 3 (1850).

S 2 Meneris Tulbaghia, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 162, n. 96 (1862) ;
and ii. p. 339 (1866); and Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 358.

Exp. al., 3 in. 3 lin—gq in. 2 lin.

Rich anh -brown, with deep 4 Peieecnre transverse stripes and
spots ; hind-wing with blue ocellated spots.

a Fore-wing: suffused with chocolate-brown from base ; Bayan
middle, a short, transverse, deep yellow-ochreous band, from costa to
between second discoidal and third median nervules, divided unequally
into four by three crossing nervules; a little before this band, com-
mencing immediately beneath extremity of discoidal cell, a similar,
longer, transverse band of the same colour, also crossed by three
nervules, and extending to inner-margin beyond middle ; beyond bands,
near and parallel to hind-margin, a row of eight yellow-ochreous spots,
the first three of which are contiguous and somewhat quadrate, the
fourth sub-obvate and inclining out from the line towards hind-margin,
the remaining four rounded, the last of them (between first median
nervule and submedian nervure) being the smallest ; along hind-margin,
a moderately-wide border, slightly paler than ground-colour, and con-
taining a thin, dark, median streak from apex nearly to anal angle.
Hind-wing : ochreous band of fore-wing (that extends to inner margin)
continued across this wing by a slightly-paler band from costa, narrow-
ing to a little before anal angle, but not quite reaching inner margin ;
space before band almost wholly chocolate-brown, with a coating of
hairs of that colour, which are longest on submedian nervure; beyond

126 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

band, a transverse row of five ocellated spots, of different sizes, black,
in thin, yellow-ochreous rings, with glistening violet-blue centres
pupilled with white, extending from second subcostal nervule to anal
angle; of these ocelli, the second is sometimes wanting, and always
small when present,—the fifth, at anal angle, being always bipupillate,
with scarcely a tinge of the blue central colouring, but in a complete
yellow-ochreous ring. OCt%lia of both wings pale creamy-yellow ; brown-
chequered in fore-wing, only partly so in hind-wing. UNDER SIDE.—
Paler and duller in colouring, but the surface more glossy and smooth ;
yellow-ochreous markings much paler, especially in hind-wing. Fore-
wing: in and beyond middle of discoidal cell, a broad, transverse, short,
pale-yellowish bar, rather widely black-margined both internally and
externally ; basal portion, and hind-margin from apex, paler than rest
of ground-colour, the latter including two thin, parallel, dark streaks
from apex, becoming obsolete a little above anal angle. Hind-wing:
of the same hue as base and apex of fore-wing ; two irregularly zigzag,
black, transverse striee before middle, from costa to submedian nervure
or a little below it; on costa, between the two striez, a more or less
distinct, very pale, yellowish spot, occasionally obsolete or nearly so ;
discoidal cell closed by a short, black streak; pale transverse band
edged internally with a sharply-defined, black streak ; ocellated spots
very different from those on upper side, more equal in size (the second
spot wanting, but a large additional ocellated spot between first and
second subcostal nervules), their violet, white-pupilled centre very
small, surrounded by dull-golden, black, and pale-yellow rings in a
more or less defined, black outer circle; of these ocelli, the first three
are similar, the fourth has a large black centre edged with violet on
its inner vim, the fifth has a black, bipupillate centre without violet,
and its rings are half-obliterated outwardly ; immediately beyond the
fourth ocellus is an oblong space of glistening-violet scales; from apex,
two parallel blackish streaks extend along hind-margin, the inner one
ending in the patch of violet scales just described, the outer one reach-
ing anal angle. Culia of wings paler than on upper side.

9 Slightly duller and paler in colouring, with broader markings ;
the blue in ocelli of hind-wing purer than in ¢, with scarcely any
violet reflection. ore-wing: in discoidal cell, near its extremity, a
yellow-ochreous bar, similar in size and shape to that on wnder side of
g (this marking is sometimes half obliterated). Hind-wing: second
ocellus always wanting, but in some specimens the traces of an addi-
tional ocellus between first and second subcostal nervules are visible.
UnpveErR sipE.—Like that of 7, but the markings generally broader and
paler.

The early stages of Zulbaghia were discovered at Highlands, near
Grahamstown, by Mrs. F. W. Barber, who in 1864 sent me drawings
of them, and a dead specimen of the pupa, from which the following
descriptions were made.

SATYRIN A. 127

Larva.—Pale bluish-green ; a conspicuous black, dorsal stripe from
head to tail. Head -chestnut-red ; legs ochreous; spiracular rings black.
“Found on Hebenstreitia and on several species of Composite, in high
sheltered situations among rocks, September and October. The young
larva is of a much yellower green than in its full-grown state.”—ZJ/.
LH. Barber.

In 1863 twenty larvee were hatched from eggs laid by a specimen
captured near Cape Town. When just emerged, they were about
+ inch in length, rather closely set with bristly hairs, and with the head
large. Their colour was sandy-yellowish. They would not eat various
plants which I offered them, and I therefore liberated the survivors.

Pura. Semi-transparent, Mrench-white in colour” (M. HE. B.)
Abdomen with a dorsal row, and on each side three rows, of small
black spots; rest of surface irrorated with black dots for the greater
part; some larger black spots at dorsal and lateral angles, and about
head, and a row of them across outer portion of wing-covers. Anal
prominence at point of suspension black. ‘‘ Suspended to ferns or
other plants growing under shelving rocks. Imago emerged from pupa
after two months” (M. E. B.)

On 24th December 1876 Mr. C. A. Fairbridge took two examples
(f and 2) in his garden at Sea Point, near Cape Town, of which the
g individual had only just emerged from the chrysalis. The pupa-
skin, which he forwarded with the butterfly, was attached to a slight
silken web among dry stalks and leaves on a trellis immediately above
a bank thickly covered with the “Kweek” grass (Stenotaphrum gla-
brum); and Mr. Fairbridge conjectures that this grass was probably
the food-plant of the larva. Mrs. Barber informed me that she doubted
if the larva fed on the plants on which she found it, as she had not
seen it eating any of them.

This very fine insect is peculiar to South Africa, but seems generally distri-
buted wherever mountains or high rocky hills exist. It keeps very closely to
elevated stations, as a rule, but will sometimes haunt lower ground, especially
when strong winds prevail. Its flight is tolerably swift, and sometimes long-
sustained, but usually it settles frequently, either on rocks, under overhanging
banks, or on flowers. ‘It exhibits a decided liking for red flowers ;—I have
noticed it on WNerine, Hemanthus, Antholyza, and Disa cornuta, and have
taken two examples with the pollinia of the last-named plant attached to the
head. Mrs. Barber found that at Highlands the butterfly was fond of the
aloe flowers. When settled on flowers, it is easily approached and captured,
but is very wary when resting on the ground or on rocks. Specimens which I
have noticed in Cape Town flew along under the eaves of houses, and occasionally
entered open windows ; and two were thus captured in the Exhibition room of
the South-African Museum. It is most prevalent during February, March, and

April; but I have known it to occur as early as the 24th December and as
late as the 18th May.

The northern limit of Talbaghia’s range is not known, but its most northerly
locality yet recorded is the district of Lydenburg, in the Transvaal, whence Mr.
T. Ayres sent a specimen in 1879. This example, and those I have received
from Burghersdorp, in the north-east corner of the Cape Colony, and from
Basutoland, are rather smaller and darker than usual.

128 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Localities of Meneris Tulbaghia.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts—Cape Town. Kalk Bay. JBain’s Kloof.
Genadendal (G. Hettarsch). Swellendam Mountains (Burchell).
Knysna.
b. Eastern Districts. —‘‘ Port Elizabeth (8S. D. Bairstow).” Grahams-
town: Highlands and Brookhuyzen’s Poort. Queenstown Dis-
trict: Windvogelberg (Dr. Batho). Burghersdorp (D. R. Kan-
nemeyer).
d. Basutoland.—Maseru (J. H. Bowker).
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Tsomo River (J. H. Bowker).
E. Natal.

b. Upper Districts—Hermansburg. Tunjumbili. Greytown.
K. Transvaal.—Lydenburg District (7. Ayres).

Sus-Famity 3.—ACRAIN A.

Heliconides (part), Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 165 (1836).
Acreide, Doubl., Gen. Diurn. Lep., i. p. 137 (1848).
Acreine, Bates, Journ. Ent., 1861, p. 220; 1864, p. 176,

Imaco.—Head of moderate size (rather broad in genus Acrea),
clothed with close down; eyes smooth, rather prominent; palpi
rather long, divergent, ‘ascendant, rather scantily clothed with hair
(which is longer beneath),—the second joint long, usually more or less
thickened or swollen,—the terminal joint very small or even minute ;
antenne rather long and thick, with a rather abruptly formed flattened
club.

Thorax compressed laterally, narrow, short, downy ; prothorax very
distinctly defined, more or less hairy. Fore-wings elongate, sometimes
markedly produced in apical portion; costa almost straight, only
slightly curved at base and near apex, which is rounded; hind-margin
entire, rather convex, except when apical portion is produced, making
lower part hollowed; posterior angle much rounded; inner-margin
nearly straight ; discoidal cell of moderate length or rather short, narrow,
closed obliquely by the more or less strongly outward-bent lower disco-
cellular nervule, which (except in Actinote) is much longer than the
middle one; first subcostal nervule originating a little before or at
extremity of cell, second at a considerable distance beyond it. Hind-
wings rather elongate, much rounded outwardly, sometimes inclining
to prominence about middle of hind-margin, which is entire; costa
very prominent at base, but thence remarkably straight; anal angle
not at all marked, much rounded off; inner-margins convex at base,
sometimes almost meeting across basal part of abdomen; costal nervure
extending to apex; discoidal. cell narrow, usually short (in Planema

ACRAIN A, 129

very short); internal nervure well-developed, ending considerably
beyond middle. ore-legs of ¢ much reduced, slender, scaly, in some
cases very finely hairy ; femur and tibia about equal in length ; tarsus
less than half as long as tibia, cylindrical, without articulation ; those
of 2 larger, smoother, with the femur proportionately longer, and
tarsus indistinctly four- or five-jointed, and finely spinulose beneath.
Middle and hind legs rather stout and short; femora and tibize about
equal in length, the former smooth, the latter finely spinose and with
rather short terminal spurs; tarsi very spinose, especially on the sides
and beneath,—the terminal claws long, curved, without paronychia or
pulvilli, but with an inferior basal lobe or expansion.

Abdomen elongate, laterally compressed, thickened more or less at
extremity, usually much arched, sometimes extending as far as or beyond
anal angle of hind-wings; penultimate segment in ? often bearing on
its under side a hollowed corneous appendage.

Larva.—Cylindrical, of almost even thickness throughout, set with
rigid bristled spines; head smooth, without spines.

Pupa.—Slender, elongated; sides of thorax angulated, its back
bluntly prominent; head more or less rounded, sometimes bluntly bifid ;
back of abdomen usually smooth (but in Planema bearing several pairs
of tubercles or of long filaments).*

The Acreine are well characterised by their long abdomen and
fore-wings, abruptly clavate antennze, thick divergent palpi, unchannelled
inner-margin of hind-wings, and want of any appendages to the tarsal
claws. Their wings are never thickly covered with scales, but exhibit
every gradation from semiopacity to transparency. The abdominal
horny pouch or plate borne by the female seems to be most developed
in A. Horta (L.), A. Neobule, Doubl., and A. Anemosa, Hewits.; and it
is certainly remarkable that no similar structure is to be found among
butterflies except in Parnassius, a genus of Papilionine, which at the
. same time presents two other characteristic features of the Acreine,
viz., semi-transparent wings and simple tarsal claws lobed at the base.”
While in several ways resembling the Heliconinw, especially in the
lengthened abdomen and wings, and in the closed cell of the hind-
wings, the Acrwinw seem on the whole to be most closely related to
the group of Nymphaline represented by the genera Argynnis, Melitea,
and Phyciodes, possessing in common with the latter abruptly-clavate
short antennee, swollen and divergent palpi, short stout legs, scaly and
finely spinose, and elongated fore-wings and abdomen. ‘The larve of
the two groups also exhibit great ila and the pupe are much
alike, except that Acrwa is more elongate.

The Acreine present considerable diversity of pattern and colouring,

1 Stoll (Suppl. Cramer, Pap. Exot. pl. 1), and more recently Fritz Miiller (Kosmos, Dec.
1877, apud R. Meldola), have described and figured the pupa of the Brazilian Actinote
Thalia ; it is white streaked with black, and bears five pairs of black spines on the abdominal
segments—not nearly so long as the filaments in Planema.

* See Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep., i. p. 139.
VOL. I. I

130 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

but none of them can vie in beauty with the most brilliant species of
Nymphaline or Heliconine. The ground-colour in many is ochre-
yellow or deep brick-red thickly spotted with black, the females being
duller and often distinguished by an oblique whitish bar in the fore-
wings. The red in Acrea Acara, Hewits., and A. Petrea, Boisd., is,
however, very vivid, and with a gloss of carmine in the living ¢s; but
it fades—like all the red tints in this Sub-Family—to quite a dull hue
in the course of a few months after death. In the genus Planema the
ground-colour is dull-brown or blackish, with broad fulvous, ochre-
yellow, or white patches and bars, and with no black spots except a
small group at the base of the hind-wings on the under side. The
American genus Actinote has a similar style of colouring, but the bars
and patches are of brighter tints, and the dark ground is in A. Ozomene
and .A. Stratonice (Godt.), and allies, richly glossed with blue. The
heads and bodies of the Acreine are (except in some of the South-
American species) conspicuously spotted with white and ochre-yellow,
and in some species of Acrwa the terminal half of the abdomen of the
male is suffused with an ochre-yellow or creamy whitish tint.

I here adopt, as generically distinct, Doubleday’s “ Section II.” of
the genus Acrwa, named Planema, but not his Sections III. and IV.,
Gnesia and Telchinia, which seem to me insufficiently distinguished
both from each other and from the typical Section I. (Hyalites, Doubl.)
I have found it necessary to remove Alena from the Sub-Family, as
there can be no doubt that the resemblance to Acrwa presented by the
two curious little butterflies constituting the genus—viz., A. amazoula,
Boisd., and A. Nyasse, Hewits.—is superficial only, and that they are
really an aberrant form of Lycenide, allied to Liptena, &c. For Acrea
punctatissima, Boisd., I am obliged to create a new genus (Pardopsis),
as it presents characters of considerable divergence.

The Acreine are butterflies of very slow flight, and usually con-
gregate in some numbers in their favourite haunts.’ Most of the genus
Acrea, especially those of the Horta group, prefer open localities,
where they bask with expanded wings on low flowers (strongly remind-
ing one of the European MMelitew); but others, such as A. Natalica,
A. Buxtoni, and A. Cabira, frequent the outskirts of woods, and the
species of Planema and Pardopsis are thoroughly sylvan. ‘The deli-
berate movements of these butterflies and their complete disregard of
concealment, in conjunction with their very conspicuous appearance,
indicate very clearly that little if any active persecution of them is
carried on. As noticed above in the generalities under “ Rhopalocera,”

1 Though so gregariously inclined, the Acrwine would appear to be rather quarrelsome
and combative. Mrs. Barber wrote to me that she had noticed ?s of A. Horta struggling
with each other for the possession of a particular leaf of the food-plant, ‘although on the
same tree there were ten thousand equally good,” and after a prolonged rough-and-tumble
fight, end by laying their eggs on each other and flying away with them !

Captain Harford, too, sent me two males of A, Hncedon, which he captured while engaged
in a most pertinacious conflict on the ground.

ACRAINA, 131

they, in common with the Danaine, owe this immunity to their mal-
odorous and uneatable nature, which leads insectivorous animals to pass
them by.’ Like the Danainw also, many of them are the objects of
“mimicry” by butterflies belonging to other groups—Nymphaline,
Papilionine, and even a few Lycenine—which do not possess the
advantage of unpalatableness. ‘Two South-African cases are noted in
the table given above, and ten or twelve others have been recorded
from Western Tropical Africa; while one in Tropical South America
—that of Actinote Thalia—has been tabulated by Mr. H. W. Bates
(Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., xxiii. p. 503).

The spiny larvee of the Acrwinw are very gregarious, feeding in
companies and fully exposed. They emit a rather offensive odour,
of the same character, but not so strong, as that of the perfect insects.
The various species known consume plants of several different orders,
and some (4. Horta, A. Acara) are very destructive to passion-flowers
in gardens.

The sub-angulated elongate pupz are remarkably handsome, and
usually very conspicuous from their white or yellowish ground-colour,
veined and streaked with black, and marked abdominally with orange
and black spots, orange tubercles, or pink filaments. Unlike the
immense majority of chrysalides, in which concealment is secured by
form and colouring, they seem to court observation; and their showy
appearance, like that of the perfect insects, doubtless serves to indicate
to the hungry insectivore a distasteful morsel.

Though ranging throughout the tropical regions, the Acrwine find
their main development in Africa and its islands, some ninety species,
or about two-thirds of the number known, being Ethiopian. From
South America thirty-eight are recorded; while the Indian region pro-
duces but three, and the Australian only two species. Some highly-
interesting and peculiar forms of Acrwa inhabit Madagascar. Planema
seems specially characteristic of West Africa, only two representatives
occurring south of the Tropic; while of Acrwa twenty South-African
species are on record.

Genus ACRANA.

Acrea, Fab., “ Illiger’s Mag., vi. p. 284 (1807);” Latreille, Enc. Meth.,
ix. p. 10 (1819); Doubl. (Sections Hyalites, Gnesia, Telchinia,
Pareba), Gen. Diurn. Lep., i. p. 137-142 (1848).

ImAaGo.—Head rather broad; palpi with the second joint long and
swollen, thinly clothed with hairs (which are much longer and bristly
beneath), and with the terminal joint minute.

1 The peculiar odour of these butterflies seems to reside chiefly in a bright-yellow liquid
secretion, which, on pressure of the thorax, exudes somewhat copiously.

The Acrewine are extremely tenacious of life, and their structure is so elastic that no
pressure of the thorax, short of absolute crushing of the tissues, suffices to kill, or even
paralyse them,

132 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Hore-wings with discoidal cell short; first discoidal nervule given
off before extremity of cell. MHind-wings with discoidal cell short,
closed very obliquely by lower disco-cellular nervule, which joins third
median nervule at some little distance from its origin.

Abdomen usually shorter than hind-wings, sometimes as long or
a little longer; inferior corneous appendage in 2 of variable size,
developed largely in the Horta group.

The other characters of the imago, and those of the larva and
pupa, are sufficiently described under the Sub-Family.

Acrwa is the largest and by far the most widely-ranging genus
of the group, the few scattered Indian and Australian forms belong-
ing to it, and the outlying southern province of its African metropolis
yielding twenty known species.

In pattern and coloration the numerous species of Acrwa group
themselves into a good many sections, and the South-African forms
may be arranged in that way as follows, viz. :—

1. Wings wholly transparent—A. Rabbaiw (Ward).
. Wings partly transparent—A. Horta (Linn.), A. Neobule, Doubl.,
A. Cerasa, Hewits.

3. Wings red (in 2 duller), with numerous black spots and black
margins—A, Violarum, Boisd., A. Nohara, Boisd., A. Petrea,
Boisd., A. Doubledayi, Guér., A. Caldarena, Hewits., A.
Aglaonice, Westw. .

4. Pattern like that of No. 3, but black margins more developed,
and some wide black suffusion about bases—A. Stenobea,
Wallengr., A. Natalica, Boisd., A. Anemosa, Hewits., A.
Acara, Hewits., A. Barberi, Trim.

5. Wings yellowish or dull-rufous, thinly black-spotted; apex of
fore-wing dusky, crossed in both sexes by a white bar—
A. Encedon (Linn.)

6. Wings ochre-yellow with many black spots.—A. Rahira, Boisd.,
A, Anacreon, Trim.

7. Wings rufous-yellow, with yellow-spotted’ black borders.—A.
Buxtoni, Butl.

8. Wings dark-brown with pale-yellow bands.—A. Cabira, Hopff.

iS)

Only five species—A. Cerasa, Violarum, Barberi, Anacreon, and
Buxtoni—seem to be peculiar to South Africa, and of these, Barberi
probably occurs within the Tropic line. Nine others, however, have
not hitherto been recorded from north of the Equator.

The commonest and most generally distributed South African —
species, and the only one which extends to the Cape peninsula, is A.
Horta; and next to it comes A. Rahira, which does not, however,
range farther to the south-west than the Caledon district. In addition
to these, the eastern districts of the Cape Colony yield A. Neobule,
Stenobea, Natalica, and Eneedon ; but, with the exception of the last-

ACRAIN AL. 133

a

named species, they seem to be rather scarce. Two or three others
have been brought from Kaffraria Proper, but it is not until Natal is
reached that the genus is richly represented ; nine more species, mostly
very numerous in individuals, inhabiting that region. Zululand and
Delagoa Bay are equally rich, the latter being, moreover, the only
known South-African locality for the remarkable A. Rabbaiw ; and the
Kastern Transvaal contains a good many species. A. Caldarena, Aglao-
nice, Anemosa, and probably Larberi, are characteristic of the Tropical
interior country, and only just enter South Africa proper.

34. (1.) Acreea Rabbaicee, Ward.

Acrea Rabbaic, Ward, Ent. M. Mag., x. p. 152 (1873).
; 6 Oberthiir, Etudes d’Ent., iii. p. 25, pl. ii. f. 1 (1878).

Exp. al., 2 in. 1-9 lin.

Transparent, almost colourless, with a few fuscous markings ; neura-
tion strongly defined, dark brown. Sore-wing: base narrowly suffused
with fuscous; near base, between median and submedian nervures, a
more or less conspicuous fuscous spot, variable in size and shape;
rather before than beyond middle, a very irregular transverse sub-
macular fuscous stripe, from costal to submedian nervure ; the upper
part of this marking is broadest and occupies the outer extremity
of discoidal cell,—it is immediately preceded by a small (usually con-
tiguous) costal spot above the cell; apical and hind-marginal border
very faintly tinged with brownish, crossed by some just perceptible
very pale-yellowish inter-nervular rays. Hind-wing: not so trans-
parent as fore-wing, thinly covered with white scales, unspotted; base
narrowly suffused with fuscous; a broad more or less even hind-
marginal fuscous border, containing six or seven semi-transparent
sagittate spots faintly tinged with ochreous-yellow ; of these spots, the
first (next apex) is much the smallest and sometimes almost obsolete,
—and the first and seventh (and occasionally also the second) are some-
times joined to the ground-colour of the wing. Unprr sipe—Glossy,
almost scale-less; markings the same as on upper side, but fainter
(except the fuscous markings of fore-wing, which are quite as dark).

Palpi and thoracic spots pale creamy-yellow ; abdominal spots
(more or less confluent posteriorly) creamy-whitish.

M. Oberthiir (op. cit., p. 25) notes that the hind-wings are white
or yellow, and that the transverse band of the fore-wings is variable in
development. The colouring of his figure is more ochreous than that
of any of the Delagoa Bay specimens which I have seen; and the
transverse band of the fore-wings considerably narrower and more
macular.

This beautiful Acreea is very distinct from all the known South-African
species ; its almost total want of colour and extreme transparency, together
with the conspicuous central black bar across the fore-wings, rendering it very

134 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

easily recognised. Its nearest ally is probably A. Sat’s, Ward, also a native of
East Africa; but this species differs markedly in possessing two conspicuous
white spaces in the fore-wing and an irregular transverse double row of black
spots in the hind-wing. In the Hewitson Collection in the British Museum
there is another allied species (unnamed) labelled “ Zanzibar ;” but in this
butterfly the wings are only semi-transparent and warm reddish-ochreous, and
the fore-wing has a conspicuous large black spot in the discoidal cell and a
dusky hind-marginal border enclosing six or seven large spots of the ground-
colour.

The late Mr. Monteiro informed me that he met with A. Rabbaiew not
uncommonly at Delagoa Bay, but that it was not easily captured owing to its
high flight.

Localities of Acrwa Rabbaie.

I. South Africa.
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourengo Marques (J. J. Monteiro, 1878).

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.
b. Eastern Coast.—‘‘ Bagamoyo (Raffray).”—Oberthiir. “ Ribé.”—
Ward.

35. (2.) Acreea Horta, (Linn.)
Papilio H. Horta, Linn., Mus. Lud. Ulr. Reg., p. 234, n. 53 (1764), and
Syst. Nat., ed. xii. p. 755, n. 54 (1767).
3 Papilio Horta, Drury, Ill. Nat. Hist., iii. pl. 28, ff. 1, 2 (1782).
a » Cramer, Pap. Exot. , ph 298, ff. F, (3) (1782).
io » Wulfen, Cap. Ins. cn. 20, me29 (1786).
Soe ane be Ent. ie iii, I, P-3159, 0. 492 (£793).
Acreea "Horta, Godt., Ene. Meth., ix. p. 231, n. 1 (1819).
$ 9 Acrea Horta, Trim. , Rhop. Afr Aust., 1. p. 92, n. 57 (1862).

Exp. al., 2 in—z2 in. 8 lin.

g Semi-transparent ; brick-red with black spots; the apical portion
of fore-wing transparent ashy-grey. Fore-wing: base narrowly suffused
with black; red ground-colour abruptly and irregularly bounded by
the apical grey in an oblique line from costa beyond middle to end of
first median nervule; an oblique irregular black streak closing dis-
coidal cell; in some specimens a small more or less distinct spot in
cell near its extremity ; occasionally a small blackish spot beneath cell,
between first and second median nervules; more rarely another small
spot nearer base, a little below median nervure; along hind-margin a
row of six more or less defined inter-nervular red spots, of which the
first and second, next apex, are larger and more elongate than the rest.
Hind-wing: all brick-red; a conspicuous basal black patch, formed of
three or four confluent large spots; a separate spot close to costa near
base ; two spots marking extremity of discoidal cell, and another near
them in the cell; a discal row of eight spots from costa to inner
margin, highly irregular, the outermost spot being that immediately
above third median nervule, and the spots between it and inner margin
larger and less rounded than the others; a hind-marginal black border

ACREINE. 135

of moderate width, containing seven rounded inter-nervular spots of a
tint varying from pale-yellowish to the red ground-colour (some of
these spots, and often most of them, join the ground-colour, the black
festooned line inwardly bounding them being very thin and in places
obliterated). UNDER SIDE.—Fore-wing: similar, but much paler in
tints. Hind-wing: pale creamy-yellowish ; the black spots very con-
spicuous, those near base more separate than on upper side, being less
suffused ; a brick-red patch at base close to costa, and a margin of
the same colour running round wing from just before apex to anal
angle, and thence to base; hind-marginal border more perfect than on
upper side, the yellowish spots in it round and conspicuous.

2 Faint ochrey-reddish, sometimes dingy pale-ochreous. Fore-wing :
pattern and markings similar, but in the paler specimens almost bereft
of colour, and very transparent. Hind-wing: black spots similarly
arranged; in the redder specimens often a blackish suffusion beyond
the extremity of discoidal cell, but not reaching hind-marginal band ;
in the latter the spots are usually conspicuous from their pale-yellowish
tint. UNDER sIDE.—Quite similar to that of f, but paler.

Palpi yellow, thickly set with black hairs. Collar with a yellowish
spot; pectus with five white spots, on each side. Thorax and back of
abdomen black; the latter fuscous beneath, and with a lateral row of
reddish spots, gradually increasing towards tip. These spots more
developed in the $, which has also a subdorsal row of four or five very
small similar spots on each side of terminal half of abdomen scarcely
visible in the @. :

Aberration —f In hind-wing all the basal and discal spots are
enlarged and confluent, so that nearly the whole surface is black.

Hab.—Pembroke Farm, near King William’s Town (Miss Agnes
Bowker, 1873). In the collection of the South-African Museum.

The size and even number of the spots in this species vary very
much as regards the hind-wing, some examples having them very large
and well developed throughout, and others presenting very few and
minute spots. The specimens having (like the ¢$ figured by Cramer,
loc. cit.) three spots in the fore-wing are not common.

Larva,—About 14 in. long; with strong branched spines. Dull
brownish-ochreous, closely striped with black transverse streaks: the in-
cisions of segments and a line down the back pale-ochreous; a broad
ochreous band, not crossed by the black streaks, on each side, above the
levs, which are of a bright shining yellow; head shining-black. On
the second segment are two, and on the last four black branched
spines; on each of all the other segments, six similar spines. Feeds
on Kiggelaria Africana (a tree not uncommon about Cape Town) and
in gardens on Passiflora cerulea, Tacsonia magnifica, and other pas-
sion-flowers.

Pupa.—About 3 in. long, rather slender; head blunt, hardly bifid ;
lateral angles at bases of wing-covers prominent and acute; back of

136 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES,

thorax not ridged, rather blunt and rounded; abdomen considerably
elongate, curved inwardly towards its extremity. Pale-creamy, with a
tinge of ochreous: wing-covers streaked with black along the positions
of the nervures ; two curved black streaks from eyes to angles at bases
of wings; two black, short, longitudinal streaks on back of thorax; a
transverse black streak at junction of thorax and abdomen; on each
side of the back, a row of large, united, black, ochre-yellow-centred
spots; each row united by thin, black lines to a row of similar spots
below it, on side of abdomen ; a shorter row of similar, more contiguous
spots along middle of under side of abdomen.

Attached to stems and leaves of plants, palings, walls, &c. The silk to
which the tail is attached often covers an area of an inch in diameter. The
butterfly emerged, in most instances, eight or nine days after the disclosure of
the pupa. 3

A common and abundant species throughout South Africa. In fields and
gardens in and about Cape Town these butterflies are particularly plentiful ;
they can be taken all the year round, but are less numerous in May and June
than at other times. Throughout the summer they are quite a feature of the
locality, their deep-red colour and slow flight rendering them very conspicuous
objects; while their spiny larve and remarkably handsome pendant pupe are
everywhere noticeable on gates, trunks of trees, and walls. The larve often
occasion much damage to passion-flowers in gardens, as I have seen both in
Cape Town and Grahamstown. In the latter locality, Mrs. Atherstone was
much concerned to find that the fowls would not eat these destructive cater-
pillars when collected for them by the gardener; but this was not to be
wondered at, as the larva, in addition to their prickly skins, have a strong and
disagreeable odour, more perceptible than in the pupa, or even in the butterfly.
The pupa, however, is probably a distasteful morsel, as it is peculiarly con-
spicuous wherever attached.

It is rather surprising that so prevalent and widely-ranging an Acrea as this
should, as far as is known, be attended by no mimicker.!

I have frequently captured the paired sexes of A. Horta. In one instance,
which I carefully noted at the time, the ? rested on the ground with expanded
wings, and the ¢ rested on the 9 with his wings also flatly extended. In this
position (which was maintained) the heads of the two were held in the same
direction, and the extremity of the ¢ abdomen was twisted sideways, as in the
union of the saltatorial Orthoptera.

Localities of Acrwa Horta.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.

a. Western Districts.\—Cape Town. Caledon (Genadendal: G.
Hettarsch). Robertson. Swellendam (L. Yaats). Oudtshoorn
(— Adams). Knysna (Miss Rex).

b. Eastern Districts.—Uitenhage (S. D. Bazrstow). Grahamstown.
King William’s Town (W. S. M. D’Urban). Queenstown,
Windvogelberg (Dr. Batho).

d. Basutoland (J. H. Bowker).

1 Mr. A. G. Butler has recently (August 1884) suggested that the variety of Pseudacrwa
Trimenii, Butl., which he has named P. Colville’, is probably modified in imitation of A.
Horta, to which it bears considerable resemblance.

ACRALIN 2. 137

D. Kaffraria Proper.—Butterworth and Bashee River (J. ZZ. Bowker).
E. Natal.
a. Coast Districts—D’Urban. Verulam. Mapumulo.
b. Upper Districts.—Hermansburg. Pietermaritzburg (J/iss Colenso).
Karkloof (W. Morant).
K. Transvaal.—Lydenburg District: 7. Ayres.

II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
a. West Coast.—‘‘ Angola (Pogge) and Chinchoxo (Falkenstein).”—
Dewitz.
B. North Tropical.
a, West Coast.—Sierra Leone [Coll. Brit. Mus.]

36. (3.) Acrea Neobule, HE. Doubleday.

Acrea Neobule, EK. Doubl., Gen. Diurn. Lep., pl. xix. f. 3 (1848).
“3 » Guérin, in Lefbv. Voy. en Abyss., vi. p. 378 (1849).
. », eiche, in Kerr. et Gal. Voy. en Abyss., iii. p. 466, pl. 33,

ff. 3, 4 (1849).
af 3 Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 345.
ia » Gerst., Gliederth.-Fauna d. Sansibar.-Geb., p. 368, n. 14
(1873).
Acrea Sets, Feisth., Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, 2me Série, viii. p. 247,
No. 1 (1850).

Eup. al., 2 in. 1-6 lin.

g¢ Pale-red, inclining to ochreous, semi-transparent, with blackish
spots; apical region of fore-wing transparent ashy-grey. ore-wing :
red, ill-defined exteriorly, but extending to beyond discoidal cell, and
thence obliquely to posterior angle and hind-margin near it; a large
spot in discoidal cell, immediately above origin of first median nervule;
a large elongate curved spot on nervules closing cell; below, and in a
transverse line with this latter spot, two rather large spots, one above, the
other below, first median nervule ; a little beyond end of cell, a subcostal,
oblique row of three or four small spots (often indistinct or almost
obsolete) ; below median nervure, not far from base, a very small spot
(sometimes all but obsolete); close to apex, a faint ill-defined reddish
curved transverse ray reaching to upper radial nervule. Hind-wing:
all pale-red; base narrowly suffused with blackish; two moderately-
sized spots in discoidal cell; two on closing nervules of cell; one above
it; two below it, confluent with basal blackish; a strongly-curved
irregular discal transverse row of eight spots, of which the first and
sixth are larger and nearer base than the rest, extending from costa to
inner-margin ; a rather narrow fuscous hind-marginal border, with its
inner edge regularly dentating the ground-colour between nervules,
completely enclosing five or six small inter-nervular spots of the ground-
colour, between costa and first median nervule.

UNDER SIDE.—Paler; markings of fore-wing only faintly visible ;
hind-wing creamy-whitish, varied with rufous, the markings con-

138 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

spicuous. Fore-wing: pale-red very faint, both in wide space and at
apex. Hind-wing: basal black well marked, and enclosing two or
three conspicuous creamy-white spots; other black spots as above, but
more distinct ; spots in hind-marginal border larger, creamy-white, six,
with a seventh (between first median nervule and submedian nervule)
incompletely enclosed interiorly ; vaguely-defined rufous clouding on
costa at base, along inner edge of hind-marginal border, and along inner
margin.

° Similar, usually rather paler and duller, and with the spots often
smaller.

An example (?@ ), captured in Socotra by Professor J. B. Balfour, has been
noted and figured by Mr. A. G. Butler in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 177,
pl. xviii. f. 5. This specimen has the blackish spots unusually large throughout,
and the rufous colouring on the under side of the hind-wings is represented as
less diffused, and forming distinct inter-nervular rays. In these respects it is
nearer to the Abyssinian example figured by Reiche (op. cit.) than to specimens
from the more southern parts of Africa.

Two g specimens captured on the Gold Coast by Lieut. Richards, R.N.,
and presented by him to the South-African Museum, are unusually large (ex-
panding 2 in. 8-9 lin.), and less rmfous than usual, with the spots of hind-wing
very well marked.

The species is closely allied to A. Horta, and may be said to occupy a posi-
tion between that species and A. Mahela, Boisd., of Madagascar. From the
former insect it constantly differs in its paler and duller ground-colour, in having
spots on the fore-wings beyond, as well as in and below the discoidal cell, and
in the complete black border of the hind-wings, which encloses the spots of the
ground colour; its abdomen in both sexes being much paler than that of Horta,
owing to the greater width (in most instances conjlwence) of the pale ochreous
markings. The whitish spots on the head and on the back and pectus of the
thorax are much more conspicuous, especially in the 9, which possesses in
addition a spot behind each eye, two spots on back of mesothorax, and two
salmon-reddish spots on back of first abdominal segment. From A. Mahela
(Faune Entom. de Madagascar, p. 31, pl. vi. fig. 1) the well-marked border of
the hind-wings readily distinguishes it, the Madagascarene Acreea having only
small fuscous spots at the extremities of the nervules; but the other markings
are almost identical in the two butterflies, except that Meobule, like Horta,
possesses some short reddish rays at the apex of the fore-wings, and has gene-
rally smaller spots than those of Mahela, besides being much more rufous in
general colouring.

Localities of Acrwa Neobule.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts. — Victoria West (Kenhart: &. Chittenden).
b, Eastern Districts.—Bathurst (Kowie River Mouth: Plant). Coles-

berg (A. F. Ortlepp).

d. Basutoland (Maseru: J. H. Bowker).

E. Natal.
a. Coast Districts —D’Urban.
b. Upper Districts.—Estcourt (J. M. Hutchinson).

K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom (7. Ayres). Vaal and Hart Rivers (7’.
Ayres). “Upper Limpopo River (Ff. C. Selous).

ACRAIN 2, 139

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.

a. West Coast.—Damaraland (C. J. Andersson and John A. Bell) ;
also, “Swakop River (Wahlberg).”—Wallengren). Angola
(“Boma: J. J. Montetro—Druce). Congo [Coll. Brit. Mus.]

at. Interior.—Khama’s Country, near Bamangwato (H. Barber).
Tati (C. Hart). “ Ramaqueban River (Oates).”— Westwood.

b. East Coast.—‘‘ Lake Jipe (O. Kersten).”—Gerstiicker.

b1. Interior.— Victoria Nyanza (ev. J. Hannington).”—A. G.
Butler.

B. North Tropical.

a. West Coast.—Gold Coast (Lieut. Richards, R.N.) ‘ Guinea "—
Gerstiicker. ‘‘ Senegambia ”—Gerstiicker. ‘ Gambia River ”—
Feisthamel.

b. East Coast.—“ Abyssinia (Lefebvre) ””—Guérin-Meneville; and
(“‘ Ferret et Galinier ”)—Reiche.

bb. Socotra (Balfour).

37. (4.) Acreea cerasa, Hewitson.
Acrea cerasa, Hewits., Exot. Butt., i. pl. xx. f. 10 [ ¢ ] (1861).

Hyp. al., (¢) 1 im. 54-11 lin. (2) bp in. Jo lin—2 in; 3 lin.

g Semi-transparent ; brick-red with black spots ; outer half of fore-
wing and narrow hind-marginal border of hind-wing (wider near apex)
JSuscous-grey. Fore-wing : base and inner margin near it blackish; red
only extending as far as an oblique line from extremity of discoidal
cell to a little before posterior angle; costa, apex, and hind-margin
rather widely bordered with fuscous; in discoidal cell usually a large
ovate black spot, and at its extremity a small sublinear spot; occa-
sionally a minute spot near base below median nervure; and very
rarely, two (one above the other) faintly marked on edge of red, about
middle, above and below second median nervule. Hind-wing: base
pale-fuscous ; five spots in basal region, of which one is in discoidal
cell; a central irregular transverse row of seven small spots. UNDER
SIDE.—More glossy, paler, the red fainter, the spots not so well-de-
fined; bases and margins scarcely fuscous. ore-wing: spot at ex-
tremity of discoidal cell obsolete.

2 Larger; the red paler and duller. Hind-wing: grey border
wider in apical region; near hind-margin, between third median ner-
vule and sub-median nervure, a row of three very small black spots.

There is much instability in the spotting of this butterfly as regards
both size and number of spots. In several males taken near Pinetown
in Natal the spots of the hind-wing are very small, and in one example
are wholly wanting, with the exception of two near the base; while
in one f there is no spot in the fore-wing except the linear one at
the extremity of the discoidal cell, and in another even that spot is
obsolete.

Larva.—Above livid-purplish; a central dorsal dull-greenish

140 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

streak, edged on both sides by a linear series of small white marks,
which on the anterior segments (two to five) are developed into thin
transverse striz; a similar series of minute white spots bounds lower
edge of livid-purplish on each side; below this, each side is olive-
greenish; under side and pro-legs light-green; head black, shining,
striped frontally, superiorly, and laterally with white; legs pale-
greenish, yellowish terminally. Dorsal spines on third to sixth seg-
ments considerably longer than the rest, erect, nearly straight, rather
thick, with only a terminal bristle, dull-greyish ; other spines through-
out yellowish or greenish-white, set with a few whitish bristles; the
dorsal ones inclining backward from the ninth to the anal segments.
Length 14 in. Feeds on ; the very young larve,
according to Colonel Bowker, advancing in a regular row, side by side,
from the base of a leaf, eating away the parenchyma as they proceed.

Pupa.—Pale orange-yellow. Two dorsal rows of bright orange
black-ringed acute tuberculated spots, and on each side a row of
similar (but not tuberculated) spots, mark the abdominal segments,
some of the incisions of which are dorsally thinly defined with black.
Neuration of wings, and a median stripe along back of thorax, and
head black; eyes and lines of antennee and limbs also edged with
black. Rather more curved than usual in Acrwa pupe; back of
thorax very prominent, its lateral angles prominent; cephalic tubercles
rather acutely pointed. Length J in.

(Colonel Bowker informed me as to the ground-colour of the pupa,
which was much altered in the spirit specimens sent, and scarcely
indicated in the single empty pupa skin previously received.)

A. Cerasa has much the look of an undersized A. Horta (Linn.), especially
in the deep-red colour, the spotting of the hind-wing, and the fuscous bases of
the wings. In the pattern of the spotting of the fore-wing it more resembles
A, Neobule, Doubl. The colouring of the abdomen is intermediate in char-
acter, the lateral and terminal rufous being much more pronounced and
developed than in Horta, but less so (and much deeper in hue) than in
Neobule. From both species the absence of any black, pale, spotted hind-
marginal border in the hind-wing at once separates Cerasa. Perhaps Cerasa’s
nearest ally is A. Quirina (Fab.), from Tropical Western Africa; but the latter
differs very markedly in having the entire fore-wing transparent, with only a
faint reddish tinge over the inner-marginal area, and in presenting a broad,
even, well-defined hind-marginal transparent border in the hind-wing, interiorly
bounded by a series of six small black spots.

Until 1883 this Acrwa was only known to me by the type (a ¢) in the
Hewitson Collection, and I felt some doubt whether it was more than a
dwarfed aberration of A. Neobule ; but Colonel Bowker changed the aspect of
affairs by sending me two gs, taken on 2d April of that year near Pinetown
in Natal. Others were met with by him in the same locality during April,
May, and October 1883; and in January 1884 a ¢ was reared from a larva
found in the verandah of the house. In the following March Colonel Bowker
discovered the larvee on their food-plant, and sent me full-grown specimens (as
well as some pupe in spirit) in the May ensuing, followed in June by more of
the perfect insect. Among twenty-four examples received, only four were
females, one of these being of the unusually large expanse of 21 inches,

ACRAIN 2. 141

Locality of Acrwa Cerasa.

IT. South Africa.
EK. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.— Pinetown (J. H. Bowker).

38. (5.) Acreea Violarum, Boisuval.
Puate III. fig. 4 (¢? ).

Acrea Violarum, Boisd., App. Voy. de. Deleg. dans l’Afr, Aust., p. 591,
n. 58 (1847).

3 Acrea Nataliensis, Angas, Kafirs. Ilustr., pl. xxx. f. 6 [ $ ] (1849).

3S 9 Acrea Viclarum, Trimen, Rhop. Afr, Aust., i. p. 95, n. 59 (1862).

Kp. al., 2 in. 2 lin—2 in. 4 lin.

gS Soft, creamy brick-red, with an orange tinge, spotted with black.
Fore-wing: base narrowly suffused with black; on hind-margin a
narrow black border, widest at apex, diminishing to a point at anal
angle; a short, black, transverse stripe, on costa before middle, crosses
discoidal cell to insertion of first median nervule; a small, narrow,
slightly-curved spot occupies the upper portion of the nervules closing
discoidal cell; an elongate, transverse stripe of five connected black
spots, a little beyond cell, from costa to second median nervule; two
black spots below cell, touching median nervure, one between first and
second median nervules, the other between median and submedian ner-
vures ; near hind-margin a transverse waved row of seven black, rounded
inter-nervular spots of moderate size, extending from near costa to just
above submedian nervure ; a small black spot on inner margin, slightly
beyond middle, and another larger spot a little beyond it, but above sub-
median nervure. Hind-wing: base suffused with black, which extends
towards anal angle on both sides of median nervure; a spot across
widest part of discoidal cell; a similar costal spot nearer base ; a highly-
irregular and much interrupted discal row of seven rather small spots;
a rather broad black band along hind-margin, slightly but regularly
dentate on its inner edge, and containing six or seven small, pale-
yellowish spots between nervules. UNDER sIDE.—Paler than wpper
side, with a peculiarly glossy appearance ; black spots not so large.
Fore-wing : base without black suffusion ; at apex, two or three yellow-
ish-white spots in the black marginal stripe. Hind-wing: base but
narrowly black; spots more distinct than on upper side, some addi-
tional ones near base being clearly visible, viz., a small one on costa
close to base; a small round one in discoidal cell; a very large elongate
one between origin of first median nervule and inner margin; and two
spots on inner margin—one near base and the other an eighth spot in
discal row; spots on hind-margin very large, conspicuous, paler than
above, seven or eight in number. Fringes of wings yellow.

2 Spotted and otherwise marked as in #3; but ground-colour much

142 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

duller, varying from pale reddish-ochreous to obscure ochreous-brown
inclining to pale-fuscous; the spots usually larger, and the hind-
marginal border of the hind-wings wider.

A 2 specimen in the Hewitson collection has a dull-whitish suf-
fusion over the upper median region of the hind-wings.

I met with this handsome Acrw@a not uncommonly in Natal, where it
frequents hillsides and table-lands, preferring the sheltered hollows. Its flight
is very low, and it often settles among the herbage and on flowers. Though
having the gregarious inclination of the Acree generally, this butterfly was in
no place at all abundant, but was more prevalent inland than on the coast.
February and March were the months in which my specimens were captured,
but Angas (op, cit.) notes the species as occurring in October.

Localities of Acrwa Violarun.

I. South Africa.
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Jojo’s Country, North Pondoland (Sir ZH.
Barkly).
E. Natal.
a, Coast Districts—D’Urban (J. H. Bowker), Umhlanga. Verulam.
Mapumulo.,
b, Upper Districts.—Fort Buckingham, Tugela. Hermansburg. In-
tzutze, Great Noodsberg.
F. Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay (HZ. Tower).
K. Transvaa and Lydenburg (7. Ayres).

39. (6.) Acreea Nohara, Boisduval.

Acrea Nohara, Boisd., App. Voy. de Deleg. dans ]’Afr. Aust., p. 590,

n. 54[6 ] (1847).
Acrea Actiaca, Hewits., Exot. Butt., i. pl. 29, f 3 [ ¢ ] (185 Ve
Acrea Nohara, Wallengr., Lep. Rhop. Caiit., ip. 28, 2,5 [21G
i Trimen, Rhop. Afr, Aust., i. Dp. 96 (1862) ; ii. pl. 7 a 1[¢]
(1866).

Exp. al., 1 in. 8 lin.—2 in. 2 lin.

a Bright brick-red, with black spots and borders. Fore-wing:
border beginning as a very thin linear edging on costa near base,
gradually widening to apex (but not broad there), and thence narrowing
along hind-margin to a point at posterior angle; hind-marginal part of
border emitting black rays along the nervules,—the longest rays towards
apex ; base black, most widely on inner margin; two spots in dis-
coidal cell, one elongate-ovate just beyond its middle,—the other
broader, squarer, at its extremity; about midway between end of cell
and apical border, an oblique macular bar formed of five spots, of
which the first, on costa, is smallest and often obsolete, and the last,
between third and second median nervules, usually separate from and
placed at an angle with the fourth spot; below median nervure and
not far from terminal cellular spot, a rather large rounded spot ;
beyond this, a small spot, below first median nervule; near basal

ACREIN&. 143

black, below median nervure, a small round spot. Hind-wing: basal
black very narrow next costa, wide in discoidal cell, and very wide
below cell ; an elongate spot in cell and one at the upper part of end
of cell; avery irregular discal row of seven spots, of which the second,
third, fifth, and seventh are farther from base than the others; a spot
on costa before middle; an even hind-marginal border, very much
broader than in fore-wing, unspotted, and emitting little more than
denticulations on the nervules. Cilia dull-whitish, UNDER SIDE.—
Much paler ; the surface smoother, that of the fore-wing shining. Jore-
wing: spots duller, with suffused edges; a small black spot on costa
at base; basal black otherwise all but obsolete; costal and hind-
marginal border somewhat narrower; from it run inter-nervular pale-
rufous rays, diminishing in length towards posterior angle; some pale-
yellowish irroration marks inner edge of border generally, but especially
on costa at apex. Hind-wing: spots more conspicuous than on upper
side; basal black suffusion obsolete, but the clearer ground exhibiting
six additional spots, of which two are above, one in and three below
discoidal cell; between the spots in and below cell some pale-yellowish
irroration ; two additional spots (eighth and ninth) at lower end of discal
row; in outer portion of hind-marginal border a row of seven large
sub-lunulate pale-yellowish spots. Cilia yellowish-white.

2 Pale dull brownish-ochreous, with fore-wing semi-transparent on
disc ; spots and border somewhat larger than in g. UNDER SIDE.—
Hind-wing and apical portion of fore-wing very pale-yellowish ; the hind-
wing variegated with reddish-pink in the basal region and as far as
discal row of spots.

This species is readily distinguished from its nearest ally, A. Violarum,
Boisd., by its want in the fore-wings of the conspicuous submarginal row of
black spots, and in the hind-wings of any pale spots in the hind-marginal
border on the upper side. This Acreahas in all respects the habits and haunts
of A. Violarum, and the two species may often be met with flying in company.
Nohara was in the summer of 1867 much more numerous than Violarum
in the hilly parts of Natal; especially near Hermansburg, where, chiefly in
sheltered hollows,“I took a large number of specimens, including two pairs
in copula.

Localities of Acrwa Nohara.

I. South Africa.
E. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban. Verulam. Tongaati River. Mapu-
mulo.
b. Upper Districts.—Udland’s Mission Station. Fort Buckingham,
Tugela River. Hermansburg. Little Noodsberg. Intzutze,
Great Noodsberg. Pietermaritzburg (Windham). Karkloof
(J. H. Bowker). .
K. Transvaal.—Lydenburg District (7. Ayres).
II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.
a. West Coast.—‘‘ Angola (Pogge).” —Dewitz.

144 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

40. (7.) Acrea Petreea, Boisduval.

3 Acrea Petrea, Boisd., App. Voy. de Deleg. dans lAfr. Aust, p. 489,

n. 49 (1847).
g and 2 Acrea Petrea, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust, i. p. 100, n. 63 (1862).
Q and Q Acrea Petrea, Hopff., in Peters’ Reisenach Mossamb., Ins.,
p. 373, pl. xxiv. ff. 1-4 (1862).
3 Acrea Petrea, var., Oberth., Etud. d’Ent., iii. p. 26, pl. ii. f£ 4 (1878).

Kap. al., 1 in, 11 lin.—2 in. 5. lin.

a Deep- ae (inclining to carmine), with black spots and nortine
Fore-wing: base suffused with black, rather widely so towards inner
margin; costa rather narrowly edged with black; whole of hind-margin
with a narrow black border, which emits strongly-marked nervular rays ;
apex also more or less clouded with blackish near the border ; two good-
sized spots in discoidal cell, the outer one touching an oblique black
mark on costa immediately above it; a spot, variable in size, at ex-
tremity of cell; beyond it, but very close, a rather wide, irregularly-
shaped, black stripe from costa to near middle of hind-margin, where
its extremity touches, or almost touches, the first of a row of three spots
parallel to hind-margin, between third median nervule and submedian
nervure; above first median nervule, close to its insertion, a rather
large, rounded, black spot; below the same nervule, a little beyond the
latter spot, a similar, more kidney-shaped spot; a more or less distinct
small black spot beyond middle, on inner margin, which is very nar-
rowly edged with black. Hind-wing: base suffused with black on both
sides of median nervure; about twelve rather small, round, black spots
in basal half of wing, the outer seven or eight of which form a sinuated
transverse row; a curved black streak at upper portion of extremity
of discoidal cell; hind-margin with a moderately broad black border,
unspotted, which radiates strongly upon nervules. UNDER sIDE.—Paler
and duller than upper side. Sore-wing: dull, creamy salmon-red; a
small black mark on costa at base, but no black suffusion; two spots
nearest to base wanting; the other spots similar in number and arrange-
ment, but dull-blackish; an additional small black spot just below
median nervure, before middle; beyond the blackish stripe a small
space clouded with whitish ; no black border on hind-margin, but the
nervules are clouded with dark-grey near it, and there are broad, reddish-
ochre rays between the nervules all along hind-marginal border. Hind-
wing: reddish-white; black spots as on upper side, but three or four
more visible close to base, all very conspicuous ; interspersed among the
spots several pale-reddish marks; hind-marginal band blackish, radiat-
ing in dark-grey on the nervules, and containing seven elongate, yel-
lowish or yellowish-white spots, between nervules, along its outer
portion; immediately within band a row of elongate, wedge-shaped,
reddish-ochre marks between nervules.

2 Very different from gf, varying in ground-colour from dull-red to
dull-greyish or ochreous-brown, and even to brownish-fuscous. Fore-wing :

ACRASIN Zi. 145

black spots less conspicuous than in %, but similar in number and
arrangement (except that the spot nearest base is wanting); beyond
black costal stripe a large, very conspicuous, broad, whate patch, divided
into six portions by crossing nervules, the two sections next costa being
very small and narrow, the lower edge ef the white touching second
median nervule; apex more broadly and darkly clouded with blackish.
Hind-wing: paler, more ochreous than fere-wing; marked as in , but
radiations of black on nervules from hind-marginal border usually
broader and more strongly marked, making the inter-nervular rays of
the ground-colour narrower and more acute. UNDER SIDE.—Jore-wing :
paler than on upper side; white patch less conspicuous; spots as in 7;
nervules clouded with blackish near hind-margin ; inter-nervular rays
dull yellow-ochreous. Hind-wing: dull yellowish-white; black spots
as in #; interspersed pale-reddish marks very faint or wanting; spots
in hind-marginal border yellower than in $; inter-nervular marks im-
mediately before border ill-defined, dull yellow-ochreous, usually irrorated
thinly with fuscous on their inner side.

Var. f.—All the black markings smaller and less dark than in type
form, especially the hind-marginal borders and the oblique bar of fore-
wing. Hind-wing: the second, third, and fifth spots of median trans-
verse row wanting.

Hab.— Tchouaka.”—Oberthiir.

Larva.— Back yellowish-brown, with transverse blackish streaks ;
dorsal stripe and sides purplish-black, the latter much lighter about
spiracles ; lateral inflation edged with light-yellow, almost white. UNDER
sipE.—Light bluish-green. ventral claspers and pro-legs yellowish.
Head black and’ polished, larger than second segment; mouth and
bifid mark on forehead white; in some specimens also two small
white streaks on summit of head. Spines steely-black, largest on
third, fourth, and fifth segments; a suffusion of white at the base of all
excepting those on the second, third, fourth, and fifth segments. About
$-inch in length.”—H. C. Harford, in litt.

Of the younger larve Mr. Harford remarks that they have very
few black markings, and no dorsal or lateral stripes, but that these
gradually appear and grow more distinct with the development of the
insect. He further observes that the larve feed on a tree in great
numbers together, and that, when the bough upon which they are so
congregated is shaken with any violence, they lower themselves to the
ground by a silken thread, and there, lying still, are with great diffi-
culty to be detected among the dead leaves and débris.

Pupa.—Pale-grey anteriorly ; the outlines of the head and limbs
and the nervures of wings finely defined with black. Abdominal region
of a browner tint; spots of the usual rows ochreous-yellow in black
rings, separate from each other.

Described from a drawing of Mr. Harford’s, giving a lateral
view.

VOL. If. K

146 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

This species is extremely variable in the markings of the ¢ and in
the colouring of the 2. The following is a very striking

Aberration—f§ Fore-wing entirely dull-black ; hind-wing with black
border much widened, and inwardly suffused. UNprR sIDE.—Fore-
wing: basal area tinged with dull-red to about middle, with traces of
a few spots. Hind-wing: hind-marginal border much suffused, so as
almost to obliterate both the yellowish-white spots it contains and the
reddish marks bounding it inwardly.

Hab.—Pinetown, Natal (J. H. Bowker, June 1881). In the col-
lection of the South-African Museum.

The Querimba specimens figured by Hopffer (oc. cit.) are smaller, paler,
and with much less pronounced dark markings, especially in the 9, than the
Natalian type-form, with the single exception that the dark borders in the ¢
are rather broader. The ¢ is thus an approach to the more northern variety
figured by M. Oberthiir, who must, I imagine, be mistaken in the statement
(op. cit.) that the sexes of this variety are “ absolument semblables entre eux,”
the white subapical bar of the fore-wing being very constant in all the ?
Petreea that I have seen, whatever varying tint the ground-colour might
present.

There is no known South-African Acrea that A. Petirxa closely resembles,
but it is not distantly related to A. Cepheus (Linn.), a native of Angola, which
has, however, a very much broader hind-marginal dark border in the fore-
wings.! A feature very distinctive of Petrxa is the wide distance in the hind-
wings of the transverse row of spots from the hind-margin, the row being strictly
not discal, but median.

A, Petrea is abundant round D’Urban, Port Natal, where I found it con-
stantly on the wing from the end of January to the beginning of April 1867.
It keeps to woods and their immediate neighbourhood ; and a company of the
slowly-flying, richly-coloured males in the full sunshine, conspicuous on a
background of intensely green foliage, is a striking sight, not easily forgotten.

Localities of Acrwa Petrea.

I, South Africa.
EK. Natal.
a. Coast Districts,—D’ Urban.
b. Upper Districts.—Pietermaritzburg (Miss Colenso and WV. Hayes).

IT. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.— Angola (Pogge) and Chinchoxo (Falkenstein).”
—Dewitz.
b. Eastern Coast.— Querimba.” —Hopffer. ‘‘Tehouaka (A. Raf-
Jray).” —Oberthiir.

1 The specimens noted as A. Cepheus by Mr. A. G. Butler (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
Dec. 1875, p. 395), brought from Natal by Mr. Burrowes, and presented to the British
Museum, are unquestionably examples of A. Petrea.

ACRAINZL, 147

41. (8.) Acreea Doubledayi, Guérin.

? Acrea Doubledayi, Guér., Voy. Lefebv. en Abys., vi. p. 378 (1847).

Fs sf Reiche, in Ferr. et Gal., Voy. en eae Wie pl, 335
ff. %, 2 (1846):

dé and @ Acrea Oncea, Hopff., ‘ Monatsber. Verh. Akad. Berl., 1855,
p. 640, n. 6;” and Peters’ Reise nach Mossamb., p. 375, pl. xxiv.
ff. 5-8 (1862).

Var. A. ¢ and 9 Acrea Oncea, var. Neluska, Oberthiir, Etudes d’Ent.,
liga: p.25, pl i. fi. 2, 3 (1878):

Var. B. ¢ Acrea Axina, Westw. » App. Oates’ Matabele Land, p. 344, n. 33,
ply, ff. §; 6 (1881).

Eup. al. 1 in. 104 lin.—2 in, 2 lin.

S Pale creamy reddish-ochreous, with a slight tinge of pink; with
small black spots and narrow black borders. Fore-wing: semi-trans-
parent; basal portion rather dusky, the base itself narrowly black; in
discoidal cell, rather beyond its middle, an elongate spot; at upper
part of extremity of cell a similar thinner spot; a little beyond cell an
oblique row from near costal edge of five small spots, of which the first
or second (sometimes both) are obsolete, and the fifth, below third
median nervule, is distinctly separate from the rest; below cell, in a
line with its terminal spot, two spots, one above, the other below, first
median nervule; nearer to base than all the others, a small round spot
below median nervure; black border merely linear along costa till near
apex, where it widens to form rather a wide apical tip, but thence
becomes very narrow along hind-margin and linear near posterior
angle; along hind-margin the border emits linear nervular rays;
between upper radial and second median nervule, two (sometimes
three) inter-nervular short linear black rays, not united with hind-
marginal border. Hind-wing: base suffused with blackish, principally
below discoidal cell; in cell two spots, the outer one larger, elongate ;
a spot at upper part of extremity of cell; another on costa before
middle; another below median nervure; a very irregular discal row of
seven spots, of which the first, fourth (just outside end of cell), and
sixth are nearer to base than the rest; the border along hind-margin
varies from consisting of a terminal thin edging, preceded by a suffused
festooned streak (failing towards anal angle) enclosing spots of the
ground-colour, to being moderately-broad and unspotted. Cilia pale
greyish-ochreous. UNDER siDE.—Hind-wing pale creamy-yellowish,
varied with dull-pink basally, inner-marginally, and towards hind-
margin; spots of fore-wing less, those of hind-wing more conspicuous
than on upper side. Fore-wing: two small spots on costa at base; no
basal blackish; very narrow linear costal and hind-marginal black
edging inwardly bounded by pale-yellowish irroration, most noticeable
at and near apex ; the incomplete subapical black inter-nervular streaks
are continued to hind-marginal edging as orange-ochreous streaks ;
above them one long wholly orange-ochreous inter-nervular streak.
Hind-wing: a small spot at origin of costal nervure; another on costa

148 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

close to base; another at base below median nervure; a fourth on
inner margin near base; an additional (eighth) spot at inner-marginal
end of discal row; hind-marginal border enclosing seven large sub-
lunulate spots of the creamy-yellowish ground-colour; the dull-pink
preceding it in the form of broad inter-nervular discal rays.

2 Varying from dull pale reddish-brown to dull dark greyish-brown ;
spots larger and dark borders broader in parts; fore-wing with an
oblique subapical white bar. Fore-wing: blackish border much broader
at apex; white bar variable in definition and width, but widest and
most conspicuous in the darker individuals, immediately succeeding
oblique row of black spots, not extending below second median
nervule. Hind-wing: hind-marginal border usually broader through-
out, sometimes enclosing a row of seven very indistinct spots of the
ground-colour. UNDER sIDE.—Paler than in 3. Jore-wing: apical
pale-yellowish extending to subapical white bar, which is not nearly
so clearly defined as on upper side. Hind-wing: pink variegation
usually less pronounced, and in the darker individuals all but obsolete.

A small g, taken by Mr. W. Morant at Avoca, on the coast of
Natal, has on hind-wings a limited roundish space of white between the
median nervure and its second nervule and the inner margin.

A. small 9, taken by the late Mr. E. C. Buxton in Swaziland, is
very near the figure of Guérin’s type, having the apical region of fore-
wing paler, and the discal region of hind-wing redder than the rest of
the wing; and on the under side the inter-nervular fulvous and pink
rays very strongly marked.

Var. A. (Neluska, Oberthiir).

a Fore-wing : apical border considerably broader; subapical inter-
nervular black rays wanting. UNDER sIDE.—Pale reddish ground-
colour almost uniform throughout. @ Like the duskier individuals of
the typical Doubledayi, but in the fore-wing only one small spot of the
subapical oblique row perceptible, and the white bar altogether wanting.

Hab.—Zanzibar.

Var. B. (Aaina, Westw.)

f Hop. al., 1 in. 8-104 lin.

Brighter in colour, with a tinge of pink in hind-wing. More-wing :
two small spots near posterior angle wanting; spot in middle of cell
larger ; below the subapical inter-nervular streaks usually a third, and
sometimes also a fourth similar shorter streak. Hind-wing: third spot
(from costa) of discal row wanting.

9 Exp. al., 1 in. 7-84 lin.

Paler; differences of spots as in 7%, except that one specimen
possesses the third spot in hind-wing row. ore-wing: subapical white
bar very narrow, externally ill-defined; inter-nervular rays increased
to six, the last (near posterior angle) a double streak.

One 2, taken on the Marico River by Mr. F. C. Selous, has nearly
all the disc of the hind-wings suffused with white.

ACRAIN 2. 149

A, Doubledayi is a near ally of A. Cecilia, Fab. (Hypatia, Dru.), a well-
known West-African species, but, as far as the ¢ sex is concerned, may readily
be recognised by its more rufous colour (extending to the terminal half of the
abdomen), narrower blackish borders, smaller spots, and much less pronounced
basal blackish ; while on the under side the spots in the hind-marginal black
border are larger. It has no closely-related known South-African form, the
least distant, A. Stenobea, Wallengr., having the sexes almost alike, and
remarkably suffused with black over all the basal region of the fore-wings. The
9 Doubledayi bears a superficial resemblance to the 9 A. Petrea, Boisd., as
well as to the reddish-brown form of A. Lycia, Fab. From the former it is at
once distinguished by its much smaller and more separate spots, and much
narrower and less conspicuous subapical white bar of the fore-wings, and from
the latter by its possession of a black border to the hind-wings. The variety
A. (Neluska, Oberth.) decidedly approaches in character the closely-allied A.
Caldarena, Hewits., in which both sexes possess a very broad black tip to the
fore-wing.

From January to April 1867 I found this butterfly abundant near D’Urban,
Port Natal, and the late Mr. M‘Ken and Colonel Bowker have since sent many
specimens from that neighbourhood to the South-African Museum. It is a
very slow flyer, chiefly frequenting wooded spots. I took the sexes paired on
March 24th, and Colonel Bowker has since 1877 sent me several pairs captured
én copula.

Localities of Acrwa Doubleday.

I. South Africa.

E. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban. Avoca and Pinetown (W. Morant).
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lorengo Marques (J. J. Monteiro).
KX. Transvaal.—Marico River and Upper Limpopo River.—Var. Azina,
Westw. (f. C. Selous).

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.
a1. Interior.—“ Tati and Gwailo River.—Var. Awina, Westw. (LP.
Oates).” — Westwood.
b. Eastern Coast.—Zambesi (Rev. H. Rowley). Zanzibar. “ Zanzi-
bar ;—var. Weluska, Oberth. (A. Raffray).”—Oberthiir.
B. North Tropical.
b, Eastern Coast.—‘“ Abyssinia (Lefebvre).”—Gueérin-Meneville, and
(“ Ferret et Gralinier”) Reiche.

42. (9.) Acreea Caldarena, Hewitson.

3 Acrea Caldarena, Hewits., Ent. M. Mag., xiv. p. 52 (1877).

3 Acrea Amphimalla, Westw., App. Oates’ Matabele Land, p. 347, n. 37,

pl. Ey fy, 2 (wssr).

Exp. al., 1 in. g lin.—2 in. 6 lin.

g§ Pale creamy-ochreous, with more or less of a pink tinge (especially
in hind-wing), with small black spots; apea of fore-wing very widely
black. Kore-wing: apical black extending from costa to end of second
median nervule; a little before inner edge of apical black, but not
quite parallel with it, an oblique row of three or four spots; an elongate
spot at extremity of cell; another in cell towards extremity; a spot
below median nervure, not far from base; two spots almost in a line

150 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

with and below spot at extremity of cell, one above, the other below
first median nervure ; base moderately suffused with dusky-grey ; costal
and hind-marginal black edging line very attenuated. Hind-wing:
basal and disco-cellular spots, and discal row of eight spots, quite as in
Doubledayi, but smaller and often indistinct (excepting the two near
and at extremity of cell, and the two beyond cell respectively above
and below third median nervule); hind-marginal border consisting of a
terminal black line and an inner fainter festooned line enclosing between
them seven elongate spots of the ground-colour ; towards anal angle
the festooned line becomes fainter and sometimes obsolete. UNDER
SIDE—Paler. Fore-wing: apical black wanting, replaced by greyish-
yellow, crossed by yellow-ochreous inter-nervular rays from hind-margin ;
no basal suffusion; two small black spots on costa near base; other
spots as on upper side. Hind-wing: pale-yellowish, varied near base
and as far as middle with pinkish-red (leaving rings of the pale ground-
colour about the black spots); hind-marginal and sub-marginal lines
more defined, their enclosed spots of the pale ground-colour ; a little
before the border, and leaving a bounding line of the ground-colour, a
series of broad, short, inter-nervular, yellow-ochreous rays; spots as on
upper side, but more constant and much better marked.

2 Paler, duller ; basal suffusion wider, darker, in hind-wing eaxtend-
ing over inner-marginal area. Hind-wing : hind-marginal border much
wider, suffused, its enclosed spots almost obsolete. UNDER sIDE.—As
in ¢, but paler; spots of hind-wing larger.

This butterfly is very closely related to A. Doubleday, Guér., but at once
distinguishable by the very conspicuous broad black tip of the fore-wing. In
the ¢ the ground-colour is paler and with less of a fulvous tinge, and the fore-
wing is less transparent ; while in the only ? I have seen (from Tati) there is
no trace whatever of the subapical whitish bar of Doubledayi 2. <Acrea
Dircea, Westw. (loc. cit., p. 348, n. 42), seems from the short diagnosis given
not to be separable from A. Caldarena.

The species appears only just to enter the extra-tropical region. Hewitson
(/. c.) notes that it was received “in abundance” from Lake Nyassa, and had
previously been sent from the Transvaal by Dr. Bradshaw. . Specimens have
reached the South-African Museum at different times from the Matabele
Country and the Zambesi Valley, and also one from Damaraland; while
recently (April 1882) Mr. F. C. Selous collected several individuals on the

Marico and Upper Limpopo in the North-West Transvaal, and forwarded them
to me, with many other species, for determination.

Localities of Acrwa Caldarena.

J. South Africa.
K. Transvaal.—Upper Limpopo and Marico Rivers (£. C. Selous).

IT. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Damaraland (Hutchinson).
at. Interior.—Between Limpopo and Zambesi Rivers (Z. Ayres).
‘“‘Motloutsi River and Tati (7. Oates).”—Westwood. Zambesi
(Ff. H. Barber).

ACRAINA. 151

43. (10.) Acresa Aglaonice, Westwood.
Puate III. fig. 3 (¢).

& Acrea Aglaonice, Westw., App. to Oates’ “ Matabele Land,” 1881, p. 346,
m: 35;, pe Hy i. 0, 10.
& Acrea fenestrata, Trimen,! Trans. Ent. See. Lond., 1881, p. 435.

Dona), 2 ia. 2 lin. 5 (2) 2:in..6, lin.

f Warm fulvous-ochreous, inclining to rufous, with narrow black
borders and a few black spots. Fore-wing: base very narrowly marked
with black, which extends for a little distance along inner margin ;
costa very thinly black-edged from near base, but more widely near
apex; hind-margin narrowly black-edged throughout, and all the ner-
vules near it clearly defined with black, those near apex for the
greatest length, and the submedian nervure least of all; basal area
thinly irrorated with black ; in discoidal cell near extremity a moderate-
sized reniform spot; at extremity an elongate and more irregular mark-
ing of about the same size; a little beyond the cell, between subcostal
nervure and third median nervule, an oblique row of three small rounded
contiguous spots; immediately bounding the second and third spots of
this row externally, two small elongate transparent markings with ill-
defined edges; below the third spot of the row, and well separated from
it, a very small rounded black spot, between third and second median
nervules; a similar slightly larger spot between median and submedian
nervures, on edge of basal irroration; and a third, larger and not so
rounded, between first median nervule and submedian nervure beyond
middle. Hind-wing: base more widely marked with black than in
fore-wing; black spots very small and few in number, viz., two in dis-
coidal cell (that near base confounded with black suffusion); one on
upper disco-cellular nervule ; one above and one below cell; and five
minute ones in a very irregular discal row about middle (interrupted
widely about the branching of median nervure), of which only the first,
fourth, and fifth are distinct; hind-margin with a rather narrow, well-
marked, unspotted black border. UNDER SIDE—Hind-wing and apical
area of fore-wing cream-colour dusted finely with grey. Fore-wing: a
narrow edging of cream-colour along costa; spots as on upper side, with
the addition of a black dot on costa at base; ground-colour paler,
more glossy, inclining to pink; apical and hind-marginal cream-colour
crossed by conspicuous inter-nervular orange rays, of which the longest is
between subcostal nervure and upper radial; nervules and hind-margins
more finely and thinly defined with black than on upper side, particu-
larly the latter. Hind-wing: black spots better defined than on upper
side, especially those of median transverse row; an additional one on

1 In explanation of my having named and described this species so soon after Professor
Westwood, I may mention that the paper referred to was read on the 3d August 1881, when
the work containing A. Aglaonice had not appeared. The work in question was published on

the 15th August, whereas Part III. of the Entomological Society's Transactions, containing
my paper, was not published until the 7th September.

152 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

costa near base; another on inner margin near base; and two between
submedian nervure and inner margin a little before termination of
median row; a very thin hind-marginal black edging line preceded at
a little distance by an equally thin festooned line; the space between
these two lines is clear cream-colour, without irroration, but is crossed
by the very fine black nervular lines; before the festooned line a row
of eight conspicuous cuneate orange markings of about equal size, the
eighth interiorly becoming pink; other dispersed pink markings, irre-
gular in form and size, before middle, viz., one on costa at base, two
above, one in, one at extremity, one beyond, and two below discoidal
cell; and a long ray along inner margin.

2 Very different from f. SHore-wing: dull ochreous-yellow ; base
widely clouded with blackish as far as middle of discoidal cell, and
thence the median area suffused with brown; black edging wider gene-
rally, but especially at apex; black spots and two transparent spots
asin fg. Hind-wing: creamy-reddish ; spots larger ; base widely clouded
with blackish ; hind-marginal black border very much broader, suffusedly
radiating inwardly on nervules; ground-colour between rays clouded
with brown. UNDER SIDE—As in ff, but paler and duller. Hind-
wing: submarginal streak thicker and more deeply festooned.

The ¢ of this very distinct Acrea exhibits affinities with A. Nohara,
Boisd., A. Doubleday, Guér., and A. Anacreon, mihi; its upper surface colour-
ing and markings resembling those of the first named; its markings generally
that of the second ; and its under surface colouring that of the third. From
all three, and indeed from all the other Acree that I have examined, it may
readily be recognised by the two peculiar diaphanous spots immediately follow-
ing the costal transverse macular black bar beyond the middle of the fore-wings.
The singularly minute black spots of the hind-wings are also a very marked
character in A. Aglaonice.

The @ is above described from a single Delagoa Bay example given me by
Mrs. Monteiro. Its general appearance and pattern strikingly resemble those of
A. Natalica, Boisd., but it is a much smaller insect. Two @s received from
Mr. F. C. Selous, who took them on the Marico and Upper Limpopo Rivers
early in 1882, agree entirely with the ? in question except in their smaller
size (2 in. 1-2 lin.)

A single male of this butterfly was contained in the collection purchased by
the South-African Museum in 1879 from Mr. T. Ayres. It is noted in Mr.
Ayres’s list as having been captured in the Lydenburg district of the Transvaal.
There are two males in the Hewitson Collection of the British Museum labelled
‘«‘ Transvaal,” and Mrs. Monteiro possesses another taken at Delagoa Bay.

The male specimen on which Professor Westwood founded the species was
brought from Tati (21° 28’ 8.) by the late Mr. F. Oates, and, as figured, pre-
sents larger transparent spots than the Lydenburg example above described.
Three males from the Marico and Upper Limpopo Rivers, received with the two
females above mentioned, have the hind-marginal black border rather broader
at apex of fore-wing and much broader throughout in hind-wing.

Localities of Acrwa Aglaonice.

TI. South Africa.

K. Transvaal.—Lydenburg District (7. Ayres). Marico and Upper
Limpopo Rivers (fF. C. Selous).

ACRAINZ. 153

II. Other African Regions.

A, South Tropical.
a1. Interior.—‘“ Tati (Oates).”— Westwood,

44, (11.) Acreea Stenobea, Wallengren.
PuateE III. fig. 2 (¢ ).

Acreea Stenobea, Wallengr., Wien. Ent. Monatschr., 1860, p. 35, n. 9;
and K. Vet.-Akad. Forh., 1872, p. 49, n. 24 [ ].
3 Acrea Acronycta, Westw., App. Oates’ Matabele Land, p. 346, n. 36,
pls; i) 17, 12° (18871).
Var. A.—Acrwa Lygus, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, p. 408, n. 21.
4 9 Aecrea Natalica (variation), Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1870, p. 346.
Exp. al., 2 in.—2 in. 6 lin.
g Pale creamy yellow-ochreous, the fore-wing darker and tinged
with brown, the hind-wing paler and tinged with pink; black spots
few ; bases strongly suffused with blackish. Fore-wing: a very narrow
black edging from base to posterior angle, widening slightly at apex ;
a large spot in discoidal cell towards its extremity, and a small spot
nearer base below median nervure, are almost indistinguishable in the
basal suffusion ; a large spot at extremity of cell; below it two smaller
rounded spots, one above the other, the first median nervule passing
between them; between end of cell and apex, but nearer to the
former, a well-marked oblique bar of five spots, of which only the
lowest spot is separated from the rest; all the nervules finely but
distinctly black in outer portion of wing. Hind-wing : basal suffusion
very much more restricted than in fore-wing, extending usually to
about middle of discoidal cell; spots in and at extremity of cell as in
fore-wing, but smaller; a small spot on costa before middle; a discal
row of only three (or sometimes two) widely-separated spots; between
the costal and subradial of these spots (which are always present),
occasionally traces of two very small spots; a moderately-wide hind-
marginal blackish border, indented regularly with the ground-colour
on nervules, and enclosing faint indications of paler spots. Cilia
whitish. UNDER sIDE.—Paler; hind-wing creamy-whitish, more or
less generally clouded with reddish-pink. ore-wing: basal suffusion
almost obsolete; spots duller, slightly suffused; blackish edging
narrower ; two small spots on costa at base; some whitish scaling near
apex, chiefly on costa; from hind-margin a series of rather indistinct
inter-nervular orange-ochreous rays; occasionally a very small spot
below first median nervule near hind-margin. Hind-wing: no basal
blackish suffusion; the reddish-pink clouding leaves a whitish ring
.round each spot, and a well-marked whitish inner edging to the hind-
marginal border,—it is strongest near base and towards hind-margin ;
discal row of spots less imperfect, the number varying from four to
eight, the most constant additional spots being two small ones on

154 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

inner margin; an irregular black basal marking enclosing a white
spot; a small black spot on costa, near base, and a large elongate one
a little farther from base; hind-marginal border enclosing seven large
whitish sub-trigonate spots.

° Darker; the basal suffusion in fore-wing ill-defined, gradually
shading off into brownish. Hind-wing ; hind-marginal border broader,
its inner edge not regularly denticulated but rather suffused; a con-
spicuous white cloud on lower part of disc, covering median nervules
about their origin, and extending to submedian nervure. UNDER SIDE.
—Fore-wing : apical whitish developed over some space; blackish spots
more distinct.

Var. A. ¢ and 2 (Lygus, Druce).

@ Basal blackish suffusion less pronounced in fore-wing; black
spots smaller, especially those of oblique bar beyond discoidal cell, which
are separate from each other, and only three or four in number; in
hind-wing the hind-marginal border broader. UNDER sIDE.—Hind-
wing: ground-colour duller, more rufous; the spots in the hind-
marginal border much smaller, so as to occupy only the outer part of
the border.

9 General differences like those presented by §. Hind-wing:
basal suffusion and hind-marginal border much broader and darker.

Hab.—Kastern extremity of Cape Colony, Basutoland, and Angola.

This rather sombre-coloured Acrea is allied to A: Cecilia, Fab., but is easily
distinguished by its yellow-ochreous ground-colour and much wider dark basal
suffusion, while the hind-marginal border is narrower, and there are fewer
discal spots. The white cloud on the hind-wing of the 9, though variable in
extent, seems invariably present. The reddish-pink clouding on the under
side of the hind-wing is remarkably developed in some fine examples collected
by Mr. F. C. Selous on the Upper Limpopo, especially in the gs.

Stenobea is also closely related to A. Natalica, Boisd., and may indeed be
regarded as linking that species and Cecilia. Its distinctive characters are
smaller size; paler, clearer ground-colour (especially in hind-wing); wider,
more suffused basal, but very much narrower apical, black in fore-wing ; want
in the same wing of the outer discal series of spots; and more imperfect discal
row of spots, and very much narrower and unsuffused hind-marginal border, of
hind-wing.

In 1872 Mr. W. Morant sent me the paired sexes of A. Stenobea, captured
at Hebron, on the Vaal River, Griqualand West.

Localities of Acrwa Stenobea.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
b. Eastern Districts.—Colesberg (A. F. Ortlepp). King William’s
Town [Var. Lygus, Druce] (Capt. G. C. Swiney).
c. Griqualand West.—Hebron, Diamond Fields (W. Morant). Vaal
River (J. H. Bowker).
d. Basutoland.—Maseru [ Var. Lygus, Druce] (J. H. Bowker).
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom District (Z. Ayres). Upper Limpopo
(Ff. C. Selous). }
L. Bechuanaland.—Motito (Rev. J. Frédoux).

ACRAEIN At. 155

Il. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
a, Western Coast.—Damaraland (C. J. Andersson and J. A. Bell).
“River Swakop (Wahlberg).” — Wallengren. Angola [Var.
Lygus, Druce] (J. J. Monteiro).
at. Interior.—Khama’s Country, near Bamangwato (H. Barter).
Tati (C. Hart).

45. (12.) Acresa Natalica, Boisduval.

Acrea Natalica, Boisd., App. Voy. de Deleg. dans l’Afr. Aust., p. 590,

Mi, 57 (body):
Acrea Bellua, Wallengr., Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 22, n. 9 (1857).

Acrea Natalica, Hopff., in Peters’ Reise nach Mossamb., p. 371, pl. 23,

ff. 12, 13 [ g ] (1862).
Acrea Hypatia, var. B., Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 98 (1862).

Exp. al., 2 in. 3 lin.—3 in.

gf Yellow-ochreous ; the hind-wing, and in a less degree the fore-
wing, im the central part paler and with a creamy-pink tint ; bases and
hind-marginal borders black ; a discal series of black spots. Fore-wing :
basal black well marked, but seldom extending as far as the middle of
discoidal cell, where there is an elongate black spot; costal edge at
base ochreous, but thence very thinly black to near apex; apical tip
broadly black, but hind-margin from extremity of third median nervule
with only a linear edging ; a narrow irregularly-shaped spot at extremity
of cell; a little beyond it an oblique well-marked bar of five spots, of
which four are united and the fifth separated from the fourth by the
third median nervule; beyond this bar, in some specimens, a more or
less ill-defined dusky suffusion extending in the form of a curved
transverse fascia towards posterior angle; usually a submarginal row
of three inter-nervular spots between third median nervule and sub-
median nervure; of these, the uppermost spot is very often and the
second sometimes wanting; below extremity of cell, two small spots,
one above and the other below first median nervule; below median
nervure a small rounded spot just on the edge of basal black. Hind-
wing: basal black narrow, wider below median nervure ; a spot in cell,
just beyond basal black; a smaller indistinct spot on edge of cell a
little beyond and above the last ; an irregular discal row of seven small
spots, often rather indistinct; a broad hind-marginal black border,
without spots, with its inner edge slightly suffused; ground-colour
clouded with a dull-red tint near this black border. Cilia grey.
UNDER SIDE.—Paler ; the surface more shining (especially in fore-wing) ;
hind-wing and apral region creamy-whitish, the former varied with
brick-red. Fore-wing: all the spots considerably fainter ; a black spot
(dotted with a white one) on costa at base, and another a little beyond
it; apical black border very narrow, but emitting short black nervular

156 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

rays ; between these a parallel series of ochre-yellow rays ; basal black
merely indicated by a grey tinge. Hind-wing: all the spots larger
and well-defined, with clear edgings of the ground-colour where the
brick-red variegation approaches them; the red occupies basal, inner-
marginal, and sub-hind-marginal portions, leaving dise clear; before
hind-marginal border this red is in the form of broad, short inter-
nervular rays, leaving a clear line of the ground-colour between it and
the border; the latter has its inner edge somewhat irregular, and
emitting very short rays on nervules; it encloses seven large yellowish-
white spots, and is also marked at anal angle with an elongate mark
forming part of a long inner-marginal streak; at base an irregular
black marking half enclosing a small white spot, a small costal spot,
and a large inner-marginal one; a large one just below subcostal
nervure before middle; a round spot before the central one in discoidal
cell; between median nervure and inner margin a large spot followed
by two smaller contiguous ones; an eighth spot in discal row, close to
inner margin.

2 Duller, paler ; without the creamy-pink tint, except rarely in hind-
wing ; all the spots larger and darker ; basal black rather wider. Fore-
wing: apical black broader, its inner edge rather suffused. Hind-
wing: hind-marginal border very much broader, its inner side being
greatly suffused as far as discal row of spots. UNDER SIDE.—JFore-
wing: base slightly suffused with blackish. Hind-wing: spots of
hind-marginal border nearly always smaller than in @, and acute
internally.

Larva.—Light buff-yellow, with longitudinal black and white
stripes. A white dorsal stripe edged with black, and a white stripe,
just above legs on each side, carrying lowest row of spines. <A black
stripe on each side just above lateral row of spines; a broad black
ventral stripe, interrupted by bases of pro-legs. On a succulent
climbing plant (much affected by the Acrwine generally), with small
green flowers.

The above description of the larva is from notes by Mr. W. D. Gooch.
The pupa is not described; but from a pencil sketch appears to be more
sharply angulated on the head and thorax than that of A. Horta. <A note as
to its colours and markings is given below, from two examples received from
Colonel Bowker.

This species belongs to the Cecilia group. It is larger and darker than
any of its South-African near allies, except A. Anemosa, Hewits., which
stands alone in its lack of discal spots, but is in habit and general colouring
very near Natalica. The basal suffusion of the fore-wings is not half as
extended as in Sfenobea, and only in one @ have I found any trace of the
white cloud in the hind-wings so characteristic of the same sex in the latter
species.

I first met with this. butterfly when landing at Port Natal for a day in
August 1865, and afterwards became well acquainted with it during my visit
to Natal from January to April 1867. It frequents wooded spots, and is con-
spicuous on the wing, flying as slowly as most of the genus. _

ACRAINA. 157

In March 1878 Colonel Bowker sent me from Natal two living pups» of
A, Natalica, attached to stems of a grass. Unfortunately the butterflies
endeavoured to emerge en route in a very small box; and thus neither pup»
nor imagines arrived in a useful condition. But the specimens sufficiently
show that the pupa is quite of the type of that A. Horta, Linn., being creamy-
white, with the limbs and position of wing-nervures outlined in black; a
triple black streak from top of head along middle of back of thorax, and a
broad lateral streak varied with white spots; the abdomen bearing two dorsal,
two lateral, and one median ventral, chains of black rings enclosing orange-
yellow spots.

From the same indefatigable observer I received, in 1879, no fewer than
three pairs of this butterfly taken by him zm copuld.

Localities of Acrwa Natalica.

I. South Africa,

B. Cape Colony.
b, Eastern Districts.—Kei River (J. H. Bowker).
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
E. Natal.
a. Coast Districts—D’Urban. Verulam. Mapumulo. Avoca (J.
HT, Bowker). Mouth of Tugela River (J. H. Bowker).
F, Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay (Colonel H. Tower).
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lorengo Marques (J. J. Monteiro).
K. Transvaal.—Lydenburg and Potchefstroom Districts (7, Ayres).

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.
b, Eastern Coast.—Zambesi River (Rev. H. Rowley). “Tette.”—
Hopffer.
br. Interior.—“ Motloutsi River, Tati, and Dry River (Oates).”—
Westwood. ‘ Kilima-njaro (H. H. Johnston).”—F. D. Godman.

46. (13.) Acrea Anemosa, Hewitson.

3 Acrea Anemosa, Hewits., Exot. Butt., iii. pl. 8, ff 14, 15 (1865).

Exp. al., 2 in. 8-10 lin.

a Ochre-yellow, in fore-wing wnelining to orange, in hind-wing
tinged with salmon-red ; bases and borders black. Fore-wing: basal
black very distinctly defined from costa to inner margin, extending
as far as origin of first median nervule; costa and hind-margin very
narrowly bordered with black, apex more widely so; a black line
marks disco-cellular nervules; a little beyond this a strongly marked,
slightly oblique, black bar, widest on costa, and thence narrowing to an
abrupt end on third median nervule; in some specimens, a small black
spot just below end of bar, and another, nearer base, below second
median nervule. Hind-wing: basal black not so wide or externally so
sharply defined as in fore-wing ; hind-marginal border varying in width
but always very broad, its inner edge more or less deeply serrated by

158 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

nervular projections on the salmon-red central band. Cilia black, with
white inter-nervular interruptions (small in fore-wing, but large and
conspicuous in hind-wing). UNDER sipE.—Paler; markings much like
those of upper side. ore-wing: subapical region more or less clouded
with whitish. Hind-wing: in basal black eight small but conspicuous
white spots, viz., one basal, two costal, two in cell, and three below
cell; a less conspicuous white spot just at external edge of basal black
on inner margin; central bar broad, reddish-white, bordered next basal
and hind-marginal black with pinkish-red; black border of hind-
margin much narrower and internally more even than on upper side,
containing along its middle line eight small but conspicuous inter-
nervular white spots, of which the seventh and eighth are close
together, between first median nervule and submedian nervure.

% Paler and duller. Fore-wing: basal black wider, emitting a
projection in discoidal cell, and, in one example, another (broader)
below first median nervule. Hind-wing: central bar very much
obscured, and, in one example, externally fading into the very broad
hind-marginal black. UNDER sIDE.—Fore-wing: projections of basal
black more sharply defined. Hind-wing: in one example, three of the
white spots in basal black wanting, viz., the outer cellular one and the
two lower of those below cell.

Aberration? 2 Fore-wing: all the nervules clouded with white
near margin, especially on costa before apex. Hind-wing: all the red
of central band wanting (except a little towards costa beyond middle),
being replaced by white, which also somewhat suffuses basal black;
hind-marginal black narrower than usual. UNDER sIDE.—<As above,
but the white somewhat more developed.

Hab.—Damaraland. (In the Hewitson Collection, British Museum.)

The description above given of the normal 9 is made from a single
Damaraland example presented to me many years ago by the late Mr. Charles
J. Andersson, and from another example sent me from Delagoa Bay by Mrs.
Monteiro. The special peculiarities noted are in the former specimen.

The simple but most effective colouring of this remarkable Acrewa renders
it very easy of recognition ; the heavy intense black of the bases and of the
outer part of the hind-wing, and the absence or great paucity of discal spots
at once distinguishing it from its nearest congener, A. Natalica, Boisd.

First discovered on the Zambesi, A. Anemosa is quite a tropical species,
only being known in South Africa proper as far as about 26° S., in the neigh-
bourhood of Delagoa Bay and in Swaziland, as well as in the adjacent district
of Lydenburg in the Transvaal Territory.

Localities of Acrwa Anemosa.

I. South Africa.
G. “Swaziland” (Z. C. Buxton).
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lorengo Marques (J. G. Montero). '
K. Transvaal.—Lydenburg District (7. Ayres). Upper Limpopo (F.
C. Selous).

ACRAEIN Zé. 159

II. Other African Regions,

A. South Tropical.

a. Western Coast.—Damaraland (C. J. Andersson and J. A. Beil).
*« Angola (Pogge).”—Dewitz.

a1. Interior.—Between Limpopo and Zambesi Rivers (7. Ayres).
Khama’s Country, near Bamangwato (H. Barber). ‘‘ Victoria
Falls of Zambesi and Umvungu (Oates).”-—Westwood.

6. Eastern Coast.—Zambesi [Coll. W. C. Hewitson]. ‘ Bagamoyo.”
— Oberthiir.

47. (14.) Acreea Acara, Hewitson.
¢ Acrea Acara, Hewits., Exot. Butt., iii. pl. viii. ff. 19, 20 (1865).
6 Acrea caffra, Felder., Reise d. Novara, Lep., ii. p. 369, t. xlvi. ff. 10,
Ir (1865).
6 Acrea Zetes, Trimen (part), Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 99, n. 62 (1862).
6 and Q Acrea Zetes, Var.,\Trim., Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. xxvi.

p. 517, t. 42, ff. 8, 9 (1869).

Exp. al., (f) 2 in. 7 lin.—3 in.; (2) 2 in. 10 lin—3 in. 3 lin.

S Deep-red tinged with carmine; with black spots and bands.
Fore-wing: base suffused with deep-black; in discoidal cell, three
black spots;—one round, touching basal black,—another elongate
transversely, somewhat quadrate, a little beyond middle of cell,—the
third at extremity of cell, variable in thickness, slightly curved out-
wards; three spots below cell, one touching median nervure, and more
or less included in the basal black,—another between median neryure
and its first nervule,—the third a little beyond the second, below first
median nervule; a little beyond extremity of cell, a broad, oblique,
black band, directed towards middle of hind-margin, and extending to
second median nervule; apical portion of wing, beyond this black band,
warm reddish-ochre; apex rather widely bordered with black, which
narrows to a thin, hind-marginal edge on third or second median
nervule, where, suddenly widening again, its inner edge is united to
the extremity of the oblique band from costa, and it extends to anal
angle, containing two or three spots between nervules of the apical
ochre tint. Hind-wing: base broadly suffused with deep-black, con-
taining a thin cellular white spot; touching the edge of which, in cell,
and about median nervure, is a clouding of white scales, sometimes
large and conspicuous ; a small black spot at extremity of discoidal cell,
and beyond it a more or less interrupted transverse row of six or seven
rounded spots; a broad, well-defined, black band bordering hind-margin,
slightly dentate on its inner edge, and sometimes containing four or
five very small inter-nervular reddish spots. UNDER sIDE.—Black
markings much as on upper side, but differing much in ground-colours;
surface generally glistening. Fore-wing: pale salmon-red ; black suffu-
sion at base faint, and only present below median nervure; two black
spots on costa, close to base; space between black costal stripe and
black-bordered apex whitish; bordering this white outwardly, and

160 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

continuing to submedian nervure, a row of six large, elongate, some-
what wedge-shaped, orange-ochreous spots, of which the fifth and sixth
are internally bordered with black. MHind-wing: pinkish-white ; the
basal black assumes the form of an irregularly-shaped but strongly-
defined black patch, containing six quadrate or triangular small white
spots ; costa at base rather broadly edged with salmon-red, containing
a more or less conspicuous black spot; outer edge of basal patch is also
clouded with salmon-red; spots in central part of wing arranged as
above; two additional ones continue the transverse row to inner
margin; these spots are very conspicuous from the white ground-
colour they are on; hind-marginal band broad and black, containing
seven or eight moderately-sized white spots; the band being bordered
inwardly by a row of seven sub-triangular, brick-red spots.

2 Much duller, suffused with a brownish tint; the black markings
not so dark, especially the basal black, which is reduced to a fuscous
suffusion, often indistinct. Fore-wing: more or less semi-transparent
in middle portion; subapical ochreous paler, yellower, occasionally
partly clouded with white. Hind-wing: any white suffusion about
middle of wing rarely found; hind- marginal border considerably
narrower, its inner portion indistinctly defined, so that its row of
spots is usually in contact with the somewhat darker ground-colour.
UNDER SIDE.—As in 7.

The black markings in this species vary much in. size, especially
the oblique costal bar of the fore-wing, which is sometimes so enlarged
as to be completely confluent with the streak at end of discoidal cell.
In the Hewitson collection there is a small f from the White Nile
(mentioned in Hxot. Butt., ii. p. 16), which has the border of hind-
wing very broad, and the white spots which it contains on the under
side very small. A fine @ taken by Colonel Bowker on the Bashee
River in Kaffraria has the basal black almost as pronounced as in
the $; in the fore-wing the apical and hind-marginal blackish is much
widened and suffused, with only indistinct traces of the ochreous spots,
and the space beyond costal black bar is narrowed and yellowish-white ;
while in the hind-wing the hind-marginal border is even, complete,
and well-defined from the ground-colour, the row of small pale spots
traversing its middle line.

Larva.—Ochreous-yellow. Each segment broadly banded trans-
versely with purplish-red, the band occupying the middle portion.
Spines long and distinctly branched, blackish, springing from tubercles
situated in the purplish-red bands; the two dorsal spines on segment.
next head longer than the rest, erect. Head ochreous-yellow. Legs
and pro-legs purplish-red.

‘Feeds on Passiflora” (Dr. J. HE. Seaman, in litt.)

PuateE I. fig. 1.

Pupa.—Pinkish-white. Margins of head, limbs, and wing-nervures
defined with black. Abdominal rows of spots arranged as in pupe of

ACRZEIN AS. 161

A. Horta and A. serena, but more continuous; the spots rose-pink in
wide black contiguous rings. Median line of under side of abdomen
tinged with rose-pink; two spots of the same colour on median line of
back of thorax, and one at base of wings, Head ochreous-yellow.

Puate I. fig. 1a.

This pupa appears to be rounder and blunter anteriorly than that
of A. Horta, and is so much more curved that the dorsal outline is
strongly convex in a lateral view.

The above descriptions are made from a coloured drawing executed
by the late Dr, Seaman in 1869, exhibiting a lateral view both of
larva and pupa.

This very handsome and conspicuous Acrwa is the Southern and
Hastern representative of the abundant and widely-spread A. Zetes
(Linn.) of Western Africa, and is readily distinguished by the warm
red and ochreous colouring of the fore-wings, which are suffused
fuscous-grey in Zetes.

I only once took this species on the coast of Natal, in the summer of 1867;
but it is usually pretty common there, numereus specimens having been taken
near D’Urban by the late Mr. M. J. M‘Ken, Colonel Bowker, and others. At
Pietermaritzburg, however, at the end of March and beginning of April, I
found the butterfly abundant, frequenting flowers in most gardens, and as easy
of capture as A. Horta.

The late Dr. Seaman and Colonel Bowker alike reported the larve as doing
much damage to passion-flowers in Natal; but I have not heard what is their
native food-plant.

As I have recorded in the Transactions of the Linnean Society (vol. xxvi.
pp. 517 and 518), A. Acara is the subject of close mimicry by a member of
the Nymphaline, described by Mr. A. G. Butler as Pseudacrwa Trimenti. In
this very interesting case each sex of the Acrea is distinctly copied by the
corresponding sex of the Pseudacrewa. The latter haunts the same localities as
A. Acara, but is a rare insect.

Localities of Acrwa Azara.

I, South Africa.
KE. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban.
6. Upper Districts. —Pietermaritzburg,
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lorengo Marques (J. J. Monteiro).
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom and Lydenburg Districts (7. Ayres).

II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
bi. Interior.— Victoria Nyanza (Rev. J. Hannington).,—A. G.
Butler.
B. North Tropical.
b, Eastern Coast.— Tongu (A. Raffray).”—Oberthiir.
bi. Interior.—“ White Nile.”—Hewitson,
VOL. I. L

162 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

48. (15.) Acreea Barberi, Trimen.
Puate III. fig. 1 (¢), fig. 1a (¢ ).
Acrea Barberi, Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 433.

Fp. al., 2 in. 54—94 lin. (f); 3 im. 2 lin. (9).

a Warm brick-red, tinged with carmine; spotted and edged with
black. Fore-wing: base suffused with black, narrowly near costa, but
more widely on inner margin; costa edged with fuscous very narrowly ;
from apex to posterior angle a broad hind-marginal fuscous border,
containing seven large yellow-ochreous spots, of which the first is
smallest, and the second not enclosed by fuscous on its inner edge; a
large elongate spot closing discoidal cell; a similar marking in the
cell not far from the extremity, and another (of variable size and
rounded) in the cell near base; slightly beyond the last-named spot,
and below median nervure, a curved elongate spot, and another (also
below median nervure) between first and second median nervules; a
spot below first median nervule, not far from posterior angle; beyond
discoidal cell a subapical transverse black bar of five confluent spots,
extending from costa to second median nervule, and slightly curving
inwardly at its lower extremity; beyond this the ground-colour is
slightly tinged with yellow-ochreous. Mind-wing: Base rather widely
suffused with black, a disco-cellular spot being partly confluent with
the suffusion; a small spot surmounted by a thin short streak at
extremity of discoidal cell; an irregular transverse discal row of seven
rather small spots, of which the first and sixth are nearest base; on
inner margin an eighth spot is indistinctly perceptible ; a moderately
broad interiorly-crenelated hind-marginal black border, completely
enclosing seven rather small yellow-ochreous spots. Cilia white, inter-
rupted with fuscous at extremities of nervules. UNDER SIDE.—Markings
similar; but hind-wing and small subapical space of fore-wing pinkish-
white, and ground-colour of fore-wing pale salmon-pink. ore-wing:
Base slightly suffused with black below median nervure only; two
very small black spots on costa at base, and a third (very small also)
close to base in discoidal cell. Hind-wing: the basal black is a
sharply-defined patch enclosing six white spots; an eighth and a ninth
black spot continue the discal row to inner-marginal edge before middle ;
a regular row of seven or eight broad red lunulate marks interiorly
bounding hind-marginal black border; also some red suffusion exteriorly
bounding basal black; spots in hind-marginal border larger than on
upper side, and conspicuously creamy white.

2 Semi-transparent in fore-wing ; grownd-colour very much duller
and paler; basal black almost obsolete; all the blackish markings
smaller and much tainter, especially the hind-marginal border of hind-
wing, which is all but obsolete. UNDER sIDE.—Except in the trans-
parency of the tore-wing with its fainter spots, and duller white of the
hind-wing, like that of male.

ACRAIN &. 163

This Acrea stands between A. Acara, Hewitson, and A. Chilo,
Godman (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 184, pl. xix. figs. 4, 5), a
native of Abyssinia. It differs from the former in its much less developed
black markings (particularly the basal black of both wings, and the
subapical bar and apical border of the fore-wing), and in the apical
yellow-ochreous of the fore-wing being very much fainter. In the female
these differences are as marked as in the male, but the former is also
distinguished by the remarkable transparency of the fore-wing. From
A. Chilo, on the contrary, A. Barberi is in both sexes distinguishable
by its stronger black markings (with the exception of the inner edge
of the fuscous hind-marginal border of the fore-wing in the male and
of both wings in the female, which in A. Chilo is unbroken near apex
of fore-wing), and in the female by the much less transparency of the
fore-wing. The under-side markings and colouring of A. Barberi agree
entirely with those of A. Acara, except that the former are smaller,

I have named this butterfly after its discoverer, Mr. H. Barber, who cap-
tured the two males and the female here described in the Transvaal country
during the year 1873. Mr. Barber collected a number of species in that region,
but did not note localities further than stating that all were taken to the north
of Pretoria.

To this species, I consider, should be referred two butterflies received at
the South-African Museum, viz., a male taken on the Vaal River by Colonel
J. H. Bowker, and a female forwarded from some part of the Transvaal by Mr.
D, Arnot. These examples are clearly referable to one and the same variation,
both having the apical yellow-ochreous of fore-wing more pronounced, while
the interior fuscous edging of the hind-marginal border is almost obsolete. In
the male this last-named character extends in a less marked degree to the hind-
wing, while in the female the peculiar transparency is not noticeable, the
wings being quite as opaque as in ordinary females of A. Acara.

Localities of Acrwa Barberi.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
ce. Griqualand West.—Klipdrift [since Barkly], Vaal River (J. H.
Bowker).—V ar.
K. Transvaal.—t Locality (D. Arnot). North of Pretoria (H. Barber).

49, (16.) Acreea, Encedon (Linnzus)."

Papilio Encedon, Linn., Mus. Lud. Ulr. Reg., p. 244, n. 63 (1764).
Papilio Encedonia, Linn., Syst. Nat., 1. 2, p. 762, n. go (1767).
Acrea Sganzini, Boisd., App. Voy. Deleg. dans lAfr. Aust., p. 590 (1847).
Acrxa Lycia, Fab. (var. Sganzini, Boisd.), Guér., in Lefebv. Voy. en
Abyss., pl. 10, ff 4, 5 (1849).
* » Doubl., Gen. Diurn. Lep., pl. 19, f. 2 (1848).
Var. A., Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 103 (1862).

” ”

1 The satisfactory identification of this species as the rufous form of the more recent
A, Lycia, Fab., is due to the research of Mr. P. O. C. Aurivillius, of the Royal Museum at
Stockholm. See his Recensio Critica Lepidopterorum Musei Ludovice Ulrice, &c. (in K. Sv.
Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1882, p. 56).

164 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Var. A.— Papilio H. Lycia, Fab., Syst. Ent., p. 464, n. 94 (1775); and
Ent. Syst., lil. 1, p. 176, n. 546 (1793).
Acrea Sganzini, Boisd., Faune Ent. de Mad. p. 34, pl. 6, ff 6, 7

(1833),
Acrea Lycia, Trim., op. cit., p. 102, n. 62 (1862).

Exp. al., 2 in.— 2 in. 8 lin.

Dull brownish-red, inclining to ochreous-yellow (especially in hind-
wing), with black spots ; apical area of fore-wing dusky-blackish, crossed
obliquely by a conspicuous white bar. Fore-wing: before middle, in
discoidal cell, a conspicuous transversely-elongate black spot; occa-
sionally a much smaller ovate spot nearer base; at extremity of cell a
large spot, usually indistinct from being united to blackish of apical
area; below this spot a strongly-curved discal row of three good-sized
spots, between second median nervule and inner margin beyond middle ;
near base, below median nervure, a moderate-sized spot, usually obliquely
elongate, but sometimes smaller and rounded ; subapical white bar broad,
about equally dividing the blackish, composed of five elongate spots
(the first four of which are united, the fifth smaller and separate), and
extending from close to costal edge, almost to hind-margin. Hind-
wing: a small spot at base; an obliquely-transyerse row of four or five
small indistinct spots near base (of which one is usually in discoidal
cell) ; a second small spot im cell, and two small ones obliquely placed
at its extremity; a discal, sinuated row of eight. distinct rounded
spots, from costa to inner margin; hind-margin with a narrow, dusky-
blackish, unspotted border, not well defined interiorly, from which
radiate short thin blackish inter-nervular lines. UNDER siDE.—/Hind-
wing and apical-hind-marginal area of fore-wing beyond white bar pale
ochreous-yellow ; the inter-nervular rays suffused fulvous-ochreous. Fore-
wing : ground-colour much paler ; surface smooth and glistening ; spots,
and blackish immediately before white bar, duller and more suffused
than on upper side. Hind-wing: spots as on upper side, but very
distinctly defined.

9 Larger and paler than $3 the black spots duller and smaller.
Fore-wing: spot below median nervure, and lowest of three discal
spots, wanting or but faintly indicated.

Var. A. (Lycia, Fab.) ¢ and @.

¢ Ground-colour creamy-yellowish ; blackish apical area of fore-wing
and hind-marginal border of hind-wing much enlarged ; in fore-wing, a
dusky-fuscous suffusion over basal area and sometimes also over disc.
Fore-wing: blackish of apical area extending to posterior angle, and
almost enclosing first and second spots of discal row. Hind-wing:
hind-marginal border broader (usually very much broader), and more
suffused interiorly; inter-nervular rays very strongly and _ broadly
black. UNpER sipe.—Hind-wing and apical hind-marginal area of
fore-wing (beyond white bar) creamy-yellowish, brighter than on
upper side; inter-nervular rays thin, well-defined, blackish with, faint

ACRAINA, 165

fulvous-ochreous scaling. ore-wing: discal area whitish (except in
the most dusky individuals on upper side). Hind-wing : hind-marginal
border quite linear, not suffused.

2 Much paler, almost white (especially in fore-wing, which is almost
transparent, and with very narrow basal and scarcely any discal fuscous
suffusion). UNDER SIpE.—As in @, but hind-wing and apical area of
fore-wing much paler, in some specimens approaching white.

Abery.? 2.—Fore-wing entirely pale dull brownish-red, wanting
the apical fuscous and its white bar (as in the Dorippus form of Danais
Chrysippus, Linn.)

Hab.—Zambesi (Coll. Hewitson, 1867).

Guérin’s figures (Joc. cit.) of an Abyssinian specimen represent the
fore-wing as slightly clouded with fuscous and the hind-wing as more
inclining to yellow than te red; so that the individual in question,
though nearer Lncedon proper, appears to have varied a little in the
direction of the Lycia form. The type of the latter, in the Banksian
Collection of the British Museum, is a good-sized whitish ¢, with the
fore-wing thickly suffused with fuscous, and is ticketed “ Sierra
Leone.” i

The Natalian ~s of the Zycia form are yellower than those usually
brought from the West-African Coast.’ Two of the latter, in the South-
African Museum, which were taken by the late D. G. Rutherford
at Camaroons, are much smaller than usual, expanding only 1 in,
ro hn.

I have not been able to separate Madagascar specimens (Sganztnt, Boisd.)
from the true Lyciéa, though I find in them a tendency to confluence of some of
the spots in the fore-wing (particularly the two in and at the extremity of the
discoidal cell).t In the unusually small individual figured by Boisduval (loc.
cit.), this tendency is carried further, and, with the partial failure of the inner
part of the subapical fuscous, gives the look of a distinct form.

A. Encedon has no very near allies, but presents points of affinity to
A, Petra, Boisd., in one direction, and to A. Rahira, Boisd., and A. Anacreon,
Trim., in another. IJt may at once be known from all its South-African con-
geners as the only Acrxa with a white subapical bar of the fore-wing in both
sexes.

This very well-known and widely-ranging species is abundant on the coast
of Natal, chiefly frequenting wooded places, and is also met with inland as far
as Pietermaritzburg, where I found it in 1867. ‘The pale variety seemed as
common as the rufous type-ferm, and I took numerous examples of both sexes
at D’Urban, Verulam, and Pietermaritzburg. The paired sexes of Hncedon
(typical) were sent to me from D’Urban by Colonel Bowker in 1878. The
same gentleman, in 1879, forwarded me two males, one of the typical and the
other of the pale form, which had been taken at Fort Chelmsford, while fight-
ing together on the ground with great pertinacity, by Captain H. C. Harford
of the ggth Regiment. The typical Hncedon is also known to me to occur at
King William’s Town in the Cape Colony, at Delagoa Bay, and in Damara-
land ; while Aurivillius (oc, ect.) notes its inhabiting Guinea in company with
the Lycta form.

1 These two spots are united by a fuscous ray in three Natalian examples, one of the
rufous and two of the Zyciu form.

166 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Localities of Acrwa Encedon.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
b. Eastern Districts.—King William’s Town (J. H. Bowker).
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
E. Natal.
a, Coast Districts.—D’Urban. Verulam. Mapumulo.
b. Upper Districts.— Pietermaritzburg.
Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay (H. Tower).
. Delagoa Bay.—Lorengo Marques (J. J. Monteiro and J. H. Bowker).
. Transvaal.— Southern Part (WV. Person).”—Wallengren. Upper
Limpopo (fF. C. Selous).

II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.

a. Western Coast.—Damaraland (J. A. Bell). ‘‘ Angola (J. J. Mon-
teiro).”—Druce. “ Kinsembo, Congo (H. Ansell).”—Butler.
**Chinchoxo (Falkenstein).” —Dewitz.

b. Eastern Coast.

bb. Madagascar (Caldwell).

B. North Tropical.

a. Western Coast.—Sierra Leone.—Coll. Brit. Mus., &c.

b. Eastern Coast.—‘‘ Abyssinia (Lefebvre).”—Guérin-Meneyville.

b1. Interior— White Nile. Upper Egypt.

A

50. (17.) Acreea Rahira, Boisduval.

6 Acrexa Rahira, Boisd., Faune Ent. de Madag., &., p. 33, pl. 5, ff 4, 5
(1833); and App. Voy. de Deleg. dans Afr. Aust.,
p- 590 (1847).

oD ws » . [rim., Rhop. Afr, Aust,,.i. p. 703, m. 65 (1862),

Exp. al., 1 in. 8 lin.—2 in. 3 lin.

a Warm yellow-ochreous, with a rufous tinge, spotted with black.
Fore-wing: a small ovate or reniform spot in discoidal cell, a little
beyond its middle; a larger, irregular-shaped spot at extremity of
cell; costa edged with blackish, widest at apex; beyond extremity of
discoidal cell, an oblique transverse row of four spots, from just below
costa to second median nervule, not far from hind-margin; two black
spots, one above and the other below first median nervule, lying
nearer to base than the row of four spots; on hind-margin, nervules
strongly clouded with blackish, which, narrowing inwardly, forms sharp,
distinct rays, deeply piercing the ground-colour; base narrowly black-
ish. Hind-wing: lower portion of base clouded with blackish; two
transverse rows of spots,—one, before middle, of few spots, irregular
and interrupted,—the other, commencing about middle of costa, and
extending to about middle of inner margin, is rather sinuous, and
angulated on radial nervule, from whence to inner margin it proceeds
in a direct line, containing eight spots in all; parallel to the row last
mentioned, a more or less distinct grey streak, from just before anal

ACREIN ©. 167

angle, on inner margin, as far as radial nervule; on hind-margin,
nervules clouded with blackish, forming a narrow border, dentate
inwardly, but not forming nearly such sharp and deep indentations on
the ground-colour as in /fore-wing. UNDER SIDE.—Fore-wing: paler
than on upper side; base with a black spot, but not clouded with
blackish ; spots as on upper side, but rather smaller and not so black ;
apical portion, beyond transverse row of four spots, pale whitish-
yellow, with orange-ochreous rays between the nervules, which are
narrowly clouded with black; a narrow yellowish edging along costa.
Hind-wing: pale whitish-yellow ; two or three additional small black
spots near base; transverse rows of spots as on upper side; base, inner
margin as far as outer row, and internal edge of straight portion of the
latter row of spots, clouded with reddish-ochreous between nervules ;
space between outer row and parallel streak from inner margin wholly
spotless, forming a conspicuous pale band, in consequence of there
being elongate reddish-ochreous marks all along hind-margin beyond
streak between the nervules, which are narrowly black clouded.

2 Duller, varying from pale yellow-ochreous tinged with brown to
pale dusky-grey ; but similar in marking. Jore-wing: an additional,
more or less observable, small, thin, black spot, below median nervure,
not far from base; other spots as in ¢, but larger and fainter; a paler
space of colour sometimes tinged with whitish beyond transverse row
from costa; blackish clouding on nervules not nearly so strong or
clearly-defined as in f, being much suffused. Hind-wing: quite like
@’s, excepting that the hind-marginal clouding is duller. UNDER SIDE.
—Universally paler. ore-wing: ochreous inter-nervular rays fainter.
Hind-wing: hind-marginal inter-nervular markings ill-defined, the
three next costa obsolete; fuscous streak wider than in ~.

In the greyest 2s there is but a faint tinge of yellow-ochreous in
the fore-wing, while its apical area and the whole field of the hind-wing
have a greenish tinge with the reddish-ochreous markings almost
obliterated.

A rather dull-coloured female sent from the Tsomo River, Kaffraria,
by Colonel Bowker, is remarkable for the enlargement and partial con-
fluence of the spots on the upper side of the fore-wing; the spot in
discoidal cell being united by a long ray to the spot at the end of the
cell, and the latter spot again being united by a similar ray to the third
spot of the oblique subapical bar ; the discal dark streak on the under
side of the hind-wing is also enlarged and suffused externally. A f
taken by Mr. J. M. Hutchinson at Estcourt, Natal, has the dark
borders and spots of the upper side all much enlarged but normal
otherwise.

A. Rahira is a very distinct species, its only ally in South-
Africa being A. Anacreon, Trim., readily recognised by the maculated
hind-marginal border of the hind-wings. It is, however, closely related
to A. Zitja, Boisd., of Madagascar, but the latter is of a deep fulvous-

168 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

ochreous, with the dark borders only very slightly radiating on nervules
in the fore-wing, and not at all in the hind-wing; while the ground-
colour of the under side of hind-wing is uniformly dull creamy-fulvous,
with a whitish band immediately succeeding discal row of spots, and a
narrow, dentated, whitish hind-marginal edging.

This species is local in its haunts, being almost confined to marshy or
swampy spots, but is usually in great abundance where it occurs. Early in
February 1859 it was on the wing in amazing numbers in the marshes border-
ing the Bitouw River at Plettenberg Bay on the southern coast of the Cape
Colony. It is in such damp places that the food-plant of its larva, a species of
Polygonum (4 P. tomentosum), flourishes ; and I learn from Mrs. Barber, who
discovered them, that the lary abound on the plant in question, and that their
colouring resembles the pink and bronzy hues of the inflorescence. The
butterfly has a slow flight, with a whirring action of the wings, and a tendency
to a circular direction; it always keeps near the ground, and settles very
frequently on low flowers. I believe that there are two broods in the year,
as I have found them numerously from the end of October to the middle or
nearly the end of November, and again from the middle of January to the
middle of March, but not in the intervening period.

Localities of Acerwa Rahira.

J. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.

a Western Districts—Caledon (Steenbrass River), and Riversdale
(Zoetmelk River)—Burehell Coll. in Mus. Hope, Oxon.—
Swellendam (Z. Taats). Knysna. Plettenberg Bay. Oudts-
hoorn (— Adams).

6. Eastern Districts.—Grahamstown, East London (P. Borcherds).

D. Kaffraria Proper.—Butterworth, Bashee River, and Tsomo River
(J. H. Bowker).
E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts——D’Urban. Mapumulo.

6. Upper Districts—Udland’s Mission Station. Greytown. Little
Noodsberg. Estcourt (J. M. Hutchinson). Colenso (W.
Morant).

K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom (WV. Morant and T. Ayres).

II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—“ Angola (J. G. Monteiro).”—Druce.

51. (18.) Acreea Anacreon, Trimen.

Acrea Anacreon, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 77, pl. vi. ff. 3, 5,
(g¢) and 4 (9); and 1870, p. 347.

Ep. al., 1 in. 8 lin—2 in. 7 lin.

g Fulvous-ochreous ; each wing with a discal transverse row of black
spots, and a black hind-marginal border marked with spots of the ground-
colour. Fore-wing : a conspicuous rounded black spot in discoidal cell,
near extremity; another spot, narrower and more oblique, on disco-

ACRALIN 2, 16 9g

cellular nervules; seven spots in irregular discal row, of which the fifth
and sixth are largest, the first (near costa) usually indistinct, and the
seventh (on inner margin beyond middle) often wanting; costa edged
with black, which widens into a broad apical and hind-marginal border
containing seven spots of the ground-colour; this border gradually nar-
rowing to a thin edging at posterior angle, its inner edge radiating on
the nervules, but leaving the last two spots confluent with the discal
ground-colour; between upper spots of discal row and hind-margin
some more or less distinct whitish scaling; base narrowly clouded with
black, which emits a ray along inner margin, MHind-wing: no black
spot on disco-cellular nervule, but one in cell near extremity; before
middle a spot between costal and subcostal nervures; seven spots in
irregular discal row, the last two of which are the largest; hind-mar-
ginal border moderately broad, somewhat narrower towards anal angle,
more or less radiating inwardly on nervules, and enclosing eight sub-
Junulate spots rather paler than the ground-colour or (sometimes)
whitish-yellow ; basal black rather deeply piercing cell and extending
widely below median nervure to rather beyond origin of first nervule ;
inner margin beyond middle tinged with whitish-yellow in those speci-
mens in which the hind-marginal spots are of that hue. UNDER sIDE.—
Hind-wing and costal edging and apical area of fore-wing whitish-yellow ;
nervules strongly clouded with black near margin. Jore-wing: spots
as on upper side; along hind-margin, between apex and first median
nervule, a series of more or less conspicuous inter-nervular short ful-
vous rays. Hind-wing: spots as on upper side, but larger, those of
discal row often contiguous; below median nervure a transverse stripe
of three contiguous spots extends to inner margin, almost touching the
eighth (additional) spot of discal row; base marked with two rather
large pink spots, edged with black; immediately before discal spots a
row of pink spots, indistinct or obsolete near costa, but large and con-
spicuous towards inner margin; spots of hind-marginal border whitish-
yellow, and so much larger than on upper side as to reduce the black
to a linear external and narrow internal edging; before the border
some very faint inter-nervular fulyous rays. In both wings the basal
black is wanting, but the costa near base is marked with a small dis-
tinct black spot.

2 Semi-transparent greyish-ochreous ; the hind-wing more or less
tinged with pale fulvous; an indistinct yellowish-white oblique bar
outwardly bounding three upper spots of discal row; black of hind-
marginal borders duller, rather broader. ore-wing: occasionally a
minute elongate spot before middle, below median nervure. Hind-
wing: sometimes a minute spot on disco-cellular nervule. UNDER
sipE.—Yellowish colouring paler; inter-nervular rays obsolete, or
nearly so; pink markings of hind-wing duller, especially discal ones,
which are sometimes obsolete.

Var. A. (¢ and 2).—Both wings (but especially fore-wing) much

170 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

elongated ; colouring and markings normal, except that all the black
spots are lengthened and attenuated.
Hab.—Natal (Maritzburg, Greytown, and Udland’s Mission Station).

The ¢s from Basutoland and the sources of the Umzimvubu are much
paler and smaller than those from Natal; diminished size is also very note-
worthy in the ¢s from the same districts. In these ¢s, and also in one from
the southern border of Kaffraria Proper, the whitish scaling before the apex
of fore-wings exhibits an approach to the oblique indistinct bar possessed
by the @.

: A @ taken near Estcourt, Natal, by Mr. J. M. Hutchinson, presents the
peculiarity of hind-wings of the same warm fulvous tint that characterises
the ¢.

This very distinct species has no known near ally; its appearance, how-
ever, approximates it to A. Rahira, Boisd. From the latter it is distinguished
readily, not only by the bright fulvous colouring of the ¢ and the greater
transparency of the 9, but by the possession of a spotted hind-marginal border.
This last-named character is also presented by A. Buxton, Butl., but the small
size of that species, and its want of any discal spots in the fore-wings, preclude
the possibility of confusing it with Anacreon.

In April 1865 two ¢ specimens, taken on the bank of a small river called
the Sogana, were received by me from Colonel Bowker, and these Kaffrarian
examples were the only ones I had seen until March 1867, when I found the
species pretty commonly in the Umvoti District of Natal, particularly near
Greytown and about the Noodsberg. Like A. Rahira, this butterfly delights
in damp, reedy spots, and has a very weak low flight. It frequently settles on
flowers, and the 9s may easily be taken with the fingers. I met with Rahira
in the same district, and often in the same spots; the two species, where they
occurred together, being equally numerous.

Loealities of Acrwa A nacreon.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
d. Basutoland.—Heads of the Orange River (J. H. Bowker).
D, Kaffraria Proper.—Sogana River (J. H. Bowker). Heads of the
Umzimvubu (J. H. Bowker).
E. Natal.
b. Upper Districts—Great Noodsherg. Greytown. Estcourt (J.
Hutchinson). Maritzburg (Colonel 8. Scott).
K. Transvaal.—Lydenburg District (7. Ayres).

52. (19.) Acreea Buxtoni, Butl.

Acreea Serena (Fab.), Boisd., App. Voy. de Deleg., p. 590 (1847).

Acreea Manjaca (Boisd.), Wallgrn., Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 22 (1857).

Acrea Serena (Fab.), pars, Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 107, n. 67
(1862).

Acrea Buxtoni, Butl., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), xvi. p. 395 (1875).

Exp. al., 1 in. 7 lin.—2 in,

gf Bright fulvous-ochreous, with narrow blackish borders and a few
black spots. Fore-wing: base very faintly and narrowly blackish ; costa
with a narrow blackish border, wider about middle; about middle

ACRAIN A, 171

of discoidal cell, sometimes touching costal border, a small rounded
spot; at extremity of cell a short, broad, oblique, curved black bar,
generally ending abruptly on third median nervule, but rarely partly
prolonged towards hind-margin by a small elongate mark below that
nervule ; apical border rather broad; hind-marginal border narrower,
its inner edge emitting irregularly short thin nervular rays, and one
inter-nervular projection between second and third median nervules ;
enclosed in border, from apex to posterior angle, eight inter-nervular
spots of the ground-colour (of which the upper four are more linear
than the lower), sometimes very distinct, but oftener obscured or
wanting near apex. Hind-wing: base a little more widely blackish
than in fore-wing; a well-marked, slightly curved, sub-linear spot at
upper part of extremity of discoidal cell; basal and discal spots of
under side faintly showing; hind-marginal border much like that of
fore-wing, but containing seven spots, which are seldom very distinct,
and sometimes almost obliterated. UNDER swE.—Hind-wing and.
apical area of fore-wing pale creamy-yellowish, the nervules clouded
with black towards margin, which is bounded by a black line, Fore-
wing: ground-colour much paler, especially towards posterior angle ;
costal border mostly creamy-yellowish ; oblique bar not so strongly
marked; along hind-margin a row of short inter-nervular ochreous
rays. Hind-wing: the following small black spots, viz., two at base,
one on costa close to base, one close to costa before middle, two in
discoidal cell, one at extremity of cell, one just below median nervure,
and two close to inner margin near base; about middle an angulated
discal row of eight spots from costa to inner margin; a sharply-
festooned black line, before hind-marginal one, but meeting it on each
nervule, separates from disc seven large, inwardly-narrowed spots of
the ground-colour.

@ (Form a.)—Paler, duller; hind-marginal borders considerably
broader, all their enclosed spots large and distinct. Fore-wing: oblique
bar narrower, more curved ; inward projection of hind-marginal border
between second and third median nervules much greater. UNDER SIDE.
—As in ¢.

¢ (Form 0.) — Fore-wing: semi-transparent grey, basally tinged
with more or less fulvous-ochreous ; oblique bar much reduced or almost
obsolete ; the space immediately beyond it more or less whitish (this
whitish 1s usually vaguely and narrowly prolonged to posterior angle) ;
hind-marginal border and its spots more or less suffused and indistinct.
Hind-wing : several of the discal and basal spots of under side well
pronounced but rather suffused; usually some dull grey irroration in
basal area. UNDER SIDE.—Hind-wing: before the festooned line which
encloses hind-marginal spots, a similar (but not parallel) less pro-
nounced festooned line, so that the two lines seclude between them an
inner series of small spots of the ground-colour, each spot divided by
a black-clouded nervule,

7a SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

This is the southern form of A. Serena, Fab., and perhaps not
sufficiently distinct to rank as a separate species, either from it or from
A. Manjaca, Boisd., the Madagascar representative. From the West-
African insect, A. Buxtoni is in both sexes to be distinguished by the
shortness and incompleteness of the oblique subapical black bar of the
fore-wing, which in Serena is almost invariably broader and united to
the hind-marginal black border. In the @ this distinction is very
marked, particularly in the “ Form 6” (upon which Mr. Butler chiefly
characterised Buxtoni), in which the subapical white—a strictly limited
and enclosed bar in Serena—is diffusedly extended in the outer discal
region. In Natal this peculiar form of 2 is more prevalent than that
which nearly resembles the g. In the $ Serena the hind-marginal
border is broader than in the # Buxtoni, and the enclosed spots larger,
and almost invariably very well defined; while in both sexes the inner
festooned line on the under side of hind-wing, described above as
peculiar to “ Form 6” of 2 Buxtoni, appears to be always present.

Judging from Boisduval’s figures (up. cit.), A. Manjaca would
appear to be even nearer to Buxtoni than Serena is, the subapical bar
in the g, though complete, being very slender, and in the 2 quite as
imperfect as in the “Form }” above described. The 2 figured by
Boisduval seems, indeed, very close to the latter, the fore-wing being
even more transparent and almost colourless. Both sexes are repre-
sented as smaller than either the West-African or South-African form.

Larva.—Dull green. <A whitish stripe along each side of the
back, interrupted on each segmental incision by a transverse line
darker than the ground-colour. Spines of the dorsal and upper lateral
rows black; of the lower lateral row on each side yellow. The two
dorsal black spines on segment next head longer and more distinctly
branched than the rest, and projecting forward beyond the head, which
is ochreous.

(Described from a drawing by Mr. H. C. Harford, giving a dorsal
view.)

The food-plant is stated to be a species of Hermannia.

Pupra.—Pale-yellowish. Outline of wings and nervures very finely
black; some thin and ill-defined dorso-thoracic black marks; on each
side of abdomen a subdorsal and a lateral row of yellow spots in black
rings, the latter being thinner in the lateral than in the subdorsal row.
Attached to a slender stalk.

(Described from a figure by Mr. H. C. Harford, giving a lateral
view.)

A, Buztuni is a common species on the coasts of Natal, where I observed it
from January to April 1867. Going inland it became scarcer; but I met with
occasional individuals as far as Greytown. It is a very weak flyer, even for an
Acrea, and is most easily captured. The outskirts of woods are its favourite
haunt. JI once met with two ordinary males and a dark specimen of the 9
“Form 6” flitting about together in the same spot. Colonel Bowker sent me

ACRAGIN ZL. 173

in June 1879 a remarkably dark female of this form, captured by him near
D’Urban. In this example the fore-wings are almost uniformly ashy-grey,
with the apex darker; the subapical whitish forms a defined narrow bar, and
only two ochreous spots are traceable on hind-margin. The hind-marginal
border of the hind-wings has only the faintest indications of spots.

Localities of Acrwa Buaxtont.

I. South Africa.

E. Natal.
a. Coast Districts—D’Urban. Verulam. Mapumulo. Mouth of
Tugela River (J. H. Bowker).
b. Upper Districts.—Greytown. Pietermaritzburg (Miss Colenso).
F. Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay (//. Tower).
G. “ Swaziland.”—F. E. C. Buxton.
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lorengo Marques (J. J. Montetro and J. H. Bowker),

53. (20.) Acreea Cabira, Hopf.

Acrea Cabira, Hopff., Monatsber. d. K. Preuss, Acad. d. Wissensch.,
1855, p. 640, n. 7; and Peters’ Reise nach Mossamb., Ins., p. 378,
pl eat 24,15 | ¢ (1862).

Acrea Cynthia, Trim. [part], Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 108, n. 68 (1862).

Ezp. al., (f) ¥-m. 74-10 lin; (¢) 2 in. 2~5 lin.

¢ Blackish-brown, with pale yellow-ochreous bands. Fore-wing: a
narrow subapical oblique band, of somewhat irregular outline, extend-
ing from first subcostal nervule to third median nervyule at some dis-
tance from hind-margin; a very irregularly-shaped medio-discal broad
patch or short band, of which the upper part just enters discoidal cell,
the inner side projects towards base just below median nervure, the
outer edge is deeply indented on first median nervule, and the lowest
part (on inner margin) very much narrowed ; subcostal and median
nervures red near base, the former more brightly, but the latter to a
ereater length. Hind-wing: a broad median transverse band, paler
and narrowed both on costa and inner margin, its inner edge irregu-
larly indented by some black spots indistinct on the ground-colour, its
outer edge slightly indented on nervules and much produced outwardly
between first subcostal and third median nervules, below which the
band is abruptly narrowed ; in basal area two parallel transverse rows
of black spots. UNDER sIDE.—Bands as above, but very much paler,
and the outer and lower edge of the subapical bar of fore-wing ill-
defined. Fore-wing: a dull-red suffusion covering basal area, extend-
ing to end of discoidal cell and to inner edge of disco-median patch,
and marked in both places with a dark streak; costa narrowly edged
with pale-yellowish ; apical space beyond oblique bar, and_hind-
marginal border below it, pale-yellowish crossed by black nervules,
and by a series of inter-nervular, broad, hastate, fulvous markings,
narrowly black-edged on each side. Hind-wing: costa at base tinged

174 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

with dull-red, and marked with two small black spots; a third small
black spot at base, below median nervure; basal ground-colour pale-
yellowish ; near base a double row of black spots (enclosing an inter-
rupted dull-red band, widest near costa), composed of four in inner
row and five in outer row; the latter bound the inner edge of median
band, while the outer edge is more regularly indented on the nervules
than on upper side; beyond median band the whole of the broad
hind-marginal border is marked as in fore-wing, but more vividly, and
the outer extremities of the hastate fulvous inter-nervular rays are of
the same pale-yellow as that of median band.

Q Similar, but rather duller and paler. Fore-wing: subcostal and
median nervures more broadly red, sometimes conspicuously so; disco-
median patch more narrowed inferiorly, scarcely passing submedian
nervure and not reaching inner margin. Hind-wing: median band
less prominent externally in upper portion; on hind-margin often a
row of six or seven usually ill-defined fulvous or fulvous-yellowish
inter-nervular spots. UNDER SIDE.—<As in ¢.

Var. A.—Only subapical bar of fore-wing pale yellow ; the disco-
median patch of fore-wing and the band of hind-wing dull-fulvous ; the
former of these two latter markings emitting a ray towards base.

Hab.—Zambesi (Hewitson Collection).

Larva.—Bluish-green with yellow-ochreous longitudinal lines and
transverse bands. Head and segments two, three, and four, yellowish-
brown. Longitudinal lines three, a dorsal and two subdorsal ones.
From the transverse band on each segment arise the spines, which
are rigid and of moderate length, black on the second, twelfth, and
thirteenth segments, yellow-ochreous on the rest. The band is marked
on each side with a bluish-green subdorsal spot and a black spiracular
ring.

Feeds on a woolly, fleshy-leaved weed like a Lamiwm, common in
clearings.

Pupra.—Whitish-green, with the usual pattern of the markings
slightly marked, the dorsal markings more pronounced than the
others.

Mr. W. D. Gooch, from whose pencil sketches and notes the above descrip-
tions are made, states that these larve are very abundant near Springvale, on
the Natal Coast, and that there are three broods in the year. They are
gregarious, and when young fasten leaves together with silk, feeding on the
under side of the leaves. The pupal state usually lasts during ten days, but
sometimes only seven days.

This species, founded by Hopffer on a single ¢ example from Inhambane,
is allied to Bonasia, Fab.,1 and Cynthius, Drury, but more closely to the

1 J have examined the Fabrician type-specimen in the Banksian Collection in the British
Museum, and find that Cramer’s Eponina $ (Pap. Exot., t. eclxviii. ff. A, B) quite agrees
with it. The butterfly given by Cramer (J. ¢. ff. o, D) as Eponina @ (see text of vol. iii.
p. 138) is evidently a distinct species, being indeed the ? Serena, Fab, In both cases the
Fabrician names have priority.

ACRAEIN 2. 175

former. From Bonasia it may be known by all the bands being yellow
instead of fulvous, and of different shape ; the subapical bar of the fore-wing
being less curved, the disco-median patch not united to base by a longitudinal
ray, nor extending with even width to inner margin, and the median band of
the hind-wing regularly indented outwardly and much widened towards its
upper portion. On the under side, too, Cabira has only the basal part of
fore-wing, and not the disco-median patch, fulvous ; while the marginal border
is much broader, and presents fulvous inter-nervular rays, which in Bonasia
are black. The Zambesi variety above noted makes a decided approach, how-
ever, to Bonasia in the points of having two of the bands fulvous, and of one
of those (in the fore-wing) emitting a fulvous ray towards the base.

The Cynthius of Drury is a rather larger insect than Cabira, and its bands
are narrower, straighter, and more even throughout; while the hind-wing has
a row of fulvous spots midway between the median band and the hind-margin.
On the under side the marginal borders are broad, but present no fulvous
rays in either wing; and in the hind-wing the basal black spots are more
numerous.

A. Cabira is a very handsome species, and very different in appearance
from any of its South-African congeners. The well-defined, clear, pale-yellow
bands on the dark-brown ground of the upper side, and the elaborate vandyked
border of the under side, render it most easily recognised.

Though constantly to be met with on the coast of Natal, this Acrwa was
less numerous than most of its congeners in the summer of 1867; and I only
found it in the vicinity of D’Urban and Verulam. I have not seen any
examples from the upper districts of Natal, or from farther in the interior.
It frequents woods and their outskirts, seldom appearing in open ground, and
flies slowly, not far above the herbage, often settling on low flowers. It
appears in the winter as well as in the summer, for I took a specimen at
D’Urban in June 1865, and Colonel Bowker captured several in August
1879.

Localities of Acrwa Cabira.

I. South Africa.
EK. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban. Verulam. Avoca (J. H. Bowker).
F. “ Zululand (A. Delegorgue).”—Boisduval.
I. “ Inhambane,”—Hopffer.
II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
6. Eastern Coast.—Zambesi (Rev. H. Rowley).—Coll. Hope, Oxon.

Genus PLANEMA.

Planema (Section ui, of Acrea, Fab.), Doubl., Gen. Diurn. Lep., i. p. 140
(1848).
Acrea (part), Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. pp. 92, 110-111 (1862).

Imaco.—Head smaller than in Acrewa ; palpi with the second joint
very slightly or not at all swollen, and the terminal joint, though very
short, better developed.

Fore-wings more or less apically produced, especially in ; first sub-
costal n:ivule emitted before end of discoidal cell in the Zsebria and Lycoa

176 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

group, but at or beyond end of cell in Huryta and Gea group. Hind-
wings with discoidal cell shorter; in Huryta group exceedingly short.

Abdomen more slender, longer; in Zuryta group sometimes longer
than the hind-wings.

Larva.—Like that of Acrwa, but with longer spines.

Pura.—Like that of Acrwa, but with back of abdomen armed
with several pairs of pointed tubercles or long filaments; the head and
back of thorax also tuberculated in some species.

This genus has a very distinct facies, owing to the blackish or
dusky-brown ground-colour of the wings, plainly banded with rufous,
yellowish, or white, and the length of the fore-wings and abdomen.
The palpi are in nearly all cases black, streaked with white, instead of
yellow, as in Acrwa; and the long abdomen has in both sexes the
incisions of the segments superiorly, a row of large spots on each side,
and the inferior surface generally, ochre-yellow.

The point of origin of the first subcostal nervure of the fore-wings,
used by Doubleday to distinguish the two groups represented by Lycoa
and Gea, is an unstable character in Planema, for while in the Lycoa
group it seems constantly to be before the end of the discoidal cell (as
in Acrea), it is just at the end of the cell in the ¢s of P. Huryta and
Aganice, but beyond it in the 2s of those species as well as in both
sexes of P. Gea.

Planema is a thoroughly tropical and sylvan genus of Acreine,
strongly characteristic of Western Africa, whence about twenty closely-
allied species have been recorded. The males usually present yellowish
or rufous bands, and the females broader white ones, but the latter
occasionally present both white and coloured markings, and in some
cases the bands are white in both sexes.

The Planeme are, even more than the Acrew, the objects of the
closest “mimicry” by Mymphaline. of the genera Pseudacrea and
Elymnias, and one, the 2 of P. Gea (Fab.), is also faithfully imitated
by the 2 of Papilio Cynorta, Fab. The Pseudacrww present some of
the most thoroughly deceptive mimicries known, their imitation ex-
tending to both sexes, however different in colouring these may be,
and following every variation in the models, however slight.

Only two South-African species are known, P. Hsebria, Hewits.,
belonging to the Lycoa group, and P. Aganice, Hewits., belonging
to the Zuryta group. Both are natives of Natal, but while the former
extends as far south-westward as King William’s Town, the latter is not
known to range beyond the Igora River in Kaffraria Proper. They
frequent wooded places, and fly higher at times than any of the species
of Acree that I have seen on the wing.

)
(
cL

c

ACREIN A, 177

54. (1.) Planema Esebria, (Hewitson).

d and ? var. Acrea Esebria, Hewits., Exot. Butt., ii. pl. 20, ff 11, 12
(1861).

Acrea Protea, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 110, n. 70 (1862) ; and pl. 3,
f. 2 [var. ? ] (1866).

? Acrea Cydonia,! Ward., “ Ent. M. Mag., x. p. 59 (1873).”

Exp. al., ($) 2 in. 1-44 lin.; (2) 2 in. 44 lin.—3 in.

g Blackish-brown ; a broad ochre-red patch occupying all hind-wing
except a wide hind-marginal border and the greater part of inner-
marginal portion of fore-wing ; an oblique pale-yellow bar in fore-wing,
a little beyond extremity of discoidal cell. Fore-wing: oblique bar
rather narrow, divided into five spots, of which the first (near costa)
is small and sublinear, and the last (below third median nervule) small,
squarish, out of line with the rest, often indistinct, and sometimes
obsolete ; red patch occupying all inner margin except near base and
at posterior angle, rising as far as median nervure, and sometimes
encroaching on discoidal cell; subcostal and median nervures more or
less clouded with red from base to about middle. Hind-wing: only a
very small and faint dusky suffusion at base, near which are indistinctly
visible five or six very small black spots; hind-marginal border emits
strong fuscous rays piercing red field between the nervules. UNDER
SIDE—Hind-wing and apical portion, with costal and hind-marginal
border of fore-wing, dull pale-brownish with a tinge of yellow, crossed
by thin fuscous inter-nervular rays. Fore-wing: subapical bar paler,
almost white; inner marginal patch much paler, only faintly reddish ;
inter-nervular rays extend from hind-margin as far as outer edge of
subapical bar. Hind-wing : at base two small black spots, one above,
the other below origin of median nervure; near base the following
small black spots, viz., one above costal nervure, two below it (the
outer of which is farthest from base of all the spots), two close together
in cell, two more widely apart below median nervure, two below sub-
median nervure, two below internal nervure; middle area paler than
rest of wing and with a slight reddish tinge; inter-nervular rays well
marked, extending almost to origins of nervules; between first median
nervule and submedian nervure two rays.

2 Similar to f; but subapical oblique bar of fore-wing pure white,
and ved colouring darker, less tinged with ochreous. Fore-wing: sub-
apical bar broader, more even, its last spot larger, well marked, and
incorporate with the bar; occasionally a small elongate white mark
below extremity of bar, between second and first median nervules ;

1 T refer with doubt to Mr. Ward’s insect (not having seen his specimens or description),
because in the very fine collection of Mr. Godman, F.R.S., I noted unquestionable examples
of the rufous form of Esebria named Cydonia, Ward, and understood from that gentleman
that they had been determined by Mr. Druce, well known as a good lepidopterist. If this
identification prove accurate, the range of P. EZsebria will have to be extended to the Cama-
roon Mountains, Western Africa, the habitat of Cydonia, Ward.

VO. Is M

178 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

subcostal nervure more strongly clouded with red. UNDER sIDE.—
Asin $; but subapical bar of fore-wing pure white, rather wider than
on upper side (its edges somewhat suffused), occasionally less distinctly
prolonged as far as first median nervule.

In a f captured by Colonel Bowker at Inchanga, Natal, the sub-
apical bar of the -fore-wing is of the same ochre-red as the rest of the
markings on the upper side.

The red of the hind-wings is in both sexes variable in extent,
sometimes extending to hind-margin near anal angle, and in the
2 occasionally covering all the wing, except some narrow fuscous
clouding towards apex.

Var. A. (¢ and 9).

a Red of both wings replaced by the same pale-yellow as that of
subapical bar of fore-wing. Fore-wing: inner-marginal patch much
smaller, only occupying middle portion of inner margin, and rarely
rising above first median nervule. Hind-wing: basal blackish much
more developed, sometimes quite broad; hind-marginal border con-
stantly wider and more even throughout. UNDER SIDE.—Vore-wing :
inner-marginal patch and subapical bar pale-yellowish. Hind-wing:
basal spots larger, rounder; central area occupied by a broad, ill-
defined, dusky-yellowish band; base tinged with brownish-ochreous.

9 Like g, but subapical bar of fore-wing (and sometimes all the broad
markings) pure white. Fore-wing: inner-marginal patch smaller, its
edges suffused.

It is the 2 of this variety which is figured by Hewitson (J. ¢,
fig. 12) as that of the red-marked ¢; but (as described above) there
is a red-marked ¢, which much more closely agrees with his type
of the f, and which is figured as “ Var. B.” in my work above quoted.

In a few aberrant examples (f and three $s) of this variety the |
markings are reduced in size, the inner-marginal patch of the fore-
wing especially being almost obsolete. In the { the markings are
almost, and in the 2s quite white. In both sexes, on the under side
of the hind-wing there is a faintly indicated row of four inter-nervular
fuscous dots just beyond discoidal cell. (These examples are respec-
tively from King William’s Town, the Coast of Natal, and St. Lucia Bay.)

Larva.—About 1} inches long. Pale ochreous-brown; each
segment (except head and segment next to it) banded transversely
and centrally with a black streak edged on both sides with a pale-
yellow streak. A lateral stripe of the same pale-yellow. Head black.
Second, twelfth, and thirteenth segments each with two black spines;
third and fourth segments each with two pairs of black spines; each
of the remaining segments with four black spines springing from
central black streak, and two lateral pale-yellow spines. On a species
of Fleurya, in February and March.

PuaTE I. fig. 2.

ACRAEIN &, 179

Pupa.—About # inch long. Chalky-white, with a faint yellowish
tinge. A series of very fine linear black markings along dorso-thoracic
ridge. Antenne and wing-nervures faintly indicated by delicate linear
black markings. Five rows of abdominal black spots, viz., two dorsal,
two lateral, and one ventral; these markings are sometimes slightly
tinged with orange, and the dorsal ones on the first three segments of the
abdomen are conspicuously orange, black-edged, tubercular, and pointed.
At anal extremity three looped black marks. Head very slightly
bifid. Thorax prominently angulated at bases of wing-covers, and
with a pair of smaller projections posteriorly. Duration of pupal state
eight days.

PuaTE I. fig. 2a.

Mr. J. P. Mansel Weale, from whose drawings and notes the fore-
going descriptions of the larva and pupa are drawn up, writes that in
some specimens kept in a dark box all the resulting pupz were pale-
ochreous, with the black and orange markings much intensified. Of
seven imagines bred in 1873, Mr. Weale wrote that the first, second,
and sixth that came out were of the form with all the bands yellow;
the fourth with yellow bands, except the subapical bar of the fore-
wings, which was white; the fifth with all the bands white; and the
third and seventh with brick-red bands and yellow subapical fore-
wing bar.

The type-form of P. Hsebria is by its brick-red coloration well
distinguished from its congeners of similar size and pattern. The
species is, however, nearly related to P. flava (Dewitz), P. Carmentis,
Doubl., and P. Lycoa (Godt.), as is apparent on comparing with these
butterflies from Western Africa the yellow-banded and white-banded
examples of Hsebria. P. flava is wholly yellowish-banded (judging
from Dewitz’s figure’), but has in fore-wing a very broad subapical
patch instead of a narrow bar, and a much paler under-side colouring.
In P. Carmentis all the bands are pure white, as in many ?s of the
variety of Hsebria, but the great development of the markings of the
fore-wing (where the broad subapical bar irregularly joins, or almost
joins, the enlarged inner-marginal patch), and, on the contrary, the
considerably narrower hind-wing band, render the former very distinct.
The markings of P. Lycoa are also wholly white, but semi-transparent ;
and in the fore-wing, instead of an inner-marginal patch, there is an
oblique discal bar, of an inner large and outer small spot, almost
parallel to the subapical bar.

The only near ally in South Africa that has hitherto been found is
P. Aganice (Hewits.), but this is a much larger insect, and at once to
be recognised by having only one pale marking in the fore-wing, viz.,

1 Nov. Act. K, Leop.-Car.-Deutsch. Akad. Noturf., xli. 2, pl. xxv. f. 10 (1879).

180 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

a central, rather narrow, irregular, transverse bar, yellow in the $ and
white in the @.

T found this variable butterfly numerous in Natal, but did not meet with
the rufous-coloured specimens, which (from a ¢ of that coloration having
been figured and described by Hewitson, the founder of the species) must
be regarded as the typical form. Although Mr. Hewitson’s specimens are
recorded from Natal, the rufous form seems to be uncommon there, as
Colonel Bowker has only forwarded one example (and that aberrant), and I
have noticed but one other in collections formed in that Colony. Further
southward, however, and as far as King William’s Town, Colonel Bowker
frequently met with it, and the specimens above mentioned as reared by Mr.
Mansel Weale were natives of the last-named locality. Im the Hewitson
Collection there is a 9 of this form labelled ‘‘ Zambesi;” and in the same
Collection, and in the Hope Collection at Oxford, I noted wholly white-
banded ¢?s of the variety A. from the same region.

This is quite a sylvan species, often flying quite zx the woods, and some-
times rather high among trees. I met with several, however, in gardens at
Pietermaritzburg, Natal. It kept out, and in fair condition, from the 1st
February to the 8th April 1867. In very fresh specimens (as Mr. Mansel
Weale has also noted in one of his letters) there is a submetallic blue gloss
over the dark portions of the wings, and a slightly iridescent one over such
markings as are white.

Localities of Planema Esebria.

I, South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
b. Eastern Districts.—King William’s Town (W. S. I D’ Urban
and J. H. Bowker).
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Butterworth (J. H. Bowker). Bashee River
(J. H. Bowker).
K. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban, Verulam. Mouth of Tugela River
(J. H. Bowker).
b. Upper Districts.—Pietermaritzburg.
F. Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay (Lieut.-Col. H. Tower).

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.
b, Eastern Coast.—Zambesi (Rev. H. Rowley).—In Coll. Hope,
Oxon. ; also in Coll. Hewitson.

55. (2.) Planema Aganice, (Hewitson).

¢ Acrea Aganice, Hewits., Exot. Butt., i. pl. 29, £. 6 (1852).
@ Acrea Aganice, Trim., Rhop. Afr, Aust., i. p. xo n. 69 (1862); and
Trans. Linn. Soe. Lond., XXvi. p. 516, pl. 42, f. 2 [¢] (1869).

Exp. al., ($) 2 in. 7-11 lin.; (2) 3 in. 3-7 lin.
gf Brownish-black ; a transverse pale-yellow bar about middle of each
wing. Fore-wing: bar rather beyond middle, commencing with two

ACRASIN i. 181

small thin marks next to costa, just beyond extremity of discoidal cell,
and consisting of five spots of different sizes and shapes, the largest
and lowest of which is between second and first median nervules; on
its inner edge this bar is deeply excavated between third and second
median nervules; below the end of the bar, but above submedian
nervure, a separate small pale-yellow spot, usually rather indistinct,
but sometimes well defined. Hind-wing: central band of moderate
width, narrower towards costa; its inner edge only slightly curved
and bounded by a row of small black spots (representing the more
conspicuous spots of the under side), its outer edge about parallel to
hind-margin, slightly suffused, and denticulated by the beginning of
black clouding on the nervules as well as by the tips of black inter-
nervular rays; near the base the ground-colour is rather paler, and six
or seven black spots (besides the row next yellow bar) are more or
less visible. UNDER stpE.—Similar, but outer area of both wings dull
yellowish-brown, with the clouded nervules and inter-nervular rays
distinct ; transverse bars paler. ore-wing: bar wider, suffused, less
macular, ofter including or meeting the spot which on upper side is
separate. Hind-wing: bar narrower, especially towards costa; basal
portion warm ochreous-brown, marked with the following well-defined
rather small black spots, viz., one close to base, above costal nervure,
two farther out below costal nervure, two in discoidal cell, one below
median nervure, one (minute) between submedian and internal ner-
vures, one below internal nervure, and a row of eight just on the
edge of the yellow bar, between first subcostal nervule and inner
margin.

2 Duller and paler in ground-colour ; transverse bars white, broader.
Fore-wing : bar more even, continuous from costa; separate spot always
well marked. Hind-wing: bar much less narrowed towards costa.
UNDER SIDE.—Hind-wing: bar markedly narrower than on upper side
throughout; basal brown paler and duller than in f.

Larva.—Pale whitish-green; the spines not rigid, very long,
yellowish, set with inconspicuous black bristles. Head yellowish-
brown, shining, the base slightly tridentate; mandibles black. Legs
of the same colour as the body, longer than usual. Along middle of
back, on segments four to eleven, a row of indigo-blue dots arranged
in pairs between each subdorsal pair of spines; only one such spot
on segments three and twelve. On each side, between subdorsal and
lateral rows of spines, a row of larger indigo-blue spots, one on each
segment from the second to the eleventh; spiracles ringed with the
same colour ; also an indigo-blue sub-spiracular festooned streak.

Pupa.—Whitish-green. On back of abdomen four pairs of long
divergent red spines, set rather widely apart; on each side between
each spine and its successor two indigo-blue dots; on back of thorax
three pairs of short tubercular processes, each marked with an indigo-
blue dot; head with a pair of similar, longer, curved processes.

182 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

PuaTE I. fig. 3.

I describe this curious larva and very remarkable pupa from the sketches
and notes of Mr. W. D. Gooch, who reared the butterfly in Natal He
observes that one of the caterpillars, in the absence of a proper supply of its
food-plant, devoured a chrysalis of its own species.

This Planema is nearly related to the West-African P. Euryta (Linn.),
especially as regards the 9. The ¢ Ayanice is, however, a smaller and very
differently coloured insect: Huryta g (in all its variations) being dull-
brown, with the fore-wing band dull-red, while the hind-wing has no distinct
band, but only a general dull-red suffusion from the base. The ? Aganice
chiefly differs from the 9 uryta in its much narrower white bar in the
fore-wing. In both sexes the basal spots of the hind-wing are smaller in
Aganice, and differently arranged as regards the outer row of them, which is
straight across, instead of being strongly curved as in Luryta.

This is a thoroughly sylvan butterfly, keeping closely to woods and their
immediate outskirts. It is a higher flyer than most Acreine, and delights
to sail across clearings after the manner of Amauris Echeria, settling quite
in the same way, with the wings closed and hanging down, at the end of
some overhanging branchlet or twig. J met with it only in the neighbour-
hood of D’ Urban, once in July 1865, and frequently in February and April
1867. Itis there accompanied by two rare mimicking species, Pseudacrea
Tarquinia, Trim., which closely resembles the ¢, and P. imitator, Trim.,
which even more accurately copies both sexes. At the end of 1879 and begin-
ning of 1880, Colonel Bowker met with the paired sexes on two occasions,
and sent me the specimens. Unlike its congeners, P. Aganice seems to be
very constant in both sexes, alike in pattern and coloration, The ¢ when
worn has the bands whitish instead of pale-yellow.

Localities of Planema Aganice.

I. South Africa.
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Igora River Mouth (J. H, Bowker).
E. Natal.
a, Coast Districts—D’Urban. Umgeni Railway Station (J. Z.
Bowker).
II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.— Angola (Pogge)” [? sp. ead. |}—Dewitz.

GreNus PARDOPSIS, 4.4.

Acrea, Fab. (part), Boisduval, Faune Ent. de Madag., &c. (1833);
Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 105 (1862).

Imaco.—Head rather wide; palpi slightly swollen, very hairy
(especially beneath), the terminal joint not so small as in Acrwa, and
set with hairs; antennw long, more than half the length of the fore-
wings, with an abrupt, broad, flattened, spoon-shaped club.

Thorax very short and narrow. ore-wings shaped much as in
typical Acrwa, but rather more prominent apically; costal nervure
short, terminating on costa beyond middle; first subcostal nervule

ACRAINZA, 183

given off before extremity of discoidal cell, second considerably beyond
it; upper disco-cellular nervule remarkably long, and so directed longitu-
dinally as to look like a prolongation of subcostal nervure ; middle disco-
cellular extremely short, the two radial nervules originating close to each
other ; lower disco-cellular rather long, only slightly oblique, joining
first median nervule at a rather acute angle some way from its origin ;
discoidal cell thus elongated but very narrow. Hind-wings shaped as
in typical Acrwa ; second subcostal nervule angulated at junction with
upper disco-cellular ; radial nervule much curved near its origin. Legs
as in Acrea.

Abdomen longer than hind-wings, remarkably slender, in ? without
any corneous appendage.

The characters particularised above, and especially the very singular
arrangement of the disco-cellular and radial neuration of the fore-wings,
seem to warrant the generic separation of Acrwa punctatissima, Boisd.
The very large number of black spots on the wings gives this butterfly
a peculiar aspect, and it differs from Acrea and Planema in haying
both thorax and abdomen unspotted, the latter being ochre-yellow on
the sides and beneath. Its structure is so slender, and its flight so
weak, as to remind one of Pontia Alcesta among the Pierinew.. Origin-
ally discovered in Madagascar, it has since been found to have an
extensive range in Hastern and South-Eastern Africa.

56. (1.) Pardopsis punctatissima, (Boisduval).

Acrea punctatissima, Boisd., Faune Ent. Madag, &c., p. 31, n. 5, pl. 6,

£2, (833).
Var. Acrea Stictica, Boisd., App. Voy. de Deleg. dans Afr, Aust.,

P. 590, n. 51 (1847).
Acrea Punctatissima, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 105, n. 66 (1862).

Eop. al., in. 6 lin—tr in. 8 lin.

Pale yellow-ochreous, semi-transparent ; thickly spotted with black.
Fore-wing : base slightly blackish between the nervures ; costa narrowly
edged with blackish; apex rather broadly clouded with the same;
which is continued along hind-margin in a narrow border, forming
rounded spot-like projections between nervules, indenting the ground-
colour; three small spots on costa before the middle, and one just
beyond the middle; four spots in discoidal cell, viz., two small rounded
ones near base, only divided from the first two on costa by subcostal
nervure ; a large kidney-shaped one, as long as cell is wide, just above
insertion of first median nervule; and a rounded spot, not so large as
the last, at extremity of cell; a good-sized spot below median nervure,
before insertion of first median nervule ; a sinuous, irregular, transverse
row of seven spots commencing beyond extremity of cell on second
subcostal, and extending to inner margin about middle,—the last spot
being small, but with a prolongation towards base; parallel and near

184 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

to hind-margin a row of six round spots between nervules, the upper
two generally merged in apical blackish, but quite perceptible; inner
margin very thinly edged with blackish. Hind-wing: arrangement of
spots very similar to that of fore-wing; two rounded spots above sub-
costal nervure before middle; three in discoidal cell, the outer one at
extremity ; between cell and inner margin about six spots; a trans-
verse sinuous row of eight spots beyond middle, continuous of that
in fore-wing, from costa to inner margin; parallel and near to hind-
margin a row of six rounded spots between nervules, also continuous
of that in fore-wing; a blackish hind-marginal border, broader than
that of fore-wing, and forming rounded projections on ground-colour
between nervules. UNDER sIDE.—Paler, with a slightly glistening sur-
face ; position and number of spots precisely as above. ore-wing:
no basal blackish ; apical blackish limited to a faint and narrow border ;
hind-marginal border also wanting, but its projections represented by
separate spots between nervules. Hind-wing: spots on hind-margin
as in fore-wing.

Except in being larger, and having the spots and other dark
markings more strongly developed, the 2 does not differ from the @.

The South-African variety is rather larger, darker in ground-
colour, and with considerably larger spots; it also almost always
presents an additional (seventh) spot in the irregular discal row of
fore-wing on the inner-marginal edge. When I was only acquainted
with the type-form in the shape of Boisduval’s figure of a small and
faintly-marked example, I was disposed to regard the variety Stictica
as distinct; but, since comparing the latter with specimens from
Madagascar, I consider that it cannot be separated as a species, every
spot (with the exception noted) corresponding in the two forms. In
the British Museum I examined two unusually small examples, taken
by the late Mr. E. C. Buxton beween Natal and Delagoa Bay, which
nearly approach the type-form, especially in the smallness and separate-
ness of the hind-marginal spots. These examples expand only I in.
3 lin.; and two others (with the spots comparatively larger) sent from
D'Urban by Colonel Bowker in 1879 and 188i expand respectively
fin. @)lin. and 1m: 4 lin.

A similar individual was sent to me by Mrs. Monteiro from
Delagoa Bay in 1884; but in it the spots are all very small, and that
below median nervure of fore-wing is wanting; the abdomen, too, is
more evenly ochre-yellow, as in the Malagasy type.

A specimen from Zanzibar in the British Museum, also below the
usual size, has the fore-wing spots rather small, but the apical fuscous
very well developed, while the hind-wing spots are tolerably large.

This butterfly was not uncommon in the neighbourhood of D’Urban, Port
Natal, from the beginning of February to the beginning of April 1867, but
it was nowhere numerous. Its flight is very low and weak, and it is scarcely
ever to be seen away from wooded spots. I met with a few examples in the

NYMPHALIN/, 185

other localities mentioned below, but none of these, except the Intzutze River,
was at any distance from the coast. Colonel Bowker did not find this butter-
fly in Kaffraria Proper, nor have I seen any specimens from that region ; but
a single individual was in 1870 taken by Miss Agnes Bowker on the Buffalo
River, near King William’s Town, and there is thus some reason for supposing
thatthe species does inhabit the country between the Cape Colony and
Natal,

Localities of Pardopsis punctatissima.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
6, Kastern Districts.—King William’s Town (Miss Agnes Bowker),
EK. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban. Verulam. Mapumulo.
b. Upper Districts.—Intzutze River, Great Noodsberg.
F. “ Zululand (A. Delegorgue).”—Boisduval.
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourengo Marques (Mrs. Montetro),

II. Other African Regions. F
A. South Tropical.
6. Eastern Coast.—Zanzibar (Coll. Brit. Mus.)
bb. Madagascar,

Sus-FamMity 4.—NYMPHALINAL.

Nymphalides, Morphades, and Biblides, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. pp. 165-167
1836).

panes coe ieee Morphide (part), and Hurytelidex, Doubl. and
Westw., Gen. D. Lep., i. pp. 81, 143; and ii. pp. 332, 403 (1852).

Nymphalide and Eurytelide, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 112; and ii.
p. 210 (1862-66).

Nymphaline, Bates, Journ. Ent., 1861, p. 220; 1864, p. 176.

Imaco.—Head of moderate size or rather broad, more or less
hairy ; eyes rather large, seldom hairy; palpi always well developed,
projecting considerably in front of head, clothed with scales, and
beneath more or less compactly with hairs; antennw usually long and
stout, their club sometimes broad, abruptly formed, and _flattened,—
sometimes gradually formed and more or less cylindrical.

Thorax always robust, in some genera very long and thick, more
or less pilose. Wings large and of thick consistency, the nervures
strong and rigid. ore-wings: variable in outline, commonly more or
less pointed or produced apically, often angulated ; almost always with
the hind-margin more or less sinuate or dentate ; costa well or strongly
arched ; inner margin usually more or less emarginate about middle ;
discoidal cell usually short, more often closed than open, but the closing
lower disco-cellular nervule commonly very attenuated ; nervures rarely
swollen basally ; subcostal nervure emitting one or two branches before
extremity of discoidal cell, the fifth branch always with an obliquely

186 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

downward direction, so as to reach hind-margin at some little distance
below the fourth branch. Hind-wings: broad and rounded, often
angulated at extremity of third median nervule, or produced at anal
angle; costa always markedly convex next base, and often much arched
throughout ; hind-margin more dentated than in fore-wings, _ often
scalloped, sometimes bearing more or less pronounced processes or
“tails” on third and first median nervules; inner margins strongly
convex from base to beyond middle, and meeting to form a deep groove
usually completely covering under side of abdomen; discoidal cell
short, often quite open, but more commonly imperfectly closed by a
very thin or interrupted lower disco-cellular nervule; costal nervure
long, extending to apex; internal nervure strongly developed, usually
extending to beyond middle, and sometimes to a point not far from
anal angle. Fore-legs of $ very slender, short, more or less hairy,
especially tibia and tarsus, which are often very densely fringed ;
tarsus one-jointed, rather thickened at tip; those of the 2 rather
larger, less hairy or even smooth, with the tarsus indistinctly articu-
lated and shortly spinose beneath. Middle and hind legs rather long
and stout; tibiee and tarsi almost always more or less spinose; the
latter particularly so on the under side.

Abdomen short (never more than three-fourths the length of inner
margin of hind-wings, usually about half, and often still less), deep at
base, compressed laterally, and acuminated posteriorly.

Larva.—Spiny generally, with segmental incisions constricted ;
or slightly rugose, with horns or spines on head only, and with the
middle part thicker than the rest of the body.

Pupa.—Short and stout, abdominal portion generally much curved ;
commonly with head and thorax more or less angulated, and back of
abdomen tuberculated.

The butterflies of this Sub-Family are well distinguished from other
Nymphalide by their robust structure generally, only Morpho and some
allied genera (treated as a distinct Sub-Family by some authors) ex-
hibiting in their feeble organisation, as well as in the more reduced
fore-legs, and in the characters of the larve, an approximation to the
Satyrine. The prominent scaly palpi, long and strong antenne,
broad wings, and stout spiny middle and hind legs, are striking and
characteristic features of the Vymphaline, no less than the deep groove
or channel formed by the dilated inner margins of the hind-wings,
and the usually open or imperfectly-closed discoidal cells of both
wings. ‘The first pair of legs, though much reduced, is not nearly so
atrophied as in the Danainw or Satyrinw (especially in the f), being
always easily observable and better developed than in the Acreime.
The wings are densely scaled in almost all the genera, and no instance
of a transparent-winged species is known.

It is to the Nymphalinew, numbering nearly two thousand species,
or almost as many as all the rest of the Nymphalidw put together,

NYMPHALINZ. 187

that the swiftest and most active, and very many of the largest and
most splendidly-coloured, butterflies belong. Such conspicuous and
familiar forms as the Fritillaries, Vanessw, and Apature of Europe
are replaced or accompanied in the warmer parts of the world by very
numerous allies of far greater size, brilliancy, and speed. Every
variety of outline, pattern, and coloration is to be found in this group,
which may be said to culminate in the magnificent genera Morpho of
South America and Thawmantis of the Oriental Region,—butterflies
whose beauty and great size are unequalled except in the groups
Brassoline and Papilionine. These giants among butterflies are
not, however, remarkable for swift flight, the palm for speed being
assignable to the more powerfully-built allies of <Apatura, such
as the Old-World genus Charaxes and the American Prepona and
Agrias.

Though exceedingly active and alert, nearly all the Nymphaline
have the habit of keeping about some spot of limited extent, even the
swiftest of them, after darting away at a speed which the eye can
hardly follow, returning again and again to the same place, and often
to the very same favourite flower or twig.

Of the twenty genera known to occur in South Africa, none is
endemic, but nine are limited in range to the Ethiopian Region,
viz., Lachnoptera, Crenis, Huralia, Pseudacrea, Huryphene, Euphedra,
Hamanumida, Harma, and Godartia. All the remaining genera
extend through the Ethiopian Region, and have a more or less
extensive range beyond it, viz. Hurema in Central and South
America; Precis, Salamis, EHurytela, and Hypanis over much of the
Oriental Region; while Neptis and Charaxes add to that range
Southern Europe and Australia; and A?el/a, Australia and some of the
eroups of the Pacific Islands; Junonia and Diadema extending over
yet wider regions, omitting Europe, but including a great part of
America; and Pyrameis being truly cosmopolitan.

The genus best represented in South Africa is Charamwes (fifteen
species), and next to it Precis (twelve species). Crenis and Pseudacrwa
have each four representatives; Junonia, Neptis, and Huralia, three ;
Atella, Eurema, Salamis, and Hurytela, two; and the remaining nine
genera one species only.

The Nymphaline afford some of the most striking cases of mimicry
yet discovered among butterflies. The genera Limenitis, Hestina, and
Diadema include several very exact copies of sundry species of Danais
and Huplea; but Huralia and Pseudacrwa seem really to depend for
their existence upon accurately mimicking the species of Amauwris and
certain Acrwine. Some of these cases have been already mentioned
above, and will again be referred to under the Nymphaline genera in
question.

188 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Genus ATELLA.
Atella, E. Doubl., Gen. Diurn. Lep., i. p. 165 (1848).

ImaGo.—Head very broad, wider than thorax, tufted with hair
superiorly ; eyes smooth, very prominent; palpi wide apart, projecting
considerably in front of head,—the second joint long and swollen,
thicker anteriorly, grooved centrally and longitudinally beneath, closely
hairy above but scantily so beneath,—terminal joint very small and
slender, acutely pointed, clothed with scales; antennw of moderate
length, with rather a gradually-formed, flattened, not broad, spoon-
shaped club.

Thorax moderately robust, rather short, hairy (especially on breast).
Fore-wings prominent apically ; costa well arched; hind-margin rather
hollowed in middle; inner margin slightly hollowed beyond middle ;
costal nervure short, ending about middle; first subcostal nervule
given off at or just before extremity of discoidal cell, second at a little
or considerable distance beyond it; discoidal cell short, closed by
attenuated lower disco-cellular nervule joining median nervure about
origin of its second nervule; upper disco-cellular nervule extremely
short, straight,—middle one of moderate length, much curved inwardly.
Hind-wings very slightly or more distinctly prominent in the lower
anal-angular portion ; costa slightly arched ; hind-margin moderately
dentated,—the dentation at end of third median nervule more pro-
nounced than the others, and sometimes prolonged into a short tail;
inner-margins almost touching as far as end of internal nervure—
forming a very wide, shallow, imperfect groove—but thence divergent ;
costal nervure extending to apex; first subcostal nervule arising not
far from base, and very oblique upper disco-cellular nervule only a
little distance farther; lower disco-cellular short, very thin, almost
atrophied, slightly curved; discoidal cell short, narrow ; internal ner-
vure extending to considerably beyond middle. ore-legs of f very
slender ; tibia and femur of about equal length, the former and tarsus
densely fringed with hair: of 2 longer and thicker, not or very slightly
hairy ; tarsus indistinctly articulated, and slightly spined beneath.
Middle and hind legs moderately stout, scaly; femora smooth; tibize
and tarsi very spinose beneath, less so above; tibial spurs long, very
slender.

Abdomen short, slender, slightly arched.

Larva.—Armed with rather long spines set with bristly hairs ;
head without spines or horns.

Pupa.—Moderately stout, not much curved abdominally, and rather
rounded anteriorly ; dorsal region with six or seven pairs of pointed
tubercles or short thin spines.

The differences which distinguish this genus from Argynnis—the

NYMPHALIN ZA, 189

well-known group so largely developed in the Palearctic and Nearctic
Regions—are very slight. They consist in (1) the palpi having the
second joint less swollen and with much denser, longer hair beneath,
and the terminal joint much smaller; (2) the antennz possessing a
broader, more abruptly-formed club; (3) the fore-wings having the
costal nervure shorter,—the first subcostal nervule arising at or just
before (instead of considerably before) the end of the discoidal cell,—
and the second at some distance beyond (instead of just before or at)
the end of the cell, while the lower disco-cellular nervule joins the
third median nervule at some distance from (instead of at) its origin ;
and (4) the hind-wings present a more or less decided projection
(wanting in Argynnis) at the extremity of the third median nervule.

Atella is essentially a Tropical Old-World group, its ten or twelve
known species ranging from the West Coast of Africa (A. Colwmbina,
Cram.) to Tahiti (A. Gaberti, Guér.) The most widely distributed
species is A. Phalanta (Drury), which inhabits a large part of Africa,
all the Oriental Region, and even enters the Australian Region as far
as Timor. The Oriental Region is the home of the genus, four species
inhabiting it, including the section, of which 4A. Hyista (Cram.) is the
type, in which the hind-wings not only have a distinct “tail” on the
hind-margin, but are prolonged in the anal-angular area,

Two species inhabit South Africa, A. Phalantha and A. Columbina,
and are the only members of the genus known to extend beyond the
Tropics. They are very closely allied; but while the former is spread
pretty generally over the country except to the westward, the latter has
only been found hitherto on the Natal coast. Phalantha is a very
active insect, of considerable powers of flight, and though frequent in
wooded places, is very often to be met with in gardens and open ground.

57. (1.) Atella Phalantha, (Drury).

Papilio Phalantha, Dru., Ill. Nat. Hist., i. pl. 21, ff 1, 2 (1770). "'
Papilio Columbina, 2, Cram., Pap. Exot., iv. t. 337, ff. p, = (1782).
Papilio Phalanta, Fab., Ent. Syst., ii, 1, p. 149, n. 455 (1793).
Argynnis Phalanta, Godt., Ene. Meth., ix. p. 259, n. ro (1819).
- » - Boisd., Faune Ent. de Mad., p. 41 (1833); and App.
Voy. de Deleg., p. 592 (1847).
Atella Phalanta, Trimen [part], Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 115 (1862); and
ii. p. 334 (1866); also in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1870, Pp. 352.
“ f Moore, Lep. Ceylon, p. 62, pl. 31, f. 1 (1881).

Larva AND PUPA.

(Javanese) Horsf. and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. Mus.,i. pl. 5, ff. 7,7a (1857).
(Cingalese) Moore, Lep. Ceylon, p. 62, pl. 31, ff. 1a, 1b (1881).

Eup. al., 2 in. 14-64 in.
Warm yellow-ochreous, spotted with black ; hind-margins with three
lunulate and festooned black streaks. Fore-wing : two thin, waved, trans-

190 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

verse black streaks in discoidal cell, that nearer base very short, the other
considerably longer, but not reaching median nervure; at extremity
of cell, two transverse similar streaks, one outwardly, the other inwardly
bordering the disco-cellular nervules; on costa, a little beyond cell,
commences a row of seven spots, very sharply elbowed on lower radial,
of which the first three are contiguous, and form a short irregular bar ;
the fourth is rather farther from base, and lies between lower radial
and third median nervules; while the fifth, sixth, and seventh, widely
separated, follow a line below median nervure in the direction of the
inner margin near base; the seventh spot is often small and indistinct,
and sometimes obsolete; beyond middle, a rather suffused macular
black streak from costa to lower radial, occasionally extended to third
or second median nervule by one or two small, separate, ill-defined
spots; parallel to hind-margin a row of five spots between upper radial
and sub-median nervure, all of which are small and rounded, except
the fifth, which is large and sub-quadrate, and nearer hind-margin
than the others; from costa to sub-median nervure, a strongly-marked
sub-marginal festooned line, connected at extremities of nervules with
a row of contiguous sub-triangular markings on hind-marginal edge ;
a distinct thin black line from costa traverses the points of junction of
the festooned streak arid the markings of hind-marginal edge. Hind-
wing: on costa, a little beyond middle, a linear black mark, rarely con-
tinued by another similar mark towards extremity of discoidal cell;
beyond middle, a row of four spots, rather larger than the correspond-
ing spots in fore-wing, between upper radial and first median nervules ;
festooned and other hind-marginal markings, much as in fore-wing,
but the festooned line not so regularly connected with the markings of
hind-marginal edge, and the thin traversing middle streak not straight,
but lunulated. UNDER sIDE—Juch paler, rather glossy, varied with
violaceous clouding ; black markings mostly replaced by indistinct brownish
or grey ones. ore-wing: violaceous clouding in discoidal cell and
over central portion of hind-marginal area; cellular streaks much
thinner than on upper side, but well defined; elbowed transverse
macular row indistinct, except the two last spots (which are them-
selves sometimes reddish-brown instead of black) ; costal macular streak
beyond middle reddish-brown, the spots continuous of it forming a
row extending to beneath first median nervule, and all reddish-brown
except the lowest, which is usually black; spots of outermost trans-
verse row obsolete, except the fourth and fifth, of which the latter is
larger than on upper side, and very conspicuous ; hind-marginal mark-
ings all brownish, and indistinctly marked. Hind-wing: an irregular,
interrupted, reddish-brown, thin streak from costa before to inner
margin beyond middle; in discoidal cell, a short, transverse streak of
the same colour; a more continuous, less irregular streak than the
‘interrupted one, crossing middle a little beyond the latter, from costal
nervure to inner margin; space between it and festooned streak (which,

NYMPHALINA. 191

with other hind-marginal markings, are thinly expressed in greyish or
reddish-brown) dull-violaceous, more or less varied with the pale ground-
colour, and containing four ill-defined small ocelli, black-centred, with
rufous-brown and pale yellow-ochreous rings, answering to the black
spots of the upper side.

A singular aberration of the ¢, taken by Colonel Bowker near
D’Urban, Natal, in the year 1880, has all the markings of the fore-
wings, and a few of those of the hind-wings, dull-grey and partly
transparent, instead of black and opaque. This is an unusually large
d, expanding 2 in. 5 lin. A very small, normally marked 2, taken in
the same locality by Colonel Bowker in August 1881, expands only
I in. 9 lin., and has the violaceous clouding very strongly developed.

Larva.—Green; a white stripe along each side above the legs;
four spines of moderate length, set with hairs, on each segment from
second to twelfth; only two spines on last segment; head brownish-
red. (Javanese: described from the figure in Horsfield and Moore’s
Cin hep. Bo IoC Mus., 1857) plev. £ 7.)

Dark-brown ; the spines black. Traces of the whitish lateral stripe
on the five hinder segments. (Cingalese: described from the figure in
Moore’s Lepidoptera of Ceylon, 1881, pl. 31, f. 14.)

Pupa.—Green, darker on the back, inclined to yellowish beneath.
Margin of wing-covers laterally edged with blackish. A dorsal series
of small pointed tubercular processes, apparently shining-blackish,
arranged in pairs from head to penultimate segment, (Javanese :
described from op. cit. sup. f. 7a).

Yellowish-green ; margin of wing-covers white, edged on both
sides with crimson; tubercular pointed processes white, ringed with
crimson at base. (Cingalese: described from op. cit. sup. 1881, f. 1a.)

Pale-green. Eyes, a spot on back of head, inner and hind margins
of wing-covers, and dorso-abdominal pointed tubercular spots, silvery-
white edged with dark-red. (Natalian ; described from a figure drawn
by Captain H. C. Harford.)

The Javanese larva is described by Dr. Horsfield (op. cit. p. 152)
as feeding on a species of Jzora, and that of Ceylon by Mr. Moore as
eating Flacourtia, Salix, &c. As I have elsewhere noted (7rans. Ent.
Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 352), Colonel Bowker found the larva very
numerous in Basutoland on the native willow (Salix ea ?); but
he did not make any description of them.

A, Phalantha varies considerably in size and tint (some of the female speci-
mens presenting a greenish tinge), and also in the size of the black spots. In
Mauritius (where I met with the species numerously) and in Madagascar the
examples known agree closely with South-African ones, except that in the
former island they are usually smaller and with the discal black spots of the hind-
wings rather larger. Three from the Comoro Islands (Johanna), in the British
Museum, are also of small size, one of them having the ocelli on the under
side of the hind-wings rather strongly black-centred. In the Asiatic Region,
however, though the “Cingalese examples are of small size (ewp. al., 2 in, 13

192 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

3 lin.), the butterfly appears constantly to present on the upper side of the
fore-wings the middle discal row of black spots, which in South-African indi-
viduals is only completely shown on the under side ; and in the same way they
possess on the upper side of the hind-wings two lines of disconnected short
thin black lines before the discal row of spots corresponding in position to the
streaks present on the under side. The largest examples are those from China,
the type-specimen figured by Drury expanding about three inches.

A. Phalantha has quite the habits of the larger European species of A7-
gynnis ; but its flight is more rapid and irregular, and it usually rests on a
flower for a very short time before hurrying on again. It is conspicuous on the
wing, looking almost golden in the sunshine. In August 1865 I took an ex-
ample near D’Urban, Natal, and in 1867, from February to April, often met
with the species in that Colony, most commonly near Pietermaritzburg. Colonel
Bowker has forwarded to me two pairs of Phalantha captured in copula, one at
D’Urban in April 1881, the other at Isipingo in November 1882; the sexes
present no noticeable difference in either case,

Localities of Atella Phalantha.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
b, Eastern Districts—Kleinemond River, Bathurst (7. J. Ather-
stone).
Gi ae West.—Vaal River (M. E. Barber).
d. Basutoland—Maseru (J. H. Bowker).
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
E. Natal.
a. Coast Districts\—D’Urban. Verulam. Isipingo (J. H. Bowker).
b. Upper Districts.—Pietermaritzburg. Estcourt (J. MZ. Hutchinson).
F. Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay (HZ. Tower).
H. Delagoa Bay (J. J. Monteiro).
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom (7. Ayres). Marico River (£. C. Selous).

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast. ‘Angola (J. J. Monteiro).’—H. Druce. Do.
(Dr. Pogge, “10° S. lat.”)—H. Dewitz.
b. Eastern Coast.—Zambesi (Rev. H. Rowley). ‘ Querimba.”—
Hopffer.
bb. Comoro Islands: Johanna (Bewsher). Madagascar (Crevé).
“ Bourbon.”—Boisduval. Mauritius.
B. North Tropical.
b, Eastern, Coast.—‘‘ Abyssinia : Shoa (Antinori).”—Oberthiir.

IV. Asia.
A. Southern Region.—India (North India, Nepaul, Bengal: Brit. Mus. ;
“ Kurrachee:” C. Swinhoe). Ceylon (Z. L. Layard and H,
Trimen). Malacca, Penang: Brit. Mus. China (Shanghai:
Brit. Mus.)
B. Malayan Archipelago.—Java: brit, Mus.

V. Australia.—Austro-Malayan Archipelago,—“ Celebes (Macassar), Timor.”
— Wallace.

NYMPHALIN&. 193

58. (2.) Atella Columbina, (Cramer).

Papilio Columbina, Cram., Pap. Exot., iii. pl. 238, ff. a, B (mec iv. pl. 3375
ff. p, E= Phalanta, Dru.) (1782).

Papilio Columbina, Fab., Ent. Syst., ii. 1, p. 148, n. 453 (1793).

Atella Eurytis, Doubl., Gen. Diurn. Lep., p. 167, pl. 22, f. 3 (1848).

Atella Phalanta, var., Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 115 (1862).

Exp. al., 2 in. 2—6 lin.

g Warm yellow-ochreous inclining to fulvous, spotted with black ;
hind-margins with three strongly-marked lunulated and festooned black
streaks. Fore-wing: markings as in A. Phalantha, Drury, except in
the following particulars, viz., transverse streaks in and at extremity of
discoidal cell finer, better defined, less irregular,—those at extremity
farther apart; spots of elbowed transverse row below median nervure
thinner, more elongate,—in some specimens (Hurytis, Doubl.) partly
or all but the uppermost one obsolete; spots of discal row larger;
submarginal inner festooned streak more sharply angulated between
nervules; contiguous subtriangular markings on hind-marginal edge
completely confluent; the streak between them and festooned streak
more strongly marked and distinctly lunulated. Hind-wing: differing
as follows from that of A. Phalantha, viz., no markings before middle
(except very faintly in one example); spots of discal row larger,—in
some examples much larger and suffused ; festooned streak and follow-
ing hind-marginal streaks presenting the same differences as shown in
fore-wing. UNDER sIDE.—AIl the markings better defined than in
Phalantha ; all the spots of discal row in both wings more or less con-
spicuously black,—in some examples much enlarged. ore-wing: besides
the very large fifth spot of discal row, the fourth is considerably enlarged
and conspicuous. Jfind-wing: transverse streaks before and about
middle more regular and continuous,—the space between them paler
than basal area; outer streak immediately followed by a rather wider
interrupted glistening-whitish one, tinged with violaceous ; spots of discal
row distinctly ocellate, with broad rings of fulvous,—a fifth ocellus (not
quite complete) between first median nervule and submedian nervure.

2 Paler, duller ; the black markings more or less suffused (especially
the cellular streaks of the fore-wing and the costal markings beyond
them). ore-wing: a brownish-grey cloud over basal region. Hind-
wing: fulyous rings of spots of discal row distinctly perceptible.
UNDER sIDE—Paler; the violaceous clouding more or less inclining to
silvery.

This very near ally of 4, Phalantha (Drury) is to be distinguished
from it by the characters pointed out in the above comparative descrip-
tion, of which the most striking and apparent are—(1) the great, or
very great, development of the black spots of the discal row; (2) the
deeper colour of the male; (3) the dull and pale colour of the female ;
and (4) the broken whitish streak on the under side of the hind-wing
outwardly edging the median transverse fulvous streak. The entirely

VOL. I, N

194 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

unmarked upper-side basal field of the hind-wing, and the frequent
failure of the lower spots of the elbowed row of the fore-wing, are
also characters not presented by Phalantha. A strict examination
of Cramer’s figures A and B on his Plate ccexxxviil. will show the
lepidopterist that they represent the form now under notice; while
those marked D and E on his Plate ccexxxvii. thoroughly agree with
the Phalantha of Drury.

A. Columbina (as here restricted) is a purely African species,
attaining its greatest size and distinctness on the North-Tropical West
Coast. I have examined the specimen marked “ Hurytis D.” in the
British Museum, which is ticketed “West Africa,” and appears to
have been the type figured in the Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera, and
found that it agreed with Natalian examples, except in the diminution
of the cellular and discal markings, and in the absence of all but the
uppermost of the spots of the lower part of the elbowed row in the
fore-wings.

? Larva.—Greenish-black, varied yellowish-green and light-green
subdorsally ; a yellowish-white line above legs, slightly angulated
upward on each segment. ‘Top of head and of second segment yel-
lowish-green ; face with black markings on each side. Spines long,
shining, set with alternating hairs; the second, third, and last segments
having 4 (2 subdorsal and 2 lateral), and the remaining segments 6
(the additional 2 being infra-spiracular) spines each. Length about
11 in,

? Pupa.—Bright-green, with crimson streaks and spines and _ bur-
nished golden spots. Inner- and hind-margin of wing-covers edged
with raised golden streak, outwardly bounded by a crimson one. ive
pairs of curved, thin, divergent, crimson spines on the back, springing
from golden spots, viz., one pair on the head, one (shorter) on thorax,
and three on abdomen. Also two pairs of dorsal small pointed crimson
tubercles, one at hinder part of thorax, the other at base of abdomen.

Pupal stage lasted eight days in the month of November.

‘I give the above description of the larva and pupa with some little doubt,
as Mr. Gooch refers the pencil outline and notes from which (with two pupa
skins) they are drawn up to A. Phalantha. He, however, was not at the time
aware of the existence of two species of Afed/a in Natal, and would naturally
include Columbina under Phalantha. I subsequently saw both species
together in his collection. The differences presented by this caterpillar and
chrysalis from those of Phalantha are considerable, especially as respects the

pupa; and it may almost be assumed that they are the early stages of
Columbina.

I did not take or notice this butterfly in Natal; but Colonel Bowker early
in April 1881 took several examples in the park at D’Urban, where they
frequented a species of tree then in flower. In sending me the specimens, he
wrote that while pursuing each other these butterflies did not have anything
to do with A. Phalantha, which was common at the same spot, but did not
visit the particular tree. I examined three individuals (¢ and two 9s)
ticketed ‘‘Port Natal” in the collection of the British Museum, and found
them to present no differences from those received from Colonel Bowker.

NYMPHALIN &. 195

Localities of A¢ella Columbina.

I. South Africa.

E. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban (J. H. Bowker and W. D. Gooch),

II. Other African Regions,
A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Angola: Brit. Mus.
B. North Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Camaroon; Old Calabar; Sierra Leone: Brit.
Mus. ‘‘Gaboon (Theorin).”—Aurivillius.
b, Eastern Coast.—‘‘ Abyssinia (Shoa: Anténor?).”—Oberthiir [A.
Lurytis}.

Genus LACHNOPTERA.
Lachnoptera, EK. Doubl., Gen. Diurn. Lep., i. p. 161 (1848).

Imaco.—Closely allied to Atella, Doubl. Palpi with the second
joint not grooved, less swollen, more hairy beneath; antennw with a
longer, narrower, less flattened, not spoon-shaped club. Fore-wings
more markedly produced apically, and more prominent towards posterior
angle; hind-margin more sinuate; costa more arched; discoidal cell
broader; lower disco-cellular nervule better developed, much longer,
straighter, joining median nervure before origin of the second nervule.
Hind-wings considerably longer in lower half, angulated bluntly at
extremity of third median nervule; anal angle square and prominent,
not rounded off; inner margins more prominent, and forming a more
complete groove as far as end of internal nervure, but beyond that
point more emarginate; discoidal cell fully open, the lower disco-
cellular nervule being quite obsolete; in ¢ a conspicuous roughly-
ovate silky patch near costa and apex.

It is questionable whether the differences above noted are sufficient
to warrant the generic separation from Atella of the two species com-
prised in Lachnoptera ; but the butterflies in question, apart from the
striking sexual badge in the male, have a peculiar facies, owing to the
length and truncate form of the hind-wings.

The group is limited to Africa, and was founded by Doubleday on
P. Tole, Fab., a species ranging from Sierra Leone to the Gaboon,
Until 1874 I was not aware that any South-African representative
existed; but in that year Mr. W. D. Gooch sent me a drawing of an
indubitable ¢ Lachnoptera, taken in Natal, and not long afterwards the
specimen itself. I did not wish to found a new species on a single
example of one sex, and it was not until 1879 that I had the pleasure
of receiving from the same entomologist a pair of the butterflies captured
by himself on the Natal coast. Colonel Bowker has since been most
successful in obtaining numerous examples of both sexes in the neigh-
bourhood of Pinetown.

~

196 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

59. (1.) Lachnoptera Ayresii, Trimen.
Prats III. fig. 5 (¢), fig. 5a (?).

& 2 Lachnoptera Ayresti, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 326.

Exp. al., (f) 2 in. 2-5 lin.; () 2 m. 5-7} lin.

a Warm fulvous-ochreous (a faint rosy-violaceous surface-gloss),
with fuscous markings. Fore-wing: beyond middle a conspicuous
transverse bar from costa to third median nervule, exteriorly irregularly
dentated, interiorly suffused and emitting two linear rays (along costa
and subcostal nervure respectively) towards base ; about midway between
this bar and apex a similar much smaller bar, not extending below first
radial, exteriorly confused on costa with some narrow apical fuscous
clouding ; beyond middle, extending from fifth subcostal nervule to
submedian nervure, a somewhat irregular row of six variously-shaped
spots, of which the first (touching apical fuscous) and last are larger
than the rest, and about equal in size; near hind-margin a well-
marked, strongly-lunulated streak, from just before apex to extremity
of submedian nervure; between second radial and second median
nervules this streak is interiorly broadly suffused, so as to form a
conspicuous irregular marking; a submarginal streak touching the
lunulated streak at extremities of nervules; hind-margin itself un-
equally clouded with fuscous ; a very faint linear streak closing discoidal
cell, preceded by traces of another. Hind-wing: sexual badge glossy
leaden-grey, occupying costal-apical area, covering both subcostal
nervules, but not reaching radial or anywhere extending to edge of
wing; about middle, disconnected traces of a thin transverse streak ;
beyond middle, an irregular row of four sublinear -lunulated marks,
preceded (between second median nervule and submedian nervure) by
two small rounded spots; lunulated and submarginal streaks as in
fore-wing, but the former presenting no suffused marking; hind-mar-
gin free from any fuscous clouding. UNDER sIDE.—So/t ferruginous-
ochreous, clouded with violaceous in parts; the markings chiefly fulvous-
ochreous and inconspicuous. Fore-wing: inner marginal area, as far as
a little above first median nervule, pale yellow-ochreous; all the mark-
ings corresponding to those of the upper side almost obliterated, except
the last spot in the transverse row, which is fuscous and conspicuous ;
in discoidal cell two irregular fulvous-ochreous rings; beyond them, an
interrupted transverse streak of the same colour, meeting (between first
median nervule and submedian nervure) a similar interrupted streak
from costa a little beyond middle; just above posterior angle a slight
hoary-grey clouding. Hind-wing: a fulvous-ochreous irregular streak
before middle, from costal to below submedian nervure; a short linear
streak of the same colour closing discoidal cell; about middle, an
indistinct similar transverse streak, bounded exteriorly by a sinuated
interrupted series of white spots; these spots immediately succeeded
by some dusky violaceous clouding, which completely surrounds two

NYMPHALIN 197

faintly white-centred fulvous-ochreous ocelli (in narrow rings of the
eround-colour) between first subcostal and radial nervules, as well as
two other similar ocelli between second median nervule and submedian
nervure; beyond these, a broken irregular line of lunular marks,
succeeded by lunulated and submarginal streaks corresponding with
those of the upper side—all fulvous-ochreous; a hoary-violaceous cloud-
ing about upper hind-marginal area.

2 Duller and paler than f, and without violaceous gloss; all the
fuscous markings more pronounced. Fore-wing: from lower extremity
of first costal bar, an irregular interrupted streak extending to about
middle of submedian nervure; second costal bar prolonged to third
median nervule by two small elongate spots; all spots of discal row
larger than in f; two cellular streaks distinct, the inner one extending
below cell and a little over first median nervule. Hind-wing: about
middle, an irregular interrupted streak (continuous of that in fore-
wing) extending and gradually attenuating as far as submedian nervure
beyond middle; three b/ack spots (of which the two upper are large
and the costal one somewhat suffused) take the place of the leaden-grey
badge of the $; these spots are continuous of the discal row of the fore-
wing, and the costal one is anteriorly bounded by a whitish lunule.
UNDER sIDE.—Very different in colour from that of the g, being very
pale dull greyish-ochreous, with a strong brassy-greenish gloss ; nearly all
the markings indistinct. ore-wing: last spot of discal row large and
conspicuous. Hind-wing: the interrupted series of white spots want-
ing ; ocelli with small but conspicuous white centres; an additional
(fifth) ocellus next costa.

In outline this Lachnoptera differs from the only species hitherto known,
L. Tole (Fab.), from West Africa, the fore-wings being more produced apically,
and the hind-wings more angulated at the extremity of the third median
nervule. The male differs from the ¢Jole on the upper side in both colour-
ing (which is brighter and yellower) and marking, the fore-wings present-
ing two costal blackish bars and a blackish suffused marking on the lunulated
submarginal streak, and the hind-wings having a much smaller sexual badge.
On the under side, the South-African form has the markings far less dis-
tinct, and the white stripe of the hind-wings is interrupted and macular ;*
the latter wings also want the ocellus, which in Jole is situated between the
subcostal nervules. The female differs greatly in appearance from the butter-
fly which the late Mr. Hewitson referred (I believe rightly) to that sex of Jole,
which I noted as ‘‘fuscous ; all the outer area of the wings dull-white, with
the spots and streaks strongly and blackly marked, markings of the under side
agreeing with those of Jole ¢.”?

1 This character appears to be highly variable. It is quite wanting in two of the twelve
males received from Colonel Bowker ; in two others, reduced to two and three white spots
next costa; and in three others, very thin, and with wide interruptions. Of the six females,
one has the stripe represented by two small white spots next costa ; and another has the
three lowest spots of the stripe also present, and the immediately following violaceous cloud-
ing well represented quite across the wing.

2 There seem to be two distinct forms of the female Jcle. The type of the species in the
Banksian Collection (which I had the opportunity of examining in 1881) is a 9, not differ-

198 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

This interesting new species I have named after its discoverer, Mr, B.
Ayres, of Pinetown, in Natal, who took a single male in that locality. Mr.
W. D. Gooch, who brought the specimen to my notice, subsequently took
another ¢, and also the above described, at his farm on the coast of Natal.

Until April 1883 I saw no further examples of this butterfly ; but on the
23d of that month I received from Colonel Bowker seven specimens just
captured by him at Pinetown, and he has since forwarded eleven others from
the same locality. These others were taken in December and January, and
among them were the paired sexes captured on January 16th. The wings of
most specimens that had been out for some time were much tattered, which
Colonel Bowker attributes partly to the insect’s pugnacious habit of attacking
and driving away other butterflies, and partly to the assaults of a large Mantis.
He describes Ayresiz as flying up and down the edge of a wood, at a height of
from six to ten feet from the ground. .

Localities of Lachnoptera Ayresit.

I. South Africa.
E, Natal.
a. Coast Districts—D’Urban [Little Umlhanga] (W. D. Gooch).
Pinetown (B. Ayres and J. H. Bowker).

Genus PYRAMEIS.

Pyrameis, Hiibn. (and Vanessa, Hiibn.), Verz. Bek. Schmett., p. 33 (1816) ;
Doubl., Gen. Diurn. Lep,, i. p. 202 (1849).
Cynthia (pars), Fab., “ Ilig. Mag., vi. p. 281 (1807).”

t

Imaco.— Head moderately broad, densely hairy; eyes closely
covered with fine short hairs; palpi long, projecting considerably in
front of head, convergent at tips,—second joint elongated, thickened
beyond middle, set with long hairs superiorly and outwardly, scaly and
finely downy beneath,—terminal joint well developed, somewhat flat-
tened laterally, acuminate, scaly, and slightly downy; antennew rather
long, with an abruptly-formed, flattened, elongate-ovate club, having
its terminal joint minute and pointed.

Thorax rather long, robust, densely hairy, especially on breast and
on back of metathorax. ore-wings: more or less produced apically,
and sometimes bluntly angulated at extremity of lower radial nervule ;
costa but slightly arched; hind-margin moderately sinuate, emarginate
about middle; inner margin nearly straight; costal nervure ending
about middle of costa; first and second subcostal nervules arising close
together, a little before extremity of discoidal cell,—third at a long
distance beyond it, and terminating at apex; upper disco-cellular
nervule obsolete, middle one very short and oblique, lower very long,
but so much atrophied as to be rudimentary only,—its termination
ing very widely from the g, and, except for its large size, not unlike the 9 of Atella Colwm-
bina (Cram.) In the Collection of the British Museum there are, however, twos like

that mentioned in the text—one from Sierra Leone, and the other from the Gaboon River—
which to a great extent resemble the 9 Harma Althea (Cram.) of the same region.

NYMPHALINZ. 199

being on third median nervule at a little distance from its origin.
Hind-wings : broad, often somewhat prolonged in anal-angular portion ;
costa moderately or very slightly arched, but prominent at base; hind-
margin moderately dentate-sinuate, the dentations on third and first
median nervules sometimes projecting more than the rest; anal angle
well-marked; inner-margins meeting to form a deep complete groove
to a little distance beyond end of abdomen, but thence moderately
emarginate and divergent ; costal nervure extending to apex ; discoidal
cell very short, the closing lower disco-cellular nervule long, oblique,
very attenuated, joining median nervure at origin of its second ner-
vule ; internal nervure extending to end of inner-marginal groove.
Fore-legs of $ conspicuous, brush-like, very densely clothed and fringed
with hair (especially on tibia and tarsus); of 2 similar, but the tarsus
with distinct articulations, slightly spinose beneath, and hairy, chiefly
on the basal portion. Middle and hind legs rather long and stout,
scaly ; tibiae beneath with a lateral row of strong spines externally,
and two rows internally, the terminal spurs long and rigid; tarsi very
spinose laterally and beneath ; terminal claws stout and curved.

Abdomen short, but rather thick.

Larva.—Elongate, with numerous rigid spines set with bristles ;
head and segment next it without spines.

Pupa.—Moderately stout, angulated, tuberculated on back of
abdomen; head rather bluntly bifid; ornamented with gilded spots
and spaces.

Pyrameis is very closely allied to Vanessa, Fab., and by many
authors is not separated from the latter genus. The species compos-
ing it are, however, of a less robust structure; their wings (especially
the hind-wings) are very much less angulated; their palpi not nearly
so hairy (particularly as regards the terminal joint); and the colour-
ing and pattern of both surfaces of their wings, prevailing without
great modification throughout the group, are altogether different from
those exhibited by Vanessa. The two sections so well represented by
such familiar butterflies as the ‘“ Painted Lady” (P. Cardwi) and
the ‘Red Admiral” (P. Atalanta) do not materially differ in mark-
ings, their very different aspect being found on close comparison to be
owing entirely to the predominance of the black basally in Atalanta,
and of the red basally in Cardui. The under side in Pyrameis is of
remarkable beauty, and quite unlike that of Vanessa, being greatly
variegated, marked with submarginal ocelli, and usually intersected by
whitish nervures in the hind-wings.

The distribution of the thirteen or fourteen species may be said to
include the whole globe, except the extremes of North and South, and
a broad equatorial belt in South America; but the only representative
in South Africa is P. Cardui, the most widely-ranging and generally-
distributed of all butterflies, The force of the genus is strikingly
illustrated by its prevalence in oceanic islands and the farthest extremi-

200 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

ties of continents, and especially by its presenting three quite distinct
species in a country so exceptionally devoid of butterfly-life as New
Zealand.

60. (1). Pyrameis Cardui, (Linn.)

Papilio Cardui, Linn., Syst. Nat., i. 2, p. 774, n. 157 (1767).

Papilio Carduelis, Cram., i. p. 40, t. 26, ff. B, F (1775).!

Vanessa Cardui, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 323, n. 62 (1819).

Cynthia Cardui, Steph,, Ill. Brit. Ent.—Haust., i. p. 47 (1827).

Pyrameis Cardui, Doubl., Gen. Diurn. Lep., p. 105 (1849).

Pyrameis Cardui, Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 119, n. 73 (1862).

Aberr.— Vanessa Cardut, Herr.-Schaff., Schmett. Eur., i. p. 41, ff. 157-158
(1844).

Aberr.—Pyrameis Cardut, var., Trimen, op. cit., il. p. 335 (1866).

Larva AND Popa.

(European.) Duponchiel, Icongr. et Hist. Nat. des Chenilles, i. p, 107,
pl Sit. fh-42/id,..6, ¢ 840).

(Javanese.) Horsf. and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. Mus,, i. pl. v. ff 3,
3a (1857).

(Cingalese.) Moore, Lep. Ceyl., p. 51, pl. 27, f. ra (1881).

Exp. al., 2 in. 2 lin—2 in. 7 lin.

Paler or darker salmon-red, inclining to orange-ochreous, varied with
black ; apical portion of fore-wing black spotted with white. Fore-wing :
basal portion blackish, thickly dusted with golden scales; in discoidal
cell a short, rather broad, black, transverse mark, the lower edge of
which almost touches the upper point of an irregular, angulated, black
marking, commencing on inner-margin beyond middle, and thence,
arching outwardly, extending along first median nervule into discoidal
cell; apical black extending fully half-way along costa, its inner edge
forming two deep, irregularly-angulate indentations on the salmon-red
eround-colour, and containing an elongate, abruptly-truncate, white
stripe from costa, divided into three by nervules, beyond which is a
curved row of four white spots from costa to first median nervule,
parallel to hind-margin; two rows of lunules along hind-margin, the
outer row ochreous, the inner whitish, becoming half obliterated towards
anal angle; fringe chequered black and white. MHind-wing: costal,
basal, and inner-marginal portions broadly blackish, the two latter
dusted with golden scales, and inner-marginal region with long, silky,
golden hairs; a little beyond middle a transverse blackish stripe, thin
near costa, but suddenly thickening on third median neryule, unites
costal and inner-marginal blackish; beyond this stripe are three rows
of spots parallel to hind-margin,—the first consisting of four or five
rounded black spots between nervules,—the second of sub-lunular spots,
sometimes contiguous, between nervules (of which the fifth spot, at

1 Cramer states that his specimen came from the Cape of Good Hope. His figure of the
under side is not good,

NYMPHALINZE. 201

anal angle, is the largest, and has its outer half pale-blue),—the third
of more or less rhomboidal spots on nervules, generally united by their
lateral angles ; fringe as in fore-wing. UNDER sIDE.—Jluch paler than
upper side; the hind-wing exquisitely marbled. Fore-wing: base and
costa whitish, the former with a single blackish dot, the latter with
numerous short, minute, blackish, transverse strize as far as black spot
in discoidal cell; salmon-red much paler than on upper side, particu-
larly near hind-margin, but next base suffused with a soft pale-carmine
tint ; a whitish space in cell beyond black spot, and an indistinct
ereyish-white costal cloud beyond cell, which is closed by a broad
black stria; white spots as on upper side, but apical black replaced by
yellow-ochreous, which extends along hind-margin; two blackish spots
on hind-margin close to anal angle; and a more or less distinct row
of blackish, outwardly white-edged, lunules parallel to hind-margin.
Hind-wing: varied with white and various shades of yellow-ochreous ;
nervures white; a conspicuous white space immediately beyond ex-
tremity of discoidal cell; and three irregular whitish markings on
costa, two before and one about middle; a transverse, ochre-brown,
white-edged mark in discoidal cell; and near it, outside cell, a larger
similar mark, divided into three by nervules,—its lower portion on
disco-cellular nervule; near, and parallel to hind-margin, a row of five
round ocellated spots, situated between nervules from first subcostal to
first median, and variously coloured, viz., the first, nearest costa, a
simple, ovate whitish spot, containing an ochreous dot; the second,
blackish-centred, with sometimes a small blue pupil, ringed with yellow
and black; the third and fourth black, with a large metallic-greenish
lunule, and ringed with pale yellow; the fifth larger than the rest,
with a black, blue-lunuled centre in red, yellow, and black rings;
beyond these spots a row of narrow violet-blue lunules, the largest
next anal angle and edged with black internally; succeeded by a
parallel white stripe; the hind-marginal border yellow-ochreous.

Aberration. Lore-wing ‘suffused with blackish, to the confusion of
the ordinary markings; large apical white spot obliterated; blackish
border at anal angle broad and suffused. Hind-wing: blackish suffu-
sion over the whole costal region as far as apex; row of black spots
faint, whitish-centred; hind-marginal rhomboidal spots not contiguous.
UNDER SIDE.—Similarly suffused. Fore-wing: large apical spot want-
ing; anal angle varied with whitish. MWind-wing: blackish suffusion
obliterating costal and disco-cellular white markings; nervures yellow-
ish-white ; first, third, and fourth ocelli whitish, indistinct, merged in a
white and greyish band immediately succeeding them.

Hab.—King William’s Town (W. S. M. D’Urban).

This aberration closely resembles that figured by Herrich-Schaeffer
(loc. cit.)

Another aberrant example, taken by the Rev. H. Wilson near
Cape Town in 1877, is also very near Herrich-Schaeffer’s figure, but

202 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

differs in having four of the hind-wing spots on the upper side well
defined, blackish, with large bluish-white centres (resembling those of
P. Kershawii, M‘Coy, of Australia and New Zealand), and the two
largest of the same row on the under side coloured as usual, though not
quite complete.

Intermediate between these extreme sports and the normal form
are three examples taken at Cape Town in 1866, 1873, and 1874—
the first by myself—in which the fore-wing markings are scarcely
affected, but the hind-wing spots are minutely ocellate and externally
prolonged, so as to be confluent with the succeeding row of lunules.

Larva.—Blackish, with numerous branched yellow spines; two
faint-yellowish, longitudinal streaks along the back, and a brighter
yellow, broader, interrupted stripe on each side above the legs; head
black; segment next head not spined, four spines on both third and
fourth segments, seven on each segment from fifth to twelfth, four on
the last or anal segment; legs reddish-ochreous; under side greyish.
12 or 2 inches long. Feeds on thistles, Malvacew, and other low
plants. Mrs. Barber informs me that at Highlands, near Grahamstown,
she noticed the principal food-plants of this caterpillar to be Urtica
dioica, Malva parviflora, and Argyrolobium Andrewsianum.

Pupa.—Greyish-ochreous, more or less gilded on the back and wing-
covers; with three rows of brightly-gilded pointed tubercles down the
back. Suspended to plants, walls, &c.

This well-known butterfly, the most widely distributed of all existing species,
is found in every part of South Africa, but I have nowhere seen it so numerous
as at Cape Town. At this place it is always to be met with throughout the
year, but is more abundant during the warmer months from September to March,
I have constantly noticed it sporting about during the fiercest south-east gales,
when every other butterfly had long since been driven under shelter. It is
probable that this robust indifference to rough weather contributes to some
extent to the world-wide prevalence of the insect, which is, however, no doubt
mainly due to the polyphagous larvas being principally attached to such uni-
versal wayside weeds as thistles, mallows, and nettles. To these considerations
must be added its rapid and powerful flight and great activity. It is fond of
settling on bare open spots, and when at rest there with completely closed wings,
the mottled ochreous and white colouring of the undersurface often admirably
serves to protect the butterfly from observation. I have more than once seen
Cardui far out at sea, on one occasion on a ship about ninety miles westward
of Teneriffe ; and it not only inhabits that island, but is found in the whole
series of Atlantic islands, from the Azores to St. Helena.

The immense range of this species was formerly held to be truly cosmo-
politan; but Mr. H. W. Bates (Journal of Entomology, 1864, p. 181) has
recorded that the entire genus Pyrameis is absent from the great valley of the
Amazons, and also (teste W. F. Kirby, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3d ser., i. p. 488,
1863) that the Brazilian insect often referred to P. Cardui is really a variety
of P. Huntera, Fab., a very distinct member of the genus, extending through
the greater part of America generally. We may accordingly be right perhaps
in excluding South America proper from Cardui’s range, although Doubleday
(Gen. Diurn. Lep., i. p. 205) mentions the occurrence in Venezuela of a variety
named “ Leachiana, Sommer, MSS.” Australia and New Zealand are also now
regarded as beyond the limits of true Cardut, Professor M‘Coy having in 1868

NYMPHALIN&. 203

separated as distinct the very closely allied form inhabiting those countries
under the name of P. Kershawit. This form chiefly differs from ordinary
Cardui in having three or four of the discal black spots on the upper side of
the hind-wings centred with blue; it is also smaller and darker on the under
side.

I have not traced the extreme northern range of P. Cardui; but Herrich-
Schaeffer mentions Lapland as one of its European localities, and Doubleday
(who noticed the butterfly by “ tens of thousands” in the United States) gives
Hudson’s Bay in North America. Regarding the Australian P. Kershawti as
distinct, the Cape of Good Hope is Carduz’s southern limit. Eastward and
westward the butterfly appears to encircle the globe, being as much at home in
California as in Algeria, Eastern Asia, and the Sandwich Islands.

Instead, then, of giving the customary lst of ‘ localities,” it will be suffi-
cient to note that Pyrameis Cardui inhabits all the world except the Arctic
and Antarctic Regions, South America proper, Australia, and New Zealand,
and that it is not only to be found, but is usually numerous, in every part of
South Africa.

Genus EUREMA.

Eurema, FE. Doubl., Gen. Diurn. Lep., 1. p. 192 (1848).
Hypanartia, Hiibn., Samml. Exot. Schmett., vol. i. index (? 1806).
Pyrameis (part), Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Aust., i, p. 117-118 (1862).

Imaco.—Differs but little from Pyrameis, Hiibn. Antenne longer ;
palpt more ascendant, not convergent at tips, with terminal joint shorter
and blunter. Jore-wings with longer costal nervure, and (usually)
longer middle disco-cellular nervule. Hind-wings with the projection
on hind-margin at extremity of third median nervule very marked,
forming a shorter or longer “ tail;” the projection at extremity of first
median also usually marked, though less so than the other; rarely a
third sharp projection at extremity of second median ; anal angle more
or less prominent.

Larva.—As in Pyrameis, but thicker (7. Hippomene, Hiibn., drawn
by Mrs. Barber).

Pupa.—More angulated than in Pyrameis, resembling that of
Vanessa Io and V. polychloros ; head deeply bifid, the projections very
acute ; marginal prothoracic ridge with two acute projections; tubercles
of two latero-dorsal rows on abdomen elongated into short, acute, broad-
based spines, inclining anteriorly (P. Hippomene, Hiibn,; specimen
received from Mrs. Barber).

The butterflies referred to Hurema are barely separable from Pyra-
meis, and Doubleday has himself (loc. cit.) recorded how very closely
they are allied to the Oriental genus Zaogona. Out of eleven recorded
species, seven are American, and the remainder are confined to the
Ethiopian Region. The two South-African species are in pattern and
marking very like the Atalanta section of Pyrameis, but they are
smaller insects, and the bands are ochre-yellow instead of scarlet or
fulvous-red. The tailed hind-wings, however, give them a peculiar

204 ; SOUTH AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

aspect, especially in the case of #. Scheneia, Trim., a form which
appears to be peculiar to South Africa. In flight and habits they
resemble Pyrameis, but are more partial to wooded spots.

61. (1.) Eurema Hippomene, (Hiibner).
Hypanartia Hippomene, Hiibn., Samml. Exot. Schmett., ii, pl. 25, ff. 3, 4

(1806).

Pyrameis Hippomene, ? (nec $), Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 122 (1862).

Exp. al., 1 in. 104 lin.—2 in. 3 lin.

& Brownish-black (darker in apical area of fore-wing); a band of
ochre-yellow in both wings; fore-wing with small but conspicuous white
spots near apex. Fore-wing : yellow band obliquely transverse, running
from costa before middle (where it is narrowed and tinged slightly
with whitish) to inner margin near posterior angle (where it is abruptly
narrowed and pointed; inner edge of band slightly indented here and
there, its lower portion a little hollowed; outer edge convex through-
out; midway between band and apex an oblique costal row of three
rather small spots, of which the first (touching the second) is linear
and irregular and ochre-yellow, while the others are somewhat rounded
and white; parallel-to upper half of hind-margin, between costa and
second median nervule, a row of six white spots, of which all are
minute but the fifth, which is of moderate size and rounded, and the
first and second are only separated by a nervule; cilia white, inter-
rupted by broad nervular black spots. Hind-wing: yellow band hind-
marginal ; rather narrower than that of fore-wing, extending from apex
to second median nervule, where it abruptly narrows to a point; two
parallel lunulated submarginal black lines, all but obsolete where they
traverse the yellow band, but thickened and strongly defined between
third median nervule and anal angle, in which part the space between
them is superiorly ochre-yellow and inferiorly closely irrorated with
metallic greenish-blue; a little before these lines, between third and
first median nervules, two rather large black ocelli pupilled with
shining blue, of which the upper is less distinct, and is bordered by
extremity of yellow band, while the lower is marked with a dull-
crimson lunule inwardly edging the blue pupil, and is surrounded by a
thin outer ochre-yellow ring only distinct on the external side; cilia
white with very small black nervular interruptions. UNDER sIDE.—
Beautifully variegated with ochreous-brown, dark-brown, white, metallic-
bluish, and bronzy-green ; yellow band of hind-wing wanting, that of
Jore-wing much paler and rather wider. Fore-wing: costa from base
to commencement of yellow band finely striated transversely with
bluish-white ; in discoidal cell at base a white mark, succeeded by two
linear white striae, and a broader less distinct chestnut-red stria, quite
across cell; on costa, just above extremity of cell, a small whitish

NYMPHALIN Z&. 205

spot; a little farther on a similar spot commences a thin metallic-
bluish line reaching almost to third median nervule and preceded by
good-sized subreniform marking formed of metallic-bluish scales; a
narrow apical area clouded with pale. ochreous-brown ; apical white
spots arranged as on upper side, but those of oblique costal row all
white and united to form an irregular streak, and the third and fourth
of the outer row subocellate in thin blackish rings; apical half of hind-
marginal border as far as second median neryvule ochrey-whitish, tra-
versed mesially by a series of thin sagittate lunules. Hind-wing :
ground-colour reddish-brown, crossed by three highly-irregular white
and bluish striz, respectively before, about, and beyond middle; the
first and second of these striae commence with a conspicuous whitish
costal spot, which in the case of the second (middle) one is much
larger and suffused, are thence finely linear and shining-bluish as far
as median nervure, whence to inner margin they are widened, inter-
rupted, angulated, and yellowish-white; the third stria is scarcely
visible as a brownish line as far as second median nervule, where it
suddenly alters like the others, but becomes even more broken and
angulated ; the first and second striz are internally, the third exter-
nally, bordered by very dark brown; space between second and third
strie very dark brown, irrorated near costa and about middle with
bluish, but lower down as far as inner margin densely with creamy-
white ; in discoidal cell, between first and second strie, an elongate
blackish transverse mark, centred indistinctly with chestnut-red,
entirely enclosed by a linear bluish ring; only the lower of the two
ocelli well represented, and in a well-defined outwardly black-edged
thin yellow ring; a row of four subocellate metallic-green-dusted
blackish spots in imperfect yellow rings between the ocellus and first
subcostal nervule; position of yellow band of upper side indicated by
pale dull ochrey-brown, traversed by two interrupted lunulate blackish
streaks ; metallic greenish-blue irroration near anal angle much denser
than on upperside.

2 Like §, but ochre-yellow bands paler, rather broader, and white
spots of fore-wing a little larger. UNDER SIDE.—Paler throughout ;
the nervures of basal and inner-marginal areas of hind-wing creamy-
white.

Larva.—Sandy-brown, inclining to ashy dorsally over posterior
half; on each segment, except the second and last, two dorsal pairs and
one lateral pair of short, black, oblique streaks, all tending to converge
posteriorly ; of these, the central pair is linear, the next pair thicker,
and the lateral pair very thick posteriorly; second segment without
markings; last segment with central and lateral streaks only; head
ashy-fuscous ; spines black; legs and pro-legs grey edged with crim-
son; a zigzag black spiracular streak, Second Horm.—White tinged
with bluish-grey dorsally; each segment with a very broad central
black bar, slightly narrowing inferiorly, and ending quite abruptly just

206 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

above spiracular line; head black; legs, pro-legs, and spines as in
brown form.

Described from drawings by Mrs. Barber of specimens found near
Grahamstown. Mrs. Barber wrote that the black-and-white second
form was very much rarer than the other, and fed lower down among
the branches of its food-plant, and that it always produced the 2, while
the commoner brownish form, she believed, produced 33 only.

I feel some uncertainty about this case, because at the time the
drawings were made I had in error, in my work on South-African
Butterflies, treated the ¢ EL. Scheneia, mihi, as that of Hippomene ;
and it seems possible that the differing larvae might really be those of
two distinct species. It is true that Schwneia has not hitherto, to my
knowledge, been met with near Grahamstown, but it has occurred at
the Kowie River-mouth, a distance of under thirty miles.

Pupa.— Ochreous-yellow ; a lateral ferruginous brown streak along
abdomen from pedicel almost to wing-covers.

Described from a dead specimen forwarded by Mrs. Barber.

This is an active, rapidly-flying insect, having quite the habits of Pyrameis
Cardui and its congeners. It is fond of settling on flowers in gardens, prefer-
ring those of Lantana. The male is often to be seen basking on a twig or leaf,
especially in open places on the outskirts of a wood, and darting off to pursue
the female or a rival of his own sex, only to return to his perch almost imme-
diately. At Highlands, near Grahamstown, I took, on 15th February 1870, a
female laying its eggs on a nettle ; and Mrs. Barber, who had reared the larve,
informed me that this plant (Urtica mitis) was in that locality the habitual
food-plant of the species. The butterfly is on the wing from October to April.
It seems to be nowhere abundant, but commoner in some seasons than in
others.

Localities of Zurema Hippomene.

I. South Africa,

B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts.—Knysna (Iss Wentworth).
b, Eastern Districts.—Port Elizabeth (J. H. Bowker). Grahams-
town. Bedford (J. P. JL Weale). King William’s Town (W.
S. M. D’ Urban).
D. Kaffraria Proper.
Butterworth and Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
E. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban (J. H. Bowker). Mapumulo.
b. Upper Districts. —Pietermaritzburg (diss Colenso).

II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
bb. Madagascar.— Fianarantsoa (Rev. W. Deans Cowan).”— A. G.
Butler.
B. North Tropical
b. Eastern Coast.—‘ Abyssinia: Shoa (Antinori).”—Oberthiir.

NYMPHALIN Zt. 207

62. (2.) Hurema Schoeneia, Trimen.
Prats LYV., fig. 1 (¢).

Pyrameis Hippomene (DBoisd.), Trimen, ¢, Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 121
(1862).
3 9 Eurema Scheneia, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 329.1

Exp. al., ($) 1 in. 11 lin——2 in.; (2) 2 in. 3-5 lin.
Brownish-black ; both wings with a band of ochre-yellow ; the fore-
wing with small white spots in apical portion.

g Fore-wing: band from costal edge a little before middle to inner
margin just before anal angle, narrowest on costa and widening down-
ward, slightly arched outward ; about midway between band and apex,
three small spots form a thin transverse costal streak, the spot on costal
edge being ochre-yellow, and the other two spots white; parallel to
hind-margin a row of five to six small white spots between costa and
second median nervule, the spot next costa germinate; costa from
base to ochre-yellow band dull-ferruginous. Hind-wing + band hind-
marginal, much narrower than that of fore-wing, extending only from
apex to third median nervule, traversed longitudinally by an indistinct
lunulated ferruginous-brown streak; a little before band two suffused
transverse black streaks, convergent, but not extending below third
median nervule ; anal angle acuminate, and anal-angular portion pro-
duced ; a long, ferruginous, whitish-tipped tail at extremity of third
median nervule ; another (not whitish-tipped and only half as long)
on first, and an acute dentation on second median nervule; between
third and second nervules a very imperfect blue-dotted black ocellus
edged outwardly by an ochre-yellow lunule, and immediately below it
a similar but almost complete ocellus ; close to hind-margin some in-
distinct black lunulate marks, that at anal angle preceded by a
pale-bluish streak. Cilia white between nervures. UNDER sIDE.—
Hind-wing and apical portion of fore-wing variegated with ochreous
and ferruginous brown and with lilac-blue irrorations. - Fore-wing :
band much paler than on upper side, and white on costa ; apical white
markings as on upper side, but fuscous-edged, the streak from costa
wider and immediately preceded by some lilac-blue irroration ; in dis-
coidal cell, a black ferruginous-centred spot in a bluish-white ring, and
a similarly-coloured transverse bar (touching inner edge of yellowish
band) whose white edges are irregularly prolonged below cell to sub-
median nervure; hind-margin edged with ochreous and ferruginous

1 Mr. A. G. Butler (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. V. vol. v. No. 28, April 1880,
p. 336) has proposed for Boisduval’s Hippomene of Bourbon and Mauritius the name of
Hypanartia commixta, observing that it, as well as the true Hippomene of Hiibner, occurs
in Natal. He thus evidently associates as identical Boisduval’s Hippomene and my South-
African Scheneia ; but, to judge by Boisduval’s figures, the two forms are distinct. How-
ever this may be, Mr. Butler’s name commizta will have to yield precedence to Oberthiir’s
title of Bor wiica, given to Boisduval’s insect in the Ann. Mus. Civ. d. St. Nat. Geneva, vol,
xv., Fbruary 1880,'p. 36.

208 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

brown ; a lilac-blue submarginal streak, indistinct towards apex, near
which it is preceded by three to four lunules of the same colour.
Hind-wing : a pale-ochreous spot at base enclosing a blackish-centred
dull-whitish ocellus in a ferruginous brown ring; the following dark
ferruginous-brown markings, viz., one roughly triangular on costa next
to basal spot ; another elongated and elbowed on costa a little beyond
the first ; and two in discoidal cell, one basal and circular, the other
central and elongated, both ringed with a bluish-white line; defining

extremity of cell a similarly-coloured much longer marking, blunt ~

superiorly and pointed inferiorly, crossed by paler nervules ; near inner
margin on disc much lilac-blue irroration, and a little near costa
towards base; beyond middle a very irregular pale-brown streak,
bordered on both sides by dark ferruginous-brown, and becoming very
zigzag and broken near inner margin; apical hind-marginal region
pale-ochrous shaded with brown and glossed with violaceous; sub-
marginal lunules linear, black, edged outwardly with yellow, inwardly
with lilac; the ocellate spots imperfect, but beyond and above them
much greenish-blue irroration, and immediately before them a strongly-
festooned black streak, which becomes ferruginous-brown, and finally
obsolete in its extension towards apex.

Duller and paler than ¢; apical region of fore-wing less produced
and blunter, the tails of hind-wing broader and with blunt tips.

Very closely allied to #. Hippomene (Hiibn.), and to the butterfly
described and figured under the same name by Boisduval in his Fawne
Entomologique de Madagascar, &e., p. 43, pl. 8, figs. 3, 4. In outline
and marking, #. Scheneia would appear, judging from Boisduval’s work
only (for I have no examples of the Mascarene species), to be more
intimately related to Boisduval’s insect than to its South-African con-
gener, the true Hippomene of Hiibner. From the latter, Schwneia is
best distinguished by (1) the very much longer (and ferruginous instead
of black) tails of the hind-wings; (2) the narrower (especially in hind-
wings) and more deeply-coloured yellow bands; (3) the two suffused
transverse black streaks on dise of hind-wings, which are wanting in
Hippomene ; and, as regards the under side, by (4) the costa of fore-
wing near base being faintly dusted with bluish scales instead of con-
spicuously barred with whitish ; (5) the decidedly ferruginous and lilae-
glossed general colouring ; and (6) the absence in hind-wings of both
the costal white patches and the two or more ocelli in superior half of
discal region.

The palpi of Scheneia are ferruginous beneath, with a pure white
edging on the upper-lateral and internal-inferior portions, while in
Hippomene they are uniformly yellowish-white ; above they are fuscous
in both species.

Notwithstanding the great difference between this butterfly and the West-

African E. Delius (Drury) in the pattern and colouring of the upper side (which
in Delius is dark suffused Indian-red, with broad dusky-brown borders), the

delite

NYMPHALIN/%. 209

under side is almost identical in the two species; except that in Delius the
pale-yellow bar of the fore-wing is expanded into a wide space reaching almost
to base, the ground-colour of the hind-wing is paler, and the cellular spots in
both wings are darker, The wings of Delius are, however, considerably longer,
especially the fore-wings, which are much produced apically.

Localities of Hwrema Scheneia.

I, South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.
b, Eastern Districts—Bathurst: Kowie River (Plant) King Wil-
liam’s Town (J. H. Bowker and J. P. M. Weale).
D, Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker),
E. Natal.
a. Coast Districts——D’Urban (C. Morland, J. Sanderson, W. D.

Gooch).
b. Upper Districts.—Pietermaritzburg (Colonel Scott, R.A.)
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom and Lydenburg District (7. Ayres).

Genus JUNONIA.

Junonia (and Alcyonets), Hiibn., Verz. Bek. Schmett., pp. 34, 35 (1816) ;
E. Doubl. (Sect. I.), Gen. Diurn. Lep., i. p. 208 (1849).

Imaco.—Head of moderate size, clothed with short hair; eyes
smooth; palpi of moderate length, scaly, clothed with long fine hair
above, and very short hair beneath,—terminal joint short, rather wide,
moderately acute at tip; antenne short, with a short, blunt, abruptly-
formed, spoon-shaped club.

Thorax moderately robust, scaly, with a little scanty hair posteriorly
on the back. Sore-wings less produced apically than in Pyrameis, but
otherwise similar in shape, except that costa is more arched; neuration
also similar, but middle disco-cellular nervule much longer, and lower
one obsolete, leaving discoidal cell quite open. Hind-wings as in
Pyrameis, but anal angle more or less markedly projecting; dentation
on first median nervule always more or less prominent, and that on
third median sometimes strongly so; lower disco-cellular nervule quite
obsolete, Fore-legs of small, slender, thinly set with fine hairs, scaly ;
of the ¢ but little larger, smooth, scaly, with hairs only on under side
of femur.

Abdomen of moderate length, rather slender.

Larva.—Rather stout, and of nearly even thickness throughout.
Head usually bifid superiorly, with a pair of short horns; all the other
segments bearing rather short, strong, branched spines.

Pupa.—Thick and rounded, scarcely angulated; head and thorax
usually blunted, the former sometimes moderately bifid; dorso-abdo-
minal tubercles small.

Junonia—here restricted to Doubleday’s “ Section I.”—is well
characterised structurally by its smooth eyes, short and abruptly-clubbed
antennze, quite open discoidal cells, and fore-legs almost hairless in the

VOL. I. ©)

210 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

9, and but moderately hairy in the ?. The twenty species referable
to the group are remarkable for the beauty, and often the large size, of
the ocellated spots which adorn the upper side of the wings, and some
(among which are the three South-African species) are further orna-
mented by a blue space or a large blue spot on the hind-wings. On
the under side the colouring is remarkably plain and uniform, the hind-
wings and apical area of fore-wings being pale-clay colour, inclining to
either a yellowish or greyish tinge, with the ocellated spots chiefly
obsolete or inconspicuously and imperfectly represented. This under
surface here is protective, especially when the butterfly is settled on
the ground——a frequent practice of the Junonie, which are active, alert
insects, with the habits of the Vanesse and allies.

The genus ranges throughout the warmer parts of the world
(except, apparently, Western Polynesia), but does not enter the Palae-
arctic Region, except at points along its southern boundary. The
greater part of the genus is Oriental and Australian, five (or perhaps
six) species are African, and three American. The three natives of
Southern Africa are J. Cebrene, Trimen, J. Clelia (Cram.), and J.
Boépis, Trimen. Of these, the first and second have a very wide range
through Africa, while the third inhabits Damaraland, the Zambesi
Valley, and the Transvaal, extending from the latter country to Delagoa
Bay and Natal. Cebrene is at once recognisable by the broad ochre-
yellow patches on the upper side; Clelia and Bodpis agree in possessing
a creamy-white subapical bar in the fore-wings, but the former has in
the hind-wings only a circular blue spot like that of Cebrene, while the
latter has nearly all the hind-wing surface blue. odpis is the African
representative of the widely-spread Oriental species, Orithya, Linn.

63. (1.) Junonia Cebrene, Trimen.

& Junonia CGénone, Hiibn., Samm]. Exot. Schmett., i, t. 34, ff 1, 2 (nec

3, 4), (1806).

& 9 Vanessa Gnone, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 318, n. 51 (1819).

a » Boisd., App. Voy. de Deleg, p. 592 (1847).

& 9 Junonia Ginone, Trim. (part), Rhop. Afr. Aust., 1 p. 125, n. 75
(1862).

& Q Junonia Cebrene, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 353; and
Butler (J. Crebrene), loc. cit., p. 524.

Junonia Crebrene, Gerst., Gliederth.-Faun, Sansibar-Gebiet., p. 369, n. 17

(1873).

Exp. al., 1 in. 104 lin.—2 in. 3 lin.

Black ; a broad ochre-yellow patch in each wing; in hind-wing, a
large, round blue spot.

a Fore-wing: ochre-yellow patch occupying middle of wing, ex-
tending from costa almost to submedian nervure, and from middle of
discoidal cell to hind-marginal border, deeply indented with ground-
colour both on its upper and lower portion beyond middle,—-much paler

NYMPHALIN &. 211

in its central portion; near apex, on costa, a narrow, pale-yellow,
transverse streak joins the large ochre-yellow marking, the point of
junction being marked by a more or less apparent black spot, which is
sometimes indistinctly ocellate ; bordering apical portion of hind-margin
three or four sublunular, dusky-whitish marks; cilia brownish, indis-
tinctly varied with whitish. Hind-wing: a large, rounded, metallic-
blue spot shot with violet-pink near costa about middle, its lower
portion in discoidal cell, its upper edge touching costal nervure ; beyond
it, occupying anal-angular portion of wing, extending along hind-margin
to before its middle, and almost to middle of inner margin, a large,
ovate, ochre-yellow patch, paler in its central portion; at anal angle, a
curved, short, blackish streak, and traces of a lunulate hind-marginal
line; cilia as in fore-wing. UNDER sIDE—NStrikingly dissimilar to
upper side. ore-wing: black replaced by dull ashy-grey ; ochre-
yellow patch paler, ill-defined, commencing from base in discoidal cell ;
costa whitish-grey from base; two pairs of slightly zigzag, transverse,
thin, black streaks in discoidal cell, each pair including a whitish-grey
space; a sinuate blackish streak, from costa about middle to insertion
of second median nervule, marks extremity of cell; apex hoary-grey ;
the streak joining ochreous patch from costa whitish,—the spot mark-
ing point of junction distinct; a blue-pupillate, round, black spot
marks the lower indentation of the ochreous patch. Hind-wing : hoary-
grey; three transverse, brownish, waved, subdentate streaks—one
before, the second about, the third beyond, middle—the second of
which is the most distinct and regular; between the latter and the
third a series of small blackish spots between nervules, parallel to
hind-margin; ochreous patch very faintly indicated by a slightly
yellowish tinge; centre and hind-margin varied with narrow shadings
of pale-brown ; in some specimens, a narrow, lunulate, brown streak
bordering hind-margin ; no trace of the blue spot so conspicuous on
upper side.

2 Ground-colour not so intense a black as in 3; the blue spot
in hind-wing smaller and much duller (the edges of it not so clearly
defined). Fore-wing: basal half of discoidal cell dusted with ochreous
scales, and with a short, indistinct, transverse, ochreous streak, situate
a little within the large ochre-yellow patch; which latter commences
farther from base than in f¢, does not extend so low, is more deeply
indented with black both on its upper and lower edge, and contains a
transverse black streak which, as on under side of @, indicates extremity
of discoidal cell; the ocellate spot marking the junction of pale apical
streak with ochreous patch more distinct than in gf, and blue-pupilled ;
the lower black indentation of the ochreous patch is also marked with
a larger ocellate spot, likewise blue-centred. Hind-wing: two small
black spots, sometimes blue-centred, in ochreous patch, one on its upper
edge above discoidal nervule, the other between second and first median
nervules; the lunulate streak bordering hind-margin distinctly marked,

212 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES,

blackish. Fringe of both wings as in f, perhaps more distinctly marked
with whitish. UNDER sIDE.—Quite similar to that of #, but more dis-
tinctly marked ; the hind-wing a litile more brownish in tint.

Larva.—Dull violaceous-grey on back, margined laterally by a
broad fuscous stripe, interrupted on segmental incisions; below the
fuscous stripe a series of elongate yellowish markings on a ground-
colour slightly darker than that of the back; below this the sides are
brownish-ochreous. Spines black. Head black, rather bristly, white-
spotted in front, with a pair of short divergent horns on summit.
Legs and pro-legs dull violaceous-grey.

Described from a drawing by Mrs. Barber, reproduced in Puate I.
Jig. 4. Mrs. Barber informed me that the food-plant of this larva is a
purple-flowered species of Barleria (Ord. Acanthacee).

This butterfly is very nearly allied to the well-known Asiatic species J.
Ginone, Fab., of which it is indeed the African representative. The much
more limited area of ochre-yellow in both wings, and the larger, more viola-
ceous, rounder blue spot in the hind-wings, on the upper side, readily distinguish
Cebrene ; its under side is universally greyer and less ochreous in tint. In
the ¢ the fore-wing has the ochre-yellow marking paler centrally, not occu-
pying basal area, but commencing at about the middle of the cell, deeply
indented by black in costa beyond middle, but not by any disco-cellular ter-
minal streak. The hind-wing has the ochre-yellow patch narrower on the
inner margin, not extending so far in the direction of the costa; the dark
hind-marginal lunular strie, excepting that at the anal angle, are scarcely
traceable, and the basal blue spot is not flattened superiorly. On the under
side, the fore-wing has the terminal disco-cellular streak thinner and fainter ;
while the hind-wing has the transverse strie fainter, subdentate instead of
sharply crenelate (especially the subbasal and submarginal ones). In the 9
the fore-wing has the ochre-yellow patch still smaller; but the hind-wing has it
larger than in the ¢, while there is a single well-marked hind-marginal lunulate
streak instead of the two (or sometimes three) parallel streaks found in Gone.

The late Mr, F. Walker gives (Newman’s Entomologist, 1870, p. 51) Mada-
gascar as one of the localities of Ganone, but judging from six male specimens
from Murundava, on the west coast of that island, in the collection of the South-
African Museum, the Malagasy form, though very near Cebrene, is quite distinct
both from the latter and Ginone. As compared with Cebrene, it presents the
following points of difference, viz., in the fore-wing: (1) The ochre-yellow patch
is differently shaped and situated, being vertically déeper, with its inner edge
considerably farther from base and much less oblique; (2) in the discoidal
cell, thus left almost wholly black, there are two metallic-blue strie, of which
the inner one is usually indistinct ; (3) the subapical pale-yellow mark is very
small, remote from ochre-yellow patch, and divided transversely. In the hind-
wing (4) the blue spot is larger, more metallic, not violaceous, less rounded,
being prolonged outwardly on radial nervule; and (5) the ochre-yellow patch
is much less rounded, its inner edge being farther from base, and it is also
marked externally by two slightly darker streaks running parallel to hind-
margin. On the under side, in the fore-wing, (6) the black-edged cellular
strie are strongly defined, that at end of cell being double like the others,
which are distinctly bluish; and in the hind-wing (7) the colouring beyond
middle is tinged with ferruginous; while (8) the median transverse line is
much more irregular and dentated, and bounded externally by a dark ashy-grey
stripe, broadest on costa.

Should this form be undescribed, I propose that it should be named Junonia
Paris.

NYMPHALINZ, 213

This beautiful insect inhabits the greater part of South Africa, and is
usually numerous in its favourite haunts, which are waste open ground, marshy
spots, stubble-fields, &e. It is very active, but frequently settles on the ground
and on low flowers. When the wings are closed, the grey under side renders
the butterfly very inconspicuous, especially when settled on certain sandy
soils, Colonel Bowker observed in Kaffraria that a persistent enemy of Cebrene
was a small striped lizard, which cautiously stalked and seized the prey, not-
withstanding its activity and alertness. ‘The lizards often hunt in pairs,
driving the game from one to the other.” I have found this Junonia on the
wing from the beginning of December to the end of June. During April I
have twice seen a worn strageler in Cape Town; but I do not think that the
species inhabits the country westward of Swellendam.

Localities of Junonia Cebrene.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.

a. Western Districts—Cape Town [occasionally]. Swellendam (Z.
Taats). Knysna. Plettenberg Bay.

b. Eastern Districts.—Port Elizabeth. Uitenhage (S. D. Bairstow).
Bathurst; Kowie River (J. Z. Fry). Grahamstown. King
William’s Town (W. S. MZ D’Urban and J. H. Bowker).
Queenstown ; Windvogelberg (Dr. Batho).

D, Kaffraria Proper.—Butterworth and Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
B. Natal.

a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban. Verulam, Itongati River. Umbhlali
River. Umyvoti River. Mapumulo.

b. Upper Districts—Udland’s Mission Station. Little Noodsberg.
Greytown, Pietermaritzburg. Estcourt (J. M. Hutchinson).
Biggarsberg (J. H. Bowker).

F. Zululand.—Isandlhwana (J. H. Bowker). St. Lucia Bay (Colonel
H. Tower).

K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom (7. Ayres).

L. Bechuanaland.—Motito (Rev, J. Frédouz).

IJ, Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.

a. Western Coast.—Damaraland (C. J. Andersson and J. A. Bell).
* Angola: Loanda.”—A. G. Butler. ‘Congo: Ambriz (J. J.
Monteiro).” —H. Druce; and “ Kinsembo (H. Ansell).”—A. G.
Butler.

b, Eastern Coast.—Zambesi River (Rev. H. Rowley). ‘ Mozam-
bique.”—Hopffer. “Lake Jipe” [between 3° and 4° S. lat.J—
Gerstiicker. “ Kilima-njaro (Hl. H. Johnston).”—F. D, Godman
[ Enone].

B, North Tropical.

a. Western Coast.—‘‘ Sierra Leone (Rev. D. F. Morgan).”—E.
Doubleday. “ Senegambia.”—Gerstiicker.

b. Eastern Coast.—‘ Somaliland.”—Felder. ‘ Tajora (Straits of
Bab-el-Mandeb); Harkeko; Hor Tamanib! (J. K. Lord).”—
F. Walker. “ Upper Egypt.”—Gerstacker.

IV. Asia.
A. Southern Region.—“ Arabia (Hhrenberg in Mus. Berol.),”—Ger-
stacker.

1A $ example, ticketed “ Hor Tamanib,” from Mr. Lord’s collection, and presented to
me by Mr. R. Meldola, does not differ from the ordinary South-African Cebrene,

214 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

64. (2.) Junonia Clelia, (Cramer).

Papilio Gfnone, Linn., Mus. Lud. Ulr. Reg., p. 274, n. 93 (nec Var. Gn,

p: 275) (1764) ; and Syst Nat, 1.2, p. 770, n. Teqiagey)s
¢ Papilio Clelia, Cram., Pap. Exot., 1. t. xxl, ff. Bo rT ze):
7 bab, Hit soyeh., ts 1,.p. OL, D. 265 0(17aR).
Vanessa Clelia, Godt., Ene, Meth., ix. p. 317, n. 50 (1819).
3 Q Junonia Clelia, Trim. , Rhop. Afr, Aust., i. p. 128, n. 76 (1862) ; and
ra 8 ae Fa Ra (¢) (1866) ; also in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870,

P. 354-
Junonia Gnone, Gerst., Gliederth.-Fauna Sansibar-Gebiet., p. 369, n. 16

(1873).

Exp. al., 1 in. 11 lin.—2 in. 3 lin.

f Black, with creamy-white markings ; a large metallic-blue, violet-
glossed spot in hind-wing. Fore-wing: two dull ferruginous-red trans-
verse streaks in discoidal cell, the outer streak closing cell; a little
beyond extremity of cell is a short, slightly-curved outwardly, transverse,
creamy-white band, extending obliquely to second median nervule, and
divided into five portions by crossing nervules; an irregular creamy-
white mark close to hind-margin, between first and third median
nervules, almost touches the oblique band, and seems to form a con-
tinuation of it; an irregularly-shaped whitish spot close to costa, near
apex; beyond it, two lunules of the same colour, slightly below it,
which appear to form part of an otherwise almost obliterate row of
lunules bordering hind-margin; an ocellate spot, black, with a blue
centre, and ringed with ferruginous-red, between first and second
discoidal nervules, immediately below subapical white spot, and another
similar, rather larger and distincter, ocellus between second and first
median nervules, immediately before white mark; fringe brownish .
black, varied with white. Mind-wing: metallic-blue spot occupying
the same position as in Cebrene, but larger ; two ocelli like those in
fore-wing, one immediately above discoidal nervule, close to blue spot,
the other between second and first median nervules, and rather
nearer hind-margin; two rows of conspicuous inter-nervular creamy-
white lunules, almost contiguous, border hind-margin; fringe white,
spotted with black at extremities of nervules. UNDER SIDE.—Very
different, much paler; the apical portion of fore-wing and whole of
hind-wing being greyish varied with clay-brown. Fore-wing: ground-
colour blackish ; discoidal cell pale orange-reddish, crossed by two pale-
bluish striz, edged on both sides with black; a black streak marks
extremity of cell, and is outwardly bounded by a bluish one; the three
outermost striz, viz., two bluish and one red, prolonged a little
below cell; large creamy-white marks as on upper side, but smaller
apical marks obsolete or very indistinct; a thin brownish line from
costa close to apex to hind-marginal creamy-white marking; two
ocellated spots very indistinct, the upper one sometimes obsolete.
find-wing: an irregular, wavy, brown or ferruginous-brown streak
crosses wing, from costa to submedian nervure, before middle; beyond

NYMPHALINZ, 215

middle, two dentate, brown, transverse streaks, from costal to inner-
marginal edge, enclose a pale clay-brown, rather broad band, usually
irregularly-varied with dark- or ferruginous-brown, and containing
more or less distinct traces of a row of five ocelli, consisting of blackish
dots in brown rings, situate between second subcostal and first median
nervules; hind-margin bordered with a lunulate line, slightly darker
than the ground-colour.

2 Differs but slightly from ¢; not so black in ground-colour. Fore-
wing: red striz in cell paler, duller, but larger and more distinct ;
two ocelli larger, more conspicuous. Hind-wing: blue spot not so
brilliant, often much smaller ; ocellate spots large, very conspicuous.
UNDER sIDE.—Jore-wing: blue and red transverse streaks crossing
discoidal cell prolonged almost to submedian nervure ; apical markings
more distinct. Hind-wing: usually more strongly marked; ocelli in
band more conspicuous. .

The under-side colouring is subject to much variation, being some-
times pale-creamy or tinged with grey, with the markings very dis-
tinct, while other individuals have a faint dull-reddish hue with the
markings rather obscure. Specimens, usually females, occur in which
a smooth uniform greyish-argillaceous tint prevails, leaving only very
faint indications of the characteristic markings.

Larva.—Dark purplish-grey, with strong, short, steely-blue spines.
Head larger than second segment, hairy, deeply notched at vertex,
bearing two short horns or processes; a small yellow triangular spot
in middle of forehead. Second segment constricted, slightly tufted
anteriorly, its lower half bright-yellow, with a yellow spine on each
side just above the leg. Third and fourth segments with similar
yellow-spines, as well as four steely-blue ones. Fifth to tenth segments
each with seven spines, eleventh with eight, four on anal segment. <A
white interrupted streak above spiracles, from fifth to twelfth segment ;
behind each spine in the row just above it a round white dot; a narrow
lateral white stripe immediately above the legs. Dorsal stripe (of two
narrow sinuate lines) darker than ground-colour, but thickly irrorated
with minute lighter dots; ring about base of each spine similarly
marked. Under side paler. A thick larva in proportion to its length.

Pupa.—Umber-brown, darker on the back. Several of the small
pointed tubercular spots on the thorax and abdomen shining-golden in
some lights.

Duration of pupal state (January 1870), sixteen days.

The above characters of larva and pupa are drawn up from a description
and drawing of Natalian examples made by Captain H. C. Harford. I have
also careful pencil-drawings of similar specimens by Mr. W. D. Gooch, in
which the head of the larva is represented as smaller than shown by Captain
Harford. J. Clelia is readily recognised from J. Cebrene by its want of the
warm yellow-ochreous patches on the upper side. It is more nearly related to
J. Boopis, Trim., but is at once distinguished by presenting in the hind-wings
only a rounded large blue spot (like that of Cebrene) instead of a wide area of

216 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

blue. The very closely allied form of Madagascar, J. Epiclelia, Boisd., is in
both sexes much smaller and has the creamy-white markings of the upper side
much reduced. In the ¢ the cellular red strie of the fore-wing are much more
distinct, and the blue patch of hind-wing is usually larger, and never violaceous,
but pure glittering blue. In the ? there is present in the fore-wings a bluish
cellular stria between the two red ones; and the blue patch in hind-wings
(obsolete in Boisduval’s specimen) is much reduced internally, and pale and
dull in colour. On the under side, in both sexes, the pale-orange and bluish
cellular striz of the fore-wings are more developed, extending farther below cell.

In connection with these differences it is remarkable to note that the four
¢s and one ? brought from the Comoro Islands by Mr. Bewsher are stated by
Mr. Butler to be “all quite like Natal examples.”

This beautiful species is bold and active like J. Cebrene, but shows more
preference for wooded than open localities, though by no means keeping among
the trees, but courting the full sunshine. It is fond of basking on bare spots
of sand or clay. I met with many specimens in Natal from the end of
January to the beginning of April, but did not observe it at any considerable
distance from the coast. One of the best localities for it was the Botanic
Garden near D’Urban. Colonel Bowker sent me the paired sexes taken at
Port Natal on 3d November 1878.

Localities of Junonia Clelia.

I. South Africa,
B. Cape Colony.

b. Eastern Districts.\—Grahamstown, Kleinemond River, Bathurst
(H. J. Atherstone). King William’s Town (W. S. M. D’ Urban
and J. H. Bowker).

d. Basutoland.—Maseru (J. H. Bowker).

D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee and Igora Rivers (J. H. Bowker). Mouth
of St. John’s River (Scr H. Barkly).
E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts\—D’Urban. Verulam. Itongati.

b. Upper Districts.—Estcourt (J. M. Hutchinson).

F, Zululand,—Isandlhwana (J. H. Bowker). St. Lucia Bay (Colonel
H. Tower’).

H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourengo Marques (I's. Monteiro).

I. “ Inhambane.”—Hopffer.

K. Transvaal.—Limpopo and Marico Rivers (/. C. Selous).

L. Bechuanaland.—Motito (Rev. J. Frédouz).

II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Damaraland (J. A. Bell). “Angola (J. J.
Montetro).”—Druce. ‘‘ Congo: Kinsembo (H. Ansell).”—A. G.
Butler. Loango: “Chinchoxo (Falkenstein).”—Dewitz.
b. Eastern Coast.—Zambesi River (Rev. H. Rowley). * Querimba.”
—Hopffer. ‘ Bagamoyo (Raffray).”—Oberthiir.
bi. Interior,—Lotsani and Motloutse Rivers (F. C. Selous). ‘‘ Kilima-
njaro (H. H. Johnston).”—F. D. Godman.
6b. “Comoro Islands: Johanna (W. C. Bewsher).”—A. G. Butler.
B. North Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Gold Coast (J. Mf Pask). Sierra Leone (Coll,
Brit. Mus.)
b, Eastern Coast.—‘ Abyssinia: Shoa (Antinori), Massowah (Raj-
Sray.” —Oberthiir.

NYMPHALIN/E. ar

65. (3.) Junonia Bodpis, Trimen.
Prats IV. fig. 2 (3).

Junonia Orithyia (Linn.), Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl, 1857,
p. 27, n. 1; Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 327 (1866).
Junonia Boopis, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 331.

Eup. al., (g) 1 in. 9§ lin.—2 in. 1 lin.; (9) 2 in. 1-3} lin.

& Black ; hind-wing mostly shining violaceous-blue ; fore-wing with
subapical creamy-whitish oblique bar. Fore-wing: costa edged with
creamy-white, which is widest and suffused about middle; in discoidal
cell two transverse fulvous striz, of which the outer (marking extremity
of cell) is the better marked; between them a blue stria; immediately
beyond cell occasionally traces of another blue stria; subapical whitish
bar narrow near costa, strongly indented by ground-colour just below
second radial, divided into four by crossing nervures,—its two lower
and much broader divisions vertically intersected by a more or less
suffused black streak; near apex a short creamy-whitish narrow costal
bar; between this and the lower part of the subapical oblique bar, a
small blue-centred black ocellus in a fulvous ring; a similar, usually
rather larger, ocellus (commonly suffused with fuscous) adjoins lower
extremity of the oblique bar; between the latter ocellus and inner
margin, close to posterior angle, a subquadrate violaceous-blue patch ;
just before hind-margin two parallel creamy-whitish streaks (of which
the outer is very thin and sometimes nearly obsolete), broken into spots
‘by the clouded-blackish nervures, and shot with blue at and a little
above posterior angle. Hind-wing : blue occupies entire discal portion,
infringing a little the outer part of discoidal cell, whose extremity
is usually marked by a strong black streak; inner-marginal border
fuscous ; two ocelli like those of fore-wing on disc, one between second
subcostal and radial nervules, the other between first and second median
nervules; of these, the upper ocellus is often minute and without the
fulvous ring; the two hind-marginal whitish strize less broken than in
fore-wing and preceded by a fuscous one, but much suffused by the
discal blue. UNDER SIDE.—Dull cream-colour. Fore-wing: basal por-
tion ochre-yellow, which does not reach, however, either costa or inner
margin; blue cellular striz, represented by whitish ones, black-edged
on both sides; oblique bar rather paler than ground-colour, strongly
black-bordered anteriorly ; ocelli ill-defined, their wings much paler, the
lower one larger than on upper side; a fuscous space below the latter.
Hind-wing : two thin, inconspicuous, crenulated, fuscous, transverse
streaks from costa to inner margin, one before, the other a little beyond
middle; of these, the outer is externally bordered by an ill-defined
argillaceous fascia; in discoidal cell two slightly-paler transverse striae,
thinly fuscous-edged ; ocelli usually very faintly indicated with fuscous,
but between them traces of two other faint ones, and above the second
subcostal the indication of a fifth; a fuscous mark at anal angle. In

218 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES,

both wings, two parallel submarginal fuscous lines, the outer continuous
and lunulated, the inner broken into small cuneiform marks.

2 Fuscous; all the ocelli much larger, but especially those of hind-
wings; blue of hind-wings much smaller in extent, and both duller and
paler. Fore-wing: a minute ocellus usually confluent with the lower
edge of upper ocellus, and an imperfect one touching its upper edge.
Hind-wing: the much-enlarged ocelli have great violaceous centres
(often with a white dot in the middle), inwardly bordered with pink
and outwardly with black; the upper ocellus commonly includes a
minute inferior pupil; above and below the lower ocellus occasionally
some black irroration ; blue space not violaceous, not infringing on dis-
coidal cell, and much narrower in its superior portion; black pretty
evenly occupying almost the basal half of the wing. UNDER sIDE.—
As in Z, but with the markings (especially ocelli of hind-wing) more
distinct.

Cilia whitish, varied in fore-wing with fuscous at the extremities
of the nervures.

A very close ally of the South-Asiatic J. Orithyia (Linn.), but
appearing to differ from it constantly in the particulars now to be
mentioned. As regards the g, J. Bodpis has (1) the narrower sub-
apical bar of the fore wings and the adjacent pale markings much yellower
in tint; and (2) the black streak intersecting the lower part of the
bar between the two ocelli is never wanting, and usually very strongly
marked; while (3) the fulvous strize and rings of the ocelli are well
pronounced; (4) the blue of the hind-wings, besides being decidedly
violaceous in tint, occupies a considerably smaller space, being replaced by
black in the basi-costal region to a little beyond the branching of the
subcostal nervure; and (5) the under side colouring is duller and
more inclining to argillaceous, The 2 Sodpis presents similar differ-
ences from the 2 Orithyia, except that the blue of the hind-wings,
though deeper in tint, is not violaceous, and, though occupying a
smaller space (the basal black being considerably broader), the difference
in area is not so marked as in the fs.

Compared with Orithyia from Ceylon and Southern India (Banga-
lore), the $ of which expands only 1 in. 83-11 lin., and the 2 1 in.
9} lin.—2 in. 1 lin., Bodpis is considerably the larger; but farther
eastward, especially in China, the Asiatic species is fully as large as,
and even larger than, the African. The wings of the f Bodpis are
proportionally longer; but I have not seen any specimen in which the
fore-wings are subfalcate, as is the case with some of the Chinese
examples of Orithyia. Hopffer’s J. Orithya from Querimba (Peters’
“Reise nach Mossambique,” Ins. and Myriop., p. 380) is probably
referable to J. Bodpis.

Though recorded by Wallengren in 1857 asamong Wahlberg’s “ Kaffrarian ”

captures, and though known to me in 1862 as a native of Damaraland and the
Lower Zambesi Valley, it was not until 1867 that I knew of the occurrence of

NYMPHALIN. 219

this beautiful Junonia as far south as Potchefstroom in the Transvaal, In 1872
fine examples from that locality were sent to me by Mr. Walter Morant and
Mr. Thomas Ayres, the former of whom wrote that at the end of February the
butterfly was plentiful but local on the banks of the Mooi River, and also
occurred in January, stragglers continuing to appear in April and May. Near
Pretoria Mr. Morant also took an example, in swampy ground, on 28th March.

Colonel Bowker has sent me a single male example, with the information
that it was captured on the 27th November 1882 in a footpath at Isipingo,
Natal, in company with a number of J. Clelia.

Localities of Junonia Bodpis.

I. South Africa.
EK. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—Isipingo (J. H. Bowker).
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lorengo Marques (Mrs. Montezro).
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom (W. Morant and T. Ayres). Pretoria
(W. Morant).

II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Damaraland (J. A. Beil).
b. Eastern Coast—Zambesi River (Coll. S.-Afr. Mus.)
bi. Interior.—Mashunaland (7. C. Selous). ‘ Victoria Falls of Zam-
besi (F. Oates).”— Westwood.

Genus PRECIS.

Precis, Hiibn., Verz. Bek. Schmett., p. 33 (1816) ; Doubl. (“ Junonia, Sect.
II.”), Gen. Diurn. Lep., i. p. 209 (1849).
Junonia (part), Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 124 (1862).

Imaco.—Most closely allied to Junonia. Palpi with second and
terminal joints longer; antenne usually longer, with club more gra-
dually formed. Wings with hind-margin more dentate ; fore-wings
always more or less angulated at extremity of upper radial nervule,
sometimes falcate; prominence at extremity of first median nervule
often very pronounced ; hind-wings sometimes rounded, but more
often produced or tailed at anal angle, and in many cases angulated
at extremity of third median nervule. Jore-legs of ¢ with the tarsi
considerably shorter.

Larva.—Set with rather long, rigid, acute, verticillate spines ;
head with two long, thick, erect, blunt, shortly-branched horns.

Pupa.—Rather robust; head bluntly bifid, the pointed pre-
ocular tubercle on each side unequally cleft at tip; thorax with a
central dorsal tubercle, a row on each side of three smaller tubercles,
and two acute points on each shoulder-ridge ; tubercles of three dorsal
rows of abdomen large, rounded basally, and pointed; on sides of
abdomen two rows of very small tubercles, one above, the other below,
spiracles.

220 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

(These characters of larva and pupa are given from the skins
of those of P. Octavia, Cram.; and Captain Harford’s description of
the larva of P. Sesamus, Trim., agrees with what is noted of that
state.)

It is very doubtful whether Precis is really separable from Junonia,
some of the few distinctive characters of the imago above given being
rather inconstant. The species referred to it have, however, a common
and very characteristic facies, the usual pattern of the upper side con-
sisting of a rufous or fulvous common discal band, marked with a continu-
ous series of more or less incomplete ocellated spots, on a dark-brown
field, while on the under side the basal half is varied with transverse
irregular streaks, and the line of the inner edge of the common discal
band prominently defined by a strong dark streak, bounded internally
or externally by one lighter than the ground-colour. In P. Octavia
(Cram.) and P. Cloantha (Cram.) the red and fulvous-ochreous respec-
tively occupy nearly all the field of the upper side; while in P. Sesamus
(Trim.) pale-blue occupies as large an area, leaving only a narrow
irregular brick-red discal band. In the Indian P. Hedonia (Linn.)
and allies the discal band is very inconspicuous, but the ocellated spots
are very well developed. The latter character is also prominent in
the African P. Cloantha, a species whose robust body and thick hairy
wings remind one of Vanessa, and, with its thick, short, and very
gradually clavate antenne, make it rather an aberrant member of
the genus.

Precis is a specially African group, twenty-five of the thirty-four
recorded species being peculiar to the Ethiopian region. ‘The remainder
consist of six Oriental and three Austro-Malayan and Australian species.
Of the twelve species known to inhabit South Africa, only two appear
to be peculiar to the country, viz., P. Simia, Wallengr., and P. Tugela,
Trim.; four are not known to occur north of the Equator, and the re-
maining six range through the greater part of the region.

All the South-African species occur in Natal, where the only rarities
are P. Sophia (Fab.), P. Simia, Wallengr., and P. Tugela, Trim. Six
of them inhabit Kaffraria Proper, and of these four-—Cloantha, Sesamus,
Archesia, and Pelasgis—extend into the eastern districts of the Cape
Colony. The George and Knysna districts seem to be the south-
western limit of the genus, only Cloantha and Archesia being known to
me to range so far.

I have seen all the South-African forms on the wing except Sophia
and Simia. They are bold and active butterflies, with the habits of
Vanessa and Pyrameis, and, with the exception of Elgiva and Tugela,
seem to prefer open ground, especially the summits and ridges of rocky
hills, about which they hover, chasing each other, and inoaomaly settling
on stones or on the ground.

NYMPHALIN. 221

6. (1.) Precis Sophia, (Fabricius).

2m Sophia, Fab., Ent. Syst., iii. 1, p. 248, n. 771 (1793).

Donov., Ins, Ind., t. 36, f. 3 (1800) [test Wy F, Kirby].
Vanessa Sophia, Godt., Ene. Meth., ix. Suppl. p. 823 (1819).
Junonia (Precis) Sophia, Doubl., Gen, Dium. Lep., p. 210, n. 23 (1846-50).

Exp, al., I in. 10-11 lin.

fa Brown, with pale rufous-ochreous bands; on hind-margins two
parallel, ill-defined, sub-lunulated, brownish-grey streaks, the inner one
immediately preceded by a row of indistinct blackish spots. ore-
wing: base widely suffused with deep brownish fulvous; immediately
beyond discoidal cell a strongly-curved transverse band, convex out-
wardly, of five or six divisions; two double black strize across discoidal
cell; at extremity of cell a long, oblique, black stria, extending through
transverse band to submedian nervure beyond middle; a moderately
wide subapical bar of three divisions, irregular, slightly convex out-
wardly ; between lower end of subapical bar and submedian ner-
vure, a row of three indistinct, large, blackish spots. Hind-wing: base
fuscous, crossed by two waved, short, disco-cellular rufous strie; a
median band quite across wing, rather broad except for a sudden nar-
rowing on costa; between first and second median nervules, the band
is externally pierced by a well-marked straight brown streak, and
between first median nervule and submedian nervure by a shorter and
blunted projection ; just beyond band, a row of five to six large blackish
spots. Cilia brown, with white inter-nervular interruptions. UNDER
SIDE.—Rufous-ochreous of base and bands replaced by pale whitish-
creamy ; all striw and spots very distinct, conspicuous; along hind-
margins, a yellow streak, black-edged on both sides. ore-wing: in
discoidal cell, clear-rufous fills the space on each side of the two pale-
creamy black-edged striz ; subapical bar suffused externally ; between
it and apex a minute oblique whitish streak. Hind-wing: three highly
irregular, basal, transverse blackish streaks, forming a network of
markings; two streaks outwardly piercing central band united in an
irregular W-like marking, of which the innermost arm is extended as
far as the basal marking.

2 Similar, paler, the bands broader. Fore-wing : basal rufous much
reduced, and with a fuscous tinge. UNDER SIDE——Subapical bar of
Jore-wing and central band of hind-wing widely suffused externally, so
as to occupy the greater part of hind-margin.

Var, (g).

Fuscous, with the ordinary transverse band common to both wings,
and the subapical bar of fore-wing white and somewhat narrowed.
Under side normal.

Fore-wing elongated in apical, hind-wing in anal-angular portion.

This curious variety is represented in the British Museum by an example

from Fernando Po, and in the South-African Museum by one taken on the
Gold Coast by Mr. J. Morton Pask, of H.M.S. Druid. One is reminded by

£22 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

it of the singular seasonal form Prorsa of the European Araschnia Levana (L.)
The elongation of the wings, combined with the fuscous and white colouring,
give it much the appearance of a small Neptzs.1

The only South-African specimen of this butterfly that I have seen is a 9
sent to me by the late Mr. E. C. Buxton in 1874, with the note that it had
been captured at D’Urban, Natal, in the previous year, and was the only indi-
vidual met with. This example agrees in all respects with specimens from
Tropical Western Africa.

Localities of Precis Sophia.

I. South Africa.
E. Natal.
a. Coast Districts—D’Urban (Z. C. Buston).
II. Other African Regions.
B. North Tropical. |
a. Western Coast.—Fernando Po (Coll. Brit. Mus.) Gold Coast
(J. M. Pask). Sierra Leone (Coll. Brit Mus.)
b. Eastern Coast.—‘ Abyssinia: Lake Tsana (Raffray).”—Oberthir.

67. (2.) Precis Cloantha, (Cramer).

9 Papilio Cloantha, Cram., Pap. Exot., iii. t. ceexxxviil, ff. a, B (1782).
@ Vanessa Cloantha, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 322, n. 61 (18109).

3 = 3 Chenu., Enc. d’Hist. Nat.-Pap., pl. 26, f. 3 (1852).
3 $ Junonia Cloantha, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 137, n. 83 (1862).

Exp. al., 2 in. 3-94 lin.

Brighter or duller warm orange-ochreous; with transverse black
streaks, and blue-centred black ocellt.

g A splendid purple lustre, strongest over basal half of wings, is
visible in certain lights. Fore-wing: base clouded with black, nar-
rowly so on costa, more widely on median nervure, and extending
nearly to middle on inner margin; two moderately-broad, transverse,
black streaks in discoidal cell, the outer one closing cell; a similar
streak beyond middle, between subcostal nervure and third median
nervule, which, interrupted on the /atter nervule, is continued thence
by an irregular streak, inclining inwardly, to submedian nervure, where
it joins the black clouding from base ; in some distinctly-marked speci-
mens, the streak closing cell is also, though interrupted at insertion of
second median nervule, produced to join basal black; beyond the striz
a black mark on costa commences a row of six black, blue-centred ocelli,
of which the first three are contiguous, the largest and lowest ocellus
being between second and first median nervules,—the line of spots
being parallel to hind-margin; beyond ocelli a transverse, thin, inter-
rupted, macular, black streak, broader and more continuous on costa and

1M. Oberthiir mentions (Etudes d’Ent., iii. (Oct. 1878), p. 27) that this variety occurs,
and that some examples exhibit the passage between the different colorations, He does

not say, however, whether the variety in question obtains in the female as well as in the
male,

NYMPHALIN/. 223

close to anal angle; costa and hind-margin closely hatched with very
thin, minute, short, transverse lines; occasionally this hatching is want-
ing on hind-margin, when there is an irregular black streak closely
bordering hind-marginal edge. Hind-wing: more or less broadly
clouded with black at base, the black occupying most of discoidal cell,
at extremity of which is a subovate black spot; this spot is occasion-
ally united to basal black by a thin black line along discoidal nervule ;
near and parallel to hind-margin a row of six ocelli similar to those of
fore-wing, but much larger (except the ocellus next anal angle, which
is always small, and sometimes very minute), situate between nervules
from first subcostal to submedian nervure; macular streak of fore-wing
continued across this wing in a more lunulate form, dusted with bluish
scales, and ending in a thickly blue-dusted mark at anal angle; speci-
mens possessing the exterior hind-marginal streak in fore-wing have it
likewise bordering hind-marginal edge of hind-wing. Cilia of both
wings hoary-greyish, with tufts of longer hairs on dentations of hind-
wing. UNDER SIDE.—Paler or darker dull ochreous-brown (rarely pale
greyish-ochreous), the markings of upper side narrowly and faintly
reproduced in slatey-black. Hore-wing: no basal black; some short,
strong, pale-yellowish hairs on costa near base; stria in discoidal cell
outlined only with slatey-black, but darker than ground-colour, ocelli
mostly indistinctly marked, not blue-centred, but with a few, minute,
pale-yellowish hairs springing from their centres; at anal angle, and
more rarely at apex,.is a whitish-violaceous tinge. Hind-wing: a
small slatey-black spot in discoidal cell; an irregularly-waved slatey
streak, crossing wing before middle, closes cell; a similar, but more
regular stria beyond this, and continuous of the third stria in fore-wing,
extends nearly to anal angle; ocelli very indistinctly defined, much
smaller than on upper side, rather conspicuously tufted in their centres
with pale-yellowish hairs; similar, but longer, hairs are scattered over
base and margins of wing, but are most abundant and longest on inner
marginal portion covering abdomen ; a bluish tinge at anal angle.

A specimen with very pale under side, in my collection, hag the
ocellt much distincter and bluer than above described, without any hairs
in their centres; these hairs are indeed almost universally wanting,
except a few near bases of wings.

¢ Without the rich purple lustre of $; but markings quite similar
to those of the other sex. Ocellate spots in both wings larger, and, as
a rule, comparatively with more blue. UNDER SIDE.—Quite like that
or 7.

This species is very variable as regards both depth of colouring and inten-
sity of marking. The ocelli of hind-wing are particularly so, being in some
specimens so enlarged as to form a broad continuous submarginal band.

In its robust structure and thick, partly hairy wings, no less than in its
colouring, this Precis is not at all unlike that section of the allied genus

Vanessa which is represented by the well-known V. Polychloros (Linn.)
I am iniormed by Mrs. Barber that the larva feeds on “a large brown-

224 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

coloured species of Gomphocarpus, which grows in wet or swampy spots among
long grasses or sedges ;” but I have not received any drawing or description
either of it or of the pupa.

P. Cloantha is a widely-spread species in the eastern parts of South Africa,
but I am not aware of its occurrence westward of George in the Cape Colony.
It is on the wing from the end of September to the beginning of April, but is
most numerous in January and February. It frequents open ground, preferring
damp marshy places with much grass, either in valleys or hollows on_ hillsides,
I have seldom noticed it on flowers ; it usually settles on the ground or on the
lowest plants, and when basking with expanded wings in the sunshine, is a
most conspicuous and beautiful object. It has all the activity of the Junonie
and Vanesse, and is, I think, even bolder than they in returning to the same
spot after an unsuccessful attempt at its capture.

Localities of Precis Cloantha.

I. South Africa.
A. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts.—George (W. Atmore). Knysna. Plettenberg
Bay.
b, Eastern Districts.—Uitenhage (S. D. Bairstow). Kowie River,
Bathurst (J. LZ. Fry). Grahamstown. King William’s Town
(W. 8S. M. DUrban). East London (P. Borcherds).
d, Basutoland.—‘ Maluti Mountains” (J. H. Bowker).
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Butterworth and Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
E. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—D’ Urban. Verulam. Itongati River. Mapumulo.
b. Upper Districts—Udland’s Mission Station. Fort Bucking-
ham, Tugela River, Greytown. Little Noodsberg. Intzutze,
Great Noodsberg. Maritzburg (Miss Colenso). Estcourt (J.
M. Hutchinson).
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom (7. Ayres).
II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Angola: ‘Loanda (R. Meldola).”—A. G.
Butler.
b, Eastern Coast.—Zambesi River (Rev. H. Rowley).
bi. Interior.—“ Victoria Nyanza (Rev. J. Hannington).”—A, G.
Butler.
B. North Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Cape Palmas (Coll. Hope Mus.)
b, Eastern Coast.—Abyssinia: “ Shoa (Antinorz).”—Oberthiir.

68. (3.) Precis Ceryne, (Boisd.)

Salamis Ceryne, Boisd., App. Voy. de Deleg., p. 592, n. 68 (1847).
Junonia Ceryne, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., 1. p. 131, n. 78 (1862), ; and ii.
pl. 3, £. 4 (1886) [ ¢ ].

Exp. al., 1 in. 11 lin.—2 in. 2 lin.

at Brown ; a broad, pale-ochreous, reddish-tinged band crossing both
wings, and in hind-wing whitish on tts inner side. Fore-wing: two
short, pale-ochreous strize cross discoidal cell, the outer of the two
extending a little below median nervure and its first nervule; the

NYMPHALIN&. 225

broad pale-ochreous band, tinged with reddish externally, occupies
wing from about middle, is bifid on costa, being divided by a brown,
curved mark, containing a row of four white spots; this row of spots
continued towards inner margin by three small black spots im ochreous
band; a row of eight small blue crescents along brown hind-margin ;
fringe brown, spotted with white; a thin indistinct transverse bluish
streak just beyond extremity of cell, and a minute bluish spot in cell
close to base. Hind-wing: ochreous band of fore-wing continued across
this wing to inner margin before anal angle, and containing a row of
five black spots; blue crescents and fringe as in fore-wing ; usually
a pale-yellowish spot near base, close to costa, and another in dis-
coidal cell towards extremity. UNDER SIDE.—Deep, rich ochre-yellow.
Fore-wing : transverse striz in discoidal cell white margined with black ;
broad band white on its inner edge, which is also bordered with black ;
spots in band all or mostly white-centred ; hind-marginal crescents
white, instead of blue, finely edged with black on both sides, and im-
mediately succeeded by a parallel row of white lunules without black
edges; a black line along hind-marginal edge. Hind-wing: two
white black-ringed spots near base; band as in fore-wing, but its
black spots not white-centred; hind-marginal crescents, row of lunules,
and black edging line as in fore-wing.

° Band common to both wings much broader, more rufous, not so
much inclined to whitish on its inner side; all the markings clearer
and brighter than in the ~. UNDER sipE.—As in 2, but redder near
hind-margins.

A female taken at D’Urban, Natal, in 1878, by Colonel Bowker, has the
under side much obscured, the ground-colour inclining to ferruginous, and the
white of the band and basal markings replaced by ochre-yellow. This specimen
in these respects much resembles the very closely allied P. Zuhkuoa, Wallengr.

In March and April 1867 I met with this gaily-coloured species pretty
frequently in different parts of Natal. It is fond of open country, especially

of grassy valleys in uplands, seeming to prefer the vicinity of streams. It is
active, but not swift on the wing, and settles very frequently.

Localities of Precis Ceryne.

I, South Africa.
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts—D’Urban. Itongaati River. Mapumulo.

b, Upper Districts.—Udland’s Mission Station. Hermansburg. Grey-
town. Great Noodsberg. Maritzburg. Karkloof (J. H. Bow-
ker). Estcourt (J. M. Hutchinson).

F. Zululand.—Napoleon Valley (J. H. Bowker’).
K. Transvaal.—Pretoria (V7, Morant), Lydenburg District (7. Ayres).

II. Other African Regions,

A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.— Angola (J. J. Montevio).”—Druce.
b. Eastern Coast.—Zambesi River (Rev. H. Rowley).

VOL. I. P

226 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

69. (4.) Precis Tukuoa, (Wallengren).

Salamis Tukuoa, Wallgrn., K. Sv. Vet.-Ak. Handl, 1857; Lep. Rhop.
Caffr., p. 25, n. 6.
Junonia Pelarga, Fab., Syn. , Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 337 (1866).

Exp. al., 1 in, 11 lin—2 in, 34 lin.

Brown, with a common fulvous-ochreous discal band, bifid in fore-
wing, and in hind-wing more or less tinged with dull creamy on its inner
portion. Fore-wing: costa rufous-ochreous from base to extremity of
discoidal cell; across cell two short broad fulvous-ochreous stripes, the
outer of which extends below cell, where it is crossed by base of first
median nervule; in cell, the spaces before, between, and beyond the
fulvous-ochreous stripes are rather indistinctly bluish with blackish
edges; just beyond extremity of cell a short, angulated, transverse
black streak, immediately succeeded by a rather suffused blue one;
discal band bifid from third median nervule, and partly traversed by
three spots of a row of seven parallel to hind-marginal border ; of these
spots, the dark rings of the upper four are merged in the ground-
colour between the arms of the discal band, the first having a blue
suffused centre, while the other three have well-defined pure-white
centres (that of the third spot the largest),—the fifth and sixth are
without centres, and the last (which is double) has a minute white
centre in its larger upper portion ; inner half of moderately wide brown
hind-marginal border traversed by a row of rather faint and suffused
black-edged bluish lunules,—outer half externally edged with a blackish
line. Hind-wing: near base two small fulvous-ochreous spots, one
between costal and subcostal nervures, the other in discoidal cell; five
small black spots in the row traversing discal band, between first sub-
costal and first median nervules,—the second spot occasionally (and
very rarely the third also) with a minute white centre; hind-marginal
border as in fore-wing, except that at anal angle the last blue lunule
of inner portion is larger and brighter than the rest, and joins on the
anal-angular process a similar outer lunule. Cilia brown, with whitish
inter-nervular interruptions. UNDER sIDE— Dull reddish-ochreous, much
shot with violaceous ; a common narrow median yellow stripe, externally
dentated ; the markings of the upper side faintly indicated by corre-
sponding outlines of slatey-grey. ore-wing : transverse cellular stripes
indicated by a paler, yellower colour; the three white-centred spots of
upper side represented by impure-white spots in rufous-grey rings; a
slight hoary irroration at apex. Hind-wing: a similar irroration about
anal-angular process.

The sexes do not differ in appearance, except that in the 2 the
wings are broader and less angulated, and the common discal band is
markedly wider, and of a duller, deeper fulvous.

Notwithstanding the much more angulated wings—the fore-wings are

indeed falcate—and the dull-coloured, little-varied under side, Zukuoa is
undoubtedly a very close ally of Ceryne, Boisd., every marking actually cor-

NYMPHALIN/. 22%

responding in outline and position in the two forms. On the upper side
Tukuoa wants, or only slightly presents, the pale suffusion of the inner part
of the common discal band; in the fore-wing, the centre of the first spot in
the discal row is blue (not white), and the bluish scaling in the discoidal cell
is more pronounced. ‘The cilia are much narrower, and faintly (instead of
very conspicuously) varied with white. On the under side the conspicuous
ochre-yellow ground-colour and white black-edged markings of Ceryne are
obliterated, only their outlines being indicated in grey; while the narrow
median yellow stripe (corresponding “to the inner part of the discal band of
Ceryne) is externally sharply dentated.

In station and habits there seems to be ee to distinguish this species
from P. Ceryne, but it is apparently scarcer. In March and April 1867 I took
several specimens at Natal in three different localities, all of which were fre-
quented by Ceryne; and in one (Tongaati River) the two forms were flying
together about the same spot. As I at that time did not regard Tukwoa as a
distinct species from Ceryne (and indeed had not identified the butterfly with
Wallengren’s insect), it is not unlikely that I may have passed it over at
several of the other localities I visited.

Localities of Precis Tukuoa.

I. South Africa.

EK. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban. Pinetown (W. Morant). Itongaati

River.
b. Upper Districts.—Great Noodsberg.
F, Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay (H. Tower).
K. Transvaal.—Lydenburg District (7. Ayres).
II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.
b. Eastern Coast.—Zambesi River (Rev. H. Rowley).
br. Interior.—Mashunaland (/. C. Selous).

70. (5.) Precis Simia, Wallengren.
Precis Simia, Wallgrn., K. Sv. Vet.-Ak. Handl, 1857; Lep. Rhop. Caffr.,

pr 26h ne

Junonia Octavia, Cram.,? Var., Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii, p. 335 (1866).

Hap. al.. 1 in. 10 lin.

Fulvous-ochreous, with fuscous borders, spots, and basal clouding.
Fore-wing : costal border narrowly fuscous, traversed by a fulvous
streak near base and a little beyond middle; basal part of inner-
marginal area irrorated with fuscous almost to middle; base of cell
and middle part of a black-edged cellular transverse stria irrorated
with fuscous; immediately beyond cell a broad irregular fuscous fascia,
angulated externally between second and third median nervules, en-
closing an irrorated ill-defined traversing stripe of the ground-colour ;
and becoming indistinct near inner margin; a little before apex a
short oblique fuscous bar, uniting with the upper part of hind-marginal
border to isolate two small spots of the ground-colour; a curved discal
row of four round fuscous spots between end of oblique bar and sub-
median nervure; hind-marginal border traversed by two very indis-

228 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

tinct parallel rows of paler lunules, of which the inner are slightly
bluish-tinged. Hind-wing: basal fuscous very broad (especially along
costa, where it almost reaches hind-marginal fuscous border), marked
with a whitish-fulvous spot between costal and subcostal nervures,
and with a large fulvous space (outwardly connected with ground-
colour) in outer half of discoidal cell; discal waved row of five spots,
smaller than in fore-wing; hind-marginal border considerably wider
than in fore-wing, its inner edge irregularly and bluntly dentated,
its two rows of lunules almost as indistinct as in fore-wing. Cilia
fuscous, with inter-nervular white spots. UNDER sIDE.—Paler, the
ground-colour tinged with whitish; basal fuscous and its included
markings of the ground-colour very distinctly defined ; the lunules of
hind-marginal border much whiter and distincter than on upper side.
Fore-wing : basal fuscous not irrorated with fulvous, its external edge
only bluntly angulated, containing a basal and a terminal disco-cellular
bar (the latter narrowly continued to submedian nervure), and an
irregular thin streak beyond cell; fuscous costal bar near apex obsolete,
so that first and second spots of discal row are distinct. Mind-wing:
basal fuscous much narrower on costa, extending only slightly beyond
middle ; disco-cellular markings corresponding with those of fore-wing,
but smaller and whiter; spot between costal and subcostal nervures
near base large and conspicuous; immediately above it a small indis-
tinct fulvous spot; curve of costa at base bordered with fulvous; a
sixth spot near costa in discal row.

As above stated, I formerly referred Sima, Wallengr., with doubt to
Octavia, Cram., judging from the author's description only. But in November
1881 I received a very carefully coloured drawing of Wallengren’s type (most
kindly procured for me by M. Aurivillius, of the Royal Stockholm Museum),
and on my return to the Cape found a worn specimen of Simia, which had
been sent to the South-African Museum by Colonel Bowker. A comparison
of this specimen with the drawing and with Wallengren’s description has
convinced me that the latter author was justified in separating this butterfly
from Octavia. Its small size and duller, more fulvous colour distinguish it
widely in appearance from the southern examples of Octavia, but it is much
more like the West-African type-form. As regards the upper side, the wider
extension of the basal fuscous, and its fulvous irroration and singular external
angulation in the fore-wing, together with the narrower hind-marginal border,
are distinguishing marks of Simza,; and, on the under side, the entire basal
field of fuscous completely enclosing all the ground-colour markings, but
wanting the two conspicuous basi-costal pale spots of Octavia, as well as any
trace of the blue irroration, are characters by which the butterfly can well be
recognised,

Colonel Bowker’s specimen of this apparently very rare species is a ¢, and
was taken in the Park at D’Urban, Natal, in June 1881. I sent a drawing
and note of the insect to that excellent observer; but he has not again met
with an example.

Localities of Precis Sinvia.
I. South Africa.
E, Natal.
a, Coast Districts.--D’Urban (J. H. Bowker).

NYMPHALIN. 229

71. (6.) Precis Octavia, (Cramer).

Papilio Octavia, Cram., Pap. Exot., ii. t. exxxv. ff. B, © (1779).
Vanessa Octavia, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 322, n. 60 (1819).

- Angas, Kafirs. Tllustr,, pli LPS. (1sao).
Precis Octavia, Hiibn., Verz. Bek. Schmett., p. 33, n. 274 (1826).
Junonia Octavia, Trim. > Rhop. Afr, Aust., i. p. 130, n. 77 (1862).

Exp. al. 2 in. 2 lin.—2 in. 8 lin.

Salinon-red, inclining to brick-red, with black borders and spots.
Fore-wing: base rather broadly blackish, especially on inner margin,
where it extends as far as middle; costa bordered with black, nar-
rowest about middle, becoming broad and suffused before apex; a
broad, black, transverse stria in discoidal cell unites costal and inner-
marginal black, leaving a spot of ground-colour between it and base ;
a similar, more waved, rather narrower streak occupies extremity of
discoidal cell; a moderately-broad black border along hind-margin,
containing two rows of small bluish lunules, the outer row generally
ill defined, the inner almost always distinct; immediately beneath, and
united to, apical black is the first of a discal row of six round black
spots, between nervules, from fifth subcostal nervule to submedian ner-
vure; fringe black, conspicuously spotted with white. Hind-wing:
disc with a pink gloss; base broadly blackish, extending in a broad
band to middle of costa, where it ends abruptly, immediately below the
termination of the inner-marginal black in /ore-wing, occupying inner
half of discoidal cell, and extending, rather suffusedly, to about middle,
between first median nervule and submedian nervure; a black streak,
sometimes united to costal black, at extremity of cell; along hind-
margin, a black border similar to that in fore-wing, but broader,—its
two rows of bluish lunules usually more distinct than in fore-wing
an irregular transverse discal row of six round black spots, cranes
of that in fore-wing, extending from costa to first median nervule ;
towards inner margin is a clothing of silky ochreous hairs; fringe as
in fore-wing. UNDER SIDE—AJluch paler, more creamy in tint, shot
with glistening pink ; black markings very similar to those of upper
side. More-wing: a tinge of pale-yellow on costa, particularly near
apex, where there is no broad blackish suffusion, but sometimes a faint
fuscous cloud; the row of spots parallel to hind-margin commencing
distinctly from costa, the first spot increasing the number to seven;
double row of bluish lunules more conspicuous than on upper side,
whiter. Hind-wing: basal black containing four rather large, very con-
spicuous spots of the grownd-colour, and dusted with blue scales, which
form a transverse streak between costal and subcostal nervures near
extremity of black; whitish-bluish lunules in hind-marginal border
large and very conspicuous; row of black spots as on upper side;
inner-marginal region stained with ochre-yellow.

The sexes do not differ except in the larger size and broader, more
rounded hind-wing of the 2,

230 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Larva.—(Cast skin of final moult.) Apparently wholly black,
except the head, which is shining yellowish-brown, with a central
arrow-head black mark in front and a conspicuous rounded black spot
on each side. Spines of the body very acuminate, set with whorls of
strong acicular bristles; the pair on the summit of the head also black,
very thick and long, blunt and rounded at the tips, quite erect, bearing
short, stout, thorn-like branches throughout.

Pupa.—(Cast skin.) Pale yellowish-brown, mottled irregularly
with darker-brown on abdomen generally and on back of thorax;
three darker-brown sub-quadrate spots on wing-covers near base.

Colonel Bowker reared a specimen of Octavia at Pinetown, in Natal,
in October 1883, and sent me the exwviw above described, with the
note that the duration of the pupal state was twelve days. As far as
can be judged from the shrivelled skin, the larva must closely resemble
that of P. Sesamus, described by Captain Harford.

The much larger size and brighter, clearer red of the Southern examples
give them a very distinct look from the Tropical West-African type-form,
which also in fore-wing has the discal row of black spots less curved inwardly,
and in both wings on upper side the rows of bluish lunules almost obsolete.
But, on a close comparison, I have not judged it advisable to separate the
Southern form as a distinct species, though it certainly constitutes a marked
variety.

I found this beautiful Precis widely spread over Natal in the summer of
1867, but did not notice it near D’Urban, It frequents open, grassy hills,
especially their summit ridges or highest points, and is very conspicuous,
whether flying or settled. Its companions on these exposed spots are usually
its own congeners, P. Sesamus, Archesia, and Pelasgis, though the last-named
species often prefers a station on the edge of a wood. All are active, bold
butterflies, and their size and striking colouring give much animation to their
favourite haunts.

While in Natal, I captured, near Verulam, on 25th February 1867, a very
fine example of what I took to be a dark example of Octavia, but which, on
examination, exhibited manifest indications of an approach towards the char-
acters of P. Sesamuss I have had this example figured (see Pl. IV. fig. 4),
and it will be observed that the basal black is much more developed than
usual, and in the fore-wing is irrorated with blue; that a black-edged blue stria
crosses the discoidal cell of the fore-wing, while a triple blue and black striated
marking occupies the extremity of the cell; that the two upper spots of the
discal row in the fore-wing, which in Sesamus are white-centred, are centred
with whitish-blue ; and that the under side presents, immediately beyond the
ordinary basal markings, an irregular fuscous bluish-varied stripe, corresponding
in position to the similar marking in P, Sesamus. I saw a second individual
of apparently quite the same pattern in the Umvoti District during the follow-
ing March, but did not succeed in capturing it.

These two butterflies recalled to my mind two singular specimens taken by
Colonel Bowker on the Tsomo River, Kaffraria, in December 1865, which pre-
sented in the main the characters of Sesamus, but with a very decided inclina-
tion in the direction of Octavia. To these latter specimens I shall revert
under the heading of P. Sesamus.

It was not until 1879. that I found, in the fine collection acquired from
Mr. T. Ayres for the South-African Museum, two examples from the Lyden-
burg District of the Transvaal which closely resembled my Natal example ;
but in the absence of any basal blue irroration, and in having only faint traces

NYMPHALIN &. 231

of blue in the cellular striw, showed less divergence from Octavia. The larger
of the two, however, had the two upper spots of the discal row of fore-wing
as conspicuously white-centred as in Sesamus ,; and also exhibited a very dark
under side, the basal half being very completely fuscous with a sharply-defined
and dentated outer limit, while the hind-marginal area had a distinctly bronzy
suffusion.

These exceptional variations, together with those of Sesamus already referred
to, acquired a special interest in the same year (1879), as Mr. Frank N. Streat-
feild, C.M.G., an experienced collector and observer of Lepidoptera, wrote to
me to announce that he had just captured at Ibeka, in the Trans-Kei Territory,
Octavia and Amestris (Sesamus) in copula. He wrote, “ There was no mistake
about it; I caught, killed, and pinned them in my box (with the intention of
sending them to you) still 7m copuld. . .. Amestris was flying and Octavia
passive while the two paired butterflies were on the wing.” The voracity of
the ants frequenting Mr. Streatfeild’s hut unfortunately did not spare these
most interesting specimens, which were devoured the very night after their
capture. This testimony from so good an authority is of special value, as I
had not communicated my suspicions on the subject to Mr. Streatfeild, nor was
he at the time aware of my having any specimens pointing to intercourse
between the two species. It is only to such occasional unions, and to their
fertility, that the origin of the intermediate examples under notice can be
attributed.

Localities of Precis Octavia.

I. South Africa.
D, Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker). Mouth of St.
John’s River (Str H. Barkly). ‘Ibeka” (F. NN. Streatfeild).
E. Natal. '

a. Coast Districts.—Verulam. Umyvoti. Mapumulo.

b. Upper Districts.—Intzutze River. Little Noodsberg. Great
Noodsberg. Udland’s Mission Station. Fort Buckingham.
Hermansburg. Greytown. Pietermaritzburg (W. Hayes). Est-
court (J. M. Hutehinson). Karkloof (J. H. Bowker), Van
Reenen’s Pass, Drakensberg (C. Hart).

K. Transvaal.—Lydenburg District (7. Ayres).

II, Other African Regions,

A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—“ Angola (J. J. Montezro).”—Druce.
b. Eastern Coast.—Zambesi River (Rev. H. Rowley).—Coll, Hope,

Oxon. [Austral form].

B. North Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Sierra Leone (A. NV. Innes).
b, Eastern Coast.—“ Abyssinia: Shoa (Antinori).”—Oberthiir.

72. (7.) Precis Sesamus, Trimen.
Prats IV. fig. 3 (¢).
Vanessa Amestris, Boisd., App. Voy. de Deleg., p. 592 (1847).
s 5 Wallgrn., K. Sv. Vet.-Ak, Handl., 1857; Lep. Rhop.
Caffr., p. 26 (1857).
Junonia Amestris, Dru. [part], Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 132, n. 79 (1862).
Exp. al., 2 in. 5 lin.—z2 in. 11 lin.
Black, dusted with violaceous-blue, and with blue transverse bands ;
a transverse band of red spots near hind-margin. Fore-wing: thickly

232 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

irrorated with blue as far as middle; in discoidal cell the irrorations
form three transverse strie, separated from each other by streaks of
the black ground-colour; a waved, irregular, at third median nervule
sometimes interrupted, blue stripe crosses wing beyond middle, from
costa to inner margin; beyond it commences a transverse row of six
spots parallel to hind-margin, the first two spots being conspicuously
bluish-white and of small size, the remainder red (the first of which
is small, the other three large, and excavate internally, where each is
marked by a deep-black spot) ; beyond this row is another of blue sub-
lunulate spots ;. a line of thin blue lunules close to hind-marginal edge ;
fringe black, white-spotted in indentations. Hind-wing: basal area
dusted with blue; no strie in discoidal cell; beyond middle, the blue
and red stripes of fore-wing are continued across this wing to inner
margin before anal angle, the blue stripe becoming indistinct in its
lower portion, the ved consisting of seven conspicuous, internally
black-dotted spots; row of lunulate spots and of hind-marginal lunules
as in fore-wing, but larger; fringe white-marked in indentations.
UNDER SIDE,—Clossy dark greenish-bronze, with transverse blackish stric.
Fore-wing: five sinuate, black transverse strie in discoidal cell; a
dull-blackish, ill-defined fascia just beyond cell, quite across wing;
followed by another, sharply-defined outwardly, and marking the inner
edge of the blue transverse stripe on wpper side ; an irregular trans-
verse row of small black rings (the third from costa conspicuously filled
with white); inner margin glossed with purplish ; a dull-reddish stain
near anal angle; two rows of indistinct blackish lunules along hind-
margin. Hind-wing: much varied with indistinct blackish fascize in
basal half; a blackish streak, enclosing a greenish line, at extremity of
discoidal cell; a much-dentated, irregular, black line continues the well-
defined one of fore-wing to inner margin beyond middle; also a row
of five or six little black rings, continuous of that of fore-wing, as far as
first median nervule; two rows of blackish lunules along hind-margin,
less distinct than in fore-wing, but ending in a black mark at anal angle.

Larva.— Dark velvety-brown, with transverse rows of light-
brown tubercles, which are centred with rather long, branched spines.
Head light reddish-brown, with a black spot on each cheek, and one
above the mouth, and crowned with two long branched spines.”—
H. C. Harford, MSS. description of Natalian specimen.

This is the Southern representative of the West-African P. Ames-
tris (Drury), and is separable from that species by (1) its conspicuous
basal blue irroration, (2) the constancy and large development of the
blue discal band, (3) the less irregular black and red discal row of
spots, (4) the absence of red strize in discoidal cell of fore-wings, and
(5) the uniform dark bronzy-green tint of the under side, without any
representation of the red spots of the upper side except near anal
angle of fore-wing. PP. Sesamus is also larger than P. Amestris. It
varies somewhat in the tint of its blue colouring, some individuals

NYMPHALIN 2, 233

being more violaceous than usual, while in some rare instances the
blue is very pale and suffused.

There are few such striking contrasts of colour among the South-African
butterflies as that of the blue and red on the upper side of this beautiful
species. I did not know the butterfly in life until June 1865, when I was
delighted at beholding it basking in the sunshine on the Berea Road at
D’Urban, Natal. During my subsequent visit, in the summer of 1867, I met
with many specimens, chiefly in open hilly country. Though constantly to be
seen flitting about with its congeners, Octavia, Archesia, and Pelasgis, I have
noticed that Sesamus has a greater liking than any of them for shady places,
preferring to settle under a bank or in some deep road-cutting. Colonel
Bowker records an interesting note of the extent to which this habit is carried
at the end of autumn, when he has found Sesamus congregated in some
number under rocks and in holes of dry banks, as many as twenty-nine indi-
viduals having been captured at once by placing a net over the hole and
disturbing them. The very dark bronzy-green under side is well adapted
for concealment in such spots; but why the butterflies of this species should
assemble in this manner is not very apparent.

In connection with the remarks given above under Precis Octavia, respect-
ing certain curious individuals exhibiting characters allied to those of P.
Sesamus, I here call attention to some examples in which, though on the
whole the characters of the latter species predominate, there are features
unmistakably approximating them to Octavia. These two examples (¢ and
9) were taken by Colonel Bowker in December 1865, within a few days of
each other, near the Mounted Police Post on the River Tsomo, in Kaffraria
Proper. They want on the upper side the blue basal irroration; the central
fascia is red, tinged with violaceous (instead of blue), and only separated from
the ordinary red band—which is scarcely macular—by a narrow suffused fus-
cous ray; the two rows of blue marks in the hind-marginal border are very
much reduced (especially in the 9 specimen, where they have quite lost the
form of lunules); and in the fore-wing the discoidal cell is marked as in Octavia
with two red striz, one near base very small and almost obsolete, the other
near extremity of cell and very conspicuous, On the under side, the discal
area beyond middle is clouded with pale-red, obscured with bronzy-green near
costa of both wings; the basal region is less bronzy, with the markings more
distinct, and in the discoidal cell of the fore-wing are two pale-reddish stria,

A third South-African specimen (which I noted in the British Museum
Collection in 1867 as “ presented by R. C. Townshend, Esq.”) much resembled
the two just described, but was smaller, and the red colouring of the upper
side was without violaceous lustre. On the under side of the hind-wing, the
basal markings and the inner marginal border to submedian nervure were
reddish—a feature presented by the Natal specimen near Octavia figured on
my Plate IV.

In several of the characters just mentioned these three examples resemble
the West-African P. Amestris, Dru., but differ remarkably in the possession of
the central red fascia on the upper side,

Taking these specimens in association with those noted under P. Octavia,
and bearing in mind Mr. Streatfeild’s capture of the united sexes, it seems only
reasonable to conclude that they are the hybrid progeny of two such different-
looking species as Octavia and Sesamus.

Localities of Precis Sesamus.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.
b. Eastern Districts—Perie Bush, King William’s Town (J. H.
Bowker).

234 - SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee and Tsomo Rivers, and Butterworth (J.
H, Bowker). “Ibeka” (F. N. Streatfeild).

EK. Natal.

a. Coast Districts —D’Urban. Mapumulo.

b. Upper Districts.—Intzutze River. Little Noodsberg. Great
Noodsberg. Hermansburg. Greytown. Pietermaritzburg. Est-
court (J. M. Hutchinson).

K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom (7. Ayres).

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.
6, Kastern Coast.—Zambesi River (Rev. H. Rowley)—Coll. Hope,
Oxon,
br. Interior.—Mashunaland (Ff. C. Selous). ‘ Kilima-njaro (HZ. H.
Johnston).”—F. D, Godman.

73. (8.) Precis Archesia, (Cramer).

Papilio Archesia, Cram., Pap. Exot., ili. t. ccxix., ff. p, B (1782).
Vanessa Archesia, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 316, n. 47 (1819).
Junonia Archesia, Trim., Rhop. Afr, Aust., i. p. 133, n. 80 (1862).

Exp. al., 2 in. 4 lin.—2 in. 5 lin.

Warm-brown, with a tinge of ochreous; fore-wing with cellular blue
strie ; a dull-red band crossing both wings. Fore-wing: three bluish,
slender, transverse strize edged with black in discoidal cell; a broader,
sometimes ill-defined, inwardly black-edged, bluish streak from costa
just beyond extremity of cell; a whitish-violaceous stripe from costa
beyond middle becomes merged, on third median nervule, with a dull
ochreous-red band parallel to hind-margin; this red band commences
on costa, close to apex, with a narrow macular streak of dark-red
(sometimes half-obliterated); a row of seven pale-bluish spots—all
conspicuously white-centred except the first (and rarely the fifth)—
parallel to hind-margin, four spots being before the dark-red streak
from costa, and three in the red band; bordering hind-margin are
two more or less distinct, lunulate, blue streaks; fringe dull-whitish,
spotted with brown at extremities of nervules. Mind-wing: dull-red
band, continuous of that in fore-wing, completely crosses wing from
costa to inner margin a little before anal angle, and contains five small,
bluish-white, black-ringed spots, between first subcostal and third
median nervules; a slightly darker shade externally bounds red band ;
and a dark-brown, dentated streak runs near and parallel to hind-
margin; anal angle irrorated with pale-blue scales; fringe as in /ore-
wing, but the brown marks not so distinct. UNDER SIDE.—Dark-brown
(varied with lighter-brown, and crossed by transverse greyish fascice) to
beyond middle of both wings ; where, in place of the dull-red band of
the wpper side, is a whitish-ochreous one—the inner fork of the band,
on costa, being the whitest portion—tinged with reddish or ochreous,
particularly in hind-wing, and generally ill-defined outwardly ; the row

NYMPHALINA 235

of spots common to both wings smaller than on upper side, without
bluish tinge, whitish, in brown rings; hind-margins varied irregularly
with whitish-grey, particularly at apices and anal angles; two dark-
brown, lunulate streaks, more or less distinct and continuous, border
hind-margins, the streaks in hind-wing occupying the same position as
on upper side; fringes duller than on upper side.

The 2 in colouring and pattern is like the f, but a little duller
and paler; while her hind-wing is considerably broader and more
rounded, being less acuminate at the anal angle.

Var. A. (¢ and 9).

Rather smaller. Common rufous band considerably paler, inclin-
ing to ochreous-yellow along its inner portion; the stripe from costa
of fore-wing which forms part of the band not, or but very slightly,
violaceous. ore-wing: the cellular bluish striz and the hind-mar-
ginal lunulate blue streaks less developed and sometimes indistinct.
UNDER SIDE.—Basal areas more uniform in colour, being less varied
with paler striz; common discal band much paler and more developed,
approaching in character towards the same feature in P. Pelasgis

(Godt.)

It seems not improbable that this variety, which occurs near Grahamstown,
in Kaffraria, and in Natal, in company with the typical form, is the result of
unions between Archesia and Pelasgis, all the points in which it differs leading
towards the distinctive characters of the latter.

The under side in true Archesia presents much variation, some examples
exhibiting slight bronzy reflections, and others inclining to a reddish tinge in
parts. A $ taken by me at Greytown, in Natal, in March 1867, has all the
under side of a warm ochreous-brown varied with ferruginous; and a similar
but rather darker ¢ has reached me from the Lydenburg District of the Trans-
vaal, where it was taken by Mr. T. Ayres.

I am inclined to include as a further variety of Archesia the Precis Stand-
ingerti of Dewitz? from Angola, which differs chiefly in the larger development
of all the blue markings of the fore-wing and smooth unstreaked pale-
brownish colouring of the under side. I have not, however, seen any Angolan
examples ; but I note that Mr. Druce (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, p. 408)
includes, without comment, Archesia amongst the late Mr. Monteiro’s collec-
tions in Angola.

There are few handsomer or more conspicuous South-African butterflies
than P. Archesia. It is fond of elevated situations, and, more than any of
its congeners that I have observed, delights to bask or repose on rocks or
large stones. Colonel Bowker has noted that it sometimes congregates under
rocks, and is often met with in small rocky caverns in deep forest kloofs. It
visits flowers pretty frequently nevertheless, and, though wary, is a bold insect,
and not difficult to capture. Commoner in the summer, it yet is to be found
in the winter months, and I recently met with good specimens at Grahams-
town as late as the end of June. As far as known, the species does not come
farther westward and southward than Knysna, where a single specimen was
taken by Miss Wentworth (now Mrs. Muskett) in the year 1861,

1 Mr. A. G. Spiller has noted in the Zntomologist for January 1882, that he had taken
these two species in copuld.
* Nov. Act, Acad. Leop.-Carol.-Deutsch., xli. pars ii. n. 2, p. 193, tab. xxv. n. 15.

236 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Localities of Precis Archesia.

I. South Africa,
B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts—Knysna (Miss Wentworth).
_ 0. Eastern Districts—Uitenhage. Grahamstown. Peddie. Kowie
River Mouth (J. LZ. Fry). King William’s Town (W. S. MW.
§D’ Urban, Ven. H. Kitton, J. H. Bowker). Windvogelberg.
Queenstown (Dr. Batho).
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
E. Natal.
a. Coast Districts. —Tongaati River.
b. Upper Districts—Pietermaritzburg. Greytown. Estcourt (J. M.
Hutchinson).

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—‘‘ Angola (Pogge).”—H. Dewitz. ‘“ Banana,
Angola (J. J. Monteiro).” —H. Druce.
b. Eastern Coast.—Zambesi River (Rev, H. Rowley),—Coll. Hope,
Oxon,

74. (9.) Precis Pelasgis, Godart.

Vanessa Pelasgis, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix, Suppl. p. 820, n. 38-39 (1819).
Junonia Pelasgis, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., 1 p. 135, n. 81 (1862).

Exp. al., 2 in. 1 lin——2 in. 4 lin.

Dark-brown ; beyond middle a pale ochreous band tinged with dull-
red crossing both wings. Fore-wing: some dull-reddish scales on costa
near base; two irregular, sometimes half-obliterated, dull-red trans-
verse stria in discoidal cell, the inner striz externally, the outer
internally, edged with a blue-dotted black line; a thin black line
inwardly edged with blue at extremity of cell, and a more indistinct
similar stria a little beyond it; pale-ochreous band bifid on costa,
the outer ray being very much narrower than the inner, macular, and
more or less interrupted; immediately before the outer ray of the band
are the first three of a transverse row of six white-centred black spots,
parallel to hind-margin, of which the remaining three (as in the allied
species) are in the ochreous band, near its outer edge, the last spot
being above submedian nervure ; close to hind-margin are two rows of
lunular markings, scarcely paler than ground-colour, but the inner
row more or less coloured with bluish scales; fringe brown, white-
spotted in indentations of margin. Hind-wing: ochreous band con-
tinued across this wing, beyond middle, to a little before anal angle
on inner margin, and containing five black dots, not white-centred,
between first subcostal and third median nervules; two indistinct,
slightly paler in tint, lunulate streaks, divided by a streak darker than
ground-colour, border hind-margin; at anal angle is a faint-bluish
mark; fringe as in fore-wing. UNDER sIDE.—Of a darker, duller

NYMPHALIN/. eM

brown than above; the transverse band very conspicuous, white, with
a creamy tint on its edges, and with a faint violaceous lustre. Fore-
wing: some scarcely distinguishable, thin, dark, transverse lines in
cell; between which lines are occasionally a few scattered whitish
scales; row of spots conspicuous, the lowest one geminate; apex
more or less clouded with white scales; double row of lunules dis-
tincter than on upper side, some of them marked with white scales.
Hind-wing : spots in band as on upper side; an ochreous-yellow tinge
on inner margin at conclusion of band; lunular streaks as in fore-
wing.

This near ally of P. Archesia (Cram.) is easily known by its paler,
wider, differently-coloured transverse bands, which on the under side
are very conspicuously creamy-white, and most distinctly defined on
both edges. On the upper side also it almost totally wants every
trace of the pale-blue markings of Archesia ; while the ground of the
under side is uniform dark-brown, with little if any paler strie or
varied clouding.

P. Chapunga (Hewits.), from the Zambesi, is still more closely related to
Pelasgis, ‘The two examples on which the late Mr. Hewitson founded the
species both exhibit the striking features of the discal common band being so
reduced as to consist (except as regards the costal bar at the upper extremity)
only of reddish rings round the small black spots. The lunulate marginal
rows on the upper side of the fore-wing are of the same reddish tint and well
marked, On the under side the band is of the same character as in Pelasgis,
but considerably narrower.

The range of P. Pelasgis agrees nearly with that of P. Archesia, and the
habits of the two butterflies are much the same, I have frequently found them
in company, haunting the same spots, and settling on the same rocks or flowers.
At Highlands, near Grahamstown, I noticed, however, a habit in the ¢ Pelasgis
which I have never witnessed in the case of Archesia, viz., that of perching
himself on the projecting twig of some high bush at the edge of a wood, and
thence giving chase to other passing butterflies. Mrs. Barber informed me
that in the same locality she had noticed the 9 Pelasgis laying her eggs on
a white-flowered Labiate of the genus Plectranthus. This butterfly also keeps
on the wing during part at least of the winter season, as I saw several examples
at Grahamstown during June 1883.

Localities of Precis Pelasgis,

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.

6, Eastern Districts.—Grahamstown. Bedford (J. P. Mansel Weale).
Keiskama Hoek, and King William’s Town (W. 8. ML. D’ Urban).
Windvogelberg, Queenstown (Dr. Batho).

D, Kaffraria Proper.—Mouth of St. John’s River (Sir H. Bavily).
E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts—D’Urban, Verulam. Umhlali. Umvoti. Mapu-
mulo,

b, Upper Districts.—Fort Buckingham. Hermansburg. Pieter-
maritzburg (Miss Colenso). stcowt (J. I, Hutch inson),
Rorke’s Drift (J. H. Bowker).

K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom (7. Ayres).

238 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
61. Eastern Interior.—Shashani River (Ff. C. Selous). “ Victoria
Nyanza (Rev. J. Hannington).”—A. G. Butler.

75. (10.) Precis natalica, Felder.

Precis natalica, Feld., Wien. Ent. Monats., iv. p. 106 (1860).
Junonia Hecate, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 140, n. 84 (1862); and ii.
pl. ii. f. 6 (1866).

Exp. al., 2 in. 2 lin—z in. 5 lin.

Dull greyish-brown, with dull ochreous-red transverse strice and ocel-
lated spots; four conspicuous pure-white spots near apex of fore-wing.
Fore-wing: two ochreous-red, blackish-edged strize across discoidal
cell, the outer one closing cell; a broad space on costa, commencing a
little beyond extremity of cell, is much darker than rest of wing, and
contains three pure white spots, arranged transversely from first sub-
costal to third median nervule; a dark stripe, including an indistinct
dull-red one, extends from third median nervule, immediately before
the lowest white spot, to a little beyond middle of inner margin; a
small pure-white spot on costa close to apex commences a row of
blackish spots parallel to hind-margin, between nervules, as far as sub-
median nervure, the two lowest spots the largest, and always surrounded
by an ochreous-red ring, wider on the inner side,—the other spots
occasionally in indistinct smaller rings, some of them generally with
minute bluish pupils; beyond these ocellate spots are two dark-brown
or blackish lunulate strie bordering hind-margin; fringe varied with
white and brown. Hind-wing: a transverse, dull ochreous-red, black-
edged stria about middle of discoidal cell, composed of two small
spots, and a similar stria at extremity of cell; the dark stripe of fore-
wing, enclosing a dull-red one, is continued across this wing, gradually
narrowing towards inner margin, where, a little before anal angle, it
becomes obsolete; beyond it, a transverse row of more or less con-
spicuous ochreous-red ocelli, with blue-dotted.black centres, five in
number, situated between first subcostal nervule and first median
nervule,—the last spot the largest and brightest, and in a distinct,
thin, yellow ring; in some specimens, a sixth similar but much smaller
(occasionally minute) ocellus, above submedian nervure; two dark-
brown, lunulate streaks beyond ocelli, parallel to hind-margin, but
more continuous than in fore-wing,—darker at anal angle, where there
is a slight irroration of blue-grey scales; fringe brown, slightly marked
with white. UNDER SIDE— Very variable: ground-colour commonly
much paler than on upper side. ore-wing: an additional dull-red
mark in discoidal cell, at base; three white spots beyond cell, in
darker portion, rather larger, commonly contiguous,—the row continued
to first median nervule by two pale markings, immediately beneath
which is a large, whitish spot; defore this spot, and likewise imme-

NYMPHALIN. 239

diately beneath first median nervule, is a similar, slightly smaller
whitish spot; ocellate spots distincter than above, particularly the two
immediately below small white costal spot,—the two lowest ones rounder,
in thin yellow rings; hind-margin varied with whitish-grey. Hind-
wing: sometimes, an additional, basal, dull-red mark in discoidal cell,
the other transverse marks frequently extending above and below cell ;
two indistinct, darker, waved striz cross wing before middle; just
beyond middle, a more or less distinct, dull-red, outwardly dark-mar-
gined streak crosses from costa to inner margin a little before anal
angle; occasionally, next costa, this streak is immediately succeeded
by a short thin white mark, interrupted in its middle; ocelli mostly
rather conspicuous; streaks beyond, parallel to margin, tinged with
blue, especially near anal angle; the hind-margin more or less varied
with violaceous or whitish-grey.

In some specimens the wnder side is much suffused and the mark-
ings indistinct and without the usual red tint; the transverse stripe on
hind-wing is, however, very conspicuous, and commences with two
white markings on costa. In others, the wnder side is much tinged with
a bronzy lustre, and with the ocellated spots scarcely visible.

This species may be regarded as the Southern representative of P. Chori-
mene (Guér.), although it extends far to the northward along the Western
Coast. It is distinguished by its much darker ground-colour, deeper red striae
and ocelli, and (especially) by the possession of the subapical row of three con-
spicuous white spots in the fore-wing. Its hind-wing is not so sharply angu-
lated, nor so much produced at the anal angle.

Natalica differs similarly from the allied but smaller P. Goudotit (Boisd.)
of Madagascar; but the latter also presents the peculiar character of a row of
seven minute white spots in black rings running near and parallel to the hind-
margin in the fore-wing.

I do not know of the occurrence of this butterfly to the south of Natal,
but on the coast of that Colony it is numerous. It frequents the outskirts of
woods, and has a hurried irregular flight, often settling on the ground. Colonel
Bowker has sent me two pairs taken 7m copuld, and I captured one pair on 12th
February 1867; the sexes only differ in size and in the rather paler colouring
of the female. The species must be on the wing for the greater part if not
the whole of the year, as I met with specimens on one occasion at the end of
June, and afterwards abundantly throughout the summer.

Localities of Precis natalica.

I. South Africa.
E. Natal.
a. Coast Districts—D’Urban. Verulam. ‘‘ Lower Umkomazi.”—J.
H. Bowker.

II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
b, Eastern Coast.—Zambesi (Rev. H. Rowley).
b1. Eastern Interior.—Zambesi ; opposite Zumbo, and near Umsen-
gaisi (F. C. Selous). Inyoutete River (F. C. Selous).
B. North Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Calabar.—Coll. Hewitson.

240 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

76, (11.) Precis Elgiva, (Hewitson).

Junonia Elgiva, Hewits., Exot. Butt., iii. pl. 13, f. 1 (1864).
Junonia Xipha, Butl., Cist. Ent., i. p. 7 (1869).

Exp. al., 2 in.—2 in. 44 lin.

Dark-brown; a common transverse discal band of ochre-yellow,
bounded externally on hind-wing by a row of ocellated spots. Fore-
wing: an indistinct dull-reddish transverse stria edged narrowly on
both sides with blackish, about middle of discoidal cell, and a similar,
more waved, stria at extremity of cell; discal band commencing
narrowly near costa about middle, but widening gradually downward
to inner margin,—its outer edge much curved posteriorly, its inner
edge bluntly angulated on third median nervule; just within the
outer edge of the band (and usually touching the brown ground-
colour) in its lower half, a row of three rather suffused inter-nervular
dark-brown spots, of which the lowest is geminate; close to costa
and near apex, two very small white spots, of which the lower is
sometimes obsolete; a moderately wide hind-marginal border of paler
brown traversed longitudinally by a dark-brown streak. Hind-wing :
closing discoidal cell, a faint reddish stria like that in fore-wing, but
narrower and straighter; discal band commencing narrowly and palely
on costa beyond middle, its inner edge only slightly waved, its outer
edge directly bounded by a row of six ocellated spots; of these spots
all but the two lowest are externally imperfect and obscured with dark-
brown, but the two complete ones are dark-red, ringed with ochre-
yellow and blackish, and centred with black bearing a bluish pupil,
—the sixth or last being geminate and bipupillate; hind-marginal
border as in fore-wing; anal-angular process irrorated with bluish.
Cilia dark-brown, with small but distinct white inter-nervular spots.
UNDER SIDE.—Pale dull-creamy, streaked and clouded with brown; a
common median dark-brown streak from costa of fore-wing to anal
angle of hind-wing, and a common discal row of ocelli; two sub-
marginal brown streaks, the inner much more dentated than the outer
one. Sore-wing: cellular striz distinct, ochre-brown, both prolonged
as far as submedian nervure; beyond them a third, darker, broader,
more denticulated stria immediately preceding the dark-brown trans-
verse streak; apical area clouded with brown, which extends along
nearly all the hind-margin; discal row of ocelli commencing with the
lower of the two very small white spots near apex, and having the
second, third, and fourth very small and indistinct, but the fifth and
sixth large and better marked, being pale-ochreous in a brown ring
and centred with a whitish-pupilled blackish spot. Mind-wing:
median dark-brown streak conspicuous, slightly suffused with reddish-
brown; before middle a similar but much more curved and irregular
transverse streak ; three or four thin brown striole in discoidal cell ;
of the six discal ocelli the third and fourth are very small and imper-

NYMPHALIN A. 241

fect, but the others are distinct, the fitth having the colours almost as bright
as on the upper side; hind-margin clouded with brownish inferiorly.

The colouring of the under side varies much, some specimens being
suffused with a pale-olivaceous or dull-brownish tinge generally, while
a few examples present an almost uniform dull creamy-ferruginous
tint, except for the dark median streak inwardly bordered rather con-
spicuously with ochre-yellow. The sexes are quite alike, except that
in the 2 the discal band of the upper side is rather broader.

P. Elgiva is the Southern representative of P. Terea (Drury), which
inhabits Tropical Western Africa. It is readily separable on the upper
side by its much narrower ochre-yellow discal band (untraversed by the
longitudinal streak so conspicuous in Jere), and by its having in the
fore-wing only two subapical small white spots, instead of a submar-
ginal row of six or seven subocellate ones, and in the hind-wing much
better defined ocelli. On the under side all the markings in Elgiva
(except in the rather rare examples coloured with creamy-ferruginous)
are darker and browner and more strongly developed, especially the
strize before middle and the discal ocelli.

I first met with this fine Precis near the Tongaati River, in Natal, on the
2oth March 1867, and a few days afterwards fell in with it again on the
Umhlanga, not far from D’Urban. The neighbourhood of the latter place has
since yielded many specimens to Mr. W. D. Gooch and Colonel Bowker, and
the latter has sent me the paired sexes taken in March 1879 and April 188r.
The butterfly is conspicuous on the wing, and has quite the same habits as P.
natalica, flitting about near the herbage in wooded spots.

Mr. Hewitson’s figure is from a Zambesian example, apparently faded, the
colouring being considerably paler than in good Natalian examples.

Localities of Precis Elgiva,
I, South Africa,
KE. Natal.
a. Coast Districts—D’Urban (J. H. Bowker and W. D. Gooch).
Umhlanga. Tongaati.
II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—‘ Angola (Pogge).”—Dewitz.
b. Eastern Coast.—Zambesi (J. Dickinson).—Hewitson. ‘‘ Tchou-
acka (Raffray).” —Oberthiir.
B. North Tropical.
a. Western Coast.— Old Calabar (Coll. Druce).”—Butler.

77. (12.) Precis Tugela, Trimen.
Prats IV. fig. 5 (¢).
Precis Tugela, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 334.
Exp. al. 2 in. 54 lin. ($); 2 in. 11 lin. (9).
¢ Dark-brown, with broad ochre-yellow discal band. . Fore-wing :
band commencing on costa, curved convexly outwardly, its edges irre-

gular (especially the inner one, which is deeply indented by ground-
VOL. I. 4 Q

=
4

242 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

colour just below third median nervule); from near apex to above
submedian a discal row of six small black spots, the lower three of
which are in the yellow band just beyond its middle line; the first and
second of the row are white-centred (the latter conspicuously), and the
sixth accompanied inferiorly by a black dot; costa near base scaled
with ferruginous-rufous; in discoidal cell three black-edged irregular
striee, of which the basal one is rufous-tinged and imperfect, the central
one distinctly rufous in its upper portion, and the outer one of the
ground-colour defining extremity of cell; along hind-margin two very
indistinct paler lunulated striz, the inner rather more apparent than
the outer, being slightly dusted with whitish. Hind-wing: band com-
mencing narrowly on costa, but suddenly broadening between subcostal
neryules, and continuing widely almost to inner margin beyond middle ;
it is rather paler than in fore-wing, but similarly contains exteriorly a row
of small black spots, all six of which are conspicuous on the ochre-yellow;
hind-marginal lunulated strize rather more distinct than in fore-wing,
especially near anal angle, where they are sprinkled with bluish-white
scales continuous of those which cover the long anal-angular projection ;
hind-margin distinctly edged with rufous-ochreous. Cilia very narrow,
dull-brown generally, but white just below projection of fore-wing.
UNDER sIDE.—Varied with ferruginous-brown and pale ochre-yellow; a
conspicuous patch of the latter in fore-wing on costal border beyond middle ;
the submarginal lunulated stria lilac-white, suffused ; the small black spots
of discal row all white-centred except the fourth and fifth of the fore-
wing; a dark-brown streak curving inwardly commences suffusedly on
subapical projection of fore-wing and runs to anal-angular projection of
hind-wing.

2 Closely resembles f. ore-wing: costa narrowly suffused with
ochreous throughout, the ferruginous-rufous towards base and in disco-
cellular striz more distinct than in 7; third spot of discal row (as well
as first and second) white-centred, Hind-wing : third spot of discal row
minutely white-centred, UNDER swE.—That of one example marked
as in ¢, and with the pale-ochreous patch of fore-wing very conspicuous,
but with bronzy greenish-grey replacing the ferruginous-brown, and the
common dark stripe very strongly marked; while that of a second
example is wholly pale-ferruginous with violaceous and bronzy reflec-
tions, with the common streak and the discal spots faintly marked
in dull cream-colour. In outline of fore-wing the subapical projection
is very long and dusted with bluish-white, while in the ¢ it is quite
short and without irroration.

In colouring and marking this species bears a very strong resem-
blance to P. Elgiva (Hewits.), but is at once distinguishable (1) by the
hind-wings presenting a row of simple black spots of small size on the
upper side instead of the multicoloured ocelli, and (2) by the deep
indentation of the ochre-yellow band of the fore-wing on its inner side.
In outline, P. Tugela has the projections of the wings in both sexes

d
F~

NYMPHALINA oh

(but particularly in the ? as regards the fore-wings) very much longer.
The species to which Tugela seems actually most nearly allied (setting
aside the colour of the transverse band) are P. Pelarga (Fab.) and P.
Kowara (Ward) from West Africa, both of which present almost the
same outline of wings, description of spots in discal row, and inner
indentation of the band on the fore-wings.

I met with a single specimen of this butterfly in Natal on the 8th March
1867; it was settled, with expanded wings, on a fern in a densely-wooded
ravine at Kranzkop, Tunjumbili, on the Tugela River. This wasa ¢; and I
saw no other examples until 1879, when two 9s were received at the South-
African Museum in a fine collection formed by Mr. T. Ayres, with the note
that they had been taken in the Lydenburg District of the Transvaal. In
May 1882, in a collection shown to me by Colonel S. Scott, R.A., and stated
to have been made at Maritzburg in Natal, I noticed a single specimen of
what appeared to be a variety of P. Tugela, having the discal band tinged
with rufous.

Localities of Precis Tugela.

I. South Africa.

E. Natal.
6. Upper Districts.—Tugela (Tunjumbili). % Maritzburg (Colonel SS.

Scott).
K. Transvaal.—Lydenburg District (7. Ayres).

Genus SALAMIS.

Salamis, Boisd., Faune Ent. de Madag., &e., p. 46 (1833); Doubl. (Juno-
nia, “Section IIT.”), Gen. Diurn. Lep.,, i. p. 211 (1849).
Protogoniomorpha, Wallgrn., Lep. Rhop. Caffr. in K. Sy. Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
ii. No. 1, p. 23 (1857).

Junonia (part), Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., 1. pp. 124, 125 (1862).

Imaco.—Characters of Precis generally. Antenne shorter, with a
narrow, elongated, very gradually formed club. Prothorax very dis-
tinctly defined, forming a distinct neck. Discoidal cell in both fore-
and hind-wings closed by a very slender nervule, meeting third median
nervule in fore-wings a little beyond, in hind-wings at, its origin.

Besides the few characters given, there is only the large size of the
nine or ten species included in Salamis to distinguish them from Precis.
The Malagasy S. Augustina, Boisd. (on which the genus was founded),
and S. Anteva, Ward, are in outline of wings like the group of Precis
represented by P. Tugela, Trim., and P. Kowara (Ward), and their
colouring—dull-red and fuscous above and ochreous or ferruginous-
brown beneath—is rather sombre; but the Cacta and Cytora sections
present a handsome bluish-purple upper side, and have rather well-
marked ocellated spots on the under side; while the splendid pearly
> Anacardii, Linn., and its allies have a most peculiar facies, and are
among the loveliest of known butterflies.

Salamis is confined to the Ethiopian Region, appearing to be most
developed on the Tropical Western Coast, while two species seem to be

244 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

peculiar to Madagascar, and a third confined to it and the neighbouring
Mascarene Islands. It is the Anacardii section that has the widest
range through the region; and two of its members reach Natal, where
the finest perhaps of all—Anacardii itsel/—is numerous in the coast
country.

I can find no record of the larva, except a brief note by M.
Vinson respecting that of the Malagasy S. Duprai (Voyage a Madagas-
car, 1865, p. 574), which he mentions as “ white, in length 52 centi-
metres, covered with branched spines.”

78. (1.) Salamis Anacardii, (Linn.)

Papilio Anacardii, Linn., Mus. Lud. Ulr. Reg., p. 236, n. 55 (1764); and
Syst. Nat., i. 2, p. 758, n. 74 [part] (1767).

Papilio Parrhasus, Dru., Il. Nat. Hist., iii. pl. iv. ff 1, 2 (1782).

Vanessa Aglatonice, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 299, n. 8 (1819).

Protogoniomorpha Anacardii, Wallgrn., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad, Handl., Lep.
Rhop. Caffr., p. 24 (1857).

Junonia Anacardii, Trim., Rhop. Afr, Aust., i. p. 141, n. 85 (1862).

Exp. al., 3 in. 5 lin.—q4 in. 3 lin.

Very pale greenish or greenish-white, shot with a brilliant rosy-violet
lustre, more vivid in f, giving a “mother-of-pearl ”-like aspect to the
wings ; spotted and margined with blackish.

Fore-wing: costa thinly powdered with minute blackish atoms to
slightly beyond middle, where commences a narrow, blackish edging,
rapidly widening to apex, where it forms a rather broad bordering ;
hind-margin also bordered with blackish, which, wide at apex, gradually
narrows to anal angle, where it is sometimes very indistinct ; from sub-
costal nervure are two short, transverse, thin, slightly waved streaks,
one crossing discoidal cell about its middle, the other closing cell ;
from first subcostal nervule, a little beyond extremity of cell, is a third
streak to first median nervule; these three streaks are all liable to be
very indistinct, or even obliterated in their lower portion, but the streak
beyond cell is always continued to inner margin about middle by a very
faint, thin, grey line; near apex, between the two discoidal nervules, a
rounded blackish spot, sometimes united to apical blackish; two other
black spots beyond middle, one above, the other below, first median
nervule,—the upper spot the larger, and centred with violet-blue
(which centre is sometimes edged inwardly by a red crescent); two
blackish dots, between this ocellate spot and the blackish spot near
apex, complete the transverse row of spots; close and parallel to hind-
margin, a row of larger or smaller blackish spots, between nervules,
sometimes wnited to hind-marginal blackish. Hind-wing: beyond
middle, parallel to hind-margin, between costal nervure and_ first
median nervule, a row of six black spots, of which the first and second
are of moderate size and not ocellate,—the third larger, with violet-

NYMPHALINZ, 245

blue pupil and red lunule,—the fourth and fifth blackish only (rarely
red-centred), very small, or sometimes altogether obsolete,—the sixth
large, very distinct, containing a violet-blue pupilled red centre in a
conspicuous yellow ring ; beyond these, also between nervules, a row of
thin, blackish, lunulate marks, from costa to anal angle, strongest in
2, the thickest lunule being at anal angle, and in some specimens
broadly suffused with blackish internally; the thin, grey line of /ore-
wing continued obliquely across this wing to inner margin, a little
before anal angle; a blackish streak bordering hind-margin, which is
also thinly irrorated with blackish atoms. UNDER sIDE.—Paler, glisten-
ing somewhat irridescent, but without the rich lustre of upper side ;
blackish markings reduced to very thin lines and dots; thin line crossing
both wings distinct and black. ore-wing : two pale, slightly pinkish,
thinly black-edged, rather broad, transverse stripes, from costa before
middle to just above submedian nervure, where the outer blach edging
of the stripe nearest middle meets the thin black line from costa,
forming a spot, while its inner edging forms a similar spot with the
outer black edging of the stripe nearer base; on the inner side of the
thin transverse line, a minute irroration of black atoms, and bordering
it externally is a whitish, pink-tinged stripe; spot near apex in the
same position as on upper side, but pale-yellow, with a violet-pupilled
red centre, and 7m a thin black ring; spot above first median nervule
also of these colours, and conspicuous, but spot below that nervule
small and not clearly marked; hind-marginal row of spots represented
by a very thin, wavy, often interrupted line; a slight, pale-brownish
tinge on hind-marginal edge. Hind-wing: marked very similarly to
fore-wing ; only one indistinct pale band before middle, not defined on its
ner side; a rather large elongate whitish spot in discoidal cell near
its extremity; blackish. irrorations, bordering inner edge of black
transverse line, more thickly sprinkled than in /ore-wing ; only two
ocellated spots visible, more conspicuous than those in /ove-wing, but
of the same colours, situated respectively between second subcostal
and discoidal nervules, and between first and second median nervules.

Mr. H. Druce (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, p. 409) fobserves that Mr.
Monteiro’s specimens from Angola were ‘smaller than those from Natal, with
a much deeper pink gloss.”

This large and splendidly-coloured butterfly has a wide range across Tropical
Africa, and seems to find its southern limit in Natal. At D’Urban, in that
Colony, it is a common species in the summer months, and, during my stay from
January to April 1867, I observed and captured many examples. The flowers
of Lantana were its favourite resort in the Botanic Garden, and it was not
unusual to see six or eight on a single bush. I often noticed one perched on
the leaves of trees at some height from the ground, keeping its head outward
and its wings erect, and occasionally I found a female at rest on the under
surface of a leaf with her wings hanging downward. Among scattered bushes
or in roads about wooded spots Anacardii is fond of sporting at about eight
or ten feet from the ground, floating about with fully expanded wings ; and
it is then that the full beauty of its glittering wings is most apparent. On

246 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

such occasions it is generally a pair that appears, the male flying round the
female. Colonel Bowker informs me that he observed several females ovi-
positing in the Berea Woods, near D’Urban, on 23d November 1879; the
greenish eggs were deposited singly on the under side of the upper leaves of a
herbaceous plant in the underwood.

I have published in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of
London the same observer’s account of his capture of a male Anacardit paired
with the female of a Saturnide moth (Aphelia Apollinaris, Westw.) of some-
what similar appearance.

Localities of Salamis Anacardi,

I. South Africa.
E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts—D’Urban. Verulam. Tugela River Mouth
(J. H. Bowker). ‘ Lower Umkomazi.”—J. H. Bowker.

b. Upper Districts, —Pietermaritzburg (— Windham).

II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.

a. Western Coast.—‘* Angola (Pogge); Chinchoxo (Falkenstein).”
—Dewitz. ‘Angola (J. J. Monteiro).”—Druce.

b. Eastern Coast.—Zambesi (H. Waller). ‘ Mombas [Endara]
(Kersten).” —Gerstiicker. ‘ Abyssinia: Lake Tsana (Zajiray).”
—Oberthiir.

B. North Tropical.

a. Western Coast.—Fernando Po (£. Bourke). Calabar (Hewitson

Collection), Ashanti and Sierra Leone (Brit. Mus. Coll.)

79. (2.) Salamis nebulosa, Trimen.
Prats IV. fig. 6 (¢ ).
Salamis nebulosa, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond,, 1881, p. 441.

Exp. al., 2 in. 6 lin. ($); 2 in. 9 lin.—3 in, 1 lin. (9).

f Iridescent whitish, with fuscous markings. Fore-wing: a well-
defined pale bluish-grey basal cloud reaching as far as middle of
discoidal cell; upper disco-cellular nervule with a thin curved fuscous
mark ; apical area widely fuscous, from costa a little beyond end of cell
to end of second median nervule on hind-margin; inner edge of this
apical patch irregularly excavated; near apex three white spots, of
which the second (close to subapical projection) is divided by a trans-
verse fuscous streak, and the third is indistinct; lower portion of
hind-marginal fuscous narrowly continued to posterior angle by rather
suffused hind-marginal and submarginal fuscous streaks; near the
inner of these streaks, between second median nervule and submedian
nervure, two fuscous spots, rather large, obliquely placed, and slightly
suffused. Hind-wing: a basal grey suffusion, narrower and less dis-
tinct than in fore-wing; immediately before hind-margin a parallel
fuscous streak, preceding which is a lunulate, suffused, fuscous streak,
becoming irregular and less distinct in its lower portion, but with the
outer streak enclosing six more or less ill-defined whitish marks; a

NYMPHALIN, 247

little before apex, from costa to second subcostal nervule, a large elon-
gate fuscous marking, leaving two white spots between it and the
submarginal streak; immediately beneath and slightly beyond this
marking an obscure fuscous red-centred pale-yellow-ringed ocellus ;
below this some greyish irroration, extending to anal angle, but inter-
rupted between second and first median nervule by a conspicuous red,
blue-pupilled, black-clouded, yellow-and-black ringed ocellus; the trace
of a faint grey line from costa, about middle, straight to before anal
angle or inner margin, where it becomes darker but suffused. UNDER
SIDE.—Duller, iridescence much fainter, very thinly irrorated with fus-
cous, except about a central band; the fuscous markings only indicated
by a greyer tint; near bases a common double transverse irregular
stria (indistinct in hind-wing) from costal nervure of fore-wing to sub-
median nervure of hind-wing; also a common fuscous streak from first
median nervule of fore-wing to inner margin near anal angle of hind-
wing. Jore-wing: a very short, thin transverse stria in cell close to
base; a double stria, closing cell, from costa to below first median
neryule, where its outer edge joins the common fuscous streak ; fuscous
spots near hind-margin and posterior angle represented by two imper-
fect fuscous ocelli in white rings; another similar (or more imperfect)
ocellus near subapical projection. Hind-wing: the two ocelli equally
distinct and well coloured, but the lower one the larger; anal-angular
termination of submarginal streak enlarged and conspicuously fuscous.

2 Like the male, but with all the fuscous markings broader. Fore-
wing: basal grey ill defined or almost obsolete ; common fuscous
streak of under side usually more or less distinctly marked, inter-
rupted, commencing on subcostal nervure a little beyond cell, and
sharply angulated on third median nervule; an additional small white
spot immediately beyond the first in apical fuscous; the two large
black discal spots usually so suffusedly increased as to be confluent
with the hind-marginal fuscous, and so enclosing three or four whitish
spots, Hind-wing: the common streak distinct; other markings
much as in male; the upper ocellus more obscured with fuscous.
UNDER SIDE.—Duller, much more closely irrorated than in male, inclin-
ing to yellowish (in one example, very pale sandy-brownish). Hind-wing :
the ocelli remarkably smaller, rather ovate than circular, much duller
in colouring. j

The subapical projection of the fore-wing is considerably longer
in the female than in the male.

This butterfly is nearly related to S. Anacardii, L. It is dis-
tinguished by its smaller size (especially in the male, where this is
very remarkable); white, instead of greenish, ground-colour; much
duller iridescence, and great development of the dark markings, espe-
cially in the apical area of the fore-wings; while the under side is
conspicuously duller and less metallic, more irrorated, without white
variegation, and with uncoloured and almost obsolete ocelli in the fore-

248 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

wing. In outline the projections of both wings are much shorter and
blunter, especially in the male.

In several of the characters noted, S. nebulosa approaches the Mada-
gascarene S. Dupri, Vinson, but it altogether wants the long anal-
angular tail of the hind-wing so conspicuous in that species, and has
much larger dark markings in the hind-wing; while the blunt sub-
apical projection of the fore-wing is totally different from the long
process so conspicuous in S. Duprei.*

Three specimens of this butterfly—a male and two females—were taken
near St. Lucia Bay, in Zululand, by the late Colonel H. Tower in the year
1867, and presented to me by him in the following year. It was not until
1878 that I saw another example, Colonel J. H. Bowker having, in November
of that year, forwarded to the South-African Museum a female found by him
in a collection of insects made at D’Urban, Natal, by a resident there.
Colonel Bowker has recently sent me a male captured by himself in the neigh-
bourhood of D’Urban.

Mrs. Monteiro’s collection contains a fine female taken at Delagoa Bay ;
and there are three specimens in Mr. Henley Grose Smith’s collection, which
were sent, I believe, from some part of Tropical Eastern Africa.

Three examples which I have seen from the Gold Coast, one of which is
in the collection of the South-African Museum, differ slightly from those above-
mentioned in having the black markings of the upper side less developed,
although much more so than in Anacardit.

Localities of Salamis nebulosus.

I. South Africa.
E. Natal.
a. Coast Districtss—D’Urban (J. H. Bowker’).
F. Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay (Colonel H. Tower’).
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourengo Marques (d/1s. Monteiro).
II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
b. Eastern Coast.—Zanzibar (Watkins).
br. Interior.—Zambesi [mouth of Umsengaizi] (F. C. Selous).
B. North Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Cape Coast Castle (£. Bourke and J. M. Pash).

GENUS CRENIS.

Crenis, Boisd., Faune Ent. de Madag., &c., p. 48 (1833); Doubl. (‘Section
4” of Myscelia), Gen. Diurn. Lep., i. pp. 220-223 (1849); Wallengren,
Lep. Rhop. Caffr. 1857, p. 30.

Myscelia, Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 144 (1862).

Eunica (Hiibn.), Hopfi., Peters’ Reise nach Mossamb., Ins. p. 381 (1862) ;
Trim., op. cit., li, p. 338 (1866).

Imaco.—fHead rather small, very hairy on summit and in front ;
eyes smooth, very prominent ; palpi rather short, convergent, ascendant,
1 §. definita, Butler (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Sept. 1879, p. 230), is nearly allied to

S. Dupre, and also inhabits Madagascar ; in the much less faleated fore-wings and smaller
size (especially of the é ), it makes some approach to S. nedulosa.

NYMPHALINA, 249

clothed with scales and very fine short hairs (most developed on second
joint above), the terminal joint not distinctly separated from the second,
rather wide, moderately acute; antenne of moderate length, with a
narrow, elongated, gradually-formed club, somewhat flattened and hol-
lowed externally.

Thorax rather slender, moderately clothed with longish hair above,
closely and shortly pubescent beneath. ore-wings: with costa slightly
arched ; apical portion slightly prominent, or produced and moderately
truncate ; hind-margin slightly or moderately concave about middle ;
inner margin almost straight; costal and median nervules swollen
for some distance from base; submedian nervure curved downward at
a little distance from base ; first subcostal nervule emitted considerably
before extremity of discoidal cell, second about midway between first
and extremity of cell; middle disco-cellular nervule rather long, much
curved towards base; lower disco-cellular longer, less curved, slender
but distinct, meeting third median nervule at or just beyond its origin ;
discoidal cell very short, truncate. Hind-wings: with costa mode-
rately humped close to base, and thence almost straight ; hind-margin
rounded, moderately sinuate-dentate ; discoidal cell very short, the
nervule closing it very much attenuated or almost obsolete; internal
nervure terminating in a line with tip of abdomen ; groove formed by
inner margins moderately deep. ore-legs of J clothed rather thickly
throughout with long hairs; of 2 not much larger, with the femur
hairy, and the tibia and tarsus scaly, with a few short hairs. Jfiddle
and hind legs of moderate size, scaly ; tibiee with only a few small spines
laterally and beneath, and with the terminal spurs short and weak ;
tarsi moderately spinulose beneath, the terminal claws strong and curved.

Abdomen rather short, very slender in 7.

Pupa.—Head rather acutely and deeply bifid ; thorax rather deep,
and very broad (owing to lateral expansion of wing-covers, forming
blunted angulations at bases and posterior angles) ; dorso-thoracic pro-
minence very high, acute; abdomen slender, slightly recurved.

(Described from a pencil drawing by Mr. W. D. Gooch of a
Natalian example of either C, Natalensis or C. Boisduvali.)

Crenis is doubtfully separable from unica, Hiibn.—a South-
American genus—the only differences that I can discover being that in
the former the head is smaller, the palpi longer, the thorax less robust,
and the costa of the hind-wings not nearly so prominently humped
near the base.

The swollen costal and median nervures of the fore-wings afford a
ready mark of distinguishing Crenis from any other South-African
genera of Nymphaline except Lurytela and Hypanis, and both the
latter are at once recognised by their very much longer palpi. All the
nine species’ recorded are natives of the Ethiopian Region, and the

1 Harma Concordia, Hopffer (figured in Peters’ Reise nach Mossambique, Ins., t. xxii.

ff. 3, 4), is evidently a Crenis not distantly allied to C. Amiulia (Cram.) Only the ¢? is
recorded ; its locality is given as Querimba,

250 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

genus comprises two sections very distinct in appearance. ‘The first of
these, represented by the type C. Madagascariensis, Boisd., consists of
middle-sized or rather small butterflies, with apically prcduced fore-
wings, and of dull yellow-ochreous and brown tints above, while
beneath their colouring is pale-grey with darker streaks and ocellated
spots. The second, of which C. Amulia (Cram.) is typical, are rather
larger insects, whose fore-wings are not or very little produced, with
blue or metallic-violet upper side and a rich yellow-ochreous or orange-
ochreous under side, with shining-violaceous or greenish-white streaks
and ocellated spots. C. £Lbbei, Dewitz, from Angola, is to some ~
extent intermediate between the two sections, combining the outline
and dark colouring of the first group with a purple upper-side gloss.

The genus is quite tropical, but better developed to the south than
to the north of the Equator. The three very nearly-allied species found
in Natal—WNatalensis, Boisduvali, and Morantii—are closely related to
the Malagasy type-species; but the very rare C. Rosa, Hewits., dis-
covered at Delagoa Bay, is a very handsome member of the second
section above described.

C. Natalensis and C. Loisduvali are confined to wooded spots ; their
flight is weak and short, and they keep much about a particular tree
or group of trees in little companies, settling very frequently on the
trunks and branches. Colonel Bowker has found them come freely to
“sugar,” and I have noticed them drinking the moisture exuding from
wounds in trees.

80. (1.) Crenis Natalensis, Boisduval.
Prate V. fig. 1 (9).

Crenis Natalensis, Boisd., App. Voy. de Deleg., p. 592, n. 80 (1847).
Lunica natalensis, Hopf., in Peters’ Reise nach Mossamb., p. 381 (1862).

Exp. al., 2 in. 1-3 lin.

fg Dull yellowish-ochreous, clouded with fuscous-brownish im apical
area of fore-wing ; a common discal row of small black spots and a
common row of thin black lunules close to hind-margins, which are
narrowly clouded with brownish. ore-wing: fuscous-brownish ill-
defined interiorly, commencing at about extremity of cell, and leaving
a subapical rather indistinct oblique macular ray of the ground-colour ;
in discal row of spots a wide interval, two being wanting between third
and first median nervules. Hind-wing: seven spots in discal row,
more conspicuous than in fore-wing, ringed rather widely with yellow-
ish-ochreous slightly paler than the ground-colour. Cilia fuscous-
brownish, with whitish inter-nervular marks. UNDER SIDE.—Hind-wing
and apex of fore-wing hoary-grey ; a submarginal common fuscous
streak broken into inter-nervular spots in fore-wing, but more linear
and continuous in hind-wing. Jore-wing: yellowish-ochreous ground-
colour much paler and clearer, especially near inner margin; apical

NYMPHALIN Zs. 251

grey rather narrow, bounded inwardly by a large conspicuous but ill-
defined subquadrate fuscous patch; the subapical spots of discal row in
the middle of very indistinct brownish-ochreous rings. Hind-wing :
before middle an irregular, broken, transverse ochre-yellow streak ;
about middle a similar but more continuous streak; both these streaks
include an outer thin line of brown, and the space between them is
sometimes duller grey than the rest of the wing; a short streak of the
same colouring at extremity of discoidal cell; seven spots of discal row
well marked, in the middle of seven contiguous ochre-yellow rings; a
smaller, additional, similar, rather indistinct spot before the seventh
on inner-margin.

2 Ground-colour yellower, clearer ; apical fuscous of fore-wing much
broader and darker, and enclosing two conspicuous, parallel, oblique,
macular rays of a paler ochre-yellow than the ground-colour. Hind-
wing: discal spots rather larger than in gf. UNDER siDE.—Hind-wing
and apex of fore-wing paler than in @, all the markings better defined.
Fore-wing : ground-colour deeper; subapical fuscous patch enlarged to
imperfectly enclose an interrupted oblique ray corresponding to that on
upper side.

Compared with its very close ally, C. Madagascariensis, Boisd., this
butterfly is mn both sexes characterised by a more rufous instead of
olivaceous upper-side tint of ochreous, and by the much less develop-
ment of the apical fuscous in the fore-wings, especially in the ¢, where
it is little more than a dusky suffusion without defined limits. The
under side hoary-grey is inclining to a lilacine tinge, and almost free
from the fine fuscous irroration noticeable in Madagascariensis, while
the rings of the ocellate spots and the basal and median streaks in the
hind-wing are ochre-yellow (the latter brown-edged) instead of fuscous.
All the three transverse streaks of the hind-wing are also less irregular
and dentated.

This butterfly is not uncommon at D’Urban, in Natal, though apparently
much less numerous than its near congener, C. Boisduvali, Wallengren, with
which I associated it in my Lhopalocera Africe Australis, taking the few
true C. Natalensis I had seen as only larger and paler examples of the same
species. Both forms have quite the same habits, flitting about trees in wooded
spots, and frequently settling on the trunk or branches. The specimens I cap-

tured were on the wing in February, but Colonel Bowker took a good many in
August.

Localities of Crenis Natalensis.

I, South Africa.
E. Natal.
a. Coast Districts. —D’ Urban.
K. Transvaal.—Lydenburg District (7. Ayres).
II. Other African Regions,
A. South Tropical.

a. Western Coast.—“ Angola (Pogge).”—Dewitz.
b, Eastern Coast.—‘‘ Querimba ” (Hopffer).

252 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

81. (2.) Crenis Boisduvali, Wallengren.
Prats V, fig, 2 (6), fig. 2a (¢).
Crenis Boisduvali, Wallgrn., K. S. Vet.-Akad. Handl. ; Lep. Rhop. Caffr.,
p. 30, n. 2 (1857).

Myscelia Natalensis, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., 1. p. 144, n. 86 (1862).

Exp. al., t in. 94 lin—2 in. 1 lin.

f Dull-brown with a tinge of yellow-ochreous. Fore-wing : unicolor-
ous, with only the faint indications of a transverse row of darker spots
near hind-margin. Hind-wing: an ochreous tint prevails towards
hind-margin which has an edging of thin lunules darker than ground-
colour; beyond middle, parallel to hind-margin, a row of five small,
rounded, blackish spots between nervules. UNDER SIDE.—Paler.
Fore-wing: dull-ochreous, somewhat glistening; on costa, a little be-
fore middle, an obliquely transverse dark streak, inclining ouiwards as
far as third median nervule; immediately beyond streak a dusky, ill-
defined, darker space; apical portion pale yellowish-greyish, with four
elongate black spots near the inner edge of the greyish colouring; a
row of seven dusky-blackish short streaks parallel to hind-margin,
not reaching to anal angle. Hind-wing: pale yellowish-grey ; before
middle a broad, irregularly-shaped, violet-grey fascia with brown
edges; beyond middle a row of seven contiguous ocellated spots,
violet-grey, black-centred, in golden-brown rings; on inner margin is
an indistinct, smaller, eighth ocellated spot, without a black centre, a
little before the row of spots; beyond these a thin dark streak, parallel
to hind-margin, composed of united lunules.

2 Paler, strongly suffused with yellow-ochreous. Fore-wing: shaded
with blackish in apical portion, from extremity of discoidal cell, with
an oblique, dull, yellow-ochreous stripe, interrupted on third median
nervule, from costa about middle to second median nervule, not far
from hind-margin; nearer apex is a much shorter, narrower, paler,
and less distinct stripe, parallel to the larger one. Hind-wing: yel-
low-ochreous tint pervades the whole surface, but is strongest near
hind-margin, where the row of black spots is conspicuous, and the
brown along hind-margin forms a distinct border to the wing. UNDER
SIDE.—Fore-wing : warm yellow-ochreous ; the dusky oblique markings
from costa in this sex assume the form of two conspicuous blackish
stripes; colouring at apex much paler than in @, yellowish-white,
varied with pale-brownish, the black spots very conspicuous. Hind-
wing: ground-colour yellowish-white ; fascia before middle much paler
than in 2, its brown edges conspicuous; row of contiguous ocellated
spots much paler, their black centres very conspicuous.

The constantly smaller size and much darker colouring distinguish
this form from C. Natalensis, Boisd. In the ¢ these characters are
very marked, but some of the larger ? examples exhibit a yellower
tint than the ordinary ones possess. The under-side markings are
all more strongly defined and darker than in C. Natalensis.

NYMPHALINA. 253

On the upper side of the fore-wing Soisduvali in both sexes wants
altogether (or occasionally presents a slight trace of) the large isolated
black spot of the discal row which lies between the first median nervule
and the submedian nervure.

This species is abundant at Port Natal, where I met with it in June and
August 1865, and again from January to April 1867. A tree in the Botanic
Gardens near D’Urban was shown to me by the superintendent, a great number
of the leaves of which was white with the empty pupa-skins, and I found one
pupa from which the imago was on the point of emerging. This pupa was
slender and subangulated, but, as the imago was completely developed, I could
not record the proper colour or marking.

C. Botsduvali appears to range farther southward than C. Natalensis, a female
specimen having been sent to the South-African Museum which was taken by Mr,
Alexander Bowker at Pembroke, near King William’s Town, in March 1873.

Colonel Bowker has twice sent me the paired sexes; they were taken in
August 1878 and March 1879. I had previously taken a pair at D’Urban,
Natal, in April 1867.

Localities of Crenis Boisduvalt.
I. South Africa.
B,. Cape Colony.
b. Eastern Districts.x—King William’s Town (A. Bowker).
EK. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban.
H, Delagoa Bay.—Lourengo Marques (Mrs. Monteiro).

82. (3.) Crenis Morantii, Trimen.
Puate V, fig. 3 (@).

Crenis Morantit, Trim., Trans. Ent, Soc, Lond., 1881, p. 439.

Eingp. Gl, 2 ia. 1 lin. (9).

2 Dull ochreous-brown ; the fore-wing with a darker space and some
pale dull yellow-ochreous marks, Fore-wing: a fuscous-brown space
near costa, about and beyond middle, forming an ill-defined cloud,
commencing immediately beyond extremity of discoidal cell ; this cloud
encloses a yellow-ochreous spot a little beyond cell, and is bounded
externally towards apex by an elongate paler spot close to costa, and
between third and second median nervules by a smaller similar spot
ill-defined outwardly ; towards hind-margin the ground colour is paler
and very faintly tinged with yellow-ochreous (except near apex); a
submarginal row of very indistinct inter-nervular small fuscous-brown
spots. Hind-wing: very faintly tinged with yellow-ochreous about
apex, near which are two faint fuscous-brown dots. UNDER SIDE.—
Hind-wing and apical area of fore-wing cream-colour, inclining to
argillaceous, Fore-wing : yellow-ochreous, becoming much paler beyond
middle ; fuscous-brown cloud very conspicuous, and the ochreous spot
it encloses larger and better defined than on upper side; the two outer
spots, on the contrary, much less distinct, and quite merged in the
eround-colour; costa from base narrowly bordered with dull cream-

254 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

colour; submarginal row of seven small fuscous spots; a little before
it, near costa, a curved row of three black dots. Hind-wing: three
transverse thin brownish-rufous striz, the first and second (respectively
before and about middle) very irregular and interrupted, the third
(near hind-margin) regular and lunulated; between the second and
third stria a row of seven contiguous ocelli, centred with a black and
yellow dot, and ringed with brownish rufous; of these, the middle
(fourth) one is smallest and more indistinct than the rest; a small
brownish-rufous striola at extremity of discoidal cell; between it and
the first ocellus some slight fuscous irroration.

This species is nearly allied to both C. natalensis, Boisd., and C.
madagascariensis, Boisd. From the former it differs, on the upper
side, in its very much darker colouring and exceedingly ill-defined
marking, wanting alike the warm yellow-ochreous ground-colour in
both wings, and the black spots and lunules in the hind-wings; while
on the under side it is cream-colour, with rufous markings, instead of
hoary, clouded with fuscous-grey and with fuscous markings; and the
fore-wing altogether wants the suffused spot near posterior angle, so
conspicuous in C. natalensis.

From C. madagascariensis it diverges almost similarly, as regards
the upper side, in its want of warm ochreous colouring ; and its vague
fuscous-brown space (enclosing an ochreous spot)-is altogether: different
from the broad dark apical area, which in C. madagascariensis is only
varied by the bar of three small indistinct ochreous spots from costa,
not far from apex. On the under side, C. Morantii has none of the
hoary colouring of the Malagasy species, and all its striz and ocelli
are much more distinct, besides being rufous instead of dull grey ;
while in the hind-wing the central and submarginal strize are more
irregular and dentated.

The only example of this insect that I have met with is the female above
described, which was taken at Pinetown (Natal) in April or May 1869, by
Mr. Walter Morant, an able observer and collector, after whom I have named
the species. Mr. Morant wrote that the specimen in question settled on the
trunks of trees, with closed wings, in the same manner as C. natalensis, and
that he believed he had seen, if not taken, a male nearly resembling it.}

1 Colonel Bowker has since taken three examples near Pinetown, viz., a ¢ on 26th July
1884, and two ?s in July and December 1884 respectively. The 9s are on the upper side
of a rather warmer, more rufous tint, with the spots about the fuscous cloud of the fore-wing
of a deeper ochre-yellow ; and one of them expands 2 in. 4 lin. The g is much smaller,
expanding only 1 in. 11 lin.; the fore-wings are more produced apically, and the upper
side generally appears to be unicolorous dull ochreous-brown of the same tint as prevails in
the ? discovered by Mr. Morant, with the exception of a small paler marking in fore-wing
midway between discoidal cell and apex, and in hind-wing between discoidal cell and hind-
margin (these markings are in this specimen much enlarged and blurred in the left-hand
wings). The under side does not differ from that of the ? except in the markings generally
being less clearly defined.

Colonel Bowker wrote that the few specimens of this insect he met with flew higher than
either Natalensis or Boisduvali, and that the g just described fluttered down from a tree
and settled on a stone in the bed of the Umbilo.

NYMPHALINA, 255

Locality of Crenis Morantit.

I. South Africa,
KE. Natal.
a. Coast District.—Pinetown (JV. Morant).

83. (4.) Crenis Rosa, Hewitson.
Crenis Rosa, Hewits., Ent. M. Mag., xiv. p. 82 (1877).

Exp. al., 2 in. 54 lin.

2 Lluish-violaceous, with fuscous spots and borders. Fore-wing :
between extremity of discoidal cell and apex two oblique fuscous bars
crossing from subcostal nervure to near third median nervule; a
moderately-wide hind-marginal border of fuscous, radiating rather
broadly along the nervures, and forming a suffused cloud between
second and first median nervules; a row of spots near and parallel to
hind-marginal border, of which only the three upper ones are distinct ;
just below third median, a small isolated spot in a line with the inner
oblique bar. Hind-wing: duller than fore-wing ; hind-marginal border
ill-defined, traversed by a light-blue streak, brightest and widest near
anal angle; submarginal row of spots continuous of that of fore-wing,
but the spots much larger, rounder, and relieved by an outer ring of
somewhat paler blue. Nervules generally defined with reddish-fuscons.
Cilia dull-white, mixed with fuscous at extremities of nervules. UNDER
SIDE.— Warm ochre-yellow, with greenish-white and black markings.
Fore-wing : costa very narrowly, apex and hind-margin narrowly,
bordered with greenish-white ; a fine extreme hind-marginal edging of
black, preceded by a similar black line broken into eight inter-nervular
lineole ; inner oblique bar only represented, and that much attenuated,
but spot below third median nervule larger than on upper side; a sub-
apical row of four black spots, representing submarginal row of upper
side, of which the upper three are small and in greenish-white rings,
while the fourth is much larger. Hind-wing: a pre-median, a median,
and a hind-marginal band, and also a narrow costal edging, of greenish-
white, each traversed by a black streak interrupted on the nervures
—that traversing the middle band being highly irregular ; midway
between median and hind-marginal bands, a row of seven conspicuous
black spots in broad greenish-white rings; hind-margin itself finely
edged with black.

Allied to C. Benguelw, Chapman, from the Congo, but the upper-
side colouring much brighter than in the ? of that species (being,
indeed, bluer than in the $ Benguelew), which is greenish-grey, clouded
from bases with dull-fuscous. The under side is remarkably different,
especially as regards the ochre-yellow of the fore-wing, which in both
sexes of Benguele is restricted to a small basal patch, leaving the discal

256 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

area almost wholly fuscous varied with bluish; while all the spots
and other black markings are very much thinner, and the greenish-
white much brighter, than in Benguelw throughout.

From the West-African Crenis Amulia (Cram.) the species de-
scribed is easily separated by its much bluer tint on the upper side,
and by the much wider and greenish-white instead of bluish-white
markings on the under side, although in the feature of the almost
uniform ochre-yellow of the under side of the fore-wing the two species
approach each other.

The only example of this very beautiful Crenis that I have seen is the 9
above described, which was taken by the late Mr. J. J. Monteiro at Delagoa
Bay in 1877, and was acquired for Mr. Hewitson’s collection, now in the
British Museum. Mrs. Monteiro has informed me that this butterfly was
captured on the wing “a little overhead,” at a spot called Poulana, and that
no other example was met with.

In a paper in the Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. for August 1883, Mr. A. G.
Butler records the receipt of “a splendid male” of C. Rosa from the Victoria
Nyanza, but does not note in what respect it differs from the female.

Localities of Crenis Rosa.

I. South Africa.
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourenco Marques (J. J. Monteiro).

II. Other African Regions,

A. South Tropical.
br. Interior.—“ Victoria Nyanza,”—A. G. Butler.

Genus EURYTELA.

Eurytela, Boisd., Faune Ent. de Madag., &c., p. 54 (1833) ; Westw., Gen.
Diurn. Lep., ii, p. 408 (1851).

ImaGo.—Head of moderate size, hairy, with a small tuft of longer
hairs at base of each antenna; eyes usually hairy; pa/pi much elon-
gated, not compressed laterally, separate throughout but converging
slightly at tips,—second joint tufted above and finely hairy beneath,—
terminal joint unusually long (about half as long as the second), rather
blunt at tip, bent at a very obtuse angle with second joint and pro-
jecting horizontally about level with top of head, densely scaled ;
antenne of moderate length, with a gradually formed but rather show
slender, laterally- Haas | club, ending obtusely.

Thorax rather slender ; back ois pilose anteriorly and poste-
riorly ; breast rather scantily hairy. ove-wings: generally more or
less produced apically, usually angulated at extremity of lower discoidal
(radial) nervule and prominent at extremity of second median ner-
vule; costa but little arched; apical angle well marked ; hind-margin
dentated, usually more or less excavated in middle; inner margin
very slightly hollowed about middle; costal nervure strongly swollen

NYMPHALINAS. 257

for a considerable distance from base, curved upward rather abruptly
towards extremity, and terminating about middle of costa; first and
second subcostal nervules originating rather close together, just before
extremity of discoidal cell,—third at a considerable distance beyond
cell, and terminating at apex; discoidal cell very short ; upper disco-
cellular nervule minute, almost obsolete,—middle one short or very
short and curved inwardly,—lower one very long and attenuated,
very slightly curved, ending at origin of third median nervule. Hind-
wings ; with costa prominently humped near base, but thence nearly
straight; apex rather pronounced; hind-margin more dentate than
in fore-wings, especially towards anal angle slightly prominent ; groove
formed by inner margins shallow, incomplete, leaving much of lower
side of abdomen exposed ; costal nervure running close along costa to
apex; radial nervure originating not far from base, just beyond the
branching of subcostal nervules ; discoidal cell extremely short, nar-
row,—the lower disco-cellular nervule exceedingly slender or obsolete
altogether. ore-legs of gf very small, slender, scaly, set rather
scantily throughout with longish hairs; of @ larger, smoother, with
scarcely any hairs, the tarsus dilated and spinose beneath at ex-
tremity. Jfiddle and hind legs stout, rather short, scaly,—femora
fringed with fine hairs beneath,—tibiz finely spinulose beneath, with
terminal spurs very short,—tarsi rather thickly armed with minute
spines laterally and beneath.

Abdomen slender, rather short.

Larva.—Head with two long, erect, curved, spiny horns ; body
with dorsal and lateral tubercular processes bearing at extremity radiat-
ing bristles. .

Pupa.—Head acutely bifid ; wing-covers not only prominently angu-
lated at bases, but sharply angulated and extended flatly outwardly ;
back rather gibbous; abdomen slightly curved, bifid at extremity.

[The above characters of larva and pupa are taken from drawings
of Natalian specimens of HL. Hiarbas reared by Captain Harford and
Mr. Gooch. Except for the very long branched horns on the head, the
larva recalls those of Zimenitis and Neptis ; and the pupa only exhibits
in an exaggerated form the extended wing-covers of the chrysalis of
the latter genus,—to judge from the figure of that of Neptis Varmona,
Moore (Lep. Ceylon, i. pl. 28, f. 10.) |

The long and very porrect palpi, and the simple instead of swollen
median nervure, at once distinguish Hurytela from Crenis, apart from
the less apparent characters (especially the dilated fore-tarsi of the ?
and the peculiar neuration of both wings) mentioned in the above
diagnosis. The genus is mainly Ethiopian, five species being recorded
from the African Continent and two others from Madagascar; but two
or three are known to inhabit the Indo-Malayan Sub-Region.*

1 Mr. Wallace (Zrans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 331) states his belief that two of these

latter, Boisduval’s Horsjieldit and Stephensii, from Java, are g and @ of one species.
VOL. I. hk

258 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

For so small a group there is considerable diversity of form and
great differences of colouring among the species. £. Ethosea (Drury),
from West Africa, is so peculiar in outline and pattern as to have been
placed in the genus Acrwa by Godart; HL. Ophione (Cram.) closely
resembles Neptis Melicerta (Drury); E. fulgurata (Boisd.), of Mada-
gascar, has a somewhat similar black and white (though much more
irregular) pattern, but is very strongly angulated and dentated on the
hind-margins; while the Malaccan and Bornean Z. Castelnaut, Feld.,
is, on the upper side, of an uniform bright blue. The two species
occurring in South Africa, #. Hiarbas (Dru.) and #. Dryope (Fab.),
present a white or ochre-yellow transverse band (chiefly developed in
the hind-wings) on a blackish-brown ground, while the under side is
varied with pale-brown and ferruginous. They have a very wide range
through Africa, Hiarbas penetrating considerably farther south than
Dryope, whose limit seems to be the coast of Natal. Both species
are strictly sylvan, and in habits and mode of flight much resemble
Crenis.

84. (1.) Eurytela Hiarbas, (Drury).
Puate V. fig. 5 (Var. A. 3).

Papilio Hiarbas, Dru., Ill. Nat. Hist., iii. pl. 14, ff. 1, 2 (1872).

Biblis Hiarba, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. Suppl. p. 824, n. 5—6a (1819).
Eurytela Hiarbas, Doubl., Gen. Diurn. Lep., pl. 31, £. 4 (1846-50).
Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii, p. 212, n. 122 (1862).

9) ”

Exp. al., 2 in.—2 in, 6 lin.

Glossy blackish-brown (2 duller and paler), with a common trans-
verse white stripe, commencing near hind-margin (to which it is
parallel) of fore-wing about third median nervule, widening as it
descends, and extending straight across hind-wing from costa (close to
apex) to anal angle. ore-wing: a white dot close to costa near apex,
beneath which are two indistinct ferruginous.spots, indicates proper
origin of transverse stripe ; costa and hind-margin more or less tinged
with ferruginous, especially the latter, which is marked by a row of
thin silvery-white lunules towards anal angle. Hind-wing: hind-
margin coloured as in fore-wing, more conspicuously so near anal
angle, and with two rows of silvery lunules, the inner continuous of
that of fore-wing, and its lunules touching so as to form a festooned
streak,—lunules of the outer row separate, indistinct towards costa.
Cilia white between nervules. UNDER sIDE.—Pale-brownish with fer-
ruginous streaks and clouds ; transverse stripe narrower, not so white as
above, commenced by a very thin, often indistinct, streak (originating
a little below white costal dot of fore-wing), and interrupted on costa
of hind-wing, where it is clouded with ferruginous and marked with a
row of three blackish dots: common to both wings,—a dentate out-

NYMPHALIN © 259

wardly bluish white-edged stria crossing discoidal cells; a double
bluish-white line closing cell; an irregular transverse stripe, inter-
rupted on third median nervules, just beyond cells; a darker shade of
brown between this stripe and the white one; and two rows (more
or less interrupted) of whitish hind-marginal lunules. ore-wing: a
minute line close to base and a ring beyond it (enclosing a ferruginous
one) in discoidal cell, bluish-white; a ferruginous cloud on costa
beyond middle, and two others (smaller) on projections of hind-margin.
Hind-wing : a whitish ring in cell near base ; close to it a smaller one
above cell; a large ferruginous cloud on hind-margin, between dis-
coidal nervule and anal angle.

Var. A. f.—Common transverse stripe warm ochreous-yellow instead
of white, and a little wider in hind-wing and on inner margin of fore-
wing.

Hab.—D’Urban, Natal (one specimen ; Colonel Bowker, July 1880).

PLATE V. fig. 5.

Aberration §.—Common transverse white band crenelated on both
sides, and somewhat suffused,—in hind-wing considerably broader than
usual ; two hind-marginal rows of silvery-white lunules in hind-wing
united so as to form a border, thinly irrorated with fuscous. UNDER
SIDE.—Ferruginous and other markings somewhat confused and blurred ;
white stripe not so well defined as on upper side.

Hab.—D'Urban, Natal (one specimen ; Colonel Bowker, 29th Octo-
ber 1879).

Larva.—Green or greenish, paler on under surface, with elevated
sub-spinous dorsal and sub-spiracular lateral tubercular processes ter-
minating in a stellate tuft of three to five bristles; processes on second
and third segments only half the length of those on fourth to tenth
segments, but on eleventh and twelfth much longer than the latter.
A sub-spiracular white or whitish longitudinal stripe, interrupted
obliquely on each segment from fifth to tenth; below this stripe, on
third and fourth segments, a black streak. Granulated black dorsal
patches on fourth, sixth, seventh, and eleventh segments. Head
dark-brown or blackish, slightly larger than next segment, bearing
in front two long, upright, outwardly-curving, rather widely-diver-
gent horns, thickened and branched at the tip, and irregularly spined
throughout; these horns are black in front and sandy - coloured
behind; the face flat, edged with white, and closely set with white hairs
or bristles. Length, 1 to 1; inch. Feeds on a common creeper, Dale-
champia capensis.

Pupra.—Green, darker on back; wing-covers finely edged and
transversely streaked with dark-brown or blackish ; also the following
blackish marks, viz., a dot on each wing-cover, on each side of the
thorax and abdomen, and on'the head. In form, the head is acutely
bifid; lateral angles at bases of wing-covers very prominent; wing-

260 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

covers flattened, sharply angulated, and extended far out from the
body ; thorax rounded, expanded; back prominent; abdomen more or
less angular, slightly curved inward, bifid at tip. The chrysalis state
lasts from ten to fifteen days.

The above descriptions of larva and pupa are from notes and drawings
furnished by Captain H. C. Harford and Mr. W. D. Gooch. Both these
gentlemen reared the butterfly on the Natal Coast. Captain Harford notes
that the larva, like those of many Nymphalide, has a habit of wagging its
head about—-doubtless a menacing gesture, to which the long antler-like horns
would give point. He also remarks that it spins a web to lie upon over the
surface of a leaf. Mr. Gooch observes that the larva presents a variety in
which all the body except the spiracular stripe is blackish,

Mr. Druce (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, p. 409) notes that examples of
this butterfly, taken by the late Mr. J. J. Monteiro in Angola, had the white
band of the hind-wings much wider than in the specimens from Natal.

The Variety A. of Hiarbas indicates an intimate relation of the species
with its congener Dryope, Cramer, which has the common transverse stripe of
the same warm ochreous-yellow, but much broader. This alliance is emphasised
by the circumstance of the capture by Colonel Bowker, on 13th April 1881, at
D’Urban, Natal, of an ordinary male Hiarbas, paired with a female Dryope,
only separable from ordinary examples by a narrower yellow band in the hind-
wings. My correspondent wrote—‘ There was no question about this union,
as I followed the pair for some distance before making the capture; on the
wing, the female carried the male.” The paired sexes of Hiarbas were taken
by Colonel Bowker at D’Urban in March 1879.

This elegant butterfly prevails widely over the wooded parts of South
Africa. Its flight is somewhat curious, not rapid or direct, but backwards and
forwards in a limited space, usually about a group of shrubs or young trees,
Often several individuals keep hovering around a single tree, or settle on the
stem and sun themselves, shuffling about in a playful fashion, I have not
noticed it anywhere in abundance, but it may be termed common—specimens
almost always being seen in the course of a woodland walk,

Localities of Hurytela Hiarbas.

, I. South Africa,
B. Cape Colony.

a. Western Districts.—Knysna.

b, Eastern Districts.—Grahamstown. Kleinemond River, Bathurst
(H. J. Atherstone). ‘‘King William’s Town.”—W. S. M.
D’Urban, East London (P. Borcherds).

D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).

E. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—D’ Urban, “ Lower Umkomazi.”—J. H. Bowker.
b. Upper Districts.—Pietermaritzburg (J/iss Colenso).

F, Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay (Colonel H. Tower).

II. Other African Regions,

A, South Tropical,
a, Western Coast.— Angola (J. J, Monteiro).”—Druce.

B, North Tropical.
a, Western Coast.—Sierra Leone: Ashanti.—Coll. Brit. Mus,
b, Eastern Coast.—“ Abyssinia + Shoa (A ntinor?).”—Oberthiir.

NYMPHALIN&. 261

85, (2.) Hurytela Dryope, (Cramer).

Papilio Dryope, Cram., Pap. Exot., t. Ixxviii. ff. 5, F (1779).
Biblis Dryope, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. Suppl. p. 824, n. 5—6 (1819).
Eurytela Dryope, Trim., Rhop, Afr. Aust., ii, p. 213, n. 123 (1866).

Exp. al., 2 in. 1-7 lin.

f Brown, with a warm ochreous-yellow discal transverse band convmon
to both wings. Fore-wing: the band begins very narrowly on upper
radial nervule, but widens greatly downwards till it occupies about the
outer third of inner marginal edge; externally the band is bounded
by a lunulate submarginal black streak, and internally by a broad,
obscure, chocolate-red band extending from costa to inner margin ;
on costa near apex a short row of two to four very faint small ochreous-
yellow spots indicate actual origin of the band of that colour ; before
middle two obscure, irregular, transverse fuscous streaks, of which
the outer internally edges the obscure chocolate-red band; also,
two cellular striole, one near base, the other at extremity of cell; a
hind-marginal narrow border of mixed brown and ochreous-yellow, the
yellow predominating at posterior angle. Hind-wing: ochreous-yellow
band very wide, occupying apical area and extending pretty evenly
to inner margin before and up to anal angle, leaving a border of
the ground-colour only along its middle portion, and that of variable
width and distinctness ; lunulate black submarginal streak more con-
spicuous than in fore-wing, becoming silvery-edged in its lower
portion; hind-marginal brownish-ochreous border traversed by a
broken indistinct fuscous streak; before middle, two very obscure
fuscous streaks continuous of those in fore-wing. Cilia fuscous, with
white inter-nervular marks. UNDER sIDE.—DBrownish-grey, much varied
with transverse irregular ferruginous streaks and thin white or whitish
lines; in both wings the following thinly white-edged ferruginous
streaks before middle, viz., a short cellular one (smaller in hind-
wing), a long one from costa to submedian nervure crossing cell, an
almost linear even one at extremity of cell, and a broader very irre-
gular one quite across wing beyond cell; a little beyond this latter
streak, an irregular whitish line (sometimes indistinct), which in hind-
wing runs near and almost parallel to the ferruginous streak. ore-
wing: immediately beyond whitish line just mentioned a ferruginous
transverse bar, widest on costa; succeeded by a row of eight small
lunulate marks, of which the first (on costa) is white and all the
others ochreous-yellow; beyond the lunules a paler space traversed
inwardly by a more or less distinct white or whitish streak; two
hind-marginal, lunulated, parallel white linear streaks (of which the
inner one is silvery), obscured by a ferruginous cloud both below apex
and a little above posterior angle. Hind-wing: a similar arrange-
ment of markings to that in fore-wing; in the row of seven lunules
the two near costa are usually creamy-yellow and conspicuous, the

262 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

others indistinct and sub-ocellate (being outwardly marked with a
fuscous dot) ; inner of two hind-marginal white linear streaks bright
silvery.

9 Duller, paler throughout ; ochreous-yellow band in hind-wing
usually proportionately narrower; transverse fuscous streaks before
middle much more apparent, broader. ore-wing: first spot of short
subapical row enlarged, whitish, rather conspicuous. UNDER SIDE.—
Paler, more inclining to ochreous ; all the markings more conspicuous ;
the paler discal space well marked; its traversing whitish ray rather
suffused, but continued across hind-wing.

Tn a small female, taken near D’Urban by Colonel Bowker, the fore-wing
presents in a narrower form the median transverse chocolate-red band of the
male, and the ochreous-yellow band in the hind-wing is very broad, having
only a little brown irroration externally and inferiorly.

Southern examples of this butterfly are usually considerably larger than the
type-form from the West Coast of Africa, and the under side of their wings is
rather darker, especially in the discal area,—in which latter, however, the
traversing whitish streak is much more distinct, being sometimes obsolete in
Gold Coast specimens. The angulation of the wings is also much more pro-
nounced in South-African examples.!

Colonel Bowker has sent me the paired sexes, taken at D’Urban, Natal, in
May 1880. In this case the female was the small one above mentioned. As
noted under ZL. Hiarbas, a female not separable from Dryope (but with a
narrower than usual ochreous-yellow band in hind-wing) was captured zn
copula with an ordinary male of the former species. A very perfect male
Dryope, received from Delagoa Bay (where it was taken by Mrs. Monteiro),
almost exactly agrees with the female just mentioned in the comparative
narrowness of the hind-wing band; but even in this individual the band is
twice as wide as in the male Hurytela, which I have described as Variety A. of
Li, Hiarbas.

Apart from its colour, the width of this band in both wings, the browner
eround-colour, the fuscous streaks before middle, and the male character of
a chocolate-red median band are the chief features distinguishing Dryope
from Hiarbas on the upper side; while on the under side, the more ochraceous
general tint, the less broken and less angulated strize, the want of any dis-
tinct discal stripe in the hind-wing, and the presence, instead, of two con-
spicuous costal lunules heading a row of very indistinct imperfect ocellate
marks are all distinctive of Dryope.

I did not meet with this species in Natal, but Colonel Bowker has been
more fortunate, taking several examples near D’Urban in August, December,
and February, and two at the mouth of the Tugela River in July. He
describes it as having the same habits as Hiarbas, but as much rarer. I have
not heard of its occurrence to the south of Natal.

1 T think that Z. Narinda, Ward, from Madagascar, though closely allied to Z. Dryope,
is entitled to recognition as a distinct species. It is small (about the size of the West-African
Dryope), but the wings are even more angulated than those of the Southern examples described
in the text, On the upper side the ochreous-yellow band in the male begins nearer apex of
fore-wing, and is very much broader in both wings; and in the fore-wing its inner side is
deeply pierced by the dark-clouded nervules, while in the hind-wing it occupies greater part
of surface from before the middle, In the female, the only marked difference in the band
is its width in the fore-wing. In both sexes the hind-marginal striz are straighter, not so
lunulated. The under side is very different; all the strie being straighter, narrower, and
of a yellower ferruginous ; the hind-marginal clouds very pronounced ; and the white discal
streak very well marked,

NYMPHALIN, 263

Localities of Hurytela Dryope.

I. South Africa,
E. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban and mouth of Tugela River (J. H.
Bowker).
F. Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay (Colonel H. Tower).
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourengo Marques (Mrs. Montez7o).
II. Other African Regions,
A. South Tropical.
a, Western Coast.—“ Angola: Loanda (R. Meldola),.” —Butler.
“ Angola (J. J. Montevro).”—Druce.
b. Eastern Coast.—“ Querimba,”—Hopffer.
B. North Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Cape Coast Castle (J. IZ, Pask). Sierra Leone
(Coll. Brit. Mus.)
b, Eastern Coast.— Abyssinia: Lake Tzana (Raffray), and Shoa
(Antinorz).” —Oberthiir.

Genus HYPANIS.

Hypanis, Boisd., Faune Ent. de Madag., &., p. 55 (1833); Westw., Gen.
Diurn. Lep., ii. p. 410 (1851).

ImaGo.—Characters generally of Hurytela. Antenne with a longer
club; eyes smooth. Thorax rather thicker, more rounded. ore-
wings: not apically produced ; hind-margin not angulated or dentated,
but very slightly sinuated. Hind-wings: not so prominently humped
near base ; hind-margin rather more decidedly sinuated than on fore-
wings. Middle- and hind-legs with the tibize and tarsus more spiny,
and the tibial spurs longer. Abdomen more slender and much longer.

Pupa.—Slender, elongate, especially in abdominal region; anal
extremity with suddenly-narrowed point of attachment from blunt end
of abdomen. Cephalic prominences well-marked, acutely pointed ;
dorso-thoracic elevation highly ridged to a sharp point ; edges of wing-
covers prominently ridged at ‘shoulders and again at posterior angles,
forming strong projections laterally ; between these two hinder projec-
tions, at base of back of abdomen, a pointed tubercular prominence ;
two minute tubercular points on median line of back, about midway
between base and extremity of abdomen. Antenne-covers prominent.

(These characters of the pupa are given from a living example
sent to me by Colonel Bowker at the beginning of December 1878,
from Natal.)

The elongated abdomen and almost entire hind-margins of the
wings are the features which mainly distinguish Hypanis from Lury-
tela. Its pattern and colouring are, however, highly characteristic, the
fulvous-ochreous upper side being varied with black bands and irregular
markings, while the under side of the hind-wings is remarkable for the

264 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

number and varying shades (creamy, yellow-ochreous, ferruginous,
black-and-white) of its transverse bands and chains of spots.

As will be seen below, I have not been able to separate specifically
more than one of the many forms of H. Jlithyia (Drury) which have
been named by different authors, viz., the Malagasy H. Anvatara,
Boisd.; but the form most prevalent in South-Hastern Africa (to
which Wallengren’s name Acheloia is given), while it follows the type-
form in the extreme variability of its under-side colouring, is a suf-
ficiently recognisable variety.

H. Ilithyia is a handsome and conspicuous insect on the wing; it
shows much more activity than Lurytela Hiarbas, and though more
frequent about woods, is often to be found in open ground. It ranges
over the whole of Africa, and as far eastward as India and Ceylon, its
near ally, H. Anvatara, appearing to replace it in Madagascar and
the Comoro Islands.

The pupa is in form not unlike that of the allied genus Ergolis,
Boisd., judging from the figure given by Horsfield and Moore (Cat.
Lep. Ins. H.E.ILC. Museum, 1857, pl. vi. f 6a) of the chrysalis of the
Javan EL. Coryta (Cram.)

86, (1.) Hypanis Ilithyia, (Drury).
Puate V, fig. 4 (Var. A. 3).

3 Papilio Ilithyia, Drur., Ill. Nat. Hist., ii. pl. xvii. ff 1, 2 (1773).

9 Papilio Polinice, Cram., Pap. Exot., iv. t. ccclxxv. ff @, H (1782).

Biblis Itithyia, Godt. [part], Enc. Meth., ix. p. 327, n. 7 (1819).

Hypanis Polinice, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. pl. ix. f. 6 (1836).

Hypanis Cora, Feisth., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1850, p. 249, n. 2.

Hypanis Ilithyia, Hopff. [part], Peters’ Reise nach Mossamb., Ins., p. 396

(1862).
+ 5 Trim. [part], Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 214, n. 124 (1866) ;
and Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond. ’ (1870), p. 350.
Byblia Ilithyia, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, p. 45, pl. 23, ff. 3, 3a (1881).
Var. A. Acheloia, Wallengr.
Papilio tae Cram., Pap, Exot., iii. t. 213, ffs a, B (2), and t. 214, ff.
o,D(¢), (1782).
Biblis Ilithyia, Godt. [part], Enc. Meth., ix. p. 327, n. 7 (1819).
Hypanis Ilithyia, Doubl., Gen. Diurn. Lep., p. 411, pl. 68, £. 1{ neem
Hypanis Ilithya, Wallgrn., K. Sv. Vet.-Ak. Handl., Lep. Rhop. Caffr.,
Pp. 29 0..1°(1557).
Hypanis Acheloia, Wallgrn., op. cit., p. 29, n. 2 (1857).
Hypanis Ilithyia, Hopff. [part], Peters’ Reise nach Mossamb., Ins., p. 396
(1862).
zs », Trim. [part], Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 214, n. 124 (1866).

Exp. al., 1 in. 84 lin.—2 in. 3 lin.

& Warm fulvous-ochreous, with black bands and other markings.
Fore-wing: along costa, from base to a little distance before apex, a
moderately broad band, emitting downward three rather curved trans-
verse disco-cellular striz,—a wider, more oblique, subangulated bar

NYMPHALINA. 265

beyond cell, as far as third median nervule, and a small, short stria
(sometimes a mere dentation) near the end of the band; from inner
margin, before middle, an oblique irregular marking, emitting an
upward sharp projection which all but meets the middle disco-cellular
stria, and ending abruptly in a broad subquadrate portion which
superiorly touches origin of third and second median nervules; a
short, narrow, black line along third median nervule connects this
irregular marking with the angulated transverse bar emitted by costal
band beyond extremity of cell; a moderately wide or rather narrow
submarginal band, from inner margin to lower radial nervule, inwardly
denticulated on nervules, outwardly united by five black nervular rays
to a narrow black hind-marginal edging traversed by a whitish line ;
end of costal band and of its almost terminal short ray or denta-
tion also united to hind-marginal edging by four black nervular rays,
much longer than the five lower ones. Hind-wing; an irregular basal
patch, externally dentate and somewhat excavate, not running along
costa, but emitting two sharp denticulations to it; a little before
middle a transverse row of four or five small spots, from near upper
extremity of basal patch to near inner margin; a rather broad sub-
marginal band (continuous of, but wider than, that of fore-wing), in-
wardly denticulate, and outwardly united by nervular black rays to a
hind-marginal edging rather broader than that of fore-wing, so that
seven rather large elongate spots of the ground-colour are enclosed.
Cilia fuscous, with conspicuous white inter-nervular spots. UNDER
SIDE.—Paler, duller ; hind-wing with strongly-contrasted transverse bands,
very variable. Fore-wing: costal band wanting, but its rays and cellu-
lar strize (of which latter the middle one commences on costa) present,
narrower, not so black, with here and there some whitish edging;
inner marginal and submarginal markings also much attenuated ;
apical area crossed by a transverse quadrimacular white ray; hind-
marginal edging very narrow, the traversing streak being pure white
and conspicuous; a small black spot at base of discoidal cell. Hind-
wing: varies from pale dull yellow-ochreous to deep ferruginous ; always
two pale-creamy or whitish transverse bands, one near base bordered
on both sides by a macular black stria, the other median, bordered
inwardly by black spots, and outwardly by a fuscous line; black sub-
marginal band very much narrowed, containing seven pairs of small
white inter-nervular spots; upper part of ground-colour spots between
this band and the hind-marginal border either creamy or whitish,
giving the effect of a third pale transverse band; pure-white travers-
ing streak of black hind-marginal edging broken into seven pairs of
inter-nervular elongate spots; a small white-edged black spot marks
upper angle of extremity of discoidal cell; in the ferruginous-tinted
specimens, both the submarginal and hind-marginal white-spotted black
bands are partly or wholly obliterated. Cilia ag above, but brownish-
fuscous replaces the black.

266 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

2 Paler, duller ; the costal black of fore-wing and the basal black of
hind-wing replaced by suffused fuscous, except the strice and spots respec-
tively. Fore-wing: submarginal band united to outermost costal stria
or dentation, so that in all eight instead of six spots of the ground-
colour are enclosed ; inner-marginal marking much attenuated. Hind-
wing: a fuscous streak a little before submarginal band and united to
it by blackish on the nervules so as to enclose seven small spots of the
ground-colour. UNDER SIDE.—As in ¢.

Var. A. (Acheloia, Wallengr.) Z, 9.

tf Darker, more inclined to rufous. Fore-wing: costal black broader,
especially its downward ray beyond discoidal cell, which is very wide and
sharply dentated externally, the outermost dentation usually joining,
or almost joining, the top of submarginal band on second radial ner-
vule; ground-colour beyond the wide downward ray extends all but to
costal edge, so as to isolate subapical extremity of costal band; lower
part of submarginal band much thickened at posterior angle, so as
. almost to obliterate the lowest enclosed spot of the ground-colour.
Hind-wing : no spots before middle ; sabmarginal band and hind-marginal
border more developed, and united by wider nervular rays, so that spots
of ground-colour are smaller. UNDER sIDE.—Like that of typical
form, but even more variable, the hind-wing and apex of fore-wing being
often of a pale creamy-yellowish, in which the whitish or creamy bands
are indistinguwishable, but all the black markings very conspicuous ;
while in others every grade of deepening coloration is found as far as
the same deep-ferruginous as the typical form sometimes exhibits, or
even rather darker.

9 Differs quite in correspondence with the characters just given,
but is very commonly duller and more suffused in markings than the
typical 2.

|PLaTE V. fig. 4 (9).

Pura.—Dull greenish-grey, antennee-cases pale-yellowish. Attached
to middle of a leaf. ,

Description of a living specimen sent to me from D’Urban, Natal,
by Colonel Bowker, and received on gth December 1878. The imago
emerged the next day, so in all probability the colour of the pupa was
duller than at an earlier date; it was a ¢ of the Acheloia variety that
emerged.

* Wallengren’s I/lithya and Acheloia both belong to the variety just described,
as I have ascertained from drawings of his types which Mr. W. F. Kirby
showed me in 1881; the former being an example of the medium under-side
coloration, and the latter one of the deep-ferruginous hue. The differences
pointed out enable me to distinguish the variety from the typical form, but I
think it best not to separate it as a species, for the present at any rate, as I
have seen so few Hypanis specimens from Tropical Africa, and both forms are
so extremely variable both in size and marking. It is Jlithyia proper which
(in a smaller form with thinner black markings) extends to Ceylon and India ;

NYMPHALIN &. 267

it is figured by Cramer (t. 375, f. @, H) as Polinice1 The variety seems to
have almost as wide a range in Africa as the typical form, but not to extend
beyond the continent; H. anvatara, Boisd., inhabiting Madagascar and the
Comoro Islands, though more nearly related to it than to Ilithyia proper,
being, I consider, a distinct species.?

Many of the West-African specimens of this variety approach in appear.
ance Cramer’s figures (A and B, t. 213, and o and D, t. 214) of f and 9,3
having the black markings strongly developed throughout ; the submarginal
band of fore-wing being not only continued rather widely to costa, but broadly
united just above third median nervule to the broad projection of the costal
bar, so as to completely isolate an oblique subapical ray of{the ground-
colour. I also possess a ¢ from D’Urban, Natal, in which‘ the black hind-
marginal bands are very wide, and so completely coalesce as to leave only five
small spots of the ground-colour.

The specimen figured by Drury, and stated to be from “ Senegal,” is a large
well-coloured and strongly-banded ¢, with the ground-colour of the hind-wings
on the under side dull-ferruginous, yet with the white-spotted black sub-
marginal and hind-marginal bands quite distinct though narrow. I possess a
very similar ¢, taken by Mr. T. Ayres in the Transvaal in 1870, but it is not so
large, and the upper-side markings are rather narrower, the base of the hind-wing
being suffused with fuscous. A very small ? of the typical form, from Damara-
land, has all the upper-side markings much attenuated, and the under side of
the hind-wing uniform deep-ferruginous, except for the three white bands and
narrow white black-edged hind-marginal border.

Along the Eastern Coast of South Africa it is the Variety A. which prevails ;
but the late Mr. M. J. M‘Ken sent me a ¢ of the Ilthyia proper, which he
took at D’Urban, and I met with one not far to the northward, in the Victoria
Country. The variety [is very common about D’Urban, and I took many
examples there in the summer of 1867, including two pairs 7m copuld. The
sexes in each case were nearly alike, with the palest under-side colouring of
the hind-wings, but the males had the faint yellow-ochreous bands rather more
distinct from the general creamy-yellowish ground-colour. Colonel Bowker
in 1878 and 1881 captured two quite similar pairs, and in 1880 sent me a
pair with ferruginous under sides, In the latter, the ferruginous was less deep
in the ¢ than in the 9. Farther inland the typical I/thyva seems to replace
the variety, but it is by no means so numerous in individuals.

This very pretty butterfly, which has somewhat the look of a large Melitcea,
frequents grassy and bushy spots on the borders of woods. It is conspicuous
on the wing, flying low and not rapidly, and often settling on the ground or on
the herbage. I do not recollect having seen it feeding on any flower. It
comes out in the winter, but is not then so numerous as in the hotter months,

Localities of Hypanis Ilithyia.

I. South Africa,
B. Cape Colony.
b, Eastern Districts.—King William’s Town (H. J. Atherstone).
e. Griqualand West.—Vaal River (MM. HE. Barber.—Typ.)
‘* d, Basutoland.—Maseru (J. H. Bowker.—T yp.)
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Butterworth and Bashee River (J. H, Bowker.—
Var. A.)

? T think that Boisduval’s Polinice (op. cit.), from “ Senegal,” is of the typical form, but
as he only figures the under side, cannot be certain about it.

2 A constant distinguishing character in H/. anvatara is the waved and dentated form
of the bands crossing the under side of the hind-wings,

3 Cramer in his text gives g for 9 and vice versa. 4

268 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

E. Natal. .
a, Coast Districts—D’Urban (Typ. and Var, A.) Victoria Country

(Typ.)
b. Upper Districts.—Greytown (Typ.) Estcourt (J. M. Hutchinson.
—Typ.)
F. Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay (Colonel H. Tower.—Var.A.) Napoleon
Valley (J. H. Bowker.—T yp.)
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom District (7. Ayres.—TZyp.) Marico
River (f. C. Selous,—Typ. and Var. A.)

II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.

a. Western Coast.—Damaraland (H. Hutchinson, J. A. Bell, and
W. C. Palgrave.—Typ.) ‘Angola (J. J. Monteiro).”—Druce.
Congo (Coll. Brit. Mus.) ‘‘Chinchoxo (Falkenstein).”— Dewitz.

b, Eastern Coast.—Zambesi River (Rev. H. Rowley). “ Tette
(Peter's).” —Hopffer. “Tchouacka (Raffray).” — Oberthiir.
“ Mombas and Lake Jipe (O. Kersten).”—Gerstiicker.

br. Interior.—Kama’s Country, near Bamangwato (H. Barber.—T yp.)

B. North Tropical.

a, Western Coast.— Gaboon.”—Oberthiir. Cape Coast Castle (J.
M. Pask.—Var. A.) Sierra Leone (Col. Brit. Mus.) “ Casa-
manza.”—Feisthamel. ‘ Senegal.”—Drury.

b. Eastern Coast.—‘*Somauliland.”—Felder. ‘Samara: Tajurrah
(J. K. Lord).”—H. Walker. Abyssinia: “ Schoa (Antinorz).”—
Oberthiir ; “ Harkeko (J. K. Lord).”—F. Walker. ‘ Atbara.”
—A. G. Butler. ‘‘ Nubia.”—Hopffer.

IV. Asia.
A. Southern Region.—“ Arabia.”—Oberthiir and Hopffer. India
(North India); E. Ind. Mus. Madras: Brit. Mus, Ceylon (£.
L, Layard),

Genus NEPTIS.

Neptis, Fab., “ Syst. Gloss.—Illiger’s Mag., vi. p. 282 (1807) ;” Westw.,
Gen. Diurn. Lep., ii. p. 270 (1850).

Neptis and Athyma, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. pp. 145, 148 (1862).

Imaco.—Head broad, moderately hairy above and in front; eyes
large, very prominent, smooth; palpi short, slender, acute, not rising
above level of forehead, scaly, clothed beneath with rather long but not
dense hair, and above with a little short hair,—second joint rather short,
—terminal joint long, broad at base, but ending in a very attenuated
and acute point; antenne rather short, with a gradually-formed elongate
but rather thick club, slightly flattened and hollowed inferiorly.

Thorax about as broad as head, rather short and weak, slightly
hairy anteriorly, posteriorly, and inferiorly. ore-wings: elongate,
rather truncate ; costa but slightly arched ; apex more or less rounded ;
hind-margin very slightly sinuated, sometimes a little emarginate about
middle; posterior angle marked ; inner margin rather convex near base,
but emarginate in middle; costal nervure very short, ending on costa
before middle ; first subcostal nervule emitted considerably, second one
slightly, before extremity of discoidal cell in most species, but occa-
sionally the latter nervule originates at a little distance beyond cell ;

NYMPHALIN AL 269

third subcostal nervule emitted far beyond cell and ending at apex;
upper and middle disco-cellular nervules both very short (the latter
inclined towards base), so that the radial neryules are closely approxi-
mated at their origin,—lower disco-cellular quite wanting; discoidal
cell short. Hind-wings: broad, subtruncate ; costa strongly arched,
especially in ¢ (where the very convex margin is superiorly polished
and subnacreous, and covers a corresponding similar surface on inner
margin of tore-wings; hind-margin rather more sinuated than in fore-
wings ; anal angle not prominent ; inner margins but slightly convex,
forming a very incomplete and shallow groove, leaving hinder part of
abdomen exposed; costal nervure usually terminating beyond middle,
but rarely extending to just before apex; subcostal nervure branched
very near base; upper disco-cellular nervule (forming base of radial
nervule) leaving second subcostal nervule very near its origin,—lower
disco-cellular quite obsolete; discoidal cell extremely short; internal
nervure usually rather short, ending about middle. ore-legs of 3 very
small and slender, scaly, sometimes with a very sparse external edging
of minute hairs; tibia much shorter than femur; tarsus exceedingly
short, blunt at extremity,—of ? considerably larger, almost without
hairs; tarsi nearly as long as tibia, distinctly jointed, finely spinulose
near and at extremity. J/iddle- and hind-legs rather short and stout,
scaly; tibiae strongly spinose inferiorly, and with rather long terminal
spurs; tarsi densely spinulose inferiorly.

Abdomen elongate ; very slender in 2.

Larva.—Head large, bifid on its summit; on back of fourth seg-
ment a pair of elongate, divergent, erect fleshy processes, set with short
bristles ; similar but very much smaller pairs of short processes on back
of third, sixth, and twelfth segments,—the two latter pairs inclining
backward ; body rather attenuated posteriorly.

Pupa.—Usually much curved abdominally, thick centrally ; head
deeply bifid; wing-covers projecting widely on each side.

(These characters of larva and pupa are taken from figures of
those of WV. Aceris, Lepech., in Pl. V. of Horsfield and Moore’s Catal.
Lep. Ins. in H.HI.C. Museum (1857), and of those of N. Varmona
and NV. Jumba, Moore, in The Lepidoptera of Ceylon, pl. xxviii.
1881.)

Neptis is not nearly related to any other South-African genus, but
is in several respects intermediate between <Athyma and Limenitis,
neither of which has any African representative, although both have
otherwise a very wide Old-World distribution, and Zimenitis extends
also to North America. From Athyma, which it most nearly resembles
in colouring and pattern, Neptis is at once known by its far smaller
thorax ; while it is distinguished from JZimenitis by its much more
acute palpi; shorter, less gradually-clavate antenne ; open discoidal
cell of the fore-wings; much smaller fore-legs in the ~; and more
strongly-arched costa in the hind-wings.

270 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

This is an extensive group of closely allied forms, about ninety species
having been described. ‘They are butterflies of rather small or middle
size, mostly characterised by very conspicuous sharply-defined white or
ochreous bands and spots on a black or fuscous ground. The metro-
polis of the genus is the Indo-Malayan Sub-Region, but it extends through
the Austro-Malayan Islands to Australia, and in opposite directions to
China, Japan, and Hastern Siberia, over the Ethiopian Region, and
even to Hastern Hurope,—two species (Aceris, Lep., and Lucilla, W. V.)
occurring not uncommonly in many parts of South Russia, Turkey,
Austria, &c.

Of the fifteen Ethiopian species known, four are apparently limited
to Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, and three to Angola; five
others seem only to have occurred in Western Africa north of the
Equator; while of the three remaining, all of which inhabit Southern
Africa, VV. Agatha (Cram.) appears to range throughout the Continent,
NV. Marpessa, Hopff., extends through South-Tropical Africa and on the
eastern side northward to Abyssinia, and WV. Goochii, Trim., has only
been found in Natal. Of these three South-African forms, only Mar-
pessa appears to penetrate the Cape Colony, a specimen having been
sent to me from Port Alfred at the mouth of the Kowie River. Agatha
is considerably the largest, and is very striking from the size of the
pure-white bands. Goochii is the smallest, and differs from both the
others in possessing a longitudinal white bar in the discoidal cell of the
fore-wings.

The butterflies of this genus frequent sheltered wooded spots.
Agatha and Marpessa, which I observed in Natal, and Frobenia, Fab.,
a yellow-banded species which I took in Mauritius, all have a weak
but rather floating flight ; they haunt a particular tree or shrub, and are
fond of settling on the leaves, often keeping their wings expanded when
at rest.

87. (1.) Neptis Agatha, Cramer.

Papilio Melicerta, Fab. [nee Drury], Syst. Ent. p. 508, n. 274 (1775). -
Papilio Agatha, Cram., Pap. Exot., iv. t. ccexxvii. ff. a, B (1782).
Nymphalis Melicerta, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 432, n. 260 (1819).

Neptis Melicerta, Trim., Rhop, Afr. Aust., i. p. 146, n. 87 (1862).

Neptis Agatha, Hoptt., Peters’ Reise nach Mossamb., Ins., p. 383 (1862).

Exp. al, 2 m.—2 in. 7 lin.

Brownish-black, with a reddish gloss, with pure-white transverse
bands. Fore-wing: a slightly curved, rather broad white band, com-
posed of six contiguous spots, beyond middle, extending from costa to
first median nervule not far from hind-margin; on inner margin, a
little before the end of band, a semicircular white spot, crossed by sub-
median nervure; along hind-margin three rows of paler markings,
thin, lunular, partly white, the two first spots of the innermost row

NYMPHALIN®. 241

being larger and whiter than the rest; between the latter row and
white band is a series of rather large, almost contiguous quadrate
marks, darker than ground-colour, and forming a stripe parallel to
hind-margin; from three to seven pure-white dots in discoidal cell,
and one or two just beyond extremity of cell. Hind-wing: a broad
white stripe, continuous of the inner-marginal, semicircular mark on
fore-wing, divided into seven by crossing nervules, occupies central
portion from costa to inner margin, being curved, parallel to hind-
margin; series of dark spots broader than in /fore-wing ; three thin,
lunular, pale streaks bordering hind-margin as in /fore-wing. Cilia
of both wings conspicuously marked with white between denticula-
tions. UNDER sIDE.— Very similar, ground-colour paler. Fore-wing:
costa white close to base; a short, white, longitudinal streak from base
in discoidal cell, bordering subcostal nervure; five or six white dots
in cell, and a transverse row of three from costa, a little beyond cell;
white band and marking as on upper side; three rows parallel to hind-
margin conspicuously white, and forming almost continuous streaks ;
the three first spots of the innermost row larger than on wpper side,
longitudinally triangulate. Mind-wing: three white bands in basal
portion—a broad one edging costa to a little before middle, a narrow
one, parallel to the first, commencing on inner margin, and a broad
one, also parallel and from inner margin, which is broken into three
spots towards costa; central band as on upper side; lunulate streaks
bordering hind-margin conspicuously white. Cilia as on upper side.

A very close ally of WV. Agatha is N. Nysiades, Hewits. (Exot. Butt., iv.
pl. 25, ff. 3, 4), from Old Calabar; but it differs in having the lower portion of
the band of the fore-wings much narrowed and divided into two entirely sepa-
rate spots; it has, moreover, in discoidal cell of fore-wing on upper side only a
white dot and oblique line ; and on under side, besides the longitudinal streak
from base, only two oblique streaks,

Neptis Kikideli, Boisd., from Madagascar, is also nearly related to UN.
Agatha, but at once recognised by its very broad white bands (scarcely
indented externally by black nervules) across hind-wings and lower discal area
of fore-wings.

A Neptis taken by Colonel Bowker at Quilimane, in the year 1878, is to
some extent intermediate between Agatha and Avkideli, having the bands in
arrangement like those of the former, but markedly broader, and externally not
more indented by black nervules than those of the latter.

This strikingly-marked Neptis frequents wooded places; it flies rather
slowly, and often settles on the leaves of low trees. I once took a specimen
on the flowers of Lantana. It was far from numerous on the coast of Natal
during the summer of 1867, and does not appear ever to be abundant there,

Localities of Neptis Agatha.
I, South Africa,
E. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban. Verulam. Tongaati River. More-
wood’s Bay (J. H. Bowker). “ Lower Umkomazi.”—J. H.
Bowker.
K. Transvaal.—Lydenburg District (7. Ayres).

272 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

II. Other African Regions,
A. South Tropical.

a. Western Coast.—‘ Angola: Loanda (R. AMeldola). "A. G. Butler.
“Congo: Kinsembo (HL. Ansell).”—A. G. Butler, ‘* Chinchoxo
(Falkenstein). ”—_Dewitz.

b. Eastern Coast.—Zambesi (Rev. H. Rowley).—Coll. Hope, Oxon.
* Querimba.”—Hopffer. “ Zanzibar (Laffray).”—Oberthiir.

bi. Interior.—Mashunaland and Zumbo, Zambesi (/ C. Selous).

B. North Tropical.

a. Western Coast.—Cape Coast Castle (Z. Bourke). Ashanti.—Coll.
Hope, Oxon. Sierra Leone.—Coll. Brit. Mus.

b. Eastern Coast.—‘‘ Abyssinia: Shoa (Azntinor?). ”__Oberthiir.

88. (2.) Neptis Marpessa, Hopffer.

Neptis Marpessa, Hopff., Monatsb. K. Ak. Wiss. Berl., 1855, p. 640, n. 8;
and Peters’ Reise nach Mossamb., Ins, p. 383, t. xxiv. ff 9, 10
1862).

freee: ee Trim., Rhop. Afr, Aust., i. p. 148, n. 88 (1862); and
(Neptis S.) i. p. 338 (1866).

Exp. al., 1 in. 74 lin.—2 in.

Brownish-black, with white bands and spots. Fore-wing: on costa
beyond middle, not far from apex, three white spots of moderate size,
forming a short band inclining towards hind-margin; below them,
between first and third median nervules, a large, somewhat quadrate,
white spot, divided almost equally by the second median nervule ;
immediately below the latter marking, and a little nearer base, is a
semicircular, moderately-sized, white marking on inner margin; in
discoidal cell three white dots; at its extremity a dark-margined, pale,
transverse streak ; just beyond extremity, three white dots; bordering
hind-margin, three parallel rows of whitish lunules, the outer row
very indistinct or even obsolete; between the innermost of these
lunular rows and the large white spots is a row of spots darker than
the ground-colour; close to the outer edge of the white spots are a
few minute, white, thin spots, two or three of which are situate
between the large white markings. Hind-wing: a compact rather
narrow white band, almost straight on its inner edge, crosses about
middle, from costa to inner margin, and is continuous of the semi-
circular marking on inner margin of fore-wing ; row of darker spots as
in fore-wing, but more distinct ; rows of lunular marks almost obsolete.
UNDER SIDE.—Pale-ochreous, varied with ferruginous-brown ; white bands
and spots as on upper side. ore-wing : costa at base ochreous-white ;
four whitish-brown margined spots in discoidal cell, and a streak
similarly coloured at its extremity; portion around large white spots
ferruginous-brown, with blackish rays between nervules ; row of darker
spots, beyond white ones, blackish ; between the rows of white lunules
bordering hind-margin are parallel dark-brown streaks. Hind-wing :
basal portion pale-whitish ochreous, varied with ferruginous-brown striz
and marks, darker macular row, and lunular lines, as in fore-wing.

oe

NYMPHALINA, ~ 273

This species is readily distinguished from NV. Agatha by its smaller size,
browner ground-colour, much broken and macular white marking of fore-wing,
and totally different under-side colouring. It is a very close ally of mA Saclava,
Boisd., from Madagascar; but, as Hopffer (Joc. ci.) points out, appears to
differ in having three white dots just beyond discoidal cell of fore- -wing, and
the row of fuscous spots common to both wings followed by three rows of
whitish lunules ; Saclava wanting the former altogether, and instead of the
latter, possessing two or three rows of blackish lunules separated (in the fore-
wing only) by a thin white line.

Another near ally is the West-African VV. Nemates, Hewits. (Exot. Butt.,
1868, iv. pl. 25, f. 1, 2), which differs from Marpessa in having the large
white spot on median nervules of fore-wings and the inner-marginal spot
united and much widened, so as to form a short irregular band ; while on the
under side the tint of the ground-colour is much duller and greyer, and there
are no white spots in or just beyond discoidal cell.

I met this butterfly not uncommonly at Port Natal in February, March,
and April 1867. Its habits are quite like those of its congener, N. Agatha ; it
frequents wooded spots, and flits slowly about trees and shrubs, often settling
upon the leaves.

Localities of Neptis Marpessa.

I. South Africa,
B, Cape Colony.
6. Eastern Districts.—Port Alfred, Kowie River (J. H. Randall).
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Tsomo River (J. HW. Bowker).
E. Natal.—D’Urban. “ Lower Umkomazi.”—J. H. Bowker.
F. Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay (Colonel H. Tower).
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourengo Marques (Mrs. Monteiro).
II, Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—‘‘ Angola (J. J. Monteivo).”—Druce. ‘“ Chin-
choxo (Falkenstein).” —Dewitz.
b, Eastern Coast.— Zambesi: Tette.”—Hopffer.

B. North Tropical.
b, Eastern Coast.— Abyssinia : Atbara,’—Butler.

89. (3.) Neptis Goochii,Trimen.
Puate V. fig. 6 (3).
Neptis Goochii, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 336.

Exp. al., 1 in. 44 lin.—1 in. g lin.

Fuscous, with pure-white bands and spots. Lore-wing: a longi-
tudinal white bar, divided transversely about its middle, occupying
lower half of discoidal cell; a small spot immediately beyond ex-
tremity of cell; subapical costal bar broad, even, abruptly truncate
on radial nervule; close to outer extremity of this bar a small spot,

~ }-T have compared Boisduval’s description and Chenu’s figure of NV. Saclava, but the
only note I have of the Madagascar specimens in Mr. Hewitson’s collection (in the year 1867)
is that the band of the hind-wings was broader than in the Natalian butterfly then associated
with them.
VOL. I. Ss

274 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

in a longitudinal line with that just beyond extremity of cell; large
spot on disc between third and first median nervules about the same
size as costal bar, but less elongate and more rounded ; inner-marginal
marking rather small, acuminate superiorly ; five almost parallel, thin,
submarginal white streaks, of which the innermost is indistinct and
more widely separated from the rest, more irregular, and the outermost
also indistinct. Hind-wing: central band broad, even, extending to
inner-marginal edge but not to costa, being abruptly rounded off just
below the first subcostal nervule; five submarginal streaks much as
in fore-wing, but more distinct, the innermost less irregular and more
remote from the second. UNDER SsIDE.—Ground-colour much paler,
almost grey; markings corresponding with those of upper side, but
submarginal streaks broader and more conspicuous. Fore-wing :
cellular longitudinal bar not, or but very indistinctly, transversely
divided. Hind-wing: basal portion with three curved transverse white
stripes (much as in WV. Agatha, Cramer, but not nearly so conspicuous),
of which the first is on costal edge, and the third near central band,
and less distinct than the others.

This butterfly is allied to WV. Melicerta, Drury (nec Cramer), and to
NV. Marpessa, Hopff., but is considerably smaller than those species.
It agrees with the former insect in possessing the longitudinal white
bar’ in the discoidal cell of the fore-wings (which character at once
separates it from Marpessa), but differs markedly (1) in the short, com-
pact, undivided costal bar of the fore-wings ; (2) in the broad, even,
superiorly-rounded band of the hind-wings ; and (3) in having four
(instead of three) parallel hind-marginal white lines. Other characters
separating it from Marpessa are the small size and acuminated form of
the inner-marginal white marking of the fore-wings, and the entirely
different colouring and pattern of the under side.

Mr. W. D. Gooch, after whom I have named this species, met with four
specimens in the neighbourhood of his plantation (Spring Vale) on the coast of
Natal. No other examples came under my notice until Colonel Bowker sent
one taken near D’Urban in December 1879, and again, in June 1881, for-
warded four others captured in the same locality. Nothing special in the
habits of the butterfly has been noted by either observer; and it is not
unlikely that NW. Goochit may often be passed over in mistake for V. Marpessa.

Localities of Veptis Goochit.

I, South Africa.
E. Natal. '

a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban (J. H. Bowker). Little Umhlanga
(W. D. Gooch).

? In four of Colonel Bowker’s specimens the inner portion of this bar is almost obsolete.

NYMPHALINZ. 275

Genus DIADEMA.

Diadema, Boisd., “ Voyage de l’ Astrolabe—Lep., p. 135 (1832),” and Faune
Ent. de Madag., p. 39 (1833); Westw. (“Section A. Sub-Section a,
Divn. *,” of Diadema), Gen. Diurn. Lep., il, pp. 279-280 (1850);
Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 277; Trim. (part), Rhop.
Afr. Aust., i. p. 150 (1862).

Imaco.—Head large, as wide as thorax, densely hairy and scaly,
and with a long tuft of hairs in front; eyes large, prominent, smooth ;
palpi rather stout, elongate, widely separated, divergent, porrected
horizontally, not rising above middle of eyes, densely scaly,—second
joint long, with a dense fringe of short, stout hairs superiorly and
internally,—terminal joint of moderate length and rather broad, with
the tip rather blunt; antenne rather short, slender, with an abruptly-
formed, subovate, slightly-flattened club, bearing a minute acute point
at its extremity.

Thorax moderately stout, clothed beneath and anteriorly above
with short hair, posteriorly above with long hair. ore-wings elon-
gate, produced apically ; costa considerably arched ; hind-margin con-
cave about middle, slightly sinuated; posterior angle prominent but
rounded; inner margin slightly emarginate in middle; costal nervure
strong, terminating at some distance beyond middle ; first and second
subcostal nervules arising not far from each other, a little before extre-
mity of discoidal cell,—third at a considerable distance beyond cell,
and terminating at apex; upper disco-cellular nervule very minute,—
middle one rather short, very strongly curved or bent towards base
of wing inferiorly,—lower one well developed, rather long, slightly
curved, united to third median nervule at a little distance beyond
its origin; discoidal cell rather short, truncate. Hind-wings broad,
rounded, somewhat truncate; costa very convex close to base, thence
moderately arched ; hind-margin sinuated; anal angle marked, rather
prominent; inner margins strongly convex to considerably beyond
middle, forming a broad, deep groove completely receiving abdomen,
thence markedly divergent; costal nervure extending to apex; dis-
coidal cell very short; upper disco-cellular nervule (forming base of
radial nervule) united to second subcostal nervule not far from the
latter’s origin,—-lower one very slender but quite distinct, slightly
angulated towards base of wing, joining median nervure at or a little
before origin of second and third nervules; internal nervure rather
short, terminating just at end of convexity of inner margin. ore-

1 Mr. W. F. Kirby (Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep., 1871, p. 224) has abandoned Diadema as a
name preoccupied, and has substituted for it Hiibner’s title of Hypolimnas, It is true
that the name Diadema was proposed by Schumacher in 1817 for a genus of Cirripede
Crustacea, but it has not been adopted in that class, being synonymous with Lamarck’s
genus Coronula, founded in 1802. (See Darwin, Monogr. Cirrip., 1854, p. 397.)

276 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

legs of g small and slender; femur clothed with long hair infe-
riorly,—tibia and tarsus fringed with short hair; of 2 not very much
larger, but throughout with much scantier hair; tarsus much better
developed, indistinctly articulate, spinulose at extremity. Middle and
hind legs of moderate length, rather thick, scaly; tarsi with two rows
of strong spines beneath and a few small ones above,—the terminal
spurs long and strong; tarsi spiny, especially beneath, where the
spines at end of each joint are longer than the rest.

Abdomen of moderate length, rather stout.

Larva.—Rather tapering towards head, armed with stout, rigid,
branched spines; head with two erect, elongate, spinose horns.

Pupa.—Thick, rounded, more or less constricted at junction of
thorax and abdomen ; head very bluntly bifid, not prominent; dorso-
thoracic prominence rather elevated posteriorly ; wing-covers bi-angu-
lated laterally at and near bases, somewhat projecting at apices ;
abdomen strongly arched; back of thorax with three very small acute
tubercles on each side; back of abdomen with three rows of larger
very acute tubercles, and each side with two rows of very small or minute
ones.

PuaTE I, fig. 5.

Of this genus, as restricted by recent authors, only one species,
the well-known D. Misippus (Linn.)—long called by the name of its
near ally, D. Bolina (Linn.)—occurs in South Africa, It is rather a
large butterfly, expanding over three inches; the male being of remark-
able beauty and instantly recognised by the large purple-ringed white
spot which adorns the black upper surface of each wing, while the
entirely different female is coloured with reddish-ochreous in close
imitation of Danais Chrysippus. As will be seen from the list of
localities given below, this species has an immense range over the
warmer regions of the globe; but I think Mr. Wallace (following
Westwood, loc. cit.) inaccurately—in his Notes on astern Butter-
flies in the Transactions of the Entomological Society of London for
1869, p. 280—gives it as a native of Australia. Hxcept in copying
the varieties of Danais Chrysippus, the female Diadema Misippus can-
not be termed very variable; but the female of the closely related D.
Bolina is one of the most unstable forms known, exhibiting such
numerous variations that quite a formidable array of different names
has been assigned to it by various authors. The geographical distribu-
tion of this Diadema is also extremely wide, including India, the whole
Malayan Archipelago, Australia, and many islands of the Pacific, but
not any part of Africa.

' As Mr. Wallace, however, points out, these two Diademe stand
alone in their enormous range, the great majority of the genus occur-
ring in the Austro-Malayan Islands only, while six or seven are
described from Polynesia. Besides Misippus, the Ethiopian Region

NYMPHALIN/, 244

yields only three other species, but these are peculiar to it, viz., D.
Salmacis (Drury), reputed (but I believe erroneously) to have occurred
in South Africa ;+ D. Monteironis, Butl., from Old Calabar and Angola,
allied to Salmacis ; and the very distinct D. Dexithea, Hewits., a native
of Madagascar.

An even more striking case of mimicry than that of Danais Chrysip-
pus by Diadema Misippus 2 occurs in this genus, and has been well
described by Mr. Wallace (loc. cit., p. 287). It is that of the Indo-
Malayan D. anomala, Wall., where, in reversal of the rule among
butterflies, the male is dull-brown, while the female is glossed with rich
purplish-blue, in simulation of the protected and abundant Luplea
Midamus (Linn.)

In Diadema, the head, the prothorax, and the sides and under part
of the mass of the thorax are marked with conspicuous white spots.

90. (1.) Diadema Misippus, (Linnzus).
9 Papilio Misippus, Linn., Mus. Lud. Ulr. Reg., p. 264, n. 83 (1764);
and Syst. Nat., i. 2, p. 767, n. 118 (1767).
$ Papilio Bolina, Dru., Ill. Nat. Hist., i. pl. xiv. ff. 1, 2 (1770).
+ Cram., Pap. Exot., i. t. Ixv. ff. EB, F (1779).
fe) Papilio Diocippus, Cram., op. cit., t, RR VAI. Lip, sC,
29 Nymphalis Misippe, Godt., Ene. Meth. 5, 1X. DP: 304, Re 15 34( 2519):
3d @ Diadema Bolina, Boisd., Faune Ent. de Madag., &c., p. 39, n. 1

1833).
fe) aS io Inaria, Cram., op. cit., t. cexiv. ff. a, B (1782).
3d 2 Diadema Bolina, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., 1. p. 153, n. gt (1862).
3 2 Diadema Misippus, Hopff., Peters’ Reise nach Mossamb., Ins., p.
385 (1862).

i Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 356.

Larva AND Popa.
(Cingalese) Moore, Lep. Ceylon, pl. 29, f. 1¢ (1881).

Exp. al., 2 in. 7 lin.—3 in. 7 lin.

f Black, with white, violet-shot, large spots. Fore-wing : just beyond
extremity of discoidal cell, a transverse, rather large, elongate, sub-
ovate, obliquely-lying, white marking, shot with blue-violet (forming
in certain lights a lustrous circle on the black ground-colour around
the white), crossed by four nervules, and extending from near costa to
below second median nervule; a similar, much smaller spot, crossed by
two nervules, close to apex. Hind-wing: a large, central, circular,
white marking, violet-ringed like those in /ore-wing ; two or three
small, indistinct, thin, bluish lunules, close to anal angle. ringes of
both wings very short, black, varied with white in indentations of

1 I included this very fine species, which expands 4} inches, in Rhopalocera Afric
Australis (i. p. 151), on the strength of its being included by Boisduval as among Delegor-
gue’s captures at “ Port Natal;” but as no other Natalian or South-African example has

ever been forthcoming, it is probable that some mistake occurred, and I have withdrawn the
species from this work.

278 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

margin. UNDER SIDE.—Fore-wing: large white markings as on upper
side, but not violet-ringed; costa thinly dusted with white as far as
larger white marking; three small white spots immediately below
subcostal nervure; a space of rich chocolate-red, from base, occupies
nearly whole of cell, extending a little below it; apical portion shining
brownish-ochreous ; white spot at apex commencing a row of white
dots, parallel to hind-margin, only a few of which are apparent; two
parallel rows of conspicuous white lunules along hind-margin, which is
black ; immediately before larger white marking, and sometimes touch-
ing it, is a small, narrow, irregularly-shaped white mark on costa.
Hind-wing: shining brownish-ochreous ; tinged with chocolate-red near
anal angle, and on costa near base; large central spot extended into a
very broad, white, median band, from costa to inner margin, edged
with black inwardly from costal nervure, and containing an elongate
black spot, close to costa a little beyond middle, and a black streak on
inner margin before anal angle; hind-marginal black broader than in
fore-wing, its two rows of white lunules larger and more conspicuous ;
parallel to hind-margin a row of rather distinct white dots.

2 Dull reddish-ochreous. Fore-wing: apical half of wing blackish,
narrowing to a very thin bordering at base and anal angle, containing
an oblique pure-white stripe from costa, consisting of four moderate-
sized spots (of which the lowest is separate from the rest), and almost
reaching hind-margin ; two rows of whitish lunules border hind-margin,
as on under side of f, but not so distinct; close to apex, a narrow
white stripe, composed of three small spots, almost parallel to the
larger stripe, with a white dot a little below it. Hind-wing: a dusky-
blackish spot on costa, a little beyond middle, as in f on under side,
but much broader ; a rather narrow, blackish border to hind-margin,
containing a row of more or less distinct, whitish lunules, and the
indications of a similar row before the outer one; faint-bluish tinge at
anal angle as in J. UNDER sipE.—Considerably like that of gf, parti-
cularly the fore-wing. ore-wing: white stripes as on wpper side ;
white spots below subcostal nervure as in $f; dull-red from base much
paler than in g, tinged with ochreous, and occupying whole of inner
margin (where it is very pale), only leaving a narrow band of blackish,
from base to anal angle, before larger white stripe; apical portion,
beyond larger stripe, shining yellow-ochreous; hind-marginal lunules
as in fg. Hind-wing: shining yellowish-ochreous; a whitish central
shade indicates position of white transverse band; blackish costal spot
as on upper side; a blackish mark at base, on costal nervure; and
another, larger, irregular, blackish mark at extremity of discoidal cell
on discoidal nervure ; hind-marginal border as in jf, as well as row of
white dots parallel to it.

Var. 2 (D. Lnaria, Cram.)—A_ suffusion of the reddish-ground-
colour covers apex, only leaving costa and hind-margin blackish ; the apical
and subapical white stripes being also obliterated with the same hue.

NYMPHALIN. 279

Between the Znaria form and the ordinary 2 very numerous grada-
tions appear, some examples retaining part of the apical blackish as
well as the white markings, others presenting the white markings only,
and some again exhibiting merely a part of the latter in varying
degrees of distinctness.

The 2 often presents a whitish suffusion on the disc of the hind-
wing, chiefly about the median nervure and its nervules; this seems to
be more frequent in the Jnaria form and the specimens more or less
approaching it.

Larva.— Fuscous-brown on back; sides dull-greenish, with two
longitudinal dull-red streaks (of which the upper one is the broader) ;
all the legs red. Head dull-red, with two rather long, divergent,
spinose, black horns, Body beset throughout with blackish branched
spines, tinged with pale-red at their bases. Feeds on Portulaca oleracea
and P. quadrifida (M. E. Barber).

Pupa.—(Plate I. fig. 5.) Brownish yellow-ochreous, varied with
very dark-brown; abdominal segments rather closely ringed with fine
fuscous parallel lines; back of thorax irregularly patched with very
dark-brown ; wing-covers all dark-brown except for some ochreous
spotting near extremity.

The above description of the /arva is from a drawing sent to me
by Mrs. Barber in the year 1867; that of the pupa is from a specimen
I obtained at Maritzburg, Natal, in April of that year, and from two
others (which produced respectively a f and a 2 of the Znaria form)
sent to me in March 1870 by Colonel Bowker from Maseru, Basuto-
land. One of the latter is represented in my figure.

Judging from the figures given in Moore’s Lepidoptera of Ceylon,
the Cingalese /avva is of much duller colouring, the back and upper
sides being given as ochreous-brown, the lower sides very dark-brown ;
the head and pro-legs dull ochre-yellowish, and the spines of the body
almost the same colour but paler. The Cingalese pupa is also darker
and more uniform in colouring; but the South-African one is variable
in this respect, a figure of Mrs. Barber’s representing it as of a pale
greyish-brown without dark variegation.

This well-known and widely-ranging species is generally distributed over
South Africa, except in the 8.W. of the Cape Colony, where it only occurs as
a straggler, a few examples even reaching Cape Town in seasons when the
insect is numerous. The ¢ varies scarcely at all, except in size and in the
depth of the under-surface colouring, while the 9, as above noted, is highly
variable within certain limits. Misippus is a bold and active insect, frequent-
ing flowers in gardens and open spots, and often settling on the ground. The
latter habit is more practised by the ¢, who thus shows off his expanded
purple-ringed wings to much advantage. Colonel Bowker has noted, near
D’Urban, with what persistence a g¢ will continue to occupy one particular
spot. In one instance, when a ¢ so guarding a little space of about ten
yards square, and beating off other ¢s who intruded, was captured, Colonel
Bowker found, the next day, that another ¢ had taken possession of the
vacant station. He suggests that possibly the presence of a 9 pupa almost

280. SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

ready to emerge as imago may be the explanation; and the similar cases
recorded (cf. those of Papilio Demoleus and Heliconius Charitonia mentioned
in Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. iv.) render this not improbable.

The ¢ (as noticed by Colonel Bowker in 1863), when in pursuit of the
9, keeps a little below her, with his wings constantly and rapidly quivering ;
while the ? slowly rises, with little motion of the wings, towards the summit
of some adjacent tree. I observed the same habit in Natal.

The imitation of Danais Chrysippus (Linn.) by the 9 Diadema Misippus
is one of the most exact and unmistakable cases of mimicry known, and is
the more striking from the extreme dissimilarity of the ¢ Diadema. The
obvious intention of the mimicry is demonstrated by the singular fact that
the very variations of the Danais are correctly reproduced by the ? Diadema,
viz., the failure of the ordinary black and white at the apex of the fore-wings,
and the suffusion of white on the disc of the hind-wings.! In life the imita-
tion is singularly deceptive, as well when the butterfly is settled on flowers as
when it is on the wing; and it requires a keen eye and close observation to
distinguish one insect from the other. I once noticed at Port Natal a Chry-
sippus for a long time pursue a 9 Mistppus, and have little doubt that the
former mistook the latter for a female of its own species.

Mrs. Barber notes that the larvee of Misippus, however unlike in colouring
to their food-plants, are really protected by their appearance, the species of
Portulaca on which they live being prostrate in habit, with their stems often
half-hidden in the soil; and the larve being thus, when feeding, as much on
the dark earth as on the plants.

She adds that the pupe are not suspended, but simply concealed among
dry leaves on the ground; but there seems to be variety of habit in this
particular, Colonel Bowker reporting that the two pupe he sent to me from
Basutoland were found suspended by the tail in clefts of rocks.

D. Misippus has a very wide range, being found throughout the countries
inhabited by Danats Chrysippus (with the single exception of the European
shore of the Mediterranean), and apparently occurring also in several parts of
South America and the West Indies.

Localities of Diadema Misippus.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.

a, Western Districts.—Cape Town. Swellendam (7. Cairneross).
Knysna. Plettenberg Bay. Oudtshoorn (Adams).

b, Hastern Districts.—Uitenhage. Grahamstown. Kowie River
(Str A. Scott). King William’s Town (W. S. M. D’ Urban).
Burghersdorp (D. R. Kannemeyer). Colesberg (A. F. Ortlepp).

d. Basutoland.—Maseru (J. H. Bowker).

D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker). °
i. Natal.

a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban. “ Lower Umkomazi.”—J. H. Bowker.

b. mie Districts. — Pietermaritzburg. Estcourt (J. M. Hutchin-
son).

F. Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay (Colonel H. Tower).
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom District (Z. Ayres). Limpopo River

(Ff. C. Selous).

L. Bechuanaland.—Motito (Rev. J. Frédouz).

Colonel C. Swinhoe (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, p- 505) notes that at Kurrachee the
? Dadema mimics the variety Dorippus more commonly than the typical Chrysippus.

NYMPHALIN 281

II, Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.

a, Western Coast.—Damaraland (C. J. Andersson and J. A. Bell).
“Angola (J. J. Monteiro),”—Druce. ‘Congo: Kinsembo
(H. Ansell).”—Butler. “ Chinchoxo (Falkenstein).”—Dewitz.

aa, St. Helena (Miss Shortis), ‘‘ Ascension (Bewicke).”—Mrs. Wol-
laston. :

6, Eastern Coast.—Zambesi (Rev. H. Rowley). ‘ Tette.”—Hopffer.

bi. Interior.—Bamangwato District (H. Barber). Tauwani and
Tati Rivers (7. C. Selous). ‘ Zambesi: Victoria Falls (F.
Oates.)”— Westwood.

bb. Mauritius. —‘‘ Madagascar and Bourbon.”—Boisduval. “ Rodri-
guez (G. Gulliver).”—Butler.

B. North Tropical.

a. Western Coast.—“ Gaboon (Theorin).”—Aurivillius. Ashanti.—
Coll. Brit. Mus. Sierra Leone (J. M. Pash).

b. Eastern Coast.—“ Somauliland.”—Felder. ‘Abyssinia (Raf-
Fray); and Shoa (Antznor?).”—Oberthiir. ‘* Abyssinia :
Atbara.”—A, G. Butler.

IV. Asia.
A. Southern Region.—India (North India: Canara.—Coll. E. Ind.

Mus.) Madras: Bangalore (2. G. Southey). Ceylon (E. L. Layard).

“ China,”—Boisduval. ‘* Formosa.”— Wallace.

B, Malayan Archipelago.—Java: Borneo.—E. Ind. Mus. ‘‘ Lombock,
Timor, Celebes.”— Wallace.

VI. America.—“ Guiana.”—Boisduval. “ Surinam.”—Cramer and Drury.
“ Cayenne.”—Godart. ‘‘ Para (Berlin Mus.).”—Hopfter, “ St. Chris-
Pp

a ees)

topher’s.’"—Drury. Antigua.—Hewitson Coll.

Genus EURALIA.

Euralia (“ Sect. B. Sub-Sect. a,” of Diadema), Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep.,
ii, p. 281 (1850).
Diadema (part), Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 150 (1862).

Imaco.—Intimately allied to Diadema. Head narrower; antenne
considerably longer, with the club gradually-formed and elongate.
Hind-wings: with discoidal cell open,—the lower disco-cellular nervule
entirely wanting.

Larva.—As in Diadema, but apparently thicker.

(In Mr. W. D. Gooch’s series of drawings and notes there are two
pencil outlines and written details of a larva stated to have resulted in
“ Kuralia mima or £, dubia.” The attenuation of the two segments
next the head is represented as more abrupt from the general thickness
of the body than is usual in Diadema. The colouring is noted as vel-
vety-black, with the spines springing from narrow white rings.)

It is with very great hesitation that I have allowed Zuralia generic
rank, as I can discover in the perfect insect no constant structural
distinctions from Diadema except those above noted. The section or
sub-section was defined by Westwood for the two West-African species
D. dubia (Pal. de Beauv.) and D, Anthedon, Doubl.; and the seven

282 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES,

species—five being near allies of the former and two of the latter—
which have since been described are all confined to the Ethiopian
Region. Of these, one, Z. Drucei (Butl.),’ belonging to the Dubia
section, inhabits Madagascar; three, viz., Dubia, Dinarcha, Hewits.,
and Anthedon, belong to Tropical Western Africa north of the Equator ;
Damoclina, mihi, is found in Angola; Usambara, Ward, an ally of
Anthedon, was discovered in Eastern Africa a few degrees south of the
Equator; and Mima, Trim., Wahlbergi, Wallengr., and Deceptor, Trim.,
seem to be limited to Natal and Zululand. All the species have a
peculiar facies, six of them very closely mimicking the same number of
the Danaine genus Amauris inhabiting their respective localities, and
the remainder being probably imitative (less perfectly) of some of the
same kinds of Amauwris, or possibly of certain forms of that genus not
yet known. It is worthy of remark that while in Diadema close
mimicry of other butterflies is confined to the female, in Luralia both
sexes are equally well disguised.

Although the Anthedon section, with its broad white patches, has so
different a superficial aspect from that of the Dubia section, in which
the white or yellowish spots of the fore-wing are small, all the forms
known are really most intimately related. The white spotting of the
head and thorax is identical in all; and the fact of a male Jima
having been taken paired with a female Walbergi is a further indica-
tion of the close alliance existing between the sections.

The few specimens of the two last-named species that I observed
in Natal were confined to the outskirts of woods, where they frequented
low trees ; their flight was slower and more floating than that of Diadema
Misippus. All the three South-African forms present striking instances
of mimicry; 2. mima copying the Natalian variety of Amauris Echeria,
L. Wahlbergi most exactly simulating A. dominicanus, and the very
rare J. deceptor very closely resembling A. Ochlea.

91. (1.) Kuralia Wahlbergi, (Wallengren).
Puate VI. fig. 2 (6).

¢ Diadema Wahlbergi, Wallgrn., K. Sy.-Ak. Handl., 1857,—Lep. Rhop.
Gatit., ps 277 Met

gd Diadema Anthedon, Trim. [part], Rhop. Afr. Aust., i p. 152, n. g1
(1862) ; Trans. Linn. Soc., xxvi. pp. 511-512 (note) (1869); and
Trans. Ent. Soc., 1873, p. 106, 107 (note) [s, 9].

Euralia Anthedon, Doubl., Var. maryinalis, Butl., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,

1875, P- 395:
Exp. al., 3 in. 4 lin.—g4 in. 1 lin.
gf Black, with large patches of iridescent white. Fore-wing: an
elongate, more or less distinct, longitudinal-oblique white streak in
1 Mr. Butler (Zrans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 426) gives this form—which appears to be

the Diadema dubia described by Boisduval in Faune Ent. de Madag., p. 40—as a Panopea ;
but there can be no doubt that it is really referable to Furalia.

NYMPHALINZ, 283

discoidal cell; a broad, oblique, white stripe beyond middle, not reach-
ing to costa or to hind-margin, crossed by three nervules; a large,
somewhat semicircular white blotch occupies nearly the whole of
inner margin, rising as far as median nervure, but not quite to its
second nervule. Hind-wing: iridescent white ; basal portion blackish ;
a broad black band along hind-margin, wider and suffused with brownish
about anal angle, radiating in streaks between nervules. UNDER SIDE.
—Faler: similar in pattern. ore-wing: a small white spot at base ;
another on costa, near base ; a third in discoidal cell, before the white
streak ; costa tinged with ochreous-brown, as well as apical portion
beyond oblique white band. Hind-wing: hind-marginal band coloured
with ochreous-brown, very much narrower than on upper side, radiating
very distinctly between nervules; a conspicuous white spot on narrow
basal black. On both wings are the traces of a double row of minute
whitish lunules along hind-margin, and in hind-wing a submarginal
series of rather indistinct white minute spots in fuscous rings situated
on the inter-nervular blackish rays.

2 Similar to the gf, but all the white markings larger, especially
the cellular streak and the subapical stripe. Sore-wing: a small spot
in discoidal cell corresponding to that of the under side. UNDER
SIDE.—Hind-marginal lunules more pronounced,—those of the fore-
wing tinged with blue.

This is a very near ally of £. Anthedon, Doubl., a native of Western
Africa, being indeed its Southern representative. The principal differences pre-
sented by Wahlbergi are (1) its considerably larger size oe not appearing
to exceed 3 in. § lin. in expanse of wings), and (2) its larger white markings,
especially as regards the hind-wing, where in Anthedon the white extends ‘to
but little beyond the middle. These differences exactly correspond to those
which distinguish the South-African Amauris duminicanus, Trim., from the
West-African A. Niavius (Linn.); and &. Wahlbergi is as accurate a mimicker
of the former as L. yee is of the latter species of Amauris.

I met with this very conspicuous butterfly at D’Urban, Natal, in February,
March, April, and June; but it was always scarce, and I captured four speci-
mens only. It is a woodland insect, and is fond of floating about low trees,
quite in the manner of the Amauris it so closely resembles. The imitation is
so exact, that, prior to actual examination of a captured individual, I found it
impossible to tell whether I was taking the Euralia or the Amauris. The late
Mr. M‘Ken sent several specimens to the South-African Museum, all taken in
the D’Urban Botanic Gardens; and Colonel Bowker has since forwarded a few
from the same neighbourhood. Of the latter, one remarkably small ¢ is only
3 in. 1 lin, in expanse of wings. I have recorded (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1873,
p. 107, note) the capture by Captain H. C. Harford of a 9 of this butterfly

paired with a gH. mima, Trim. Notwithstanding the very different pattern
and colouring of the wings, the two forms are very closely related.

Localities of Huralia Wahlbergi.
I, South Africa,

E. Natal.
a. Coast Biewice —D’Urban. Little Umhlanga (HZ. C. Harford),
“ Lower Umkomazi.”—J. H. Bowker,

F, Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay (Colonel H. Tower).

284 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES,

92. (2.) Euralia mima, (Trimen).

Diadema mima, Trim., Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., xxvi. p. 506, note (1869) ;
and Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 107 (notes).

Exp. al., 3 in. 3 lin—gq in.

$ Sooty-black, with slightly-iridescent white spots; hind-wing with a
pale ochrey-yellow patch. Fore-wing: the following white spots, viz.,
towards middle an oblique row of two—one thin, elongate, almost
longitudinally placed, in discoidal cell near the extremity, the other
much larger, subovate, farther from base, between first and second
median nervules ; a nearly parallel oblique subapical row of three, about
midway between the first row and apex, consisting of two small rounded
spots close together near costa, and a larger, inferior, irregularly sub-
ovate one just above third median nervule; and a submarginal row of
seven small round ones, of which the first and seventh are largest, and
the fourth and fifth minute or obsolete. Hind-wing: yellow patch
occupying basal and central area, commencing very near base, rounded
superiorly, rising more or less above subcostal nervure, extending to
rather beyond middle on disc and also to inner margin, having its outer
limit rather ill defined, and more or less penetrated by inter-nervular
black rays from hind-margin ; nervures crossing yellow patch black; a
submarginal row of five small round white spots, of which the lowest
(between first and second median nervules) is tinged with yellow. Cilia
black, with small but very distinct inter-nervular white spots. UNDER
SIDE.—Hind-wing and apical area of fore-wing pale ochreous-brown with
a tinge of grey ; markings like those of upper side. Fore-wing: a small
white spot in discoidal cell, before the first of the oblique median row ;
three still smaller ones close to base,—two on costa and one at origin
of subcostal and median nervures; on costa, immediately above first
spot of subapical row, a narrow white mark; submarginal row of seven
spots, usually complete,—often a minute additional spot just above the
first; from anal angle to lower radial nervule a double row of bluish-
white lunules along hind-margin. Hind-wing: ochrey-yellow patch
paler, smaller, its exterior outline better defined but irregular; spots
of submarginal row larger, better defined—a sixth sometimes present
below first median nervule; a double row of white lunules usually well
marked along all the hind-marginal border; inter-nervular black rays
well-defined ; base narrowly black, with two small white spots,—one
close to origin of precostal and costal nervures, the other at origin of
subcostal and median nervures.

9 Similar to gf, but the white spots of oblique rows in fore-wing larger,
and usually ringed with bluish (sometimes also with a few ochreous-yellow)
scales ; in both wings traces of a double row of bluish-white lunules
along hind-margin. UNDER SsIDE.—As in f.

Specimens of both sexes occur in which the yellow patch of the
hind-wing is much restricted, not rising above subcostal nervure or

NYMPHALINE 285

extending far below or beyond median nervure. With one exception
—a 9—the five examples (3 $s, 2 $s) I have examined presenting
this variation are unusually small.

Var. A (f and 2).

LED. Gis (4)°3 ino3 (2) 3 an. 6, in.
Fore-wing : two spots of median oblique row much enlarged (especially

that in discoidal cell), almost touching. Hind-wing: basal patch iri-

descent-white, only slightly tinged with ochreous-yellow on its edge.

Unpver sipE.—In ¢ with a slightly rufous tinge in the brown portions.
Hab.—f, Natal (? local.) ; 2, D’Urban (J. H. Bowker).

This Kuralia is the Southern representative of H. dubia (Palis. de Beauv.)
of Western Africa. It differs with apparent constancy in the following parti-
culars, viz., in the fore-wing « (1) the two spots of the median oblique row are
much smaller and far apart ; (2) the subapical oblique white band is narrower,
and divided into three quite distinctly separate spots ; (3) the white spots of
the submarginal row are smaller ; (4) the ochreous scaling or suffusion on the
inner margin is altogether wanting ; and (5) the white spot near base, in dis-
coidal cell, is obsolete ; while in the hind-wing (6) the basal patch is broader
and uniformly yellow-ochreous. The under side differs correspondingly, and
(7) the white spots at the bases of the wings are smaller,

The small Variety A. above characterised decidedly inclines in the direction
of H. dubia, as far as the enlarged median spots of the fore-wing and the white
patch of the hind-wing are concerned, but in other respects retains the distinc-
tive features of HZ. mima.}

A very fine ?, taken at D’Urban by Colonel Bowker in March 1879, is
remarkable for possessing a gloss of indigo-blue over the black ground in the
apical half of the fore-wings, and also for having all the spots in those wings
very distinctly ringed with bluish on the upper as well as on the under side,

E. mima was very rare on the coast of Natal in the summer of 1867, and
I only met with two specimens—one at D’Urban and the other near Verulam,
both during February, On each occasion I at first mistook the butterfly for
Amauris Echeria, until I noticed its more active flight. The late Mr. M. J.
M‘Ken and Colonel Bowker, during their long residence in the Colony, often
took specimens, and about twenty examples have been received from them.
Among the latter gentleman’s captures was a pair taken 7m copuld in the Park,
D’Urban, on the rith February 1881. These individuals were unusually
small—the ¢ expanding only 2 in. 11 lin., and the ? 3 in. 4 lin.—and much
alike, both presenting the variation above mentioned, viz., the much-reduced
yellow patch of the hind-wing, and having also the spots of the fore-wing
smaller and less distinct than usual, especially in the ¢. This close resem-
blance of the paired sexes is of interest, seeing that (as noted under LZ. Wahlberg?)
the ¢ Mima has on one occasion been taken in copula with the 9 Wahlbergi.

Localities of Zuralia mima.

I, South Africa.

EK, Natal.
a. Coast Districts—D’Urban. Little Umhlanga (H. C. Harford).
Verulam.

1 This small variety appears to approach very closely £. (‘ Panopea”’) Drucei, Butler,
from Madagascar (to judge from the description and figure in Zrans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1874,
p. 426, pl, vi. f. 3), differing chiefly in the less regular macular bars of the fore-wing, and in
the smaller and less ochre-tinged patch of the hind-wing.

286 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

93. (3.) Huralia deceptor, (Trimen).
Puate VL, fig. 3 (¢@ ).
$ Diadema deceptor, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 105.

Hep. al., (ft) 3 in. 34 lin.s (2) 3 in. 1 lim.

gf Black, with white (very slightly pink-glossed) markings. Fore-
wing : costa dusted with pale-bluish scales near base; a small rounded
spot in discoidal cell near base ; an irregular oblique central bar, con-
sisting of a narrow cellular stripe and a large ovate patch, lying mainly
between second and first median nervules (but extending slightly above
the former and considerably below the latter nervule) ; a narrow sub-
apical stripe of three spots, extending from a little below costa to
third median nervule (the lowest spot largest); a small spot near apex,
and a similar one near anal angle, just above submedian nervure. Hind-
wing: in basal region a large, sub-rotundate patch, not reaching base,
and scarcely extending above subcostal nervure, but spreading indistinctly
to inner margin, and projecting outwardly between radial and third
median nervules; outer edge of patch indented by black between
nervules ; a submarginal row of four minute whitish spots, between
first subcostal and second median nervules,—that nearest costa less
indistinct than the rest; beyond them, but towards anal angle, very
faint traces of a hind-marginal, lunulate, whitish streak. UNDER SIDE.
—Hind-wing, and costal and apical border of fore-wing, pale, glossy,
greyish-brown. Fore-wing: violaceous-pink lustre over white mark-
ings more observable than on upper side; three additional white spots
at base; subapical stripe commencing on costa with a broad white
mark; brown border commencing at base, extending widely along
costa, so as to cover upper portion of discoidal cell (irrorated with
whitish scaling on each side of costal nervure), and occupying apical
region to below extremity of third median nervule; some faint whitish
irroration on costa near apex just above white spot; and some (rather
stronger) at lower extremity of subapical stripe; a double row of hind-
marginal white lunules; a blue tinge over the black ground-colour,
especially on the edges of the large central marking, of the anal-
angular spot, and of a minute spot above latter. Hind-wing: basal
lobe dull-white ; this dull-white extends beyond precostal nervure ;
an orange dot and a white dot at origin of costal and median nervules
white patch duller than on upper side, larger and more irregular in
outline, widening so as to occupy inner margin to its edge as far as in
a line with end of abdomen, and emitting a conspicuous ray upward to
apex from between the subcostal nervules; from outer angle of patch
there extends some dense whitish irroration, on each side of third
median nervule, as far as hind-marginal lunules ; five distinct dots in
submarginal row; two rows of hind-marginal lunules, thin, distinct,
almost continuous throughout.

Palpi and legs of the same greyish-brown as the under side of
hind-wings and of great part of the fore-wings.

NYMPHALINZ. 287

2 All white markings larger. Fore-wing: central bar touches
small spot near base, reaching inwardly to origin of first median
nervule, and outwardly to a little beyond lower part of extremity of
discoidal cell. Hind-wing: white patch very much larger, extending
so far beyond middle as to leave only a moderately broad hind-marginal
border of black (of almost even width throughout). LHdges of larger
markings (especially of central bar of fore-wing) glossed with violaceous-
blue as in #. Anthedon. UNDER SIDE.—As in Z, but white mark-
ings much enlarged, especially in hind-wing, which is all white except
for a costal and a hind-marginal border of brown.

This Hwralia presents an unmistakable mimicry of Amauris
Ochlea (Boisd.), a local species inhabiting the coast of Natal and St.
Lucia Bay. All the white markings in the Hwralia are in proportion
smaller than in the Amawris, and the central bar of the fore-wings is
more obliquely placed ; while on the under side the grey colouring is
paler and the hind-wings want the narrower basal black of Ochlea, and
present a pale ray (from the central patch to the apex) which is not
found in the latter.

EF. Deceptor is intermediate in character between #. mima and
E. Wahlbergi, but is on the whole perhaps nearer to the former, both
in size and markings; though the absence of any ochreous tinge in
the white bars and the pinkish gloss of those markings, added to the
width of the central bar of the fore-wings, approximate the insect to

the latter. The white spots of the head, palpi, and back of thorax
are identical in the three species, and a tuft of ochreous hairs on the
posterior region of the breast is also found in all of them.

The first example (a ¢) of this interesting Diadema known to me was
taken by Mr. W. Morant in a road cut through thick bush, in Victoria
County, Natal, about the middle of July. In reply to an inquiry from me,
that gentleman states that the place of capture was one in which he had some-
times found Danais Ochlea.

The only other specimen I have seen was captured by Colonel Bowker at
Clairmont, near D’Urban, on 2d February 1880. This is the ? figured on
Plate VI. Colonel Bowker wrote at the time that it was quite a chance
capture, having been started by his walking among some low branches and
leaves by the side of a bush-road.'

Localities of Huralia deceptor.

I. South Africa,
E. Natal.
a. Coast Districts. —D’Urban (J. H. Bowker). Victoria County
(W. Morant).
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lorenco Marques (M7s. Monteiro).

1 Since the above was written, I have seen a second ¢, from the collection of Mr. H.
Grose Smith, taken at Delagoa Bay by Mrs. Monteiro. This individual differs slightly on
the upper side from Mr. Morant’s example, having the central bar of the fore-wing narrower
in its lower and larger portion, not rising at all above second median nervule, and extending
only a very little below first median nervule.

288 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Genus PSEUDACRABA.

Pseudacreea, (“Section A. Sub-Section b, Division **,” of Diadema) and
Panopea (‘ Do. do., Divn, * of Do.”), Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep., ii. p,
281 (1850).

Panopea, Trim., Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 79.

ImaGco.—Allied to Diadema, Boisd., and Huphedra, Hiibn. Head
of moderate size, downy above, hairy in front; palpi elongate, conver-
gent, densely scaly, ascendant to about level of forehead,—second joint
long, tufted above and along inner edge, and sometimes thinly hairy
beneath,—terminal joint short and blunt; antenne long or very long,
rather thick, with the club very elongate and very gradually formed.

Thorax long and thick, densely downy beneath, more thinly so
above, and moderately hairy posteriorly. ore-wings elongate, more or
less produced apically, much as in Diadema ; first subcostal nervule
originating much more towards base, and second considerably more
before extremity of discoidal cell than in Diadema, and third one origi-
nating not so far beyond cell; lower disco-cellular nervule stronger,
more arched. Hind-wings with costa, after basal convexity, very slightly
arched; hind-margin more or less sinuated; anal angle sometimes
decidedly prominent in #; neuration as in Diadema; discoidal cell
rather shorter (in P. Semire (Cram.) exceedingly short); lower disco-
cellular nervule quite distinct, more or less curved, usually joining
median nervure where second and third nervules originate; groove
formed by inner margins not so deep or complete as in Diadema.

Abdomen very compressed laterally; much longer than in Diadema
or Huralva.

With the exception of the green-spotted Semire, Cram., and Jmerina,
Hewits. (= Glaucina, Guér.), and the rufous-and-black Hostilia, Drury
—which have the hind-wings much produced in their inferior half, and
constitute a section apart—all the species of this Ethiopian genus are
in both sexes distinctly imitative of various species of Acreine, the 2
of two only (P. Tarquinia and P. Delagow, Trim.) showing more resem-
blance to two species of Amauris, of the sub-family Danaine. It
would be difficult to imagine more perfect mimicries than several of
these—eg., that of Planema Gea (Fab.), $ and 2, by Pseudacrea
Hirce (Dru.), $ and 2; of Pl. Aganice (Hewits.), f and 9, by Ps.
imitator, Trim., ¢ and 2; or of P. elongata, Butl., 2, by Ps. meta-
planema, Butl., 9—extending as they do not merely to colouring and
pattern, but to outline of wings and such minutie as the colour of the
palpi and the spotting of the thorax and abdomen. Almost as per-
fect also are the imitations of Acrwa Zetes (Linn.), and 2, by Ps.
Boisduvalu, Doubl., f and 2, and of A. Acara, Hewits., f and $, by
Ps. Trimenii, Butl., f and 9. The exactness of these and of some other
mimicries among African butterflies can best be estimated by the fact

NYMPHALIN. 289

that they have deceived not only practised collectors, but experienced
entomologists, so that it was by no means uncommon until recently to
find even in public collections specimens of the models and of their
copies placed together, in the mistaken belief that they were represen-
tatives of one and the same species. There is thus no difficulty in
understanding how complete is the deception in the field, where the
habits and flight of the mimicking insects are more or less assimilated
to those of the protected species mimicked, which inhabit the same
districts, and very often haunt the same spots.

Of the four known South-African species, Ps. Trimenii and Ps.
imitator respectively imitate the red black-spotted Acrwa Acara and
the black yellowish- or white-banded Planema Aganice,—the latter
affording an instance of remarkably exact imitation. The males of the
remaining two, Ps. Tarquinia and Ps. Delagow, present. a much less
close resemblance to the same Planema ; while their females, singularly
enough, are modified in distinct relation, respectively, to the Danaine
Amauris Echeria and A. Ochlea. In range, Tarquinia seems farthest
distributed, occurring at Natal, on the Zambesi, and in Usambara;
Trimeni inhabits Natal, Delagoa Bay, and Zambesia; Jmitator has
been found only in Natal; and Delagow inhabits the place after which
it is named. All appear to be rather scarce insects, but it is not
unlikely that they are less rare than they seem,—their disguise render-
ing them very apt to be passed over among the abundant Acrwine.

94. (1.) Pseudacreea Tarquinia, (Trimen).

g Panopea Tarquinia, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 79, pl. v.
3

Exp. al., 2 in. 44 lin.—3 in.

g Brownish-black, with white and yellowish-white bands. Fore-
wing : an outwardly arched band of four white spots, of which the first
(much smaller than the others) is in discoidal cell close to its extremity,
and the fourth (the largest) between first and second median nervules ;
two elongate yellowish-white spots, one on each side of submedian
nervure, forming an irregular patch on inner margin rather beyond
middle (of these the upper spot is sometimes very much reduced or
almost obsolete) ; between white band and apex two obliquely-lying
subquadrate white spots, one on each side of first discoidal nervule; a
fine linear edging of pure-white along costa from a little beyond
middle, ending at apex in a conspicuous white spot extending to the
cilia immediately adjoining. Hind-wing: crossing middle, a broad
yellowish-white band, beginning close to costa, opposite inner-marginal
patch of fore-wing; of this band, the inner edge, not far from base, is
slightly irregular,—the outer edge regularly and sharply dentated by
inter-nervular - black rays extending from hind-margiu. In both wings,

WOES TG T

290 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

but especially in fore-wing, indistinct traces of a submarginal row
of small dull-whitish spots; ci/ia with minute inter-nervular white
spots. UNDER sIDE.—Grouwnd-colour pale ochreous-brown, except discal
area of fore-wing, which is brownish-black. ore-wing: a small white
spot at origin of subcostal and median nervures; a fulvous-ochreous
streak along costa for a little distance from base; a longitudinal black
ray in discoidal cell, at extremity joining the discal black; white band
and spots larger than on upper side, especially spot at apex, which is
widely suffused inwardly ; sometimes a third spot, narrower and usually
much smaller than the other two, at lower end of subapical bar; four
or five small white spots in a submarginal row between third median
nervule and anal angle. Hind-wing: base, as far as inner edge of
central band, dull fulvous-ochreous, marked with eight black spots,
viz., one on costa at base, one on each side of precostal nervure, three
in discoidal cell, and one on each side of first subcostal nervule; four
of these are on the edge of central band, which is broader than on
upper side; a more or less complete submarginal row of small white
spots arranged in pairs between nervules (wanting in one example) ;
inter-nervular rays more conspicuous than on upper side.

Head and thorax black; head with a large white spot in front
and four small ones on summit,—the palpi black above, with white
black-edged sides; thorax with four small white spots on each side
above, and seven large ones on each side beneath. Abdomen black
above, with a row of five small white spots on each side; creamy
beneath.

2 Ground-colour browner than in {; all the markings of fore-wing
smaller, more yellowish, and more or less obscured by some greyish
scaling ; band of hind-wing pale ochreous-yellow ; submarginal row of
small whitish spots much better marked in both wings, but especially
in hind-wing. Fore-wing: apical white spot wanting, but adjacent
cilia white as in ~. UNDER sIpE.—Ochreous-brown duller than in ¢.
Fore-wing: bands yellower, narrower, more distinctly macular; basal
fulvous-ochreous streak and apical white spot wanting. Hind-wing:
basal colouring duller, browner. |

Apical portions of fore-wings much more elongated in the 9.

This species is closely allied to P. Lucretia (Cram.), but, as far as the male
sex is concerned (I have not seen the 9 Lucretia), presents the following dif-
ferences, viz.: In fore-wing (1) the two spots of subapical bar are more or less
quadrate, and do not radiate towards hind-margin ; (2) the inner-marginal patch
is yellower and much smaller; (3) the white costal edging and apical spot are
characters wanting in Lucretia ; while in hind-wing (4) the band is yellowish
and much broader. On the under side, in fore-wing (5) the whitish scaling in
discoidal cell and the conspicuous white radiation from subapical bar are both
wanting ; (6) the median band is wider; (7) the submarginal spots are smaller
and fewer ; while in hind-wing (8) the basal ochreous is broader; (9) the sub-
marginal spots are smaller; and (ro) the inter-nervular streaks fainter. The
abdominal white spots are smaller than in Lucretia.

NYMPHALIN A, 291

The ¢ P. Tarquinia is apparently imitative of Planema Aganice (Hewits.),}
the shape and position of the central bands, the colouring, and particularly the
basal markings of the under side of the hind-wings, being remarkably similar ;
but the Pseudacrea has a short subapical white bar not found in the Planema.
The latter marking is, however, not noticeable in flight, and I fully believed
the first example that I met with to be Planema Aganice,—a butterfly
frequenting the same spot. Curiously enough, the ? Zarquinia does not
resemble either sex of Pl. Aganice, but is plainly modified in imitation of
Amauris Echeria (Stoll), as shown by the reduced spots and (especially) apical
prolongation of the fore-wings, the ochreous-yellow band of the hind-wings, the
more distinct series of small submarginal spots, and the browner colouring of
the under side. I have not seen the 9 Zarquinia in life, but the likeness to
Zicheria in the cabinet is so strong, that on the wing it is in all probability
entirely deceptive.

I met with two examples only in Natal, one near D’Urban, on 18th February
1867, and the other near Verulam, on the 24th of the same month; the former
was settling on a shady pathway in a wood, and the latter hovering about young
trees at the edge of a wood, and settling on the outermost twigs occasionally.
This latter individual had precisely the same slow floating flight as Planema
Aganice, and settled in exactly the attitude adopted by that butterfly and by
Amauris Hcheria, viz., with the wings dependent and closely shut, at the very
extremity of a twig.

The butterfly is undoubtedly rare ; but the late Mr. M. J. M‘Ken forwarded
a male from D’Urban in 1869 and a female in 1871. <A female from Natal
was in Mr. Hewitson’s collection in 1867, as well as a male from the Zambesi.
During his stay in Natal, Colonel Bowker has sent me four males from D’Urban
(April 1879 and June 1881), one male from Isipingo (April 1879), and two
males and one very small female (exp. al., 2 in. 44 lin. only) from Pinetown.

In Mr. Distant’s collection I noted an apparent g from Magila, East Africa,
in which the bands were tinged with reddish-ochreous. The Natalian ¢s vary
in the more or less yellowish tint of the band of the hind-wings.

Localities of Pseudacrwa Tarquinia.

I. South Africa,
E. Natal.
a. Coast Districts—D’Urban. Verulam, Pinetown and Isipingo
(J. H. Bowker).
IJ. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
a. Eastern Coast.—Zambesi.—Coll. Hewitson. Usambara: Magila.
—Coll. Distant.

95. (2.) Pseudacreea Delagoe, Trimen.

Hap. al. (¢) 2 im. 62 lin, (2) 2°in. 14 lin.

g Black, with white bands and spots. Fore-wing: an outwardly arched
rather broad band of five white spots, of which the first is of about the
same size as the second, and is in discoidal cell at its extremity (being
separated from the second by the curved and strongly black-clouded

1 The West-African Lucretia, with its much more conspicuous subapical white marking

in the fore-wings, bears a strong likeness to Planema Lycoa (Godt.), a native of the same
region.

292 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

lower disco-cellular nervule),—the fourth is the largest,—and the fifth
(immediately below first median nervule) very small; two elongate
white spots, one on each side of submedian nervure, forming a distinct,
rather small, superiorly-rounded patch on inner margin rather beyond
middle; between arched white band and apex two obliquely-lying
white spots, of which the lower is outwardly rather deeply bifid ;
below the lower of these two spots, the indistinct trace of a linear
white mark, succeeded by a very faint series of almost obsolete minute
whitish spots, between nervules, close to hind-margin; a very fine
linear white edging along costa from a little beyond middle to apex,
where it terminates in a conspicuous white spot extending to the cilia
immediately adjoining, and somewhat suffused on its inner side. Hind-
wing : a very broad central white band from costa to inner margin; of
this band, the inner edge near base is slightly dentated, the outer edge
regularly and deeply pierced by inter-nervular black rays extending from
hind-margin ; the ray between submedian and internal nervures much
longer than the rest, reaching almost to base ; close to hind-margin, a row
of very indistinct whitish minute spots arranged in pairs on both sides
of each inter-nervular ray ; at anal angle two or three indistinct ochrey-
yellow marginal marks. Cilia with minute inter-nervular white spots.
Unver sipe.—Very pale ochreous-brown, mixed with whitish in apical
hind-marginal area of both wings ; discal area of fore-wing tinged with
fuscous. Fore-wing: a small white spot at origin of subcostal and
median nervures ; a pale fulvous-ochreous streak along costa from base
to a little before middle; a longitudinal black ray in discoidal cell
surmounted by a shorter divergent white ray; white markings larger
than on upper side, especially first spot of central band and both sub-
apical spots,—the latter forming a continuous bar inferiorly confused
with the whitish inter-nervular clouding of apical hind-marginal area ;
crossing this area, conspicuous inter-nervular fuscous rays’; apical white
spot enlarged and inwardly merged into whitish clouding ; submarginal
white spots distinct from third median nervule to anal angle. Hind-
wing : base, as far as inner edge of central band, pale fulvous-ochreous
marked with eight black spots as in P, Zarquinia; central band
broader than on upper side; submarginal white spots much larger
than on upper side, and quite distinct except near apex, where they
are confused with the inter-nervular whitish clouding ; hind-margin and
anal angle bordered with ochrey-yellow.

9 All the white markings (except apical spot) considerably larger,
especially the central band in both wings. Fore-wing: central band
very much broader than in f, more even and continuous, its first spot
so enlarged as to occupy outer half of discoidal cell; lower disco-
cellular nervule only thinly marked on the white; costal white edging
line wanting, and apical white spot very thin and minute; submarginal
spots distinct,—the two next succeeding subapical spots elongated, sub-
linear. Hind-wing: central band begins rather nearer to base and

NYMPHALIN &. 293

extends rather nearer to hind-margin ; submarginal spots distinct in
pairs throughout; hind-marginal ochrey-yellow marks developed into
an edging from radial nervule to inner margin a little before anal angle.
UNDER SIDE.—White markings as above, but with a distinetly greenish
gloss, in parts tinged with violaceous ; whitish clouding almost obsolete
in apical area of fore-wing, and quite wanting in that of hind-wing.
Fore-wing: discal area much darker than in f. Hind-wing: hind-
margin distinctly edged with ochrey-yellow throughout, and anal angle
suffused with that colour.

This butterfly is a very near ally of P. Tarquinia, Trim. ; and when I had
only seen a ¢ example in Mrs, Monteiro’s collection in the year 1881, I did
not think that it should be treated as more than a variety of the species
named. But having now (August 1884) received both sexes on loan from Mr,
H. Grose Smith, I find that the 9 presents features so very dissimilar as to
demand specific separation. As regards the ¢, P. Delagoce is distinguishable
by (1) the greater development and purer white of the central markings,
(2) the better definition of the small submarginal spots, (3) the presence of
ochrey-yellow marks at the anal angle of the hind-wing, and on the under side
by (4) the mixture of whitish clouding in apical hind-marginal area of both
wings, (5) the paler fulvous ochreous at base of hind-wing, and (6) the ochre-
yellow hind-marginal and anal angular border. In the 9 all these differences
(except the whitish clouding on the under side) are emphasised ; and the con-
trast between her and the narrowly yellow-banded ? Tarquinia is too great
to need minute description. In fact, while the 9 Tarquinia, as above pointed
out, is in outline, pattern, and colouring modified in resemblance to Amauris
Echeria, the 9‘Delagoe is decidedly imitative of A. Ochlea. The abdominal
white spots, which are indistinct in 2? Tarquinia, are conspicuous in 9 Delagoe.

The ¢ and 9 here described and the ¢ above referred to are all the ex-
amples I have seen, and all three were taken at Delagoa Bay by Mrs. Monteiro.

It is curious that the ¢ Delagoe, though in some characters farther removed
from the West-African Lucretia, Cram., than is Tarquinia, shares with the
former only the conspicuous feature of whitish clouding on the under side near
the apex of both wings.

Locality of Pseudacrwa Delagocw.

I. South Africa.
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourengo Marques (Mrs. Montero).

96. (3.) Pseudacreea imitator, Trimen.
PuatE Vik. fig. 2: (2 ),

Pseudacrea imitator, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 107.

Eup. al., 2 in. 114 lin—3 in. 24 lin. (9).

2 Fuscous, with yellowish-white bands. Fore-wing: an oblique, nar-
row, subapical band, tolerably even and continuous, slightly broader
inferiorly, crossed by three nervules, extending from a little below
costa as far as second median nervule; on inner margin, beyond
middle, a small space inconspicuously irrorated with yellowish-white ;
five black spots in discoidal cell, the largest one at base, and enclosing
a small white spot; two rather smaller, nearer to base than to extre-
mity of cell, placed very obliquely, so that the lower is wholly beyond

294 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

the upper; and two, smaller than the two central ones, still more
obliquely placed at outer end of.cell, the lower being on second disco-
cellular nervule ; two small black spots just below cell, one at base,
immediately preceded by a white dot, the other about as far from base
as second cellular spot; a bluish-bronzy gloss along costa and over
basal and inner-marginal region, strongest on inner-marginal edge.
Hind-wing: a rather broad, central, transverse band, rather straight,
and of even width except near costa, where it is rather narrowed and
obscured ; a good-sized black spot at base, marked (on origin of median
nervure) with a whitish dot, and surmounted towards costa by a whitish
spot; two black spots obliquely placed in discoidal cell near base;
two above cell, one on each side of first subcostal nervule; one imme-
diately below cell, close to base; one (small and thin) on the almost
atrophied nervule closing cell; and one (minute) just outside cell above
the radial nervule; the two spots last mentioned are within the white
transverse band. Jn both wings inter-nervular black rays extend from
hind-marginal edge to exterior of white band, in hind-wing piercing
the band to some depth. UNpDER sipE.—JMuch paler ; outer halves of
wings ochreous-grey ; spots near base as on upper side, but much more
conspicuous ; pale bands with less distinct outline, that of hind-wing
narrower ; in each wing an additional white spot at origin of costa.
Fore-wing : inner-marginal whitish space more apparent, but still ill-
defined ; a faint basal tinge of fulvous below cell. Hind-wing:; all the
basal ground-colour before transverse band ferruginous-fulvous, with a
faint violaceous gloss.

Antenne black; palpi black above, laterally and beneath yellow;
head, thorax, and base, broad dorsal line, and segmental incisions of
abdomen black. Head with six white spots (two on front, two on
summit, and two behind the eyes); collar with two; thorax with
eight; base of abdomen with two; breast with one central white spot,
and two yellowish spots on each side; legs brown, with a white spot at
base of each femur, except first aborted pair, which are yellowish.
Abdomen with sides and under-surface ochre-yellow.

The species is nearly allied to P. Hirce, Drury. (See Mr. Hewit-
son’s figure of the typical form of the 2 Hirce (Hurytus, Clerck), from
Calabar.) It may, however, be readily distinguished from the latter
by the absence in the fore-wings of the conspicuous white band which
in the 9 Hirce extends from the inner margin towards the subapical
band; and by the fuscous base of the hind-wings, which in the 2? Hirce
is occupied by the white of the band. In P. imitator the subapical
band of the fore-wings is much longer and narrower, and the second
and third cellular spots are in all the wings nearer to the base.

The above description was made from the only two specimens (both ?)

then known to me. [I have since received from Colonel Bowker the follow-
ing Natalian examples, viz., a 2 in 1878, whose locality was not recorded, it

1 Exot. Butt., iv. Diadema, iii. f. 11 (Part 66, April 1868).

NYMPHALIN&. 295

having been mistaken for Planema Aganice, Hewits.; and two ¢s and three

9s from Pinetown in 1883. The ?s quite agree with the foregoing descrip-
tion, except that in the finest and freshest of them the bands of both wings
are pure white. The two ¢s are considerably smaller than the ?s, the
expanse of wings being respectively 2 in. 64 lin. and 2 in. 8 lin. In pattern
they do not differ from the 9, except in the narrower oblique band of fore-
wing beyond middle. The fresher of the two has, however, the bands of both
wings of a decidedly pale ochrey-yellowish throughout, while the other has only
a tinge of that colour at the superior extremity of the band of hind-wing. On
the under side the sexes present no difference.

The $ P. imitator is very unlike the ¢ P. Hirce, which has rufous bands
(including a large patch or short band on inner margin), in imitation of the
3 Planema Gea (Fab.) of Western Africa.

From P. Tarquinia (Trim.), which inhabits the same districts, P. emitator
may at once be distinguished by possessing—(1) only one oblique even bar in
the fore-wing, instead of two submacular ones, and (2) the black spots in the
basal area of both wings. The apical area is very much blunter in outline,
especially in the 9. The palpi are ochre-yellow laterally and beneath, instead
of white with a black edging; and the sides of the abdomen are of the same
yellow, without any white spots.

Captain H. C. Harford, of H.M. 99th Regiment, took a single specimen, on
the 21st January 1868, in a narrow bush-path near the Little Umhlanga,
and describes it as settled on the ground with the wings expanded, sucking
moisture from the damp sand. Another example was captured by Mr. Walter
Morant, on the 8th June 1869, near Pinetown: it is noted by him as flying
near the ground on a hillside in the vicinity of thick bush. Mr. Harford
observes that these two individuals were the only ones ever seen by him.

P. imitator is a close mimicker of Planema Aganice (Hewitson), the ? dif-
fering principally in the fore-wings in the minor features of possessing some
black spots near the base and a slight inner-marginal whitish suffusion, and of
wanting a separate white or yellow spot at the extremity of the subapical bar.
The spots at the base of the hind-wings are not so numerous as in the Acrea ;
and the palpi are yellow, instead of black spotted with white. The spotting
of the head, thorax, and base of abdomen is almost identical in the two
insects; and in both the abdomen is ochreous on the under side, while the
ochreous abdominal spots and rings of Aganice are roughly represented by the
general ochreous lateral colouring in the Pseudacreea.

Colonel Bowker, when forwarding ¢ and ? in very fine condition from
Pinetown in April 1883, wrote: ‘‘It is quite impossible to distinguish the
difference between this butterfly and Aganice, either when settled or on the
wing; and the first notice you get is the brittle crwnch between finger and
thumb of Jmitator, or the soft leathery feel of Aganice. Death is, moreover,
instantaneous with the former, while you may squeeze Aganice as long and as
hard as you like without effect; nothing but the poison-bottle will settle
him!” This very exact mimicry leads to the conjecture that possibly P. imv-
tator may not actually be so rare as it would appear; for undoubtedly the
ordinary collector would overlook it among specimens of its model, Aganice.
At present (April 1884) the eight specimens above mentioned are the only
ones known to me as having been met with. Colonel Bowker’s examples were
taken on 31st March (one), in April (two), and in June (two).

Localities of Pseudacrea inmitator.

I. South Africa.
E. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—Little Umhlanga (H. C. Harford). Pinetown
(W. Morant and J. H, Bowker).

296 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.
97, (4.) Pseudacreea Trimenii, Butler.

3 9 Panopea Boisduvalti, Trim. [part], Trans. Linn, Soc. Lond., xxvi. pp.
517-518, t. 43, ff. 8, 9 (1869).

& Pseudacrea Trimenit, Butl., Ent. M. Mag., xi. p. 57 (1874).

Var. 6, Trim., loc. cit., pp. 517-518 = Pseudacrea Colville’, Butl., Ann.
and Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th Ser., xiv. p. 123 (1884).

Exp. al., (¢) 3 in. 3-5 lin.; (2) 3 in. 8-11 lin.

2 Deep-red (more vivid and carmine-tinged in hind-wing), spotted
and bordered with black ; apical half of fore-wing semi-transparent
Juscous, crossed by an oblique yellow-ochreous bar. Fore-wing: costa
from base very narrowly, apex broadly, and hind-margin rather nar-
rowly, bordered with black; on inner margin for a little distanceé*from
base a narrow black or fuscous streak, prolonged thence as a mere
linear edging as far as posterior angle; red ground-colour not reaching
upper corner of extremity of discoidal cell, nor rising above second
median nervule, but extending to hind-marginal border; in discoidal
cell, five rather large rounded black spots, viz., one near base, two
obliquely placed about middle, and two (the lower situated on lower
disco-cellular nervule) at extremity ; below median nervure, six similar
spots, viz., one at base, two (one above and a little beyond the other)
near base, and three (in a transverse row) situated respectively on
second median nervule at its origin, on first median nervule, and on
submedian nervure; all these spots are very thinly ringed with semi-
transparent fuscous-grey scales; neuration everywhere black; semi-
transparency of apical half of wing most pronounced on its inner por-
tion; oblique yellow-ochreous bar variable in width, sometimes rather
narrowed superiorly, extending from costal to hind-marginal black
border; from hind-margin a series of seven strongly-marked inter-
nervular black rays (changed to fulvous where they cross the ochreous
bar), much thickened inwardly, especially the three lower ones. Hind-
wing: at base, four or five black spots unite to form a large marking
above and partly entering discoidal cell; the black at base of cell is
marked with a white or whitish spot; in cell near extremity a good-
sized rounded black spot, and a similar spot on the disco-cellular
nervule; another black spot just below median nervure, and a row of
three small ones on the median nervules at or near their origins; a
moderately-broad hind-marginal black border containing seven fulvous-
ochreous spots between nervules; the inner edge of this border radiates
slightly on the nervules, and in some specimens also emits short inter-
nervular rays ; about median nervure and its branches and submedian
neryure some more or less distinct clouding of whitish scales. Cilia
extremely narrow, black, in hind-wing with very minute inter-nervular
white spots. UNDER SIDE.—Very like upper side, but deep-red replaced
by rose-pink tinged with carmine. Fore-wing: borders fuscous-grey
instead of black ; yellow-ochreous bar paler; black spots as on upper

NYMPHALIN Zi. 297

side ; inter-nervular rays almost obsolete except at their inner ends.
Hind-wing: whitish discal clouding much more developed ; neuration
generally black finely edged with whitish scales; basal black broken
up into one large mark at base enclosing three white spots, three rather
large rounded spots above discoidal cell, and a small round spot in upper
part of cell; other black spots as on upper side; inner-marginal fold
more or less clothed with creamy-yellow hairs; spots in hind-marginal
border pale ochreous-creamy, in parts faintly tinged with pink (an
eighth spot between submedian and internal nervures).

Head, thorax, and abdomen black, with the following white and
yellow markings, viz.: superiorly, two small white spots on front, and
two on back of head ; two rather larger white spots on collar; two
white spots on patagia of ¢horax, and four large ochreous-yellow ones
(one pair about middle, the other posterior) behind them; on abdomen
a pair of white spots on basal segment, and a pair of large ochreous-
yellow ones on each other segment ;—inferiorly, the palpi are ochreous-
yellow with the terminal small joint black; thorax with a central
ochreous-yellow stripe, and nine or ten good-sized white spots on each
side ; abdomen with the segmental incisions and a stripe on each side
pure-white. Antenne black. Legs black, with small white spots
defining each joint.

9 Much duller, the red in fore-wing replaced by pale greyish-ochreous,
and in hind-wing by pale rufous-ochreous ; the black spots in paler
(some of them in whitish), more developed rings; other black markings
duller and less pronounced, especially the inter-nervular black rays of
the fore-wing. ore-wing : yellow-ochreous subapical bar paler and
broader (its lower extremity in one example indistinctly separable from
the discal colouring); immediately preceding its upper part an ill-
defined, short, blackish oblique ray. UNDER siDE.—Very much paler
and duller, with only a faint reddish tinge over bases and on discs.
Hind-wing : whitish-creamy, tinged with pale-yellow on the margins;
spots in hind-marginal border the same colour, partly tinged with red-
dish ; before hind-marginal border some faint inter-nervular reddish
rays.

Head, thorax, abdomen, &c., coloured and marked as in f.

Var. A.—f and §.

gf The subapical yellow-ochreous bar of fore-wing wholly wanting,
so that the whole apical half is left semi-transparent fuscous-grey.
The spots in hind-marginal border much larger than usual, (Two
examples. )

2 An oblique, narrow, white subapical ray in fore-wing, obsolete
superiorly, inferiorly tinged with yellow-ochreous; ground-colour
brighter and redder, especially in hind-wing near base; spots in hind-
marginal border not much larger than in ordinary 2. On under side
the basal and discal rose-pink is much developed, and only a little paler
than in the f. (One example; exp. al., 4 in.)

298 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

P. Trimenii is the Southern representative of P. Botsduvalii, Doubl., from
West Africa. The black spots are in size, number, and arrangement the same
in both forms, but the hind-marginal border of the hind-wing is broader and
the spots it contains are smaller in 7rimendi. It is in the colouring, however,
that a striking difference exists, Boisduvalii having in the fore-wing only a
basal and inner-marginal reddish suffusion, and wanting altogether the con-
spicuous yellow-ochreous subapical bar,—the 9, however, having in its place a
faint white mark, while the red ef the hind-wing is duller and paler without
a carmine tinge, The variety of Zrimenii above described approximates to
the West-African form in wanting the yellow bar of the fore-wing, and in
having the spots of the hind-marginal border of the hind-wing larger; but in
other respects, and especially in the deep red ground-colour of both wings, is
quite like the Southern form.!

This extremely handsome butterfly was first brought to my notice in a
collection sent from Natal by the late Mr. M. J. M‘Ken, who from time to time
met with individual examples near D’Urban, and forwarded altogether five
males (one of the Variety A.) and two females. During my visit to Natal in
1867, I specially watched for this species, but only saw one (a ?) in the
Botanic Garden, on the 25th March. This example was on the wing, and
floated overhead in the full sunlight of mid-day—just out of reach of my net!
Colonel Bowker wrote to me that during the first eighteen months of his stay
at Natal, 1878-79, he saw but four “ Bodsduvali,” all of which he captured.
Besides two of these D’Urban specimens, both ¢s, he has forwarded a ¢ of the
Variety A. from the Umkomazi (February 1883), a 9 of the variety taken at
D’Urban (on 7th April 1884), and a very fine and perfect ordinary ¢ from
Pinetown (May 1883).

As pointed out in my paper on Mimetic Analogies among African Butterflies
(Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., xxvi. p. 517), P. Trimenti—then regarded as a local
variety of P. Botsduvalii—closely imitates Acrea Acara, Hewits., just as Bots-
duvalii itself is a mimicker of A. Zetes (Linn.) The mimicry is twofold, each
sex of the Pseudacrea copying the corresponding sex of the Acrca, and is
carried out on the under as well as on the upper surface of the wings, and also
in such minutie as the yellow palpi and the spotting of the thorax and
abdomen. Even the variable whitish suffusion on the disc of the hind-wings
in A. Zetes is reproduced more or less distinctly in P. Trimenii.

A ¢ brought from the Zambesi by the Rev. H. Rowley, and presented to
the Hope Museum at Oxford, did not differ from Natalian examples.

It is remarkable that the brilliant carmine-tinged red of this beautiful
Pseudacrea soon fades in the cabinet to a dull brick-red, exactly as the similar
bright reds of the Acree fade.

Localities of Pscudacrea Trimenii.

I. South Africa.

i. Natal.
a. Coast Districts—D’Urban (M. J. M‘Ken and J. H. Bowker).
Pinetown and Umkomazi (J. H. Bowker).
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourengo Marques (Mrs. Montero).

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.
a. East Coast.—Zambesi (Rev. H. Rowley).

1 It has recently been described as a new species (P. Colvillei) by Mr. A. G. Butler, but
it does not seem to me separable from P. Trimenit.

NYMPHALIN&. 299

Genus GODARTIA.

Godartia, Lucas, “ Ann, Soc. Ent. France, 1842, p. 299;” Westw., Gen.
Diurn. Lep., ii. p. 282 (1850).

ImaGo.—Head of moderate size, shortly tufted in front; eyes
smooth; palpi rather small, erect, divergent, roughly scaly; basal
joint hairy beneath; middle joint tufted above as in Diadema, rather
long and thick, terminal joint short and blunt; antenne short and
thick (especially in @), with the club elongated and but slightly hol-
lowed inferiorly.

Thorax moderately thick, very convex superiorly, downy beneath
and in front above, hairy posteriorly above; prothorax forming a well-
marked neck. Sore-wings: broad, remarkably truncate in ~—inner-
margin being of unusual length; costa very strongly arched in ¢,
moderately in Q, finely serrated; apex squared in f, rounded in 9;
hind-margin rather convex about middle in ¢, concave in 9; inner
margin fringed with hair near base, slightly concave about middle;
costal nervure very thick and rigid, especially near base; first sub-
costal nervule short, slender, rising far before end of discoidal cell and
united to costal nervure at about the same distance beyond cell; second
and third also slender, but very long (the latter ending at apex), and
arising respectively considerably before and a little beyond extremity
of cell,—fourth and fifth thicker, branching off not very far beyond
third ; discoidal cell very short; disco-cellular nervules all very oblique,
—upper one rather long, middle one very short (radial nervules thus
originating close together), lower one very long, more slender than the
others, slightly curved, joining third median nervule at same distance
from its origin. Hind-wings: very broad—especially in ¢, where they
are markedly prominent apically ; costa very slightly arched after basal
prominence ; hind-margin slightly sinuated; inner-margins forming a
wide rather shallow groove; nervures thick and rigid near base, espe-
cially the precostal; costal nervure terminating at apex; upper disco-
cellular nervule forming curved base of long radial nervule, lower one
wanting (leaving discoidal cell quite open); submedian and internal
nervures much curved,—the latter short and unusually thick and rigid.
Fore-legs of $ very small, but rather thick, densely scaly ; tarsi with some
short thick hairs at extremity; of the 2 much longer, rather smoother,
—tibia about as long as the femur, tarsus rather long, thickened at
extremity, spinulose beneath. Middle and hind legs short, thick,
scaly ; tibiz and tarsi bristly above, spinose beneath; tibial spurs very
short.

Abdomen rather thick (in f rather long), dorsally hairy at base and
along median line.

This remarkable genus, though exhibiting relationship with Diadema

300 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

and allied groups, more especially in the female, is emphatically charac-
terised by its erect palpi, short antennze, very exceptional neuration of
the fore-wings, and extraordinary shape of the fore-wings in the @.
The last-named feature gives a peculiarly clumsy, almost deformed look
to the male, rendering it impossible to fail in recognising a Godartia of
that sex; but the female in pattern and outline of wings usually much
resembles a Diadema or Huralia. All the six species recorded are
Ethiopian only, one being from Madagascar; and in all but one—G@.
Trajanus, Ward, from Camaroon in Western Africa, which has white
markings tinged with yellow, and a chestnut-red basal patch in the
fore-wings—the male has a peculiar colouring of shining-greenish ray-
marks and spots on a black ground. ‘This gives him somewhat of the
appearance of a Danais of the Limniace section; but his shape is so
very different, that the resemblance in life cannot be very close,
especially as I learn from Mrs. Monteiro that his habits and flight are
quite unlike those of the Danaine butterflies. Mr. Butler (Lep. Exot.,
p- 53), im noticing the resemblance to a West-African Danais borne
by G. Hurinome (Cram.), points out that the female of the latter is the
more accurate mimicker; and in the case of the only species—G.
Wakefieldii, Ward—inhabiting Southern Africa, it is noticeable that
the male is less like a Danais than his near congeners, while the female
clearly imitates a large black-and-white species of Amauris. All the
Godartie have the head, palpi, prothorax, breast, and legs spotted with
white, and their abdomen (except apparently in G. Tvrajanus) is
ochreous-yellow.

G. Wakefieldii is a native of Hastern Africa, and its only known
South-African station is Delagoa Bay.

98. (1.) Godartia Wakefieldii, Ward.

Godartia Wakefieldti, Ward, Ent. M. Mag., x. p. 152, pl. vi. f. 3 (1873).
G5 nS Oberth., Etudes d’Ent., liv. iii. p. 28, pl. ii, fi 5
(1878).

Lapa, (8) 3, m. 6 tim.

gf Black, with macular bands and spots of pale-green changing to
white in certain lights. Fore-wing: an oblique median macular band
of nine distinct elongate spots, running from costa before middle to
inner margin beyond middle; of this band, one large spot is in dis-
coidal cell, and of the eight spots external to it, the second and eighth
are much the smallest (almost linear), and the fifth and sixth the
largest ; a subapical slightly-oblique bar of three separate rather small
subquadrate spots; a submarginal row of six very small rounded
spots (of which the upper four are wanting in one example). Hind-
wing: a sub-basal pale-green patch occupies discoidal cell and a space
below and above it, but does not reach base or extend above first

NYMPHALINE. 301

subcostal nervule or below submedian nervure; this patch is divided
very unequally into six by the crossing black nervures, the cellular
portion being very much the largest, and the portion at furcation of
third and second median nervules very much the smallest ; a discal row
of eight conspicuous rounded spots, of which the first is largest, and the
seventh and eighth (close together) are the smallest; close to hind-
margin, a row of eight minute inter-nervular spots ; just preceding them,
in lower part of wing, a closer series of similar spots arranged in pairs
between nervules. UNDER SIDE.—AHind-wing, and costal, apical, and
hind-marginal border of fore-wing warm ochreous-brown ; markings of
upper side reproduced, but those of fore-wing greenish-white and those
of hind-wing pure-white. ore-wing: a very small white spot on costa
at base; another, close to the first, at origin of median nervure; a
rather larger one on costa near base; and a similar one in discoidal
cell a little beyond the third. Hind-wing: three small white spots at
and near base,—one at base marking common orizin of nervures,
another just above costal nervure, and another on precostal nervure ;
a fourth larger white spot on costa a little farther from base; sub-basal
patvh produced inferiorly to inner margin; a ninth small spot in discal
row near inner margin; eight minute spots along hind-margin edged
with fuscous; inner series of minute spots completed as far as costa.
Head, palpi, collar, breast, and legs black spotted with white ;
abdomen ochreous-yellow, fuscous superiorly at end near its base.

I have not seen the ?! of this species, but, through the kindness of Mr. A.
G. Butler, of the British Museum, possess a lithographic figure of it in the proof
of a plate intended for a third part of Ward’s African Butterflies. From this
carefully drawn figure of the upper side, it is evident that the ? differs much
from the g, wearing more the aspect of the genus Euralia. The fore-wings
are lengthened and produced apically (exp. al., 3 in. 8 lin.), and the median
band is enlarged by the increased size and complete union of the cellular and
the four larger divisions, while the subapical bar is similarly much enlarged ;
there are further a small spot superiorly just preceding subapical bar, and one
in discoidal cell near base. The hind-wings have the patch very much enlarged
outwardly, and extending very broadly quite to inner-marginal edge; the sub-
marginal row of very small white spots in pairs complete, as on the under side
of the ¢.

G. Wakefieldii, as far as the ¢ is concerned, seems more closely allied to
the West-African type of the genus, G. Ewrinome, Cramer, than to any other
known Godartia. The ¢ is distinguished from that sex of Hurinome by its
deeper-green markings, and by their greater development in the fore-wing, the
component spots of both the median and subapical bands constituting a toler-
ably even and continuous bar, instead of being widely separated and irregularly
placed. The 2 Wakefieldii differs greatly from the @ Hurinome in the fore-
wing, which is produced apically, instead of being of the ordinary form; and

? The South-African Museum has since acquired a 9 example taken at Delagoa Bay by
Mrs. Monteiro. On the upper side it nearly resembles the figure described in the text, but
in the fore-wing has the median band (which is pure white) wider in the lower portion, and
wants a small white spot in the discoidal cell near the base. On the under side the white
markings are like those of the upper side, the basal white spots are similar to thosein the ¢,
and the brown of the margins is of a much duller, less ochreous, brown.

302 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

in which the enlarged markings are massed into a median and a subapical
band, instead of being scattered and separated.

This very striking species, first known from East Africa between 3° and 4°
S. of the Equator, was found at Delagoa Bay by the late Mr. J. J. Monteiro,
but does not seem to extend farther southward. Mrs. Monteiro informs me
that she has noticed several specimens of Wakefieldii sporting together and
“ tumbling over each other,” at a height of about six feet from the ground. She
found the insect wary, letting one approach pretty near, and then going
straight towards the nearest cover with an irregular but not swift flight. It
was attracted like the Noctue to “sugar.” An example of the ¢ from Delagoa
Bay was presented to the South-African Museum in 1882 by Mrs. Thompson,
through the good offices of Colonel Bowker. It is almost exactly like Ober-
thiir’s figure, above cited, of a Zanzibar example, and has the central band of
the fore-wings considerably narrower and more macular than in a figure of the
typical ¢ which accompanies that of the 9 in the plate for Ward’s African
Butterflies, above mentioned as communicated to me by Mr. Butler.

While the ¢ of this Godartia, like G. Eurinome and its near allies, but in
a less degree, is imitative of the variety of Danais Limniace (Cram.), from
Western Africa, named Petiverana by Doubleday (1847), and Leonora by
Butler (1866), the 9 most decidedly mimicks an Amawris of the Niavius form,
being most like the Malagasy A. Nossima, Ward, but also very similar to A.
dominicanus, Trim. The outline of wings in the ¢ (as in others of the genus)
is not at all Danaine, but in the @ the apical production of the fore-wings
makes it decidedly so, and quite approximates it in aspect to the species of
Euralia which mimic the same group of Amauris.

Localities of Godartia Wakefieldir.

I. South Africa.
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourengo Marques (J. J. Monteiro).

II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
b. Eastern Coast.—“ Zanzibar (Raffray).”—Oberthiir. “ Ribe.”—
Ward. :

Genus EUPHAIDRA.

Euphedra, Hiibn., Verz. Bek. Schmett., p. 39 (1816).
Romaleosoma, Blanch., ‘‘ Hist. Nat. Ins., iii. p. 448 (1840).”
Romaleosoma, Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep., il, p. 283 (1850).

ImaGo.—AHead broad, shortly downy ; eyes smooth, very prominent ;
palpi short, compressed, ascendant, convergent, not rising above summit
of head, densely clothed with scales and appressed short hairs,—basal
joint tufted with longer hairs beneath,—second joint superiorly with
a tuft of hair near extremity,—terminal joint very short and small,
almost hidden by terminal hairs of second joint; antenne very long,
slender, with a gradually-formed, very elongate, only slightly flattened
club, rather blunt at tip.

Thorax very (in some species extremely) thick and rather long,
especially in $; clothed with short fine down, moderately hairy above
posteriorly. Fore-wings rather elongate, being slightly or moderately

NYMPHALINA, 303

produced in apical portion; costa usually rather strongly arched ; apex
not pronounced ; hind-margin slightly sinuated, slightly or moderately
concave about middle ; inner margin almost straight ; costal nervure
strong, ending considerably beyond middle; first and second subcostal
nervules arising (the former at some distance, the latter considerably)
before extremity of discoidal cell,—third at a little distance beyond
extremity of cell and extending to apex,—fourth very short, arising not
very far before, and terminating a little below, apex; upper disco-cel-
lular nervule extremely short,—middle one short, slightly curved,—
lower one rather long, oblique, slightly curved, very slender, joining
third median nervule at a little distance beyond its origin ; discoidal
cell short, rather wide at extremity. Hind-wings broad, in ~ somewhat
(rarely much) produced in anal angular portion ; precostal nervure
strong, much curved; costal nervure extending to apex ; upper disco-
cellular nervule united to second subcostal nervule not far from the
latter's origin,—lower one very attenuated, slightly curved, joining
third median nervule at or just beyond its origin; d‘scoidal cell very
short, rather narrow ; internal nervure strong, rather short ; costa very
convex at base, and thence moderately arched (more so in ¢); hind-
margin more sinuated than in fore-wings; anal angle rather, marked
(rarely projecting as a short “tail”); inner margins very convex,
forming a deep complete groove to beyond middle. /ore-legs of g
rather large ; femur hairy beneath,—tibia and tarsus densely fringed
with rather long hair,—the latter joint nearly half as long as the former ;
of the 2 larger and longer, scaly, with only the femur hairy,—tarsus
rather long, indistinctly articulated, sharply spinulose beneath towards
extremity. Middle and hind legs thick, rather long; tibie slightly
spinose above, strongly so beneath,—the terminal spurs long and rigid ;
tarsi long and thick, very spinose throughout, but more strongly so
beneath.

Abdomen compressed, rather short, hairy on back near base.

Among the characters given above, those which best distinguish
ELuphedra are the broad head, small short palpi, very long straight
antenne, closed wing-cells, very short fourth subcostal nervule of the
fore-wings, thick spinose legs, and very robust thorax. The last-named
feature reaches its extreme in ZH. Perseis (Drury), but is almost as
marked in #. Eleus (Dru.), where the volume of the thorax is larger
proportionally than in the most robust Charaxes.

The colouring of the majority of the species is above black glossed
more or less with dark-greenish or bluish-purple, and marked in the
fore-wings with a bluish-whitish or dull-yellow subapical bar, and in
the hind-wings with a central space of greenish or bluish inclining to
whitish in the middle; while beneath the surface is of a yellowish- or
bronzy-green, with numerous sub-basal and submarginal black spots,
and in some species basal or discal spaces of purplish-crimson. <A
section of the genus, however, distinguished by the extraordinary size

304 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

of the thorax above referred to, has the colouring more diversified, —
with a good deal of red on the upper side, and the body most con-
spicuously spotted with large white or whitish spots. Two of these,
E. Ruspina (Hewits.), and (in a less degree) the allied H. Eleus (Drury),
are indeed distinctly imitative of the slow-flying conspicuous Lithosiid
Moth, Aletis Helcita (Linn.), in which the wings are brick-red with broad
black white-spotted borders.

The genus is essentially Tropical African, and does not seem to
have any representatives in Madagascar. About thirty-three species
are recorded, many of which are so closely allied as to be very difficult
to distinguish satisfactorily. I have not seen any recent mention of the
habits of these butterflies; but a century ago Smeathman (as recorded
by Drury, op. cit.) noted that they frequented the gloomiest shades of the
West-African woods, often congregating about a puddle or moist spot.
Only one species, the Hast-African 2. Neophron (Hopffer), enters South
Africa proper, occurring at Delagoa Bay; it is easily recognised by its
general bluish-green upper side, and by the width and brightness of the
oblique yellow bar crossing the apical black of the fore-wings.

99. (1.) Eupheedra Neophron, (Hopffer).

Romaleosoma Neophron, Hopff., Monatsb. K. Akad. Wiss. Berl., 1855,
p. 640, n. 9; and Peters’ Reise n. Mossamb., Ins., p. 386, t. xxii.

ie 2.9. | 42862).
¢ Romaleosoma Zambesia, Feld., Reise d. Novara, Lep., ili. p. 430, n. 687

(1867).

Exp. al., 2 in. 6-11 lin.

f Dull blwish-green ; apical half of fore-wing black, crossed by a
broad bar of ochre-yellow. Fore-wing: two small round black spots
about middle of discoidal cell, of which the lower spot is a little
beyond the upper one; subapical oblique ochre-yellow bar extending
from costa to hind-margin, its outer edge sinuated, its inner edge
irregularly dentated; at apex a good-sized ochre-yellow spot. Hind-
wing: all dull bluish-green, except near margins, which are rather
narrowly bordered with brownish-grey, ill-defined on the inner edge.
Unver sipE.—Pale dull greyish-green, with a slight violaceous gloss, and a
tinge of ochre-yellow over areas beyond middle. Fore-wing : two spots in
cell not so distinct; subapical bar and apical spot represented only
by ill-defined dingy ochrey-whitish ; traces of a submarginal row of
imperfect whitish rings. Hind-wing: a small round black spot in
discoidal cell, close to bifiurcation of subcostal nervure; an indistinct
central paler fascia; traces of a submarginal row of imperfect whitish
rings, as in fore-wing.

9 Similar to g. UNDER sIpE.—Darker, violaceous gloss more
apparent ; all the markings much more distinct, whitish, viz., in fore-

NYMPHALIN A. 305

wing, the subapical bar (in its upper portion) and apical spot, the
submarginal rings, and a short narrow median fascia; and in hind-
wing the median fascia and submarginal rings.

This very handsome EHuphedra belongs to the group of which #. Medon
(Linn.) is the type, but is very distinct from all its allies in the breadth and
rich yellow tint of the subapical bar of the fore-wings. Oberthiir (Htudes
@ Entomologie, iii. p. 28) notes an example from “ Tchouacka,” in which the
dull bluish-green of the upper side is replaced by violaceous.

I include Neophron in my list on the authority of Mr. W. F. Kirby’s
Catalogue of the Hewitson Collection, in which (p. 93) Delagoa Bay is given
as one of the localities of the examples contained in that collection. The late
Mr. J. J. Monteiro wrote to me in 1877 that he had taken the species at one
spot about three miles from Lourengo Marques; and it is probable that Mr.
Hewitson obtained it from him.

The examples that I have examined are from the Zambesi Valley and
Zauzibar,

Loealities of Huphedra Neophron.

I. South Africa.
H. Delagoa Bay.—Coll. Hewitson.

II. Other African Regions,
A. South Tropical.

b. Eastern Coast.—Zambesi Valley (Rev. H. Waller). ‘ Querimba.”
Hopffer. Zanzibar.—Coll. Brit. Mus. ‘‘ Tchouacka (Rafiray).”
—Oberthiir. Magila—Coll W. Distant.

b1. Interior.—Lake Nyassa,—Coll. Hewitson,

Genus EURYPHENE.
Euryphene, Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep., ii. p. 285 (1850).

ImaGo.—Nearly allied to Huphedra. Head not so wide, with a
tuft of hair in front; palpi longer, not so ascendant, not convergent.

Thorax much less robust, more hairy beneath. ore-wings some-

what truncate, with apical angle more or less pronounced; hind-margin
usually entire, occasionally slightly hollowed about middle; neuration
as in Luphedra, except that (in some species) third subcostal nervule
originates very little beyond extremity of discoidal cell. Hind-wings
larger, and in f considerably lengthened inferiorly ; hind-margin entire
or very slightly sinuated ; lower disco-cellular nervule very attenuated,
sometimes almost obsolete. Fore-legs of f not so densely hairy generally,
but with a longer tuft of hairs at extremity of tarsus. J/iddle and hind
legs with considerably longer, slightly curved femora ; tibize only very
finely spined beneath,—terminal spurs extremely small; tarsi long,
scarcely spinulose above, and but moderately spinose beneath.

These characters, while serving to distinguish Huryphene from
Euphedra, for the most part approximate it to Aterica, Boisd., and
Harma, Westw. From the two latter genera it differs, however, in its

VOL, I, U

306 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

more hairy head and palpi, less robust thorax, origin much nearer to
discoidal cell of third subcostal nervure of fore-wings, larger fore-legs
in ¢, and much longer middle and hind legs in both sexes.

The limits of Huryphene, Aterica, and Harma—all purely Ethiopian
genera—are by no means well defined, and authors appear of late years
to have referred newly-discovered ee to them somewhat at random.
Aterica, founded by Boisduval in 1833, is the oldest in date, and its
type was 4. Rabena, Boisd., of Madagascar. Huriphene (sic) was pro-
posed, but not defined, by Boisduval in 1847 (Appendix to Dele-
gorgue’s Voyage dans l Afrique Australe, p. 592) for a South-African
butterfly (2. cerulea, Boisd.) brought from Natal; and it was West-
wood (op. cit.) who first gave a diagnosis of Huryphene, adding to £.
cerulea the Fabrician species, Sophus and Absolon, with Doriclea, Drury,
and seven others referred with doubt to the group. Among the nume-
rous species since added to the genus, such differing forms as Z. Comus,
Nivaria, and Porphyrion, of Ward, and £. Soemis, Phantasia, Aramis,
and Doralice, of Hewitson, seem ill associated with Z. cwrulea and its
allies; and those of them which prove not to be better placed with
Aterica (or some possibly with Harma) will probably require new genera
for their reception. Harma—also characterised by Westwood in 1850
—is a more homogeneous group in general facies, but, as its founder
pointed out, variable in neuration ; and in nearly all respects its struc-
ture agrees with that of Aterica.

LE. cerulea would appear to be a very rare butterfly, as no example
has to my knowledge occurred in any collection made in Natal or the
neighbouring regions since the time of Delegorgue’s visit. It is,
however, a species of small size and dark colouring, and if, like some
of its congeners in Western Africa, it frequents the shadiest parts of
the woods and is not very active, it would easily escape observation.
No other Huryphene is recorded from Southern Africa, nor does the
genus appear to be represented in Eastern Africa, all the species except
E. cerulea being natives of Tropical Western Africa to the north of the
Equator.

100. (1.) Huryphene cerulea, Boisduval.
Euriphene cerulea, Boisd., App. Voy. de Deleg., p. 592, n. 77 (1847).

Habit and size of Guineensis.'—Deep-blue, as in Veronica, Cram. ;
near hind-margin of both wings a row of oval spots rather darker than
ground-colour, succeeded by a marginal streak of the same hue. Basal
portion of wings, as far as middle, of a darker hue than ground-colour ;
and on this darker portion, in fore-wing, are two or three annular spots
of paler blue, situated transversely between costa and median nervure.

1 This seems to be only a manuscript name of Boisduval’s, and is by Westwood (Gen.
Diurn. Lep., ii. p. 286) doubtfully given as a synonym of Z. Absolon (Fab.)

~

NYMPHALIN &, 307

UNDER SIDE.—Brownish-red, as in Veronica, with some paler transverse
strie; beyond middle, as in Veronica, a transverse series of small
whitish dots.

The above description is adapted from Boisduval’s brief diagnosis, In
1867 the late Mr. W. C. Hewitson showed me a specimen which had been lent
to him by Boisduval, and I noted at the time that it seemed to agree very fairly
with the characters noted in the Appendix to Delegorgue’s Voyage, but had
not an opportunity of fully describing it.1 The Veronica of Cramer (Pap. Exot.,
iv. t. eccxxy., 0, D), with which Boisduval compares Z. cerulea, is a native of
Western Africa, placed doubtfully in the genus Aferica by Westwood, and in
the pattern of the under side having apparently some resemblance to H. Deeda-
lus, Fab. (= Meleagris, Cram.), with which, indeed, Hiibner associates it in his
genus Hamanumida.

Locality of Huryphene cerulea.

T. South Africa.

K. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—“ Port Natal.”—Boisduval.

Genus HAMANUMIDA.

Hamanumida, Hiibn., Verz, Bek. Schmett., p. 18 (1816).
Aterica (part), Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep., il. p. 286 (1850); Trim., Rhop.
Afr, Aust., i. p. 156 (1862),

Imaco.—Head not quite so broad as thorax, hairy in front; eyes
smooth ; palpi short, not or very slightly convergent, projecting for-
ward, rising to about a level with top of head,—basal joint with a tuft
of hair beneath,—second joint long, scaly, hairy superiorly and along
inner edge,—terminal joint very short, scaly; antenne of moderate
length, with a well-marked but elongate sub-cylindrical club, blunt and
rounded at its tip.

_ Thorax robust, rather long, clothed with a fine close down, and
finely hairy posteriorly (especially on back). ore-wings: in f sub-
acuminate, in 2 scarcely prominent, apically; costa moderately arched ;
hind-margin almost imperceptibly concave about middle, scarcely
sinuate; inner margin almost straight; costal nervure strong, its
extremity not far beyond middle; first and second subcostal nervules
originating near each other, before extremity of discoidal cell,—third
one very short, originating not far from apex (where it terminates),—
fourth extremely short, originating half way between base of third and
apex (a little below which it terminates) ; upper disco-cellular nervule
exceedingly short,—second one short, oblique, strongly curved,—third
long, well-developed, slightly angulated about its middle, joining third

1 Hewitson (Fxot. Butt., iii. p. 53, 1866) notes as follows, viz. :—‘ £. cwrulea, of Bois-
duval, which he has kindly lent me for comparison, resembles Veronica more closely than

Tadema” [described by Hewitson as an Aterica], ‘‘and is also without the apical white
spots,”

308 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

median nervule at some distance from latter’s origin. Hind-wings:
large, prolonged inferiorly (especially in ¢); costa very prominent at
base, thence moderately arched; hind-margin slightly sinuated; anal
angle rather pronounced in gf, rounded in 2; inner margins forming a
complete but not deep groove; costal nervure extending to apex;
upper disco-cellular nervule rather long, united to second subcostal
nervule not very far from latter’s origin, bent slightly outward,—lower
one slender but quite distinct, gently curved, joining third median
nervule just beyond latter’s origin; internal nervure short, not reaching
beyond middle of inner margin; discoidal cell very short. Fore-legs
of f very slender, scaly,—femur with a fringe of hair beneath, tibia
considerably shorter than femur,—tarsus less than half as long as tibia,
tufted thinly with fine hairs; of the 2 much larger and thicker, with
tarsus distinctly articulated, not at all hairy, fully two-thirds the length
of tibia, and spinose near extremity beneath. Middle and hind legs
rather long and thick; femora smooth, slightly curved; tibia spinu-
lose above, armed beneath (especially middle pair) with unusually long
spines, and with long terminal spurs; tarsi thick, finely spinulose
above, very spinose beneath, with terminal pair of spines on each arti-
culation longer than the rest.

Abdomen short (less than half as long as inner margins of hind-
wings); very slender in ¢.

I have followed Mr. Kirby (Synon. Cat. Diurn. Lep., 1871, p.
249) in adopting for Dedalus, Fab. (= Meleagris, Cram. and Drury),
distinct generic rank from Aterica under Hiibner’s name, Hamanwmida,
because, on comparison with A. Rabena, Boisd., the type of Aterica, I
found that the characters of the former (which are those given above)
differed very considerably from those of the latter. Besides the closed
cell of the hind-wings noted by Westwood (Joc. cit.), Dedalus presents
the following differences from Aferica, viz., antennze much shorter,
with very much shorter, thicker, more cylindrical, and bluntly-tipped
club; palpi much more hairy both above and inwardly ; thorax longer
and more robust; fore-wings less acuminate apically, especially in 9,
with the third subcostal nervule originating much nearer to apex, and
the lower disco-cellular nervule shorter; hind-wings not so prolonged
inferiorly, with costa not at all hollowed beyond middle, and more
roundly convex at base, and with the upper disco-cellular nervule
much longer, and not forming merely a curved base for the radial
nervule; fore-legs of the 2 with tarsal joints more distinct; middle-
and hind legs with the tibia much more strongly spined; and abdo-
men shorter.

I have not had the opportunity of examining the West-Afri-
can Veronica, Cram., which (as noted above under Luryphene coerulea)
looks much like Dedalus, and cannot, therefore, judge whether Hiibner
rightly associated that species with Daedalus in his genus Hama-
numida,

NYMPHALINZE. 309

Cramer’s name of Meleagris so well indicates the guinea-fow] style
of colouring of Dedalus that it could be wished the Fabrician title had
not priority. The butterfly has a very wide distribution over the Tro-
pical parts of Africa, but is seldom met with in South Africa proper.
From the accounts of collectors who have observed its habits, it appears
to be an active insect, frequenting open spots as well as woods, and
often settling on the ground.

101. (1.) Hamanumida Deedalus, (Fabricius).

Papilio Dedalus, Fab., Syst. Ent., p. 482, n. 174 (1775).
Papilio Melantha, Fab, op. cit., p. 513, n. 297.
Papilio Meleagris, Cram., Pap. Exot., i, t. xvi. ff. a, B (1779).
™ FA Dru., Ill. Nat, Hist., iii. pl. xxvii. fh 3, 4 (1782).
s Fab., Ent. Syst., iii. 1, p. 128, n. 393 (1793):
Mi ymphalis Meleagris and N. Dedalus, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. pp. 387-388,
nn. 130-131 (1819),
Vanessa (Adolias) Meleagris, var., Reiche, in Ferr, and Gal. Voy. en Abyss.,

Ent., p. 468, pl. 32, ff. 3, 4 (1849).
Aterica Meleagri 7s, Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep., iii. p. 287 (1850).
- Tnm., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 157, D. 93 (1862).

Exp. al., 2 in, 2 lin—2 in. 7 lin.

Soft brownish-grey, with transverse rows of white black-edged spots.
Fore-wing: in discoidal cell two irregular, zigzag, transverse black
lines, each more or less conspicuously bordered with white, and enclos-
ing a white dot at their commencement; closing cell is a similar
streak, but annular, and shaped like the figure 8; beyond cell, three
transverse rows of white spots commence on costa,—first row consider-
ably sinuate, from costa beyond middle to inner margin a little before
middle, consisting of seven or eight spots (only black-edged on their
inner side),—second row straighter, consisting of eight spots ringed
with black, but not extending below submedian nervure,—third row
close and parallel to hind-margin, small, lunular, only black-edged on
their inner side (the first spot in ¢ enlarged so as to form a small
white tip to wing at apex). Hind-wing: three transverse rows of
spots in fore-wing continued across this wing, the innermost and middle
rows only as far as first median nervule, the outer row to anal angle ;
a thin black ring in discoidal cell, another closing cell, and a third
indistinct one touching the latter ring swperiorly. Cilia grey, spotted
with white between nervules. UNDER sipE.—Rich ochreous, tinged
with brown, deeper towards hind-margins; spots mostly rather larger
than on upper side, but not so sharply defined; second transverse row
of spots grey-margined on their outer edge, making them appear ocel-
lated ; spots in outer row united to hind-marginal edge by short dark-
grey streaks. ore-wing: a greyish space at anal angle; annular
streak at extremity of discoidal cell enclosing a whitish space. Hind-

310 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

wing: first and second rows of spots both extending to submedian
nervure by an additional spot; black rings in cell enclosing white
spots.

In some specimens the ground-colour of under side is more obscured than
described above, and the white spots are indistinct. This is the form first
described by Fabricius under the name of Dedalus. His type-specimen of
Melantha, too—which I have examined in the Banksian Collection of the
British Museum—has the under-side spots almost obsolete. In the same col-
lection there is a specimen with the spots in question well marked ; and in the
Entomologia Systematica (p. 128) Fabricius describes as Meleagris a specimen
with the white spots on the under side, and notes, “ Mus. D. Banks.”

Mr. Druce (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, p. 411) notes that specimens
from Angola were “very pale-coloured, with the white spots much smaller
than in specimens from Old Calabar.”

This well-known and widely-dispersed native of Tropical Africa is far from
common in South Africa proper, to judge from the few examples that have
reached me. Mr. W. Morant, who took two specimens near Pretoria in March
1872, wrote to me that one was met with frequenting bare patches of ground
on the top of a rocky hill, and the other settling on a sandy footpath in low
ground. These two specimens were of opposite sexes, and both white-spotted
on the under side, but not conspicuously so. The only example sent by Colonel
Bowker from D’Urban (February 1883) is also white-spotted beneath ; he
described its habits as like those of Pyrameis Cardut, and noted that it settled
on a footpath with wings expanded.

Localities of Hamanumida Dedalus.

I. South Africa.
FE. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban (M. J. M‘Ken and J. H. Bowker).
F. Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay (Colonel H. Tower).
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourengo Marques (M/s. Montero).
K. Transvaal.—Lydenburg District (7. Ayres). Rustenburg (V. £.
Noren). Pretoria (W. Morant), Limpopo River (Ff. C. Selous).

II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Damaraland (C. J. Andersson and J. A. Bell).
* Angola (J. J. Monteiro).”——H. Druce.
b. Eastern Coast.—Zambesi Valley (Rev. H. Rowley). ‘* Querimba.”
—Hopfier. ‘ Kiriama (Kersten).”—Gerstiicker.
br, Interior.—Shashani River (f/f. CG. Selous). ‘‘Umvungu (7.
Oates).” —W estwood.
B. North Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Cape Coast Castle (J. M. Pask). Cape Palmas
(EZ. Bourke). Sierra Leone (A. N. Innes).
b. Eastern Coast.— Abyssinia: Shoa (Antinorz).”—Oberthiir.

Genus HARMA.
Harma, Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep., ii. p. 287 (1850).

Imaco.—Head of moderate size, with a tuft of hair on vertex and
in front; eyes smooth; palpi short, scaly, inserted rather widely apart,
and not or slightly convergent at tips, basal joint hairy beneath, middle

NYMPHALINZ. : 311

joint long, rather thick, more or less hairy above and on inner side,
terminal joint very short, conical ; antenne long or rather long, with a
very gradually formed, elongate, sub-cylindrical club. Thorax mode-
rately robust, clothed above with close short down (anteriorly and
posteriorly with moderately-long hair), beneath with short hair. Sore-
wings usually elongate apically, but often truncate ; costa moderately
or rather strongly arched; apex more or less pronounced, sometimes
rather acuminate; hind-margin slightly sinuated, usually more or less
sub-angulated below apex, excavated about middle, and prominent
again above posterior angle; inner margin nearly straight; costal
nervure terminating not far beyond middle; first subcostal nervule ori-
ginating at some distance before extremity of discoidal cell,—second a
little before, just at, or a very little beyond, extremity of cell,—third
at a long distance beyond cell and terminating at apex,—fourth very
short, originating not far before apex and terminating a little below it ;
disco-cellular nervules as in Hamanumida, but less oblique. Hind-
wings large, usually more or less prolonged inferiorly, especially in g
(where anal angle itself is often produced into a blunt point); costa
almost straight beyond strong basal convexity; hind-margin more
sinuated than in fore-wing, sometimes with prominence at extremity of
second subcostal nervule; inner margins meeting to form a deep, broad
groove to beyond middle, and thence separated ; costal nervure extend-
ing to apex; upper disco-cellular nervule united to second subcostal
not far from latter’s origin, and forming little more than a footstalk
for radial nervule ; lower one usually wanting entirely,—when present,
much attenuated ; internal nervure extending to about or considerably
beyond middle. ore-legs of $ very small and slender, femur densely
hairy beneath, tibia and tarsus rather densely fringed with hairs on
each side, less hairy superiorly; of 2 considerably larger and thicker,
femur thinly hairy beneath; tibia three-fourths as long as femur,
smooth, scaly ; tarsus about half as long as tibia, indistinctly articulate,
scaly, with a few spines beneath at tip. Middle and hind legs thick,
rather short, scaly ; tibize with short spines beneath and moderately-
long terminal spurs; tarsi rather strongly spinose beneath.

Abdomen short ; compressed in g.

Harma is nearly related to Aterica, Boisd., differing chiefly in its
shorter antenne ; thicker, less ascendant, more hairy, and more sepa-
rated palpi; more hairy fore-legs in ¢; shorter middle and hind legs ;
and (usually) longer, sub-angulated fore-wings, and anal-angular pro--
jection in hind-wings. These characters, with the exception of shorter
antennee and the greater hairiness of the palpi, also serve to distinguish
it from Hamanumida ; and it further differs from the latter in its
longer antennal club, not blunt at its extremity; more hairy breast ;

1 Westwood (Joc. cit.) describes the South-African H. Eupithes (= 6 Alcimeda) as having
the discoidal cell open in all the wings ; but I find the lower disco-cellular nervule distinct,
though very slender, in the fore-wings.

312 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

different points of origin of the first, second, and third subcostal nervules
of the fore-wings; longer internal nervure and less developed upper
disco-cellular nervule of the hind-wings; and much less spinose middle
and hind tibiee.

The butterflies of this genus are very variable in the outline of
their wings, and the females appear almost always to have longer and
more angulated (though often apically less acute) fore-wings than the
males. As, besides this, the disparity in the upper-side colouring and
marking of the sexes is very great, and is noticeable also in some cases
with regard to the under side, much difficulty is experienced in satis-
factorily determining the limits of the species. The males are almost
unicolorous above, the field of creamy or greenish white, pale or deep
ochre-yellow, or (in two cases) deep-red, being varied only by some
fuscous hind-marginal zigzag edgings, and (more rarely) discal cloud-
ing ; while the females are strikingly different and very varied in pattern,
for the most part rather resembling Zimenitis in their white or ochre-
yellow banding on a dark-brown or fuscous ground. On the under
side both sexes bear numerous fine, dark, broken striz and striole, and
a common more strongly marked discal transverse streak on a pale or
deep ochreous or ochreous-and-ferruginous ground ; but in two cases
the females have a shining pale-greenish under side with the white
markings of the upper side reproduced.

Thirty-two species have been recorded, all from Tropical Africa
except the South-African H. Alcimeda (Godt.), which is the smallest
of the genus. No other South-African species has been described; but
I have received from Natal a much-broken ~ Harma, taken by Colonel
Bowker, which is larger and paler and has much longer antennez than
the f Alcimeda (= Eupithes, Westw.), and which I believe will be found
to represent a distinct species. It is only in wooded tracts that ZH.
Alcimeda is to be met with, but the insect is rather widely distributed,
occurring as far to the south and west as the district of Knysna in
the Cape Colony.

102. (1.) Harma Alcimeda, (Godart).

? Nymphalis Aleimeda, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 384, n. 112 fee?

¢ Harma Eupithes, Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep., ii. p. 289, pl. 41, f. 1 (1850).
Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 160, n. 95 (18 as

je) Har ma Alcimeda, cies 5 Op: Ct, P. 159, 0. OA;

Exp. al., 1 in. 9 lin.—2 in. 1 lin.

t Cream-colour, with a slight yellow tinge; bordered with two
brownish-fuscous lunulated streaks. Fore-wing: base suffused with
fuscous-grey, most widely on inner margin; in discoidal cell, about its
middle, a small irregular imperfect fuscous ring, open on median
nervure, and with the outer edge prolonged downward in a curved
line almost to submedian nervure; a large somewhat quadrate fuscous

NYMPHALIN &. 313

marking, dusted with creamy scales, occupying outer fifth of cell,
extending some distance beyond and a little below it, and enclosing a
narrow stria of the ground-colour at the extremity of cell; costa with
a linear edging, apex and hind-margin with a narrow border of dark-
brown; just before the latter two parallel brownish-fuscous lunulated
streaks,—the lunules composing the inner streak thinner and acuter
than those of the outer one (except the three next inner margin, which
are thick and somewhat suffused), while in the outer streak, the two
middle lunules are conspicuously larger and thicker than the rest;
nervules fuscous near hind-margin. Hind-wing: a basal fuscous-grey
suffusion, darkest in discoidal cell, and extending narrowly along sub-
median nervure almost to anal angle; subcostal and median nervures
and parts of their nervules fuscous; two lunulate streaks as in fore-
wing, but rather more regular, and the outer one more distinctly
separate from hind-marginal border; this border is like that of fore-
wing, but varied by a row of seven orange-ochreous spots’ at ends of
nervules, the sixth being largest and sometimes confluent with the
seventh (at anal angle). C%lia fuscous, with white inter-nervular dots.
UNDER sipE.—Dull pale-ochreous, slightly tinged with ferruginous ; varied
in basal half by linear fuscous striz, edging short fascizee somewhat
darker than ground-colour (which represent the upper-side markings) ;
an indistinct linear reddish-brown discal streak from costa of fore-wing
to anal angle of hind-wing. Fore-wing: a small imperfect ring enclos-
ing a darker space immediately below median nervure; lunulate sub-
marginal streaks very faintly indicated by greyish marks. Hind-wing:
in cell a linear 8-like mark; a double linear streak closing cell; traces
of a highly irregular transverse linear streak just about middle;
lunulate streaks rather better indicated than in fore-wing; hind-
marginal orange-ochreous spots duller, less distinct than on upper side.

gf Fuscous, with a transverse discal creamy-white band. Fore-wing :
a conspicuous, externally angulated, short, transverse, white stria near
extremity of discoidal cell; a similar, but straighter and more macular
stria, some distance beyond cell, from subcostal nervure to third median
nervule; transverse band beginning narrowly and indistinctly near
costa not far from apex (where it is tinged with yellow-ochreous), but
abruptly widening on third median nervule (where the outer white
stria meets it),—its outer edge deeply scalloped between nervules ;
just following band, a transverse row of six small white spots, one
spot marking each inter-nervular excavation of the band ; beyond the
white spots a series of very indistinct blackish ones, succeeded by traces
of a streak paler than the ground-colour. Hind-wing: transverse
band much as in fore-wing, but wider, and though narrowed near costa
quite distinct there; outer edge of band not so deeply scalloped; suc-
ceeding series of white spots, blackish spots, and pale lunulate streak
as in fore-wing, but the two latter more distinct; orange-ochreous

1 One specimen has minute similar spots on hind-margin of the fore-wing.

314 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

hind-marginal spots more conspicuous than in fg. UNDER SIDE.—
Pale brownish-grey tinged with ferruginous ; discal area with a lilacine
gloss; the white markings as on upper side, but duller; other mark-
ings in basal area as in §; common discal brown streak better marked,

One f specimen from the Knysna District of the Cape Colony has
the under side almost as pale as the upper side, with all the streaks
(except the common discal one) better defined.

Var. A.

Expl. al., (f) 1 in. 11 lin.—2 in. 3 lin.; (2) 2 in. 3-7 lin.

f Paler; in fore-wing the markings in and about discoidal cell
wanting, aS well as all but the lowest portion of the inner sub-
marginal lunulate streak; in hind-wing the same streak is often
obsolete in its middle portion. UNDER sIDE.—Paler (like the Knysna
specimen just mentioned, but with the common discal brown streak
strongly marked), with all the markings more distinct; in some
examples the darker parts in basal half, as well as a hind-marginal
suffusion, are warm-ferruginous.

2 Transverse white band broader, especially in hind-wing ; sub-
marginal blackish spots considerably larger and more distinct. Fore-
wing: disco-cellular white stria attenuated, more angulated; costal
white stria beyond cell distinctly broken into three spots and continued
inferiorly by two more or less distinct small spots, between third and
first median nervules, immediately before transverse band. UNDER
sIDE.—Markings more distinct; colouring varying from that nearly
resembling the type-form to almost general warm-ferruginous,—inter-
mediate examples occurring only variegated with ferruginous.

Aberrant ¢ 8 of this large variety occur having the common trans-
verse band ochre-yellow instead of white. In one specimen, taken by
Colonel Bowker in Kaffraria, the yellow band is much obscured and
partly obliterated by dull-brownish suffusion.

This smallest of the genus Harma is allied to H. Canis, Dru., from West
Africa, but very much less in size. The ¢ is distinguished also by the fore-
wings being more produced apically, and the hind-wings much more at anal
angle ; by the possession of orange-ochreous hind-marginal spots ; and (on the
under side) by the absence of the greenish tint so pronounced in Cenis, and by
the common transverse brown streak not being nearly so straight. The ? of
Cents appears to be Althea, Cram., and from this the 2? Alcimeda differs in
possessing a conspicuous disco-cellular white mark ; in presenting, immediately
beyond common white band, a series of small white spots instead of one of
large suffused sub-hastate marks, and in having bright orange-ochreous hind-
marginal spots.!

I have regarded as the type-form the smaller race found in the south of the
Cape Colony, because Godart describes the 2 as being only about two inches
in expanse of wings. The ¢ belonging to this is that figured by Westwood

1 T have not seen any specimens of H. Amphiceda, Cram. (Pap. Faot., ii. t. exlvi. ff. D,
E), but, from the figure, it seems in size and pattern to be nearly related to H. Alcimeda,
var., but has in both wings the submarginal markings very much darker and much more
sharply dentated. Its locality is given as the Coast of Guinea.

NYMPHALIN&, 318

(op. cit.) as H. Eupithes, with the fuscous markings on upper side of basal half
of fore-wings. ;

The variety first appears farther eastward near King William’s Town, and
prevails in Kaffraria Proper and Natal, extending also to the Eastern Trans-
vaal, The entire absence of the upper-side markings just referred to gives
the g a very distinct aspect; but I have not found any other character to
separate it from the type-form.

Hi. Alcimeda frequents woods only. I saw the ? at Knysna, and took it
on the Tugela frontier of Natal. In the latter locality both sexes were
frequenting the same spot, but the ¢ s kept high up out of reach. Both
sexes are, however, fond of settling on damp mud, Archdeacon Kitton having
taken many so engaged in the Perie Bush. A @ sent to me from Knysna was
caught settled on the ground in a sheep-kraal. Colonel Bowker forwarded a
good many examples of both ¢ and ? from the Tsomo River in Kaffraria, and
also from near the mouth of the Kei River. In the latter locality he noticed
the gs seated with expanded wings on the damp sand, while the 9s were
more active in flitting about, and were occasionally pursued by the ¢s.
Alcimeda has been noticed on the wing in December, February, March, and
April.

Localities of Harma Alcimeda.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.
a, Western Districts.x—Knysna. Zitzikamma (W. Fitzherbert).
6. Eastern Districts.—King William’s Town (Ven. H. Kitton.—Var.)
Kei River (J. H. Bowker.—Var.)
D, Kaffraria Proper.—Tsomo and Bashee Rivers (J. H. Bowker.—
Var.)
EK. Natal.
b. Upper Districts. —Tunjumbili, Tugela River.— Var.
K. Transvaal.—Lydenburg District (7. Ayres.—Var.)

Genus CHARAXES.

Charaxes, Ochs., “‘Schmett. Europ., iv. p. 18 (1816) ;” Herr.-Schiaiff., Syst.
Bearb. Schmett. Europ., 1. p. 45 (1843)...

Nymphalis, Latr. [part], Encye. Meth., ix. pp. 10, 11 (1819); Westw., Gen.
Diurn, Lep., ii. p. 306 (1850); Trim., Rhop, Afr. Aust., i. p. 165
(1862).

Imaco.—Head rather broad, densely clothed with velvet-like down ;
eyes large, smooth, very prominent ; palpi of moderate length or rather
long, well separated, more or less convergent, ascendant, rising con-
siderably above top of head, clothed with closely-appressed scales and
scaly hairs,—basal joint inferiorly tufted with hair,—middle joint long
and thick, clothed superiorly with short hair,—terminal joint small and
slender, sometimes short and conical, sometimes more elongate; an-
tenne rather short, thick, straight, with a gradually formed, but very
distinct, rather thick, almost cylindrical, blunt club.

Thorax extremely thick and long, especially in ; clothed with
very fine, close, thick down, hairy posteriorly on back and inferiorly
on prothorax. ore-wings rather broad, apically more or less acumi-

316 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

nate ; costa moderately or rather strongly arched, its edge horny and
very finely serrated to beyond middle ; hind-margin entire or gently
sinuated, more or less hollowed about its middle, but very prominent
above and at posterior angle,—sometimes angulated or sub-angulated
below apex; inner margin almost straight; nervures very strong and
rigid ; costal nervure very thick, ending at or a little beyond middle,—
first subcostal nervule originating little more than half way between
base and extremity of discoidal cell,—second at a little distance before,
third at a little distance beyond extremity, the latter ending at apex,
fourth not far beyond third, very long, bent downward not very far
before apex ; upper and middle disco-cellular neryules very short (the
latter rather the longer), not oblique, slightly curved,—lower one very
much longer, more slender, slightly or more strongly-curved, joining
third median nervule at a considerable distance from latter’s origin ;
discoidal cell short, narrow. Hind-wings broad, rather truncate, some-
times more or less produced at anal angle; costa strongly or very
strongly arched ; apex rather marked ; hind-margin sinuated or mode-
rately dentated, tailed usually on third and first median nervules, but
sometimes only on the former, and rarely (in ¢) only on the latter ;
inner margins long, forming a broad, deep, complete groove, but more
or less emarginate beyond middle ; precostal nervure thick, transverse,
abruptly bent outwardly near its extremity ; costal nervure much
curved, terminating at apex; upper disco-cellular nervule forming the
much-curved base of radial nervule, and united to second subcostal
nervule at some distance from latter’s origin,—lower one either wanting
or extremely attenuated (in the latter case joining median nervure just
at origin of its third nervule) ; internal nervure very strong, short,
ending at about middle of inner margin. Jore-legs of J extremely
small, rather thickly clothed with downy hair,—tibia and tarsus
together about as long as or a little longer than femur,—tarsus very
short; of 2 much larger and longer, scaly,—femur inferiorly finely
hairy, especially towards extremity,—tarsus about as long as tibia,
thickened and obliquely truncate at extremity (which bears inferiorly
three pairs of short spines), with articulations scarcely defined. JLiddle
‘and hind legs short, thick, scaly ; tibize considerably shorter than femora,
often finely and thinly spinulose generally, with two inferior rows of
short spines, and short terminal spurs,—tarsi thick, densely spiny be-
neath, sometimes finely spinulose above.

Abdomen short, moderately stout in ¢, very robust in 2; tufted
with silky hair inferiorly at base.

Larva.—Finely granulated, thickened about middle, attenuated ©
towards tail, without spines on body; head large, wide, flattened,
prognathous, and sloping backward, crowned with four spinose horns
or processes ; anal segment more or less bifid.

Pupa.—Very thick, rounded, smooth; back extremely convex ;
head very bluntly bifid; anal segment with two small round tubercles

NYMPHALIN ©. 317

inferiorly, and four others at its extremity round base of pedicel; back
of thorax globosely prominent, not ridged.

Charaxes shares with the South-American genera Aganisthos, Agrias,
and Prepona the distinction of being the most massively-formed as well as
the swiftest of known Vymphalinew. There seems structurally to be little
or no difference warranting the separation of either Agrias or Prepona
from Charaxes, but they respectively present characteristic pattern and
coloration, and their males usually have a whorl or tuft of hairs on the
submedian nervure of the hind-wings. Agamnisthos and also Megistanis
(another South-American group, very like Charazes in pattern and out-
line) are separable at once by the very short fourth subcostal nervule of
the fore-wings. The great length and downward subterminal flexure of
this nervule are apparently peculiar to Charaaes, Agrias, and Prepona.

The Ethiopian Region is the metropolis of this large and striking
genus, but it is fairly represented both in the Oriental and Australian
Regions, and single species are recorded from the Fijian and New Cale-
donian Islands, in addition to the well-known Mediterranean C. Jasius,
Linn., which is, however, quite African in character. Out of about
eighty recorded species, fifty are proper to the Ethiopian Region, eight
of them being peculiar to Madagascar. South Africa has now yielded
fifteen species, of which five—C. Pelias (Cram.), Ethalion (Boisd.), Pheus,
Hewits., Aiphares (Cram.), and Cithwron, Feld., seem to be endemic,

In addition to their exceptional strength of structure, the species of
Charaxes are rendered conspicuous by their size, and by the great beauty
of their colouring and markings. Except C. Jahlusa (Trim.), Zoolina
(Westw.), and Neanthes (Hewits.), all the South-African species are
large, C. Xiphares (Cram.) and Castor (Cram.) even attaining an expanse
of wings of nearly 44 inches, and several others expanding 33 inches.
In the majority, the upper side has the ground-colour blackish, with
white, ochre-yellow, fulvous, or blue stripes and spots, while the under
side is often most intricately streaked and marbled with pearly and
olive-greys, or with many white-bordered shining-black spots on a
ferruginous ground, and margined with violet or greenish and yellowish
lunules. In C. Varanes (Cram.) and Neanthes (Hewits.), the under-side
colouring is beautifully imitative of faded leaves; and in Jahlusa
(Trim.), its exquisite grey and silver resembles the shining white bark
of a tree frequented by the butterfly. In some sections of the genus
(including that of Xiphares and its allies) the sexes differ very con-
siderably, not only in size, but in the pattern and colouring of the upper
side, so that in several cases they. have been described as distinct species.

Nearly all the known species are strictly sylvan, but C. Pelias
(Cram.) frequents more open mountainous country, settling, however,
on the taller shrubs or small trees growing in such tracts.1 I am not

1 Tn these habits C. Pelias resembles its near congener C, Jasius, which haunts the
Arbutus (the food-plant of its larva) on the hills and mountain-sides of the countries border-
ing the Mediterranean.

318 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

aware that any species except C. Zoolina (Westw.)—which Colonel
Bowker found about a yellow-blossomed thistle in Kaffraria—resorts to
flowers for food; the moisture exuding from wounds in the trunks
and branches of trees being the favourite drink of these butterflies,
which are also attracted by damp earth, the droppings of animals, and
even decomposing carcasses, Honey and the entomological “ sugar”
also readily entice some of the species. In velocity of flight the larger
species of Charaaes excel all other butterflies; and if it were not for
their eagerness to drink, and their other constant habit of returning
after a brief excursion to the same branch or bare twig which they
fancy, the collector might almost despair of capturing them at all, espe-
cially the males. Notwithstanding the thickness and rigidity of their
wings, they soon fracture the extremities by flutterimg among rough
twigs in search of food or in pursuit of each other, and acquire a worn
and tattered appearance, the slender tails of the hind-wings being earliest
broken or lost altogether. In these appendages of the hind-wings
there is considerable variety ; they are usually two in number on each
wing, and situated on the third and first median nervules respectively ;
but in C. Varanes (formerly included in the genus Philognoma) only
that on the third nervule is present, and in the males of C. Zoolina
and Neanthes, while the females have two tails, there is but one on
the first nervule.’

As regards distribution in South Africa, the coast of Natal is appa-
rently the centre of the group, ten of the fifteen species being knowu
to me to occur there. Of the other five, C. Castor and Pheus are
recorded from Delagoa Bay only; C. Xiphares ranges from Knysna in
the Cape Colony to the Bashee and Tsomo Rivers in Kaffraria Proper ;
C. Pelias represents C. Saturnus in the Western Districts of the Cape;
and C. Jahlusa, occurring in the east of the Colony, Kaffraria, and also
on the Zambesi, is most probably a native of Natal and other inter-
vening countries as well. Besides Xiphares, Pelias, and Jahlusa, only
Ethalion and Varanes inhabit the Cape Colony, extending westward as
far as the George District.

103. (1.) Charaxes Zoolina, (Westw).

? Charaxes, n. sp., Angas, Kafirs Illustr., pl. xxx., f. 7 (1849).
9 Nymphalis Zoolina, Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep., pl. liii. f. 1 (1850).
. y Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 178, n. 103; and(¢)
lil, p. 341 (1862 and 1866).
Hap. al., (8) 2 ms 1-3 lin.;, (2) 2 in. 5-7 lin.
ft Whitish-sulphureous inclining to greenish, with fuscous hind-mar-
ginal border. ore-wing: border very broad apically, reaching almost
1 A similar sexual difference is observable in the Indian species Bernardus, Fab., and
nearly allied forms, in which the tail on first median nervule is in both sexes much reduced,

but smaller in the male ; while that on the third nervule, always very small and acute in
the male, is elongated and blunt in the female. _

NYMPHALIN 319

to end of discoidal cell, but narrowing much to posterior angle; bor-
der contains five (rarely six) spots of the ground-colour, viz., two near
costa, about midway between end of cell and apex,—two below and
beyond these two, one on each side of third median nervule,—and one
near apex,—the sixth, when present, being much smaller than the rest,
and between second and first median nervules; costa to about end
of cell narrowly bordered with ochreous-brown; a conspicuous short
fuscous transverse bar closing extremity of cell, and a small, rather
indistinct fuscous spot in cell, about the middle, touching subcostal
nervure. Hind-wing: border of moderate width, containing eight very
small spots of the ground-colour, of which the three next anal angle are
tinged with violaceous-blue ; before these spots the band encloses a
more or less indistinct and interrupted lunulate streak of the ground-
colour, from anal angle (where it is tinged with yellow-ochreous) as far
as radial nervure, and beyond them a hind-marginal ochreous-yellow
lunulate streak becoming broken and almost obsolete towards apex ;
tail (on first median nervule) blackish, with a fine central streak of the
ground-colour. In both wings a median dusky streak of the under side
is faintly shown on the upper side. UNDER SIDE—Paler, with a silvery
glitter over hind-wing and the pale marginal markings of fore-wing ;
the marginal borders and transverse stripes pale-brown. Fore-wing: dis-
coidal cell crossed, before its middle, by a short broad stripe, emitting
superiorly a striola extending to base; a longer similar stripe at ex-
tremity of cell extending to, and abruptly ending at, the fold between
first median nervule and submedian nervure; spots in apical and hind-
marginal border enlarged and more numerous, a third (superior) being
added to the inner group of two near costa,—while the apical spot and
lower group of two are completely merged in a continuous submacular
band (immediately followed by a lunulate interrupted streak of the
same silvery tint) running from apex to posterior angle; costal edge
brown, with a good-sized silvery mark at base. Hind-wing: a stripe
in line with the outer of the two in fore-wing, commencing on costa
(where it encloses a small silvery spot) before middle, extends across
extremity of cell to below first median nervule not far from anal angle,
whence it is deflected at an acute angle to inner margin beyond middle ;
from base a straight rather narrow brown streak runs between median
and submedian nervures, and meets the stripe just described before the
point of deflection; in hind-marginal border, the upper four spots are
enlarged and confluent into a wide silvery band, while the lower four
are small, separate, tinged with bluish, and strongly black-edged: this
whole series of spots is both preceded and followed by a silvery streak,
of which the inner is edged internally with black, and the outer stained
with ochreous-yellow in its lower half.

2 Like 2, but with all the fuscous markings much reduced, especially
the hind-marginal border, in which the pale spots are greatly enlarged
(with the exception of the apical spot of the fore-wing) and more

320 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

or less confluent with the discal ground-colour ; hind-wing with an addi-
tional (shorter) tail on third median nervule. UNDER SIDE as in g, but
less silvery.

This delicately-coloured species frequents woods, and the few examples I
noticed in Natal remained among the higher branches of trees, on which they
frequently settled. Colonel Bowker, who met with the butterfly in Kaffraria
Proper, noted that the was commoner than the ¢, and more easily captured,
frequenting a yellow-flowered thistle near the banks of the Bashee River. The
2 was also often to be taken flying up and down a valley among scattered trees
or bushes, and at such_times looked very like some of the commoner Pieride.
Zoolina’s season of appearance was the autumn, and Colonel Bowker did not
notice it after the beginning of April.

Localities of Charaxes Zoolina.

I. South Africa.
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
K. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban.
H. “Delagoa Bay.”—Coll. Hewitson.
II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
a, Eastern Coast.—Zambesi.—Coll. Hewitson.

104. (2.) Charaxes Neanthes, (Hewitson).

@ Nymphalis Neanthes, Hewits., Exot, Butt, i. p. 88, pl. 44, fh 2, 3

(1854).
3 g - a Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i p. 179, n. 104 (1862).

Hap. al., (f) 2 in. 2—5 lin.; (2) 2 in. 4—7 lin.

gf Fulvous-ochreous, with ill-defined ferruginous brown hind-marginal
borders, the inner edge of which is expressed by a curved irregular
series of small fuscous spots (lunulate and linear in hind-wing). ore-
wing: a narrow ferruginous-brown short transverse streak closing dis-
coidal cell; apical and hind-marginal border beginning not far from
end of cell, and enclosing an indistinct costal marking composed of two
good-sized spots of the ground-colour, and a curved submarginal row
of six still more indistinct similar spots, incompletely separated from
the ground-colour of the disc by the series of fuscous spots above
mentioned. Hind-wing: hind-marginal border very indistinct, contain-
ing traces of a median series of ground-colour spots, preceded and fol-
lowed by a streak of the same hue; of these streaks the inner is wider
and immediately preceded by the series of small fuscous lunulate spots,
which is more irregular than in fore-wing; at anal angle an indistinct
fuscous, blue-dusted lunulate mark, outwardly bounded by a greenish-
yellow edging ; tail (at end of first median nervule) ferruginous-brown. |
UNDER sSIDE.—Duller, more ov less closely irrorated with ferruginous-
brown ; discal sevies of spots represented by very small inconspicuous

NYMPHALINA. 321

rounded spots; a common, rather broad, dark ashy-grey streak, edged on
its inner side with white, from costa of fore-wing (at extremity of cell)
—interrupted abruptly on fold between first median nervule and sub-
median nervure—to a little before anal angle of hind-wing; hind-
marginal border of fore-wing, and all hind-wing except an inferior
discal patch, with a submetallic gloss; no hind-marginal brown border.
Fore-wing : costa, from base to extremity of cell, irrorated with hoary-
grey ; a minute, round, fuscous spot, ringed with hoary-grey, in dis-
coidal cell. Hind-wing: hind-margin near and at anal angle, and tail,
thinly irrorated with grey.

2 Rather paler, especially as regards hind-marginal borders ; spots
of discal series usually darker and better defined. Hind-wing: anal-
angular markings more distinct; sometimes two additional lunulate
hind-marginal marks of the same description between third and first
median nervules; an additional tail (shorter) at extremity of third
median nervule. UNDER SIDE.—Usually paler than in f, with the
irroration coarser, not so close, and less evenly distributed ; gloss not so
bright.

In both sexes the transverse streak of the under side is often indistinct,
and is sometimes almost obsolete.

This insect is allied to C. Betsimisaraka, Lucas, but the latter has a white
basal suffusion as in Charaxes Varanes (Cram.) Another small Charazes, from
Madagascar, which I saw in the fine collection of Mr, Henley G. Smith, but
which I believe is unnamed, appeared to be a still nearer ally.

C. Neanthes, notwithstanding its widely different colouring, is closely related
to C. Zoolina (Westw.) in every other respect, and appears to have quite similar
habits and distribution. While in Natal I only saw two specimens,—one at
Verulam and the other at Itongati River; each was among the branches of a
tree, making short flights and returning to its perch. Colonel Bowker, who met
with it not uncommonly in Kaffraria Proper, noted that it sometimes visited
the ground, settling for a few minutes on grass or shrubs; in that part of
South Africa he observed it in December and January, and again from April
to August, finding it more numerous in May.

Localities of Charaxes Neanthes.

I. South Africa.
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
E. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban (J. H. Bowker). Verulam. Itongati.
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourengo Marques (Mrs. Montezro).
II. Other African Regions,
A. South Tropical.
a. Eastern Coast.

Zambesi River (Rev. H. Rowley).

105. (3.) Charaxes Varanes, (Cramer).

3 Papilio Varancs, Cram., Pap. Exot., ii. t. clx. ff. p, EB (1779); and
(¢ ) iv. t. ceclxxxviii. ff. a, B (1782),
a 5 Dru., Ill. Nat. Hist., iii. pl. xxxi. (1782),
VOL. 1. ».¢

322 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Nymphalis Varanes, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 364, n. 48 (1819).
Philognoma Varanes, Westw., Gen. D. Lep., ii. p. 311, n. 2 (1850).
Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 181, n. 105 (1862).

9 2

Exp. al., 3 in. 2-9 lin.

Rich-ferruginous, spotted with warm orange-ochreous ; basal portion
of fore-wing pale-yellowish shading into orange-ochreous, of hind-wing,
sulky-white. Fore-wing: narrowly white on inner margin, gradually
shading through dull-yellow into orange-ochreous, which latter colour
occupies middle; three short, transverse, ferruginous marks on the
ochreous portion,—one just beyond extremity of discoidal cell,—another
between third and second median nervules, below, and slightly beyond,
the first mark,—the third between second and first median nervules,
vertically in a line with the first mark; outer half of wing dark-ferru-
ginous, which colour commences abruptly just beyond the three marks
described, indenting the orange-ochreous between median nervules ;
beyond middle, two transverse rows of orange-ochreous spots, the outer
row parallel to hind-margin, the inner somewhat sinwate,—the spots of
the outer row thinner and more lunular than those of the inner; neither
row extending below submedian nervure, and both with the spot next
costa often indistinct; between the two rows is another of dark spots,
more apparent in 2 (whose ground-colour is paler). Mind-wing: basal
portion, to beyond extremity of discoidal cell, glistening-white ; along
submedian nervure, from base, a dense clothing of silky, white hair,
not extending to anal angle; rest of wing ferruginous, inclining to
ochreous near costa and next basal white; two rows of ochreous spots
in fore-wing indistinctly continued in this wing, the row of dark spots
distinctly so, diminishing in size from subcostal nervure as far as second
or first median nervule ; bordering hind-margin, a row of thin, dull-
blue lunules, of which the three next anal angle are the most con-
spicuous, being outwardly very thinly white-edged ; tail at extremity
of third median nervule brownish-ferruginous, slightly widened at its tip,
from two to three lines in length, UNDER sIDE.—Very variable; dull
greyish-brown, inclining to ferruginous, with pale-green nervures ; outer
portions of wings more or less glistening. Fore-wing: crossing discoidal
cell, three transverse, more or less distinct, strongly waved and angu-
lated grey lines, sometimes defined with glistening-silvery outwardly,
the third extending almost to submedian nervure ; a little beyond cell, a
fourth, similar, longer, interrupted line, about middle, also nearly reach-
ing submedian nervure ; beyond middle, a slightly-curved, transverse,
continuous, dark-grey streak, glistening-silvery externally, from costa to
below first median nervule; beyond this, the surface is more or less
washed with glistening-silvery, which does not, however extend to
hind-margin, except at apex and at anal angle; parallel to hind-
margin, a row of more or less indistinct, dark-grey spots, from costal
edge to submedian nervure. Hind-wing: before middle, three trans-
verse, much-angulated, zigzag grey lines, similar to those in fore-wing,

NYMPHALIN&. 323

—the two outer lines sometimes extending nearly to imner-margin ;
transverse streak of fore-wing continued completely across this wing,
from costa beyond middle to inner margin immediately before anal
angle; surface beyond streak much washed with glistening-silvery
(usually more so than in fore-wing) ; an imperfect, greyish, ferruginous-
ringed ocellus next streak, close to costa, and two similar, more
imperfect ocelli, between anal angle and second median nervule ;
bordering hind-margin, a row of rather indistinct, glistening, greyish
lunules.

Other variations of the under side often occur, notably one in which
the ground-colour is olivaceous-yellow, with all the striation and
markings strongly and conspicuously marked, and the ocellate sub-
marginal spots more developed, and forming a complete or almost
continuous series on both wings; and another (in the ¢) in which |
olivaceous-brown prevails, and the striation is rather indistinct, but the
ocellate spots of hind-wing are well developed, and the silvery gloss is
unusually bright, and there is in both wings a terminal cellular silvery
patch.

The South-African examples differ from those I have examined
from different parts of Tropical Africa in having the basal white of the
fore-wing so much restricted. They are, however, variable in this
particular, some females exhibiting a small inner-marginal white patch,
extending as far as median nervure; but none that I have seen present
nearly so much white as is found in specimens from Cape Coast Castle
and Sierra Leone on the West Coast, or Quilimane and Zambesi on the
East Coast, in which, in both sexes, the white largely invades the
discoidal cell, and in the ¢ nearly fills it. In the hind-wing, also, the
white in the Tropical examples is extended to a point considerably
nearer anal angle!

Larva.—Dull bluish-green above; pale whitish-green beneath,
irrorated with very minute silvery dots. On 6th, 8th, and roth
segments, a pale-ochreous, somewhat crescentic, mark on the back,—
that on the roth segment very faint and only found in full-grown
specimens. A thin, sinuated, silvery lateral stripe. Head flat, armed
with four backward-sloping, recurved, somewhat serrated horns, bright
turquoise-blue beneath, and in young specimens edged with reddish.
Anal segment flattened, bifid. Feeds on a species of Rhus (probably
LR. levigata).

PuATE I. fig. 6.

1 The nearest known ally of Varanes is the very curious Charaxes Balfouri, Butler (Proc.
Zool. Soe. Lond., 1881, p. 176, pl. xviii. f. 6), from the island Socotra, which altogether wants
the basal white suffusion, and has on the hind-wing an almost linear tail on third median
nervule, and a very short tail on the first median nervule. The hind-marginal lunules of the
hind-wing are developed into a continuous festooned border, black internally, blue mesially,
and pure-white externally. The under side is very like the olivaceous variation of Varanes
above noted, but the silvery-white transverse streak is enlarged into an angulated white stripe,
and the hind-wing has a conspicuous series of broad white hind-marginal lunules, The hind-
margin is throughout much more dentated than in Varanes, particularly in the hind-wing.

324 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Pupa.—Pellucid blue-green with a delicate plum-like bloom. On
each side of abdomen a row of six black dots. On anal pedicel two
pairs of small yellowish tubercles, and a similar pair on ventral surface,
close to pedicel, facing towards the head.

Mr. Mansel Weale, who sent me the notes and drawings from which the
above description of the larva and pupa (found near King William’s Town,
Cape Colony) are drawn up, informed me that the chrysalis state lasted for
fourteen days.

Colonel Bowker also reared Varanes in Natal, and in 1882 sent me a
specimen with the skin of the pupa from which it had emerged. On this skin
the tubercles on and near the tail described by Mr. Weale were very prominent
and conspicuous, being tipped with black ; it further presented two raised black
spots, one on each side of the bluntly bifid head. This pupa was attached to
the edge of a green leaf.

This very fine butterfly is common in the wooded parts of South Africa, and
is very conspicuous on the wing. At rest, it is by no means easy to detect, its
under-surface colouring being so like faded or withered leaves, and its accus-
tomed seat being on the stems or among the branches. Its flight is not so
rapid as that of several of its near allies, and it often descends to sport about
low trees and even bushes, The exuding sap from wounds of trees is very
attractive to it; and I once enticed a specimen by honey smeared on a trunk
at Plettenberg Bay. The species seems to be out during every month of the
year, but is numerous only during the warmer season.

Localities of Charaxes Varanes.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.

a. Western Districts—Knysna. Plettenberg Bay.

6, Eastern Districts.—'‘ Van Staden’s River, near Port Elizabeth.” —
D Urban. Grahamstown. King William’s Town (W, D’Urban
and J. H. Bowker). East London (P. Borcherds).

D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).

E. Natal.
a. Coast Districts— D’Urban. “Umkomazi (Lower).”—J. H.
Bowker.

b. Upper Districts.—Estcourt (J. M. Hutchinson).
F. Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay (Colonel H. Tower).
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lorengo Marques (Mrs. Monteiro).

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast. ‘ Angola (J. J. Montetro).”—Druce.
b, Eastern Coast.—Zambesi River (Rev. H. Rowley). Quilimane
(J. H. Bowker).
B. North Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Cape Coast Castle (J. MZ. Pask). Sierra Leone
(J. M. Pask).
b, Eastern Coast.— Abyssinia; Shoa (Antinor?).”—Oberthiir.

NYMPHALIN Zé. 425

106. (4.) Charaxes Jahlusa, (Trimen.)

9 Nymphalis Jahlusa, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 177, n. 102 (1862) ;
and (.¢ ) 1. pl. 3,1. 5 (1806).
Charaxes Argynnides, Westw., Proc, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. ro.

zp. al., (f) 1 in. 11 lin.—2 in. 2 lin.; (2) 2 in. 5—7 lin.

gf Fulvous-ochreous, with black spots and hind-marginal border.
Fore-wing: in discoidal cell, a minute round spot in upper part near
base, succeeded by a sinuate short transverse streak; at extremity of
cell, an irregularly-quadrate marking; two rather small spots below
median nervure; a discal transverse series of six spots (of which the
upper three, near costa, are contiguous, and sometimes emit rays joining,
or almost joining, disco-cellular terminal marking), curving inward to
below first median nervule; a rather narrow hind-marginal border,
marked externally with eight spots of the ground-colour, of which the
first is linear and indistinct, the second to the fifth decreasingly lanceo-
late, and the others bluntly rounded, the last being much the largest ;
just before hind-marginal border, between costa and third median
nervule, a row of four more or less suffused and contiguous spots, so
connected with the border as to shut off four small spots of the
ground-colour; the second of these enclosed spots is the largest, and
paler than the rest (in one instance white); base and costa somewhat
dusky. Hind-wing: paler towards costa, fading into whitish on costal
edge,—the nervures there situate markedly green; on costa, about
middle, an imperfect ring-spot (sometimes filled with black) ; occasion-
ally three minute spots marking upper and outer edge of discoidal
cell; hind-marginal border narrower than in fore-wing, and more
broken along its inner edge, enclosing mesially a series of eight small
lunulate spots of ground-colour, and externally a continuous lunulate
streak of the same colour (commencing on first subcostal nervule, and
marked with silvery-bluish at anal angle), leaving a linear but very
well-defined black hind-marginal edging; tails narrow, acute,—the
one on third shorter than that on first median nervule. UNDER SIDE.
—AHind-wing, and costal edging and apical area of fore-wing, pale
olivaceous-grey, varied with brownish and with silvery markings. Fore-
wing: rest of area pale salmon-red; spots as on upper side, but
smaller, more sharply defined, and thinly edged with silvery-white ;
two additional spots near base, one in cell and the other just above it
on costa; spots of discal row (except the lowest) broadly bordered
externally by silvery ; hind-marginal border greyish-silvery,—its exter-
nal spots (all faintly marked except the lowest) pale salmon-red, and
the two lowest inwardly edged by conspicuous black lunulate marks ;
the streak before hind-marginal border much narrower than on upper
side and prolonged to first median nervule,—the spots between it and
border silvery, mixed with salmon-red in the lower ones. Hind-wing :
before middle, between costal and submedian nervures, a transverse

326 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES,

row of five silvery spots, black-edged on both sides, of which the upper-
most is very much the largest; beyond middle a continuous, wide, sub-
macular silvery band, with its very irregular inner edge interruptedly
marked with black; inner-marginal area dull-silvery, with two small
black spots before middle, and a black line (longitudinal) between sub-
median and internal nervures; three small black spots along costa
before middle; hind-marginal border immediately preceded by a series
of fuscous-edged lunulate spots, of which the second (largest, between
subcostal nervules) and fifth are silvery, and the rest salmon-red;
border itself greyish-silvery, its contained spots creamy-white tinged
with ochreous-yellow, and ringed (near anal angle very distinctly) with
black enclosing a very thin line of bluish-silvery ; indenting silvery
discal band externally, a series of inter-nervular thin brown rays.

9 Similar, but paler and duller ; the outer markings fuscous ; spots
in hind-marginal border larger. Hind-wing: an irregular transverse
row of seven spots (sublinear except the subannular large spot on
costa) extending to below first median nervule. UNDER sIDE.—As in
g, but paler throughout.

Head tawny above, with four white spots; palpi tawny above, black
laterally, white below,—the terminal joint black throughout. Thorax
tawny above; collar with a white spot on each side; below, brown
with a broad white breast-stripe (longitudinal), and seven or eight
different-sized white spots on each side; legs whitish. Abdomen tawny
above; below with a creamy dark-bordered stripe down the middle.

A $ specimen from the Zambesi, in the South-African Museum, has the
ground-colour darker on both upper and under surfaces, and the silvery band
beyond middle of hind-wing much narrower and more macular. (It was on a
Zambesi specimen that Professor Westwood founded his Charaxes Argynnides.)

Until Colonel Bowker found this curious little Charazes in Kaffraria in
the year 1862, the only specimen known to me was one presented to the
British Museum by Sir Andrew Smith, Mrs, Barber also sent the butterfly
from Highlands, near Grahamstown ; and in 1870 I had the pleasure, with
her, of observing it in some numbers at a spot a few miles from Highlands.
On the Bashee River Colonel Bowker noted Jahlusa as rare, and keeping
constantly to particular trees, whence it would chase away other butterflies.
Both at Uitenhage and at Zwaartwater’s Poort I found that Jahlusa delighted
to settle on the stems and twigs of the ‘“ Spekboom” (Portulacaria afra), but
did not avoid those of other trees, and sometimes visited twigs of mere bushes.
At the latter locality they also continually settled on a low, rough-leaved
Solanum with dull-purple flowers, sucking at an exudation on its stems and
(in one instance) at its flowers.1_ When thus engaged they were well hidden,
the leaves of the Solanum being broad and lying horizontally towards the
summit of the plant; and when settled on the white bark of the trees (espe-
cially on the glossy-white of the Spekboom), their silvery under side rendered
them very inconspicuous. On the wing the species most resembles Atella
Phalantha. Its flight, even in the case of the ¢, is very slow for a Charazes, and
more like that of Pyrameis Cardut. It was in February that I made these obser-

1 As will be seen elsewhere, the Marquis Antinori in Abyssinia noted the same habit in
Ch. Candiope (Godt.)

NYMPHALINZ. 327

vations; and during the same month Mr. F. Barber, who found the species
numerous in the Fish River Bush, noticed that it kept about a species of
Celastrus, but saw one example, just out of the pupa, resting on a Spekboom
with its wings hanging downward.

Localities of Charaxes Jahlusa.

I. South Africa,
B. Cape Colony.
b. Eastern Districts. —Uitenhage. Grahamstown: Highlands (Mrs.
Barber) ; Zwaartwater’s Poort.
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
b. Eastern Coast.—Zambesi River (Rev. H, Rowley).
br. Interior.—Tati River (Ff. C. Selous).

107. (5.) Charaxes Candiope, (Godart).
PuateE VI. fig. 4 (¢).

Nymphalis Candiope, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 353, n. 10 (1819).
Charazxes viridicostatus, Auriv., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Foérhandl., 1879, p. 41,
n. 8,

Lap. al., 3 im. 7=9 lin.

Fulvous, inclining to ferruginous; a basal space (much wider in
fore-wing) pale-yellow, with the nervures crossing it bright pale-green ;
area beyond middle dark-brown, marked with a submarginal row of
very distinct fulvous spots and a hind-marginal row of fulvous lunulate
spots (in hind-wing forming a continuous border). Fore-wing: costal
edge bright pale-green like the nervures; basal yellow extending to a
little before middle, where it fades into the fulvous; from subcostal
nervure at extremity of discoidal cell an irregular outwardly-dentate
dark-brown streak, narrowing downward, interrupted on third and
second median nervules, and ending a little below the latter nervule ;
a little beyond this streak, a subcostal irregularly quadrate dark-brown
marking, touching dark-brown of outer area on lower radial nervule,
and so isolating a rather larger fulvous marking immediately suc-
ceeding it; seven well-defined rounded spots in submarginal row (which
is curved superiorly), increasing in size downward; lunulate hind-
marginal spots also increasing downward, but mostly ill-defined (ex-
cept the lowest), and partly confluent. Hind-wing: basal yellow very
limited inferiorly, only extending into upper part of discoidal cell,—
the costal and subcostal nervures bright pale-green; inner-marginal
and lower discal area ferruginous-fulvous ; dark-brown of outer area
narrowing downward to first median nervule, where it ends; its six
fulvous spots decreasing and narrowing downward, the lowest being
almost linear; a subocellate marking at anal angle, consisting of
two lunulate black spots, bordered internally by pale-bluish and an

328 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

indistinct whitish fulvous line, and externally by dull-greenish ; two
tails ferruginous-fulvous,—that on first median nervule in both sexes
long, rather wide, somewhat spatulate at the tip, and curving upward
towards apex,—while that on third median nervule is in the $ short,
straight, and acuminate, but in the 2 of the same form as the other
tail, only straight instead of curved; cilia whitish, UNDER sIDE.—
Hind-wing and apical hind-marginal area of fore-wing pale soft
yellowish-brown (sometimes inclining to ferruginous), towards hind-
margin with a surface-gloss of violaceous-whitish ; neuration throughout
bright-green. Fore-wing: space between costa and costal nervure
green, transversely striated with fine white lines; basal area pale-
yellowish ; in discoidal cell, a basal blackish spot and three widely-
separated thin blackish streaks (of which the outermost is prolonged
below the cell); at extremity of cell, a short, irregular, brownish-
ferruginous fascia, externally bounded by a blackish line, ending
between second and first median nervules; a curved discal transverse
ferruginous-brown fascia from costa to inner margin, becoming blackish-
violaceous in its lower portion, which is also edged with black exter-
nally ; an indistinct pale submarginal lunulate band, inwardly bounded
by dusky spots, of which only the two lowest are well-defined and
subocellate with bluish. Mind-wing: before middle, an irregular ferru-
ginous-brown fascia, thinly black-edged and more or less completely
white-bordered on both sides; a narrow, discal, strongly lunulated ferru-
ginous-brown (inwardly yellow-edged) stripe from costa to anal angle ;
a more or less indistinct series of submarginal whitish spots, and another
of hind-marginal whitish lunules; between these series one of small
black violaceous-scaled spots (surrounded by greenish irroration), only
distinct between radial nervule and anal angle; at base, between costa
and subcostal nervure, a smooth greenish space almost bare of scales.

There is much variation in the distinctness of the under-side
markings, which are sometimes obscured by a pale-ferruginous suffusion:
and sometimes by the extension of the violaceous-whitish gloss.

The sexes do not differ except in the form and size of the superior
tail of the hind-wing, and in the rather paler colouring of the 9.

This species bears considerable resemblance to C. Varanes, (Cram.), but is
readily recognised by the absence of white at the base of the hind-wing, the
conspicuous green of the nervures, and the presence of two tails, instead of
one only, on the hind-wing ; the under-side pattern is also widely different.?

I did not meet with Candiope during my stay in Natal, but Mr. W. Morant
and Colonel Bowker have both found it not rarely at Pinetown and D’Urban
respectively. The first South-African specimen I received was from the late
Colonel H. Tower, who took it at St. Lucia Bay in 1867. Colonel Bowker’s
examples were captured in August 1878 ; but Mr. Morant informed me that

1 There isa very near ally of Candiope in Madagascar, in which the neuration is much
less green; the basal yellow duller, as well as the spots of the fore-wing ; and the dark
outer area of the fore-wing extending quite up to the extremity of the cell; while, on the
under side, the striz in basal area are very well marked and edged with white.

NYMPHALINA. 329

he had seen the species on the wing during the greater part of the year. Ober-
thiir publishes (Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, xv., 1880, p. 166) a note by the Marquis
Antinori that he found this butterfly in Abyssinia to feed chiefly on an exuda-
tion from two sorts of Solanaceous plants.

Localities of Charaxes Candiope.

I, South Africa.
EK. Natal.
a. Coast Districts. —D’Urban (J. H. Bowker). Pinetown (W,
Morant).
F. Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay (77. Tower).
H. Delagoa Bay.—Coll. Godman.
K. Transvaal.—Limpopo River (F. C. Selous).

II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.

a. Western Coast.—Damaraland (J. A. Bell). ‘Angola (J. J.
Monteiro).”—Druce. Congo.—Coll. Brit. Mus. ‘ Chinchoxo
(Falkenstein).” —Dewitz.

B. North Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—Sierra Leone.—Coll. Brit. Mus.
b, Eastern Coast.—“ Abyssinia: Shoa (Antinor?).”—Oberthiir.

108. (6.) Charaxes Druceanus, Butler.
3 Charaxes Druceanus, Butl., Cist. Ent., i. p. 4, n. 1 (1869); and Lep.
Exot., i. pl. 10, f. 4 (1870).
3 Charaxes Cinadon, Hewits., Ent. M. Mag., vi. p. 177 (1870).
3 Charaxes Druceanus, Westw., Thes. Ent. Oxon., p, 182, pl. 34, f. 6
(1874).

Exp. al., ($) 3 in.—3 in. 4 lin.; (2) 3 in. 85 lin.

gf Fuscous, suffused with ferruginous in basal area ; a common discal
deep-fulvous band and hind-marginal lunulate border, the latter in fore-
wing broken regularly into seven spots, but in hind-wing continuous. Fore-
wing: ferruginous extends in costal area to beyond extremity of discoidal
cell (where it tinges two short transverse fulvous fasciz that converge and
join the fulvous discal ban] above third median nervule), and in inner-
marginal area as far as inner edge of discal band ; this band, beginning
narrowly close to costa near apex, widens as far as inner margin;
lowest hind-marginal spot large, double; near end of discoidal cell an
elongate black spot, before which is an indistinct very small blackish
spot. Hind-wing: inner-marginal area suffused with greyish-brown,
and edged narrowly with ochreous-yellow discal band narrowing down-
ward, ferruginous on its outer edge and over its lower portion, be-
coming obsolete about first median nervule; lunulate hind-marginal
border narrowly black-edged outwardly, its anal-angular extremity
tinged with greenish; a little before border, between third median
nervule and submedian nervure, three small blue spots, the lowest
geminate,—the first and second sometimes obsolete ; tails acuminate,
narrow, rather short,—that on third median nervule straight,—that on

330 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

first median nervule somewhat longer and slightly curved upward ;
cilia white. UNDER SIDE.—Ferruginous ; the common discal band, and
a narrow transverse band before middle of hind-wing, bright-silvery.
Fore-wing: from base to middle a silvery streak between costa and
costal nervule ; three greenish-fuscous, on both sides silvery-edged,
transverse marks in discoidal cell, the third prolonged below cell to first
median nervule; a similar marking at extremity of cell; faint greenish-
black traces in bifurcations of silvery band, and three spots of the same
colour (the lowest much enlarged and centred with whitish) along
inner edge of band; a submarginal series of seven fuscous, outwardly
dull-silvery-edged, lunulate spots, of which the two lowest are greatly
enlarged. Hind-wing: silvery discal band broad on costa (where it is
marked with a small ferruginous spot), and extending to inner margin
(where it is very narrow); along inner edge of band, from second sub-
costal nervule downward, an interrupted irregular greenish-fuscous
streak; narrow silvery band before middle unmarked above discoidal
cell, but there containing a greenish-fuscous middle streak, and thence
(much narrower) deflected longitudinally to a point below first median
nervule beyond middle, where it is joined by a similar fuscous-marked
narrow stripe crossing discoidal cell near extremity; the inner-
marginal area marked by three longitudinal similar stripes from near
base, uniting at their extremities, and the first and second of them
meeting end of discal band a little before anal angle; a submarginal
row of fuscous lunules, dull-silvery-edged on both sides, preceded by a
similar more irregular series, only silvery-edged externally ; near anal
angle the two series approximate, and form two black-ringed ocellate
markings, irrorated with greenish and bluish, and centred with silvery ;
on costa, close to base, a narrow, oblique, silvery-ringed greenish-fus-
cous marking.

9 Paler, especially the common discal band, which is very pale
ochre-yellow inclining to cream-colour, edged narrowly with ferruginous.
UNDER sIDE.—As in J, but the silvery of the submarginal markings
much enlarged.

C. Druceanus is allied to both C. Zudoxus (Drury) and C. Cynthia,
Butler ; on the upper side more resembling the latter, and on the under
side the former. Its under side, on the whole, however, is closer to that -
of C. Brutus (Cram.) It differs from Cynthia on the upper side (in fore-
wing) in the width, continuity, and inferior confluence with the discal
band of the two short costal fasciz ; in the discal band commencing
close to costal margin; in the better marked and more separated hind-
marginal spots; and in possessing a quadrate black spot in discoidal
cell not far from the extremity ; while (in hind-wing) the hind-marginal
border is narrower and more distinctly lunulate, and outwardly bounded
throughout by a well-marked black edging. From Hudoxus it differs
on the upper side in having the discal band not nearly so sharply
defined and not dentated on the nervures, especially as regards the

NYMPHALINZ. 331

hind-wing (on which the tails are longer and narrower); and, in the
fore-wing, in the possession of the cellular black marks and the costal
short fulvous fasciz. On the under side, the markings before the
discal band correspond pretty nearly to those of Hudoxus, but are less
irregular, and with broader silvery (instead of creamy-white) edges ;
in the fore-wing the discal band is silvery and continuous, instead
of fulvous-ochreous and macular, and there is a costal silvery streak ;
and in the hind-wing the discal band is much broader, and wants three
of the four ferruginous spots which mark its upper half in Hudoxus.
Compared with C. Brutus, the under side has the submarginal mark-
ings not sagittate; and (in the hind-wing) the dark spots that mark
the upper half of the inner side of the discal band are wanting; while
the stripe before middle is straight and continuous, and unmarked above
the cell, instead of being (as in Brutus) composed of two distinct greyish-
fuscous white-edged elongate marks out of line with each other. All
the silvery pattern is far more brilliant than in Brutus.

I first saw this very beautiful Charaxes in 1867 at the Hopeian Museum
at Oxford, in a collection made on the Zambesi by the Rev. H. Rowley. In
1869 Mr. W. Morant sent mea ¢ from Natal, with a note that it was not
uncommon, but local, and had been observed from February to May at Pine-
town. Colonel Bowker, ten years subsequently, met with the butterfly in
the same locality, and sent me the paired sexes, taken on the 5th April 1879.
Besides the 2 of this pair (which is that above described), I have seen only
one other example of that sex, in a collection brought by a lady from Natal
in 1883. A ¢ from Pinetown, sent by Colonel Bowker in July 1879, and

two ¢s from the Eastern Transvaal, taken by Mr. Ayres, are all the other
South-African specimens I have seen.

Localities of Charaxes Druceanus.

I. South Africa,
HK. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—Pinetown (W. Morant and J. H. Bowker).
K. Transvaal.—Lydenburg District (7. Ayres).
II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.— Angola (Pogge).’’—Dewitz.
* 6, Eastern Coast.—Zambesi (fev. H. Rowley).
B. North Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—‘ Old Calabar.’’—Butler.

109. (7.) Charaxes Pelias, (Cramer).

¢ Papilio Pelias, Cram., Pap. Exot., i. t. iii ff. c, D. (1779). |
pa Pelias, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 351, n. 2 (1819).
a: Trim., , Rhop. Afr. ‘Aust, i i. p. 175, n. 101 [part] (1862);
“end ti p-. 340 [part] (1866).
? Charaxes Pelias, Butl., Lep. Exot., p. 25, pl. x. f. 5 (1869).

Exp. al., 2 in. 11 lin.—3 in. 4 lin.
& Fuscous, suffused with dull-ferruginous in basal area; a common
discal yellow-ochreous band, and also a hind-marginal series of yellow-

332 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

ochreous spots. Fore-wing: ferruginous extends costally to beyond
middle, occupying discoidal cell, and inner-marginally as far as inner
edge of discal band; a fuscous mark at extremity of cell,—another
(smaller) in cell towards extremity,—and a third, very indistinct and
small, in cell not far from base; discal band broad, its inner edge
indented on nervules,—very deeply so on second radial, its outer edge
regularly serrated by deep nervular indentations ; outer portion of band
traversed by a series of six contiguous sub-lunulate black spots from
close to costa as far as first median nervule,—a seventh separate minute
spot below the nervule; spots on hind-margin eight, very distinct, well
separated, the lowest geminate. Hind-wing: discal band narrowing
on median nervules and becoming obsolete on the first; hind-marginal
spots seven, a little before hind-margin itself (which is black-edged),
lunulate (especially the three lowest, which are more or less suffused
with white), the last tinged with greenish; inner-marginal area grey,
with a whitish mark just before anal angle, indicating end of discal
band; between third median nervule and submedian nervure a sub-
marginal row of three small bluish spots, the lowest lunulate; tails
short, narrow, black, that on third median nervule a good deal shorter
than the other, and straight, the other slightly curved upward; cilia
white. UNDER SIDE.—Jasal area dark-ferruginous, closely marked with .
shining-grey, fuscous-edged, white-bordered spots and strie; discal band
white, shining; outer area shining pale-grey. Fore-wing: a shining
white streak from base between costa and costal nervure; in discoidal
cell a small basal, a larger oval, and an elongate outer marking, the
latter irregularly prolonged below cell as far as first median nervule;
at extremity of cell a similar but shorter marking; bounding inner
edge of band a very irregular macular stria of the same colours, ending
in a basal inner-marginal grey space above submedian nervure; series
of fuscous spots traversing band conspicuous against the white, the
serrated outer portion of the band beyond them of a paler brighter
yellow than on upper side, and more macular, and immediately followed
by a series of fuscous spots, all faint and very,small except the lowest,
which is large and geminate; hind-marginal spots much less distinct
and of a paler brighter yellow than on upper side. Hind-wing: a
curved elongate oblique. mark on costa at base, and just beyond it a
very strongly recurved mark, interrupted on costal, but extending to
subcostal nervure; white discal band inwardly bounded by a long sub-
macular stria, interrupted, and emitting a short separate outward-cury-
ing thin spot just below first median nervule on the white; in discoidal
cell commence two long strie, which thence run longitudinally above
submedian nervure, and of which the inferior joins two similar striae
from near base along inner margin at their extremities, at the end of
streak bounding white discal band; the band itself extends quite to
inner-marginal edge, and is there widened; it is marked with a fuscous
lunule externally just below radial nervule, and outwardly bounded by

NYMPHALIN/. sas

a series of short sub-sagittate contiguous dark-ferruginous marks, and
(close to anal angle) by a black curved line; the hind-marginal yellow
lunulate spots are surrounded by bluish-white, preceded by a series of
blue-black thin lunules, only conspicuous near anal angle; between
end of white band and anal angle a space is greenish-tinged and sub-
ocellate, bounded internally by a pale-yellow lunule.

2 Duller and paler throughout, especially as regards the common
discal band, the hind-marginal spots, and the basal dark-ferruginous.
Fore-wing : spots traversing discal band larger, more suffused. Hind-
wing: discal band extending narrowly and obscurely to inner margin ;
submarginal bluish spots larger,—a small additional one above third
median nervule. UNDER SIDE.—As in f, but the markings generally
somewhat fainter.

The 2 figured by Mr. Butler (/oc. cit.) shows the under side mark-
ings as brighter and stronger than in the $3; especially well marked
are the fuscous spots bounding externally the discal band in the fore-
wing, and even more enlarged are the dark-ferruginous acuminate
markings bounding it in the hind-wing. This may very probably be
the normal appearance of the ?, as I have only received one example
of that sex.

C. Pelias is in the upper-side colouring and pattern not unlike
C. Druceanus, Butl., though everywhere paler, and with only the
basal area suffused with ferruginous; but on the under side is at once
separated by its very much duller markings (scarcely silvery any-
where), and greyish (instead of ferruginous and fulyous) hind-marginal
area.

This is the only South-African Charaxes known to inhabit the open moun-
tainous western tracts of the Cape Colony. Specimens have reached me from
Genadendal ! (Rev. G. Hettarsch) and Montagu (Mr. L. Taats), and I noticed it
in Bain’s Kloof in January 1876. Having heard from Dr. D. R. Kannemeyer
that the species occurred abundantly at Montagu, I visited that locality in
January 1876, but did not succeed in taking any examples, although I saw
four during my two days’ stay. I found that, as my correspondent reported,
the butterfly haunted the “‘ Wagenboom” (Protea grandiflora), sitting close
until accidentally disturbed, when it darted away with great rapidity, and
would settle on some distant bush of the Wagenboom—not returning to its
former station, as is the habit of many species of Charaxes. Dr. Kannemeyer,
however, who had a very much more intimate acquaintance with Pelias than
I enjoyed, noted that it commonly showed a preference for some particular
twig, generally a withered one ; it was most prevalent at the end of November
and beginning of December. Mr. Taats took it, in the same locality, “ flying
about willows, February.” I think it very probable that the larva feeds on
the Wagenboom, and that the butterfly will be found all through the moun-
tainous country where that fine shrub or small tree prevails.

1 I was much interested at finding an example of this butterfly, labelled ‘‘ Genadendal,”
among the remains of the Burchell Collection, preserved in the Hopeian Museum at
Oxford.

334 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Localities of Charazxes Pelias.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts.—Bain’s Kloof; Worcester side. Genadendal
(G. Hettarsch). Montagu (LZ. Taats and D. Kannemeyer).

110. (8.) Charaxes Saturnus, Butler.

¢ Charaxes Saturnus, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 624, pl. 36,
f. 1; and (@?) Lep. Exot., p. 5, pl. ii. f. 2 (1869).

Nymphalis Pelias, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 175, n. ro1 [part] (1862) ;
and ii. p. 340 [part] (1866).

Exp. al., 3 in. 4—7 lin.

gf Fuscous, suffused with ferruginous-ochreous in basal area; a
common discal warm yellow-ochreous band, and also a hind-marginal
series of yellow-ochreous spots. Fore-wing: quite as in Pelias, Cram.,
but considerably prolonged in apical portion; outer part of discal
band, beyond traversing series of black spots, consisting of more
elongate marks; lower part of band rather narrowed. Hind-wing: as
in Pelias, but the transverse band paler and narrower, with its lower
portion more completely obscured ; bluish spots near hind-margin much
larger; hind-marginal lunulate spots more generally suffused with
white,—in the lower ones mixed with greenish; tail on first median
considerably longer than in Pelias. UNDER sIDE.—Very like that of
Pelias, but generally brighter and clearer,—especially the ferruginous-red
of basal area ; outer area with a distinctly bluish tint in fore-wing and
greenish tint in hind-wing. Fore-wing: two series of ochreous-yellow
spots larger and brighter than in Pelias,—the black spots outwardly
touching the inner series much more strongly marked. Hind-wing:
outer costal mark distinctly divided into two; discal white band much
narrower on inner-margin, and without the small curved fuscous mark
below first median nervule; series of ferruginous markings externally
bounding white band much enlarged, prolonged, and acuminate, and
followed by an interrupted, sharply and regularly angulated, fuscous
streak ; submarginal lunules with their bluish internal edging expanded
into violaceous markings, which become large and round towards anal
angle; hind-marginal yellow and white lunules larger and brighter.

® Like f, but paler and duller on both surfaces,

The ? figured by Mr. Butler (oc. cit.) is of very great size, expanding five
inches across the wings, and is closer to the ¢ in colouring than are the two .
smaller 9s (from Damaraland and the Transvaal) which I have received.!
Mr. Butler’s example was sent from the Congo ; and it would be of interest
to know if a correspondingly large form of the g occurs there.

1 A brightly coloured ? since received from Colonel Bowker (Pinetown, Natal) expands
4 inches 1 line. Its fore-wings are considerably more acuminate than those of the specimen
figured by Mr. Butler.

NYMPHALINZ. oa9

Although C. Saturnus is so very near an ally of C. Pelias (Cram.) that I
did not think it separable up to 1866, it may be always recognised by its
larger size and longer wings, as well as by the very much enlarged and
acuminate ferruginous discal marks on the under side of the hind-wings. In
my description are mentioned several other points of difference which appear
to be constant.

This species seems to have a much wider range than C. Pelias, being
recorded from as far north as Chinchoxo on the West Coast, and the Zambesi
on the East Coast, while in the interior a specimen has occurred at the Victoria
Nyanza (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xii. p. tor, August 1883). In Damara-
land, where Mr. J. A. Beil found it rather abundant, the butterfly was
commonly found on the droppings of the larger animals. In Natal it would
appear to be rare, Colonel Bowker having sent me only an example (belong-
ing to Mr. B, Ayres), which was taken on an orange-tree at Pinetown, and
another ¢ captured at the same place in April 1883.

Localities of Charaxes Saturnus.

I. South Africa.
EH. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—Pinetown (B, Ayres).
K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom District (7. Ayres).

II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.

a. Western Coast.—Damaraland (H. Hutchinson, C. J. Anders-
son, and J. A. Bell). “Angola (J. J. Monteiro).””—Druce.
“ Congo.’’—Butler. “ Chinchoxo (Falkenstein).””— Dewitz.

b. Eastern Coast.—Zambesi River (Rev. H. Rowley).

b1. Interior.—Bamangwato, Khama’s County (H. Barber). Bula-
wayo (Ff. C. Selous). Mashunaland (/. C. Selous), “ Victoria
Nyanza (Rev. J. Hannington).”—Butler.

111. (9.) Charaxes Brutus, (Cramer).

9% Papilio Brutus, Cram., Pap. Exot., iii. t. cexli. ff. n, F (1782).

Papilio Cajus, Herbst., Nat. Bek. Ins., Schmett., iv. t. 64, ff. 1, 2 (1790).

Nymphalis Brutius, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 351, n. 3 (1819).

Nymphalis Brutus, Trim., Rhop. Afr, Aust., i. p. 173, n. 100 (1862).

Var. Charaxes Brutus, Cram., var. Junius, Oberth., Ann. Mus. Genov., xv.
p. 166 (1880).

Eup. al., ($) 2 in. 10 lin.—3 in. 6 lin.; (2) 3 in. 8 lin—gq in.

gf Brownish-black, with a gradually-widening, yellowish-white, nar-
rowly bluish-edged band, beyond middle, from costa of fore-wing to near
inner margin of hind-wing. Fore-wing: a greenish gloss over basal
portion; the first five spots of the transverse yellowish-white band,
which commences not far from apex, distinctly separate from each
other,—the remainder confluent as far as inner margin, where the
band is widest; along hind-margin, between nervules, a row of small
reddish-ochreous spots. Hind-wing: the transverse band prolonged
across this wing, as a broad, continuous, median band, as far as sub-
median nervure; along hind-marginal edge, a row of narrow bluish, or

336 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

greenish lunules, sometimes yellow-tinged, always more or less obli-
terated towards costa, and sometimes quite obsolete, except two or three
imperfect lunules near anal angle; a little before these lunules is a row
of pale-blue spots, of which only two large ones at anal angle are
usually visible ; tails on third and first median nervules slender, rather
long, black, the former the longer of the two. UNDER sIDE.—ARich
chocolate-red, with numerous white margined, metallic-centred, blackish
transverse strie and spots; the transverse white band very conspicuous,
glistening, continuous throughout. Fore-wing : five of the white-margined
strie described on costa,—three in discoidal cell, one at its extremity,
and one beyond middle, its lower end touching transverse white band ;
three similar strize below cell,—one immediately beneath the third stria
in cell, the other two (whose outer white edging is merged in trans-
verse band) situate one above, the other below, second median nervule;
two faint-blackish marks in transverse, glistening-white band, close to
costa; beyond white band, the ground-colour is more ochreous in tint,
and marked with a transverse row of triangular, or sub-triangular,
blackish marks, outwardly edged with glistening-whitish (except the
two last and largest, below first median nervule, which are contiguous,
and edged outwardly with greyish-blue); on hind-margin, a greyish
mark at extremity of each nervule, and a yellowish tinge between ner-
vules; before transverse white band, and touching it, beneath third
median nervule, a large, somewhat quadrate, blackish spot, not with a
metallic centre; the space between it and base dull ochreous. Hind-
wing: at base, on costa, an elongate spot, coloured similarly to striz
in fore-wing, and like them margined with glistening white; imner-
marginal edge bordered with a black, inwardly white-margined streak
near base, where its outline is most strongly convex ; obliquely crossing
the deeply-grooved portion of wing are three elongate glistening strie,
like those above described, white-margined on both sides, the second
and third united by a curve at their lower and outer extremity (where,
close to inner margin, they meet the broad transverse white band),—
and the third likewise united, by a curve in the opposite direction
from the same extremity, to a similar elongate streak lying in the
fold where the swelling of the side of the groove commences; this
latter streak seems continuous of a transverse row of three short,
similarly coloured, contiguous marks from costa, which it meets on
median nervure, very little removed from base; near end of cell is a
similar, curved streak, which is continued downwards and outwards by
a further streak of the same colours, that, touching the streak lying
in the fold of wing, suddenly curves upward at its extremity, where
it meets white transverse band; broad, transverse white band move
glistening than that in fore-wing, more sharply defined than on wpper
side, continued conspicuously to inner-marginal edge, a little before anal
angle, edged inwardly by a row of metallic-centred, small spots of
variable size (the outer portion of whose white margins is merged with

NYMPHALIN i. 337

the band itself) as far as first median nervule,—and outwardly by an
ill-defined, blackish streak, which always becomes obsolete towards
costa, about second subcostal nervule; beyond band, two transverse
rows of dull-blackish, sublunular marks, edged, the first exteriorly, the
second interiorly, with metallic glistening-whitish, thin rays of which,
between nervules, in some places unite the two rows; between second
and first median nervules, these two rows unite almost wholly, forming
a large, imperfect, steely ocellus, black-ringed, and with a pale-blue
pupil in its outer half; a similarly coloured, but larger, and perfect
ocellus, bipupillate with blue, succeeds at anal angle; around it, and
bordering hind-margin, for the greater part, is a yellow-ochreous space ;
hind-margin narrowly bordered with a black edging, which is very
thinly edged with whitish inwardly and outwardly.

2 Like gf, but somewhat duller and paler (the fore-wing with a
brownish tinge); common transverse white band considerably broader in
hind-wing and near inner margin of fore-wing ; hind-marginal lunules
of hind-wing whitish. UNDER sipE.—As in f, but the common white
band broader, and the markings beyond it not so distinct.

The variety which M. Oberthiir has named C. Junius appears to
be proper to Abyssinia. I have not seen it; but its distinguishing
feature is in the colour of the common transverse band, which is stated
to be pale-yellow instead of white.

Larva.—Bright yellow-green (covered with minute yellow granules) ;
second and last segments of a much duller green than the others. On
each side of back a row of cuneiform yellowish marks, broad anteriorly,
and deflected upward and posteriorly, narrowing to a point before hind-
edge of the segment. On seventh segment a yellow-circular dorsal
marking with a brown centre. Head light-green; the frontal horns
short and tipped with cobalt-blue,—the two outer horns shorter than
the two middle ones; mandibles light-blue tipped with black. (W. D.
Gooch, M.S. description and outline drawing of Natalian larva, 1874.)

Captain H. C. Harford, who also observed the larva in Natal, saw
the ova deposited on the leaves of the Seringa (Melia azedarach), and
noted that they were at first pale-yellow, but became in a few hours
reddish-brown. From an egg that was watched on a leaf out of doors
the larva was hatched on the eighth day after its deposit. It was
brownish-green, with the head and horns brown, and the caudal pro-
cesses very long and curved inward. After the first moult, it was
dark olive-green, with a slight indication of a pale spot on the back of
the seventh segment; the head being of a darker brown, but the horns
lighter at the tip; while the anal processes were light ashy-grey.
After the second moult, it became dark-green minutely irrorated with
white, and showed the whitish spot on the seventh segment much more
distinctly ; the head was larger in proportion to the body, and pre-
sented an ochreous line running along the sides and along outer edge
of the horns, After the third moult, it remained of the same dark-

VOL. I. ne

338 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

green, but the white dorsal spot was circled with light-blue. (This
larva does not appear to have been described by Captain Harford in its
final stage.)

Pupa.—Bright-green ; spiracles reddish-brown ringed with white,
diminishing in size towards last segment; projections of head tipped
with white ; some confluent white spots on wing-covers. Head rather
acutely bifid; thorax very convex; wings forming slight lateral pro-
jections ; abdomen making a great angle at the segment in a line with
apex of wing-covers, the last segment prolonged into a pedicel bearing
four tubercles. (H. C. Harford, MS. notes on Natalian pupa, 1869.)

The white band towards costa of fore-wing becoming so attenuated
and markedly macular, on the upper side, readily distinguishes Brutus.
from its South-African congeners; while the under side is in colouring
and pattern intermediate to a great extent between those of Druceanus
and Saturnus.

I frequently met with this fine Charaves at Port Natal, and managed to
capture a good many specimens at the “sucking-places” (on stems or branches
of trees where moisture exuded) so specially attractive to butterflies of this
group. On the wing, Brutus is one of the very swiftest of Nymphalidx, and
it is difficult to follow its flight, except when it is chasing another of its species
or some competitor at the drinking stations mentioned. I noted examples
in February, March, and April, and Colonel Bowker took several in August
in the same locality ; while in Kaffraria he had noticed the butterfly’s occur-
rence in March, May, and June.

Localities of Charaxes Brutus.

I. South Africa.
D. Kaffraria Proper.—Bashee River (J. H. Bowker).
E. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban. ‘‘ Lower Umkomazi.”—J. H. Bowker.
II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—“ Angola (J. J. Monteiro).”—Druce.
b, Eastern Coast.—Zambesi River (Rev. H. Rowley).
B. North Tropical.

a. Western Coast.—Fernando Po (EZ. Bourke). Sierra Leone.—
Coll. Brit. Mus.

b, Eastern Coast.—“ Abyssinia, Shoa (Andéinort).”—Oberthiir [Var.
Junius, Oberth. }

112. (10.) Charaxes Castor, (Cramer).

3 Paptlio Castor, Cram., Pap. Exot., i. t xxxvii. ff. ©, p (1779).
Papilio Pollux, Fab., Ent. Syst., iii. 1, p. 63, n. 197 (1793)-
Nymphalis Pollux, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 352, n. 5 (1819).
Charaxes Pollux, Feisth., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., viii. p. 255, pl 9, £ 1

(1850).
Exp. al., (2) 4 in. 5 lin. [¢, apud fig. Cram., 4 in.]
2 Fuscous, with a tinge of bronze (greyish in hind-wing) near bases ;
a common transverse pale ochre-yellowish band. Fore-wing: a dark spot

NYMPHALINZ. 339

in cell towards extremity is just apparent, being bounded on each side
by a little vague yellowish irroration; discal band as in Pelias and
Saturnus, but the series of fuscous spots traversing it more strongly
marked and the outer part of band more completely separated into
spots,—the latter much more rounded ; a hind-marginal series of very
small and ill-defined pale-yellowish inter-nervular marks; cilia marked
rather conspicuously with white where these spots adjoin it. Hind-
wing: band whitish near costa, its form and direction as in Saturnus ;
inner-marginal area greyish-brown; hind-marginal lunules very dis-
tinctly marked, more elongate than in Saturnus, but similarly coloured
with white and greenish, the three uppermost having a tinge of ochre-
yellowish; submarginal series of blue spots very well developed, the
largest (next anal angle) having a double white centre, and there being
one or two additional minute spots superiorly; cilia white; tails
slender, black,—the one on third median longer in comparison with
that on first median nervule than in Suturnus. UNDER SIDE.—Mark-
ings and colouring agreeing very nearly with those of Saturnus, but
ground colour of basal area dark reddish-brown instead of ferruginous-
red, darker than in Pelias, and of outer area more decidedly greenish in
tint ; the white-bordered fuscous spots and strie of basal area so much
darker centrally as to be almost uniform. Fore-wing: spots of outer
part of discal band of a paler yellow; hind-marginal spots very thin,
white, alternating with thin black ones; a submarginal, dentated,
interrupted, ill-defined, fuscous line. Hind-wing: ferruginous mark-
ings outwardly bounding discal band much darker.

I have no ¢ examples of this Charaxes, but, from Cramer’s figures and
from notes of specimens in other collections, that sex is evidently much less
like the nearly allied forms than is the ?, as far as the upper side is con:
cerned, owing to the contraction and general diminution of the ochreous-yellow
discal band, which is edged with ferruginous, and in fore-wing has the inner
portion of its upper half reduced to three or four small separate spots. The
ground-colour of the upper side is very dark, almost black, with only a
narrow greyish suffusion at bases; the hind-marginal lunules of the hind-
wing are blue.

The differences pointed out clearly serve to distinguish C. Castor from
C. Saturnus and C. Pelias (both of which have the basal area suffused with
ferruginous), and I should have added, its very much larger size, if it were
not for the immense P of Saturnus above mentioned as figured by Mr. A.
G. Butler.

I was not aware that this very fine Charazes was found south of the
Tropic until 1878, when Mrs. Monteiro sent me two female specimens from
Delagoa Bay. I noted in 1881 that a male example from the same locality
in Mrs. Monteiro’s collection had the tail on the third median nervule much
shorter than it is in the female.

Localities of Charazxes Castor.

I. South Africa.
H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourengo Marques (Mrs. Montetro).

340 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast.—‘‘ Angola (Pogge).’”—Dewitz. ‘ Chinchoxo
(Kalkenstein).”’—Dewitz. §
b. Kastern Coast.—Zambesi (Rev. H. Rowley).
B. North Tropical.

a. Western Coast.—Elmina (£. Bourke). Ashanti.—Coll. Brit.
Mus. Sierra Leone.—Coll. Hewitson.

113. (11.) Charaxes Achezmenes, Felder.

g and 2 Charaxes Achemenes, Feld., Reise d. Novara, Lep., iii. p. 446,
pl. ix #6, 7 [3] (1867).

Exp. al., (f) 3 in.

g¢ Fuscous, with a common transverse white band and whitish hind-
marginal spots; bases suffused with olivaceous-grey. Fore-wing: band
formed much as in C. Satwrnus, but more widely bifid in its upper
portion, the traversing black marks being enlarged and confluent, so
that the inner part of the band is much narrowed, and also separated
from the broader lower part,—its third (lowest) spot being small and
far before the others; a faint bluish tinge along outer edge of lower
part of band; hind-marginal spots somewhat suffused, inter-nervular,—
the lowest sharply divided into two; in discoidal cell a small whitish
spot at the extremity. Mind-wing: band obscured and widely inter-
rupted below first median nervule, but its termination shown by a
whitish inner-marginal mark a little before anal angle; white spots
submarginal, seven, lunulate, much mixed with bluish; beyond them,
close to hind-margin, a lunulated bluish-white streak, running into
both tails as a median stripe, and becoming bronzy-green close to anal
angle; tails rather long, the shorter one (on third median nervule)
straight, rather acute, the other slightly curved, blunter; a marked
projection in the outline of the hind-margin between radial and second
median nervules. UNDER SIDE—Pale grey, hoary on margins, elsewhere
tinged with brownish ; before middle marked with dark ferruginous strie,
of which all those in fore-wing and a few of those in hind-wing are on
both sides edged with fuscous. ore-wing: upper part of white band
wider, not so macular; in outer part of band a much broken, thin,
black traversing streak, and along the external edge of band a series of
black marks, inwardly edged with ochre-yellow lunules, of which the
two lowest are large and conspicuous, the others small; a submarginal
row of ochre-yellow lunules (the lowest becoming fuscous), not well
marked ; hind-marginal whitish spots small, and mostly rather indis-
tinct ; in discoidal cell a short oblique streak near base, a spot followed
by a similar more bent streak about middle, and a closing streak cury-
ing outward ; along inner edge of white band a much interrupted streak
from costa to submedian nervure ; below cell a short streak above first
median nervule, and another (nearer base) below it. Hind-wing: band

NYMPHALIN A. 341

broad between costa and radial nervule, but below this suddenly attenu-
ated into a broken macular thin streak, and ending on first median
nervule ; inwardly bounding band a dark ferruginous streak, strongly
marked, and black edged as far as the band is broad, but thence quite
thin, and prolonged in a zigzag deflection to inner margin ; before band
two broken transverse striee crossing cell, and a thin curved line closing
t; beyond middle two parallel, black, irregularly sinuate streaks from
costa to inner margin, enclosing a dull yellowish stripe, the inner streak
thicker than the outer, especially in its upper half; submarginal series
of lunules as on upper side, but more clearly defined, and the blue in
them confined to their outer portion (but in those below radial enlarged
and marked with black); hind-margin rather narrowly bordered with
white (which below radial nervule is clouded with greenish), traversed
mesially by an ochre-yellow line, most apparent and regular in its upper
portion, Head with four white spots, two in front and two behind, all
superior.

I have not seen the ?, but Felder describes it as being on the upper side
much like C. Pelias (Cram.), having the common band and the spots on the
hind-margin of fore-wing suffused with fulvous, the latter being much larger
and the former broader than in the ¢; the bases ferruginous, and the sub-
marginal spots and hind-marginal streak of the hind-wing much enlarged.
The under side is described as being almost the same as in ‘the 3, but hoary
at the bases, and with the submarginal spots much larger.!

The pale dull colouring of fuscous and white on “the upper side, and of
grey streaked thinly with ferruginous and black on the under side, together
with the much-produced fore-wings, readily distinguish this small Charaxes
from any known South-African congeners, as far as the ¢ sex is concerned.
The under-side pattern, as Felder remarks, bears some resemblance to that
of the West-African C. Etheta, Godt., but it is. much duller and less varied,
with much thinner markings.

C. Achwemenes appears to be decidedly rare south of the Tropic, its nearest
principal habitat being the neighbourhood of the Zambesi, while the wideness
of its range is shown by recorded stations so far asunder as Angola and
Abyssinia. Felder, however, gives Natal as one of its localities, and there is
a specimen from Delagoa Bay in the Hewitson Collection.

Localities of Charaxes Acheemenes.

I. South Africa.
K. Natal.— Port Natal.’”’—Felder.
H. Delagoa Bay.—Hewitson Coll.
L. Bechuanaland.—Crocodile River, 8. of Shoshong (7. IW. ede

1 Mr. Butler (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 274, note) identifies Achemenes, Feld., as
the g of the unpublished Jocaste in the Collection of the British Museum, not referring to
that author’s description of the 9. Mr. Butler adopted the name of Jocaste in his arrange-
ment of the genus Charawxes (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 628), and intimates that his
“sectional description, taken in connection with the locality, sufficiently characterised the
insect, so that Felder’s name must sink into a synonym ;” but the brief diagnosis to which
he refers was framed to include four species, and no characters were given to distinguish
Jocaste from the other three butterflies. The locality, moreover, was “ Senegal,” whereas
Felder’s specimens are noted as from Natal and the Zambesi.

342 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

II. Other African Regions.

A, South Tropical.
a. West Coast.—“ Angola (Pogge).’”’—Dewitz.
6. East Coast.—‘ Zambesi.’’— Felder.
b1. Interior.—Zambesi, near mouth of Umsengaizi (F. C. Selous).

Lake Nyassa.—Hewitson Coll,

B. North Tropical.

b. Hast Coast.—‘ Abyssinia: Atbara.”—Butler.

114. (12.) Charaxes Ethalion, Boisduval.

2? Charaxes Ethalion, Boisd., App. Voy. de Deleg., p. 593, n. 83 (1847).

9 Nymphalis Erithalion, Westw., Gen. D. Lep., pl. 48, f. 1 (1850-52).

3 2 Nymphalis Ethalion, Trim., Rhop. Afr, Aust., i. p. 170, n. 98 (1862) ;
and NV. Lphyra, ii. p. 340 (1866).

Exp. al., (f) 2 in. 3-7 lin.; (2) 3 in.—3 in. 4 lin.

gf Black, with a few blue dots. Fore-wing: dusted with a few blue
scales; beyond middle, close to costa, a shining-blue dot: sometimes two
faint blue dots at posterior angle. Hind-wing: near anal angle, parallel
to hind-margin, a row of inter-nervular shining-blue dots; on hind-
margin, above third median nervule, one or two duil-red lunules; from
third median to anal angle, some greenish-ochreous lunules; a rather
slender tail at extremity of both first and third median nervules,—the
former the longer of the two. UNDER sipk.—Dull brownish-olivaceous,
with blue-black, occasionally white-edged, transverse strie; an irregular
streak from costa of fore-wing near apex, to near anal angle of hind-
wing, running near, and almost parallel to, hind-margins. ore-wing :
two dusky-blackish spots near anal angle. Hind-wing: red and oliva-
ceous lunules much more distinct than on wpper side; the transverse
streak crossing both wings is in this wing immediately succeeded by a
row of dull-red lunular markings.

2 Brownish-black, glossed with violet-blue: transversely striped and
spotted with white. Fore-wing: on costa, a little beyond middle, com-
mences a_ transverse row of white spots, interrupted on second discoidal
nervule, and from third median nervule widening into a gradually-
broader band of contiguous white spots, violet-margined on each side,
to inner margin a little beyond middle; on costa, near apex, com-
mences a second row of smaller white spots, tinged with ochreous or
bluish, extending to below first median nervule, where the two lowest
spots usually join the broad central band. Hind-wing: white, violet-
margined band of fore-wing continued more broadly across middle of
this wing to just before anal angle; a row of seven more or less dis-
tinct white Junules parallel to hind-margin; on hind-marginal edge
the olivaceous and red lunules are larger and distincter than in %, those
of the latter colour extending nearly to apex ; unlike what is found in
gf, the tail on third median is rather longer and broader than that on
first median nervule. UNDER sIDE.—Similar to that of g¢, but paler

NYMPHALINE, 343

and more glistening, with transverse white band in fore-wing. Fore-wing :
white band less distinct than on upper side ; blackish spots near anal
angle larger than in ~. Hind-wing: a very indistinct, irregular oliva-
ceous-whitish median band, outwardly edged with a blackish streak ;
the dull-reddish, lunular markings, immediately succeeding band,
larger and more continuous than in f; hind-marginal lunules as in %,
but more conspicuous, and immediately preceded by a lunulated whitish
streak.

In a ? sent from D’Urban, Natal, by the late Mr. M. J. M‘Ken, all
the pale markings on the upper side of the fore-wings are suffused
with dull-ochreous-yellow. In both sexes the extent and brightness
of the glistening areas on the under side are variable, but the gloss
is most silvery and developed in the costal-apical area of the fore-
wing.

This species is distinct from C. Ephyra, Godt., with which I
formerly identified it, but the two forms are closely allied. The ¢
Hthalion is considerably smaller than the ~ Hphyra, and wants the
latter’s bronzy-greenish hind-margins, and two spots of the same colour
about middle of costa of fore-wing; while on the under side it is duller
and more ochreous in tint, and has the dull-reddish discal lunular
markings much more distinct in the hind-wing. The 2 Lthalion is
very different from the 2 Hphyra on the upper side; to judge from a
Cape Coast Castle specimen of the latter in the British Museum, in
which the two macular series of the fore-wing are almost united by
connecting suffused whitish-dusky rays between the spots. On both
surfaces of the wings the 2? Hthalion bears considerable resemblance to
the much larger C. Citheron, Feld., 9.

I met with this interesting Charaxes sparingly at Port Natal in January
and February 1867, but succeeded in capturing female examples only. One
of the latter was seated quite on the bare ground, and had evidently only
just recently emerged from the chrysalis. Iwas attracted to the spot by see-
ing her flutter downward from a neighbouring tree. Colonel Bowker found
both sexes on the wing in the same locality in August 1878. I believe that
I noticed a ¢ in the edge of a wood at Knysna, in the Cape Colony, as long
ago as 1858; and Mr. Streatfeild, C.M.G., informed me that he took the
species in the George District in 1877, and in Kaffraria Proper in 1879.

Localities of Charazxes Hthalion.

I, South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.— George District.” —F. Streatfeild. Oudtshoorn
(Adams).

D. Kaffraria Proper.—‘‘ 25 miles W. of Bashee River.”—F, Streat-
feild.

E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts.— D’Urban. “Lower Umkomazi.”—J. H.

Bowker.

H. Delagoa Bay.—Coll. British Museum.

344 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

115. (13.) Charaxes Pheeus, Hewitson.
Charaxes Pheus, Hewits., Ent. Month. Mag., xiv. p. 82 (1877).

Exp. al., (f) 2 im. 10 lin. ; (¢) 3 in. 34 lin.

a Fuscous, with a broad basal blue patch in each wing. Fore-wing:
blue fills discoidal cell, and extends obliquely to inner margin (where
it is tinged with whitish) considerably beyond middle; a slightly
elbowed submarginal row of six whitish spots (the three lower ones
small and tinged with blue) from subcostal nervure a little before apex to
second median nervule. Hind-wing : blue covers entire disc from base,
leaving only a broad costal, apical, and hind-marginal fuscous border,
and an inner-marginal greyish one; hind-marginal spots and lunules
of the same colours and arrangement as in C. Ethalion, Boisd., but
brighter and more conspicuous. UNDER SIDE.—Ground-colour con-
siderably paler and more reddish; all the fuscous markings as in Etha-
lion, but thinner and fainter.

® Like Zthalion 9; but with white transverse bar of fore-wing
commencing conspicuously (somewhat as in C. Citheron, Feld., 2) on
subcostal nervure at end of and just beyond discoidal cell, and well curved
outward, forming a wide band, edged with violaceous in its lower
portion ; while in hind-wing the blue band is brighter than in Ethalion.
UNDER sipE.—Paler and more glossy than in ff, quite silvery in apical
area of both wings; markings similar, but white bar of fore-wing con-
spicuous, and a narrow irregular whitish median band across hind-wing.

This near ally of C. Zthalion has the apex of the fore-wing, in
both sexes, more produced than in that species. The has consider-
able resemblance on the upper side to the much larger C. Bohemani,
Feld. ; but on the under side it is altogether different, that of Bohemani
being like that of C. Citheron, Feld.

The only specimens I have seen are a ¢ and two ?s in the Hewitson
Collection, which I believe were received from the late Mr. J. J. Monteiro.

Locality of Charaxes Pheeus.

J. South Africa.
H. Delagoa Bay.—Coll. Hewitson.

116. (14.) Charaxes Citheron, Felder.
Charaxes Citheron, Feld., Wien. Ent. Monats., i. p. 398, t. 8, ff. 2, 3

(1859).
& 9 Nymphalis Xiphares, Var. A, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 169

(1862).

Exp. al., (2) 3 in. 6-8 lin.; (2) 3-in. 10 ling in. 1 lin.
a Black, glossed from bases with violaceous-blue, and marked with
pale violaceous-blue bands and spots; the band in hind-wing suffused with

NYMPHALIN A. 345

white in its lower part. Fore-wing: two transverse series of spots much
as in Xiphares, but more apart as far as submedian nervure, where
their junction forms a considerably wider marking ; hind-marginal
spots smaller, indistinct, obscure-whitish, the two lowest slightly bluish-
tinged. Hind-wing: central band generally broader, but superiorly, as
a rule, much reduced, and presenting above second subcostal nervule
only one small separate portion ; between second median nervule and
submedian nervure the band becomes white ; submarginal biue spots con-
siderably larger and not so lunulate; hind-marginal lunules yellowish-
white or pale-yellow ; both the tails considerably longer and narrower.
UNDER SIDE.—Pale glossy olivaceous-ochreous, with very thin blue-black
white-edged strie (faintly marked in hind-wing) ; the olivaceous-whitish
band obsolete, or barely indicated by a slightly paler tint of the ground-
colour ; submarginal markings all as in Xiphares, but much fainter,
especially the violaceous lunules in hind-wing.

2 Black, glossed with violaceous ; median band of fore-wing pure-
white, rather broad ; that of hind-wing bluish-white shot with violaceous.
Fore-wing : inner row of spots enlarged so as to form a very con-
spicuous broad median band, commencing widely on costal edge, and
extending to inner-marginal edge (near which it is widened and suffused
with violaceous-bluish) ; outer row of spots obsolete except the upper
two (rarely three) which are white; hind-marginal spots wanting.
Hind-wing: median band considerably narrower inferiorly than in 3,
but more developed superiorly, being prolonged to costal nervure ; sub-
marginal spots and hind-marginal lunules as in ¢. UNDER SIDE.—
Quite as in g, except that white band of upper side of fore-wing is
conspicuously reproduced, though not extending quite to costal edge or
below submedian nervure. ‘Tails of hind-wing longer than in g, and
narrower and slightly longer than in XYiphares 9.

Larva.—Deeper or lighter green, closely granulated with yellow,
on back; light bluish-green or light bluish-grey on under surface ;
a chrome-yellow lateral-inferior stripe from second segment to anal
extremity, which is bifid into two acute processes of the same yellow as
the stripes. On sixth and eighth segments the yellow stripes are con-
nected by a backward-curved, almost semicircular, transverse, yellow
stripe; on back, just preceding the hinder portion of each transverse
stripe, a dark-purple spot, composed of two small spots connected by
indistinct purple lineole. On each side of eleventh segment, a small
yellow spot, just above longitudinal stripe. Head rather large, green,
surmounted by four serrated green horns (of which the two middle
ones are longer than the others and divergent); face and outer edge
of horns bordered with yellow; between the two middle horns a pair
of small, acute, black-pointed tubercles. Feeds on the Flat-crown
Acacia (Zygia fastigiata) in March and April.

Pupa.—Light-green, slightly maculated with white. <A silvery-
white line running along curved edges of wing-covers to summit of

346 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

head, interrupted on the line of the antenne. Anal segment pro-
duced, and bearing three pairs of small pointed tubercles.

The above description of the larva and pupa are made from notes and
drawings of Natalian specimens communicated to me by Captain H. C. Har-
ford and Mr. W. D. Gooch. The former gentleman wrote that he found
several of the larve almost full-grown in the month of April, and that
shortly before becoming pup they changed to a very light-green. The but-
terflies were disclosed after thirteen days’ pupation.

This close ally of C. Xiphares (Cram.) is readily recognised by the charac-
ters given above, which appear to be quite constant. It seems also to be
quite a local form, as I have seen no examples except from the coast of
Natal, and have found no record of its occurrence elsewhere.

At D’ Urban, Port Natal, Citheron is of very frequent occurrence. From
the middle of February to the beginning of April 1867 I observed many
specimens of both sexes, frequenting chiefly the ‘“ sucking-places”’ on the
stems and branches of Zygia fastigiata (the Flat-crown Acacia), on which
tree, as above noted, the larva lives, and of Acacia Lebbeck. Another
favourite resort of this butterfly was an exudation on the stem of Oncoba
spinosa in the Botanic Garden. In habits and flight it entirely resembles
its close congener. I observed a specimen on the wing on 23d June 1865 ;
and Colonel Bowker has taken examples in the month of August; but they
are only numerous in the summer months. When within reach, specimens
engaged in feeding are easily captured.

The paired sexes were taken by Colonel Bowker, and sent to me in August
1881.

Localities of Charaxes Citheron.

I. South Africa.
E. Natal.
a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban. ‘ Lower Umkomazi,”—J, H.
Bowker.

117. (15.) Charaxes Xiphares, (Cramer).
Q Papilio Xiphares, Cram., Pap. Exot., iv. t. ccclxxvii. ff. a, B (1782).
& Papilio Thyestes, Stoll, Suppl. Cram. Pap. Exot., t. xxxii, ff. 2, 2B
(1791).
& Nymphalis Thurius, Godt., Ene. Meth., ix. p. 354, n. 15 (1819).
9 Nymphalis Xiphares, Godt., op. cit., p. 357, M. 25.
ep Oe’ ‘9 Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 167, n. 97 (1862).

Exp. al., (f) 3 in. 7-10 lin.; (2) 3 in. 10 lin.—4 in. 5 lin.

a Black, glossed with violaceous-blue, and with violaceous-blue bands
and spots. Fore-wing: strongly glossed with blue from base; a median,
transverse row of blue spots commencing immediately beyond extremity
of discoidal cell, and extending to inner margin beyond middle, where
it is joined by the last two or three spots of another, straighter row of
smaller blue spots, commencing on costa, not very far from apex, with
two conspicuous white spots; along hind-marginal edge are observable
some faint, small, pale-ochreous spots, one between each two nervules,
except between first median nervule and submedian nervure, where there
are two such spots. Hind-wing: a broad, median, violaceous-blue

NYMPHALINE. 347

band, widest about first median nervule, not reaching sulmdia

nervure, narrowing to costa (where it is tinged with white), and inter-
rupted on first subcostal nervule,—its lower outer edge not far before
anal angle; a row of seven or eight sublunulate, blue spots near and
parallel to hind-margin ; beyond it, bordering margin, a row of partly
contiguous, thin, bluish lunules, becoming thinner and almost obsolete
towards costa; two short black tails, rather slender, at extremities of
first and third median nervules respectively, the latter the longer of the
two. UNDER SIDE.—Pale, glistening, olivaceous-ochreous, with thin, blue-
black, white-edged, transverse strie. Fore-wing: in discoidal cell three
transverse striz, and a fourth parallel stria, less distinct, just beyond
extremity of cell; two similar striz below cell, short, transverse, one
above, the other below, first median nervule, the latter a little before
the former ; the position of the inner row of blue spots on upper side
is indicated by an olivaceous-whitish externally ill-defined band, inter-
rupted on third median nervule, and edged internally by a blue-back,
white-bordered streak ; in outer row of spots, the two first are white as
on upper side, the remainder ochreous-yellow or whitish tinged with
that hue, the two last large and lunular, surrounded with blackish,
which, on their outer edge, forms a large conspicuous spot, violet-edged
externally ; hind-margin faintly stained with dull yellow. Hind-wing :
near base two irregular, transverse, blue-black, white-edged striz,
commencing near costa, and extending to median nervure ; a similarly
coloured stria inwardly bounds a rather narrow, irregular, olivaceous-
whitish stripe from costa beyond middle to inner margin a little before
anal angle ; this irregular stripe being bounded externally by some ill-
defined, dull-yellowish, on both sides fuscous-bordered lunulate mark-
ings ; bordering hind-margin a row of lunular, violet, inwardly white-
edged spots, becoming very indistinct towards costa, and immediately
preceding a row of indistinct, contiguous, dull-yellow lunules ; tails
brownish.

2 Black, with a deep purple reflection ; spots on fore-wing large and
white, band on hind-wing pale-yellow. Fore-wing: spots of inner row
pure white, connected so as to form an obliquely transverse stripe inter-
rupted on third median, and extending to first median nervule; the
three spots that continue the row to inner margin small and creamy-
yellow, and seeming to belong more to the outer row of spots, though
the first of the three is half white ; in outer row the first two are pure
white and rather large, the third white tinged with yellow, and the
remaining spots wholly creamy-yellow ; only the two lowest of the
hind-marginal spots distinct, ochre-yellow. Hind-wing: median band
broader in proportion than in g, except close to costa, soft creamy-
yellow, in some specimens nearly touching anal angle; row of lunular
spots of a purer blue than in $3; row of contiguous lunules on margin
creamy-yellow, conspicuous ; tails similar to those of $, but propor-
tionately longer. UNDER sIpE.—Similar to Z, but greyer and more

348 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

glistening, with white transverse stripes. Fore-wing: white band pure
and conspicuous, continued narrowly to submedian nervure ; outer row
of spots conspicuous, particularly the lower two; hind-margin stained
with dull-yellow near anal angle. Hind-wing: median stripe white, |
though not so brilliant as that of fore-wing ; beyond band, and near
inner-margin before it, a silver-grey tint; violet spots more lustrous
than in f; dull-yellow lunular streak beyond them more apparent, and
green-tinted at anal angle.

This grand Charazves inhabits the woods of the Cape Colony and of
Kaffraria Proper as far eastward as the Bashee River. In Natal it is
replaced by the closely-allied C. Cithwron, Feld., which does not as yet appear
to have been taken elsewhere. The actual district in Kaffraria where
Xiphares gives place to Citheron is not known.

At Knysna and Plettenberg Bay I met with C. Xiphares not uncommonly
from the middle of December until the middle of May. Both sexes haunt
by preference the outskirts of woods, seeming to delight in short flights of
great velocity over open spaces, ending in a return to the tree stem or pro-
jecting twig they have quitted. The moist exudations on the trunks and
branches always attract this butterfly, and I have frequently seen three or
four specimens together busily engaged in drinking at one of these supplies
of moisture. I have more than once disturbed a 9 at rest on quite a low
bush, but the ¢, though occasionally descending to within a few feet of the
ground, never appears to settle except at a considerable height. Mrs. Barber
has often observed the ? at highlands near Grahamstown—and I noticed
examples there and at Mitford Park in 1870—but singularly enough has
never seen the ¢ on the wing. Colonel Bowker, who forwarded several fine
examples of both sexes from Kaffraria Proper, noted the species as “‘ rare”
on the Bashee River. Mr. W. C. Scully, who has lately (1885) observed the
species in woods near Seymour (Hland’s Post), found that a large number of
these butterflies were attracted by the sap exuding from a climbing composite
shrub, the stem of which he had wounded for the purpose.

Localities of Charaxes Xiphares.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.
a. Western Districts.—Knysna. Plettenberg Bay.
6. Eastern Districts —Grahamstown. » Eland’s Post, Stockenstrom
(J. H. Bowker).
D. Kaffraria Proper. Bashee and Tsomo Rivers (J. H. Bowker).

SYSTEMATIC INDEX TO THE RHOPALOCERA

DESCRIBED IN VOLUME I.

Family NYMPHALID.

Sub-Family DANAIN 4
Genus Danais, Latreille
D. Chrysippus, (Linn.)
Genus Amauris, Reakirt
A. Echeria, (Séoll) .
A. Ochlea, (Boisd.) .
A. dominicanus, Trimen .

Sub-Family SATYRINA
Genus Ypruima, Westwood
Y. Asterope (Klug)
Genus Canyra, Hewitson .
C. Hebe, (Z7rim.) 4
Genus PoyscmNEuRA, Wal-
lengren. ‘
P. Panda, (Boisd.)
Genus PsruponymeuHa, Wal-
lengren :
. Hyperbius, (Linn.)
. irrorata, (Trim.)
. Narycia, Walleng.
. Neita, Walleng. .
D’Urbani, Trim., sp. n.
. Natalii, (Boisd.)
Hippia, (Cram.)
. vigilans, Zrim., sp. n. .
Sabacus, (Z7vim.)
. Trimenii, Butler
. Cassius, (Grodt.) .
Genus LepronnurA, Wal-
lengren ‘
L. Clytus, (Zinn.) .
L. Oxylus, Trim.
L. Mintha, (Geyer)
L. Dingana, Trim. .
VOLE I.

RH HHH

Genus LepronreuRA—continued.

L. Bowkeri, Trim. .
L. Cassus, (Linn.) .
L. Cassina, Butl.

Genus Mycatgsis, Doubleday
M. Safitza, Hewitson
M. perspicua, 7’rim.
M. Simonsii, Buti. .

Genus Menranitis, Fabricius
M. Leda, (Linn.)
M. diversa, But.

Genus Lerue, Hiibner
L. dendrophilus, (77rim.)
L. Indosa, Trim.

Genus MENERIS, Westwood
M. Tulbaghia, (Linn.)

Sub-Family ACRAVIN A
Genus AcrmA, Fabricius

. Rabbaize, Ward

. Horta, (Linn.) .

Neobule, Doubi.

. cerasa, Hewits. .

. Violarum, Boisd.

Nohara, Boisd. .

Petra, Boisd. .«

Doubledayi, Guérin

Caldarena, Hewits.

Aglaonice, Westw.

Stenobea, Walleng.

Natalica, Boisd.

Anemosa, Hewits.

Acara, Hewits.

Barberi, Trim. .

. Encedon, (Linn.)

. Rahira, Boisd. .

PPP PP PP b> b> bb bb bb

350 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

PAGE PAGE

Genus Acrma—continued. Genus EuryTe.a, Boisduval 256
A. Anacreon, Trim. Be ney) EK. Hiarbas, (Drury) - 256
A. Buxtoni, Butl. . 70 EK. Dryope, (Cram.) : BOE
A. Cabira, Hopf. . Se we: Genus Hypanis, Boisduval. 263
Genus PianemA, Doubleday 175 H. Ilithyia, (Drury) . 207
P. Esebria, Hewztts. yy Genus Neptis, Fabricius . 268
P. Aganice, Hewits. .) 180 N. Agatha, (Cram.) ae
Genus Parpopsis, Trimen, N. Marpessa, Hopf: . age
VEG 182 N. Goochii, Trim. . .- Bae

P. “Sion nee (Boies 183 Genus DiApemA, Boisduval 275

D. Misippus, (Linn.) . 277
Genus Euratia, Westwood 281

Sub-Family VNYMPHALINA 185 EK. Wahlbergi, (Walleng. 282
Genus ATELLA, Doubleday . 188 E. mima, Trim... 284
A. Phalantha, (Drury) . 189 E. deceptor, Trim. . - 286
A. Columbina, (Cram.) . 193 Genus PsrupaAcrzA, West-
Genus Lacunoprmra, Double- wood . . 285
day . : : BOs P. Tarquinia, (Tr im). - 289,
L. Ayresiil, Trim. . . 96 P. Delagox, Trim., sp. n. 291
Genus Pyramets, Doubleday 198 P. imitator, Trim. . . 2098
P. Cardui, (Linn.) . 55 $200 P. Trimenii, Butl. . . 2096
Genus Eurema, Doubleday 203 Genus GopartTia, Lucas . 299
EK. Hippomene, ([Hzibn. ) 204 G. Wakefieldii, Ward . 300
E. Scheeneia, Zim. 207 Genus EupHampra, Hiibner. 302
Genus JunontA, Doubleday 209 EK. Neophron, (Hopf) . 304
J. Cebrene, Trim. . ) Zt Genus EuryPHENE, West-
J. Clelia, (Cram.) . 2 ee wood . : : . Soe
J. Boopis, Trim. . . 1 2b7 E. cerulea, Boisd. . - 1366
Genus Precis, Doubleday . 219 Genus Hamanumipa, Hiibner 307
P. Sophia, (Fab.) . . +220 H. Dedalus, (Fab.) - soy
P. Cloantha, (Cram.) . 222 Genus Harma, Westwood . 310
P. Ceryne, (Boisd.) nea H. Alcimeda, (Godt.) . 312
P. Tukuoa, (Walleng.) . 226 Genus CHARAXES, Ochsen-
P. Simia, Walleng. . . 227 heimer : ins
P. Octavia, (Cram.) =. B29 C. Zoolina, ( Wenn) . ors
P. Sesamus, Trim. . ae C. Neanthes, (Hewits.) . 320
P. Archesia (Cram.) - esa C. Varanes, (Cram.) . gen
P. Pelasgis, (Godt.) ~ 9236 C. Jahlusa, (Trim.). . Saag
P. Natalica, Felder . . S286 C. Candiope, (Godt.) . eg
P. Elgiva, Hewits. . « “240 C. Druceanus, But. . Seg
P. Tugela, Zim. <. 2 ear C. Pelias, (Cram.) . . Bam
Genus SaLAmis, Boisduval . 243 C. Saturnus, Butl. . . 33a
S. Anacardii, (Linn.) . 244 C. Brutus, (Cram.) . . a5
8. nebulosa, Trim. . . 246 C. Castor, (Cram.) . | 388
Genus Crenis, Boisduval . 248 C. Achemenes, Feld. . Sao
C. Natalensis, Boisd. », BEC C. Ethalion, Boisd. . 342
C. Boisduvali, Walleng. . 252 C. Pheus, Hewits. . . 35a
C. Morantii, Zim. . + A258 C. Citheron, Feld. . . \ gan
C. Rosa, Hewits. . : 9255 C. Xiphares, (Cram.) . 346

PLATE A.

WING NEURATION
AND OTHER STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF BUTTERFENM =.

R.T. ad nat del®

€sge')

EXPLANATION OF PLATE A.

WING NEURATION AND OTHER STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF BUTTERFLIES,

1. In this Plate the neuration of the fore-wing and hind-wing of butterflies of each Family
a ein | found in Southern Africa is represented, as are also the head and legs of some
of them.

The species here illustrated have been purposely selected as the commonest and most easily
procufable among the more characteristic representatives. of the several groups, with the
exception of Libythea Laius (fig. 5), which is the only South African member of its Family,
and Rhopalocampta Keithloa (fig. 9), which from its large size afforded more convenience of
illustration than the commoner small'species of Hesperidz.

The figures of wing neuration are in every case of the natural size. Those of the head are
all somewhat magnified, except fig. 8A (Papilio Demoleus) and fig. 9A (Rhopalocampta Keithioa).
The figures of the legs are all of the natural size except fig. 1B, a’ (Danais Chrysippus), which is
considerably enlarged.

7" The species representing the several Families and Sub-Families are the following, viz. :—

Family NyMPHALIDZ—

Sub-Family Danaine . . Figs. 1, 1A, 1B. Danais Chrysippus. ¢
a6 Satyrine ‘ 5 sa ee A Pseudonympha Sabacus. 2
Ac Acreine : : sa 3 GAs Acraa Horta. 6
“F Nymphaline ipa Pyrameis Cardui. 6
Family ErycInibz—
Sub-Family Libytheine . 5 nes, I SS Libythea Laius. 9
Family LYCENIDA . 3 : 3 SL OMORs Lycena Asteris.
>, PAPILIONIDA—
Sub-Family Pierine 5 5) UNE Ge Pieris Hellica. 6
b Papilionine . . Figs. 8, 84, 8B. Papilio Demoleus. 6
Family HESPERIDZ ‘ ‘ : a 5 CY Rhopalocampta Keithloa. ?

The sign ¢ denotes the male, the sign ? the female.

2. In the figures of W1inG NEURATION, the letter and numbers attached to a particular
nervure and its nervules (or branches) are uniform throughout, and apply to both fore and hind
wings. In fig. 8 (Papilio) advantage has been taken of its large size to add the names of the
various marginal parts and chief’areas of the wings, such as base, costa, hind-margin, discoidal
cell, &c., which apply to all butterflies alike. The names of the nervures and nervules, and the
letters and numbers indicating them, are as follows, viz.:— —

aa. Costal nervure. Simple, without nervules.!

b. Subcostal nervure: bi, b2, b3, b4, b5, subcostal nervules. There are usually five sub
costal nervules in the fore-wing, but sometimes (see fig. 6) four only, or more rarely
(see fig. 7) three nervules. In the hind-wing there are invariably only two subcostal
nervules.

c1, c2. Discoidal or radial nervules. These nervules are held to be persistent branches of
a discoidal nervure traversing the discoidal cell, still found in many moths (Hete-
rocera) but wanting in all butterflies, except for a trace or rudiment in rare instances
at the outer extremity of the discoidal cell (see figs. 1 and 9). There are two of
these nervules in the fore-wing, but only one in the hind-wing. The latter is, how-
ever, badly developed or wanting altogether in the Family Hesperide (see fig. 9).

d. Median nervure: di, d2, d3, median nervules. There is no variation in the number of
these nervules.

e. Submedian nervure. Simple, without nervules.

f. Internal nervure. Simple, without nervules. This short nervure is usually wanting in
‘ the fore-wing. When present it usually terminates (see Danais, fig. 1; and Libythea,
fig. 5) by junction with the submedian nervure. In Papilio (fig. 8) it is best
developed, and terminates independently on the inner-margin. In the hind-wing it
is usually much more prominent, and always independent, terminating at some point

on the inner margin ; but in Papilio it is altogether wanting.
eI, g2, ¢3. Disco-cellular nervules. These short transverse or oblique nervules connect
the discoidal or radial nervules with each other, and also with the subcostal and
median nervures (or one of their nervules) respectively above and below them. In
the fore-wing the first (upper) nervule is generally very short, and sometimes (as in
Pieris, fig. 7) absent entirely, the first (upper) discoidal or radial nervule being
directly united with the subcostal nervure ; while the third (lower) nervule is some-

1 The base of this nervure, in common with that of the median and submedian nervures in some
genera, is in many Satyrinw and some Nymphaline swollen or inflated (see fig. 2, aa) in the jore-wing
only. ey : $45

352 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

times almost obsolete (as in Pyrameis, fig. 4), so that the discoidal cell appears to be
open. In the hind-wing there are never more than two of these nervules, as only
one discoidal nervule exists ; and of them the second (lower) one is often obsolete or
absent entirely (as in Pyrameis, fig. 4; Libythea, fig. 5; and Rhopalocampta, fig. 9).

h. Interno-median nervule. In fore-wing only. This minute transverse nervule is shown
in fig. 8, uniting the median and submedian nervures near their origin. It is only
found in the Papilionine and Morphite.

k. Precostal nervure. In hind-wing only. This short curved nervure, close to the base, is
almost always simple, but in Papilio (fig. 8) and several allied genera, and in the
Sub-family Brassoline, is forked, its lower branch being then united +o the costal
nervure so as to form a small prediscoidal cell.1 The precostal nervure is wanting
in Lycena (see fig. 6), and apparently throughout the Family Zycenide, as well as
in several genera of Pierina.

In fig. 4 (Pyrameis) is shown, along the hind-margin of both fore and hind wings, the fringe
(cilia) of hairs or hair-like scales more or less developed throughout the Lepidoptera.

3. In the figures of the Hap, figs. tA and 5A are viewed from below, fig. 9A from above, and
the remainder from the side. The following letters are used throughout to denote the several
organs, viz. :—

aa, Antenne. These many-jointed organs vary much in length and thickness, and the
thickening or club at their tip is also very variable in the different groups as regards
size, shape, and gradual or abrupt formation from the main antenna. In the
Hesperide (see fig. 94) the antennz are widely separated at their origin, springing
from each side of the wide head, and the point of the club is prolonged into a
slender acute bristle, either bent at an angle or hooked.

pp. Labial palpi. These organs, springing from the /abiwm or under lip, are three-jointed,
but the extent and form of the third (terminal) joint only is readily perceptible,
owing to the second (middle, and usually much the largest) and first (basal) joints
being coated with scales and hairs. The extraordinary length of the palpi in
Libythea (see fig. 5A) is due, however, to the unwonted development of the third
joint ; while in Papilio (see fig. 8A) these organs are so short as to rise only half as
high as the head, not projecting forward at all.

ee. Compound Eyes. These great organs occupy a large space on each side of the head.
They are always prominent and globose, and present but little variation in size or
form.

t. Trunk or haustellum. This consists of the greatly modified maazille (second pair of jaws
in biting insects), forming together a tube for sucking liquid food. When not in use
it is spirally rolled up between the labial palpi. It is much longer in the Hesperide
than in other butterflies.

4. In the figures of the Lucs (1B, 8B, and 9B) the various parts are distinguished by the
following letters, viz. :—
a. Leg of first (front) pair.
b. Leg of second (middle) pair.
ce. Leg of third (hind) pair.
f. Femur or thigh.
t. Tibia or shin.
ts. Zarsus or foot.

In fig. 1B all three legs of Danais are shown (a. b, c). The front leg is nota quarter the size
of the middle or hind leg, and its tarsus is reduced to a single joint, with the minutest rudi-
ments of two other joints (see fig. a’, magnified), instead of having the five joints and pair of
terminal claws possessed by the other (normal) legs. The spurs at the end of the tibia are
unusually small in both middle and hind legs,

In fig. 8B the front and hind legs of Papilio are given (a,c). The front Jeg (a) is quite as
fully developed as the others, the tarsus possessing the five usual joints and the terminal claws.
The spurs at the end of the tibia are well developed in the middle and hind legs, and the tibia
bears on its inner (inferior) edge a large acutely-pointed process.

In fig. oB (Rhopalecampta) the front and hind legs are shown (a,c). As in the Papilienide,
the front leg is fully developed, and also bears a process (similar to that in Papilio) on the tibia.
On the tibia of the hind-leg (c) there is a second pair of strong spurs at a little distance above
the ordinary terminal enes, The femur of all the legs and the tibia ef both middle and hind
legs are densely clethed with hair,

Nore.—The student will find it serviceable to consult this Plate, and the explanatory details
here given, in connection with the remarks on the structure and classification of butterflies
above offered (pp. 15-22) under the heading of “ Rhopalocera;’’ and also with the particulars
as to distinguishing characters given under each Family, Sub-family, and Genus in the body of
the work.

1 The smaller and less complete prediscoidal cell found in several Hesperide (see Rhopalocampta,
f. 9) is differently formed, between the costal and subcostal nervures, at the very base of the discoidal
cell itself, by the downward flexure and sub-angulation of the subcostal nervure,

LIST OF SPECIES FIGURED IN THE PLATES.’

PLATE I.

VOL. I.
Fig. 1, 1a.—Acrea Acara, Hewits. Larvaand Pupa, Hab.—D’Urban, pacx
Natal. (From drawings by the late Dr. J. E. Seaman) . . Go

Fig. 2, 2a.—Planema Hsebria (Hewits.) Larva and Pupa. Hab.—

King William’s Town, Cape Colony. (From drawings by
Mr. J. P. Mansel Weale) P : : : : . 178-9

Fig. 3.—Planema Aganice (Hewits.) Pupa. Hab.—D’Urban, Natal.
(From a drawing by Mr. W. D. Gooch) : : : ~ TOT

Fig. 4.—Junonia Cebrene, Trimen. Larva. Hab.—Grahamstown, Cape
Colony, (From a drawing by Mrs. F. W. Barber) i i 202

Fig. 5.—Diadema Misippus (Linn.) Pupa. Hab.—Maseru, Basuto-
land. (From a drawing by R. Trimen) 279

Fig. 6.—Charaxes Varanes (Cram.) Larva. Hab.—King William’s
Town. (From a drawing by Mr. J. P. Mansel Weale) . oT eee
Fig. 7, 74.—Myrina ficedula, Trimen. Larva and Pupa. Hab.— vor. u.
Grahamstown, Cape Colony. (From drawings by R. Trimen). 143
Fig. 8, 8a.—Iolaus Silas, Westw. Larva and Pupa. Hab.—King
. William’s Town, Cape Colony, and (Pupa) D’Urban, Natal.
(From drawings by Mr. J. P. Mansel Weale and Captain H. C.
Harford) . , ; : : ' : : : « » aNes

PLATE, IL

Fig. 1, 1a.—Hypolycena Lara (Linn.) Larva and Pupa. Hab.—
Grahamstown, Cape Colony. (From drawings by Mrs. F. W.

Barber) : , : wi ned
Fig. 2, 2a.—D' Urbania Amakosa, Trimen, Larva and Pupa. Hab.—

King William’s Town, Cape Colony. (From drawings by Mrs.

F. W. Barber and R. Trimen) : ; : : = P26

1 The habitat of each of the specimens figured is given, with the name of the collector
who is the authority for it,

SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

g. 3, 3a.—Pieris Agathina (Cram.) Larva and Pupa. Hab.—King

William’s Town and Grahamstown, Cape Colony. (From
drawings by Mr. J. P. Mansel Weale and Mrs. F. W.
Barber)

g. 4.—Papilio Policenes (Can in Hab.—D’Urban, Natal.

(From a drawing by R. Trimen)

g. 5, 5a.—Papilio Nireus (Linn.) Larva and Pupa. Hab.—

Grahamstown, Cape Colony. (From drawings by R. Trimen).

. 6, 6a.—Rhopalocampta Florestan (Cram.) Larva and Pupa.

Hab.—King William’s Town. (From drawings by Mr. J. P.
Mansel Weale)

PLATE III.

. 1, 1a.—Acrea Barberi, Trimen, ¢ and ¢. Hab.— Transvaal

(H. Barber)

. 2.—Acrea Stenolea, aloes es Hab.—Hebron, Vaal River

(W. Morant)

. 3-—Acrea Aglonice, Westw., ¢. Hab.—Lydenburg District,

Transvaal (7. Ayres) ; 3 : : : ; ;
4.—Acrea Violarum, Boisd., 9. Hab.—Lydenburg District,
Transvaal (7. Ayres)

g. 5, 5a.—Lachnoptera Ayresit, Raion 3 ae 9. Hab.—Little

Umhlanga, Natal (W. D. Gooch) .

PLATE IV.

g. 1.—Hurema Scheneia, Trimen, ¢. Hab.—King William’s Town,

Cape Colony (J. H. Bowker)

g. 2.—Junonia Boopis, Trimen, 9. Hab.—Potchefstroom District,

Transvaal (7. Ayres)

g. 3.—Precis Sesamus, Trimen, 9. Hab. — Lydenburg District,

Transvaal (7. Ayres)

g. 4.—Supposed Hybrid between Precis esr Trim, BS a P.

Octavia (Cram.), 9. Hab.—Verulam, Natal (R. Trimen)

g. 5.—Precis Tugela, Trimen, 9. Hab.—Lydenburg District, Trans-

vaal (T. Ayres)

ig. 6.—Salamis nebulosus, Trimen, 9. Hab.—St. Lucia Bay, Zulu-

land (Colonel H. Tover)

VOL, Ill.

VOL. I.

207

246

1 Each figure represents both the upper and under surfaces of the wings in this and the
subsequent plates.

LIST OF SPECIES FIGURED IN THE PLATES.

PLATE V.

ig. 1.—Crenis Natalensis, Boisd., 9. Hab.—D’Urban, Natal (I. J.

Oat : : ‘
2a.—Crenis Boisduvali, Wiig: 4 mal OF eps
Natal (J. H. Bowker and M. J. M‘Ken)

ig. 3.—Crenis Morantii, Trimen, ?. Hab.—Pinetown, “Natal (W.

Morant) :
4.—Hypanis Ilithyia, ae Var, Ay 9. Hab. _p ines N oo
(J. H. Bowker)
. 5.—LEurytela Hiarbas (Drury), 7 S Hab: Sys N A
(J. H. Bowker) . :
. 6.—Neptis Goochi, Trimen, @. Hab, __Little Winhiatee ‘Natal
(W. D. Gooch)

PLATE VI.

ig. 1.—Pseudacrea imitator, Trimen, 9. Hab.—D’Urban (?), Natal

(J. H. Bowker) : : : :
‘ig. 2.—Euralia Wahlberg, ellen 6. Hab.—D’Urban, Natal
(J. H. Bowker) : : ; : 3
ig. 3.—Huralia deceptor, Trimen, . Hab.—D’ Urban, Natal (J. .
Bowker) :

. 4.—Charaxes Candiope (Godt. VF a Hah _p aan N atal (Mt :
M‘Ken)

ig. 5.—Leptoneura ae Tiimsn, e ae, Bios Biter Kaftra-

ria (J. H. Bowker)

END OF VOL. I.

PRINTED BY BALLANTYNE, HANSON AND CO.
EDINBURGH AND LONDON

355

VOL. I.
PAGE

250

252

253

264

259

293

282

286

327

94

is $ ae -
my eeeesile at r

i a ree |

eee re " aa Li
ie ve dt tend UE a "WAS ute ORAS RD ihe
e : ° 4 ; BSL os 2 a
7 | 3 ere ' : sal * ‘ a2 ra. e | (% Loh fie unelal Sy
iM | - Se ee

me 52 } > a , ‘eae
rth } { ve vy) 6) eet fon
7 4

ry

“ '
: \ 4
.

a)

7
'
.
‘
-
«
: ; .
;
‘

Plate 1

West, Newman &Co.ad nat. chrom. kth,

West Nowman & Co. ad nat.chrom. lith.

Plate 3.

: West, Newman & Co. ad.nat.chrom ith.

* ve
ive

Plate 4.

West Newman & C° ad nat. chron. hath.

Tia eoraaes

oe

Pilea 5.

Weet Newman & C° ad nat. chrom ith

-om. Lith.

ad nat. chr

Nest Newman &C?

v

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES

HA

508& 00311078
nhent OL557.T83
v. 1 South-African butterflies ;

|
3

]